ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S.

VOL. IV., 1893.

PRICE 7s. 6d,
Special Index, Is.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, EC.

BERLIN:
R. FRIEDLANDER Sc SOHN, 11, Carlstrasae,

AMERICA:

PH. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

Tw$,^ctS

CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.

Current Notes... ... ... 5, 54, 76,

Notes on Collecting ... 8, 39, 79, 116,

Notices, Reviews, etc.

Obituary

Practical Hints ... ... 12, 51

Scientific Notes

Societies ... ... 16, 56, 86,

Variation

Aberrations of British Butterflies (with Plate)

Abundance of Amhlyptilia acanthodactyla

page
112, 150, 173, 201, 244, 271, 297, 830
150, 174, 203, 226, 248, 272, 298, 330

67, 164, 260

24, 201, 245, 297

78, 113, 157, 173, 203, 225, 244, 270, 293

3, 28, 71, 98, 148, 171, 224, 240, 269, 292

119, 159, 184, 211, 235, 257, 281, 303, 334

... 4, 100, 149, 172, 199, 243, 270, 295

189

9

Acidalia hiMniliatii (osseata). Rediscovered in Britain ... ... 28, 74, 211

Additions to the British Lists: AcidalioblmmiUata, 28, 74; Bembidium,iricolor,
297 ; Bryotropha Jigulella, 202 ; Cojradrina superstes, 98, 99 ; Vepressaria
aurantiella, 241 ; Dichrorhampha alpestvana, 245 ; Graplwlitha gemmiferana,
112; Leucanopsis formicarum (?), 174; LithocoUetis cerasicleUa, 98:
Physokermes abictis, 247; Pimpla epiru:, 55; Pollinia tlietii, 76; Pseudin-

glisia rodriguezicK, 2Q2 ; Ripersia subterranea ... ... ... 112

Addresses, Presidential of British Association, considered, etc, 261 ; of
Lancashire and Cheshii'e Entomological Society ... ... ... ... 56

Amusement for Winter evenings ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 293

Antennae, Plumose, in the Female Lepidop. Pupte, an Explanatory

Suggestion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 237

Arrangement of Cabinets, Practical Hints on, 12 ; Labelling 52 ; White-

washing ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 53

Attraction of Male by dead Female 224

Autumn Day, An 309

Autumnal Collecting at Freshwater ... ... 337

Autumnal Collecting in the New Forest ... ... ... 10, 301

Breeding, Notes on: Agrotis saiicia, 116; Bor,,hyx rubi, etc., 78, 113; Dasy-

campa rubiginea, 1, 292; I^ndromis versicolor, 79, 115; Ephyra orbicularia, 269
British Museum Collection, Noctuai in the ... ... ... . ... 4

Cannibalism: of hairy Caterpillars, 157, 174; of Arctia caia, 204; of Calli-

morplia, liera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 174

Capture of Rarities vide Rarities, capture of

Classification, New, of Lepidoptera Heterocera ... ... ... 73

Cogitations on so-called Rare British Moths

COLEOPTERA

299
16, 18, 39, 119, 127, 155, 161, 163, 187, 188, 207, 212, 236, 243,

273
40
39

243

258, 259, 272, 273, 274, 283, 297, 307, 308; in the Hastings District

Colias erfwsa, in 1892 ; 16, 42, 203; in Scotland

Collecting (beetles) at Richmond

Colour-variation in Pupae ... ... ... ... ... 219,

Correction :' 271, Ephestia desuetella non k'uhniella; in Jamaica, 155 j Liparis

monacha var. ercinita

Critical Notes on certain J^ocfccB ... ...

Day's A., Entomologising in the Paris Environs ...

Days' A few. Collecting in the Western Highlands

Dearth, Apparent, of Diurni... ... ... ... ... ...

Description of Hippodamia, variegati VAT. englehardi

Description of Plates:— C, 29, 71, 74; D, 191, ix.

Differentiation of Blabophanes ferugindla and B. heringi, 6 ; of Ca/radrinidx,

98,99; of Micra ost7-ina Sind M. parva ...
Double-brooded species : partial, 8, 49, 79, 298 ; Tephrosia crepuncidaria, 40 ;

Vanessidce ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,

Doubtful Rarities : 6; Cogitations on

Early Season, The

Early Stages, The, of certain Geometrina, 224, 241 ; of Lycoma argiolus

Embryonic Development of A'cmi/iia auraiyo

Emergence; Autumnal, of Stawropus fag i, 9 ; of Tephrosia crepuscularia, iO ;

Early Spring .78; Prior ... of Male Lepidoptera, 175, 248 j Times of

... 242 ; of Gnophria rubricolUs, 43; Secretion on, by imago

Errata 220, 275, 297

Erratic Coijulation 156

Exhibition, First Annual of the North London Nat. Hist. Society 55

Fading of Tint through Exposure 5,109,200

110
71
238
285
272
243
98

51

242
299
150
224
172

148

V (^ONtfeNTS.

tAGB

Failure of Sugar 204,226

Fen Notes 17H, 181, 208, 209, 284, 253, 280

Field Meetings of the South London Entom. Society 178,206

Flowers attractive to Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 158

Foodplants ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 79

Genus AcBONYCTA, The, and its Allies (concluded) ... ... ... ... 97

Genus Xanthia, The 25,66,69,9.3

(reo/Heiridir, Duration of early Stages ... ... ... ... ... 224, 292

Habits of Parnassius a-pollo, 50 ; Sphinx convolvuli, 50 ; of larva? of Limo.codes

asellus,8; oi Gnophria luhricollis ... ... ... ... ... 9, 43

Heredity ... ... ... 3

History of Butterfly Classification ... ... ... ... 315

Hybernation of Fawessa cardiii, 241 ; of larvse ... ... ... ... ... 158

Ichneumons, 4^a.wfe?es, 157 ; Trogus lapidator ... ... ... ... ... 155

Labelling Hints ... ... ... ... ... ... 62

Larva, on the, of Arctia cam, 265, 288 ; of Calamia Jutosu, 52 ; of Coccy.i'
nemcn-ivaga, 38; of Lasiommata megwra, 204 ; of Saturnia carpini, 199 ; of
Tanagra choErophyllata ... . . ... . . ... ... ... ... 43

Late Spring and Eh rly Summer in North Kent ... ... ... 228

" Lead us not into temptation " ... ... ... ... 325

Le2iidoptera from Swansea District in 1892 ... ... ... ... ... 44

Life History of Dasycaynpa ruliiginea, 1 ; of Staaropius fa,gi ... ... ... 29

Melanism in Yorkshire Lepidoptera, 88, 110; in DiurneafagcUa ... ... 149

Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera, 141, 165, 166, 196, 198, 220, 221,

223 ; near London 108

Micro-Lepidoptera in the North of Scotland in 1892 ... ... 80

Midsummer Collecting in North Kent ... ... ... ... ... ... 249

Monthly Hints 51, 78, 115, 157, 17.!, 203, 225, 244, 270, 293

Museum, British, Noctua in the ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4

New Forest Notes : 10, 151, 180, 181, 183, 205, 213, :101 ; Autumnal Col-
lecting in the ... ... ... ... ... ... 10, 301

Newspaper Entomologj' ... ... ... ... ... 274

North Kent, Collecting in 228,249,275

Notes of the Season 79, 118, 150, 175, 204, 228, 249, 275, 301

Notes : — On certain species of Vanessae, 269 ; early stages of certain
Geometrina, 241 ; of Lycmna argiolus, 224; on Tyroglyph.us farina' in New

Zealand 224

On Various Lepidoptera ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 298

Notices of Papers, vide also "List of Papers read before Societies": —

Coccida? or Scale Insects, T. D. A. Cockerel!, F.Z.S. 7

Colour changes in Insects, G. H. Carpenter, B.Sc 247

Michigan Insects, affecting Forest trees, C. H. Tyler Townsend ... 246

Micropterous forms of Taniopteryx nebulosa, Kenneth J. Morton, F.E.S. 297
Notes on Collecting smaller Sesiidae in London District, Lachlan

Gibb, F.E.S 247

Notes on Dorset Lepidoptera in 1891, N. M. Richardson, B.A., F.E.S. ... 247

On Heterocerous Pupae, T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S 5

On the Earlier Stages of the NepticulcP, Dr. Wood 246

Some interesting Colour-varieties in the Genus Crossidiits, H. F.

Wickham 246

Nonces and Reviews : —

Brief Guide to the Common Butterflies of the Northern United States

and Canada, S. H. Scudder 260

Die palearktischen Gross-Schmetterlinge und ihre Naturgeschichte,

Herr Fritz Riihl ... 68

Naturalist's Journal, The 271

Proceedings of the Folkestone Natural Histoi-y Society, 1892 76

Proceedings of the South London Entom. Societ}', 1890-91 67

Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge (Hiibner) Re-issue 271

Transactions of the City of London Entom. Society, 1892 67

Victorian Butterflies and How to Collect them, E. Anderson and F.

P. Spry 164

Obituaey :— J. Batty, 297 ; (Rev.) Hy. Burney, 245 ; Fritz Riihl, 201 :

Prof. J. 0. Westwood, F.E.S., F.L.S 24

Ova: to obtain, 79 ; to preserve ... ... ... 157

OviY>osition of E^idromis versicolor ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 156

Parasites: on VdWie of Melitwoj aimnia ... ... ... ... ... ... 156

Pins, Entomological, 54 ; Setting-bristle (double) 53

coNtSnts. v.

PAGE

Presidential Addresses: To the Britisli Association, Considered, etc., 261;

To the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society 56

Pupal and Imaginal Wings of Lepidoptera, The 195, 217, 218

Pupal Development and Colour of Imago 311

Query on Eapcecilia snbroseana ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 99

Rapid Growth of some Summer Geometra; 292

Rare Lepidoptera : — At Clevedon, 44 ; at King's Lynn 41

Rarities, Captures of, ^IcicJalia /miwZmia, 211 ; Aporia crataegi ... ... ... 76

CalUmorpha hero, ; 255,274; Camptogramma liuviata ... ... 49, 50

Carac(»*ma S!tperste.>;, 255, 279, 302: Catocala electa ... ... ... ... 85

C. fraxini, 298 ; Cluerocampa celerio ... ... ... .. ... ... 50

Deilephila eupkorbiir ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 201, 248

Grapholitha gemmiferana ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 112

Lencania albipuncta, 2ri?,, 258, 279, 305; L. Bd'tranea ... ... 304, 305

L. vitellina, 2i5, 304, 305; Lyccena avion ... ... ... ... ... 245

Pieris clapUdice 186,245,299

Plusia moneta 201,228,236,245,308

Sphinx pinastri, 20\ ; Stigmonota ravidana ... ... ... ... 41, 215

Zygcvna trifolii var. Jiitescens ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 245

Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1893 330

Re-occurrence in Britain of CafocaJa eZecto ... ... ... ... ... 85

Season, Notes of the 79, 118, 150, 175, 204, 228, 249, 275, 301

Sensibility of Larvte to Sound 240

Societies : —

Birmingham Entomological Society 22, 67, 123, 162, 188

Cambridge Entomological and Natural History Society ... 22, 67, 124

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society ... 16, 65

125, 161, 187, 211, 235, 257, 282, .307, 344
Entomological Society of London ... 19, 66, 86, 119, 159, 184, 303, 346
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, 20, 56, 87, 123, 162,

188, 284, .308

Leicester Entomological Club ... ... .. ... 163, 284

North London Natural History Society, Exhibition ... 55

Nottingham Entomological Society ... ... ... ... ... 5, 123

Penarth Entomological and Natural History Society ... ... ... 161

South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 21, 87, 121,

159, 185, 235, 259, 281, 305, 347

„ Field Meetings 178,206

York and District Field Naturalists' Society 23, 124

Specific Nomenclature, Past and Present ... ... . ... ... 127, 148

Spring Collecting at Lyndhurst, 213 ; in North Kent 228

Stray Notes on Certain Species of Butterflies 168, 191, 217, 290

Stridulation 224

Sugaring, 157; Failure of 204,226

Summer Collecting in North Kent ... ... ... 275

Times of Emergence, 242 ; of Gnophria ruhricollis, 43 ; prior of male

lepidoptera ... ... ... 175

Time of Flight, of CalUmorpha hera. ... ... ... ... ... ... 9

Tomatoes, as Foodplant of i?eZtot/iis armi£re?'a ... ... ... ... ... 42

Unique Varieties of Abraxas grossib^ariata, 149 {vide PI. C. figs. 13, 14)

Undersides of Butterflies 225

Variation of Papilio machaon, On the (with wood cut) ... ... ... 100, 124

Variety Breeding ... ... .. 295

"Wings, The Pupal and Imaginal, of Lepidoptera 195, 217, 218

Woodcuts; Yari&tion oi Papilio vmchaon ... ... ... ... ... ... 101

INDEX TO LOCALITIES.

Aberdeen: — 154,234; Braemar ... ... ... 2.34

Berks:— 339; Reading 10, 17.5, 183, 233

Cambs:— 233; Chippenham, 181; Ely, 182; Wicken, 176, 181, 208, 209,

234, 253, 272, 280
Channel Islands : — Gueinisey . ... ... ... 152, 255, 298, 302

Cornwall: — 153

Devon :— North, 180, 205, 234 : Seaton, 118, 175, 177 ; East, 342 ; South 272, 274
Dorset: — Weymouth 118, 179

VI. CoKTfiNTS.

I'AGE

Durham: — 154

Essex:— Colchester, 152; Epping Forest-, 117, 154; Leigh, 209; Southend,

177, 340; Thevdon Bois 154

Hants :—Lyndhurst, 181, 213; I. of Wight, 209, 252, 278,337 ; New Forest,

10, 151, 153, 180, 183, 205, 301; Winchester 153

Hereford:— 153

Hunts: — Monkswood 280

Ireland :— 205, 257; Enniskillen, 183; Galway, 205; Howth, 183,

Tyrone 176

IsleofMan:— 205,252

Isle of Wight :— 209,252,278

Kent:— Dover, 299; Folkestone, 280; North, 228, 249, 275; Strood, 228;

Tunbridge Wells 153

Lake District 207

Lanark, N.B 277

Lincolnshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 248

London and District:— 118, 119, 204. 298; Epping Forest, 117, 154; Han-
well, 155; Highgate, 152: Kichmond 39; Sudbury 119; Theydon Bois,
1.54, Willesden 119, 155

Middlesex : — vide London and District,

Monmouth: — Wye Valley ... ,

Morayshire

Norfolk: — King's Lynn

Northumberland: — Morpeth

Notts: — Sherwood Forest

Oxon :— 208, 339 ; North

Scotland

Shropshire: — Church Stretton

Somerset: — 280; Clevedon

Staffordshire: — Rugeley

Suffolk :—Tuddenham

Surrey :—Boxhill, 280; Dorking, 228; Horsley, 178;
Oxshott

Sussex: — Abbot's Wood, 153 ; Hastings, 41, 273; Seaford

Wales: — Penarth, 153 ; Swansea ...

York:— 153, 232; Scarboro', 232; Selby

... 118,

154
234

41,

175

233, 256,

302
281
179

80,

154, 234,

277

... 29.5,

298

44,

176, 205,

303

... 153,

280
181

'atherlK

sad, 118;

206

272

.'.".' 44

,"154, 175,

, 183
181

PAPERS READ BEFORE SOCIETIES, NOTICED AND REVIEWED

DURING 1893.

Birmingham Entomological Society : —

Occurrence, The, of the black variety of A mphiydasys hetularia, G. H.

Kenrick, F.E.S 163

Protective Resemblance and Mimicry in Insects, Col. Chas. Swinhoe,

F.E.S 67

Secondary Sexual Chai-acters in Insects, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S 22

Variation, with Special reference to Melanism, R. Freer, M.B 188

Cajibridge Entomological and Natural History Society: —

Insect-hunting in the Riviera, G. H. Bryan, M.A ... 23

On the Variation of Papilio rnachaon, Wm. Farren, F.E.S. ... 100, 124

Relaxing and Setting Insects, G. H. Bryan, M. A ... ... 125

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —

Conchology, J. B. Rosevear 126

Genus Silpha, The, Rev. W. F. Johnson, M.A., F.E.S. and G. A.

Lewcock 187

Genus A'awt/iia, The, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S 25, 66, 69, 93

Is Melanism in Lepidoptera caused by Moisture ? J. E. Robson, F.E.S. 126

Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ... 141, 161

Morphology and Physiology of an Insect, The, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ... 283

Notes on /S'fatM-op«s/cigx, A. F. Bayne ... ... 29, 65

On BeiHbidiiMii mcotor (Bedel), E. A. Newbery ... ... ... ... 307

Specific Nomenclature, Past and Present, F. J. Buckell, M.B. ... ... 127

History of Butterfly Classification, F. J. Buckell, M.B 315

Entomological Society of London : —

Description of a New Genus and Species {Baronia brevicornis), from

Mexico, Osbert Salvin, F.E.S 304

CONTENTS. Vll.

PAKE

Description of a New Species of Butterfly, of the genus Calinaga, from

Siam, J. Cosmo-Mel vill, P. E.S 20

Description of a New Sub-family of the Scolytidce, W. F. H. Blandford,

F.E.S 304

Description of New Genera and Species of Neotropical Rhynchota,

W. L. Distant, F.E.S 20

Dicranota, a Carnivoi-ous Tipulid Larva, Prof. L. C. Miall 184

Effects of Temperature upon the Colouring of Pieris napi, etc., F.

Merrifield, F.E.S 20

Pormicides de 1' Antille, St. Vincent, recoltees par Mons. H. H. Smith,

Prof. Aug. Porel 304

List of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia flills, Part I., Col. Swinhoe, F.E.S. 121
„ „ „ „ „ Part 2., „ „ „ m^

New Chilian Lepidoptera, W. Bartlett Calvert, F.E.S 121

Notes on Acridium paranense, the migratory locust of the Argentine

Republic, E. C. Reed, F.E.S 184

Notes on Hydroptdidja-. belonging to the European Fauna, Kenneth J.

Morton, F.E.S 20

Notes on the Longicornia of Australia and Tasmania, Part 1, C. J. Gahan,

F.E.S 120

On a Lepidopterous Pupa {Micropteryx purpurella), T. A. Chapman, M.D.,

F.E.S " 184

On a New Species of the Genus Phalacrognathus, J. W. Shipp, F.E.S. ... 121
On some Neglected Points in the Structure of the Pupa of Heterocerous

Lepidoptera, etc., T. A. Chapman, M.D., F.E.S. 20

On Species of C'/in/sopa observed in the Eastern Pyrenees, etc., R.

McLachlan, F.E.S 159

On the Cost and Value of Insect Collections, Dr. Sharp, F.E.S 304

On the Phylogenetic Significance of the Variations produced by differ-
ences of Temperature, on Vanessa atalanta, Dr. P. A. Dixey, F.E.S. 87

On Stridulating Ants, Dr. Sharp, F.E.S 120

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Sgciety : —

Fortnight's Entomology in the Canary Islands, A, G. Morel-Deville ... 284

Lepidoptera attracted by Honey-dew, R. Newstead, F.K.S. 188

Notes on a Fortnight's Collecting in Galway, G. A. Barker and H.

Bickerton Jones ... ... ... ... ... 20

Notes on Some Irish and other Coleoptera, W. E. Sharp .. 123

Notes on some of the rarer Aculeate-Hymenoptera of our District,

Willough by Gardner, F.R.G.S 123

Notes on the Lepidoptera of Doncaster, Dr. H. H. Corbett 162

Notes on three Hybrid Silk-moths, John Watson ... ... 162

On a Successful method of Rearing Deilephila qalii, R. Newstead, F.E.S. 188

Pond Life, C. H. H. Walker ' 87

Nottingham Entomological Society -. —

Ants, J. G. Clarke 123

Collecting in the Fens, Douglas H. Pearson ... 123

South London Evtomological and Natural History Society : —

Isochromatous Lepidoptera, J. Jenner Weir, F.E.S. ... 92

Melanism in Yorkshire Lepidoptera, W. Mansbridge, F.E.S. ... 88, 110
On the unusual abundance of Polyommatas phlceas in 1893, P. W. Hawes 282

INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE PAGE

Abbott, P. W 338 ] Beales, J. H. D 208,339

Alien, J. E. R. ... 204,20,5,241 ! Bird, J. P 204

Atmore, E. A., F.E.S. ... 41, l?.") Birkenhead, G. A 1.".3, ir.6

Bacot, A 199 Blackburne-Maze, W. P 270

Balding, Geo. W 280 Bouskel', P., F.E.S., 157, 163, 272,

Binikes, E. R., M.A., P.E.S., 54, 85, 280, 284

99,110,174 Bowles, E. Aug., M.A. ... 49,274

Battley, A. U., 16, 53, 65, 125, Bright, P. M 205,243

148, 154, 160, 177, 187, 211, Brown, E. W., Capt 183

226, 235, 257, 282, 307, 344 Buckell, P. J., M.B., 127, 224, 241,

Bayne, A. P. 29 293,315

Bazett (Mrs.) E. C, P.E.S., 8, 10. Burnett, Basil 280

226,233 i Chaudley, S. B 248

CONTENTS.

Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S., 38,

73, 97, 153, 172, 195, 242, 265, 288
Clarke, H. Shortridge, F.E.S., 205, 252
Cockerell, T. D. A., Jb'-L.S. 155, 295

Coles, C 271

Corbett, H. H., M.D 98

Cowie, W 40

Crabtree, B. H., F.E.S 207

Croker, A. J., F.E.S 280

Dod, F. H. Wolley 40

Esani, W. W. 119, 153, 155, 224, 272
Farren, W., F.E.S., 22, 67, 100,

124, 233
Ferris, W. A. B., (Rev.), "•0, 123, 281
Finlay, J. ... 78,79,233,256,302

Ford, A 41, 273

Forsyth, A 118

Fowler, W. W, (Eev.), M.A.,

F.E.S 19, 185

Fox, E. C. Dobree (Rev.), M.A. ... 9

Freer, R., M.B 153,300

Gardner, J., F.E.S 52

Goss, H., F.L.S., F.E.S., 19, 66, 86,

119, 159, 184, 303, 346
Grote, A. R., M.A., 148, 165, 196. 223

Hamlin, C 204

Hamm, A. H 79, 175

Harvey, F. W 156

Harwood, B. S 152

Harwood, W. H 42

Hawes, F. W. 92, 121, 159, 185, 186

Heasler, H 39, 119, 155, 274

Hewett, G. M. A. (Rev.), M.A., 8,

9, 50, 153, 213, 227, 309

Hewett, W 23, 124

Hill, Henry A., F.E.S. 176, 208, 272
Hinchlifif (Miss) K.M. 53, 180, 234

Hodges, Albert J., 12, 28, 51, 52,
99, 149, 152, 179, 181, 209,

252, 253, 255, 274, 302, 337

Holland, W 183

Hollis, Geo., F.E.S. 149, 152, 243

Home. Arthur 154, 234

Johnson, A. J. .. 224, 240, 295

Jones, H. Bickerton 183

Kane, W. F. de V., M.A., M.R.I. A.,

F.E.S., 51, 176, 200, 204, 205, 207
Keays, A. Lovell, F.L.S. ... 200.272

King, T.W 228

Kingsmill, H. T 299

Leivers, A. R 117

Luff, W. A 298

Mackonochie, J. A. (Rev.), M.A.,

F.E.S 109, 277

Macmillan, W 280

Maddison, T 3, 9, 154

Mansbridge, W., F.E.S. ... 110,111

Marindin (Miss) A. J 200

Mason, C. E 271

Mason, J 44,176,205,303

Massey, H 4

Mera, A.W 3,44, 204

Mitchell, A. T 295, 298

Moberly, J. C, M.A., 181, 204,

234, 253, 301
Moss, A.M 113

Mutch, J, P., F.E.S., 51, 78, 115,

157, 173, 203, 225, 244, 270, 293

Nesbitt, A 79, 118, 154

Newnham, F. B., M.A., 5, 9, 295, 298

Nicholson, C. 10, 189

Nicholson, W. E., F.E.S. ... 80,116

Page, H, E 158

Pearson, Douglas H. ... ... 50

Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 20, 56, 87,

123, 162, 188, 284, 308
Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S. 181, 209

Prideaux, R.M 5, 50, 118

Prout, L. B., F.E.S. ... 278, 292

Quail, Ambrose, ... 80, 108, 109

117, 180
Eaynor, Gilbert H. (Rev.), M.A. 248

Reid, Wm., F.E.S 80

Richardson, N.M., B.A., F.E.S. ... 179
Riding, W.S., M.D. 1, 172, 175, 292,342
Robertson, R.B. (Capt.) 44, 112,

154, 175
Robinson, Arthur, B.A., F.E.S.,

9, 174, 18.3, 226, 243

Rose, A. J., F.E.S 153

Routledge, G. B., F.E.S 49

Russell, S.G.C., F.E.S 243

Rye, B.G ... 243

St. John, J. Seymour (Rev.), B.A.,

F.E.S 248

Sellon, R.S 43

Sheldon, W. G 79

Simes, J. A. 16, 65, 125, 151,

160, 187, 211, 235, 257, 282, 307, 344
Smith, Bernard (Rev.), M.A. ... 115

Smith, W. W 203, 224

Still, John, N., F.E.S. 118, 175,

177, 220, 274

Tremayne, L. J 118

Tunstall, T 8

Turner, H. J., F.E.S. 178, 186, 206,

209, 306, 347
Tutt, J. W., F.E.S. 4, 5, 21, 25, 28,
42, 54, 67, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78,
79, 87, 93, 98, 111, 112, 117,
141, 150, 156, 157, 158, 164,
166, 168, 171, 173, 191, 198,
201, 217, 221, 223, 225, 227,
228, 238, 241, 244, 249, 260,
261, 271, 275, 285, 290, 293,

297, 299, 311, 330
Wainwright, Colbran J. 22, 67,

123, 162, 188
Waldegrave, Rt. Hon. Earl ...153

Walker, Douglas 172

Walker, S 153, 232, 269

Wallis, J 161

Warburg, J. C 50

Webb, Sydney ... 43, 157, 226

Weir, J. Jenner, F.LS, F.E.S. ... 24

Whittle, F. G 340

Williams, H. 92, 121, 159, 185,

186, 235, 259, 281, 305

Wolfe, J. J 269

Wood, J. H., M.B., F.E.S. ...237
Wynn, Geo. W 156

/

f

SPECIAL INDEX.

(Lepidoptera by H. Page; other Orders by G. A. JLewcock.)

The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation.

VOL. IV.

SPECIAL INDEX

Arrancjed in order of Species.

COLEOPTERA.

Acalles ptinoides

Acrocinus longimanus

Adimonia caprH>a

Agabus

Agathidium atrum

convexum ...

Isevigatum

nigrinum ...

vavians
Aleochara

mcBsta

Alexia pilifera

Alophus triguttatus

Amphicyllis globus

var. ferrugineum

Anchomenus fuliginosus ...

junceus

moestus

oblongus

piceus

thoreyi

viduus

Anisotoma badia
Anthocomus fasciatus
Apionidas
Apteropeda globosa ...

Astynomus a;dilus

Atomaria nana

... 273
... 23.^^
... 207
... 178
... 273
... 273
... 273
... 273
... 273
... 274
... 39
... 273
... 155
163, 273
... 273
... 274
... 163
... 274
... 274
... 274
... 161
... 274
... 273
... 207
... 207
... 273
... I."i9
... 119

Balaninus villosus

Bembidium articulatum

biguttatum 294,

bipunctatum

bruxellense

femoratum ...

flammulatum

iricolor 283, 297,

lampros ... ...

lunulatum ...

manner heimi

4-maculatum 155,

riparium

tibiale {car.)

188
274
297
274
274
274
274
307
274
297
273
274
297
163

vai'jum

velox...
Blaps similis ...
Blethisa multipuncta
Bradycellus d^istinctus
Bruchus pisi

Calj'ptomei-us dubius

Carabidfe (British)

Carabus arvensis

glabratus ...

violaceus
Cassida viridis
Cephennium thoracicum ...
Ceuthorrhynchus campestris

var. chevrolati

cochleariie ...

rugulosus ...

troglodytes ...

viridipennis
Chilochorus renipustulatus
Clilajnius nigricornis
Choleva fusca...

grandicollis

kirbyi

tristis

velox ...

wilkini
Cicindela sylvatica ...
Cis micans ...

nitidus

villosulus ...

Clytus mysticus
Coccinella ocellata ...

16-guttata ...
Coenopsis waltoni
Coni pora orbiculata ...
Conurus immaculatus
Corticaria punctulata
Cory ni betes tessellatus
Cossidius
Cryptocephalus frontalis ...

fulcratus ...

lineola

PAGE

... 274
... 274
... 188
... 187
... 273
... 18

... 119
... 163
... 18.^
... 87
... 185
... 284
... 27.".
... 207
... 119
... 207
... 155

119, 155
... 274
... 273
... 274
... 40
... 40
40, 273
... 40
... 273
... 273

151, 188
... 40
40, 126
... 155
... 187
... 207
... 273
... 273
273
... 273
... 155
... 188
... 246
... 236
16, 212
... 207

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

PAGE

Deleaster dichrous

... -274

Megacronus inclinans

273

Dermestes lardarius

... 235

Megapenthes lunicollis

207

Donacia comaria

... 207

Megarthrus hemipterus

273

linearis

... 188

sinuatocollis

27.^

sagittarife

... 188

Metabletus obscuroguttatus

..

273

sericea

... 207

Mezium affine

283

Dysohirius seneus

... 274

Molorchus minor

Monotoma quadricollis

212
119

Engis rufifrons

... 15,'S

Mordellistena humeralis ...

207

Enoplotrupes principalis ...

... 119

Myrmecoxenus vaporarioruni

18

Epurtea longula

... 273

parvula

... 273

Nebria complanata

16

Erirrhinus nereis

... 207

Necrophorus .'

124

Eumicrus tarsatus

... 119

Euplectus sanguineus

... 119

Ocypus cupreus

188

Euporj-porus picipes

... 273

Oodes helopiodes

258

Eutliia sc3'dm»noides

127, 155

Opilus mollis

Othius myrmecophilus

40

126
273

Galerucella viburni

... 273

Otiorrhynchus sulcatus

159

Gibbium scotias

... 66

Oxypoda

274

G-olianthus giganteus

... 87

nigrina

119

155

Grammoptera tabacicolor ...

... 207

opaca

119

Gymnetron pascuorum

... 207

vittata

119

Habrocerus capillaricornis...

... 273

Pachyta coUaris

16

188

Haltica (parasite of)

... 67

Philonthus atratus ...

274

nemorum

... 61

carbonarius

273

Haplocnemus impressus

127, 155

lucens

123

Harpalus rotundicollis

... 236

quisquiliarius

274

Hippoboscidse...

... 186

ra?-. dimidiatus

187

274

Hippodamia 13-punctata ...

... 259

procerulus

274

Hister bimaculatus ...

... 18

splendidulus

258

Homalium punctipemie

... 273

Phyllopertha horticola

185

Homalota

... 274

Phyllotreta ochripes...

274

analis

... 119

Platyderus ruficollis

127

angustula

... 119

Platystethus capito

119

autumnalis

... 119

Plinthus calignosus ...

...

127

cuspidata

... 119

Prasocuris aucta

207

debilis

... 119

Prionus

188

decipiens

... 119

C'oriarius

159

gemina

... 119

Prognatha quadricorne

127

gregaria

. . 155

Pselaphus heisei

155

occulta

39, 40

Pterostichus (antenna? of larva

) •••

121

plana

... 127

versicolor

185

soror...

... 119

Pyrochroa coccinea

159

vile

... 39

Hydrophilus piceus (larva of)

... 1?6

Quedius cruentus ... 40,

207,

273

Hylesinus vittatus ...

... 119

peltatus

273

Hypophlosus bicolor

... 283

picipes

...

273

scitus

40,

126

Ips quadriguttatus

... 163

Ischnoglossa corticina

... 119

Rhagium inquisitor

Rhinosomus planirostris ...

163,

188
163

Lithrobium brunnipes

... 273

ruticollis

163

longulum

... 119

viridipennis

127',

155

quadratum ...

... 274

Rhizophagus bipustulatus ...

163

Leistotrophus nebulosus

... 273

dispar

163

Leptacinus batychrus

... 119

perforatus

119

Liosomus oblongulus

... 273

Rhynchophorus

120

Lithocharis brunnea

... 273

palmarum

66

melanocephalus

... 119

propinquus ...

... 119

Saperda carcharias

67,

124

Luperus betulinus

... 207

Scolytus

347

Lycoperdina bovistse

... 273

Scaphidema senea

Scarabaeus

127,

155

67

Magdalin^s Darbicornis

... 236

Scydmsenidfe

274

SPECIAL INDEX.

Scydmaenus hirticoUis
Silpha atrata

var. bruniiea

var. subrotundata ...

quadripunctata

thoracica ...
Sphodrus leucophthalmus
Staphylinus stercorarius
Stenopteryx hirundinis
Stenus bipunctatus ...

guttula
Stropliosomus limbatus
Tachyusa concolor ...

constricta . .

flavitarsis

Telephorus discoideus

figuratus

var. cruachanus

fuscicornis

paludosus ...

Tetratoma fungorum

Tillus elongatus

Tiresias serra

Tomicus

Toxotus meridianus...

Trachodes hispidus ...

Trechus secalis

Trichopterygidae

TrogophlcEus elongatulus .
pusillus

Tryphillus suturalis...

Tychus niger ...

Xestobium tessellatum

CRUSTACEA.

Anodonta (swan mussel) ...
Argonauta argo

Dorippe japonica

127,

39,

PAOE

155

187
187
187
163
163
188
259
181^
274
274
207
274
274
274

207
185
174
207
212

39
236
188
347
212
273
283

39
155
274

40
1,55

283

126
126

159

Cynomyia mortuorum

PAGE

307

Dactylolabis gracilipes

Dicranota

Didea fasciata

330

184

330

Ephelia varinervis ...

330

Glossina morsitans ...
Goniomyia jecunda ...

.. 304, 307
,330

Hsematobia serrata ...
Helomyza pallida
Hilemyia coarctata ..
Hypoderma bovis

304

306

61

61

Lacophagidse

307

Melanostoma ambigua

188

Paltostoma torrentium ... ... 184

Phyllostoma aceris 260

Pulex irritans (larva of) ... ... 1 6 1

Sciomyza dubia ... ... . . 306

Simulum (larva of) ... ... ... 125

Stomoxys calcitrans ... 304, 307
Syrphus 284

Tabaiius ... ... ... ... 67

Tachina ... .. ... ... 125

Tachiniiipe ... ... ... ... 33

Tanypus (larva of ) ... ... ..125

Tipula maculosa ... 125

Tenthredoxes neglecta ... ... ,307

HOMOPTERA.

Coccidfe (scale insects)
Coccinfe

Lecaniinfe

Lecanium hesperidum

7, 64, 155, 162
202

202

173

Helix aspersa

... 126

lauri

... 173

cantiana

... 126

Lecanopsis formicarum

74, 247

ericetorum

... 126

hortensis

... 126

Melanoxanthus salicis

... 2,s4

nemoralis

... 126

virgata

... 126

Pbysokermes abietis

... 247

PoUinia tbesii

... 76

Nautilus pomphilus

... 126

P.seudinglisia rodriguezipe ...

... 202

Pyrops

... 347

DIPTERA.

Eipersia subterranea

... 112

Agromyza

... 125

tomlinii

... 247

Bombylius major

125, 188

HYMENOPTERA.

Cecydomia destructor

... 60

Andrena clarkella

... 152

Chlorops taeniopus

... 282

gynana

... 152

Clinocera lamellata

... .330

prppcox

... 152

Conops ceriseformis

... 119

varians

... 152

flavipes

... 119

Apanteles bignellii

... 157

quadrifasciatus

... 119

spurius

... 157

strigatus

... 119

zyga3narum

... 157

bPKCIAL iNt»KX.

Cl-abro chrysostoma ...

PAGE

284

Formica flava

nigra

112

174

Lasius flavus ...

120

Osmia fulviventris ...

307

Pemphredon lugubris

284

Eeduvius personatus

125

Sirex gigas

20, 125

Trichiosoma betuleti
Trogus lapidator

124

... 121, 155

Vespa vulgaris

... 125

LEPIDOPTERA.

abbreviata, Eupithecia 49, 66, 153,

176, 177, 180
abiegana, Coccyx (Steganoptycha) 55, 66

abietaria, Boarmia 125, 153, 188, 259

abietella, Dioryctria... ... ... 83

abjecta, Mamestra ... ... ... 253

abraptaria, Hemeropbila 79, 109,
125, 126, 153, 163, 176, 177, 186,

188, 260, 339, 345

absynthiata, Eupithecia ... ... 49

absynthii, Cucullia 23, 329

acanthodactyla, Amblyptilia 9, 82,

174, 286, 288

aceris, Cuspidia (Acronycta) ... 240

AcMvi 316

acis, Lycaena 6, 174, 325, 328

Acraea ... ... ... 19

actseon, Hesperia ... 202, 247, 324
acuminatana, Dichrorhamplia 229,

250, 251

adyequata, Emmelesia 334

Adelida... ... 5, 74

adipellus, Crambus ... 258

adippe, Argynnis 168, 180, 208, 282,

290, 307, 341
adonis, Lycaena 19, 23, 131, 138, 171,
185, 201, 229, 230,259, 273, 276,

277, 278, 305

far. ceronus 306

adusta, Hadena ... 4, 14, 233, 254

adustata, Ligdia ...187,231, 278, 343
advena, Aplecta 44, 182, 208, 227,

253, 339
advenaria, Epione 48, 79, 175, 179,

233, 342

.^cophoridse ... ... 73

eegeria, Lasiommata (Satyrus) 11,
45, 122, 149, 151, 168, 171, 177,
180, 191, 192, 193, 217, 219, 221,

230, 231, 232, 243, 249, 322, 323, 324

aegon, Lycajiia 206,252, 258, 276

PAGE

semulana, Catoptria 341

var. tripoliana ... ... ... 341

senea, Phytometra vide viridaria, P.
seneana, Argyrolepia 230, 231, 232,

250, 251
sescularia, Anisopteryx 48, 51, 80,

126, 152, 176, 340
sesculi, Zeuzera ... ... ... 242

^thiops, Erebia 88, 137, 138, 169,

285, 288, 320
affinis, Cosmia (Calymnia) 47, 235,
254, 258, 260, 279, 280, 281, 340,

341, 344

affinitata, Emmelesia 278

agathina, Agi'otis 329, 343

var. aquilina ... 329

agestis, Lycaena vide medon, L.

agetes, Pathisa ... ... ... 103

aglaia, Argynnis 122, 125, 168, 169,

208, 234, 252, 290, 298, 301

Agrotidae 345

ajax, Papilio ... 86

al bersan a, Catoptria ... ... 151, 229

alberta, (Eneis ... 304

albicillata, Melanthia 41, 49, 206,

207, 235, 283, 341
albicollis, Acontia ... ... 239, 240

albicolon, Mamestra ... 46

albimacula, Dianthoecia 177

albi])uncta, Leucania 4, 76, 253, 258,

279, 299, 333
albistria, Argyresthia ... 251,341

albulata, Emmelesia 48, 155, 178,

230, 231, 339
alchemiella, Uracilaria ... 229, 340
alchemillata, Emmelesia 41, 48,

208, 278, 341

alcliymista, Catephia 327

alcippus, Limnas ... ... ... 19

alexis, Lycaena vide icarus, L.

algae, Bryophila 326

alni, Acronycta 18, 22, 46, 48, 184,

185, 225
alpestrana, Dichrorhampha ... 245

alpina, Scoparia ... ... ... 81

alpinalis, Scopula 81, 308

alpinellus, Crambus ... 41

alsines, Caradrina 41, 46, 98, 234,

235, 301
alsus, Lycaena ...138, 207, 226, 348

alteratus, Lycaena ... 121

alternanus, Calathysa 4

alternata, Macaria 183

Alucita ... ... 5

Alucitidse 73

alveolus, Syricthus vide malvw, S.
amandana, Eupoecilia ... ... 252

amataria, Timandra41,65, 236, 250, 251

29, 98
81, 231, 252

187

323

77

334

ambigua, Caradrina...
ambigualis, Scoparia. . .
ambiguana, Eupcecilia

Amecera ...

anaclioreta, Clostera

Anarta

anceps, Mamestra vide sordida, M.
Ancliocelis

26

SPECIAL iNi)EX.

PAGE

ancilla, Naclia 333

andreniformis, Sesia 326

anguinalis, Ennychia ... 251, 276

angularia, Ennomos 22, 48, 66, 180,

183, 188, 236, 2r.8, 259, 341, :!44, 345
angustaiia, Euptpcilia ... 250, 277

angustiorana, Batodes ... ... 251

annulata, Zonosoma vide omicron-

aria, Ephyra
anomala, Stilbia 183, 301, 306, 343

anthemidaiia, Conchylis ... ... 247

Anthocharis ... 320, 321, 322, .•!24

anthyllidella, Gelechia ... ... 277

antiopa, Vanessa (Euvaiiessa) 65,

260, 275, 317,325, 328, 331, 345, 348
antiphates, Pathisa ... ... ... 103

antiqua, Orgyia 11, 45, 159, 266,

308, 341
antiquana, Orthotjenia ... ... 305

Apatura 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
apiciai-ia, Epione 48, 208, 234, 254,

25.5, 278, 281, 286
apiforniis, Trochilium ... ... 177

apoUo, Paniassius 50, 169, 31H, 317

Aporia 319, 324

aprilina, Agriopis 47, 125, 180, 187,

277, 302
arbutana, Euchromia ... ... 84

arbuti, Heliodes ride tenebrata,

Heliaca

arcella, Tinea .. . ... 277

archippus, Danais ... ... ... 330

arcuosa, Chortodes ... 46, 89, 2:!4

arenella, Depressaria ... ... 341

areola, Xylocampa 47, 151, 163, 164, 205

Arge 319 321, 322

argentella, Elachista 151, 179, 206, 340
argentula, Banksia ... 181, 254, 341
argiolus, Lycfena 115, 118, 151,

153, 160, 168, 180, 216, 224, 256,

258, 259, 278, 291, 306, 317, 338

Argus 320

argus, Lycsena ... ... ... 303

Argynnis 68, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 348
argyrana, Coccyx ... ... 66, 152

Argyresthidn? ... 73

arion, Lyctena 174, 245, 282, ,331, 332
armigera, Heliothis ... 42, 43, 201

artemis, Melita'a 45, 156, 157, 168,

180, 183, 186, 187, 205, 306
artemisia% Cucullia ... ... 327, 329

arundinis, Macrogaster 144, 182,

asella, Limacodes
asiliformis, Sesia
aspersana, Peronea

233, 254, 339
8

... 325, 328
252, 276, 277,

286, 287
179

associata, Cidaria

asteris, Cucullia ... ... ... 23

astrarclie, Lyc«na vide medon, L.

atalanta, Vanessa 8, 11, 12, 20, 22,
45, 87, 117, 120, 129, 152, 170,
180, 190, 191, 194, 220, 234, 240,
241, 24.3, 269, 272, 273, 27.5, 277,
287, 288, 291, 301, 30.5, 319, .323,

335, 341, 346, 348

PAGK

athalia, Melit?ea 180,307

atomaria, Ematurga 48, 155, 160,

177, 179, 182, 206, 229, 240, 276, .306
atriplicella, Gelechia ... ... 161

atropos, Acherontia ... ... 272, 332

augui', Noctua ...47, 208, 254, 281

aurago, Xanthia 10, 26, 27, 70, 71,

172, 306, 342, 34:i

var. aurantiago ... ... ... 70

aurantiaria, Hybernia 48, 90, 91,

111, 122, 270, 29:;
aurantiella, Depressaria ... 24, M.^4
aureola, Lithosia ... 187, 2.';0, 231
aurifrontella, Chrysoclysta ... 340

aurinia, Melita:'a vide artemis, M.
aiiroraria, Hyria ... ... ... 127

australis, Aporophyla 279, 283, 3:18

autumnaria, Ennomos ... 14, 76

avellanella, Epigrai)ha ... ... 85

aversata, Acidalia ... 48, 251, 282

badiata, Anticlea ... 49, 151, 176,
badiella, Depressaria... 241, 253,
bHi-tica, Lyc;<=na 244, 304, 323,

baia, Noctua ... 47, 235, 279, 281,
bajularia. Phorode^ma 188, 206, 250,
baliodactyla, Aciptilia ... 251,

bankesiella, Epischnia
barbalis, Pechipogon 230, 231, 232,

2.") 3
barrettii, Diantlnecia ride luteago

D. var.
basilinea, Apamea 46, 78, 180, 227,
batis, Thyatyra 10, 46, 49, 155, 2o4,
baumanniana, Argyrolepia...
beani, Gineis ...
Bedellia

bellargus, Lycaena vide adonis, L.
bembeciformis, Sesia...

bennetii, Agdistis

bergmanniana. Dictyopteryx 83,
bertrami, Platyptilia ... 82,

betulcE, Thecla 168, 173, 257, 258,
259, 280, 282,
betultetana, Penthma
betularia, Amphidasys 12, 48, 146,
148, 167, 184, "l85, 187, 242,

24 .5

var. doubledayaria 109, 146, 14S,

163, 187,

bicolor, Notodonta ... ... ."126,

bicolorata, Melanippe 49, 110, 125,

146,

var. plumbata

bicoloria, Miana 41, 46, 240, 253,

279,

bicuspis, Cerura 187, 326, 328,

bidentata, Odontopera 12, 23, 48,

79, 90, 91, 122, 153, 180,

bifida, Dicranura ... ... 162,

bilineata, Camptogramma 49, 179,

206, 208, 257, 286,

bilunana, Pa?disca ... ... 84,

bilunaria, Selenia ... 18, 48, 176,
bimaculana, Ephippiphora ...
biniaculata, Bapta 179, 230, 231,

177
:!05
332
340
251
276
334

340

254
301

85
304

74

233
340
251
234

323
83

270

329

334
146

341
333

283
235

341
206
234
84
232

SPECIAL Index.

PAGE

bimaculella, Chrysoclysta 22

bintevella, Homceosoma 41

bipunctaria, Eubolia 49, 240, 251,

276, 278, 341
bipunctidactyla, Mimteseoptilus 82, 251
bisetata, Acidalia ... 48, 146, 252

bisontella, Pbygas 287

bistriga, Ci-yptoblabes ... '231, 232

Bisulcia 97

Bithys 319

biundularia, Tephrosia IS, 48, 90,

111, 126, 153, 154, 163, 183,

199, 221, 222, 343

var. delamerensis ... ... 90

blancheata, Eupithecia (?io« .'p.) ... 7
blanda, Garadrina 41, 46, 98, 99,

234, 253, 256, 279, 281, 283
blandina, Erebia viiU tethiops, E.
blomeri, Asthena 176, 187, 233, 308

Bombyces 73

bombyliformis, Macroglossa 18, 45,

154, 176, 183, 257, 260, 332
bondii, Tapinostola vide morrisii, C.
boreata, Cheimatobia... 18, 270, 293

bouchardana, Mixodia ... ... 84

bractea, Plusia ... 329

brassicae, Mamestra ... ... 46, 340

brassicse, Pieris 45, 122, 151, 152,

171, 176, 180, 187, 209, 23,5,

239, 240, 277, 317

brevicornis, Baronia 304

brizella, Ergatis ... 340

brumata, Cheimatobia 18, 19, 270, 342

brunnea, Noctua 41, 47, 89 [

bninneata, Eidouia 23, 334

brunnichiana, Halonota 84, 257, 340

Bryophila 203

bucephala, Pygsera 46, 166, 179,

279, 298

candidata, Asthena 48, 178, 179,

206, 229, 230, 233, 340, .341

Candidi 316

capsincola, Dianthcecia 47, 180, 206

capsophila, Dianthcecia ... 23, 205

captiuncula, Miana 20

cardamines, Euchloe 17, 45, 115,
118, 152, 153, 154, 163, 170, 177,
178, 180, 187, 229, 230, 232, 317,

320, 321, 340
cardui, Vanessa 12, 41, 45, 164,

168, 170, 180, 190, 209, 241, 260,
270, 272, 279, 291, 30.5, 316, 319,

321, 332, 335
carmelita, Notodonta ... 78, 124
carnea, Pachnobia ... ... ... 4

carnella, Ilithyia 251, 276

carpinata, Lobophora 49, 163, 164,

176, 186, 205
carpini, Saturnia 18, 115, 153, 169,

187, 199, 215

carpophaga, Dianthcecia 339

Garterocephalus ... ... .. 322

castanea, Noctua 47, 343

var. neglecta 10, 23, 225, 256,

343

cassinea, Petasia 18, 173

cassiope, Erebia vide epiphron, E. ...

castigata, Eapithecia ... 49, 231

Castnia... ... ... ... ... 74

castrensis, Bombyx ... 160, 185, 341

caecana, Grapholitha

csecimaculana, Catoptria
Cpenonympha 319, 321, 322, 323,
csenosa, Laelia...

cseruleocephala, Diloba 97, 155, 177,

178, 301,

Ccesia, Dianthcecia ... ... 205,

rar. nianani
cgesiata, Larentia ... 146, 286,
cahiritella, Ephestia
caia, Arctia 9, 14, 45, 87, 124, 157,
159, 174, 204, 258, 259, 265, 282,
288, 289, 290, 295, 308,
var. lutescens
c-album, Vanessa 151, 168, 170, 194,
195,273, 280, 291, 301, 303, 305,
306, 321,
calecloniana, Peronea ... 83,

Caligaga ... ...

callun?e (var.), Bombyx
calthella, Micropteryx
cambricaria, Venusia
camelina, Lophopteryx (Notodonta)
12, 42, 46,
Camilla, Limenitia ...
cana, Gatoptria ... ... 276,

112
276
324
144

344
334
146
287
155

328
243

323
286
20
5
151
233

234
122
277

catalaunaiis, Antigastra
catharina, Agrotis
caudana, Teras
Celantes

celerella, Gelechia
celerio, Ghserocampa

327, 329

4

286

323

247

6, 7, 50, 66,
244, 325, 326

81

74

128

cembrse, Scoparia
Cemiostoma ...

cenea, Papilio

centaureata, Eupithecia 48, 177, 229,

256, 277

centonalis, Nola 76

cerago, Xanthia vide fulvago, X.
cerasicolella, Lithocolletis, 98, 162, 334
certata, Eucosmia ... ... ... 301

cerussellus, Platytes ... 41, 252, 341

cervinaria, Eubolia 42, 162, 342, 345
cespitalis, Herbula ... 81, 240, 251, 276
cespitis, Luperina ... 46, 125, 343

chajrophylJata, Tanagra 43, 44, 258

chamomillas, Gucullia 44

chaonia, Notodonta 46, 118, 152,

161, 177, 183, 184, 185

cheiranthia, Pieris ... 122

chenopodii, (trifolii) Hadena 41, 256
chi, Polia 3, 89, 91, 122, 124, 146,

161, 226, 257, 277, 288, 301

var, nigrescens
var. olivacea

var. suffusa
chlorana, Earias

Chortobius

christiernella, Hypercallia

n

3, 23, 89, 124,

226, 257
9, 91, 122, 146, 161

281

323
66

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE

chrysantliemana, Sciapbila 341

chrysitis, Plusia ... 48, 180, 206

chryson, Plusia 47, 48

Chrysophanus 319, 321, 322, 323, 324

ciliella, EupcBcilia 100, 179

cinctalis, Spilodes 232, 239, 250,

251, 334

cinctaria, Boarmia 214

cineraria, Teplirona 326

cinerea, Agrotis 44, 148, 204, 227, 339
rar. obscura ... ... ... 44

cinerella, Gelechia 276

ciniflonella, Depressaria ... ... 85

cinxia, Melitsea 57, 152, 160, 168,

169, 171, 255, 290
circellaris, Mellinia 10, 11, 42, 47,

95, 96, 279, 302, 306, 307, 341

circellata, Acidalia 328,334

cirsiana, Ephippiphora 229

citrago, Xanthia 26, 69, 70, 95, 97, 283
citraria, Aspilates 152, 177, 278,

279, 341
clathrata, Strenia 48, 177, 179, 229,

230, 231, 238, 240, 250, 252, 258
cnigruni, Noctua 41, 47, 180, 206,

208, 341

Cochliopodidse 74

Coleophoridae 73

Colias 318

comes, Tripliffiiia 14, 41, 47, 183,

234, 258, 279, 281, 306, 308, 341
comitata, Pelurga ... 49, 234, 2.54

comma, Hesperia 277, 324

comma, Leucania 46, 180, 208, 227,

302, 343

comparana, Peronea 23, 83

complana, Lithosia 22, 252, 276, 332

var. sericea 23

complanula, Lithosia vide lurideola,

L.
composana, Stigmonota ... 240, 276

compta, Dianthcecia 299

comptana, Phoxopteryx 251

conchana, Sericoris 251, 276

concolor, Tapinostola 29, 72, 160, 333

conllua, Noctua 29, 301

conformis, Xj'lina 327, 329

conmsalis, Noia .. 45

coniferana, Stigmonota ... 80, 84

conigera, Leucania 46, 234, 254,

276, 279
consociella, Rhodophaea 250, 251, 341
cousonaria, Tephrosia ... 48, 176

conspersa, Dianthcecia 299

contaminana, Teras (Dictyopteryx)

257, 83
convolvuli. Sphinx 20, 45, 50, 76,

123, 244, 332

conwayana, Argyrotoxana 231

coracina, Psodos vide trepidaria P.

cordigera, Anarta 23,308

core, Crastia 92

corinna, Ctfnonympha 303

coronatH, Eupithecia... 115, 177, 278
corticana, Pu'disca 206, 251, 286, 341
corticea, Agrotis 4, 28, 46, 148, 227, 234

fAGE

corydon, Lyca^na 130, 230, 24o,

252, 272, 273, 276, 278, 306

var. syngrapha ... 306

corylana, Tortrix ... 83

corylata, Cidaria 151, 163, 179, 205,

229, 230, 231
coryli, Demas 12, 97, 163, 177, 180,

183, 187
cosmophorana, Coccyx ... 84, 87

Cossus 5, 74

costaestrigalis, Hypenodes ... ... 48

costantinus, Euphceides 104

costella, Cerostoma ... 251, 286, 341

craccse, Toxocampa 205, 329

Crambidpe ... 73

cramerella, Lithocolletis ... ... 340

crassa, Agrotis ... ... ... 256

crata-^ana, Tortrix 2-50, 251

crata3gata, Rumia 11, 48, 163, 301, 340

crataigella, Scythropia 341

crataigi, Aporia 6, 7, 76, 169, 187,

316, 317, 320, 321, 324, 328

cratasgi, Trichiura 177, 217

crenana, Phlajodes ... 84

crenata, Glyphisia ... 326

crepuscularia, Tephrosia 40, 48, 51,

78, 118, 148, 151, 154, 159, 163,

164, 167, 176, 199, 339

cribralis Herminia 182, 254

cribrum, Eulepia 124, 181, 205, 306

croceago, Hoporina 25, 26, 27, 69, 70, 79

crocealis, Ebulea 251, 252

cruda, Ta-niocampa ...47, 151, 16.i, 176
cubicularis, Caradrina 46, 125, 208,

234, 279, 281, 283, 301, 341
cucubali, Dianthcecia ... 41, 47

cucullatella, Nola 161,251

culiciformis, Sesia ... 153

culmellus, Crambus 83, 239, 240,

252, 286, 341
cultraria, Drepana ... 176, 206, 270

cuprella, Adela 161

cursoria, Agrotis 4, 14, 86, 244, 283

Cuspidia 69

Cyaniris ... ... ... ... 319

cygnipennella, Elachista vide argen-

tella, E.

cyclopides 319, 321, 323

Cylindracei 323

cynipiformis, Sesia 260

Cynthia 318

cytherea, Cerigo 41, 235, 256, 279, 281
cytisaria, Pseudoterpna ... 48, 257

dahlii, Noctua ... 225, 256, 339

daleana, Sericoris 83

daleHa, Plutella 85

Danai 316, 324

Danaus ... 318, 320, 321, 323

daplidice, Pieris 164, 186, 245, 299,

322, 325, 328, 331
davus, Chortobius vide typhon, C. ...

dealbana, Spilonota ... 251

dealbata. Scoria 231

declarans, Semiophora 4

declinata, Prodenia vide littoralis, P.

SPECIAL INDEX.

decolorata, Emmelesia 48, 179, 180,

231, 343
decretana, Tortrix ... ... ... 41

defoliaria, Hvbernia 3, 48, 66, 90,

111, 122, 125, 178, 180, 242, 270
degeerella, Adela ... ... ... 341

degreyaiia, Conch}'lis ... ... 246

demoleus, Orpheides 103, 104, 125

dentina, Hadena 47, 90, 180, 233, 337

Depressaria 41, 305

depuncta, Noctua ... ... ... 340

derasa, Tliyatyra ... 46, 253, 279

derasana, Phoxopteryx ... 229, 230
derivata, Anticlea vide nigrofas-

ciaria, A.
designata, Coremia 49, 155, 207,

278, 343
desuetella, Ephestia .. ... 155

diminutana, Phoxopteiyx ... ... 229

dictasa, Notodonta ... ... ... 235

dictseoides, Notodonta 12, 42, 46, 301
Dicranuridae ... ... ... ... 38

didyma, Apamea 41, 46, 89, 109,

287, 341
var. oculea 89, 227, 234, 235,

248, 259, 283
didymata, Larentia48, 91, 110, 278,

286, 288
diffinis, Oosmia 280, 281, 283, 340

dilucidana, Conchylis 251, 252,

276, 277

diluta, Asphalia 10,46,283

dilutaria, Acidalia ... ... 28, 74, 75

dilutata, Oporabia ...48, 270, 342, 345
dimidiana, Penthina... ... 83, 288

dimidiata (scutulata^, Acidalia 41,

48, 250, 341
diminutana, Phoxoptery.x ... ... 231

dispar, Chrysophanus h, ]21, 160,

170, 325, 328, 329
dispar, Ocneria (Liparis; 6, 21, 36,

161, 248, 257
dissimilella, Butalis .. ... ... 113

dissimilis, Hadena vide suasa, H.

diti-apezium, Noctua 47,52

dodonoea, Notodonta 46, 177, 184,

185, 250, 298, 308, 343
dodoneata, Eupithecia ... ... 163

dolobraria, Eurymene 48, 53- 176,
180, 184, 185, 187, 229,' 230,

233, 270, 339
dominula, Callimorpha ...241, 328

dorsana, Stigmonota ... ... 84, 334

dotata, Cidaria vide pyi"aliata, C.
dromedarius, Notodonta ...12, 46, 307
dubi talis, Scoparia ... 81, 206, 230,

251, 276, 341
var. ingratella ... ... ... 81

dumerili, Luperina ... .. 327,329

dumetellus, Crambus ... 82, 234

duplana, Retinia ... 80, 84, 87, 150
duplaris, Cymatophora ... ... 23

Dyschorista ... ... ... ... 26

echaia, Nebroda
var. jacksoni

123
123

edusa, Colias 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 23,
29, 40, 42, 77, 117, 118, 132,
153, 160, 161, 164, 170, 175,
177, 180, 203. 204, 234, 253,
271, 272, 275, 278, 280, 282,

298, 306, 307
var. helice 4, 5, 23, 41, 45, 55,

200, 272, 275, 306
ega, Tachyris ... ... ... ... 164

Elachista ... ... .. 5, 287

Elachistidse ... ... ... ... 73

electa, Catocala 85, 86, 334

elinguaria, Crocallis... ... ... 48

elisa, Argynnis ... .. ... 303

elongella, Gracilaria... ... ... 286

elpenor, Chaerocampa 45, 182, 208, 234
elutata, Hypsipetes 14, 23, 49, 110,'

146, 251, 255, 281, 286, 347
elwesii, Papilio ... ... ... 162

elymi, Tapinostola ... 257, 258, 297
emarginata, Acidalia ... ... 41

encedon, Telchinia ... ... ... 19

Enodia 319, 324

Epigraphiidfe ... ... ... 73

Epinephele ... 319, 322

epiphron, Erebia 137, 168, 293, 332

Equites 316

Erebia 319, 320, 321, 322, 324

ericellus, Crambus ... ... 82, 334

ericetauH, Orthotsenia 84, 251, 252

ericetata, Emmelesia ... 334, 347

erigerana, Eupcecilia ... 252, 276

Eriocephalfe ... ... ... ... 74

erippus, Danais ... ... ... 164

erithonius, Orpheides ... 103, 104

eros, Limenitis ... ... ... 148

erosaria, Eugor.ia (Ennomos) 48,

183, 259
Erycinides ... 320, 321, 322, 323, 324
erythrocephala, Orrhodia 293, 299,

300, 327, 333

Euchloe 319, 321, 322

Eudoridse ... ... ... ... 73

euphorbise, Deilephila 6, 201, 248,

297, 326, 328

euphrosyne, Argynnis 18, 45, 121,

122, 151, 'l52, 153, 1.54, 168,

171, 176, 177, 178, 180, 208,

224, 229, 230, 281, 282, 290,

304, 328, 340, 342
Euploeinse ... ... ... ... 324

evonymella, Hyponomeuta ... 178

exanthemaria, Cabera ... .. 48

Exapate ... ... ... ... 74

exclamationis, Agrotis 46, 109, 125,
177, 180, 181, 206, 208, 227, 281,

279, 281, 340
var. costata ... ... ... 125

var. plaga... ... ... ... 125

var. pallida ... ... ... 125

var. lineolatus ... ... ... 125

-ya?'. juncta ... ... ... 125

exigua, Laphygma 29, 326, 327,

329, 338
exiguata, Eupithecia ... ... 231

exilis, Lycsena ... 348

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

exoleta, Calocampa 47, 51, 154,

176, 302, 338

extensaria, Eupithecia 67

extersaria, Tephrosia vide luridata,

T. I

extimalis, Orobena ... ... ... 125 j

extranea, Leucania vide unipuncta,

L.
extrema, Tapinostola vide concolor,

T.
exulans, Zygsena ... ... 234, 332

exulis, Crymodes 334

fagella, Diurnsea 92, 110, 111, 121,

149, 151, 152, 161, 185, 222, 340
fagi, Stauropus 9, 18, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46,
65, 109, 119, 124, 125, 173, 183,

215, 233, 270, 298, 308, 335
faginella, Lithocolletis ... ... 151

falcula, Platypteryx 41, 46, 188, 231, 270
farinalis Pyralis ... ... ... 81

fasciai'ia, Ellopia vide prosapiaria, E.
fasciuncula, Miana 46, 208, 227, 234
favillaceana, Capua ... ... ... 340

furrugalis, Scopula ... ... 41, 240

ferrugata, Coremia 49, 229, 29 ^ 340
ferruginea, Xantliia vide circellaris,

M.
ferruginella, Blabophanes ... 6, 334

festiva, Noctua 4, 29, 47, 118, 155,

180, 208, 226, 234, 254, 281, 301, 342

Feslivi 316

festucse, Plusia 41, 206

fibrosa, Helotropha vide leucostigma,

H.
fibulella, Adela ... ... ... 85

figulella, Eryotropha ... 202,334

fllipendula;, Zygsena 45, 120, 125,

200, 208, 242, 277, 281, 341
var. ceronus ... ... ... 125

fimbria, Triphsena 52, 79, 123, 258,

279, 283, 286, 340
firmata, Thera 10, 11, 49, 160, 181,

217, 302
fisrlieriella, Glyphipteryx ... ... 85

rtammea, Meliana ... 177, 181, 182

fiammealis, Eudotricha 41

flavago, Xanthia 23, 25, 42, 47, 69,

70, 71, 93, 94, 95, 252, 302, 339

flavalis, Botys 253

liavicincta, JPolia ... ... ... 302

fiavicinctata, Larentia 23, 287, 288, 334
fiavicornis, Cymatopbora 80, 85,

117, 153, 154, 160, 176, 180
flexula, Aventia ... ... ... 283

fiuctudta, Melanippe 49, 110, 153,

236, 251, 283, 308, 340
fiuviata, Camptogramma 10, 22, 44,

49, 50, 328, ,334
furficalis, Pionjea 81, 152, 240, 340

forskaleana, Dictyopteryx ... ... 41

forsterella, Glypbipteryx ... ... 229

fractifasciana, Eriopsela ... ... 276

francillonana, Conchylis (Toi'trix),

42, 253

fraxini, Catocala 244, 298, 327, 329, 346
fuciformis, Macroglossa 152, 153,

183, 257
fuliginaria, Boletobia ... •■• 326

fuliginosa, Spilosoma 8, 49, 77, 79,

113, 114, 153, 161, 268
fulva, Tapinostola 29, 42, 46, 72,

277, 302, 339, .343
fulvago, Xanthia 10, 25, 26, 27, 42,
47, 69, 70, 71, 93, 94, 95, 252,

257, 283, 301, 302, 339, 341
var. flavescens ... ... ... 301

rar. ochreago ... ... 94, 95

fulvata, Cidaria 49, 130, 208, 234,

250, 341
furcatellus, Crambus 82, 308, 334

furcula, Dicranura ... ... 257, 279

furuncula, Miana ride bicoloria, M.
furva, Mamestra ... ... ... 343

fuscalis, Botys 81, 179, 2.50, 251, 341
fuscantaria, Ennomos 66, 283, 342

fuscocuprella, Butalis ... 252, 276

fuscoviridella, Glypbipteryx 179, 340
fuscula(fasciana), Erastria 231, 282, 233
fuscus, Mimseseoi^tilus vide ptero-
dactyla, M.

gsedartella, Argyresthia ... 85,
galactodactyla, Aciptilia .. 178,
galatea, Melanargia 168, 192, 209,
219, 2.34, 236, 240, 278, 320,
galiata, Melanippe 49, 91, 110, 122,
gamma, Plusia 11, 41, 48, 152, 155,
180, 206,
Gelechida?

gemina, Apamea 41, 46, 177, 180,
208, 227,

rar. remissa
geminana, Grapholitha
geminipuncta, Nonagria 10, 173,
gemmai-ia, Boarmia 48, 91, 188,

222,

var. perfuniaria ...
Gemmati

gemmiferana, Grapholitha ... 112,
geniculeus, Crambus
genist;H^, Hadena ... 4, 177, 180,
geoffrella, Harpella ...
geographica, Clidia ...
Geometr;w

germerana, Stigmonata
geryon, Procris
geyeriana, Eupcvoilia
gilvago, Xanthia 23, 26, 70, 95, 96,
283, 301, 306, 308, 339, 341,

var. suffusa ... ... 95,

gilvaria, Aspilates ... ... 276,

glabraria, Cleora

Glasa ... ... ... ... 26, 55

glandifera, Bryopliila vide muralis,

B.
glareosa, Noctua 4, 27, 46, 256,

glauca, Hadena ... ... 153,

glaucata, Cilix vide spiiiula C.
glaucinalis, Pyralis ...
glaucus, Jasoniades ...

258
229

341

188

341

2.54
46

288
253

234

91

316

334

341

3^9

340

97

73

230

127

247

345
, 96
277
205
, 69

277
388

345
104

SPECIAL INDEX.

globulai-iae, Procris

glycerion, Pathisa ...
glyphica, Euclidia48, 155, 178, 182
185, 229, 2.30, 231, 232, 239, 240^
gnaphalii, Cucullia ... ... 327

Gonopteryx ... ... ... 318

gonodactyla, Platyptilia 82, 2.')8

gonostigma, Orgyia

gothica, T»iiiocanipa 19, 22, 47, 87
151, 176, 177, 205, 242, 272, 308

car. gothicina ... ...22, 87

Gracilariidae ..

gracilis, Taeniocanipa 19, 47, 151

177
graminis, Chai'teas 46, 256, 277
287, 288, 308,
graslinii, Agrotis

grisealis, Zancloguatha 48, 231, 251
griseata, Lithostege ...
griseo-capitella, Swammerdamia ..
griseola, Lithosia 254, 259, 281

tar. stramineola ...
grossana, Carpocapsa
grossulariata, Abraxas 14, 23, 29
48, 149, 172, 205, 295, .308,

aherr. dohrni

aberr. deleta
gueneei, Luperina ... ... 327

Hadeua... ...

Hadenidte

hamana, Xantliosetia ... 179

Hamearis

hamula, Platypteryx ... 152

harpagula, Drepana vide sicula, D.

liastata, Melanippe 49, 66, 233, 288

hastiana, Peronea ... ... 23

hastifera, Agrotis

haworthiata, Eupitliecia ride iso

gi-ammata, E.
haworthii, Celfena 256, 277, 287

hectus, Hepialus
Heliconii
hellmanni, Nonagria

!35,

316, 317

248, 254

258

helveola, Lithosia
lielvetioata, Eupitliecia

rar. arceuthata ...

Heodes ...

heparata, Eupisteria ride obliterata.

E.
hepatica, Xylopliasia
Hepialus
hera, Callimorpba i

115

46

23, 174, 243
25.5, 274
lierbariata, Acidalia... ... 326

heringi, Blabophanes

liermanella, Gelechia

Hesperidfe, 7, 317, 318, 319, 320

321, 322, 323, 324

Heteropterus ... 322

hexadactyla, Alucita
hexapterata, Lobophora
Hipparchia ... 318, 321, 32i

hirsutella, Psj'che

PAGE

127
103

249
329
322
341
204

340

308

74

340

345

4

341

182
85
283
259
179

347

295
295
329

26

69

341

319

270

341

244

4

297

45

319

281
259
334
334
319

254

> 74

332
328
4, 6

18

325
324
82
162
324
179

PAGE

hirtaria, Biston 115, 127, 152, 164
liispidaria, Nyssia 78, 80, 117, 118,

126, 127, 152, 156, 160, 161, 17.5, 180

liolmiana, Dictyopteryx ... ... 41

hortuellus, Crambus 8.3, 178, 251,

340, 341

hiihnerella, Chelaria... ... ... 286

liumiliata, Acidalia 28, 29, 41, 74,

7.5, 76, 179, 283

humili, Hepialus ... ... 45, 333

var. liethlandica... ... ... 333

hyale, Colias 5, 17, 18, 22, 41, 45,
55, 77, 112, 164, 203, 238, 239,

240, 247, 272, 282, 298

hyalinalis, Botys ... ... ... 179

Hyboma 97

liybridana, Sciapliila ... 229, 235

hybridellana, Eupojcilia ... ... 277

liyemana, Tortricodes ... 80, 55

hyperanthus, Epinephele 18, 88,
188, 191, 192, 221, 2.34, 251,

306, 316, 322, 324

hyperborea, Agrotis ... ... ... 4

var. carnica ... ... ... 4

hypericana, Catoptria 230, 252, 341

Hyiionomeutidaj ... ... ... 73

hyrciniana. Coccyx ...

84

icarus, Lycsena 12, 20, 45, 137, 152,
177, 178, 180, 202, 209, 229,
239, 240, 252, 276, 277, 340, 345
iclineumoniformis, Sesia 251, 276,

279, 280
ictericana, Sphaloptera ... 251, 341
ilicifolia, Lasiocampa ... 326, 328

illunaria, Selenia vide bilunaria, S.
illustraria, Selenia vide tetralunaria,

S.
imbutata, Carsia ... ... ... 277

imitai'ia, Acidalia ... ... 234, 301

immanata, Cidaria 49, 257, 286, 287, 288
immorata, Acidalia ... ... ... 67

immutata, Acidalia ... 48, 241, 341

implicitana, Conchylis ... ... 271

impluviata, Hypsipetes 23, 49, 183,

204, 233, 300
impudens, Leucania vide pudorina,

L.
impura, Leucania 46, 206, 227, 234,

235, 281, 341
incanaria, Acidalia ... ... 41, 341

incerta, Taeniocanipa ride insrabilis, T.
indicans, Microcselia... ... ... 4

indigata, Eupithecia... ... ... 206

infausta, Mainestra ... ... ... 4

inopella, Gelechia 250,252

inopiana, Ephippihora ... 251, 252
inornata, Acidalia ... ... ... 281

inquinatellus, Crambus ... ... 341

instabilis, Tseniocampa 19, 47, 151,

161, 163, 176, 187, 242
insulsa, Agrotis ... ... ... 4

interjecta, Triphsena 47, 227, 253,

279, 281, 34,'»
interjectaria, Acidalia 28, 74, 75, 76
internana, Stignionota 18, 151, 230, 236

SPECIAL INDEX.

interrogationis, Plusia
in visa, Mamestra
Involuti

io, Vanessa 11, 45, 121,
170, 180, 189, 220, 236,
273, 291, 294,
iota, Plusia

iris, Apatura 55, 122, 168,
217, 316,
irriguana, Seiicoris ...
irriguata, Eupithecia
irrorrella, Setina
isogrammata, Eupithecia

PiGE

301

4

... 320, 323
151, 159,
242, 269,
303, 306, 316
48, 206, 301
203, 205,
317, 331, 347

83

... 153, 183

308

... 137, 173

libatrix, Gonoptera lu, 47, 176, 208, 279
lichenaria, Cleora ... 178,216,234
lichenea, Epunda 183, 302, 307, 308
lignata, Phibalaptery.x ... 233,281
ligniperda, Cossus ... ... 45, 124

ligula, Orrhodia
ligustri, Bisulcia
ligustri, Sphinx

343

124, 293, .344
45, 125, 208, 244,

260, 339

Limaciformt s
Limacodes
Limeiiitis
limitata, Eubolia

jacobfese, Euclielia 45, 152, 155, 178, 254
janira, Epinephele 45, 87, 88, 122,
168, 180, 191, 192, 206, 209, 232,

259, 306, 308, 319, 321, 322

janthina, Triph?ena 47, 279, 280, 281

jasius, Charaxes ... 121

Jochosera ... ... ... ... 97

iovindra, Papilio ... ... ... 159

kaltenbachii, Micropteryx ... ... 55

kershawi, Pyrameis ... ... ... 164

kollari, Pademma ... ... ... 92

kiihniella, Ephestia 22,155

laburnelJa, Cesiostoma
lacertinaria, Drepana
lactearia, lodis 48, 155, 179, 200,
206, 230, 231, 232,
lacunana, Sericoris ...
]a?flingiana, Dictyopteryx ...
lafauryana, Tortrix ...
Lampides

1-album, Leucania ... 299, 326,
lanceolana, Bactva ...
lanestris, Eriogaster... 51, 177,

lapidata, Phibalapteryx 23, 308,
lappella, Parasia ... ... 250,

lathonia, Argynnis ...42, 299, 325,
lecheana, Ptycholoma 230, 231,

leguminana, Stigmonota ...
lemnata, Cataclysta ... ... 206,

Lemoniinw

leporina, Ouspidia (Acronycta) 88,

233,
var. bradyijorina
Leptosia
leucographa, Pachnobia

(Tajnio-
151,
321,

canipa) 19, 79,

Leuconea
leucophsea, Pachetra 299, 3oO, 327,

329,

leucophoearia, Hybernia 48, 51, 80,

90, 109, 118, 122, 126, 127, 152,

153, 186, .340,

var. marmorinaria

Leucophasia ... 320,

leucostigma, Hyd-rsecia (Helotropha)

4, 235, 254, 255, 258,

leuwenhceckella, Pancalia 113, 229,

252,
levana, Araschnia ... 303, 305,
var. prorsa

258
163

340
340
251
41
323
329
288
341
334
252
328
332
334
34U
324

308

88

.323

187
322

333

346

90

323

281

276
315
315

318, 321, 322, 323
49, 251, 276
linea (thaumas), Hesperia 138, 234,

251, 252, 276, 324
linearia, Zonosoma vide trilinearia,

E.
lineata, Deilephila vide livornica, D.
lineella, Chrysoclysta
lineola, Coleophora ..
lineola, Hesperia
lipseana, Peronea
literosa, Mian a
lithargyria, Leucania

Lithocolletidai

236

... 209, 324
... 83

41, 46, 279, 281

4, 234. 254,
276, 279, 281
74

litliodactyla, ^dematophorus

!76

lithoriza, Xylocampa vide areola,

X.
lithoxylea, Xylophasia 41, 46, 208, 341

littoralis, Leucania
]ittoi'alis, Prodenia .
littoralis, Sericoris
litura, Anchocelis

liturata, Macaria
livornica, Deilephila

42, 46, 258

20, 21

340

47, 283, 302,
306, 307, 339, 341
79, 206, 235
45, 244, 304,

305, 325, 328

lixella, Coleophora 276

lobulata, Lobophora vide carpinata,

L.
lonicerse, Zyga;na 88, 120, 232,

249, 250
lota, Orthosia 10, 26, 47, 118, 302,

307, 308, 341, 343, 345

lotella, Cemiostoma ... 277

lubricipeda, Spilosoma 23, 45, 66,
88, 123, rj4, 180, 233, 259, 260,

282, 308, 332, 333, 335
var. deschangei ... ... ... 260

var. radiata 23, 124, 233, 281,

282, 308, 335
var. zatima 123, 260, 281, 332,

333, 335
lucernea, Agrotis ... 146, 148, 222
lucina, Nemeobius 86, 179, 183,

208, 317, 319, 320
lucipara, Euplexia 41, 47, 89, 234, 254
luctuosa, Acontia ... 239, 240, 282
lunaria, Selenia 23, 48, 66, 180,

230, 282, 301, 339, 343, 344
lunaris, Ophiodes ... 76,327,329

lundana, Phoxoptery.x ... 151, 340

lunigera, Agrotis ... ... 256, 279

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

luiiosa, AiK'hocelis 10, 11, 41, 42,

47, 279, 283, 302, 306, 307

lupulinalis, Botys 329

lupulinus, Hepialus 45, 177, 179, 340

luridata, Tephrosia 23, 930

lurideola, Lithosia ... 254, 259, 279

luteago, Diantlicecia ... ... 146, 334

var. ban-ettii 146, 327, 329, 334

lutealis, Scopula 81, 288

luteata, Asthena 48, 179, 230, 231,

232, 250, 251, 300, 341
luteolata, Rumia vide crata^gata, R.

lutipennella, Coleophora 251

lutosa, Calamia 10, 41, 52, 259,

298, 307

lutulenta, Epuiida 23,338

Lyca-na 68, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322,

323, 3J4, 325

Lycsenids 316

L3'onetia ... ... ... ... 74

maccana, Peronea ... 83

machaon, Papilio 18, 19, 100, 102,
103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 121,
123, 124, 125, 162, 163, 173, 176,
181, 187, 189, 208, 233, 234, 236,

239, 254, 258, 280, 316, 317, 331
var. asiatica ... ... ... 108

var. hippocrates ... ... 108, 123

macilenta, Orthosia 10, 47, 96, 118,

302, 308, 343, 345
macleayana, Papilio ... ... ... 188

maculata, Venilia 5, 126, 153, 155,

205, 207, 230, 340, Mo
maculosana, Eupcecilia ... ... 229

malva?,Syricthus 137, 151, 152, 153,
155, 160, 177, 178, 180, 184, 186,
187, 206, 217, 229, 230, 231, 317, 322
var. t'ritillum ... ... ... 186

var. taras ... 184

Mancipium 320

Mauiola 318, 320, 324

margax'itacea, Noctua ... ... 4

margaritaria, Metrocampa 48, 180, 208
margai'itellus, Crambus ... 82, 287

margarotana, Retinia 150

marginaria, Hybernia 48, 51, 80,
90, 109, 112, 126, 127, 152, 156,

163, 176

rcM'. fuscata ... 90, 112, 163

marginata, Cbariclea (Heliothis) 234

(margseatus in error, 254)
marginata, Lomaspilis 48, 178,

181, 206, 229, 235, 251

marginea, Tischeria 151, 229

marginepunctata, Acidalia 146. 221,

222, 256J 278, 342
maritima, Bucculatrix ... ... 341

inaritima, Senta ... .. 7, 182

matui'a, Cerigo vide cytherea, C. ...

maturna, Melitnea ... ... ... 290

maura, Mania 41, 47, 204, 252, 279,

280, 281
medea, Erebia vide sethiops, E.
mediana, Tryclieris 41

medon, Lycsena 137, 139, 178, 229,

230, 276,

var. salmacis

megacephala, Acronycta (Cuspidia)

88, 177, 208, 234,

megfera, Pararge 45, 149, 151, 152,

153, 168, 170, 177, 178, 180, 204,

217, 218, 219, 221, 230, 239, 240,

243, 276, 278, 280, 305, 321, 322,

323, 324, 328,

Melanargia 320, 323,

Melitsea 317,

mendica, Argyresthia
mendica, Spilosoma 45, 92, 123, 124,
125, 155, 258, 307,

menestheus, Erioptera

mensararia, Eubolia vidv limitata,

E

menthastri, Spilosoma 45, 79, 88,
153, 155, 159, 180, 268, 305,
menyanthidis, Viminia 154, 283,
merope, Papilio
mesomella, Litbosia ...
metaxella, Nemophora
meticulosa, Pblogophora 41, 47,
16:;, 180, 230, 259, 283, 302,
mi, Euclidia 48, 153, 155, 177, 178,
182, 229, 230,

miata, Cidaria 42, 49,

micacea, Hydrcecia 6, 46, 252, 287,

340,
micana, Sericoris

Micropterygidse

niima, Hypolimnas ...
miniata, Litbosia (Calligenia) 130,

205,

341

207

235

341
324
318
341

341
103

307
288
123
251
231

341

340
307

341

308

74

123

279

340
166

340

minima, Lycaena vide alsus, L.
miniosa, Tseniocampa ... 315,

ministra, Datana

ministrana, Tortrix 83, 229, 231,

235,

minorata, Emmelesia vide ericetata,
E.

minos, Zygaena 20, 124

minutata var. knautiata, Eupi-

tliecia ... 7

mitterpacberiana, Phoxopteryx 229,

231, 235

mixtana, Perouea 83

modestella, Asycbna 151, 229

monacba, Liparis 21, 45, 110, 180, 183
var. eremita ... ... 21 110

moneta, Plusia 14, 22, 76, 123, 201*

228, 235, 236, 245, 308, 334
monodactyla, Pterophorus 186, 240,

276, 283, "41
monoglypha, Xylophasia 46, 89,

2U6, 257
rar. polyodon 14, 41, 89, 126,

146, 180, 234, 235, 254, 277, 280
montanata, Melanijipe 49, 66, 178,

179, 181, 206, 23l', 345

monticolana, Pamplusia 288

morosa, Gelecbia ... 033

morpbeus, Caradrina 46, 18u, 2U8,

235, 281, oOl', 341

spii;ciAL iNi)i;x.

PAGE

morrisii, Chovtodes ... 29, 72, 73, 280
multistrigaria, Larentia 153, 154,

175, 176
munda, Tasniocampa 19, 47, 151,

154, 161, 175, 176, 187, 242

mundana, Nudaria 208, 279

munitata, Coremia ... ... ... 234

muralis, Bryophila 46, 130, 203, 256, 279
muscalella. Incur varia ... ... 340

muscerda, Lithosia ... ... ... 144

musculana, Cnephasia ... 151, 229

musculosa, Synia 327, 3-!9

myellus, Crambus ', S2, 334

myricae, Viminia (Acronycta) 23,

124, 154

myrtillana, Pho.xopteryx 84

inyrtilli, Anarta 288

nsevaiia, Grapholitha 252

nana, Eu]irpcilia 206

nanana. Coccyx ... 66

nanata, Eupithecia 160, 176, 207,

281, 301
nanatella, Depressaria ... ... 276

nanivora, Swammerdamia ... ... 85

napi, Pieris 20, 45, 88, 12!, 122,

151, 152, 168, 177, 178, 180,

187, 229, 277, 287
nebulosa, Aplecta 47, 89, 91, 118,

126, 204, 206, 233

rar. bimaculosa ... 91

Nemeobius 320, 323

nemorivaga, (!occy.x 38, 39

neomiris. Satyr us 303

Nepticultp 19

Nepticulidje ... 74

nervosa, Simyra 97

neustria, Bombyx 207, 294

nictitans, Hydroecia 41, 46, 257,

277, 279, 287, 288, 340
nigra, Epunda 10, 252, 301, 302, 304

nigricana, Endopisa 231

nigricans, Agrotis 4, 46, 125, 187,

253, 254, 279, 281, 283

var. carbonea ... ... ... 4

nigricella, Coleophora 236

nigrocostana, Epliippipliora ... 230

nigrofasciaria, Anticlea 49, 176, 187
nigromaculana, Grapholitha ... 277

niobe, Argynnis ... 290, 291, 299
Nisoniades ... 319, 321, 323, 324

nitidana, Stigmonota ... 22, 232

nivea, Paecilia 341

noctuella, Nomophila ... 81,341

Noctuina 73

Nolidae ... 73

notata, Macaria 241, 282

Notodontidae ... ... ... ... 38

nubeculosa, Petasia (Asteroscopus)

78, 85, 187, 308

Nudi , 321

nupta, Catocala ... 42, 86, 28U, 281

Nycteolidae ... ... ... ... 73

Nymphales 316, 319, 320, 321, 322,

323, 324, .325
nympheata, Hydrocanipa ... 206,341

obelisca, Agrotis 4, 253, 256, 337,

338,
obfuscaria, Dasydia ...
obliterata, Eupisteria 12, 41, 48,

207,
oblongata, Eupithecia ride centaur-

aiita, E.
obscurata, Gnophos 41, 126, 127,
146, 148, 199, 221, 222, 278, 282,
obscurella, Elachista...
obsoleta, Leucania
obsoletella, Lita
obtusana, Pho.xoxjtery.x 151, 229,

occulta, Aplecta ...

ocellana, Hedya

ocellata, Melanthia 49, 65, 66, 110,

179, 206, 229, 230, 231,

ocellatus, Smerinthus 160, 257, 273,

279,
ochi'acea (flavago) Gortyna
oclirea, Coleophora ...
ochrearia, Aspilates ride citraria, A.
oclisenheimeriana, Coccyx ...
octogesima, Cymatophora 208, 254,

303, 304, 333,
octomaculana 8ciaphila
octomaculata, Ennychia ... 340,
ocularis, Cymatophora vide octo-
gesima, C.
oculea, Apamea vide didyma, A.
oleracea, Hadena 41, 47, 90, 180,
208, 233, 235, 254,
oiivalis, Agrotis
olivata, Larentia
oliviei'ella, Dasycera
oinicronaria, Ephyra 18, 178, 229,

230, 231, 250,
Onisciformes ...
ononaria, Aplasta

onosmella, Coleophora

opacella. Psyche
ophidicephalus, Erioptera ...
ophiogramma, Apamea ... 260,

opima, Tseniocampa 176,

or, Cymatophora ... 303, 304,
orbicularia, Ephyra ... 259, 269,
orbona, Triphrena vide comes, T.
orichalcea, Plusia ... ... 14,

orion, Moma 12.-., 183, 184, 185,
ornata, Acidalia 230, 251, 276,

ornithopus, Xylina cide rhizolitha, X
Orthosia ... ... ... 26, 55

osseana, Aphelia

osseata, Acidalia vide humiliata, A.

osteodactyla, Leioptilus

ostrina, Micra... ... 51 327,

ostrinalis, Pyrausta ...
oxyacantha?, Miselia U), 47, 109,

161, 217, 302,
var. capucina ... ... 47,

339
124

300

338
287
182
340
231
225
341

340

280

46

276

235

345

233
341

260

4

286

340

342
323
328
252
85
103
307
205
305
292

182
236

280

, 69

288

276
329
305

343

302

pala?mon, Carterocephalus ... 19, 332

paleacea, Cosmia 281, 306

palleago, Xanthia 95

pallens, Leucania 41, 46, 144, 180,

208, 227, 235, 254, 279, 281, 340, 341

Si'ECiAL INDEX.

PAGE

pallifi-ontana, Stigmonota 334

palpina, Ptilodontis ... 18, 46, 176

paludis, Hydnecia ... ... ... 279

palumbaria, Eubolia 49, 155, 206,

231, 232, 250
palumbella, Pempelia ... ... 207

palustrana, Mixodia ... 84

palustivlla, Doryphora ... ... .'Ul

palustris, Hydrilla ... 7, 327, 329

Pampliila ... 318, 322, 323, 324,

pamphilus, Cfenonympha 45, 125,

151, 153, 155, 177, 178, 180, 188,

206, 209, 229, 230, 239, 240, 252,

258, 272, 273, 317, 323, 340

pandalis, Botys 230

paniscus, Hesperia ... ... ... 323

paphia, Argynnis IS, 45, 65, 123,
168, 18bj 226, 234, 236, 243, 245,
255, 259, 280, 282, 290, 304, 305,

306, 331, 348
r«r. valezina 18, 259, 305, 306,

331, 348

paphus, Pathisa ... 103

Papilio 316, :'.17, :;18, 319, 320,

321, 322, 323, 324, 325
papilionaria, Geometra 41, 48, 87,

156, 159, 161, 163, 180, 215

Papilionidae. ... ... 68

Parai-ge ... 310, 321, 322, 323, 324

parallelaria, (vespertaria) Epione ... 137
pareiithesella, Sophi'onia ... ... 276

Parnassius 67, :!17, 321

parthenias, Breijhos 80, 117, lo.i,

154, 160, 161, 16."., 17.5, 180
parva, Micra .. ... ... ... 51

parvidactyla, Oxyptilus 276

pasGuellus, Crambus ... ... 251

pasivana, Sciaphila 251

pastinum, Toxocampa 46, 48, 155,

183, 250, 251, 252, 272, 306

paula Micra 327,329

pausanius, Papilio ... ... ... 307

pectinitaria, Larentia vide viridaria,

L.
pedaria, Phigalia vide pilosaria, P.
pedella, Statbmopoda ... 41, 233

pellionella. Tinea ... ... ... 341

pendularia, Ephyra ... ... ... 233

Penduli 320

penkleriana, CTrapht)litha ... 251, 286
pennaria, Himera 23, 48, 66, 161,

180, 270, 293, 342, 344
pentadactyla, Aciptilia ... 236, 276

perconflua, Noctua ... 4

peregrina, Hadena 327, 329

peribolata, Eubolia 274,283

Perittia ... ... 73

perla, Bryophila 46, 97, 109, 203,

256, 341

perlellus, Crambus 83, 234, 250, 251

var. warringtonellus ... 83, 234

perlepidaua, Stigmonota 84, 151, 229

pernyi, Attacus ... ... ... 185

Peronea 68

persioaria^, Mamestra 46

perspicillaris, Cloantha 76

PAGE

petilia, Dauaus ... 164

petraria, Panagra ... 48, 153, 155

petrificata, Xylina 10, 41, 153, 293,

302, 303, 308 342
phseodactyla, Marasmarcha ... 251

Phalerati 316

phlpeas, Clirysophanus 18, 20, 45,
120, 121, 126, 152, 153, 155, 177,
178, 180, 189, 221, 222, 258, 277,
280, 282, 291, 295, 301, 303, 304,

306, 317, 331, 335, 340, 341, 348

var. scbmidtii 282

pborcas, Papilio 104, 284

pbragmitellus, Chilo... 146, 182, 281
phragmitidis, Calamia 18, 182, 235,

254, 255, 281
Pbycidte ... ... ... ... 73

Phycis ... ... ... ... ... S3

piceana, Toi'trix ... ... ... 259

pictaria, Aleucis 118, 161

Pieridse ... 17

Pieris 318, 320, 321, 322, 324

pigra, Pygtera ride reclusa, P.
pilosaria, Phigalia 51, 80, 90, 92,
112, 117, 118, 127, 152, 154,

176, 180

pimpinellata, Eupithecia 278

pinastri. Sphinx 6, 14, 125, 20 1,

.••.26, 332
pineteilus, Crambus ... .. 8, 286

piniaria, Bupalus 48, 179, 181, 185,

206, 270
piniperda, Trachea ...47, 151, 161,

186, 205, 206, 217, 339
pinivorana, Retinia ... ... 84, 206

pisi, Hadena 14, 47, 180, 208, 233,

254, 339
pistacina, Anchocelis 47, 302, 307,

308, 343

pityocampa, Cnethocampa 299

plagiata, Anaitis ...49, 179, 208, 276
plagiodactylus, Mimseseoptilus ... 341
plantaginis, Nemeophila 9, 22, 159,

185, 208, 230, 241, 295, 298, 339

abevr. hospita ... 295

Plebeii 316, 324

plecta, Noctua 41, 47, 79, 180, 208,

254, 279
plexippus, Anosia ... 87, 88, 260, 330
plumbagana, Dichrorhampha 230, 252
plumbana, Dichrorliampha 230. 250, 252
plumbaria, Eubolia ride palumbaria

E.
plumbeolata, Eupithecia 229, 230,

231, 233, 250, 251, 252

Plutellidse 73

politana, Dichrorhampha ... 84, 250
pol3'chloros, Vanessa 118, 151, 170,
177, 180, 203, 236, 258, 273,
291, 293, 294, 29.3, 303, 305,

31.5, 331
polygrammata, Phibilapteryx 326, 328
polyodon, Xylophasia vide mono-

glypha, X.
Polyommatus 318, 320, 321, 322,

323, 324

yfEClAL INDEX.

PAGE

Pontia .'n8

popularis, Heliophobus 46, 283, 340

populata, Cidaria 278, 281, 287, 308

populeti, Taeniocampa 19, 154,

161, 175
populi, Ppecilocampa 18, 44, 45,

217, 293, 344
populi, Smerintlms 45, 46, 86, 88,
92, 160, 182, 202, 244, 257,

272, 273, 301, 347
porata, Ephyra 48, 180, 229, 230,

259, 342, 344
porcellus, Chserocampa ... 45, 208
porphyrea, Agrotis vide strigula,

Lycophotia
posticana, Retinia ... ... 84, 87

potatoria, Odonestis 46, 159, 177,

235, 258

prgeangusta, Batracba?dra 257

praecox, Agrotis ... 46

prasina, Aplecta 23, 47, 79, 87, 306

prasinana, Halias 12, 45, 79, 87,

172, 184, 185, 224
pratellus, Crambus 41, 82, 178, 229,

251, 340
proboscidalis, Hypeiia... 48, 81, 341

procellata, Melanippe 208, 252, 339

prodromaria, Amphidasys 48, 51,
117, 118, 153, 160, 161, 163, 176,

180, 183, 187, 205, 308, 342

profundana, Pfedisca 341

progemmaria, Hybernia vide mar-
ginaria, H.

promethea, Telea 308

promissa, Catocala 10, 259

promutata, Acidalia vide margine-

punctata. A,
pronuba, Tripbaena 11, 41, 47, 89,
91, 181, 206, 208, 226, 234, 235,
248, 251, 257, 277, 280, 281, 287,

304, 308, 341

tw. innuba 235, 304

propugnata,iCoremia vide designata,

C.
prosapiaria, Ellopia 48, 151, 160,

206, 217, 234, 339
proteus, Hadena 11, 47, 277, 283,

302, 345
var. variegata ... ... ... 302

proximella, Teleia ... 340

prunalis, Scopula ... ... ... 341

prunaria, Angerona 15, 23, 118,

231, 232, 236, 250, 251, 282
prunata, (ribesiaria), Cidaria 49, 286

pruni, Thecla 280

pruniana, Pentbina 230, 231, 235, 340
pruinata, Pseudoterpna vide cyti-

saria, P.
pseudargiolus, Cyaniris ... ... 260

pseudobombycella, Taleporia ... 301
psi, Cuspidia (Acronycta) 46, 109,

126,146, 152, 153, 177, 240, 281, 315

rar. suffusa 109,146

psittacata, Cidaria ... ...10, 11, 302

Psycbe ... ... ... 5

Psycbidye 74

pterodactyla, Minioeseoptilus 82,

250, 251, 276

Pteropborina 73

Pterophorus ... ... 5

pudibunda, Dasycbira 45, 97, 152,

154, 177, 201, 311, 343
pudorina, Leucania 182, 208, 235,

254, 281
pulcbella, Deiopeia 76, 325, 326, 328
pulcbellata, Eupitbecia ... 48, 301
pulcbrina, Plusia 48, 118, 206, 234,

301, 343
pulla, Psycbe 151, 177, 229, 230,

232, 236, 250
pulveraria, Numeria 176 230, 242,

282, 339, 343
pulverulenta, Tyeniocampa vide

criida, T.
pumilata, Eupitbecia 49, 153, 160,

177, 256, 278, 340
punctalis, Steiiia ... ... 41, 253

purictaria, Ephyra 20, 187, 232, 242,

259, 279, 335
punctulata, Tephrosia 48, 153, 175,

205, 206
punicea, Agrotis ... ... ... 4

punicealis, Pyrausta 251, 276

purpuralis, Pyrausta 81, 178, 230,

249, 251, 252, 276, 277, 305
purpuraria, Lytbria 238, 239, 240,

326, 328, 341
purpurella, Micropteryx ... 151, 184
pusaria, Cabera ... 48, 178, 206, 250

pustulata, Pborodesma vide baju-

laria, P.
puta, Agrotis 41, 253, 256, 258, 272,

279, 341
putrescens, Leucania ... 46, 256

putris, Axylia 180,182,254

pygmpeana, Steganoptycha 41, 55,

175, 334

Pyrales 5, 73

pyraliata, Cidaria 49, 65, 208, 234,

250, 278, 287
pyralina, Calymnia ... 47, 334, 344

Pyrameis 319, 323

pyramidea, Amphipj'ra 47, 257,

279, 340
pyrastrana, Tortrix ... ... ... 251

Pyraustpe ... ... ... ... 8

pyrella, Swammerdamia 151

Pyrgus 319, 321

pyropbila, Agrotis 226

quadra, Lithosia ... 259, 283, 308
quadrifasciata, Coremia ... ... 208

quadrimaculella, Bobemannia ... 41
quadripunctata, Caradrina vide cubi-

cularis, C.
quercana, Halias ... 45, 236, 341

quercifolia, Lasiocaniiia ... 5, 35, 176
quercifoliella, Litbocolletis ... 340

quercinaria, Eugonia vide angularia,

E.
quercus, Boinbyx 66, 79, 123, 177,

181, 240, 241

SPECIAL INDEX.

xvu

qnercns, Thecla 4.% 180, 181, 234,

317, 323, 324

radiatella, Cerostoma 92, 258,

28(5, 341
radiella, Psyche vide pnlla, P.

ramburialis, Diasemia ... 327, 329

rapa?, Pieris 45, 61, 80, 115, 118,

122, 151, 152, 169, 177, 180, 183,

188, 201, 209, 229, 235, 238, 239,

260, 277

ratzeburghiana, Mixodia ... ... 84

ravida, Agrotis ... ... 235, 254

ravulana, Halonota 41, 55, 245, 334
rechisa, Clostera ... 46, 49, 79, 282
rectangulata, Eupithecia 49, 92,

109, 146, 182, 208

var. nigrosericeata ... ... 146

regiana, Stigmonota ... 22

reliqiiana, Lobesia 229, 230, 231, 340

remutata, Acidalia 48, 178, 206,

229, 230, 340

reniformis, Mamestra ... ... 4

repandalis, Botys 327, 329

repandata, Boannia 19, 22, 48, 67,

87, 90, 91, 109, 126, 159, 161,

216, 234, 251, 259, 282, 283, 30.5,

307, 308, 334, 347

var. conversaria 48, 67, 161, 216,

3i
var. destrigaria

resinana, Retinia

resplendelluni, Tinagma
reticella, Psyche
reticulata, Neuria 182, 2

, 342,

347

307

77,

84

41

334,

340

, 254,

334,

339

150

334

47,

334

83

208

retiferana, Eetinia ...

Retinias

retnsa, Plastenis

revayana, Sarrothripa

rhamnata, Scotosia ...

rhamni, Gonopteryx 11, 16, 17, 18,

45, 121, 151, 168, 169, 173, 180,

195, 219, 258, 280, 304, 316, :!17,

318, 320,

rhea, Heliconius

rhizolitha, Xylina ... ...10, 47,

Ehodocera . 320, 321, 322,

rhomboidaria, Boarmia vide gem-
ma ria, B.

rhomboidea, Noctua

Ehopalocera 320, 322,

ridens, Cymatophora 18, 127, 152,
163, 180, 183, 205,
... 4, 14,
179, 278,
12, 158, 217,

ripae, Agrotis ...
rivata, Melanippe
roboraria, Boarmia

roborella, Phycis

roceoides, Narmada

I'DSai-colana, Spilonota
ruseana, Eupcecilia ...

roseticolana, Stigmonota

rostralis, Hy[)eiia

ruberata, Hy])sipetes 187, 301, 344,

346,

341
307
302
324

340
325

342

46

339

334

41

92

2.50

341

239

41

347

rnbi, Bombyx 46, 78, 79, 11.3, 114,

125, 180, 231, 319,

rubi, Noctua 41, 47, 177, 180, 226,

235, 255, 277, 279, 281, 301,

rubi, Thecla 45, 122, 152, 153, 160,

229, 2.34, 317, 338, 339,

rubidata, Anticlea ... 208, 278,

rubigiuata, Melanthia vide bicolor-

ata, M.

rubiginea, Dasycampa 1, 23, 44,

124, 270, 282, 292, 293, 303, 306,

333, 342,

rabricata, Acidalia ... 181, 239,

rubricoUis, Gnophria (Lithosia) 9,

12, 43, 183, 205,

i-ubricosa, Pachnobia 4, 47, 151,

176,
rufa, Ca-nobia ... 254,25,5,258,

rufana, Euchromia

ruficinctata, Larentia vide flavi-

cinctata, L.
rufina, Anchocelis 41, 47, 118, 302,
rufocinerea, Elachista ... 151,

rugosana, Phtheochroa

rumicis, Viminia (Acronycta), 19,

46, 88, 111, 152, 153, 177, 180,

18.3, 282,

var. salicis ...

rupicapraria, Hybernia 48, 51,

Rurales ...

rurea, Xylophasia 46, 88, 109, 179,

180,

var. combusta 46,

russata, Cidaria 49, 79, 151, 179,

180, 185, 205, 206, 230, 231, 278,

341,

russula, Euthemoiiia (Nemeoi)hila)

159, 206, 208, 232, 250, 258, 298,

rusticana, Clepsis

rusticella, Blabophanes

sacrai'ia, Sterrha
salicalis, Madopa
salicana, Antitliesia ...
salicata, Larentia
salicella, Lemnatophihx
sambucalis, Ebulea ...
sambucaria, Uropteryx

.. .326,
.. .327,

48,

41,

48, 15,5,

298,

sangiella, Gelechia ...
sanguiiialis, Rhodaria
sao, Syricthus

var. therapne
saponaria", Neuria vide reticulata,

N.

sai'pedon, Papilio

satellitia, Scopelosoma 10, 47, 51,
158, 302, 342,

satura, Hadena 327,

saturatella, Coleophora

satyrata, Eupithecia ... 232,

var. curzoni

Satyri 317, 318, 320, .321, 322, 32.3,
saucia, Agrotis 10, 29, 41, 46, 116,

117, 151, 256, 279, 3.38, 339, 341,
Scelotrix

AGE

343

345

,342
339

345
240

311

205
281
252

.341
340
341

340

80
316

183
179

343

343

84

340

328
329
18
287
151
206

341

85

20

303

303

188

345
329
236

324

343
322

SPECIAL INDEX.

schalleriana, Peronea
var. com pa ran a ...
rar. perplexana ...
sohulziana, Mixodia ...
schwarziella, Nemophora
sc-intillulana, Chureutes
scoliiformis, Sesia 159,

308,

scolojiacina, Xylophasia
scopoliana, Cato])tria
scotana, Leptogramma
scutu] a 11 a, Eph i jj])! phora
scutulata, Acidalia vide dimidiata,

A.
segetum, Agrotis 46, i;Jl, ISO, '208,

227, 254, 256, 279, 281, ;!07, 338,

341, 343, 345,

selene, Argynnis 18, 45, 121, 122,

168, 180, 208, 231, 235, 298, 308,

340,

sellana, Penthina 232, 2c 0, 252,

Seniaphora

semele, Satyrus 45, 65, 168, 183,

191, 192, 218, 234, 272, 278, 303,
321, 322, 323,

rar. arista^us

semibrunnea, Xyliua
semidea, Oeneis
semijmrpurella, Microjiteryx
senex, Kudaria ... 45

sequana, Diclirorhamijha ...
sequax, Gelechia
Serena, Hecatera ... 4

286

286

83

229

230

286

325,

326,

332

46

252

83

42

44,

234,

252,
182,

sericea, Lithosia- ride complana, L.

48,
151, 229,

sericealis, Eivula
sericiella, Tinagma
servillana, Lobesia
Sesia

Sesiidai...

sexalisrtta, Lobophora 234, 254,

.sibylJa, Limenitis 126, 168, 170,

171, 183, 187, 216, 255, 317, 328,
sicula, Drepana ... 326, 328,

silaceata, Cidaria 42, 49, 233, 342,

343,
silago, Xanthia vide flavago, X.

Siuia'this ...

sim])liciella. Tinea ... ... 306,

sinapig, Leucophasia 115, 1(58, 180,

is:!, 203, 207, 259, 306, 317, 319,

320, 331,

sinuella, Homcesoma ... 18,

smaragdaria, Phorodesma 177, 281,

308, 334,

sobrina, Noctua ... ... 23,

socia, XyJina vide ]ietritica1a, X.
sociata, Melanippe 49, 177, 179,

206, 230, 231, 276, 286,
sociella, Aphomia
solandriana, Pcedisca
Solenobia

solidaginis, Lithomia
Solaris, Acv)ntia
Serbian a, Tortrix
sordid a, Mamestra ...
sordidata, Hypsipetes ride elutata, H.

347

342

276

97

324
303
293
223
151
254
230
277

252

340

231

.5

74
279

331
333

344

74
334

342
341

341

287, 288,

090

8."),

181

288

85

298

... 327,

329

232, 250,

251

180, 208,

254

PAGE

. 47, 79, 118, 342

333

144, 208, 233, 234

342

202

73, 332

42, 46,
r7, 180,

spadicea, Orrhodia

sparganii, Nonagria

sparsata, Collix

spartiata, Ghesias

sphegiformis, Sesia ...

Sphinges

Spinigeri

spinula (glaucata), Cilix

176,
si^lendidana, Carpocapsa
splendidulana. Coccyx
sponsa, Catocala 125,

stabilis, Tpeniocampa 47,
16:!, 180,
stachydalis, Ebulea ...
stfe-johannis, Eudryas
staintoniana, Penthina
statices, Ino 88, 127, 155, 230, 231, 281
stellatarum, Macvoglossa 45, 276,

277, 279, 280, 283, 308, 339, ;U0, ;541

66, 229,
257, 259,
151, 1.53,
205, 272,
232. 259.

:Uo
:!4l

340
279

340

334

6

8:!

Steropes

sticticalis, Spilodes

Stigmonota

stramentalis, Pionea

straminata, Acidalia

straminea, Leucania ... 4, 182,

strataria, Ampbidasys vide prodro-

maria, A.
strelitziella, Lita
striana, Orthota-nia ... ... 240,

strigaria, Acidalia ... ... 326,

strigilis, Miana 4, 46, 89, 91, 92,
109, 180, 208, 226, 227, 2.54,

var. a>rata

var. a-thiops ... ... I(i9, 2t>8

var. latruncula ... ... ... lO!'

strigillaria, Aspilates 206, 208, 2:!t»,

320, 322

239, 240

... ;i34

... 41

... ;!34

29

247
276

32S

281
109

strigosa, Cuspidia ... 2:!

strigula, Lycophotia ... 46,

strigula, Nola ...

strobilana, Coccyx ...

sua'della, Lita

suasa, Haden;i 14, 188, 233,

subbaumanniana, Catoiitria
subfulvata, Eupithecia 48,

subjectana, Sciai)hila
subocelhina, Grapliolitha ...
subocellea, Grelecliia ...
subornatella, Phycis...
subpropinquella, l)e])ressaria
subpurpurella, Micropteryx
subrosea, Agrotis
subroseana, Euijcecilia 85,

subsequa, Triplicena 10, 20, 55,

subsequana, Dichrorham])ha

subsericeata, Acidalia 207, 231,

subtusa, Plastenis
subumbiata, Eupithecia
succenturiata, Eupithecia ...
Succincti ... ... 320,

H7,
207,

66,

258,
279,

124,

278,

254

2:14

18

18(i

;i;j4

301

28;!

:!40

251,

276

:i42

:!40

327,

;i29

99,

100

226,

234,

301

179,

245,

334

278,'

340

47,

253

23u,

:!41

278

: > 2 2,

32;>

SPECIAL INDEX.

suffumata, Cidaria 2^, 49, 154, 16.^,

179, 186
var. piceata ... ... ... 154

suffusa (yijsilon), Agrotis 41, 46,

253, 256, 279, 283, 302, 341
sulphuralis, Agropliila 181, 239,

240, 254, 282
superstes, Caradrina 29, 98, 99,

256, 279, 288, 302, 333, 337
suspecta, Orthosia 47, 55, 225, 256, 308
Suspensi ... ... ... ... 323

swammerdammella, Nemophora 18, 235
svlvanus, Hesperia 45, 180, 230,

231, 232, 322, 323, 324

sylvata, Astheiia ... 48

sj'lvella, LithocoUetis ... 340,341

sj'lvellus, Grambus 283

sylvinus, Hepialus 18, 258, 279, 283

Syrichtus 320, 324

syringaria, Pericallia 48, 188, 208,

216, 236

tages, Nisionades 45, 152, 153, 155,

178, 180, 209, 229, 276, 279, 280,
317, 318, 323, 324, 339,
tfedella, Coccyx
Tajniocampa 4, 26, 69, 78, 293,

tainiolella, Gelechia 252,

taminata, Corycia vide bimaculata,

E.
taraxaci, Caradrina vide blanda, C.
tarsi])ennalis, Zanclognatha 48,

temerata, Corycia ... 178, 229,
templi, Dasypolia ... ... 65,

tenebrata (arbuti), Heliaca 48, 152,
155, 178, 340,
tenebrosa, Rusina 46, 180, 182,

tersata, Phibalapteryx
tesseraiia, Catoptria 250, 251, 252,
testacea, Luperina ... 46, 124,

testaceoides, Prodenia vide littoralis,

P.
testata, Cidaria 49, 234, 255, 278,
281, 287,
testudo, Limacodes ...
tetradactyla, Aciptilia 82, 251,

tetragonella, Uelechia ... 41,

tetralunavia, Selenia 23, 48, 16U,
176, 180, 183, 184, 270,
tetraquetrana, Plilcedes 84, 229,

teutonia, Pieris

thalassina, Hadena 4, 47, 118, 153,
163, 180, 204, 233, 301, 339,

Thanaos 320,

thaurrias, Hesperia vide linea, H.

Thecla 318, .323, 324,

thfcsophrastus, Lycpena
Thymele ... 318, 319, 320, 322,

tliymiaria (strigata), Hemithea 234,

250,
tilise, Smeriiithus 20, 87, 125, 160,

163, 186, 236, 244, 257, 29.3, 306,
tiliaria (ainiaria), Ennomos 66,

tincta, Aplecta ... 23, 52,

Tinea 5,

Tineidse

343
235
342

277

252
230
308

343

208
179
276

283

288

233

276

55

307
340
164

343
322

331
121

324

25 1

342

283

233

85

74

Tineina 5

tipuliformis, Sesia 123,247

Tischeria ... •.. 74

tithonus, Epinephele 11, 45, 206,

209, 221, 234, 306, 319, 321, 322,

324, 345
togata, Xanthia ricZe^ flavago, X.

Tortrices 5, 297

Tortricina ... ... ... ... "4

tragopogonis, Ampbipyra 41, 47,

254, 25.5, 279, 281
transversa, Agrotis ... ... ... 4

trapezina, Cosmia 47, 158, 180, 277, 341
trepida, Notodonta 32, 152, 180,

183, 184, 185, 308, 339

trepidaria, Psodos 23, 334

triangulum, Noctua ... 14, 87, 180, 226
tridens, Cuspidia (Acronycta) 27,

46, 15.'., 208

Trifena 9"

trifasciata, Hypsipetes ride implu-

viata, H.
trifolii, Bombyx ... 183, 255, 333
trifolii, Zyganm 45, 120, 185, 245,

257, 281, 283, 308

few-, lutescens ... 245

trigeminana, Ephippiphora 230, 250,

251, 252, 340
trigeminata, Acidalia
trigrammica, Grammesia

341

46, 204,

;!39, 343

181), ;'.4:!, .344

177, 180, 254

179, 233, 308

103, 104

84, 341

47, 180

47, 206

151, 340

23, 181

277, 283

... 258

var. bilinea

var. trilinea
trilinearia, Ephyra ..
troilus, Eupbwades ..
trimacula, Notodonta vide dodonea,

N.
trimacnlana, Grapholitba
tripartita, Habrostola
triplasia, Habrostola
tripunctana, Pardia ...

tristata, Melanippe 'io,

tristellus. Cram bus ... 83, 277,

tristrigella, Lithoeolletis

tritici, Agrotis 4, 14, 46, 68, 86,

244, 256, 283

rar. aquilina 68

tri tophus, Notodonta ... 326, 328

trochilus, Lvca^na 348

Trees ... " 316

truncata, Cidaria vide russata, C, ...
tumidella, Rhodophai'a ... ... 251

turca, Leucania 46, 127

turionana, Retinia ... ... ••• 87

typhffi', Nonagria 41

typhon, Coenonympba 122, 168, 188,

201, 208, 323

var. laidion ... 201

typica, Nfenia 41, 47, 89, 91, 254,

281, 340

ulicetana, Catoptria ... 85, 151, 340

ulinata, Abraxes ... 179, 187, 236
ulvaj, Senta vide maritima, S.

umbratica, Cucullia ... 47, 180, 206

umbrosa, Noctua ... 4, 47, 281, 340

XK

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE

unangulata, Melanippe 278

unanimis, Apamea ... ... 78, 182

unca, Hydrelia ... 48, 182, 208, 308

undulata, Eucosmia (Scotosia) 12,

49, 231, 283, 341
unguicana, Phoxopteryx ... ... 84

unguicula, Drepanaride cultraria, D.
unidentaria, Coremia 49, 125, 224,

231, 242, 255, 308

unifasciana, Tortrix 341

unifasciata, Emmelesia 48

uniinaeulella, Micropteryx 340

unionalis, Margarodes ... ... 8

unipuncta, Tjeucania 201, 304, 305,

32H, 327, 329

Urbicola? 316

urticse, Habrostola vide tripartita, H.
uvtica?, Spilosoma ... ... . 186

urticse, Vanessa 12, 20, 45, 122,

170, 171, 177, 180, 185, 189, 194,
209, 220, 229, 234, 242, 270, 273,
277, 281, 288, 291, 293, 294, 298,

303, 304, 306, 308, 347

var. ichnusa ... 303

iirticata, Eurrhypara ... ... 340

vacciniana, Coccyx ... ... 66,

vaccinii, Orrhodia (Cerastis) 10, 22,
26, 47, 51, 151, 302, 307, 342,
343,
vagans, Aphytoceros
valligera, Agrotis ride vestigialis, A.
Vanessidaj 8, 318, 319, 321, 322,

323,
variata, Thera 10, 49, 66, 151, 160,

205, 206, 217,

variegana, Peronea

vectisana, Eupoecilia
venosa (alboveiiosa), Viminia (Arsi-
lonche ... 97, 254, 255,

venosata, Enpithecia

verbasci, Cucullia 47,

vernaria, Geometra 5, 200, 216,

233, 257, 278,
versicolor, Endromis 78, 79, 115,
verticalis (cinctalis), Spilodes 279,

84

345

29

vestigia] is, Agrotis ... 4, 46, 86,
vetulata, Scotosia ... ... 208,

vetusta, Calocanipa 10, 47, 176,

viburniana, Tortrix ... ... 83,

vidua ria, Cleora ... . 326,

villica, Arctia ... 177, 180, 181,
villosella, Psyche

viminalis, Cleoceris (Epunda) 4, 2:!,

89, 91,

Viminia

331

236

23

340

281
339
148

340
156
341
234
339
301
288
328
328
186

111
97

PAGE

vinula, Dicranura 32, 46,

149,

1.59,

258,

272,

282,

301

viretata, Lobophora ...

49,

233,

338

virgata, Mesotype

49

virgaurpea, Polyommatus

122

viridana, Tortrix

206,

341

viridaria, Lai-entia 48,

179,

206,

341

viridaria, Phytometra 8

, 48,

153,

179, 182,

229,

251,

276

viridata, Nemoria

109,

257,

283

viridella, Adela

153,

187

vitalbata, Phibalapteryx

186,

278

vitellina, Leucania 245,

304,

305,

326, 327,

328,

333,

337

vulgata, Eupithecia ...

49

w-album, Thecla

45,

151

wceberana, Semasia ...

231

wavaria, Halia

48,

283

woodiana, Ditiila

39

Xanthia 25, 55, 306, 335

xanthographa, Noctua 19, 41, 125,

183, 256, 280, 281, 287, 301, 341

xanthomista, Polia ... ... ... 334

xerampelina, CirrhoBdia ... 47, 257

xylostella, Harpipteryx 341

Zephyrus '.. 319, 324

Zeuzera ... ... ... 5, 74

ziczac, Notodonta 12, 46, 125, 180,

182, 257, 272, 279, 280, 307

zinckenii, X3'lina ... ... ;!27, 329

zophodactylus, Mimceseoptilus ... 276

Zj'gaena ... ... ... ... 5

Zygsenida? ... ... ... 74, 76

NEUROPTERA.

Clirysopa

Libellula quadrimaciilata ...
Neuroptera

ORTHOPTERA.

Acridium paranense ...

Conocephalus

Cystococlia immaculata

Harpa ocellaria

Mecosthethus grossus

... 159
... .346

... 184

... 19
... 124

124

7

^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 1. Vol IV. January 15th, 1893.

LIFE jii^'Toi^y OF TD^^yeyijYEP^ i^iIbiqijMe^,

By Dr. W. S. RIDING.

On April 4tli, wliilst beating some sallows, I took a female B.
rnhlginea in good condition. On my return home, I placed lier in a
large card-I)oard I)Ox, with muslin on the top, and kept her constantly
supplied with thin syrup. On the morning of April 18th, I found a
dozen eggs had been laid on the muslin during the night — singly, and
scattered about. Between that date and May 8th, she laid altogether
123 eggs — from 4 to IG a night — sometimes passing 24 or 36 hoiu's
without depositing any. ^ The eggs when first laid, wore pale primrose,
and became mottled reddish-brown in about three days, remainino- so
till they assumed the usual leaden hue, shortly before Ihe emergence of
the larva. Each egg forms about | of a sphere, and is flattened on the
sides of attachment and ribbed. The ribs vary in number from 28 to
36, the alternate ribs stopping short of the apex. The diameter of the
egg is -850 mm. The first larva emerged on April 27th, the last on
May lyth. Out of the 123 eggs, 79 hatched ; the rest were either
infertile, or the larvae died in the shell. They emerge at the side of
the apex, and do not eat the shell for their first meal ; they seemed to

hatch in about 10 days. At this time, they have only twelve legs the

two anterior pairs of al)dominal legs are just indicaie'd l)y slight prom-
inences, so that the larvae look like those of Cteometeks. They are
leaden in colour, and covered with very long hairs — a third the
length of the larva itself — pale yellow, and arranged in tufts. The
trapezoidal tubercles are black, with hairs sj)riiiging from each, and
well-developed oil the 2nd day ; there are also similar lateral tubercles.
The head is brown and shiny. On the 2nd segment there is a trans-
verse, oblong black plate. 'J'he young larvte began to feed at once on
apple leaves, refusing dandelion. They nibbled the former in irreo-ular
holes, eating from the underside of the leaf tlirough the parenchvma.
The first moult of one I especially watched, took place in 11 days
(May 8th). The two anterior pairs of abdominal legs were now dis-
tinctly developed, the front pair being smaller than the next. The
colour changed to dark grey with a brownish tinge, and the larva
appeared somewhat translucent. When not fully extended in motion
they appeared annulated from the approximation of the trapezoidals.
If distuvl)ed, tlu'v fell off ;ii)d rcdled themselves in a loose ring. Tlie\
fed at night only. In nine days more, the larva (which I may call
No. 1) moulted for the second time. It then appeared darker, looking

2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

blackish in the distance ; in some of the others there was a purphsh hue.
The trapezoidals were very black and distinct, and had two or three
pale reddish hairs springing from each. There was also a black tubercle
with a fascicle of hairs on each segment, between the subdorsal and
spiracular lines, just in advance of the line of the anterior trapezoidals ;
and further back there were two other similar black tubercles, one large
and one small. The dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines were paler
than the gi'ound colour. The under-surface was like the upper, but paler.
A third moult took place (Avith No. 1) in another 10 days (May iJ7th),
and with it there was a decided change in the appearance of the larva.
It became brownish-black, with darker rings, and velvety. The
tubercles were no longer so conspicuous, but the rings were very
marked, and the larva was covered with fine pale-reddish glistening
hairs, still spreading in fascicles from the tubercles, but each fascicle con-
taining many more hairs. Between the second and third moults the larvje
began to eat dandelion leaves as well as apple. They were very shy of
light, and when uncovered, would rapidly make off for the nearest
shelter. They collected together in some shaded nooks of the cages,
resting in a curved position, with the head brought down towards the
centre of the l)ody, and it Avas very unusual to meet with a larva l)y
itself. Can this gregarious hal)it have some connection Avith the rarity
of the moth ? The insect seems to deposit a large number of eggs, and
the larvfc giA^^ little difficulty in rearing — the mortality being Avith
me, 1177 after the first moult — eight dying betAveen the hatching and that
moult. When their enemies once find them, they Avould soon exter-
minate a great part of a brood. No. 1 had a fourth moult some nine
days after the third, towards the end of the first Aveek in June, and the
folloAving is a description of the larA^a at that time. Body tapers
gradually from tlie 5tli segment toAvards the anterior extremity, being
much narroAver in front than 1 )ehind ; it is blackish-broAvn and A'clvety,
with a linear Idaek mark 1 mm. (a little less than half a line) on each
side of the dorsal line from the 4t]i to the 12th segments inclusiA'c.
The dorsal and spiracular lines are paler than the ground colour ; the
sxibdorsal scarcely noticeable ; spiracles edged Avith blackish ; a black
transA^erse dorsal i)late on the 2nd segment ; the Avhole larA'a is covered
Avitli ferruginous glistening hairs in spreading fascicles 8' 75 to 4*5 mm.
long (al)out If to 2 lines). Thoracic legs black ; abdominal legs colour
of under-surface, Avhicli is paler than the upper. Head, small and
black. After the first Aveek in June, the larva (No. 1) seemed to remain
(piiescent for many days, and then began to feed more eagerly than
before (previously all Avere small eaters), and on June 22nd, it began
to form a cocoon. The prcA'ious description answers for the full-fed
larA\a, Avith the exception that the latter seemed no longer perfectly
homogeneous in the ground colour, but Avas sprinkled oA-er with paler
spots. Tlie leng-th at rest Avas 1 inch I line. Whether or not it again
moulted before f(jrming the cocoon I cannot be sure, I did not notice it
doing so.

Tlie eocuoii is a slight one, made n\) of fine ;ind coarse particles
of earth, and lined A'ery smoothly Avith silk inside. The larA'a (No. 1)
remained in it Avithout change till tlio end of July, Avlien it formed
a pupa. The otlier larA'a^ continued feeding dining June, and Ijegan
to form cocoons early in July, all having done so by the end of the
second week.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. O

The pupa is shining reddish-brown, two-thirds of an inch long ; at
tlie anal extremity there are two hooked spikes arising from a thickened
base, and snrronnded by a few short l)ristles, and two or three long-
silky hairs, by Avhieli it is attached to tlie silky lining of the cocoon,
close by the remains of the last skin. The spikes are -50 ram. in
leng-th (a little less than half a line).

The pupas were not disturbed, but were left in the cages in the
open air, screened from the sun, except two, which were kept indoors.
These latter produced imagines on Octoljer l/>th and 17th (No. 1).
The others kept emerging between October 21st and November 9th,
numbering altogetlier 71, tlie times of emergence being, with very few
exceptions, between midday and 4 p.m. There was nearly an equal
proportion of males and females, Avith a slight predominance of the
latter. Only two were crippled. The insects are large, most measuring
1 inch 5 lines across; a few a little more. The colour of the fore
wings is yellow-ochre, varied with waves of red-ochre, and the usual
black dots. They vary, however, from the type, in having a row of
six white dots edged behind ]>\ black dots, between the subterminal
line and reniform ; two white dots edged in front by black, between the
orbicular and the base of the Aving ; one on the fold, and one between
that and the inner margin ; there are two other white dots in front of
and behind the reniform. All these white dots are placed on wing-
rays, and are very distinct in a large majority of the specimens. In
only a few do they vary in intensity, or have some absent. As is
usual, the black lower half of the reniform is alone represented, and
the orbicular may 1)6 said to be just indicated by two small black
dots, anterior and posterior. — Buckerell Lodge, Honiton, Devon.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Heredity. — I have just recently completed a small experiment in
breeding Polia chi var. olwacea. In September, 1891, 1 took a ? olivacea
with a ^ sitting in close proximity to her. Thinking that they had
recently been in cojmid, I kept the 2 for ova, which she duly laid in
the course of a few days. In the same month I took two 2 <^hi (type),
but there were no ^ 's near them at the time of capture. Both these ?
laid ova. I kejit the ova from all tliree in separate chip boxes, carefully
labelled. They all hatched early in May, 1892, and I then sleeved
them out on whitethorn, keeping them in distinct sleeves, and each
sleeve was labelled. The young larvae did very Avell till they were
half-grown, when a considerable number died, some of the remainder
dying Avhen nearly full-fed. The rest pupated and most of them
emerged. In every case, the insect produced from the ova laid by the J
olivacea, turned out olivacea, whilst those produced from the two typical
cM, Avere about 75 per cent, typical clii and 25 per cent, olivacea. The
experiment was not on a sufficiently large scale to prove that olivacea
will always breed olivacea, but it tends in that direction. I should
mention that all the larvfe had exactly the same treatment, being
sleeved out till nearly or quite full-fed. — T. Maddison, South Bailey,
Durham. November, 1892.

I haA^e been breeding some nice forms of Hi/bernia defoliaria from
some selected dark-banded specimens taken last autumn. They liaA-e

4 THE KNTOMOLOGIST S RKf'OUD.

followed the parents to a veiy great extent, as I liave not bred a single
nniform brown specimen, although these are usually met witli freely. —
A. W. Mera. December, 1892.

The Nocture in the British ]Museubi Collection. — In the early
part of 1892, in company with Mr. J. E. Eol)Son, I looked over the
Nocture in the British Museum Collection, and made a few notes on
the various species. Some of these I have criticised at length in my
:recently published " Stray Notes on the NoctuEe," but I was unable to
deal with all of them. Besides, some are merely notes for consideration
and further reference, others relate to glaring blunders. If these notes
aid in getting rid of some of the numerous errors in the collection, and
calling attention to doul)tful matters, they will have served their pur-
pose. The notes I made at the time wex'e as follows : — *' Ccdathysa
aUernanns appears to be very much out of place, undoubtedly belongs
with Cleorerln vhainalis. MicroceJia huh'cans should be jilaced in the
same genus as Herat era serena. These are certainly altogether mis-
placed. Agrotis herlagi is probably a pale ochreous and obsoletely
marked specimen of ^4. ripcp. Agrotis grasllnii is jirobably a pale
ochreous valligera. Agrotis catJiarina is probably a Treniocampa, very
like Pachnohia ruhricosa, the antenna are very similar to those of the
latter sjiecios. Agrotis olivalis, Grote, wants comparing critically with
A. tritici. Agrotis nigricans var. carbonea — Four typical specimens of
this variety are mixed up with Agrotis tritici. The specimens
marked as typical A. ohelisca, are all essentially hastifera, Donz.
Agrotis insvlsa, Walker — The type appears to be a typical A. nigricans.
Agrotis transversa, Walk., appears to l)e A. corticen. Agrotis hi/perborea,
a A^^ry fine series of the typical grey or glaucous form, is in tlie col-
lection ; then, in another genus, among Pacini obia carnea, are tAvo
specimens of A. hyperborea var. carnica, correctly labelled l)y Westwood.
The error is most glaring. The person responsible for this seems to
have considered that carnea and carnica must be the same species as the
names are somewhat alike. Noctua margaritacea — Another glaring
error, the last specimen in the series of this species being a typical
glareosa. N. perconflua, Grote — This is certainly a variety of N. f estiva.
A second perconflua occurs in another drawer and appears identical
with some of the Perth forms oi /estiva. A. punicea, Jih. — Another
unaccountable error in this series, the two last specimens are N. umbrosa.
Semiophora declarans. Walk, wants critically comparing with A. ripce.
Mamestra {Hadenn) thalassina — The most interesting (?) series noted.
As made up in this collection, it consists of eight specimens of thalassina,
two of II. adnsta, and four //. genista'. M. invisa, Walker — Tliis is a
small Miana strigilis. Mamestra infansta. Walk, is prol)ably Agrotis
cursoria. Mamestra reniforniis, Grote, appears to be identical with our
Hydrcecia leucostigma. Leucania iithargyria, three specimens in the
series are L. albipnncta. Leucania straminea — Of a Avdiole row thus
named only scA^en are straminea." — J. W. Tutt. December, 1892.

Variation.

CoLTAS EDiTSA A'AR. HELKiE. — At Folkestone this year Mr. W. Austin
and myself liaA'e taken, from August lOth to September 80th, besides a

CURRKNT NOTKS. t>

large number of typical Colias eduaa, 4(^ C ednsa var. helice and
34 C. hijah' ; conti'ary to the experiences of your other contributors, and
counting the var. helice as a female ednsa, we captured more females
than males. — Herbert Massey, Fairfield, Fog Lane, Didsbury.
December 7th, 1892.

BoMBYX CALLUN^ ABERRATION. — This season I bred a most interest-
ing ab. of Bomhyx callunw, in A\diich the right hind wing has two teeth,
and tlio left hind wing one tooth, almost similar in shape to the
dentations of Lasiocampn quercifolia. Is this a harking back, or a
step forward ? — F. B. Newnham, Church Btretton, 8aloii. December
bth, 1S02.

The relative Fading of Tint fkom Exposure. — The difference
in intensity of colour between the fore and hind wings of VeniJia
macvhifd, is, I also think, undoubtedly caused by exposure. I have
often noticed it in this species. Another moth that shows this some-
what strikingly is lodis vernaria. In this species, the fore wings, and
the part of the hind wings exposed while at rest, are frequently found
in captured specimens, to be of a dirty white colour, without a trace of
green ; while that portion of the hind wings that is concealed by
the front ones, usually retains a very fair degree of the intensity of
the original green tint. — E. M. Priueaux, Ashtead, Surrey.

(Current notes.

We are pleased to record the formation of the " Nottingham
Entomological Society," and wish it every success. Mr. A. Pike has
been elected President, and Mr. W. A. B. Ferris, St. Matthew's Yicarage,
Nottingham, Hon. Sec.

A most interesting paper on Heterocera pupa3 was read bv Dr.
Chapman at the last meeting of the Entomological Society of London.
He stated that the ordhiary Jfacr(»-})upa has the fifth and sixth
abdominal segments moveable (" free "), and the larva of true Macro
has the hooks of the ventral prolegs developed only along their inner
margin. These two points taken together form a definition (inclusive
and exclusive) of Macro-heterocera. Another form (Micro), and probably
a much rarer form of pupa^, has the 7th abdominal segment moveable
in the ^ , but not in the $ . This form uicludes Neptinila, EInchista,
Tinea, Adelids, Tortrices, and of grou})s hitherto called Macro, — Zi/girna,
Limacodeit, Cossus, Zeuzcra, Hepiahis, Semi, Pnyche ; it also includes
Pterophorus (but not Ahicita). Pvrales and a few groups of Tineina,
have Macro pu^J^. The Micro (" incomplete ") pupte, nearly always
have some trace of maxillary palpi, and even highly developed, as in
Sesia, Liinacodes ; in groups in wliicli tliey are absent in the imago the
ilfacro-pupa never has maxillary palpi of the same type. Tlu> " glazed
eye " is a prothoracic, not a cephalic appendage. To turn our (.'o.ssm.s
ligniperda into a Micro appears ratlier strange to us, l)ut tlicre is
no doul)t that it l^elongs to tliis less liiglily developed section of our
moths.

The publishers of the Eni. Mo. Maij., of wliifh the late Mr. H. T.
Stainton was so long an editor, propose l)ringing out a large photogTaph
of that gentleman, and rc'(piest intending purcliasers to intimate tlieir

6 THE entomologist's RECORD.

intention (on a post card) to the publishers, Messrs. Gurney and Jackson,
1, Paternoster Eow.

Mr. N. M. Kichai'dsou distinguislies between Blabophanenferrugiaelln
and a pale form olitained at Portland, which he refers to B. herinyi.
He says that Portland specimens have liy the side of ferrugineUa a
washy appearance, due to the face of the fore wings being sprinkled with
pale ochreous scales ; the fringes are pale ochreous ; the liind wings
are paler and their fringes much paler than those oi ferruymella. At
the same time he considers it difficult to pronounce heringi a good
species, although it may be looked upon as constituting a well-marked
local variety. There is, of course, a general tendency for Portland
species to run pale (sometimes very pale) and this may be an extreme
case, but the matter can certainly ])e left to Mr. Richardson to work
out.

In the December number of Entomological News a photograph of
several so-called new Noctilt. are described by Professor Smith. One
is our old friend Hydrcecia micacea, who probably Avill feel doubtfully
honoured by being considered unknown.

How strangely fiction tits into fact, and may probably replace it, is
Avell illustrated in the September ('92) number of the Canadian Entom-
ologist. A species of the Noctu^ described by Walker and identified
l)y Mr. Grote as an American species, Eudri/as stce-johannis, is labelled
as captured at Horsley Downs ; but since the genus Eudryas is strictly
American, Grote suggests that the wrong label " Taken on the Churcli
at Horsley DoAvns " got placed on this specimen, and apparently front
other instances of " labelling " that have come under our notice in the
Museum collection this is not unlikely. An editorial to this states that
l)y The Clergy List there is a place called Horselydown in South wark,
and that this was proliably the spot where the specimen was captured.
Xow in the first jDlace no one would have written Horsley Downs for
Horselydown, and in the second place Horsley is a well known entom-
ological locality, whilst Horselydown has been covered with bricks and
mortar of a very pronounced type for the last three quarters of a
century. Mr. Grote's suggestion is much more probable than that of
the Editor of our contemporary.

In the Entomologist, December, 1892, pp. 318-319, there is a record by
Mr. A. Cowper Field of Clurfocampn celerio being captured at Brighton.
In a letter from the gentleman who records it. written to us, he informs
us that lie has Ih'itisli Sphinx pinastri in duplicate " taken in the New
Forest and Suffolk ;" British "■Deilepjhihi enphorhiir bred from larvae found
in Devonshire on the N<u"th Coast;" also Aptoria cratcvgi " tlie British
})arents taken l)y an old friend residing in l>oscombe, in 1886, or
]iossil)ly a year or two earlier near Heme Bay. He has bred them
for many seasons past, and kindly furnished me (Mr. Field) with many
specimens." We have bred large numbers of foreign s])ecimens. but could
never get them to pair, but })robably this hint will enable Mr. Frohawk
or Mr, Hawes to fulfil one of the desires of their hearts in butterfly
lu-eeding, as Mr. Field will undoul)tedly be able to get them ova or larva^
of British origin. Mr. Field very Avisely observes that " in England,
entomologists consider it so much easier to take all you want taken than
breed from a few wild parents. This has exterminated P. dispar, 0.
dis])ar, P. aris and many otliers : it will do soAvith <S'. pinastri in Suffolk
if Lord Kendlesham should publish the locality, as it has already done in

the New Forest, &e." Many lepidopterists will be glad to hear of Mr.
Field's success with these species, but we should like to have our
curiosity satisfied as to who captured the celerio, mentioned above ? who
the old friend is who has inter-bred British cratcegi for so many years,
and who it was captured Mr. Field's specimens of S.jmiastri in the New
Forest ? As British specimens of these species have a high money value,
we do not doubt that the necessity of publishing all possible facts relating
thereto is evident, and it is clear that the bona fides of such specimens
should be made clear to the entomological public. Writing without
prejudice, we trust that Mr. Field will see the necessity of publishing
the facts of the capture of these species.

Mr. Eland Shaw records the rare Orthopteron, Mecostethus grossus,
captured at Irstead on September lUth, close to the bank of the river
Bure.

The Bulletin of the Botanical Department, Jamaica, Nov. 36,
October 1892, contains an article on " Ooccidge or Scale Insects " b}"
Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. It deals with the damage done by them,
artificial means of getting rid of them, their natural enemies and other
particulars. The Bulletin can be obtained for 2d. from Mr. Cockerell,
Curator of the Museum, Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

Liverpool has always been a noted place for new '" Pugs." We
remember Gregson's knautiata, blancheafa and curzoni. It is, therefore,
with a certain amount of expectation tliat we want to hear further of
the '* new species of Eupithecia from Sutherlandshire," exhibited by
Mr. G. A. Harker at tlie annual meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entom. Society on January 9th.

The election of the President of the Entomological Society of
London takes place on Wednesday the 18th inst. at 7 p.m. The can-
didates are Professor Meldola and Captain Elwes. No election has
taken place for any of the officers of this Society for many years, but
it is felt that as the last President Avas a Systematist (the Hesperidoi
l)eing his study), the younger school of students interested specially
in the more philosophical branches of entomology should have a turn,
and for this reason Professor Meldola has been put forward as a
candidate.

Mr. Ellison of Perth gives an interesting account of the occurrence
of C'rambus myellus in Scotland. He states that Mr. Herd first met with
tlie species in Glen Tilt in 1883, and that it has been met with in more
or less abundance every year since. Mr. Ellison points out that the
species hides during the day in fir trees, and that the night and early
morning are the l^est times in which to obtain the sjiecies. On one
occasion (in 1887) arriving on the ground at 4 a.m., about a dozen
S2)ecimens were captured in a very short time, being beaten from the
trees. Open rides in Avoods, and isolated trees have been found most
productive. As the species has occurred at Kannoch, and has been
taken somewhat freely in Aberdeenshire during the last year, it appears
that C myellm remains comparatively rare, not so much on account of
any actual scarcity of the species itself, as from the want of Micro
collectors. When one comes to consider the large numljcr of collectors
of lepidojitera at Avork in Scotland, it seems amazing that those in-
terested in the Micro lepidoptera may Ije almost counted on the fingers
of one hand. For an entomologist to go into ecstasies over Hydrilla
palustris and Senta maritima, and fail to Ije interested in the

8 THE entomologist's RECORD.

PyransUe ; to ca}3ture a long series of Ph/fometra cenea because it is a
Macro, and pass tintonah's Avitli tlie remark " only a Micro " savours of
the ridiculous. Mr. Ellison further points out that although its ally
C. pinetellus is generally common and distributed throughout Perthshire,
yet it does not appear to invade the localities of myellus, the two species
so far not having been found together.

SOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Habits of the Lakvje of Limacodes asella. — My experience of
Limacodes asella may be to the point. When I began collecting these
in 1884 I took twenty or so larvae in October at Lyndhurst. Two years
after (I coidd get none in '85) I searched for two hours and took one.
I took it almost at the outset, so that my eye was not at fault. I bred
that one and went down in 188(3 and have been every year up to the
present. I took five or six in 1888, I think Mr. H. A. Hill was Avith
me, and took about the same number. Mine all died and so did his.
Last year (1891) I took two and bred both. This year I went again,
in rather a despairing mood and got several dozens, and Tate of
Jjyndliurst took two or three hundred I believe. I talked to him about
them, and his experience exactly coincides with mine. Obviously then
asella comes and goes. I hope the few mend)ers of the Exchange Club
who have had larvae from me got them to pupate as well as mine have
done — on the leaf or twigs. I have never taken the pupjB in the wilds,
nor has Tate. We have Ijoth searched carefully. Goodness knows
where they go. The larvte must he searched for ; no one can beat them
in nundjcrs. The picture in the Kay Society book is perfect, and from
larvEe of mine I believe. — G. M. A. Hewett, Winchester. November Sth,
1892.

Partial double-broodedness of Spilosoma fuliginosa. — I am much
interested in a family of S. fuliginosa ; the female was boxed near here
on the 9th August, and she laid a large number of eggs. These hatched
in a few days, and I fed the larva^ on plaintain ; some fed up very
soon, but most are still feeding. Of these a few are very small, but
most are almost full-fed. Some of the earliest have come out as
imagines, so that two sizes of larvte, pupae and imagines, have all been
present in the same cage at the same time. — E. C. Bazett. October
15th, 1892.

Like Mrs. Bazett I have been breeding S. fuliginosa this season.
My lot I bred from eggs laid by a moth taken June the 7th. All three
stages were in the box at the same time. A number of the larvae are
now hybernating; so it appears that the whole of the second In-ood
does not emerge in the autumn. — T. Tunstall. October 24<A, 1892.
[These notes are interesting. Mr. Tunstall's larvee are evidently of
the same age as the parent of Mrs. Bazett's brood. The moth appears
normally in May. Eggs are then laid and part of these emerge in
August, the remainder hybernating. Tlie interest of Mrs. Bazett's
Ijrood lies in the fact that she obtained yet another partial brood of
imagines from an August moth. — Ed.].

HorBLE-BRooDEDNESS OF THE Vanessid.^e. — The doublc-liroodedncss
of the Vaiu'ssithe is coming under discussion. 1 took full-fed larvae of
idalanta in the lust Aveek in July in a lane opposite to my house. They

N'tTKS ON COLLKi'TIXU, ETC. "J

emerge 1 early in August, ainl the iiiiig.) swarmed into OL-tobor.
During tlie tirst week in Oetober I ag.iin took full-fed larvce in the same
lane, ami I now have pupjB, healthy and well. They have been pupa?
for a fortnight or thi'ee weeks and show no signs of emergcnee. I have
i^een it recorded that people saw larvfe of all sizes together in July, and
we know how species spread tliemselves out, probaljly on tlioir way
to twi) definite ))i'oods, but it certainly looks as if my insects had
nearly accomplished their aim. Also all the July larvai were pale, and
these autumn ones — from the same nettles — are some entirely l.dack and
all mainly so, with a few yellow sjtots along the sides. — (1. 31. A.
Hewktt, Winchester. Novcinber Hth, 1892.

Abund.\.noe of A:MBr.YPTiLrA ACAXTiron\nTYLA.^lloferriug to this
species (vol. iii., p. 267), -1. acaathodadt/Ia occurred freely both at
Swanage and at Tenljy. In the latter locality, I turned it out of rest-
liarrow by day, but at Swauage I saw but few in tlie daytime.
iJEdiiiiiatapJioras lithodactyJa also occurred freel}^ at dusk in one s]iot at
Swauage. — E. C. Dobkee Fox. November 2dth, 1892.

Autumnal emergence of Stauroplts fagi. — On the 6th of Novemljer
last, a male S. fagi emerged in one of my breeding cages kept in a
room far removed from any fire, and in Avhich insects are generally
behind their normal time of emerging.— F. B. Xewnua:\i, Cliurch
Stretton, Salop. December 5th, 1892.

Flight of CALLuroupHA iiera.— C. hera appears to fly at dusk ;
at least I caught one flying freely at that time. It is cpiite willing to
fly in the daytime if disturlied, and seems akin to Neuieophlla planUnjiais
in this respect, I did not get any at light, ])ut possiljly it c<unes late
like Arcfia caia, and I did not try after 11 p.m. — A. Ivibinson.
Oetober ISth, 1892.

I well remember seeing C. hera in great abundance on the slopes of
Monte San Salvatore near Lugano, one very hot August morning, three
years ago. It was flying freely in the brilliant sunshine over a sloping
isteep side of the hill, which was covered with brambles and low bushes.
The elevation was about 1,000 feet. I have no doubt that on a very
hot l)right da}^ in this country it Avould fly without being Ijeaten out.
I caught two or three of the specimens which were in splendid condi-
tion.— T. Maddison. November 21st, 1892.

A FEW Details about Lithosia kubricollis. — I have never tried
to keep the larva of tliis insect. It begins to appear in the beating
tray in September, and is full-fed towards the end of October. It
feeds on the very minute lichens, mainly on the oaks and beeches.
The food looks just like a kind of scurf on the bark of the trunks and
branches < tf the trees. When full-fed it retires beneath the moss on
the trunks, where after nearly a month's interval the pupa may be
searched for. I generally wait till the end of Xovember, as it talces a
long time to pupate. The pupa is a light reddish-brown colour, en-
closed in a very flimsy white ct:)coon, hardly to be distinguished from
the spinning of the spiders ; it is sometimes conspicuous, but often tlie
pupa catches the eye first, apparently without any cocoon. It is
advisable to detach the moss from the top downwards, as the pupa is
not among the moss, but between the moss and the bark, and con-
sequently often drops. Not unfre(|uently, after the moss is withdi'awn,
the pupa is found adhering to the trunk. Sometimes it is close to the
ground ; sometimes high up the trunk. I keep mine through the

10 THE ENT(t3I(iI.(i(;i.sT'rS KKIOKD.

winter on clamp sand, with a layer of moss over them. Damp is
necessary to them. The perfect insect emerges early in the morning,
in June and July. — G. M. A. IIewett, St. Winifride, Winchester.

Xanthia Ai'KAGO, &c. — I think we had a very good season last year.
Certainly Xanthui aurago was plentiful, but 1 was not able to work
them as I did last year. In one evening, however, I got almost a
hundred sjjecimens, and most likely should have taken many more, but
a thunderstorm drove them under leaves and made it rather more
difficult to find them ; two nights before I got a considerable number ;
that was also a dripping night, almost impossible to get them dry into
the killing bottles. Agrot/K saticiu was also fairly abundant, and I was
pleased to find that in Jul}', I had netted as pecimen of Cmuptogramma
flvriatd, which has not been before recorded in our Reading list. I
also captured a specimen of CaJmnin lutosa ; only one I think has been
found here before. We had a close search for the larva^ this year but
failed, although I hope for better luck next year. We got a very fair
number of the larva? of Nonagria geiiiinqunicid, and the}' came out well.
E. Bazett, IJeading. [C hitosa, I believe, feeds very differently from
iV. geniinipinictd, going down completely into the roots, whilst the latter
feeds in the stem. — Ed.].

ArTi'niNAL CoLLECTixii IN THE Xew Fokest. — Wishing tK try a
little autiimual collecting in the New Forest, and iK)t 1 )eing able to find
any information in my entomological books as to Avorkaljle ivy, treacling,
&c., I came to the conclusion that, either it was an unproduetive locality at
tliat season, or that collectoi's did not record their visits, or rarely visited
it at all during the fall of the leaf. Being anxious to see what the New
Forest really was like as an autunnial collecting gromid, I journeyed
down to Lyndhurst on the 13th September, for a fortnight's stay.
Mr. Moljerlys note in the November number of the Record ^vas,
naturally, very interesting to me, as we appear to have been treacling
in different parts of the Forest at the same time. His localit}^ (Avhich,
by the A\'ay, it Avould be desirable to know) though " quite apart from
the usual haunts of entomologists," does not seem to have i^roduced a
much gTcater A'ariety of species than the one I treacled (which Ls very
much frequented for this purpose), viz., the path leading from Beechen
Lane to the garden of. the '"Crown and Stirrup," and then turning
off to the left at a right angle to a ride leading into the Brockenhurst
Eoad. I treacled here on nine evenings only, and my captures were^
Avith a ivw exceptions, identical as regards species with Mr. Moberly's.
I did not see Triphiena stihseqiia, Calocumpd vetnatn, TJii/ati/ra hat/'s,
Goiioptira lihiitrix, Epimda nigra, Orthopia macilenta, Miselia oxi/(ic(udhce
c>r Catocala jjromissd, but in their places I got McUiuia ferrngined (2\
Cidiirid piiittdcdta (1), Thera firmata (2 Avorn), and some nice si)ecimens
of T. variata (second brood). With the exception of Asplialia dilvta
(during first week), Orrhodia vaccinii, Xylina rhizoJitha and Scopelosoma
safeViiid, I did not find any of the species especially common. I took
one each of Xanthia cerago, Orthosia lota, Noctna negJecta and Ancliocelis
hinosa. I got six jjerfect specimens of Xylina petrificaia, which were
all I saw. Mr. Hewett of Winchester, who treacled in my locality
once or t^viee, got tAvo or three more I belicA-e. The times of first
appearance Aary someAvhat from Mr. Moberly's list, as follows : —
0. lota, on Septemlier 22nd : A. litvrd. September 16tli ; X. cerago and
N. neglecta. Se])teml)L'r 20th: .1. dprilina. Septendier 21st ; 0. vaccinii,

NOTES OX COLLECTIMi, ETC. 11

Septenilier IGtli ; .1. Innosa and M. ferrvginea, September 22ml; H.
protca, Septeml)er 27th ; C. psittacata, September 28tli ; T. firinalu,
on September 21st. It will Ije observed that these dates are nearly all
later than those given for the respective species in Mr. Moberly's notes.
I think that if I had stayed another week, insects would have Ijeen
commoner, and I should have got most of the species which he got and
I did not, if not on treacle, at least on the ivy, which, I regret to say,
was only beginning to come out properly Avhen I left, which was on
the 2'.)th. I saw one weather-beaten Triphcena promiha, and also
Plusia gamma on two nights ; is the latter at all of common occurrence
at treacle ?* I have never seen it before. I can corroborate Mr.
Moberly's remarks as to the time of a})pearance at the treacle. The
moths generally arrived about 6 p.m. {i.e., just before sunset) and re-
mained on about an hour and a quarter, after which very few were to
be seen. Other orders, represented l)y beetles, slugs, snails and spiders
then had the feast to themselves. I once counted on one tree, eleven
snails and three slugs. Hornets also came on just before the moths
and remained about a quarter of an hour. It was interesting to ol iserve
that the moths violated all the rules laid down by our " Handbooks,"
" Guides," '* Companions," &c., for the regulation of moths visiting the
treacle patches. They came on bright moonlight nights and on nights
Avhen it was cold, misty or windy. In fact, the best night of all was
the 27th Septemljer, Avhen it was so windy that moths Avere very
nearly blown off the treacle on the more exposed trees. This confirms
Mr. Adye's note in Ent., vol. xx., p. 86. On another day (the 2Sth) it
had been raining a good deal during the afternoon ; but in the evening
the clouds cleared off. When I went as usual to treacle I found the
trees dripping, the ground like a sponge, and a thick wlute mist over
the meadoAvs ; besides these pleasant details the moon was shining and
the air was decidedly chilly ; yet in spite of all this there Avere lots of
moths on the treacle. I liaA'e therefore come to the conclusion that the
A'isits to treacle of autumnal insects are not in the least affected hy
Aveather. I vmxj further mention that during the first Aveek of my
stay we had seA'eral frosts ; probably-, I should think, shortlj' after
midnight, as I did not see any signs of them myself. Mothing in the
early CA^ening Avith the net Avas a dead failure, the only species seen
being Rumia hiteolata, tAvo or three in fine condition. Butterflies Avere
woefully scarce, the only ones seen at Lyndhurst being Gonopderii-c
rhamni (moderately common and slightly Avorn) ; Vanessa io ("occasion-
ally) ; V. atalanta (1), on an iAy liush on September 28tli ; Colias edusa
(1), two of Avliich I caught — both males, one perfect, the other much
Avom ; Satyr fts egeria, not i;ncommon and not as fresh as they might
have been. Epmephde titlwnns (1) $ Avorn ; very fcAv " Whites," no
" Blues," no " Fritillaries," no " Skippers." I expected to see A'ery
miserable examples of all these gi'oujis, and Avas surprised to find that
not even such Avere A'isible. The absence of butterflies in the en-
closures Avas somcAvhat relieved by the usual frantic zigzagging of Orgyia
antiqua, Avhich Av^as fairly common and imparted a little life to the
scene.

*It occasionally comes, but Ave have seen liundreds flying at the flowers
growing at the foot of a post Ave had treacled Avithout one being attracted by
the artiflcial " sweets." — Ed.

12 THE KNTOMOLOGIST's RECOKD.

Larva? were very plentiful. By be.ating and searching I obtained
the following: — Amphidasijs hetnlari'a and Xotodoiifa zicr.ac (lioth com-
mon and of all sizes) ; N. cdmeh'na aliout a dozen) ; N. dromechirins (2)
off alder ; N. dicUfoides (1) off birch ; D. cori/Ii (2) ; Eucosmia mididatd
(5) ; Hnlias prasinana (nd ///>.) ; Enpistcria hepnrtda (2) ; LitJiosia rubri-
coUis (common). Odontopera bidentata (a few) ; Bonrmia vohorarm
(tolerably common). The majority of the above I took in Ueechen
Lane, and the enclosure commonly known, I believe, by the euphoni-
ous name of " Jones's," and situated l)ehind the •' Crown and Stirrup."
I spent both Sundays at Bournemoutli with relatives. The ])leasuro
gardens there were l)right with flowers, but the only insects of a
lepidopterous nature that I saw were about 2 each of V. ntalanta and
V. urticce. On Monday the 19th Septem])er, I went to Swanage by
boat from Biiurnemouth to try for C. ednsn, which I was informed
Avould proljal ily be still common there on the way to Tilly Wliim caves.
The day ^\■as bright at intervals and ^varm ; Ijut I only saAv al)out a
<lozen, of which I was unable to capture more than two, owing to the
rough nature of the ground which Avas aliout half-Avay down the cliff.
These Iavo Avere lioth males in A-ery tine condition, one of them haA'ing
the pinkish bloom on the hind wings. I also saAv a fcAv V. at(d<mta,
V. car did and Lijco'iia learns ; all these Avere more or less Avoru, though
I took one A'cry fine and perfect male Icarus. This, Avith the tw^o
<'dnsa formed the Avhole of my catch, so tliat my \isit to SA\'anage
Avas not a brilliant success, entomologically speaking.

One of the first things I noticed Avhen I got liack to London Avas
the anti(}ue and miserable appearance of Avhat foliage there Avas here,
and Avhat a contrast it made Avith Avliat I liad left l)e]iind. Tlie oaks
and Ijeeches in the Xcav Forest Avere in fine fVtrm, hardly a yellow leaf
to be seen, though the alders, birches, and chestnuts Avere beginning
to turn colour a little, especially in exposed situations. The salloAv
idso Avas mostly good, luit here and there a leafless l)ush Avas to be
seen.

Such Avas my antiimnal holiday in the NeAv Forest, and I returned
home A'ery Avell satisfied. — C. Nicholson, 202, EA'ering Road, E.

Practical Hints on the Arrangement of our Cabinets. — As
this season of the year affords the le])idoi)terist rather more than
Ills usual scanty share of leisure, the following fcAv hints may possibly
be read just now Avitli interest b}^ those Avho Avisely emltrace the ojipor-
tunity afforded them during the "dead" season, of re-arranging their past
captures, of extending their series Avhere practicalile, and, Avhat is ahvays
possible, studying symmetry and neatness, Avith the A-icAv that each
.season may see a nearer apj^roach to tliat perfection, Avliich, Avhilst vui-
<iljtainable in full, is yet A-ery closely aiiproached by many of our
Avell-knoAvn collectors, and Avhich, in its degree, should l)e the ideal of
cA'ery collector, Avorthy the name of such. Whilst not A\'ishing to detract
in any Avay from the laudable efforts of those numerous scientists who
liaA'e in the past issued S;^nionymic Lists and methods of Classification,
approA'cd by their OAvn study of arrangement, and all of Avhich haA^e many
points of merit and many ardent sup})orters, yet it ajjpears desirable that
each student should eml)ody in the arrangement of his oavu collection such
alterations as may be the result of the A-ery close study lirought to l>ear
in recent years upon indiAidual gTOups or families, by scientific ob-
servers Avho Avell deserA-e the title of " specialists," from the wonderfully

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

13

keen iutelligeiice and careful observance Avliicli they have devoted to
tlie clearing up of some of the anomalies which do and must continue
to occur in all merely compiled Lists or Catalogues. AVliere space and
opportunity permit, the study of variation should not be neglected, and
should 1)0 taken up, not only from the point of view of rarity or even
" imiipie "-ness. Avith its commercial side of "■ value," but from the
scientific point of view of cause and distril^ution in their respective
relations. To do this thoroughly and, at the same time, not neglect the
more evident and apparent results of uniformity and symmetry, are
problems which, at the present moment, are beginning to occupy the
attention of many, who from the older penchant for short series, had
considered their collections practically complete ; and this should spur
the younger collectors to gTcater energy, for, as the old adage pithily
puts it, '' Well-liegun is half-done," and it is in the power of all of us to
Ijegin well.

The first and most important point is, to decide upon the extent
which tlie collector wislies his collections to occupy, wherever this is
})racticable ; and witli this end in view, the sight at first of tho
inevitably numerous long eui})ty series must be borne with, and should
act as an invaluable stimulus to additional energy in field-work, and
may I add, in these daj's of exchange on a strictly commercial l)asis,
should also afford scope for the generosity of those more advanced, who
thereby liave tlie opportunity afforded them of giving much pleasure at
very little personal cost or trouble. Shoiild the cabinet drawers be
second-hand and dirty, they must be thoroughly stripped, and the cork
examine<l, and where loosened, fastened doAvn securely, and if necessary,
well ruljl)ed with glass paper to renew the surface before l^eing re-
papered. The papering is much a matter of personal aptitude, and
those to whom tedious mechanical and rather tiresome work is
distasteful, woidd do Itest to send their drawers to one of the numerous
dealers in apjiaratus, as all the sul)se(pient time and trouble necessary
to careful arrangement, deserve at least a good start, hy Itegiiniing with
neatly papered drawers. Where they are not sufficiently Itadly stained
or dirty to need repairing, the}^ can Ije ]Dainted with oxide of zinc, Avhich
imparts a good whitt- surface, filling up all old pin-holes, and if care-
fully applied, and when dry, well rubbed down, will afford a perfectly
level white surface, free from all lines and smudges. A word here to
those who may have cabinets in which no camphor cell has been,
provided ; it is a A'eiy simple and easily accomplished jol) to add one,
l>y procuring thin slips of wood (or even card-lioard will ansM'er) the
width and depth of the drawer, fixing same by glueing small ])locks of
wood in the inner corners of the cell thus made, and not forgetting to
jierforate the slips to allow of the evaporation of the contents into the
drawer. The widtli of the cell need onl}' be a fraction of an inch, and
the wooden frame of the glass will in most cases, hide it froui sight ;
but where sliding glasses in grooves are used, a narrow slip of papei
can lie pasted on the glass as a border, and can be made of sufficient
width in front to hide the cell. This plan is far superior to any con-
trivances of pill-boxes or bags for camphor or naphthalin pinned in
the corners of drawers, both on the score of safety and ap})earance.
Before commencing to divide even the first drawer, it is essential to look
ahead, and remembering the number of drawers available, to rigorously
allot to each species the space that can Ije allowed, and this is best

14: THE entomologist's KECOHD.

begun from Ijotli the first and the last draA\'ers, as an idea of the spaee
at disposal for each s^ieeies is then more (|uiekly acquired. Where space
will permit do not ])e afraid to allow plenty, even to species tliat may
at the time rank amongst our greatest desiderata ; for ^vho, a fcAV years
ago, would have left a C(,ilumn for such sj^ecies as Plusia oricltaJcea,
Ennomos anfumnaria otc.'? therefore whenever 2X)ssil>le err (m the safe
side of too much sjiace rather tlian too little. At the present time, it
looks as if we may soon recjuire space in all our cabinets for Plusia
moneta, whilst among the Caradrinidce, more intelligent working will
doubtless ere long cause our present members of the genus in many
old cabinets, to be uncomfortably elljowed and jostled by new-comers.
As an aid in allotting space, of course, access to a friend's well-arranged
cabinet is the most valualde, but for the information of those not so
favoured, the following notes may l)e of service. Supposing a column be
allotted to each sjiecies, and drawers to measure about 17 in. wide, it
will require nine drawers for the Ruopalocera, of wliicli tlie Pieridre
and Colias (with G. rhamni) will occu})y the first two. the Fritillaries
mainly the next two, the Blues just securing No. S. and the Skippers
and Coppers the last. In my own arrangement I have occasionally
varied, l)y only allotting lialf a column to sjiecies of small size, and not
of a tendency to much variation, thus my '• Footmen " and allied species,
comfortably occupy a single draAver (No. 14), in half-columns; this is
invaluable when exhil)iting any particular family, as it avoids having
to move two drawers with part of a family in each. In this way, the
" Tigers " occupy their own draAver (No 16), in Avhole columns, and
the beauty of this arrangement Avill at once be grasped bj' those Avho
may haA-e the })leasure of shoAving non-entomological " sisters, cousins
and aunts," their treasured collections, the glaring splendours of this
draAver, causing a A-erital)le enthusiasm, Avhich is welcome after the A'ery
cold reception of our greatest rarities in tlie dull " ( "aradrinas " and
dowdy '' Pugs." In this arrangement, the Noctu.k sliould commence
in (about) draAver N(T. 24, and Avill occupy about 29 draAvers, tlius, if
tAvo 32-draAver cabinets are dcA'oted to Macros, leaAing tAvelve draAvers
for the Geometers, Avhich Avill entail allotting only half-columns to all
the smaller meml)ers of the group (but Avith small " WaAcs " and " Pugs "
this is an adA^antage rather than otherAvise) but at the same time, the
Macros really deserA'e (Avith column series in most instances) at least
72 draAvers, viz., a 40-draAver and a 32-draAver caltinet. In arranging
on this scale, a A-ery little forethought Avill soon discoA'er adA^antages to
be secured in allotting s])ecial drawers to single genera ; thus in my
case, the Triphcenidce occupy (and Avell till) a draAver to themsehes, and
the .E«7:'/</«ec/6E just secure another; but to do this, extra spaces Avill
often liaA'c to be left in neighbouring drawers, and liere a Avord of ad-
vice Avill l)e iiiA'aluable to lieginners. Find out Avhich species are
constant and Avliicli are A'ariable and act accordingly ; thus to sucli
species as JY. jjoli/odon, T. orboita, A. tritici, ctirsoria, ripce (and .some
others of this genus), H. pisi, stiasa, adusta, H. ehitata, not to mention
such aberrant species as C caja,ii\\{\ A. (jrossnlariata (to Avliich advancetl
collectors allot special draAvers) leaA'e, if possil)le, a little extra sj)ace,
which may be safely taken from such as D. pinastri, N. triangnlnm, anrl
many others. Another A'ery necessary word of cauti(in is as regards
some standard for the maximum expanse of wing in each species, Avhich
should ahvays be fully alloAved for Avhen measuring the Avidths of the

HJ1 ;.,J

NOTEts ON COLLECTING, ETC

15

€(iluiniis. Tlie figures in the standard works are of neecssity not to
be depended on, as it rarely happens that the largest individual of any
species was availaljle to the draughtsman, and a small margin should
always be allowed, and even this is often overstepped, particularly in
the Greometers, where I have bred A. prmmria vividly in my memory.
An invaluable aid would Ite afforded if the maximum expanse of wing-
were given as an addendum to the next "• Exchange List " which may
be Ijrought out, or to go further, if a sketch or draft of the most
suitable arrangements of Macros for the ordinary stock size, 30 and 40
drawer cabinets were to be given, Itut this is beyond the hmits of the
present few notes.

Next, as to dividing the columns and guiding the eye, many plans
are in use, each recommending itself to its supporters, and of which
the most reprehensible to me, is, ruling lines of any sort whatever on
the paper ; many rule merel}' a thin pencil line to guide the eye for
inserting the pins, and which is completely hidden when the series is
complete ; this when however, spoils tlie effect. The objection to
heavier rulings Ijctween the s}iecies is apparent at once, as it entirely
prevents the re-arrangement of drawers which is continually necessary,
and involves much soiling of the paper, even if the drawer be entirely
cleared and the lines rublx-d out. Treferable to this is the plan of black
ruled lines on paper cut out and pinned down Avhere recpiired ; it is
impossible however, to obtain these sufficiently fine and true to
give a good effect. My own are divided by silk threads, glued at the ends
to very small circular taljs of paper, through which the pins to secure them
are passed. These I make in numbers at a time to the recpiired leng-th,
and I find them invaluable, neat and easily moved ; but a caution here.
do not use silk twist, as they go baggy according to the state of the
atmosphere, and continually stretch loose ; use plain silk threads, and
secondly, be sure to keep your threads Avhen made, })inned out on a
board till required, or tliey hopelessly tangle. A rpiickcr method than
tliis but not nearly so easily shifted, is to use silk thread, l)nt in one lengih
for each drawer, passing it round each pin and only fastening ( >ff at the
beginning and end of each drawer ; the objection to this is of course
that of altering any one cohimn ; you must interfere Avith each by
loosening the whole lengih of silk. Lastly and most impiniant, with
regard to data, let the locality of each series be clearly indicated where
everyone avIio looks through your collection can at once refer to the
labels ; if you adopt the method of attaching a label to each pin, go
further, and place a larger lal:)el at the foot of each separate series, to
avoid the necessity of moving an insect to acquire information, and if
neatly printed, these need be no detriment to the appearance of the
collection, and certainlj- greatly enhance its value, wliilst affording
many a brother collector the opportunity of both giA'ing and accpiiring
valuable information, and acting as an incentive to '" fight our battles
o'er again." Many excellent suggestions haA'e been made as to the
adoption of an nnifersnl system of indicating locality by means of niim-
bers, initials, etc., both independent, and also to correspond with maps
of England, divided into niunbered sections, but they all lack the quick
recalling to the mind of some favored luniting-ground in Fen (jr Forest.
My own labels are printed on a small hand-press, in my spare time, on
wet days Avhen in the Isle of AVight, and answer every purpose. One
fui*ther hint only : always give the date and any very special note of
interest, such as " second lu'ood," *' hybernated," etc.

16 THE KNTu3KiLI)(;I!>t'.s KK( Oltl).

AVliile I feel that most of the iiiforniation in tlie.se few notes will lie
quite superfluous to many, yet, from the large numlier of collectors who
have not yet reached the ntthappii state of re letion in all l)ut the un-
obtainal)le species, I have no doulit hut that they will )ie read with
interest l)y many, to whom I trust they \\ill prove of some slight
service. — ALBKitx J. Hodgks.

SOCIETIES.

CiTV fiF London* Entomological and Natikal Histoby Sociktv. —
Tuesday, 20fk December, 1892. — Exhibits : — Lciudoptera. — Exhibits of
C'oh'as ednsii wovo made by Messrs. Bacot, Battlcy, Bayne, Clark, Hill.
Lewcock, Nicholson, Prout, Eiches, Eosevcar and Smith, and included
several var. helicc and intermediate forms between that and the type,
also a preserved larva. Colcoptera.— Mr. Jjcwcock, Nebria comjpJanatdy
taken by Mr. C'uthbert, in Ireland ; Puchi/ta collaris, and several other
species irvin Farnham ; Crj/pfoceph<ihis fvlcratiis and others from West
Wickham, and several species from Brockenluirst.

Mr. Battley then opened the discussion on '"The Colias edusa of
1892." After expressing his thanks to various gentlemen who had sent
him }iotes. he gave a general sketch of the a]H)earance of cdrisa in 1892.
"The earliest record was from the New Forest by ^Ir. P. W. Ridley of
Bath, on 24tli May. On the following day (2oth) ednsa was seen at
Blandford (Dorset), Gussage near C'ranborne, and, about this date, at
Bognor and Weymouth. On 28th, Dorking and Chichester produce
records, and on the 29th, Cowley (Oxon), and one unaccountable speci-
men al Doncaster. May 30th shows a further extension to Micklehanu
Bexley, Dartford and Cambridgeshire, and on May 31st, the extension
in a westerlv direction is continued h\ records from Cleveland and
South Devon. After this, ednfici is recorded almo.st every day up to
26th June, I'eaching St. Bees on the north, and Tenby westwards. He
then discussed the theories as to the origin of these specimens. The
first, tliat they were lired in England the previous autumn and had
hybernated, A\as disin'oved )>y the fact that edusa Avas scarce in the
autumn of 1891, and that the .spring s])ecimens were above the average
in size. The second theory, that they were tlie result of eggs laid by
the autumn l»rood, the larva? having fed \\\^ during the winter was
hardly jtossilile, as the spring specimens were chiefly worn and faded;
the few fresh specimens taken l»eing similar to the fcAv Gonepteryx
rhamni, which could be obtained in good condition in the spring. He
therefore, held to the ' migratory theory," as explaining their occur-
rence ; the reasons giA'en l)eing, their large size and tattered condition,
and the dates of appearance. If they had lieen English, either hylaer-
nated or freshly emerged, they would a}t}»ear in a scattered way over
the country, liut on the contrary, the first record (Ncav Forest), was-
followed in regular order by others at further and further distances from
it, sliowing tlie ])rogress of the flight, and their gradual dispersio:i over
the kingdom, the place of landing being on the Hampshire Coast.
After a fcAv notes on the life-history of the species, he passed on to
consider the distribution of the August l)r(jod. which had been recorded
from every English county except North undierlarul. Durham, West-

soiii:t[i>. 17

moreland, Cumberland, Huntingdon and Rutland, its apitarent non-ap-
pearance in the last two being probably the result of want of observers.
In most of the southern counties it had been very common, the coast-
line from the Isle of Wiglit to Suffolk, being its head-cpiarters. In
liancashire and Yorkshire it was local or scarce, its northern limits iiu
England, ending in the two most northerly counties in wliich the spring:
specimens Avere seen. Seyen specimens howeyer, had l)ecn noted fi'onx
Scotland, Perth being the northern limit. Passing to the Avest. it had
been rect)rded from six counties in Wales, and as ' somewliat plentiful '
in the Isle of Man, Avhile Co. Dublin, Ireland, iiroduced tA\-o or three
specimens. Fiu-ther south, it ' swarmed ' in the Channel Isles, but
notes were wanted of its occurrence on the Continent. With regard to
the habits of the species, he remarked that it Avas iKit so attached to
clover fields as ('. hyale, liut api)eared to be equally })lentiful on
flowery fields, downs and undercliffs. Several collectors mentioned its-
fondness for ragwort floAvers, on Avhich its protectiA'c colouring renders
it inconspicuous. He had also ntiticed it flying along the l)orders of
potato fields in North DcA'on, and Mr. LcAvcock recorded an instance
of a single male specimen being taken on sugar in 1857. The variatioui
of edusa might be divided into four heads: — ( I). CokdU'. — The females
A'aried from Avhite (A'ar. hdice) through }iale yelloAv. to orange, and the
males from lemon to orange, the darker sjiecimens frcipiently having a
flush of purple on the hind wings. (2). Markings. — This Avas chiefly
in the size of the discoidal s])ot, and the yelloAv spots or lines in the
dark border. (3). Size. — Possil)ly the result of food. The lemon
A-ariety Avas nearly ahvays small in size. (4). Sliajte. — Best shown in
the hind margin of the fore Avings, Avhich Avas sometimes Aery couA'ex,
and sometimes straight or concaA'c." Mr. HaAves then gaAc a detailed
account of his experience Ayith the species during the past season. The
first C. eJiisa he had seen ap})eared o\\ the 28th May. vn the borders of
Highgate Woods, and from that date to about 12th June. fiA'c more had
been noticed on the G. N. Kailway between Finchley and Finsbury Park,
On 6th June, a male in good condition, was taken at St. Osytli, Essex.
It Avas obserAalile that in eacli case tlie insect Avas flying from a southerly
quarter, in obedience to a general impulse and influenced l)y the pre-
A'ailing Avinds. Allusion was made to the large numlteix seen at
FelixstoAve. betAveen August 20t]i and 23rd. and also to the capture-
there of six sjiecimens of C. hiialc Mr. HaAves then proceeded to
the qiiestion as to the stage in Avhich C. ediisa liyliernates in Britain.
He noticed the fact that the egg. Avhich was similar in structure to the
ova of Gonepteryx rhaiuni, Euchh'ic cardamines, and the Pieridce, Avas far
too fragile to Avithstand cAcn the mildest Avinter, and doubted Avhether
the larA-a Avas suificiently proof against frost and cold, to hybernate
successfully, at least in this country. He then suggested that a fair
inference might l)e made by comparing ('. cdusa Avitli 6*. rhaiuni in the
imago state. The tAvo species Avere similar as regards antenna', clotliing
of thorax and body, and general strong Iiuild of Aving. and as the like-
ness might be extended to tlie })reAious stages of both species, lie thought
it not too much to say, that if ('. cdnsa could lie made to settle doAvn in
this coiintry. the species Avould folloAV the example of G. rhainni, and
pass into hyliernation early in tlie autumn, re-a])pear in spring, pair and
produce the imago during late July. August, and (])erhai)s in tlie north)
September, thus being confined, as in tlie case of G. rhamni\ to a single

18

THE ENTOHOIi(K;iST S KECORD.

brood. In roi)ly to Dr. Buckell and otliers, Mr. Hawes stated tliat he
understood from Mr. Tutt, that the great home of tlie species in Europe
appeared to be among the mountains of Switzerland, at a low level, and
that the area of the periodic immigrations, therefore included the ad-
jacent lower-lying parts of France, Belgium and Holland, as well as
Great Britain ; in its native region, the species is understood to hyber-
nate regularly, much in the same way as G. rhamni does in England.
Replying to a further question, Mr. Hawes gave it as liis opinion
that (J. hijah' visited this country in tlie early summer months of this
year (1892), similarly to C. edasa, though usually in fewer numl)ers,
and s}n-ead over a more limited, i.e., south-easterly area. Mr, Tutt
stated that ediisa appeared to l)e a native of the Swiss Alps,
and there it generally seemed to produce a single brood, the imagines
being driven into hybernation soon after their emergence liy the cold
weather. From this centre it occasionally migxated to various parts of
the Contineiit, including Britain, and then tried to produce a second
brood in the late autumn, failing to tlo tliis it l>ecame exterminated.
He expressed his opinion that if the English winter Avere to set in
shortly after the emergence of the August Ijrood, they would hyljernate
at once, and the species would be common the following year. The
ju-oceedings concluded with a vote (if thanks to Mr. Battley for opening
the discussion,

Taesdny, ?yrd Januari/, I8O0. — This Society held its annual Pocket-
box Exhil»ition, and several interesting exhibits were made. Among
others, Mr. Clark exhibited two varieties of Argi/nnis selene, one with
the upper side dusted with black scales, the other having the black
markings coalescing into a central l)and ; a specimen of A. euphrosyne
with a pale (xanthic) hind wing; and a small darkly suffused specimen
of Saturnia carp'ial. Mr, ]>loomfield, a l)red series oi Papilio machaoii,
one specimen liaving a red inner margin to the black l)and on the hind
wings ; a series of Colias edusa, including a female without the yellow
spots in the marginal l)and ; also sjjriiig and summer s|)ecimens of
Selenia iUnnaria. Mr. Battley, a varial)le series of the undersides of
Epincphde hi/jieranthm from ( Jaterham and Nortli Devon, He pointed
out tliat the lower spot on the upper wing was fre(|uently alisent, and
that in no case were the two sides exactly similar in niarkings. Mi'.
Jackson, Staiirop>i(s fag'i, Macroijlossa hombyUforiiiis, Cymatophora ridens,
Cmpidia alni and Ephyra oiiiicronaria, all taken in the New Forest last
May ; also a specimen of Polyomviatus phheas from Walthamstow, with-
out the l)and (ju the hind wings, l)ut Avith red streaks on the wing rays.
Mr. Tremayne, a niimber of species from the Ncav Forest, including
Argynnis paphia var. valezina, Stanropns fagi, and Nola strigida, the
latter being taken on sugar. ( 'a})tain Thompson, a small dark specimen
of Tephrosia hinndidaria from Stafford, PtiJodoutis paJpina iirnn Halifax,
and HeplaJiis fylrinus from Hanipstead Heath. Mr. Xicholson. CJieima-
tobia horeata, and some strongly marked s])ecimens of C. hrutiiata, from
West Wickham ; also Lencania phragmitidis, taken some years ago near
Lea Jiridge, Mr. (rates, Antithesia salicana, Stigmonota internanu,
Homcfosoma sinucUn, Gelechia herinanneUa, <£•<;. all from Shepherd's Bush.
Mr, Sykes, P(e<'do<'ampa populi and Petnsia cassinea, taken on street
lamps at Enfield. Coleo})tera : — Mr, Heasler, Myrmecoxeiius rapora-
rirornm, Hister himacnlatus and Brnchns pisi, the latter Ijeing bred from
peas, Mr. RoscA-ear, tAvo large Ijettles from TraA-encore, together Avitli

SOCIETIKS. 19

some of tlioir eggs. Mr. SduI, a spidor'.s nest ironi thr Cape. This
Avas larger than a cricket ))all, composed of leaves and silk, and sus-
pended from a twig l>y several tlireads. He also exhibited the spiar of
ii cock, 13 years old. — A. U. Battlev and J. A. Sijues. Hon. Sees.

Entomological Society of London. — December 7, 1892. — The
President announced tlie death, on the 2nd December, of Mr. Henry T.
Stainton, F.R.S., an ex-President of the Society. A vote of condolence
with !Mrs. Stainton was }3assed by the meeting. Mr. Frank Bouslvell,
of 11, Lansdowne Road, Stoneygate, Leicester; Mr. George C. Dennis,
of Tower Street, York ; Mr. Charles B. Headley, of Stoneygate Road,
Leicester; Mr. William Mansljridge, of Luther Place, Horsforth, near
Leeds ; and the Rev. George W. Taylor, of St. Barnabas, Victoria,
British Columbia, were elected Fellows of the Society. ]\[r. Jenner
Weir exhibited a species of Acrcea from Sierra Leone, Avliich Mr. Roland
Trimen, who had examined the specimen, considered to l)e a remarkable
variety of Telrhinla cni-edoa, Linn. It was a very close mimic of Liinnas
aldppxis, the usual Western African form of Limnas rhri/sijijins. The
.up})er wings of the si)ecimen were rufous and the lower wliite, as in the
model, and the resemblance in otlier respects Avas heightened by the
almost total suppression of the l)lack spots in the ilisc of the upper
wings, characteristic of the usual markings of T. enrrdon. ]\Ir. F. J.
Hanbury exhibited a very remarkaljle variety of Lyc(vua adonis, caught
in Kent this year, Avith only one large spot on the under side of each
upper Aving, and the spots on the loAver Avings entirely replaced by
suffused Avhite patches. He also exhilnted tAvo specimens of Noctua
xanthoijraplia of a remarkaldy pale brownish gTC}' colour, approaching a
dirty Avhite, oljtained in Essex in 1891 ; and a A^ariety of Acronycta
rumk-is, also taken in Essex, Avitli a l)eautiful dark hind margin to the
fore Avings. Mr. H. J. Ehves exhiluted a liA-ing specimen of a species
of Conoccphalns, a genus of Locnstidce, scA'cral sjiecies of Avhich, Mr. C. 0.
AVaterhouse and Mr. McLachlan stated, liad been found aliA-e in hothouses
in this country. ])r. T. A. Cliapman exhil)ited immature specimens of
Tceniocampa (jracllis, T. (jothira, T. popnleti, T. iiniiida, T. instabilts and T.
Icuroijrapha, Avhich had ])een taken out of their cocoons in the autumn,
Avith the (jbject of shoAving the then state of deA-elopment of the images.
Mr. F. W. FrohaAvk exhibited a liA^ing specimen of the larA^a of Cnrtero-
■cephalm paloemon (Hespevia paaiscns), hybernating on a species of grass
Avdiich he believed to be Bromus (isper. The Rca'. Canon Fowler and
Mr. H. Goss exjiressed their interest at seeing the larA^a of this local
species, the imagos of Avhich they had respectiA'ely collected in certain
Avoods in Lincolnshire and Nortliampti nishire. Mr. G<iss stated that the
food-plants of the species Avere supjiosed to be PJitntago major and
Ciinosunis cristatns, but tliat the larA'a might possibly feed on Bromus
asper. Mr. C. G. Barrett exhil)ited a long series of remarkable melanic
and other Aarieties of Boaniiia repaudntn, lired liy Mr. A. E. Hall, from
larA-aj collected near Sheffield. Air. W. Farren exliil»ite(l, and com-
mented on, four A'arieties of Fapillo muclKiou from Wicken Fen ; also a series
of tAvo or three species of Xeptinihr })inned (in pith Avith the " Minuten
Nadeln," for tlie purpose of slioAviug these pins. C'anon FoAvler exhi-
bited specimens of XyleboriiH pcrfofdiix, Woll., Avhich had l)een deA'asta-
ting the sugar-canes in the West Indies. Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse stated
that the larA'ai had done great damage to beer-casks in India. Mr.
E. B. Poulton shoAvcd, by means of the oxy-hydrogen lantern, a number

20

THE ENTtOKUAHM^T .S 1{E( OKI).

of slides cif various larva^ and pupa', in illustration of his paper, read at
the Octolter meeting, entitled, " Further experiments \ipon the eolour-
relation l)etween eertain lepidojiterous larva^ and their surroundings."
He stated tliat he ))elieved that nineteen out of twenty larv;\' of Geome-
tri'dce possessed the power of eolour adjustment. Mr. F. Merrifield, the
Rev. J. Seymour St. John and Mr. Jaeol)y took part in the discussion
which ensued. Mr. F. Merritield read a i)aper entitled " The effects of
tem}»erature on the colouring of Ficris luipi, Vanessa atalanta, Chryso-
j>hanns phlceas, and Ephyra imiiftarla" and exhiliited many s})ecimens
thus affected. In the cases of P. napi, ('. pliheas, and E. pnnetaria, he
remarked that they corresponded with natural variations of these species
in regions or seasons associated with similar temperatures ; and some
curious effects produced by severe temjieratures on V. atalanta seemed
likely to thro\\- light on the evolutit)n of the ct)niplex markings of the
Vanessas. Mr. Poulton, Dr. F. A. Dixey. Mr. Elwes, Mr. Jenner Weir,
Mr. Tutt and Mr. Frohawk took part in the discussion which ensued.
Mr. Kenneth J. Morton communicated a [)aper entitled, " Notes on
Hydropiiliditf Ix'longing to the Euroitean Fauna. Avith descriptions of
new species." Mr. McLachlan made some remarks on the subject of
this pajjcr. Dr. T. Algernon Cha]iman read a paper entitled, "Chi some
neglected points in the structure of the pujta of Heterocerous Ijcpi-
doi>tera, and their probable value in classification ; with some associated
observations on larval prolegs." Messrs. Poulton, Tutt, Hampson and
Gahan took i)art in the discussion wliich ensued. Mr. J. C'osmo-Melvill
comnuniicated a paper entitled, " Description of a new species of
Butterfly of tlie genus Calma^ja, from Siam." Mr. W. L. Distant com-
municated a paper entitled, "• l)escri])tions of new genera and species of
Neotrojucal L'hynrJiofa.'' — H. Goss and W. W. Fowler, Eon. Sees.

LANCASHntE AND CHESHIRE ExT03IOLO<;i( AL SoCIETY. BeCl'Vlhcr

12th. — Mr. J. Lea, Canning Street, was elected a meinl)er of the Society.
The president referred to the deatli oi the veteran entomologist, H. T.
Stainton, and remarked that no one had done more to encourage the
study of entoni(dogy. Messrs. G. A. Harker and H. B. Jones gave a paper
entitled " Notes on a fortniglit's collecting in Galway," the princijial
insects taken lieing Zygcrna initios, Miaaa captlnncnJa, tAVo specimens of
Triphivna snbscqmi and Rhodaria sangninaiis, and exhiliited s])ccimens of,
and i)ointed out differences lietween, English and Irish forms; the
Miana capthincnla were especially interesting, lieing much more strongly
marked than the English forms, the female having two entire cream
coloured fascia*, the Lycoina kitrns females, from the same district, were
very bright with large and brilliant red spots. Mr. S. J. Caliper
exhil»ited large Irish Vanessa urtirce. Mr. Gregson, a remarkably tine
specimen of Prodenia testaceoldes (Gn. ), l)red from a larva taken in a
market at Barnsley. l)y Mr. George Eose. Mr. Stott (on behalf of
Mr. H. S. Clarke) Sphinx conrolrnli I'mm the Isle of Man, aiul some fine
varieties of Smerinthus tiJia'. Mr. Pearce, a sjtecimen of Ceratoranqni
regal is. Mr. J. Herbert Stott, Sirex gigas from a North Staffordshire
coal mine. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec. [Prodenia testareoides is simi)ly a
synonym of P. lilioralis, Bdv. — " This s])ecies was first bred in Britain
by Mr. Boden from an imported tomato. Of this we read : — ' Mr.
Boden, at the City of London Ent. Society's Meeting of August Gth,
exhibited a specimen of a Noctia bred from a larva found feeding on
a tomato. He stated that the larva A\as l)rown and had a curious pig-

SOtrKTIKS. 21

like liead. The insect was unknown to the memhei-s present, the
general opinion being that it had been imported with the fruit ' (Ent.
Beeord, &c., vol. ii., p. 1G7). Further we read : — ' This specimen has
since been identified as the Prodenia littoralu of Boisduval, a species
hitherto unknown in Britain. He (Mr. Boden) stated tliat he had failed
til obtain any information as to the locality Avhence the tomato
came, liut expressed an opinion that, seeing- how extensively this plant
was now cultivated in England, it Avas quite possible that the insect
might l)ecome naturalised in this country' (/ c. p. 2G0). Staudinger
records it from 'Crete, Syria and the Canary Isles' (Catalog,' p. 104).
Colonel Swinhoe records it ' from Moulmein and Eangoon ' (Trans. Ent.
Soc. of London, 1890, p. 127). Butler writes: — ' Prodenia testafe aides
(Guenee, NoctneUes, vol. v., p. l()o) is a slight variety, and P. dedinata,
Walker (I.e. vol, xi., p. 723), is a starved specimen' {Transactions of the
Entoni. Societi/ of London, 1890, p. G66). I have not l)een able to test
this statement, but as Colonel Swinhoe in the Trans. Ent. Soc. of
London, 1890, p, 227, adopts Butler's synonymy, proliably it is correct,
Boisduval's original diagnosis of this species is as follows : — ' Alls anticis
fusco violascentibus, niaculis ordniariis nervo medio albido junctis,
strigis transversis pallidis, maculisque apicalibus sagittatis nigris ;
jjosticis albo-opalhiis ' [Fanna Madagas. , ctv., p. 91 (1834)]" (British
Noetiue and their Varieties, vol. iv., pp. 124-125). — Ed.].

South London Entomological Society. — December 22nd, 1892.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher exliibited a long series of Liparis monacha, and
stated that in 1887 he obtained from Mr. Tate a batch of eo-o-s laid by
an ordinary (not in the least blackish) 2 , from the Xew Forest, and that
by selecting every year the darkest of lier descendants from which to
breed, he had at last oljtained a very dark race, and that there was no
doubt in another year or so perfectly Idaek specimens would be produced.
A selection of specimens bred each year was exhiluted. Those b]-ed in
1888 were on the Avhole quite as pale as ordinary captured New Forest
specimens. Those bred in 1889 from the darkest 1888 siiccimens were
distinctly dark Ijanded, those in 1890 from the darkest 1889 specimens
had the central area very dark, and the outer margin suffused, whilst
the 1891 and 1892 liroods were still darker; some of the latter beino-
nearly Ijlack. Mr. Fletcher stated that Messrs. Fenn, P>ower and Porritt
were the only lepidopterists Av^ho had had living specimens in any staoe
of this strain. He considered it necessary to bring forward the liistory
of this brood, on account of the discussion at present talcing place relative
to this species, Mr. Adkin considered that the foreigii specimens of
xax.eremita were l)rowner than British, but Mr. Tutt said that certainlv
the well-bred specimens figured in the Ent. Beeord, &c., in October
last, and now known to l)e of German origin, were (piite indistinguish-
able from the equally Avell-bred specimens exhibited by Mr. Fenn, and
coming directly from Mr. Fletcher's British stock. Mr. Fletcher
thought that the colour Avas quite independent of their origin, and that
by selection, Avhite or Ijuff lireeds might be estalilished as readily as
black, Mr. Dobson stated that he captured several specimens of a
dark-banded race in the Ncav Forest some years ago. Mr. Tutt
remembered the occasion, as Mr. l)ol)Son sent him some of the
specimens, and they Avere uoav in his collection. Mr. Barrett remarked
that " in-and-in " breeding Avas impossilde in some species (e.g., in the
allied Ocneria dispar) Avitliout the species running out, and becomino-

22 'J'HE ENT(IM(>L()(iI8T S KECOKl).

infertile. Mr. Feiin tlidUgUt that " in-and-in " breeding could be-
carried on Avitli niucli more success than Avas generally supposed, and
under careful treatment many species tended to l)ecome larger, e.g..
Camptogramma fluviata and Ennomos aiigiilaria. Mr. Fletcher then
made some remarks on pairing Boarinia repandata. Three races from
the New Forest, Forres (small) and Sheffield (Idack) respectively, he
attempted to cross. The Idack paired inter se and A\-ith the Ncav Forest
specimens, and vice versa, but neither the l)lack nor the New Forest
specimens paired witli the Forres specimens. Mr. Adkin exhibited some
Scotch specimens of Tcen/ocampa gothica. A little wild usage of the
varietal nauie goth/cina led Mr. Tutt to say that this form is not really
a form with an olisolete gothic-mark as British lejiidopterists are apt to
consider it. Herrich-Scliiiffer, accustomed to the dark Linna^an type,
in descril)ing gothicina laid stress, first on the rusti/ ground colour, and
secondly, on the red gotliic-mark. Mr. Williams exhibited t^vo Colias
hyaJe bred ab ovo in Brit.iin. The $ parent Avas ca})turedat Northfleet^
on the 19th September, 1892 ; the ova Avere laid on the 20th September,
the larva3 hatched on the 29th ; the first moult occiirred on Octol)er 9th,
the second on October 20th, the third on November 2nd. They pupated
on November 10th, and emergence took place on NoA-ember 2oth.
Mr. Barrett remarked that Hiibner's names and figures relating to
hjale Avere rather mixed. Mr. Tutt remarked that Mr. "Williams Avas
certainly to lie congratulated on having bred the species nb ovo, the
first time he believed it had been done in Britain. — Ed.

BiHJiiXGHABi Entomological Society. — December 12th, 1892. — The
folloAving exhibits Avere made : By Mr. GAvllym, Acronycta alni, Ijred
from a larA'a found at KnoAvle, also Lithosia complana, taken at
BeAvdley. By Mr. C. J. WaiiiAvright, Lsopogon brevirostris and Neoita-
wus cyanurus from Barmouth, and Machimis africapiUns from Brendon.
Devonshire. By Mr. E. C. Bradley, Chrysoclysta biniaculeUa and
lineella, and Stigmonota nitldanu and regiana, all from Sutton. A paper
upon " Secondary Sexual Characters in Insects," Avas communicated by
Mr. J. W. Tutt', and read by the Secretary, Mr. C. J. WainA\right.

COLBKAN J. AVaIXAVRIGHT, HoU. SeC.

The Cajibkidge Entomological and Nati kaT; Histoky Society. —
Friday, November 11th. — The folloAving addition to Eule V. Avas
made, " That corresponding non-resident members be admitted into
the Society, paying an annual suliscription of 2s. 6d." Mr. Moss
exhibited a specimen of Vanessa atalanta liaA'ing a pale buff border* on
the underside of the posterior wing, of the same Avidth as the usual red
one on the upperside. Mr. Wells, a A'ariable series of Cerastis vaceinit
from West A^'ickham. Mr. Eickard, a specimen of Plnsia moneta, taken
at Cambridge in 1890 ; specimens of Acharti chameleon taken Ijy him-
self in South Africa, a series of Ephestia Mhuiella Ijred from a mill at
Cam1)ridge, and some insects Avhich he had found eating moths put
into a box to relax ; these Avere pronounced by Dr. Sharji to be larA-^e
of one of the Muscida'. Mr. Jones, three A^irieties of Nemeophilu
plantaginis, one nearly black ; they Avere all more or less crippled, and

* This Avas most mai-ked in some of the specimens exhibited by Mr.
Merrifield at the Ent. Soc. of London's meeting in December last. Vide, ante
Vol. III. p. 31 ■.'.—Ed.

SOCIETIES. 23

lie gave a.s his opinion that the ainiormal coloration and crippling arose
from a common disease. Mr. Farren, long and variable series
(if Peronea vnriegnna, Jiast/'ana, schallcriana, conipurana and other

TORTKICES.

Fridaij, November 25th. — Mr. Farren, some strongly marked speci-
mens of Arcfia Inbricipeda bred from ova, both parents lieing var.
vadiata. Mr. Fitzroy, a series of Xanthia gikago and other NocTU-i;,
chielly taken at Cambridge gas lamps during September. Mr. Eickard,
some beautiful varieties of Arctla Inhr/'cipeda taken in a garden, a good
pale variety of Abraxcui grossulariata, and a specimen of Epitnda hitu-
li'iita, all from the district. Mr. G. H. Bryan, M.A., read a paper,
'• Insect hunting in the Eiviera," being an account of live weeks'
collecting from the 22nd of March last at Alassid, Mentone, Hyeres,
Aries, Nimes, Avignon, Tarascon, etc., giving long lists of Le})idoptera,
(ktleoptera, etc., captured or observed, and many interesting notes
on their ha))its; the paper was illustrated hj an exhibition of several
boxes of the specimens collected, the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera
lieing especially well set and in excellent condition. — Wji. Fakkex,
Hon. Sec.

York and DrsTRiOT Field Xaturalists' Society. — December 14///,
1892. — Mr. J. Hawkins exhibited a specimen of Colias edusa, taken
within a mile of the Cathedral, York. Mr. K. Button, A. hduhnta
from Castle ^loreton ; Nocfua sobrina, Aberdeen ; specimens of Basy-
campa rnbiginea, Iloniton ; Lithosia sericea, Manchester ; Angerona
prunaria, Folkestone ; Noctna neglecta, Aberdeen ; Lijciena hellargits,
liedhill ; Psodos coracina, Eannoch ; Aplecfa pjrasina, Winchester;
Polia chi var. olivacea, Durham ; and a specimen of CaUlmorpha licra,
taken in South Devon, in 1S92. Mr. W. Hewett, C. edusa, and four speci-
mens of the variety lielice, taken at Frith, Kent, 1877 ; Seleuia hmaria
(bred) from Forres and Essex; Himera peniunia, York andKeut: Selenki
idustraria, summer brood from Worthing ; dark forms of Odontopera
bidentata, from Forres ; Tephrosia extersaria, Xew Forest ; Etqnthec/a
lieJveticata, from Perthshire ; Cidaria suffumata, and Melanippe tristata,
l>arnsley : Hi/psipetes ehdata, Pennistone Moor : H. imphiviata, New
Forest ; F. brmineata, Larentia rufidiirtata, Viinin/'a myricce, C;/mato-
phora duplari's, Ajdecta tincta, Aiiarta cordigera, and Phibaluptertjx
lapidata, from Eannoch ; CacuUia asteris, Weymouth ; C. abifi/ntJu't',.
Kent ; Dianthoecia capsophild, Kirk Michael, Isle of Man ; Clcoceris
vminalis, Wharncliffe Crags ; Agrotis corticea, Forres ; Cmpidla strigosa,
Cambridgeshire ; and Xaathia sdago, from Acomb Churchyard, York.
Mr. W. Mansbridge, F.E.S., of Horsforth, Leeds, then gave a highly
interesting and instructive lecture on the early development of lepi-
doptera, and illustrated the lecture by numerous diagrams, most of
which had been pre^jared from dissections, made by himself ; Mr.
Mansbridge dealt with the structure of the egg, and traced the various
stages in the development of lepidopterous larva^, and exhibited several
very striking varieties of Abraxas grossnlariata, bred from larva3
C(jLlected in the neighbourhood of Horsforth ; also some fine examples
of P. chi, and its variety oJicacea, selected from a great number of
specimens taken by him during the last two seasons in the neighbour-
hood of Horsforth, Yorkshire. — William Hewett, Hon. Sec.

24: I'HK entomologist's REI'OKl).

Qbituary.

Professor John 0. Westwijod. — It is witli deep regret tliat we an-
■iiounce tlie deiitli of Professor Westwood, -wliicli took pluce on the
3nd Januarv, liaving eoiiipleted tlie HTtli year of Ids age on 22nd
December last. For nearly Go years Professor Westwood has been a
most prolific Avriter on entomology ; even so long ago as ISOS when
Dr. Hagen pul)lished his Bibliotheca Enfomologica, oTl) contributions
to the literature of Entomology are enumerated as having been written
by him, and since that time many hundreds more have been added to
that list. For many years of his life he was a contemporary author
with those fathers of English entomology, Kirby, Spence, Curtis and
Stephens ; his earliest paper of which there is a record being a note
on " Psilus bascii et Dryinus formicarius," communicated to the Literary
■Gazette, 24th iNIarch, 1827. He was one of the original members of
ithe Entomological Society of Loudon, and their first secretary ; a
paper read by him Gth January, 1834, on a " Coleopterous Insect
allied to Tomicus," was published in the first volume of the Traasac-
.tions. There is scarcely an order of insects that has not been dealt
with by Professor Westwood, and he wrote some papers on the
'Crustacea; in the years 1837-1842 he published an edition of Drury's
Jllnstratioiis of Nutnrtil Histor//, a work still of great value ; in 1839-40
he produced his well-known latrodndiou to tlic Modern (Jlassifienfion of
Insects, a most important aid to their study ; in 18r)2 he produced a
new edition of Wood's Index EutomoJogiais, but the works by which.he
:is best known to English entomologists are HrHtnh BiUterJiies and their
I'ransfonnations, 1841, and British Motha and their Transformations,
1843 and 184-") ; the plates of the volumes were by X. H. Humphreys.
In his latter years Professor Westwood produced that magnificent work,
The Cabinet of Oriental Entotnologi/. It would fill a large octavo volume
ito give a full catalogue of his contributions to the literature of entom-
ology, and the above must suffice as a faint indication of the value of
liis productions. It was not only as a writer on Entomology that he
was so excellent, but most of his papers were illustrated by his own
ipencil in a most admirable manner. His industry was little short of
marvellous ; besides being so great a naturalist, he was a specialist in
■ certain branches of Aichaiology and Palaeography, so much so, that a
contemporary writing of his decease says, '* To most people he is known
chiefly as a writer on Archivology and Palaeography;" another
-contemporary writes " Books like the Pukeotjraphia Sacra Pictoria,
and the Facsimiles of the Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Saxon and
Irish MSS. are extraordinary monuments of his combination of know-
ledge, industry, perception and skill." To those who knew him he
was one of the kindest of men, ever ready to impart his vast stores of
knowledge ; it may truly be said of the late learned Professor, " He
was a man take him for all in all, I shall not look ujion his like again."
Professor Westwood received one of the gold medals of the Iloyal
Society 4 he had been a Fellow of the Linnean Society since 1827 ; he
filled Humboldt's place as a member of the Entomological Society of
Paris, and received from the Entomological Society of Loudon the
highest honour it was in their power to bestow — that of Honorary
Life President. — I. J. Wkik.

4^^ AND ^^/^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 2. Vol IV. February 15th, 1893.

With Notes on Variation, Habits and Affinities.*
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

The genus Xanth'a and the species we usually ally with it,
probably attract more attention from the collector than that of any
other group of the Nocture. Their colours are attractive, and in our
cabinet drawers immediately arrest the attention of anyone looking at
them. The colour is in all the species of a yellow or orange shade, and
it is not difficult to understand that their appearance in the imago state
at the beginning of, or, in fact, well into the autumn months, and their
habit of clinging to the leaves of the trees, or to the gi'asses and low
plants at the base of the trees or bushes on which the larvse feed, make
these shades of colour especially useful as a protection when simulating
the yellow leaves which at that time of the year hang so thickly in the
spiders' webs, on the grass, etc. ; and more than one of the food-plants
of these species (e.g. sallow and lime) are particularly noticeable for
the bright yellow tint of the falling and newly-fallen leaves in the
autumn. The darker lines and blotches on the wings aid the simulation
still more strongly, and the exact resemblance which Hoporina croceago,
a supposed near ally to Xanthia, bears to the dead oak-leaf, into which
it usually appears to crawl to spend the winter months, is particularly
striking, and if we consider the gi'eat abundance of both X. fulvago
and A', flavago, compared with the few specimens one meets at rest
during the day, the completeness of their protective resemblance can
be readily understood. Mr. Holland writes : — " The natural hiding-
place of fulvago and flavago is among the long grass and herbage
growing near the sallows. In damp woods they are especially plenti-
ful, and I often see them at dusk, struggling out of the tangled
stuff beneath the sallows, and crawling up to the tops of the long
grasses, — hundreds of them, on some favourable nights, — and they
may be readily looked over and boxed. They are not, however,
always in the same humour, and on some nights they fly about a
great deal. A few moths, odd ones, fall from the sallow-bushes
into the Bignell during the day, but not many rest there, and perhaps
those found are moths which have just emerged and dried their

* Eead before the City of London Entomological Society, February 7th, 1893.

26 THE entomologist's becobd.

wings." The yellow gi-ouncl colour of the species of Xantliia is,
as 1 have before remarked, varied with darker hues and blotches, and
these are usually of a reddish, sometimes inclining to brown or pur-
plish colour ; and it is doubtful whether any Britisli sjjecies of Noctu^
in their range of variation show more distinctly the gradation in the
natural genetic sequence of colour — yellow, orange, red and purple —
than do X. fulvago (cerago) and X. aurago. These two species are very
variable, whilst the other species usually included in tlie genus
^anth'a, are, as a rule, not given to much variation either in colour or
markings.

Hoporina croceago is well separated from Xanthia, although there
is a general tendency amongst collectors to include it among the " Sal-
low " moths ; and this brings me at once to the consideration of the
real nature of the alliance existing between these latter as represented
in Xanthia. It appears certain, that whatever definition we may choose to
make of the Xanthidce and their allies, based on the consideration of such
genera as Orthosia, Anchocelis, Glcea, &c., and represented by such species
as suspecta, lota, vaccinii and cerago (fdvago) in various directions, that
both croceago and citrago will have to be removed entirely from their
present location and altogether away from the genus Xanthia, as in-
cluding/(«?rfl</o and flavago. Thus, speaking broadly, Orthosia, Ancho-
celis, JDi/schorista and Glcea are all closely allied in different ways to
Xanthia ; but the two species in question not only show no tnie alliance to
the species with which they are grouped, but little to the genera among
which they are placed. The pupa of croceago is decidedly not Xanthicl
The true Xanthias have pale larva?, live in hiding (more or less) in
trees when young, descending to the gi'ound or hiding in bark when
older ; and having the peculiar markings and marblings characteristic
of the larvae oi fulvago, vaccinii, lota, &g.

We, of course, recognise at once the general similarity of the mem-
bers included in Xanthia, and there is no doubt, that this " general
similarity " has led to the genus being constituted as at present ; but
when we come to examine the species more closely, even although we
still do so superficially, we note that even the arrangement of the
transverse lines is different in citrago from that in tlie other sj^ecies,
and even in atirago there appears a general tendency in the same direc-
tion. So far as markings go, fulvago, flavago and gilvago are very
closely alike ; aurago has the transverse lines very similar, but, whilst
in the three former species the elbowed line is lost in the transverse
fascia, in aurago it becomes distinctly the boundary of the blotch be-
tween it and the subterminal line, and, in the same manner, the com-
paratively indistinct subterminal of the first three are replaced in
aurago by a very distinct subterminal. This, however, is a minor
matter, but it sets one thinking, and so struck was I with the dissimilarity
of the markings of citrago that I appealed to Dr. Chapman about the
matter. He, at once, sent me drawings of the pupal anal segments of
a typical Xanthia and of citrago, and whilst the former is almost iden-
tical with Gloia ( Cerastis), the latter bears no resemblance to it whatever,
and is, in fact, much more like a terminal of Cuspidia (one of the sec-
tions of Acronycta) than anything with which it is usually classed. It
is not even like those of Tceniocampa, which are much like those of
Hadena, and very distinct from those of Orthosia (Glcea, Xanthia, etc.).
I feel satisfied that citrago has no real affinities with Xanthia, and that

THE GENUS XANTHIA. 27

its approximation in colour is due to a common habit at the same time
of the year, and that this is needed for protection, and is no sign of
actual close affinity. I have no information about X. aurago, but,
although I am much less struck with the imago differences than I was
with citrago, I should not be surprised that its early stages showed
some considerable differences from the other three members of the
genus.

Hoporina croceago. — This is of course never included in the genus
Xanthia, although generally classified very nearly to it. It is a very
beautiful species, and in a manner striking, with its thoracic crest set up
prominently, and Avith its white-ringed legs and white-spotted costa.
There are no very striking points about the markings, and the colour is
particularly invariable in fresh specimens. There are, however, two
named varieties. In one of these the ground colour is dark reddish,
instead of the normal bright orange colour ^^ fidrago, Hb., and Mr,
Nicholson refers to specimens from North Wales, being of a dull brick-
red colour. This is probably due to a thick sprinkling of dark fuscous
scales, as our ordinary British specimens are frequently sprinkled with
such, although never in specimens I have bred or received has this
been sufficient to suffuse the whole wing area so as to make a striking
variety. There is also a pale yellow variety in Southern Europe, wliicli
was named Corsica by Mabille, who writes of it as " whitish-yellow,"
while, at the same time, he notices the general constancy of the sjDCcies
on the Continent. Staudinger writes of it : — " Pallidior, straminea."
After hybernation the colour is much faded, and the dark markings
stand out prominently. Specimens in very bad condition, too, have a
suj^erficial appearance of being melanic. One other minor form of
variation is noticeable, that is, the tendency in some specimens to form
a distinct central fascia, or, at any rate, a stronger mark than the ordi-
nary line. In some it assumes a > - shape, in others, a Y- shape, the
former being due to the central line starting from the inner margin,
running towards the apex, and then suddenly turning back to the costa,
between the stigmata, the latter to its bifurcation in the centre of the
wing, the second branch being continued towards the apex. The white
hind wings have occasionally a delicate rosy tint, such as one sometimes
sees on the fore wings of Cusjndia trklens, Noctua glareosa and a few
other sjDecies.

Croceago hybernates and comes to the sallows in early spring.
Although faded in colour, it is remarkable how well the moth keeps
its fringes throughout its hybernation, and how well it still simulates
the dead oak leaves. The moths copulate in the early spring after hy-
bernation, and the moth lays its eggs singly on the dead oak leaves
which are still clinging to the tree. Dr. Chapman obtains a consider-
able number of eggs from moths in confinement, by enclosing them in
a glass jar with dead oak leaves and twigs. Even then, the habit of
laying singly is generally carried out, although under such restrictions,
it is not surprising that one finds frequently three or four eggs in a
batch. The larva hatches as the oak-buds begin to swell and prepare
to burst into leaf, and the young larvae rest along the veins of the
leaves. It feeds up readily, even in our London gardens, and I have
more than once successfully reared the species on some pigmy oaks in
my own garden. The larva is full-fed in May, and goes down at once
into the ground and forms a cocoon, but it remains in this a very consider-

28 THE entomologist's record.

able time before clianging to a pupa. During this time, disturbance is
almost fatal to the successful change of the larva into a pupa. I have
known this period to last from the first week in June until the end of
August. The insect remains in the pupal stage about six or eight weeks
before emergence.

The species is well distributed in our southern and western
counties, but does not appear to be taken anywhere commonly in the
autumn. Earely is it ever found at rest, but a few appear at the ivy
blossom under favourable conditions. Birchall records it from County
Wicklow, but I do not believe it has yet been recorded from any Scotch
localities. Most of the specimens in our cabinets are bred from ova,
which have been supplied by Dr. Chaj^man from Hereford, or by the
Lewes collectors. Staudinger gives as its range on the Continent : — •
" Central Europe (except the Urals) ; Southern Sweden (?) ; N. Italy ;
Spain ; N. Balkans."

(To he continued).

SCIENTIFIC NOTES,

AciDALIA HUMILIATA, HuFN. (OSSEATA, Hb.). It is with plcaSUr©

that I am able by means of specimens captured by myself and brother,
in the Isle of Wight, to confirm this species as British, and as distinct
from the Acidalla known usiially as dilutaria, Hb. or interjectaria, Gn.
The species has long been considered doubtfully as British, but it has
been the opinion of most of our leading lepidopterists, that the speci-
mens recorded as osseata, have simply been varieties of interjectaria with
an exceptionally red costa. A very complete article on the synonymy
of A. humiliata = osseata, was published by Mr. Tiitt, in The Entomo-
logist, vol. xxii., No. 312. My attention having been principally
directed to the Noctu^, I am afraid that the Geometkid^ have to a
certain extent been neglected in my collecting. Athough I have been
doubtful for some months as to the agreement of certain specimens of an
Acidalia in my cabinet with dilutaria, which was the only species to
which they could possibly be referred, and although these doubts were
confirmed by friends when looking through my collection, yet the
matter was not actively taken up iintil recently, when upon closer ex-
amination of the specimens at different times, with Messrs. C. G. Barrett,
W. G. Sheldon and J. W. Tutt, their identity with the osseata of
Hiibner was established, as well as their Avell-marked points of differ-
entiation from the common A. dilutaria of our lists. I have not found
them at all plentiful, and fear that it has not as yet established a very
firm foot-hold in our country, but it has occurred certainly during the
last two seasons in the Isle of Wight, and also, I believe, in 1890,
although very sparingly. — Albert J. Hodges.

As Mr. Hodges mentions, some years ago I worked out the synonymy
of what has always proved a puzzle to British lepidopterists. I am not
now prepared to go fully into the matter, but trust to prepare an article
shortly, for our readers. Plate c, fig. 19, is a rejiresentation of one
of Mr. Hodges' specimens, and from this it Avill be seen, that the wings
are much narrower than in our commoner interjectaria ; the costa, too,
is, as Guenee remarks, of the colour of oiir postage stamp (that is, of
course, our old red penny postage stamp). There are interjectaria with

^r.'iorr. Record, etc.^ 1893. Plate C. ''"^^"^-''^".Chro^o

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 29

redclisli costfe, but the red has generally a tendency to brown. I have
no doubt that the Messrs. Hodges with their great energy, will soon
work up enough specimens to supply the want in our cabinets, and give
our leading lepidopterists a genuine type for study. — J. W. Tutt.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE C.

1. — Chortodes morrisii = C. hondii, captured at Folkestone (In Coll. Tutt).

2 — Tapinostola fidva, Hb. var. concolor, Tutt — captured near Warrington (In

Coll. Tutt).
3.— Tapinostola concolor, Gn.( = eMrema, Hb. ?) — captured by Capt. Vipanin Hunts
(In Coll. Hodges).

4. — Caradrina amhigiia. Fab captured at Deal (In Coll. Tutt).

5. — Caradrina superstes, H.S., (? Tr.) — captured Freshwater (In Coll. Hodges).
e. — Aphytoceros vagans, Tutt (Ent. Bee, I., p. 203) — taken at Chepstow (In Coll.

J. Mason.)
7. — Noctua festiva,ll\). \&r. conjiiia (extreme form), H.S. — captured Perth (In Coll.

Tutt).
8. — NoctiM festiva, Hb. var. meyidica. Fab. — captured Perth (In Coll. Tutt).
9. — Noctua festiva, Hb. var. grisea, Tutt — captured Darlington (In Coll. Tutt).
10.— Noctua confiua, Tr. var. obsoleta, Tutt — captured Shetlands (In Coll. Tutt).
11. — Noctua conjiua, Tr. — captured Shetlands (In Coll. Tutt).
12. — Laphygma exigua, Hb. — captured Freshwater (In Coll. Hodges).
13-14. — Abraxas grossulariata,\-a.vs. — bred by Mr. Gee, Holloway (In Coll. Hodges).
15-18. — CoUas edusa, vars. — captured Freshwater, 1892 (In Coll. Hodges).
19. — Acidalia hiimiliata, Hufn. {— osseata, Hb.) — captured Freshwater (In Coll.
Hodges).

In presenting Plate C to our readers, we trust that it will be of help to them
in enabling them to recognise and discriminate some little known and rare
species and varieties of Bi'itish lepidoptera. Some of these we intend to make
the subjects of separate articles in the near future, i.e , as soon as our space will
allow. At any rate, we feel sure that figures of such species as C. ambigua and
C. superstes, N. festiva and confiua will be a^jpreciated by those collectors without
the advantages of their Metropolitan brethren. — Ed.

Notes on Staukopiis fagi.* — We have heard a great deal lately of
1892 having been a great "■ edusa ^' and "sancia'' year, and I think it
may further be claimed fairly that it was a great "fagT year — and this
fact offers a reasonable excuse for opening a discussion on Stauropus
fagi. In these few scattered notes, or perhaps I ought rather to say,
compilation of notes of this interesting species, it seems to me that the
best method of procedure will be to take first the earliest stage of the
insect, in fact to trace its history briefly from the cradle to the grave.
Before entering upon the subject, I must, however, explain that Mr.
Holland has supplied me Avith most of the notes on the habits of the
species, both in its larval and perfect stages, and I am also gi"eatly
indebted to Dr. Buckell.

Ova. — Manner in lokicli oca are laid : — With regard to the manner
in which the eggs are laid, the Kev. Bernard Smith, m his interesting
" Notes on the Notodontida^ " {^Entomologist, xx., 290) says that the
eggs are " laid singly under a leaf of beech or oak and may occasionally
be found in shady spots." He also states that he has never found a
second one on the same bush. Mr. Battley, however [Entomologist's
Becord, iii., 161) records the finding of 56 ova on a single beech trunk

* Paper read before the City of London Entomological Society, Jan, nth, 1893.

30 THE entomologist's kecord.

"scattered from about six inches from tlie gi'ound vip to eight feet on
all sides of the tree, singly and in small groups." I asked Mr. Holland
if he had ever seen the eggs on a tree trunk, and he replied that he
had never met with the ova in a state of nature, but that Caj^tain
Eobertson found some on the trunk of a tree in the same way as
Mr, Battley. Mr. Holland contini;es in his letter, " May not the eggs
in these cases have been laid by cripples ? I find in the woods as well
as in the breeding box there is always a small proportion of imperfectly
developed moths which would not be able to move much. One thing
is certain, wherever fagi lays its eggs, whether on trunks or leaves, the
moth is actively on the move when ovipositing, so we should not expect
to find the eggs in a batch close together." The same gentleman also
writes to me : — " They (the J s) appeared quite unable to deposit eggs
without being on the wing. Even the cripjded ones went through the
motion of flying as well as they were able." This seems to prove fully
that the tAvo instances mentioned above were accidental, and besides it
would be curious, as Mr. Battley suggested, if the eggs were normally
laid on the tmnks where they are very conspicuous, that the fact should
altogether have escaped observation. Duration in ova stage : — Mr,
Holland says that the duration of the ova stage is usually about a
fortnight if the weather suits, and that they hatch a few at a time as
they are laid. Colour when laid and colovr changes of eggs: — The late
Mr. William Buckler (Larvce of British Bvtterjties and Moths, ii., 65)
gives a very minute and careful account of the colour changes of the
ova, describing from two which he received from the Eev. Bernard
Smith on the 27th June, 1877, and which were laid by a dark variety
of the 2 • " The egg," he says, " was of a good size, circular, flattened
a little beneath, and with a slight central depression above, the surface
glistening as a jDcarl. Viewed through a strong lens it was seen to be
most minutely pitted ; it was cream coloured with a brown central spot
in the depression above. On the morning of the 30th they were of a
mottled api^earance, reminding me of a full ripe greengage plum, some
parts with a pinkish bloom, another part at the side like an internal
blotch of a deep purple, a pale flesh coloured ring occupied the place
of the previous brown central spot which had faded, and near this ring
on one of the eggs now ap2:ieared smaller twin spots of purple. On
the 1st July they changed to a deep purple nearly all over, with a small
central spot of deep purple encircled by a paler halo of flesh colour.
On the morning of July 2nd the eggs appeared clouded iiTegularly,
and one larva hatched about 10.30 a.m. whilst I was looking at it."

Laev^e. — Eafchivg: — Mrs. Bazett {Ent. Becord, ii., 210) after
detailing the colour changes of the egg, says, describing the emergence
of the larva : — " Presently a minute black spot api)ears, it gets larger
and larger, and with a glass you can see the head of the insect eating
round the shell until the hole is large enough, when out bursts the
head, and two pairs of long prologs like those of an ant, and with
this it wriggles aboi;t till one segment after another comes out, and
it then looks more like an ant than anything else ; these legs are
for ever on the move, and the head rocks from side to side. First
it eats its egg-shell, then sleeps, and walks about in search of food.
Por two days it appears only to eat the hairs on the leaves or on the
brown stipules of the stems ; the third day it attacks the leaves."
They appear to require extremel}' little if any food for the first three
days of their existence, in fact Mr. Holland kej^t some of his later ones

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 31

in the boxes where they were hatched without troubling to offer them
any food until they changed their skins, and then put them into the
breeding cage. Describing the newly emerged larva, Buckler says that
"its length was 3/16 of an inch, even with the posterior segments and
filaments erect. In all respects, both as to form and colour, it presented
a complete miniature representation of the adult larva. The head, the
second, twelfth and thirteenth segments were dark brown, all the rest
of the body and legs of a lighter reddish-brown, the entire surface
very glossy." Moults : — Buckler mentions two eggs which hatched 23rd
July, larvEe moulted 28th, and again 6th Augnist (becoming then much
lighter than before), moulted yet again 29th August and spun up 17th
September. There is also in the Larvce of British Butterflies, etc., a very
full and graphic account by Mr. Buckler of the last moult of a larva he
was watching, which moult he describes as of a very protracted and
exhausting character. He noticed on the 3rd Sej)tember that the larva
had fixed itself on a twig, and that it gently lifted the fore parts of the
body up and down. Throughout the next day it rested with the first
and occasionally the second pair of ventral prolegs raised. Mr. Buckler
then describes the struggles of the larva during the moulting, on the
5th September, which commenced at 10.30 p.m. and ended at 12.50
a.m., a period of 2j hours. He states also that this last change of skin
always takes place at night. Adult Larva : — The adult larva is, I
expect, well known by every one in the room. A few points in its
structure however deserve notice. The anterior legs are perhai)s the
first things which attract attention. The front pair are short, and
appear to be used principally to guide the leaf whilst feeding. The
second and third pairs are very long, rather thin, but slightly swollen
at the joints, and when at rest are neatly folded back. I exhibit
these legs mounted. Tlie double humps on the back, too, are very
conspicuous, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 having these, but those on 8 and 9 are
more rounded than those on 5, 6, 7. Those on the last named
segments have at the apex a small spine or hook ; 5 and 6 have
each, in addition to the humps, a rather deeply cut crescent-shajied
mark on the sides, which shines in certain lights with a dark
iridescent green colour. 12 and 13 are much swollen and sjiread
laterally, and there is a series of small dark greenish-black raised
dots on the marginal line dividing the ventral from the dorsal
area. The tAvo anal filaments or tails are, like the crescent-shaped
marks, purplish-brown in some lights and dark green in others. The
adult larva may be said to be dimorphic — there is an ochreous-brown
form and a dark-brown form. Occasionally, however, you get one
intermediate in tint. The dark form is sometimes very dark, and has
a purplish tinge. On looking at a number of the larva?, the contrast
between the two colours is very noticeable. The Rev. Bernard Smith,
in his '' Notes on the Notodontida?," called attention to the dark variety.
The " Walsingham Collection " at the Natural History Museum contains
specimens of both forms. Food Plants of Larva : — From the number
of food plants given by various authors, fagi would appear to be a
general tree feeder. Stephens (Illus. of Brit. Entomology) gives beech,
oak, hazel, birch, lime, alder and sloe. The Rev. Bernard Smith (" Notes
on the Notodontida? "), oak, beech, hazel and birch, and says they
" have even occurred on wild rose and hawthorn," and states that it
" will thrive well on apple." Mr. Holland (Entom. Becord) mentions

32 THE entomologist's record.

that lie finds tlicm " mostl}^ on beech, but some on birch and oak." He
also records that some larvfe he was keeping fed up well, sleeved on apple.
Godart {Histotrc Naturelle des Lcpidopteres) suggests that it may feed
on elm, as he had twice found the larva at the foot of that tree. We
have beaten them from beech, oak and sallow, and fed up our larvae on
beech, which keeps very well if the branches are jjut in bottles of
water. Habits of Larva : — With regard to the habits of the larva, I
am sorry to say that its most noticeable habit in captivity seems to be
pugnacity. Both the Rev. Bernard Smith and Mr. Holland note this
trait in its character. Tlie former, too, says that instances have occurred
of cannibalism, but modifies the accusation by saying that this does not
often happen. Our own larvee behaved very much in the manner
recorded by Mr. Holland (Entom. Record, ii., 227) of those he kept.
They fought whenever they met, and numerous cripj^les Avere the result.
Instances too occurred in which a larva lost a tail or a portion of a tail.
They stnick at one another quite savagely, swinging their bodies round
with considerable force. Some few cripples pupated, as did some of
Mr. Holland's. One poor fellow lost both his long legs on one side,
and could not keep on the food ; he died after crawling or wriggling
pitifully about the bottom of the cage for some time. I am afraid the
only really efficacious remedy for these bad habits is to keep each larva
separately. The larvae on a beech tree in a state of nature certainly
need not annoy each other for Avant of space, especially as the ova seem
to be laid in a scattered manner. Both the Eev. Bernard Smith and Mr.
Holland concur in recommending searching for the larva in preference
to beating. The larva, I belicA^e, sticks very firmly to the small
branches. My brother, who saw several beaten in the Ncav Forest last
year, tells me that a good proportion of these Avere either in the act of,
or had just completed, a change of skin. Mr. Holland calls attention
(Enf. liecord, ii., 227) to the long period over Avhich the larvas may be
found. In 1891, he took them full groAvn at the beginning of August,
and yet found young ones in September. The laxA-a takes about tAvo
months to feed ujj (Mr. H.) Mr. Holland also sends me most interesting
notes on several other characteristics of the caterpillar. He tells me
that the larA-a when disturbed ejects an acid like Ccrnra v inula does,
and his friend, Mr. Hamm, Avas once made painfully aAvare of this fact
by haA'ing the acid spurted into his eye. He also refers to the
" trembling quivering attitude " Avhieh they take up Avhen disturbed,
and adds that " any one Avho beats out a larA-a for the first time Avill be
sure to think he has crippled it Avith the beating stick, as it ahvays
appears about to expire in a fit of palsy." I belieA'e the larva of
Notodonia tnpida behaA'es in the same curious manner. Most of my
hearers Avill no doubt haA-e seen the note in the last number of the
Eecord, by Mr. NeAvnham, calling attention to the habit this larva has
of drinking. Mr. Holland says that it likes to drink drops of Avater off
its food, and that Mr. Hamm has repeatedly seen them doing this in
the breeding cage. Mr. Holland thinks that " most likely they are in
the habit of sucking up drops of dcAv on the leaA'es," and suggests that
sprinkling the food in the breeding cage occasionally might be beneficial.
Frotedive reseinhlances : — With reference to the protecti\'e resemblances
of the larA'a, Mr. Holland has called my attention to their likeness
"when at rest, to the broAA'n scales on the beech tAvigs, and Avhen
moA-ing, to the large Avood ants, and, later on, to a dry curled-up leaf,"

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

33

the colour and appearance of -which, from a short distance, they
wonderfully resemble. Doubleday, Mrs. Bazett, and many others have
remarked on the gi-eat likeness of the yoiuig larva to an ant, which is
very striking.

Method of Pupation. — The Eev. Bernard Smith (" Notes on the
Xotodontidse ") states tliat " when full-fed, about September, it (the
larva) falls from its food and spins up between leaves forming a rough
cocoon." Mr. Holland also describing the pupation says : — " Fagi did
not spin up in the green leaves on the tree as Newman says, but
always in dead leaves at the bottom of the sleeve, on the side of
the sleeve itself, and in the woods I have found them crawling on the
ground in search of a pupating place." Our own larvaj, which were
kept in a large glass fern case, seemed to become very restless when
full-fed, and all Avent on to the mould at the bottom and pupated
amongst the leaves which were laid for them. It is astonishing how
fast and far they can crawl Avhen they are ready to spin up, and I
should think it is very possible that in a state of nature they travel
considerable distances. Cocoon : — The cocoon is thin and of a pale
broA\aiish-white colour. It is spun so closely and tightly to the leaves
that on separating the leaf from the cocoon, the veins of the former can
be seen distinctly impressed on the silk. There appears to be a kind
of slight lining comi^osed of a few loose threads. The old larval skin
is very conspicuous in the cocoon, by reason of the large head, the two
tails, and the two pairs of elongated legs.

Pupa. — The pupa is reddish-black Avith a very smooth and shining
surface. The anal segments are rounded, and there is a large anal
spine, which is curA-ed backAvard and hooked. The usual duration of
this stage is from September to May or June. Sometimes, hoAvever,
it only lasts a month or tAv^o, but Avith this question of double-brooded-
ness Ave Avill deal later. The Jiev. Bernard Smith says, that the pupa
does not lie over to a second season. liest mode of kee^mig Fnpce : — With
regard to keeping the pupa?, Mr. Bernard Smith (" Notes on the
Notes.") says " there is no necessity to keep the cocoons out of doors, but
a moderately damp atmosphere is necessary." He also mentions that
some " cut the end of the cocoon open about the beginning of June,
as the imago sometimes cannot get out readily, especially if the cocoons
are too dry," and adds, that to expose them to a shoAver early in June
is good, if they are not cut. Mr. Holland informs me that he got a
fair proportion of his to emerge by keeping them in an outhouse in a
box half-filled Avith damp sand. He also advised me to be particular
not to break open the cocoons. Parasites : — In a table prepared b}'^
Mr. G. Bigiiell, published in Buckler's Lance, tAvo parasites are men-
tioned as having been bred from S. fagi. These are : — Eurylahus
larvatus, Christ (bred by Wheeler), and 0})hion bomhycivorons, GraA-enhorst
(bred by F. Norgate and J. Standish). These are both liymenopterous
l^arasites. Eurylahus laroatus is also recorded in the same jjlace as
from Cerura vinula. On the 5th December last, I took three dipterous
pupte from the cocoon of an Epping Forest larA^a. I forced them, and
one appeared on the 11th of the same month, the others about the 22nd.
The larA^as of these emerged from an almost circular hole in the wing
case of the pupa. I have been unable to identify the species at the
South Kensington Museum, but I Avas informed that it is one of the
Tachinidce — Sub-fam. Tachinince.

34 THE entomologist's eecord.

Imago. — Hahiis of the imago : — It seems most natural to commence
this section with the emergence of the perfect insect. The Rev.
Bernard Smith (Entomologist, xx., 290) says that it usually emerges
at about 10 p.m., and advises keeping the imago till the follo^ving
evening, in order that its wings may dry thoroughly. The next
question which arises is, where does fagi hide during the day ? Mr.
Holland wrote in 1891 (Ent. Record, ii., 227) that "it was found at all
hours of the day, from early morning till dark, on all sides of the tree
and at all heights from the ground." As to the first point our experience
entirely agrees with that of Mr. Holland. The next point is as to
the height from the gi-ound. In the Entomologisfs Monthly Magazine
(2nd series, vol, ii. [vol. xxviii.] 236-7), Mr. Holland continuing his
former notes on the subject of this species says that " the moths
generally rest comfortably within reach, sometimes, however, they are
high up," and continues, " occasionally they are found at the foot of the
tree." I have made a few notes from our specimens, and the heights
from the ground are, I think, fairly correct. They ranged from a mini-
mum of about 6 in. (on a projecting root) to a maximum of 20 to 25 ft.
The instance in which the distance was only 6 in. was, however, in the
case of a specimen which, unfortunately, had one hind wing quite un-
developed. The usual height was from 3 to 6 or 7 ft. We now come
to a question which seems to have excited a good deal of interest.
On what size of tree does fagi most often rest? In his Record
article, Mr. Holland stated that three out of four moths were found on
small trees, but he did not attach much importance then to this fact,
the beech woods at Eeading being, he says, " cut severely, and there
are 20 small trees to one of fair size." However, in the August number
of the Ent. Mo. Mag., Mr. Holland returns to this question, and says :
" Last year I thoiight it was accidental to find Stauropus fagi resting so
often on small trees, because we have a large proportion of small trees
in our close-cut beech woods. This year, however, it has been my
fortune to see more of this species than I have ever seen before,
and I find it is not a matter of accident where they rest. They
decidedly make a selection of the smaller trees and saplings to sit i;pon.
It is unusual to find them — tiie males in particular — on anything larger
than a small scaffold jjole, and the more favourite tree is from the size
of a hop-polo to that of a walking stick. The small tree need not be a
beech, a young ash, thorn, nut-bush, dead stick, in fact, anything
which stands upright in the beech-wood will do for fagi, so that it is
not too large. The females are not found quite so constantly on young
trees, perhaps because they are less active than the males, but when once
they have flown, they also seem to prefer the smaller trees." In Epping
Forest (at least, in those parts most frequented by this species), the
conditions as to size of trees, are almost the exact opposite of those pre-
vailing at Reading. The woods are not cut, the trunks are mostly very
large and old, and have been polled, though now many years ago, and
small saplings are quite the exception. Still we find that 9 out of 19
occurred on small trees, i.e., trees smaller than a scaffold pole. Of these
nine specimens, six were <?■ 's, and three ? 's ; two of the latter being
worn. Mr. Holland, in his article (E. M. M.) still speaking of the
preference shown by S. fagi for the small trees, goes on to say " This
selection of trees may be a protection to the moth. The trunks of the
large beech trees are very smooth and clean, and a large moth like this

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 35

is conspicuous on them ; but the little trees are nigged and covered
with knobs, large in proportion to the size of the tree, where branches
have been taken off to make the tree grow shapel3^ Fagi, as it sits
closely pressed to the tree, carefully balanced to the perpendicular,
with its wings folded in a triangular shape, the hind wings projecting
licyond the fore wings, after the fashion of Gastropacha quercifolia,
looks wonderfully like one of these knobs. The blackish variety in par-
ticular is so like a knob on the tree, that a close examination is needed
to detect it." This question of protection again assumes, I think, rather
a different aspect in our Forest of Epping. On some of our large grey
trunks, the ordinary form of fag! is admirably concealed, better indeed
than the blackish form. On many of the smaller trees, however, the
dark var. is certainly the better protected. Five of six specimens of
the black var. which we have taken (three ^ s, two 5 s), have been
on the smaller trunks, leaving only a single specimen ( ^ ) from the
larger and gxeyer trunks. Not a moth was taken from a well-gi'own
unpolled tree, which have as a rule, very smooth bark, and offer fewer
opportunities of concealment than either the small ones, or the old
rough-barked jDolled ones. The " spear " trees corresjiond I should
think, with the larger ones of which Mr. Holland speaks. This habit
of sitting on the smaller trunks, sticks, etc., on which the darker forms
are the better protected, may, perhaps, I think, be suggested as one of the
causes (advantages ? Ed.) of melanism in this species. Any darkening
of the trunks, etc., by moisture, or in Epping Forest by the smoke from
London, would also, I suj^pose, tend to produce the same effect. Mr.
Battley (as is known to the Members of this Society) exhibited some
few meetings ago, one or two specimens from the New Forest, which were
considerably paler than our usual Epping Forest form. Perhaps the
pale lichen-covered trunks of the New Forest, may have something to
do "with this. I have seen no records of the blackish var. from the
last-named locality, but Mr. Holland thinks that probably dark ones
will be found there, when larger bags of the species are made. At
present, I believe, the only localities from which this form is recorded,
are MarloAv and Beading — practically in the same belt of country — and
Ejiping Forest. Perhaps, some gentleman present, can tell us of the
occurrence of the variety elsewhere. In Epping Forest, we get a larger
proportion of dark vars. than are taken at Reading. The other point
which Mr. Holland raises in the above paragrajDh, viz. — the position
in which it sits, is also interesting ; they sit j)erfectly upright, the
under wings projecting beyond the upper ones ; the pattern of the fore
wings being indeed continued on the front margin of the inferior wing.
They also stretch out the front pair of legs beyond the head, which is
deeply buried between them. Flight : — Now as to flight, Mr. Holland
says (Ent. Mo. Mag.) that fagi is a " strong flier," but not much of a
wanderer, and considers that the " lethargic female keeps the males
near home " from its habit of "assembling," and remarks that " where one
moth is found, others are generally near the spot." He records having
taken four or five from one small tree, and eight or ten from a clump
of young trees. We have not had the good luck to find more than one
on a tree, but once found three within a few trees of one another. I
heard, however, of one gentleman who found four one day last year,
in the Forest, and of these, three sat on a single trunk. We have never
seen fagi on the wing, naturally. One, however, that was at rest, was

36 THE entomologist's record.

startled by being touclied on the head, and showed that they can fly ;
it flew very swiftly, almost in a straight line from the place on the
trunk where it sat, to a point 30 or 40 yards off on the ground, and
was found only by the sound of its falling amongst the dry leaves.
The Eev. Bernard Smith considers wet seasons are favourable to the
moth ; in 1860 and 1862, he took more larva? of this species than ever
before or since. Assembling : — With regard to the habit of assembling,
Mr. Bernard Smith (" Notes on the Xotos.") sa^'^s that a J " taken into a
wood, and hung up in a cage of muslin, will attract many males be-
tAveen 11 p.m. and 1 a.m., on a warm night." He states, however,
that " the insect is difficult to pair," and that " the second night after
the ? has emerged, seems the only favourable one." The same
gentleman, in the Ent. Record, i., 67, gives a short account of an
" assembling " expedition many years ago, when a ? was taken to an
elevated spot on the ridge of a hill, and was hung in a muslin cage on
the branch of an oak about four feet from the gTound, The niglit of the
expedition was " warm and still," and at " about 11 o'clock, a J came
flying past the cage, rapidl}', and after three or four turns, allowed
himself to be netted." About half-a-dozen were taken of some two
dozen seen. Mr. Bernard Smith goes on to say " One was admitted
into the cage, but strange to say, immediately became quiet, for this
insect is very difficult to pair in confinement." Mr. Holland's ex-
j^eriences, however, do not bear out all these conclusions. His
impresssion is, that possibly, Mr. Bernard Smith's strain is weak,
from in-and-in breeding, and may not perhaps be depended on to act
naturally. He Avrites, " I have always found them pair on the
first night, and have had them sometimes emerge in the evening and
copulate before they were quite dry, like Liparis dispar." I have touched
on " oviposition," Avhen dealing Avith the ova. Mr. Holland tells me
that Avhenever he wanted eggs " he placed a J in a good-sized card-
board box, where, as soon as it grcAv dark, she began to fly about and
deposit eggs here and there about the box." " In no case," he continues,
*' were all the eggs laid in one night — several nights were needed to
complete the business." Of three $ from which we got ova, one laid
only eight and then died ; another laid some twenty ; and the remain-
ing one 70 or so ; but these two occupied several nights in ovipositing.
The $ which laid the 70 did not commence laying until three days
after capture, and was, when found, in very poor condition. Light : —
I am indebted to Dr. Buckell for the following records of the occurrence
of S. fagi at " light." I suppose the reason why we get so few records
of captures at this attraction, is that the usual haunts of the species are
far from the glare of towns. In Entoinologist, 1880 (p. 282), Mr. Pirn
records the capture of a specimen on a gas-lamp at Duhvich, on
June 21st, 1880. In the Zoologist for 1843, Mr. J. W. Douglas records
a specimen on a gas-lamp at Clapham Common, on May 7th, and
Mr. Edward Doubleday records one on May 10th, at Mr. Low's Kursery,
Upper Clajiton, but suggests that it was probably brought in the pupal
state in some moss from Hertford. In the Ent. Mo. Mag., 1886,
Mr. J. Hellins (either Exeter or Plymouth) took, on June 28th, a
wasted ^T sitting, in the middle of one of the lower panes of a dining-
room window, at 9 a.m. A lamp had been burning in the room till
midnight the jDrevious night. And lastly, in the Entomologist, 1892,
Mr. Christy notes the capture of a specimen in a moth-trap at Emsworth.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 37

Date of Emergence : — Dealing with the date of emergence, Mr. Holland
records captures in 1891 (Eat. Record), extending over a period of two
months — from the " middle of May to middle July," — and last year
{Eat. Mo. Mag.) on dates from May 12th to July 6th (the date of
writing). Our first captures were made during the first week in June ;
the last, during the first week in July. Djuble-hroodedaess : — This is,
I think, the proper place to mention another habit of the species — a
tendency to double-broodedness. In the " Current Notes " (Eat.
Record, ii., 277), " an extensive partial double-brood " is mentioned as
having occurred at Eeading in October, 1892, the last specimen being cap-
tured on 6th November. " Last year," quoting Mr. Holland once more,
" several moths emerged in the pupa-box out of doors, in October and
November last ; and the Rev. Bernard Smith informs me that he also
had some emerge about the same time from eggs I sent him, this
being the first time he has ever had fagi emerge in the autumn."
Mr. Holland did not find any specimens of the second brood in the
woods last year, but he says the weather was not often fit, and he was
unable to go when it was. In November, when it became warmer, shootino-
was going on at Reading. We bred one specimen on December 2nd, and
another on December 10th (the latter being a cripple) from eggs laid
in June last. Both were ? 's. The pupaj were kept in a cold room in
company with a good many spring pupa?, but no other species emerged.
Distribution: — Fagi appears to be taken in a gTeat many localities in the
south and south-west of England, and Mr. Tutt informs me that it
occurs in the beech- woods round Cuxton in Kent ; Plymouth appears
to be the most westerly place mentioned. As we go northwards, into
the Midlands, records get fewer, Worcester and Sherwood Forest
(Morris) and Wyre Forest (Eat. Record, iii., 192) being the only ones
I have noticed. Dr. Buckell tells me that the only person who has
recorded fagi within our area is Mr. Sheldon, who mentioned it as rare
at Shirley. The " light " records, it will have been noticed, have
included Dulwich, Clapham Common and Ui)per Clapton (?). Mr. J. A.
Edwards speaks of the capture of a ? on July 7th, 1869 (Entomologist,
1869) on palings in Richmond Park, and there is a capture noted in
the Zoologist (p. 1043) on June 17th, 1815, at Hammersmith. On the
Continent, Dr. Staudinger gives us localities : " Central Europe, Southern
Sweden, Livonia, Catalonia, Piedmont, Corsica, Bulgaria, Ural, Armenia."
Godart says it is found commonly in Touraine and the north of France,
but that it is rare in the neighljourhood of Paris. Popular Name : — Before
mentioning a few of the descriptions etc., of this species seems a
fitting place to show the origin of the popular name of the insect " The
Lobster Moth." Albin {A Natural History of English Insects, by
Eleazar Albin) in 1724 figures the larva which, he says, " was taken
on the hasle (hazel) in Norwood, near Dulwich, the 9th August. It
was of a brownish orange colour. I have drawn it both in its movino-
and standing posture, the better to express its odd shape and manner
from its look, which has some resemblance of a crustaceous fish, for
which reason I have given it the name of the " Lobster " caterpillar. It
was kept in a box with some of the branches of the hasle set in bottles
with earth under them to facilitate its change, but I did not perceive it
to eat. It spun itself up the 13th of the same month between the
bottles, and died without changing." Dr. Buckell, who was so kind as
to give me this extract, tells me that the figures are very good, except

38 THE entomologist's record.

tliat the colour is rather bright. They are represented feeding on
hazel. The French calls this species " L' ecureuil " (the squirrel) and
" Bombyx du Hetre."

Descriptions, etc. — The Linntean description of the species (Syst.
Nahirce, Ed. xii., p. 816) is as follows : — " Phalena Bombyx fagi, No. 30.
P. Bombyx elingiiis, alis reversis riifo cinereis ; fasciis duabus linearibus
luteis fiexuosis " (Wings reversed, of a reddish ash colour, with two
linear bent yellowish fasciae). This is our ordinary form of the species.
There is, however, a good deal of colour variation in this form. Some
specimens I have seen are pale grey and have the outer margin much
whiter than others, while some may be said to be almost inter-
mediate between the type and the black variety. Some specimens
too, show a tendency to a dark band across the front wings.
Variation : — Var. jS. Markings as in type, but wings of a deep brownish
black. I have been unable to find any description of this very distinct
form. Staudinger in his Catalog enumerates no varieties. It was, I
believe, discovered by the Rev. Bernard Smith at Marlow, but I do not
know whether he gave it a varietal name. A strange aberration — a
male with female antennae — was exhibited by Mr. Adkin on behalf of
Mrs. Hutchinson at the Sth. London Ent. Society's Meeting on
December 16th, 1886 (Ent., xx., 22). Affinities : — Linnaeus seems to
have been rather in doubt as to the position of fagi, for in the Fauna
Suecicce (1761) he says : (No. 1113) " Antenna? visee sunt noctua? in
speciminibus lectis, forte feminis, tamen ob habitum eam inter Bom-
byces retuli done ceiiiora innotescant de insecto, nisi fugitivis oculis a
me non viso " (The antenna? seem those of a Noctu^ in the specimens
taken, especially in the females ; nevertheless, on account of its general
conformation I have set it down among the Bombyces, until more shall
certainly be known about the insect, as I have only seen and examined
it casually). The genus Stauropus was created by E. F. Germar in 1811
or 1812. His description of the genus (Systematis Glossatorum Pro-
dromiis. Sistens Bombyaim species secundum oris partium, diversitatem in
nova genera distribritas) is as follows : — '' Palpi duo, reflexi, compressi
hirsuti, biarticulati, articulo ultimo minuto. Lingua nulla. Antenna?
filiformes (maris pectinatse, apice nudee)" and S. fagi was, of course, the
type of the genus. Germar arranged ijhe folloAving genera thus : —
Notodonta (Ochs.), Pterostoma, Cerura (Schrank, Latr.), Stauropus, En-
dromis (Ochs.), Lasiocampa (Schrank). Staudinger in his Catalog j^laces
the genus immediately following iJarjj?/ra (0.) at the head of the Noto-
dontidce thus: — Harpyra, 0. {Cerura), Stauropus, Germar ( Cei-wra, Schrank
Harpyra, 0.) In the Entomologist Synonymic List, Stcluropms is placed
with Dicranura, Latr. (Cerura, Schrank) in a separate family from the
Notodontidte — the Dicranuridce of Boisduval. The British Museum
collection of the Notodontidce enumerates ten siJecies, of which eight
are represented. Fagi is the only European member of the genus, all
the rest coming from the East — India, Ceylon, Java, China and Japan.
— A. F. Bayne, Cranbrook Park, Wood Green, N.

The Larva of Coccy'x nemorivaga, with some Notes relating
TO the Pupal Structure. — In September last, I found in Sutherland-
shire, the leaves of the Arbutus uva-ursi inhabited by a small lepidoi^-
terous mining larva, usually in one of the leaves of the rosette
terminating the shorter shoots. The leaf was very obvious, being
divided about the middle by a slightly oblique transverse line into a

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 39

basal green healthy portion, and a terminal that was red, brown or
black, more or less variegated with the colours of dying leaves. The
mine of the larva occupied the dividing line, and had often a slender
branch or two into the terminal part of the leaf. The effect of cap-
tivity or of bringing them south was to make them feed up, which
otherwise they ought not to have done till spring ; and finally, at the
end of November, a si^ecimen of Coccyx nemorivaga emerged, and others
have done so since. I find its habit of eating out the interior of the
thick fleshy leaves of the bearberry, leaving colourless bladders of the
cuticle is noted in E.M.M. vol. xxii,, ]). 65. I may add that bearberry
being scarce, I supplied it with leaves of Arbutus unedo, which seemed
to suit it equally well with its natural food. This mining habit in a
ToRTRix, and especially its similarity in habit to Ditula woodiana in
mistletoe, is interesting. The pupa is of ordinary Tortrix pattern,
with a simple row of spines at each margin of segments, and with long
hairs along the margins of segments. These appear to be the post
spiracular tubercles. The other circumspiracular and the trajiezoidals
are nearly as well represented. On the 13th segment four such hairs
and on the 14th two, are still longer and have curved j^oints, forming
in fact the hooks of the anal armature. The gi-eat breadth of the
anterior portion of the prothoracic segment (carrying the " glazed
eye ") is remarkable, and emphasises the interest attaching to
this portion of the pupa. It has all the appearance of being a truly
separate segment, of equal value with the others, and this will probably
have to be conceded, but whether it is the anterior half of 1st thoracic
thus proved to be double, or whether it is a subsegment of the head,
remains to be seen. This segment does not exist, except as " glazed
eye," in the pupa of (butterflies ? or) Macros (Obtectce), but all observers
of lepidopterous larva are familiar with the double set of dorsal
appendages (tubercles, hairs, &c.) on the 1st thoracic segment of
Macros as of others, — T. A. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford. January, 1893.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Collecting at Eichmond. — On November 5th I spent a rather
successful afternoon at Eichmond Park, a locality I had never visited
for Coleoptera before, although so many good insects have or may be
taken there. As I turned into the park through the gate at the
bottom of Priory Lane, I noticed a felled tree, and by taking off what
little loose bark there was I took four or five Homalium vile and a little
reddish-yellow beetle, belonging to the Trichopterygidce ; perhaps
some more advanced coleopterist can give a shrewd guess as to its
name. The next beetle resort was a large mass of fungus growing at
the roots of one of the large oaks, from which I took a large quantity
of common Staphs., and also : Homalota occidta (1), Aleochara vioista,
with the elytra bright brownish ; Tryphyllus suturalis and a series of
Tetratoma fungorum. As it was beginning to grow dusk I turned off
to the right towards the Eichmond Hill gate, intending to take a
survey of that part of the park, but was prevented by the discovery of
the washed-out remains of a dead bird. There was scarcely anything
left save the bones and skin, and they were saturated with rain ; but

40 THE entomologist's record.

I noticed a Choleva ruu out as I turned it over with my stick, and
before I had finished my investigation I secured one Homalota occulta,
and about 50 specimens of the Choleva genus, comprising a series of
C. grandicollis, C. fnsca and C. h'rhi/i, and also several C. fristis. On
Boxing-day the weather being so very severe, I went again to Eich-
mond Park, ostensibly to bring home the fungus I had looked through
before, in the hope of finding some more beetles, especially, as by this
time it would be very rotten, and the quantity of beetles in fungus is
o-enerally in the same ratio as its putridity. The fungus had to be
thawed before looking through, but it yielded a good series of
Homalota occulta, and also TryphyUus snturalis, Quedins cruentus, &c.
The insects taken under bark were few and far between, the best
beino- Opihis mollis and Quedins scitus, and from a small piece of hard
fungus I obtained Cis nitidus and Cis micans. — H. HE.iSLER, 17,
Danby Street, Peckham.

Tephrosia CREPusciLARiA IN SEPTEMBER. — Is not September an
unusual time for this spevies to emerge from pupa ? On May 26th,
1891, I received a large batch of ova from Mr. Mason of Clevedon. I
cannot find any note in my diary as to the time of their hatching, nor
of the date on which the first larvae turned down, but the majority
were down by the end of August, although a few fed much later — the
last larva till as late as the middle of October. In all, I obtained about
forty pnpa% which I kept out of doors. Of these, five produced moths
of the pale (summer) form in early September. Unfortunately, a large
percentage of the remaining pupa? died in the following spring, but
about eight produced well-formed moths in April, 1892. These were
all of the ochreous form, and slightly larger than those tv-hich emerged
in September. I did not try to breed again from any of them, but I
am ijuzzled as to Iioav the larvae would have acted had I succeeded in
obtaining ova from the September emergences ; when they would have
hatched ; when the larvaB would have fed up ; and which form (light
or ochreous) would they have produced ? — F. H. Wolley Dod, CrowhiU,
Innerwick, E. Lothian. January 24:th, 1893. [It is quite the usual
thino-, in our southern counties, for T. crepuscularia to act as did those
of Mr. Wolley Dod. Almost every batch of ova of this species produces
some larva? which feed np and emerge in the autumn (from July to
September), these being of a very pale gTey type, whilst the remainder go
over the winter and appear in the spring being of an ochreous coloration.
The autumn specimens (I have had them in July and August) lay ova
at once. These feed up rapidly, often overtaking their uncles and
aunts ; pupate at about the same time ; and emerge, as a rule, the
following spring, although a few very frequently emerge in captivity
in September and October. These lay ova at once, and the larva? pro-
duced try to pupate before the winter. If they fail, they are killed off,
the larva not being able to hybernate. In nature, September emergen-
ces are most unusual. — En.]

CoLiAS edtjsa in SCOTLAND. — In reading the City of London Entom-
ological and Natural History Society's Eeport for 20th December, which
appeared in the January number of the Entojnologisfs Record, etc.,
Mr. Battley mentioned seven Coltas edusa that were captured in Scot-
land. He gives Perth as the northern limit. I have pleasure in giving
a record of its appearance still further north. Mr. Tytler, Woodside,
Aberdeen, caught a very good specimen flying in sunshine at Scotstown

,NOTES ON COLLECTl^fG, ETC. 41

Moor, Aberdeenshire, on the 29th August, 1892. — William Cowie,
5, Canal Street, Aberdeen. Jammry 25th, 1892.

Eare Lepidoptera at King's Lynn. — Although, individually, I
have been unable to do much field work, this last season seems to have
been a good one, especially for Micro-Lepidoj^tera, or I have been
singularly fortunate in proportion to the small amount of time I have
been able to devote to collecting. Amongst other things Gelechia
tetragonella appears to have been exceptionally abundant ; I was, how-
ever, rather late for this insect, and did not get many good specimens,
being in the locality in which it occurs on one occasion only. I made
a journey to the coast for Cramhus alpinellus, but the wind proved too
boisterous, and I only took one example, which proved to be in fine
condition. Near the town I again took Stathmopoda pedella (2), Tinagma
resplendellum (1) and one Bohemannia quadrimaculella. The latter
species I had not been able to get for three or four years, or since the
time when some old alders (which used to yield the insect in some
numbers) were cut down. I again managed to collect larva3 of Tor-
trix lafauryana and T. decretama, and bred a short series of each. But,
perhaps, my best captures for 1892 are a series of Steganoptycha
pygmceana, Hb. and 3 specimens of the rare Ealonofa ravidana, H.-S.
Unfortunately, the time at my disposal for active field work was very
limited, or, I have no doubt, the record for the year 1892 would have
been excej)tionally good for this district. — E. A. Atmore, High Street,
K. Lynn. December, 1892.

Lepidoptera in the Hastings District. — CoUas edusa has been
particularly abundant in this district during August and September.
I managed to secure five of the pale var. helice, and saw several others
which, inifortunately, I missed. I also took four Colias liyale, and saw
a few more ; it was decidedly scarce, as I did not see more than a dozen
during the season. Vanessa car dm has been very abundant, as also was
Plusia gamma. At sugar, during August and September, I took the
following: — Nonagria lutosa (1), Leucania pollens, Hydroicia nictitans*
(common and variable), Miana literosa (scarce), M. furuncida (abun-
dant and variable), Cerigo cytherea (few), Apamea gemina, A. didyma,
(common). Caradrina alsines, C. blanda, Xylophasia polyodon, X. litli-
oxylea, Tryphoina promdja (al)undant), T. orbona (comes), Agrotis puta,
A. suffusa, A. saucia (all common and variable), Nocttia rubi, N. brunnea,
N. plecta, N. c-ntgrum, N. xantlwgrapha (all more or less common,
especially the latter), DianthcBcia ciicubali (2), Plusia festucce (1),
Phlogophora meticulosa (common), Xylina petrificata (1), Anchocelis
lunosa, A. rufina, Hadena oleracea, H. clienopodii (common), Mania
maura, M. typica, Euplexia hicipara (one very fine var.), Ampliipyra
tragopoginis, Hypena rostralis, Scopula ferrugalis, also four or five si:)ecies
of Depressaria. By beating and netting at dusk, I took Geometra
papilionaria (1), Gnophos obsctirata, Acidalia scutulata, A. incanaria,
A. osseata (? Ed.), A. emarginata, Eupisteria heparata, Timandra
amataria, Emmelesia alchemillata, Melanthia albicdlata, Platypderyx
falcida, Nonagria typhce, Stenia punctalis, Pionea stramentalis (several),
Ebulea sambucalis, Platytes cerrussellus, Crambus jyrcetellus, Phycis
roborella, Homceosoma bincevella, Eudotricha flammealis, Dictyopteryx
holmiana, D. forsTcaleana, Trycheris mediana (several on Umbelliferous

• These are H. paludis we find, Mr. Ford having kindly sent us specimens. — Ed.

42 THE entomologist's record.

plants), EpMjypijyhora scidulana, Conchjlis francillonana, and very many
others. At light, among many others, Cidaria miata, C. silaceata,
Eubolia cervinaria, Notodonta camelina, N. dictceoides, Cilix spinula,
Nonagria fulva, Anchocelis lunosa, Xanthia cerago, X. silago, X.
ferruginea, Catacola nupta, etc. The above are the result of a few-
evenings' collecting, as most of my time was devoted to Coleoptera. —
A. Ford, Claremont House, Upper Tower Eoad, St. Leonard's-on-Sea.
January IQth, 1893.

CoLiAS EDUSA IN 1892. — I scc Mr. Battley, in his remarks on Colias edusa
in 1892, advocated the migratory theory to account for the appearance of
this species so generally and in such numbers. It seems to me to be much
too late in the day to discuss any other theory, and I thought entom-
ologists had been generally agreed for, at least, the jjast twenty-five
years, that such appearances could be satisfactorily accounted for in
no other way. But Mr. Battley further suggested that Hampshire
was the place of landing of all the early specimens which reached
England last year. I was certainly under the impression that the
landing had been effected at many places along the English coast ; that
it had extended over several days, probal)ly ; and that the specimens
did not all come over in a compact body to one part and disperse
themselves over the country afterAvards. I was so much occupied with
home work in the early summer, that I did not get out collecting very
much, but my friend, Mr. Norman Halls, who was staying at Walton-
on-the-Naze on the north-east Essex coast, early in June, says that he
was astonished one day to find edusa all over the place, even in
the streets, as he had seen none previously. They then seemed in a
very exhausted condition, and he was able to pick them up easily with
his fingers. The next day, however, they were much scarcer, and very
difficult to capture. Later in the year, the specimens resulting from
eggs laid by tlie immigrants, were very much commoner at various
places on the coast than inland, and I conclude, therefore, that a large
proportion of the females had laid eggs near the place where they
landed, ])efore proceeding further. Early in August, I was surprised
at the large number w^hich were to be seen on the salt marshes at the
flowers of Statics limonium and Aster tripolium.. C, hyale, which was
much scarcer, seemed to be more confined to cliffs, railway embank-
ments and clover-fields, and, curiously enough, I saw very few at
lucerne flowers, though I visited them constantly in the vain hope of
again taking A. lathonia. — W. H. Harwood, 2, Brooklyn Villas,
Colchester.

Heliothis armigera. — In 1891, Mr. Boden bred Prodenia littoraUs
from imported tomatoes, and in 1892 another specimen was bred and
exhibited at the Lanes, and Cheshire Ent. Society's meeting in Decem-
ber. Early in 1892, Mr. Fox of the City of Lond. Ent. Soc. found
larvae feeding in tomatoes, and I suggested at the time that the larvae
were probably those of P. littoraUs. However, Mr. Fox bred tlie moths,
which he kindly gave to me, and they proved to be Heliothis armigera.
In connection witli this species, a paragraph by Prof. Smith is interesting.
He writes of the larva under the name of " The Corn worm " : — " This
pest, the larva of lldiothis armiger, has been more than usually abun-
dant during the j^ast season in New Jersey. Its work on corn is well
known, and is well illustrated in the plate accompanying this number.
The ears were picked up at a husking in Cumberland County, and they

. NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC, 48

were, unfortunately, by no means exceptional specimens. The outer
rows had been injured to a very considerable extent, but damage de-
creased rapidly towards the centre of the field, indicating that the
insects hacl come on from the outside. But it was not on corn that the
greatest money injury was caused by the pest, but on tomatoes. Dr.
Eiley has given a very characteristic figure of the larva on tomato, and
I had abundant opportunity of verifying its fondness for the fruit or
vegetable. Early tomatoes are a very important feature in the money
crop of the farmers of southern New Jersey, and they force their plants
along as rapidly as possible, to get the high prices ruling for early
sj)ecimens. Late in June, and early in July, they realise as much for
a quart, as they do a month later for a bushel. In 1892, more than 60
per cent, of the very earliest tomatoes were destroyed by this larva,
and a money loss was caused totally disproportionate to the actual per
centage of the crop injured. The same larva would sometimes enter
two or even three tomatoes in succession, and, even where little eating
was done, the rain and dew entering caused decay. Early in July the
larvai were maturing rapidly, and the next brood, finding an abundance
of sweet corn, neglected the tomatoes, which were not disturbed ; nor
did I find the larvfe, except in corn, when this was available " (Entom.
News, iv., pj). 10-11). There ajjpears to be no doubt that the tomatoes
from which Prodenia littorah's have been bred, have been imported from
the Canary Isles or the Mediterranean littoral. It would, however, be
interesting to learn whether we imj^ort tomatoes from America, and
whether Heliothis armigera has lu'obably been imported from that
country. I notice that Professor Smith further states, that the insect is
in the pupal stage during the winter in the United States ; those bred
by Mr. Fox were larvfe during the winter. — J. W. Tutt. February,
1892.

Time of emergence of Gnophria rubricollis. — I have been
much interested in Mr. Hewett's notes, in the January number, on
Gnojihria rubricoUis. My experience has been much the same as his,
except as to the time of appearance. Last year, I bred about 70
imagines from New Forest pupa?, they were kej^t out of doors in dani})
moss, the first emerged on May 13th and the last on May 29th, except
one which emerged on June 4th. It would be interesting to know the
locality of Mr. Hewett's insects as they appeared much later (June and
July). Newman gives August, which seems to me much too late ;
Stainton's Manual gives June, while in the Entomologist's Monthly
Magazine, vol. i., p. 49, Mr. William Buckler wrote : " I found it
(rubricollis) swarming on a lichen-covered j^ark jjaling, and reared a
large number of the perfect insects, which appeared during the month
of May." I always found mine drying their wings between 7 and 8
a.m. I have collected for several years in the New Forest, and although
I have often taken and seen this imago in June, I never remember
taking or seeing it as late as July. — Eeginald S. Sellon, The Hall,
Sydenham, S.E. 4:th February, 1 893.

The Larv.e of Tanagra CHiEROPHYLLATA (atrata). — My friend, the
late Howard Vaughan, of London, is credited with the discovery of this
larva, upon the streng-th of a single example forwarded to Mr. JBuckler,
from which the moth was reared. I liave always understood, however,
that he took two larv£e, unknown to him, from one of which he bred
the moth. This may have been in 1866, but, in looking over his diaries,

44 5PHE entomologist's RECORD.

I find, under the date of 25tli May, 1867 : " One ? cheer ophyllata larva,
Bishop's Wood," with an entry on the Monday (27th) " sent Buckler
supposed chcerojjhyllata larva." Now, he must have had some very
strong grounds for believing that a larva 2)icked up in in a ride of a wood
appertained to a particular moth, and what more strong than the
supposition that it was identical with that found by him the previous
year ; but, however this might be, the discovery was not one of a
single specimen, excepting upon that date. On the 28th is noted :
" About a dozen chxrophiillata larvae " (with no note of interrogation).
On the 29th : " Sent Buckler /t'e larva3 of cJuerophyllaia.'' On the 30th :
"Seven larva? cheer ojihyllata, Bishoi)' a Wood;" after which there are
no records until the 17th June, when the images began to emerge.
The diaries of the succeeding years record also larvee captures, and the
names of the entomologists to whom they were forwarded. I need not
trouble you with these, as the extracts I have given are sufficient to
show that this Avas a genuine discovery, and not the result of a single
fluke. — Sydney Webb, Maidstone House, Dover,

PcECiLOCAMPA POPULi. — Referring to the note on this insect, ante,
vol. iii., p. 301, I may say that I have never seen it on the wing earlier
than the second week in November, in this locality. This was about
the time of its first appearance this autumn. During the third week,
upwards of forty were taken at gas-lamj)s, some of them worn. I did
not see a single specimen from the end of that week, until the end of
the second week in this month (December). Since then I have been
takino" the insect in fine condition. As I have before noticed this
sino-ularity of emergence in past seasons, I have come to the conclusion
that there are two distinct emergences every season in this locality,
irrespective of changes of weather. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge,
Somerset. December, 1892.

The earliest record I have of P. poinili, was on the 1st of November,
when a specimen was taken on a lamp in the neighbourhood of
Eickmansworth. — A. W. Mera. December, 1892.

Rare Insects at Clevedon. — In my previous note {ante, vol. iii.,
p. 284), I mentioned how numerous insects were at ivy, I am sorry
to say that in consequence of a succession of keen frosty nights setting
in shortly after that date, they became scarcer, and the autumn collect-
inf has not been anything like so good as anticipated. I managed by dint
of continued searching to pick up a few Dasycampa rubigmea, also three
Xylina semibrunnea. The first ruhiginea was captured on ivy on the
9th of November, the last specimens (a pair) on the 1st of December.
Only once before (in 1887) have I taken the insect so late in the
season, then at sugar. I tried sugar several times during the last week
in November and first week in December, when the evenings were
mild, but without success. Single specimens of the following insect^
have been taken for the first time this season in Clevedon, viz., Agroiis
cinerea var, ubscura (just emerged, at rest on the grass); Cucidlia
chamomiUie (at rest on fence) ; Aplecia advena and CamjAogramma
finviata at rest on a gas-lamp. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court Lodge,
Somerset,

Lepiuoptera taken and bred in Swansea District in 1892. —
Durino- the past year, 1892, I have taken or bred the following insects
in the neighbourhood of Swansea. Unfortunately, I was away from
June 13th to July 9th, otherwise my list might have been much larger,

.NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 45

but on the whole, I thhik I have done fairly well. Butterflies were
well represented, some species being very abundant. The following^
were observed or taken : — Pieris brassicoe, P. rapce, P. napi, EucJiloe
cardamines, all common ; Colias hjale (one seen) ; C. edusa, common,
one var. helice taken ; Gonopteryx rhamni, scarce ; Argynnis selene, A.
euphrosyne, both common ; A. paphia, scarce ; Melitiea artemis, abun-
dant ; Vanessa urticie, V. io, V. atalanta, also abundant ; V. rardni,
rather scarce ; Pararge cegeria, rare ; P. megcera, Satyrus ftemele, Epi-
nephele janira, E. tithonus, Ccenonymj^ha patuphilus, all common ; Thecla
w-album, one seen ; T. qnercus, T. riibi, Polyommatm pldoeas, Lyccena
t'carus, Thanaos tages, Hesperia thaumus, H. sylvaims, all common. Alto-;
gether there was a total of 30 different species of Dinrni. Among the
moths, the following were observed or taken: — Sphinx convolmli. .
Among the scarcer Sphinges I did best with this species, which was not
at all rare ; in all I took thirteen (one since I sent in mj^ last note),
hovering over the flowers of NicoUana. The first was taken on August
2Utli, and last on the September 2Uth. Seven others have been taken
within half a mile of this house, and others seen. I found they began
to appear about 6.30 or 7 p.m., but are then more difficult to catch, as
the}^ seem more lively. Three were observed over one patch of the
plant before it got dusk, either fighting or playing. The best time I
think to take them, is between 9 and 10 p.m., when they look like
birds hovering round, coming or going within a yard or two of the
lamp, which they don't seem to mind in the slightest ; my latest capture,
I think, was about 11.30 p.m., and the gardener informed me that he
had seen one at 3 p.m., in broad daylight, hovering over the same patch.
I kept a J alive for six weeks or more, in hopes of getting eggs, and
was not disappointed, as she laid four before she died, which, however,
I am afraid will prove infertile, as they have a shrivelled appearance.
My other captures &c. among the Sphinges were : — Sphinx ligustri (two
larvae); Deilephila livornica, one hovering over rhododendrons on June 5th.;
Choerocampa porcellus, fairly comition over the rhododendrons and pinks ;
C. elpenor, much scarcer at pinks ; Smerinthus poptdi, larva3 rather com-
mon on poplars by sandhills ; Macroglossa stellatarum, two imagines,
hovering over flowers ; 31. bombyliformis, rare at flowers ; Zygivna
trifolii, filipendulce, common; some of the former have the five sjjots
in each foremng, coalescent. A few Halias prasinana fell in the
tray from nut, while beating for larvae, and one H. quercana, came to
light ; Nola mcidlatella came freely to the moth trap, and iV. confusalis
was not uncommon at rest on trees ; two Nudaria senex put in an ap-
pearance at light ; Euchelia jacobcece Avas fairly common, as also was
Aretia caja ; 1 took a J Spilosoma mendica flying in the sunshine ; she
kindly obliged me with eggs, and S. liibricipeda and S. 'nlenthastr^^veve
very common in the trap ; a few Hepialus huniidi, H. lupidinus and H.
hectus were observed hovering among the herbage at dusk. Some of
the trees in the parkbeartracesof the work of the larvae of Cossus ligniperda.
Psiliira monacha is very scarce here ; I have only taken one 5 in the
last two years. I found a pair of Dasychira p)i'-dibxmda, in cop., on a
tree, and got a nice batch of eggs, oddly enough, about 90 per cent, of
the larva?, when nearly full-fed, were nearly black, instead of the normal
apple-green colour. I observed a few <J Orgyia antiqua flying about, and
found one or two cocoons which had Ijeen covered with eggs by the ? .
P.populiis scarce at light, but I succeeded in taking one $ at trap, which

46 THE entomologist's becord.

I think is unusual. The <? s of Bomhyx rubi were in abundance, rush-
ing madly over the park, from 4 p.m. till dusk, when the $ s came out
and found their way to the moth trap. I have neither taken larvae nor
imagines of Odonestis potatoria, but one day came across some eggs, and
I have only found Satumia pavonia in the larval state. Platyjyferyx
f alalia is the onl}^ " hooktijj " I have observed in this district, and that
is not at all common ; Cilix Hjnmda came to the moth trap both in May and
August ; larva? of Cerura vimda were not uncommon on the same poplars
on which Smerinthus populi larvae were found. Sir John Llewellyn's
gardener took two Stauropuft fagi at rest, but I had not the luck to come
across any. Pterostoma palpina, Lophoptteryx camelina, Notodonta dic-
tcBoiden, N. zkzac, N. chaonia, N. dodoncea and Pygcera bucephala were
attracted by the moth trap, and larva? of Notodonta dromedarius, N.
ziczac and Pygcera pigra were taken, the last-named rather commonly.
Among the sugar frequenters, Gonophora derasa and Thyatyra batis,
and Asphalia diluta put in an appearance. Bryophila muralis and B.
peria were found on a wall between Swansea and Sketty. Larva? of
Cmpidia tridens and C. psi, were taken, also a single one of C. alni.
Vimhiia riimicis was common, both at rest on posts by sandhills, and at
sugar on the same posts. I also found about a dozen larvee of it feed-
ing on strawberry leaves, and a few on the small yellow rose-trees tliat
grow on the sandhills. Leiicania conigera and L. turca were scarce ;
L. liltoralis, L. comma, L. pollens and L. impura being fairly common at
sugar. Mr. Birkenhead informed me that he took Leucania jmtrescens
in this district also, but I have not been fortunate enough to turn it up.
Tapinostola ftdva came to light, as also did Gortyna ochracea, sparingly,
and I found a few pupa? of the latter inside the stems of Enpatorium
cannabinum. Hydroecia niditans was very abundant at light and flowers,
particularly the ornamental heath, and some very nice forms were obtained,
hundreds being turned away from my moth trap ; an occasional H. mica-
cea also visited the trap. Xylophasia rurea and its var. combusta, as well as
X. lithoxylea were plentiful round the rhododendrons, whilst X. hepatica,
and X. scolopacina (only three of the latter) came to sugar ; X. mono-
glyphi, as usual, being a perfect nuisance, knocking the rarer moths
off. Ediophobus p)opidaris tried to monopolize the trap, but without
success, as a fair sprinkling of Charceas graminis, Luperina testacea and
L. cespilis found their way in. Mamestra albicolon, 31. brassicce, M.
persicarue, Apamea basilinea, A. gemina and a very nice form between
it and var, remissa, A. didyma, Miana sfrigills, M. fascmncnla, M. literosa
and M. bicoloria came to sugar, and Chortodes arcuosa to light, as also
did Grammesia trigrammica, Caradrina morpheus, C. alsines, C. taraxaci,
C. quadnpundata and Biisina tenebrosn ; some very fine dark specimens
of the last-named species being taken. Agrotis vestigialis was taken by
shaking the overhanging roots of the sand-rush. I obtained one beau-
tiful form by this means, the whole of the fore wings being suffused
with pink ; Agrotis snffusa, A. saucia, A. segetum (some black), and A.
exclamationis came freely to sugar, with an occasional A. corticea, A. ripce,
A. nigricans, A. tritici and Lycophoiia strigula. I took three or fom*
A. prcecox in the same way as A. vestigialis was captured, two also were
taken, one at rest on the house, and the other stuck to the wax of a
candle in a bedroom ; how they came that distance I don't know, im-
less it was the light that attracted them, as the house is at least a mile
from the sea, as the crow flies. I took two Noctua glareosa at sugar ;

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 47

N. augur, N. plecta and N. c-nigrum occurring commonly at the same.
A few N. ditrapezium came to the moth tra^D, and N. hrunnea, N.
f estiva, N. rubi, N. umbrosa, N. baja, N. castanea (1), Triphcena janthina,
T. interjecta (1), T. orbona, T. promiba (some very nice forms), Amphi-
pyra pyramidea, A. tragopoginis, Ncenia fypica and Mania maura, also
honoured the sweets. Among the sallow frequenters, I took Panolis
jpiniperda (1), Pachnobia rubricosa, Tceniocampa gothica, T. incerta, T.
stabilis, T. gracilis, T. munda and T. pulverulenta. Orthosia suspecta,
which I believe is new to this district, was turned \x\) by Mr. Holland.
0. lota, 0. macilenta, Anchocelis rufina, A. pistacina and A. litura were
captured at ivy and sugar, as also were Orrhodia vaccinii, 0. spadicea
and Scopelosoma satellitia, some beautifully marked forms of 0. vaccinii
being obtained. Anchocelis liinosa was a very common visitor to the
moth trap. In one night I took 47 specimens, some beautiful varieties
being among them, from dark purplish-broAvn to cream colour. Larvae
•of Xanthia fidvago and X. jiavago were abundant in the catkins of the
sallow. I took a great many in the hope of breeding some varieties of
the former, and though I fed them with different kinds of sallows and
low plants, was unsuccessful. MeUlnia circellaris was common, both at
sugar and ivy, though very worn during the latter part of the time, as
ivy is very late blooming near here. On May 12th, at Gower, I took
about half-a-dozen full-fed larvge of Cirrhcedia xerampelina, under moss
on one tree ; unfortunately I was unable to prosecute my search further
on that day, and did not go to the same locality again for weeks, when .
I was unsuccessful. Plastenis subtusa, P. retusa, Calymnia trapezina
^nd C. pyralina came to the moth trap, and the last-named also to
sugar ; my best night was on 24:th July, when I took fourteen ; the speci-
mens that came to light were all more or less damaged ; only a single
specimen of Calymnia affiais put in an appearance, but that a $ , which
kindly laid me a nice batch of eggs. As to my doings with the genus
Dianthcecia, I am not certain, but last year, I bred Dianthascia capsincola
and D. cucubali ; this year, I have pupa3 from Lychnis sylvestris, L. dioica,
L. flos-cuculi and Silene injlata, but cannot tell what is in store for me. .
Miselia oxyacanthce came to light and sugar, but no variety capucina,
Agriopis apriUna was taken at rest, and also in the larval state. Euplexia
lucipara, Phlogophora meticalosa, Aplecta prasina, A. nebulosa and
Hadena protea occurred at sugar, Avith H. dentina and H. oleracea
•commonly at the flowers of rhododendrons ; and H. pisi and H. tha-
lassina came to light. Xylocampa areola was taken rather commonly
at rest on trees and fences, and also flying round the sallows, but oddly
enough, I have never found it actually sucking the honey from the
catkins, as it seems much too lively to be caught napping, like the other
sallow frequenters. Calocampa vetnsta and C. exoleta were also taken,
the former at ivy, and the latter at sugar. Xylina ornithopus was taken
very sparingly at rest and sugar, but not one put in an appearance at
ivy. LarvEe of Cucidlia verbasci were fairly common on Verbascum
lychnitis and Scrophdaria aquatica, whilst imagines of C. nmbratica were
very scarce this year. I took Gonoptera libatrix at sugar, and also the
larvae on willow. Habrostola tripartita and H. triplasia came to the
flowers of the snowberry. Thanks to Mr. Farren's timely hints, I
succeeded in breeding a very nice series of Plusia chryson ; the larv^
were taken the fii'st week in June, and sleeved on growing plants of
Eupatorium cannabinum : two imagines also came to my moth trap, which

48 THE entomologist's recoed.

was placed at some distance from where I found the larvse, and the
plant gi'ows nearly everywhere round here. I also took P. chrysitis at
light, and P. Iota and P. pulchrina at various flowers and at rest. P. gamma,
as iisual, was a dreadful nuisance, and often disappointed me, when I
thought I had marked a P. chryson down. Heliaca tenebrata piit in an
appearance, though it was far from common, whilst Hydrelia unca was
rather common though local, it being very difficult to obtain in perfect
condition ; about 90 per cent, have some slight defect, generally a chipped
wing ; sometimes an antenna gone ; this may be accounted for by the reck-
less way in which they fly, one having actually impaled himself on a gorse
jDrickle. Phytometra viridaria occurred both in the park and on the cliffs,
the specimens from the latter place being much brighter in colour than the
l^ark ones. Euclidia mi and E. glyphica were both common in rough
meadows, and Toxocampa pastinum was also taken in the same place.
Biviila sericealis occurred sparingly in the same localities as Hydrelia unca.
Zandognatha grisealis and Z. tarsipennalis were not uncommon, and
beating the hedges in the neighbourhood of nettles produced clouds of
Hypena proboscidalis. Hypenodes coskestrigalis came to light and sugar,
my best take being five in one night. Amongst the Geometk.^,
Uropteryx sambncaria was common, flying about at dusk ; Epiione apiciaria
and E. advenaria, rare ; Piimia lufeoJata, and Metrocampa margaritaria,
common; Ellopia prosapiaria and Eurymene do/oirar/a, occasionally visited
the trap ; a few larvae of Pericallia syringaria were taken from privet.
Silenia bilunaria, S. lunaria, S. tctralunaria, Odontopera bidcntata, Cro-
callis elinguaria, Eugonia alniaria, E. erosaria, E. quercinaria and Himera
pennaria, all came to light. Amph'dasys strataria and A. betnlaria were
taken at rest, and also in the moth trap. Boarmia repandata and its
var. conversaria, B. gemmaria, Tephrosia consonaria, T. crepusciilaria
T. bmndidaria and T. p^mctulata were taken at rest ; the foiu- species of
Tfphrosia commonly ; some beautiful black forms of T. crepuscularia
and T. biundularia being obtained. Pseudoterjma pruinata occurred on
the cliffs, and I got two specimens that very nearly approach blue,
being entirely different in colour from the ordinary tyjje. Geometra
papiUonaria, lodis lactearia and Zonosoma porata came to the trap, whilst
Asthena Inteata, A. candidata, A. sylvata (1), Eupisteria obliterata, Acidalia
dimidiata and A. bisetata were obtained by beating bushes, &c. Acidnlia
immidata was rather rare this year ; A. remutata, A. aversata (banded
form) and its commoner var. ; Cabera jmsaria and C exanthemaria being
common. I came across a red currant bush almost defoliated by larvee
of Halia wavaria, and bred a nice series. Strenia clathrata was rare, but
Panagra petraria was kicked uj) at every step. Ematurga atomaria was
not common, hut Bupalus jyiniaria was ahundant. Abraxas grossulariata^
Loviaspilin marginata, Hybernia ruptcapraria, H. leucophcearia, H. auran-
tiaria, H. marginaria, H. defoliaria, Anisopteryx cescidaria, Cheimatobia
hrumata, Oporabia dilidata all came to the trap. Larentia didymata
was very abundant, flitting along the hedgerows at dusk, and also a
nuisance, as no doubt a good many other Geometers were passed by
in mistake for them. One Larentia salicata was found at rest, and
L. viridaria was far from common. Emmelesia alchemillata and E.
decolorata were scarce ; E. albnlata, common wherever the yellow rattle
grew ; one E. unifasciata visited the trap. Among the pugs, of which
I am very ignorant, undoubted sjjecimens of the following were taken :
Eupithecia pulchellata, larvae and at trap ; E. oblongata, E. subfidvatay

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 49

E. casiigala and E. vulgata all at the trap, and flying at dusk ; E.
ahsynthiata, E. abbreviata, common at rest, came also sparingly to trap
and sallow ; E. pumilata, trap ; E. rectangulata, one only, at rest on apple
tree. Lobophora viretata, few seen, but only one taken off holly. L.
carpinata at rest on various trees, but principally birch, on which it
was very hard to distinguish them. Thera variata, T. firmata and
Hypsipetes trifasciata were rare, whilst H. sordidata appeared every-
where, both the light green form and the black, of which I obtained
some very nice varieties. Melanthia bicolorata was rather scarce this
year, but M. oceUata, common, whilst only one M. albicUlata came to
light. I saw several Melanippe hastata in Clyne woods, but only suc-
ceeded in taking one, as they flew so high when once disturbed. M.
sociata, M. montanata and M. fiuctuata were all common, and M.
galiata was occasionally to be found on the sandhills, but, as a rule,
difficult to take, on account of the wind which usually j^revails there.
Anticlea badiata and A. nigrofasciaria were both rare, especially the
former. Coremia designaia was fairly common, but local ; C. ferrugata,
C. unidentata and Camptogramma bilineata all common. I was lucky
enough to take one Camj)togramma fluviata <? in the traj) on August 19th.
One Eucosmia undidata was beaten from oak ; Cidaria miata was rare •
G. truncata, C. immanata, C. snffumata, C, silaceata and C. testata were
all fairly common at flowers and trap. One C primata came to lio-ht
and a few C. iryraliata and Pelurga comitata also to the traj) ; C. fidvata
was common on the sandhills among the small yellow rose ; Eubolia
limitata and E. palumbaria were picked up in nearly all the rouo-h
meadows about the place ; Eubolia bipunciaria occurred sparingly along
the cliffs by Langland Bay ; Mesotype virgafa was very much scarcer
this year than last, and Anaitis jdagiata (which comi^letes my list of
macros) piit in an appearance now and then at the moth trap, the second
brood being the commoner of the two. — E. B. Eobertson, Skctty Park,
Swansea. January 2nd, 1893.

Partial Double-bkoodedness of Spilosoma fuliginosa, etc. I

had a brood of S. fuliginosa from a pair bred last spring (forced and
emerging in April). The larvje aj^jjeared full fed by July, but have
lingered on till now, only a dozen or so having spun up. Those that
spun emerged in about three weeks, and have been, without exception
$ s ; the remainder of the brood scarcely ever eat, but ajipear quite
healthy. Is not this curious behaviour, and is the sj^ecies regularly
double-brooded, or did I affect them by starting them so early, forcing
the parents ? Some Thyatyra batin ova obtained at Lyndhurst in June
produced imagines in August, only a couple of dozen or so of pupse
laying over for spring emergence. A (piantity of Clostera reclusa pupa3
are apparently healthy still, though they were pujjaj by the second
week in June, and many emerged in the third week. Can we suppose
this division of emergence period in broods from one pair of j^arcuts is
in order to assist cross fertilisation ? — E. A. Bowles. November 2Gth
1892.

Spilosoma fuliginosa. — I captured a female SpiJosoma fidigiuosa on
June 6th last year, which laid eggs the same day. These hatched on
June 20th, and fed till the middle of September, when they suddenly
ceased feeding. A second female was caught on June 2 1 st ; her ova
hatched on July 6th, and the larva? also fed till the end of September.
.Newman in his British Moths says: — "The perfect moth ajjpears in

'50 THE entomologist's record.

June and lays eggs before the end of the month ; these are soon hatched
and begin feeding on dock, plantain and several grasses, and are full-fed
the first week in August, and turn to perfect moths about the end of
the month." Both my broods are hybernating. — Gr. B. Koutledge,
50, Eussell Square, W.C.

Habits of Parnassius apollo. — It is strange to find P. apollo at
the side of the water, at sea-level, when one has met with it before only
at Alpine heights ; but at Sweden I found it commonly in such positions
flying about the hard Sedmi-co\QveA granite rocks which sloped down
to the almost fresh, saltless sea water of Stockholm's Skiirgarden. The
Alpine gentians, however, which were to be met with in the same
localities as apollo frequently in Switzerland, did not grow in S.
Sweden. — J. C. Warburg. October 3rd, 1892.

Habits of Sphinx convolvuli. — I hope Capt. Eobertson will settle
the question of how Sphinx convolvuli passes the winter, and that he
will get ova. I have never ventured to keep a female. I took two
here this year, a worn one on August 30th, and one that was as fresh
as an insect could be on September 27th, I watched my tobacco
plants all through September and only those two came, but two more
were taken by my boys, one on Sejitember 30th. One point with regard
to collecting them is worthy of notice. They are much shyer than
people imagine. On August 30th, I began to wait about rather before
the time, and I saw my friend by accident, coming, after about a
quarter of an hour's wait ; he also saw me and my net and off he went.
I took warning and retired out of sight under a big tree, and after fully
ten minutes he returned and flew round and above the bed three or
four times to make sure the coast was clear before he began feeding.
Then he didn't care and let me approach. He went round the bed
once and let me follow him cautiously, but made no effort to leave his
sujjper. And then I remembered plainly that the only two I took last
year were on evenings when I got l)ack rather late and found them
already feeding. All this may be fancy, but I should be glad to hear
what other captors of the insect have to say. I have a certain amount
of the large white wild convolvulus in my shrubbery, and have searched
it at times and found no traces of larvfe. Does anyone know the habits
of the species ? It looks very much as if it hybernated in the imago.
Certainly a larva3 of an insect fresh on September 30th, could not feed
up before winter like the others of the genus. Nor can I think that
my very fresh specimen had migrated. — G. M. A. Hewett. Winchester.
Ch(erocampa celerio at Nottingham. — A sj^ecimen of this moth
was captured on 12th October last by Mr. A. Pike, and exhibited at
the last meeting of the Nottingham Entomological Society. — W. Ferris,
Nottingham.

Camptogramma fluviata. — Noticing the rarity of Camptogramma
Huviata referred to {Ent. Bee, iii., p. 281) the capture of a single speci-
men (male) by myself, at a gas-lamp in Clifton, on the 27th of May
last, may be of interest. From his description of the insect, I believe,
that Mr. Chas. Bartlett met with one on the same night, also at light.
K. M. Pkideaux, Ashtead, Surrey. January 8th, 1893.

Capture of Ch.^rocampa celerio, — I may mention that in Septem-
ber, 1885, my wife took a specimen of this species in fine condition near
.Polegate, Sussex, while hovering over a bed of petunias, round which
at the same time five or six Sphinx convolvuli were flying. — Douglas H,
Pearson, The College, Chilwell, Notts. January ISth, 1893.

NOTES OK COLLfeCflNG, ETC. 51

MiCRA OSTRINA AND PARVA. — I have been reading with much interest
the Apjiendix to Mr. Tutt's last vol. of the British Noctuce. It may-
interest lepidopterists to know that the specimens of 3Iicra parva and
ostrina, taken by the late Dr. Battersby at Torquay, are still extant and in
perfect condition in my cabinet. The specimens are very pale in tone,
which of course may partly be owing to age, though the reddish-brown
markings are distinct and well coloured. Treitschke's description ap-
plies very well, but there is no reddish-brown on the thorax or abdomen,
which are of unicolorous putty colour. In the description of the fore
wings of parva, one character seems to have been omitted, and which
distinguishes it at once from M. ostrina, namely that the " white central
area," or band, bearing the small discoidal spot, is bounded exteriorly
by a brownish line bordered with white, which from the costa forms a
broad loop to the mid wing, and thence runs parallel with the inner
border of the band to the inner wing margin. — W. F. de V. Kane,
Kingstown. February Qth, 1893.

Practical hints.

The Month. — Providing the weather is tolerably mild, this month
may be profitably occujued in searching for the wingless females of the
genus Hibernia. In favourable localities, carefully search tree-trunks for
2 H. rivpicapraria, $ at dusk, near hedge-rows. $ fl". leucoplicearia,
tree-trunks ; <? sometimes fly by day, and may also be found at rest,
on trees and fences. $ H. p>rogemmaria on tree-trunks ; 3 at dusk,
also comes to light. Anisopteryx cescularia, females and males, on tree-
trunks ; preferring birch. Phigalia pilosaria, male and female, on
tree-trunks ; male also comes to light. The females of the above
species are wingless, and sometimes very difficult to see ; it is only by
diligent practice, that the eye can detect anything beyond the lichen-
covered tree-trunk, but when once the vision is acquired, considerable
success usually follows. Eriogaster lanestris may be found on tree-
trunks, near the ground. Amphidasys prodromaria at rest on trees and
fences, also at light, end of month, whilst Tej^hrosia crepuscidaria occurs
at rest on trees. It will be well for the student to keep one or two
females alive, of each species captured, in order to obtain ova, thereby
enabling him to carefully study and record the comj^lete life-history.
J. P. Mutch.

Dm'ing this month, warm evenings are occasionally suitable for
sugaring ; of course only " hibernated " NocTu.iE put in an appearance,
but in cases where early and continuous frosts have pi'ecluded their
flight, specimens are to be had in fair condition. I have thus taken the
only Calocampa exoleta I have ever come across, some years ago, in
North Oxfordshire, and with them, but in worse condition, large
numbers of Scopelosoma satellitia and of course Cerastis vaccinii.

Pupa-digging is hardly worth pursuing, as the moles and other
enemies have taken full advantage of their start over us, if we delay
till spring, but larva-searching after dark, on the first really warm
damp nights, after complete breaking up of frost, amply repays work,
as most of the hibernating larvas seem to take the opportunity to break
their long rest, and crawl up to the top of any conspicuous stems amongst

52 THE ENTOMOLOGIST^S RECORD.

the shorter growth, and may be easily fouud when searched for with a
good lantern. In this way, Triphiena fimbria may be best obtained,
with others of the genus, and most of the genus Noctua. Later on in
the year, when larvse are nearly full-fed, the work should be deferred
till nearer midnight, when many good species may be beaten from
sallow and birch, in numbers, including Aplecta tincta, Noctua ditra-
pezium, etc. — A. J. Hodges.

Larva of Calamia lutosa. — The following extract from my diary
dated July 21st, 1881, concerning C. lutosa may interest some of your
readers. Discovered larvfB of this species feeding in roots of Arundo
phragmites ; should be looked for early in July ; pujiee, end of July to
middle of August ; larva feeds very deep in the roots, but when about
to change, leaves the plant and pupates in the soil, two or three inches
from the surface. The presence of the larva may be readily detected
from the bleached appearance of the plants which have been attacked ;
the pupa, however, will be much more easily found than the larva, for
which I have dug as deeply as a foot and then not reached it. —
J. Gardner, Hartlepool.

Labelling. — While upon the subject of arranging and labelling,
and with special reference to " locality data," we must call attention
to an excellent suggestion received some time ago from Mr. A. J.
Johnson of Birmingham, and which we regret want of space compels
us now to summarise only. The main feature is, to secure a uniform
system for collectors throughout the United Kingdom, by compiling
and publishing a map divided into squares, each representing any
small number of square miles that may be found most practicable ;
but all to be of equal size and numbered consecutively ; or should this
involve too high numbers for convenience, the map may be first
divided into main sections to be indicated by different colours, and
either correspondiug with counties or not, as may be deemed most
convenient ; the numbers in each section could then commence at No.
1, and would be readily distinguishable by the colour. The label to
be affixed to each specimen would correspond, firstly, in colour, to the
section of map ; and secondly, in number, to the smaller square in
which it has been captured. Our correspondent further suggests that
the labels could be issued in varying, easily distinguishable shapes,
such as square, round, triangulai*, etc., which could be employed to
indicate the state (whether larva, imago, etc.) in which the capture had
been affected ; and further, a printed capital letter upon the label
could be the easily understood indication of the method of capture ;
thus " S " should refer to captures at " sugar," etc.

These labels (with the date of capture added) would then consti-
tute a complete history of the field-work connected with each
individual specimen, and, if thoroughly carried out, would be as
satisfactory and complete a method as the older one of numbering the
specimen only, and entering full data in one's own diary, with the
additional advantage, that insects would as readily convey their history
to all those interested, as to the original captor.

It is hardly necessary to point out the obvious difficulties attending
the adoption of the above useful suggestion, the principal one of which
would be the extreme difficulty of inducing lepidopterists to combine
in adopting any universal system even of labelling ; as has been proved
in the far more important question of nomenclature and classification ;

NOTES ON COLLECTTNG, ETC. 53

and without almost universal support, the system at once loses its cliief
merit. Further, the coloured labels are to us a great objection,
unless kept too small to be of much practical use, as nothing but
white should be emijloyed by those who wish their collections to
please the eye. The fact still remains that a plain, useful, abbreviated
system of labelling is still a desideratum, and the thanks of all collec-
tors are due to those who are willing to make public any improvements
that may be thought of from time to time. — A. J. Hodges.

A Double Setting Bristle. — As the season Avill soon be upon us,
and Avith a view to facilitate the quick setting of lepidoptera, I venture
to recommend a system I found very useful last season. Probably
most entomologists use the setting bristles for holding the wings down,
while they are being pulled forward. These, though very effective, ne-
cessitate the setting of one side first, or the use of two bristles. I have
therefore made a bristle thus :— Take a piece of cork about 3/16-inch
cube, push two bristles into it, very slightly diverging from each other in
a V-shaped direction. Stick a pin through the cork at right angles to
the bristles, fixing it with glue, and leaving about |-inch beneath the
cork. To use it, pin the moth on the board in the usual way, rest the
point of the bristle-pin in the groove behind it, the bristles passing for-
ward, one over each wing. Blow at the back of the insect's wings,
sending them forward, and at the same time, tilt the head of the pin
slightly for-\vard, and press the point into the board. Witli two nicely
balanced bristles, and a little practice, it is almost possible to get the
wings into position without touching them, but any irregularities can
be rectified with the setting needle. I find this system answers ad-
mirably with all insects up to the size of Eurymene dolabraria, and with
a stiffer bristle, it is possible to set larger species. — A. U. Battley,
28, Amhurst Park, N.

Whitewashing Cabinet Drawers. — In his seasonable j^aper on
arranging cabinets, Mr. Hodges makes no mention of whitewash, so I
should like to point out its great usefulness, not only when re-arranging
old cabinets (instead of re-papering), Ijut also to apply to new ones and
hoxes. The following recipe was given me some years ago by an
experienced collector, and I have found it simply invaluable, and now
apply it to all drawers and boxes, whether new or old, before use : —
Ingredients required: 1. — Prepared chalk ; 2. — A 2-oz. bottle of sjDirits
of wine, in which 3 grains of corrosive sublimate is dissolved; 3. — A 2-oz.
bottle 2 jDarts water, and 1 part carbolic acid ; 4. — i-oz. whitest gum arable,
dissolved to consistency of oil. Directions for mixing : — Take an empty
French plum jar and place enough prepared chalk in it to form, when
settled, a deposit about 2 inches deep, chalk to be mixed with warm
water, filling bottle to within 2 inches of top ; add 1 tablespoonful of
the corrosive sublimate, 1 ditto of the carbolic acid, and 2 ditto of the
gum arable : stir well, leave to settle for a day, skim off any particles
that may rise to the surface. As the wash dries whiter tlian any pa^^er,
care should be taken to lay it smoothly, so as to avoid streakiness.
This is easily managed by applying it with a good sized j^aint or paste
brush, working one way only (say from side to side), and then taking
at once a dry flat-brush (camel or hog hair), and Avorking Ughtl// in the
opposite direction, keeping the drawer cpiite flat. The prejiaration is
better made up fresh every 2 or 3 years. I get a chemist to make it
up. Among its advantages are : — Firstly, prevention of mites, I have

54 THE entojiologist's record.

known insects keep better in the most rubbishing old cabinets"' so
treated, than in new ones of the very best London make, used as sent.
Secondly : — Drawers so treated can be continually re-arranged with the-
minimum of trouble and best results as to appearance, and pencil lines-
(which after all work the best) can be freely used ; for if ruled on the
whitewash, a damp sponge will remove them and the whole coat in a
minute, and a fresh one can be at once applied, which is dry in a ie\v
hours ; or, if the lines are ruled on the paper, a coat of the wash will
hide them and all discolorations, and fill up the pin holes, which is not
done where silk threads are used, and shifted. — K. M. Hinchliff,.
Instow, N. Devon.

Entosiological Pins. — Since the publication of my note on entom-
ological pins in the Ent. Becord, iii., p. 240, I have received from.
Messrs. Tayler and Co. of Birmingham, samples of an improved style
of pin Avhich they have manufactured lateh', and I am sure that entom-
ologists will gladly welcome this " new departure," j^articularly after
the many protests made in vain against the old pattern. The former
unsightly heads have now disappeared, and in the new samples, the
heads, which are of a far better shape, have been reduced to the
smallest possible size that the excellent process of manufacture used by
the firm will admit of. By this process the head is formed first, and
the point is then ground true with the head ; whereas by the ordinary
method — which is responsible for so large a proportion of liad points —
the point is formed first, and the head is added afterwards, and
freqiiently at the expense of the point. These pins are noAv 2:)ractically
all that can be desired, as stiff as ever, with first-rate points, and heads,
against which no objections can be heard. When " black-enamelled,"
they are by far the best black pins that I have ever seen, and they have
certainly " come as a boon and a blessing to men," and particularlj^ to
those of us who share with some of the birds a partiality for " fly-
catching." — Eustace R. Bankes, The Rectory, Corfe Castle. Januari/
7th, 1893.

BURRENT NOTES.

The Sixtieth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of
Ijondon was held on 18th January, 1893. — An Abstract of the
Treasurer's accounts having been read by one of the Auditors, the
Secretary, Mr. H. Goss, read the report of the Council. After the
ballot, it was announced that the following gentlemen had been elected
as Officers and Council for 1893 : — President, Mr. Henry J. Elwes,
r.L.S. ; Treasurer, Mr. Robert McLachlan, F.R.S. ; Secretaries, Mr,
Herbert Goss, F.L.S. and the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., F.L.S. ;
Librarian, Mr. George C. Champion, F.Z.S. ; and as other Members of
the Council, Mr. C. G. Barrett, Mr. Charles J. Gahan, M.A., Mr. F.
DuCane Godman, F.R.S., Mr. Frederic Merrifield, Mr. Osbert Salvin,
M.A., F.R.S., Dr. David Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., Colonel Charles Swinhoe,
M.A., F.L.S. and Mr. George H. Verrall. The President then delivered
an Address, which, though containing reference to the Society's internal
affairs, and an allusion to the successful resistance made by naturalists-
and others to the War Office scheme for establishing a rifle range in
the New Forest, consisted for the most part of full obituary notices of

CURRENT NOTES. 55

Fellows of the Society who had died during the yeai*, special mention
being made of Mr. Henry W. Bates, F.R.S., Professor Hermann C. C.
Bnrmeister, M.D., Dr. Carl A, Dohrn, Mr. H. Berkeley-James, Mr. J.
T. Harris, Sir Richard Owen, K.C.B., F.E.S., Mr. Henry T. Stainton,
F.E.S., Mr. Howard Vaughan and Professor J. 0. Westwood, M.A.,
the Hon. Life-President. A vote of thanks to the President having
been proposed by Lord Walsingham, F.R.S. and seconded by Mr. J. H.
Leecli, Mr. Godman replied. Dr. D. Sharp, F.E.S., then proposed a
vote of thanks to the Secretaries, Ti'easnrer and Librarian, which was
seconded by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher. Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Goss and
Canon Fowler then severally replied, and the proceedings terminated.

The first Annual Exhibition of the North London Natural History
Society was held in the Lecture Hall of the North-East London
Institute, on the evening of Saturday, 7th January, when most branches
of Natural History were represented in the exhibits. About twenty
members showed cases of British Lepidoptera, including series of
C edusa taken last year (with examples of the var. Jielice) by Messrs.
A. J. Hodges, L. B. Prout and C. B. Smith ; also C. hyate by Mr. A.
Quail. Among others were T. subsequa, by Messrs. A. J. Hodges (a
series from the I. of Wight) and E. W. Bobbins (from Lyndhurst) ;
A. iris, from Lyndhurst, by Messrs. A. U. Battley and J. A. Simes ;
many beautiful Papilios from British Columbia, by Mr. A. Eose ; and
some remarkable varieties of British species by Mr. F. G. Hanbury,
F.E.S. Living larva? and pupa? of Neuroptera were also shown by
Mr. E. M. Wattson.

The jDlace of the late Mr. H. T. Stainton on the editorial staff of
the Ent. Mo. Mag. has been offered to and accej^ted by Lord Walsingham.
Photographs of the late Professor Westwood and H. T. Stainton appear
in the current number of that Magazine. That of Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell
appears in the current number of the British Naturalist.

Little enough is known yet of the entomology of Ireland. Those
interested in the fauna of the sister island will be pleased to see the
list of Hemiptera taken in the north of Ireland by the Eev. W. F.
Johnson, published in the current number of the Ent. Mo. Mag.

Mr. Bignell has detected a new si:)ecies of Pimpla which he has
named epirce. He describes it from four females, bred July, 1891,
from cocoons found in the egg-bag of the spider Epeira cornuta at
I\'y bridge.

Mr. Porritt describes the larva of, and Dr. Chapman gives some
critical notes on, the affinity, as shown by the egg, larva and pupa, of
Dyschorista snspecta. Dr. Chapman says : — " In larvse and pupa?, the
species of Xanthia and Orthosia differ from each other often in small
matters only, and Glcea (Orrhodia) is not far off, but suspecta much more
resembles Glcea than it does Xanthia or Orthosia, at least, as pupa, and
as egg and young larva." This apj^ears conclusive proof that its
separation of suspecta from Orthosia generically, as has long been done
on the Continent, is fully warranted.

Mr. Atmore records both Steganoptycha pygmceana and S. ahiegana,
as well as Halonota ravulana, from the neighbourhood of King's Lynn.
He also notes a probably new Gelechia from Suceda fruticosa. Mr.
Eustace Bankes records Gelechia tetragonella and Micropteryx Icaltenbachii
from the Isle of Purbeck.

Mr. J. E. Eobson of Hartlepool, comes to London to read a paper

56 THE kntomologist's record.

on " Melanism " at the next meeting of the City of London Ent. Society
(Feb. 21st). The Society invites all entomologists (not members of
the Society) to " The London Institution," Finsbury Square, on that
date.

OCIETIES.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entojiological Society. — The annual

meeting of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society was

held on Monday, January 9th, in the class-room of the Free Public

Library, William Brown Street, Liverpool. Mr. S. J. Capper, F.L.S.,

F.E.S. (President), occupied the chair, and there was a good attendance.

A number of interesting exhibits were laid on the table for inspection.

The first business was the election of officers for the ensuing year.

Mr. Capper was for the ITtli time re-elected to the position of president;

Mr. W. E. Sharp was appointed vice-president ; Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S.,

lionorary secretary and treasurer ; and Mr. C. H. H. Walker, librarian.

Mr. Walker, on behalf of the members of the society, said it was

his pleasing duty to ask Mr. Capper to accept a handsome gold-mounted

silver case containing a pair of gold entomological forceps (Applause).

The society congratulated itself upon having again secured Mr. Capper

as its president. During the 16 years he had presided over them he

had sought only the advancement of the society, and had encouraged

tlie members to take an interest in their studies (Hear, hear). They

therefore desired to inaugurate that session by doing something more

than merely thanking Mr. Capper for his past services ; and they

offered this slight token of regard, knowing that it would occupy an

honoured place amongst his valuable collection (Applause). Mr. Capper,

in acknowledging the gift, said that he thoroughly appreciated the

kindness of the members, and would in future, as in the past, do all

he could to benefit the society (Ajjplause). Before proceeding to deliver

his presidential address he referred to the death of Prof. Westwood.

He then said : — Gentlemen, — You may remember that my address

on a similar occasion last year was largely a record of my personal

recollections of Entomology from my early childhood, being, indeed, my

own entomological life history. The difficulties attending the study of

Entomology some fifty years or so ago were contrasted with the

facilities now at our command. The paucity of the literature (most of

which was very expensive) with that we now possess, the apparent

rarity of many sj)ecies then, which, owing to our better knowledge of

their habits, and the means of capturing them, are now abundant, and

many similar contrasts. To-night I propose to leave the personal, and

still further to imrsue this subject, and shall preface my remarks by

very briefly tracing the history of Entomology to the present century,

and then lay l^efore you a few important agencies which have done so

much to facilitate the very gi'eat progress Entomology has since

achieved. Aristotle, born in Greece B.C. 384, is acknowledged to be

the most ancient author in whose books anything relating to Entomology

now remains. Pliny the elder (who met with his death during the

eruption of Vesuvius, which destroyed Pompeii, a.d. 79) wrote several

works on natural history, some devoted to insects (bees particularly),

but these contained little but what was copied from Aristotle. Entom-

SOCIKTIES. 57

ology, indeed, cannot be said to have been much studied till the 16th
century, when attention was a good deal devoted to it. It was not,
however, before the 17th century that much progress was made, or any
important works on the subject were published. In a ver}^ interesting-
paper read before our Society by one of our members, Mr. Willoughljy
Gardner, April, 1880, entitled " The Eise of the Literature of Entom-
ology," and which was published in Science Gossip, the author called
our attention to a volume, Tlieatruni Insectorum, written in Latin, ])\
Dr. Thomas Muffet, and piiblished in London, a.d. 1634, in the reign
of Charles I. Mr. Gardner, in calling our attention to this volume,
informed us that it was the first work ever published on all Orders of
insects as a separate volume. He was careful to state that several
works had been written prior to this, treating of insects among other
things, but this work of Muffet's was the first published on all Orders
of insects. It was most carefully compiled, 406 authors, a list of whose
names are given, being referred to. The work may indeed be said to
be a complete record of everything previoiasly known on the subject.
Amongst others conspicuous in the 1 7th century, when much progress
was made, were John Ray, born 1627, and his pupil Francis Willoughby.
Some idea may be gathered of the progi-ess Entomology has made since
Eay's time, when it is stated that about the end of the 17th century,
Eay estimated the whole number of insects in the Avorld at 10,000
species, while Dr. John Davy, in 1853, estimates them at 250,000.
W. F. Kirby, in his Text Book of Entomology, 1885, estimates the
number of known British species as 12,600, and in the world, 220,000.
In 1889, Dr. Sharp and Lord Walsingham's estimate reach nearly
2,000,000, whilst Professor Eiley, in his new work just puldished at
Washington, 1892, entitled Directions for Collecting and Preserving
Insects, considers this estimate extremely low, and that 10,000,000
would be nearer. He arrives at this conclusion by stating that species
have been best worked up in the most temperate parts of the globe,
whilst in the more tropical portions a vast number of species still
remain to be characterised and named, and that if we take into con-
sideration the fact that many portions of the globe are yet unexplored
entomologically, it is safe to estimate that not one-fifth of the species
extant have yet been enumerated. In this view of the case, the species
in our collections, whether described or undescribed, do not represent,
perhaps, one-fifth of the whole. In other words, there are 10,000,000
species of insects in the world, and this, Professor Eiley says, is, in his
judgment, a moderate estimate. The popular estimation of Entomology
in Eay's time may be gathered, when it is stated that the will of Lady
Glanville was disjjuted on the ground of insanity simply from her love
of insects. Moses Harris gives an account of this in his Aurelian,
pviblished in 1779, and scijs : — " The Fly, MeJitcva cinxia, the Glanville
Fritillary, took its name from the ingenious Lady Glan^dlle, whose
memory had liked to have suffered from her curiositj'. Some relations
that were disappointed by her will attempted to set it aside by acts of
lunacy, for they suggested that none but those who were deprived of
their senses would go in pursuit of butterflies. Her relations and
legatees subpoened Dr. Sloan, founder of the British Museum, and
Mr. John Eay, to support her character. The last-named went to Exetei",
and at the trial satisfied the judge and jury of the lady's laudable in-
quiry into the wonderful works of Creation and established her will."

58 THE entomologist's record.

The progi'ess of entomology was great in the 16th century. Pro-
minent among its followers were Linnaeus, Fabricius, Donovan, Latreille,
Hiibner, &c., but early in the present century the study of entomology
received a great impetus on account of the publication of so much
elaborate and helpful literature. Amongst its most eminent authors
were Curtis, Stephens, Westwood, Hewitson, Kirby, Spence, Guenee,
Zeller, Douglas, Say, Signoret, Doubleday, Newman, Stainton and
many others. The publication in 1815 of the Introduction to the Study
of Entomology by Kirby and Spence did more to attract popular atten-
tion than any book before or since published. It is said that when
Kirby and Spence commenced their task, the students of entomology
were few and far between, one in Norfolk, another in Hull, half-a-
dozen in London, and one or two more in other parts of Great Britain.
In the preface to their work, they consider that the general ridicule
with which entomology was then regarded, was the principal cause of
the neglect of the science, also the want of elementary works, such as
already existed on botany and kindred sciences. Curtis's translation
of Ftmdamenta Entomologice, published in 1772 ; Yeate's Institutions of
Entomology which appeared the year after, and Barbut's Genera insect-
orum, 1781, were the only elementary works on entomology. Con-
vinced that this was the chief obstacle to the sjDread of entomology in
Britain, Kirby and Spence resolved to do what was in their power to
remove it. At first their idea was simjdy to give a translation of one
of the many introductions to entomology extant in Latin, German
or French, adding only a few improvements, but hapiiily they decided
to attract the reader by relating the economy and natural history of
its objects in a most interesting manner, by not simply recording the
observations made by others, but by adding their own experiences
formed in no contracted field of comimrison. Indeed their observations
and knowledge of insect life cannot fail to be admired by all who study
their admirable Avork. The chapters devoted to insects beneficial and
those injurious to mankind, with the best means then known for the
encoiiragement of the one and the destruction of the other, were the
first steps in the direction of economic entomology, now become so
important. Whilst Kirby, Spence, and other writers were doing so
much to advance the study of entomology, the establishment of entom-
ological societies became an important element. England was the first
country in Eiirope which possessed a purely entomological society, the
earliest was formed in London in 1745, and was followed by several
others. The Societas Entomologica, established 1806, was the first that
published its transactions. It only lasted seven years. The Entom-
ological Club, founded 1826, limited its number of members to eight,
and is still in existence. On the 3rd May, 1833, nine gentlemen met,
viz. : — Messrs. Children, J. E. Gray, G. R. Gray, Hope, Horsfield,
Eudd, Stephens, Vigors and Yarrell, and resolved to found the Entom-
ological Society of London, and on the 22nd May the following year,
this society, consisting of 127 members, of whom 12 were honorary,
was constituted. It now numbers 252 Fellows, of which 8 are
honorary. The first meeting of the society was held at " The Thatchetl
House," St. James Street, May 22nd, 1833. The Eev. W. Kirby was
the first President. It has been applied to several times by the State
to furnish information and advice on insect depredations. The society
then appoints a committee of specialists to investigate the matter, and

SOCIETIES. 69

in due time to report to tlie Government. A great event in the history
of this society was the Royal Charter, which was granted it in 1885.
Whilst this and other entomological societies Avere doing gi-eat scientific
work, numerous working men were attracted by the great beauty of
insects, especially the Lepidoptera, to making collections ; not with a
view of arranging them scientifically, but simply to make pictures of
them. Of course, it is to be hoped now that such men have the oppor-
tiinities of joining societies like our own, they Avill cease this practice,
and study them more ; still, there is no doubt but that these collectors
did much to invite attention to entomological study. Kirby and
Spence, as you are aware, very much commend their industry in this
direction, and approve of their taste ; contrasting the difference of
sijending their leisure in the country lanes in search of their specimens
to sj^ending it at a public house.

The Spittlefield Weavers may be considered the pioneers in this,
and were renowned as Picture Makers. The Poet Crabbe, in " The
Borough," 1810, thus describes thom : —

«« Oft have I smiled, the happy pride to see,
Of humble tradesmen in their evening glee,
"When of some pleasing good possest
Each grew alert, was busy and was blest.
Whether the call-bird yield the hour's delight,
Or magnified in microscope the mite ;
Or, whether tumblers, croppers, carriers, seize
The gentle mind — tliey rule it and they please.
There is my friend the Weaver, strong desires
Reign in his breast : 'tis beauty he admires.
See, to the shady grove he wings his way,
And feels in hope the rapture of the day —
Eager he looks, and soon to glad his eyes
From the sweet bower by nature formed, arise
Bright troops of virgin moths and fresh-born butterflies."

This taste for Natural History pursuits spread rapidly amongst the
working classes, and twenty years ago " Picture Making " was quite
the rage. Sheffield, Oldham, Stalybridge, Leeds and Wakefield Avere
towns specially celebrated for this. The father of our Honorary
Member, Mr. S. L. Mosley, was an indefatigable picture maker. He
used to sell his jjictures to adorn the rooms of public houses, &c., and
on one occasion he had an order to cover the walls of a large room
with them. In these pictures were ingeniously rejiresented, by
gi'oupiug insects together, lions, tigers, elephants, and many other
devices. We cannot but regret the destruction thus caused to some of
our most beautiful lepidoptera, nor is it surprising that some of these
species are now rarities in localities where they once were abimdant.
However, as before remarked, such occupation was not without benefit.
Many who began as picture makers have become men of science, and
not least among these is Mr. S. L. Mosley, whose taste for natural history
was acquired by collecting insects for his father and helping the ])icture
making. I should like here to record the names of some of those men
in our own counties, Lancashire and Cheshire, who were justly
celebrated thirty years or so ago, and are still known as indefatigable
observers and students of Entomology. They were none of them
authors of elaborate works on the subject, but the magazines are full
of their contributions and experiences. They were all ardent collectors
of insects, particularly the lepidoptera, and not only collectors, but

60 THE ENT03I0L0GIST's KECOKD.

keen students of their life histories. Amongst these were E. Birchalh
N. Greening, Nicholas and Benjamin Cooke, C. S. Gregson, J. Chai^pell,
J. B. Hodgkinson, E. S. Eddleston, A. Owen and J. Sidehotham.
Eapid as the progi-ess of Entomology has been during the past half
century, in no direction has this been so great as in that which is called
Economic Entomology, and this is owing to a very great extent to the
indefatigable work done by Miss Ormerod, who began her active work
in 1877, when she issued a pamphlet of eight pages entitled Notes and
Observations on Injurious Insects, and this has been followed un-
remittingly since by yearly reports up to the present time. I believe
for several years she conducted this work entirely on her own
respousiliility and at her own expense. In 1882 she was appointed
Consulting Entomologist to the Eoyal Agricultural Society, but at her
request the jwst was made honorary. Before Miss Ormerod's active
work began, she studied injurious insects, galls, &c., and several papers
of hers are scattered through the pages of The Entomologist. Miss
Ormerod's love for insects was first inculcated when she was very
young. I have been told that when she was young she was an invalid,
and her nurse used to take her into the fields on her father's farm in
Gloucestershire, and set her in a chair, Avhere she used to sit and watch
the insects by the half-day together. In 1881 she published her
Manual of Injurious Insects, and a second edition in 1890, much enlarged.
In the Winter 1883-4 she gave a course of ten lectures on AgTicultural
Entomology at South Kensington, and these were published under the
title of A Guide to Methods of Insect Life, and this little book is the
best on the sul)ject that has ever been written. The book has recently
been taken up by some County Coimcils and sold out, and a second and
larger edition has been prepared, entitled A Text Booh of Agricnltural
Entomology (1892). Miss Ormerod's work has extended to the Colonies,
and in 1889 she published a volume of Notes and Descriptions of a few
Injurious Farm and Fruit Insects of South Africa. She was instrumental
in bringing forward the fact that the Hessian Fly, Cecidomyia destructor,
had established itself as a British insect, and was applied to for
information by the Australian Government, when the insect made its
ai:)ix'arance there. She has served (probably still serves) as a Meml)er
of the Lords of Council on Education, and was the means of having
the collection of Economic Entomology removed from Betlmal Green
and re-modelled at South Kensington, Professor Westwood and Mr.
Mosley being deputed to do the Avork. Miss Ormerod must have spent a
very large sum of money in disseminating information on her subject.
It is much to be regretted that latterly Miss Ormerod's health has given
way, owing to the immense amount of care and anxiety necessitated by
the task she has undertaken, so much so, indeed, that she has retired
from the office of Consulting Entomologist to our Eoyal AgTicultural
Society, where it Avas a part of her duties to submit yearlj^ an account
of the insect attacks and the amount of enquiry on the subject sent to
her officially. That she is still energetic in the cause was evinced by
the circular she pul;)lished in September last, and which, I believe, at
first appeared in the Times newspaper, in which she gives the numerous
reports made to her of insect attacks and depredations during the
year. I would refer those interested in this su1)ject to this circular. I
am glad to say Miss Ormerod, though not officially, offers to continue
the investigations ni which she has been so eminently useful. Whilst

SOCIETIES. 61

Miss Ormerod has been doing so much good work in Economic Ento-
mology, others have not been idle, and vSocieties like our own have, as
they ought to do, given it their special attention ; but what we require,
and what I trust we shall have before many years expire, is the ap-
pointment of a duly qualified State entomologist. I know we have
Mr. Whitehead, to whom I have referred in a previous address, but the
importance of the subject demands more than Mr. Whitehead is at
present able to do. In the first place, I believe that the work he does
for the nation is only that over and above what he devotes to his own
business. In the next place, his attention has to be divided between
purely agricultural matters and Entomology, and also he will not allow
himself to be called an entomologist. We are very grateful for the
work Mr. Whitehead is paid for doing, but it is not enough. We want
a State entomologist suj^iDorted by the nation. In America, as you
know. Professor Riley holds such a position, and has done much good
service, the immense damage caused to crops in the United States
having rendered this a necessity ; and I believe it is only from the
ignorance of our Government of the terrible loss to the nation by insect
havoc, that we have not long since followed the example. The direc-
tions already given by Miss Ormerod have saved the nation millions of
money. Before she drew attention to the matter. Miss Ormerod esti-
mated the loss from " W^arble Fly," Hypoderma hovis, alone to be from
four to six millions annually, and from the " Turnip Ely," Haltica ne-
morum and allies in 1881, £747,000. Mr. Mosley states that he is
assured by the farmers around Alford in Lincolnshire that the annual
damage done by the " Wheat Bulb Ely," Hilemyid coarctata, alone,
within 10 miles of that town is certainly not less than £10,000, yet we
can do nothing to check it because we do not yet know where or how
it passes the year from May to March. In America they would
despatch a man to the spot with orders to stay there until he had found
it out. Professor Eiley has under him a very efficient staff, and has
a State laboratory where insect proldems are worked out. As an in-
stance of how they deal with attacks, when Pien's rapce. had been intro-
duced. Professor Riley introduced its parasites and thereby put a check
to its ravages. Several Marine Biological Stations have been started
and received more or less government aid, but we want an Inland Bi-
ological Institution where Zoological and Botanical Problems could be
worked out, especially with regard to insect depredations, and where
farmers' sons could go for courses of practical instruction in such mat-
ters. While regTetting that we have no State entomologist as in other
countries named, it is gratifying to find that several County Councils
having grants of money for Technical Instruction, regard Economic
entomology as coming under this head, for they have ajipointed
Entomologists as Lecturers — Mr. Newstead, for Cheshire ; Mr. Enoch,
for Essex ; Mr. Hooper, for W^orcester ; Mr. Turnbull, for Aberdeen.
I understand that some time ago a suggestion was made to Miss
Ormerod by Mr. Mosley, viz., that we ought to have a number of
Economic Entomologists employed as a kind of missionaries. Their
duties should be to go from place to i)lace, examiniug the state of the
crops, etc., and to give instructions to farmers and farmers' men how
to deal with the attacks. They could not only give evening lectures in
schools, and day lessons to the elder jiupils, but should go to the men
working in the fields, and show them on the spot what it is that is

€2 THE entomologist's record.

doing tlie mischief, and how to get rid of it. At such times as harvest
and haymaking, lectures could be given to the men in the barn or hay-
field. These suggestions of Mr. Mosley appear to me valuable, but they
refjuire to be carried out with caution. Unless these missionaries are
well qualified for their work, they will do more harm than good, and I
would rather trust to the free circulation among the farmers of such
invaluable works on the subject as Miss Ormerod's Text Booh of Agri-
cnUural Entomology. The difiiculty, however, is to convince farmers of
the importance of the study of insect attacks, and I am afraid very
many, even if they were presented Avith the book, would not open its
pages. Could not the question of County Council lectures be taken up
by Government, and no person permitted to be employed by any Council
until his knowledge had been tested, and the Government ought to
appoint some person well qualified to be the examiner. Teachers of
botany have to qualify themselves ; why not teachers of entomology ?
In Australia, the State entomologist (Mr. French) writes that the
authorities are most liberal to him ; his reports are printed by the
Government, and sent out free to farmers and gi'owers. The Agent
General has ordered from Mosley a collection of injurious insects, value
£86, for Mr. French's private use, and they have placed as much of the
Exhibition Buildings at Melbourne, covering 40 acres, as he may require
for forming an Economic Museum, at his disposal. In America, the
AgTicultural Department have power to compile and print entomologi-
cal books, even simple instructions in collecting and preserving insects,
at Government expense. The attention at present paid to the study of
Natural History at juddic and private schools must greatly facilitate its
progress in the future. In my youth it was quite an exception where
the scholars were encouraged to pursue it, and the making of a collec-
tion of insects, and studying their habits was hardly known. The
Friends' School at York, and the one at Epping, where I went to
school, were almost the only schools in the country, I believe, where
Natural History was taught, whilst now all the larger schools possess
a museum of their ovn\, and many of them also. Natural History
Societies, and there is scarcely one, I should think, in the country
where some of the scholars do not collect. By the last Government
code, the managers of an elementary school can dispense with grammar
as a class subject, and substitute other subjects, one of which is Natural
History. Advantage is to some extent being taken of this code, and the
study of natural science is slowly but surely finding its way into our
system of elementary education. We are educating the children more
and more by things, and less and less by books. We are teaching them
to find —

" Tongues in trees,

Books in the running brooks,

Sermons in stones,

And good in every thing."

At present, however, certain hindrances exist in the way of the more
rapid progress of this knowledge. For instance, most teachers are
very familiar with gTammar, and to them it is an easy subject to take
for a class ; while, on the other hand, comparatively few are interested,
or think themselves sufiiciently advanced to take such subjects as
entomology. Still, we are progressing, and this difficulty will
gi-adually^disappear, and, before long, there is no doubt. School Boards

SOCIETIES. 63

will engage special teachers for Natural History. At Banbury,
Cheshire, is a grammar school head teacher, Mr. Bailey, who takes a
deep interest in Economic Entomology. His school is attended by
farmers' children. He has breeding cases in the school windows, and
encourages the children to observe. He has particularly called their
attention to the Warble Fly, and has told them the life history of the
Grub, and showed them hoAv to squeeze it out of the hides. In 1885,
one boy brought to the school 250 gTubs from his father's farm ;
indeed, so energetic have the boys been, that this pest has lieen almost
entirely eradicated from the district where it used to be a great scourge.
In my educational collection I have a grub that was squeezed out by
one of Mr. Bailey's scholars. Our Society has the honour to possess in
the person of our Vice-President, the Eev. H. H. Higgins, a man who,
during his time, has done perhaps as much as any one man, and a
great deal more than many, to spread a love of Natural History.
Amongst the many things, and, perhaps, one of the most useful things
he has done, is the system of circulating cabinets, which he inaugu-
rated, and Avhich is now in vogue at the Liverpool ]\Iuseum. These
cabinets are fitted up with objects of Natural History, each cabinet
illustrating one subject. A cabinet is sent out to a school and allowed
to remain there for a time. Lessons upon the objects contained in the
cabinet are given to the scholars by the teachers, and after it has
remained a certain time it is taken away and sent to another school, and
another cabinet is given in its j^lace. This system is, j^erhaps, one of
the most perfect yet devised, and is well calculated to sjiread that love
for the works of creation and the Creator, which I am sure we all
desire. I am told that this system is now being adopted in other
towns. From an educational point of view, the value of this
mode of instruction in Natural Histor}^ cannot be too liighly es-
timated. It is a kind of kindcr-garten method, and more may be
gathered by a short inspection and brief description than could be
acquired by days of hard reading. The mention of the order given to
Mr. Mosley for cases containing a collection of injurious insects for
Australia, suggests my making a few remarks about himself. He is
the son of a working man, and was led to the love and study of Natural
History, as I have before stated, through assisting his father collecting
insects for the purpose of picture making. He now devotes himself
entirely to the advancement of Natural History, and a considerable
portion of his life has been devoted, free of emolument, to its cause.
His house, which is filled Avith specimens of Natural History, he has at
all times thrown open to the public, inviting them to participate in
what he himself so thoroughly enjoys and appreciates. He had notices
posted in all the schools of the district that he would give freely to
teachers any information he possessed if they would only -seek it, and
many apply to him for the loan of objects for lessons, for lectures, etc.
to all of Avhich he has given a free response, no one ever being refused.
His house, too, is the rendezvous of naturalists from neighbouring
towns, who gather together to look over his collections, get their
specimens named, etc. For seven years he taught weekly in the
Huddersfield Board Schools, and fitted up gratuitously one of the
schools with cases. He has been empowered by the Government to fit
up collections of injurious insects for South Kensington, Kew, Colony
of Victoria ; also for the Eoyal Dublin Museum, Edinburgh University,
as well as for various Agricultural Colleges, Schools, etc., and lias just

64 THE entomologist's kecord.

received an order from the Leeds School Board to fit up 600 small cases
to give as prizes to the school children. These cases, some of which are
before you, are remarkably clieap, and I think they only require to be
known to school managers to ensure a wide circulation. You may feel
sure it afforded me great gratification when ]Mr. Mosley told me some
montlis ago that the inspection, twenty years ago, of my Educational
Collection of Insects, which, I believe, was the first of tlie kind ever
made, led him to the formation of these Educational and Life-History
Collections for which he is so famous. Mr. Robert Newstead, another
of our honorary members, has done much valuable work. We all
appreciate the original papers he has read before our Society, and the
interesting exhibits he has so frequently provided. He was appointed
curator of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester, in the summer of 1886,
when he commenced to work up the life histories of injurious insects,
and has already provided the museum Avith sixty cases, each exliibiting
one life-history. These have proved of great value as a teaching collec-
tion, and are much appreciated by the general public. In working out
the injurious scale insects (Coccidce), he found it impossible to make any-
thing like headway with, them without giving special attention to the
Order ; this he has done, and published in the Enioviologist's Monthly
Magazine, from time to time, descriptions of new species, species
new to Britain, and new facts relating to these insects. Several
of the new and rare species are from the Lancashire and Cheshire
district, but the species cover a wide area. Indeed, he is at
present helping Mr. Cockerell in working out the Jamaica species.
As a lecturer on Economic Entomology, Mr. Newstead Ijegan in 1888
to give a series of lectures, at first on General Entomology, but in the
year 1890, the committee of the Museum formed a Fruit and Vegetable
Culture Class, at which he gave a course of instruction on the pests
affecting these crops. In 1892 he delivered a series of lectures for the
Cheshire County Council on " Fruit Pests," at ten centres in Cheshire,
and these were so successful, that they have engaged him to deliver
some 37 lectures on " Economic Entomology." A few weeks ago I had
great pleasure in inspecting tlie local collections of insects at tlie Chester
Museum, where I found Mr. Newstead. In addition to the work done
and alread}^ described, he had also been an active collector ; and, since
he had been at the Museum, he had added about 1,000 local species
collected by himself, consisting — for the most part — of the Orders
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hy3ienoptera and Homoptera. — My
address, I fear, has been of a somewhat rambling nature, but I
hope some of the subjects brought before your notice will be thought
worthy of serious consideration and discussion. I would, before I
close, congratulate our Society on its very healthy condition. It is
satisfactory, at the close of its 16 years history, to be able to state that
it never w^as in such a prosperous condition. The attendance has been
numerous ; the pajiers read, quite equal to those of the jiast ; the dis-
cussions— in which more members joined — consideralily improved ;
whilst, we never before had so many interesting exhilnts. There is
but one source of sorrow, and that is the great loss we have sustained
through death of two of our members. Mr. Francis Archer, who died
at his residence, 21, Mulgrave Street, Liverpool, February 29th last,
after a week's illness, was one of the first members who joined our
Society. He had not latterly attended many of our meetings, but he
always took a deep interest in our prosperity. He was a born natural-

SOCIETIES. bo

ist, and a most Av^arm-liearted and kind friend. Some of j'ou will
remember, soon after the foundation of our Society, the very pleasant
afternoon we spent at his house at Crosby, to which all the members
were invited. Mr. T. J. Moore, who died October 31st last, Avas born
in London, 1824. For many years past he had been the Curator of
our Free Public Museum. He was one of the 11 gentlemen Avho met
at my house, Huyton Park, February 24th, 1877, when the Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological Society was formed and christened. Time
works change, and, with the exception of myself, he Avas the last of
the original members, four having since died, and the rest have removed
from Liverpool. I feel I must also express the deep regret all inter-
ested in Entomology feel in the great loss we have just sustained in
the death of Mr. H. T. Stainton, which has deprived the world of one
who has done almost more than any other man to forward the study of
this science, and whose name must ever be associated with it, as the
acknowledged authority on the Micro-Lepidoptera.

The President's address was greeted with the heartiest applause and
approval. He then exhibited a melanic variety of Timandra amataria.
The specimen was unicolorous, composed of soft, olive-green scales.
Mr. Gregson, a collection of autographs of naturalists, artists and
authors, including nearly all the entomologists of the past 50 years.
Mr. AValker, a drawer of varieties of North American Vanessa antiopa,
probably the finest lot of varieties of this species extant. Mr. Collins,
Stauropus fagi from Beading. Mr. Mosley, a set of educational cases
relating to natural history subjects, to be used as prizes at schools.
Mr. Newstead, a specimen of Vanessa antiopa captured in Cheshire in
1877 by Mr. Leather of Vale Eoyal.— F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
17tJi January, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Battley, bred sj)ecimens of
Argynnis paphia and pupa of same, found in the New Forest, attached
to the underside of a honeysuckle stem. He remarked that he had ob-
served more than a dozen larvae of this species, basking in the sun on
a piece of moss, which they closely resemble in colour. Mr. Simes
preserved larvte of Satyrus semele from Sussex. He stated that these
larvfB hid under leaves by day, and only become active in the evening,
when they ascended the grass on which they fed. Mr. Clark, Stariro-
pus fagi, from Epping and New Forest, also empty cocoons of
the same. Mr. Bayne, Stauropus fagi, from Epping Forest, including
the black variety ; also pupfe, cocoons, j^f^-i'^-sites and coloured draw-
ings of the larva3. Mr. Riches, a series of Cidnria dotata, bred from
larvpe found on red currant. He remarked that this species only passes
a short time in the pupje, several of his specimens having emerged be-
fore some of the others pupated. Captain Thompson, a sjiecimen of
Dasypolia templi, taken at rest, on a wall near Halifax, on 19th Novem-
ber. Mr. Prout stated that he had recently bred several Melantliia
ocellata. The larvae of this species spin light cocoons on the surface of
the earth, in which they remain as larv^ for some time, but on pupa-
ting, the emergence of the imago soon followed, aild did not seem to
have any connection with the temperature. Mr. Sykes, a sjjecimen of
Sirex gigas, taken at Enfield in July, 1887.

Mr. Bayne then read his paper on Staurojms fagi. Messrs. Clark,
Prout, Lewcock, Sykes, Battley and Simes, took ^^art in the discussion
that followed, and a vote of thanks was unanimously accorded to Mr.
Bayne for his paper.

66 THE entomologist's record.

Fehruarij 7th, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Mera, a fine series of Hyhernia
defoUaria, pale oclireous, with a very clear dark band. These were all
from one batch of eggs, and showed the effects of heredity, as almost
every specimen was distinctly banded and followed the parent form,
none of the usual unicolorous specimens were bred with them. Mr.
Huckett bred specimens of Hyhernia defoUaria. He remarked that
these had emerged almost continuously from October, until the present
time. Mr. Bellamy, Ennomos tiUaria, E. fuscantaria, Selenia hmaria, and
some suffused specimens of Himera pennaria, all from Wood Green.
Mr. Prout, several Geometne, with the transverse lines approximating,
the enclosed band in some cases resolving itself into a line. These in-
cluded specimens of Ennomos angularia, Himera pennaria, Eupithecia
abhreviata, Thera variata, Melanthia occllata and Melanippe montanata.
Mr. Boden, Coccyx strohilana, C. splendihdana, C. argyrana, C. ahiegana,
C. nanana and C. vacciniana, all from West Wickham. Mr. Gates, Hy-
percallia christiernella, from Sevenoaks. Exhibits of the genus Xanthia
were made by Messrs. Bacot, Battley, Boden, Clark, Gates, Hodges,
Eiches, Eoutledge, Sequeira, Southey and Tutt.

Mr. Tutt then read his paper on " The Genus Xanthia,'' after which
there was an interesting discussion. — A. U. Battley and J. A. Simes,
Hon. Sees.

Entomological Society of London. — February 8th, 1893. — Mr. S.
Stevens exhilnted a specimen of Chcerocampa celerio, in very fine
condition, captured at light, in Hastings, on the 26th September last,
by Mr. Johnson. Mr. A. J. Chitty exhibited specimens of Gibbium
scotias and Pentarthrum huttoni, taken by Mr. Rye in a cellar in Shoe
Lane. He stated that the Gibbium scotias lived in a mixture of beer
and sawdust in the cellar, and that when this was cleared out the
beetles disappeared. The Pentarthrum hidtoni lived in wood in the
cellar. Mr. McLachlan exhibited a large Noctuid moth, which had
been placed in his hands by Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S., of the Meteorological
Office. It was stated to have been taken at sea in the South Atlantic,
in about lat. 28° S., long. 26° W. Colonel Swinhoe and the President
made some remarks on the species, and on the migi-ation of many
species of Lepidoptera. Mr. W. F. H. Blandford exhibited larvae and
pupge of Rhynchophoriis palmarum, L., the Gru-gru Worm of the West
Indian Islands, which is eaten as a delicacy by the negroes and by the
French Creoles of Martinique. He stated that the existence of post
thoracic stigmata in the larva of a species of Bhynchophorus had been
mentioned by Candeze, but denied by Leconte and Horn. They were
certainly present in the larva of R. palmarum, but were very minute.
He also exhibited a piece of a drawing board, showing extensive injury
by Longicorn larva? during a period extending over seven years. Mr.
G. T Porritt exhibited two varieties of Arctia hibricepeda from York ;
an olive-banded specimen of Bombyx quercus from Huddersfield ; and a
small melanic specimen of Melanippe hastata from Wharncliffe Wood,
Yorkshire. Mr. H. Goss exhibited a few species of Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera, sent to him by Major G. H.
Leatham, of the 31st Regiment, who had collected them last June and
July, whilst on a shooting expedition in Kashmi territory, Bengal.
Some of the specimens were taken by Major Leatham at an elevation
of from 10,000 to 11,000 feet, but the majority were stated to have been
collected in the Krishnye Valley, which drains the glaciers on the
western slopes of the Nun Kun range. Mr. Elwes remarked that some

REVIEWS 67

of the butterflies Avere of great interest. Mr. G. F. Hanipson exhibited
a curious form of Parnassius, taken by Sir Henry Jenkyns on the 29th
of June last, in the Gastornthal, Kandersteg. Mr. J. M. Adye exhibited
a long series of remarkable varieties of Boarmia repandata, including
several var. conversaria taken last July in the New Forest. Mr. C. O.
Waterhouse exhibited a photograph of the middle of the eye of a male
Tahanus, showing square and other forms of facets, multiplied 25 times.
— H. Goss, Hon. Secretary.

Birmingham Entomological Society, — On January 16th, 1893, a
Lecture was delivered by Col, Charles Swinhoe, on " Protective
Eesemblance and Mimicry in Insects." — In the lecture, which was
illustrated by photographic lantern slides, some of wliich were beauti-
fully coloured, he gave a number of cases and facts of mimicry which were
quite new, and very interesting. — Colbran J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

The Cambridge Entobiological and Natural History Society. —
December 5th. — The Secretary exhibited on behalf of Dr. Sharp, F.E.8.,
a section cut from a branch of poplar, showing a mine of some larva.
Dr. Sharp had found these mines very common in the willow and
poplar trees in and round about Cambridge, and thought they would
probably turn out to be the work of Snporda charcarius, a beetle, which
although very rare in most parts of Britain, is common in Cambridge.
Mr. Eickard exhibited some very large beetles of the order Scarabceus,
and some spiders collected at Dalman, South Africa ; also a number of
specimens and their cocoons of an Ichneamon, bred from larva3 of
Abraxas grossulariata. Mr. Farren, a series each of Eupitliecia extensaria
from Norfolk, and Acidalia immorata from Lewes. Mr, G. H, Bryan
exhibited under the microscope: — Xantliidm, from chipping of flint;
Dtatoma vulgaris ; 3Ieridion circulare ; Proboscis of blow-fly showing
teeth; Gamasus — Parasite oi Haltica; and Algai — Drapamaldia plumosa."
W. Farren, Hon. Sec.

Seviews.

The Transactions of The City of London Entomological
Society, 1892, Published at the Society's rooms, London Institution,
Finsbury Square, E.C. Price, 2s. — This active Society of working-
entomologists has produced its Transactions again well up to date, and
entomologists will find numerous notes, hints, and j)a2:)ers to interest
them. The papers read before the Society by Messrs. Eobson, Bayne,
Lewcock, Battley, Clark, Quail, Tutt and Dr, Buckell, are printed in
extenso, and those who wish the Society well, and can aid it financially,
would do well to purchase its Transactions each year from the Secretary,
The low subscriptions to this Society, in order to make it as available
as possible to all, does not enable its Council to do ambitious work, but
what it does it does well.

The Proceedings of the South London Entomological Society,
1890-1891, Published at the Society's Eooms, Hibernia Chambers,
London Bridge, S.E. Price, 3s. 6d. — " Better late than never " is a
phrase that may generally be well applied to the Transactions issued by
this Society. There is one doubtful benefit in being two years behind
time : one feels constrained to read what would otherwise be put on
the book-shelves for future reference, and old ideas and discussions re-
awaken into vigorous life, and remind one of the rapid course and

68 THE entomologist's record.

onward flow of science. The present volume, however, deserves more
than usual notice from lepidopterists outside the Society, owing to the
j)apers by Messrs. Adkin and Cockerell (pp. 62-84), and a further
paper by Mr. Adkin (pp. 150-168), as well as one by Mr. Billups and
another by Mr. Carrington. For these papers alone, the Proceedings
are worth buying by all entomologists, who will find them interesting
and well worth reading. There are a more than usually large number
of printer's errors. Our friend Mr. Ovenden of Strood, figures as
" Mr. Ovington," on p. 141 ; Peronea more than once becomes " Pero-
nia " ; and lietinia becomes " Retinea,'' and so on. We only mention these,
as such errors are usually very rare in The Proceedings of this Society.

Die PALEARKTISCHEN CxROSS-SCHMETTEIiLINGE UNO IHKE NaTUR-

GESCHicHTE, Bearbcitct von Fritz Kiihl. Published by Ernst Heyne,
Leipzig. First Part (Nos. 1 and 2), 2s. 6d. — The double number before
us contains an introduction of 76 pp., and descriptions of the species in
the early genera of the PapiUonklce, and their varieties. Slowly, but
siirely, entomology as a science is extending itself : the ordinary books
on the subject are leaving the old beaten tracks in which the systematic
work of other days was done, and the describers of both insects and
larvEe generally add some observations to the bare bones of description
which sufiiced not long since for the purely scientific aspect of our
work. Much more slo^vly than in Ijotany, perhaps because workers are
fewer, and that the preliminary systematic work has yet been less
thoroughly done, but just as certainly, the scientific aspect of our
subject, rather than the systematic, is growing uppermost in our minds,
and we want to know not only what is, but what are the probable causes
which have made entomological facts what they are. Scattered over
the entomological literature of the Continent, are endless descriptions
of local forms, varieties and aberrations of lepidoptera, and to inform
entomologists of these, as well as to give some general hints to collectors,
is the stated object of the present work. If this were done, it would be
a good work, but the method adopted is likely to lead to very different
results. As the first book of its kind attempted in Germany, it should
receive a hearty welcome, and it is, perhaps, not well to look for every-
thing at once, or criticise its method. The writer, however, appears to
ns to have fallen into one great error. Instead of quoting original
descriptions and notes, he re-describes from specimens, wrongly called
*' types," which have been sent from various collectors and dealers.
This must necessarily lead into gross error, not so much among the
well-defined Macro-Lepidoptera, as among the species of Argynnis,
Li/ccena, and endless genera of GEOMETRiE and Nocture. Of course, we
know that reference to original descriptions and ty^^es entails hard
work, but all useful scientific work presents difficulties, and this rough-
and-ready method of work is hardly scientific. To describe specimens
sent from a dealer, as " types " of certain varieties, is a farce ; we have
five specimens sent from one of the best-known Continental dealers, as
types of Agrotls tritici var. aquilina ; these represent, not only five
different forms, but three distinct species. As the author is getting
some of his " types " from the same source, his book will not be alto-
gether reliable. We hope it is not yet too late for him to consider
this. The Introduction is interesting and useful, giving full notes and
hints on capturing and setting insects, larva? rearing and preserving,
etc. We wish we could criticise the method of the book as satisfactorily
as the obvious intentions of the author. — Ed.

^NS^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 3. Vol IV. March 15th, 1893.

1'fiE QEpIlJ^ ^JljiUjilJI:

With Note.s on Variation, Habcts and Affinities.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

{Continued from page 28.)

Xaiithia cltrago. — This species aj^pears to have nothing in common
with flavago and fnlcago, which I look upon as the true types of tlie
genus Xanthia. I have previously mentioned the strange fact that the
terminal segment of the pupa in no wa^^ resembles either of the gToups
with which it is usually allied, that is, with those Orthosidce like Ghea,
or, on the other hand, with those Orthosidce which come near the
Hadenidce like T<.miocampa ; in fact, Dr. Chapman calls my attention to
its similarity in this respect to Cuspidia (Acronycta), although I do not
mean to suggest that it has any close affinity with Acronycta from this
isolated fact. At the same time there is no doubt from its general
characters, habit of the larva, pupal structure, different arrangement of
transverse lines, etc., in the imago, that the moth has no very great
affinities with those species with which it is at present gi'ouiied.

Xanthia citrago is distinctly of two shades of coloui' — a pale orange,
almost yellow, and a rich orange approaching the colour of croceago, in
fact, one si:)ecimen kindly given to me l)y Mr. Holland quite equals
that species in intensity. This coloration is to a certain extent sexual,
for whilst a large number of the males and all the females are of the
paler tint, a small proportion of the males are of the darker orange
coloration ; not that there is any very distinct line of demarcation, but
the males are certainly dimorphic, or, at least, have a strong dimorfjhic
tendency, the females (at least, not in the large number of specimens I
have) certainly not exhibiting this difference in anything like so
marked a degree, or, in fact, at all. This dimoi'ijliic tendency in the
males is accentuated by the development in most of the richer coloured
specimens of a distinct, Avell-marked, dark fascia crossing the centre of
the wing between the stigmata, the fasciated appearance being due to
the widening of the normally fine central line by a shading of fuscous
scales on its outer edge and its union with the reniform, which in these
specimens also partakes of a fuscous hue. All my extreme, strongly-
marked specimens are, without exception, males. One specimen I have
before referred to is very striking, not only from the richness of
the ground colour, but from the fact that outwards from the elbowed
line it is so suffused with dark scales as to have the appearance of an
outer band, as is so common in X. aurago. This, perhaps, shows simply

70 THE entomologist's kecokd.

a tendency to produce a common form of variation for purpones of pro-
tection, as this specimen of citrcKjo came from Keading where the
handed form of aurago is very ahmidant. Tlie pale yellow form of
this species is the type, the richer coloured orange form being known
as var. aurantiago, whilst that in which the central line becomes fascia-
ted is the suhflava of Eversmann recorded by Staudinger from " Ural
and Petropolis." The imago hides away in the day among the leaves
and herbage beneath or near the lime trees, flies at night al)out the
trees, and is best taken by sugaring the twigs of the trees. This
species does not hybernate. It lays its eggs in the autumn, on the buds
of the lime, and these hatch with the bursting of the buds in sjiring.
They live at fii'st in the buds, but the young larva> soon leave these (in
early May) and may then be found between two flat leaves of lime,
\vhich have been fastened by silk, or otherwise the leaf is doubled over
in part on itself. By standing under the trees so as to get the leaves
between the eye and the sky, the young larvae may l)e readily detected.
They come out to feed at night and can then be beaten. IMr. Fenn says
tliat they do not always hide between leaves, but go into crevices of
bark, etc. This is now sujDposed to be a difference of habit due to
a difference of age, the wandering haliit increasing as the larvae get
full-fed. The larva forms its cocoon in the flrst Aveek of June, but
does not pupate for nearly t^vo months after doing so, the moth appear-
ing in September or October. Captain Robertson states that Mr.
Holland found a larva of this species feeding on *' nut " (Ent. Bee, i..
p. 342).

Citrago appears to occcur in almost all our English counties, and is
so abundant in some Yorkshire localities, that one is astonished not to
find records from Scotland. It occurs in Ireland, being recorded from
county Wicklow. I have, however, never seen Irish specimens and
cannot say if they differ from those obtained in England. Staudingei-
gives as the range of the siiecies : — " Central and Northern Europe
(except Polar Region) ; Pj'renees ; Piedmont ; S. and E. Russia."

Xanthia aurwjo. — Although this species is certainly not so closely
allied to flavago, fidvago and gilvago as they are to each other, yet it is
much more closely allied to them than to either of the species Ave have
already considered. The different arrangement of the darker colour in
the formation of bands gives a very different general a^^pearance to
this species, but the arrangement of the transverse lines, etc., closely
approximates, and so it does in other particulars. Very few of us had
any idea of the beautiful forms this sjiecies Avas capable of producing
until Mrs. Bazett, Mr. Holland and other Reading lepidopterists
supplied us freely Avith the species. It is a very variable species,
much more so than any other of its congeners, the only other really
A'arial>le Xanthia being fnhago. The palest form of the ground colour
of this species is a clear primrose yelloAv, in some rather inclining to
Avhite. From this it passes through pale orange to a rich orange tint,
richer and redder than the tint of croceago. I once saw one of the
pale yelloAv specimens Avith scarcely the faintest trace of a dark mark.
This Avas taken by Mr. Chittenden near Ashford in Kent, and I believe
that no specimen of this form has ever been captured among the
hundreds taken by the Reading collectors. Generally speaking, the
ground coloiu* is confined to the central area, the basal s^iace and the
outer area (beyond the elboAved line) being of a darker hue. This darker
colour is generally red, but occasionally deep i)urple, the bands of either
colour contrasting strongly Avhen the ground colour is pale yelloAv, but the

TFiK (;]<;nus xantuia. 71

•effect of the red 1 )ecomes partially lost when the ground colour is of a rich
orange tint. Tliis is sometimes so far intensified that the Avhole Aving
area becomes unicolorous orange red, occasionally even unicolorous
purple red. The type is the form with the central area pale yellow,
and the basal and outer areas reddish-purple ; the corresponding form,
with the central area pale orange, is called virgata, whilst that with
the central area of a rich orange red is the rntilago of Fabricius. The
unicolorous pale yellow form is known as hitea, whilst the unicolorous
rich purplish red form is the fncata of Esper. One other l)eautiful form
has the orange central area A'ory much mottled. Mr. Holland says of
tliis species : — " An occasional imago falls to the beating-stick, but the
great majority' seem to lie hidden in the herl jage and leaves 1 lelow. At
dark they will Ije found to have come to the toj) of the grasses and
other plants, or feeding on the Idackberries, but, like fuloago and fla-
vago, they take wing at once on some evenings. Sugared twigs, how-
•ever, Avill generally stop them. Books say the larva3 hide in the chinks
of the bark ; I have never been al)le to find them, and I must say for
larvai having that habit they are most unfortunate in feeding on a tree
tlie bark of which is as smooth as a telegTaph pole."'

I know nothing of the egg-laying of this species, but Xewman states
tliat the larva feeds on " birch (F(iga>i sj/lcatica) " an evident printer's
in-ror for " beech." The egg is, according to the Eev. J. Hellins (Ent.
Mo. Mag., vi., p. 222), laid in September, and hatches in March or
April. He further states that, unlike many that hyl)ernate in the ova
state, but in which the larva is fully developed in the autumn, the egg
of aurago has been examined from time to time up to the }niddle of
January, without anything but the faintest traces of the future larva?
having been detected l)y microscopic examination of their still fluid
contents, but that at the last examination — about January llth — the
larva of X. aurago was found partially developed, but not to such a
degree that it could be extracted from the shell in the larval form.
Mr. Machin records finding a larva on Spircua Jilipendnla, hxmi which
he bred a fine dark imago. (At the meeting, Mr. Bloomfield recorded
tlie capture of two larv^ on maple in Suffolk. These he bred).

Aurago is very local in Britain, Kent (neighbourhood of Wye and
Ashford) and near Beading being its head quarters. It is also recorded
from Llangollen, and Mr. Birchall recorded it as taken in Ireland by
Mr. Haughton, although the locality was unknown. It has not Ijeen
recorded from Scotland or the northern counties of England, so that its
range is comparatively restricted. Staudinger gives as its range on the
Continent : — " Central Europe (except Livonia) ; S. Sweden ; Denmark ;
Piedmont ; Etruria ; Corsica."

(To he continued.)

"B)CIENTIFIC NOTES.

Critical notes on certain Xoctuje (Plate C, figs. 1, 2 and 3. —
The large amount of reference to scientific works into which my
recently finished work on The British Noctuce and their Varieties has led
me, has brought to my notice some very strange facts connected with
certain species. The following notes, although embodied in that work,
are sure to prove of such general interest, that I have no hesitation
in brinji-ina' them under the notice of our readers.

72 THE entomologist's kecokd.

In tlie Ent. Mo. 3Ia<j., vol. xxv., pp. 52 — 55. I discussed at length
the position of Tapino^tohi concolor, and with a view rather of obtaining
more information or starting a discussion on the subject, and on the
strength of some strange specimens of T. ftilva, whicli I took in July, I
proposed dropping concolor as a var. oi fuhui. In this I was undoubtedly
wrong. At the same time I carefully examined Hiibner's figure of
extrema and came to the conclusion that it was our bond/'/. I am still of
that opinion. Others, however, differ from me. Dr. Knaggs thought
this figure to hehondii, Zellerthat it was not, Doubleday, Herrich-Schaffer,.
Lederer and Treitschke have all given uncertain opinions without
definite conclusions ; Ochsenheiuier uiade Hiibner's extrema the 2 of
fidva. Staudinger had settled in his own mind that Guenee's newly-
described concolor agreed with Iliilmer's extrema, but after having seen
the original si)ecimen from u-hich Hiilaier's figure -was made, he writes
not that it is concolor, l»ut that '' it comes nearest to a Avhitish female
concolor, Gn. but certainly with blackish cilia." In tlie face of all this
doubt, I have, in The British Noctiice, vol. iv., p. 99, Avithdrawn the
position I assigned it in vol. i., p. 47, and I have also suggested that the
name extrema should be allowed to drop altogether as being so doubtfuL
I Ijolieve that our sjiecies so far should stand as follows : —
Tapinostola concolor, Gn.

extrema, Hb. ?.
Tapinostola fnlca, Hb. (red form).

var. concolor, Tutt (white form), E.M.M., vol, xxv., so
much as refers to whitish specimens from Deal.

Eeference to Plate 0 presented with the February number of The Ent.
Record will make tlie distinction of these species clear. Fig. 2 is T.
ftdva var. concolor, Tutt, agreeing with tlie form described by me from
Deal, althougli the transverse series of s})ots so conspicuous in Fig. 3
(concolor) is aljsent in this particular sjiecimen of fulva. 1 did not
notice this when the siDCcimen was selected, but the dots are frecpiently
almost as distinct as in fig. 3. Fig. 3 reju'esents the tnie concolor, a
rather larger and broader- winged species than /?«/i"a, although much like
the pale var. of the latter in colour, as a comparison of the figures
shows. The shading along the median nervure is, perhaps, generally
rather more pronounced in fidva, and the transverse series of dots, a
very constant feature in concolor, is very variable both in intensity and
development m fulva.

Fig. 1 represents Acosmetia rnorrisii, Dale, a species Ave have known
for some time as hondii, Knaggs. It has always appeared Avonder-
ful to me that a species turned up at Folkestone as late as 1861, should
then haA'e recpiired a new name ; and this remarkable circumstance I
haA-e repeatedly communicated to entomological friends. I Avas set on
the moA-e about this species first, b}' a note Avhich Mr. Dale Avrote to The
Ent. Record, vol. i., j). 34, in Avhicli he refers rnorrisii to arcuosa as a pale
Aar. I Avanted to knoAv more about rnorrisii for my book on The British
Noctiice, but for some time I could not find anything. HoAvever, one
day looking through the last plates of the Nocture in Humphrey and
AVestAvood's British Moths, I came across a figure, at the sight of Avhich
I ejaculated, *' extrema, Hb. — bondii, Knaggs." I turned to the letter-
press and the name Avas rnorrisii. I immediately Avent to my cabinet,
satisfied myself as to its identity Avith bondii at once, both from the
figure and letterpress (the hind Avings of the figure are unmistakeable)
and then set to Avork to learn more. The sjiecimen from Avhicli this
figure Avas made A\-as captured Ijy Mv. Morris himself at Cliarmouth,in the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES, /O

same line of coast, and about ten miles from the well known locality
for bondii at Lyme Kegis, discovered by Mr. Wormald, and afterwards
captured there in plenty by Messrs. Goss and Tugwell. The greatest
jjuzzle about the whole affair, is to think that a species described by
Mr. Dale, in The Naturdlist, vol. ii., p. 88, and Errata, hgured by
Humphrey and Westwood, in 1843 or 1844, under Dale's name, should
be re-described in 1861 (18 years at the most) and accepted l)y ento-
mologists without question. Perhaps they lived more slowly in those
days ; at any rate, they ajipear to have lived Avitli their eyes partly
shut. I am not particularly surprised that Dr. Knaggs re-descriljcd the
si^ecies. The few years that he was devoted to the study of Lejudoptera
brought many new things to light, which have since sunk in darkness ;
but I am astonished that men, of comparatively good scientific know-
ledge, with Humphrey and Westwood alwa^^s in their hands as their
■every-day reference book, did not detect the blunder committed by a
{may I say ?) then comparative beginner. Perhaps it was then as it is
now. If work be not done in the groove laid down by our extra-scientific
friends, it is something to be ignored and jumped on. This, it appears
to have been taken for granted, was bound to be correct, and did not
want enquiring into. Fancy the lepidopterists of to-day letting some
■comparative beginner re-describe a species only 18 years old ; and yet,
this is Avhat the entomologists of 1861 did. Bondii, Knaggs, will
therefore have in future to be labelled luorrisii, Dale. — J. W. Tutt.
February 28th, 1893.

New Classification of the Lepidoptp:ra-Heteko('era, as pkoi'ose])

BY Dr. Chapman.

A. — OBTECT/E. — Pupa smooth and rounded, externally solid, inner
dissepiments flimsy. Free segments in both sexes
5th and 6th (abl.). Never emerges from cocoon,
or progresses in any Avay. Dehiscence by irregular
fracture.

1. — Macros. — Larva with hooks of ventral prolegs on inner side
only (Exposed feeders). Sjjhinges, Bomhyce)^,
Nolidif, Nycteolidoe, Noctitina, Geometne.

2. — Pyraloids. — Larva Avith complete circle of hooks to ventral
prolegs (Concealed feeders). Pyrales, Phycidce,
Eiidoridce, Cramhidce, Gelechidce, PluteHidce,(Ecopho-
ridce. {Epiiintphiidce, Ahicitidce).

3. ? — Doulttful wliethcr Pyraloids or of separate

(classificatory) value. HypouomeKtidw, Aniyrestliidce,
Col eophor idee. (Peritfia ?) (Elachistidie?).

B.— INCOMPLETE. — Puija less solid and rounded, appendages often
partially free. Free segments may extend upwards
to 3rd (abdominal). 7th ahvays free in male, fixed
in female. Deliiscence accompanied by freeing of
segments and api)endages previously fixed. (Except
in 1) pupa progresses and emerges from cocoon.

1. — Pupa attached by cremaster. Free segments. 4 5 6 7. 456.
Pterophorina.

2. — Pupa free to move and emerge from cocoon.

a. — Larva concealed feeder, often miner and usually rather
active wlien not cram^ied l)y mine.

74 THE entojiolootst's kecord.

B. — (cent.) — 1. — Free segments, o 6 7. 5 (3. L!thocoUetid(e, Gra-
cilariidie.
2. — Free segments, -i 5 G 7. 4 o G.

a. — TiNE.i: {Thicido', Psi/clu'da', Sesiida).
h. — Tort KITES {Tortricma, Cossus, E.capate, Siviae-
this). (Casfn/a).
3.— Free segments. 3 4 o G 7. 3 4 5 6.

(/. — Zelzera and Hei-ialis, tend to lose 3rd as a

free segment.
h. — Tischeria.
c. — ADELiD.ii. Ovii)Ositor (of imago) formed for

piereing plant tissues ( includes Er/'ocejthala).
d. — Xepticulid-i;. Antennte separate from head in
dehiscence.
1). — Larva exjjosed feeder. Sluglike in form and movements,
head very retractile. Free segments. 3 4 5 6 7.
3 4 5 6.
1. — MirRorTERVGiD.i;. Eight pairs abdominal legs, curious

appendages, moss feeders.
2. — CocHLiopoDiD.^. Legs evanescent, hut traces of extra
pairs and of curious appendages. Max. palps
large in pupa, not in imago.
3. — Zyg^^md.^:. Legs of macro type. Max. jtalps eva-
nescent in pu}»a.

C. ? — Pupa Avitli no free segments, appendages adherent

to all abdominal segments. Lyimetia, Cchii-
ostoma, BedeJlia.
AciPAi.iA Hi'MJLiATA, HiFX. (Plate C, tig. 10). — "With regard to my
note on this species in the last nund.ier of tliis Magazine, our readers
■will have noticed that I carefully refrained from giving a decided
opinion relative to the specimen as figured on Plate C, fig. 19. Li The
Entoriiohgisf, vol. xxii., pp. 121-125, I discussed at length our species
usuall}' known as dihtaria or niter jectar in. There is no need to
traverse all the gi-ound again, but I dealt with all the descriptions and
records of British specimens up to date, and came to the con-
clusion that all our British specimens belonged to one and the same
species, and that osfcata, HI)., as some of our red-costa specimens were
called, was only a form of this sj^ecies. I referred to Hiibner's original
figure, and this fully bore out my conclusion, Hiil)ner's oiseata was
undoubtedly our common interjectariu. and not a distinct species. I
have referred to it again, and I am more strongly than ever of the same
opinion. But an allied species has long been sent out by Continental
entomologists as hvmiUata, Ilufn. This used to be most carefully re-
ferred to by certain professional entomologists as " the true osseata,"'
and of these specimens Mr. C. G. Barrett very pointedly writes in the
current number of the Ent. Mo. Mag. : — " Then came a time Avhen it
was important from a financial point of view that British osseata
shoiild be obtained, and, accordingly, specimens differing in no respect
from those found wpon the Continent — having more pointed wings,,
striga^ more ol)lique, and the costa of quite a different red, were readil}"
obtainable by those who were willing to pay a good jirice. and, for a
time, these were l)elieved to be genuine natives. Cause for doubt,,
however, arose, and in 1S72 Mr. Doubleday wrote to me as follows : —
<I do not believe that the beaiitiful specimens of the true osseata which

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Tt>

. brought hero, aud said Avere captured by . . . were
British. I looked at them with a lens, and believe that they had all
been re-set.' And later, he wrote that they were 'gross impostures.'
This opinion became general, and the name osseata disappeared from
onr cabinets and lists" {Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. xxix., p. (56). At this
time, then, we had — jnst after the time of the introduction of these
foreign examjjles — reached a point, Avhere the species known (though
only to British lepidopterists) as " the true osseata,'" was not recognised
as a British sjiecies, and from this standpoint of information I wrote
my note in The Entomologist, and showed that osseata, Hb. was a
species not distinct from ours ; and that, if the Continental humiliata.
Hufn. Avas the same as osseata, Hb., as per Staudinger and Wocke's
Catalog, then we had only one species in Britain, viz., humiliata, Hufn.,
(^=osseata, Hb. =^ interjcctaria, Bdv. = dibitaria, Hb. ?). Here I left
it, and my contention being based on actual facts from the various
authors' Avritings and figures is unanswerable. Mr. Hodges has now
turned up a species, which Mr. Barrett says is the true osseata, Hb.,
and he heads a communication to the Ent. Mo. Mag. -. — '' The recent
occurrence of the true Acidalia osseata, Hb., in Britain." Mr. Barrett
eannot have looked up the literary matter in the works of Hufnagel,
Hiibner, Guenee, etc., or he would not go on perpetiiating such a
})alpable blunder. Osseata, Hh, is undoubtedly the red-costa form of
(Uir common interject aria. It has broad ample wings, characteristic
interjectaria lines, and fails in every distinguishable point that Mr.
Barrett lays stress on in his note, " the more pointed wings, strigfe
more oblique," being, in fact, not only not present, but intensified in
the opposite direction in Hiibner's figure, " the ajiex being particularly
rounded, the outer margin jiarticularly square, and the strigai particu-
larly straight." The only common featiire is the red costa. Staudinger
1 know, makes osseata, Hb., a synonym of humiliata, but that is un-
doubtedly an error (and a very allowable one) due to Staudinger's
evident ignorance of our common interjectaria sometimes having such a
mode of variation. There really ajipears to be a second species on the
(Jontinent, and humiliata appears to be the name by which this narrow-
winged species is known there, but I am not sure that the new Britisli
species which Mr, Hodges undoubtedly introduces for the first time is
the same as this, as all the German humiliata I have received have been
our common interjectaria. But, accepting Mr. Barrett's dictum that
the real humiliata of Continental collections is what he calls osseata
where is the necessity for perpetuating a gross blunder in referring
to it a name that belongs to another species. Is it because Ave are
such scientists as to take the German dealers' types in faith, and
are more or less incapable of Avorking out original matter from authors
for ourseh'es ? The energetic Avay avc refer to specimens from Conti-
nental dealers Avithout CA'er testing their conclusions, and then base our
arguments on their most jirofound ignorance, is beyond my comjjre-
liension. If Ave are to do science, let us go to the fountain head, and
not perpetuate Continental eri'ors by comi^arison Avith so-called German
'• types." Mr. Barrett makes another \'ery unsatisfactoiy remark,
considering the certainty expressed in the title of his note. He says :
" In all these respects, they (Mr. Hodges' sjjecimens) agree accurately
Avith Continental specimens of osseata (so-called, as they are sent as
humiliata, unless Ave send for specimens in the synonymie name —
.1 .W.T.), but are not more than from one-half to tAvo-thirds the size of

76 THE extomologist's record.

the latter." Mr. Barrett further supposes this small size maybe due to
the probability that " at the extreme south of these Islands the species
has reached the extreme limit of its range, and maintains itself with
difficulty." AVhy, even a reference to Staudinger's Catalog would have
informed Mr. Barrett that the species sent by the Continental collectors
as ImmiUata (the true osseata, Hb. as it is called l)y ]\Ir. Barrett) occurs
in the " whole of Europe (except that part X. of the 60° parallel of
latitude, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Greece)," so that the South of
England is some G30 miles within tliis limit ; and its small size, if it
i-eally be tlie same species, must be referred to another cause. I will
not say that Mr. Hodges' specimens are not linmUiata, because ni}^ igno-
rance of this is perfect at present. I do maintain most strongly that
they are not onseata, Hiibn.

The two species we have (or soon hope to have) in our cal)inets,
should at present be labelled as follows : —

1. — liiuiiiJidta, Hufn., Stdgr.

2. — osseata, Hb. 102 (form Avith reddish costa).

var. interjectaria, Bdv. (form without reddish costa).
It may l»e considered that this is rather a violent tirade on a small
matter, l)ut it is almost time that those who teach us should do so on a
scientific basis, and not with unsatisfactory German types, about whicli
our teachers know little, and a})})ear to take no troul)le to learn more.
—J. W. TuTT, February 2Sth, 1893.

fiuRRENT NOTES.

A most interesting paper on hybridising Burnet Moths {Zi/ga'nw.) by
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, is to be found in the current No. of the Ent.
Mo. Mag. AYe hope to refer to this later on.

A new Coccid taken by Mr. E. R. Bankes, on July 12th, last, at Corfe
Castle, on the undersides of twigs of Thesimn hiuiilfnsum, is described and
named Pollinia thesri, hj Mr. J. W. Douglas.

The Kev. Theodore Wood records the capture of a single specimen
of Aporia cratiegi in East Kent, on the 28th of June last. So many
pupa> have l)een put down of late years to try to re-introduce the species,
that it is not advisable to lay too much stress on the occurrence of oc-
casional specimens. We still look forward to its rea})})earance however,
in its old abundance, without aiiificial aid.

We notice in the Proceedings of the FoUiestoue Natural History Society,
1892, a report of the principal lepidoptei'a captured in the district during
1892. Ojjhiodes lunaris by Mr. Austin ; Cloaniha perspiciUaris by
Lieut. Brown ; three Deiopeia pidcliella in May, and one in August ;
Phisia vwneta, Leticania albijjimeta, Sphinx convolndi and Ennomos antnm-
naria were also captured. Most interesting is the note that Mr. Austin
has turned up Ncla rentonalis at Folkestone. We do not ol)ject to
l)hilanthroi)y, l)ut when philanthropists foxand out tlie Deal sand-hills,
and planted tents for about a hundred boys every summer, on one of
the best collecting grounds in the kingdom, converted it into a play-
groimd, and generally destroyed the district entomologically, our
sympathies were certainly not with the philantliro})ist. As NoJa cento-
nalis has through these reasons become unobtainaljle at Deal, its occur-
rence at Folkestone is particularly satisfactory, especially as it has fallen
nto the hands of a collector who knows well how to work it.

CURBENT NOTES. 77

Dr. Knaggs, wlio was on the editorial staff of the Ent. Mo. Mag. at
its commencement, but wlio retired from entomological piii'suits some
25 years ago, has just come before the public again, and takes up the
cudgels on behalf of Clostera anachoreta. His note, in which he seeks
to restore the shaken position of this species as British, is rather smartly
handled by the Kev. J. Greene, and as he referred in his note to si^eci-
mens taken at Deal, Mr. Webb very reasonably enquires, whether the
species was not " laid down " in many outlying localities around that
part of the Kent coast, either by Dr. Knaggs himself, or others. Very
little doubt exists in the minds of lei^idopterists nowadays, that this
species was in some unexplained (as yet) manner, introduced with the
13oplars at Folkestone, on which they were found. Its enormous egg-
laying jDower makes it impossible that such a species as this should die
out if a regular native, and yet, this is what it has done ; as no district
in England is more regularly or closely worked than the Folkestone
home of this sj^ecies.

It has been known ever since the discovery of the species in abun-
dance in Scotland, that Refima resiiielJa took two years to come to
maturity. Strange to say, a general impression has got about that it
only occurs once in two years, i.e., that the imagines do not appear
every year. At a recent meeting of the South London Ent. Soc, Mr.
McArthur referred to this Betiaia, and we asked him whether there was
any foundation for this latter supposition. He stated that it only occurred
once in two years according to his experience. It was then suggested
that it must have been a recent im2:)ortation to have such a regular and
strange mode of appearance. Mr. Adkin, in a contemporary, asks for
information from Continental lepidojDterists on this point. Perhaps,
some of our Scotch friends can tell us whether R. resinana is so abso-
lutely biennial as we are learning to consider it.

We should be interested to learn what, in the days gone by, the
City of London Entom. Soc. did to earn the dislike of the Editor of one
of our contemporaries. The reason for his dislike of ourselves is well-
known and obvious, but we are, as yet, a little in the dark as to the
cause of the City of London's iniquity. The following geograjihical
item from The Entomologist is interesting, "fuliginosa (Isle of Manfarnis) "
this means, we presume, "fuliginosa (Isle of Man forms)," or where is
the Isle of Manfarnis ?

A photograph of the highly esteemed President of the City of
London Ent. Society (Mr. J. A. Clark), is given with the current No.
of The British Naturalist.

We suppose that all British lepidopterists thought they knew the
correct names of the species Colias hyale and edusa, and since the lepi-
dopterists of all other parts of the world agreed with us, we might have
considered ourselves pretty safe. However, Mr. C. W. Dale has just
attempted to show that our edusa is really hyale, and that hyale has no
name at all. He then suggests that we might call hyale — edusa, a boule-
versement that may find various names among synonymists in general.
We should advise Mr. Dale to be governed by his last suggestion and
leave the names alone, as the ancient history which he quotes is quite
argualile, and open to differences of opinion. If it were quite modern
the case would be different.

78 THE entomologist's record.

Bractical hints.

The Month. — On mild evenings during this month, many of the
hibernated larva? will wake up from their winter sleep, and as some
were nearly, if not quite, full-fed before hibernation, seem now only
to seek a suitable place for pupation. Among these may be mentioned,
Apamea nnaniiiiis, A. basilinea, Bombyx ruhi, &c.

Many smaller (hibernated) larvjB will be seen eagerly devouring
the yoimg sallow and bramble leaves, but these had better be left in
their wild state until next month, and the energies of the collector
devoted to the tempting sallow bloom, which, in favourable weather,
ought to be throwing out its " sweets," to which insects throng in
great profusion, more especially the Taniocampa, all of which have
been captured at this natural bait ; the luscious meal seems to intoxi-
cate insect life, thereby rendering capture easy. They may be either
boxed singly off the bloom, or an umbrella may be held under the
bvish and the insects shaken into it ; probably the latter method would
be the better, as some might be overlooked.

Many freshly emerged species appear this month, specially the rare
Endromiiii versicolor in birch woods. Petatiia nnheculosa, entirely Scotch
and very local. Notodonta carmelita is said to fly in the sunshine, and
to be attracted by puddles; has also been taken at sallow. Nyssia
liispidaria, on oak trunks, ? wingless, Eiehmond Park is a well-known
locality, also Epping Forest. Insects enumerated in February list still
to be searched for. — J. P. Mutch,

Early Spring Emergences. — Nyssia hispidaria and TepJirosia
crepusmlaria were out in numbers very early tliis year. I heard of
both by the ISth of February. It is to be trusted that specimens of
the latter will l)e obtained from localities not usually worked so early.
Botli species will probably continue until the end of March. — J. W.

TUTT.

Bombyx rubi. — As I have bred a great niimber of Bombyx rnhi, it
may be of interest to some of the readers of the Ent. Record to know
how the larvte are managed. They are collected in the first or
second week of October, and placed in a large emjity wine case, wliich
is aboiit 30 inches long, 14 inches broad, 20 inches high at the back, and
15 inches high in front ; the size of the space in the back of the box for
ventilation is 15 by 5 inches, covered with perforated zinc ; the case
covered with a close fitting glazed frame and made secure with hooks.
The case is placed out of doors. In the inside, at each end of the
case, a layer, about 6 inches deep, of Sphaf/num moss is placed for
the larvaj to hybernate in ; no moss is put into the centre of the box
where the jelly jar stands, which contains the food plant for the larva.
So soon as the larvae are full-fed, they hybernate, rolled up in a close
ring. When the warm weatlier returns in spring, the larvfe come
fl'om their place of hyljernation and s}nn up, generally on the top of
the Sphaynmii moss. I have taken the virgin females to the moors in
a box covered with strong gauze, where I knew the larvae had been
plentiful, and it is astonishing the number of males that were attracted.
In one evening I have brought home over 80 male specimens attracted
by the virgin females ; in fact, they came so fast that I had nu time to
pin or box ; I gave the thorax of the good specimens a pinch witli my
finger and thumb below the fore wings, and laid them down. The

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

79

time of flight of B. rubi is betAveen 6.15 and 7.45 p.m. in this locality.
— J. FiNLAY, Meldon Park, Morpeth.

Endromis veksicolor. — For some years I have annually In-ed a fair
number of this species and have got almost every larva into the pupal
stage, but my percentage of imagines has been fearfully small. Last
autumn, I found about the ordinary number of pupa? in my sleeves,
which I carried, as usual, into a cold greenhouse. Instead, however,
of aAvaiting their emergence as usual, I brought the cocoons into the
kitchen on February 26th, placed them in a large flower pot, and stood
them on the kitchen mantel-piece. The same evening three males
emerged ; the next day three more. On February 28th, three males
and one female ; whilst yesterday, March 1st, three males and a second
female appeared. All emerged during my absence from home, some
time between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. I found both the females in cop. on
my return, and they have both begun to lay well. Some branches of
birch in a box with cracks in it appear to be an advantage, as I find
most of the eggs laid either on the branches of the birch, where they are
very conspicuous, or between two layers of cardboard, round which the
female thrusts her ovipositor, and where the ova are very inconspicuous.
How do they lay in nature ? Behind the loose pieces of birch bark
whicli are sofrequent, I should presume. — J. W. Tutt. 3I(irch 2nd, 1893.

Obtaining Ova. — Pachnobia Jeiicographa and Eoporina croceago
will lay freely ; the former if put in a roomy glass cylinder with
plantain leaves, and the latter on dead oak twigs and leaves. — In.

Food Plants of Larv^. — Larvfe of Nociua plecta pupated in
December, the imagines coming out in a warm room early last month.
Last year I fed Odontopera bidenfata on Ribes rubnmi ; Epione advenaria
on Prumis ; Macaria liturata on Piiius sylvestris ; Triphcena fimbria and
Noctua /estiva on Bumex ; Cerastis spadicea on Quercus robur ; Aplecla
prasina on Stellaria media ; Bombi/x quercus on Cytisus scoparius ; Cid-
aria trnncata on Eubus frnticosus ; Hylophila prasinana on Pyrus malus ;
Hcrnerophila abruptaria on Fraxinus excelsior, and an enormous brood
of Spilosoma menthastri on Salix cajnea. — A. Nesbitt. March 'Znd, 1893.

HOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Double-Broodedness of Spilosoma fuliginosa. — In May, 1889, I
obtained a few ova of S. fuliginosa, which hatched the same month
and fed up very (juickly on dock, all pupating about the end of June
and beginning of July. Every one of these emerged during the latter
month, and very large and bright specimens they are. — A. H. Hamm,
Granby Gardens, Eeading.

Spilosoma fuliginosa and Clostera reclusa Single-brooded at
Morpeth. — Spilosouia fuliginosa and Clostera reclusa are both single-
brooded in this locality. The larvaj of S. fidiginosa I collect in
September, and they hybernate full-fed and spin up in the spring. I
put them into the same box with B. rubi. The imago emerges in May
or June the following year. The larvae of Clostera reclusa I collect
in August and September from dwarf sallow ; they are full-fed and
turn to chrysalides at the end of September, or beginning of October.
The imago emerges in May the following year. — J. Finlay, Morpeth.
February 27th.

Early Spring Notes. — The almost midsummer heat tempted me to

80 THE entomologist's record.

take a stroll in the woods to-day ; the usual early species were well to
the fore ; Hybern/'a leucophcearia in jilenty and very variable was noted,
together with a sprinkling of Anisopteryx cescidar!a whilst Phigalia
pilosaria and Tortricodes hyeinana were common ; an unexpected
find Avas a specimen of Asphalia flavlcornis on the trunk of an oak; I
do not recollect ha\dng seen the occurrence of this species noted in
February before ; but I remember some years ago taking a specimen
off the " Archbishop's palings " at West Wickham, March 2nd. Bre-
phos pavthenias was worked for, but not seen ; I fancy this species also
occurs in February in favourable seasons, as I saw a siiecimen a few
years back at Tilgate on the 1st of March. A novel feature to me was
the behaviour of H. Jeucoj^hcearia. I have always found it in a very
lethargic state in the fences or the trunks ; but, to-day — excited by the
temperature — it was flying merrily and even wildly in the sun,
occasionally settling on the strewn leaves and brambles. — W. G.
Sheldon, Croydon. February I'dth, 1893.

As I recorded last season, we get in Epping Forest dark and banded
forms of Hyhcrnia lemopJioearia, but the dark form has only occurred
occasionally with me. On February 20th this year, over the same
gi-ound as in former years, I took more of the dark, than the type or any
other form. As melanism is now occupying attention, it may be of interest
if other collectors will record Avhether the same has been noticed by
them around our district. Phigalia pedaria, Hybernia marginaria,
rupicapraria and Auisopteryx iescularia occurred, and I heard of Nyssia
hispidaria on the same date. — Ambrose Quail, 15, Stamford Hill, N.
—February 24:th, 1893.

I noticed a male specimen of Pieris rapce flying in the sunshine in
our garden on the 19th Februar}'. It was flying vigorously when I
saw it in the middle of the day, but probably as the warmth declined,
and its flight became weaker, it fell a victim to a hungry bird. In all
probability these early specimens result from pupaj which have spun up
in greenhouses, or near chimneys. I was rather confirmed in this view
by the discovery of a female rajjce in a greenhouse only a few days ago.
— Wm. Edward Nicholson, Lewes. February 28th, 1893.

Micro Lepidoptera in the North of Scotland in 1892. — From
various reports it would ap])ear that the idea has become general in the
South that, in the season of 1892, Scotland was a veritable El-Dorado
to the collector of Lepidoptera. No doubt many insects were ab-
normally abundant, and, when we were favoured with a gleam of sun-
shine, certain species swarmed in a way to astonish and bewilder the
tyro ; yet, uijon closer inspection, it did not require much insight
to notice that the more interesting species were conspicuous by their
absence. As far as Micro LepidoiDtera are concerned the season was as
bad as could well be imagined. Fortunately, the " eternal drizzle "
did occasionally dispel, and the sun break through the clouds. On such
occasions I was often surjn-ised when I came to kill my captures at the
number of rare species I had taken, and, of course, was greatly elated
at my success. The fir woods in sheltered situations paid well. Several
of the sjiecies of Retinia, and other fir-frequenting Tortrices were
rather common ; Coccyx coniferana, for instance, was more abundant
than I ever saAv it before, and a nice series of Betinia duplana was taken
near Forres. During the season I visited and worked for a longer or
shorter period in the neighbourhood of Kaunoch, and Kirkmichael in
Perthshire, a little to the east of Loch Laggan in Invernesshire, Forres

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 8l

and Llianbrycle in Elginshire, tlie coast of Kincardineshire, and the
central and western portions of Aberdeenshire. I also worked over
the high mountains south of Braemar, on both sides of Glen Beig and
Glen Shee, the mountains at the head of the beautiful and romantic
Canlochan Glen, and the liills west and south of Loch Brothachan.
Work on the mountains was much interrupted by the heavy mists and
cold winds, but, in spite of these hindrances, I succeeded in " turning
up " many good insects, and, it was surprising how quickly the Alpine
species seemed to take advantage of every little chance they had. At
one time the hill tops would be swarming with life, and again — when
the sun dipped under a cloud — not a wing could be seen. I have no
doubt, on these mountains, if one were given good weather, it would
be an easy matter to capture rare and local Alpine species in hundreds
every day, while, on the other hand, it would be possible to spend
weeks on the same hills, and in the end have to come away with empty
boxes. I will now give a list of the insects seen or captured. It would
take lip too much time and sjiace to mention all ; I have, therefore,
only noticed the more interesting species.

The Deltoides were represented by Hypena prohoscidalis, which
was swarming on the banks of the river Findhorn, near Forres, at dusk.
The Pyralides were more common than usual, and one or two were
very abundant ; jjerhaps as common a species as any, and one which I
have not seen for years, was Pyralis farinalis ; it was found swarming
in a meal mill near Pitcaple. Scoparia cevibrce was rare ; I found a few
by beating firs. S. ambignalis rose in dozens with every stroke of the
beating stick ; they also swarmed everywhere at dusk, and were a per-
fect nuisance. In July, S. duhitalis was found on the rocks along the
Kincardine coast, south of Aberdeen. Mr. Home has seen the variety
ingratella in the same locality. As yet, I have failed to do this ; all I
have captured are ordinary typical s}>ecimens. I have to thank Dr. F.
Buchanan White of Perth for putting me on the trail of S. aJpina, and
profiting by his kindness, have now succeeded in discovering it in a
number of different localities. It seems to frequent the lichen-covered
summits of the higher mountains, and I have never seen it as yet below
3,000 ft ; it flies with a short jerky flight in the afternoon sunshine,
and, on a windy day, they rise from among the herbage at one's feet,
and go skimming right away for several dozen yards, when it is a matter
of no little difficulty to keep them in sight. I nearly came by a fatal
accident while working for this species, by falling over a precipice in
a dense mist ; fortunately, I escaped with nothing worse than a fright,
and a lesson to be more careful in future. S. alpina occurs on nearly
all the mountains between Glen Shee and Braemar. On a fine day, it
is common enough to the west of the highest point on Creag Leacach,
and on the summit of the Glas Maol. NomopMla noctuella, generally
a very rare species with us, was not uncommon. I never saw so many
in a single season before. Pi/ransta purpuralis accom^janied by Herhula
cespitalis were flying merrily on the hill slojies near Braemar. Scojmla
alpinalis has been gradually growing scarcer year by year for some
time ; it frequents grassy places on the hills, and used to be very abun-
dant. This year I took it sparingly on the Braemar and Eannoch hills ;
owing to the high winds they required to be stalked, and I cannot say
I ever saw it on the wing without being first knocked up. S. Intealis
and Botys fmcaUs were abundant on railway banks and waste places,
the larva3 of the former feeding on Centatirea nigra. Spilodes forficalis

82 THE entomologist's record,

as usual was common in gardens, the larvae feeding on cabbage. The
North of Scotland is not rich in Pterophori ; they were rather more
abundant this year than usual. I have, I believe, at last succeeded in
identifying the Plume Avliich I found on ragwort, Avith Fhityptilia
bertrami,* having found them in some abundance on Achillea millefolmm ;
probably this species does not confine itself exclusively to Achillea. I
have not again found the larvai on ragwort, so it does not apj^ear to
be common on that plant. One P. gonodaciyla was captured on the
railway near Pitcaple ; larvae were also found on Tussilago farfara.
This is a very rare insect in Aberdeenshire, and does not occur fre-
quently anywhere in the North. Amhhjptilia acanthodactyla was com-
mon at Forres, and elsewhere, flying over the heath by day. I noticed
them in more abundance than usual. MimcBseoptilus hipunctidactyla
larvee were not uncommon on Scabiosa Kuccisa ; the imagines were
also noticed on a wet heath at dusk. The larvee of M. pterodactyla
were common everywhere on Veronica chamcedrys. While at Braemar
last year, with Mr. Maddison of Durham, Ave discoA'ered Aciptilia
tetradactijla among Thymus serpyllum in Glen Sluggan near Braemar.
This season 1 again managed to secure a few in anotlier locality
near Braemar. I have never heard of this species being found
in Scotland before. The beautiful little Alncifa hexadactyla was
fluttering about everyAvhere on quiet e\xnings among Lonicera peri-
clymenum. 1 do not think any of the Crambidce were particularly
abimdant. With the excei)tion of C. myelins I have seen all the others
in greater abundance in former years. Crambus pratellus was seen
almost CA^eryAvhere, flying at dusk, among grass. A very small and
obscure A'ariety Avas noticed on the hills near the Hotel at Glen Shee.
C. dumetellns Avas scarcer than xisual. I saAv seA^eral near Braemar, and
succeeded in i)icking up a tine series Avhile Avorking on Scliiehallion
near Kannoch ; this species is generally considered a nocturnal insect.
It may l)e nocturnal in its habits elseAvhere, Init in Scotland, it is gene-
rally abundant enough in ordinary years, flying in the sunshine. I
have seen it flying in dozens on the Gull)in Sands at Forres, on quiet
Avarm days. I only secured two C. ericellus, they were both in bad
condition, and Avere found on Carn a' Bhealaich at dusk. Several C
furcatcUns — nearly all in jioor condition — Avere taken ; they occurred
on the southern slopes of a hill a little to the east of Cairn wall ; the
locality appeared to be all that one could desire for the species, but the
sun kept under the clouds, and this insect Avill onlj' fly in the
sunshine, on (piiet Avarm days. It occurs on grassy slopes on several
of the mountains near Braemar, and elscAvhere, at aboiit 3,500 feet ele-
vation. C. margaritellm Avas taken abundantly on a moor to the south
of Ben-na-chie, flying at sundoAvn. I have at last succeeded in finding C.
myelins in sometliing like al)undance ; it is A'ery local, and appears to be an
exceedinglj' shy creature, and requires a tremendous amount of Avork to
find it. It flies for about ten minutes on A^ery (piiet dark evenings, just
as it is groAving dark, and it is exceedingly difticidt to see in the gloom.
My brother has been much more successful in finding it than I have.
His mode of operation is to search miles of heather and young fir trees.
1 haA'e seen him catch thirteen in one day. My OAvn catch neA'er ex-
ceeded six. OA'a are easily obtained by half-killing the $ with cyanide

* We are not at all satisfied that the specimens obtained on Achillea and
Senecio are identical. They Avill have to be bred side by side and careful cotm-
parison made before the matter can be even approximately settled. — Ed.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC 83

of potassium. The ovum when newly laid is nearly white ; after a few
hours it becomes light straw colour. C. perlelhis var. loarringtonellus
abounded on the Culbin Sands at Forres. C. tristeUus and culmellus were
abundant everywhere, the former flying at dusk, and the other liy day.
C hortneUus was rather rare, or ])rol)ably did not come under my notice.
Several sj^ecimens of the genus Ph//cis were knocked out of the heather.
One Dioryctria ahietella was caught at Forres last year. I bred several
from fir cones, old ref^inana exudations, and rotten branches ; the ima-
gines visit ragwort flowers at dusk. Aphomia socieUa was flying about
everywhere near Pitcaple at dusk. Several of the common Tortkices
were excessively abundant, and among others I noticed the following : —
One Sarrothripa revayana at Pitcaple ; this is a rare insect in the Nortli,
and as yet, I have only seen a very small number, and never more tlian
one at a time. Tortrix corylana was flying in the Blackwood at
Rannoch ; it did not appear to be plentiful. T. viburniana occx;rs on all
the liills and moors ; it is always a common species, and the present
season was no exception to the rule. T. ministrana was swarming in
the Altyre Wood at Forres. My friend, Mr. Milne, happened to visit
Forres with me, while this s})ecies was on the wing, and one night, we
worked for about an hour in one of the rides, trying to get a few of the
dark variety, but in spite of all our exertions, and the fact tliat the
insects were flying in clouds, we did not find anything of im})ortance.
Peronea mixtana literally swarmed on the moors in April. I only saw
three or four in the autumn. 1\ lijjsiana was occasionally taken, l)ut
all were in bad condition. P. comparana was common in the autumn,
flying among heath in the afternoon sunshine. P. caledoniana was much
scarcer than usual, all I found were sitting on bracken. While work-
ing on a hill near Glen Shee, I accidentally came across P. maccana ;
they were very rare, and required a lot of searching. I only found
three specimens ; perhaps they might have been more abundant later ;
I was rather early in the season for them. Leptogramma scotana was
found on the birch trunks in spring ; by sleeving the $ on birch trees
at liome, I managed to breed a nice long series. I left the larva? to
spin up in the sleeve ; this was a mistake, as a number spun up on the
muslin, and as they are long in turning, the ichneumon flies stung them
through the meshes. Teras contnminana is local in the North, but
swarms wliere it occurs. I noticed the hawthorn hedges in several
places stripped by the larvae. Dictyopteryx hergmanniana was swarming
among wild rose ; Penthma hetulcetana was not uncommon in birch
woods, and P. dmidiana occurred occasionally among Myrica gale at
dusk ; the larva? were not rare in the autumn on the same plant.
P. staintoniana seems to be common on the Glas Maol among Vaccinimn
myrtiUus at 3,0UU feet. I picked up several fair specimens, l)ut the
majority were worn. All the Scotch Sericoridce were noticed. On
sunny afternoons, Sericoris daleana was not uncommon in the Black-
wood at Kannoch, flying among Vacdnmrii. S. irngnana was very com-
mon on all the mountains Ijetween Braemar and Glen Shee, at a high
elevation. They frequent Vacc/iu'nin and AlcheniiUa alpma-co\eved
slopes, and flutter about in the sunshine. It is a curious fact that I have
never seen the $ on the wing ; on the other hand the J s of daleana
are as plentiful as the 3^ . A splendid locality for irriguana, is tlie
western slope of the hill at the back of the Hotel at Glen Shee ; it is
also common on several of the mountains near Loch Laggan. One
is never sure where they may come across Mixodia schuhtana. I liave

84 THE entomologist's RECORD.

taken it almost at the sea level, and also at 4,000 feet ; this year I boxed a
nice specimen off the cairn on the top of Schiehallion. M. pahistrana
was rather common among fir trees in the Blackwood ; it was also fly-
ing in dozens round the trees in the Altyre Wood at Forres. I caught
one M. ratzehurgliiana among the Forres pahistrana, the first I ever saw
alive. M. bouchardana was also found at Forres ; they were very
scarce. Burghead is the best locality for this species. I believe Mr.
Home captured several while visiting there. Etichromia arhutana is a
local species, and I only know of two or three localities Avhere it is
found, perhaps the l)est being on a hill side a little south of Kirkmichael
in Perthshire ; it was abundant there last year, and j^robably was com-
mon this year, but of this I cannot be certain, as it was almost
over before I arrived in the district. Orthotcenia ericetana was not
rare ; I found it flying in abundance among Vaccinium on quiet after-
noons. Caephasia politana, generally a common species on the moors,
was very scarce ; last year the hills around Kirkmichael were alive
with it. Clepsis rmticana, occasionally turned up on the wet moors.
Phoxopteri/x ungnicana and myrtUlana, were not uncommon ; the
former flying in the afternoon on the old market green at
Kirkmichael, and the latter in the evening, near the same locality,
among Vacciaium myrtiUus. Grapholitha trimacnlana was not
so abundant as in former years. Phheodes tetraqnetrana was beaten
from hazel, but not in the numbers which I have seen on former
occasions. One beautiful P. crenana was found sitting on a grass culm
not far from Kinloch Eannoch. I never saw the species before, and
unfortunately did not recognise it until I removed it from the setting
board ; it was taken in April. The beating-stick dislodged an occasional
Pcedisca bilimana and Epliippipliora hiiaacidana from birch. E. brunnichi-
ana and a curious pale variety of the same species were found among
Tnssilayo farfara on the railway banks near Pitcaple. I did not find
Coccyx cosiaophorana this year, the}^ seem to follow the example of
Retinia resinana, and only appear every alternate year. C. hyrciniana
came tumbling and flying in showers from sj^ruce with every stroke
of the stick, and C. cacciniana was fluttering about on the moors in the
afternoon sun. This has been a good llftinid year, all the Scotch species
being found with the exception of r ?«/««/« a and IMr. Hodgkinson's new one.
I noticed larva? of remiana on the fir trees in Elginshire, and there was
every ap})earance of a good crojj for 1893. B. pinivorana was abundant
at dusk, flying round the fir trees. B. posticana was beaten out of the
small fir trees by day, they w^ere also found fluttering round the trees
at dusk and on quiet afternoons. B. dnplana was found among fir trees,
I captured a long series, some of them in the finest possible condition ;
the best were found by beating, when on the wing they plunge about
at a great rate and soon get sjjoiled. I bred one specimen among old
resinana nodules. Last year I accidentally came upon Stiymonota
dorsana flying in the afternoon sunshine near Kirkmichael, in Perth-
shire. I was unfortunately imable to visit the locality until too late
this year ; the place where they Avere found is carpeted with a species
of vetch, and I hope to make a big catch one of these days. The only
specimen seen this year was taken in the Altyre Wood at Forres ; it
was small, and not in the best condition. S. coniferana was abundant
among Scotch flr trees, I bred a number from larva? Avhich were feeding
in the fir buds. S. perlepjidana was not so common as usual ; they occur
on all tlie railway banks near Pitcaple. The white form of Catoptria

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. OiJ

ulicetann -was swarming among wliiiis, I only captured a few of the best
marked ones. Last year, Eupcecilia snhroseana and Argyrolepia
haumannlann were found in extraordinary abundance near Kirkmicliael,
in Perthshire. I was rather late for them this year, and the wet
evenings destro^^ed all chance of finding them, so that my catch was
rather limited. Mr. Milne caught haniuaaaiana while I was with him
at Forres ; I do not think it is mentioned in Dr. Gordon's list. A vari-
able series of Tortricodes hi/emana, was brought from Eannoch. I beat
them from old oak trees in Carrie Wood l:)y day. I was unable to pay
much attention to the Tineina, partly on account of being troubled with
my eyes, and pressure of other work giving me less time than I should
have liked. Besides, the weather w^is seldom in a condition to allow a
chance of working the smaller fry with profit, and my knowledge of
the habits of all the little species is not particularly extensive. As I
was unable to name all that were found, I only mention the more
interesting of my captures. Epigraph a aceJIanella was common at rest
on birch trunks ; by picking up all I saw while searching for Petasia
nabeculosa, I gathered together a nice series. I picked up an empty
larva case of Psi/che opaceUa in the ]>lack Wood at Rannoch ; and
several cases of a Soleaobia on birch trunks at Eannoch, which ajipear
to be (piite distinct from the species which frequent stone walls. In
all probability this is a '' new species," if so, the honoiir of finding it
must be given to Mr. Salvage of Brighton, who pointed it out to me.
Several common species of Tinea were noticed, but nothing of value.
I tried to collect the birch Micropteri/x, but the net got clogged to such
an extent with Aphides, that I gave up in disgust. The beautiful little
Adelafibidella was not rare among flowers ; Swaiiunerdamia (jriseo-capiteUa
was seen among birch, the larvae were common in autumn. A few
S. nanicora larvae were found on Betida nana near Braemar ; this
appears to be a very rare species. Plutella dalella was not uncommon
on the heaths. The l)est Depressaria noticed Avas cinifloaeUa, which
w'as rather scarce on old stone walls at Kannoch. Two or three Gelechio
sang iell a turned up, and 1 captured CEcophora JiavimaadeUa , GJiiphipteryx
Jischeriella, Argyresthia giedarteUa, and other sjjecies in abundance, but
it is inadvisable to give a further list of the cajitures in this gi-oup since
I am not sure that my nomenclature is correct. — Wm. Reid, Pitcaj)le,
Aberdeen, N.B. February Sth, 1893.

Re-occurrence in Britain of Catocala electa, Bkii. — In the
recently-published vol. iv. of The British Nocfuce and their Varieties by
Mr. J. W. Tutt, we read on page 130 the account that originally appeared
in The Entomologist, vol. viii., pp. 282-3, of the capture liy Mr. A. C.
Vine, of an individual of this species, wdiicli was taken at sugar near
Brighton, on September 24th, 1875; and Mr. Tutt then adds: — "No
other British specimen has been recorded of this species either before
or since." Such is undoubtedly the case, and it is therefore all the
more satisfactory to me to place on record the occurrence of a second
example of this moth in this country, and to be al)le to claim for it a
regular place in the British list. When the peaches and other kinds of
wall-fruit in our garden here are ripe, Ave always have, in addition to
many bottles of " beer and sugar mixture " hung on the trees themselves,
two or three '" wasp-traps " placed near the trees in the hoj^e of draw-
ing off the insects from attacking the fruit : they are easily constructed
with a couple of square " hand-lights," but it is unnecessary now to
enter into the details. I have always found it a good plan just to keep

86

TIIK ENTCaiOLOGIST .S KECOKD.

an eye on those trap.s, jjeeause a good many Initterflies and mollis find
their way into them, and, curiousl}' enough, the only two specimens of
Catocala nvpta that I have ever met with, were caught here in one of
them in Septemher, 1875. When therefore, on Septemljer 12th last,
among the hosts of other insect prisoners I saw through the dim giass-
the form of a Catocala, the thought at once occurred to me tliat at last
another C. nnpta had fallen a victim to its greed ; but a look at the-
markings showed that it could not belong to that species, so, after Ijeing
killed and set out, it A\-as duly lalielled, and put aside for future identi-
fication. On comparing it lately with Continental specimens I was
deliglited to find that it Avas Avithout doul)t C. electa, as I liad thought
Avould probably Ije the case. Although the right hind wing has evi-
dently been " in the Avars," and is unfortunately rather Ijadly damaged,
in other respects the moth is in fairly good condition, but neither in it
nor in either of the two jierfect foreign examples now before me — re-
cently procured through different sources so as to aA'oid the chance or
another species l)eing accidentally sent to me under that name — can I
find one of the characters menti(»ned in Borkhausen's original descriji-
tion of C. electa, as (pioted by Mr. Tutt, namely the rose-coloured streak
Avhich runs from the l)ase of the fore Aving as far as the second line.
As hoAVCA'cr Guenee remarks (see BriliHli Noctme and their Varieties, a'oL
iv., J). 49) that of scA'eral species, including electa, some iudiA'iduals
shoAv " a lieautiful delicate red tint '' on the alnlomen, Avhilst others are
Avithout it, I can only suppose tliat this rose-coloured streak is of the
same nature, and also an unrelial)le character, l)eing sometimes present
and sometimes almost or altogether absent. — Eistace E. Bankes, The
Kectory, Corfe Castle, Dorset. February Gth, 1893.

gOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of Londox. — Fehritari/ 22nd. — ]\Ii'. F. J.
Hanljury exhil)ited, on liehalf of Mr. Percy H. Russ, of Sligo, several
long and A-ery \aria])le series of Agrotis tritici, A. valliijera, and ^4. cur-
soria, together Avith Irish forms of many other species, some of Avhich
Avere believed to be ncAv to Ireland. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher and Mr.
J. W. Tutt made s(une remarks on tlie si»ecies. Mr. E. W. Lloyd ex-
hibited specimens of a species of Acarus found in Ncav Zealand Avheat..
He stated that Mr. A. D. Michael had examined the specimens, and pro-
nounced them to belong to Ti/rogh/phvsfariua', a species Avhich had been
knoAvn for OA-er a hundred years as a destroyer of corn, and Avas only
too abundant all over Europe, and probably OA^er the temperate regions
of the Avorld. Dr. T. A. Chapman exhibited, l)y means of the oxy- hy-
drogen lantern, photographs of the larA'a of Nemeohim lucina in its first
stage, shoAving the conjoined dorsal tubercles, each carrying tAvo hairs,
Avhich are remarkal)le in being divided into tAvo branches. For com-
liarison he also shoAvcd, l)y means of the lantern, draAving of the young
larva of Papilio aja.r, after Seudder, and a portion of a segment of Sme.
rinthus populi, as the only instances knoAvn to him of similar dichotomous
hairs in lepidopterous larva\ Mr. Poulton pointed out that he had
described the forked hairs of Smerintlms in the Entomological Society's
' Transactions ' for 1885, and tliat such hairs Avere even better developed
in the genus He maris originally described, as he lielieA'ed, by Curtis. Mr.
Poulton also said that he had noticed similar forked hairs coA'cring the

SOCIETIES.

87

newly hatclied larvae of Geometra papilionayia. Mr. E. I>. Poulton
exliibited, and made remarks on, a mimber of cocoons of HdJiati j^rasi-
luina, in order to show the changes of colour produced in them by their
surroundings: he also exhibited the coloured backgrounds emi)loyedby
him in his recent experiments on the colours of larvae and pui)a>, and
illustrated his remarks by numerous drawings on the black) )oard. Dr.
T. A. Chapman read a paper — which was illustrated l)y the nxy-hydro-
gen lantern — entitled " On some neglected points in the structure of
the i^upa of Heterocerous Lepidoptera and their probable value in
classification." A discussion ensued, in which Mr. Elwes, Mr. Poulton,
Mr. Champion and Mr. Merrifield took part. Dr. F. A. Dixey com-
municated a paper entitled " On the Phylogenetic Significance of the
V'ariations })roduced liy differences of temperature on Vanessa atalanta.''
The President, Mr. Merrifield, Mr. Poulton, Dr. Chapman and Mr. Tutt
took part in the discussion which ensiied. — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Chesiiike Entomolooical Society. — Febniary dth.
Mr. S. J. Capper referred to the death of the Eev. F. 0. M.n-ris. which
<jccurred last Saturday, in his eighty-third year. — Mr. C. H. Hesketh
Walker read a paper entitled, " Pond life." Keferring to hobljies gene-
rally, he considered that natural history was one of the mc)st interesting.
He then stated that a stagnant pond was a paradise prolific in animal
life, and poetically described it with all its attendant insects, Scc^
showing by a table that examples of most of the animal kingdom from
Protozoa to Mammalia were to be found therein. Proceeding, he gave
brief descriptions of these animals, illustrating his remarks liy rapidly-
drawn figures on the blacklward. — The President exhibited some fine
varieties of Arciia caja. also a numljer of port-wine corks comidetely
riddled by some coleopterous or lepido})terous larva'; Mr. Locke,
Carabus (jiahratus, from Ijangdale Pikes ; Mr. Deville. GoJiathus (/i(janteus,
from Cameroons ; and Mr. Gregson, Nociva tr/aiujiihim, from Ijancashire
and London. — F. N.Pierce, Hon. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lune, Liverpool.

South London Entomological Society. — February 0th. ]h93. —
Mr. Frohawk exhil)ited hyliernating larva' of Epinephele janlra, and
stated that they fed intermittently throughout the winter, seldom re-
maining more than ten or twelve days Avithout food. These varied
consideral)ly in size, one being quite half-grown. Mr. Jenner Weir
referred to the habit of the larva in resting head downwards on the
grass culms, the anal points being evidently protective. Mr. Adkin, a
series of Aplecta prasrna (herbida), the ova having Ijcen o])tamed from
a moth captured at Polcgate, Sussex, during the past summer, and the
moths emerging during Novemlier and December. Mr. Waller, a vari-
alde hved series of Smerinthus tilne, one of which exhil)ited a very strong
tendency towards melanism, and others, having the markings distinctly
asjanmetrical. Mr. McArthur, Tceniocavipa gothica var. gothicina,.
Coccyx cosmophorana and Itetinia diiplnna, and a discussiijn ensued, Mr.
Barrett stating tliat the original British specimens of so-called 7?. du-
plaua, were, in his opinion, only small specimens of B. tnrionana, al-
though Mr. Warren considered them a distinct species named E.pjosticana.
Mr. Adye a variable series of Boarmia repandata, taken at sugar in the
New Forest, July, 189"2. Mr. Weir exhibited a photograph taken from
" Insect Life," for January, 1893, of a twig bearing some two dozen
specimens of Anosia plcxippus, resting at night during migration, and
read a paper which illustrated the migratory instinct of this, and indi-
rectly of other species. A discussion, in which Messrs. Barrett, Weir
and Hawes took part, then fulloAved, it being noted that, whereas some

88 THE entomologist's record.

dozen or more cultures of .1. pJexippus were recorded for tliis countr}^
■only three Avere kncjwn to have been taken on the Continent of Euroi^e.
Mr. Mansln-idge exliibited specimens ilhistrating his jjajier, and read
the following paper entitled *' Notes on Melanism in Yorkshire Lepi-
doptera." He said: — " It lias Ijeen my good fortune to have spent the
last two years in the West Hiding of Yorkshire, and during that period,
I have especially given attention to the various melanic races of well-
known and common species of lepidojitera for which that district is so
famous. Although occasional A'isits were made to tlie l)est-known
collecting grounds in the county, most work was done in the neighbour-
hood of Leeds, my residence being at Horsforth, a inanufacturing
village some iive miles out. At the outset, I should mention that this
is not intended to lie a complete list of the melanic varieties to be met
with in the West Biding, but only such as have actually Iteen captured
•or seen alive by me. 1 am well aware that there are many strong local
races of lepidojitera wliich tlie local collectors get every year, but which,
■owing to very limited opportunities did not fall to my share. The
•district between Leeds and Bradford, in which Horsfortli lies, is
crowded with ironworks, f<n-ges and mills, wliile an almost unbroken
string of townshijis connects these two great centres of industry. In
•consequence, there is an almost incredil)le amount of smoke turned into
tlie atmosphere, and especially in the neighbourliood of the forges,
where it is so dense as to give one the impression of black fog. Much
of this smoke is deposited directly on tlie trees in the form of soot, and
a great portion of the remainder is washed down by rain, thus giving
rough surfaces, as tree-boles and stone walls, a permanent 1)lack coat-
ing, and the foliage is so liesmirclied, tliat autumn tints in their full
beauty are unknown. In addition to the effect of smoke, surfaces are
iilso rendered dark by the rain, which in spring is almost constant. The
rainfall for the district is about 36 inclies. Rhopalocera. — In the
butterflies I did not meet Avith any striking tendency to melanism ; a few
species are slightly darker, as P. napi females. Some of the Saii/ridce,
Avliere rejoresented, are sliglitly duller tlian the same species in the South,
na EpinepheJe janira and E. injperanthus, but Erebia (eihiops is lirighter
than exam})les I have seen from Scotland. Heterocera. — Sphinges.
The Sphinges met Avith by me comprise only three species — Smerinthus
pjopuli, Ino statires and Zi/(jcena loniceroi ; these shoAved no inclination
to darker colouring. Bomhyces. Neither did the Bombyces shoAV any
A-ariati(jn in the species I captured, except Arctia Inhricipeda and A.
luenthastri ; specimens of these tAvo sjiecies being taken Avitli larger and
more numerous spots than is usual. Noctf^. — I Avas able to give more
time to nightAvoi-k, lience a much greater number of species fell to my
sliare, inchiding many interesting A'arieties. Acronycta (Viminia)
rumicis. — All my specimens, except those from Wharfedale, differ mark-
edly from the type. The darkest specimens Avere taken at Horsforth
in a Avood on the l)ank of the Aire, and I have others from York
and Doncaster, but none so dark as Airedale s])ccimens. It may be
instructive to ol)serA'e that there is no smoke in Wharfedale, otherwise
it does not differ from Airedale. The ])lack form is the var. sah'cis,
Ourt. A. (Cmpidia) Icporina, — All specimens from Yorkshire are
jieiipered Avith ])lack, and constitute the var. bradyporina, Tr. ; an
•example from Horsforth is slightly darker than the York specimens.
('. iiiegacejthala. — A solitary example from Askham Bog is not darker
tlian the London form. Xylophasia rurea. — The many forms of this
species are too well-known to reipiire comment ; it is interesting to

SOCIETIES. S!)

note, hoAve\'er, that out of a larj^'e ihuuIkt of .specinieus, ca})tuivd all
over Yorkshire, the darkest eanio from Leeds. ^Y. inonogh/j^ha -— poly-
odon, L. — This insect also, has a wide range of variation — in a locality
where a good selection can he made s}>ecimens of every shade, from the
type through Ijrown to deep black maj^ be taken. This deep black
form is far from common, only two or three each season lieing
taken by the York collectors. Apamea didijina = oculea, Gn. — The deep
glossy black of the extreme forms is esjiecially noticeal)le in Yorkshire
specimens. Minna sfrigilis. — The mottled form of this moth is seldom
taken in Yorkshire, the dark variety being most abundant. Some of
my specimens have a distinct gTcenish tint, which in certain lights is
quite conspicuous. M. arcuosa. — At Horsforth occasional sj)ecimens
showing a tendency to melanism are met with ; all the examples of
araiosa which I took at H(irstV>rth Avere slightly, but distinctly, darker
than those hxnw Askham Bog, York. Noctua hninnen. — My bred series
of this moth from the West Kiding, is much darker in ground colour
than southern examples. They are very beautifully suffused with
plum-colour. This plum-colour is not so noticealde in cajitured speci-
mens. Tripho'ita pronnba. — I was not fortunate enough to meet with
pronuha in any quantity, but the darkest Horsforth form is darker
than any I have seen from other localities. The species is taken in
almost infinite variety by the West Riding collectors. Ncenia
typica. — The ground colour of this common Noctuid is darker than is
the ease in southern s[)ecimens. Epmida riminalis. — My series
was bred from larvae obtained in Teesdale, Yorks., and includes
almost all the forms taken in Yorkshire, from ty^iical to deep black.
The black form is said to be peculiar to tlie nortliern counties.* A rosy
variety, sometimes bred from Bisliop's Wood, Selby, I was not fortunate
enough to obtain. Enplexia luclpara. — (Jne specimen Ijred from Hors-
forth has the straA\'-coloured l)and 0A'ers})read Avith purple : more than
100 examples captured at sugar failed to yield a similar variety.
Folia chi. — My series of dii has I)een selected from about 700 specimens
seen in the Horsforth district. The species was very common last sea-
son, and Avhile the percentage of dark varieties Avas rather higher than
the prcA'ious year, var. olivacea Avas much less common, only two speci-
mens being seen. There seems to be some confusion over the form of chi
named var. mffnsa, by Mr. Robson. From the description published by
Mr. Tutt in British Noctuce and their Varieties, most of my specimens might
be referred to var. snffusa. In order to settle my doubt on the suliject, I
showed the Avhole of the insects captured this season to Mr. Porritt, Avho
pronounced that there was not one mffusa among the lot, at the same
time shoAving me his series tif Huddersfield chi. A strong difference
was at once aj^parent, the true var. suffusa Ijeing a case of true
melanism — or perhaps better, melanchroism. I am not noAv referring
to the black form of eld, first exhibited l)y Mr. Porritt in 1890, from
Avhich the svffusa form is (piite distinct. I have seen boxes of Folia
chi from all parts of Scotland, and the North of England, but haA-e
only heard of one case of \'ar. svffusa having been taken outside the
Huddersfield district. At Huddersfield, in some years, about 50 °/o of
those bred are the melanochroic form, Avhich alone sliould be called
var. suffusa. Aplecta nehulosa. — I liaA-e tAvo dark suffused specimens
bred from Horsforth larva\ Mr. Carringion told me that a black
variety Avas taken in the district, but although I searched diligently,

* Occurs freely at Derby. — Ed.

so THE entomologist's kecokd,

liotli for larv;e and imagines, I was not fortnnate enough to meet with
tlie variety. This f()rm woukl prol)ably be identical with the black
sjiecimens recorded two years ago from Warrington. Specimens which
1 collected in Edlington Wood, Doncaster, do not differ from the
southern type. Hadena oleraeea. — This species bred from Horsfortli
larvfe. is distinctly darker than specimens from the London district.
Hadena dentina. — Four specimens only were captured: — (l)very dark,
.almost l)lack ; Horsfortli. (2) Dark grey ; York. (3) Markings very
indistinct ; Grass Wood, Yorks. (4) Type ; York. Mr. Porritt toLl
me the dark form (1) is met with every year at Huddersfield
in some a1)undance. 1 lind from the York collectors, however,
that it is not taken in the East Eiding. Gkobietr.e. — Odontopera
hideutafa. — Very dark specimens of this moth are taken in the
Horsfortli district, together with the tyjie. Extreme forms are
jdmost as dark as Forres s]ieciinens. Boarmia repanduta. — Four
black specimens in my series represent the Horsfortli form as
bred. 1 found eight larvje, and from them I obtained eight black
imagines ; l)ut of 50 or sixty captured specimens, not one was so
■dark. When I hrst l)red the insect, I thought I had got Mr. Porritt's
Idack form ; l^ut on comjjaring with his well known varieties, mine
were found to be much lighter, lilack specimens, said to be identical
Avith those bred by Mr. Porritt from Huddersheld larv;e, were bred by
Mr, Hall of Sheffield, from larva? found in his district. The dark
Horsforth form was well known to both these gentlemen, and they
state that it is abundant every year. B. rejmndata from Grass Wood
near Ski^ijton, Yorks, and from Y^ork, are much ligliter than Horsforth
captured specimens. Phigalia pedaria = jjilosaria, Hb. — Occasionally
a very ilark unicolorous olive-black variety is taken in the West
liiding ; it has l)eeii recorded from Harrogate and Barnsley. My speci-
men was taken in a very boggy wood at Otley, near Leeds. I worked
hard last season, Ijut did not meet Avitli another var. although the type
was common. Tepliro»ia hiundidaria. — The northern * form of this
insect is well known = var. delamerensis. It is taken all over
Yorkshire where the type occurs, and recent records show that it is
rapidly s^u'eading. My series was taken in Edlington Wood, neai'
Doncaster. Hyheruia leucophcearia. — The var. marrnorinaria is Avell
known to the Y^oi"k collectors ; it occurs in al )out the same proportion
to the type as in the southern woods. Hyhernia aurantiaria. — My
Yorkshire examples of this insect are much dee^Der coloured and have
a larger area of purple on the fore Avings, than have specimens from
Surrey. Typical Horsforth examples are similar to those from Askhani
] >og and Sand) lurn Wood in the York district. I have two extremely
pale forms from Horsforth, Ijut they are (juite abnormal there. Con-
sidering the yd\m\ spread of the deeper coloured pigment in the allied
species H. laargiuaria, and the strong tendency in the same direction
exhibited by M. defoUarla, I think we may expect a similar advance
towards melanism from H. aurantiaria ; and it is in the West Kiding
Avhere it should l)e looked for, since that is the district where the
other members, nearest it in the genus, were first found to vary.
Hyhernia marginaria = progemmaria, Hb. — The dark purple form var.
J'nscata occurs abundantly at Y'ork and Huddersfield ; ])ut I have only
taken the intermediate suffused form at Horsforth, the species not

* This is not particularly a northern form. It occurs at Mansfield,
Birminghanij Derby, in Staffordshire, and many other localities. — Ed.

SOCIETIES. 91

l)Gmg at all abundant in that locality. H. defollaria. —All forms of
this variable insect are abundant at Shipley Glen, near Bradford ; and
among them a purple nnicolorous variety is taken. Cheimatohia hrum-
afa. — I have never seen it recorded that melanism exists in this
•common species, and I take this oiiportunity of calling attention to the
fact. 1 have several specimens of a deep brownish purple from
Sandburn Wood, Norfolk ; also tlie same form from llorsforth, and
one from Wimbledon Common ; these have been selected from tliousands
examined during the last six years."

Mr. Tutt, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. ]\[ansbridge, re-
marked, that contrary to the suggestion in Mr. Mansbridge's paper,
dark Miana striijills Avith a gTeenish tinge were not contined to York-
shire, but were found somewhat commonly in most localities, that the
dark form of Ncenia typica Avas very generally distriljuted, and that the
darkest forms of Triphoena pronnha were cajitured at Deal and other
southern localities ; that the sjiecimens of Cleocer/'s viininaUs exhibited
by Mr. Mansbridge Avere in no way so dark as those sent out by the
Barnsley and Derby collectors, and were very like the Darlington form.
He also pointed out that Mr. Mansln-idge alone Avas in error in his
general discrimination of the varieties of Polia chi. The form from
]jradford (of Avhich the Huddersfield specimens Avere an exti'eme type),
Avere the originally described var. xnffam, and in this form the males
and females both haA^e a dull grey ground colour, l>ut that the specimens
■exhibited by Mr. Mansl)ridge had the gnjund colour of the males
■essentially Avhite, and this Avas generally so at Leeds, and in fact Avithin
a feAv miles of Bradford. At Huddersfield, too, Avhere the darkest known
specimens of this species occurred, the Avliite form occurred in certain
localities only a iew miles out. It was one of those species in Avhich
local forms Avere restricted remarkably. Mr. Mansbridge's specimens
■exhibited the ordinary sexual A-ariation, but he had nothino- corre-
sponding Avith the Bradford form, still less like the extreme Hudders-
field A'ar. nigrescens. The ApJecta nehdosa exhibited AA'ere tlie ordinary
Yorkshire form = var. bimnctdosa, but less dark tlian those from
Warrington. Melanic Cheimatohia hrurnata Avere pretty generally
<listril)uted in the neighljourliood of large toAvns, and in no Avav ])eculiar
to Yorkshire ; and Hijhernia nnrantiaria from GlasgOAV and Morijeth
Avere generally darker than the Yorkshire specimens ; and specimens
from Epping Forest Avere frequently as dark as those exhibited. The
females of Larentia didymata generally exhibited considerable A^ariation
in colour in most localities, and tlie specimens of Melanippe galiata from
the neighbourhood of Huddersfield Avere of the normal Lancashire tyije
Avith the central band especially dark and strongly marked. He doubted
the correctness of Mr. Mansbridge's reference to Forres Odontojjera
hidentata being exceptionally dark, as his experience of Scotch specimens
of this species did not bear out this suggestion. The dark form of
Boarmia gemmaria exhibited agreed generally Avith the London \-ar.
perfnmaria,^vhiht the B.repandata shoAved Ijut little approach to the dark
specimens bred hy Mr. Porritt from Huddersfield, or by Mr. Batty from
Sheifield. The Avhole subject of melanic A\ariation Avas excessively
complex. The rainfall of West Yorks. Avas rather heaA-j^, and the soil
retentive, the surface soil generally dark, and the trunks of trees in the
neighbourhood of the large toAvns considerably Idackened by soot and
rains, and these made a strong primary instalment of facts bearino- on the
production of melanic forms, Avhich needed only the most general action of
♦' natural selection " to Avork on. But these elementary princijjles Avere

02 THE entomologist's record.

knoAvn no-\\^ to everylwdy, and further experiment and ol)servation
would have to be rather in the direction of physiological facts and
principles. The vote of thanks was seconded by Mr. C. G. Barrett,
who, among other remarks, referred to the general distribution, at the
present time, of the dark variety of Phnjalia pilomria in southern
localities, especially in the neighbourhood of London. — En.

Fehruari/ 2drd, 1893. — Mr. S. Edwards exhibited a box of exotic
lepidoptera (butterflies) illustrative of mimicry from widely different
localities. Mr. South, series of Cerostoma radiateUa, Don. and C
costeUa, Fab., and remarked on the number of varieties of radiateUa.
Mr. Auld, a box of Coleoptera collected near the Cape of Good Hope.
Mr. Barrett, drew attention to a method of transferring the scales of
the wings of k'pidoptera to paper, as exemplified by a sample from
Herr. Aug. Hoffmann ; and Mr. Tugwell noticed that the scales were
necessarily reversed, and the body, eyes, antenna?, etc., painted in.
Mr. Mc Arthur shewed a method of steadying and securing an insect by
means of a slip of paper doubled over, when — for any reason — the pin
through the thorax had been rendered useless. Mr. Eobert Adkin
exhibited a short series of Spilosoma mendica, Clerck, bred from larvae
found in Aberdeenshire, the males being of a brownish colour. Mr.
Tugwell referred to tlie fact that specimens of the male *S'. mendica
from Barnsley were liglit, whereas those from Huddersfield were dark
forms as exhibited recently by Mr. G. T. Porritt. Mr. Billups, some
curious forms of Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Keuroptera
and Orthoptera, from a mission station in the iJemerara Eiver, British
Guiana, and called attention to a fungoid growth attached to a specimen
shewn, belonging to the Homoptera. Mr. Billups said it closely re-
sembled, if it was not the actual species known as Torrnbia rohcrfsii,
which attacks certain species in New Zealand. Mr. J. "Weir exhibited
specimens of Euploeine butterflies from three distinct groups, viz.,
Crastia core, Narmada roceoides, and Pademma hollari, and read an in-
teresting paper on " Isochromatous Lepidoptera." Mr, E. Adkin
also exhibited a series of Dinrnam fatjella, Fal)., from Lewisham, and
mentioned several species, notably Eiqjithecia rectangulata, L., and
Miana strigilis, Clerck, which had assumed a marked tendency to-
Avards melanism in the London district of late years ; agTeeing with
Mr. Mansbridge that climatic conditions did not appear to account for
the change.* A discussion ensued, in Avhich Messrs. Barrett, McArthur,
Tutt, Mr. Eobson of Hartlepool as a visitor, and others took part. The
President then called upon Mr. Eobson who exhibited a short series of
S. mendica, Clerck, of which one specimen, a female bred at Hartlepool,
Avas of a distinct cream colour. Mr. Eobson stated that this species
was common in Northumberland and Durham along the coast, and that
the male insect occasionally varied to a colour intermediate between
the English and Irish forms. Mr. Eobson also exhibited dark speci-
mens of S. ijopuli, L. from Aberdeen, and light forms (females) bred
at Hartlepool. A discussion followed, Mr. E. Adkin stating that S.
mendica Avas not a common species in Scotland ; and Mr. Tutt and
Mr. J. A. Clark each noticing the occurrence of other varieties of the
species. — F. AV. Hawes and H. Williams, Hon. Sees.

* Lewisham is in the Metropolitan area and now well within the range of
London soot and fogs. The tree-trunks are Avell blackened, and D. fagella, E.
rectangulata, etc. are essentially trunk resting species. A very elementary
knowledge of " natural selection " appears to solve the question. — Ed.

'^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 4. Vol IV. April 15th, 1893.

With Notes on Variation, Habits and Afkinitiks.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

{Concluded from page 71.)

Xnnthia fdvayo, Linn. — This species lias always been one of those
in which I have interested myself, and cerago as we frequently call it,
is likely to attract attention, not only from its pretty tints and the
variability of their arrangement, but from the fact that it is a species
widely distributed in Britain and, if searched for, Hkely to be captured
by most collectors themselves. The ground colour varies from a pale
yellow, almost approaching white, through a clear citron yellow to a
decided orange (much the same tint as we find in flavago). Essentially
these may be classified under tAvo heads — the pale yellow and the
orange yellow. The transverse lines and markings are of a red colour
but occasionally they become strongly purple (in the Brit. Nod. and
their Vars., iii., p. 10, line 13, " yellow " is a misprint for " purple ")
whilst frequently they are altogether obsolete. Some localities, as may
be expected, are more prone to produce variation in certain directions
than are others, and we find that whilst certain localities give a very
large percentage of obsoletely marked specimens, others yield none,
although every district produces some specimens much less marked
than others. On the other hand, occasional specimens with very
strongly marked and clearly developed central bands are found, but
these are rare, much rarer than obsoletely marked specimens, although
this is strange, considering that four-fifths of the specimens one breeds
or takes, have well-characterised markings, and one would naturally
expect to find an increase of colour to be a more common form of
variation, considering the development of the markings of a large per-
centage of the normal form. There are alisolutely obsolete specimens
without any spot or markings whatever, but generally those which are
most devoid of markings have a characteristic dark central spot (the
lower half of the reniform). Strange to say, that at Keading, whence I
have received a long series from Mr. Holland, although faintly marked
specimens are not uncommon, specimens with only the central spot
are rarely to be met with. The varieties of this species may be
classified as : —

94 THE entomologist's kecord.

1. — Pale yellow, with lower part of reuiform forming a dark spot

(Jlavescens, Esp.).
1a. — Pale yellow, with indistinct red markings (cerago, Hb.).
1b, — Pale yellow, with distinct red markings {fulvago, Linn.).
Ic. — Pale yellow, with purplish l:)and = cerago, Newman (suffusa).
2. — Orange yellow, with central spot (obsoleUi).
2a. — Orange yellow, with indistinct red markings {imperfecta).
2b. — Orange yellow, witli distinct red markings (aurantia).
2c. — Orange yellow, with distinct red band (lu'rgata).

The eggs are laid in the autumn (in August and September) in neat
rows of two to ten, along the sallow l)uds, but they do not hatch till the
the spring (in March) with the sw^elling catkins, when the larva? can be
collected in large numbers from the catkins and buds of the sallow, and
one has only to collect a large number of catkins of sallow from various
localities and tie them up in linen bags to make sure of a rich harvest
of moths throughout the summer and autumn months, for large num-
bers of species besides the two common Xantlim may be thus obtained.
Later on, the larva leaves the catkins and lives on the gTound. It is
exactly like that of its congener Jiacago when full-fed, but, when
young, the latter has the dark colour on the back of each segment
formed into an irregular quadrilateral blotch. xV very complete and
well-draAvn comparison between the larv^ of fulvago and jiacago is
written by Mr. Buckler in the Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., pp. 263-264. The
larva forms a cocoon, just under the surface of the ground, in May, but
like so many of the species that feed up rapidly in tlie early part of
the year, does not pupate for a considerable time. It is Avell distributed,
being taken over the whole of England and Scotland, extending into
the Tay, Dee and Moray districts, and probably reaching Sutherland
on the east coast and Solway and Clyde (probably to AVest Koss) on the
west coast. It is also well distributed in Ireland, Birchall giving
County Wicklow, where he records it as common. It also occurs
commonly in the neighbourhood of Lerry. Staudinger gives as its
range : — " Central and Northern Euroi)e (except Polar Kegion) ; Pied-
mont; S. Kussia ; Altai ; Amur."

Xanthia jiavago. — This may be looked upon as probaljly the
commonest species. It abounds in many localities, and has an equally
wide range \\\i\\fulcago, to which it is very closely allied. Strange to
say, hoAvever, this is, compared Avith the latter, a most constant species,
The ground colour is a very little richer than the orange form of
fulcago, and the red markings do not undergo anything like the range
of A^ariation of its ally, in fact, Avith the exception that the dots form-
ing the central band are sometimes much broken up, whilst in others
they are united, and the band becomes solid, there is no variation
noticeable. 1 he tint of red is occasionally very bright = var. ochreago,
Bork. ; the normal form, Avith an almost complete and rather dark
central band is the Jiavago of Fabricius, Avhilst tliat in Avhich the band
is much broken is the togata of Esper. The name of this species has
recently been altered by Scandinavian Avriters to kdea, Strom.

The life-history of this species runs quite parallel Avith that of

THE GENUS XANTHIA. 95

fulvago. The eggs are laid in rows of three to ten along the sallow
and willow buds, in tlie autumn, and they hatch in the spring as the
catkins begin to expand. They live inside the catkins, and although
the larva is to be generally distinguished from that of fulcago when
young, separation seems impossil)le when they get older. The larva
lives on the ground when nearly full-fed, forms a cocoon in May, and
remains unchanged until July, Avhen it })upates. Mr. Keid remarks
that this species and fulvago invariably emerge in the afternoon.

It is widely distributed in Britain, occurring alnindantly in some
seasons both at sugar and flowers (especially those of certain grasses).
Its distribution in Scotland is practically identical with that of fulvago,
and it is abundant in certain Irish localities — Wicklow, Dublin and
Derry. The prettiest forms of var. ochreago I have ever seen came from
Morj^eth, where they were bred or captured by Mr. Finlay. Staudinger
gives as its range : — " Central Europe ; S. Sweden ; Livonia ; Finland ;
N. Italy ; S. Russia ; Armenia ; Altai ; Eastern Siberia."

Xanthia gilvago. This appears to l)e a somewhat near ally to X.
fulvago, although its habits and the plants it affects make a duller
colour more useful for j^rotective purposes. Thus we find the speci-
mens of a much duller orange tint — almost brown, and the darker
shades on the wings are of a somewhat smoky hue. In one of the
Continental forms the ground colour is reddish yellow and there is no
smoky shading : this is the jxilleago of Hiibner, and Guenee very aptly
compares this form with the Jiavescens form of fulvago. On the other
hand, there is a form in which the whole central area of the wing and
even the basal area and inner margin are decidedly smoky in colour ;
this is known as var. sufftisa, and appears to be more common in
Britain than the type, which has the central area simply shaded with
fuscous spots without being developed into banded form. Guenee
refers to it as being " exceedingly variable, less, however, than ocellans."
He also differentiates it from ocellaris (vide, British Noduce and their
Varieties, iii., p. 14.) On the other hand gilvago and ocellaris are
united by Fuchs and Eossler (t'«We, British Noctuce, etc., iv., p. 122). My
ignorance of the latter species prevents me giving an opinion on the
matter.

The egg is laid in the autumn, hatching the following spring. It
feeds at first on the seeds of wych-elm, and is exceedingly like the larva
of Melliniaferruginea (circellaris) when full grown. Buckler describes the
larvaj in the Eiit. 3Io. Mag., iv., p. 156. The Rev. G. H. Eaynor records
a very depraved taste in the species, some larvee he beat eating those of
Thecla iv-albma kejjt with them, but it is probable that the pangs of
hunger makes many larvae cannibal, even although this be not their usual
custom. The young larva? of this species can be beaten in June, and
tliese appear to live in a state of nature differently from citrago (between
leaves) or fulvago and flavago (in catkins). The species frequently
abounds in the larval state in different })arts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire.
At Cambridge, the imago sometimes swarms at the gas-lamps on the
outskirts of the town. At Reading, it frequently comes somewliat freely
to sugar. Of their attraction to light, Mr. Holland suggests that they
come to gas-lamps in the town more than any other Xanthia, probably
not because they are more easily so attracted than their brethren, but
rather because of the avenues of elms among the lamps in the suburbs
of the town. It is recorded from Flintshire, but I know of no Irish

'06 THE Entomologist's kecorc.

captures, and Br. Buelianan White tells me that it was once said to
have been taken in Sutherland, but the evidence was not sufficiently
satisfactory. I never remember having seen or heard of Irish or
Scotch specimens. Dr. Staudinger gives as its range : — " Central
Europe ; " and for var. palhcujo : — " S. France and X. Italy (?)."

MeUinia ctrceUaris. — It is very doul)tful whether this species, which
has of recent years been placed in Xanthia hy British entomologists, and
in Orthosia by German entomologists, is not so classified rather on
sujjerficial resemblances than because there is an}^ real affinity, and,
superficially, the imago Avould incline one rather to place it with Orthosia
than Xanthia. It has been placed in the latter genus most likely because
of the similarity of the larvfe of this species with (jilrago, and this in itself
would be a good reason if the character of the egg and jiupa supported
it ; Init alone, we have to bear in mind that many full-grown larva? of
NocTU.i; with similar habits are very much alike, althoiigh the egg,
pupa and inuigo show them to be widely different. So it may be here,
and until some proper studj' has been made of the egg and i)upa, I
prefer retaining Stephens' genus for the species. CirceHarii^ is, of
course, altogether larger, of a different colour, and with different
markings from any other of the usually su})posed Xanthia species. It
varies in ground colour from a pale ochreous brown, through a bright
reddisli-brown, to a deep fuscous. These three forms have all been
named by old authors, tlie pale form being Hufnagel's type ; the red
form, Hiibners ferrnginea ; whilst the suffused form is Hiiljuer's
macileiita.

The eggs are laid in the autumn, usually on wych-elm, and it is
generally widely distributed and aliundant. The larva hatches in the
spring, and is frequently beaten Avith that of ijilcaijo from wych-elm.
When nearly full-fed, except that the larva of circeUaris is larger, they
are much alike, and the lu'utherhood in habit has p(issil)ly led to a
similarity of appearance whicli has given the notion of Ijrotherhood in
structure. At any rate, Mr. Buckler writes of this species under the
name of ferrnginea : — " Though a trifle larger, yet in form and struc-
ture this larva closely resembles that of gilrago, with the following
exceptions : — 1. The ground colour is of a lu'owner tint, sometimes of
an ocln-eous brown. 2. The series of dark central marks on the l)ack,
with their dark wedges, assume together more com})act forms of an urn
shape, Ijeing attenuated behind, so that a constant cliaracter a^ipears
in the hinder pair of tubercular dots being outside the dark urn shapes.
On referring to figures of tliis species drawn in 1861 and 1865, the
same characters are apparent, though two of them found under com-
mon ash varied luuch in colour, one Ijeing a grey variety and the other
a lu'ighter and more distinctly marked exam})le than any of those on
wych-elm " {Ent. Mo. Mag., iv., p. 180). The larva is also recorded
from flowers of asli, at Box Hill, by Mr. Machin ; on green seeds of
wych-elm, at Llanelly, by Miss Perkins. It is very generally dis-
tributed m England and Wales, and is stated by Birchall to be " com-
mon everywhere " in Ireland. In Scotland, it appears also to be
generally distributed, although I have Scotch specimens only from
Aberdeenshire. Staudinger gives as its range : — " Central Europe ;
Sweden and S. Finland ; Piedmont and S. Russia."

THE GENUS ACROKYCTA.

97

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

(Conduded from Vol. III., page 279).

As to the affinities of Acroaycia, it will be seen that I have rather
shown that certain sjiecies (coryli, cceriileocephala, and those in the
genus BryopliUa) are not related to them, than demonstrated what
species and families are allied to them. The figures in Plate ix., except
A. (CiisjMih'a) .^tn'gosa, wliich is rather out of jdace, and D. pndibnnda, all
illustrate that the species represented do not, at the stages shown,
present any definite Acronycta characters. The egg and larva of B. perla
might he those of an Agrotis, Haclena, Xylophasia or Tceniocampa, but
certainly not of an Acronycta.

The larva of Demas coryli is clearly a Liparid, not therefore, perhaps,
so very remote from Acronycta, but, still, distinctly a Bombyx (if that
name still has a definite collective meaning) and not a Noctua. Diloba
cvernleocepihaJa in its first larval stage has some aspects of a Noctua,
but is more Notodontid. The pupa of D. coryli is not that of a Noctua,
though the character of the anal armature has some resemblance to
various Xoctua forms. The question of affinities shown by the anal
armatures of i)U])fe, l)ecomes to me a more difficult one, the larger
number of pupa? I examine ; and I have been reduced to considering
them of little value, except when closely allied species have a common
type of armature, as — for example — the pitchfork of T<xniocampa (a
modification of the Hadena) type, and the two lyre- shaped spines of
Xanthia (Orfhosia, &c.) Avith their hair-like companions. As regards
the latter, I recently examined the pupa of Xanthia citrago (rather,
perhaps, a Co><mia than a Xanthia) and found the anal armature — with
two dorsal spines, and four ventral ones — closely resembling that of a
Cuspidia. I), pmdihunda illustrates a Liparid with unequal segments, 3,
4, and 9 being " weak."

I have noticed the various criticisms that have been passed on my
giving new names (where there are. certainly, already quite enough) to
the sections of Acronycta. I have not Ijeen able to determine that any
of the old names will express Avhat I desire to insist on in the case of
Cuspidia and Viminia. These are tAvo very distinct divisions, each, no
doubt, capable of sub-division ; but the grand distinction between them
is of a much deeper and more fundamental character than any that can
be drawn Avithin either sub-genus. Semaphora and Tricena, Hyboma,
Jochocera, &c., may be used for sub-divisions of Cnsjmlia, but none of
them admits of the collective meaning which that term is intended to
indicate. Further, as regards Viminia, it includes as sub-genera not
only some that are usually regarded as sub-genera of Acronycta. but
also some that have been held to be quite distinct, viz., Arsilonche
(venosa), Siinyra (nervosa) and Clidia (geographica), yet none of them
seems available for the Avhole division. As to Bisnlcia, as this only
includes one species that I liave examined, I think it extremely likely
that this name must give place to some older name ; unfortunately, my
critics, who are much better synouymists and bibliographers than
myself, have made rather discordant statements as to Avhich that older
name is, and I feel (piite unable to decide the point.

9B THE entomologist's hecord.

Description of Plate ix.

Pig. 1. — Larva of Acronycta (Cuspidia) strigosa, 1st skin x 24 dm.

„ 2. — „ „ Demas corijli, 1st stage x 20 dm.

„ 3. — ,, ,, Diloha ccerideocephala, 1st stage x 15 dm.

„ 4. — „ „ „ „ „ (newly hatched) x 25 dm.

„ 5. — Pupa of Demafi cori/li, nat. size.

„ 5a. — ,, „ „ „ anal armature, dorsal view x 15 dm.

„ 5b. — „ „ „ „ „ „ ventral ,, x

„ 5c. — „ „ „ „ „ „ lateral „ x „

„ 6. — Eggs of Briiophila peiia, dorsal view x 34 dm.

„ 6a. — „ „ ,, „ latei'al „ x 34 dm.

„ 7. — Larva of „ „ 1st stage, x 30 dm.

„ 7a.— „ „ „ ,, „ X 30 dm.

„ 8. — „ „ DasycMra piudibmula, 1st stage x 15 dm.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

LiTHOCOLLETIS CERASICOLELLA, A SpECIES NEW TO THE BRITISH

Fauna, at Doncaster. — I have great pleasure in adding the above
species to the British List. Last autumn I collected the mines of the
larva in the leaves of Prunus aimim, and I have now bred a few of the
imagines. One of the latter I have sent to Mr. Barrett, who confirms
my opinion that it is undoubtedly Lith. cerasiroleUa, Her.-Schaffer.
Appended is a description of the mine, the larva, and the imago. The
mine is elongate, and is placed between the lateral veins of the leaf of
P. avium, reaching from near the mid-rib towards the margin. The
larva is pale yellow, second segment orange-yellow. Head, dark brown
or black. Legs, grey. The imago belongs to the pomifoliella group,
and is very like spinlcoleUa ; but the following points serve to dis-
tinguish it from that species. The first dorsal streak is more gradually
curved, and its apex does not point in a line continuous Avith the basal
line. The third dorsal streak is very small, and never joined to the
third costal streak. The third and fourth costal streaks are united by
some white scales above the black sub-aijical spot. — H. H. Corbett.

Caradrina ambigua and C. superstes (Plate c, figs. 4-5). —
Perhaps two of the most puzzling Noctit.e which have been introduced
into the British list are, Caradrina mperstes and C. ambigua. There
can be no doubt that the genus Caradrina is puzzling at the best of
times, and there are many experienced lepidopterists who cannot now
with any degree of certainty separate the two common (in the South of
England) species C. blanda and C. alsines. Different as the normal
specimens of these appear to a trained eye, there are occasional speci-
mens about which it is difficult to give an opinion Avith any amount of
certainty. The two species amb/giia and superstes seem to liold a similar
close brotherhood and relationshij), and strangely enough, the general
difference observable, is to a great extent that observable in the more
ochreous alsines and the greyer blanda, ambigua being of an ochreous

Plate IX.

H.K del

The Genus Ac

ronycta a^ad its AlKes

Wcst.Ncwmaii, Chromo.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

99

tint, and stiperstes decidedly grey. Similar as are the fore wings of these
species to those of hlandn, the distinctly pearly white hind wings of both
sexes of these species immediately distinguish them. Eeference to
Plate c, figs. 4 and 5, will at once make this clear. Besides the differ-
ence in colour, I must own that I am unable to point out any constant
distinguishing mark, unless perhaps, the rather more angulated elbowed
line, with its more strongly developed inner row of black dots (not well
shown in Plate c, tig. 5)", in superstes. All Continental entomologists
are, however, agi-eed as to their distinctness, and probably the close re-
semblance would disappear, had we enough examples to make ourselves
really conversant with them. Mr. Vine first recorded ambigna from
Brighton, but the specimens captured by Mr. Hodges, at Freshwater,
and recorded as this species, are referable to superstes. I have taken
specimens of both snperstes and ambigna at Deal, and of superstes
certainly, and ambigua probably, in the Isle of Wight. There is no need
to go through the history of these species, detailed at length in Vnrieties
of British Noctuce, vol. i.', pp. 148-149, but I would call attention to the
form described as var. suffusa {I.e., p. 149), and captiired by Mr. Euss
at Sligo. I have never seen another specimen. Such a form with its
black fore wings, and white hind wings, is striking enough. I trust
that the publication of these figures will lead to the further capture and
sul)sequent determination of the species on the south coast. I may add,
that on the Continent, ambigua is a common S])ecies in many localities ;
superstes, very local, or rare. — J. W. Tutt. March 29</*, 1893.

Caradrina suPERStES. — This species, which to me appears very
distinct from C. blanda, enters the British list by two specimens,
captured by myself in the Isle of Wight, in July, 1888, when my ac-
(piaintance with, and knowledge of the Noctu.'e were of a very
superficial character. They were first referred by Mr. Tutt to C.
ambigua (fig. o), which had already found a place in our list, through
specimens captured by Mr. Vine at Brighton and Mr. Tutt at Deal.
Further comparison of the al)Ove, and of specimens captured in Guernsey,
in 1890 and 1891, have proved the distinctness of this species from C.
ambigna, and, I think, no one knowing the species, either alive or in the
cal^inet, could confuse it with any form of C. blanda, hitherto captured
in England. The circumscription of the reniform and the orbicular,
and also the outside edge of the costal margin, are of a very decided
pale yellowish tinge, quite distinct from the light cold gi-ey of the same
markings in blanda, whereas the tint of the upper wings is of a light
cold shade of gTcy, differing from the warmer, browner shade of blanda.
In Guernsey, where I have taken several specimens in different seasons.
while specially working for the species, and alive to its distinctness, I
have always found the greatest ease in recog-nising it at a glance amongst
numerous C. blanda, a fact, which I think my friend, Mr. W. A. Luff,
will recollect, from one special occasion when we were sugaring together.
My two original specimens (from the Isle of Wight), were taken by
myself at sugar, on an evening in early July, when Nocture were
coming very freely to sugar, the Agrotidce being particularly well re-
presented, and although working each season since in the same locality,
I have never had the good fortune to meet with the species there again,
Albert J. Hodges. February, 1893.

EupcEciLiA suBROSEANA : A QUERY ! — As I noticc, on p. 85 of the
Ent. liecord for March, a statement by Mr. W. Reid, of Pitcaple, to the

-100 THK- EN'TOlMOLOfilST's KKCORD

effect that Etqjcecih'a subroseana was very abundant near Kirkmicliael,

in Perthshire, " last year " (I presume he means " the year before last,"
as immediately afterwards he speaks of being " rather late for them
this year," which must be a slip of the pen for "last year," since his
note is dated February 8th, 1893), I should like to ask Mr. Reid
whether he is quite certain that the insect referred to is the true
subroseana, as originally described under that name by Haworth. Many
years ago the richly-coloured Scotch form of E. eiliclla was erroneously
called siihroseana, but in some most interesting notes in Enf. Mo.
Mag., v., pp. 244-246, and xi., p. 194, Mr. C. G. Barrett set the whole
matter straight, and proved conclusively that Wilkinson's description
of, and localities for snhrosenna, as well as the localities for it
(and, I may add, the description, also) given in Stainton's Manual,
really refer to the northern form of cilieJla, and not to the " genuine
article." Concerning the latter, Mr. Barrett remarks in Eni. Mo. May.,
xi., p. 194, " It appears in this country to be confined to the woods of
the South, and is far from common ; " and it is a ^vell-known fact that
the larva feeds in the heads of golden-rod (Solidago virganrea). The
two species may be readily distinguished by the following characteris-
tics : — Suhroseana has the fore-wing Inroad, with the costa and hind-
margin rounded ; fascia, oblique, but not particiilarly so ; liasal area of
wing of the very pale and peculiarly ochreous ground colour, jiractically
unclouded ; outer area much clouded with pinkish-brown, especially
towards the apex ; hind-marginal fringes, whicli are intersected by a
dark transverse line, Avith the terminal portion marked Avith dark
fuscous. CilieUd has the fore-wing long and narrow, nci;tely pointed at
the apex, and with the costa and hind-margin nenrly straight ; fascia,
verj' oblique ; ground colour much less strongly ochreous than in suh-
roseana (though the Scotcli form is more ochreous than the English
one), and the contrast in colour between the outer and the liasal por-
tions of the wing much less noticeal)le; hind-marginal fringes, which
are intersected liy a dark transverse line, with the terminal portion clean
and not marked with fuscous. It appears to me most probable that
Mr. Reid has been misled by the errors in Stainton's Manual, or in
Wilkinson's British Tortrices, and has mistaken the Scotch form of
ciliella for the true southern suhroseana of Haworth, though, of course, I
am <piite open to correction in the matter. — Eustace R. Bankes, The
Eectorv, Corfe Castle. March 20th, 1893.

Hariation.

Although I'apilio iiKichaon at a iirst glance presents nothing very
striking in the way of variet}', yet a careful examination of a number
of specimens reveals very significant aberrations in some of the mark-
ings. As I shall frequently have to refer to the nervures to indicate
the locality of different markings, I have prepared a diagram shoAsdng
the aieuration of the Avings, and have adopted the simpler method of
using numbers throughout.

VARTATION.

101

( Costal Vjslt

\ she'«inq posiUon &.

^ usual sVisipe .

(DiscoidaV lunulas
:\or veivilets

.?.. 1?> SuVjsjpical spot
" ( nonnal mrarlonq )
Z^SuVjapical spot

I will commence Avith what appears to be the most important
variation, viz., the development of red scales in the posterior wings,
most often to be seen in the sul)marginal yellow lunules ; there are six
of these lunnles, and it is no uncommon thing to see nearly a whole
series (British) showing more or less red scales, at any rate in the first
one from the costa, indeed it is rather rare than otherwise to find a $
entirely without it, it is less frequent in J s and less conspicuous. It
Avould be well here to mention that throughout this paper, the statistics
I give are, unless notified as otherwise, from a series of forty specimens
in my own cabinet, twenty males and twenty females, they were
selected somewhat promiscuously from a number of others, several years
prior to my taking an interest in the variation of the species, quite
independently of the development of any i)articular marking with the
exception of the " celldivided " varieties, and it is only a peculiar
coincidence that they are erpially divided lietween tlie two sexes ; all
are from Wicken Fen and all are bred with the exception of two " cell-
divided " ones. Of tliese forty specimens, the red appears in one or
more lunules of 19 Js and 18 ^ h ; it is most often in the first or
costal lunule in which it is always conspicuously larger than in any of
tlie others; in specimens in which it is present in more than one lunule
it diminishes in size in each one from the costa, but there is more
difference in size between the first and second than the second and tliird.
The lunules which have it most rarely are the 4th and 5tli, only two
specimens have it in the 6th and three in the 4:th, and these only to a
very small extent : I have prepared the following table to show exactly
how it is placed in the forty specimens. The top numbers represent
the submarginal lunules, commencing from the costa of the wing-=.

102

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Number of

Number of

Specimens.

1

2

3

4 5

G

Specimens.

1 2

3 4 5 6

Females.

Males.

IJ

+

—

1

2|

3

O

—

—

2

—

0

+

+

-1-

+

3

■t —

41

—

—

—

4

5

-f

5

+

6;

0

—

6

7'1

</>

0

—

—

7

—

8

+

—

—

8

+

—

9

—

—

9

10

10

11

^

0

+

+ —

+

11

m

0

—

—

12

+

13^

+

—

—

13

f. —

14

o

+

—

1

—

14

15

^

—

1

15

0 —

—

16

+

IG

> —

—

17

+

17

18

</>

+

—

—

18

+

19

o

—

—

—

19

—

20

—

20

—

Tlie marks used signify — </> a very large patch of red ; O a medium-
sized patch ; + a small patch ; — very little to be seen ; and no
mark =^ no red.

From this it Avill be seen tliat out of 20 ? s only one is entirely
without red in all tlie luimles ; two have it in all six ; one in five (the
lunule without it ])eiiig tlu- fifth) ; four have it in four, in each case the
two lunules without it being the fourtli and fifth : four have it in three,
three of wliich liave it in the first, second, and sixth, and one in the first,
second, and third ; four have it in two, viz. the first and second, and four
have it in only one lunule, viz., the first — in other words 19 $ s have
red in the first lunule ; 15 have it in the second , 8 in the third ; 3 in
tlie fourtli, 2 in the fifth ; and 10 in the sixth. Out of 20 ^ s — 7 are
entirely without red in all the lunules ; 2 have it in three, viz., first,
second, and sixth ; 3 liave it in two, of which two have it in the first
and second, and 1 in the first and sixth, and 8 have it in only one, viz.,
the first; in other words, 13 J s have red in the first lunule, 4 in the
second, 3 in tlie sixth, and none in either the third, fourth, or fifth ;
it will also be seen tliat not only is the red much rarer in <y s than
2 s, but where it does occur it is less noticealilc.

A most interesting paper l)y Mr. J. Jenner Weir, entitled " The
significance of occasional, and a])parently unimportant markings in
Lepidoptera," appeared in The Entomologist , xxiv., p. 105, in which he
advances a theory based on the occasional development of red in the
sub-marginal lunules of tlie posterior wings of P. machaon and other
allied species of Papilio, tliat this red marking is the evanescent vestige
of a costal ocellus in the ancestral form, from which P. machaon and
other allied species have descended ; in support of which tlieory he

VARIATION. 103

cites several species as having red in the costal lunule, and adds, " It
often happens that the second lunule has a trace of the reddish or
orange colour, this may be occasionally found in Papth'o machaon."
The species he cites as having red in the upper lunule or lunules
" belong to at least three different but more or less allied genera," and
" in all the species dealt with there is at the anal angle of the hind
wings, a more or less distinct ocellus with a red pupil or patch : tliis is
very well marked in Papilio machaon.'" Mr. Jenner Weir then goes on
to say : " Arguing from a priori considerations, one would be inclined
to consider that the reddisli or orange suffusion in question was the
nearly obsolete trace of an ocellus -which had once existed in the
ancestors of these butterflies. The question then arises as to whether
any facts can be adduced in support of such an hypothesis. Africa is a
continent which has not undergone those stupendous geological changes
which have affected so profoundly the pala?arctic and nearctic regions,
from which my illustrations have been draAvn, and in which, therefrom,
some archaic forms of Papilionina'. might be expected to be found.
Orpheidea demoleus is a well-known and very common African butterfly,
whicli has an ocellus both on the costa and on the anal angle of the
lower Avings ; but it is only the lower ocellus that has mucli red aroimd
the pupil ; still, I have a specimen Avith the costal ocellus well marked
-•with red, exactly in the same part of the wing in Avhich a similar orange
spc^t is found in Enpho'ades troilus, and, in all cases, the dark centre of
the jiupil is suffused Avith red. In the \-ery closely allied Indian
species, Orpheides erithonius, I cannot detect any red around the upper
ocellus ; the loAver has a large ]:)atch of that colour, but, regarded as an
ocellus, it is indistinct, especially in the males ; indeed, in both these
species the costal ocellus is much better defined than that at the anal
angle. Both are Avithout tails, and it Avould seem that the dcA'cloiiment
of tlie tails in Papilio, JasoniadcH and EnpJia'ndes, destro3'ed the original
bilateral symmetry of the under Avings, and reduced the costal ocellus
to a mere A^estige ; and in Iphidides, Avhere the tails are more dcA-eloped,
CA'en the slight vestige has disappeared. The shape of the Aving in
this last mentioned genus is cpiite different from that of Papilio ; tlie
length of the tails seems to haA'e l)een effected at the expense of the
breadtli of the Aving ; indeed, in this res})ect Iphiclides apj)roaches
more nearly to the contour of the Aving of Leptocirciis. A similar re-
mark applies to the Indian genus of Swallow-tails, Pathisa ; in P. agetes
there are red spots above an obsolete ocellus in the anal angle of the
wing, but no red at the upper angle ; in some of the other species even
the red at the anal angle has faded into yelloAv, e.g. P. paphiis and
P. gli/cerion, and in P. antiphafes the yelloAv aboA'e tlie pseudo (tcellus
has disappeared. There is another genus of African PapiJioninte
possessing large tails, and in tlie male sex, on tlie up})er Avings, tliere
are androconia on the sub-median iierA'-ure and median nervules clothed
Avith short, cotton-like scales. I do not think this genus has ])een
named, but it appropriately might l^e called Erioptera. In E. ophidi-
cephalm, although a tailed species, the upper ocellus is develojied in the
lower wing ; but it may be added that, in this species, the ocellus at
the anal angle is very largely developed, and that there are indications
of a second one above the third sub-median nerAaile. In the very
closely allied sj^ecies E. meneslhem, the upper ocellus is absent, and in
its place there is a costal red spot, exactly in the same position as the

104 THK entomologist's record.

orange spot in Euphoeides troilus, above adverted to. In E. constnntinns
there is no trace of red in the npper hinides of the under wings. The
possession of a costal oceHus is very rare in the Papilionince. In L)r.
Staudinger's " Exotische Schmetterlinge," Avhere nearly a hundred
species of this suh-family are figured, the only one delineated with the
ocellus in question is Orpheides dnnoleus, which, as before stated, is, in
mv opinion, an archaic form, the larva of which has considerable
resemljlnuce to that of Ja^oiu'adt's (jlaucnf^. I am therefore of opinion
tliat the insignificant red suffusion on tlie first luuule of Papilla machaon
is the evanescent vestige of an ocellus, in the ancestral form from which
this and several other allied species of Papilionind' have descended ; and,
as such, is not without its value as a contribution towards the philogeny
of the genera above dealt with. I am the more inclined to this view
because I find this vestigial marking more often to be found in the
females of a species than in the males ; the former being, as very well
l)ut l)y Professor Westwood, the more conservative sex."

In the same volume of The Entomologist, page 130, Mr. E. A.
Bowles, commenting on Mr. Jenner Weir's article says : — " I think he
rather underrates the extent of the red suffusion on the upjier side of
the lower Aving of P. machaon, when he says the second submarginal
lunule of the lower Aving is " occasionally found '" to have a trace of the
reddish colour. In eighteen specinuMis I examined, I find four males
and one female with red in the first and second submarginal lunules of
the lower wing ; one female with red in the first, second, and third
lunules ; one female with red in the first, second, third, and fourth ;
and in one female in the first and sixth lunules, the sixth being the
lunule immediately before the ocellus at the anal angle. Five males
with red in the first lunule only ; two males with the red entirely
alisent in all the lunules, and three with so small a number of red scales
in the first lunule, that they are scarcely noticeable Avithout a magni-
fying glass. Thus it is possible to have the red suffusion in the first
four and the sixth lunules. I regret to say I liaA'e not Mr. Jenner
Weir's A-ast accpiaintance Avith foreign allied species, liut haA'ing noticed
AvliJit, I tliink, is a marked connection Avith the aboA'e conclusion, in a
species Avhich I find unnoticed by him (unless I haA'e it wrongly named),
I add as my one ewe lamb of further evidence in supjxirt of the tlieory
of A'anished ocelli. I possess a butterfly named as Paptlio phorcat<, and
said to be African, Avliich has an irregular ocellus on the costal angle
of the lower Aving, the iris of Avhich is lilue, much suffused Avith red ;
then folloAV three lunules of red, corresponding in position Avith the
second, third, and fourth submarginal lunules of P. machaon, and there
is another red lunule next to the A-ery distinct ocellus at the anal angle.
Thus in 1)oth species, red is found in all the lunules excepting the fifth.
May it not be ])Ossible that their common ancestor possessed six perfect
ocelli ? "

As I have shoAvn, I can add to this, that it is possible to find a
slight trace — at any rate — of the red in all six lunules of P. machaon,
including the fifth. Like Mr. Bowles, I haA^e no acquaintance with tlie
foreign allied species shoAving costal ocelli, Avhich form the real
support of Mr. Weir's theory ; the only one I have seen being Orpheides
eritlionim in Mr. Bryan's collection ; this has a costal ocellus, liut as
Mr. Weir remarks, Avithout any trace of red around it ; the sul)nuarginal
band Avhicli is ciitirc in P. niachaon, is much broken up in O. erithonins,

VARlATtoK. 105

and one might almost consider tlie costal ocellus in the latter, the re-
maining one of a series of ocelli which had existed, one l^etvveen each
nervure. But to return to P. machaoa and leaving the submarginal
lunules, I would refer to the development of red in another part of
the hind wings, which seems to me a piece of evidence (cpiite inde-
pendent of Mr. Weir's theory) that red is rather in course of evolution,
than vestigial in the posterior wings of P. inachaon.*

Most lepidopterists are no doubt aware of the existence of two
elongated patches of red on the underside of the hind wings, situated
between the inner edge of the submarginal band and the discoidal cell,
one between nervures 3 and 4, the other between 4 and 5 ; on the ex-
amination of a number of specimens, it will be found that there is very
often a small patch Itetween nervures 5 and 6, and sometimes, although
rarely, a slight indication of it is to be seen between all the nervures ;
taking into consideration a rule almost without exception, that when-
ever there are red scales on the upper surface of the wings, there is a
greater quantity on the underside, and even in some cases where there
is no, or hardly any, discernible red on the upper surface, there is on
the underside quite a fair-sized ^J^'^tch or patches ; one might reason-
ably expect to find cases of the occurrence of red scales inside the sub-
marginal band, corresponding to the before-mentioned red on the
underside. Six or seven years ago, I heard an account from one of the
Wicken collectors of the breeding or capture — I forget which — of a
specimen of P. mnchaon, having " the hind wings considerably flushed
with red." I am sorry to say I did not see the specimen, but judging
from the sum, it was sold for, viz. £1 (I l)elieve this is correct) it must
have been something very much out of the ordinary. Since this, I liave
always Iteen on the look-out for specimens with red in the yellow sjjace
inside the submarginal liand, with the result that I am this evening
able to show seven specimens, all having more or less of the red ; for
the loan of one of these, viz., the one having most red, I am indebted to
Mr. liloomtield of London, who bred it from a Wicken pupa last season.
It has on the underside of the hind wings, the usual amount of red Ijetween
nervures 3 — 4 and 4 — 5, a smaller amount between 1 — 2, 2 — 3 and
o — 6, and also, but in a much less degree, between 6 — 7, and just two
or three specks between nervures 7 — 8 ; on the upperside, it has red
scales between nervures 1 — 2, 2 — 3, 3 — 4, and a slight indication be-
tween 4 — 5 and 5 — 6 ; the greatest amount is between nervures 1 — 2 ;
one s})ecimen is from Mr. Jones's collection ; the remaining five I i)icked
from a number of Wicken s])ecimens. There is generally most red
between nervures 1 — 2, and it is also well shown between 3 — 4 and
4 — 5 ; one would at first expect the gi'eater amount of red to l)e
between nervures 3 — 4 and 4 — 5, seeing that it is here that the two
normal patches are placed, the comparatively small amount shown on
the u])per surface, however, is easily accounted for, as from nervure 3
to 5 the submarginal band on the upper surface extends consideral)ly
nearer to the discoidal cell than on tlie underside, so that the greater

*I am delighted with this independent expression of the view I have
previously taken of the subject. My contention {Secoyulary Sexual Characters,
p. xvii) that the female is usually the variable and not the conservative sex
receives direct confirmation from the data given by Mr. Farren's paper and his
argument strengthens remarkably my criticism of Darwin's theor}' (I.e., p.p.
xvi-xviii). — J. W. Tutt.

loci THE entomologist's RECORD.

part of the two red patches on the underside is opposite the upper sur-
face-submarginal band, and it is only the tij)s of the red markings which
occasionally are reproduced in the yellow area of the upper surface.
The submarginal band on the underside is in no part — except perhaps
the portion between nervures 7 and 8 — so broad as on the upper surface,
but the difference is slight except between nervures 3 and 5. It is
particularly important to remark that all the seven specimens I have
seen with red inside the submarginal band are females. How far this
develojiment of red bears on Mr. Weir's theory, it is hard to say ; it
may strengthen it ; it certainly shows a very strong inherent tendency
on the part of P. machaon, to develop red scales in the hind wings, and
is a 2)oint well worthy of further consideration.

The remaining })oints of variation in the posterior wings are chiefly
of shajje of the markings, and are in a great measure dependent on the
size and development of the specimen ; I will refer first to the broad
sub-marginal band Avhich varies considerably in width ; in a typical
specimen it is broadest from nervure 2 to 4, it then narrows towards
the costa, its inner edge being about parallel with the hind margin of
the wing ; in some specimens the liand is of equal width u]) to nervure
(j, the gain from nervure 4 to 6 being almost entirely on the inside,
this converts the inner edge from a curved line to almost a straight one,
and considerably lessens the width between it and the discoidal cell,
and in some specimens I have, the liand reaches and partly encloses the
black patch on the discoidal lunule. The band is densely clothed with
metallic blue scales, but has a well maintained border of black on both
edges, the outer one being least clearly defined, and in one or two
specimens the blue scales almost reach to the extreme edge of the band :
the blue scales are usually divided up into six patches by the lines of
the nervures, but in one or two specimens they cover the nervures as
well, and so become a continuous mass.

The remaining important feature in the variation of the hind wings
is in the black patch on the discoidal lunule, this varies much in size
and shape ; one specimen in my own series is entirely without it, others
have it very small, and intermediate forms occur to a patch aljout 3 lines
by 1 line in size ; a form not uncommonly occurs generally known as
the " cell-divided variety," in which this black patch is divided in the
centre by a thin yellow streak, this variety" I have found more frequently
in (J s than $ s, it is so in my series in the proportion of nine to two.
I think this is very likely only accidental, as two or three in Mr. Jones'
collection are all $ s. The nervures of the posterior wings are usually
but thinly coated with dark scales, but there is occasionally a thickening,
especially of the boundaries of the discoidal cell. The submarginal
yellow lunules vary in shape and size, usually subordinate to the size
of the specimen ; in a very few specimens they are inclined to be
squarish patches slightly concave on the top, and entirely losing their
lunar shape, in others they are perfect lunules, but generally the lower
end is a little the longer, vanishing in a very fine j^oint. The " tail "
varies in length, but this also depends in a great measure on the size of
the specimen.

In the upper wings the first point to claim ni}' attention is the
occasional possession of a black sjiot near the apex of the wing, in the
yellow space between nervures 6 and 7. There is always a black spot
in the sjDace above, which I will allude to as the subapical, and the

VAfttATlOS% 107

occasional one beneath as the second subapical spot. This latter seems
to Ije slightly more common in <? s than $ s ; in my forty specimens
I find it in 11 ^s and 9 ? s, of the 11 <?s 8 have it from large to
medium, and 3 have it from medium to very small ; and of the 9 $ 's,
4 have it from large to medium, and 5 from medium to very small.
Although it is not uncommon, especially in females, it is by no means
the rule for macliaon to have a black spot on the underside of the wing
corres^jonding to the subapical spot on the upperside, but in no case
have I detected the slightest trace of one corresponding to the second
subapical spot. Occasionally the subapical spot has a slight sprinkling
of yellow scales in the centre, in the same manner in which the basal
patch and submarginal band are marked ; in one, and only one speci-
men have I found the subapical spot on the underside similarly speckled,
the second subapical spot to my experience never has yellow scales.
The eight submarginal yellow spots vary in a peculiar manner ; the
first one from the anal angle is much the largest, and is oblong in shape ;
the next three or four are somewhat lunar or semicircular, which shape
is gi-adually lost, and the size of the spots diminished to the seventh
one, the last three Ijeing nearly round, the last or apical one is round
and larger than those immediately preceding it, leaving out the anal
spot, which is always tlie largest ; the above order is in some few speci-
mens reversed, the spots getting gradually larger from the second to
the apex, and sometimes, but more rarely, the apical yellow sjiot is the
smallest of the eight instead of largest but one.

The larger black jjatcli, slightly beyond the centre of the discoidal
cell, reaching the boundaries on either side, and which I will allude to
as the " costal bar,"' is usually of ecpial width throughout, but varying
in width in different specimens, in a very few cases it is slightly wedge-
shaped, widest near the costa ; there is rather a general tendency to
have a slight indentation on the outer edges ; in one specimen I have,
this is strongly developed, and there is from the centre of the discoidal
lunules a short black streak folloM'ing the direction of the indentation
in the " costal l)ar," besides this there is in this specimen an additional
marking, a black spot in the yellow space between the Ijasal patch and
" costal bar ;" I find in several other specimens a slight indication of
this s2)ot ; in another specimen the indentation in the " costal bar " is
still more strongly developed, but in one wing only, the "costal bar"
is much contorted, the inner edge projects in a point towards and almost
unites Avith a black streak which projects from the basal patch, whilst
from the middle of the discoidal lunules extends another black
streak, towards and just entering a large gap in the outer edge of the
" costal bar."

The black patch at the end of the discoidal cell sometimes contains
a thin yellow longitudinal streak, and I find this is nearly always so
in specimens which have the corresponding peculiarit}' in the hind
wing:s ; out of nine specimens with the so-called •' cell-divided " varia-
tion in the posterior wing, seven have it also in the anterior wings ;
and out of a series of 40 specimens, only two are " cell divided " in the
anterior, and not in the posterior wings. The remaining point in the
anterior wings, but not by any means least important, is a not un-
common tendency on the part of nervure 4 to be longer in comparison
than the rest of the nervures ; so much so in some specimens, as to
form a projection on the hind margin of the wing, and this is rendered

108 THte Entomologist's record.

somewhat significant when we come to consider that this nervure
corresponds exactly with the one which forms the tail in the posterior
wing. I do not think besides this that there is any imj)ortant variation
in the neiiration of P. machaon. I have one specimen in which
nervures 3 and 4 of the posterior wings are united from the discoidal
cell to the commencement of the sub-marginal band, so that there only
appear to Ije three nervures instead of four proceeding from the black
patch on the discoidal lunule, which causes more strangeness of ai)pear-
ance than might he imagined ; another specimen is entirely without
nervure 3 in all the wings ; this causes a considerable narrowing of the
wings, and conseipient absence of one sub-marginal yelloAv spot or
lunule in each wing, and on the underside of the posterior wings the
loss of the first of the two large red patches ; both right and left sides
are exactly alike, the symmetry being as perfect as in a normal
S2)ecimen.

In conclusion, I would remark that although my statistics, esj^ecially
referring to the development of red in the posterior wings, may be
taken as fairly applicable to British specimens, they would, jn-obably,
not hold good with specimens from other jiarts of tlie world ; some
from the South of France, Italy, and Germany, in Mr. Bryan's col-
lection, are much paler than British sjjecimens, the Itlack bands are
narrower, and the yellow — which consequently occupies a greater pro-
portion of the Avings — is clearer, and there is considerably less red in
the sub-marginal lunules ; it will be seen that this latter agrees with
Mr. Weir's remarks in Entomohxjist, xxiv., p. 105. In this same
volume of The Entomologist, p. 82, Mr. South writes in an article, '* On
Certain British Lepidoptera occurring in Easteni Asia": — "• Papilio
machaon, Linn. — Mr. Elwes says : — ' The forms of P. machaon found in
X.E. Asia seem to be similar to the Eiiropean ones, though usually
larger. In Kamtschatka, according to Menetries, the variety which he
calls asiatica . . . differs generally in the broader black band and
markings, which, however, vary extremely, and gTadually increase
until in the var. hippocrates (which I have only seen from China and
Japan) the yelloAv is half obliterated by the black markings. . . .
Erom ova deposited ])y a typical female captured at Nagasaki, Japan,
in May, Mr. Leech In'ed in the following June a fine series of vars.
asiatica and hippocrates, some specimens had the usual pro^jortion of
black and yellow, others were of a much deeper yellow than
the ordinary type, and some were nearly all black, being by far
the most pronounced var. hippocrates I have yet seen. Every
specimen was much larger than the parent.' " To this I may add
that, I have seen in Mr. Leech's collection a specimen entirely
black. Papilio machaon used to be by no means the exclusive Een
species it has become of late years in •, this country ; and this isolation,
no doul>t, has much to do with the extreme development of such a
marking as the red patches in the posterior wings ; and, as humidity is
considered an important factor in tlie production of nielanic forms, may
not their restriction to a Een habitat in England have much to do Avith
the increased size of the l)lack markings ? — W. Fakren, Fern House,
Union Koad, Cambridge.

Melanochroism near London. — As variation near London has a
tendency to melanism, a list of the melanic vars. should prove interest-
ing. Will other entomologists supplement the following list?

VARIATION. 109

Sfnuroims fag>, legs, abdomen, fore and liind wings, ground colour very
like that of A. betularia var. doiihledayaria, with scarcely any markings,
sometimes at intervals dashed with a tine white ; taken occasionally in
Epping Forest. Cuftpidia jjsi var. saffnsa, common all over the district.
Bryophila perJa, forewings a mass of black scales, slightly relieved with
light, and a light band near thorax ; common, London. Xylophasia
rnrea, fore wings almost unicolorous dark reddish-l)rown, discoidal,
lighter ; not scarce, Epping Forest. Apamea didijma, fore wings,
! )laek, discoidal spot, white ; hind wings, dark ; occurs plentifully.
Miana strigilis vars. lafnmcula, oethiops, more common than type.
Miselia oxyacnnthce, fore wings, black ; hind wings, dark ; common near
London. Henierophila ahruptaria, fore and hind wings almost uni-
colorous deep brown ; occasionally, London. Boarmia repandata, ground
colour very deep blackisli ; markings distinct ; not common, London.
Hybernia Icucophcearta, fore and hind wings, unicolorous black ; occa-
sionally. H. marginaria, fore and hind wings brown ; not common ^ .
5 Abdomen, black ; fore and hind wings unicolorous black, except at
edges ; occasionally. Eupithecia rectangulata, fore and hind wings,
and abdomen, black ; sometimes with beautiful green lines ; common,
London. — Ambrose Quail, 15, Stamford Hill, N. — [We believe that the
whole of these varieties have names and ai"e on record from the London
district. To us, our correspondent's comparison of the dark var. of
Stanrojms fagi with Amphidasys hetidarid var. doubledayaria does not
appear happy, as the ground colour of the former bears no resemblance
to that of the latter ; whilst the remark, " with scarcely any markings,"
is scarcely correct ; as we have seen a fair number of this variety, aU
having very distinct markings. The others all ajjpear to refer to
well-known and named varieties. We take it that our corres-
pondent refers especially to London north of the Thames, in these
notes, and North London in particular ; and from that point of view
it would be interesting to compare with the list in The Entomologist,
vol. xxi., pp. 247-219.— Ed.]

Variation in the Fen District. — A record (ante, Vol. i., page 13,)
on Miana strigilis vars. &c. lias induced me to put on record from the
Fen district. Up ware, Canibs., that the very pretty var. arata, Esp.
and var. latrimcuhi, Haw., both occurred in July, 1891, and at the same
time I took a melanic Agrotis exclamationis, and comparing this with
strigilis, it seems interesting, as I have never taken the melanic form
{(rthiops. Haw.) of strigilis in the Fen district. — A. Quail, 15, Stamford
Hill, N.

The Eelative Fading of Tint from Exposure. — I was interested
to see Mr. Prideaux's remarks {Record, iv., p. 5) as to the " Kelative
fading of tints " in Lepidoptera by exposure, and should be glad to
know if other entomologists have noticed the same tendency. I have
noticed in Nemoria viridata the extreme paleness of the upper wings in
many specimens, which have been flying at the same time as others,
with the upper wings of the normal beautiful green colour, and have
l)een puzzled to account for the fact. Possil^ly, the paler specimens had
been on the wing longer than the normal-coloured ones. Perhaps some
correspondent can inform us whether specimens of this or other species,
with tbis apparent tendency to fade in life, have lieeii bred witli such
pale upper wings. — (Rev.) J. A. Mackonochie, The Hirsel, Coldstream,
N.B. January, 1893.

110 THE entomologist's T!KrOT^T).

LiPAKis MONACHA VAR. EREMiTA. — 111 spitc of the Startling revelations
about the dark race of L. monacha recently figured in the Ent. Record, I
think that Mr. Tiitt's statement in vol. iii., p. 305, is too sweeping. His
words, as they stand, seem to imply that all the dark races of monacha
now being reared in Britain, have a Continental origin ; l)ut snch is not
the case as the following facts Avill show. Starting with eggs laid l)y a
typical Avild J , caught in the New Forest, in 1.S87, Mr. W. H. B.
Fletcher of Worthing, has, by a process of careful selection from the
progeny of this single wild moth, bred some very handsome and ex-
tremely dark forms, and as the race becomes darker each year, it is most
probable that some of the next generation will be perfectly black.
[Vide, ante, p. 21. — Ed.]. I may also mention, that Mr. C. Gulliver,
of Brockcnhurst, Avas fortunate enough to take an exceedingly dark (J
specimen — as dark, I should say, as the one shewn in fig. 5, on the
Plate in the liccord — in the New Forest last year (1892), so there can
be no doubt that, in that locality at any rate, L. monacha shews an in-
herent tendency towards blackness, although the very dark forms are
but rarely met with in nature. — Eustace E. Bankes, The Eectory,
Corfe Castle. Janiianj, 1893.

Melanism in Yorkshire Lepidoptera. — In the last No. of the
Ent. Record, pp. 88-90, is part of a paper I read at the South London
Ent. Society's Meeting of Feb. 9th. I was unable to send the re-
mainder in time for pulilication last month, but do so now. It is as
follows : — " Larentia did//mata. — Melanism in dklymata has often been
recorded of the male, but collectors generally do not seem to be aware
that it exists to a marked degree in the case of the females. M3' series
is composed of specimens from all over Yorkshire, and includes an
almost Avhite form from limestone districts, as well as dark varieties
from Horsforth, which approach in depth of colouring to the pale males
from chalk districts in Kent and Sun-ey. Hj/pstpetes sordidata = ehtata,
Hb. — This polymorphic species is very abundant on the Yorkshire
moors, the black form being as common as that marked with gi-een.
Melanip2)c hicoJorata. — This insect is decidedly darker than southern ex-
amples. I have seen some very pretty varieties in the York collections.
M. ocellata. — The transverse bar in this species is a deeper purple than
in specimens from the southern woods. M. galiata. — Four examples
given to me by Mr. Porritt represent the Huddersfield form : the
transverse bar, and, in fact, all the markings are much darker than in
the southern examples which I possess. Melanippe fnctnafa. — The
visual range of variation is found in the Horsforth district, but on their
first emergence in spring very dark specimens are taken ; these,
however, are not common. Bivrncea farfella. — This is a species very
prone to melanism, black forms lieing foiuid near every large town,
but especially is this the case in the North. At Leeds 50 per cent, are
black, about 47 per cent, smoky, while only 2 to 3 per cent, are of the
typical form. As one goes aAvay from the smoke the percentage of
black forms decreases, while the percentage of the type increases in the
same proportion.

In my preliminary remarks I descrilied the artificial condition of
the environment in the Leeds district. It will be seen that the most
prominent feature is the extraordinary amount of smoke turned out ]iy
the various factories which crowd the district, this leading to a permanent
darkening of the trees, etc., which darkening is, to some extent,

VAlilATION. Ill

increased l)y the liigli rainfall. Probably there is no other district in
England -where the same conditions obtain to the same extent as in the
West Kiding. Noav it is a jiositive fact that as one goes out from
Leeds, in any direction where there is less smoke, that the percentage
of melanic varieties lieeomes loss, and that the farther one goes tlie
lower is the proportion of varieties met with. This does not obtain in
all species, as for example, T. Itimulnhirin, E. vminah's, etc., but even in
such species as these the melanic specimens from the West Hiding are
usually darker than those from smokeless districts. This is especially
noticeable in D. fagella, prol)ably liecause this insect is more susceptible
to clianged conditions of life* than almost any other of our English
moths. Going out from Leeds I have found the percentage gradually
decrease, until, in a wood, fifteen miles away it was the exception to
find a smoky variety while in Wliarfedale. A. rnmicis, so far as my
experience goes, is always tyiiical. The conditions of Airedale and
Wliarfedale in the district of Leeds are precisely similar, except that
there is no smoke in Wliarfedale. One cannot lielji being struck by
these facts, and without Avishing to give undue emphasis to this state-
ment, from actual study of the environment and climate on the spot, I
am forced to the conclusion that smoke is the chief factor in the pro-
duction of melanism in the West Eiding of Yorkshire." — William
Mansbeidge.

Mr. Mansljridge's conclusion is that to Avliich I have already come
in these pages. Li Vol. i., p 56, I write, after quoting a gi'eat
many examples : — '' I lielieve from this (and it appears to be a fair
deduction), that Lancashire and Yorkshire melanism is the result
of the combined action of the ' smoke ' jiihis humidity, and that the
intensity of Yorkshire and Lancashire melanism produced by humidity
and smoke is intensified by ' natural selection ' and ' hereditary
tendency.' " Of course I use the word " produced " here in a broad sense,
without going deeper into the vital and more complex physiological
processes which must be at Avork, and accompany such change. The
action of " smoke " is probably more specially indirect, and only acts
so far, that it heli^s the rain to permanently darken objects within
its area of influence, and hence re-acts by " natiu'al selection," most
particularly on those species which rest on fences, trees, and other
objects thus made permanently dark b}^ its aid. The intensification of
the darkening is brought about by '•' natural selection," which weeds
out the pale-coloured examples under these conditions by their con-
spicuousness. A further discussion of Yorkshire and Lancashire
melanism is to be found Ent. Bee. Vol. i, pp. 86-87. — J. W. Tutt.

Melanic variety of Hybernia aurantiaria. — A few weeks ago,
thanks to a hint from Mr. Dennis, of the South London Society, I found
that a dark unicolorous variety, of what had been in my cabinet under
the name of H. defoh'aria, was really aurantiaria. The specimen was
taken at light at Horsforth, near Leeds, in September, 1890. The true
name of the specimen was determined by a comparison of the antennae,

* Query. Is it not rather that, being a common species, and of the pre-
vailing black and white (or grey) tint, which lends itself most readily to modi-
fication, as well as an inhabitant of the suburbs of our large towns, and hence,
directly, under the darkening influence of smoke, that " natural selection " is
able to produce such marked response to environment in this species, rather
than any special inherent susceptibility in the organisation of the species ? — Ed.

112 THE kntomoloCtIst's record.

these organs being distinctly different in form in the two species. The
variety is parallel to the car. fuscata of H. manj'maria, but is not quite
so dark. — W. Mansbkidge, 21, Kosenau Crescent, Battersea, S.W.

Dark Variety of Phigalia pilosaria. — I took on March 12th
a beautifiil melanic variety of PJn'galia pilosaria in the woods here. It
is a very dark green (almost black), with black nervures. I have
never seen anything like it before. — R. B. Eobertson, Sketty Park,
Swansea.

©URRENT NOTES.

We do not wish here to enter into any discussi(jn re nomenclature,
but woi;ld point out that in Mr. Dale's notes of last month, British
Nainralisf, v(il. iii., pp. 50-53, there are two or three facts that want
setting straight. — 1. Mr. Dale rightly speaks out against the descrip-
tions of Hufnagel as being poor compared with what are expected now-
a-days, but he loses sight of the fact that within ten years of
publication, Hufnagel's friend. Von Eottemburg, extended these short
diagnoses, and set Hufnagel's nomenclature (by the excellence of his
descriptions) on a sounder basis than that of any other author of the
time. There can be no doubt of Hiafnagel's synonymy read with Von
Rottemburg's work thereon. (2) Mr. Dale's description of Fabricius'
cytherea is altogether unintelligible, and, of course, as Avritten, will
strike any entomologist as ridiculous. Whatever do the following
phrases mean : " margins fresco," " cinerco frescogue," " fleurfB mar-
gins fresco," " snl)tutus anticee " ? It is, of course, Mr. Dale's aim to
make these old authors look ridiculous. To do it 1 ly quoting barbarities
like these, which do not exist in their works, is utterly reprehensible,
and out of keeping with scientific work. (3) Mr. Dale's quotation from
Staudinger with regard to sinon is altogether out of date. Staudinger
corrected it himself 21 years ago, and it has been corrected by wiseacres,
who have not looked at Staudinger's Corrigenda, a dozen times since.
(4) On p. 53, what does " Affinis nimeiun Hyales " mean ? (5) Con-
cerning the non-occurrence of Colias hijaJe in Scandinavia, perhaps Mr.
Dale would do well to look iiji Sven Lamjja's excellent list in The
Entomologist Tidskrift, 1885. Truly Mr. Dale's paper is fearfully and
wonderfully written, and proves conclusively the old adage, " a little
knowledge is a dangerous thing."

A most interesting paper of Coccidfe and the ants witli which they
are associated, together with the descrijition (and fig.) of a new sjiecies
Bipersia snhterranea, obtained on roots of Nardns stricta in nests of
Formica flava, on a raised shingle beach at Ingoldisthorpe, near King's
Lynn, Norfolk, on August 20th, 1892, is communicated ])y Mr. R.
NeAvstead to the current number of the Enf. Mo. Mag.

Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher records the capture of Grapholitlia grmmiferana
in Hampshire. On May 27th and June 2nd, 1890, several males and a
few females were taken among plants belonging to the Nat. Order
LegnminosecB occurring in the locality. It is " like G. co'cana, but with
more ample wings, Avith the geminated markings on the costa Avell
developed, from one of which a lustrous leaden line passes to anal angle,
bounding the ocelloid patch found there on its inner side, and meeting
beneath it a second line (broken in the middle) which borders the outer

PRACTICAL niNTS. 113

edge of the patcli," etc. The same lepidoi)terist has also found larvae
of Pancalia lemcenhoeckeUa feeding in the petioles of the leaves of Viola
hirta.

Mr. Bankes questions the right of Butalis dissimilella, H.-S., to be
considered British, and states that an odd undetermined specimen of
Butalis was recorded l)y Mr. Meyrick, from Newbury, in the Ent. Mo.
Mag. of 1875 as possibly dissimilella. Then in the Index of Vol. xiv.
of that Magazine, dissimilella a})peared without a query ; hence its
present inclusion in some of oixr Exchange lists. As it is not included
in any text-book on British entomology, and only appears in dealers'
Exchange Lists, we fail to see that there is yet much cause for alarm, or
that the slip in the Index of the Ent. Mo. Mag. adds it to the British
fauna, nor do we suppose that anyone Avho collects Micro-le})idoptera
scientifically, supposes that it is a British insect. It is well, though,
that Mr. Bankes has pointed this out to our Exchange List makers.

Practical hints.

The Breeding of Bombyx rubi and Spiloso3ia fuliginosa. — During
Septeml)er last I noticed a number of line and apparently full-fed larvas
of Boinhijx rubi lying about on the heather at Windermere, so I deter-
miiied to make another attempt at breeding them, having previously
alwaj's failed. I am happ}' to say that this time my efforts have proved
more successful. I -will simply lay before you an account of my experi-
ments with this caterpillar, and also with that of Spilosoma fuliginosa, a
number of which I also found. My idea was to keep the larvae out of
doors, and exposed as much as possiljle to the elements of autumn and
winter, till they had been well frozen, and then to l>ring them into
sudden warmth. I accordingly planted a cucumber frame with large
sods of living heather and grass combined, into which I placed rather
more than 150 larvfe of B. rubi and about 30 Spilosoma fuliginosa. I had
two large pieces of glass taken out of the middle of the frame and
replaced by j^erforated zinc, so as to keep the temperature inside the
frame as nearly as possible uniform with that outside, and also in this
one place to let in the rain. The larva? spread all over their enclosure,
and fed up well to the end of the month, when I was obliged to go
away from home, and leave them to the tender mercies of the gardener.
I returned to Windermere about Decemljer 10th. The snow, which
had been lying for some time, owing to the frost, was just beginning to
thaw. On looking into my ciicumber frame, I found a good deal of the
heather dead, but still plenty of fresh, green shoots ; there were also
some eight or ten dead " fox " caterpillars lying on the surface, but I con-
cluded that they had not been dead long as there was no mould about.
I carefully tore to bits a small piece of one of the sods, and found three
rubi and two fuliginosa snugly curled nv like dormice : these I took
and placed in a box containing some damp moss, and resting on the
gTcen-house pijjes. I fastened to the lid of the box a small Fahrenheit
thermometer, which registered pretty constantly between 80'-' and 90"^
A few moments after being subjected to this temperatui'e, the larvaj
were walking about the Ijox in a most lively manner. In four days
two of the rubi began to spin, and assumed the pupal stage on tjae
seventh, but the third, which did not appear so healthy a caterpillar,

114 THE ENT03I0L.0CUST's KE(JOKl).

shrivelled iq) and died shortly afterwards. The fuliginosa both spun up,
after waiting for a week or more to see if spring had really come. Of
the two rnhi which pupated, the smaller, Avhich turned out to be a male,
emerged under ten days from becoming a pupa ; the larger one pro-
duced a fine female about three days later, so tliat the transformation
from the hibernating larvae to the perfect insect took only three weeks
in the case of the female, and even a shorter time with tlie male. The
ftditjinosa also took but three weeks or a little longer, perhaps, to com-
plete their life history. These, with the female rubi, were of normal
size and colouring, but the male was rather small and light. I was much
delighted with my success, and repeated my experiments witli ten or a
dozen larvfv, and with much the same result. From the Monday in
Christmas Aveek till the time that I left liome again — al tout January 19th
— we had an almost continuous frost, and sometimes very severe, the
thermometer once registering only live degrees above zei'o in our garden.
I pur})osely left the rest of my larvte exposed for a fortnight to this
severe weather, till the sods and tlie soil beloAv were frozen as liard as
bricks for several inches. I tlien carried several of the sods l)odily into
the gTeenhouse to tear up, and tin-ned out many fat caterpillars covered
with hoar frost, some of Avhieh I liad to be very careful not to damage, as
they were very securely frozen into the soil. As it was, one specimen oi
fulujinosa left all the hair of one side behind, but in the end it seemed to
be no worse, and arrived at the moth stage in due course. One peculiar
incident I should like to mention witli regard to the A\-ay in which tlie
frost had affected some of the " foxes." In searching, I picked out one
or two Avhich were stretched out and a|)parently dead. I took one and
tried to break it in two, but altlK)ugh it cracked inside as tliough it were
full of frozen snow, the skin was tough and would not break. I
then, with the idea of melting the inside, and never for one moment
dreaming that there was any life left in the larva, laid it on one of the
hot pipes. Shortly afterwards I sarw it moving. I huniedly took it off,
and although it continued alive for some time, the trial liad been too
severe for it. The others that were in the same crystallized condition
I placed in the box of warm moss, and they recovered quite satisfac-
torily, like their curled-up companions. Why some and not others should
liave assumed this curious state is more than I can understand, but I
think that iew people would have hesitated in saying that these
stiffened forms were dead. Following the same plan as hei'ctofore, I
succeeded in getting more than fifty into pu});e, a few uuly dying. The
rest of the larv;e I have still left in the cucumber frame, to see if they
will naturally turn later in the spring. Those wliich I got to the pupa
state varied consideraljly in size, and, on the whole, were smaller than
usual. Aljout twenty emerged while I was at home ; the rest, whicli
I was stupid enougli to take out of their warm climate, and bring back to
Cambridge, all died except two. The fidujinosa were not affected in the
same way, and all came out, although I had no means of keeping them
in a warmer temperature than my room. A curious point as to the sex
of rnbi, is that by far the greater number of pupa' produced females,
which I have always regarded as the rarer of the tAvo. Most of tlie
specimens are certainly under the normal size and of lighter colouring.
It will be seen, then, by the foregoing, that I have subjected these tAvo
regularly hibernating larvae to severe tests. They have been taken in the
frozen state at aboiit 21j" Fahrenheit, or less, and suddenly raised to

I'KACTICAlj HINTS. 115

more than 80°. The sudclen cliang'e to the Avarmth seemed to enliven
their movements in every stage ; the larva? walked about rather faster
than usual, and nearly all the pupa? wriggled out of their long cocoons
as soon as they had turned, and it is, jjerhaps, needless to say that the
male imago would not wait long to be looked at. I have thus simjjly
stated the liare result of my experiments Avithout comment as to the
advisability of following my plan, because, altliough it is clear that by
these means the " fox moth " may be reared from the caterpillar — and
I believe that this is due, in a great measure, to their being well frozen
— yet I think that the disadvantages of size and colour, which, I sup]Jose,
are the direct result of forcing, cannot be overlooked. — A. M. Moss,
Trinity College, Cambridge. March (jth, 1893.

The Month. — During this month, night searching for larv* will
well repay the laboiir. Large numljers may be taken, and nearly all
the genus Noctiia. Immediately after dark, examine — by the aid of the
lantern — edges of ridings, and, in fact, everywhere where the warm
deAvs of spring burst the Ijud, exposing to the hungry larva the
succulent leaf. Success will be sure to follow. Captures "will be
numerous, and it will almost l)e impossible to separate each species, but
when practicable, it would l^e well to separate as much as possible, so
that notes may be made as to habits, &c.

The lengthening days continue to increase the roll of insects on the
wing. Several of the butterflies are putting in an appearance e.g. Leuco-
phasia sinapis, Euchloe cardamines, Pieris rapce, Li/ccena artjiolm, first
brood.

Biston Itirtaria, common in London squares on tree trunks ; easily
captured, being a very sluggish insect during the day. Saturnia carpini
is a conspicuous insect, J flying over heaths in the sunshine ; J sel-
dom on the wing. Many good " Pugs " are out this month, such as
Eiip/'thecia helceticata and E. coronata (this family is Avorthy the atten-
tion of the young entomologist). Some " Thorns " also appear this
month ; in fact, the list of fresli imagines is more numerous than sjjace
Avill admit. Carefully date all captures for futiu-e reference, and Avlien
an " unknown " caj)ture is made, label with date, &c., and put on one
side until some " wiser " collector can aflix the name. — J. P. Mutch.

Notes on Bkeeding Endromis veksicolor. — HaAdng had great
])leasui-e and success in rearing this splendid insect, I hear, with regi'et,
that some of ni}^ friends find it a difficult, species to get into pupa?. I
wish, therefore, to record my experience to the contrary. The fii-st
point is, to obtain ova of a healthy Scotch descent. The parent moths
often pair more than once, Avith cAddent advantage to the fertility of
the ova. These should hatch about the end of May, Avhen birch leaA^es
are in abiin dance, at least, in these southern parts. It is essential that the
ova should be kept in the shade, and not exjDOsed to the full rays of the
sun mitil they begin to hatch. The omission of this precaution has often
resulted in failure, and the blame has been laid on the ova. If sleeved
on the groANdng tree, not exposed too much to the sun, they feed up
readily, and eat enormously. I am sometimes obliged to finish them off
on alder, but they do not seem to affect this, as they arc said to do at
Kannoch. The beauty of the full-grown larva? is a real treat to the col-
lector ; and noAV for the pupation. Place the larva? ujjon sandy earth,
mixed Avith cocoa-nut fibre, and they will spin up readily, and keep
safely. An additional ground for rearing versicolor is its early emer-

IIG THE entomologist's RECORD

gence, when few other species claim our attention. — (Eev.) B. Smith,
Marlow. April ^rd, 1898.

^OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Notes on rearing Agrotis saucia. — As A. saua'a is a somewhat
variable species and very periodic in its appearance, I took the
opportunity, when it turned up in some numbers last autumn, of
obtaining a few batches of ova in order to be able to rear it. The
species did not occur at Lewes in the great numbers that it appears to
have done elsewhere, and, in fact, I did not see more than eight speci-
mens on the best evening. I had however no diiticulty in obtaining
ova, as three females, Avhich were taken, the first on the 27th September
and the two others on the 29tli September, laid freely in cliip boxes in
the course of the next few days. The Ijatches of ova did iK)t look very
large, but I subsequently calculated that they must have laid over a
thousand ova between them. I have reason to believe, as the specimens
were worn and one only laid comparatively few ova, that this is only
a fraction of the number that might be laid in a state of nature. Some
of the ova of the first female were moved into a greenhouse, as they
began to darken, and hatched on the 16th October, while those in-
doors of the same batch hatched on the 18th October. The rest of the
ova hatched some days later, and a spell of cooler weather somewhat
retarded them. Under ordinary conditions they proljably hatch in a
period varying from a fortnight to three weeks. Those larvae Avhicli
were kept in the greenhouse fed ravenously from the first, and showed
no tendency to hibernate. They appeared to be polj'phagous and very
little came amiss to them, though dock, i"ape, cabbage and spinach
formed the principal items of their dietaiy. The quite young larvae
seemed to feed at all times, but after the second moult they fed princi-
pally at night, and rested during the da}' on the underside of the leaves
supplied to them. From the time when they were about half-grown
until they jmiiated, thej' fed wholly at night, and buried themselves by
day under the surface of the earth in the floAver-pots, in Avhich they
were kept. The greenhouse in which the first batch, whose fortunes I
am tracing were kept, had, during the month of October, a temperature
ranging from about 65° l^y day to 50° or less at night, and Avas compara-
tively dry. On the 4th November hoAvever, the larA'JB, being then about
half-grown, Avere moA-ed into a hothouse with a moist heat ranging
between 70° by day to just below 60° at night. On mild damp nights
the temperature probably never fell beloAv 60°. The increased night
temperature caused them to feed up A-ery rapidly, and they Avent doAvn
betAveen the 12tli and 14tli November. For those kejit in this high
temperature the pu2)al condition lasted less than three Aveeks, as the
first imago appeared on the 1st December, folloAved by eleven on the
2nd, and others in rapid succession. Thus it is possible to rear the
species from egg to imago in about tAvo months. The rest of the larA'as
Avere kept at loAver temperatures, and were brought into the hothouse
as they Avere required, so as not to liaA'e too many emerging at the same
time. By this means, with a break (purposely arranged for Christmas),
they have been emerging, more or less regularly, from the beginning
of December to the present time (the end of February), Avhile some are

NOTES ON (JOLLECTtNG, ETC, ll7

still in the })upa state ; in fact, I have a few (juite small larva^ trying
to hil)ernate in a cold room, but these do not appear to thrive, and
prol)aldy must of tliem perish in our winters in a state of natiire. It
seems ])rol)al)le that saucia may have emigrated to our shores, along
with Cohm edusa and the other migrants who favoured us during the
past year, and from the ova laid by these in the early part of the season
sjirang the brood of saucia which was so widely distributed last autumn.
At all events, the indigenous saucia, if there were any, may have been
largely recruited in this way. There was a considerable range of
variation among those which first emerged, while those which came out
during January and February were mostly of the reddish form. I was
inclined from this to think that it was the interpolated Ijrood, as with
some uther sjiecies, that was most lialjle to variation, and that the red-
dish form was the constant spring form and type of the insect, which
superseded the others as the conditions more approximated those of an
early spring In-ood. I have, however, quite recently Ijred some speci-
mens of a greyish form, and in all probability the variation is largely
controlled by heredity. Unfortunately the females from which the ova
were obtained were all worn, and, had they been fresh, I should have
lieen ignorant of the coloration of the males. It would be interesting
to know whether saiict'a is often taken in this country in the early part
of the season, and what is the form usually found at that period. —
Wm. Edward Nicholson, Lewes. February 27th, 1893.

Some years ago, Mr. Nicholson was good enough to send me a dozen
eggs of A. saucia. These fed throughout the winter on dock, Init after
they were about half-an-inch long I never saw them as they went below
the sand by day and fed only at night. I was very busy at the time,
and finding, in March, that they did not eat the dock, I took it for
granted that they were all dead (as I did not expect a spring brood),
and left them in the greenhovisc uncovered. About a month afterwards
my friends Messrs. Porritt and Tugwell turned up at my house, and,
tt-lling tliem the history of my saucia, the latter gentleman remarked,
" I'll tie them up, you'll get an early brood out I" He tied a piece of
muslin over the flower pot, and sure enough the following week I bred
and set 13 moths. This was in May. Mr. Nicholson's dozen eggs had
been a baker's dozen (13), and I had bred the lot ! They were all,
without exception, of the red form. — J. W. Tutt.

CoLiAs p:dusa in Notts. — In September last, on the old Koman
Fosse Eoad near Cotgrave, I took half-a-dozen fine specimens of edusa,
one of which — a female — has the wings suffused with a beautiful pink
most noticeable on the under side. A few days previously I netted one
on a sunflower in the garden, which proved to be a very small male,
much lighter in the ground tint than usual. The sj^ecimen was quite
fresh, and had evident^ been reared in the immediate neighbourhood.
I may add that sunflowers seem very attractive to all kinds of lepidop-
tera, especially Vanessa atalanta, Avliich was exceptionally abundant
with us last season ; and I have counted as many as four at once sun-
ning themselves on the same flower-heap. — A. E. Leivers, Clinton
House, Sherwood Kise, Nottingham.

Spring Notes. — In Epping Forest, on the 12tli of March, I found
riiigalia pedaria and Amphidasys prodromaria ; Nyssia hispidaria has
been very common ; Brephos pjartlienias was out amongst the birches,
and Asphalia Jiavicornis has appeared. The sallows are now beginning

118 THE entomologist's kecoku.

to blossom, I saw some fine male catkins well out. — Ambkose Quail,
15, Stamford Hill, N.

Seaton. — The magnificent weather which continued tliroughout
March, caused many species of lepidoptera to emerge at an unusually early
date. By the 8th (if the month the salloAv^ Ijloom Avas nearly over ; jit
it, the T<.eniocampa and many of the early Geometers appeared in great
(puintities on the loth inst. I took some Ainphidasijii strataria at the
lamps. The first butterfly 1 saw was Pie) is rapce, on the 14th February,
Ijut throughout March I have noticed many hybernated sorts, including
several Colias edma, in the sunny situations sheltered by the cliffs. —
John N. Still, Seaton, Devon. [It would be Avell if lepidopterists who
observe C. edasa this spring, would actually capture them and determine
their sex, afterwards of course setting them free again. — En.]

Wye Valh'i/. — Although for the last three Aveeks avg have had hard
frosts, the heat in the day-time has been most exceptional, in fact, since
the 20th January we have had no severe weather here. I took
Ti'phro»ia crejimcularia early in relu'uary, Encldoc' cardamines and Lyccvna
anjioln>< on the 2oth of March. Kept in a cool place, ova of Orthopia
lota and utacilenta, Anchocelis riifina and Orrhodia apadicca hatched in
February. Imagines of Hadena thalassina and Notodonta chaonin, ap-
})eared early in March ; the pupa3 being kept in a cold room, and by
the third w'eek in March, larvie of Aplecia uehulosa, Noctua /estiva and
Plnsia pulchrina, had all pupated, ^vhile larvae of Amjerona primaria are
now spinning up. — A. Nesbitt, Ajtril ith, 1893.

Leatherhead. — I do not know Avhether Ni/f^sia l/ispidaria has been
previously recorded from this district : the occurrence of a sjjecimen at
light on the oth of March may be of interest. I met Avith a single
specimen of Aleucis pictaria on the 2nd of April, also at light ; some
attention to the luxuriant masses of black-thorn blossom u2X)n the
commons near, both at and after dusk, has failed to reveal any further
sijecimens of this species. I record Jli/hernia leucoplicearin first on the
2nd of February. On the 19th it Avas common on trunks of oak trees,
some drying their Avings during the fore-noon in the sunshine ; the
lantern revealing them still freshly emerging, after dusk on the same
day. Phigalia pilvsaria was seen on the same occasion hanging Avith
limp Avings on the oak-trunks, at about 8 o'clock p.m. On March 4th
H. leucophoiaria was seen in gTeat abundance and charming A'ariety on
some fences near Esher. From a Avooded common near Dorking I was
able to record a specimen of Vanessa poJyMoros, amongst other
hybernated butterflies seen on March 81st. — E. M. Piudeaux, Ashtead,
Surrey. April Wth, 1893.

Weymouth. — To-day I saAv a specimen of C'ulias edusa; this early
api)earance may be of interest to your readers. Should you think it
an immigrant or a hybernated specimen ? — A. Foksyth, AA'ondale,
lianelagh Eoad. April 4<//, 1893. [Most probably hybernated. — Ed.]

Vanessa polyciilokos seen in London. — On the 8th of March, I
Avas walking up the Victoria Embankment, about 2 p.m. It had
been fine all day, but just at that time the sun Avas jjarticularlv
poAverful. A large insect came SAvooping doAvn over 1113^ head from
behind me, and fluttered about in front of me. I Avas pretty siu'e of its
species, but it soon solved my doubts, by settling and exjjanding its
Avings Avitliin tAvo yards of me. It Avas a jjerfect, and ajiparently fresh
specimen of Vanessa pobjchloros. I immediately made for it Avith my

NOTES ON (COLLECTING, ETC. 119

top-liat, but it Hew into the garden on my left. I did the same, only I
had to tiy round by the gate, and by that time, the sjjecimen had dis-
appeared, and I saw no more of it. — L. J. Tkejiayne, College Hill
Chambers, 23, College Hill, E.C.

Larv.e of Stauropus fagi. — Last year I purchased a dozen young
larvfe (})robably about twelve days old), and having lost one in the first
two or three days, reared all the rest in a sleeve, on a single spray of
l)eech (renewed as required), but tliough they were thus closely con-
fined, I saw no single instance of fighting, nor was there one damaged,
with the exception that one lost a joint of a leg, though there were
often two on a leaf, and on two occasions at least, when I had been
a\vay from home for a night, there was not an atom of food for them
in the morning, till about ten o'clock. Of the eleven that I reared,
nine sjjun between leaves on the twig, and two on the wooden Hoor (I
had by this time covered them witli a gaiize cylinder, on wood) in eacli
case, covering themselves with a leaf. I was particularly struek with
the neat way in which tliey s})un the leaves together, so that it w^is
iurpossilde to tell by merely looking at tlie branch, where the cocoon
Avas. I had, at first, a few eggs, but the young larvie refused to eat
oak, which Avas all I had to give them, and all died. — W. W, Esam,
Eagle House, St. Leonard's. February 22nd, 1893.

(Joleoptera at Sudbury. — Having heard that Hovudota yemina Avas
to l)e taken in this locality, I paid it a visit on January 28tli with the
following result : — Under the bark of a dead stiimp in the hedge-row,
1 )etween Willesden and Sudbiiry, I found a long series of dead Hylemms
ritfdfns, and a little further along the road, two specimens of the rare
Iscliaoglossa corticina under oak bark. Notliing further turned up till
1 reached Harrow Weald, where a suital)le haystack presenting itself, 1
set to work, and from the refuse at tlie base of tlie stack I took Oxi/poda
riltata, 0. Ojiaca, 0. niijrina, L/fhochan'.'< melaiiocejjhalus aiul propinqims,
Flatyntetlim capito, Calyptoiuenix dabintt, Eiiplechis .sangnincKS, Enmicrus
tarsatus, Ceuthorliynclius troijlodylex, var. checrolati, Monotoma qaadrl-
rollif^ and Leptacinus batychrus. Coming back to Willesden across a
eorner of Wembly Park, I noticed an elm stump in the ground ; it Avas
a large one in circumference, but not more than four inches above
ground, and had moss growing over the bark and toji of the stump, so I
took off all the bark aiul moss, and l)rought it home to examine, and
was well repaid for the trouble, as in addition to Bhizopliagufi perforatus,
and a series of Lathrobiuia longnJiDu and Atomaria nantt, I took three
Hoiitalota <mtiniinal/s, 2 H. soror, 4 H. dcbills (all light coloured speci-
mens), 2 H. angustnla, 12 H. decipjienn, 1 H. cmpidata and H, analis of
all colours in swarms. HomaJota gcmina did not put in an appearance,
although I took about 50 or 60 UonndoUi analis in the hope of finding
some among them. — H. Heasler, 17, Danliy Street, Peckham. S.E.

Societies.

Entomological Society of London. — March 8, 181)3. — Dr. IJ. Sharp
exhibited a species of Enoplotrnpes from Siani, which was believed to
be new, and which he thought Mr. Lewis intended to describe under
the name of E. principally. This insect has great power of making a

120 THE entomologist's RECORt)

noise, and the female seemed in this respect to surpass the male. Mr.
W. F. H. Blandford said he wished to sui:)plement the remarks which
he made at the meeting of the Society on the 8tli of February last, on
the larva of Bhyncliophorns. He stated that he had since found that
only the lirst seven pairs of abdominal stigmata were rudimentary.
The posterior pair were well develoi^ed, and displaced on to the dorsum
of their segment, which was thickly chitinised, and bore a deep de-
pression, on the margins of which the spii'acles were situated. He
suo-o'ested that the absence of lateral spiracles was perhajjs correlated
with the wetness of the larval burrows, and that it was a displacement
of the posterior stigmata, usually supposed to be restricted to aquatic
coleopterous larvae. He added, that dissection showed that the posterior
pair were the principal agents of respiration. Dr. Sharp and Mr.
Champion made some remarks on the subject. Mr. W. H. 13. Fletcher
exhibited a long series of bred Zygcena lonicerce and Z. trifolii hybrids of
the first generation, with the following parentage: — Z. lonicerce, male —
Z. trifolii, female ; Z. trifolii, male — Z. lonicerce, female ; also hj^brids of
the second generation between Z. trifolii — hybrid and Z. lonicerce —
hybrid. The President enquired Avliether the hybrids Avere robust and
healthy, or the reverse. Mr. Fletcher stated that many of the hybrids
were larger than the parent species, and that some hybrids between
Z. lonicerce and Z. fiiipendulce, were the largest he had ever seen. He
added that Zygcena meliloti would not hybridise with Z. lonicerce, Z.
trifolii or Z. fiiipendulce. Mr. Barrett and Mr. Tutt continued the
discussion. Mr. F, W. Frohawk exhibited a bred series of Vanest^a
atalanta, showing the amount of variation in the red band of the fore
wino-s of the female. In seven specimens there Avas a white spot on
Ijand, and in ten specimens it was absent. Mr. Ehves exhibited a large
number of specimens of Chrysophanus pliheas, from various places in
Europe, Asia and North America, A\-ith the object of showing that the
species is scarcely affected by variations of temperature, which Avas con-
trary to the opinion expressed by Mr. Merrifield in his recent jjaper
" On the effects of temperature in the pupal stage on colouring," Ac.
Mr. McLachlan, Mr. A. J. Chitty, Mr. Bethune-Baker, Mr. Tutt, Mr.
Barrett and Mr. Frohawk took part in the discussion Avhich ensued.
Dr. Sharp read a paper entitled " On Stridulating Ants." He said that
examination revealed the existence in ants of the most jDcrfect stridu-
lating or sound-producing organs yet discovered in insects, Avhich are
situated on the 2nd and 8rd segments of the abdomen of certain species.
He Avas of opinion that the structures Avhich Sir John Lubljock thought
mio'ht be stridulating organs in Lasitis flai-us, Av^ere not really such, but
merely a portion of the general sculpture of the surface. Dr. Sharp
said that the sounds produced Avere of the greatest delicacy, and Mr.
Goss had been in commimication Avith Mr. W. H. Preece, F.K.S., Avith
the view of ascertaining Avhether the microphone Avould assist the human
ear in the detection of sounds produced by ants. Mr. Preece had
stated that the microphone did not magnify, Init merely reproduced
sound, and that the onty sounds made l)y ants, which he had been able
to detect by means of the instrument, Avere due to the mechanical dis-
turbance ijroduced l)y the motion of the insects over the microijhone.
A long discussion ensued, in Avhich the President, Canon Fowler, and
Messrs. Champion, McLachlan, Goss, Hampson, Barrett, Jacoby and
Burns took part. Mr. C. J. Gahan read a paper entitled " Notes on the

SOCIETIES. 121

Longicornia of Australia and Tasmania, Part I. ; including a list of the
species collected by Mr. J. J. Walker, R.N., and descriptions of new-
forms."

March 29th, 1893.— Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited, for Mr. A. E.
Stearns, a living specimen of a luminous sjiecies of Pyrojihorns, which
liad been found in an orchid house at Dorking. It was supposed to
have emerged from the roots of a species of Cattlei/a from Colombia.
Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited living full-grown larva? of Charaxes jasius,
found by Mr. Frederic Raine, at Hyeres, feeding on Arbutus unedo.
Surgeon-Captain Manders exhibited a series of Lyccena theophrastus from
Rawal Pindi, showing climatal variations, the rainy-season form being
of darker coloration, and larger than that occurring in the dry season.
The gi'ound coloiir of the former on the under surface was markedly
white, with deep black strife ; in the latter form the gi'ound colour
was distinctly reddisli, and the marking reduced to reddish lines. He
said that the latter form had been described as L. alteratus. Mr. F.
Merrifield mentioned that Dr. Weismann had now established that the
colouring of Chrysophanns phlceas in different climates or seasons, though
in part attributable to the actual temperature, w- as in part constitutional.
Mr. S. G. C. Russell exhibited a Ijeautiful variety of Ar<jynnis selene,
taken near Fleet, Hants ; two varieties of A. selene from Abbot's Wood,
Sussex ; typical specimens of A. selene and A. euphrosyne for comparison ;
and a remarkable variety of Pieris napi horn Woking. Mr. C. J. Gahan
exhibited a microsco2:)ic prej^aration of the antenna of the larva of a
beetle (Pterostichus), for the pxirpose of demonstrating the sensory
nature of the so-called " appendix " of the antenna. Since he wrote
a note describing this structure, a short time ago, he found that Pro-
fessor Beauregard had already suggested its sensory character, and Avas
inclined to believe that it was an auditory organ. Mr. H. Goss exhibited
a sjDccimen of Trogns laindator, Grav., believed to have been bred from
a larva of Papilio machaon, taken in Norfolk, by Major-General Carden.
Mr. Goss stated that he sent the specimen to the Rev. T. A. Marshall,
who said it was a well-known parasite of P. machaon on the Continent,
but not proved to exist in the United Kingdom. Mr. Merrifield said he
knew^ this parasite, and had bred several specimens of it from pupa? of
P. machaon received from Spain. Colonel Swinhoe read a paper
entitled " The Lcpidoptera of the Khasia Hills. Part I." A long and
interesting discussion ensued, in Avhich Mr. Elwes, Mr. Hampson,
Colonel Swinhoe, and others took part. Mr. W. Bartlett Calvert com-
municated a paper entitled "New Chilian Lepidoptera." Mr. J. W.
Shipp communicated a paper entitled "(jn a New Species of the Genus
Phalacrorjnathus.'" — H. Goss, Hon. Secretary.

South London Entomological Society. — March dfh, 1893. —
The President, Mr. J. Jenner Weir, exhibited specimens of DiurmFa
fagelJa, HI)., taken 50 years ago, near London, and Mr. R. Adkin
remarked that they were as light as any now taken in the Metropolitan
district. Mr. Jenner Weir also noted the capture of Vanessa io,
L., by his brother on 19th Fel)ruary, near Sevenoaks ; and that
he had seen Gonopteryx rhamni, L., on the wing on 9th March. Mr.
Fenn reported G. rhamni as having been common near Leather-
head at the end of February. A discussion arose as to the occurrence
of Polyommatas dispar, Haw^ at Camberwell 50 years ago, and Mr. Fenn
and Mr. Tugvvell both recorded probable Kentish specimens previous to

122 THE KNTOMOLOOTSt's REfOT^rt.

1848. Mr. Tutt confirmed the capture of Melanrppe galiata, Hb., near
Huddersfield, as recorded by Mr. Mansbridge in his paper read before
the Society on February 9th. Mr. K. Adkin exhibited for Mr. E. H.
Watson, a specimen of Pierii^ brassicce, L., which approached very
nearly Fifris cheiranfhi, Hb. of the Canary Islands, The specimen, a
female, was l>red from larva? found in a garden at Streatham. Also
tw(^ specimens, females, of Apafura iris, L., bred from larvae taken in
the New Forest in the autumn of 1891. jMr. G. B. Eoutledge exhiluted
a small collection of butterflies from Algiers, Hyeres and SAvitzerland,
including Pnrarge (egerin, Esp. (types), Limenitis camiUa, Schiff. and
Poh/ommafiis virganrwa, L. (females). Mr. 11. Adkin exhibited a series
of Vanessa, nrtico', L., bred during 1892 in Sutherlandshire, which
were generally dark in colour, and with markings well defined ; also a
specimen bred from the Essex Coast, unusually light in colour. Mr.
Sauze, a small collection of Ichnenmonidce, captured in the jierfect
state. Mr. Jcnner Weir exhibited s])eciuiens of a group of the NympJia-
lino' from the African region, mimicking others from the groups
Danaince and Acrceinae. An interesting discussion ensued, ]Mr. Tutt
pointing out the possibility of similar environment and hal)it having
originally determined the similar facies seen in mimetic species of
widely diffei-ent genera. Mr. Weir referred to the fact that non-scented
butterflies liad Ijoen found to be eaten by birds, but scented species
never so found ; and Mr. South said that butterflies of the order Danaimv,
generally escaped the attacks of mites in collections.

March. 2Srd, 1893. — Mr. E. Adkin exhilnted the following species
of Diiu-ni from Sutherlandshire : — Pieris hrassica', L., P. raixe, L. and
P. napi, L., Argynnis seJeno, Schiff., ^1. enphrosi/nc, L. and A. aglaia, L.,
EpiiU'phcle janira, L., Ccvnoni/mpiha fi/pJ/oii, Rott, and Thecla rvhi, L.,
and commented on the similarity of the foruis sliOAvn, to those occurring
in the South of England. He noticed, hoAvever, in the C. typhon that,
although there Avas a considerable variation in the colour, in none Avere
the dots on the hind Avings prominent, as in many of the Rannoch
specimens. The specimens of A. selene and A. enjjhrosyne shoAvn were
so remarkably alike, as to render it extremely diflScult to distinguish
with certainty the one species from the other. Mr. H. Moore exhibited
a striking example of fasciation in the yoimg Avood of Salix capraa,
also an example of the transference of the scales to paper of an Indian
butterfly of the Nymphaline gTou}). Mr. W. Mansbridge stated that
the specimen he previously' exhibited as Eybernia defoliaria, Clerck.,
Avas a melanin- form of H. auranfiaria, Esp., Mr. A. W. Dennis having
draAvn liis attention to the fact. Mr. Mansbridge exhibited a draAving
of the antennc-i? of these tAvo species, shcAving the difference existing :
also dark Odonfopera bidentata, Clerck, from Forres ; a strikingly light
specimen of Hybernia leucopha'aria, Schiff., and a series of Polia chi, L.
var. suffam, from Ilorsforth and Leeds, darker than those from either
Bradford or Huddersfield, and therein differing from J\Ir. Tutt's ex-
perience as previously expressed.* Mr. H. A. Auld exhilnted a species
of Cassida from Fort 'White, Upper Burmah. Mr. T. W. Hall remarked
on Mr. Moore's exhibit of Salix vaprfm, and Mr. ]\Iansbridge said he
had seen the same peculiarity in Liliaceous plants. Mr. J. M. Adye

* We are perfectly unable to understand Mr, Mansbridge's ideas of the
varieties of this species. — Ed,

SOCIETIES. 128

exhibited two living examples of Moma orion, Esp. (forced) bred from
New Forest larvfe taken of 1 892. This exhibit was made in small metal
boxes, and a discussion on the latter ensued ; Mr. Tugwell considering
they would store heat, and so make the enclosed insects restless, but
Mr. Winkley said he had used this form of box for Argi/nnk papliia, L.,
&c., without harmful results. In further illustration of the phenomenon
of mimicry, Mr. Jenner Weir exhibited Nehroda echaid var. jaeksoni,
which Avas closely mimicked by both a Nymphaline and Pa])ilionine
species, viz., Hypolmnas mima and Papilio cenea $ ; the latter sj)ecies
1 icing the southern form of Papi'h'o merope, which was remarkal)le for
the polymorpliic and polychromatic varieties of the female. Mr. Weir
also exhilnted two other similar instances, species from Western Africa
and Northern India ; being also mimicked by both Nynijihaline and
Papilionine species, and made some interesting comments tliereon. —
F. W. IIawes and H. Williams, Hon. Sees.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — March 13///,
1893. — Mr. W. E. Sharji read a paper entitled, " Notes on some Irish
and otlier Coleoptera." After describing the division of England and
Ireland from the Continent, he proved by the insect fauna that it was
]")robable Ireland Avas the first to be separated, and enumerated many
species taken by himself, including Philonthus lucens, new to the
Irish fauna. He then read a list of additions to the local fauna. Mr.
Willoughby Gardner, F.E.G.S., read a paper, entitled, " Notes on some
of the rarer Aculeate Hymenoptora of our district." After presenting
a copy of his Hymenoptera Aculeata of Lancashire and Cheshire to the
Society's library, he described several species rare in the district, for
which he asked lepidopterists and others to keep a look out during tiieir
entomological rambles. Both pajiers were well illustrated by s})ecimens.
The President exhibited specimens of BoinJ>i/.c quercus, including- some
fine varieties. Mr. Green, a collecticMi of local Hymenoptera. Mi-.
Watson, Papilio machaon from England, Northern India, Japan, &c.,
and its huge variety hippocrates from North-East China. Mr. Jones
on behalf of Mr. Bowler, a specimen of Sphinx convolrnli captured at
Broadgreen. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec, 143, Smithdown Lane,
Liverpool.

Nottinghabi Entomological Society. — At the Aveekly meeting of
this Society on February 27th, Mr. Pearson read a jDaj^er entitled " Col-
lecting in the Fens," illustrated by insects captured there last summer.

At the following meeting, Mr. J. G. Clarke read a paper on " Ants."

W. Ferris, Hon. Sec.

Birmingham Entomological Society. — February 20th, 1893. — The
following exhibits were made : Mr. E. C. Bradley, a good series of
the genus Conops. taken at Wyre Forest last year, in company Avith
Mr. G. Verrall ; he found them in unusual numbers, and obtained the
folloAving four species — flavipes, cerio'formis, qnadrifasciafns and strigatus.
]VIr. Baker, a box containing a number of rare and local insects
mainly Continental, including Plusia moneta, Arctia Inbricipeda A\ar.
zatima, etc. ; also pale J of Arctia mendica from Ireland, and many
others. Mr. G. W. Wynn, a number of Noctu^, bred from hyber-
nating larv^ found in the spring of 1892, on Marston Green or Wyre
Forest, but containing nothing rarer than Triphrena fimbria. Mr.
W. Harrison, living larva? of Sesia tipuliformis. Mr. P. W. Alibott read
tAVo short papers illuminated Avitli specimens, one upon his Avork at

124 THR entomologist's record.

Wyre during 1892, where he had been working new ground, and
turned up a lot of new things ; the other, upon a holiday spent at
Freshwater, Isle of Wight, in August. — Colbran J. Wainwright,
Hon. Sec.

York and District Field Naturalists' Society. — February 8th,
1893. — Mr. W. Hewett exhibited Zi/gtena mhios from Galway ; Lopho-
pteri/x carmeh'ta, Marlow ; Emydia cribrum, New Forest ; and five very
fine varieties of SpiloKoma hhricipeda from Bai'nsley, Driffield, and York
one from Driffield having the hind wings of the var. radlata colour, viz. :
smoky black, tlie base, wing rays and fringe alone being cream-coloured ;
the head and thorax cream-coloured ; the body yellow, with six black
spots down the middle and on each side ; the antennfe simple ; the
fore wings typical ; an exceedingly fine variety of Arctia caia from
Hull. This variety has the fore wings of an almost uniform brown
colour, the hind wings, with the exception of the base and fringe, being
black ; Spjilosoma mendica from Ireland ; Stanropus facji from Eeading
and Marlow ; Acronycta myrkce from Aberdeen ; Bisulcia ligustri from
Willesboro' ; and Polia cM var. olivacea from Driffield ; Luperina testacea
bred from York, and dark forms from Hartlepool; Dasydia obfnxcar/'a
from Braemar ; and Enpifhea'a sidjfiih-ata from Brockley. (Is E. svbfnlvafa
now a Brockley insect ? Ed.). — William Hewett, Hon. Sec.

The Cambridge Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Friday, January 20th. — Mr. Rickard exhibited some interesting Orthoptera
and other insects fi'om South Africa, among which were s})ecimens of
Harpax oceUaria and CysfocorJia iinmacidata ; Mr. Farren, si)ecimens of
Dasyramjya rulH'ginea bred from the egg by Dr. Biding, and, for compari-
son, four specimens from the collection of the late Mr. T. Ross. Dr.
Riding had described the specimens he bred as varieties, the variation
consisting of the presence of some white dots in the anterior wings, the
chief of which being a row of six near the subterminal line, and tAvo
near the base of the wing ; Mr. Farren jjointed out that these white dots
were also present in the specimens from Mr. Ross' collection ; Mr. S.
W. Key, a cocoon of Cossns ligniperda spun on a piece of firewood.

Friday, February 3rd. — Mr. Farren read a paper " On the Variation
of Papilio machaon," which was illustrated by diagrams, and over 80
sijecimens, among which were some showing the development of red in
the posterior Avings, ranging through intermediate forms from some with
the sul)marginal yellow lunules quite clear, to others with all six lunules
suffused with red ; also several with a suffusion of red inside the sulj-
marginal band ; others had the submarginal band so wide as to reach,
and almost enclose, the black patch at the end of the discoidal cell.
Messrs. Jones, Rickard, Shrubbs and Farren, took part in the discussion
which ensued.

February 17</i,1893. — Annual Meeting. — Mr.Gibson of Queen's College
was elected a member. An abstract of the Secretary's and Treasurer's
reports showed the Society to be in a very satisfactory condition ; 3 1
mendx'rs were elected during the year, and the meetings held fort-
nightly during the University Terms had been well attended, and the
exliibits numerous and interesting.

The officers Avere then elected for the year, Mr. F. V. Theobald,
I). A., F.E.S., being cliost'u President.

Mr. Rickard exhibited British specimens of Saperda carcharias, an
unnamed sjiecies of the genus Necrophorus, Trlchiosonut betuleti, Sirex

SOCIETIES. 125

gigns, a dark variety of Vempu rnlgaris, Ueduviiis persondtns and its pupa,
BomhyUm major, and and an unnamed species of Tach/'na ; and from
South Africa two sjjecies of scorpions, " trap door " spiders and their
nests or galleries, and a Crustacean parasitic on fishes ; also, four skins
of the great African Kingfisher, Ceryle maxima. Mr. Theobald, larva,
]iupa, and imago in spirit of Tipnla maculosa, and a number of speci-
mens of a species of Agromyza, the larvae of which had been found
doing considerable damage — mining the leaves and shoots of chrysan-
themums in greenhouses.

March 3rd. — Mr. W. H. Seyfang of St. Peter's College Avas elected
a member. Mr. Moss exhibited a Sialid (species ?) from Rome, and a
Ijox of Lepidoptera, most of which he had " forced " during January ;
among others, were specimens of Papilio viachaon, Smerinthm tiliai,
Notodonta ziczac, and most noteworthy, a series of Bomhyx rnbi, on
which he contributed notes.* A discussion Avas carried on by Messrs.
Theobald, Farren, Fitzroy and Jones. Mr. Theobald, some larvaj of
an unknown species of Tlpula in rotten Avood from Gloucestershire,
microscopic slides, and photos of them ; No. 1, a larva of Simulmn ;
No. 2, a larva of a new Tanypns ; No. 3, an undescribed diptei'on and
its pupa. Mr. Jones, a series of Agrotlf^ cxcJamationis and its \'arieties,
costata, Tutt ; plaga, St. ; pallida, Tutt ; lineolatus, Tutt, and juncta,
Tutt. Mr. Farren, Orphiedes demolcm, taken in South Africa by Mr.
T. C. Kickard, and A^arieties of Papilio machaon from Wicken Fen ; and
remarked on the philogenetic A^alue of certain corresponding markings ;
a bred series of Orobena extimalis, Scop. = margaritalis, Schiff. ; and
representative species of Pterophori, Crambi, Tortrices, and Tineina.
Mr. Bryan read a paper on " Kelaxing and Setting Insects," and ex-
hibited ap2>liances and draAvings in illustration. A long discussion
ensued, Messrs. Theobald, Jones, Farren, Bull, White and others taking
part. — W. Fakren, Hon. Sec.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Tuesday, 21st February, 1893. — Exhiliits : — Dr. Buckell, a series of
Coremia unidentaria, bred from a black-banded female ; the males being
all black-banded, and the only female, red-lianded. Mr. Prout. red
varieties of the same species, bred from a typical female from SandoAvn.
Mr. Kobson, Zygcena filipendidau Avith five spots on the fore Avings, also
two specimens of the A'ar. cerium ; and a female of Arcfia mendica, Avith
cream-coloured anterior Avings. Mr. Nicholson, an asymmetrical sj^eci-
men of Catocala sponsa, from the Ncav Forest. Mr. Bellamy, Luperina
cespitis, taken on lamps at AVinchmore Hill. Mr. Bacot, bred series of
Sphinx ligusiri, from Folkestone and Hadleigh. Mr. Hollis, A'ariable
series of Hybemia defoliaria, from Highgate. Mr. Machin, a British
Hpecimen oi Sphinx pinastri, and melanic forms of Boarmia abietaria,
bred from Box Hill larva3. The folloAving were among the exhibits of
melanic lepidoptera: — Mr. Hodges, a number of species, including
Stanropus fagi, Agriopis aprdina, Caradrina cubicidaris and Melanthia
rubiginata. Mr. Smith, dark females of Argynuis aglaia, from Blandford.
Mr. Simes, black vars. of Noctua xanthngrapha and Agrotis nigricans,
from Aberdeen, and a dark underside of Chortobins pa]uphilm, from
Epping. Mr. Kiches, dark forms of Hemerophila abraptaria. Mr.

* This paper is given in full under the head of « Practical Hints " in this
month's number- — Ed.

12r) fHE entomologist's kecorc.

Battley, Cuspidla psi, Aplecta nehi(Iosa, Hybernia j^rogemmaria, &c., from
the London district. Mr. Clark, a black specimen of Limenitis sihylla,
and suffused forms of Poli/oiiivtatm pMceas and Venilia maculata. Mr.
Tiitt, dark and light forms of Xylophasia polyodon, Gnophos ohscnrata,
and Tephrosia biundularia. Dr. Sequeira, Boarmia repandafa, Hemero-
phila abrnpfnria, and Polia chi var. ol'ipacea. Coleo})tera. Mr. Heasler,
Quedlus scitus, OpiluH mollis, and CVs nitidus, all from Richmond. Mr.
Bellamy, stuffed specimens of the Fieldfare and Green Woodpecker.
Mr. Robson then read his })aper entitled " Is Melanism in Lepidoptera
caused by j\[oisture ? " in which he l)riefly reviewed the different notes
which had ap^^eared, written on the subject, and criticised at length
some of the views dealt with in Mr. Tutt's Melanism and Mclanocliroisin
ill British Lepidoptera, finally answering the question in the negative,
and expressing his opinion that melanism was due to deficient sunlight.
Mr. Tutt, in jjroposing a vote of thanks, criticised the paper at length,
and ridiculed the position assigned by Mr. Robson to Mr. Birchall's
paper. He complained that Mr. Robson had simply brought to
light a second-hand theory of Lord Walsingham's, and had given
no data to support his conclusion. Not only had Mr. Rol;)Son given
no data supporting this, l)ut he had neglected the experimental
evidence to the contrary, which had l)een brought forward by Messrs.
Mcrrifield and Poulton. He maintained that an agent was recjuired to
act on the larva physically, and jjroduce variation, and that then
*' natural selection " was the all-important factor. Meteorological con-
ditions offered such a primary agent — moistm-e and iirolialdy temjterature
Ijeing the most powerful factors, whilst smoke, pr()bal)l3% also acted
constitutionally ; smoke and moisture also darkened objects, hence they
acted indirectly as well, and in the direction of the production of melan-
ism. Mr. Robson's suggestions were entirely unable to meet very many
common cases of melanism, where melanic and pale varieties occurred side
by side, and where '* natural selection " was clearly the essential factor.
L)r. Chapman, who then spoke, considered that an exciting cause (or
causes) was necessary to produce variation, and that " natural selection "
was the means by which distinct races were then developed. A
further animated discussion followed, the proceedings terminating with
a vote of thanks (prci:)Osed by Mr. Tutt, and seconded by Dr. Buckell)
to Mr. Robson, for his kindness in coming from Hartlepool to read the
paper.

Tuesday, 7th March, 181)3. — Exhibits: — J)r. Seipieira, Anisopteryx
cescidaria and Hybernia leucopha^aria, taken that day in Victoria Park.
Mr. Battley, a living female of Nyssia hispidaria, from Epjjing Forest ;
also various fossil shells from the Red Crag at Felixstowe. He pointed
out that the spiral shells were turned the opposite way to the forms
now existing. Mr. Riches, shells of Helix rirgata, H. ericetorum, H.
cantiana, H. hortcnsis, H. nemoraUs and H. aspersa. Mr. Clark, speci-
mens of the Swan Mussel (Anodonta). Mr. Soul, very fine specimens
of the Paper Nautilus (Argonaiita argo) and Pearly Nautilus (Navtihis
pompilius). Mr. Rosevear, a selection of shells, to illustrate his paper.
Mr. Bellamy, stuffed specimens of the Waxwing and Kestrel, from
Yorkshire. Mr. Rosevear then read his paper on " Conchology." He
claimed as advantages of this science, that it could be pursued at all
times of the year, and in all weathers, that the specimens were easily
preserved, and not liable to subsequent deterioration. He then jiro-

SOCtETtRS. 127

ceeded to give an outline of the structures, life histories, and habits of
various mollusca, and closed l)y referring to the recently established
Malachalogical Society of London. Mr. Lewcock stated that the larva3
of Hj/drophiJns picem, fed on small water snails. He also jiroposed a
vote of thanks to Mr. Rosevear ; this was seconded by Dr. Buckell, and
carried. Mr. Riches stated that he had taken JBiston Mrtaria, on
March 3rd. Mr. Lewcock also recorded this species. Mr. Battley
remarked tliat the sallows wei'e already coming into bloom, some of
the sheltered buslies being fiilly out.

Tuesday, 21st March, 1893. — Exhibits: — Mr. Clark, iV/y-ss/Vt hispidaria,
Fhiijalia pilosaria, etc., from Chingford. Mr. Mollis, Pliujalia pilosaria,
Hi/bernia lemophtearia and H. 2^'>'0ijeiiimaria,iYOin Highgate.two females of
tlie latter beingthe melanic form. Mr. Riches, a variable series of Hyhernia
IcHcopJuearia from Richmond. Mr. Huckett, suffused forms of Hyhernia
jrror/emmaria, bred from Epping Forest larv;e. Mr. R)attley, short series
of Procris statices, P. geryon and P. (jlohniarla'. Mr. Tremayne, Leucania
tnrca, Hyria auroraria and many others, from the New Forest. Mr.
Front, series of Gnopjhos ohscnrata taken on the greensand at Sandown
and chalk at Ventnor ; lie remarked that although tliese localities Avere
only a few miles apart, the sjiecimens responded to their environments,
the Handown forms l)eing decidedlj^ the darker. Dr. Sequeira, Cymato-
pliora ridens, bred from New Forest larva?. Coleoptera : — Mr. Heasler,
Kaploeaemns iiiipressns, Scaphidema amea, Jihinosfmns riridipenn/s, Scyd-
nuenns hortieoUis and Enth/'a scydnuenoides, all from Acton. Mr. Jarvis,
Plinthus caliginosns, Homalota plana, Prognatha quadricorne and Platy-
derus riijirollis, from Wandsworth and Darenth.

Dr. Buckell then read the following paper : —

SPECIFIC NOMENCLATURE : PRESENT, PAST and FUTURE.

I HAVE been led to invite your attention to-night to the thorny
(piestion of nomenclature by a profound conviction that the existing
confusion and uncertainty which characterise our use of names at present
in this country are discreditable to us as scientific entomologists and
inconvenient to us as collectors. This state of things, altliough existing
before that time, has become much more pronounced since the appearance
of the Enfomoli)gist Synomymic List. Against the changes in accustomed
use made in that List protests both active and passive have been plenti-
ful, in which respect, however, it has only shared the same fate as its
predecessor. This society, in particular, dealt short slirift to the
intruder, resolving on August 21, 18S4, " That many of tlie alterations
are uncalled-for, and that a re-issue of the Dtmbleday List, with the
addition of tlie new species discovered since the date of its publication,
would have been far more acceptable to the great body of British en-
tomologists." I hope to-night to convince you that the question of nomen-
clature must be settled hy considerations of principle, and not merely of
convenience. The subject is a large one, and I shall be fortunate if I do
not .weary you tliough I restrict myself to that part of it relating to
specific, or, as I prefer to call it, trivial nomenclature. This restriction
must be borne in mind when I come to deal with authorities. These
may also be consulted in regard to arrangement, classification, and its
dejiendent generic nomenclature, but I am concerned with them solely
from the jwint of view of trivial nomenclature.

If entomologists are to communicate with one another, it can only

128 THE entomologist's hecokd.

be upon the basis of a nomenclature common to all. The earliest
nomenclature was a vernacular one. This country, Germany, France,
and probabl}^ other countries, possessed such a nomenclatui'e long before
a scientific one came into being. Our own vernacular nomenclature is
a very good one, but the necessity of intercommunication between
workers speaking different languages recpiires the adoption of a
common language for the })urposes of scientific nomenclature, and by
common consent and long-established usage Latin has been recognised
as best fitted for the pur^jose.

In endeavouring to solve the prol)lem of nomenclature, it is im})era-
tive to bear in mind that the fauna of these sea-girt islands is a i)art,
and only a part, of the fauna of the world ; that the insects we meet
with are not confined to this country, and that, if we would take our
proper place in the commonwealth of entomological science, we must
fall into line Avith our brethren in other countiics avIio liavc a much
more extensive fauna to deal with, and must adopt tlie same names
as are used by them. The chief difficult}^ arises from the multijjlicity
of names wliich some species have receiveil. Tliis is due to several
causes. In some cases the same insect has been described or figixred
about the same time by two or more authors ignorant of each other's
work, and has received a different luxnie from each : in others, a
pronounced local form has been supposed to be a distinct species, and
has been named accordingly ; sometimes even the two sexes have
received distinct names. Again, an insect has been su])posed to l)e
identical with one described or figured, and named hx an earlier author,
and has l)een recorded under that name ; later investigations, however,
})roving that the identification was inaccurate, we have tAvo distinct
species beai'ing the same name. We need, therefore, some })rinciple
to guide us in selecting the name we shall use. Tlie IJritisli
Association, recogniising the importance of formidating some principles
upon which nomenclature, Avliich had in all branches of Zoology
got into a condition of hopeless cliaos, might be established on
a uniform and permanent basis, ai)p(.)inted a committee to consider the
subject. The report of this committee, which was submitted to the
Association in 1812, contained a series of rules of so sinn)le and satis-
factory a kind that they received the approval of zoologists genei-ally,
both in this country and on the Continent, although it Avas nearly
20 years later before any serious attempt Avas made to ajijily tliem to
entomological nomenclature and that Avas made, not by an Englislmian,
but by the German, Staudinger. Tin- most im]iortant of these rules Avas
tliat establishing Avliat has since lieen knoAvn as tlie " laAV of ])riority,"
r /'::., that the name first giAen by the descriljcr of a species sb<)uld lie
permanently retained to the exclusion of all sul)se(pient synonyms.
This rule Avas (|ualified b}' a su))sequent one, that for a name to estalilisli
its priority it must b}^ its sponsor ha\'e been associated Avith the insect
in a piiblished Avork by sucli an adequate description or figure as Avould
enable the subsequent identification of the insect by any competent
person. In the main this " laAv of priority '" has up to the present l)een
accepted as the best means of attaining a })ermanent nomenclature.
Opinions differ as to some of the details of its jiractical apjjlication and
as to the results, Init time forbids my entering into these.

In order to determine Avhat is tlie earliest name Avliicli any given
insect has receiA^ed, it is necessary to examine all the [lulilished Avorks

SOCIETIES. 129

of entomological authors, and this is greatly facilitated by the coiiious
references which every author, with the exception of the later British
authors, gives to the works of his predecessors who have dealt with the
insect he is describing. As prol)ably many of the members of this
society have as little acquaintance with tlie works of earlier authors as
I had Avlien I promised to read this pa})er, I trust that a historico-
biographical sketch thereof may not lie uninteresting. Tlie foruwUvc
period as regards trivial nomenclature of lepidoptera, comprises the last
half of the last century and the first quarter of the present. At its
commencement trivial names were invented, by its close the great bulk
of European lepidoptera known to-day had received names. Fortunately
our starting point is clear, we begin with the inventor of trivial names,
the great Swedish naturalist, Linnaeus. Before his time, naturalists
were familiar with the use of a certain number of what we now call
generic names, but Avhen they desired to indicate a species they added
to the generic name what was in effect a short description of the insect.
For example: Albin, an English painter, who imlilished in 1724 a
volume of coloured jilates of the various stages of the insects known to
him, says of an insect Avhich -we have all captured, that it was called
" Pap'dio major nigricans alis maculis rubris et alibis pulchris illustratis."
We know it as Vanei<sa atalanta. Linna?us, recognising the disadvantages
of such a cumbrous method of nomenclature, invented the use of a
single word to indicate tlie form, which he designated the trivial name,
and which, in conjunction with the generic name, was henceforth to be
the designation of the sjiecies, and this is known as the binomial sj'stem
of nomenclature. Linna?us further adopted distinctive terminations
for many of the groups, into which he divided lepidoptera. Aria and
ata mark the two groups into wliich he divided his Geosietr^ ; his
ToKTRK'ES all receive trivial names ending in ana ; his Pykales in alis,
and his Tineina in ella\ a custom of very obvious convenience. He
did not, however, adopt this principle with the Butterflies, Sphinges,
r)ombyces or Xoctua?. Linneaeus' work emlu'aced the three kingdoms
t)f the natural world, the animal, vegetable and mineral. We are only
concerned Avith that part of it which deals with lepidojitera. Of these
he described and named every species knowai to him. His descrijDtions
are not very full, but in some way such a wide-spread knowledge of his
work was obtained that the names he gave found universal acceptance.
To-day Ave call 45 of our Bhopalocera by the trivial names which he
gave them. Another testimony to the Avide-spread acquaintance Avith
and acceptance of his names is afforded by the gi-eat number of them
Avhich stand in our lists Avithout a later rival. But Avhilst there is a
uniA'ersal agreement that avc must begin our researches Avith Liniifeus,
opinion has not been equally unanimous as to Avhich of his Avorks
should be our terminus a quo. The British Association suggested that
tlie 12th edition of the Sysfema Naturai, published in 1767, should bo
tlie starting point ; it seems, hoAvever, more reasonable to begin at the
lieginning, and that lieginning is found in the lOtli edition of the same
Avork, published in 1758, Avhich is the earliest of his Avorks in Avliich
trivial names are used. Three years later Ave liaA^e, in the second
edition of his Fauna Suecica, a A'olume dealing exclusively Avitli the
fauna of SAveden, and containing fuller descriptions than the Systema
Natiirm, another valuable Avork of reference. The neAv system of
nomenclature commended itself so thoroughly to naturalists that its

130 THE entomologist's record.

adoption rapidly became general. In 1759 it is used by Clerck, a
Swedish artist, friend and disciple of Linnaeus, in a work entitled,
Pictures of Rare Insects loith their Trivial Names, to which Linna?\is
refers in his 12th edition with marked approbation. In 17G1, Poda, a
meml)er of the Society of Jesns, uses the system in a work on the
insects found in Greece ; to him we owe corydon. In 1763, Scopoli, a
physician who Avas })rofessor of botany and chemistry at Pavia, adopts
it in a book (jjublished in Vieiina) of desci'i})tions, accompanied with
uncoloured figures of the insects found in Carniola, a district lying to
the north-east of the Adriatic, in which many species are named for the
first time. Some of Scopoli's names are earlier than those given by
Linnasus in his 12tli edition. Probably the first to introduce the
Linnj^an nomenclature into this country was Moses Harris, a miniature
painter, who, under the title of The Aurelian, published in 1766 a folio
volume of descriptions, with coloured plates of British lepidfiptera. To
this, a])parently in the following year, he added a supplement containing,
among other things, an index of the vernacular names of the insects
dealt with, and against them " the trivial names of Linna?us, as far as
can l)e collected from his works." In 1769, Dr. Berkenhout, an
Isleworth physician, uses the Linna?an names in The Outlines of the
Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, a later edition of which is
in our library. Neither Harris nor Berkenhout made any addition to
the number of named species ; the first to do so in this country was
John Reinhold Forster, a Prussian, who came here in 1766, and Avas for
some years a teacher at the dissenting academy at Warrington. He
collected the insects of that neighbourhood, and in 1770 published a
catalogue of British insects, which includes 45 butterflies and 158 moths.
Next year he pid dished descriptions of 100 species which had not l)een
described Ijy Linnaeus, giving names to them. Pour le]udoptera only are
included in the 100 ; of these one is an Indian butterfly, the remaining
three are mnralis, Avhich we knoAV by its later name of glandifera ;
miniata, Avhich he classes as a Geometer, and fnlvata. Forster intended
to publish a descriptive work on the insect fauna of this country ; this
intention was, hoAvever, frustrated by his appointment as naturalist to
the second expedition of Captain Cook.

Passing now to Germany, we come to Ilufnagel, a Berlin cleric,
described by one who kncAv him Avell as a A^ery accurate obserA^er, a
thorough connoisseur, and a zealous friend of natural history, who
pul)lished a catalogue of the lepidoptera, found in the neighbourhood of
]')erlin, systematically arranged, and containing names, a description of
imago, and (Avhere knoAA'n) of larA-a, Avith ])articulars of food — plant,
season and locality. This catalogTie, Avhich only includes Avhat
Ave know as the ]\Iacro-lepidoptera, Avas published at intervals from
17(i6 to 1769, in the pages of a Berlin scientific magazine. The
Linna^an names are adopted, and many new s^iecies named. Objection
has been made to the admission of Ilufnagel to a place in the ranks of
the nomenclators, on the ground tliat Ids descrijitions are not sufficiently
precise and detailed for identification. This defect Avas noted at the
time, and it appears that Hufnagel intended to correct it by the publica-
tion of more extended notes or figures, but Avas preA'ented, by appoint-
ment to some more onerous post, from carrying out this intention.
Under these circumstances a friend and neighbour. Yon Kottendjurg,
Avho had frequent opiwrtunities of communicatiiui Avith him, and Avho

SOCIETIES. 131

had access to his collection, undertook the task, and produced a series
of notes on those species in Hufnagel's catalogue which needed further
elucidation ; he also gives descriptions of and names to some new-
species not mentioned by Hufnagel. Von Rottemburg's descriptions
are elaborate enough to remove the difficulty of identitication from
Hufnagel's names. They appeared in a natural history magazine
published at Halle during the years 1775-76-77. It is not surprising
that, as it was only to be found in the pages of magazines, the work
of these two men should have been less widely known than that of
some of their successors. It Avas naturally best known to the German
naturalists, and as we shall hereafter see, some of their names obtained
currency in this country at an early period. A great many of the
changes introduced into our nomenclature by the Entoruolo<iist Liht are
due to the substitution of the names given by one or other of these
authors for later ones. Of the thirteen changes in butterfly nomen-
clature, six are due to this cause. We next come to an authority, upon
the exact value of which opinion is divided, and which is known by the
name of the Vienna Catalogue, and is indicated in our lists by the
letters W.Y. or S.V., or by the contraction Schiif . This work was pub-
lished anonymously in Vienna in 1776, but it soon became known that
its authors were Schiffermiiller and Denis, two of the teachers or pro-
fessors in the Imperial College of the Theresians. Denis, who was a Jesuit
and was the librarian of the ( 'ollege, seems also to have been a poet.
Schiffermiiller, wdiom one would judge to have been the greater of the
two collaborateurs, afterwards filled high offices in the Church. The
work, which is a systematic catalogue of the lepidoptera found in the
neighbourhood of Vienna, is arranged in three columns. The first of
these contains the name of and particulars relating to larva3 ; in the
second, a German name is assigned to the imago, which is often to some
extent descriptive, as for example in the case of adonis, which is
called : " The brilliant sky blue (male) or Idue-sprinkled brown (female)
fringe-spotted butterfly " ; the third contains the Latin generic and
trivial name. The names already given by Linnaeus are generally
adopted and indicated l)y the letter L. References are also made to
Poda and Scopoli, and where the names of those authors are not adopted
their synonyms are given. A gTeat many species, however, are named
for the first time in the Catalogue. In addition, there are copious notes
and observations and frequent reference to the figures of earlier au-
thorities, such as Geoff re )y, De Geer, Reaumur and others, and in a few
intances of which Agrotis segetiim is one, a detailed description and figure
are given. Schiffermiiller was liighly esteemed l)y those who knew him
as a careful student of life histories,and the Catalogue, especially under the
influence of Hiibner, rapidly became the paramount influence in nomen-
clature, which position it retained until the appearance of the second
edition of Staudinger's Catalog. Staudinger, on the ground that the
majority of its names are impossible of identification owing to the
absence of adequate descrijDtion or figure, rejects all such, or adopts
them only on the authority of the later author wdio supplies the means
of identitication. This is, undoubtedly, simply the carrying out of the
British Association rule already mentioned, but on the other hand it must
be remembered that references are often given in the Catalog to figures
of earlier aiithors, and that many of the later authors, Fabricius, Hiibner,
Ochsenheimer and Treitschke, certainly, and Esper and Piorkhausen

132 THE entomologist's TiPrORD.

probably, saw the type collection of Schiffermiiller, and made their
descriptions or figures from it. It seems to me that in this way Ave
know with sufficient certainty what the insects were to which names
are given in the Catalogue, and that if Hnfnagel is admitted to rank for
priority on the identification of Eotteml)urg, so Scliiffermiiller and
Denis shouhl be allowed tlie same honour in all cases where their
names are attested by these later eye-witnesses.

We next come to three men, Fabricius, Esper and Eorkhausen, who
were to a large extent contemporaries, and whose published works ovei-
lap. Fabricius, a Dane, was Professor of Natural History at Kiel. From
Linnfeus, Avith whom he liA'ed for two years on terms of the greatest
intimacy, he acquired a lo\'e of order and accuracy of expression. He de-
voted himself to the study of the Avhole class Insecta. He was a gi-eat
traveller, A'isiting this country many times, and making the acquaintance
of the leading entomologists of the da}-. In 1784 he A'isited Vienna
specially to make the acquaintance of the aiithors of the Vienna Cataloijiif,
and to see the collection which contained their types. These he described
in a Avork published in 1787, under the names used in the F/Vir/m Cafakxpn',
and in each case, with a precise reference to the CaiaJoijne. In 1790 he
visited Paris, where he varied his entomological studies by forming
fi-iendships Avith the leaders of the EcA^olution, and Avitnessed many of
the scenes of that eventful period. Fabricius Avas a A-oluminous Avriter,
and his works, the first of Avhich appeared in 1775, and the last in
1798, although not illustrated, contain adequate descriptions, accom-
panied by references to, and synonyms fi-om other authors. He shoAvs
no sign of any acquaintance Avith the laboi;rs of Hufnagel and
Eottemburg. Many species are first named in his works, among
them ednsa. Esper, who Avas a Professor at Erlangen, confined his
attention to lepidoptera. His Avork is in fiA'e volumes, the first of
which appeared in 1777. It deals only Avith the macro-lepidoptera,
and contains coloured figures Avith lengthy descriptions. Eeferences
are given to Hufnagel and Eottendjurg, and their names adopted.
Fabricius, the Vienna Catalogue, and other authorities are also alluded
to. Eorkhausen, Avho Avas connected Avith the forest administration
of Darmstadt, published at Frankfort, betAveen 1788 and 1794,
The Natural History of European LepiilojAera, in five A'olumes. In this
the species are systematically arranged, full descriptions of imago, larva
and pupa are given, and a fcAv figures. Eorkhausen, like Fabricius, Avas
a profound student of the literature of his sul)ject, and giA^es copious
references to earlier authors. He Avas the last author of this period to
recognise the claims of Hufnagel and Eottemburg as nomenclators.
MeanAvhile in Augsburg lived an artist named Jacob Hiibner, Avho
devoted his leisure to the study of lepidoptera, and to Avhom Ave are in-
debted for the most magnificent contribution to the literature of the
subject that the Avorld has CA^er seen, or is CA'er likel}' to see. This
comprises three volumes containing OA-er 4U0 plates coloured by hand
of larvae and pnpaj Avith the food-plants, the artistic beauty of Avhich is
only equalled by their truthfulness. There are also Aa'c A'olumes con-
taining more than 700 plates, similarly coloured, of imagines, in Avhich
are nearly 4,000 separate figures. There are also descriptions of the
species figured and synonymic references to other authors. Hiibner
based his nomenclature to a very gi-eat extent on that of the Vienna
Catalogue, using the Catalogue names, CA'en Avhere he kneAv that prior

soniETiEs. 133

names were in existence. It is not improbable that ho was personally
acquainted with Schiffermiiller, whose name occurs among the sub-
scribers to the -svork. A great many new species were named l\v him,
and he lias left his mark largely on our existing nomenclature. His
])ublications, whicli include some smaller works, as well as his Miuimuii
Opus, range from 1785 to 1824.

In 179o, William Lewin, an ornithologist as well as an entomologist,
wlio lived at Dartford and Hoxton. j^ul dished a volume of coloured plates
of British butterflies, with notes in English and French on their habits,
localities, food-plant of the larva. Sec, but without descriptions of the
imago. He uses the Hufnagel and Rottemburg names icarus and
thaumas, as well as some of the Vienna Cataloijiie names, but evidently
accpiired them in a round al)Out way, as he attributes them all to
Linnaeus. Two years before, in 1793, Edward Donovan, a man of
property, commenced the issue of a series of coloured figures witii
descriptions and observations of British specimens of the class Insecta.
He was an al)ler man than Lewin, and seems to have possessed almost
all the entomological literature available at that date, although he knew
nothing of Forster, nor of Hufnagel and liottemburg. He took
Fabricius for his chief guide, and adopted his names even in preference
to those of Linnams. His work Avas not completed till 1802. He has
left his mark to a slight extent upon our nomenclature, especially in
the Micro- lepidoi)tera. Greater than either of these, and a man worthy
to take his place l)y the side of the great Continental authors of the
period at whom we have been glancing, was Adrian Hardy Haworth, a
man of property, who, though educated as a law3^er, devoted his life to the
study of Botany, Ornithology and Entomology. Part of his life was
passed at Cottingham, in the neighlwurhood of Hull, and part at Chelsea.
He formed a collection of lepidoptera containing 1,100 species, and 300
varieties. Altogether he never travelled beyond his own coxuitry, he
had an extensive acquaintance with Continental literature, being
familiar with the works of all the writers we have mentioned save those
of Hufnagel and Eotteml)urg. He published a work on British lepi-
doptera, the first part of which ai)pearedin 1803, and the last in 1828.
This contains ample Latin descriptions of all the species known to him,
with copious references to the works of previous authors. In the preface
he laments the fact that while his countrymen have acquired an ex-
tensive knowledge of botany, yet few in Europe have advanced with
less success into the sister science of entomology. In nomenclature, he
chiefly follows Hiibner. Noticing that Linnaeus had not applied the
principle of a uniform terminal to the Bombyces and Noctu.?;, he j^ro-
posed to rectify Avhat he considered a mere oversight of the great Swede
by making all the trivial names of Bombyces end in us, and of Noctil^
in ina. This alteration, which he carried out in a preliminary cata-
logue, did not meet with general acceptance, as he confesses in an
appendix, nor is this to be wondei'ed at when it resulted in such names
as zlczacus, pisina, gammina.

With HaAvorth, what I have designated the " formative period " of
trivial nomenclature, comes to an end. It is true that from time to
time names are given to newly discovered or differentiated species,
but henceforth the chief attention of authors is given (and Hiibner and
Haworth mark a transitional period in this respect) to classification, and
especially to the multiplication of genera and the origination of new

134 THE entomologist's record.

generic names. It is, however, necessary briefly to glance at succeed-
ing authors, in order that the genesis of our conflicting lists may be
traced, and the reasons for their differences made a})parent. This will
best be done by dealing se})arately with the French, the German, and
the English workers.

No Frenchman has any consjiicuous place in the ranks of the
trivial name givers during the formative 2:)eriod. Fourcroy is the
earliest author of whom 1 have heard as using trivial names in a
work on The Entomoloijij of Paris, published in 1785. In 1789, the
year of the outbreak of the Kevolution, api)eared the first volume of a
dictionary of insects, published as a part of the Encyclopedie Methodiqne.
A volume appeared in each successive year till 1792, and further
volumes in 18 LI, 1819 (l82;-{ ?) and 1825. The author of the first 5 vol-
umes was M. Olivier, a physician. After his death the remaining volumes
were edited by M. Latreille, who was also the author of that part of
Cuvier's Animal Kiaydoin relating to insects. M. Latreille wasai'rested
as a priest during the Revolution, and it is said that he escaped trans-
])ortation owing to his discovery of a new insect while in captivity at
Bordeaux. The V(dume ])ublished in 1819 (1823?) consists of a list of
known Rhopalocera, with co})ions s^-nonymic references, which show an
acquaintance with all the authors whom we have already passed in
review except Haworth. It was the production of M. Godart, who,
two yeai'S later, commenced the publication of a work on the lepidoptera
of France, consisting of descriptions and coloured figures. M. Godart
dealt with the Rhopalocera, Sphinges, Bombyces, and about half the
Nocture, but dying in 1825 the M'ork was completed by M. iJuponchel,
the director of the Theatre Franoais, the last volume being published
in 1812. Two years later Dupcuichel published a systematic catalogue
of European lepidoptera. Boisduval in 1829 had issued a similar list
of Butterflies, Sphinges, Bombyces and Noctua?. He was a physician,
and received from Newman in 1845 the designation of " prince of
le})idopterists.'" In 183(i, he produced the 1st volume of a descriptive
work, whicli, however, only dealt with part of the l)utterflies. Eleven
years later, finding liimself unable to carry out his project unaided, he
called to his assistance M. Guenee, a lawyer of Cliateaudun, wlio was
also a profoimd student of lepidoptera in all the stages of their exist-
ence, and who had already published in 1835, in conjunction with iJe
Yilliers, a work on the butterflies of Europe. Boisduval reserved to
himself the Sphinges, Bombyces, and the remainder of the Butterflies,
and to Guenee was assigned the task of dealing with the rest. M.
Guenee ably discharged his task, and his 3 volumes on the Noctu.b have
long taken rank as a classic. His part of the Avork was completed in
1857. Boisduval never succeeded in getting any more of his sliare
ready, l)ut in 18-40 he issued a revised editi(m of his 1829 catalogue,
in which he adoi^ted the uniform termination aria for all Geometk.k.
and Avhicli formed tlie groundwork of Uouldeday's first list. The
dominant influence on tlie French naturalists, especially the earlier
ones, was that of Fabricius ; preference is given to his names, and
great value is attached to the Vienna Cataloijue. By the later au-
thorities, Hiibner is exalted to the place of honour, but his influence
still causes the retention of Vienna Catalogue names. The princi})le,
which seems to have guided them in dealing with nomenclature, was to
adopt the names used by the authority whom they took as their chief

SOCIETIES. 135

guide, although they were frequently aware of earlier names. Godart
is the only one who shows evidence of a profound study of synonymy,
and he alone gives references to Hufnagel and Eottemlnirg in the
Encyclopaadia list of butterflies. Guenee formulates the principles
which guided him in the names he adojited, the general tendency of
which was to accept priority of publication, but not as giving the right
to disturb long estal)lislied usage. He empliatically declares his ad-
hesion to the Vienna Catalogue. One curious principle he adopts is to
place after a name, as its sponsor, the author who hrst described or
figured tlie insect, whether he really gave the name or not. As a result
he attributes many names to authors who lived in the pre-Linna^an times
— an unscientific method in which he was not followed by Doubleday.
Keturning now to Germany, we find that Hiibner was succeeded by
Ochsenheimer an actor of repute in Leipsig who in 1807 commenced
the publication of a treatise on European lepidoptera. This consists of
descriptions of larv^, pupae and imagines, with copious synonymic
references, showing acquaintance with all the earlier authors ; it is not
illustrated. Ochsenheimer only lived long enough to deal with the
Rhopalocera, Si»hinges and Bombyces. After his deatli tlie completion
of the work Avas undertaken by his friend Frederick Treitschke, busi-
ness manager of the Court Theatre at Vienna. His first volume
was pidDlished in 1825, but tlie work was not finished till 1835, the
last v(dume consisting chiefly of su})plementary notes to the earlier
volumes, but containing also a systematic catalogue of the whole European
lepidoptera. In Augsburg, between 1828 and 1858, Freyer published a
series of coloured plates, Avith accompanying letterpress, of a good many
lepidoptera. In Eatisbon, Dr. Herrich-SchafFer, a keen practical col-
lector, occupied what time he could spare from a busy medical practice in
preparing a work on the same lines as that of Hiil)ner, to which it is a
sort of supplement. This is in six volumes, and contains 672 coloured
plates, many of them by Geyer, which are Avorthy of a place by the side
of those of Hiibner, and deal very largely Avith varieties. The work Avas
published in parts, the first of Avhich appeared in 1843, the last in 1856.
iso far as trivial nomenclature is concerned, the later German authors,
whom we have n(iAv passed in revicAv, fall into line Avith their French
contemporaries, taking Hiibner as their guide, and at this time nomen-
clature Avas in a fairly settled condition. Noav, however, in the land of
Luther ap}ieared the nomenclature reformer in the person of Dr. Otto
Staudinger of Dresden, Avho seems to have been the first to make the
attempt resolutely to apply the " laAv of priority." Dr. Staudino-er is a
thoroughly practical entcuuologist, and has made himself personally
acquainted with the fauna of widely separated countries. In 1861 he
published, in connection Avitli Dr. Wocke, a physician of Wratislaw, a
catalogue of European lepidoptera, Avhicli obtained a very favouj-able re-
ception. Mr. Stainton strongly commends it in the InieUlqencer. Mr.
Kirby folloAvs it in 1862, and even a French entouKdogist ado])ts its
nomenclature so early as 1868. In 1 871, a second editi(Ui Avas produced,
and it Avas upon this that Mr. South founded his Entomolo(jist Synony-
mic List. This second edition is much more elaborate than the first,
and contains a list of synonymic references, Avhich is aliout as complete
as possible, and Avliich is only riA^alled by Godart's list of butterflies
in the Encj/dopedie Mefhodique, and by Stephens' and Kirby's
Avorks to Avhich I shall allude later on. In the preface, Staudinger

]3(; THK entomologist's RKf'OP.rt.

formulates the prineiples l:»y \\'liieli alone, in his judgment, nomenclature
can be established on a settled basis ; these are in the main those set
forth by the British Association in 1842. There is a good deal of
difference between the 18fil names and those of 1871 ; this is chiefly due
to the fact that in the earlier edition Staudinger still considered the

Vienud Cataloijue entitled to rank for priority, while in the later edition
he to a large extent throws it ovei'board. Staudinger's nomenclature,
as sot forth in this 1871 Cdtalog, has been very generally adopted
everywhere, except in this country, and even British authors like Lang,
Kirby and Kan(% when they are dealing with the lepidoptera of Eui'ope,
abide by it.

Coming back once more to our own coi;ntry we find as im-
mediate successors, and in part contemporaries, of Adrian Haworth
two men who Avere vehement rivals — John Curtis and James Francis
Stephens. Curtis was educated for the law, l)ut at an early period of his
life turned aside to entomology, to -which he entirely devoted his
energies. He l)ecitme a skilful draughtsman and engi-aver, and fur-
nished the illustrations for several works besides his own. iJiiring the
latter part of his life he lived in Islington. In 1824 he l^egan the
publication in monthly numbers of a series of coloured figures, with
accompanying letterpress, of the rarer indigenous species of the Class
Insecta, not arranged in any systematic order, but as the material came
to hand. This work, wliich extended to 16 annual volumes, is one of
consideral)le merit ; the figures are in the main faithful to nature, and
the accompanying letterpress reveals a consideraT)le ac(piaintance Avith
earlier literature. Stephens, Avho was a clerk in the Admiralty, and an'Iio
lived at Eltham, commenced a similar work on May 1st, 1827. This
differs from the other in being arranged systematically ; the i)ortion
relating to lepidoptera is in four volumes, tlie first of which appeared
in 1828, the second and third in 1829 ; and the fourth in 1834, a
supplement bearing date 184(1. In addition to these Avorks, each
of the rivals j^roduced a CtdaJogne. That of Stephens Avas the
more complete, and contains copious, exact, synonymic references,
shoAving an acqi;aintance Avith the more prominent of the earlier
authors. The exact date of the first appearance of these Catalogues is not
free from doubt, but Ave may place it ap})roximately at the end of 1829, that
of Curtis being probably the earlier ; Stephens published a second
edition of his Catalogue in 1833, and Curtis folloAved suit in 1837; and
in the respectiA^e prefaces each maintains his right to be considered
the more reliable authority in a fashion that has not yet become quite
obsolete. A striking characteristic of each of these men, of Stephens in
particular, is the readiness Avith Avhich they raised to the rank of named
species, forms Avhich Ave noAv know to be only A'arieties. So far as
triA^ial nomenclature goes, there is not a gi'eat amount of difference
betAveen them, l)oth practically base their nomenclature on the Vienna
Catalogue and nii])ner. Neither had any knoAvledge of the Continental
collections and, as they frequently failed to identify their insects by the
figures or descriptions of Continental authors, it came about that ncAv
names Avere giA-en l)y them to many species differing from those in use
abroad. In 1843 Henry IJt)ulileday })aid a A'isit to Paris, made the acquain-
tance of Boisduval and Guenee, and found, on comparing some of our
insects Avith the specimens in the splendid collection of M. Pierret, that
species known l»y one name here, Avere called by another name there. On

SOCIETIES. 137

his return, yielding much against his inclination to the urgent pressure
of his intimate friend Newman, he set to work to thoroughly examine
our nomenclature, with a view to bringing it into accord with that iii
use in France. The result was the first edition of his Si/uonipnic List,
which was completed in 1850, and was based — so Stephens tells us —
u]»uu the 1840 edition of Boisduval's Index Methodicns. The reform
effected was highly unpalatable to many of the older entomologists,
but the List gradually laid hold of English workers until it ))ecame the
standard authority in this country. In 1859 a second edition was
})ublished, in which a good many alterations — due to the influence of
Guenee — were made ; and this was followed in 1865 by a Supjilement.
By this time Doubleday had liecoine acquainted with Staudinger's
Catalogue of 1861, and substituted some of the names adopted in that
work for those used l)y himself in 1859. Newman, whose well-known
work was commenced in 1867, and comjjletcd early in 1871, adopts
these names ; we note epiphron for eaasiopc, medca for blaadina, medon
for agestis, icarns for alexis, malrw for alveolus, isogramiuata for
haworthiata, &c. In 1871, the same year that Standinger's second
edition saw the light, i\[r. W. F. Kirl)y — then in Dublin, l)ut now in
the Natural History Museum at South Kensington — who had been
Avorking at the question of nomenclature on his own account, produced
A Si/noui/)uic List of European Bhopaloeera, a Avork Avell w(n-thy to rank
Avith Staudinger's second edition. He accepts to the full the Liav of
priorit}', but differs from Staudingcr in some of the details of its appli-
cation ; in particular, giving a much greater authoritatiA'e A'alue to the
Vienna Catalogue. This Avork Avas the sul)ject of a crushing rcA^icAv in
the Zoologist hy NcAvman, in Avhich he expends the A'ials of his Avrath
on the " laAv of priority," and all its su})2)orters ; six months later he
rencAvs the assault in a reA'icAv of a pamphlet on the subject by Mr.
LeAvis, iDut strangely Avinds up the latter article Avith these Avords, " AVe
must by some Liav dispose of one of tAvo names. If "priority" l)e not
that " laAv," Avhat is ?" At the end of last year (1892) Mr. Kirby published
the first vol. of a similar work dealing with the Heteroeera. In 1873,
Doubleday produced a final su2)plement to his list, in Avhich the earlier
one of 1865 Av^as incorporated. Tliis, hoAvever, has neA'er lieen much
folloAved. Finally, in 1881, ajjpeared the Entomologist Si/noni/mir List
l)y Mr. South. This, st) far as trivial nomenclature goes, is, for the
Macro-lepidoi)tera, an almost exact reproduction of that adopted by
Staudingcr, only nine names being essentially different ; additional
synonyms of British authors — Avith whom Staudingcr confesses himself
im})erfectly ac(piainted — are, hoAvcA-er, added. As regards the ]\Iicro-
lepidoi^tera, Wocke's nomenclature is not so closely folloAved, the Editor
having considered it in the light of the researches made by English
Avorkers like Barrett and Stainton. It must be menticnied that
Staudinger's classification and arrangement are not rejiroduced by
Mr. South, Avho prefers to take that of Boisduval and Guenee, repro-
duced by Doubleday, as his basis, altering it as little as possible. Of
Macro-lepidoptera, 165 of Douljleday's trivial names are replaced by
others ; in some cases, as parallelaria and virgularia, the change is a
return to the names used by Doubleda}^ in his first edition. The
changes are in the main due, 1st, to the more rigorous application by
Staudinger of the " laAv of priority ; " 2nd, to the resuscitation by
Staudingcr of Hufnagel and Kottemburg ; 3rd, to the extent to Avhich
Staudinger rejects the authority of the Vienna Catalogue ; the

l38 THE entomologist's EECORD.

latter being, probably, the most intiuential factor of all. It may
be interesting to trace the application of these principles in two
or three illustrative examples taken from our l:)utterflies. Lyccena alsvs
is an illustration of the first of them. Alsus is a Vienna Cataloijue name,
(177(i.) The insect is described imder that name b}' Fahricius, in 1787,
and has generally received the same name from succeeding authors.
Fuessli, however, a bookseller and pulilisher of Zurich, had accurately
described the insect in 1775 under the name of minimus in a Catalogue of
Swiss insects, and Esper adopts this name, which is indubital)ly the
earlier of the two, and is quoted as a synonym by Haworth. Uesperia
linea illustrates the resuscitation of Hufnagel. Linea is also a Vienna
Catalogue name, vouched for by Fabricius, and adopted by Hiil)nerand
later writers. Hufnagel, however, liad described the insect imperfectly
in 176G under the name of thaumas, but Kottemburg, in 1775, by his
notes, makes the identification certain. Esper and Borkhausen adopt
Hufnagel's name, which is also used by Lewin, in 1795, and was known
to Hawortli. There is some doul)t wliether Poda had not described the
same insect under the name of sylrestris, in 1761. Fabricius, Esi)er, and
Kottemburg Avere of that opinion, l)ut tlie descri])tion is hardly full
enough for identification, and neitlier Staudinger nor Kirby accept it.
Lyaena adonis furnishes an illustration of the resuscitation of Kottem-
burg, and also an instance Avliere Kirljy iuid Staudinger differ. Adonis
is another Vienna Catalogue name. Hiibner figures the insect under
this name, and later authors follow him in iising it. Kottemburg, in
1775, describes the insect itnder the name of bellargiis, and says it occurs
in the beginning of Jmie, and is followed in his use of this name by
Esper, Borkliausen and Staudinger. Kottemburg, however, places next
before bellargns an insect which he names thetis, and wdiich lie says
occurs in August. His description of the male seems really to be a
description of those forms of the female adonis in which there is a
predominance of the male coloration, and of the female is that of a
typical adonis. Kirby adopts this name for the species, but bellargns
seems to have the juster claim as being an undoubted descri2:)tion of a
typical male. Erebia blandma affords an illustration of the rejection by
Staudinger of the Vienna Catalogxe, and is another instance where he
and Kirby difl'er. Fabricius described in 1787, under the name of
blandina, an insect which he had seen in Schiffermiiller's cabinet, under
the name of medea. He did not adopt the Vienna Catalogue name
because he had used that for another butterfly in 1775. Blandina was
adopted by the French authors, and by Curtis, Stephens and Doul)leday.
The Vienna Catalogue name, medea, is used l)y Hiibner, Ochsenhciiner,
Freyer, Staudinger in his first edition, Doubleday in his Supplement, and
Newman. Esper describes and figures the insect under the name of
cethiops in 1777. Staudinger, considering that the Vienna Catalogue
contains nothhig that will suffice for identification, takes the next
earliest name, a'thiops. Kirby, probably considering that the testimony
of Fabricius as to identity of the insect called medea in S.V. is suffi-
cient, adopts that name. Ltjca;na agestis affords an illustration of the
difficulties sometimes encountered in attempting to apply the " law of
iniority." Agestis is a Vienna Catalogue name, but the insect so named
had a light, fiery blue male. Hiibner figured the insect correctly under
the same name, and was followed by the later authors. Lewin, followed
by Haworth, called it idas, thinking it was identical with the insect so
named by Linnaeus, which was an error. Hufnagel in 1766 described

SOClE*tfeS. 139

under the name of medon an insect which has been supposed to he the
same, but his description is unverifiable. Rottemburg, alhiding to
Hufnagel's rnedon, expresses doubt whether it is not a variety of an
insect, which he afterwards describes under tlie name of alexia. It is,
however, doul)tful whether Eottemburg's ahxts is anything more than
the female of heUargus, which lie did not knoAv, or did not recognise.
Esper, under the name oi medon, figures first an insect the size of icarus,
dark brown with blue nervures, which is certainly not agest/s, as we
know it. In a later plate, however, as a variety of medon, he figures
a typical $ agedis and Borkliausen adopts this name. Doid)leday ac-
cepted it in his Supplement of 1865, and Newman adopts it. Staudinger,
however, rejects the name because it had been used for another insect by
Clerck, in 1759, and claims priority for Bergstraesser, Hector of the
evangelical Lutheran Latin school in Hainault, who Correctly figured and
described the insect in 1779, under the name of astrarche. Kirby,
however, goes further back still, and calls attention to what is un-
doubtedly the fact, that Scojjoli, in 1763, had most accurately
described the insect luider the name of alexis. The insect described
two years earlier by Poda may be the same, liut this is douljtful. If,
therefore, the *' law of priority " is to be strictly applied, we must,
with Kirljy, call the insect alexis, the insect at present called by that
name having undoubtedly to take in its place the earlier icarus of
Eottemburg.

Having now dealt with trivial nomenclature in the past and present,
I turn, if your patience is not exhausted, to the future. Stainton, in a
pajjer read to the Entomological Society in 1849, well says : — -' In nomen-
clature it is of the greatest importance that entomologists be unanimous,
for if each one chose to call an insect by a different name, and persist
in so calling it, endless confusion must arise." At present, the nomen-
clature of Staudinger commands a greater amount of support than anv
other, and English workers can best bring themselves into line with
their brethren by adopting the English version of that nomenclature
provided for them by South. But tlie time has, I think, come when a
standard trivial nomenclature should be agreed upon, Avhich should
undergo no Jr.rther alteration, save such as may be rendered necessary
by changing views as to Avhat forms are or are not entitled to specific
rank. It is, I think, quite hopeless to look for the establishment in the
near future, if ever, of an unalterable standard of generic nomenclature,
because generic nomenclature is so intimately connected with classifi-
cation, and iipon this subject our views Avill Ije likely to change witli
increasing knowledge, and moreover it is a subject upon wliicli there
will always be room for legitimate differences of opinion. The fixation
of trivial nomenclature, however, is not attended with these difficulties,
and we have, I think, abundant material for the jiurpose. The onlv
difficulty that will arise of a serious nature will be to determine
the basis upon which the standard should be founded. I have
come to the conclusion that the " law of jDriority " cannot form that
basis. The differing results arrived at by Staudinger and Kirljy,
both zealously seeking to carry out that laAv, the varying opinions held
as to the validity of some of the earlier authorities, and the imjierfection
of the descriptions of many even of the generally admitted authorities,
Linna?us not excepted, suggest strongly that a new jioint of departure
must be taken, and that can, I believe, be found in Hiibner. He dealt

140 THE ENT03I(JL0GISt's KECOHl).

with so many species, and his figures are on the wliole so accurate, that
a nomenclature based on his, will rest upon a sure foundation of identi-
fication. The rival denouncers of Hufnagel and the Vienna Catalogue
will have no further use for their weapons, and to a very large extent
nomenclature will be brought back to what it was alike in Germany,
Prance and this country before Staiidinger descended and troubled the
waters. AVith regard to species not dealt with by Hiibner, the " law of
pi'iority " may be so far adopted that the earliest post-Hiil)nerian name
may be accepted, and the materials will Ite sufficiently ample to prevent
any great difficulty in arriving at a determination. The work of formu-
lating such a standard nomenclature cannot rest on any single indi-
vidual. It must be the result of agreement, perhaps compromise,
between competent students in many parts of the world. This country
possesses in Kirby a man who Avould lie its very fitting representative,
and there are many comiietent entomologists to whom he might turn
for consultation in difficult cases. In Germaiiy, Staudinger stands out
as the man (pialified for the task, and probably other countries could
furnish fitting representatives. We hfive the material then, and the men
to use it, l)ut have we got the money too ? Aye, there's the rub. One
might reasonably look to the Government to furnish the, to it, relatively
small amount needful, but I fear this is Utopian. Will the British
Association, wliicli once before took the lead in this matter, do it again ?
I fear our leading Entomological Society can hardly be hoiiefully looked
to, to take its fitting place in such an enterprise, but failing all these, Avill
not our wealthy entomologists, who are ready to give high prices for
rare insects, come to the rescue and do themselves lasting honour by
furnishing the means f(n' placing the trivial nomenclature of entomology
upon a fixed and settled basis ?

Mr. Tutt said tliat it was impossible to criticise at length Dr.
IJuckell's paper, but two or three points occurred to him. Dr. Buckell
had referred to the fact that Schifermiiller's collection names had been
verified by various authors, and that, therefore, they ought to stand,
l)ut what certainty had Ave that the insects had not been changed, as
was often done, and as it was clear had also l)een done in the Linna?an
collection. ]t Avas very desirable that no name should be admitted
unless there Avas some descrijition or figure Avith a name. He, therefore,
considered Staudinger's practice a good one. Besides, Dr. Buckell
seemed to have lost sight of the fact that Avherever tliere Avas the
slightest clue to the Vienna Catalogue species, Staudinger had utilised
them. With regard to Hufnagel the case Avas different ; Eottemburg
simply extended and exj)lained descriptions already in existence, a
method often adopted by modern authors themseh-es. The tAvo cases
Avere in no way, therefore, so parallel as Dr. Buckell suggested. With
regard to taking Hiibner as a starting jjoint, Mr. Tutt doiibted Avhether
it would not make confusion worse confounded, and instead of the
occasional raking itp of an odd name by students, a Avhole army of
Hiibner's. names Avhich are noAV used as synonyms Avoixld l)ecome
})rimary names. He concluded it Avould be much 1 tetter to form a list
based on those of Staudinger and Kirby, dealing simply Avith those
names about Avliich there is distinct difference of opinion.

A further discussion folloAved, after Avhich a hearty A'ote of thanks
Avas accorded to Dr. Buckell for his paper. — A. U. Battley and J. A.
SiMES, Hon. Sees.

^V' AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 5. Vol IV. May 15th, 1893.

]VIEL^rlOepll^OI^]VI I]\[ BI^II'I^JI LEPIDOPfEI^^.*

An Answer to Mr. Eobson's Criticisji, "Is Moisture the Cause

OF Melanism? "

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

It is difficult to deal with Mr, Eobson's paper, " Is Moisture the
Cause of Melanism ? " read before the City of London Ent. Society on
Feb. 21st last, without going into considerable detail, without going-
over ground already repeatedly trodden, and finally, without taking
too serious notice of a paper which contains no single item on the
subject which has not been thoroughly discussed before.

Some little time ago it will be in your recollection, I published a
pamphlet on Melanism and Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera, in
which I summarised the various articles \vTitten by more or less compe-
tent students of lepidoptera, and criticised the various suggestions as to
its cause which had been offered. Mr. Eobson's pa^^er briefly passes in
review a few of these summarised papers, and then goes on to criticise
at length one view that I brought forward, viz., the connection between
moistvire and melanism. In my pamphlet I proved conclusively that
areas, which were excessively humid, and those that had by recent arti-
ficial change of environment, produced dark surfaces, &c. (such being
frequently increased by rain), also produced melanic races of certain
species, and these, I considered, essentially due to three things, (1) the
action of the moisture constitutionally on the larva ; (2) the darkening
of the surfaces by rain, smoke (or both combined), etc. ; (3) the general
action of "natural selection."

To begin with, the title of Mr. Eobson's paper is essentially mis-
leading as a criticism. If he had written " Is moisture a cause of me-
lanism ? " we might have obtained some useful result, but " tlie cause "
obviously shuts out all other considerations, and at once levels the
paper to a reductio ad absurdum.

I will now consider a few of the points touched upon. Mr, Eobson
begins by the effusive praise of a paper of Mr. Birchall which was
wi-itten in 1876, and which made some comprehensive generalisations
without working out or even suggesting any reason which could be
acted on by scientific men. Dr. White seems to have been the only

* Paper read befoi'e the City of London Entomological Society, May 2nd, 1893.

142 THE entomologist's recokd.

man who got near a comprehension of the subject at that time. To say
that Mr. Birchall's paper " comprises almost everything that has since
been written on the subject," is an opinion ridiculous in itself, and can
only be meant to throw dust in the eyes of those entomologists who are
not scientific, and is disi^roved by Mr. Robson's own paper, since he
finds something else to write about. Such a statement of such a paper
is not likely nowadays to pass muster with men who read and think
for themselves, and who begin now where the entomologists of twenty
or thirty years ago left off. Even Mr. Robson says of Mr. Birchall's
paper, in his next paragraph, that " many points briefly touched on by
Mr. Birchall were afterwards discussed at length."

Mr. Robson refers in a very strange manner to certain remarks made
by Mr. Dobree (D'Obree of Mr. R.'s paper), in which he showed that the
NocTU^ of high latitudes were not necessarily melanic. He says that
Mr. Dobree " is a student of Noctu^ only, and that no conclusion based
on the study of an entire Order could be upset by one portion of such
Order." But where, I would ask Mr. Robson, can melanism be so well
studied as among the Noctu^ ? For every example of melanism in the
other gi-oups of Lepidoptera, Nocture give a dozen. In fact, it is only
among this family that sufficient material can be gathered for generali-
sation, the examjiles among the Geometr.e being much more limited (as
might be expected from their general habits and the action of " natural
selection "), and, with very few exceptions, limited to those species
whose habit it is to rest on tree trunks, fences and similar places.

Mr. Robson's reference to Lord Walsingham's paper, which has
been discussed at length jireviously, is unfair to its author, since Lord
Walsingham had ah-eady withdrawn his statement " that melanic forms
were characteristic of high latitudes," and has substituted " suffused
forms " (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890, pp. liv.-lv.), and it appears to be
begging the question, so far as Mr. Robson is concerned, to repeat the
statement. Lord Walsingham's j^aper simply shows that dark coloration
may be an advantage to the insects possessing it in high latitudes and
altitudes, but it does not attemj^t to show the cause of melanism, which
is what we have to deal with.

With regard to the other notes referred to by Mr. Robson, that
referred to by Mr. Cockerell supports my view, but that of Mr. Dale
(Brit. Nat., p. 65), is really not deserving criticism. Really, it is
difficult to get down to the level of a man who denies the primary laws
of physics.

Now, with regard to Mr. Robson's remarks on my own jDamphlet, I
must begin by thanking that gentleman for his kind intimation to the
entomological public that the pamphlet has attracted a good deal of
attention, although his way of announcing the fact certainly leaves
something to be desired. His reference to the early part of my papers
as " a clearly-defined and intelligible theory," leads me to suggest that
so long as I was only exjilaining the very elementary facts connected
with melanism, Mr. Robson was able to follow them, but when I went
off into the secondary and more indirect causes bearing on the subject,
which required a more complete grasp of general scientific principles,
my theory becomes " dim and obscure," and " so many side issues are
raised and discussed that the original idea is almost, if not entirely, lost
sight of." That is, I presume, Mr. Robson M^anted something very
straightforward to be presented to him, something that would be easier

MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 143

to criticise, and this was managed so long as I kept within the confines
presented by an elementary, physical geography text-book, but when
I get beyond these limits, the pajjer becomes '' dim and obscure " to
Mr. Kobson. But even in physical geogi'aphy Mr. Eobson is behind
the times, for he talks of the increased humidity caused by the Gulf
Stream as " assumed." This is a matter of fact, not assumption. His
knowledge, too, of the distribution of melanic forms in Britain is shaky,
for he speaks of my " attempting to show that these are the districts
where melanism most prevails." This, again, is a matter of fact, and
not of attempt.

If Mr. Kobson had understood what I had written on the subject,
he would not have given me credit for restricting nature's action to such
narrow lines as he does. The breadth of my views, and the considera-
tion of possible contingencies, seem to be the great blot in the paper,
according to my critic. I pointed out broadly, that where there was
excessive moisture, or excessive smoke, or both combined, rock-resting,
and tree-frequenting species, became melanic. This form of melanism, I
■considered due to two things : (1) Moisture (or smoke, or both com-
bined), which, in some way, acted physiologically on the larva?, aifecting
them in such a manner, as to make the sjjecies vary in a general way ;
(2) "Natural selection," which selected the dark forms produced by the
general variation, and formed a race, suitable by constitution, to its en-
vironment. I still supi^ose " moisture " is the great factor in inducing
•or producing the primary physical change in the larvaj, in Britain
(although many other causes may have a similar effect elsewhere), re-
sulting in this instance, in a melanotic development, and nothing as yet
has been urged against this opinion. On the contrary, it seems to have
been very generally accepted. With regard to this, I might perhaps go
a stej:) further, and point out, that although the final result of the action
of moisture and smoke is much the same, the effect has been rather
different. Moisture has acted slowly through ages on the constitution
of the larva, and has thus brought about a certain amount of general
variation; the secondary action of moisture, due to " natural selection,"
has likewise been slow, but always in the direction of melanism, by
selecting the dark forms (or races) most protected by darker environ-
ment, brought about by the moisture, as shown by Dr. Chapman and
myself. The action of smoke has been rapid, because it is practically
a new phase of environment. It also, as an unusual factor, has acted
on the constitution of the larva, and produced change and variation.
But it also, similarly to moisture, acts in a secondary way, and also in
the direction of darkening objects, but its area is more generally limited
to tree-trunks, fences, walls, iSzc, in the comparative near vicinity of its
production. Indirectly, therefore, the force of " natural selection " has
again cleared out the paler, and protected the darker forms. Hence we
see, that the artificial, so to speak, environment, has with " natural
selection " produced a much more rapid, and sometimes, esjjecially when
aided by rain, a more complete change in a shorter jJeriod, than has the
natural environment in an incomparabl}^ longer time.

Mr. Kobson further -wi-ites : — " In our fens and bogs, our wet moors
and mosses, we would surely find some evidence in support of this theory,
if it were true." Has Mr. Kobson so little knowledge of the insects
from these localities, or, so little material in his collection, to suppose
that such localities do not give numbers of insects which support this

144 THE entomologist's record.

theory ? If he will show me a collection of insects made on any of oui*
large bogs, I will guarantee to show him any number of species proving
my point. He complains that I " argue from a special case, and assume
that the reply has a general application." I assume nothing of the kind.
I certainly argued that there was a large class of pale coloured species
belonging to very different groups of lepidoptera, which had a very
similar facies, such facies undoubtedly being entirely governed by
"natural selection." Mr. Eobson jumps to the conclusion that Macro-
(jaster arundinis, Lcelia ccenosa, Lithosia muscerda, Collix sparsata, the
genus Chilo, have very different habits from the Lencanklce, and yet, all
are " of ochreous tints, Avhich certainly is the prevailing hue in the species
that inhabit our swamps and morasses," I am quite certain that Mr.
Eobson is here floundering out of his dejith, that he knows nothing
whatever of the habits of 31. arundinis, L. ccenosa, L. muscerda, and the
genus Chilo, and that he has no concejDtion of the range of variation in
these species. I believe he has never seen one of these species in a state
of nature. I have seen them all but L. ccenosa, so I can safely leave the
entomological public to judge of the value of our respective opinions.
Granting that a certain percentage of the Fen (not bog) species are pale
in tint, what I wrote is still applicable to these as a grou}). Mr. Eobson
appears to fail to grasp what I have written. His failure to see the fact
that "■ natiiral selection " is in such districts, and under the conditions of
existence of these species, acting in direct opposition to the production
of melanic forms is unfortunate, but I see no immediate remedy. To say
that I "• have lost the thread of my argument," because I have got rather
out of the line he covild understand, is leather amusing. I import another
factor, viz. " smoke," says Mr. Eobson, in dealing with the modification
shown by marsh-frequenting species, near large towns. Certainly !
I am sorry Mr. Eobson cannot compound the three probabilities here
referred to (moisture, smoke, and natural selection), but it would ap-
parentlj^ he waste of time to exjilain the matter further.

Mr. Eobson unwittingl}^ proves in his reference to L. pollens, my
compounded notion with regard to this species. (1) L. 2)allens, when
it inhabits very wet places, should have a tendency to l)e dark ; (2)
L. pollens, in marshy places, rests on grasses and reeds, therefore " natu-
ral selection " causes it to respond to its environment, and makes it
pale ; (3) The reed-beds, sedges, grasses, &c., near large, smoky areas,
get dark, and "natural selection " at once steps in, and darkens the form
produced by 2, the natural tendency to vary being inherent b}' 1. Mr.
Eobson fails to compound these, and hence, I have " consciously, or un-
consciously, changed my opinion," and " have lost the thread of my
argument." Mr. Eobson, of course, finds it much easier to suppose this,
than that he is at fault and failed to imderstand my argument.

The little care which Mr. Eobson evidently has bestowed on a sub-
ject which he treats with the utmost confidence, whilst other entomo-
logists have to view it from a distance, is evidenced when he, wishing
to prove his imaginary idea that I had changed my views, does it by
(pioting the following statement : — " But if moisture is to be taken as a
direct, rather than as an indirect cause, we should expect to find melanic
variation occurring in the swamps of Tropical Africa, in the Forests of
the Amazon, on the banks of the Mississippi, and in many other damp
climates, even within tropical regions, and I am not aware that this is
the case." This is a statement made by Lord Walsingham, in his Presi-

MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 145

dential address to the Fellows of the Entomological Society of London,
in 1890, and not mine at all. I am credited with it, it is quoted at length,
my views have been changed according to Mr. Kobson (because, I suppose,
Lord Walsingham made this statement), and my ideas are ridiculed.
Why ? Because Mr. Robson really does not pay eitough attention to
the subject he attempts to criticise, and mixes up the ideas of different
people, in this marvellous fashion. Surely this is sufficient to lead
thoughtful entomologists to put Mr. Robson's criticism down as a most
valuable one, which should be relegated to a work entitled Fairy Tales
for the Ignorant. Surely a subject which needs the greatest care, and a
rather large amount of general scientific knowledge, should be handled
by one who shows the first, and possesses the other.

With regard to my remarks as to the supposed effect of the actinic
rays of the sun, the statement that I should not be inclined " to give the
action of the sunlight the short shrift 1 gave it in a previous paragraph,"
does not bear in any sense the construction Mr. Robson puts on it. I
attempted to collect and criticise the various views put forward to
account for the phenomenon. The suggestions of Lord Walsingham
presented this view in a new light, and I was quite willing to discuss
the matter, although i:)reviously it had not appeared to me to be of
sufficient gi-avity to be worth discussion. I decided in my criticism
against the probability of it having any value, and Messrs. Poulton and
Merrifield have since conducted experiments tending to strengthen the
position I took up.

Mr. Robson then goes off at a tangent, and criticises the possibility
of moisture producing dark varieties. Here, again, he fails in ele-
mentary principles. I would again repeat that (1) Moisture may so
affect larvaa that they are physically changed to suit an environment ^
direct action (in supposed area towards melanism) ; (2) Moisture may
•so darken objects as to increase the power of "natural selection" =
indirect action (in supposed area towards melanism). Here is a com-
pound action of moisture, the units of which Mr. Robson fails to dis-
criminate.

Mr. Robson's further remarks, in which he refers to " an inclination
to retreat from the very decided views," &c., are really a product of his
own imagination. Unfortunately, he views his science from a very
narrow standpoint, hedged on both sides most carefully to prevent
Avandering. Observation has taught me that Nature has no such
method in any of her moods. Variation is her great point, and the
means by which this is brought about are various. To give my readers
a distinct idea of what I consider one potent and active force, I dis-
■cussed the action of moisture at length, because it is that force which
most intimately concerns Bi'itish lepidopterists. At the same time, I
went into such other side views that Nature takes — temperature,
heredity, environment, natural selection, etc. — partly to show that
I knew such existed, but more particularly because it is impossible
to discuss one view without considering others. These are the
symptoms of mental aben-ation, I suppose, to which Mr. Robson casually
refers on every other page.

Mr. Robson quotes Dr. Chapman as saying that he considered
melanism to be " a western rather than a northern form of variation ;
to be associated with wet weather rather than a cold climate ; and it
has certainly been most common of recent years, which may be

14G THE entomologist's kecokd

attributed to the long succession (vinprececTentecl) of wet seasons we
have passed through," and yet goes on to conclude (from this, I pre-
sume) that " Dr. Chapman, who is one of the most thoughtful and
original of all students of Lepidoptera, does not support the idea that
moisture produces melanism." Truly, these depths are beyond me.
The quotation Mr. Eobson gives appears to be a sufficient refutation of
his own conclusion. Mr. Rol:)son clearly does not discriminate between
the two effects of moisture, the effect " that selects varieties " and
the effect " that makes them." So far as we have been able to get at
the latter. Dr. Chapman's notes (Melanism and Melanochroism in British
Lepidoptera, pp. 60-64) are lucid enough. Mr. Eobson seems to have'
overlooked them, or not to have noticed that they deal with the
matter.

Some of the odds and ends of Mr. Robson's paper are most startling.
Mr. Rol)son's want of knowledge of the rainfall of our Fen districts, of
the response to environment of our Fen species, of the influence of the
Gulf Stream on the meteorology of the British Isles generallj^ and of
certain parts in particular, leads one to suggest that there are still a few
books on meteorology and phj'sical geogi-ai)hy to be obtained in some of
the various libraries scattered over the country. He also states, too,
that " these melanic forms did not exist half a century ago." Wliat
melanic forms ? I would ask. The melanic forms of Gnophos obscurata
on the peat bogs of the New Forest or on the dark rocks of Perth ; the
Ijlack Xylophasia polyodon of the Irish coast, Scotland, etc. ; the black
Agrotis Incernea of the Kincardineshire and the Irish coasts ; the dark
barrettii form of Diantho'cia Infeago or the manani form of D. ccesia ; the
dai'k Scotch forms of Larentia ccesiata, or the black moorland forms of
Hy2>sipetes ehitata ; the Scotch plmnhaia form of Melanthia rubiginafn,
the dark Wicken form of Acidalia bisetata, or the Dartmoor form of
A. marginepunctata ; the Wicken black var. of Chilo pliragmitellus, and
endless othei's ? If he say so, I am certain lie stands alone, and the
statement would be laughed at by every scientific lepidopterist in the
country', and I would suggest a re-reading of Melanism and Melanochroism,
&c., i^p. 42-43, and reference to elementary text-books on the areas in
Britain Avhich used to be covered with forest lands. On the other
hand, if he refers to Amphidasys betidaria var. doubledayaria, to Folia
chi var. suffusa, to Ciispidia psi var. svffnsa, or Eupilhecia rectangulata
var. nigrosericeata, I should be inclined to agree with him, as the
present conditions of environment were so different then from what they
now are ; but ages before that, when the physical geogi-aphy of England
was somewhat different from now, when large forests were the rule,,
dark forms probably existed, and the species have simply reverted by a
series of changed conditions in their environment in recent years.

But what new facts does Mr. Eobson give us relating to melanism ?
Not one that has not been noticed before. What new theory does Mr.
Eobson bring forward to replace the ideas he vainlj^ tries to overtlu*ow ?
None I Not one single original idea of any description. He certainly
offers a warmed-up, second-hand edition of Lord Walsingham's theory,
from which the latter has more than half withdrawn. " Absenxje of
sunlight ! " This, then, accounts for the effusive praise given to Mr.
Birchall's elementary paper of so many years ago. That gentleman
casuaUy mentioned that " the clouds in Ireland " and " the smoke in
Lancashire " intercepted some of the sunlight, and this accounts for

MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 147

Mr. Eobson's appraisement of Mr. Bircliall's intellect. Further, one
might think that Lord Walsingham was the best man to elaborate a
theory of his own. The paper on which Mr. Robson's hopes of salvation
are based I have already criticised, and Lord Walsingham himself
says : — " Mr. Tutt, referring to a j^aper of my own, in which I called
attention to the tendency to melanism exhibited by Arctic and Alpine
Lepidoptera, points out that insects from high latitudes are not gener-
ally melanic. I think I may at once admit that I had used the term
' melanic ' somewhat incorrectly in this connection ; what I desired to
point out was the general tendency of Arctic Lejiidoptera to a certain
suffusion of markings, and to an increase in the proportion of dull or
dingy scales, calculated more rapidly to absorb heat than the purer
Avhite of more southern varieties. Such a tendency will, I think, be
admitted to exist, but I am aware it is far more conspicuous in many
insular and Alpine districts; and, while I cannot agree that the
arguments put forward in that paper are in any way undermined by
this admission, or that the advantage secured to the species by the
development of colour capable of rapidly absorbing heat has been in
any way disproved, I am quite willing to accept Mr. Tutt's assertion
that melanism does not habitually occur unless lower temperature is
accompanied hj increased humidity : qualifying the acceptance only by
suggesting that anything which would have the same effect as increased
humidity in diminishing the action of sunlight would probably be found
to produce the same results." The advantage of a dark coloration may,
in a small degree, be admitted, although the active character of the
absorbing influence of the wings is not at all clear or proven, but we
have to deal Avith the origin of such dark coloration. This idea of
Lord Walsingham's I criticised at the time (Ent. Record, vol. ii., pp. 3-4),
as well as his elaboration of the idea that partially intercepted sunlight,
was probably a cause of melanism. It is useless to travel over the
gi-ound again, until some new facts can be brought to supjiort the idea,
and this, I venture to state, will probably never be done. Lord
Walsingham also suggested experiments to be carried out on these lines,
by Messrs. Poulton and Merrifield. Both these gentlemen conducted
experiments (recorded in the Trans, of the Ent. Society of Loud, for 1892),
and they resulted in failure, so far as they went, and fully bore out my
prophecy that there was no effect in this direction. Mr. Robson appears
to have clutched at the point on which I publicly expressed my ignorance
and want of knowledge, as the best means of attacking my paper, but
I am afraid that he has j)roved to the hilt, that his own ignorance
equals, or even excels, my own.

The puzzles of Mr. Eobson are amusing. Mr. Barrett mentions a
tendency to dark variation, and associates it with moisture, but this
puzzles him, because Mr. Barrett mentions the " blue sky and bright
sunshine of Pembroke ; " so also does the pure air and bright sunshine
of parts of Scotland, for Mr. Birchall says, that in some of these melanic-
producing districts " the air is purity, and the sunshine brightness ; "
he is puzzled at the sunlessness of Ireland and the Isle of Man, and the
want of influence of the Gulf Stream on the coast of France. In fact,
many things puzzle Mr. Eobson, but these he nobly leaves to the meteor-
ologists of Ireland. " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof," and
Mr. Eobson showed his evident pleasure when he reached the end of his
paper, probably at having pulled through a task which he set himself

148 THE entomologist's record

thoughtlessly, stated his intention of doing publicly, and which he
carried through nobly for the sake of his prestige. But it was a forlorn
hope, and Mr. Eobson's attack on moisture only shows, that it has nearly
drowned him, that he has a lot of meteorological and biological books
to read, and that the modern critic sometimes has a tendency to criticise
what he does not understand, and, as a result, has to find fault with the
aberrant intellect of the writer.

But if this criticism be not a personal attack, I would ask Mr. Kobson
for a few facts, which any article meant to be a contribution to science
would have contained, and which it was Mr. Eobson's duty to have
found out by experiment. (1) What percentage of the sun's rays are ab-
sorbed or intercepted on the West coast of Ireland, East coast of Ireland,
Isle of Man, Scotland (West and East), Shetland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire,
and other areas given to producing melanism ? (2) What percentage
of these rays are distinctly chemical in their tendency ? (3) What ex-
periments has Mr, Eobson conducted to show, that the areas where
melanism prevails, do have a large percentage of the sun's rays inter-
cepted ? and will he give us one experiment that he has conducted to a
successful issue, which bears out his views ? If he has done none, where
is the science in his paper ? Is it not rather an essay, based on imagi-
nation, rather than a theory, based on facts ? All these assumptions that
things are so, are not science. The New Forest, where black obscurata
occur ; the coast of Kincardine, where black lucernea are found ; the
Welsh parks, where dark crepuscularia occur ; Delamere Forest, where
black hetularia is common ; Lewes, where black Agrotis cinerca occm- ;
Deal, where black Agrotis corticea occvir, have deficient sunlight (teste
Mr, Eobson). Where are the experiments that warrant such assump-
tions? No, Mr. Eobson ! it will not do ! " Natural selection" is not
dead yet, and your paper has not proved that we have anyone to replace
Darwin. — May 1st, 1893,

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

Specific Nomenclature. — Dr. Buckell's paper on " Specific Nomen-
clature " contains interesting information, and is very clearly written.
The proposition to make Hlibner the criterion for disputed specific titles
will, however, make more difficulties than now exist. The course to
be pursued seems to me that, upon each trivial name now in dispute,
an opinion be drawn up by a Committee, with a statement of the facts,
and a recommendation as to the adoption of one of the trivial names.
Unless the facts are successfully disputed, it will eventuate that such
recommendation will end by being generally accepted. The case of
the disputed title of an American butterfly, Liminitis eras, having
been brought before the N. York Ent. Club, a decision was reached
which, so far as I am aware, has been since respected. The disputed
titles of European species are not so many but that they might soon
be settled in this way under the constructions of the " law of priority."
— A. E. Gkote, Bremen, Germany,

Secretion by emerging imago of Cucullia verbasci, — I noticed
a curious fact relative to the emergence of C. verbasci. I had cut off
the end of one cocoon to see how the pupa was progressing, and while
looking at it, the skin cracked, and the moth forced its way partly out

VARIATION. 149

of the pupa skin. Eemaining in this position for about a minute, it
exuded a liquid from a point on its head just above the trunk. This
gathered into a drop, and I aljsorbed it twice with an old cocoon of the
same sjjecies, which it seemed to render more loose in texture. May
not this liquid be used for the purpose of softening the very tough
cocoon ? I liave heard of similar cases with Dicranura vintila, but if I
recollect rightly, the liquid was exuded from glands opening at the
back of the head. Verbasci has a curious habit of resting with its two
hind legs raised, reminding one of a mosquito when it is sucking your
blood. — A. U. Battley, 28, Amhurst Park, London, N. March SOth,
1893.

ARIATION.

Melanism in DruRNiEA fagblla. — Last month I took a long series
of D. fageUa off the tree trunks in Highgate Woods, several of which
are remarkable for their extremely dark colour, though a few are as
conspicuously pale. On comparing them with two other series (1)
taken in the same woods a few years ago, and (2) ancient " crusted "
specimens of my younger days, I should say that the recent tendency
towards melanism is distinctly marked in this species. Great care,
however, is necessary in examining what appear to be "pale" speci-
mens, as the insect, I suspect, soon loses the dark colour of its scales
when exposed, without, in other respects, shewing signs of " wear."
It reminds me of the so-called " varieties " of Lasiommata megcera and
Pararge cegeria, &c., which, I believe, are mostly bleached by the sun. —
George Hollis, 47, Dartmouth Park Hill, N.W. April, 1893.

Unique Varieties of Abraxas grossulariata. — The two very
beautiful varieties (vide Plate C.,figs. 13 and 14) of this very abundant
and well-known species, were captured in 1883 and 1884 in Barnsbury,
a northern suburb of London, and not very far from '* The Angel " at
Islington. As will be seen at once on reference to the figures, their
beauty and rarity consist in the excessive suffusion of the orange
jjigment, causing a very large and conspicuous orange blotch. The
more beautiful one (Jig. 14) was taken in 1883, and the other {Jig. 13)
the following season, both at rest upon the garden wall, and recently
emerged, and were close to some black-currant bushes, upon which the
larvge fed. The capture of both was effected by a non-entomological
acquaintance, who kindly gave them to my friend, Mr. Jas. A. Gee,
from whom they passed into my possession upon Mr. Gee's relinquishing
active collecting. The first was exhibited by him at the now defunct
West London Ent. Society Pocket-box Exhibition, November 16th,
1883, and recorded in The Entomologist, vol. xvi., p. 287, After these
specimens were captured the larvte were collected in subsequent seasons
and freely bred, without special success in aberration, but Mr. Gee
informs me that " all had the same golden strain." Mr. Southey, of
Hollo way, collected 750 larva3 in 1891 from the same garden, but found
that the imagines had almost lost, by that time, their distinctive
" orange strain," and only about six forms emerged worth keeping, and
these, strangely enough, had reverted to the other extreme type, and
were nearly black. — Albert J. Hodges. Fehruary, 1893.

4^ THE entomologist's RECOKD.

Current notes.

Mr. McLachlan recommends arsenic as a preservative in collections
of insects. A solution of arsenic in rectified alcohol is recommended.
Arsenions acid or arsenite of soda ma_y be used. The quantity of arsenic
necessary is that which will just cause an apjirecialde deposit when
evaporated on a blackened surface. The Ijottom of drawers or boxes
may then be saturated, the alcohol evaporates, and the arsenic remains
for ever and aye.

Students will hear with pleasure, that Mrs. Stainton has kindly pre-
sented the collections of her late husband to the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington, together with the original drawings, made
to illustrate The Natural History of the Thieina. The bulk of the col-
lections are to be kej^t separately, under the name of the " Stainton
Collection."

Mr. C. G. Barrett informs us that specimens of retiferana, Wocke,
and margnrotana, H.-S., were sent him last winter by Herr Hoffmann,
and that the species which has recently been included in the British
list mider the latter name, is really the former. It appears that
Herrich-Schiiffer figured margarotana. Then Dr. Wocke sent Heinemann
specimens which he thought were manjarotana, and which the latter
described as sucli. Subsequently Dr. Wocke bred from cones of Pinus
sylvestris, the true margarotana, H.-S., and finding out the error he had
fallen into, named the species described l)y Heinemann, retiferana, so
that the synonomy of the species appears to bo (1) retiferana, Wocke
(:= margarotana, }Jem.). (2) margarotana, U.S. The former (feeding
on spruce fir) is the British species, the latter (feeding on P. sylvestrii^)
is not yet known as British.

Mr. Fletcher records that last year (1892) he received living females
of Eetinia dnplana from Mr. Reid. These were sleeved on a small
Scotch fir ; eggs were laid ; the larvae fed in the young shoots ; the
imagines emerging indoors, during March (1893).

Our readers will hear with regret that, owing to ill-health, Mr.
T. D. A. Cockerell is leaving Jamaica, Avhere he was only so recently
appointed Curator at The Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. For the
present his address is Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A.

The Secretaries of the South London Ent. Soc. wish to draw attention
to the fact that Excm-sions have been arranged for (1) June 10th, to
Oxshott, Surrey, conducted by Mr. South, and (2) July 15th, to
Westcrham, Kent, conducted by Mr. H. J. Turner,

^tOTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

The Early Season. — Since the middle of January we have had no
really cold weather, and since the middle of February we have had
scarcely a drop of rain. Hot sunny days and cloudless skies have been
the rule for more than two months, and, with the exception of a few
white frosts by night, after the hot days in late March, the weather
has been more than summer-like. The rides in the woods are cracked
more than is iisual in a hot July, the vegetation is as forward as is
usual in the middle of June, and insects are appearing in strange

. -Kof ES ON COLLfiCtlNG, EfC. 161

fashion, and at ordinarily unaccountable times. The sallows were well
out in February, and by the middle of March were getting past. The
moths that frequent the sallows commenced about the middle of
February, and continued throughout the whole of March, coming
fearlessly in the bright moonlight, and occurring at early dusk after
the hot days, even when radiation later in the night produced a slight
frost. They were still coming during the first week of April. On the
first of that month, Pachnobia rubricosa and leucographa, Tceniocamjja
gothica, gracilis, vmnda, cruda, stabilis, instabdis, Orrhodia vaccinii, and
other species appeared near Hereford, Avhilst the following day Li/ccena
argioliis was noticed in Dr. Chapman's garden. rieris rajxe were
abundant, but I had seen these repeatedly in London during the three
preceding weeks. April 3rd gave us a number of Micropleryx purpurella,
semiptirpurella and 1 sangii (?) flying over the birches, whilst large
numbers of Diunioia fagella were on the trees. Lemnatophila salicella
was also taken in the doctor's garden, and by the end of the Aveek,
Li/ccena argioltis proved to be common. Of the genus Vanessa, only io was
noticed, but Grapta c-albnm was seen on the 2nd, and several at Stoke
Edith on the 5th, when also Lithocolletis faginella occurred on the beech
trunks, and a pair of Pier is brassiae, in cop. were observed. On Ajjril 29th
a day in North Kent showed Pararge cegeria, almost over, P. megcera,
Pieris napi, P. rap^e, P. brassiae, Argynnis euphrosyne, in greater numbers
than I have noticed it for many years, SyrichtJms malvce, well out,
together with Chortobins pamphilns. Phoxopteryx lundana, obtusana,
Catoptria albersana, C.ulicetana, Pardia tripunctana, CnepJiasiainiisctdana,
Stigmonota perJepidana represented the Toktrices whilst Psyche pulla,
Swaiitmerdainia pyrella, Micropleryx cullhella, swarms of Tinaguia seri-
cieUa, an occasional Asychna nwdestella, Elachista rv/ocinerea, E. cygnipen-
nella, Tischeria marginea were captured, and a number of common Litho-
collelido} observed. A few odd specimens of Cidaria russala, C. corylala,
and Loniaspilis marginala were met with, and an odd larva of Thecla
ic-albnm came down at the first time of asking, when I tried to see if the
larva was yet about. I consider this not at all a bad show, for a few
hours of rather lazy observation, at this time of year. On April 30th
I noticed Sliginonola inlernana, and swarms of Catoptria ulicelana on
Blackheath. The dates of first appearances should be carefully kept
this year, some will probably be record dates for the century. —
J. W. TuTT. May 2nd, 1893.

Lyndhurst. — I sjient a few hours at Lyndhurst on April 3rd, but
without any very great results. Of the hibernated Diurni, GonepAeryx
rhajimi reigned supreme in point of numbers, the $ s being busily
engaged in ovipositing on the terminal shoots of the buckthorn, whilst
the $ ? of Vanessa jwlychloros were frequenting the sallows with a
similar object. Of the freshly-emerged species, only the commoner
Pier idee shewed up, except one example of Lasioiurnala egcria — rather
early, I think. Anliclea badiala was to be taken on the fences, Tcplirosia
crepuscularia and an occasional example of Xylocanipa areola (lifhoriza)
on various tree trunks. By beating the pines I obtained plenty of larvae
of Thera variata and Ellopia prosapiaria (fasciaria), and by way of
relieving the monotony of the proceedings, an example or two of
Panolis piniperda would fall on the tray. Cicindela syUatica was very
common on the wing ; is not this rather early ? — James A. SiaiES.
April 20th, 1893.

152 THE entomologist's record.

Guernsey. — I left London April 19tli for Guernsey, and antici-
pating that during my intended few days' stay, that my opportunities
and inclination for collecting would be alike small, I " travelled
light," from the collector's point of view. The glorious weather,
however, which prevailed during my week's stay, combined with a
pressing request from the Editor to procure him some larvae of Melitcea
cinxia, induced me to spare one afternoon to visit my usual hunting-
ground, viz., " The Gouffre," where I arrived with my friend Mr. Peek
about 3 p.m. on the 24:th. After a drive of some miles, I was quite
surprised, although prepared for curiosities in the way of early emer-
gence, to see a fine M. cinxia almost as soon as we left the hotel, and
this was but the introduction to them, as lower down the cliff banks
we found them in fair numbers, although not nearly so plentiful as
they are later in the season, and very wild and difficult to approach.
Diligent search soon resulted in discovering some nearly full-fed larvfB,
which Avere feeding singly all over their locality, and from the manner
in which their food-plant, the narrow-leaved plantain, had been de-
voured, they must have l)een in great plenty. During March Mr.
Peek had, in a previous visit, discovered a web full of the young larv^,
Avhich feed early, gi-egariously, separating when partly grown. On the
slopes, which were covered with gorse and dog-daisies, were large
numbers of Chrysophanus phkeas, Pararge megcera, and Pieris rapce and
iiapi, with a few Lyctena icarns and Thecla ruhi. Pieris brassiere lias been
common about the gardens, together with a few hybernated Vanessas,
and I noticed two Euchelia jacobcece flying on the road sides. On the
cliffs with the M. cinxia were a few Plusia gamma and Asjnlates citraria,
evidently to represent the Noctu^ and Geomktr^ respectively. Night-
work I have entii-ely neglected, being otherwise occupied, but from the
cold and heavy dews on most evenings, I do not think I have at present
lost much. — Albert J. Hodges, Guernsey.

Colchester. — As this is such an exceptionally early season, perhaps
the dates of the undermentioned cai)tures may be worth recording, and
the specimens were all captured by my father, my brother Philip, or
myself : — February 19th, nine Nyssia kispidaria, several PhygaUa pilo-
saria, and one Pieris rapce ; March 8th, Andrena gynana, clarkeUa, and
prcecox ; March 9th, Pioncea forficalis ; April 14th, Andrena varians ;
April 20th, Fjuchloe cardamines, Argynnis enphroysne, and Syrichthvs
alveolus ; April 22nd, Thanaos tages (there is only one previous record
for this district) ; April 23rd, Plafypteryx hamida, and Acronycta
ruraicis; April 2'4th, Thecla rubi, and Macroglossa fiiciformis ; April 2oth,
Notodonta chaonia, Cymatophora ridens, Dasychira pudibunda, Acronycta
psi, Pararge iiteg(era,Heliodes arbuti ; April 2Gt\i, Notodonta trepida, and
Vanessa atalanta; April 27th, V. urticce larvfe, full fed. — Bernard
S. Harwood, 2, Brooklyn Villas, Colchester.

Highgate. — After the rains of February, the weather became very
dry, niilcl, and genial. A stroll through the woods produced (off the
trees), several specimens of Hybernia leticopha;aria, H. progevimaria,
E. asscidaria and Phigalia pilosaria. Amongst them were some of the
apterous or semi-apterous females. I also obtained Biston hirtaria, a
Tortrix {Ephippiphora argyrana ?) and Ditirncea fagella in abundance.
I fancy that P. pilosaria is much commoner than it used to be in this
neighbourhood, for Newman remarks that " it is not common near
London, but is abundant in the North and West of England." — George
HoLLis, Dartmouth Park Hill, N.W. April, 1893.

KOTES OK COtLECflNG, ETC. 163

Hereford. — April \lih, Acronycta tridens S' on tree-tnmks ; 23rd,
hawthorn in full bloom everywhere ; Pararge megcera and Chortobius
pamphilus, several of each flying ; EucUdia mi, worn ; Lyccena argiolm,
which was flying freely in March, still out. Ova of EiicJdo'e cardamines
found. — T. A. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford.

Abbott's Wood. — April 16th. — Syrichthas malvce, Sesia culiciformis ;
April 19th, Exckloe cardamines, Thanaos tages, and one Argynnis eu-
phrosyne ; April 21st, A. euplirosyne, in swarms; Chrysophanus phlceas,
Thecla rubi; April 26th, Adela virideUa (a few); Pararge mcgoera, two
or three ; Macroglossa fuciformis, Phytometra cenea, Spilosoma fuUginosa ;
Ajjril 28th, Venilia maculata, Panagra petraria. At about 1 1 o'clock,
I passed an oak-bush, round which A. viridella were hovering in pro-
fusion, giving it quite a fairy-like appearance ; at 12.15, when I passed
again, not one was to be seen, though I looked carefully for them. On
April 18th, I saw Hemerophila abruptaria, on a lamp in Eastbourne,
besides numbers of Eupithecice and Melanippe fluctuata. — W. W. Esam,
Eastbourne. April 28th, 1893.

Bugeley. — The wonderful weather we have had lately, has brought
out insects a month or so l)efore their time. Cymatophora Jiavicornis,
I took on the 19th February ; Larentia nmltistrigaria, on the 12th March ;
Brephos p)arthenias, on 19th of March ; Hadena thalassina and Odontopera
bidentata, at light, on the 21st April ; Hadena glaiica, on the 22nd April ;
other captures have been Viminia rumicis, Cuspidia psi, Tephrosia, biundu-
laria, and T. punctidata ; Spilosoma menthastri, I saw on the 28th
April ; C. Jiavicornis, was quite scarce this year, but glauca has occurred
more freely than usual ; the other insects in their usual numbers. —
EiCHARD Freer, Rugeley, Staffordshire.

Penarth. — I have had several imagines of Satnrnia car pint, emerge
in a cage in the house (kept in a cold room), also four males and one
female, in a cage in the garden, Avhere it has been all the winter. A few
Spilosoma fuUginosa, that I have had during the Avinter, have now spun
up. — Ct. a. Birkenhead. April 1st, 1893.

Winchester. — I have been to Lyndhurst for two or three days, but
did not take much. Four Eupithecia pumilata, one E. irriguata, four E.
abbreviata, one black Tceniocampa stabilis, three XyUna petrificata (•which.
will not lay), one Amphidasys prodromaria, and a few Boarmia abietaria
larva?. — G. M. A. Hewett. Ajm'l 2nd, 1893.

Cornwall. — You will no doubt be inundated with " early aj^pearances "
this season, bi;t I send the following for insertion if you think Avell.
Locality, near Torpoint, Cornwall. Ajiril 10th, saw 1 Lyciena argiolus ;
15th, took one, saw another ; 19th, saw 2 Argynnis euphrosyne ; 20th,
saw three more ; 1 Colias ednsa was seen A^iril 18th, near Kea, Truro,
by a friend (a collector) ; on Saturday, April 29th, I saw many A. euphro-
syne, and some Hesperia alveolus about three miles from Hatfield, Herts.
— Waldegrave.

Tunbridge Wells. — It may interest your readers to hear, that I
saw a fine male specimen of Euchlo'e cardamines at Eusthall, near Tun-
bridge Wells, on Good Friday, 31st March, and my brother also saw
one on the same day, near Bayham Al^bey. This is at least three weeks
earlier than I have seen it before. — Arthur J. Rose, 6, Gracechurch
Street, London, E.G.

YorK — Feb. 19th was the first date that I saw Hybernia Icucophas-
aria ; they were numerous, but not easy to take, owing, I suppose, to

1S4 THE entomologist's RECORD

the warm clay. Many flew off the trees as soon as approached, whilst
several Avere on the wing. I took the banded form, and also the
ochreous form. The species seemed getting thin and worn by the 3rd
of March, but I then found on the oaks, imagines of AsphaUa flavicornis,
evidently just emerged. I consider this a very early date, my previous
captures having been the last week in March and early in April. —
S. Walker, York. March llth, 1893.

Durham. — On the 17th inst. I took a very light specimen of
Asphalia Jiadcornis on Seamer Moor, and on the 2Utli, a very dark
specimen, with black band, thorax and body at the same place, thus
affording an example of dark and light variations in the same locality,
and under apparently the same conditions ; the ordinary form occurred,
of course, also, but the insects were by no means plentiful this season.
T. Maddison, South Bailey, Durham. March 24-th, 1893.

Theydon Bois. — Brephos parthenias was just out on llth March at
Theydon, and last Saturday (2oth) it swarmed, but wanted picking over,
as some were worn. We worked the sallows on the same evening, all the
common species turned up plentifully, including 45 Tmiiocampa munda,
usually rather a scarce species in our forest, and a $ Calocainpa exoleta.
I am trying to get ova from the latter, but fear it is not fertile. — A. U.
Battley, 28, Amlmrst Park, N. March 30th, 1893.

Sicansea. — The sallows are nearly over here now, and the few that
are left are hardly worth working, as the bright moonlight nights seem
to keep the moths off. So far I have turned up 5 new sjiecies in this
district since I sent a list of insects taken here last year, and which
appeared in the Becord of February. On March 12th I took 3 Phy-
aaiia pilosaria, one being a very nice black variety. Larentia midtistri-
qaria came to the moth trap at the beginning of March. On the night
of the 6th March I found a specimen of Tieniocampa piopideti at rest on
some wire netting, apparently just emerged, and have taken two or
three at sallow since, and on the 28th I took 1 Br(p)hos parthenias and
1 Asphalia flavicornis in the same birch wood. My first Tephrosia
crejmscularia was taken on March 8th, up to the present date, about 30
beino- secured, some beautiful black varieties being among them, out of
which I have been fortunate enough to get a couple of batches of ova.
On March 25th I got two T. himdularia (?), one typical, and one quite
black, with white line on margin. This year I have ji laced a label
with date under each insect, to see how the crepiiscularia and hiimdularia
run into each other. About a dozen Dasychira pudihmida have emerged,
all bein"" typical. I was in hopes of getting some dark ones, as the
larvae were nearly black, but have been so far disappointed. — R. B.
Eobertson, Sketty Park, Swansea. April 1st, 1893.

Aberdeen. — The season is remarkably early here. Cidaria suffumaia
was out on the 12th April, and I got a fair sprinkling of the var.
piceata, but they are difficult to get really perfect. I took Euchloe
cardamines, which is a rare butterfly in this district, on May 1st.
Macroglossa hombyliformis was flying wildly at the same place, and it was
no easy matter to net them. Viminia menyanthidis and V. myricce
turned up at sugar on April 29th, about a month earlier than usual.
The nights are rather frosty, and consequently moths are not moving
freely ; night-feeding larvae are apparently scarce here as yet, and not
so far forward as the perfect insects. — A. Hokne. May 5th, 1893.

Wye Valley. — On the 18th of April, Argynnis euphrosyne was out

- NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 155

here in swarms. I also saw or took numbers of Nisionades tar/es,
SyrichthH^ maloce, Polyorimiatus pMoeas, Ccenonympha 2'>anipMlus, Panagra
petrarla, Euholia plumbaria, Einatnrga atomaria, Eiiclklia gjypliica,
Venilia maculata, HeJiaca te')iehrata, Coremia designata, lodis lactearia,
Euclklia mi, Emmelesia alhidata, and Spilosoma mendica. On the 22nd
April I took Phisia gamma, Ino statices, Eachelia j acobcece, Thyatyra batis,
and Spilotioma menthastrt. On the 24tli April I found nearly full-fed
larvfe of Diloba ccerideocephala, feeding on plum and laurel, and larvae
of TJrapteryx sambucana, feeding on privet. A lot of Noctua festioa
emerged in confinement last week, and I have never seen such large
specimens of this sj^ecies. — A. Nesbitt. May 2nd, 1893.

Ephestia desuetella (not kithniella) in Jamaica. — In a previous
number of the Record there appeared a notice concerning the sujjposed
occurrence of E. kuhniella in Jamaica. This was based on an exami-
nation of the larv^ found, which, while certainly not mteiyunctella,
seemed to agree, in all respects, with those of kiihnieUa. However,
when the moths appeared later, they did not seem to agree well
with liiUuiiella, so I sent some to M. Eagonot to make sure. The
reply has come that they are Ephestia desuetella (Walk.) = cahiriteUa,
Zell. = passulella, Barrett. — T. D. A. Cockerell. April 2nd, 1893.

CoLEOPTERA AT WiLLESDEN AND Hanwell. — Acton Lane, Willcsden,
is not exactly a sjiot to give a coleopterist any ideas as to its being a
good locality for beetles, and I was considerably surprised last February
to find that good insects were to be taken there, in spite its uninviting
appearance. I had gone to Willesden with the idea of walking to
Hanwell, and then round by Sudbury, back ; but, as a matter of fact,
I never got as far as Acton. The first piece of loose bark I pulled off
contained a nice specimen of Haplocnemus impressns, so I set to work on
the surrounding stumps, but although no more Haplocnenms turned uy),
I took Scapjhidema wnea and Bhinoaimus viridipennis, and further doAvn
the lane, in one of the adjacent fields, there was a three-forked oak
stump, with a large clump of grass growing in the centre, and by
shaking this I secured Psetaplms heisei, Scydmcenus hirticollis, Oxypoda
nigrina, Euthia scydmoenoides, Trogopldoeus elongatidus, and a light coloured
(? of Tychus niger, while from the fungus growing on the stump I took
Cis villosiduft.

On the following Saturday I went to Hanwell, but was not so
successful, the best insects taken being Centhorhynchus ritgidosiis,
C. troglodytes, Alophns trigattatiis, Engis rufifrons, Cis cillosuhis, Beiitbi-
diuin 4:-macidatum, (Jorticaria ptmctulata and Hoiiialota gregaria. — H.
Heasler, 17, Danby Street, Peckham, S.E.

Tkogus lapidaior, possibly British. — From one of a number of
Papilio macliaon larva? purchased last July, I obtained a large Ichneu-
mon, which was pronounced by a specialist, to whom it was sent, to be
Trogtis lapidator, with the remark that it had never been met with in
English specimens of machaou. The dealer from whom I obtained
the larv«, said he was sure the larvae came from Soham,.as he had no
machaon from the Continent till the autumn. Of course, I could only
come to the conclusion that he might have made a mistake, but seeing in
your current issue the notice of that reared by Major-Gen. Garden, I
thought the incident might be worth mentioning. — W. W. Esam,
St. Leonards. April Idth, 1893. [It would be, perhaps, well if the gen-
tlemen who reared this parasite were to find from each other whether

156 THE entomologist's record.

tliey had bought pupae from the same dealer. If Major-General Garden
had not bought pupse of machaon, such an error could hardly occur
with his specimens, and it would tend to confirm the dealer's statement
with regard to Mr. Esam's specimens. — En.]

Erratic Copulation. — Whilst searching with a light for N. hispi-
daria on oak trunks at Chingford, I took a Hibernia marginaria, in cop.
with a Nyssia hispklaria ; this will, perhaps, interest your readers ;
although we could obtain no ova, as the female, after living a week,
died without depositing. — F. W. Harvev, Tottenham. — [The sexes of
each species should always be given in a communication of this kind.
—Ed.]

Egg Laying of Endromis versicolor. — A male and female
emerged in the afternoon of February 27th, and must have paired
almost immediately. They continued in copulation until 10 ji.m. the
same evening. The female began laying at 10.45 p.m. on dead twigs
of birch, to which they were fastened on their lung sides in rows of six
to eight, or ten ; in one case one row being laid on the other, and at
first very conspicuous. The egg is long, somewhat cylindrical in shape,
but almost twice as long as broad, and with the extremities rounded ;
the colour is pale green, changing very quickly to pale yellow, whilst
the following mornnig the yellow was much deeper. A distinct longi-
tudinal depression is noticeable along the upper side of the egg. Three
days after, they became orange, whilst the development of the embryo
could be seen to be rapidly perfecting, certain dark areas being very
pronounced. The colour changes gradually to jiurple, until, five days
after being laid, they are of a tint roughly corresponding to the dead
birch twigs (some of them still yellow, and, I presume, infertile). The
eo-o-s were first laid in rows on tlie long side of the egg on the twigs,
the ? , after thus laying several little 1 matches of eggs utilised cracks in
the box in which she was placed for the purpose, the ovij)Ositor being-
thrust round in such a manner as to suggest that this may be a frequent
habit in nature. The eggs, too, so consjiicuous when first laid, are thus
well hidden. This female laid just 100 eggs, and died on March 4th,
the abdomen being, apparently, quite empty. The larvae commenced
to hatch on April 6th.

A second male and female emerged on February 28th, and I found
them in copulation before 5 p.m. These separated at 10.30, and the
$ commenced laying the same night in crevices of the box between
two layers of cardboard. Some of these rows consisted of as many as
20 eggs, and were very regularly arranged. This female laid about
136 eggs, and died on March 5th. The larvre commenced to hatch on
April 11th.— J. W. TuTT.

With regard to the way in which tlie ova of E. versicolor are laid in
a natural state, I think I can throw a little light on the subject. While
seai'ching for larva of Geometra papilionarla at Wyre Forest in the
spring of 1891, I found ova of E. versicolor in a little cluster at the end
of a thin twig. Careful searching resulted in a smaller batch being
found under exactly similar conditions. Although the above does not
prove that this is the universal habit of the species, it certainly sup-
plies an interesting fact. — G. W. Wynn, 192, Lozells Koad, Handsworth,
Birmingham.

Parasites on larv.?<; of Melit.^a ai'rinia. — In searching for larvae
of M. aurinia (artemis), on Friday last, I came across a few (in two

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 157

batches), of very small ones, still under tlieir winter web, and along
with them, some cocoons of their enemy, one of the ichneumons.
From this fact, it appears as though the larv;:e were stung during their
early days last fall. Is it usual for larvae feeding under webs to be
stung while thus screened ? It is acknowledged that artemis is highlj'^
liable to be stung ; but one would think this liability really commences
when they leave their winter retreat and lie in the open, thus being
very exposed to attack. I send a few that you may see them. — G. A.
Birkenhead, Downs View, Penarth, near Cardiff. April 4:th, 1893. —
[We sent the cocoons to Mr. Bignell of Stonehouse, Plymouth, and he
writes concerning them : — " I have not the slightest doubt that the
Apanteles cocoons, formed by the parasite of artemis emerged from
their host this spring. The species, from the appearance of the cocoon,
is a new parasite on this larva ; it does not resemble any of the three
species ah-eady obtained from artemis ; those obtained, contain much
more silk and are larger ; these have the look of being half -starved.
The thi'ee species which have already been bred from this species are : —
Apanteles bignellii, ' cocoons enclosed in a common web of cottony
texture ' (cocoons in a ball of flossy silk) ; A. sj)nrius in cocoons of white
silk ; and A. zygienarnm, in cocoons of yellow silk. These two are like
miniature cocoons of the mulberry silk- worm, with plenty of floss silk,
as seen in the last mentioned. I have had artemis from Scotland, and
have found, when they are abundant, that nine-tenths are ichneumoned.
I strongly suspect that will be the end of those not yet showing it
(7/4/93)."~Ed.].

Cannibal hairy caterpillars. — I have missed Arctia caja at times,
in an unaccountable way from my cages, but never detected any canni-
balistic propensities amongst the larvae. But when freshly turned to
jDupa, before the tender skin has emitted the varnishing liquid, and colour
is not as yet set up, I have noticed they are quite a toothsome delicacy.
The enveloping cocoon is cut open, and the juices sucked from the pupa
by any neighbouring larvjB, sometimes more than one feeding in concert.
—Sydney Webb, Dover. April 2Uh, 1893.

Preserving ova. — Can anyone give me any information as to pre-
serving the colour of ova ? ; also, the best way of killing and mounting
the same ? I mount with gum tragacanth on white cards, but should
be pleased to have any hints on the subject. — Frank Bouskell, Lans-
downe Eoad, Stoneygate, Leicester.

Iractical hints.

Sugaring. — It would be well for our collectors to l)ear in mind the
phenomenal number of insects attracted last year at the end of May.
Many Noctu^ are already well out, and I have heard of several
successful " sugaring " expeditions already. In a season like the
present, when June insects are now getting well out, and are a month
in advance, it is high time the collector was on the warpath, if he is to
get the early NocTti^. — J. W. Tutt. May, 3 893.

The Month. — This is the gi-eat day beating month for larva?. Most
of the hybernated larva? are now full-fed, and are, therefore, liitle

158 THE entomologist's record.

trouble in bringing to healthy pupas. Besides the hibernated species,
larvffi in very early stages will be found in the beating tray ; these, of
course, are less likely to be "stung," i.e., infected with parasites, and
will, to the careful breeder and ardent student, repay his patience.
Cannibal larv<B must be carefully looked out for and boxed separately,,
otherwise they will make short work of our other captures, and
probably the rarest of them. Cosmia trapezina, pale green, with white
spots, liead whitish — very active, and having a vicious look — is a
perfect demon, and must be carefully looked after, as he thinks nothing
of devouring his brother or sister ! Scopelosoma satelUtia is easily
known from its almost black velvety colour, and having a pure white
spot on the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 12th segments. Great care must be
taken with your food plant to carefully examine every roUed-up leaf ;
one of these wretches in a larva cage will work fearful havoc. Many
elaborate arrangements are sold by dealers for beating purposes, but an
old gamp suits admirably. Hold well under the branch or bush, and
with a stout stick give a sharp tap to the thicker twigs, when larvae
and spiders, &c., will tumble out in surprising numbers ; pick out what
you want, and put in your larva tin, always supplying food from the
same plant ; reverse the umbrella, and allow the rejected to find their
way back to their favourite haunts. Great care must always be taken not
to crowd your breeding cages either with species or food-plant, and
cleanliness and fresh food are great desiderata. Where the food-plant
is very difticult to obtain, a little charcoal added to the water will keep
it fresh much longer. The great increase in the list of imagines for
this month almost jirecludes the possibility of even mentioning them.
Many Dinrni are now on the wing, and the young collector must not
dash wildly after each species seen, otherwise his legs will get tired
before the day is well begun. Many Geometers are now out, and will
be found in quiet nooks during day, but will hardly escaj^e the now
pi'actised eye of the young entomologist — J. P. Mutch.

Flowers Attractive to Lepidoptera. — Thinking the following-
paragraph in a recent Daih/ News may interest (especially metropolitan)
readers of the Record, I venture to send it for insertion : — ' A suggestion
that valerian should be planted to attract the butterflies in our parks is
made by Mr. A. Hensman, 31, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, W.,
who attributes to the valerian in Regent's Park the profusion of butter-
flies there last autumn. He says : — " Several species of the common
white butterfly are to be seen every year all over London, but such a
variety of the Vanessidce I never saw before. The painted lady, large
and small tortoiseshell, red admiral, and the lovely peacock butterfly
literally swarmed on the valerian, which is so attractive to these
species. I counted on one small patch which I could have covered
with my hat four of the above-named species." ' — Herbert E. Page,
Greenwich Road, S.E. April 7th, 181)3.

Hyberxating larv^. — The Rev. G. M. A. Hewett kindly gave me
some ova of Boannia roboraria last autumn. These I sleeved on birch.
They were awake long before the birch was out, but they ate the bark,
and got fat on it. It may be useful to remind our London collectors
that birch is a food for this si^ecies. Birch is so easy and oak so
difiicult to gTOw in our London gardens. — J. W. Tutt. May, 1893.

SOCIETIES. 159

pOCIETIES.

Ento^iological Society of London. — April 12th. — Sir John Talbot
Dillwyn Llewelyn, Bart., exhibited a numl^er of specimens of Lepi-
doptera and Hymenoptera, all caught in Glamorganshire. The Lepi-
doptera included some remarkable varieties of Vanessa to, from which
the usual eye-like spots in the hind wings were absent ; varieties of
Arctia menthastri ; a long series of melanic and other forms of Boarmia
repandata and Tephrosia crepusciilaria ; and bleached forms of Geometra
jmpilionaria. The Coleoptera included specimens of Prionus coriarius,
Pyrochroa coccinea, Otiorlvjnchns sulcatus, and Asfi/nomiis (Bdilis, a large
species of Longicornia, which Sir John Llewelyn stated had been handed
to him by colliers, who obtained them from the wooden props used in
the coal mines, made out of timber imported from the Baltic. Mr.
Merrifield, Dr. Sharp, and Mr. Stevens, made some remarks on the
specimens. Sir John T. D. Llewelyn enquired whether the name of
the moth which had a suflficiently long proboscis to fertilize the large
Madagascar species of Orchis. AngrcEcwn sesqidpedale, was kno"s\ai. Mr.
C. 0. Water house stated, that the collections received at the British
Museum, from Madagascar, had been examined with the view to the
discovery of the species, but up to the jjresent, it had not been identified.
Mr. H. Gross exhibited, for Mr. Frank W. P. Dennis, of Bahia, Brazil,
several nests of Traj^-door Spiders, containing living specimens of the
spider, and read a communication from Mr. Dennis on the subject.
vSeveral j^hotogTaphs of the nests and the spiders were also exhibited.
It was stated that Mr. Dennis had found these nests at Bahia, in one spot
only, in a cocoa-nut grove close by the sea. Mr. McLachlan read a paper
entitled " On species of Chrysopa observed in the Eastern Pyrenees ;
together with descriptions of, and notes on, new or little kno-\\ai Pala3-
arctic forms of the genus." The author stated that the species referred
to in this paper, had been observed by him in the Eastern Pyrenees, in
July, 1886, when staying Avith Mons. Bene Oberthiir. After describing
the nature of the district, and its capabilities, from an entomological
point of view, the paper concluded with descriptions of certain new
palffiarctic species of the genus. Dr. Sharp, who said that he was ac-
quainted with the district, and Mr. Merrifield made some remarks on
the paper. — H. Goss, Hon. Secretary.

South London Entomological Society. — April IWi. — jNIr. Edwards
exhibited, through the President, a specimen of Papilio jovindra, from
the Himalayan region ; Mr. Weir remarking that the species was a mimic.
Mr. E. Adkin read an extract from an interesting letter addressed to
Mr. Billups, by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell, from Jamaica, and exhibited
the leaves containing the species of Coccidce referred to. Mr. Manger
exhibited Dorippe japonica, a Crustacean from Japan. Mr. Adkin ex-
hibited a small collection of Sphinges and Bombyces from Sutherland-
shire, N.B., consisting of Sesia scoliiformis, Bork., Arctia caja, L.,
Dicranura vinida, L., Orgyia antiqua, L., NemeopJiila plantaginis, Ij.,
N. russnla, L., the male specimen of which had smoky hind wings, and
Odonestis potaioria, L., the coloration of the female being intermediate
between the sexes. Mr. Perks showed a bramble leaf, from Chessington,
Surrey, corroded by a microscopic fungus. The Secretary, Mr. H.
Williams, read a letter from Mr. Kobson of Hai'tlepool, requesting aid

160 THE entomologist's record.

from members of the Society, in filling up forms he liad prepared, ask-
ing for certain information as to meteorological conditions, &c., when
sugaring for Nocture, and thus, by comparing results from different
parts of the country, Mr. Eobson hoped to come to some conclusion, re-
garding some of the anomalies of this sul)ject. Mr. Eobson said he would
be happy to send forms to any ajiplicant for same. Mr. Turner reported
the cajiture of Eupithecia nanata, Hb., Ematurga atomaria, L., and larvae
of Thera firmata, Hb., T. varmfa, Schiff., and Ellopia fasciaria, Schiff.,
and Mr. Carpenter said that Theda ruhi, L., had been taken at Eynsford,
Kent, on April 3rd, and Syriddlms malvce, L., on April 9th. The re-
mainder of the evening was devoted to a long discussion Avith regard to
the proposed excursions of the Society during the ensuing summer.

Ajm'l 27th, 1893. — Mr. Tutt exhibited a series of Tapinosfola con-
color, Gn., from Cambridgeshire, taken l)y Mr. Albert Houghton, and
remarked upon the apparently extremely restricted range of this si^ecies,
and in how very few localities it had been taken in any number ; and
Mr. Tutt also pointed out the confusion that had arisen with regard to
the nomenclature of this insect, in consequence of Hiibner's figure of
T. extrema, which has blackish cilia, having been supjDOsed to be concolor.
Mr. Weir mentioned that sjiecimens of Polyommalm dispar. Haw, had
fetched £6 each on Tuesday last, at Stevens' Auction Kooms. Mr.
W. H. Wright exhibited a very long and variable series of Bombyx
castrensis, L., bred from larvjB captured on the banks of the Medway,
and mentioned, that his experience was, that unless the larva? were, say,
within about a week of being full fed when captured, they usually re-
fused to feed, and seldom came to perfection. Mr. E. Adkin and Mr.
Tutt both corroborated this view, stating that the species was especially
resentful to a change of habitat. In jiroof of the recent extraordinary
fine weather, Mr. Tutt mentioned that Melikea cinxia, L., and other
June species, were on the wing in Guernsey, and that Lyccena argwlus,
L., were flying at Hereford during the first week in April, and Mr.
E, Adkin noted the rare occurrence of the blackthorn (Prmms sjnnosa)
and whitethorn (Crakegns oxyacantha), being in blossom at the same time.
In tlie course of some remarks upon Colias edusa, Hb., Mr, Tutt said
this species ought to have had a good chance of hybernating here in the
imago state this last winter, as circumstances were so entirely in its
favour, and that failure to do this, in a Avinter like that just past, Avould
point to its inability to do so at all in England. In Algeria and
Morocco, it could be obtained in all its stages, with the exception of the
egg, nearly the whole year through, and that in the Mediterranean
littoral, it practically did not hybernate at all, but one brood followed
the other in rapid succession. — F. W. Hawes and H. Williams,
Son. Sees.

City of London Entomological Society. — Ajml 18th, 1893. —
Exhibits : — Mr. Tremayne, various Hyhernidce and a 3' example of
Nysst'a hispidaria from Epping Forest, Avhere the latter species has
been somewhat plentiful this year ; Mr, Eiches, bred examples of
Smerinthus ocelJatus, populi and tilice ; Mr. Clark, a series of Eupithecia
pumilata from Bournemouth, and a 5 specimen of Selenia tetralunaria,
recently taken in the New Forest ; Mr. Smith, a J example of Amphi-
dasys strataria {prrodromaria), also Aapthalia fiavicornis and Brephos
parthenias from Epping Forest ; he also remarked that the latter
species had been unusually alumdant there this spring ; Mr, Lane, a

SOCIETIES.

16i

series of Colias edusa, including the var. $ helice captured last season
at Loughton ; Mr. Gates, living examples of the local Adela cuprella
from Wimbledon, and specimens of Gelechia ntripliceUa from Hammer-
smith. Coleoptera : — Mr. Heasler, a series of Paromalm Jiavicornis
from Richmond Park ; Mr. Clark, who had just returned from the New
Forest, reported the capture of Aleucis pictaria and Notodonta chaonia in
that locality, also Arctia fnlujinosa at Bournemouth ; he further stated
that he had taken a ? sj^ecimen of the glow-worm (Lampi/ris noctilma)
on April 12th ; Mr. Lewcock stated that Panolis piniperda had been fairly
common at Farnham ; and Mr. Nicholson recorded A. strataria (prodro-
maria) from West Wickham.

Tuesday, 2nd May, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Clark, Nt/ssia hispidaria,
with a pale marginal band, a pale grey specimen of Tceniocampa instahilis,
with a dark central band, and Notodonta chaonia, all captured recently
in the New Forest. Mr. Oldham, Trachea piniperda, a dark form of
Tceniocampa instahilis, and Brephos parthenias. Dr. Buckell, series of
Folia chi, from various localities, including the var, suffusa, from
Sheffield.

Mr. Hollis, melanic specimens of Diurncea fagella, from Highgate,
and living larva^ of Ocneria dispar. Mr. Battley a variable series of
Tceniocampa munda, from Epping Forest. Caj^tain Thompson, a living-
larva of Geometra pajnlionaria. Mr. Adye,a series of Boarmia repandata,
from the New Forest, including some fine specimens of var. conversaria.
Mr. Tremayne, living larvae from Epping Forest, including Nola cucu-
latella, Himera pennaria and Miselia oxyacanthce. Mr. Bacot, Amphidasys
prodromaria, Tceniocampa popideii, and a pale variety of T. instahilis, all
from Epping Forest.

Coleoptera : — Mr. Heasler a series of Anchomenus thoreyi, from the
Plumstead marshes. Mr. Lewcock, a living larva of Pulex irritans.
Mr. Tutt then read a paper on " Melanochroism in British Lepi-
doptera," being a criticism of Mr. Eobson's paper, " Is moisture the
cause of melanism ? " read before the Society, in February last.

In the discussion that ensued, Mr. Lewcock drew attention to the
fact that species frecpiently showed a distinct and constant tendency to
vary in a jmrticular direction, apart from the more polymori^hic ten-
dencies to general variation frequently observed. Mr. Bacot said that
he could hardly understand the application of the suggestion that dark
colours on the wings of lepidoi^tera were more advantageous to them
than lighter colours, by absorbing more heat, as it was the bodies of
insects which were required to benefit by such an advantage, and not
the wings. Mr. Tutt said that some observations he had made under
the microscope seemed to bear out Mr. Bacot's view, as the wing
appeared to cease to be a vital organ very early indeed in the imaginal
life, and that the absorption of heat by the wings would, under those
conditions, scarcely affect the vital functions of the imago.

On the motion of Drs. Buckell and Sequeira, a vote of thanks was
accorded to Mr. Tutt for his paper. — A. tJ. Battley and J, A, Simes,
Eon. Sees.

Penarth Entomological and Natural History Society. — In
connection with the Fifth Annual Meeting of this Society, a most enjoy-
able gathering was convened on Wednesday evening, March 22nd, in
the Public Hall, taking the form of an exhibition and conversazione.
The large room was suitably fitted up for the occasion, and decorated

162 THE entomologist's record.

with plants, flowers, and pictures, whilst all around, and on ranges of
tables in the centre, were arranged cases of insects, birds, shells, sea-
weeds, corals, ferns, &c., besides a series of interesting curios. — Most of
the entomological specimens were the fruits of local research, and
afforded evidence of the richness of the district, from a naturalist's point
of view.

An important contribution was from the collection of Lepidoptera
belonging to Sir. J. T. J). Llewelyn, the President of the Society. The
cases forwarded to Penarth were of coarse only part of his magnificent
collection, considered to be the largest in the West of England ; but they
were certainly unique, and much admired. The other members who
contributed towards the imj^romptu museum, were Dr. Bird, Prof. Howe,
Messrs. Birkenhead, Drane, Howe, Mason, Neale, Strong, Taylor, T. H.
Thomas, J. Wallis, C. W. Williams, from Avhose collections, upwards of
150 cases were sent.

The largely-attended gathering at the conversazione in the evening,
was presided over by T. H. Thomas, Esq., R.C.A., President of the Cardiff
Biological Society, who, in a hr'iei address, emphasised the advantages
derivable from the fascinating pursuits encouraged by the Society, and
directed attention to the fact that many interesting objects of Natural
History were rapidly becoming extinct, and that, but for such societies
as this, no traces would be preserved. The fifth Report, Avhich was
read by the Secretary, showed the Society to be in a flourishing con-
dition, and stated that last year, as a result of the jn-evailing flne weather,
had proved the most successful which the Society had yet experienced.
At intervals, in an adjoining room, a series of beautiful objects were
exhibited, with the limelight microscope, by Mr. J. Stowie, late curator
of the Cardiff Museum. A selection of vocal and instrumental music
was given during the evening, and much interest and amusement was
afforded, by notes of a visit to Fiji, given by Mr. T. Mason. The
evening's engagements throughout were most satisfactory. — J. Wallis,
Hon. Sec.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — Aj^ril 10th. —
Mr. H. W. Bowler, Lisbon-road, Broadgreen, was elected a member of
the Society. Mr. John Watson read a paper entitled " Notes on three
hybrid silk moths." The author, in speaking of these hybrids, stated
that he had microscopically examined the female hybrids, and found
them infertile, there being no trace of an ovarj- . He also stated that
the hybrid larvae sjnm double the weight of silk in forming the cocoon,
than either of the parents. — Dr. H. H. Corbett read a paper entitled
" Notes on the Lejudoiitera of Doncaster." He enumerated the lepi-
doptera taken by him around Doncaster, and drew attention to the local
variation of several species. He exhibited and described LitliocoUetis
cerasicolella, a siDecies new to the British list, which had just been added
by himself. Mr. Watson exhibited Papilio ehoesii female from Central
China, which, as far as he knew, was at present unique. The president
exhibited Papilio machaon ; and Mr. Newstead, a collection of Coccidce,
formed by Miss Tomlin, from Madras. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec, 7,
The Elms, Dingle, Liverpool.

Birmingham Entomological Society. — March 20th, 1893. — The
following exhibits were made : — Mr. R. C. Bradley, insects from
Sutton, including Eubolia cercinaria, etc. ; Mr. E. W. Wynn, insects
from Wyre Forest, including Dicranura bifida, Lohophora hexapterata,

SOCIETIES. 163

etc., also SmerintJius tilke from Stanbury Park ; Mr. W. Harrison,
Ampliidasys jjrodromaria from Arley, etc. Mr. G. H. Kenrick read a
joaper upon "The occurrence of the black variety of A. betularia.'"
He said it was first described by Milliere in 1859 from a specimen
from York, Avhen it seems to have been a new and excej^tional form ;
in 1869 Newman says of the species some are black ; since then it
appears to have been getting more and more common, till now it forms
a large proportion of the whole. Mr. Kenrick mentioned the various
theories of the cause of black forms, but did not think them sufficient
to account for the origin of this. He thought the form might have
arisen in this manner : — In all cases offspring more or less resemble
their parents, sometimes both, sometimes only one, occasionally the
tendency to follow one parent only being very strong ; in breeding
doubledayana even if one parent be the type form, the tendency seems
to be for most of the offs^^ring to be black ; may not a chance sport, a
chance black variety have been perj^etuated in this manner, most of the
offspring resembling it ? The species is a hardy one. The black
A-ariety does not seem to have an advantage over the ty^je, nor does
its colour seem to injui-e it at all. There Avould be no selection of type
or variety, but the black 2)arent would bring more and more black
offspring into the world even when mated with the type, and thus the
form would increase in proportion. The pajjer was discussed at length
by the Rev. E. T. Nurse, Messrs. G. T. Bethune-Baker, E. C. Bradley,
and C. J. Wainwright. — Colbran J. Wainwkight, Hon. Sec.

Leicester Entomological Club. — April 11th, 1893. — F. Bates,
Esq., in the chair. The Eeport of the Easter Excursions to Charnwood

Eorest were read by the Hon. Sec; some of the best records being:

Lepidoptera. — Ampliidasys prodromaria, Lohoplwra lohnlata, new to
Leicestershire, Breplios parthenias, Xylocampa Jitlioriza, Taeniocampa
pulvendenta, in bright sunshine. Coleoptera. — AmphicyUis globus,
Ips qundrigidtatus (new to county), Rhizophwjus dispjar, R. hipustnlatus
Bhinosimus ruficollis, B. planirostris, Bemhidium tihiale (Charnwood var.).
The Hon. Sec. gave a record of the captures w]} to date, and some notes
on the earliness of the season, everything being five weeks earlier than
usual. Exhibits. — Mr. Dixon, a fine lot of variable Tceniocampa instahilis
and T. stabilis, Amphidasys betidaria and var. donbledayaria ; the
Chairman, a box of Coleoptera ; Mr. C. B. Headly, Eupnthecia dodoneata,
vars. of larvEe of Phlogopjhora meticulosa ; the Hon Sec, a box illus-
trating the life histories of several Lepidoptera and ova of various
species. The next excursion was arranged for Swithland Wood on
April 22nd. May 1st, 1893. — The report of the excursions and records
since the last month were read by the Hon. Sec. ; the following are
some of the captures : — Lepidoptera. — Euchlo'e cardamines, Heinerophila
abruptaria, Tephrosia crejmsctdaria, T. biundidaria, Geometra papilionaria
(larvge), Lobophora lobulata, Cidaria corylata, C. stiffumata, Drepana

lacertinaria, Xylocampa lithoriza, Hadena thalassina. Coleoptera.

Bhaguim inquisitor, Ips quadriguttattis, Silpha thoracica, S. quadripimctata,
Anchomenus jimceus. Exhibits. — Mr. E. Bates, 20 boxes of Coleoi^tera,
containing the British Carabidce ; Mr. Dixon, larvae of Tieniocampa
stabilis ; Mr. C. B. Headly, Asphalia ridens, and vars. of Bumia cratcegata,
larvae ; Mr. A. M. Corali, a fine series of Papilio machaon from Wicken
pupae ; the Hon. Sec, a long series of Hybernia marginaria and vars.
fuscata, with a number of intermediate forms, also Demas coryli, ova

164 THE entomologist's record.

of Xylocampa litlioriza, Biston hirtaria, Teplirosia crepuscidaria, Lobophora
lohulata, — Frank Bouskell, Hon. Sec.

:OTICES AND REVIEWS.

Victorian Butterflies, and How to Collect them. Published
by H. Hearne & Co, 208-210, Little Lonsdale Street, Melbourne.
Part I, price 4s. Many of our readers will be pleased to bear of this
work, brought out by Mr. E. Anderson, a former Secretary of the City
of London Entomological Society, in conjunction with Mr. F. P. Spry,
a member of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria. The first part to
hand is a good deal on the lines of Newman's BriU'sh Butterflies, and
contains a general Introduction, with some concise notes on the oval,
larval and pupal conditions ; on pinning, killing, and setting insects ;
a diagrammatic repi'eseutation of a butterfly, with the names of the
nervures, the various i);irts of the wing, and body, &c. The second
j)art is, to a gTcat exten^, descriptive, but the gi-eat value of the book
consists in the well-executed wood-cuts scattered throughout. There
is one of the male and another of the female of almost every species
dealt with, whilst many have a figure of the larva and pupa in addition,
and these are so well done that there can be but little trouble for the
student to name his caj)tures from them. The figures of Pieris teutonia
give us a characteristic white Pt'eris with a black border on the outer
margin of all four "wings, the border containing a ro^v of marginal
dots as in Colias hjale and C. edusa J , a fact of the highest phylogenetic
sigTiificance, whilst those of Tachyris ega show the way in which
Pierinai with spotted borders are modified into the black-tijijied forms as
in SyncMoe daplidice, &c. Mr. Anderson mentions Danans (Danais ?)
petdia as having been recorded from England (p. 42), an evident
error; whilst he correctly records D. erippus as having been taken
here. He maintains Pyrameis liershaioi as being j)robably identical
with P. cardui, and A\a-ites of it : — " The chief point of difference is
stated to be the blue centres of three spots on the posterior wangs of
the Australian insect — a difference which Sir F. McCoy states to be
quite invariable. As jJointed out by Mr. Oliff, the variety with blue
spots has been taken in the New Forest, England, by Mr. Jenner Weir,
and also by himself in Holland. Moreover, during one of the pojjular
excursions of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria to Mount Dan-
denong, one of the authors captured a specimen with black spots,
similar to the European form, so as both forms are found in both
localities, it would appear that there is only one species " (j^p. 73-74).
There are many other jjaragTaphs to be found of general interest. We
must congratulate the authors on their Avork, and would only ask that,
where possible, fuller descriptions of the egg might be added with
advantange, and some reference to the apjjearance of the larvae in
their various skins. The printing and general get-up of the book
appears to be most satisfactory. The first part contains the Pajrdiomdce
(Pajnlionince and Pierince) ; and the Nymphalidce (Danaince, Satyrince and
Nymphalince). Any English lepidopterists avIio would like to have
the work, can obtain it through Mr. J. A. Clark, The Broadway, London
Fields, N.E.

^^^^ AND ^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 6. YoL. IV. June 15^3, 1893.

]VIEL£]^Oepil^OI^]VI ipl Bl^II'lglJ IiEPIQOP'TEI^^.

Bv A. R. GEOTE, M.A.

Mr. Tutt's interesting impev, in reply to Mr. Robson, will have
drawn fresh attention to this important jjhase of Variation in the
Lepidoptera. The fact must be assumed as fully proven by Mr. Tutt
that " areas which are excessively humid, and those that had by
artificial change of environment, produced dark surfaces," have pro-
duced also melanic races of Lepidoptera. The darkenino- of the
resting places by rain and smoke, the (sui^posed) action of the'^moisture
on the larva, and finally, "natural selection," availing itself of the
physical environment and the inherent tendency of the si^ecies to
melanism, are accordingly claimed to have succeeded in producino- a
greater number of dark individuals. I think we may eliminate from
the problem the action of " natural selection " and the effect of
humidity on the larvte, because these are factors, the modus operandi of
which has not been, in the latter case scientifically, in the former
here only inferentially, explained or proved. There remains the fact[
that in localities affording dark resting places for the moths, melanisni
is frequent. May not the explanation be that the dark restin"- iilaces
are protective '.' Granted the existing tendency to melanisuT, would
not a greater number of specimens of the dark forms be i^reserved
from natural enemies by their resemblance to their restino- i^laces in
colour ? Thus the collector, not being so easilj^ deceived would
obtain a greater percentage of dark forms from such localities. I take
it for granted that melanism is the result of reversion, and that it is
inherited. Melanic parents do not produce necessarily melanic
progeny, or at least, exclusively melanic races. Melanism occurs
sporadically with certain species, and this also in localities not particu-
larly wet, and not at all smoky. Certainly neither the " actinic "
theory, nor perhaps even the " natural selection " theory seems rightly
used to account for a phenomenon which has its basis in inheritance
and which displays itself more obviously in surroundino-s which aid in
its protection. Reversion is inheritance acting throuo-h laro-er intervals
It does not seem to be proven that a gi-eater total amount of dark
forms are absolutely produced in wet and smoky places. But, in such
places, the pale forms would be the first to be destroyed from their
contrast to their environment, and the consequent attention of their

1(36 THE entomologist's record.

natural enemies. The dai'k forms woi;ld appear to be more plentifully
produced because ai-tificially preserved from their resemblance to their
environment and the consequent inattention of their natural enemies.
We cannot call " natural selection " to solve the problem, unless we
regard melanism as a step, however small or large, however uncertain,
in the direction of specific separation. So far as my studies on
American Lepidoptera go, I have shown the probability that in such
genera as Basilarchia (Lhnimtis, part. Auct.), Datana, Plahjsamia,
Hemileuca, the separation of species has been comparatively recent, but
in whatever way the separation has been effected, it has clearly not
been due to the appearance of characters at reversion or inheritance,
but to some new " force " impelling a change in a fresh direction, to a
splitting of an original type into "varieties," "races," and finally,
" species," Avhich may, in some cases, occupy the same territory, and be
subject to the same climatic conditions. Going hand in hand with
this " force," which has caused the splitting up of what was once
probably a single "species" into what is now half a dozen, there has
been an inherent adaptability displayed by the original species, a want
of resistance to whatever has caused the splitting of the original type.
Thus some types are shown to be more plastic than others, to be less
original and firmly moulded. Such insects as Pygcera buccphala and
Datana ministra (not improbably identical in the Tertiary epochs) are
examples of these plastic forms. The characters displayed under
variation need a categorical separation as to their significance and
value. — Bremen, Germany. May, 1893.

I do not quite follow Mr. Grote's reasoning when he says, " I think
we may eliminate from the problem the action of ' natural selection '
and the effect of humidity on the larvfe, because these are factors, the
vwdus operandi of which has not been, in the latter case, scientifically,
in the former, here only inferentially, explained or proven." The
action of humidity in producing ordinary variation has been, in a
degree, scientifically proved since exi^eriments on seasonally dimorphic
Indian butterflies have been carefully carried out, and it has been
shown that by artificially exposing larva3 of the different broods to the
opposite conditions to those to which they would naturally be exposed,
the resultant imagines were of the type generated by the surroundings,
in spite of what we may assume to have been the hereditary tendency
in the opposite direction ; so that exposure to a moist or a dry
atmosphere, resulted in the production of the " dry " and " wet " season
forms. Hence it seems that there is a direct connection and a direct
action on the larva. With regard to the influence of " natural selection "
having been " only inferentially explained or proven," it can only be
admitted that such is the case to the extent that all references to
" natural selection " are necessarily in the way of inference, rather
than of actual fact, the inferences, however, being based on observed
facts. In the case of observation in this direction, however, on many
lepidoptera, the inferences are so palpable as to be almost as patent as
the facts, and these can scarcely be eliminated in any explanation given.
Mr. Grote further says : — " May not the explanation be that the
dark resting places are protective ? " I think I have fully proved that
the resting places are protective, and it is on the undoubted fact under-
lying Mr. Grote's present query, that the influence of " natural selec-
tion " has its strong basis, for the direct result of the protective nature

3IEL\N0CHR0ISM IN BRITISH LEl'IDOl'TERA. 1G7

of these i-esting places is, to favour the most protected specimens, and
^--liminate the least protected specimens, which I take it is "' natural
selection," and which, therefore, renders abortive Mr. Grote's jDrevious
suggestion '• that the modus operandi of ' natural selection ' has only
been inferentially explained or jiroven."

Mr. Grote says : — " Melanism occurs sporadically Avith certain species,
and this also, in localities not particularly wet, and not at all smoky."
This is so, and is undoubtedly due generally to reversion, as I have
pointed out more than than once in Melanism and Melanochroisin, but with
regard to the preceding paragraph tliat " melanic parents do not produce
necessarily melanic progeny, or at least exclusively melanic races," it
must be admitted that the direct hereditary influence of the actual parents
is not sufficientl}^ powerful to do the latter completely, but in a large
degree, it is sufficiently powerful to produce a large percentage of melanic
specimens. We select black Amphidasys hetularia and black Tephrosia
crepmcidaria for the purpose of breeding black specimens, thus showing,
that whilst the general principle of hereditary tendency man gi'^"*^ ^^'^
black specimens, the direct result arising from the selection of actually
black parents is enormously increased, and more certainly brings about
tlie desired result. We, in fact, change the probability of getting a
chance specimen or two of the desired dark colour, to the certainty of
getting a number of such. I am rpiite contra to Mr. Grote when he says
that " it does not seem to be jiroven that a greater total amount of dark
forms are absolutely ^^I'oduced in wet and smoky places." Practical
experience in Britain (at least) shows that such a statement is very
Avide of the mark, and there is no shadow of doubt that there is a
much larger total number of dark forms produced in wet and smoky
places, for only in such places do we get dark specimens of many
species at all. The second part of this paragi-aph, in Avhich Mr. Grote
says " the pale forms would be the first to be destroyed " owing '• to
the consequent attention of their natural enemies," and that, therefore,
as a result, " the dark forms would appear to be more plentifully pro-
duced, because artificially preserved," will not hold water, because
such an excess is equally observable in bred specimens from such
localities and is not a resultant of anything taking place after the moths
have emerged. In fact, were the suggestion which Mr. Grote makes,
possible, it would result that " melanism " is now in existence on a
large scale everywhere, and that the general result was due to nothing
but " natural selection " of the most pronounced kind on each indi-
vidual brood. But that is not so. We breed pale races from certain
localities ; we breed dark races from other localities, with an occasional
•odd variety either way : but every brood is not a mixture of dark and
light specimens, of Avhich the former are destroyed every year in one
locality, and the latter in another. I quite agree with Mr. Grote in
his general notion that many species were originally dark ; I stated so
expressly in my paper, and have repeated the statement more than once
since. I also agree that in many instances the present melanic races
are outcomes of hereditary tendency or reversion towards this original
form, and that there is, therefore, an inlierent tendency in the insect
to become dark. What we are concerned with, is not so much the in-
herent capacity in insects to vary, which we all acknowledge to exist,
but with the forces in existence at the present time, which will draw
out these latent tendencies, and which cause the insect to make these

168 THE kntomologist's eecoed.

latent tendencies outward and visible signs to us. Mr. Grote's paper-
is altogether a very striking and welcome addition to the subject, and
supports the " natural selection " theory entirely. That it was written
with another view only makes it the more A^aluablc.

With regard to the suggestions in the latter part of Mr. Grote's note,,
there can be no doubt that in all countries some species are more fixed
and less liable to branch off into other sj^ecies than others, and further,,
that many species are much more recent than others. Among the Diurni,
— ^many of the genera of the Satyr ids and the " blues " (genus Li/ccena) ;.
the tritici-cursoria group of Agrotis ; the genus TepJirosia, and others
equally pronounced at once occur to one's mind. Successful hybridi-
sation is probaljly often due to the alliance of comparatively recent
species. Certainly the characters displaj'ed under variation need careful
discrimination and classification. We are certainly advancing to the
required end, although it ma^' be much more slowly than some of us
desire, but perhaps this is really a blessing in disguise. — J. W. Tutt.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES..

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

This early season has probably caused a considerable number of
collectors -who do not usually turn out much before June, to do so this
year. Fine bright weather seems to be the one great necessity of a.
really good butterfly year, and as many of the Diiirni were out in
abundance last year (1892), there Avas every j)rospect, with such a
spring as we have had, of a reall}^ good all-round season among the
butterflies this year. So far, the promise of a good season has been
fulfilled, and personally, I was, and still am, very pleased at the
prospect, as I have returned to the " first love," at least for a season,
and am now working out certain points in the life-history of the various-
species, and have been, with the kindness of friends, able to get a fairly
large amount of material already. I have oljtained all our Papilionidce
and Picridce, in their early stages, except Leucophaoia sinapis and the two
species of Colias ; of tlie Argi/nnidce, A. papliiu, aglaia and eHjiJirosi/nr, as
well as Melikua cinxia and M. aurinia ; of the Vanessidce, all but Ci/nfhui
cardni and GrapAa c-albnm (this I believe I can get) ; of the Sati/rid(e,.
Hipparchia ja)iira, semele, Arge galatea, Lasioinmata megcera and L. cegeria.^
Several others have reached me, in either the larval or pupal forms,
and I have to thank those who have so kindly helped me. Apatnra
iris, Limenitis sibi/Ua, Gononteryx rhamni, Thecla betidie, Lyccenn argioluo,
are among others I have obtained, but I am still j^articularly in want
of Fin-is napi, Lencophasia sinapis, A. selene, A. adippe, and some of
the Satyridce and Lycivnidce, the commoner the species, the more likely
to be particularly useful. My application has been speciall}^ gTatifjang,
as showing how many observers, whose names one rarely sees in the
entomological magazines, are really ol)servers, and can lay their hands
at once on many species in their early stages. Some thirty years ago,
practically notliing was known of the life-histories of our British
butterflies ; noAv, most of the species have been thoroughl}^ hunted out
and are pretty Avell known. Some of our local species, especially the-
northern ones, are less known, e.g., Coenonympha davus, Erehia cassiope,.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 169

and to a certain extent E. hlandina. This latter I had sent me in
abundance in the larval stage, by the Galashiels collectors some ten
years ago. Since they have left off work, no one seems to have got
the larva. I need not say that I shall be very grateful for any larvje
or pupee that may be sent to me.

Pupce of Parnassius apollo. — Perhaps one of the most interesting
things that I have noticed since I have been collecting butterfly ma-
terial, has been the pupa of Parnasiiias apollo. This larva is not
jDarticularly unlike the Papilionid<:e with which it is sometimes classed,
but, the pupa is most remarkal)le. The larva sjjins a slight web on the
surface of the ground, and with no attempt at suspension in this web,
it changes to a pu^ia. This pupa is as totally unlike a butterfly pupa
as it is possible to imagine, and reminds one at first of a Bojibyx pupa,
pei"haps a little of Satnrnia carpini. It is coated with a thick bloom,
like that which one finds in Cosniia, Halias, ifec, but so thick, that
l^lenty can be scraped off, the jjupa being completely coated with it.
Dr. Chapman finds that it melts, but that it is perfectly insoluble in
•water, in fact, water runs readily off it, and he suggests that it is a
waterproof coating to protect the pupa, and when one comes to con-
sider its usual haunts among the mountains, there is a strong probability
for supposing this to be correct. At any rate, it is a most interesting
pupa. The effect of the direct rays of the sun on this pupa is also
rather remarkable. Two pupa? placed in a window facing west, where
the sun only shines for about two hours every afternoon, emerged more
than a fortnight ago (May 22nd), whilst others, in a shaded gTeenhouse
a, little above ordinary temperature, emerged on June 10th.

Snccincti occasionally changed into Saspensi. — Of other pupte I notice
that some of those species that naturally have a belt round their body
(/.e., Snccincti), often by accident, are unable to place themselves within
the girdle after it is formed. They thus become, unwillingly of course,
Saspensi, and it is remarkable how rarely they fail to attach themselves,
without the support of the girdle, l)y means of the ci'cmastral (anal)
hooks alone, and then hang after the manner of Ni/iitphalidcv by the
cremaster. This has happened with me in Pieris rapm, Euchlo'e carda-
mines, Gonopteryx rhamni and Aporia cratcegi.

Gregarious habit in Melitcea cinxia. — The larva of Melitcea cinxia does
not appear wholly to lose its gregarious habits, even when quite full
fed, for on one occasion I found no less than three pupte inside a com-
mon silk tent they had spun, and this silk tent is rather remarkable,
and puts one in mind of the cocoon of apollo. I found some pup;>3 spun
up, quite isolated, on the top of the breeding cage, but these had some
loose silk about them, and in nature I should think, a loose silk cover-
ing which appears to be waterproof, is what they usually attach them-
selves to.

Contraction of abdominal segments centrally in Argynnis aglaia. — It is,
I daresay well known, that the sex of most pupa? may be readily
determined, but the pupa of Argynnis aglaia is so hooked round ven-
trally, that the ventral surfaces of the abdominal segments are almost
entirely obsolete.

Tubercles in young lame. — Of the larvaj the most striking peculi-
arity I have noticed, is with regard to the tubercles. In almost all the
young larvoe that I have examined, I find that the trapezoidal tubercles
(two anterior and two posterior), which are arranged in pairs all down

170 THE entobiologist's record.

the back tlius . * • . , and tlie supra- and sub-spiracular (above and be-
low the spiracles), are strongly developed, with one or more long hairs
on each, and occupying a very considerable portion of the bod}-. As.
growth proceeds, and the various skins are cast, the tubercles either
become modified into spines as in some of the Nymphnlvlce, or get small
by degrees and beautifully less, until they are altogether obsolete as in
some of the Satyrklce. Good larv;v in Avhich to observe the gTadual
obsolescence in these tubercles are, Evchloe cardamhies and Lasiommata
megcera, but almost any Avill do, as it is remarkable how, in the early
larval life, there is a tendency to conform to a common structural tyjie,
different as the larva? may afterwards become.

The segmental condition of the head in young larvce of Lasiommata
megcera. — The newly-hatched larva of megcera also shows a remarkable
development, the last head segment bearing 4 typical trapezoidal
tubercles, arranged as a trapezoid, and with the usual hairs. The
marks on the other head segments seem to have the same significance,
and there can be no doubt that this points to the segments of the head
as originally ordinary, tubercle- and hair-bearing segments. In the
light of this view, it would )je well to look at (piite newly-hatched
larva? of such species as Limenitis sihylla and Vanessa polychloros, where
the posterior head segment of the adult larva has flesln^ spikes, probably
of the same origin and significance as the spines of tlie thoracic and
abdominal seginents.

Embryo in egg of L. megcera. — It is not always easy to learn what
eggs are most iiseful for microscoi:)ic observation, so as to note the
development of the embryo. I can recommend Lasiommata megcera as
a remarkal)ly good one in this respect. Slenderly and delicately ribbed
and reticulated, the shell is so transparent that when I first observed
the full}' formed embryo through the shell, the hairs, &c., were so
distinct that I considered for a time they were part of the shell, and
that the markings on the face of the embryo were also shell markings.

Improhahlliiy of regvlar hyhernation of Cynthia caidui in Britain. —
One other point relative to our spring butterflies has forced itself upon
my notice this year, riz., the utter absence of Cynthia cardui, and as for
several years I have observed this species, I have come to tlie conclusion
that this species very rarely hyl»ernates in Britain. Vanessa nrticce, io,
atalanta and ]>oJychJoros are to be seen Gxexj year in greater or less
numbers from March till June, atalanta sometimes as late as July, but
polychloros is more uncertain than the others, althougli every year
present in its Avell-known haunts. As soon as the warm days of spring
come, out come these species and Grapta c-albnm. Not so cardui.
Cardui scarcely ever appears till May, and then its appearance is most
uncertain. In 1892 the species swarmed all over southern England
and Ireland. In 1893 the species is as entirely gone up to the 23resent
date as Chrysophanus dispar. In the autumn of 1891 not a specimen
of cardui Avas to he found, and yet in May, 1892, it swarmed all over
the country. This I have observed repeatedly, and I believe cardui
does not regularl}' hybernate here any more than does Colias edusa, and
further, that the species is as certainly maintained as British by repeated
immigration, as is Colias edusa.

Effect of high spring temperature on the eggs, lame and pupce of
hutterfiies. — The effect of the unwonted temj^erature this spring has
been irregular in its action on the same species. In those that jiass the

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 171

winter in the egg state it produced a very early hatching. In those
that passed the winter in the larval stage, some fed up rapidl}', remained
pupje but a short time, and then emerged. Thus Argynnis enj)hrosyne
was well out by April 14th in North Kent, and yet after that date Mr.
"Whittle sent me larvae of the species from Essex, which are still (June
Sth) in pupa. Mr. Moberly sent me pupse of Limenitis sibi/Ila, Avliich
produced butterflies on May 23rd, whilst I still have larva? not full fed.
Mr. Hodges captured Melitcea cinxia in Guernsey in the early part of
May, and on the same day he took half fed larva? of the species for me,
some of the latter being now puj^a^ ; Lyccena adonis has been coming-
out for a month, and is still emerging, and so on. In those that pass
the winter in the pupa state there has been perhaps most difference.
Thus I have winter pupse of P. hrasKicce at the present time, and also
a pupa from an egg laid in April. The same with regard to P. rap<ii.
I have eggs, larva?, and pupa? of EucJiloe cardamines on ni}^ table at the
present moment all from the spring emergence, whilst on Saturday
(May 27tli) I found a female just emerged from a winter pupa.*
Hybernated Vanessa urticce were still on the wing on Saturda}^ (June
ord) and on the same day I bred the first sjDecimens from 1893 larva?.
At the same time I found several batches, some only just hatched, others
full fed, so that the flight of this species, which normally takes place
in July, will consist of the progeny of hybernated females which are
still egg-laying, and those of butterflies which have already completed
one cycle of existence in 1893. Lasioinmata egeria was worn to shreds
in Chattenden on the last Saturday in April. A freshly-emerged batch
was out on May 27th,f both, I take it, from parents of the previous
autumn, but probably belonging to different broods. As we may
suppose the progeny of these will emerge as irregularly as the parents'
broods, it is probable that the species will occur all the summer, good
and bad specimens flying together.

Notes on emergence in a season like this will be most interesting,
and should prove of actual value, as verifying some dates which we
find in old authors, and which have long been looked on in the light
of uncertainty. At the same time there is strong possibility that
partial second broods of many usually single-brooded species will
appear later in the season. — June, 1893.

gciENTIFIC NOTES.

Argynnis euphrosyne at fault. — On April 29th, this species oc-
curred in abundance in North Kent, and I spent some little time
observing it. It would appear that the males are somewhat readily
attracted by the females, probabl}' in a great measure b}^ sight. It was
rather puzzling, however, to account for the frequency with which they
were at fault. On one occasion, a male fluttered up to a dead oak leaf,

* On June 7th I took a freshly emerged male in North Kent. — J. W. T.

t I have since seen reason to modify this opinion, as some young larvae sent
to me on June 3rd last, are now (June Sth) pupating, the larvae having grown
most rapidly. Probably, therefore, those noticed on Ma.y 27th were the progeny
of the late March and earliest April buttertties. — J. "W. T.

172 THE entomologist's record.

miicli of the same tint as the female insect ; the manner of fluttering
evidently showing that it mistook the leaf for a female ; and after a
time, finding its mistake, flew off, only to return on three successive
occasions before it was fully satisfied of its error. I saw two other
males behave in a similar manner towards other leaves. Strange to
say, a week later, I made another similar observation at Cuxton. —
J. W. TuTT. May, 1893.

Embryonic development of Xanthia aurago. — In Mr. Tutt's
interesting notes on the genus Xanthia in the Ent. Becord for last
March, he quotes the Eev. J. Hellins as noting that the ova of aurago
hybernate without any perceptible development of the future larva.
As a general statement this is certainly incorrect, for a female aurago
I took at ivy on October 28th, 1892, laid 28 eggs during the following-
week, which began to change to a purplish colour on November 4th,
and within ten days all had assumed the leaden hue characteristic of
the presence of the growing larva. I should think most probably that
Mr. Hellins' ova Avere an exception, and that the growing larva? of
aurago do hybernate in the egg as a rule. My larva^ emerged during
the last week of March, and fortunately took kindly to the buds of the
birch, fiom which I removed the outer coverings. They seem to creep
into the buds, and m(3st often are even now invisible, and only show
signs of their existence by frass. The beech here is still only in bud,
though some of the oak and ash trees even have voung leaves already.
~W. S. EiDiNG, April ISth, 1893.

ARIATION.

Variation in Halias prasinana. — I met with a specimen of this
species last year with very broad silver fascia (central shade ?) in the
middle of the Aving, and having obtained some eggs therefrom, have
reared a iew moths. The females, as usual, shoAv this silvery central
shade more than the males, but there is not amongst them one at all
remarkable in this respect ; they were fed on oak. An odd larva
picked up on birch has produced a yellow variety, a very unsatis
factory form, as, had I not bred it, I should have settled that it had
attained this colour by fading with weather, or by some chemical
application, the colour being a faded yellowish olive green, rather
than a tint entitled to be called yellow, — T. A. Chapman, Firl^ank,
Hereford.

Variation, in Abra?cas gkossulariata. — In view of the remarks
in previous issues regarding varieties of the above insect, my experience
(or luck) last year may be of interest. I had occasion to be in Inver-
keithing, Fife, for a day toAvards the end of May, and while there
picked off a dozen pupje of this species from the Avooden supports of
the currant bushes in my friend's garden, simply to renew my series,
and of those dozen tAvo of the resulting imagines Avere A'arieties.
One with yellow entirel}' replacing the Avhite, both on the upper and
loAver Avings ; the other, Avith, only the upper wings yellow, the lower
being almost normal. — Douglas Walker, Glasgow.

PRACTICAL HINTS. 173

Hractical hints.

The Month. — This is a very busy month indeed to the entomo-
logist. So much so that " practical " or any other " hints " will hardly
be read, but will be pushed on one side, to be overhauled at a more
convenient season, and with net in hand he sallies forth at an early
hour in the morning eager for the fray, returning at night tired but
only half satisfied with his diurnal sport, and although tired, after
having snatched a hasty meal, and charged his lantern and sugaring
tin, he starts off again to his nocturnal haunts. Larvaj at this time are
very little thought about, although both numerous and rare. The
delicate green larvas of PapUio machaon may be found in fens and
marshes feeding on wild caiTot and other Umbelliferous plants. This
is in all stages one of our most Ijeautif ul butterflies ; Gonopteri/x rhamni,
also, is feeding on the two buckthorns. Thecla hetulce, feeding on
sloe, may be beaten out, but is more readily found at night, at which
time it feeds, unlike most of the Bhopalocera, Petasia cassinea on elm
and nut, not common or easily seen. Most of the butterflies are on the
wing, and good " bags " may be made. The Sesia family are nearly
all out, but want careful looking for ; when one is caught, others may
be readily seen flitting about from place to place in the liright sunshine.
Stauropns fagi found at rest on tree trunks is a grand prize, more
especially if a J with plenty of fertile ova. If asked where to search
this month, the reply would l)e " everywhere." — J. P. Mutch.

Hints. — (1). Look at the seed-heads of Silene during June and
July. Little round holes (sometimes with the frass projecting) will
frequently be seen. Collect all such heads and tie up in a linen bag.
Large numbers of Dianthoecke may he bred.

(2). As soon as Clematis vitalha is in bloom, search for Inids
showing a small black hole. Collect such buds, tie them up in linen
bags, and you will get plenty of Enpithecia isogrammafa.

(3). Look carefully in reed beds, for reeds showing the central leaf
yellow. Cut low down and place in water. You will breed Nonagria
geminipimcta. — J. W. Tutt. June, 1893.

BURRENT NOTES.

In the Ent. Mo. Mag., 1891, p. 244, Messrs. Douglas and Newstead
differentiated the Coccids, Lecanium hesperidam and L. laurt. Mr. Maskell,
in the May num])er of the same Mag., questions their distinctness,
and suggests that L. lauri will have to be merged into Z. hesperidum.

We are aware that a large body of collectors of Lepidoptera do not
pretend to be scientists, and yet they make a number of useful
observations. There are a few who collect insects much in the same
manner, and probably for the same reason, that many residents of the
London slums catch birds. For the latter class Dr. Knaggs is writing
what apparently means to be a comprehensive article in The Entomologist.
Butterflies are to be caught with artificial decoys, consisting of butter-
flies' wings glued to springs. We expect to read next month of a net
to be pulled with a string from a distance, of a second string to work
the wings of the decoy, and a general parallel to other bird-catching

174 THE entomologist's record.

requisites. Truly entomology of this kind must do us a gi'eat amount
of harm, and reduce us, in the opinion of the public, to the general
level of the Whitechapel bird-catcher. Some of us are near enough
that level now. It were better, it appears to us, that educated men
should attempt to raise instead of lower the general tone of entomology.

Mr. Chitty describes a black form of Telephorns figuratm, and pro-
poses the vai'ietal name of crnachanus for it, the variety having been
found near Ben Cruachan.

Mr. McLachlan, in his Presidential Address to the West Kent Nat.
History Society. Feb. 1893, suggested a close time for some species of
butterflies, as is now the case with some birds. The species specially
referred to as requiring this treatment are Lyccena avion and L. ads,
which he suggests are probably approaching extinction in Britain
through over-collecting. We wonder what will be thought of this idea
by those who are at present devising decoys, springs, ifec. for the more
certain wholesale capture, and the eonsecpient more certain extermi-
nation, of our rarer butterflies. Although we look on the idea as rather
Utoijian, it is certainly a move in the right direction, in the present
days of over-collecting.

Mr. Newstead has provisionally named a Coccid. taken in a " nest
of Formica nigra at Chesil Beach,'* and which he believes to be new,
Lecan opsis form icaruiii .

Mr. Kobson promises to answer the criticism on '' Is Moisture the
cause of Melanism ?" and published in our last issue, at some future date.
We are curious to learn what further views Mr. Robson has on the sul )ject
of " Melanism," and can promise to give them our most careful atten-
tion when they appear.

Our readers will hear with pleasure that Mr. E. B. Poultou, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.E.S., has been elected to succeed the late Professor Westwood
as Professor of Zoology at Oxford.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Cannibalism in lakv^k of Uallimortha hera. — Callimorplta hera
larvae appear to show a slight tendency to eat each other. Aliout live
or six have been devoured by their comrades. This operation has so
far l)een always performed when the victim was changing its skin and
so defenceless, though one was injured in its normal state. I have not
on my mind another instance of a hairy larva Avhich is a cannibal, but
I daresay there may be others. They feed at night, and if they take
a fancy to eating a comrade, they do not leave much more of him by
the moniing than would be left if he were to moult and leave tlie old
skin. — A. Robinson, Mitre Court Buildings. April 'I'^th, 181)3.

Cannibal Hairy Caterpillars. — In reference to the interesting note
l»y Mr. Sydney Webb on p. 157 of the May Ent. Becord about the larva
of Arctia caja sometimes making a meal off the pupa, I may mention
that I have noticed exactly the same hal)it in the case of Amhhjptilia
acanthodactyla. Last autumn, being anxious to make some observa-
tions on the larvffi of this " Plume," I took the opportunity of their
being exce})tionally abundant, and collected some hundreds of them,
over whicli a careful watcli was kept. Althougli the larva3 did not
appear ever to attack one another, they certainly devoured some of

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 175

the newly- formed pujia^ and yet there was no scarcity of their natural
food to account for it. Curiously enough, only yesterday, when I was
in the New Forest, I opened a rolled-up leaf, inside which was a fair-
sized Macro larva3 with its head almost touching the remaining portion
of a freshly-eaten Tortrix pupa, and on the very strong circumstantial
evidence, any jury would have l)rought in a verdict of " guilty,"
Unfortunately, the offending larva had better remain nameless, for
before I was able to examine it satisfactorily, it slipjjcd off the leaf and
disappeared. — Eustace R. Bankes, The Kectory, Corfe Castle. Maij 20th,
1893.

CoLiAS EDFSA AT Seaton. — A female Colias eclusa was captured on
tlie l)each here on Saturday, 27th May, and another seen on June 2nd.
— John N. Still, Seaton. Jmne 5th. [Our correspondent has sent us
a specimen. Probabl}^ as on previous occasions, we are to have this
species two consecutive years with us. At any rate it would appear
that a few of the many imagines which occurred last autumn were
able to liybernate. Of course, last winter Avas most favourable, and
gave the imagines every opportunity of undergoing the ordeal. — Ed.]

Nyssia hispidaria at Reading. — On March 5th I took a fine <?
N. hisjndarta at rest near here, which is a welcome addition to our
list. — A. H. Hamm, 24, Hatherby Road, Reading.

Prior Emergence of Male Lepidoptera. — The relative time of
emergence of the male and female insect has been discussed of late. I
noticed recently a striking example of males coming ou^ first in the
case of some bred Epione adoenaria. Fifteen ^ s emer^'cd between
March 24th and 30th, and between the latter date and April 10th some
twelve imagines put in an ajapearance, all of which were J s, except
one other male on April 1st. My attention was called to the point
l)ecause. wishing to continue the race, I was looking each day for a
female to pair.— W. S. Riding, Honiton. Ajm'I 18th, 1893.

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

Kings Lynn. — Despite the prevalence of cold easterly or N.E. winds
and very cold frosty nights, I find several species emerging earlier than
usual. For more than a week we have had a frost nearly every night,
but the days have been sunny and fairly warm. On the 4th of this
montli I noticed Tephrosia punctulata (2 specimens) at rest on alder
trunks, nearly a month earlier than I have ever met with them here.
Brephos pnrthenias was out on March 5th, and on the 12th was very
plentiful, and continued on the wing during the month. So far my
best take has been a series of Stenanoptycha pygnueana among the
spruce fir, but in consequence of N.E. winds, this species was much
more difficult to get this year than last. The superabundance of
Aphides on birch has well nigh caused me to give up collecting the
species of Micropteryx found here. For the time of the year I never
saw Aphides so plentiful, and as the winged females are now appearing,
I fear that unless Ave soon get rain, these insects are likely to continue
a source of annoyance to the collector of lepidoptera. — E. A. Atmore.
April 10th, 1893.

Swamea. — Mothing started pretty early here this year. I took my
first sallow frecpienters on March 6th, Tceniocampa mnnda and populeti,
the latter being new to this district, ride list in February number of
Ent. Record. I have also added to the same list, Larentia mtdtistrigaria.

176 THE entomologist's record.

at light ; Tmiiocampa rmmda ; T. opima at light ; Asphalid flavicornis at
rest ; Brephos parthenias flying in sunshine ; Hemerophila ahruptaria at
light ; Anticlea badiata at light ; Eupithecia nanata at light ; and
omitted to mention in last list, Anticlea derivata at rest, and also
Phigalia pilosaria. I took my first Tephrosia crcpuscularia on March 8tli,
a month earlier than last year, and have since turned up some very
nice dark varieties, though they seem much scarcer tlian last year. We
may get some later on, as the continued fine weather and no rain is
probably keeping the insect from emerging. On jMarch 12th I took a
very nice black variety of Phigalia pilosaria ; it is the only variety of
this species I have ever seen, though it may be common in some places.
I have taken the type freely in Berks and Hants. On the 14th I took
Tephrosia consonnria and Argynnis euphrosyne, which I think extremely
early, at least in this locality. The nights liave been very bad for my
moth traps. I have only had one successful night, viz. on March 7th, on
which I took Hemerophila ahruptaria (I), Lohophora lobn]at(i(S), Amplii-
dasys prodromaria (2), To'iiiocampa iimnda (1), T. opima (2), Pachnohia
rnbricosa (1), Selenia illunaria (2), S. illustraria (1), Enpithecia nanata (1),
Cilix fipimda (1), CaJocampa exoleta (1), C. vetnsta (1), A. badiata (3), L.
midtistrigaria, Eapithecia abhreriata, with plenty of T. gothica, instaJyilis,
cruda, Hybernia progemmaria and Anisopteryx (cscidaria. Tliere has been
a frost every night since, so I have taken nothing. — E. B. Kobertson.
April 14th, 1893.

Tyrone. — The season is three weeks early here ! Numeria pulveraria,
Eurymene dolobraria, Macroghm<a hombyliformis and Ptilodontis palpina,
were taken on the 4th of May. Usually they appear in the first week
of June here. — W. F. de Kane, Monaghan. May 5th, 1893.

Clevedon. — Insects are very early this season. The Geometry are
especially plentiful at present ; Nocxi^?-: not so plentiful, neither do
any of the last-named yet affect sugar. The long-continued drought
is productive of a vast amount of honeydew (even the common 3Ier-
curialis is covered with it) ; this being so, we must not look for much
success with the sugaring tin, at any rate for a time. I suppose we
may look with certainty to have a second brood of many species of
insects this season in consequence of the unusually early ap2;)earance
(three weeks) in some cases. I took a few specimens of Afithena blomeri
the last week in April, and saw Drepana unguicula on the wing the
latter end of the second week in the same month. — J. Mason.
May 10th, 1893.

Wicken. — [ was collecting at Wicken last Saturday and Sunday
(the 6th and 7th May), where I found Papilio machaon out in fine con-
dition, and flying in fair numbers in the Fen. The warm weather has
brovight the insect out very early this year, as I heard that it had lieen
seen as far back as a fortnight before my visit, and the females had
already begun to deposit their ova. Larvae of Lasiocampa quercifolia
were .also to be found of various sizes. I took thirteen, varying from
about 1^- inches to 4^-inches in length. This is a fairly easy larva to
find when one has once got used to its ajipearance. It is to be found
resting on buckthorn and sallow bushes, quite near the ground, amongst
the grass and reeds, and generally seems to prefer small bushes to large
ones. Unfortunately, the nights were clear and cold, with an east
-wind, which made sugar and light quite useless, the only insects which
came to sugar being two Gonoptera libatrix (the one Avhich I bottled

. NOTKS ON fOLLErTING, ETC. 177

being in absolutely perfect condition, ratlier surprising for a liybernated
insect taken so late in the spring) ; two Apamea gemma, one Tcnnio-
campa gothica, one Tceniocampa gracilis and one Noctua ruhi. Meliana
ftammea, I was informed by Mr. Bailej^ (a local collector, who rendered
me much valuable assistance) was nicely out, but owing to the cold
nights I did not try light, and consequently saw none. Digging at the
roots of })0})lars produced one pupa of Trochilinm apiforwis, though the
traces of tlie larva^ were apparent in many of the trees. Of tlie common
butterflies, Pieris hrassicce, rapcf and napi were of course in abundance
during the hot sunshine, and a good many Enchlo'e cardamines turned
up, with a few Pararge megcera in tlie lanes. One or two Ematnrga
atomaria in the Fen, and single specimens each of Euclidia mi, Mela-
nippe sociata and Antidea hadiata, with a couple of young larvae of
Bomhyx quercut^, completes the list of insects taken. Not a very o-rand
one for Wicken. — Henry A. HilI;, 132, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead
N.W. Mai/ 11th, 1893.

Soidhend. — I was at Southend from April 17th to May lltli, Init
owing to the almost continuous north-easterly gales, m_y captTu-'es Avere
not very large. Some of the dates are very early for the respective
species, the following lieing the most noticeable : — Ajn-il IStli,
Poli/ommatns phlmis, Syrichflnis maJvcf, and Cdix spinida ; April 19th,
Strenia dathrata, Eupithecia centaureata, E. coronata and Psyche radi-
dla ; April 24th, Argynnis euphrosyne ; April 25th, Lycmia alexis and
Chortohius pamphilns ; April 27th, Viminia rumicis and Cuspidia mega-
cephala; April 29th, Cuspidia psi, Satyrus megcera, Agrotis exdamafionis
and Grammesia frilinea ; May 1st, Hadena genistce ; May 3rd, AspiJates
cilraria. Anthocharis cardamines was very plentiful near Benfleet and
I also found the ova on the flower stalks of Erysimum allaria. My
other captures included Hemerophda abruptaria, Acidalia promvtata
Eupithecia abhreviata, E. pumilata, Tceniocampa gracilis, and a few larva?
of Bombyx quercus, Odonestis potatoria, Trichiura cratcegi, Arctia villica
Diloba ca'ruleocep)hala, Phorodesma smaragdaria, &c. Some of tlie larvae
were very forward. Eriogaster lanestris in second skin, on April 19th,
Vanessa iirtiae full fed on 6th May, and many others. I think some of
the latter species must have passed the winter in the pujia state for
they were quite fresh, and are easily separated from the tattered, liy-
bernated sj^ecimens. Mr. Piatt, of Chipping Norton, sent me some
pupae full developed, about Christmas time, but they failed to emero-e ;
possibly it was the railway journey that killed them. — A. U. B^ti'ley'
28, Amhurst Park, N. May 12th, 1893. [We do not think the
suggestions re Vanessa urticce at all probable. — Ed.].

Seaton. — We have had sunshine here since 1st March, and some
extremely hot nights, when insects appeared in gi-eat quantities round
the lamps, many species very uiuch before they were due. Argynnis
euphrosyne, numerous since 27tli April. Pararge egeria and P. megcera
since April 13th. I took Hepialns Inpidinns on April 2otli. On "llth
May, I noticed fourteen different species of butterflies in two hours ;
including one Colias edusn and one Vanessa poly chlor as, at lio-lit. Demas
coryli, Arctia villica and Dasychira pudibnnda, are very numerous now.
I also took Notodonta chaonia and N. dodonea. Many June Noctu.e I
captured, niglit after night; the best of many good species beino-
Dianthcecia albimacula, the food-plant (Silene nutans) oTowino- here!
Geometers and many species of the Micro-lepidoptera are equally
numerous and early. — John N. Still. May 12th, 1893.

178 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORB,

HorsJei/. — South London Entomological and Natural History
Society. — Field Meeting held on Saturday afternoon, May 13th, at
Horsley, six miles from Guildford. The members assembled at
Waterloo about two o'clock, as tlie Committee had arranged, and after
an hour's pleasant ride, mainly through a fine collecting district, we
aiTived at our destination. No arrangements had been made for a set
tea, so we all proceeded to fortify ourselves in various ways for the
loss, with the full intention to wcn-k till dark prevented us. The first
capture, I lielieve, was Euchloe canlamines, L., on the roadside near the
inn, and quickly nets were swinging in all directions for Emmelesia
albnlata, Schiff. was crossing the road in numbers. We entered the
field to the right, and were soon busy with the pretty but swift Heliaca
tniehrntd, Scop. Here were more E. cardainines with Pieris napi, L..
Si/ricJithus malcce, L. and Nisionades tages, L. ; somewhat Avorn Poh/-
ovunntus phheas, L. ; Lyccpna {cams, Rott. and Ccenonympha panipliilns,
L., freshly emerged ; Euclidia mi, Clerck, E. ijlyphica, L. and Pyrauftta
purpuralis, L., in their usually damaged state ; and, of course, the two
pests, Cramhus horhieUiis, Hb. and C. pn-atellus were well in evidence.
Adjoining these fields was a shady pond, which produced, among other
treasures, several species of Atjahns to our only Coleopterist. Proceed-
ing along the edge of the Avood many Geometers were driven out ;
LoiiKispiUs^ iiiarginata, L., Cabera pusaria, L., Acidalia remutaria, Hb.
and Asthena candidata, Schiif., in good condition ; one or two Baptn
temerata, Hb., and a single Zonosoma annuJata, Schulz were cai^tured.
The larvae of Cleora licheaaria, Hufn. Avere searched for, but failed to
put in an appearance. Almost every bush of spindle Avas SAvarming
Avith the larvfe of Hyponoineufa eronymella, L. A short lane produced
the loA'ely nest of a Wood Warbler {PhUloscopiis .sibilatria, Bech),
with se\"en eggs. Close by, among some young birch and under-
wood, Euchclia jacobcece, L., Avas in full force, and an odd Pararge
megcera, L. was noted Avith Melanippe montanata, Bork. Here, too, our
botanists got rcAvarded, for spikes of Orchis mascida, L. Avere found,
Avith 0. inactdata, E. not yet in floAver. Wandering through the
fields, the beautiful larA'as of Diloba C(frnleoceph(da, L. Avere seen
defoliating the sloe and E. albnlata, Schiff. Avas in swarms flying over the
grass in the field next the Guildford Road. Geometrina larA'a?, including
the l)eautiful Hybernia defoliaria, L., seemed j^lentiful Avberever any
beating Avas done. Crossing the road by the church, Ave took the i^ath
leading to the Sheep Leas. Under the beech trees on the right Avere
many spikes of Cephalantliera grandijiura, Bab., with a few Listera
ovata, Br. There Avas also Daphne laureola, L. When the open Leas
were reached, there Avere the " blues," L. astrarche, Bgstr. and L. icarus,
Rott., Avith C. pamphihts in large numbers, gradually seeking rest, as
the sun Avent doAvn, on tall stems of grass and other elevated coigns of
vantage. On our return these Avere all quiet, and A'ars. Avere eagerly
sought, but success Avas nil ; at the top of the Leas more than two
dozen Avere counted on the dead floAver spikes of burdock. A plant of
deadly nightshade {Belladonna afropa, L.), Avhich, on a former A'isit
of the Society, Avas more than scA-en feet high, Avas again rearing its
head, and on an old stump near, the allied Solanuin nigrum, L. Avas
groAving. All tlie Inirdock leaves around this jjart Avere Avell riddled
l)y the laiwa> of Ariptilia g<dactodactyla, Hb., and a few late ones Avere
found liy the searchers. Now Ave dispersed, and afterwards, Avhen

NOTES ON (JOLLfiUTlKG, ETC. 179

comparing notes, several additional species were added to our lists,
including one Epione advenaria, Hb. One Bapta bimacnlata, Fb.,
Biipalm piniaria, L., CIdaria associata, Bork., Phi/tometra viridaria,
(Jlerck ((etiea, Hb.), lodis ladearia, L., Ematarga atomaria, L. and
Sfreaia clathrata, L. were recorded ; Anaitis plaijiata, L. and Botijs
hijaJinalh, Hb. were just emerging ; specimens were also taken of Bofj/s
ftiscalh, Scliiff (? Ed.), Xanthosetia liamana, L., Cidaria cori/Iata, Tlmb.
and Melanippe riimta, HI). Our micro-le})idoj)terists, among otlier things,
noted the cases of Psi/che hirsutella, Hl>. {fasca, Sta.), and imagines
of Carpocapsn grof^sana, HaAV. Enpcec/Vd cilieUa, Hb., Gh/phipten/x
fnscoLHridella, Haw., and EUichlsta argent ella, Clevck {ci/gn/pcnneUa, HI).).
Our return over a portion of the same gTOund was more productive in
specimens, but only Phalera hncephula, L. and Zonosoina liaeariti, Hb.
(tr Hi lie aria, Bork) were new. The inner man now needed attention,
and although the accommodation was but meagre, ample justice, as is
usual with our members, was done to what Avas put before us. The
walk to the station through the quaint village produced a sjjecimen of
Melanthia ocellata, L., and two of oixr number Avho had gone to the
rhododendrons, reported that, to their disgust, all were burnt, together
with much of the surrounding forest. Our journey home was most
pleasantly s^^ent in relating experiences, and I believe all returned
thoroughly pleased with the outing, and heartily wishing that the next
field outing, to Oxshott on June 10th, under the able guidance of
Mr. R. South, may be both as enjoyable and as successful as this one
had been. — Hv. J. Turner (on behalf of the Committee).

Wei/mouth. — The most striking instance that I have noticed (in the
very little collecting that I have done), of the earliness of the season,
is that Steganopti/cha snhseqnana, which is generally not out until the
l^eginning of May or the extreme end of April, was (|uite Avorn, and
almost over at the latter date. — N. M. Richardson. May ISth, 18'J3.
North Oxon. — During a week sp)ent at Whitsuntide, near Eustone,
the weather was rather iinsettled, and sugar proving entirely useless.
I did very little among the Xoctu,*;. Geometers Avere, hoAvevcr, Hying
freely at dusk, and I took a stroll round the hedges and lanes CA^ery
suitaV)le CA^ening ; the commonest sjDecies l)y far Avas Melanlppe riionta-
nafa, Avhich seemed alwaiys ready to fly, day or night. Cidaria russata,
Avith several varieties, including ceiitnvi-notata, Avas also common, as
Avas M. sociata. Amongst other species beaten out Avere Axthena Inteata,
Abraxas nlinata (singly), Phihalapteryx tersata, Larentia pectinitaria,
Emmelesia decolorata, A. candidata, Melanthia ocellata, Cidaria suffumata
(very Avorn), Camptogramina bilineafa (first occurred May 24th), Cidaria
corylata, etc. Altogether during the Aveek, I obserA'cd over 25 species
of ( xeometers, Avithin a radius of a few hundred yards of the farmliouse
Avhere I was staj" ing. Noctu^ were flying in plenty, but were not
attracted to sugar, the only capture Avas a very dark Xylophasia rurea
var. combnsta, Avhich, from its condition, had been out some time. A
day spent at Wyclnvood Forest, on Wliit-Monday, resulted in the
capture of about 3U Ncnieobim Incina, mostly rather faded ; evidently
this local species was, like most others, oiit much before its usual time.
Larva3 seem very plentiful, and the trees shoAV traces of their ravages
on all sides. Hepialus hnmuli Avas first noticed aljout the fields on
May 21th, and I captured a very large ? , conspicuously larger than any
in my series. H. lupidinm was very common, darting about most

180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

actively. I observed one very evident case of " assembling " in this
species, in whicli several males were settled quietly round, in a
very small space, and others, wildly dashing about ; only one $ was
observed. — Albert J. Hodges. iJ/«y, 1893.

New Forest. — The following larva3 were captured by myself, and
members of the North London Natural History Society, on May 19th,
at Lyndhurst. — On oak: Thecla qaercus (not common), Psilura monacha
(several), Cymatophora ridens (very common), Cosiaia tr.ipezina and
T^niocampa stahilis (very common), Agriopis aprih'na, Ennomos angidaria
(several), Amplddasijs prodroviarla (several), Ni/ssia hLspklaria, Phitjalia
pedaria, Hiinera pennaria, Hi/beraia defoliarla (not plentiful), Eiipithecia
abbreviata (several). On birch : Cymatophora flavicornls (between the
leaves), Selenia illustraria, Geometra papilioaaria (occasionally), Brephos
partheiiias. On elm and sallow : Vanessa polychloros occurred in pro-
fusion, with an occasional Argynnis papliia. — Ambrose Quail, Stamford
Hill, N. [Surely not paphia on elm and sallow. — Ed.].

North Devon. — Last year was an exceptionally good season here
from a collector's point of view, but this bids fair to surjjass it, with the
exception that not one hybernated Cynthia cardui or Colias edusa has,
so far, put in an a^Dpearance. Butterflies have been very jilentiful, and
weeks earlier than 1 have ever known them ; the following is my list
of " First Notices " : — March 10th, Vanessa urticce ; 20th, V. io ; 23rd,
Lasiomniata egeria ; 25th, Pieris rapce ; 29th, Gonopteryx rhamni ;
30th, P. brassicce. April 7th, Enchloe eardarnines ; 11th, Lasiommata
megtera ; llth, Thanaos tages ; 15th, P. na^^/ (probal)ly out before, but
the lirst one caught) ; 16th, Syrichthus alveolus ; 19th, Chrysophanus
phlceas ; 20th, Argynnis euphrosync, Leucophasia siniq^is, Lyccena icariis,
L. argiolus ; 23rd, V. atalanta ; 25th, Coinonymphu panqjhilus ; 27th,
Melitcea arternis, M. athalia, A. selene. May 4th, Hesperia sylvanus ;
26th, Uipparchia janira ; 28th, A. adippe. The following insects —
T. tages, L. megcera, P. brassicie, L. teams, A. selene and H. janira being
actually as early, or earlier than I took them at Biarritz, in 1891. A.
euphrosyne has been extraordinarily abundant. Sallows promised well,
but from the time the fine weather and E. winds set in (March 18th),
they proved absolutely useless, and sugar has been a complete failure.
Night searching and sweeping for larvte has also given very poor re-
sults. But for one week (May 9tli to 15th inclusive), light proved very
successful ; on the last night, which was the best, there had been a
thunderstorm, and heavy showers during the day. The following-
species were taken : — May 9th : — Spilosoma menthasfri, S. lubricipeda,
Agrotis exclamationis, Grammesia trilinea (including the red form and
var. bilinea), Dianthcecia capsincola, Apamea basilinea, Odonoptera biden-
tata, Cidaria russata and Entnielcsia decolorata ; 10th, Cucullia umbratica,
Viminia rumicis ; 11th, Plmia chrysitis ; 13th, Boinbyx rubi ? , Arctia
villica, Leucania pallens ; llth, Cili.e spinida, Hadena dentina, H. tha-
lassina ; 15th, Noiodonta trepida, N. ziczac, Demas coryli, L. comma, A.
rurea, 31. anceps, Caradrina morpheas, Busina tenebrosa, A. segetmn,
Noctua rubi, N. plecta, Hadena genista', H. pisi, Plnsia gamma, Selenia
Inaaria, Etirymene dolobraria, Ephyra porata. The moon being just
again favourable, light produced last night (June 2nd), the following-
additional species : — Miana sfrigilis, Apamea gemina, Axylia p>ntris, N.
triangnlum, N. c-nigrum, N. /estiva, Xylophasia polyodon {monoglypha),
II. oleracea, Phlogophora melicnlosa, Habroslola iirtiae (tripartita), mar-

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 181

^ariiaria, Thera firmafa, A. socielJa. I took a fi'cslily hatclied viUiea ^
on April 27tli, my earliest previous record being June 7th (in 1887),
whilst I have l)red them as late as July 14th (in 1888). A pupa of
Triphcvna pronnha, dug the day before, hatched on May 16tli. Larva-
beating has been fairly successful ; details Avould be too lengthy, and
dates not so easy to compare as with the perfect insect, but larvae of
Thecla quf.rcus, about full-fed on April 29th, are worth mentioning. —
K. M. HiNCHLiFF, Worlington House, Instow, N. Devon. June Srd.

Lijndhurst. — Last night the thermometer went down to 34°, but it
did not prevent me finding a few Eulepia crihrum, which are just
coming out. — J. C. Moberly, 9, Eockstone Place, Southampton.
June 1st, 1893.

Selhy. — The season in Yorkshire has been exceptionally early as
elsewhere. I found Melanippe tristata well out in Wharncliffe Woods,
on May 22nd ; and on the 27th, at Bishop's Wood, near Selby, Bupalus pi-
niarki, swarms of 31. montaaata, and many other species, which
■ordinarily we do not see here until the middle of June. — Geo. T.

PORRITT.

Wicken, Chipj^enham, Tuddenham. — Tempted by the success achieved
by those early in the field last season, and further encouraged by re-
ports from the Fens, of Meliana Jinmmea, captured the last week in April,
and Papilio machaon " everywhere," I left town for Wicken Fen
May loth, upon a short visit of inspection, and with the view of making
arrangements for a longer visit, in Avhich I Avas to be accompanied by
Mr. and Mrs. Abbott, of Four Oaks, Birmingham. The glorious
weather of the previous two months was rapidly drawing near its end,
and cold winds and dull days seemed in store. Putting uj) temporarily
at the " Maid's Head " Inn, I lost no time in seeking (for the first time
in my collecting career) for professional aid, and made arrangements
with Mr. Houghton, for the use of his lamp and sheet, not to mention
the advantage of his long experience and intimate acquaintance with
all the good things to be taken here. Alas, for human expectation,
the weather defied our efforts, light proved almost useless ; half-a-
dozen M. jiammea only being taken in two nights, whilst sugaring
resulted in the capture of the common or " barn-door " Agrotis excla-
mationis. The same warm and dry weather which caused the early
emergence of the June Noctu.^, -seemed to have dela}- ed the appearance
of the day-flying species, for which Tuddenham, and other spots in the
neighbourhood, are so famous, and although I deferred my expeditions
to these rich localities until my second visit, with the vicAv of sparing at
least, a few Agrophila svlphuralis, until the arrival of my friends, un-
fortunately, neither this species, nor Acidalia nibricata,wQYe to be seen
as late as June 3rd, and from the extreme s})arseness of the vegetation
upon the drj- sandy soil of Tuddenham, it seemed likely to be very
much later before any number could Ije expected, whilst a bad season
for them is quite a probability. A visit to Chippenham Fen (for j)er-
mission to work same, I am indebted to the courtesy of Mr. Tharp, of
■Chippenham Park), on June 3rd, under the guidance of Mr. Cross, of
Ely, proved the only day in which anything approaching a good day's
work was possible. Bankla argentida Avas out in fine condition and
considerable numbers, and we all secured good series, which were
hailed with delight, as at last promising occupants for the temporary
tenure of the very eligible sites upon our numberless empty

182 THE entomologist's record.

setting boards. HydreUa mica was scarce, and only just emerging ; we
captiired two onl}'. Euclldia mi, E. glyphica and Phytometra <xnea,
■with Fidonia atomar/'a, were also seen witli great satisfaction, as the
salient feature of our experience of the Fens, up to this expedition, had
l)een the complete absence of even the commonest day-flj'ing species.
Not satisfied with one blank visit to Tuddenham, we embraced the early
chance of a more favourable day to repeat the trial, but with a precisely
similar result ; and a visit still later, by another entomologist, in com-
pany with Mr. Houghton, resulted only in the captvire of one Lithostege
(jriseata, which was also fully due out. A good series of Hecatera
Serena, quite fresh, was obtained at rest upon pine trunks round
Tuddenham, and even this common species was hailed with delight.
Towards the end of our stay (which terminated on June 6th), sugar
proved too great an attraction to be resisted by AjAecta advena, of which
a good series in fine condition was secured, but this species is here
curiously local, one " drove " being much more prolific than other
localities tried. Amongst other captures at si;gar were : — Neuria sappo-
narice, Apauiea unanimis (scarce) ; Rusina tenehrosa, Axylia pmtris, and
several other commoner species in fair numbers, but all of -which, ex-
cepting A. nnnnimi)<., are regular visitors to my siigar at Freshwater. A
few Chcerocaiiipa elpenor visited the sugar, and a fine series oi Enpithecia
redangulata was taken off apple trunks, after dark, by careful search-
ing. An account of our stay here would be incomplete without
allusion to " the " lamp, which, though commencing its career under
very inauspicious circumstances, will be heard of again. Mr. Abbott, to
whose fertile brain the juvenile Eddystone owes it conception, could
never be jDersuaded to abandon his faith in its powers of ultimately
overcoming at some late period of night, the adverse influence of
easterly winds or heavy dews ; and we waited patiently in its cheerful
radiance for the Macrogaster arnndinis which never came, and the good
Fen " Wainscots," which (with the exception of one more 31. flanimea,
and one Leucania inidoriaa), declined to be fascinated to their doom.
We had one fairly sixital:)le evening, when a few Hermima cribralis
fluttered round early, whilst between 9.0 p.m. and mid-night, an occa-
sional insect appeared, to incite us to the exercise necessary to revivify
our chilled frames; but of these, Notodonta ziczac and Smerinthus jiopuli,
with the two above-named specimens, were the most noteworthy. As
the proverb promises a good ending to a bad beginning, it is to be
hoped that our next visit to this undoubted El Dorado, may at least
give us some capture Avorthy of record. Of larva?, we observed
amongst internal feeders, Chilo phragmitellus full-fed, with pupa?, and
towards the end of our stay, a few imagines ; also nearly full-fed, an
abundance of Calamia phragmitidis, -whilst at Chippenham the beautiful
green larva of PInsia orichalcea was to be taken, but was more rare
than in other seasons. During a short visit to Ely, I was veiy pleased
to obtain, in old reed seems, one or two pupa? of Leiicania obsoleta, one
of which promptly emerged and proved a very fine specimen. We
obtained at the same time what I believed to be pupa? of Leucania
straminea, and also full-fed larva? of Calamia pliragmitidis. On our
way back to town, a stay was made for one evening's work in the
neighbourhood of Ely, when, owing to the kindness of Mr. Cross in
showing us his locality, we were fortunate in netting at dusk two more
Leucania obsoleta, and one fine Senta idvae, but were rather early for

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

183

Loth species. — Albekt J. Hodges. 2. Highbury Place, N. Jnne 8th ^
1893.

Hotvth. — I was at Howth with Mr. Harker at Easter in splendid
Aveather, though rather too dry and clear for larva? hunting. We found
Epunda lichenea fairly numerous, but little else except Nocttta
xanthographa and IViphcena orhona. Stilhia anomala was scarce; only
three specimens were taken owing to the very dry state of the ground.
Satyrns semele larva? were fairly common in little tufts of Aira cespifosa.
We saw a few Pieris raixe and Vanessa vrficce flying about in the hot
sunshine, and we obtained a few pupa? of Hypsipetes imphviata, and a
few Nocture at the roots of alder and birch. — H. Bickekton Jones.
AprR nth, 1893.

Reading and Sicansea. — This long spell of sunshine has been
favourable for day collecting, but most of the night work has been bad
Endromis versicolor turned up well for a few days. Leucophasia sinapis
was wonderfully common, but Nemeobins Incina rare ; something did
not suit it. Larv<^e of Toxocampa 2}astinuvi proved much harder to
obtain in spring than they were last autumn. I have not been able to
look them uji myself since winter, but my brother went to the locality
twice, and got about 50 after long search. Last autumn when I was
there I gathered them at the rate of 150 per hour. I was at Swansea
just in time for the beautiful black form of Tephrosia hinndalaria, which
appears much more common there than the ordinary pale form. I got
a grand series. It was a new experience, too, for me to catch Macro-
(jlossa 6om%Z//or//;/s without having to pick them out hom. M. fnciformis,
but the latter, it seems, does not occur there. MeliUva artemis is having
a good time this year ; it is everywhere in swarms at Swansea. Larv^,.
too, are uncommonly abundant. Just now, in some of the woods near
Swansea, the trees are almost defoliated, and it is the same about
Keading. I found several Stauropus fagi near Swansea, but can only
hear of two or three having been taken at Heading while I Avas away.
In my pupa boxes, however, they have been emerging well, better
than ever before. — W. Holland, Eeading. May lG//«, 1893.

Enniskillen. — Nocture seem very plentiful on the wing, but do not
appear to come to sugar in a satisfactory manner. I have tried it three
times. The first night was blank ; the second night,. 1 Viminia rnmicis
Avas attracted; third night, 1 V. rumicis and 1 Xylophasia rurea. Thorn
bloom is, however, abundant everyAvhere, Avhich may be a counter
attraction. E. W. Brown. May 26th, 1893.

Neio Forest. — I have been aAvay for a trip to the Xcav Forest, and
can record a pretty successful Aveck's Avork, tliough most of my captures
Avere larA^aj. The princijial imagos captured Avere Macaria alternata
(fcAv), Hypsipetes impluviata (common, but some much worn), Tephrosia
roboraria (a nice series), Limenitis sibyJIa (just out on June 1st, three
Aveeks earlier than usual), Gnophria ridmcollis (a few). I did not see
Moma orion. Of larA'a? I took Macroglossa bombyJiformis (a fcAv)
Asp)halia ridens (in great numbers, I stopped taking them), Antphidasys
prodromaria (common), Eupithecia irrignata (fair numbers), Notodonfa
chaonia (about a score), Ennomos erosaria (a fcAv), Selenia illustraria (one
or two), Ennomos angularia (a fcAv), Notodonta trepida (a fcAV A'ery
small), Bombyx trifolii (a few), Liparis monacha (several), Demas coryU
(a few). — A. Robinson, 14, Eossetti Mansions, Chelsea, S.W. June 9th^
1893.

184 THE entomologist's record.

gOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — Blay lOih, 1893. — Mr. E,
McLachlan exhibited, for Dr. Fritz Miiller, of Blumenau, Santa
€atarina, Brazil, si^ecimens of larva? and pupae of a dipterous insect,
PaUostorna torrentium, and read a letter from Dr. Fritz Miiller on the
subject. The writer stated that these larvse were of the same nature
as those exhibited by Mr. Gahan, at a meeting of the Society in
Octol>er, 1890, and Avhich were then thought l)y Lord Walsingham and
Mr. McLachlan, to be allied to the Myriapoda. Mr. Gahan, Mr. Jenner
Weir, Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Blandford, Mr. Verrall, Mr. Slater and
Mr. Jacoby took their jiart in the discussion which ensued (cf. Proc.
Ent. Soc, 1891, p. ii). Mr. S. G. 0. Eussell exhibited Hesperia
ah-eolus var. taras, taken by him at Woking in April last. Mr. J. M.
Adye exhibited a long series of Monia orion, Eurymene dolohraria,
Amphidasi/s hchdaria, and Hylophila praslnana, and a fcAV specimens of
Notodonta dodoncea, N. chaonia and N. ireplda, Acronycta ahii, and
SeJenia lUnstraria, all bred by him in March and Ajml last, from larva?
obtained in the autumn of 1892 in the New Forest. Mr. H. Goss read
a cojjy of a letter received by the Marquess of Kipon, at the Colonial
Office, from the Governor of the Gold Coast, reporting the occurrence
of vast SAvarms of locusts at Aburi and Accra, West Africa, about the
middle of February last. The writer stated that at Accra the swarm
extended from east to west as far as the eye could see, and appeared to
occupy a space about tAvo miles wide. Colonel Swinhoe stated that
some years ago he had been requested by the Lidian Government to
report on plagues of locusts. He said he had witnessed swarms of
these insects far larger than the one just reported from the Gold
Coast, and mentioned that many years ago, when going up the Eed Sea
in one of the old P. and 0. paddle-boats, the Ijoat had frecpientl}^ to
stop to clear her paddle-wheels from locusts, which had settled in such
swarms as to choke the wheels and stop their action. Mr. C. G. Barrett
called attention to a field excursion to the Cotswolds, which it was
proposed to have in June. Fellows of the Society were requested by
the President to communicate to Mr. Barrett, as early as possible, their
views as to the date which Avould be most generally convenient for such
excursion, and to offer any other suggestions on the sul)ject which
might occur to them. Mr. E. C. Eeed, of Valparaiso, Chili, communi-
cated a paper, entitled, " Notes on Arridinm paranense, the migi-atory
locust of the Argentine Eepublic." Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Champion,
Mr. Ehves, Mr. McLachlan and Mr. Merrifield took part in the
discussion which ensued. Professor L. C. Miall communicated a paper,
entitled, " Dicranota ; a Carnivorous Tipulid Larva." Dr. T. A.
Chapman communicated a paper, entitled, " On a Lepidopterous jjupa
{Micropteryx pwrpureUa) with functionary active mandibles." Mr.
McLachlan said Dr. Cbapman's observations were of great value, and
tended to show that the position of Micropteryx was still nearer the
Trichoptera than had been supposed. The President announced that
the new Library Catalogue, which had been edited by Mr. Champion,
with the assistance of Mr. McLachlan and Dr. Sharp, was now ready
for sale to the public at 9s., and to the Fellows of the Society at 6s. a
copy. — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

SOCIETIES. 185'

JmiP 1th, 1893. — Mr. W. C. Boyd exhibited varieties of Fklonia
pmiaria and Thecia rttbi, taken at Bournemouth on May 20th, 1893.
Mr. CO. Waterhouse exhibited certain large galls on oak leaves from
Mexico, one of which was apparently- produced by a species of Cynipiche^
Mr. W, M. Christy exhibited a series Zyr/cena trifolii, including very
many j^ellow forms, all with one exception, taken at one spot during
the latter half of May, 1893, and belonging to one colony. Some of
the specimens were more less incomplete, both in structure and colour,
and Mr. Barrett stated as his opinion that this was due to their having
been forced by the unusually fine weather. Lord Walsingham, Mr.
Merrifield, and others took part in the discussion which followed..
Canon Fowler exhibited cocoons and specimens of Coniatus siiavis var.
chrysocMora, Luc, taken by Lord \yalsingham in great abundance on
the ilower-shoots of tamarisk in the West of Italy. Mr. Chitty
exhibited black varieties of the following Coleoptera from the slopes
of Ben Cruachan, N.B. : — Carahns violaceus and arcensis, Pterostichus
versicolor, PhyUopertha horticoht and Telephorus fignratus, and stated
that the latter seemed a permanent race, as it occurred both in 1892
and 1893. The President remarked on the great abundance of Coleo-
pliora laricella in Gloucestershire, and stated that they were committing:
great ravages among young larches. Lord "Walsingham stated that he
had seen young larches at Carlsbad com^^letely bleached by this moth.
It Avas suggested by several Fellows of the Society that care should be
taken to observe the occurrence of second broods of insects during the
year. Mons. Wailly exhiljited cocoons of various silk-producing
Lepidoptera, and stated that the larva of Attacus pernyi, whose food-
plant is oak, had been reared in Trinidad on Ternu'nalia latifolia. —
W. W. Fowler, Hon. Secretary.

South London Entomolocucal Society. — 11th May, 1893. — Mr. E..
South exhibited a series of Diurncea fageUa, Fb., from Buckinghamshire,
the light and dark forms being about ecpial in number. Mr. South
said that the trees in the wood in Avhich they were taken were darker
on their western side than on their eastern, and at the time he collected
these specimens, the wind was in the east, and most of the moths were
at rest on the western side of the trees, the dark insects being incon-
spicuous, and he thought that if this often happened when this species
was on the Aving, it would, ))}' natural selection, tend to produce a
darker race. Mr. Barrett, in referring to the breeding of Bomhyx
eastrensis, L., in captivity, said the larva? should l)e well wetted at
times, and exposed, when possible, to the sun, and lie thought the
absence of the latter in some years might account for the uncertain
appearance of this species. Mr. Turner said that he had bred B.
eastrensis very successfully on rose leaves dipped in salt water. The
discussion was continued hj Messrs. Tutt, Frohawk and South. Mr.
Adye exhibited a long series each of Moma orion, Esp., Enrymene
dolobraria, L., Amphidasys betularia, L., HylojMla prasinana, Lnc. and
an odd specimen of Acronycfa alni, L., Notodonta chaonia, Hb., N.
dodoncea, Hb., iV. trepida, etc., the majorit^^ having been bred in March
and April, indoors, from lava? taken in the New Forest last autumn.
Mr. Tutt said that on the 6th May, Lyccena hellargns, Eott. was on the
wing in Kent, also Nemeophila plantaginis, L., Enclidia glyphica, L., &c.,
whilst pupa? and larva? of Vanessa urticce, L. Avere reported for the
.same date. Mr. Jiiger mentioned that Cidaria trttncata, Hufn. was.

186 THE entomologist's kecord,

now emerging, and Mr. South said that he liad bred Coccyx sfrohilana,
Hb., from the spruce fir in Buckinghamshire. — F. W. Hawes and H.
Williams, Hon. Sees.

Thursday, May 2oth. — Mr. Adkin exhibited a bred series of Cidaria
snffumata, Hb., from Forres, with bred series from Dover and Box-hill,
for comparison ; also a bred series of Lohophora. carpinata, Bork.
{lohulata, Hb.), from Eannoch, including one extreme banded form,
with southern sei'ies for comparison. Mr. Gerrard, a specimen of
Syrichthns malpce, L. (alveolus, Hb.) var. fritlUnm, \V, V. from Epping.
Mr. C. G. Barrett, a box containing more than twenty species of
Psychida; from the continent of Eurojie, and especially desired to gain
more information with regard to these little known and obscure
insects. He stated that the larvfe lived in cases, after the manner of
the Coleophora, on fir, furze, heath, grass and the lichens of trees,
rocks and bushes, and that many entomologists considered them to be
Bombyces, not TiNEiNA. Mr. Weir remarked that all the species
seemed excessively local, and gave his experience with P. vlllosella,
Och., stating that the female did not leave the case, that the eggs were
laid and hatched within this shelter, and that most likely the first meal
of the young larva3 was the body of their mother. Mr. West, of
Streatham, on behalf of Mr. Trenery, a male and female of Pieris
daplidice, L., captured by a boy at Plymouth (When ? Ed.), also a speci-
men of Smerinthns tilice, L., in which the rosy tint was very strongly
developed, making a very beautiful var. Mr. Turner, a long series of
Hyhcrnia leucophcearia, Schiff., from varieties with but few markings on
a light ground, to forms which were very dark, with the transverse
lines obliterated, selected from varioiis localities near South London ;
n specimen of Panolis phiiperda, Panz., from Westerham, in which gi-een
was the prevailing colour, also hybernated specimens of Pterophoriis
monodactylus, L., taken on February 18th this year. Mr. Warne, a
nodule of kauri gum from New Zealand, enclosing a large Longicorn
beetle. Mr. Weir, a species of Hippohoscidce taken from an exhausted
House-martin (Chelidon urbica, L.), most likely Stenoptery.Tc hlrundinis ;
also a mass of eggs and young larva?, from the Avild rose (Rosa canina),
which appeared to be those of Hcmeropjliila ahrtiptaria, Thnb. He
•earnestly requested members to make notes of all unusual occurrences
during the present phenomenal season, and report to the Society the
results of their observations and experiences. Mr. Adkin remarked
that a considerable number of species had appeared in his breeding
cages, which had been two years or more in pupa. Mr. Perks, a large
specimen of a Polyporus, full of Coleopterous larvas, taken at the
Society's field meeting at Horsley. Mr. Turner then read the Eeport
of the Society's field meeting at Horsley on May 13th, which had been
so successful and enjoyable. — Hy. J. Turner (Acting Secretary).

Jtme Sth, 1893. — Mr. F. W. Frohawk exhibited a variety of Melitoea
aurinia, Eott., a most remarkable form, especially on the underside, the
normal orange-tawnj^ colouring being replaced by fulvous brown,
<and the markings of the outer half of the secondaries being almost
entirely missing ; also a somewhat similar aberration of the same
species on behalf of Mr, Carpenter, Mr, H, A. Auld exhibited a
specimen of Sjn'losoma urticce, Esp., which was deficient in the usual
row of black spots down the centre of the body ; also a bred series of
Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Hb, Mr, K. Adkin showed a splendid box of

SOCIETIES. 187

Asteroscopus nnbeculosa, Esp., from Eannocli, bred 1893, two being from
larvje fed up in 1890 and the remainder in 1891 ; Mr. Adkin stating
it was not an uncommon thing for tliis species to remain two years in
the pupa. Mr. Weir referred to the view held by some tliat certain
species resisted any forcing when pupa3, and instanced the second brood
of Pieris napl, in this respect ; Mr. Barrett stated that it was of the
utmost importance that a species like A. nubecidosa should have the
power of delaying its emergence should the weather be too unfavour-
able. Mr. Weir exhibited a sjiecimen of Ajmria cratcegi, L., one of four
taken by him in the early part of June, 1839, at Keymer, Sussex, it
being then abundant. In 1840, in the same locality he saw but one,
and in subsequent years none at all. This specimen he generously
placed in the Society's collection. Mr. W^eir also said that large
numbers of this species, bi'ed from Continental pupfe, had been liberated
in the neighbourhood of Windsor. Mr. Frohawk recorded the extra-
ordinary fact of Limenitis sibylla, L. having been taken in the New
Forest on the 22nd May. — F. W. Hawes and H. Williams, Hon. Sees.

City of London Entomological Society. — Tuesday, 16th May,
1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Smith, Earymene dolobraria and Ephjra triline-
aria, from Epping Forest ; one of the latter having the outer line on
the fore Avings developed into a band. Mr. Battley, living larvae of
Agriopis aprilina, from Rugby, and nine specimens of Amphidasys
betidaria, taken at Stamford Hill, by "assembling" on the previous
evening, between 8.30 and 10 o'clock. One of these was very dark,
and closely approached the var. doubledayaria, the remainder being
normal. Mr. Prout, Antlclea derivnta, from Epping Forest and
Darlington, the latter being slightly darker. Mr. Clark, bred series of
LIthosia aureola and Hypsipetes ruber ata, and living specimens of
Melitcea artemls. Mr. Bayne, Tceniocampa leucographa, from Aylesbury,
and variable series of T. mtmda and T. instabilis, from Epping. Mr.
Lane, a series of PapiUo machaon. Mr. Eiclies, living larvte of Agrotis
nigricans. Coleoptera : — Mr. Burrows, Blethisa umltipuncta, Clytus
mysticus, and Philonthns quisquilarus var. dimidiatus, from Hendon.
Messrs. Lewcock and Heasler exhibited specimens of the genus Silpha,
to illustrate the paper. Mr. Lewcock then read, on behalf of Eev.
W. F. Johnson of Armagh and himself, a joaper on " The Genus
Silpha," giving sjjccial notice of Silpha atrafa and its vars. brunnea
and subrotundata. A discussion then ensued, and a vote of thanks to
Mr. Lewcock and the Rev. W. F. Johnson, concluded the proceedings.

Tuesday, 6th June, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Clark, a bred sj^ecimen
of Cerura bicusjjis and cocoon of same ; a male Pieris brassicce, with a
black central spot on the fore wings ; some fine confluent forms of
Syrichthns alveolus from Abbots Wood, and a bred series of Enpcecilia
ambiguana from the New Forest. Mr. Battley, living larvje of Antho-
charis cardamines. He remarked that these larva? were very easy to
rear, and fed up very rapidly, arriving at their full size in about four
weeks. Mr. Tremayne, living larvaj of Amphidasys prodromaria, and
others from the New Forest. Mr. Hollis, Adela ciridella, Nemophora
swammerdammella, and a bred series of Ephyra pundaria. Mr. Gregor,
Abraxas idmata, Ligdia adustata, Asthena blomeraria, &c. Mr. Bacot, a
bred series of Demas coryli, including one specimen without the dark
central band ; also young larvse of Saturnia carpini. He remarked
upon the great variability of these larvae, and stated that while the gi-een

188 THE entomologist's record.

forms harmonized well with the hawthorn leaves, the black larvae, wlieii
lying side by side on a leaf, completely' hid it, and gave it the appear-
ance of a hole in the hedge. Dr. Sequeira, several species of butterflies
without the usual spots on the upper side. These included Pieris
rapce, Chortobins pamphihis, C. davns and Sati/rus hi/peranthis. Cai)t>
Thompson, a dusky specimen of Ennonioft angulnria, Platypteryx falcnhi
with gold scales, and a living bred specimen of Phorodesma bajularia.
Mr. Riches, dark specimens of Henierophila ahnipdaria. Mr. Huckett,.
a bred series of Pericallia si/ringaria. Coleoptera : —Mr. Clark, Ocypm
cupreas, Ehaijium inquisitor, Balaninus n'Uosus, &o. Mr. Heasler, Tiresins
serra, bred from larvae found under bark at Richmond Park la.s^t
Christmas. Mr. Pearson, Blaps sinu'lis and Sphodnis leucophthalmns.
Mr. Lewcock gave an account of an excursion to Woking and Farnhani:
at Whitsuntide, the chief species observed being Doaacia snyittarite,
D. linearis, Covi/mbetes tessellatns, Cieindtla sijlrntlca (at North Camp)
and Pachyta coUaris in the hop grounds. Mr. Bacot announced that a
batch of eggs found upon privet last year had proved to be those of
Noctiia triangidnm. — A. U. Battley and J. A. Simes, Ron. Sees.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — May 8tJi. —
Mr. Robert Xewstead. F.E.S., communicated a paper, entitled, " On a
successful method of rearing DedephiJa galii,'" in Avhich he gave his.
experiences of rearing this species in 1888, and stated that cold was
fatal to the larvae, and that forcing was absolutely necessary for the
pup?e. The author also added some notes on " Lepidoptera attracted
by honeydew." Mr. S. J. Capper exhibited some tine varieties of
Boarmia rhomboidan'a ; Mr. Collins, Hadena snasa and a Lancashire
specimen of Boarmia abietaria ; Mr. Deville, African Pieridie ; Mr.
Sharp, Coleoptera from Wales ; Dr. Ellis, Coleoptera from Grahams-
town, South Africa ; Mr. Stott, a pretty piebald variety of the water
shrew (Crossopus fodieiis var. remifer) ; Mr. Watson, Papilio viacleayana
and P. sarpedon. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

Birmingham Entomological Society. — Aprd 17th, 1893. — Messrs.
R. C. Bradley, W. Harrison, A. Wainwright, each showed long series of
Bombylias major from Trench Woods, where it was quite common at
Easter. Mr. Wainwright also showed a long series of 3Iehinostoiii(i
ambigna and other Diptera taken at the same time and place. Mr.
A. W. Martineau showed Prionus coriarins and other insects from
Solihull. Mr. R. Freer read a paper upon " Variation, with special
reference to Melanism," and showed i^^vsects in illustrations. He said
that melanism was due to scales in which he believed granules of
pigment were deposited in rows ; this he concluded from microscopical
observation. He believed that both a deficiency and a superabundance
of pigment were pathological conditions, and this he illustrated by
reference to the human race. He showed that in those localities
whei-e nielanic forms mostly occurred, the conditions of life were not
very favourable, such were sea shores, where food plants had low
nutritive power, isolated spots, where there was much inbreeding,
neio-hbourhoods of large towns, etc., and he believed that these con-
ditions of life were the cause of pathological conditions with melanic
results. He believed pigment to be an expression of energy. — Colbran
J. Wainwright, Hon. Sec.

EntoiTL Record, etc. 1893 .Plate D.

"WeaL, Newma-n. lilh.

^^^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 7. Vol. IV. July 15th, 1893.

yiBEI^I^yi'l'lOrl^ op Bl^Il'l^fl BlJl'1'EI^J^LIE^.

(WITH PLATE).

By C. NICHOLSON.

Papilio machaon. — The somewhat unusual variety of Papilio machaon
shown on Plate D. (fig. 1) was bred by my friend, Mr. W. H. Jackson,
of Walthamstow, in May, 1887, from a pupa obtained from the late
Thomas Eedle, of Goldsmith's Eow, Hackney Eoad, which pupa
probably came from Wicken Fen. It was recorded in the Entomologist
for 1888 (Vol. xxi). As will be seen from the plate, the two larger
l)lack costal blotches are united. The other markings and colour are
normal.

Polyommatus plilieas. — Fig. 6 on the same plate represents a 25i*etty
variety of this lively little butterfly, which is also in the cabinet of
Mr. Jackson. It was captured by him in August last at Walthamstow.
The short white lines on the hind wings in the plate indicate all that is
left of the coppery band ; they are seated on the wing-rays. The missing
parts of the band are replaced by the blackish ground colour.

Vaneasa io. — Whilst staying in the New Forest last September I
took a specimen of this butterfly having on each fore wing a j^ale and
somewhat indistinct spot between the sub-median and third median
wing-rays ; that is, in a j)osition corresponding exactly with the
squarish black blotch on the fore wings of V. urticce. I find that only
one other specimen in my series possesses this sjDot, and this one is also
from the New Forest. I presume this is not an unusual marking,
though I do not remember having seen any previous mention of it.
Mr. Bacot first drew my attention to this mark, and he has at least one
similar specimen in his collection.

V. urticce. — My efforts to breed a decent variety of this insect have
always proved unavailing until last year, when my perseverance had
its reward. On that occasion my collection of the larvai consisted partly
of a brood of about one hundred from some nettles on the bank of the
Eiver Lea, at Clapton, and partly of about one hundred collected at
random from several brood.s on a patch of nettles at Leigh, Essex.
With very few exceptions, all these larvae were about the same size,
and all pupated about the same time. The first hundred or so which
emerged were the miscellaneous ones from Leigh, and these were
mostly typical. The only exceptions of any note were as follows : — Two

190 THE entomologist's record.

had the gi'Oimd coloiir of a very mucli richer red than usual, and the
yellow blotch at the anal angle of the fore wings almost entirely
replaced by the red colour with a few black scales ; two had a distinct
yellow median band crossing fore wings (see Plate, fig. 3) ; and two
had a blackish cloud at the apices of the hind wings, nearly obliterating
the yellow blotch usually present there. Before these had all emerged,
the single brood from Clapton had begun to come out. These, however,
were not at all typical, and the whole brood was somewhat phenomenal
from the fact that no specimen had the twin black spots on the fore
wings dearly present. In every case each spot was represented by
only about ten to forty black scales, instead of about four hundred or
more, as is the case in an average typical specimen. Two of the
specimens had these two spots wanting (fig. 2). These closely approach
var. ichnusa, but do not strictly agree with it, as that variety is charac-
terised, I believe, by the complete absence of the twin spots, and also of
the yellow blotch at the anal angle of the fore wings ; in my specimens
the blotch is present, though very much reduced in size and density,
and the spots, under the microscope, are seen to be represented by two
or three black, and a few very dark red, scales in each case. The other
markings on all the individuals of this remarkable brood were normal,
though the general ground colour seemed very slightly paler than is
visual in the sj^ecies, and several of the siDCcimens had the hind margins
of all the wings of a pale buff-grey.

V. cardui. — On Whit Monday last year I went with Mr. W. H.
Jackson to Chattenden, Kent. On the way from the station to the wood
we noticed several worn specimens of this insect flying in a field in
which the field thistle abounded, the plants being about a foot high.
On these, cardui was busily engaged in the work of oviposition. We
found the eggs rather scattered and laid indiscriminately on almost any
part of the plant, though mostly on the leaves. Whilst we were
collecting some, we suddenly came across a little colony of about fifty
of the butterflies at rest on, or hovering over, a jDatch of thistles about
three yards square. On examining these plants we found them literally
covered with eggs. There were probably at least three hundred on
each plant. We contented ourselves with one leaf each ; that is, with
about sixty eggs apiece. On proceeding a few yards further on we came
to another and similar colony of butterflies and eggs. These patches of
thistles were not in any way isolated from the rest, nor did thc}'^ appear
at all different from the others in the field. It would be interesting to
know if any other collector has observed such a remarkable occurrence
in connection with this butterfly. The ova which I took completed all
their metamorphoses in six weeks from the day they were taken, and
all produced normal specimens with the exception of two. One of
these had an additional white spot in the brown part of the fore wings,
and just below the usual group of white spots at the apex (fig. 5).
This spot is surrounded by a black ring, and its position exactly
coincides with that of the white spot frequently found in the red band
on V. atalanta. This interesting point seems to me an undoubted
argument in favour of a common ancestor for cardui* and atalanta, par-

* With regard to this we would refer our readers to an excellent paper by
Dr. Dixey, " On the Significance of certain wing markings in the Nym]phalidce,"
published in the Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1890.

]

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 191

ticularly as this form of variation is of such frequent occurrence in both
species, though I suppose atalanfa is the more favoured in this respect.
The other abnormal specimen (fig. 4) has the left wing malformed and
dwarfed, though not in the least crum2:)led or devoid of pigment. The
malformation consists in a curious disturbance of the wing-rays, three
of whicli abruptly cease before reaching the margin of the wing ;
one of the median rays is branched, and one of the branches is again
branched. Several of the other rays, also, are not quite normal. The
explanatory sketch (fig. 4a) Avill, I trust, make tliis description clearer.
The markings, as might naturally be expected, are curiously modified,
many of them coalescing in such a manner as to suggest that it is only
the wing-rays wliich prevent them from doing so always. The otlier
wings of the specimen are normal. I thouglit this curious malfor-
mation might be of some assistance to those who make the neuration of
insects' wings a special study, and this must be my excuse for taking up
so nmch space in describing it. — 202, Evering Eoad, London, N.E.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE D.
Pig. 1. — Papilio raachaon, L., bred by Mr. W. H. Jackson.
„ 2. — Vanessa urlicce, L., nearly identical with var. ichnusa, Bon,
Bred ; larva from Clapton.

Fig. 3. — Vanessa urticai (ab.), bred ; larva from Leigh.
,, 4. — „ cardni, L., malformation. Bred.
,, 4a. — „ „ explanatory sketch.

„ o.— „ „ (ab.). Bred.

,, 6. — Polyommatus pMceas, L. (ab.). Caught by Mr. Jackson at
Walthamstow.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES.

By J. ^A^. TUTT, F.E.S.

The pupoi of the Satyridce. — Perhaps no group of our butterflies has
been arranged more solely on the imago condition than our Satyridce, and
then on purely superficial characters. Thus we often find semele united
in the same genus with janira and hyperanthus, and so on. Thanks to
Messrs. Bowles, Wolfe and W. F. do V. Kane, I have obtained a fair
share of the larva3 of our Satyridce this spring, and am now breeding
them, and I offer the following remarks in the hope of getting some
happily-situated individual to complete my observations, or otherwise,
as an incentive to someone to send me more material to complete them
myself. The larvae show that the Satyrids are a well-defined grouji,
bvit the pupae give indication of necessary subdivision. Types of
Satyrid pupxx. — The pupaj of Satyrids take two extreme forms, the
Nymphalid and the Hesperid, of wliich Lasiommata a'c/eria offers the best
example of the former, and Satyrus semele of the latter. Tlie former is
of that type which is suspended by the cremastral hooks (at terminal
segment) ; has a depressed metathorax and first abdominal segment ;
lateral protuberances to head ; swollen 3rd and 4th abdominal seg-
ments ; a distinct medio-dorsal ridge down the thoracic segments, most
prominent on the mesothoracic segment ; distinct lateral movement in
abdominal segments ; the antennfe reaching to the aj^ex of the wing ;

192 THE entomologist's record.

and finally, has subdorsal rows of rounded tubercles or angular j^oints
on some or all of the thoracic and abdominal segments. The latter
(Hesperid) tyj^e does not suspend itself ; has a protuberant head ; no
lateral head prominences ; no wing ornamentation ; wing cuticle almost
transj^arent ; no medio-dorsal ridge ; no subdorsal tubercles ; the 1st
spiracle (thoracic) with a prominent black hood on hinder margin ; the
antennae not reaching to the apex of the wing ; and, most important of
all, has no lateral movement Avhatevcr of the abdominal segments. So
much are (jalatea and setnele like Hesperids, that I should have been
easily misled into referring some Amcincan Hesjierid jjupre (Thymele
tityrns) sent me l)y Dr. Chapman, to the Satj'rid group of which serneJe
is the tyi^e. In those I have examined, I find the following gTOups : —

f Lasiommata cegeria.

A IV 1 Ti ) ^ \L. meqara.
A. Jsymi:)hahd. < "^ ■', , .

^ ^ ' '^ rjpmcphele jamra.

B. Hesperid. J. J

Hipparchia hypcrantJms.

Melanargia galatea.
Satyrus scmele.

(4). I do not yet know any character on which setnele and galatea
can be seimrated genericall}^ but as they always have been so seiDarated,
I should suggest the continuance of their separation, pending further
observations. (3). Hyperanthus certainly has no close connection with
semele and galatea, it is lacking aflinities with these in every essential,
except that it has no conspicuous lateral head prominences. The gTound
colour, too, recalls galatea, but this is entirely superficial. Just as janira
has less developed lateral head prominences than cegeria, so hyperantlms
has them less developed than janira, in fact, they are so far abbreviated,
that they are only sej^arated from the rest of the face by a line. The
peculiar flatness of the face of this pupa, by which the ordinary ventral
part of the head is brought into line with the anterior part, and with
the prothorax, appears to me rather striking. The lateral movement of
the pupa, jnits this with the Nymphalid section. (2). Janira comes
close to cegeria. It suspends itself by the cremaster ; has rather less
develoi^ed lateral head ^prominences ; is much more slender ; the wings
depressed ; the ornamentation of the Avings of a decidedly different
type (almost identical with the form in hyperantlms). (1). JEgeria and
7«e^o?ra present the most perfectly Nymphalid form of the group, and in
this particular, are more Nymphalid than Melito'a. Their larvae,
however, are distinctly of the Satyrid type.

How semele and janira have ever been put into the same genus is a
complete puzzle. In fact, it is difticult to explain why semele has ever
been located elsewhere than with galatea. A still more wide-reaching
fact becomes evident, from the study of the early stages of these butter-
flies, viz., the connection, through the group of which galatea and semele
are the tyi)es, between the Satyrids and Hesperids. This group has
purely Satyrid larva?, and evident Hesperid pupa?. It will necessitate a
modification in that form of classification, chiefly as yet confined to
American authors, where the Satyridce are placed at the top, and the
Hesperidm at the bottom of what is supposed to be a natural sequence
in the order of butterflies. If such a natural sequence be possible, it is.
clear that the Satyrids fall naturally between the Nymplialidm and
Hesperidce.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 193

On the impal icing in Butterflies. — In the Trans. Linn. Soc, Ser. 2,
Zool., vol. v., pp. 255-257, is a paper by Prof. Poulton on " The form of
the imaginal fore wing detected on that of the pupa," in which he
deduces certain conchisions based on the assumption that " ahhough
the wing of the imago expands into a size far beyond that reached by
tlie pupal organ Avithin which it is developed, the former does not en-
tirely till the latter before emergence," and that " the margin of the
imaginal wing lies well within the corresi^onding margin of the pupal
wing." As I have been paying considerable careful attention to points
of structure in our butterflies this year, I found some peculiarities in the
structure of the wings of certain species, which could hardly be explained
by Prof. Poulton's theory. These pupje and suggestions I submitted
to Dr. Chairman, and he informed me that he had already come to the
conclusion that Prof. Poulton Avas wrong, and made several suggestions
relative to the matter. As there is no time like the present, and I had
a considerable amount of material coming to hand, I commenced to work
on Dr. Chapman's suggestions, and set myself to test Mr. Poulton's
assumptions, with a view of considering whether the conclusions could
be justified. I found, as Prof. Poulton remarked, that " the two margins
(pupal, and so-called imaginal) are often separated by an interval, but
their contours are frecpiently very different," and I made out as I thought,
tliat " in many species the position of the future margin of the imaginal
wing can be distinctly made out on the pujial surface from the very be-
ginning of the pupal period, and, long before the imaginal organs have
begun to api^ear." The line which appears to correspond to the future
imaginal hind margin is " especially distinct, and is separated from the
hind margin of the j)upal wing, by a very wide interval." Having
made, on a large number of pupa?, the superficial observations necessary
to test the assumed facts mentioned above, and on which Prof. Poulton's
paper is based, I found that a number of species such as the pupa of
Lasiommata cegeria, three species of Argynnis, and the Avhole of the
Vanessas (except antiopa), had within the margin of the pupal wing, a
more or less distinct line, bearing a more or less resemblance to the
contour of the imaginal wing, and which I had no difticulty in deter-
mining to be the supposed outer margin of the imaginal wing. I was
not altogether satisfied, however, that tins line had anything like the
positive relationship to the actual imaginal Aving Avhich he gaA-e it, nor
did I get anything like so positiA^e an idea that this Avas the limit of
" that part of the pupal fore Aving, beneath Avhich, the imaginal wing
Avill develop," although "the lines Avhich correspond to the future A'ena-
tion " Avere certainly " more or less visible in this area." Dissection
shoAved clearl}^, that some structure was in this area betAveen the tAvo
assumed margins, and as the hind Aving projected but A-ery little in most
instances Ijeyond the pupal fore Aving, I felt that the structure had
something to do Avith the imaginal fore Avang. I was further stimulated
by supposing that this portion of the Aving might represent the thick-
ness of the imaginal Aving, and so I kept close obserA^ation on the pupte,
during the time that the imaginal Aving Avas in process of formation.
The first species to Avhich I gaA^e this special attention Avas Lasiommata
ti^geria. The imaginal Avings three days before emergence Avere of a pale
Avhitish-broAvn colour, extending beyond the so-called imaginal hiv>d.
margin to the pupal hind margin. Next day, the broAvn colour shoAved
that this observation Avas correct, Avhilst on the morning of emergence,

194 THE entomologist's becord.

the dark scales were seen throughout the area of the pupal wing, the
portion of tlie imaginal wing actuall}^ developed, beyond the su2)posed
imaginal line on the pupa, being the dark Ixind on the outer margin, /.c,
beyond the ocellus, the pale creamy lunules on the extreme margin,
showing through the transjiarent pupal wing most distinctly. I then
examined Vanessa urticce, and I noticed that the red part of the real
imaginal wing reached to the supposed imaginal, outer marginal line on
the pupa, the dark outer margin of the imago, containing the blue
lunules, being developed between the imaginal line on pupa, and the
margin of the pupa itself. But my most satisfactory observation was on
Grapta c-album. The dark colour of the pupa, made observation at first
rather difficult, but as the scales got more and more highly coloured, it
became clear again, that just as in V. urticce, the line on the pupa sup-
posed to correspond with the outer margin of the wing, only bounded
the red portion of the wing, the dark outer margin being beyond. As
there is a distinct ridge leading from the line su})posed to be the bound-
ary of the imaginal wing and the margin of the pupal wing, it became
clear that this portion of the wing was bent downwards. Whilst making
these observations the imago emerged, and, sure enough, the outer mar-
gins of the wings were bent downwards. I was much surprised to note,
too, that at the moment of exclusion, and for a short time after, the
shape of the margin of the wing corresponded with the margin of the
pupal wing. Further, that the outer margin of the wing was almost
entire, although puckered and folded at the points which afterwards de-
velop into tips or angles, and that the angular projections are the last
part of the wings actually developed ; the downward direction of the
margins is retained, until the wings are thoroughly and completely ex-
panded. Such a result as I here record, was almost foreshadoAved in
Prof. Poulton's own paper. Speaking of the pupal venation, he says : —
" These lines cease at the limits of the area over which the wing will 1 le
formed (i.e., what he assumes to be the line on the pupa representing the
outer margin of the imago). Sometimes, however, their direction is
continued by irregular lines of pigment across the interval, between the
pupal and future imaginal hind margins. These irregular continuations
are, however, very different in character from the more defined aj)-
pearance of the lines which represent the venation. When the latter are
studied, in especially favourable species (e.g., in ataJanta) they are seen
to corresi^ond exactly with the future of the imaginal wing." This is
so. They do so correspond as far as they go, but the bending down of
the outer mai"gin of the wing, seems to offer a satisfactory explanation
as to their want of continuance to the outer margin. In the upper
part, the imaginal wing is regularly impressed, as it were, on the pupal
structure aljove, and gives it its character ; in the extreme outer margin
the folding of the membrane prevents the same general application, but
where it does occur, they are found to be traceable, as shown by Prof.
Toulton, to the outer margin of the pupa. Prof. Poulton makes another
remark, and gives drawings to show his meaning that, in " Grapta
c-alhum, which possesses a far more jagged hind margin than any other
British butterfl^^ the hind margin of the imago is far more jagged than
that of the corresi^onding line upon the pupa." Just so, this exactly
states the matter, but is to be explained at once by the fact that " the
corresponding line on the i:)upa," as Mr. Poulton calls it, does not re-
present the hind margin at all, but really represents the boundary of

THE PUPAL AND IMAGINAL WINGS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 195

tlie red colouring matter in c-allmm, and if any lepidopterist will com-
pare the line bordering the outer edge of the red colouring matter in
c-albtim, he will see that the hind margin of the imago is far more
jagged than that of the margin of the red colouring matter on the fore
wing.*

These observations open uj? a new and delightful field of study, and
I dare say, some of the above suggestions may have to be considerably
modified, when further attention has been directed to them. I ought
hardly to conclude these remarks without thanking Dr. Chapman for
allowing me to worry him on the subject, and Messrs. Bowles, Wolfe
and Nesbitt for material to enable me to look into the matter.

The antennce of Gonoptertjx rhamni. — Thanks to Mr. Bowles, who
sent me larvge of this species, I was enabled to make some observa-
tions on the development of its imaginal antenna, and the following
may be interesting. As I daresay is well-known, the antenna of this
species is comparatively short, the apex curved downwards, and
altogether unlike that of a typical Pierid. I was, therefore, rather sur-
pi'ised to find the pupal antenna somewhat close to that of typical
Pieridce, and determined to try to get some clue to the development of
the imaginal antenna, before exclusion. When I first noticed the
imaginal antenna forming inside that of the puj^a, the imaginal antenna
was already decidedly shorter than the pupal, the tip of the latter
(corresponding in part with the knob of Pierifi antenna), being empty,
but the tip of the imaginal antenna was not yet turned down ; bearing
thus considerable resemblance to a Colias antenna. Next day, the tip
of the imaginal antenna was still further from the tip of the pupal, the
former being bent down, and assuming the typical imaginal form.
The following day (some three or four hours before emergence), the
form of the typical imaginal antenna was very distinct, and was then
conspicuously shorter (about ^/lo to 1/12 of length of pupal antenna) than
the pujjal structure. My observations lead me to suppose that the
imaginal antenna only occupies the whole of the pupal antenna in the
very early stages of its development ; certainly by the time it becomes
visible from the outside, it is much shorter than the pupal structure,
and almost as short as at the tiiiie of exclusion.

THE PUPAL AND IMAGINAL WINCS OF LEPIDOPTERA.

By Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN.

Mr. Tutt has very kindly sent me a proof of his remarks and record
of the observations he has made on this subject. As I have not yet come
to any final conclusion on the subject, I ought, perhaps, to have kept

* Since writing the above, observations on V. io at the point of emergence
show that in this species the imaginal wing is apparently ahnost exactly identical
in its limits with " Poulton's line," a series of pale lunules appearing at the
edge. Arresting, however, the development just previous to emergence, I find
these lunules agree with the row of indistinct lunules (seen clearly on the
underside during the expansion) before the outer margin, and that the extreme
outer margin is bent down and folded exactly as in c-album. The same falling
over of the outer margin also is seen on emergence, and there is scarcely any
trace of angles to the wings at the moment of exclusion the margins (of the fore
wings especially) being almost entire. The agreement of the enclosed imaginal
wing with " Poulton's line " is, therefore, apparent only, not real.— J. W. T.

196 THE entomologist's record.

silence, biit a remark or two may perhaps be useful. I think that we
are to be congratulated, that so energetic and enthusiastic an observer
as Mr. Tutt, lias taken up pupee, and may hope that he will lead the
way for an army of our younger entomologists, Avho Avill find them
fully as interesting as the imagines.

The inner line round the margin of the pupal wnng, which Professor
Poixlton regards as the outline of the imaginal wing, I will call
" Poulton's line " to save circumlocution. The conclusion I have pro-
visionally arrived at, is, that " Poulton's line " is the margin of the
membranous portion of the imaginal wing, that the further space
represents the fringe. This may appear to be very like I*rof. Poulton's
conclusion, but it is essentially the reverse of it, since the pupal margin
is not the record of a past imaginal Aving ; both margins having been
always both pupal and imaginal as they are now, but in certain species
the entire margin (margin of fringe), has submitted to variation in the
piipal state, to suit the exigencies of the pupal form.

Mr. Tutt's observation on the antennae of Rhodocera (Gonopteryx) is
very interesting, and comes as an illustration of the true meaning of his
observations on the wing ; the development of the wing begins with the
membranous margin at " Poulton's line," but it has not proceeded very
far, before it has slipped away from it ; in some species, towards the
base (e.g. Varasa chloris) ; as it happens, in those species, Mr. Tutt has
examined in the other direction, crowding the hind margin of tlie wing
down to the extreme of the available space. This bears on Professor
Poulton's explanation ; not as showing that the wings develop where
Mr. Tutt finds them, after development has proceeded for some time,
but as showing that in these species (c-album, &c.), which Professor
Poulton selected as illustrating the declining size of the imaginal wing ;
the imaginal wing as pupal structure is really too large for its pupal
space and not too small.

As the observations that have led me to these conclusions require to
be extended and amjjlified, I refrain from reporting them at present.

]VIEL£]^Oeill^OI^]V[ I]^ Bl^Il'l^Ji LEPITDOPfEI^yi.

By a. E. GROTE, M.A.

I have read with much interest Mr. Tutt's remarks upon my
little paper on " Melanochroism in British Lepidoptera." In several
and important points they supplied me with fresh information,
especially as to the fact that " there is no shadow of a doubt that there
is a much larger total number of dark forms produced in wet and
smoky places." This fact I had questioned, saying that it did not seem
to be proven. But my paper must be considered as mainly suggestive
and probably only useful that, by its correction, fresh light may be
thrown upon its subject which is one of general interest. Tlie question
is, as Mr. Tutt happily puts it, what are the forces in existence at the
present time which develop the latent tendency (whicli exists by inheri-
tance) to melanism ? It had seemed to me, I Avill say at least possible, that
the phenomenon of melanism was due wholly to reversion and the law
of inheritance, and that its display in certain localities, say damp and
smoky places, was not directly owing to the jjhysical effect of damp
and smoke upon the insects. I do not as yet understand the Avay in

MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 197

which damp can affect the larvae so as to produce melanic moths. But
if, as Mr. Tutt says, by artificially selecting black parents the direct
result is that in their progeny the number of black individuals is enor-
mously increased, then it is clear that such selection, either natural or
artificial, may be one of the forces leading to the display of the latent
tendency to melanism existing in certain species as a character of
reversion. As a matter of fact, I was ignorant that this was experi-
mentally i^roven. We have now, then, the two facts to go upon, that
damp and smoky places produce a greater total amount of melanic
individuals, and that by breeding from melanic parents, the number of
black specimens in the progeny much exceeds the number found in
broods of the type form. The question still remains as to why wet and
smoke produce melanism. The answer is suggested by Mr. Tutt that
damp and smoke (or darkness) artificially produce to-day a resemblance
in conditions to the environment of the species in geological epochs
when its tyj^ical form was black. Now remains the query as to
whether any of our exceptional localities of to-day are sufficiently damp
and dark as to be j^roiDerly comj^ared with general conditions in any
former geological epoch in which dampness and darkness were the
general rule, affecting geological life generally ? As to hoio wet pro-
duces melanism I do not understand the question to be at all answered.
But in what way does a renewal of a physical environment, which was
once normal to the species, act upon its now normal colouring so as to
produce reversion to a former colouring? The experiments with
Indian butterflies go to show, that there may be a connection between
dry or wet conditions and dimorphism, and I think, do not entirely
cover the present question. They seem to run parallel with Edwards'
experiments with American dimorphic or polymorphic butterflies, and
show that, by an imitation of seasonal conditions, alteration of tempera-
ture and humidity, a tendency to meet these conditions is shown in the
colours and pattern of the insects. Is dimorphism parallel with
melanism, are both phenomena of reversion ? Is the wet dimorphic
form the older, reversional form of the species ? Does the wet tropical
season answer to the normal physical conditions in a former geological
epoch ? To my suggestion that dark resting places are protective to
dark forms, Mr. Tutt says, that " the direct result of the protective
nature of these resting places is, to favour the most protected specimens
and eliminate the least protected specimens, which I take it is " natural
selection," and which, therefore, renders abortive Mr. Grote's previous
suggestion ' that the modus operandi of natural selection has only been
inferentially explained or proven ' (i..e., in the present case)." Now, in my
argument as to the protection afforded by dark resting places, T distin-
guished between an apparent artificial survival throvigh protective causes
and a real survival of the fittest, under the law of " natural selection."
If dark resting places however really produce a larger total number of
dark specimens, then, in such places, instances where both parents are
dark, would be naturally more numerous, and if (as Mr. Tutt says is
proven) the production of melanic progeny is directly influenced by the
colour of the parents, then, the presence of melanic breeds in certain
localities would be sufficiently accounted for. Still, in all this, we have
to deal with a character of transmission or reversion, and the utmost we
seem to have proved is, that melanism usually exhibited at the longer
interval of reversion, is to some extent exhibited also at the shorter

198 • THE entomologist's record.

interval, between parent and progeny ; it is a matter not onlj'^ of re-
version, but may be one of immediate inheritance, though not invariably.
Beyond this, it seems that the wet and dark places, favouring the
production of dark specimens, may be further held to act as agents in
the operation of the law of " natural selection." But the matter is chiefly
interesting in an experimental light, and there is a wide field before us
to go over. I follow Mr. Tutt in his view, that in melanism, we have
to do with a phenomenon of reversion, and the real or supposed causes
which lead to its more abundant and temporary display. My idea,
which Mr. Tutt now corrects, was that it only seemed to be abundant
in certain localities, and I offered a reason for this seeming. Biit if the
physical conditions of the localities directly act in the direction of
melanism to-day, we may have also to do with an acquired character,
equally siisceptible of transmission. Thus melanism, so far as the facts
go, may be either freshly acquired, or appear by reversion. And just
here comes in the question, whether dark and wet localities produce
melanic individuals belonging to si^ecies which, in other places, never
produce distinctly black examples. Or are we justified in holding that
wet and dark places only act upon species having a latent tendency to
melanism ? To work out all tlie factors in the case, is a matter for our
patience and ingenuity, and I shall be very glad if anything in my very
modest and wholly tentative remarks proves of interest to students of
the subject, among whom, Mr. Tutt, who has already done so much,
occuiDies deservedly so prominent a position. At any rate, in their
correction, the better view will have become more plain. — Bremen,
Germany.

Mr. Grote is quite right in saying that the experiments on the
Indian butterflies " do not entirely " cover the question of melanism,
but they do give us one very strong scientific fact, and that is, that
moisture can so unsettle as it were the normal constitution of the larva
that its natural hereditary tendency to produce a certain form is over-
come and another form is produced in its place. It further shows us
that moisture can act on the constitution of a larva as to produce or
intensify certain general forms of variation. This being so, I think it a
fair assumption that the excessive moisture of parts of the British Isles
should produce a certain amovmt of variation in certain species, and when
we find, as we do, that such localities do produce a gi-eat amount of
general variation in certain species, and when further we cannot point
to any other active factor which can probably produce such variation in
these districts, I think it a fair assumption (knowing the capabilities of
moisture) to suppose that the variation is thus originated in such
localities. The summary of Mr. Edwards' experiments in dimorphic and
polymorphic butterflies, as given by Mr. Grote, is sufficient to prove
my point, viz., that external influences, of which humidity is one, are
sufficient to produce variation, or as Mr. Grote puts it, produce " a ten-
dency to meet these conditions," as " shown in the colours and jjattern
of the insects." So far, I take it, " melanism " is parallel with " dimor-
phism," in fact, with any other form of variation, inasmuch as both
(or all) may require an active agent to prodvice the initial variation
which has to be moulded into its various forms. Having obtained this
initial variation, " natural selection " steps in and selects those varieties
which are most suitable by environment and by constitution to that
special locality, and a permanent (so long as the local conditions are
unaltered) race is formed.

VAEIATION. 199

There is considerable material for reflection in Mr. Grote's note to
which off-hand suggestions wovild not be wise, but, to his paragraph
relating to " whether dark and wet localities produce melanitic
individuals belonging to species which in other places never produce
black examjjles," or whether " we are jvistified in holding that wet and
dark places only act upon species having a latent tendency to melanism,"
I would offer a few suggestions, although I have previously dealt more
or less directly with tlie facts involved. That only an approximate
attempt can be made to answer these questions is evident, for how are
we to determine what species have a latent tendency to melanism until
some unusual factor draws such latent tendency out and makes it
visible to us ? As an example of what I mean, our GnopJios obscurata on
the Sussex chalk hills, are white or whitish-grey, and a series of some
dozens from this locality would never give us a hint that there was in
the species a latent tendency to melanism, and the race in this locality
is a very constant one. At Folkestone, although a very large percentage
are of the pale type, banded forms are not infrequent, and dark grey
specimens are by no means rare. Here the inherent tendency is made
manifest by general variation. In the New Forest and in the neighbour-
hood of Perth, no pale siDecimens are to be obtained.; all are black.
The action of " natural selection " in the localities frequented by the
species in the latter places, is self-evident, and is evidently dependent
on the habits of the insect, and the dark (natural) coloration of the
geological strata on which they are found. In a similar way, the buff
specimens of Tephrosia crejmscularia, which abound in our Kent woods,
give us no clue as to the inherent tendency to melanism as exhibited in
the species in South Wales, nor do the pale specimens of T. bmnclularia,
in our south-east counties suggest the melanic tendency in the species
which is developed in Derby, Mansiield, Yorkshire, Staffordshire, &c.
But although a straightforward answer is in this way almost imjDOSsible,
I take it that such places would act upon species (which we are not
aware have a melanic tendency) and produce general variation, and
that when such general variation had been once set up, then, if me-
lanism were an advantageous form, " natural selection " would preserve
it in direct proportion to its advantage to the species. It is too
complex a subject, however, to be handled in a short explanatory note
of this kind, but there can be no doubt that items of this kind must be
worked out by us, or by those who follow us. — J. W. Tutt. June,
1893.

ARIATION.

Variation of the larv^ of Saturnia carpini. — In June, 1892, I
took a brood of young larva3 of this species on a whitethorn hedge near
Thundersley, in Essex. From a <? and $ , reared from these larvae, I
got a batch of ova this spring ; these hatched in about twenty days.
After their first moult, the larvfe varied very widely, some of them
being entirely gi'een or pale yellow, without any black, some remaining
(until their third moult) quite black, with the exception of a reddish or
brownish stripe along the side. The latter retained a large proportion of
black in their coloration until nearly full-fed, while others, exhibiting
nearly every grade between these two extremes, could be picked out of

200 THE entomologist's record,

the brood. It seems strange that a brood of larvae' should vary so widely
after their first moult, and yet be so alike (comparatively speaking) in
their last stage.

The following has occurred to me as a possible explanation : — The
larvae, until the first moult, are quite black, and they feed gi-egariously
until the third moult. When feeding on a hedge or bush they might
easily be overlooked, as the effect of a brood of small black larvas lying
close together is to blot out the leaf or leaves they are feeding on,
leaving an apparent opening in the hedge, such as would be obtained if
one or two leaves were picked off. If, however, the whole brood
retained their black colour as they grew larger, the size of the apparent
opening or hole in the hedge would become noticeable, but as they
vary in colour, they match very well with the bright green leaves and
dark spaces between, in fact, if they cleared a patch of leaves, the larvee
would themselves (to a certain extent) present the appearance of the
missing foliage. No doubt, after the third moult, when they scatter,
the bright forms are, as regards colour, by far the best protected. —
A. Bacot, Bow House, St, James's Terrace, Clapton, N.E. June 26th,
1894.

Fading of Gj:ometra vernaria and Iodis lactearia, — While col-
lecting in a garden here one night, I captured five siDecimens of
Geometra vernaria. Three are very perfect, and the gTcen colour very
bright. One has the upper wings delicate cream colour tinged with
salmon, the white lines quite distinct ; the imder wings bright green,
broadly edged with cream colour ; the fifth has scarcely any green
colour showing at all, but is too much worn to distinguish. This
variation can hardly be owing to the moisture of the atmosphere, as
the weather has been so dry lately. I have some ova, and hope to breed
them. Is the blue form of Iodis lactearia usual ? At Lyss, in Hampshire
where I have collected for some years, I get plenty of the blue variety, the
blue being very clear and bright, and also the white, but no gi-een. —
(Miss) A. J. Marindin, The Art College, S. Wimbledon. July 2nd.

[Geometra vernaria is always of a beautiful gi'een tint when bred.
The pale creamy and whitish ones are the result of exposure (not
necessarily damp), and generally in the course of fading get a pink
tinge. Iodis lactearia, we believe, is always bluish-green when freshly
emerged from the pupa. A few hours simple exposure to liglit takes
the colour out. In fact, the brightest tinted examples become white
in the best made cabinets in a very short time. — Ed.].

CoLiAS EDUSA VAR. HELiCE. — I saw this spccics near Caterham on
22nd May (Whit Monday) at rest on thyme about three p.m. I also
met with a single specimen of the normal form of C. edusa a few days
previously, and on the same day as I saw var. helice, I came across
another normal specimen of edusa. I was unable to distinguish the
sexes. — Arthur Lovell Keays, Upwood Tower, Caterliam Valley.

Small race of Zyg^na filipendul^. — I lately met with a race of
very small Zygcena filipendulce with very small red blotches on the
front wings, generally coalescing as follows : The 2 basal and either
the middle or terminal ones. I have seen this abroad, but never such
diminutive specimens. — W. F, de V, Kane, Monaghan, May 25th, 1893.

CURRENT NOTES. 201

SURRENT NOTES.

Dr. Knaggs has finished his " decoy " article in The Entomologist in
the most apjDroved " bird catching " fashion. He has further put it to
practical test by catching a specimen of Pieris rapce.

Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, in his " Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of
Ireland," questions the general occurrence of Coenonympha typhon var.
laidion in Ireland. This may be correct, but a comparatively long
series in our collection from Sligo, are entirely of a very pale colour,
with poorly ocellated spots. Mr. Kane mentions having only met
with single specimens at Sligo. This would jioint to a localisation of
special forms in Ireland, as complete as is the case in Great Britain.

Lord Eendlesham reports six more Sphinx pinastri from the same
locality as last year, and Plusia moneta is recorded from Dorking and
Tunbridge Wells. It is to be trusted that collectors this year will not
help those who purchase large numbers of European pupae of these
species, to exchange their specimens as British. Last season quite a
number (some dozens) of S. pinastri and Deilephila enphorbice were sent
out in exchange as British, the former, rejiuted captures in the New
Forest and Suffolk, the latter in Devon. Our collectors must know
that only Lord Eendlesham, and at most three or four other collectors
(all of a class who never exchange insects) are the only j^ersons who
take S. pinastri, and that D. euphorbia', with the exception of an occa-
sional immigi-ant, has not been British for some three-quarters of a
century.

It is with the gi-eatest regret that we have to announce the death
of Herr Fritz Eiihl, the President of the International Entomological
Society, Editor of Societas Entomologica , probably almost as well known
in Britain as on the Continent.

A most interesting paper on Dasychira pudibunda ab. concolor, Stdgr.
is published in the current No. of Societas Entomologica, p. 50.

We are indebted to Mr. Cockerell for a most interesting account of
the "army worm" ravages in the United States, from the St. Louis
Daily Globe Democrat, of June 11th, 1893. This contains a siimmary
of the pi'evious injurious visitations of Leucania unipuncta in the United
States, together with many local rej^orts from Illinois of the damage
being done this year to corn crops. Special attention is directed to
the fact that the " army worm " that injures the corn is Leucania
unipuncta, whilst the "army worm" that injures the cotton is Heliothis
armigera.

It is really surprising that with seventeen names on the cover of the
British Naturalist, there appears to be no one competent to edit the
material appearing therein under the name of " Entomological Nomen-
clature." We recently called attention to the ridiculous errors into
which Mr. Dale had fallen in attempting to set Kirby and Staudinger
right, and to his abuse of the Latin of the older authors. His remarks
on the name bellargtis, are marvellous. In these, Mr. Dale poses as an
opponent of " nonsense " names. Mr. Dale says, " Argus was the
hundred-eyed guardian of Juno. ' Belle ' is a French word signifying
'beauty,' as La Belle Isle," thus wishing us, I suppose, to assume that
bellargtis is partly French and partly Latin, in other words, that
bellargus is a corruption of " belle argus." What nonsense Mr. Dale

202 THE entomologist's becokd.

surely wishes to let us know how little French and Latin he has
learned, but if he will turn up a Latin dictionary, he will find that the
French " belle " is a modification of the Latin adjective " bellus, a, um,"
and that bellarc/us is nothing like the nonsense-name he would have us
believe. There are, at any rate, two Assistant-Editors with University
degrees on the staff of the British Naturalist, and we might hope that
matter of this kind would be submitted to them before publication.
Dr. Buckell's strictures on Mr. Dale's work are hardly severe enough,
but it is amusing to read Dr. Buckell's criticism on pp. 139-142, and then
plunge at once into another series of remarks (pj). 142-146) of the same
lofty character, scientific inaccuracy, and classical impurity as the
previous effusions on the same subject. " Alis superiris rufis," "nigres-
cantibus deorsum," misquotes Mr. Dale, and then he cavils at the con-
struction of " bellargus." Whatever, too, is the " Poas figure of icarus "
referred to by Mr. Dale ?

The British Nattiralist has at last a photograph of a " Naturalist of
the day," an excellent one of our esteemed friend, the President of the
South London Entomological Society, Mr. J. Jenner Weir.

Mr. Kewstead, in the current number of the Ent. Mo. Mag., describes
a new genus {Pseudinglisia) of Coccids, and a new species (with plate)
which he names rodriguezia'. It was found on Eodriguezia secunda at
Eaton Hall, Chester. Mr. Newstead is in doubt about its position
" bearing as it does characters of the Lecaniince and the Coccince ; of the
former, the anal plates, and of the latter, the multiarculate rostrum and
anal lobes."

Mr. C. G. Barrett records the capture of Bnjotropha figidella. Stand.,
on waste ground or salt marshes near Aldeburgh in July, 1892. It is
distingiiished by Mr. Barrett as being " smaller than terrclla, with j^ro-
portionately broader fore-wings, the costa of which is decidedly arched
before the middle." It is to be hoped that this last addition rests on a
Hiore solid foundation than have most recent additions to the Gelechiidce.

A g-ynandromorphous Smerinihvs poptili is recorded in the E. M. M.
as being bred in May last by Mr. S. C. Brown. The antenna and wings
on the left side are 3 > those on the right side are 2 . Sesia sphegiformis
is also recorded from Basingstoke, the emj^ty jjupa cases sticking out of
the alder stems about three or four inches from the ground.

Hesperia actaon was taken this year during the last week in May.
In the fearfully cold and wet summer of 1888 some did not appear till
September. In ordinary seasons it occurs in July and August. Mr.
Dale refers (E. M. M., p. 164) to the species having a second brood
quite as a matter of fact. In his British Butter-flies, p. 218, he says,
" there are ajiparently two broods of the bvitterfiy, the first apiDcaring
in June, the second in August," &c. Has anything been done to
change the " apparent " two broods to a certainty ? A further remark
made by the same author is, that " the eggs are laid in June, July, and
Augi;st. The caterpillars hatched from the earlier-laid eggs, feed up
before the winter comes on, and hybernate probably in the chrysalis
state. Those from the later eggs hybernate small, and feed up in the
spring. Being full-fed in the middle or end of June, they remain
about a fortnight in the chrysalis state " (/. c, p. 218). Now aU these
paradoxical statements may appear very clear to Mr. Dale. 1st, the
butterfly appears in June and August. 2nd, the eggs laid by the June
butterflies feed up before winter and hybernate in the chrysalis state.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC, 203

3rd, the eggs laid in August hybernate as larvae. 4tli, the larvce full-
fed at the end of June produce imagines in July. By being " double-
brooded," and appearing in June and August, we should expect the
June-laid eggs to produce butterflies in August, but Mr. Dale tells
us the June-laid eggs hybernate as pupae. Secondly, that although
the two broods of the butterfly occur in June and August, the larvaj,
full-fed at end of June, produce butterflies a fortnight later, thus
interpolating another brood (?) between June and August. These
statements point very conclusively to a very inexact knowledge of its
life history, and on the face of the suggestion that the insect hyber-
nates both in the larval and pupal condition, Mr, Dale must excuse
us for scepticism as to his knowledge of the life history of the species.

Hractical hints.

The Month. — Larvas, although plentiful, are usually left in the
back ground this month, and all the energies of the enthusiastic lepi-
dopterist devoted to the collecting of " imagines," both day and night
producing new and interesting specimens. Tree trunks, palings,
fences, and walls should not be forgotten ; on lichen-covered walls,
Bryophda perla and glandifera may be there found in plenty. Tree
trunks, fences, &c. produce many of the Geometk.e.

The great prize among the butterflies is the purple emperor, Apatura
iris, who, in favourite localities, may be seen soaring high over the oak ;
in years gone by, a net with a huge handle was employed to capture it,
bxit now, his majesty is known to descend, and regale his voracious
appetite on the (to him) luscious juices that exude from carrion and
stinking puddles ! where he can be easily netted.

Lemopliasia sinapis are sometimes found this month (2nd brood),
but never so numerous as the spring brood. In " clouded yellow "
seasons, both ednsa and hyale are found in clover fields ; most plentiful
in the south. Variessa polychloros among elms, and on " sugared " and
Coss?t.s- infected trees.

Light during this month is also very productive. — J. P, Mutch.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

The late Colias edusa year in Great Britain. — The pleasures
of an edusa year have again been realized by British entomologists.
The numerous records of the occurrence and ca^Dtui-e of the " clouded
yellow " and its varieties in many parts of the British Islands last year,
are exceedingly interesting to me. The discovery of the eggs, and the
successful rearing of the beautiful insect through all stages of its
existence in England, has also added greatly to our knowledge of the
species. The irruption of edusa into the British Islands at intervals of
years, is admitted by entomologists to be due to migration from the
European Continent. There is an important feature of the occasional
migration of edusa which has not, as yet, received full attention. I
allude to the cause of tlie migrations. A more interesting subject could
not be studied, yet it has not, so far as I know, been dealt with,
scientifically, by any entomologist. As there was, unquestionably, an

204 THE entomologist's record.

immediate cause that compelled ethisa to migi'ate westward in large
numbers last season, I would be pleased if any entomologist having
notes on the seasons of 1891-92 on the Continent, would publish them
in the Record. Were the clover fields in any large area of Continental
Europe more luxuriant in 1891 than in any of the several years pre-
ceding it, or was it generally a very favourable breeding year for all
insects ? judging by the number of rare :nigrants taken in England
last year, I imagine that it may have been due to the latter cause, or to
some seasonal derangement, or scarcity of food on the Continent in
1892. Perhaps, in the case of edusa, a failure of the clover fields. —
W. W. Smith, Ashburton, N. Z. April, 1893.

Cannibalism of Arctia caja larv^. — On page 157 of the Ent.
Bee. there is a note concerning newly-formed jDupaj eaten by the larva?
of Arctia caja. In 1889 I kept a brood of the larva3 of Smerinthus
populi with the larvae of Arctia caja, and noticed that the former
gradually disappeared ; but I could not find out the reason until one
morning I saw one of the " Tigers " in the act of eating a " Hawk." —
J. F. Bird, Rosedale, 162, Bailing Eoad, Hammersmith, W. June
-[Sth, 1893.

Failure of Sugar. — I have sugared in the most promising places,
and on the best evenings for the last three weeks, and have only seen
two common insects. I may mention that larva? are also scarce. The
locality is considered a good one, being on the borders of Tilgate
Forest, and I have collected in it over twenty years, but never knew it
so bad before. — C. Hamlin, Forest Cottage, Balcombe Lane, Balcombe,
Sussex. Jmie 27th, 1893.

I have sugared four times, twice with Mr. Hewett near Winchester,
and twice in the Isle of Wight. On the first occasion, nothing, on the
second, 1 fine Agrotis cinerea ; on the third, 1 Thyatyra hatis ; and on
the fourth, 5 Aplecta nehulosa, 1 Grammesia trigrammica, and 1 Hadena
thalassina were all I saw, but larva? are extremely jjlentiful. — J.
C. MoBERLY. May 2Srd, 1893.

The season has been very unsatisfactory. For the last month neither
in the North nor here has anything come to sugar, and scarcely any
insects seem to be on flight. After the heavy rain of the last two days,
however, I saw plenty on sugar and at lime blossoms. In this locality.
Mania maura seems very plentiful. — W. F. de V. Kane. Ardtully,
Kenmare, Kerry. June 2dth, 1893.

The Larva of Lasiobimata meg^ra. — I have been rearing a few
Lasiommata megcera from the egg. The larva? were kept through the
winter in a corked glass bottle, generally in a cold room. They never
quite ceased feeding, even in the severe frost. The first chang-e of skin
after the winter was on February 13th, when the larva was about half
an inch long. The earliest was in the pupa on March 31st, and
emerged May 3rd. — J. E. E. Allen, Galway. May dth, 1893.

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

North London. — My observances on collecting this season corresjjond
exactly with previous notes — sugar useless, light attractive, and one of
the earliest seasons on record. Hypsipetes impluviata I took in April
this year. In 1891 I took them in the same place and in good con-
dition on June 18th. I found full-fed larvae of Orgyia gonostiqma by
the 22nd of May.— A. W. Mera, Forest Gate. May Gt'h, 1893.

NOTES OK COLLECTING, ETC. 205

Galwai/. — The sallows Avere very early here, and were almost over
before the full moon of April 1st. The nights were bright and cold,
and the trees not very common, so insects averaged but few per night.
I took some Tceniocampa gothica, and a few each of Pachnobia rubricosa,
T. stabilis and X. areola. Larvaa of Melitcea arteniis have been common
in one or two places near here. On Saturday, the 6th May, I had an
evening's mothing, and found many of the early summer Geometers out
in force. Venilia macnlaria, Cidaria russata, C corylata, Thera variata,
&c. A crippled specimen of Gnophrta rubricollis emerged from the pupa
yesterday. — J. E. R. Allen, Galway. May Sth, 1893.

Ireland. — I have had some really good success this season at the
sallows, for though they were very early, and went off soon, and had
not any great numbers of moths most of the nights I was out, yet I
took very rare sjoecies for Ireland in some numbers. Tceniocampa opima
was almost as common as T. stabilis ; of Trachea piniperda I took 17,
and LobopJiora carpinata was not infrequent. Amphidasys strataria not
uncommon. T. opima varied from very pale silvery grey, with lightly
marked central band almost indiscernible on ground colour. T. pini-
perda was large and very pale (birch colour). I also took a splendid
Tephrosia punctulata, as white as Cleora glahraria, and, indeed, strongly
resembling it sujoerficially, Avith large black costal patches, and a friend
named it so when he saw it off the board. It is scarcely to be recognised
as the same species beside tlie ordinar}^ dingy speckled sj^ecimens. Is
this form well known ? The Tceniocampa gothica, too, are very ruddy
in Galway. — W. F. de V. Kane, Drumreaske House, Monaghan. May
25th, 1893.

Neil) Forest and N. Devon. — What little collecting I have been able
to do this season has been fairly successful. Sugar, both in the New
Forest and Devonshire, seems very little g'ood. Apatura iris larvte
have been more plentiful than usual in the Forest. I also obtained a
good number of Lithosia miniata, and an abundance of Asphalia ridens
larvEe. I have taken a few Eulepia cribrum, and a fair number of
Toxocampa craccce larvfe. — P M. Bright, Eoccabruna, Bournemouth.
June lOth, 1893.

Clevedon. — LarvfB are very abundant, forest trees being completely
stripjjed of their foliage ; birches suffering most. We are having a
second edition of the gooseberry saw-fly this spring, committing
dreadful havoc amongst the gooseberry and currant bushes, but the
other pest, Abraxas grossulariata, seems very scarce. — J. Mason,
Clevedon. Jane 14:th, 1893.

Isle of Man. — In consequence of sta3ang at Sulby for the past three
months, I have not been able to obtain any Dianthcecia ccesia this year,
but, from what I hear, I do not think I have missed much, as the
favourite haunts of this insect (Port Jack, and vicinity) have, during
the last few months, been completely destroyed, from an entomologist's
point of view, by the formation of a new marine drive, and all the
flowers of Silene maritima have been buried beneath the debris. There
are no flowers to be met with from Port Jack to Onchan, and very few
at Groudle, and in all accessible places from Douglas Head Lighthouse
to near Pigeon Stream, they have been picked, either by the trippers
or by collectors. Mr. Walter Christian, of Douglas, has secured for me
during the past fortnight, some larvte of D. capsophila, and I have
been obliged to feed these on Silene infiata. Whilst collecting

206 THE entomologist's record.

last evening (June ]3tli) in the garden adjoining Sulby Parsonage, I
was most successful in taking a beautiful fresli specimen of Flmia
festucoe, about 9.20, from flowers of red valerian. This is the first
specimen I have ever seen in the Island. There was a good breeze
blowing all the evening, and moths were attracted to the blossoms of
the plant referred to in good numbers. I took also the following :
Plusia chri/sitis, P. gamma, P. iota, P. pnlchrina, and a few AbrostoJa
triplasia, CucnUia vmbratica and D. capsincola. Sugar has jdelded
nothing special up to the present time. — H. Shortridge Clarke, Sulby
Parsonage, Lezayre. Jnne 14///, 1893.

OxsJiott. — Field meeting of the South London Entomological and
Natural History Society held on Saturday, June 10th, under the
guidance of Mr. R. South. The railway is very convenient at this spot,
for it lands one right on tlie collecting ground. Turning to the left on
leaving the station, the memljers quickly dispersed, and among the
scattered fir and beech trees, Eubolia phiiitbaria was noted in fine
condition ; Epinephde janira, E. titJionus, Ccenomjmplia "pamphihis, Syrich-
thus maliHe, and one or two Lyccena a^r/on, rejjresented the Rhopalocera ;
from the heather, Ematurgn atomaria, which has been about so long this
year, a few Aspilates strigillaria, and an odd specimen of Nemeophila
russula were disturbed, while the denser portion yielded Cabera
pusaria, Acidalia remufan'a, Asthenia candidata, Camptogramiita bilineata
and Lomaspilis marginata. In this part of the heath, the sundew
(Drosera rotundifoh'a) flourished, and many jiatches of the parasitical
dodder (Cnscida epithi/mnm) were seen. On entering the fir woods
I^roper, going north, members were astonished at the vast numbers of
Bupalns piniaria and Thera variata, which the beating stick produced,
many of the former being in fine condition. On the trunks, Scoparia
dubitah's and L. truncicolcUa were present ; one EUopia prosajjiaria, a
few Macaria lifurata, in fine condition, and plenty of Eupithecia indigata,
almost unrecognizable. lodis lacfearia was flying, and Retinia p)inivorana
was rejiorted. Specimens of the coleopterous family CoccineUida; were
observed in all four stages, the pupa stage of Coccinella oblongo-gidtata
being especially noticeable, both for its striking colours and its poAver of
suddenly standing at right angles to the trunk of the tree when disturbed.
At lengtli we reached a hedge of variable growth bordering the fir wood,
and here Aplecta nebnlosa and Melanthia albiciUata were taken from the
trees ; full-fed larva? of Panolis p)mrperda were beaten, and Melanippe
viontanata, M. sociata, Larcntia viridaria and Ebulea sambucalis were
driven out, while Tortrix riridana was certainly there. Turning sharpty
to the left, Ave reached a damp situation, where Myrica gale, so attractive
to Lyccenidce, grows Avith Viola p^cdtistris and Hydrocotyle vulgaris. Heie
we obtained Cataclysta lemnata and Hydrocamjja nympjJieata, with a
solitarjr specimen of Leucania impura. A beautiful piece of undergTOwth
was now reached, Avhich, with the adjoining palings, produced consider-
able numbers both of species and S2:)ecimens. Melantliia oceUata, Phoro-
desma pusfnlata, Tephrosia pmictidaria, among the Geometr.e, and Tri-
plicena promiba, Noctna c-nigrum, Agrotis exdamationis, Xylophasia mono-
gh/phn, among the Nocture, were added to our list. A solitary specimen
of Drepana ndtraria Avas taken. Among the micros AA^ere Pcedisca
bilunana, P. corficana, Etipcecilia nana and Elachista argentella. Many
species found before were present liere again, including a number of
fine specimens of Melanthia albiciUata, The road was noAv reached, and

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 207

the party turned for tea. The walk produced Coremia designata on
trunks, a single Enpisteria ohliterata from stunted alders, and a nest of
Bomhi/x nemtria, strange to saj^ feedhig on birch. After a hearty tea
at the porter's cottage, we rambled over the heath, taking abundance of
Pempelia pahtmbella, with EupHhecia nanata sparingly, and one or two
Agrotls porphijrea ; Acklalia subsericeata was taken in some numbers
just at dusk. Mr. Lewcock, who lost the train, and did not join the
party till the return journey, made the following report on the Coleop-
tera observed : — " I started to meet the 2.17 train, but just missed it by
two minutes. Under the circumstances, I decided to take the next
train to Surbiton, and walk round by the fields through Claygate to
Oxshott, and collect by the way. I arrived at Surbiton about 3.15, and
turned to the left coming out of the station, making for the foot-path
which skirts the railway bank, and eventuallj' turned into Claygate
Lane. Having on one occasion seen a specimen of Megapenthes lunicoUis
taken almost under my nose in this lane, I began working for it. l)ut
without success. However, I found a single MordelUstena humeralls
sitting on Heradeum flowers, and I may here record that I also
obtained one on June 20th, 1891, at the Eynesford excursion. In other
Umbellifera?, I found several Grammopdera fahacicolor, a species common
to this locality. In elder blossom, one Quedius cmentus, which occurs
sometimes under bark, but only singlj' ; also several Anthocomus fasci-
atus, a prettv little red and black malacoderm which is frequently found
during June at Claygate. By using the sweeping net among the
meadow plants, several Centhorhynchis campestris and Prasocuris aticta
turned up, with a few Ceuthorhynckus cocMeavio}, Gymuftron pascuorum,
and several Ajjions. All these are common to the locality. Of course,
one meets with many species over and over again by working at one
place, and it would be quite useless to record all the species found
there ; for instance, I met with ten species of Telephorns, and, with the
exception of T. fuscicornis and T. discoideus, all are common. It may be
worthy of remark that at Eynesford, in 1891, T. fnscicornis was the
commonest of the group in that district. Another very common beetle
on birch, hornbeam and a variety of things at Claygate, is Luperns
hetnlinn^, and common enough it was on Saturday, falling literally in
hundreds into the umbrella. The Black Pond was reached soon after
7 o'clock, but nearly all Donacice had retired for the day, so that only
D. sericea, with the intermediate forms to D. comari were to be obtained.
Two or three CoccineUa ocellata were found on the reeds, and one or
two Erirhiiius nereis. The final capture was a nice specimen of Crypto-
cephahis liaeola, making the third caj^tured at this spot by myself. A
gi-eat many odd and common things put in an appearance, such as
Adimonia caprce, Strophosonius limhatus, but these captures are all
decidedly uninteresting." This ended another very successful and
pleasant field outing of this Society. The next meeting will be at
Westerham, Kent, on July 15tli. — Hy. J. Turner (for the Committee).
Lalce District. — I did a little collecting in the Lake District during
the latter end of May and the beginning of June, and had the common
experience of finding insects out unusuall}^ early this year. On
May 26th, at Witherslack, I took Lencophasia sinap)is, a little the worse
for wear, and on the well-known hillside near the Derby Arms, I took
Lyccena ahus and L. rar. salmncis. MeJanthia albiciUata was just coming
out and in lovely condition, and Venilia maculata was common in one

208 THE entomologist's record.

situation. On May 27tli I went to a spot near Lakeside, Windermere,
wliicla I have worked for years, and which is productive of Argynnis
euphronyne, selene, aglaia and adippe also Nemeohius liicina. I found
cHphrosyne over and selene fully out and in swarms, and as hicina was
absent from its accustomed spot, I concluded it was over. A subsequent
visit to this place on .June 7tli showed selene to be practicall}^ over, and
aglaia reigned in its stead. On June 8th I went to a large moss betAveen
Ulverston and Haverthwaite, and found Chortohins davus fully out. These
were very dark forms, with the ocelli showing distinctly on the ujjper
surface. They much resemble the forms taken at Heysham, being, if
an3'thing, a trifle darker. Aapilates striijillata was excessively abundant
here, also Nemeophila rnssula and an occasional N. plantaginis. On the
borders of this moss, in grassy places, Hydrelia unca was out in fair
quantity and perfect condition. Among other things, I took a good
series of Anaitis plagiata near Arnside, and was surprised to notice
Zt/gcena jilipendidie fully out on the railway banks near Grange on
3rd June. — B. H. Crabtree. The Oaklands, Grange Avenue, Levens-
hulme.

Oxfordshire. — Insects are all a month early here. Sugar is a
complete failure. I have only taken two Agrotis exclamationis and one
Gonoptera lihatrix this season at it. Evening netting and beating by
day produce a fair number of Geometers. My moth trap has been doing
Avell. Thanks to it, I have secured nice series of Neuria reticulata,
ApAeda advena and Nudaria nmndana, together with a host of others.
Anticlea ruhidata and Coremia quadrifasciata have turned up in one
hedge. Melanippe procellata is in good condition among Clematis.
Scotosia vetidata is getting worn, but is still present in some numbers.
I have only taken one Chcerocainpa elpenor this year at honeysuckle,
but have had five or six Sjyhinx ligustri and a C. porcellus from Berkshire.
Butterflies appear to be scarce in this neighbourhood. — J. H. I). Beales,
Kiddington Rector3^ Woodstock. June 23rd, 1893.

Wicken. — A couple of days at Wicken on the 17th and 18th June,
produced rather better results, so far as sugar was concerned, than my
former visit in May (Ent. Rec , iv., p. 176). I was fortunate enough to
take on the first evening a very tine specimen of Cymatopliora octo-
gesima at sugar. Common Noctu.e were out in fair numbers, though
not so numerous as one sometimes finds them on the Fens. Amongst
those which came to sugar were, Acronycta fridens (or psi ?), A. mega-
cephala (1), Leucania impudens (common), L. comma, L. j^ all ens (common),
Xylophasia lithoxylea, Mamestra sordida (?), Apamea gemina, Miana
strigilis and var. athiops (common), M. fusciitncula, Caraclrina morpheins,
C. quadrijmnctata, Biisina tenehrosa, Agrotis segetum, A. exclamationis.
Noctua augnr (common), N. pilecta, N, c-nigrum, N. /estiva, Triphcena
pronuha, Aplecta advena (a few, but it was over and they were worn),
Hudena oleracea (common), and H. pisi (1). Of the Geometk.^ I took
very few, viz. : — Epione apiciaria, Metrocampa margaritaria, Pericallia
syringaria, Emmelesia alchemillata (1), Enpithecia rectangtdata (common),
ColUx sparsata, Camptogramma hilineata (very common), Scotosia
rhamnata (1), Cidaria fulvata and C. dotata. Beyond picking wp a
few larvaj of Papilio machaon (which were well forward and are
now beginning to piapate), one afternoon, I did no day work. —
Henry A. Hill, 132. Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, N.W. Jme 30ih,
1893.

NOTES ON COLLECTrNG, ETC. 209

Leigh. — On July 1st I went in compan}^ with two friends to Leigli
(Essex) to see if Uesperia lineola was yet out. We did not see one,
although H. thaumas and Arge galatea Avere in fair numbers, the latter
being very tattered. Of Rhopalocera we saw a few Lijccvna teams,
including one female ; Pieris brassicce and P. rapoe ; a few Vanessa
urticce round the castle ; traces of the larvae of V. cardui on the sea wall ;
Epinephele janira in considerable numbers, but no bleached ones among
them, this being the place where so many have been taken ; one or two
E. tithonus ; and Camonymplia pamphihis, large and pale ; The Sphingidge
were represented by that frequenter of ruins, Macroglossa steUatarum,
of which one specimen was captured, and innumerable cocoons of
Zygcena JiUpendulce. Among the Bombyces, I took a female Lithosia
complana, which has laid a good batch of eggs, and one Cdix glaucata.
Euclidia mi, a single specimen, with a number of Hypena prohoscidalisy
also showed up. Of Geometers, Uropteryx sambucata ; Angerona
prunaria, a couple of males ; several Heuiithea strigata, a female of
Avhich has laid a good batch of eggs ; Acidalia bisetata, A. trigeminata ^
A. iiiterjectaria, A virgularia, A. remutaria, with a nice banded ^4.
aversata, which has laid a fair number of eggs ; A. immutata, strange to
say, was absent ; Abraxas grossulariata, one, with plenty of Campto-
gramrna bilineata, very Avorn ; a specimen of Cidaria ftdimta, and some
very dark Eubolia limitata put in an appearance. The Pyrales taken were
Cledeobia angustalis, Scoparia dtibitalis, Pyrausta purpuralis and P. ostrin-
alis, plenty of Herbtda cespitalis, and a single Endrotricha flammealis, Eur-
rhypara urticata, Scopida olicalls and *S'. prunalis, whilst Botys ruralis and
Ebtdea crocealis were the Botyda3 taken. Two species of Pterophori,
Aciptilia pentadadyla and Platyptilia ochrodacfyJa (?) appeared in single
specimens. Crambus eidmeUns with C. perlellus were exceedingly common.
1 only saw a few Mychopeila cribrum, and not a single Homceosoma
hinmrella, which I had hoped to get. I netted but few Tortrices, although
they were abundant, as well as the Tineina. It has been stated that ento-
mologists have repeatedly been expelled from the fields round Hadleigh
Castle ; however, we rambled where we thought fit without interrup-
tion. It may have been that a visit to the fine refreshment room of
the Booth colony, of which the ground forms a part, was of service to-
ns.— Hy. J. Turner, Hatcham, S.E. Jidy 2nd.

Wiclcen. — I went to Wicken on the 14th June, and had, we were
told by the local men, about the best week of this season. The
first night I was there was the best for light they had had the whole
season, and I took 10 Nascia ciliaUs among a lot of other things.
Sugar, too, was very good. Aplecta advena continued abundant during
all our stay, and I could have taken any number ; it was almost the
commonest Noctua at sugar and on hop leaves in Mrs. Phillips' garden..
Leiicania piidorina was in swarms, and in perfect condition. Agroiis
ravida came to sugar, two, the first night, and several were taken on
future evenings. Surely this was very early for a July and August
moth. Several Macrogaster arimdinis came to light, and Herminia
cribralis, Collix sparsata, Epione apiciaria abounded all over the Fen.
On the 22nd we went to Hunstanton, Avhen on the Friday afternoon
(the 23rd) I beat out 4 2 Eupithecia extensaria from the same ditch in
which I found the larv^ so freely in 1889 ; all deposited a few eggs.
— Gno. T. Porritt. July 5th, 1893.

Isle of Wight. — After my very unsuccessful exjieriences at Wicken,.

210 THE entomologist's record.

it was a great pleasure that I arrived again at Freshwater, June 7th, in
company Avith my brother, and Mr. Abbott of Birmingham, to Ijegin
collecting seriousty, and we soon found congenial employment, that was
indeed welcome after our monotonous failure of the previous Aveek,
Avhich we, endeavouring to keep our spirits up by ill-timed merriment,
were wont to comj^are to xasits to a succession of cemeteries, full of
memorials of sj^ecies, either long departed, or temi^orarily absent. We
had been so accustomed to be treated as tourists, whose only ambition
was to see such spots as Avhere the very last Lcdia ccenosa had been
taken — varied by the exact location where EydriUa jidlusiris might be
expected, and as a special refresher, the chosen haunts (in any season
but this), of such good local species as Agrojyhila sidphi rah's and
Litliostege griseata, conspicuous only by their complete absence, that it
was with renewed vigour that we repaired to grounds which, although
small, might be "relied upon to provide a respectable " bag." To save
time, we came straight through London and on at once to our destina-
tion, where we arrived about 4.30 p.m., eager to retrieve our reputation.
Thinking of the early season, our first visit was made the same evening
to " the swamp " for Acklalia emntaria, which we found at once, flying
more freely that usual, and of which we secured over sixtj', unfortu-
nately, not even then freshly emerged, although quite a fortnight before
my usual first visit. Sugar proved disappointing in the adjacent wood,
owing, doubtless, to the universal abundance of hone^'dew ; and this
has continued up till the date of Avriting (July -ith), when I am hoping
that a very heavy thunderstorm, now passing, may be the precursor of
more success. The lamp and sheet were put to work, but without much
result ; a fine <? Geometra papilionaria, and one Notodonta dromedarins,
being the most noteworthy visitors, during the few evenings that we
tried them. Toxocampa pastinum was the next insect specially worked
for, and, this also, proved itself to be in unusual abundance, although
extremely local. Several evenings in succession we obtained a large
number of specimens in the very finest condition, and over a remarkably
small area of ground. Their flight commenced about 9 j^.m., and con-
tinued on one warm evening till past midnight, but usually ceased
about 10.30 at the latest. In the later flight, they came freely to our
hand-lamps, and also to our Fen lamp, when lowered to the ground ;
but this method of collecting we had to abandon, owing to the fierce
attacks of the swarms of giiats, which were in absolute clouds round the
light. We also took at the light an occasional Cleora lichenaria, and
FAlopia fasciaria, with the usual abundance of lodis lactearia, and other
common things. During the remainder of June, we made but occasional
visits to this localitj^, devoting more time to the Downs ; but I took
a few Phorodesma hajidaria, Angerona prunaria, etc. Amongst the
plumes Agdistis bennettii was netted, but did not occur in its usual pro-
fusion, possibly not being fully out. An occasional Clum-ocampa
elpenor was also netted, but positively nothing at sugar there. We
continued trying the Downs, where Agrotis corticea came freely to sugar,
and were quite surprised to note the first occurrence of A. lunigera on
June 9th, A. hicernea following next night. These three species
continued to maintain their character, as confirmed visitors to the
artificial sweets, during the next ten days, with the result of a good
long series of each, but since about the 24th they have got very much
more scarce, and last night, (July 3rd), I only saw one of the last-

NOTES ON COLLECri!^G, ETC. 211

named, and no lunigera at all. Possibly they may again put in an
appearance, considering that the middle of July is, as a rule, the best
time for the two better sj^ecies named. I devoted several evenings
specially to working for the new species of Acidalia, but was very un-
fortunate with the Aveather, which broke up the very same evening
that the first two s^Decimens were netted, one by Eev. C. T. Crutwell,
working with me, and the other by myself. Owing to the very exposed
nature of the ground, still, warm evenings are almost essential to the
capture of this pretty little species, which, after careful examination of
the short series I succeeded in securing, ajipears most indubitably
distinct, and is a most welcome addition to the British list. In the
figure given in the plate published in the February issue, the transverse
wavy bars are coloured much too red, thereby not contrasting suffi-
ciently with the very conspicuous brick-red streak on the costa, which
is a constant and distinguishing feature in good specimens. Amongst
Pyrales, Pyransta osfrinalis and cingidalis are very common, together
with Stenia punctah's, rarer, and Botys flavalis, which last is just appear-
ing, as is also Lyccena corydon, making a very early start. An excursion
for Setina irrorella, early in June, proved a complete failure, as did also,
an early morning search for Agrot/'s cinerea, which I fancy is but scarce
here, although an occasional visitor to sugar. Another failure, was a
special long-distance excursion for A. ripce, which was evidently long
over, as the only one cajjtured Avas very worn. Doubtless the larvae
will be as plentiful as ever this autumn. The second brood of S.
irrorella being now out, I am only waiting a suitable morning to go
down to my usual ground near the Needles, after the same, hoping to
turn up, if favoiired by fortune, the rare IVI variety ; but the s^jot
being very exjjosed, a landing can only be effected in calm weather.
Adptilia spilodacfyla was out before the middle of June ; another
" record " for earliness ; and about the same date, two trips to Parkhurst
Forest, produced a fine series of Limenitis sibyJla, which was even then
getting worn ; we also secured at the same place, occasional sjiecimens
of Gnophria ruhricollts,EUopia fasciaria, Phorodesma bajnlar/a, etc. The
weather apjjears very unsettled again, and in my opinion, the best part
of the real summer season is past. I trust, however, that second broods,
together with more success with " treacle," may keep us busy until the
autumn sport begins again. An hour and a half spent in search for
Nonagria geminipuncta, this morning, resulted in finding about twenty
pupje ; they ajDpear scarce at present, but are possibly backward owing
to the protracted dry weather. — Albert J. Hodges. July Mh, 1893.

SOCIETIES.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Tuesday, 20th June, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Clark, larvae of Endromis
versicolor, a dark variety of Hemcrophila ahruptaria from Hackney, and
specimens of Spihsoma menthastri with very few black sjDots. The
latter were bred from a sparsely spotted specimen cajjtured in the New
Forest, but the majority of the brood were normal, only two or three
following the J parent. Dr. Buckell, examples of the two broods of
Ephyra punctaria and series of Eupithecia centaureata {oblongata) bred
from the egg, on which he read some notes. " The female was taken on

212 THE entomologist's record.

14th August, 1892, and the eggs were deposited the next da}^ being
ovoid in shape, one orange and the rest Avhitish. On August IGth they
were all orange, and some had become pitted on the exposed sui'face,
while on August 19th all were pitted. On August 21st they had
become lead coloured, and hatched later in the day. The larvae which
were fed throughout on the flowers of marigold appeared (on August
27th) to have the head smaller than the second segment, and the body
composed of alternate pale and dark lines. On September 12th they
varied much, and might be divided into four groups : (1) Consisting of
three specimens, had the head brown, the body being dull green, with
a purplish medio-dors il band, and a less distinct band of the same
shade midway between ;he medio-dorsal band and the spiracles, a line
from each spiracle, joining the last mentioned band at the anterior
part of each segment. (2) Body white, with the same markings as No. 1.
(3) Body white, with the bands of a reddish hue. (4) Body white,
only the medio-dorsal line present, and tliat Ijut faintly marked. On
September 18th most of the larvae had spun up in the sawdust, and on
September 26th all were in pupa. The imagines emerged from 5th to
21st May, 1893, mostly in the night and early morning." With regard
to this species. Dr. Buckell observed that, although conforming to the
usual type of the genus in the shape of its wings and its resting position,
it was remarkable for its light colour and want of the usual transverse
lines. In colour, however, it was nearest approached by E. succentur/'ata
and E. irriguata, while the markings resembled those of Emmeleaia
hlandiata. With regard to its A^ariation, there was a tendency towards
the development of a central transverse band, and he suggested that
possibly specimens occurred with this quite complete. Mr. Battley ex-
hibited a pupa of Anthocharis cardainines and three melanic specimens
of Stauropus fagi bred from the eggs found at Epping Forest in July,
1892. He stated that all the specimens (7) bred from these eggs
had proved to be of this variety, and further pointed out that the dark
colour was chiefly developed on the upper wings and the front margin
of the hind wings, these being the jmrts exposed Avhen the insect is
at rest. Mr. Bacot, a melanic specimen of S. fagi bred from an Ei^ping
Forest larva, also Notodonfa trepida and young larvae of the same
from the New Forest. Capt. Thompson, a melanic specimen of Chrijso-
clysta Unneella and a series of Phorodesma bajidaria from Epping Forest.
He stated that he had tried " assembling " with two bred females of the
latter species, but although he took several males during the evening,
they did not appear to be attracted by the females. Coleoptera : — Mr.
Heasler, Toxotiis merklianus, Molorclim minor, and Cryptocephalnsfidcratus.
Mr. Lewcock, Telephorns paludosiit^ received from Mr. A. J. Chitty ;
also various species from Woking and Farnham. Dr. Sequeira stated
that he had visited Wicken Fen, and found Papilio machaon in all its
stages, it having been on the wing since the beginning of April. Mr.
Battley stated two larvse found in the stems of ribbon grass,' and which
he had thought to be Apamea ophiogramma, had emerged, and proved
to be Miana strigilis var. cethiops, the only difference noticed in the
larva being that strigilis had faint traces of longitudinal.. I'.nes. Mr.
Tremayne reported that some Clostera anaclioreta larvaj had spun up,
and the imagines emerged eight days afterwards. Mr. Smith had bred
Thecla quercus from larvae taken in the New Forest at Whitsuntide. —
A. U. Battley & J. A. Simes, Ron. Sees.

^^^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. S. Vol. IV. August 15th, 1893.

By Eev. G. M. a. HEWETT, M.A.

By some oversight Nature made me a sleepy man, nor has a con-
siderable course of compulsory rising in the immediate vicinity of G.3U
done anything to draw the desire for sleep out of my blood. Consequently
on the morning of a Leave-out Day, there is always a battle, because
the train to Lyndhurst starts at 8.25, which means breakfast at 7.30 or
earlier. ' What is the good of a Leave-out Day,' argues my sleepy
brain, ' if I only score a beggarly quarter of an hour in bed ? ' ' Get
out and look what sort of a day it is,' suggests Diplomacy : and after
some argument, the suggestion is generally accepted, and then it is
hardly worth getting into bed again. I am rather afraid that some
day my sleepy half will begin to understand the trick, and refuse to
turn out, but it is always so very sleejjy, that Diplomacy fights under
great advantages.

Well ! It was a fine May-day morning. Diplomacy had Avon pretty
easily, as the Term was young and sleep had been apj^eased by many
sacrifices in the Easter holidays, I had more time than usual for break-
fast, and caught the train comfortably. Now that I have got so far, I
must pluralise myself : I expect we shall eventually be three — Self, A
and B. You can choose your own letters, but just at j^resent they have
a majority of two to one as they stand. Of course, in the train we are
very plural, but for lots of reasons, ' we ' shall dwindle down to three,
or at most four, at Lyndhurst. It is a big place, but even three is a
lot to work together in harmony. Besides, it just makes odd man out
for any special bug that may haj^pen to be common j^'operty. Also,
the Graces were three. For all these reasons I recommend you to be
thi-ee.

We have to wait for twenty minutes at Eastleigh, and will i^lan
out our day. It is well to have a plan and not work iiromiscuously.
But even a whole day is short for a plan. We shall have to limit our
area, and not waste time in getting from place to place. Another day
we will go somewhere else. Meanwhile here is our train. The plan
will come out when we get there. It is a dawdling train for eager
bug-hunters, but what a pretty bit of line. We must make it high
water, without consulting almanacks, which is risky, but we are above
criticism in spreading a trifle of mist over the water. These pictorial

214 THE entomologist's reookp.

effects are allowed in the highest circles of art. It is like the gauze
veil across the stage to soften the tableau. And what a tableau it is !
I really must be allowed one note of exclamation. Firstly water, lots
of water, coming along out of the misty distance, and lapping on the
very railway. What a pity we cannot stop the train and have a swim.
No kicking of heels, but a dream-swim, where we put our cheek doAvn
on the water, and feel it moving, and hear it talking, and swim right
on. That is the kind of swim for a morning like this. I don't know
what there is in salt water that alwaj's maddens me — it is very nasty
to swallow, and I get tired of the sea after two or three days. But
the first peep like this always makes me feel ' all-overish,' and anxious
to do something worthy of the occasion. Well ! our tableau is taking
too long. But you may just as well look at Southampton kicking its
heels in the water, like a rather dirty red and brown little boy. You'll
think it picturesque if you try long enough. And ships of all sorts
and sizes make a very charming background to the stage, with a dim
line of woodland on the right. And round goes the sleepy old train,
right into the gi^een heart of this very woodland, first through meadows
with big oaks in the hedges, and jirimrose banks, and a brown stream
with alders, then past acres of Scotch firs, which send their scent right
into the carriage Av^indow, and then straight into a great aisle of trunks,
like — well ! like a ball, or whatever you call that lump of wood, shaped
like a cheese, into a group of skittles. I make no apologies for the simile,
because we are getting well past Lyndhurst Road Station, and must do
something desperate to stop ourselves. Besides, there is some delicious
moorland ahead, which I should dearly like to talk about, and several
of you know your line far too well for me to alter the ])osition of the
station, so as to work it in.

I'll have my revenge though, for we'll go there first. Is it an
ancestral custom, or school rules, written or unwritten, which makes
you come in flannel trousers instead of knickerbockers and gaiters ?
You won't find the long heather very nice. However, come along,
you'll find plenty of Boarmia cinctaria on the trunks of those dwarf
firs among the heather. Take your own line please, and don't cut
across to likely looking trees in mine ; they are often on the very
smallest ones. Aren't they hard to see at first, with their Avings flat
along the bark, just the colour of the triink ? Sliall you look on other
trees ? Certainly ! the larva feeds on the heather and not on the firs.
Some of the moths have great white bands on the wings, quite dif-
ferent from the type. They are easy to see, and rare probably for that
reason. I shouldn't wonder if they are survivals of an older tyjje.
But I'm not sure of my tree knowledge. Aren't all these firs an artifi-
cial growth, and was not the birch the old original scrub here ? There
are old birches right out among the heather — not many, but enough for
a theory, and all the firs are young. If this is right, the pale birch
stems would protect a pale moth. In those days perhaps cinctaria were
pale-coloured, lighter even than that very white one you took. Then
came the firs, and cinctaria liked sitting on them too. And so tlie
darker ones (those, I mean, that are accidentally a trifle darker) got off
without being seen. And as the firs drove the birches out, it was tlie
lighter ones that got scored off. And so thej' got gradually more and
more like the fir trunks, because the likest ones escaped the birds
and the children took after their pajDas and mammas. And now I

SPRING COLLECTING AT LYNDHDRST, 215

expect we all of iis miss a good many, because they are so exactly the
colour. I daresay the light ones are the most like to their gi'eat-great-
great grandmothei's. Anyhow it is a great joy to start a theory. Do
the light ones sit on the light trees, and the dark ones on the dark
trees ? Well ! do they ? No. I think that goes to answer peoj^le
who still say that these things make themselves like their surroundings
on purpose. But then there are a few miserable beasts, like the
chameleon, which can change colour all in a moment, and be green
when they are sitting on grass and grey when they are sitting on stones.
There are two lines for you to work out. Take your pick, but make
some theories when you get the chance. It is very good fun, and may
be useful. Have you found as many as you want ? If so let us leave
the rest, to make material for more theories.

What shall we do now ? There are a few male Saturnta carpini
flying over the heather — but it is getting hot and they are worn by
this time. Also they are going a good deal faster over the heather
than you and your trousers will go through it. Better wait and get
the larvaj in August or September. If you could bring a bred female
here, you'd have the males of the whole country crawling over your
hands and arms. How they find you out I can't say ; but they do.
I've done it, and they come in crowds from all points of the compass.
Nor is the phenomenon confined to this insect or this genus. The
peculiarity is that all this genus, except one or two, exhibit it, and stray
sijecies, here and there, out of other genera. Perhaps it is more
genei'al than we imagine. Now that entomologists breed more insects,
they are making fresh discoveries. I don't think that the time has
come yet for much of a theory, but it may come bxij time, so be on the
look out. There is a chance for you ; but you must enter the lists and
not just look on. Breed females and put them into a muslin bag and
take them out into country where you know the males are, and watch
where they come from. Staurojms fagi seem to come down from the
tree tops, others rise out of the ground. You'll learn something of
their habits at any rate.

Let's go to that alder-bed and beat for larv^ of Geometra
papilionaria. You'd better roll your trousers ujd to your knee, as
the country is somewhat moist. Another time bring a joair of canvas
shoes to do this sort of work in, and keep your boots dry ; you can
leave them at the pub. It's hard work beating alders, with a quaking
bog under your feet, and it looks foolish work, as the leaves are only
just showing. But the larvae are there, and have been since the
autumn. You will have to keejD your eyes open here too. They are a
very exact imitation, in their small stages, of the little stumpy red
chips of the alder twigs. You will pass some over, even in the beating
tray. Later on, as the leaves come out, they take a bright gi-een skin,
and they have an intermediate stage, just about now, when they are
red, with a gi-een crest along their back, painfully like the leaf just
breaking out of its sheath. If you haven't seen them in all their stages
you will think that I am talking nonsense, — but wait a bit. When
they are full-gx-own, some are green and some are bro^vnish, just like
the catkins of the alders and birches, especially the latter, on which
also they feed. Upon my word, it looks as if I were colouring and
shaping the larv^ to suit the trees, but I really don't think I am : the
imitation is so very exact. But theories here are much harder to make.

216 THE entomologist's record.

It is easy enough to get the young autumn and spring larvca exactly''
like the twigs. They grew that way in time, by the twigs protecting
special individuals by their resemblance. But, when the cliange of
skin came, that green crest to resemble the leaf just breaking, and then
the final change, according to taste, green or brown, look very like
premeditation. Lots of these hibernating larvte do it. To mention
one — a cousin of this, by the way — vernaria, on the wild clematis, in
the autumn and early spring, is a little thin brown larva, which sits
quite stiff, just like the dry withered stumps of leaf and tendril stalk.
When the new leaf-stalks and tendrils begin to shoot it changes to
green. And the eggs of the moth are like little green cheeses, piled one
on the top of the other, exactly like a closely-folded tendril. What
will you make of behaviour of this class ? Don't give it up ! I expect
Nature's riddles always have rather a good answer. The more instances
we can get, the better chance is there of finding some answer. Perha^js
there are more answers than one.

How many have you got ? Larvas, I mean, not answers. Two
dozen ? Well, that will have to be enough. Kee^j them with plenty of
fresh birch, as you can't get alder at Winchester, and give them some
dry moss to spin among.

Now let's have lunch, as it is getting on for two o'clock. We won't
be long, but I do like ten minutes' rest. There are lots of other things
which we might have done this morning. But one can't do everything,
and I wanted some of those banded cinctaria. I exj^ect Lyccena
anjiolus was still out among the hollies, and we might have gone into
the woods and worked the honeysuckle for larvae of PericalUa sijrhujaria
and Liiiienitis sibylla ; there would liave been plenty of the latter, and
a few of the former. The worst of that game is, that you can't very
well beat either, and searching is such hard work. Sihi/lla never leave
go of the branch, and syringaria are too far inside the big branches,
and too near the ground on the trailing stuff. Also, at the first touch,
they drop on to a thread. So that, unless you get the right bit first,
off they all go. But, in case you want to vary your day, as you may
do, go into any of the woods and oil your knee-joints. Be very care-
ful not to touch the trailers. It will be hard work, as no larvae are
easy to see. Sibylla are green now, though they hybernate brown,
with red spines. Look out for eaten leaves, and then search the stems
round about. Leaves recently eaten generally have minute drops of
juice along the edge. Syringaria are all shades of greenish or brownish,
down to deep red. They sit with their head between their heels, and
have two tails in the middle of their back. They are generally at
least six inches away from the place where they have been feeding, on
the stem, and are very hard indeed to see. You may beat one now and
then. At any rate, after you have searched any bush, open your tray
and beat a little. You are sure to get some nice larvae of Boarmia
repandata, and may breed var. conversaria. There is one very tiring
alternative morning's work.

I had better give you one more, for variety's sake. You may go
among the big oaks and thorn bushes near the Station, and beat for
lichenaria, anywhere where you see the branches covered with lichen.
This is very plain work, as the larvae come easily into the tray, and the
lichen doesn't. If they came together, it would be nearly impossible ;
as, even in a pot of lichen, with twenty or thirty larvae in, I cannot see

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 217

the larvae, so exactly do they resemble their food. You will get them
out of the thorns, oaks and beeches, or any tree that gi'ows lichen. I
need not describe the larvae. Pick up all the bits of lichen in your
tray, and they will probably be larvfe of lichenaria. You had better
l)ring home a box of lichen and keep it just moist. It will last them till
they pupate. At the same time you will get larvje of Miseh'a oxyacantlice
out of the thorns, you can tell them by the way i\\ey wriggle ; and larvaj
of Boarmia rohoraria out of the oaks, with a sjilit in the front of their
heads. They both feed on the leaves, and want a pot with earth in.
When you are tired of this, go on to the railway bridge, and beat sallows.
You just may get Apatuva iris larvje, with two horns on his head, and
also larvee of Poecilocampa popnli and Trichiura crata^gi, small woolly
men, these latter. And if there is any time left before lunch, you can
go out on to the heather and run after carpini, to get up an appetite, or
take in a piece of one of the alternative mornings.

I think our ten minutes is over and we can proceed. We might do
anything that I have mentioned above, but I may as well go on to the
one piece of work which I have not yet talked about. We'll go into
those fir plantations over the road. Keep your net handy if you want
Farargc cegeria, as the spring brood is just out and you will probably
also see alveolus. I want to beat the pines for Ellopia fasciaria larvae.
Any of the rides will do. They are red and segmented, just like the
red tips of the fir branches. You may also beat a late imago of Trachea
piniperda and are sure to beat the green larva of Thera variata. There
will also be the much rarer larva of Jirmata — with a red head and
smaller than variata. Tedious little beasts to keep they are, as they
grow very slowly, and fir is scarce at Winchester. I don't think
there is any real Scotch fir nearer than St. Cross, by the river. Luckily
fir in damp sand lasts a long while. Bring some home from here, to
give you a fair start, and put it into the pot in small pieces, otherwise,
when you come to change tlie food, you will never find your larva?.
And mind you don't throw away the gi'een j^upa of variata, lying along-
one of the needles of the fir, near the base. Fasciaria also spins among
the needles, but the pupa is red and easily seen. Firmata will want
earth or sand.

Well ! That's not a bad day. We'll have some tea at the pub, and
see what the other men have got. I don't think there is very much
beyond what I have mentioned. Too tired to admire scenery on the
way home, besides it is low water and mud is not picturesque. Get
your larva3 into pots before the night if you can, and pin your insects
straight and stick them into a relaxing box ; you can set them to-
morrow. Au Eevoir.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES,

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Slow colour clianges in the pmpal wing of Lasiommata mega;ra. — In
nothing have I been more interested than in the observation of the
colour changes in the pupal wing of the green form of Lasiommata
megcera just jirevious to emergence. The first change in the wing is
from the bright green of the normal pupa to a dull yellowish-buff, which
is spread uniformly over the wing. The second change is the develoj)-

218 THE entomologist's record.

ment of purplish markings ; these fill up, as it were, most of the central
area of the wing, leaving a pale margin along the costa, the outer margin
and the inner margin, extending towards the outer margin just as far as
*' Poulton's line." There is, however, a pale transverse band running
through this, and two or three j)ale costal streaks. The developing ima-
ginal wing at this time appears to occupy only this central s^Dace, but the
fact is remarkable that the purple parts of the pupal wing correspond
with and, as it were, replace, the normally paler (brown) parts of the ima-
ginal wing, whilst the black parts of the imaginal wing still remain of the
same pale buff coloration, as was the whole of the pupa after its first colour
change. The next phase is a most interesting one, the purple parts change
to a rich brown, and the previously pale margins, costal spots and central
band now become black,the ocellus becomes conspicuous in the outer broAvn
area, the whole wing being now a facsimile of the imaginal, and occupying
clearly the whole space of the jjupal wing, the extremely black outer
margin of the imaginal wing being (as I have previously remarked about
other puj^^e) entirely outside " Poulton's line." The development of colour
might easily delude a superficial observer into the belief that the wing,
on the day before emergence, really onlj'- occupied the central area of
the wing, as the brown parts of the wing, which are ultimately the
paler parts of the mature Aving, are then the only dark parts, the
absolutely black parts of the mature Aving developing very rapidly at
the end. However, it is clear that b}^ the time this stage of colour
change is reached, according to Dr. Chapman's view, the imaginal wing
has been pushed out to the limits of the pupal wing. The final coloui-
change takes place in the dorsal and abdominal areas, which pass through
buff into a dull leaden colour with the slightest suspicion of a purplish
flush.

Pupal winy of L. megcera. — The pupal Aving of X. megcera has most
consj)icuously, just previous to emergence, the dark outer margin of the
imaginal forewing almost entirely outside " Poulton's line." At the
extreme margin the seven pale lunular fringe i^atches are very distinct,
much more so than in the fully-developed wings. The only jioint
of the pupal Aving not fully occujjied by the imaginal is the angulated
apex, the apical fringe not quite reaching its extremity. The distinct-
ness of the fringe just before emergence is due to the fact that the pale
lunular fringe patches are pushed upwards in the folding. The imago
emerged Avhilst I Avas holding the pupa, and the fact Avas undoubted,
that the fringe Avas then quite at the margin, far liej'ond " Poulton's line."
The angular apex appears to be an antiquated remnant borroAved from
the Nymphalklce, and si;ggests rather the degeneracy of the Satyridce
from the Nymphalidce, than the development of the latter from the
former.

Sudden emergence of the imago and dehiscence of the pupa of L.
megcera. — I was at the windoAv examining a pupa with the lens, Avhen
it broke simultaneously between the costa of the Aving and antenna on
either side ventrally, and in front of the j)rothorax dorsally. The
piece consisting of the head, antenna?, legs and maxilla? Avas suddenly
twisted to the left, and Avas kept attached to the other j^art by a thin
Avhite membrane, the coA'ering of the parts inside of pupal case,
althoiigh the pieces are otherAvise quite separate.

Dehiscence of Satyrid pupce. — Satyrus scmele has the membrane just
mentioned as being present as an inside lining to the pupa of L. mcgoira,

I

STKAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 219

but dehiscence further takes place longitudinally down the centre of the
thorax dorsally, then transversely between the metathoracic (3rd
thoracic) segment and the first abdominal, being continued down the
line separating the hind wing from the abdomen. There are thus four
distinct parts : — (1). The aljdomen. (2). The antennae, legs, maxillae
and head. (3 and 4). The fore and hind wings on one side, with half
the pro-, meso- and meta-thoracic segments for that side, the. latter
attached to wings on the same side. These four parts all fall apart
on the emergence of the imago. The dehiscence of L. cegcrm differs
from that of L. ma'gern, inasmuch as it splits medio-dorsally down the
thoracic segment, and then runs for a short distance between the base
of the wings and abdominal segments. None of the pieces separate,
however. Compared with the dehiscence of L. mcegera just described,
we find that the pupa of Melanargin galatea appears to have the mem-
brane ill-developed, and the piece (consisting of head, antenna?, legs
and maxilla?) falls off on dehiscence, but remains entire and does not
l)reak up as in S. semele.

DimorphisDi in pujxe of L. cegeria and L. megcera. — The pupa? of
L. a'geria are of two very distinct forms, one a bright green, the other
of a jmle gi'ey. Of some larvae sent to me by Mr. Wolfe, four
pupated, j)roducing ultimately three gi'ey and one gi'een, with no
variation noticeable in the resultant imagines. Writing to Mr. Wolfe
about the matter, I found he was aware of both forms, and stated that,
in his oiiinion, the proportion was about three dark to four green.
Mr. Wolfe and Colonel Le Grice also sent me a supply of L. megara ova
and larva?. Some of these I sent to Dr. Chapman, and of my own
examples I got but two into j^upa. One I killed when making some
observations on it at the actual time of pupation, the other, which was
green at the time of changing, became in a few hours of a beautiful rich
velvety black colour, but with the characteristic white tubercular dorsal
sjiots. I again wrote to Mr. WoKe, and he informed me that he had
never seen a black one, and at the same time forwarded me three green
ones, the only colour he knew. I suppose I must consider mj' self very
fortunate in getting this melanic specimen, although I should not sup-
pose that it was so rare as api^earances would suggest. It was perfectly
healthy, and produced a fine female specimen on July 12th.

The imaginnl and jnipal antennce of Lasiomviata megcera. — The fact
recorded concerning the antenna of Gonepteryx rhamni last month is
not at all isolated, and perhaps, if jiroperly observed at the right time,
will be found to be pretty general. The pupal antenna of L. megcera
reaches to the apex of the wing, narrowing somewhat before the tip.
The imaginal antenna, just before emergence, is shorter than the pupal
antenna by the length of this narrower tip, the knob of the enclosed
imaginal antenna occupying the broadest part of the pupal antenna
just before the narrowing takes place. This has almost as important a
significance in connection with other Satyrid pupa? as has that of
Gonepteryx with the Pierklce, for, in the Hesperid group of the Satyrids
{ante, p. 192), the pupal antennee do not reach the apex of the wing,
but end nearly at that point at which we find the imaginal antenna
terminating in Lasiommata. The Nymphalid-Satyrida?, therefore,
form a connecting link between the true Nymjihalid antenna (say
Vanessa) in wliich the imaginal and pupal are of the same length, and
reach in the pupa the apex of the wing, and that of the Hesperid-

220 THE entomologist's record.

Satyridae which in the pupa has the antenna as long as that of the
imago, but not reaching the apex of the wings.

Pupal ichifj of Vanessa ataJanta. — At the point of emergence, the
imaginal wing (inside the pupal) is very distinct, and has been pushed
out so that the outer margin of the wing extends bej^ond " Poulton's
line " to the extreme pupal outer margin. The fringe does not at this
point ^occupy the whole of the area beyond " Poulton's line " to the
pupal outer margin, but a rather larger proj^ortion than in V. to. Three
lunular j^atches of pale fringe are conspiciious near the apex, separated
from each other by darker patches ; the angle of the wing is practically
obsolete, although one traces a dark fold extending from the angle
in " Poulton's line " to the outer margin, but below^ this the pale fringe
lunules again become clear, esjjecially the two directly below the point
where the angle Avill be developed on emergence ; two other pale lunular
fringe marks, distinct but smaller than those directly above, are nearer
the anal angle.

Medio-dorsal ro^o of tubercular points in pupa of V. atahinta. — The
larva of V. atalanta differs remarkaljly from that of V. io in the pre-
sence of a medio-dorsal row of spines on the anterior part of each of
the abdominal segments in the former, of which there is no trace in the
latter. The pupa of F. atalanta has these replaced by a tiny rounded
tubercular jjrocess on the anterior margin of each abdominal segment.
These appear to act as a sort of hinge in limiting the movement of the
pupa to a lateral one, and are generally metallic in colour, hoAvever little
the metallic tint may be developed elsewhere on the pupa.

Dehiscence of sjn'nes. — Some of the larvjfi of Vanessa io which I had,
died, or were killed when they were almost at the point of pupation.
The next day I found that the spines had fallen off, leaving onl}' a scar
on the surface of the skin. The spines, therefore, of Vanessids are
apparently simple epidermal appendages.

Newly -hatched larva of Vanessa urticoe. — The newly-hatched larva of
V. tirticce, in spite of the adult being so well spined, is ju-ovided with
the simplest possible tubercules, each having single hairs of the most
approved type common to the newly-hatched larvae of other groups
such as Pieridce, Satyridce, &c.

Errata. — Will our readers please cross out the word " entire "
(p. 196, line 15,) and write " outer, " and also seven lines lower
down substitute the name " Parasa " for " VarasaJ^

JJlEhKjlOZjlliOl^JK Ijl Bl^Il'l^Ji LEPITOOP'TEI^yi.

By major J. H. STILL, F.E.S.

Having read with great interest the A'arious papers on this subject,
I incline (from my own observations) to the conclusion that wet and
dark places produce dark forms of many species of our lei)idoptera.
Why this should be so is a jiroblem still to be solved ; Ijut it is now
generally admitted that many creatures have a jjower of assimilating
themselves to their surroundings, as was proved by the recent
experiment at the Marine Biological Museum at Plymouth, of lighting
up the under surface of the glass tank in which soles had been placed
with the result of a change in colour. The discussion being already in
such able hands as those of Messrs. Tutt, Eobson and Grote, I only

MELANOCHROISM IN BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 221

venture to give my own experience of melanism as I find it in the
field.

I have spent several months during each of the last six summers
in collecting on and around that great mass of peat and granite known
as Dartmoor. There in the midst of hills, intersected by densely
wooded and well watered valleys, with a great rainfall and little sun-
shine, we have, seemingly, every essential condition for the production
of melanic forms.

Now, take the two great natural divisions, the hills running up to
2000 feet, and the wooded valleys between them. In the second
of these divisions — the wooded valleys — although some species are
found that show no signs of variation, others, such as the Satyridce,
show very great divergence from the tyj^e, for instance, Pararge
cetjeria in the open country is of the ordinary type-form, but directly
you descend to the valleys the specimens become visibly darker, and
tlie darkest I took was beaten out of an alder-swamp where no sun
could penetrate. The same may be said of P. megcera. Other species
seem to develop spots and rings such as Epiniphele tithonus and
E. hyperanthus. This tendency to variation occurring in one family,
but not extending to all, inclines me to support the idea " that wet
and dark places act only upon a species having a latent tendency to
melanism." Then again the specimens from low- lying situations of
Polyommatus pMceas are darker than those from the open moor, indeed,
I have taken this year (in spite of the great drought) almost black
specimens, with no red showing at all on the hind wings. Two moths
(which I may call ground-resting insects) are always dark on the
moor itself, viz., Gnophos obscnrarta and Aeidalia viarginepunctata,
while Tephrosia biunrhdaria, an insect taken on trunks of trees, in the
darkest situations does not show any tendency towards melanism.
Many other instances might be mentioned among other families,
and my experience is that while the ordinary tyi^e-form of any insect
may be taken in dark hollows, the melanic form is never found in the
open sunshine. Therefore, absence of light would seem to be a more
powerful factor in their jjroduction than dampness, though, in order
to produce them, both conditions must be combined. — John N. Still,
Bridestowe, Devon.

It appears to be an undoubted fact that some animals have the
immediate power of assimilating their colour to their surroundings, but
those on which experiments have been made to test this result are much
higher in the scale than Insecta ; all I believe are Vertebrata, and I do not
think any of our insects can respond to their environment in this way,
and I am most certainly convinced that when a leijidopterous insect
emerges from pupa, its colours are fixed and final. Of course there is
sometimes a change due to loss of scales, and even the collector, pure
and simple, is awake to this fact if you try to exchange them with him.
I do not know that Major Still supposes such a thing possible in
lepidoptera, and therefore the above must be simply taken as my own
personal disbelief in such a possibility in insects.

I am not at all clear yet as to how Ave can determine which insects
have, and which have not "a latent tendency to melanism," although
Major Still's suggestion is on the right road. If in a district where
melanism is prevalent, certain species persistently refuse to be melanic,
there is a strong 2)rima facie reason for supposing that such species have

222 THE entomologist's record.

not " a latent tendency to melanism," but before we can assume that to be
a fact, we must be careful to satisfy ourselves that the conditions in each
case are identical, that the habits, etc. are similar, and that the necessity
for melanic variation is equal in each case. Given that they are, and
that then a species persistently refuses to be melanic, then I should say
that such species had " no latent tendency to melanism," but Nature
would avenge this wrong-headedness, and under such conditions the
species would become extinct. Nature rarely shows any cast-iron
fixity like this, and it's a very good thing for the species too, and I
think it probable that every species, so far as it has an inherent power
to vary, lias also an inherent tendency to melanism.

Major Still's reference to Polyommatus phlwas is rather striking.
This is one of those objectionable species which does not care to lend
itself to any general theory. It is ^particularly subject to temperature
influences, and strangely enough the brightest specimens come
generally from the coldest, and the duskiest specimens from the hottest
places. Assuming that the open moor, although higher, has a higher
temperature than the low-lying situations, Major Still's experience
coincides in general with the variation exhibited in the species in the
area of its distribution, from the Arctic Circle almost to the Equator.
The fact that this year's specimens are esiiecially dark also agi-ees with
the general principles of variation everywhere observed.

The habits of Gnophos obsciirata and Acidalia marginepunctata are
very similar, and the same general result is observed. The habits of
Tephrosia himidularia are very different. The colour of the two former
agrees or res2:)onds to the colour of the ground on which they rest, of
the last to the trunks of the trees on which it rests. With these data,
the problem appears to be within reach of a solution agreeing with the
known result.

I fail to follow the reasoning in the last two paragraphs. On the
moor, according to Major Still, G. obscurata and A. marginepunctata
" are always dark," but these are fully exposed to light, therefore, light
does not prevent their melanic tendencies from becoming obvious.
" Tephrosia biundularia," Major Still remarks, " is found in the darkest
situations," and " does not show any tendency towards melanism."
That is, G. obscurata and A. marginepunctata being exposed to light,
are always melanic, and T. biundnlaria shut away from light is never
melanic. Therefore, I fail to see how " absence of light would seem
to be a more powerful factor in the production of melanic forms than
dampness," a conclusion which Major Still strangely reaches from the
above facts.

I quite appreciate the principle involved in the last jihrase, although
I do not agree with its verbal form. To produce melanism, I do
not think " both conditions must be combined." At the same time, if
in any place both conditions are combined, I quite understand the
intensifying force on the environment of such a j^lace. Melanic forms
of species like Agrotis lucernea, Gnophos obscurata, Boarmia rhomboidaria,
Diurncea fageUa, and many other species occur as distinct races in
localities where there is certainly no suspicion of a lack of light or
even of direct sunshine. Where the shutting out of light has a
distinct influence on the colour of the tree trunks, etc., then we liave a
condition, which " natural selection " would not be slow in making

MELANOCHROISM IN BHITISH LEPIPOPTERA. 223

felt, in the species affected by sucli environment. — J. W. Tutt.
July 23rd, 1893.

Mr. Tutt in his interesting comments on my short paper, p. 198 of
the Entomologist'' s Record, speaking of Indian dimorphic butterflies,
says, " that moisture can so unsettle, as it were, the normal constitution
of the larva that its natural hereditary tendency to produce a certain
form is overcome, and another form is produced in its place." I take
it that seasonal dimorphism is of yearly occurrence, and the question
comes up, whether we are entitled to assume, as Mr. Tutt does, that
the " dry " dimorphic form is the " normal " one, produced by the
" natural hereditary tendency " of the species. Is it not rather pro-
bable that the wet form is the older and therefore " normal " and that
the increasing dryness of the seasons has gradually produced the
variation ? If we connect melanochroism and these other phenomena
of variation with the former appearance of the species, the present
climatic environment must be closely studied, and some conclusion as
to the former climate must be reached. That butterflies maintain their
general appearance with a modern survival of their older normal en-
vironment is shown by the history of the North American Oeneis
semidea, which maintains itself on tlie summit of Mount Washington
and whose probable past geological story I have related in my paper
entitled : " A Colony of Butterflies," in the American Journal of Science
and Art.

I think, then, that " wet and dark " conditions may produce a relapse
Ijy reversion to an older form of the species, and that there is also a
general probability that our butterflies are, as a whole, more brightly
coloured and lighter coloured to-day, than they or their ancestors, say
in the Carboniferous epoch, or in any Preglacial period, when they
were more generally exposed to a damp and dark environment.

In concluding my present slight and tentative series of reflections
upon the subject of Melanochroism, I may take occasion to thank Mr.
Tutt for giving them a place, as well as to express my sense of the
scientific value of his work and of the use and importance of the
Entomologist's Record in disseminating necessary information and
stimulating enquiry in these matters. — A. E. Geote, M.A. Bremen,
Germany.

I was not aware that I considered the " dry season " form the older
one, and at least did not mean to assume it to be so, in my remarks.
All I wished to sviggest was, that in a species with two ordinary and
so far normal forms, constant in the time of their occurrence and
different in appearance, changed conditions were capable of producing
either form contrary to that which would be 23roduced by nature, and
thus far, at least, we are able to prove that external conditions are
capable of acting on the larva? and producing variation. I only used
the term " normal " as meaning that the dry season form was normal
in the dry season, and the wet season form normal in the wet season.
I should call the wet season form abnormal, if developed in the dry
season and vice versa. I agree with Mr. Grote, that in some instances
the dark form is probably the older, but not always so. Each case
must be considered on its merits. — J. W. Tutt. July, 1893.

224 THE entomologist's record.

fCIENTIFIC NOTES & OBSERVATIONS,

An exact observation on tee duration of the several stages
IN THE Life-History of Coremia unidentaria. — On May 7th, an
ordinary 2 laid one egg ; on May 18tli this hatched, and the larva fed
on marigold ; on June 14th, the larva spun up in saw-dust ; on June
29th, the imago emerged. Duration of stages : egg, 11 days ; larva,
28 days ; pupa, 15 days. — F. J. Bockell, 32, Canonbury Square, N.

Argynnis euphrosyne attracted by dead female. — Apropos of
your remarks on " A. eiqyhrosy^ie at fault," I saw a male flirting with a
female for some time, returning to it again and again, and found, on
closer inspection, that the female was dead and dry. — W. W. Esam,
Eagle House, St. Leonards.

Stridulation in Haltas prasinana. — The other evening I heard a
male H. j^'^'asinana that was pursuing a female utter a succession of
shrill cries, which it continued after being caught in the net. I am
told this is not unusual, but thought it might be interesting to some of
your readers. — W. W. Esam. June 22nd, 1893.

Tyroglyphus faring in New Zealand. — At the meeting of the
Entomological Society of London, held on February 22nd (Ent. Rec,
p. 86), Mr. E. W. Lloyd exhibited specimens of Tyroijlyplim farina'
found in New Zealand wheat. The species is extremely plentiful in
the grain-sheds at Ashburton, and has been known here for many years.
I have no doubt that the specimens were found in last season's grain,
as much of it was seriously damaged by heavy rains wliile in stook.
The warm rains caused the grain to sjjrout in the stook, and the result
proved a considera])le loss to many farmers. After much of the inferior
wheat had been threshed and bagged, it had a slight tendency to heat
and become a little soft. These conditions were very favourable to the
development of Tyroglyphus farina;, and many thousands of sacks of
grain were, more or less, attacked by this Acarus. It is called " wheat
mite " by the New Zealand farmers, and it is much more common on
inferior than on well-gTown and fully ripened wheat : it is, in fact,
rarely seen on the latter, excepting when it may have been stored for
some time in a damp place. I have ascertained tliat these minute
insects can be attracted to tlie surface of the grain by opening the Ijags
and placing j^ieces of melted fat thereon. I discovered this by baiting
an open-bottomed spring mousetrap with beef dripping, and setting it
on the exposed wheat to trap mice. Next morning I found great
nvimbers of Tyroghjplms farince. adhering to the bait, and on the second
morning they swarmed on it in thousands. It is a noxious insect that
could be easily distributed all over the Avorld in a few years, in grain-
carrying ships. — W. W. Smith, Ashburton, N. Z. Ap>ril, 1893.

Notes on the early stages of Lycjena argiolus. — I captured a
large number of females of Lycc^na argiolus, which has been unusually
abundant at Sutton Park this year, and confined them in a large
sleeve with several branches of holly bearing a large crop of buds and
flowers. The butterflies laid their ova very sparingly, but I obtained
altogether about 20 or 30 eggs. Owing, I suppose, to the holly not
being in its natural state (the stems had been cut off the tree and
placed in water), all the buds, including those bearing the ova,
quickly opened, faded, fell off and got mixed amongst the debris at the

PRACTTOATi HINTS. 225

bottom, from wliicli it was impossible to sort them — in sliort, I now
have only three larvaa left. The following are a few notes that I liave
taken of them : — The ova were laid (from April 22nd to 2;")th) on the
under side of the calyx. All were laid singly, and beneath each bud,
from four to five eggs being divided amongst each cluster of flowers.
In colour, they were very pale green, almost white ; in shape, round.
When the flowers open, the petals fold entirely over the egg, hiding it
altogether from sight. The larvjB liatched fi'om May 2nd to the Gth.
It is a short plump, louse-shaped caterpillar, of a dull greyish-green
colour, covered with short whitish hairs, head black. Afterwards, with
its next skin, the colour becomes much brighter, and is then of an
apple-green tint, being exactly the same shade as the young leaves of
the holly, on which it feeds. A darker green line runs down the
centre of the back, and all hairs appear to have vanished, with the
exception of some very short Ijristles ; the head remains l)lack, the legs,
green. Upon hatching, the young larvae commences to feed on the
buds and flowers, amongst which it finds itself, but soon climbs on the
young tender leaves and shoots, upon which it thrives. It will also
feed on ivy leaves, but when both they and holly are to be had, prefers
the latter. The larva, when disturbed, has the power of lowering
itself by a web. I do not know how or where the ova of the second
brood are laid, as only the early one appears to occur here, I presume,
on the young shoots of the holly. In the first case, it is very
interesting to note how " natural selection " has taught the insect to
always lay its eggs on the calyx, for, should it lay them a fraction
of an inch higher up, they would be almost certain to be destroyed, as
when the buds once open they are very easily blown away by the
wind. The larva? are, of course, very early this year. — A. J. Johnson,
Komney Villa, Boldmere, Erdington. May 30th, 1893.

H

RACTICAL HINTS.

Undeksides of Butterflies. — To the collector who wants to make
as good a bargain as he can for the insects he catches, I would suggest
the advisability of setting a larger proportion of those common Diurni
which are repeatedly advertised for exchange, so as to sliow their
undersides. I notice in our Exchange baskets that, whilst common
and moderately local butterflies are usually returned to their owners,
the undersides of the same butterflies nearly always find a ready
exchange. — J. W. Tutt.

The Month. — During this month many larvfe may be found, but
unless the weather is dull and unfit for day collecting, they had better
l)e left, as they are mostly young and many hybernate for the winter,
in which case they are very difficult to rear under artificial conditions.

Many imagines emerge this month, more particularly those belong-
ing to the NocTU.^, therefore, the sugaring-tin must be freely used, as
by this means many rarities are obtained, that would otherwise be very
diflicult to get. The flower (?) of the wood rush is also very attractive,
exuding, as it does, a kind of honey-dew. The writer has seen a patch
of these rushes literally swarming with insects, amongst them being
such species as Noctna neglecta, Di/scJiorista suspecta, N. dahh'i, Aplecta
occulta, &c. The rare Acronycta alni has occurred this month at sugar.

22G THE entomologist's record.

Where the flowers are abundant and prove a gi'eater attraction, it is better
to " sugar " the flowers when practicable. Carefully examine ragwort
flowers for Agrotis pyroplilla and Tryphoena suhsequa — both of which are
very conspicuous in the rays of the lantern, and are still considered
rarities. Light continues very productive. — J. P. Mutch.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Failure of Sugar. — This season is decidedly mixed. Yesterdaj^,
at Dorking, we took Lyccena alsns in good condition, also Argynnis
paphia, and most of the July things are out, although a few are rather
more backward than usual. Sugar is a dead failure. A night last
week at Hale I^nd, only produced one Trip]uena pronuha, and two
Miana Htrigih's from about forty trees, although Noctua festiva, N. mhi,
and N. triangiilum, &c., were flying freely. At the same place, this
time last year, there were about fifty insects on every tree. Would
not this be a good opportunity of discvxssing the question of the failure
of sugar during certain seasons ? I know the usual reason quoted is
the abundance of hone3^dew, but I am a sceptic on that point. — 1st,
supposing that the attractive powers of honeydew are ten times those
of sugar, surely even that would not suffice to draw away all l)ut three
out of say three thousand specimens (the computed number for the
same time last year) ; 2nd, honeydew is easily washed off by rain, and
one good wet day ought to make sugar pay, but in my experience it does
not ; 3rd, has anyone ever seen Nociu.b in the countless swarms at
honej^dew that one might expect if it were so specially attractive ; 4th,
when sugar paj's, insects will be there ; or, if no sugar is put on, they
visit flowers, &c. At seasons like this they " loaf " up and down the
hedges aimlessly. One sees many more Nocture " loafing " this season
than in good years. My own idea on the subject is, that it is owing to
a constitutional change in the insects, which causes them to almost
abstain from food. As to liow the change is brought about I fail to
see, except that it has an evident connection with a spell of hot, dry
weather. — A. U. Battley. June 16/A, 1893.

With regard to No. 1 of Mr. Battley's arguments he seems to me
to be all at sea. He forgets the comparative area of the treacle and
honeydew. If they are equally attractive, and the area of honeydew
leaves : the area of treacle : : 3,000 : 3, his proportion is accounted
for. This may well l)e when every leaf seems sticky, as was the case
this year. — A. Kobinson, 1, Mitre Court Buildings, Temple. June IWi,
1893.

I HAVE not been very successful with sugar, but I think the state of
all the leaves, thick with honeydew, easily accounts for their not
requiring artificial food. — E. Bazett, Springfield, Beading. J^me dtJi,
1893.

The " loafing " Nocture have been remarked here this season, but
probably if caught they would turn out common hedgeside species. I
think Noctu.?<; could not ])e expected in such numbers at honeydew as
at sugar from the simijle reason that the former is more diffused, and
the insects spread over a gTcater radius. Here, sugar is useless this
season. Aphides are in numbers even upon the gi-ass. — S. Webb,
Dover. June 10th, 1893.

NOTES ON OOLLEOTING, ETC.

227

I THINK that the honeydew accounts for the faikire of sugar. I
have clone absokitely nothing in the woods, thougli there were swarms
of Nocture about, but on the top of the downs, on palings, I have
found insects come very freely. — There were a few Agrotls cinerea, but
A. exclamationis, A. segetiua, Leiicania iiallens, L. comma, A. corticea,
Miana atrigilis, M. fascinncda and Apamea hasilinea were in swarms,
with a few Aplecta advena. But as all my best insects are woodland, I
have had a desperately bad season. If it had not been for my larva? I
should have been nowhere. I did some grass sweeping in the spring-
time, and have bred some thirty Leucania impura, one Apamea nculea,
one Triphcena interjecta and one A. gemina — not a very varied bag so
far.— G. M. A. Hewett, Winchester. June 26th, 1893,

With regard to the failure at sugar, we seem to know as yet very
little. In 1892, a continuously fine May and early June produced
heaps of moths. Hundreds came to almost every patch, and this was
wonderfully general. With a still finer May and June this year,
insects would not come and no enticement seemed to fetch them.
Therefore, the fine weather could hardly be answerable for the differ-
ence, as both years were almost equally fine. This year vegetation was
marvellously early, last year it was much later, and during May and
June there were fewer flowers and other naturally attractive baits.
The moon, too, was bright during both periods, but last year one corres-
pondent wrote : — " The moon nor anything else seems to prevent them " ;
and many of the most successful sugaring nights were bright with moon-
light. But bright days, with a scarcely perceptible east wind, which,
however, produced extreme radiation at night, did stop moths coming
to sugar throughout July and part of August, 1892, and we have had a
considerable number of similar days and nights during the current
spell of abnormally brilliant weather. This, then, may account in j^art.
But that flowers and honeydew are chiefly responsible for the diiference
between the two years is as yet m}' present oi^inion. Everywhere in
June the place was surfeited with the latter, even the grass on our
London railway banks, and the area, compared with the small districts
we sugar, must be immense. Another point that makes me feel that
" honeydew " is largely responsible, is that those localities most destitute
of flowers and herbage are always the most uniformly profitable for
sugar. Coast downs and sand hills are proverbially prolific in their
production of large numbers of species and specimens at the artificial
" sweets," and these places are particularly devoid of natural attractions
until the rushes and sedges blossom, and then Nocture sometimes
swarm at them. A bright day, with no perceptible breeze until the
sun goes down, and then a slight haze from the ditches, rising and
curling and spreading over the banks, informs you that what little
breeze there is, is easterly, and you may as well pack up j^our tra])s at
once and go home, even in the best places. I have ofttimes at Deal
left friends on such nights to work in their wretchedness, whilst I have
gone as quickly as possible to the high ground to " dusk," and then
made my way home. Sugar will not pay anyAvhere on such nights,
the moths will not stay to feed. But there are nights when countless
thousands come — literally thousands, when they jostle each other for a
place on flowers and sugar ; on such nights you stand still while the
perspiration runs down your back in streams, but there is no east wind
then, no radiation, and, probably, no honeydew, but to what attractions

228 THE entomologist's record.

there are the moths come, and feed, and guzzle, as if guzzling and
feeding were the only end of their creation. And there arc nights
when the wind hoAvls, when the rain falls in torrents and runs out of
your boots as fast as it poiirs down your neck, when waterproofs and
gaiters get saturated, when you can't hear your companion bellowing
into your ear at any distance beyond six inches, and when moths Avitli
gleaming eyes fight for treacle and rum in perfect harmony with the
warring of the elements. My boy and I had such a night on Deal
sand-hills once., and I have had one or two others there alone. I
would go again to-night for siich another.

Now, ye wise ones, who make theories for us collectors who have
l)erspiration trickling down our backs and catch lots of moths, and who
have the rain trickling down our backs and also catch lots of moths,
how do you explain the connection between the " the trickling down
our backs" and "lots of moths." There's no lioneydew on the rain-
trickling nights, I'll answer for, and, therefore, they are perfectly free
to come, l^ut there may be on the p'erspiration trickling nights.
However, I am of opinion that, as a rule, the greater the influence of
natural attractions, the less the influence of artificial ones. What have
our Aviseacres to say on the matter ? — J. W. Tutt. J^dlJ, 1893.

Plusia moneta at Dorking. — In addition to the specimen captured
last month by my friend Mr. Flood, I was fortunate enougb to take
one about the same time, attracted to light, but Avhich, through subse-
quent carelessness, effected its escape. Mr. Flood informs me that this
rare species has been taken here each year since 1890. In this connec-
tion it may be interesting to knoAv that I captured two specimens of
r. moneta in Kent as far back as 1857, wdiich, iintil I saw Mr. Flood's
capture, remained amongst unnamed insects. This fact points to the
suggestion that this species has, on former occasions, unsuccessfully
endeavoured to establish itself in this country, as it could not have
remained unnoticed during so many ^-ears. May it have better success
in its present attempt ! — Thos. W. King, Purbrook, Dorking.

Plusia moneta at Strood. — I cajitured a specimen of Plusia morula
here last night. I took great care not to let this specimen escajje, as
did the one at Dorking. — T. W. King, The Vicarage, Strood, Kent.
Jnh/ nth, 1893.

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

Late spring and early summer in North Kent. — To anj'one Avith limited
time, and whose collecting is done AA'ith a A'iew of getting fresh air in
the country, after being cooped up in close rooms for a week, this
season has been remarkable. This is my position, and since my one day
out per week (Satiu'day) is fixed by inevitable laws for me, I must OAvn
the Avcather has this year, up to date, been remarkably propitious.
Not till Saturday last (J^ily 15th) did I spend one indoors, or Avithout
my net, and then, had I in\t my trust in the Aveather itself instead
of submitting to my own judgment, I should have scored better, for
the wretchedly dull day in London Avas fine enough in my usual haunts
in Kent. I have done all my collecting this year in North Kent, and
in a very restricted space, and, on the Avhole, have not been disappointed
in the number of specimens captured, although I haA-e only A'isited two
localities — one a wood, the other, the chalk hills in the neighbourhood
of Rochester. In most of the expeditions I haA'e been accomi^anied

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 229

by my young and ardent friend, Mr. Page, and imless Nature exerts a
strong recuperative effort, I am afraid the localities will suffer from
the effect of our combined energies.

Our first visit for collecting was on April 29th, to the well-known
woods near Cliffe, in Kent. Arciynnts cuphrosyne was in such numbers
as I have never before seen it in these woods during the last 22 years.
There were but few in the rides, but in the recently cut parts of the
wood they were in the greatest abundance. Asychna modesteUa was
abundant in the sun, dipping its head deep into the nectaries of the
flowers of Stellaria holosten, or flitting aboiit the same plant laying its
eggs. Stigmonota perlepidana was in great abundance, and in lovely
condition, among the purple vetch, and the males of Fsyche imlla
swarmed in a field jiist beyond the wood. Very few " cases," however,
were to be seen on the gi"ass. Lomasjnlis marginata and Strenia cJathrata
Avere already out, together with swarms of Gracilaria alchem/ella and
Heliozele sericielln, as Avell as an odd si^ecimen or two each of Tischeria
marginea, Grapholitha ohtusana, Catoptria albersana and a considerable
number of Eupcecllia laaculosana, Cnep)liasin musrulana, Syriclithns vialvoe
and various species of LithocoUetis. On May 6th, a journey was made
to the chalk hills. Nisionades tages was in swarms and in the loveliest
condition ; Lyccena bellargus, a considerable number of males ; L. agestis,
L. teams, Argynnis euphrosyne, Pleris napi, P. rapce and Ccenomjmpha
pamphilus were all fairly common, Avhilst a fine series of Thecla nibi,
chiefly resting on or flying round the beeches, and a single Euchloe
cardamines were captured. Euclid/a mi and E. glyphica flew fairly
commonly with Syridhus malvce among the long gi-ass, where also
Cramhus pratellus was abundant, and Phytometra cenea occasionally
appeared. An odd specimen of Eujyithecia centaureata, much worn, a
few Ematiirga afomaria, Corycia temerata and Coremia ferrngata were
observed ; whilst in the woods lots of Nemophora schioarziella, together
with Eupcecilia maculosana were seen, tlie latter among the blue-
bells. Among the birches PJdosodes tetraquetrana was common, and
a solitary Phoxopteryx derasana was beaten from buckthorn. Pancalia
lemeenhoeckeUa Avas very abundant among the violets on the chalk
banks, and burdock was riddled by the larvae of Adptilia galactodactyla,
which were feeding, or already had pupated, whilst the nettle beds
swarmed with larvae of Vanessa urtiece. May 13th was spent in the woods ;
Corycia taminata, Acidalia remutata, Asthena candidata were all very
abundant, whilst in a gi'assy meadow Psyche pidla SAvarmed. Nisionades
tages was abundant in one drive, but Syrichthus malvce and Argynnis
euphrosyne were decidedly past ; Euchloe cardamines and Lasiommata
megcera were occasionally to be met with, but I have rarely known these
species so rare in North Kent as they were this year. Ephyra omicronaria
occurred occasionally among the maple, and E. porata and Cidaria
corylata among the oak. Euclidia mi and glyphica were in lovely con-
dition in the field Avhere P. pulla was so abundant, with an occasional
L. medon and Slrenia clathratn. A few fine Lomaspilis viar(/inata
and Melanthia ocellata, with one Eurymene dolohraria, were beaten out;
Eupithecia plimibeolata occurred among Melampyrum pratense. All the
ToRTRicES taken on April 29th were met with, Avhilst Tortrix ministrana,
Phoxopteryx mitterpjacheriana, P. diminutana, Dichrorampha acuminatana,
Ephippiphora cirsiana, Lohesia reliquana, Sciaphda hybridana and Coccyx
splendididana put in an appearance, as Avell as Glyphipteryx forsterella

230 THE entomologist's record.

and Hcspcria nylcamis, a very early date for a first appearance. At
Cuxton, on May 20tli, Lycama beUargns was in great numbers. The day
was showery and windy, with scarcely any sun, but careful searching
gave a splendid lot of females, some brilliantly tinted with the male
coloration, and with varying depths of intensity and size in the
orange-red spots bordering the wings, but the best catches were a
female with the left side of a Avhitish colour due to the pigment l)eing
undeveloped, and an undoidited natural S' hybrid between hellurgns
and corydon. The shape and general character of the latter is that
of corydon, the colour not quite so Ijrilliant, but falling very short of
that of hcllargns. Euclidia (jlypliica, E. mi, Lycwna medon, and Scojiaria
dnl)italis were not uncommon. Odd sjiecimens of NevieophiJa plantaginis
and Addalia ornata were disturlied, whilst about ten miniites " beating "
produced two Phoxopteryx derasana, Emmelesia albidata, Botya pnndalh,
Eupithccia svbumhrata, Lobesia reltquana, Nemopiliora schioarziella, Corycia
taminala, C. temerata and a few other common species. Psyche pmlla
was common, as also was Ccenonympha pamjjhilns, but only one Euchlo'e
cardainines was seen. A heavy storm, about 4 p.m., drove us to the
railway station, much to our disgust, as there is no doubt two or three
hours' beating would have much increased our day's " bag." On May
22nd I was again in the woods. Larvae of V. iirticce were in all stages of
growth, pupa? and both fresh and hybernated imagines were also found.
Corycia taminata was in great abundance, as also were Acidalia remuiata,
Cidaria coryJata, Pecliipogon barbalis, Strenia clathrata and Asthena candi-
data. Less abundant were Corycia temerata, Melantliia ocellata, Melanippe
sociata and Cidaria russata, but Epliyra porata, E. omicronaria and lodis
lactearia had to be much overhauled for good specimens, only five full-
coloured specimens of the latter being captured. Numeria jndveraria was
worn, one Eurymene dolobraria and one Tephroxia luridata were beaten
oiit, and I saw the first Aspilates strigitlaria. How pale ovir woodland
form is compared with those from the moors either in the North or
South ? A few beautifully fresh Hesjjeria sylvamis and Syrichthns
malvce were captured, Euclidia mi and a few Heliaca arbidi were taken
flying in the sunshine with a single Pyratista imrpmraJis, the wood
form of this species is rather different to that from the chalk.
Eupithecia plmnbeolata was common but getting worn, Ennnelesia
albidata just coming out, as also was Asthena hdeata among the
maple, whilst two fine Lifhosia aureola were welcome. Eticlidia
ylyphica was flying high round the oaks, a strange habit for this
species it appeared to me. I only saw one Venilia macidata, a
sjDCcies generally very abundant here. Three Selenia hnaria were
beaten out, all cocks of course because I wanted a hen for eggs. A
second brood of Lasioramata cegeria had begun to emerge, Evchloe
cardainines ? (the only female this year), L. megcera, C. j^amjMvs,
L. medon and one freshly emerged Argynnis euphrosyne being the only
Diurni besides the three common Pierids. Procris statices was very
rare, and I saw but one Nemeophda phmtaginis. A specimen of
Pldogophora meticulosa was knocked oiit. Of the Tortrices, Dichro-
ramp)ha sequana, D. plumbana, D. phimbagana, A. a^iieana, Catopitria
hypericana, P. lecheana, Penthina pruniana, Ephippiphora nigricostana,
E. trigeminana, Stigmonota roscticolana, S. germarana and S. internana
put in a first appearance, some commonly, others only singly, whilst
several species of Elachlstidte were abundant. This latter fact drew

KOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 231

me to the same neiglibourhood on May 27tli, and I was fairly fortunate
in my captures of the small fry. Among the larger species Scoria
dealbata occurred, whilst Zandognatha grisealis was well out. E. alhulata
was rather rare, C. taminata and C. corylata very mixed, some fine as
ever, some worn to shreds ; E. porata rather worn ; C. taminata, Liijdia
adustata, Melanthia ocellata, Asthena lufeata in fine order, the first fairly
abundant ; whilst Eupithecia exigiiata, a lot of Pechipogon harhali><, one
Drepana falcnla, E. decolorata, three Lithosia aureola, one Acidalia
Hubsericeata, Coremia unidentaria and others fell to the beating stick.
Cidaria russata and Ephyra omicronaria were common, but scarcely a
specimen was wortli boxing. Euclidia glypliica was getting well over,
but I took one with the two transverse lines united into a strong
central band. Procris statices was Avorn to shreds already; Aspilates
strigillaria also. The fine weather had kept them almost constantly on
the wing, and this probably helped matters. I got a fair number of
ToKTRiCES, in fact I had quite a field day with Phoxopteryx diminntana,
which occurred freely in almost every sallow bush. Argyrolepia ceneana
still remained rare among the ragwort, and I got a single Lohesia serviUana
about sloe and one Seraasia icceherana among crab-apple. I remember
someone (Mr. Gregson, I believe) suggesting that this was an imjiorted
species, but it must have been imported a good many years ago into
these woods, probably at the time we got our i)resent fauna after the
glacial epoch. I get the species every year, and I daresay it would be
common enough if I stayed of an evening, to work for it at dusk.
Nemophora metaxella and Cryptohlahes hifitriga were also netted, the
latter from oak. Strenia clathrata and M. montanata, Lohesia reliqnana,
and Phoxopteryx obtusana were particularly abundant, as also was the
second brood of L. a'geria.

On Jxme 3rd Scoria dealbata was fairly common, and I took a fine
series of Emmelesia alhidata and A. hdeata, together with a few good
specimens each of Z. grisealis, Eupithecia casligata, E. plumbeolata,
S. clathrata, L. marginata and I. lactearia. A fine freshly emerged
S. malooe was also taken, whilst good specimens of P. barbalis, E.
omicromaria, C. corylata and E. ghjphica were to be got by selection.
Corycia taminata was still common, whilst fine single specimens of
Ephyra punctaria, E. porata, L. aureola, Erastria fuscida, and 31. sociata
were captured. The place was alive here and there with Argyrotoxana
conioayana, whilst P. jjmniana, Plycholoma lecheana, Tortrix ministrana
and Scoparia amhigualis were also abundant. C. histriga again occurred,
as also S. woeherana, whilst P. corticana, Eadopisa nigricaua were captured,
and P. mitterpacheriana and P. diminntana still occurred. Half a dozen
A. ceneana represented the largest catch I made of this species in one
day during the season. Eucosmia nndulata, Angerona prunaria and
Drepana falcnla fell to the beating stick, whilst L. (egeria occurred
commonly in one ride only. Aspilates strigillaria and Eubolia palumbaria
were both getting worn, whilst H. sylcanns was still in abundance
everywhere. The best catch of the day, however, was a single specimen
of Argynnis selene, caught in a locality which has been worked closely
for the last 50 years, and where tlie species has never been seen before,
A good supply of Tineina helped to complete the day's total.

On June 7th, in the same locality, the males of Bomhyx rubi were
in gi-eat abundance, dashing wildly about in every direction. Scoria
dealbata was practically over ; L. (jegeria more abundant than ever ;

232 THE entomologist's record

Enthemonia russula just appearing ; whilst on this date I saw my last
E. cardamines, a male ; Epinephele janira was already common, and
Hesperia sylvanvs swarmed, and was in dozens everywhere. Etididia
(jlyphica began to get common again, and Eiibolia pnhmharia and
AspiJates strigiUaria were moderately abundant. C. corylata and L.
aureola made their exit this week, as also did Corycia temerata, but
C. taminata lasted out another week yet. A few brilliantly tinted
Jodis ladcaria w^ere taken, and about seven in the evening I captured
the finest series of Aathena hdeata it has ever been my lot to fall across.
Toririx sorh'ana, Penfhinn sellana, Stigmonota nitidana and S2)ilodes
cinctah's made a first appearance, and I got another specimen or tAvo of
C. bistriga, but the Tortices appeared to be on the wane, although the
ElachistidcB were fairly abundant. Angerona p)ninaria again put in an
appearance. The next Saturday, June 10th, X. cegeria was very abun-
dant as also was Eiibolia palumbaria, and EntJiemom'a rusitida males occa-
sionally occurred. Nemeoph'la plantaginis and a few female Scoria dealbata
turned up, as also another Angerona jnunaria ; Erastria fuscida, two or
three beaten out ; another Spilodes cinctalis, and a tine Sy rich thus
malvoe. Enclidia glyphica was very worn, a few only being fine of a
large number netted. H. sylvamis was getting over, as well it might
being constantly on the wing. Zygcena lonicerce was hanging in lovely
condition on the vetch blossoms. P. lecheana swarmed round the oaks.
E. punctaria, worn, was knocked out of the oaks; I saw only one good
sj^ecimen this year, P. barbalis made a last appearance, as well as A.
suhsericeata. This latter would have been abundant enough had I stayed
to " dusk," but I did not, and got back to London as soon as I could.
A few Asthena hdeata only appeared where I took a good number the
previous visit. Eupithecia satyraia occurred sparingl}', and I was very
pleased to capture two specimens of Ebulea stachydnlis, the first time I
ever met with the species alive. I got two more beautifully tinted lodis
lactearia, and a few very fine A. ceneana. Psyche pulla was still out, and
small ixy still abundant, but they were chiefly of the species I had
met with before.

This brings me to the end of the early part of the season, and
the species we get about midsummer in ordinary years. At the
beginning of June, it will be seen, insects were still about two weeks
in advance. The most striking feature about many species this
year is the way they have lasted out, some being in good condition for
five or six weeks, which are usually over in a fortnight. On the other
hand many other species — butterflies and active day-flying moths
particularly — have been quickly over and disappeared, some to produce
a second brood in a very short time. These second broods began
to appear rapidly after the beginning of June, and I have ended here
just before their aijpearance.

For a series of holiday Saturdays, where work did not begin till
noon and ended, on the average, at 6 p.m., and where not a single
night's work is included, I think the above list shows a fairly satis-
factor}' state of affairs in North Kent. — J. W. Tutt. July, 1893.

York and Scarborough. — There is every indication of a good collect-
ing year, and thus far I have made one or two good "bags." The dry
weather has had the effect of allowing us to wander freely over one of
the best gi-ounds near this city, viz. Askham Bog, it being perfectly
dry and safe. With a continuance of the present weather conditions,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 233

I hope to make up a little of the lost time of last summer — the worst
I ever remember. Everybody is recording early dates of appearance,
and they are very numerous here as elsewhere. I took a short series
of Asthena blomeri yesterday (the 5th), last year it was some three
weeks later at the same place, I am told, and the year before plenty of
examples (rather worn) were captured as late as the August Bank
Holiday. Last week I took six species of the genus Acroaycta,
including leporina (2), and also six species of the genus Hadena, viz.
adnsta, dentina, suasa, oleracea, pisi and thalassina. P. lignata was
flitting about in fair numbers, and I came across a few ColUx sparsata,
evidently newly out. On Whit Monday (May 22nd), I was in
Scarborough, and had a look for Sciaphila odomaculana on the Castle
Wall, but I found I was too early. I turned up, however, at Hayburn
Wyke (a few miles north of Scarborough on the coast) Lohopliota
viretata and Venusia camhricaria, both in tine condition. — S. Walker.
June m, 1898.

Beading. — Stauropus fagi has been by no means so i:)lentiful as last
year. I have been out four or five times and have only taken one ; but
I have been very fortunate with Melanippe hastata, Eupithecia plumbeolata
and many others. I have taken Limacodes testudo (1), Hadena adusta,
Aplecta tincta, A. nehidosa, Hypsipetes impluviata, Erastria fuscida, P.
barbalis, Enrymene dolobraria, Epione advenaria.Asthena candid(ita,Ephyra
trilinearia (swarms), E. j^endularia and a great number of Micros. —
E. Bazett. June 7th, 1893.

Cambridge. — The season here, as everywhere, is unusually early.
June species were out early in May and even in April, but although
early, most things seem very scarce ; to this there are notable exceptions.
Among the Macros I saw Papilio machaon on April 23rd, nearly a
month early. Macrogaster arundinis, however, astonished me more. I
have not been able to work for them myself, but saw living specimens
taken on May llth. Although they are usually to Ije taken just
after the middle of June, the surest time is the end of that month and
first week of July. My best nights for the species were those of July
3rd and Gth, 1891, in splendid condition. I collected full-fed larvai of
Gelechia morosa on May 14th, the moths emerged June 16th, just three
days earlier than I found larvaj in 1890 and 1891 ; the moths in those
years emerging about July 22nd. I have bred a beautiful series of
Spilosoma lubricipeda var. radiata this year, thanks to Mr. Harrison,
and am now breeding Geometra vernaria, the descendants of a J caught
in 1889. They do not show the least sign of deterioration in colour
or otherwise, which might have been expected from four years inter-
breeding. I have done but little collecting yet, but have taken several
nice species of Micros, a list of which I must give later. As a curious
coincidence with Mr. Atmore's experience (and a most deplorable one),
the two or three alder trees from which I took Stathinopoda pedella
two years ago have been cut down ; there are others about the place,
but pedella seems very local, and it was only these two or three
condemned trees that yielded the species. — W. Eauren. June 20th,
1893.

Morpeth. — I caught Cidaria silaceata this season on May 17th, and
I am looking forward with the hope of taking it again in August this
year, as I notice that some of the larvae are already more than half
their usual size. Insects are all much earlier this season, but I have

234 THE entomologist's record.

seen tliem more plentiful. There is no doubt but that the three last
dull seasons wliich we have had in this neighbourhood, have had a
great deal to do with the scarcity of insects during the present season,
and I cannot say that I have found a single species really jjlentiful as
yet this season, — J. Finlay, Morpeth. July (jth, 1893.

Morayshire, Aberdeen and Braeniar. — I sugared on the sand-hills at
Burghead, Morayshire, on the (Sth inst., and Avas successful in taking a
pair of Triphena subsequa. Xylophania polyodon was, as usual, abundant,
and dark and black vars. were common. Agrotis valligera turned up in
fair numbers, also a few A. corticea, Noctua festiva, Agrotis porphyrea,
T. pironnba, Caradrina blanda, Ajjamea oculea and one black variety of
T. orbona. Crambtis dumetellas, C. perlellus and var. loarringtonellus were
numerous among the bent grass on the sand-hills at Aberdeen on the 7th
inst., but only Xylopliasia polyodon and Miana fasciuncida came to sugar,
although many Nocture were to be seen on the wing. On the banks
of a small stream I netted about forty Coremia munitata and a few Plusia
jndchrina, Chortodes arcuosa and Plafyjytilia bertrami. I spent a week at
Braemar with my friend, Mr. Reid, when we were fairly successful Avith
Zyi/cena exidans and some other Alpine species. — A. Horne, Aberdeen.
July lOfh, 1893.

North Devon. — The season is continuing pretty much as last month,
i.e., everything about a month in advance. The folloAving are my
additional " First Notices " : — Khopalocera. — June 8th, Thecla quercus ;
9th, Vanessa urticce (fresh hatched), atalanta (ditto) ; 12th, Argynnis
aglaia, Hesperia linea, Epinephele hyperanthiis ; 15th, Thecla rubi
(Avorn, had been out about a month, but that would be their normal
time), Satyrus semele ; 22nd, Arge galatea, Argynnis paphia ; 25th,
Ephinephele tithonus ; 27th, Colias eclnsa. Of the last species, two
specimens have been seen, but none caiight. They certainly are, so far,
in no abundance like last year ; but in 1892 no fresh specimens were
seen till the very end of July, and they Avere not plentiful till the
beginning of August. Light has again proA'ed very attractive till
stopped by the moon. The folloAving are the additional species taken
since the notice for the June Record Avas sent : — June 2nd, Caradrina
alsines ; 6th, Cidaria fulrata, Boarmia repandata ; 8th, Enplexia luci-
para, Acronycta megacephala, Lemania lithargyria, Hemithea thymiaria,
Cleora lichenaria, Acidalia imitaria ; 13th, Lophopteryx camelina, Agrotis
corticea, Caradrina cubicidaris, Leucania iinpura, conigera, Chariclea
inarginata (^unibra), Boarmia rhomboidaria, Selenia illunavia, Cidaria
pyraliata, Ellopia fasciaria ; 15th, Chosrocampa elpenor.

Sugar whenever tried still produces nothing. — (Miss) K. M.
HiNOHLiFF, Worlington House, InstOAv, N. Devon. July 3rd, 1893.

Wiclcen. — Last week and this Aveek I have had four nights collecting
here. I say advisedly nights as there is practically nothing to be done
in the day-time, except to take Papilio machaon, the second brood of
Avhich is coming out. Netting at dusk Avas not very profitable.
Collix sparsnta, Epione apiciaria, Lobophora sexalisata, and Cidaria
testata are the principal Geometers at that time, all rather Avorn excejjt
sexalisata which is strangely fresh, as I knoAV that larA'a^ of that species,
very small of course, are now being taken in the New Forest. Light
is, and has been, according to Mr. Houghton, all through the season a
total failure, even the common Bombyces not putting in an appearance.
A few Nudaria senex, Pelnrga coviitata are all we haA'e taken, but

SOCIETIES, 235

sugar answers very well, I have taken a long series of HeJotroplia
fibrosa beautifully varied both in colour and markings, and in very
good condition. Calamia phraijmttidls has only been s^jaringly taken.
Tdpiiiostola helliiiaaai is hardly out at all yet. Leucania pudoriiui is
getting woru, whilst L. p aliens, L. inipxira, Xylophasia poli/odou, Apauiea
ocnlea and Hadeaa olcracea are pests. One Aijrolis ravida has fallen to
my lot, and of others, Noclua rahi, N. baia, Ceriijo cijtherea, Caspklia
megacephala, Caradrina alsines, C. morpheas and Cosiaia ajfiais are the
best. — J. C. MoBERLY, Wicken. Jcdy 13lh, 1893.

gOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — Jidi/ ISth, 1893. — Mr. E.
Oldham exhibited specimens of Macaria liturata, Clerck, Melanthia
albicdlata. L. and many others, some fine forms of OdonesUs poiatoria,
and a specimen of Plusia moneta, captured at Woodford on the
2nd June, Mr. Adkin remarking that this si^ecies appeared to be
distributing itself gi-adually over the country. Mr. South showed
a remarkable form of Triphcma pronuba, L, it being the tyjaical pronuba
on one side and the variety iunuba, Tr. on the other, also Coccyx
ochsenheimeriana, Zell. and a variable series of C kedella from
Middlesex. Mr. Fenn exhibited long bred series of Dicraniira
bifida, Hb., Boariiiia roboraria Schiff. and Notodonta dickea, L. from
Bexley, the New Forest and Deal, respectively. Messrs. Adkin, South,
Frohawk and Briggs showed very long series of Pieris brassicce, L.,
from many parts of England, Scotland and the Isle of Man, &c., for the
purpose of showing the variation existing, both in size and markino-s
Mr. Adkin drawing attention to the manner in which the depth of
colour in the tips varied from black to dove grey. One shown by Mr.
South was no larger than an average Pieris rapce, L. Mr. Frohawk's
specimens comprised, amongst others, a number from Harwich. These
corresponded to the Southern French type, and had no doubt immio-rated.
Mr. H. Moore showed three sjjccimens of the Harlequin Beetle, Acrocinm
lonijimanus, from Trinidad, &c. Mr. Auld, a fine var. of Lomaspilis
marginata, L. from Folkestone. Mr. Step, a number of pujjjB of the
" bacon beetle," Dermestes lardarim, which he stated were being exiieri-
mentally tried as bait for fishing when in the larval condition. Mr.
Barrett mentioned a curious instance in which a number of lepidoi^terous
larva3 had been found in earthen cells in a book draAver, and were sup-
posed to have been placed there by one of the fossorial Hymenoptera
(? Ed.). Mr. West of Streatham, showed Sesia bemhecifornm, D.L. Mr.
Turner two varieties of Argynnis selene, Schiff. and a number of Tortrices
and Tineina, including Penthina prruuiaua, lib., Sciaphila snbjectana, Gn.
S. hybridana, Hb., Torlrix ministrana, L., Phoxopterijx miller p acker i ana
Schiff., Neinophora sioammerdamella, L., &c. Mr Briggs also exhibited
a portion of tlie outer covering of a tree wasp's nest, which was curiously
striped with blue, the insect having, no doubt, been using blue paper
or other material of that colour in its formation. — H. Williams, Hon.
Secrelary.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society.

Tuesday, July -klh, 1893. — Exhibits :- Mr, Gates, cases and bred

236 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

imao"ines of Psyche racUeUa, Coleophora lineola, C. nigrkella and C. snttira-
tella, also examples of Stigmonota inter nana and Pterophonis pentadactyla.
Mr. Clark, two specimens of Smeriathus tilue, showing the extremes of
the pink and green forms, both bred from the same batch of eggs.
Mr. Tremayne, bred specimens of Vanessa polychloros awATheravariata,
including a dwarf specimen of the latter. Mr. Battley, living larvae
of Timandra amataria. Mr. Oldham, a specimen of Plusia moneta taken
at Woodford, and Abraxas idmata from Epj^ing Forest. Mr. Smith,
Halias quercana, Angerona primaria, and Pericallia syringaria, all from
Epping Forest. Dr. Sequeira, Papnlio machaon and larvae of same,
also bred specimens of Vanessa to. Coleoptera : — Mr. Heasler, Magda-
linus barbicornis, Cryptocephalus frontalis, and Tilliis elongatus (J , all from
Sudbury, Middlesex. Mr. Burrows, a female specimen of Tillus elonga-
tiis from Billericay.

Dr. Buckell then brought forward the rough draft of the list of
London Lepidoptera. The list of Rhoi)aIocera was gone through, and
several additions made, and a vote of tlninks to Dr. Buckell concluded
the proceedings.

July 18th, 1893.— Mr. B. G. Morris, of 18, Woburn Place, W.C., was
elected a member of the Society. Dr. Buckell made two interesting
additions to the Society's library, viz. the 1829 edition of Stephens'
Nomenclature of British Insects, and a copy of the English edition of
Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, the part of which relating to the Insecta
was by Latreille, and embodies his latest ideas of classification.

Exhibits : — Dr. Buckell, a batch of ova of Eugonia quercinaria ; he
also exhibited a batch of ova of Melanippe fluctnata, as being in many
respects typical of Geometrid ova, viz. of an oval shape, and scattered in
deposition. The ova of E. qnercinaria, on the contrary, were cylindrical,
tapering slightly both at base and apex, and were slightly indented at
the latter extremity : they were, moreover, deposited in large batches,
the ova slightly overla})piiig one another. Mr. Morris : an example of
Melanargia galatea, from Swanage, having the white marginal spots on
all four wings extremely indistinct ; also Aniphidasys betularia, var.
doubledayaria, from Scarboro', and a ? example of Argynnis paphia
tending towards the var. valezina, or, in other words, a female, not
quite so highly specialized as usual. Mr. Dewey : examples of
JJiphthera orion, and an hermaphrodite specimen of Lyccena icarus,
from Eastbourne ; also a preserved larva of Tceniocampa mimosa.
Mr. Riches : two <? examples of Stauropus fagi, from Epping Forest,
one of them being an example of the dark variety; lie stated that
both these specimens had been taken from young trees. Mr. Lane:
series of Smerinthus ocellatus and S. tilicv, from N. London. Mr.
Heasler : a specimen of Calamia phragmitidis, bred from a pupa found on
the Barking marshes ; also examples of Harjialus rotundicollis, from the
same locality. He stated that the occurrence of this species at Barking
was strange, the locality given by Fowler being the Isle of Wight.
Mr. Riches announced that he had bred during the season a series of
Smerinthus ocellatus, which had spent two winters in the jDupa. Dr.
Buckell then read the records of " Sphingid^e " that he had received
for the Society's London Fauna List, to which the members j^resent
made many interesting additions. — A. U. Battley and J. A. Simes,
Hon. Secretaries.

^^ AND ^^/?^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 9. Vol. IV. September 15th, 1893.

Jiii. Explanatory Suggestion of the Plumose ./IriteniioS iii
tlie female Lepidopterous Pupa.

By J. H. WOOD, M.B., F.E.S.

Those of us into whose hands Mr, Poulton's beautifully illustrated
paper on the Lepidopterous jjujia has fallen, must have felt o-reatly
indebted to him for opening a little-known field, and bringing many
curious and unexpected facts to our knowledge. But whether we are
prepared always to agree with his explanations is not so clear. For
instance, it must have struck many of his readers that the double wino-_
line might be simply the margin of the fringe and membranous win^-
respectively ; but the question is in the hands of my valued friend
Dr. Chajunan, Avhose thoroughness in anything he undertakes is
proverbial. My object, however, is to draw attention to a still more
interesting fact recorded in that paper, namely, the complete sculpturino-
of plumose antennas on the female pupa, when in the perfect insect the
male only possesses them, and to offer a simpler and, I venture to think,
a more satisfactory explanation than the one given in the paper.

I would premise in the first place, that although, strictly speakinc-,
the antenna? can scarcely be called secondary sexual organs since they
probably serve some general purpose, yet that there is a sexual side to
them cannot be doubted, if we consider their highly si^ecialised condition
in many male insects. Next, turning to the highest of all animals, the
Mammalia, we find that the mammary gland, from which they derive
their name, is present in both sexes, but is only comj^letely develoj)ed in
the female. Moreover, it is a curious and well-known fact, that in boys
at the advent of puberty, these glands become painful and enlarge, just
as they do in girls at the same age, and we should infer, but that we
know from experience it will not be so, that they were going to develop
equally in both. Cloing back again to the insect, the larva may be
considered the child, the perfect insect the adult, and the pupa the ao-e
of commencing puberty ; the analogy, so far as sexual life is concerned
being strictly accurate. If then in the mammal the stimulus of awaken-
ing sexual development is so excessive or so ill-directed as to rouse
into temporary activity and growth an organ that afterwards fails to
develop, what should hinder the same thing from taking place in the
insect, with only this accidental difference, that, whereas in the pupa
the external parts are laid down in a hard imjDerishable material, the

238 THE entomologist's record.

temporary growth and development of the antennte cannot be removed
by absorption, as eventually the enlargement of the mammai-y glands
is removed in the boy, but remain permanently impressed on the pupal
skin.

Perhaps too the same hypothesis will account for the equally
curious condition of the wing-cases in apterous species. It is quite
possible, and to my mind jDrobable, that the wings are correlated with
the sexual organs — at any rate they are the most striking external
character of the mature insect, and start into existence at the same
time with the development of these organs. Though it may be some-
what extravagant, I feel tempted to liken the wings of insects to the
horns of the Mammalia : the one being an organ sjiecially lu'ovided for
locomotion, the other for defence or attack, whilst both are in abeyance
in early life, and both make their appearance with the advent of
puberty. If this view of the relationship of wings be right, that is to
say, if the wings be indeed correlated with the sexual organs, then the
singular phenomenon of the pupal wing-cases in ajDterous or semi-
apterous species being larger than tliose of the imago may, like the
case of the antennae, depend upon the superabundance and erratic
.stimulus of commencing puberty.

A DAY'S ENTOMOLOGIZINC IN THE PARIS ENVIRONS

(BAGNEUX).
By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.
I HAD a full week to fill in between July 27th and August 3rd, and
determined to run over to Paris. Of course I assumed that there would
be no collecting to be done near Paris, and that I should find plenty to do
otherwise. However, I added my satchel and collecting materials to
my impedimenta at the last moment. I had been three days in Paris
before I made up my mind to go to the outskirts of the city, and with
this idea sauntered through the city to the Porte d'Orleans, and then
wandered on towards Bagneux. The sudden and unex2)ected change
from city to country life quite surprised me, and I was soon in the
midst of cultivated ground, with scarcely a trace of waste land. A field
of sainfoin attracted my attention, by the number of Fierh rapoi
hovering there. " Surely that specimen is not rapce ! " flashed through
my mind, and " it's hyale ! " succeeded as rapidly. I stepped off the
highway on to the field, a jDcrformance not difficult in Prance where
there are no hedges, and immediately put up Strenia clathrata, another
step and up flew Lytliria purpuraria, and yet another and another. I
had no net, nothing but six small pill-boxes, and into each of these, with
the aid of my hat, six moths soon found their way. Half-way across
the field Avas a notice forbidding further progi'ess, and I found that the
fields surrouiided a French fort, and I surmised that it was probable
that the fact of the ground being forbidden to the public made it, as it
evidently was, such a good locality for insects. Although I could not
collect these insects, I thought I could inspect the ground, and see what
the locality would produce, and, at the same time, I wanted to detect
the head-quarters of Colias hyale in that immediate neighbourhood.
An hoiTr's foraging into out-of-the-way corners at last landed me into
an entomological paradise. It was another sainfoin field in full blossom,

A day's ENTOMOLOGIZING IN THE PARIS ENVIRONS. 239

and here I saw such a wealth of insect life as I have rarely seen
before, and probably shall never see again. Colias Tiyale flew hither
and thither, much disturbed by Pieris rapce and an occasional P.
hrassicce, and I sat down to Avateli them as I could not catch them. A
Ijeautiful moth hovers over a flower just near me, sucking honey from
the flower all the time. Wliisli I my hat has brought it down. It was,
as I surmised, Acontia albicoUis. I have no pins, no boxes, the moth
appears to be hurt but little, and off it soon goes again. Ah I there's
another smaller moth, and another, and yet another ! I know it of
old : I saw it liuzzing, and then indulging in its headlong flight less
than a week since at Cuxton ; it is J., luctuosa, and look ! there are
dozens of them. I get excited, but excitement has to cool where it
is governed by helplessness. Then a Crambns-looking moth drops at
my very feet, and as I turn to observe it, I am astonished to see the
well-known features of Agropliila sidphuralis, and soon I notice others.
I then thought I would investigate the sides of the field, and soon
disturbed several L. piirpuraria and Botys cinctalis. Both species were
in lovely condition, and the latter, which I had taken rather freel}' in
June in North Kent, was evidently a second brood. Cramhus culmellus
was the only species of the genus I could stir up, but my attention was
soon riveted by a large butterfly coolly sailing along, and alighting
within a yard of me. Yes, there could be no doubt about it ! It was
Papilio machaon. How different this dry region to its Fenland home
in England ! It took wing again, flew over a stubble field and dis-
appeared ; but I saw two or three others during the afternoon, although
I could not discover their food and was evidently not at their head-
<|uarters. Coenonympha pampldlus abounded, as well as the pugnacious
Lyccena teams, a fine large form, which I thought was a different species
until I caught one for satisfaction. Yes, I know that big fellow yonder !
It's megiera, but Avhat's that brown individual buzzing about with
luctuosa ? One's hat is useless, and I crack the brim in fruitless attempts
to knock one down, but it was done at last. What else could it be but
Euclidia glyphica ? but I didn't recognise it until it was on the ground.
Then a strange Fanessa-looking butterfly with a conspicuous eye-spot
on the hind wings flits l)y followed by a large fritillary, neither of
which were determined. There's a " skipper ! " A Avild rush and a
knock with the hat hard enough to have killed ten thousand Initterflies,
and I've missed it : but I had my revenge on a brother of his after-
wards, if not on his individual self, for a vicious sweep killed him
outright, and I discovered it to be a s^^ecies not British. Strenki
dathrata swarmed, and then a stranger gets up from my feet : I follow
it up. Acidalia ruhricata in lovely condition, followed a few seconds
afterwards by Spilodes stidicnlis. This was getting exciting, especially
with the hot sun sweltering and frizzling one into unknowable jiro-
portions. I never knew how vicious a collector I was till I saw all
these insects and couldn't catch them. I walked on further, but found
no other corner like this. I crossed an occasional Colias hyale and
Fainlio machaon in my wanderings, and, at last, slowly turned back, as
visions of a 7 o'clock dinner floated before my mind. On the way
back my ruminations were of a mixed kind, but that I would carry
some of those insects back to England was the thought uppermost in
my mind.

Alas for human expectations ! Eor two successive days heavy

240 THE entomologist's record.

showers at the time avaih\ble prevented a repetition of my visit, and it
Avas not until the day before my departure that I could go again. The-
field round the fort attracted ni}" attention, and the first thing that
I saw was another net on the road in front of the fort. The notice
lioards forbidding entrance within the charmed circle were an awful
nuisance, as the insects, probably knowing my inability to go there, all
retired within this area. It was a nuisance, but first one insect and
then another tempted me, until I got well up to the fort. One or two
of the officers came and looked at me, appeared to vote me a harmless
lunatic and went away, and I began to think that these boards were
of the same value as those denoting that " Trespassers will be
prosecuted " in England. However, I was soon undeceived, for
presently a private soldier, evidently in a towering passion, came up
and bullied me most dreadfully. Whether it was due to my natural
disposition to allow myself to 1)0 Itullied without saying anything, or
to the fact tliat I didn't understand above one-tenth of what he said, I
do not know, Ijut I smiled sweetl}^ at him and proposed staying where
I was, but it was of no use, and he very firmly but politely saw me
outside that ring of notice boards, and going back carefully inspected
the ground I had affected, and he was still on his knees at the liusiness
when I disappeared out of sight, to the El Dorado I had discovered
the week before. On my way, however, the weather became dull, and
the sun-loving species which I had noticed in such profusion a few
days before were only in small numbers. However, two or three hours
sufficed to get together a representative lot of specimens from this
localit3^ The species which I determined by actually catching speci-
mens were as follows : — Colias hyale, Coenonyrnpha pamphilus, Vanessa
atdlanta, Pieris rapce, P. hrassicce, MeJanargia gahitea, Lyccena corydon, L.
icarus, Lasiommata megcera, Cuspidia ]>si, C. aceris, Acontia albicollis,.
A. hictnosa, Ench'd/a glyphica, Agrophila snlphuraUs, Miana hicoloria,
Li/thria pmrpuraria, Strenia clathrafa. Ematnrga atomaria, Acidalia
rnbricata, EuhoJia hipnnctata, Cramhus cuJmeUus, Pterophorus monodadyla,
Ortliotaniia utriana, Pioncea forficalis, Spilodes sticticalis, Herhida cespitalis,.
Scojmla ferrngalis and Stigmonota composana.

The great surprise w^as the absence of Tortrices and Tineina.
There were absolutely none of the latter, and I only got an odd speci-
men each of Stigmonota composana and Orthoiienia striana among the
former.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES & OBSERVATIONS.

Sensibility of larv.e to Sound. — A few days ago I was standing
in my larvae room, and while calling to my lirother, who was outside
in the garden, I noticed that some 3'oung Bomhyx qiiercus larva? in a
cage close by were making very peculiar movements. Thinking that
it Avas pei'haps my voice which Avas affecting them, I went nearer and
shouted as loudly as possible, when they all were at once thrown into
great commotion, holding on to the stems and leaves of the bramble,
on which they were feeding, by their hind claspers, and jerking their
heads and bodies about in much the same Avay as many of the Geometer-
caterpillars do when disturbed. I shouted again twice, and each time
I stopped they became rpiiot. After I had repeated the noise about a

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 241

dozen times they at last got used to it, and evidently thinking that my
bark was worse than my lute, utterly ignored me ; but on clapping my
hands loudly and whistling shrilly they were once more startled, not
liaving expected this change in my nianojuvres, and showed the same
signs of annoyance as previously. There was a plate of glass in the
front of their cage, so that nothing could have reached them but the
sound. I liave since then favoured them with several similar concerts,
each time with the same results. They are evidently disgusted with my
want of harmony. — Alfred J. Johnson, Erdington. August 10th, 1893.

I have notes made this year very similar in effect to those written
])y Mr. Johnson. My first observation was in the open at Cuxton,
Avhen, calling to Mr. Page who was some distance from me, a brood of
Vanessa nrticce became most remarkably excited. They did not fall off
their food plant, but threw their bodies rapidly from side to side, and
were evidently much disturbed. This they did each time I called.
Later I made the same observation on larvae of CalUnwrplia doininula
and Nemeopliila plantaglnis, which had been sent by the Eev. CI. M. A.
Hewett, and which were kept in a large glass cylinder in the green-
liouse. Calling to my children in the garden threw them into similar
excitement, but after a time, as Mr. Johnson observes with regard to ■
tlie larva? of B. quercus, these also got used to it ; but after a short rest
the same excited condition could be readily induced.— J. W. Tutt.

The Hybernation of Vanessa cardui. — I believe some notice
occurred recently in the Ent. Bccord about Vanessa, cardui hybernating in
tlie British Isles. I took a worn sjjecimen at Galway on April 20th.
—J. E. K. Allen. August 2nd, 1893. [Mr. Woolfe, of Skibbcreen,
lias kindly sent us larva? of this species since our note, ante, p. 170. It
ajipears to be excessively rare this year in Britain. — Ed.].

Depressaria aurantiella, n. sji. ?. — On p. 253 of this Magazine is a
remark by Mr. Hodges on some dark Depressarias being probably re-
ferable to hadieUa, " in Mr. Tntt's opinion." This is hardly my opinion !
I caught a Depressaria at Deal, in 1888, very dark in colour, and marked
somewhat similarly to hadieUa. It Avas remarkably distinct, however,
in my opinion, and I had descril)ed it as a new species under the name
of Depressaria aurantiella, the latter l.)oing derived from the remarkably
distinct and striking orange-coloured palpi. Having got thus far, I
submitted the matter to Mr. Staiiiton. He infoniicd me that he had
}irevioiisly seen or heard of dark hadieUa, and he supposed tliis to be
line, l.)ut he owned the orange palpi puzzled him. Tlie matter has re-
mained liere ever since. I have not seen Mr. Hodges' specimens, so
cannot tell Avhether they agree with mine. I hope, however, to be able
to compare the sjjecimens, and Avill report further. At any rate, I am
satisfied that my species is distinct from hadieUa, and so far as I can
get material, is not any of tlie described Continental species. —
J. W. Tutt. August, 1893.

XoTES ON THE Early Stages OF CERTAIN Geometrina. — Macaria
notata.—Oxa laid July 10th, 1891 : hatched July 23rd. Small— some
olive green, t)thers reddish — laid singly on outer side of muslin sleeve.
August oOtli. — Larva? have all spun in sawdust. First imago emerged
May 24th, 1892.

Acidalia immutata. — Ova laid July 2Gtli, 1891 ; hatched August 2nd.
On August 30th I made the following note : — " Growing very slowl}^ ;
,sit on twigs and leaves of chick\veed, with anterior segments curled up ;

242 THE entomologist's record.

colour, a clingy green ; no characteristic markings." A note on
October 4tli is as follows : — " Some appear nearly full fed, others are
quite small ; they are still feeding on chickweed." Another on October
10th reads : — " Larvae are spinning earthen cocoons ; " and on October
17th : — " One can be seen to have imjjated."

EpJiT/ra pnncfaria. — Ova laid June 5th; hatched Jiuie 13tli ; l)egin-
ning to pu})ate on July 9th ; l)egan to emerge July 20th. " The larva^
in its earlier stages is brown, w'ith lighter lateral markings, somewhat
resembling that of Hibernia dcfoliaria. At its last moult it becomes
green with pinkish lateral marking's. It undergoes pupation by
attaching itself to the under side of an oak leaf by its anal claspers,
then spins a single thread across the body, and changes to a green pupa
with a very square head." On May 31st, 1892, I made the following-
notes on the egg of this species : — " Ovoid, small, covered with minute
pits ; pale straw colour, laid in twos on bits of fibre at edge of chip box."

Amphidasys heUdaria. — Ova laid June 24th ; hatched July 7th.
Ovoid, small, greenish grey in tint, smooth, scattered about box, some
loose. July 6th, eggs becoming blackish grey.

Nnmen'a jmhernr/a. — Ova laid Ma}' 31st, 1892 ; hatched June 10th.
The eggs are oval, smooth ; a depression (pit) extending over about
half the surface in middle of oval ; ver}^ pale straw colour, deposited
singly aliout chip box. On June 10th, I note : — " Ova undergo no
change before hatching; larva ver}^ pale green, with orange head."

Coremia nnideataria. — August 5th, 1892. Ova laid by dark $ ;
hatched August 15th. Small, oval, pale lemon, laid on bottom of chip
box, mostly single. August 9th — Have become more orange red in tint.
Aiigust 15th — Became black a few hours before hatching. Larva
brownish, with last segment pale. — F. J. Buckell, M.B. Jidij, 1893.

Times of emergence. — The following general times of emergence
have been observed: — Toeniocainpd gothica emerges about 8 a.m.; T.
instahilis from 9 to 10 a.m. ; T. ninnda from 10 to 12 a.m. and also at
midnight. — T. A. Chapman, Firl^ank, Hereford.

Second Broods of Vanessa io and atalanta. — I found, a few days
ago, a small brood of Vanessa io larvae now at their last moult. As the
latest of the first brood emerged as butterflies two months ago, these
must be a second bi-ood. Mr. Merrifield tells me that a second brood
of io is not recorded in England, nor, so far as he is aware, on the
Continent, though it must probably occur at its most southern habitats.

He also calls my attention to a second brood of atalanta, of whicli
the larva\ now full-fed, are fairly abundant. The butterflies are still
freely on the wing, but as there was a period without larva\ these must
be the second brood also.

In Mr. Barrett's Avork second broods of io and atalanta are not
alluded to. The remarkable vanishing of the larva^ of io the moment
they are full-fed is there noted. As bearing on the explanation, I may
note that I met a full-fed larva seventy yards from the nettles in which
several broods fed up, travelling vigorously, and the intervening space
consisted of grass for mowing.

I cannot help calling attention to a specimen of V, urticoi recorded
by Mr. Barrett, jiossessed of the larval head. We all, from time to
time, meet with such examples. I had, last year, a Zeuzera cesculi and
a Zyijoina filipendulo} with the larval head ; these cases are due to the
larval head not being successfully moulted at the change to pupa.

VARIATION. 243

Mr. Barrett's specimen is, however, infinitely more remarlcaljle, as the
larval head was developed within a normal pupa. I should certainly
not have believed this had anyone but Mr. Barrett been the observer.
Though atalanta is abundant, io is not to be seen now, though the larva
was abundant, and the butterfly also for a short period. This seems to
indicate that early as they emerged this year, they take to their winter
quarters equally early, whilst atalanta refrains from doing so much
longer, if not jjerhaps as long as possible. — T. A. Chapman, Firbank,
Hereford. August 29th, 1893. [Large and small larvae of V. atalanta,
taken at Gal way by Mr. J. E. R. Allen on September 8th have just
been received by us. We cannot however get larvfe of V. urticce. — Ed.]

WARIATION.

Colour Variation in the pup.e of Lasiojimata meg.era and
L. iEGERiA. — Looking over your notes this moi'ning in the Record
regarding pupa3 of L. mjeria and L. megcera, it may interest you to
know that out of about 80 jiupas of cegeria I had very recently, every
one was of the light green shade, and I have not yet seen a grey one
such as you describe. Out of about 30 i)upa3 of megcera — one was of a
dark olive gTcen colour, and another of the velvety black form you
describe. I send you the remains of this latter j)upa ; it was accident-
ally broken vqy. All the other pupte were of a similar colour to the
light gTeen of cegeria. — S. G. C. Russell, Priory Villa, Woking.
August Wth, 1893.

Variety of Arctia caia. — A larva of Arctia caia was brought to
me last month, found on the pavement close to Highgate Road, I
placed it in a box, 2 in. by 1 in,, with some common marigold (Calen-
dula officinalis) which it seemed to enjoy ; so much so, that nettle,
hollyhock, etc. failed in comparison to attract its attention. Just as it
began to sj^in I transferred it to a cage. It has become a fine $
specimen, approaching the variety lutescens ; the hind wings being
orange, but the body and collar reddish. — George Hollis, Dartmouth
Park Hill. July 21s/, 1893.

Variation of Calli3iorpha heka. — The specimens of Callimorpha
her a which I have bred safely, came out two months earlier than their
parents. They have done pretty well and would have done better but
for deformities, of which there were many. The upper wings were
nearly always perfect ; but the underwings, and especially the left
underwing, were often deformed. I do not think this Avas due to any
fault in management, as Mr. Bird's, which were kept under much more
favouralile circumstances than mine, gave a similar proportion of
deformities. We did not succeed in pairing them, I am sorry to say.
The colour of the underwings varies from bright scarlet to yellow,
with all intermediate tints. There are, however, three regular forms :
the scarlet form, the yellow form and the orange form. The yellow
and orange forms are both commoner than the scarlet form. — A,
Robinson, 1, M;tre Court Buildings, Temple, Jidij 12th, 1893.

Aberration of Argynnis paphia. — I have got a veiy fine var. of
Argynnis paphia from New Forest ; right hand pair of wings 2 , left 3^ ,
— P, Bright, Bournemouth, August 10th, 1893.

Description of Hippodamia variegata var. englehardi. — It may

244 THE entomologist's record.

interest some of your coleopterist readers to hear of an interesting
variety of Hippodamia variegata (Coccinella mtdahih':^) tliat lias occurred
at Swanage, Dorset, this summer. At first I was inchned to think that
it was entirely a new species, but upon close examination with the
siaecimens in the British Museum collection, it was pronounced to be
only a variety, but of such singular appearance, that I have considered
it well worth recording.

The typical H. variegata, it will be remembered, has six distinct
black spots on the latter half of the elytra and one on the scutellum,
leaving the front of each elytron devoid of markings. In the variety
there are placed, on the space usually vacant, two extra si^.ots between
the scutellum and the two usual centre spots close to the suture, and on
the shoulders there are also two somewhat smaller spots, making in all
thirteen distinct markings, instead of the usual seven. The thorax,
moreover, is much darker ; the white marking being almost entirely
lost, save for the margin and two very small white dots in the centre.
At first sight it might easily be taken for Coccinella 11-punctata, but may
be easily distinguished from that species by the position of the spots.
I propose to call this variety " enqlehardi." — Bertraji Geo. Eye,
2VZ, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, S.W. June 26th, 1893.

PRACTICAL HINTS.

The Month. — Now the season for autumn larvi\3 commences, and
many may be found that will enjoy their winter sleep in the pupal stage,
and these the young collectors should try to obtain. Most of the
butterfly larva? are diflicult to find, owing to their marked resemblance
to the plant which they feed upon, or to their mode of feeding, usually
Cj[uite hidden from the keenest eye. Still some may be found, and they
are worth breeding. Many of the "hawk" moths are now feeding,
such as Smerinthus popidi, tilice, and Sphinx ligvstri, all of which form
interesting objects to the young beginner, and are usually easy to rear.

The freshly emerged imagines are not so numerous this month, but
many of them are local and rare. The rare Lycoina hoitica has been
caught occasionally, also Sphinx convolvnli, Deilephila lineata, and Charo-
campa celerio, all oi which are rare ; sometimes the energetic collector
may also be rewarded with a specimen of Catocala fraxini.

The great sugar bait should still be *' laid on " plentifully, more
especiall}' on the sea coast, where remarkable varieties of Agrotis tritici,
cursoria, and others of the same fnmil}', may be obtained. — J. P. Mitch.

Gather at once a calico bag full of the twisted heads of willow,
sallow, or dwarf-sallow, tie up tightly and leave a few days, then turn
out into a large close-fitting box. You should breed large numbers of
Peronea hastiana. In turning out of the bag see that there are no j^ujiai
in the folds.— J. W. Tutt. September, 1893.

URRENT NOTES.

Lord Walsingham in the E. 31. M. states that the collections of the
late Mr. H. T. Stainton are now in the Natural History Museum and
accessible to students. We are pleased to learn that the collection of

CURRENT NOTES. 24c5

British insects is to remain intact, also that the European collection of
Tineidce, which contains many of the types from which the original
descriptions of the respective species were made, will also remain
intact and be immediately accessible. The cabinets containing the
exotic Micro-lepidoptera will have to be specially asked for by those
who wish to refer to their contents.

Mr. A. Thurnall adds a new Dichrorhampha to the British list, viz.,
D. alpcstraaa, H.-S. The specimens were bred from larvae found in
roots of Achillea ptarmica growing in a damp spot in Epping Forest on
March 11th last, the larvae being " bone white with light brown heads."
The imagines were well out on June 4th. These are "particularly
stumpy and square looking, the markings putting one more in mind of
D. alpinana than any other species of the genus." A description is
appended {E. M. M., pp. 175-176) together with a long note by Lord
Walsingham on the synonymy of "Dichrorhampha'' subsequana, Hw.,
under which name D. alpentrana is wrongly included in Staudinger
and Wocke's Catalogue.

Mr. C. G. Barrett notes the occurrence and capture by Mr. W. M.
Christy of a series of Z. trifolii, including several specimens of var,
lutescens, first described in the Young Naturalist, vol. ix., p. 152.

A specimen of Pieris daplidice is reported as having been captured
at Eastbourne on July 9tli by Mr. C. Masters : a gynandrous Argynnis
paphia by Mr. P. Carle w in the New Forest, whilst Mr. Goss reports
Lycoena arion from North Cornwall. Mrs. Hanbury we understand has
captured a specimen of Leucania vitellina in the New Forest and another
in the Isle of Wight. Mr. Mathew records the breeding of 38 specimens
of Plusia moneta from larvae taken in May ; and Mr. Purdey the
capture of Stigmonota {Halonota) ravidana at Folkestone.

It is with regi'et that we record the death of the Rev. H. Burney,
who died on July 16th, aged 79. He was an ardent collector of British
lepidoptera, and has of late years increased his collection very largely
by purchase from well-known professional collectors. This, as will be
seen by reference to our advertisement columns, is shortly to be brought
to the hammer.

A Mr. W. E. Sharp adds his quota to what he terms " the mel-
anism controversy." The paper is written with a maximum of good
taste and a minimum of information. He commences by stating that
it has occurred to him that " the view the question assumes to one who
compensates for the disadvantage of not being a specialist in lepi-
doptera, by the advantage of having neither preconceptions to sustain
nor theories to enunciate on the matter, may not be devoid of interest,"
which, Ave presume, means in plain English that " not having devoted
the time required to the consideration of this suljject, and not having
the information on the subject which can only be acquired by a
specialist, I am in the satisfactory jjosition of being able to thoroughly
discuss the subject." That this view is fully carried out is shown by
the subdivision of the problem into two parts a, and h, of which division
the author immediately afterwards writes : " It will be seen that a and
h may be considered as equivalent." In other words we presume the
division has been made because there is no need for it. Mr. Sharp
shows that he is not a specialist, for he writes : •* Preponderance of
individuals does not indicate the type, otherwise we should have now
to regard the form doubledayaria as the type of Aniphidasys betularia."

246 THE entomologist's record.

This will be news to the lepidopterists of all but our northern and north-
western counties, and of those areas where melanism is particularly
prevalent. Again he asks : " Have we any evidence of distinct
melanism from South Staffordshire, East Worcestershire and South
Wales ? " Why does not an individual who asks such a question
make himself conversant with such things, and instead of asking
the entomological public such questions, write to our South Wales
collectors (if he even knows their names), and to the Secretary of the
Birmingham Natural History Society for information ? Mr. Sharp
then gives some definitions of " natural selection," " heredity," etc., for
which we who are readers of The British Naturalist must give him
special thanks, as he evidently does not rate our intelligence and
reading power at a very high pitch. A further series of definitions
follows, of which those of " ontogeny " and " phyllogeny " stand out
strikingly; We might have supposed that these were misprints for
•' ontogeny " and " phylogeny," but that they are repeated throughout
a long- paragraph. There are also some new ideas on the Gulf Stream,
and the absence of its effects, which should be included in the next
Syllabus on " Physiogi'aphy," issued by the Science and Art Department,
South Kensington. Eeally Mr. Sharp should get up the subject first and
write about it afterwards, and should not criticise specialists till he has
become a specialist in advance of those he criticises. Mr. Sharp's initial
reason for supposing that what he wrote might " not be quite devoid
of interest," does not seem a particularly strong one if we consider
that every beginner at the subject has in common with himself no
* preconceptions to sustain nor theories to enunciate," and tliat only
those students have, who have devoted long and patient liours to
thoughtful study and research, and who from siicli vagaries have at
last obtained preconceptions which they can generally sustain amongst
well-informed men, and have enunciated theories which they can con-
vince specialists are at least soimd enough to hold water. It is certainly
to be hoped, however, that every beginner at Lepidoptera who feels
called upon to treat us to his opinions, will do so in as nice a manner as
has Mr. Sharp, because even if of no use to science they aid digestion
by amusing us.

The Western University of Pennsylvania has just conferred the
degree of D.Sc. on Frederick Moore, and that of Ph.D. on A. G. Butler,
both of London, in recogTiition of their work in entomology (Psyche).

Our coleopterists would do well to read Mr. H, F. Wickham's paper
(illtrstrated by 20 figures), entitled, " Some interesting colour- varieties
in the genus Crossidius,''' published in tlie August number of The
Canadian Entomologist, whilst to economic entomologists Mr. C. H. Tyler
Townsend's paper on " Michigan insects, principally Coleojytera, affect-
ing forest trees," to be found in the same number, should prove useful.

Micro-Lepidopterists will have to read Dr. Wood's paper (E. M.
M., p. 197) "On the earlier stages of the Nepticnlce." We can imagine
nothing Ijetter for those who wish to become conversant with the
habits, etc., of these interesting atoms in their earlier stages.

The Right Hon. Lord Walsingham states that specimens of Conchylis
degreyana were recorded as bred from Linaria vnhjaris by Messrs, Bree
and Warren, although both he and Mr. Barrett generally found it
among Vlnntago, and in 1889 he bred a specimen from P. lanceolatus.
Lord Walsingham then concludes that there are two larvae with

CURRENT NOTES, 247

different habits, the one which feeds on Linaria habitually* descending
to the ground to pupate, the other which feeds on Plantago pupating in
the seed heads.

Mr. Durrant comes to the conclusion that the species we call Conchylis
anthemidana, Curt., was never described by Curtis as such, but that the
species he recorded as subroseana, bred from larvae found on Anthernis,
Wilkinson afterwards described as anthemidana, Curtis.

Mr. R. Newstead describes the new Coccid Lecanopsis formicarum,
and states that Mr. Dale's record of Bipersia tomh'nii (E. M. M., xxviii.,
p. 219) really refers to this species, and adds Physokermes abietis to the
British fauna, from specimens taken July 4th, 1891, in Delamere
Forest on spruce fir.

We are informed by Mr. H. Ames that Colias hyale was seen in
lucerne fields in the neighbourhood of Sheerness during the third week
in August. Mr. J. J. Walker records it from the same locality. Mr.
Page informs us of captures at Folkestone.

Another Gelechia gone wrong ! Mr. Eustace R. Bankes refers the
specimens called Lita strelitzieUa in the Ent. Anjiual, 1872, p. 123, and
by means of which this species was added to the British List, to Gelechia
celereUa (Doug.), Sta. The same gentleman also repeats the facts
embodied in our " Current Note " (ante, pp. 202-203) in the E. M. M.
this month, in order to draw from Mr, Dale, if possible, some explana-
tion of his remarkable statements concerning Eesperia actceon.

Our friend, Mr. Lachlan Gibb, contributes a paper to The Canadian
Entomologist (July Number), entitled " Notes on Collecting some of the
smaller Sesiidse in the London (England) District." In it he states
that in 1874 and 1875 he " took and saw several Sesia tiptdi/ormis in
Mr. R. Gibb's garden, St. Catherine Street, Montreal, among the currant
bushes," and he further suggests that " it would be found in any of our
old town (Montreal) gardens now."

The following notice may be of service to English workers : —
" Dr. A. S. Packard has recently published two imjDortant papers on
Heterocera. One deals with The life histories of certain moths of the
family Cochlio2)odidoe, with notes on their spines and tubercles, and the
other records the author's Studies on the transformation of Moths of the
family Saturniidce. The former paper is in the Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society, vol. xxxi, pp. 83-108 ; the latter in the
Proceedings Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1893, pp. 55-92 " (American
Naturalist, July, 1893, pp. 681-682).

We are indebted to Mr. Nelson M. Richardson for his paper, " Notes
on Dorset Lepidoptera in 1891," with splendid coloured figures from
the careful pencil of Mrs. Richardson, of the food plant (Pedicularis
palustris), the larva and imago of Eupcecilia geyeriana. Also to Mr.
Carpenter for a copy of his paper (reprinted from Natural Science)
on "Colour changes in Insects," in which the various recent views
on the subject are very carefully put forward and discussed.

After Dr. Buckell's excellent criticism of Mr. Dale's ridiculous
notes on " Entomological Nomenclature," we probably shall not be
troubled with any more similarly undigested and erroneous material.
We have to thank Mr. Dale for bringing Dr. Buckell to the front, and

* Mr. Warren mentions breeding a specimen from L. imlgaris, which must
have pupated in a flowerhead. — Ed.

248 THE entomologist's record.

showing us that we have a lepidopterist exceedingly well informed
on matters of this kind, and one who will undoubtedly become an
authority to whom we may refer in matters of doubt. The general
ignorance of lepidopterists on this subject has hitherto enabled
dabblers to pick imaginary holes in the work of our best men —
Staudinger and Kirby — and to win a cheap notoriety as literar}"
enthusiasts ; and even those who are purely collectors of British
lepidoptera, occasionally try to become literary by giving us their
valuable opinions on such subjects. A really trustworthy authority,
who is at the same time one of ourselves, should put an end to this
once and for all.

We should be thankful if any lepidopterist can inform us whether
any butterfly, British or foreign, has an anterior and posterior move-
ment?

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

NoNAGRiA hellmanni IN LINCOLNSHIRE. — Notwithstanding very
indifferent sport, I have continued to sugar all through this month
some twenty trees in my garden and fields here. My virtue has at
last been rewarded by a very surprising capture — that of N. hellmanni.
It was sitting on July 29th, in company with Triphcvna promiha and
Apamea oculea, on the trunk of a beech, bordering a field locally called
" The Wilderness." The centre of this field is devoted to growing
potatoes and artichokes, whilst round the edges is a l^elt of ordinary
forest trees — ash, beech, and elm, with rough gi-ass, nettles, dock, etc.,
growing underneath. It is bounded on the E. side Ity the Eectory
garden (highly cultivated I), on the W. by a farmyard, on the S. by a
macadamised road, and on the N. by the churchyard. A more unlikely
locality for that fen-loving insect, hellmanni, one could not easily
conceive. There are no fens or marshes anywhere in this neighbour-
hood. But that my insect is hellmanni I am ready to maintain against
all comers, as I have had considerable experience of the species, seeing
that, in August, 1882, 1 took no less than 293 specimens in its favourite
haunt, the Fen of Wicken I — (Rev.) G. H. Raynok, Panton Eectory,
Wragby. Jnh/, 1893. [Our correspondent lias forwarded this, with
other specimens captured afterwards, to us for identification. There
is no doubt that the species is hellmanni. Is it not the fact that in
Monk's Wood, where it is also abundant, the Fen element is also absent ?
—Ed.].

Prior emergence of males in Lepidoptera. — With regard to the
note on this subject in the June number of the Ent. Beeord, I think the
following may interest some of your readers. About the middle of
June an example of the emergence of males Ijeing prior to that of
females came under my notice. I was breeding Ocneria dinpar : first
I had ten male dispar emerge, and two or three days afterwards
four females made their appearance. — 8. B. Chandley, Warrington.
My 10th, 1893.

Deilephila euphorbi.b. — I read in the " Current Notes " of this
magazine for July, 1893, the following statement : — " D. enphorbiai
with the exception of an occasional immigrant, has not been British
for some three-quarters of a century." Is this quite correct ? I believe

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 249

the " perfect insect " has not been taken in this country, but larvfe have
been found. A young friend of mine found, in the autumn of 1889,
thirteen nearly full-fed larvas on the West of Cornwall, feeding on
EupJiorhia par alias. He brought them home and entrusted the pujia? to my
care, for they turned very soon after capture. Three died in puj^ating,
one died during the winter, and nine came out perfect specimens, three
of which are now in my cabinet. For fuller information I refer your
readers to the Entomologist, vol. xxiii., pages 18 and ol9. — J. Seymoi'k
St. John, 42, Castlewood Eoad, Stamford Hill. Jidij 2\st, 1893.
[We were fully aware of the reports referred to by our correspondent,
but at the same time venture to suggest that the statement in the
" Current Note " referred to is substantially correct. In the face of
what is known of this species in Britain, the statement " this very rare
insect in Britain has this year re-appeared. A young friend this
autumn came ujDon thirteen nearly full-fed larvEe," &q. (Entomologist,
xxiii. p. 18) wants considerable amplification. Who is " the young-
friend " ? What has he to say about the coming upon " thirteen nearly
full-fed larvae " ? Mr. St. John has to rely on the statement of a
" young friend," and this makes all the difference. If he had taken
the species himself it would have been another matter. Mr. St. John
further states that " the ten pupa? " (which successfully changed from
these larvfe) " were entrusted to my care," so that he evidently never
had the larva?, an important item, considering how easy jiupge are to
obtain. Mr. St. John exhibited three of the nine specimens reared,
at the meeting of the Ent. Soc. of London, as " bred from larva? found
feeding on Eaphorbia paralias on the Cornish coast, in September,
1889 " (Trans. Ent. Soc. of Lon., 1891, p. xxxi.) He records having
searched for the larva? himself in July, 1890, " on the spot where they
Avere found the previous autumn " but " failed to discover any trace
whatever of larva?, young or middle aged." Mr. St. John must forgive
our scepticism, but until we know something of the captor of these
larva?, we shall, in common \y\t\\ most British lepidopterists look on
Mr. St. John as a probable victim in the matter. It would be interest-
ing, however, to know the present whereabouts of these nine specimens
which have been recorded, so that at any rate they may be distinguished
from those that were sent on their wanderings last winter. We notice
that Mr. St. John mentions nine specimens as being reared, in
the paragraph above, but in September, 1890, he only mentions eight
as having been reared, and one that looked like jjassing a second winter
in the pupal stage. — Ed.]

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

Midstimmcr collecting in North Kent. — In my contribution to the
" Notes of the Season " last month, I recorded captures by myself and
Mr. Page up to June 10th, when the species usually obtainable at Mid-
summer were appearing pretty generally. Our next visit to the woods
was on June 17th. On this date insects were not particularly abundant.
The day's work included the capture of further specimens of the second
brood of Lasiomtnata cegeria, whilst Euclidia ghjphica appeared also to be
making an attempt to produce a second brood, and an extensive second
brood of Pyranstn purjmralis was on the wing. The early ])rood of this
species is always a small one in Kent, the second producing a laro-e
number of specimens. Zygcena lonicero' was in great abundance

250 THE entomologist's bkcord.

hundreds hanging on the flowers of the purple vetch or flying in the
sunshine, whilst Euthemonia russula was fairly common, no less than
ten females in beautiful condition falling to my net. The markings on
the hind wings of the males varied much, some being without the
usual dark band on the outer margin, whilst others had it specially
well-developed. To a certain extent the same form of variation is
found in the females, but the markings are not so obsolete as in some
of the males. Timandra amataria was turned up from the long grass at
the corners of the " rides," whilst an odd specimen of Cklaria pyraliata
was also disturbed, Eubolia palumharia was apparently over, although a
certain percentage of the large nixmber of Strenia clathrata observed
were still in fine condition. The first brood of Ephyra omicronaria,
so conspicuous from its large size compared with the second brood, was
still on tlie wing, as well as Spilodes cinctalis and Asthena lufeata. A
few Mimceseoptilus fuscns (pterodactyla) were seen, as well as Cramhus
perlelhs of a large creamy coloured type. A specimen of Enpithecia
plumbeolata, and another each of Botys fuscalts and Acidalia dimidiata
were netted, as well as several Rhodophcea consociella, the larvfe of which,
in their conspicuous bunches on the oaks, had been abundant. Cabera
pusaria was very aljuudant. Among the Tortrices, Spilonota 7-oscecolana,
Ephipp)iphora trigeminana, Chrosix tesserana, Dichrorhampha phtmbana,
Peiithina sellana, Etipvecilia angustana, second brood of D. acuminatana
and Arqyrolepia ceneana were captured, whilst fine specimens of Psyche
pulla, Parasia lappella, Tischer/a dodonaia, Gelechia inopeUa rej^resented
the TiNEiNA, which were decidedly scarce. A short series of a
Dichrorhampha, which I have hitherto called D. politana, but which 1
feel satisfied is distinct from the ordinary form of this species, was
also taken. This form I get every year. It has the orange blotch on
the inner margin curved at the t\\), and both the insect and the blotch
are much lai'ger than in the ordinary specimens of B. politana, whicli
I have taken in abundance at Deal, Tuddenham and other localities.
As evening came on, Mr. Page and I determined to stop till dusk, with
the result that we got some very fine specimens of Phorodesma bajularia,
Heinithea thyviiaria, Cidaria fidvata, Tortrix sorbiana, T. cratcegana,
whilst we were also fortunate in securing a few very fine specimens of
Toxocampa pastinum. Quite at dusk we had splendid sport with
Angerona prunaria, a long series of fine examples rewarding our
combined efforts.

June 24tli was very showery, but gave us another day in the same
woods. Of the species previously mentioned Zygamia lonicerce was in
the utmost profusion. I have looked over an endless number of living
specimens of this species in my time, but never till this year have I seen a
variety. On this occasion I captured two specimens with the top basal
spot extending along the costa as far as the spot nearest the apex, form-
ing a laro-e red streak extending between the costa and costal nervure, and
unitino- with the upper of the central pair of spots, whilst the outer spot
is extended so as almost to unite with the lower one of the central pair.
A third specimen has a tendency to form the same type of variation.
Generally speaking, the upper spot of the second pair in lonicerce is
very small, and very distinct and separate from the lower, but in some
specimens it becomes large and variable in shape, whilst two or three
specimens have the central pair of spots united as in the type of Z.
trifolii. Strenia clathrata still continued to emerge, as also the second

KOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 251

"brood of Pyrausta purpuralts, whilst specimens of S. cinctalis, Asthena
luteata, Zanclognatha grisealis, Crambus perlellus (sheeny white),
Miviceseoptilns pterodactyla, C. pratellus (freshly emerged) were also
observed. The sides of the " rides " swarmed with Spilonota dealbana
and its dark variety, Grapholitha penMeriana, Dicfyopteryx bergmanmana,
Coleophora lutipennella, and Argyresfhia albistria, whilst Orthotcenia
ericetana, Sciaphila pasivana, C. tesserana, A. ceneana, D. acuminatana,
Dicrorampha (? species), and S. roscecolana were also observed. Sericoris
conchana was abundant with E. trigeminana in a damp field ; Pcedisca
corticana on the trunks of oaks, and Dictyopteryx Icejiingiana were also
common. The first specimens of Eesperia Urtea were observed, whilst
Boarmia repandata started repeatedly off the tree trunks as we
approached. Agrotis exclnmationis was disturbed throughout the day,
and Triphcena pronuba was a nuisance. A few specimens of Eubolia
mensuraria and Herbnla cespitalis, and a fair number of Toxocampa
pastinum completed the day's work. As dusk came on Angerona
pninaria began to fly freely, but the specimens were worn, jDrobably
owing to the showers Avhicli had been rather frequent during the last
few days. Lithosia mesomella, Tortrix cratcegaua, T. .sorbiana, Phoro-
desma bajularia, Hemithea thymiaria and Rhodopluva tmnideUn, all apj^eared
in rather small numbers, their number probably being lessened by the
wetness of the herbage and trees. Spilodes cinctalis was found on the
privet blossom.

The evening of June 30th found me again at the woods. The first
insect observed was Enodia hyperanthis, of which I disturbed several
at rest on the trees. An oj^en clearing in the woods then o-ave
me an hour's hard work boxing Botys fuscalis, which was more abundant
than I had ever noticed it before, whilst T. pastinum next a2)peared in
considerable numbers. A *' drive " completely covered in with trees,
gave a good many Angerona prunaria flying freely, but chiefly worn,
whilst in the same place I netted some richly coloured H. thymiaria.
Odd specimens of T. amataria, Hypsipetes ehdata, Orthotcenia ericetana,
Tortrix pyrastrana, Acidalia aversata, Miiiueseoptilus bipunctidactyla,
Lomaspilis marginata, Nola cucuUafella, Rhodophma consociella, Cerostoma
costella, Eupithecia plumbeolata (freshly emerged) and Tortrix sorbiana I
found had been boxed in the dusk, whilst Ephippiphora inopiana and
Ebulea crocealis were abundant among the Inula, and an odd specimen
of Conchylis dilucidana, quite new to this locality.

The next morning saw me on the way to Cuxton, where I had a
most enjoyable day's collecting. Ilithyia carnella was fairly common
but was altogether outdone by Ennychia anguinalis, P. purpuralis P.
punicealis and H. cespilaUs, which simj^ly swarmed. Phycis subornatella
was moderately common, as also were the second broods of Acidalia
ornata and Phytometra cenea. Mimoeseoptilus pterodactyla was o-ettino-
past, whilst Aciptilia baliodactyla, A. tetradactyla, Marasmarcha phceo-
dactyla and Eubolia bipunctata were just commencing to put in an appear-
ance ; an odd specimen of Sesia ichneumoniformis was found in the net
but a long search revealed no more. I frequently take odd specimens
of this species, although I could never find the species more abundantly.
A very completely banded Melanippe fluctuata was netted, Scoparia
dubitalis still hung on, as also Crambus pascuellus and C. hurtueUus.
Batodes angustiorana swarmed round the yews, whilst Sericoris conchana
and Phoxopteryx comptana abounded on the hills, Sphaloptcra ictericana

252 THE EKTOMOLOGISt's EEC01^D,

E. trigeminana, Cntoptria scopoliana, C. tesserana, C. subbaumanntana,
Peronea aspersana, Bidalis fmcocuprella, Gelechia tceniolella Avere all more
or less common, whilst odd specimens of the second broods of Catoptria
hyperkana, Pancalia lenwenhceckella, EupoeciUa erigerana, Dichrorhamplia
plumbana and D. phmhagana were met with, as well as specimens of
Coleophora onosmeUa, Gelechia sequax, Conchylis dilucidana, EupcecUia
amandana (on buckthorn), Platytes cenisselliis, P. sellana, and other
species Grapholitha nacana being very common about the holl3^ Two
beautiful freshly emerged specimens of Argynnis aglaia were captured,
but it is no joke to take these on the sides of the comparatively
bare hills ; Lyconna corydon, a few females only observed ; Pamphila
linea, Coenonympha pamp)hilus, both fairly common, whilst Lithosia
romjjianu, in line condition, and Melamppe procellata were captured.
One of the strangest of my experiences took place to-day. I suppose I
have been collecting since 1871 on these hills, and some fifteen years
ao'o I found I had a couple of Lyaena (egun labelled from this locality.
How, when and where I obtained them I never knew, and as, year after
year, I found no more, and the species was quite unknown on the hills
on this side of the Medway, I came to the conclusion that I had made an
error in some way or other. To-day, whilst busy with the Toktrices
and small fry, I accidentally netted one of a number of what I thought
was Lyccena icarm tiying about the llowers of Centaurea nigni, when I
noticed at once that the supposed icarus was (egon. I only took about
a dozen specimens of both sexes, just enough to show that the former
record was correct. I feel much puzzled as to Avhat the food plant of
the larva can be in this locality. The woods on the evening of July oth
o-ave me another lot of Toxocampa pastinnm (rather worn), whilst E.
inopiana and E. crocealis swarmed at dusk. A few freshly emerged
CEdematophorm lithodactyht were taken, as well as *S'. clathrata, Z.
tarsipennalis, P. pm-puralis;, Riinda xericealis, and about a dozen freshly
emerged Eupithecia plumbeolata, undoubtedly a second brood. Another
odd specimen of 0. ericetana, one of Euchromia rufana, a few freshly
emerged Scoparia ambigualis, Acidulia bisetata, Crambtis ctdmellus with
Gelerlila inopjella, Parasia lappella and Eupithecia sntyrafa completed
the evening's work. {To be continued). — J. W. Tutt. Jidy, 1893.

Isle of Man. — Kagwort is now in splendid condition for working,
the flowers being in full bloom in many parts of the island. Every-
thing has been exceptionally early this season. Hydrofcia micacea,
Xanthia cerago and X. silago, which are generally Augiist and
September insects with us, came freely to the flowers of the plant
referred to last evening (July 27th). Mania maura too has been
extremely plentiful at " sugar." Epunda nigra has not turned up yet,
but I expect it will soon. — H. Suortkidge Clarke, Sulby Parsonage,
Lezayre, Isle of Man.

Isle of Wight. — Sugaring has distinctly improved during July, but
the woods have given very unsatisfactory results in this direction, even
the commonest species being much more easily attracted to treacle
on the downs than inland. I am rather inclined to agi-ee with
Mr. Battley's theory (ante, p. 22G), however, to this extent: that in
certain seasons Noctl^e appear to be far less voracious in their appetite
for " sweets "— artificial or real, — than in others, and in such seasons
display the " loafing " tendency observed. With regard to the relative
attractions of honey dew and " treacle " in the wood I work, the latter,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 253

altliougli Oil a very extensive scale, is but as a drop in the Liicket
compared to the cjuantity of the former. My first successful evening
with common Nocture on the lower slopes of the downs was July 5th,
• but the experience has been several times repeated, and no blank
evenings have, up to date of writing, occurred for some time past. The
species taken embrace Agrotis puta (in swarms), A. suffusa, A. nigricans,
Miana furuncula, Caradrina blanda and the usual list of what should
usually occur here all through August, together with a single fine Mam-
estra ahjecta and a few Triphcena interjecta and Gotiopliora derasa (tine).
On the grassy slopes of the cliffs facing South, Micros were very early,
Boti/s Jiavalis, Stenia punctalis, Tortrix francillana and the usual three
common Pi/raustas, all occurring in some numbers with others unknown
to me. Two or three very dark Depressarias captured are probabl}^ to
be referred (in Mr. Tutt's opinion)* to dark varieties of I), hadiella.
The number of different species of Nocture observed at sugar on one
evening was at least 27, several other evenings producing more than
20 species. The most unusual visitor was a single fine TetJiea suhtusa,
at least 500 ft. above the sea on the crest of the downs. Nonagria
geminipuncta has been very scarce in its usual headquarters, but I
discovered a small corner hitherto un worked which yielded well ; it
is also very early, the first emergence being on July 23rd. Among
butterflies Colias edusa has been, observed in several spots and on
different occasions, but hitherto seems to dela}^ its appearance in tlio
hoped for profusion. — Albeut J. Hodges. Julij 26th.

Since writing the foregoing notes I have been successful in taking
at sugar, on July 29th, a very fine specimen of Lencania alblpuncta, the
first I have ever seen alive although working the same district for
several seasons previously. Insects were very j^lentiful and on the
sugar freely, A. puta being especially abundant. Kenewed work
failed on my part to produce another specimen, and I had unfortunately
to leave Freshwater on July 31st. My brother and friends continued
working for me during August, and took the first A. ohelisca at an
unusually early date (August otli). I hear of a few captures of Colias
edusa during the third week of the month, but they seem very scarce
comjDared Avith last year, at least in our district. During the month,
sugar has proved very disajDpointing, and the captures in my absence
have been consequently few, A. obelisca being almost absent ; but there
is plenty of time for a good autumn 3'et, of which, however, up to tlie
.25th (the date of writing) the signs are very few. — Albert J. Hodges.
August 25th, 1893.

Wiclcen. — I have made my first acquaintance with the Fen district
this year, having visited Wickou on four occasions. The season tliere
has, so far, been a very unsatisfactory one, and good insects have been
scarce. I made my first visit on the 2nd June for three days. Mr.
Albert Houghton sugared for me his ride or' drive, in the fen and the
lane leading to it, and allowed me also the benefit of his lamp and
sheet. The weather was dry and fairly still, but the wind was in the
east and the sky at night, as a rule, clear. Not a single insect
ajDpeared at the light. Sugar was better ; it paid best in the lane. We
took 33 specimens of Aplecta adceaa (it seems to have been an adoeua
year : I took it also in my house here at light, and have heard of it
at Winchester), but nothing else of importance, except two Neuria

* See " Scientific Notes," ants p. 241. — Ed.

254

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

saponaruv. Besides these, there occurred at sugar, Hadena oleracea,
Agrotis segefum, Apamea gemma and Miana strigilis which were all verj'
abundant, and Mamestra anceps, Apamea hasilinea, Grammesia trilinea,
Xylophasia hepatica, Hadena adnsta, H. pisi, and Euplexia Incipara. At
dusk I netted a short series of Eerminia cribralis, just freshly out,
but neither Meltana jiammea nor Viminia venosa ajipeared at all. One
day I drove with IMr. Houghton to Tuddenham for Agro})hila snlpJmr-
alis, wliich was conspicuous by its absence, the only insect we took
there Avas one very fresh Lithostege gr/'seata. The hill side on Avhick
sidphirah's and griseata feed was literally burnt up, and very little
of the food plant was visible. The only thing that grew there was
Senecio jacobcece, every plant of which Avas literally covered Avith larva?
of Euchelia jacobcece, and there Avere imagines of the same flying about,
whilst I hear that snlphuralis has not been taken at all this year by the
local collectors. On our way home Ave looked in at Chippenham Fen,
and in a A-ery few minutes secured nearly four dozen Banksia argentida.

My next visit to the district Avas for two nights in the first week
of July. The Aveather was fine and very hot, but the sky was clear
and the Avind in the east. I was told on my arrival that light had
been unproductive throughout the season, except on one night (when
Mr. Houghton Avas ill), on Avhich Mr. Solomon Bailey took a fcAv
Macrogasier arundinis. It was no better Avhile I Avas there. At dusk
I netted a fcAV Epione apiciaria and Lobophora sexalisata. Nudaria
senex Avas the only moth Avhich visited the lamp. Sugar Avas rather
more productiA-e in the fen than on my former A'isit, less so in the lane,
but very feAv species Avere represented. Leucania ])udorha and Apamea,
fibrosa Avere there in abundance, Avith beautiful forms of the latter and L.
pallens ; Xylopjhasia pohjodon and Agrotis nigricans Avere quite a nuisance.
We also saAv scA-eral Calamia phragmitidis and commoner species, such
as Ldhosta griseola, L. complamda, Levcania lithargyria, L. conigera, the
Caradrinidce, Axylia putris, Noctiia f estiva, N. plecta and N. augur. The
two events Avhich pleased Mr. Houghton most during this Ansit Avere the
appearance of Heliothis margwatus at sugar in the fen (he said he had
never seen it there before), and the taking of Agrotis radda. He had
previotisly (at the end of June) taken 18 ravida in one night, but had
hardly seen another. Cuspidia strigosa and Cymatopliora octdaris \\a\e
been very scarce this year ; the tAvo local collectors, Mr. Houghton and
Mr. S. Bailej' haA-e each taken one of the former only, and less than
half-a-dozen ocularis have been taken altogether. The folloAving Aveek
I again went to Wicken on July 12th for two nights. This time there
Avas rather more Avind, as usual from the east, and a good deal of Avet.
The nights Avere also darker, but the change in the atmosjjheric con-
ditions did not make much difference to the moths. There Avere more
A. fibrosa, and L. pudorina (the latter much AA^orn), and more C. phrag-
mitidis ; also a good many L. griseola, Cahjmnia affinis, Namia typica and
Aiaphipyra tragopoginis, but very little else. At dusk I netted Pehirga
comitata, Strenia clathrata and E. apiciaria (which Avere getting Avorn),
but the lamp produced nothing. So far I had visited Wicken three
times and had never seen an insect on the sheet. On this occasion the
second brood of Fapilio machaon Avas fully out, which is rather an early
date for it.

This Aveek I haA-e again been to Wicken for three nights, with an
almost similar result. I heard that a very fcAv Nonagria hellmanniy
have been taken, and Ccenobia rufa and Viminia venosa have occurred

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 255

sparingly since I was last there, but I was again doomed to be dis-
appointed. This time it was certainly not the fault of the weather^
My first night was warm, dark and moist, a slight south-west wind and
a few drops of rain, but hardly an insect came to light, A'ery few to
sugar in the fen, and sugar in the lane was useless. In the fen we
have taken A. fibrosa, C. i^hragmltidls, one N. rtibi and one A. trago-
poginis. At dusk I have netted E. apic/aria (a new brood), Coremia
imidentaria, Cidaria testata, and Hypsipetes elutata, and one C. riifa. I
have actually seen one V. veuoxn on the sheet I

I may add that both Mr. Houghton and Mr. Solomon Bailey look
upon the season as one of the very worst they have known.

Naturally one wonders what is the cause of this gi-eat scarcity of
moths. During my first three visits it is true that the wind was easterly,
but there was very little of it, and it was not cold ; but during my last
visit the wind has been soutlierly and south-westerly. The night of
August 1st was almost an ideal night, but practically nothing came
either to light or to sugar. Where are the Bombyces which usually
swarm at light at this time of the year? Where are the common
Agrotidce and Xoctu.=e ? The failure of sugar in the woods this year
lias been ascribed to the prevalence of honeydew, an opinion Avhich the
greater success of sugar on the downs and the affection of Argynnis
papkia and L/'menitis sibyUa for the trees go far to endorse, but that will
not account for the comparative failure of sugar and light in the fens
this year, which can, I think, only be accounted for hy an actual
scarcity of moths. I venture to suggest two causes for this, and shall
be glad to know how the matter strikes others, (i.) That the intense-
drought of the early part of the year has gTeatlj^ increased the number
of the enemies of Lepidoptera, such as wasps, beetles, &c. (This might
also, in some measure, account for the strange scarcity of larvae in the
New Forest this Jul}^). (ii.) That many pupa? have, from whatever
cause, declined to emerge this season. I believe it is the experience of
others who are breeding insects, besides myself, that an unusually large
proportion of, ap2:)arentl3^, still cpiite healthy puiia' have failed to
emerge this jenr.

The comfort of residence, and ease and convenience of collecting
at Wicken, have, according to my experience, been by no means
exaggerated b}^ Mr. Tutt in his notes on that locality. I have, during
all my visits, Ijeen exceedingly comfortable and well cared for in
Mrs. K. Aspland's lodgings. I have been most complete^ and atten-
tively arranged for in my entomological work by ]\Ir. Albert Houghton,
and I have been punctually and conveniently carried to and from the
railway station by Mr. John Bailey in his cart for a most moderate
consideration. I therefore fully intend to regard the failure of collect-
ing at Wicken this season as being abnormal and exceptional, and tO'
repeat my visits next season hoping for better success. — J. C. Moberly,
Southampton. Aug7(st, 1893.

Guernsey. — During my stay in Guernsey during August, I have
l>een aide to do but little collecting owing to pressure of business. A
worn CaUimor2)ha liera I knocked down and captured in the first Aveek
of the month near Bordeaux Harbour, and jjicked up a ^ Bombyx
trifolii near the same spot a Aveek later. An exj^edition to Sark with
Mr. Luff after C. hera on the 15th j^roved a failure, owing prolialdy ta
the early season ; but it is worthy of remark that we cajitured a fine
fresh ^ Melitcea cinxia, a very late occurrence, particularly as I took

26Q THE entojiologist's record.

lliem plentifully here during April. Lijccuna argiolus was very common,
and Mr. Luff informs me that the larva here feeds freely on the flower
of the common bramble, which appears either to be a local food plant
for it or one not generally known. Sugar on the 11th near Bordeaux
Harbour j^roduced one A. saucia, and several Caradrhta superstes, with
Hadena dienopodii and abundance of commoner species. A second
attempt on the lltli resulted in a good series of C. superstes, which then
entirely replaced C. hlanda, Avhereas sugaring in July and September
in former years near St. Sampson's, I have found superstes in a great
minority compared with hlanda. A specimen quite new to me I also
captured, which Mr. Luff and m3'self agree in identifying as Agroiis
■crossa, although not quite corresponding with the two specimens in
Mr. Luff's collection. A pair of A. ohelisca and a single fine ^ A. lunigera,
rather different from the Isle of Wight form, occurred (a very late date
again for so early a season), and which may turn out to be some closely
allied species in the continental fauna. Acidalia prromntaia also
occurred freely and in good condition, together with an occasional
Eiipitliecia centanreata and E.pmnilata. A few nights later I took in the
same sj^ot another sj^ecimen of the doubtful Agroiis crassa in better
■condition, with two $ A. lunigera and one or two A. ohelisca, doubtful
l^ecause worn, together with a single Lencania pmtrcscens, rather worn.
We at once organized an expedition to Fermain Ba}^ after this very
local species, but it again turned out unsuccessful, there being very few
moths indeed at the sugar, either on tree trunks or flower heads, and
these, with the exception of one or two C. superstes, were of the
A'ery commonest species. This result caused me to return to m}"- old
localit}', -svhere I had another very good night on the 19th, and
captured another specimen of a species unknown to mj'self and which
Mr. Luff is unable to identify, — in my opinion a Lup)erina allied to L.
icstacea. Our other captures include Cerigo cytherea, Bnjopjhila perla, B.
gland if era, Agrotis saucia, with one A. suffusa, a few worn .4. puta, and
some few fine forms that I refer to A. tritici, a good series of Caradrina
superstes, and had we wished them, an abundance of commoner Noctu.^s.
My last expedition was on the 24th, when I was unfortunate in my choice
of the evening, the wind being decidedly cold and the moon very
Itright. Common Xoctu.e, principally A. segetnm were feeding freely,
Ijut C. superstes was almost absent, only four or five being seen. We
captured nothing of note, but A. saucia and Bri/op)hila glandifera were
fairly common. I expect to return to Freshwater before the end of
the month, and hope to be able to rejjort an improvement before the
]Gth. I omitted to note the recurrence, so late as August 24th, of
A. lunigera, which has been over at Freshwater practically a month ;
we took three <? and one 2 in good condition. — Albert J. Hodges,
Guernsey. August 25th, 1893.

Morpeth. — Insects are a little more plentiful at present than they were
in the early jiart of the season. I swept the following off the heather
blossom on August 7th : — Noctua glareosa, plentiful ; N. dahlii, a few; N.
Mcglecta, a few ; N. xanihographa, plentiful ; Orthosia suspecta, three ;
Agrotis suffusa, one ; Celmia haioorthii — as far as my experience goes with
this species, what are taken on the wing during the afternoon are invari-
ably males, but with the sweeping net you get the females ; Charceas
graminis — I got three pairs of this species in cop. at 10.30 p.m. ; the males
of this species are on the wing from 7.30 to about 10 a.m., ])ut I have
never taken any females at that time. Ypsipetes elutata, very plentiful ;

SOCIETIES. 257

Cidaria imrnanatn, Hi/droecia nictitans, plentiful; Xanthia cerai/o, Uvo,
rather soon for this species here. I got two specimens of Cirrha'dia
xerampelina at the base of an ash tree on August 19th at 6 p.m., also on
the trunks of ash trees I captured Polia chi var. oJinicea. — J. Finlay,
Meldon Park, Morpeth. August 22nd, 1S93.

Ireland. — Neither sugar nor light have been worth much the last two
months, and the results of sugar have been only swarms of Xijlophasia
monoghjpha and Triphcena pronuha. Nor have Geometers latterty been
much on the wing. I have beaten for larva3 also in good localities,,
both in Kerry and Galway, but the exercise is tiresome when nnpro-
ductive. In Kerry I scarcely took one larva for a half-hour's work,
especially on oak, and in Galway I found sallow and birch gave me
the best results, but even these were meagre. Not one of Sinerinthua
oceUalns or popuU for 20 last j^ear. I think birds have devoured them
this hot season. While in Kerry I procured a few iiielanic vars. of C.
hilineata, and one $ laid some ova. — ^W. F. de V. Kane. JuJij 21th, 1893.

pOCIETIES.

City of London Entojiological and Natural History Society. —
August 1st, 1893. — Exhibits: — Dr. Buckell : a copy of the first
edition of Donbleday's List of British Lepidoptera, bearing date 1850 ;
this copy was kindly lent for exhibition purposes by Mr. J. E. Eobson.
Mr. Smith : examples of Macroglossa fucifonnis and 31. homhijliformis
from the New Forest. Mr. Gates : BatracJuedra prceangiista, Dictyopj-
terijx contaminana and Halonota brunnichiana from Hammersmith. Dr.
Sequeira : series of Geometra vcrnaria, Nemoria riridata and Pseiidoterpna
pruinata (cytisaria) from the New Forest ; also dwarfed specimens
(mostly bred) of Theda betuhe, Notodonta ziczac, Dicrannra furcula,
Amphipyra pnjvamidea and Catocala sj)onsa. Mr. Nicholson : an abnor-
mally large 2 specimen of Ocneria dispar, bred this season ; also a
very fine var. of SmerinfJms tilice, which had been bred by a friend,
the insect was of the reddish form, but showed no traces of the broad
central band. Mr. Riches : a fine batch of full-fed larva? of Smerinthus
mice ; also examples of the leaves of the side-saddle flower
(Sarracenia), and both flowers and leaves of the pitcher j^lf^nt
(Nepenthes). Mr. Eiches expressed his doubt as to the reported carni-
vorous propensities of Nepenthes, but upon reference it was found that
these propensities have been attributed to the genus on no less authority
than that of Sir J. D. Hooker, who, in his address to the British
Association at the Belfast meeting in 1874, recorded many experiments,
shewing that the acid juice secreted at the base of the pitcher is indeed
capable of digesting meat and other nitrogenous matter. Mr. Battley
exhibited a fine series of Zygcena trifolii from Broxbourne, the variation
ranging from the type to the conjiua form. Captain Thomjison : a very
fine series of Tapinostola elymi bred from pupa? from Hornsea, on the
S.E. coast of Yorkshire. Captain Thompson stated that in the hojje of
emulating Mr. Porritt's success in taking this species at Cleethorpes, he
had requested his friend, Mr. P. Inchbald, who resides at Hornsea, on
the other side of the Humber estuary, about 25 miles north of SiJurn
Point, to look out for the food plant of the species, viz., the Lyme
grass (Elymus arenarius). In May, Mr. Inchbald reported that he had
not found the Elymus, hnt that the marram (Ammophila anmdinacea), a

258 THE ektomologist's record.

species similar, though not allied to Elymus was common on their
•coast. During the same month, however. Captain Thompson received
a number of pupa3 of T. eli/mi from Mr. Inchbald ; these had been
found by that gentleman and his sister, Miss Inchbald, whilst working
what Avas thought to be Ainmophila, but was in reality the Elymus
growing side by side with it on the sandhills, in hopes of obtaining
Leucania littoralis. The fact was that Elymus arenarim occurred in
some plenty on the Hornsea sandhills, ])ut that the species is difficult
to separate from A. armidinacca except by its inflorescence, and so had
been overlooked. Mr. Heasler exhibited a strange var. of PhilonthiiH
splendkhdus from Beckenham ; the curious point about the insect being
the absence of the dorsal series of punctures on each side of the thorax,
which are so characteristic of the genus.

Tuesday, Amjmt loth, IS'J.S. — Exhibits :— Mr. Oldham: a series of
the males of Odonestis potatoria, varying from dark brown to yellow,
some being j)aler than the ordinary females ; also Tripliama fimbria,
T. orhona and Cosmia affinis from Woodford. He also brought some
ova of Strenia clathrata for distribution. Mr. Nicholson : a bred series
of Thecla betuke from Epping Forest. He remar]s;cd upon the large
preponderance of females in this species. Mr. Clark : Tnphana fimbria,
Lyccena (egon, L. argiolus, Cerostoma radiatellu and Crambus adipellus, all
from the New Forest. Mr. Battley : living larvae of Polyommatus
phlceas. Dr. Buckell : larvae and puptB of Eutlunuonia russula. He
stated that most larvaj out of a brood of this species had fed up
rajjidly and passed into pupa, but the remainder appeared to be about
to hibernate. He also exhibited a series of Agrotis pnta from Fresh-
water. Mr. Bloomfield : a specimen of Gonepteryx rhamni from the
New Forest, intermediate in colour between the two sexes. Mr. Gates :
Arctia mendica, Hecatera serena, Tanagra clio'ropliyllnta, Platyptilia
(jonodactyla, Cemiostoma laburnella, Lithocollelis trisiriyeUa, Argyrestliia
gtedartella, etc , all from Shepherd's Bush. Mr. Bacot : a bred series
of Vanessa polyddoros from the New Forest. Mr. Huckett: a bred
series of Ennomos angnlaria. He remarked that these had begun to
emerge from the pupa during June. ]\Ir. Southey : a bred series of
Cerura vinula. Coleojitera : — Mr. Heasler: Oodes helopoides ai^d Posderus
riparius, both from Hanwell. Mr. Clark stated that while sugaring in
the New Forest he n(jticed a hornet pounce down upon a wasp and,
after a long struggle, kill and cat it. He also remarked upon the large
numbers of these tAvo insects this season. Mr. Huckett stated that
some larvae of Arctia caia reared from the egg were already spinning
up. Mr. Southey reported that Hepialus sylvinns was common on
Hampstead Heatli, but that the usual Nocture apj^eared to be very
.scarce. Mr. Bloomfield gave an account of an excursion to Wicken
Fen on August 5th, Ccenobia rufa, Tapinostola hellmanni and Helotroplia
fibrosa being some of the best insects observed. The larvae of Papilio
macliaon were scarce and very small, the greater part being only just
out of the egg.*

Tuesday, oth September, 1893. Exhibits : — Mr. Trout, a variety of
the underside of Lyccena corydon, two specimens of Leucania alhipmncta,
and a dark reddish unicolorous vai'iety of Hadena suasa, all from
Sandown. Mr. Hollis, a specimen of Arctia caja, with orange hind
wings, and a jDale specimen of Coenonympha pamphilus, with dark borders

* These were undoubtedly from the July insects, vide ante, p. 234. — Ed.

SOCIETIES 251)

to the wings. Mr. Battley, a series of Leucophasia situipis (2nd brood),
from Sidmouth, S. Devon ; the males with remarkably dark apical
marks. Mr. Clark, three varieties of Arctia caia, bred from Tottenham
larvee, the ground colour of the hind wings being suffused with black ;
and some fine forms of Arctia Inhricipeda vars. zatiiiia and deschangei,
bred by Mr. Harrison, of Barnsley. He also exhibited a large number
of insects taken during July, in the New Forest. These included
ArgynniA 'papliin, with its var. valeziaa and intermediate forms, xanthic
specimens of Sati/rus janira, suffused examples of Ennomos angularia,
E. erosaria, black Boarmia ahietaria. Lithosia quadra, a remarkable male,
with the fore wings yellow on the outer margin ; L. lidceoln, Catocala
sponsa, C. promissa, Ebidea stachydalis, Tortr ix piceana,i\.\\d.vaa\\j oi\\QVS.
With regard to the vars. of A. paphia, Mr. Tutt remarked, that several
of the males were distinctly green on certain j^ortions of the hind
wings, and that frequently, these specimens were those which de-
veloped i^ale spots, both on the hind and fore wings, thus showing a
double tendency towards var. valezina, the area round the pale spot
being the first to become green. Dr. Buckell, a series of Apamea
ocidea, all taken in one evening at Highgate, also other forms for com-
parison. Mr. Lane, a bred series of Thecla betulce, from Epping Forest.
He remarked that his experience of this species was directly contrary
to Mr. Nicholson's, expressed at the last meeting, only about one-fifth
of the specimens bred being females. Mr. Smith, Lithosia complamda,
L. griseola and var. stramineola, all from Dorset, and Eanomos erosaria
(bred) from the New Forest. Mr, Huckett, specimens of Arctia caia,
bred within the last few days (2nd brood), and a remarkable unicolor-
ous leaden-coloured male of Lyccena adonis, taken at Folkestone, on
23rd August, 1893. Dr. Sequeira, Boarmia repandata, Epliyra porata,
E. pimctaria, E. orbicularia, and the second brood of Lycaina argiolus,
all from the New Forest. Coleoptera : — Mr. Heasler, Staphilinus
stercorarius and Hippodamia 13-jnmctata, both from Teddington. Dr.
Buckell stated that he had counted the heart-beats in the larva of
Phlogophora meticulosa, and found them to be 44 to the minute. He
also made some remarks upon the experiments now being conducted by
Mr. Garner with regard to the powers of sj^eech in the apes. Capt.
Thompson recorded a specimen of Nonagria lutosa, in High Street,
Islington. Mr. Huckett stated that he had noticed a sallow and a pear
tree in blossom, at Folkestone, and several cases of second flowering
were recorded by other members. A discussion also took place Avith
respect to the absence of the autumnal larvce this season, Mr. Tutt
expressing his opinion that they had emerged from the egg early in the
season, and, feeding up rapidly, passed into the pupa towards the end
of July. Dr. Buckell and Mr. Biches, however, stated that the common
species had been comparatively scarce this season in their gardens. —
A. U. Battley and J. A. Simes, Hon. Sees.

South London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
August 10th, 1893. — Mr. Weir exhibited some cases which had been
found under a sycamore by a neighbour of his, Mr. Tolhurst, at
Beckenham, Kent. He said attention had been called to these cases
by seeing them hojJiJing over a gravel walk, a power which they
retained for some days after they were obtained. The cases were
circular discs about 13 mm. in diameter, the upper cuticle of the
sycamore leaf, forming one side, and silk the other. Uj)on examining
the leaves of the tree, the round spots, from which the cases were

260 THE entomologist's record,

partly formed, were plainly visible, and also the large Ijlotch from
wliicli the larva had eaten the i3arench3nna. They have since been
identified by jVIr. McLachlan as the work of a saw-fl3% Phyllostoma
aceris, Kalt. The President also exhibited nearl}^ adult larva? of Heme-
rophila abruptavia, and drew attention to the fact that two pairs of
prolegs were, as usual in Geometers, fully develoi^ed, and that there
were also two other imperfect pairs in front of these. He considered
these very imperfect prolegs to be vestigial. Mr. Frohawk exhibited
specimens of Macroglossa bombyliformis, together with a species of
humlde bee, which it mimics, taken in companj^ over rhododendi'ons
in the New Forest, on 21st May last. Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited a
specimen of Sesia ci/nipiforiais, in which the usual red colour of the
band of left fore wing and a portion of the costal streak were replaced
by yellow ; also a series of Spilosoma luhricipeda, reared from Barnsle}'
parents, in some of which the spots showed a tendency to become
elongated. IMr. Oldham exhibited series of Sphinx h'<jnstri, Apamea
ophioijraniina, Calymnin ajfinis, and other species taken at Woodford. —
H. Williams, Hon. Sec

MOTICES AND REVIEWS.

Brief Guide to the Common Butterflies of the Northern United States
and Canada, by S. H. Scudder (Pul)lislied l)y H. Holt i^' Co., New York).
Price 5s. — This little book, from the author of one of the best scientific
books on Lepidoptera ever published for the general reader, is in itself
quite unique and would form a good model for a similar little treatise
on our own British Butterflies, since all ovir books on them are either a
quarter of a centur}^ old, or if more recent have been written up in the
light of our knowledge about the middle of the i^resent century. The
"Introduction " consists of a series of short articles on scientific subjects
written in popular form, and as useful to the students of lej^idoptera
in all countries as to those for whom they are primarily intended, their
simplicity making them especially valuable to less advanced students
who are seeking for light. But to us the most important part of the
work is the series of scientific classificatory tables (pp. 34 to 59), in
which the author gives a key to the various groups into which butter-
flies are divided, as shown in the egg, larval, pupal and imaginal states.
This sort of work has been sadly neglected by those who have
attempted to write books on this subject during the last forty years in
England, and Avlien one looks through a list of those who have made
the attempt, it does not do to enquire too closely why? But these
tables deal with our British genera (often with our British species) and
hence are as useful to us as to American lepidopterists. Tlie descrip-
tions and notes on Anosia plexipims, Envanessa antiopa, Vanessa cardni,
V. atalanta, Ci/aniris pseudargiolus, Pieris oleracea and P. rapce will give
English readers an insight into the distribution of well-known
European insects in North America. Each butterfly dealt with
has a short summarised description of the imago, caterpillar
and chrysalis, followed by general notes on its food plants, habits,
distribution, etc. The glossary of entomological terms will prove
generally useful ; whilst the instructions for collecting, rearing and
preserving larv;^, jmpa? and imagines, are of the kind generally given
to entomologists. — Eu.

(0^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 10. Vol. IV. October 15th, 1893.

file President's Address to the British yissociation corisidered
in its relation to Entomology.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

It will not, perhaps, be out of place to bring before our readers a
few of the remarks made by Dr. Burdon-Sanderson in his inaugural
address to the British Association, at Nottingham, on September 13th.
Not that they deal particularly with Entomology per se, but since they
deal with biology in its broadest sense, entomology, of necessity, is
included in the generalisations. The learned Doctor defines biology as
" the sum of the knowledge which has as yet been acquired concerning
living nature," and he further states that the term was first employed
by Treviranus early in the present century. With regard to this
definition he saj^s : — " It suggests the idea of organism as that to Avhich
all other biological ideas must relate. It also suggests, although perhaps
it does not express it, that action is not an attribute of the organism but
of its essence — that if, on the one hand, protoplasm is the basis of life,
on the other, life is the basis of protoplasm, their relation to each other
being reciprocal." He then goes on to say " Whether with the old
writers we speak about consensus, with Treviranus about adaptation, or
are content to take organism as our point of departure, it means that,
regarding a plant or an animal as an organism, we concern ourselves
primarily with its activities or, to use the word Avhich best expresses it,
its energies. Now the first thing that strikes us in beginning to think
about the activities of an organism is that they are naturally distin-
guishable into two kinds, according as we consider the action of the
whole organism in its relation to the external world or to other
organisms, or the action of other parts or organs in their relation to each
other. The distinction to which we are thus led between the internal and
external relations of plants and animals has, of course, always existed,
but has only lately come into such prominence that it divides biologists,
more or less completely, into two camps — on the one hand those who
make it their aim to investigate the actions of the organism and its
parts by the accepted methods of physics and chemistry, carrying this
investigation as far as the conditions under which each process manifests
itself will permit ; on the other those who interest themselves rather in
considering the place which each organism occupies, and the part which
it plays in the economy of nature. It is apparent that the two lines

262 THE entomologist's record.

of inquiry, altliough they equally relate to what the organism does,
rather than to what it is, and, therefore, both have equal right to be
included in the one gi-eat science of life, or biology, yet lead in
directions which are scarcely even parallel. So marked, indeed, is the
distinction, that Professor Haeckel some twenty years ago proposed to
separate the study of organisms with reference to their place in nature
under the designation of ' oecology,' defining it as comprising ' the
relations of tlie animal to its organic as well as to its inorganic environ-
ment, particularly its friendly or hostile relations to those animals or
plants with which it comes into direct contact.' Whether this term
expresses it or not, the distinction is a fundamental one. Whether with
the cecologist we regard the organism in relation to the world, or with
the physiologist as a wonderful complex of vital energies, the two
branches have this in common, that both studies fix their attention, not
on stuffed animals, butterflies in cases, or even microscopical sections
of the animal or plant body — all of which relate to the framework of
life — but on life itself."

The fact pointed out by the President is self-evident, viz., that there
axe certain relationships existing between animals and the external
world, or as he terms them " external " relations, whilst there are
certain relationships existing between the organs of the same organism
in reference to each other, i.e., " internal " relations, and that we now
have biologists who study particularly the relations of organisms to their
external surroundings, whilst others are devoted to the study of the
relation of the organs themselves to each other. As regards entomology
it is doubtful whether cecologists and physiologists are so sharply
differentiated as the doctor's remarks would lead us to suppose ; it seems
almost imiDossible that anyone can study the oecological side of ento-
mology without, at the same time, studying more or less completely
its physiological side; but that in their wider applications the two
sides are far enough apart, I think we shall be ready to admit. One
other thing we cannot fail to notice, viz., the exclusion from the ranks
of biologists proper of the morphologist who confines himself to the
study of dried specimens of natural history objects, of the man who
simply studies or fixes his attention on " butterflies in cases," and not
*' on life itself."

Dr. Sanderson then goes on to say : " No seriously-minded person,
however, doubts that organised nature, as it now ju-esents itself to
us, has become what it is by a process of gradual perfecting or
advancement, brought about by the elimination of those organisms
which failed to obey the fundamental principle of adaptation which
Treviranus indicated. Each stej), therefore, in this evolution is
a reaction to external influences, the motive of which is essentially the
same as that by which from moment to moment the organism governs
itself. And the whole process is a necessary outcome of the fact that
those organisms are most prosperous which look best after their own
welfare. As in that part of biology which deals with the internal
relations of the organism, the interest of the individual is in like
manner the sole motive by which every energy is guided. We may
take what Treviranus called selfish adaptation — Zwechndssigheit fiir
sick selber — as a connecting link between the two branches of
biological study. Out of this relation springs another, which I need not
say was not recognised until after the Darwinian epoch — that, I mean,

ADDRESS TO BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 263

which subsists between the two evohitions, that of the race, and that of
the individual. Treviranus, no less distinctly than his great contem-
porary Lamarck, was well aware that the affinities of plants and
animals must be estimated according to their developmental value, and
consequently that classification must be founded on development ; but
it occurred to no one what the real link was between descent and
development ; nor was it, indeed, until several years after the publi-
cation of the Origin that Haeckel enunciated that ' biogenetic law '
according to which the development of any individual organism is but
a memory, a recapitulation by the individual of the development of the
race — of the process for which Fritz Miiller had coined the excellent
word ' phylogenesis ' ; and that each stage of the former is but a
transitory reappearance of a bygone epoch in its ancestral history. If,
therefore, we are right in regarding ontogenesis as dependent on
phylogenesis, the origin of the former must correspond with that of the
latter ; that is, on the power which the race or the organism at every
stage of its existence possesses of profiting by every condition or cir-
cumstance for its own adA^ancement."

This being so, the importance of those views of entomology which
are sometimes termed speculative, but which are distinctly philosophical
in their bearing, is evident. How valuable, then, are the observations
made, not only on development as studied in the individual itself, in
its own organisation as it were, but also those made upon its develop-
mental changes when considered in relation to its environment.
How valuable, also, are all observations made on the variation of
individuals according to the differences of their environment ! Eacial
variation, now existent in a species, points to something deeper than
the mere superficial difference between the various races ; and the
plastic condition of some species, compared with closely allied species
which are remarkable for their constancy in the same genus, often
gives us a clue to the form (in a species) or the species (in a genus)
which possesses in the most marked degree the power of " profiting by
every condition or circumstance for its own advancement."

The doctor then points out that " biology naturally falls into three
•divisions," and states that " these are even more sharply distinguished
by their methods than by their subjects : namely. Physiology, of which
the methods are entirely experimental ; Morphology, the science which
deals with the forms and structure of plants and animals, and of which
it may be said that the body is anatomy, the soul, development ; and,
finally, (Ecology, which uses all the knowledge it can obtain from the
other two, but chiefly rests on the exploration of the endless varied
phenomena of animal and plant life as they manifest themselves under
natural conditions. This last branch of biology — the science which
concerns itself with the external relations of plants and animals to each
other, and to the past and present conditions of their existence — is by
far the most attractive. In it, those qualities of mind which especially
distinguish the naturalist find their highest exercise, and it represents
more than any other branch, of the subject, what Treviranus termed the
^ philosophy of living nature.' Notwithstanding the very general
interest which several of its problems excite at the present moment, I
do not propose to discuss any of them, but rather to limit mj^self to the
humbler task of showing that the fundamental idea which finds one
form of expression in the world of living beings regarded as a whole —

264 THE entomologist's record.

the prevalence of the best — manifests itself with equal distinctness, and
plays an ecjually essential part in the internal relations of the organism
in the great science which treats of them — physiology."

That the oecological view of entomology is rapidly becoming the
most attractive none can donbt. The physiological still attracts, and
always will attract, many adherents, but the morphological (in its
superficial sense) is probably being played out. A certain level has
been reached in morphological entomology at which the superficial
structures of organs have been used to build up more or less artificial
systems of classification, which the continued observation of the last half
century has done little to solidify, and which are continuallj^ being upset
by everyone who approaches the subject on the physiological side.
That the oecological branch of the subject should, on such good
authority, be considered that in which " those qualities of mind which
especially distinguish the naturalist find their highest exercise," is a
circumstance which should encourage those who engage in its studj^
even though they sometimes be vaguely classed as dreamers and
theorists by men who are unable to see any good in philosophical stud3>
observation, or speculation.

There is, towards the end of the President's address, a direct refer-
ence to our favourite study. It relates to vision in insects and the
action of the compound eye in forming the picture which is transmitted
to the optic nerve centre. He says : — " Let me conclude with one
more instance of a different kind, which may serve to show how,
perhaps, the wonderful ingenuity of contrivance which is displayed in
certain organised structures — the eye, the ear, or the organ of voice —
may be of no less interest to the physicist than to the physiologist.
Johannes Miiller, as is well known, explained the com2)ound eye of
insects on the theory that an erect picture is formed on the convex
retina bj^ the combination of pencils of light, received from different
parts of the visual field through the eyelids (ommatidia), directed to
them. Years afterwai'ds it was shown that in each eyelet an image is
formed which is reversed. Consequently, the mosaic theory of Miiller
was for a long period discredited on the ground that an erect jjicture
could not be made of " upside-down " images. Lately the subject has
been reinvestigated, with the result that the mosaic theory has regained
its authority. Professor Exner has proved, photogTaphicall}', that
behind each part of the insect's eye an erect picture is formed of the
objects towards which it is directed. There is, therefore, no longer
any difficulty in understanding how the whole field of vision is mapped
out as consistently as it is imaged on our own retina, with the differ-
ence, of course, that the j^icture is erect. But behind this fact lies a
physical (piestion — that of the relation between the erect pictixre which
is photographed, and the optical structure of the crj^stal cones which
produce it — a question which, although we cannot now enter upon it,
is quite as interesting as the physiological one."

" With tills history of a theory'- which, after having been for thirty
years disbelieved, has been reinstated by the fortunate combination of
methods derived from the two sciences I will conclude. It may serve
to show how, though physiology can never become a part of natural
philosophy, the (questions we have to deal Avith are cognate. Without
forgetting that ever}'^ phenomenon has to be regarded with reference
to its iiseful purpose in the organism, the aim of the ph^'siologist is not

ON THE LAKVA OF ARCTTA CAIA. 265

to en(|uire into final causes, but to investigate processes. His (question
is ever How, rather than Why."

" May I ilhistrate this by a simple, perhaps too trivial, story, Avhich
derives its interest from its having been told of the childhood of one
of the greatest natural philosophers of the present century '? He was
even then possessed by that insatiable curiosity which is the first
<|uality of the investigator, and it is related of him that his habitual
question was, ' What is the go of it ? ' and if the answer was unsatis-
factory. ' What is the particular go of it ? ' That north-country boy
became Professor Clerk Maxwell. The questions he asked are those
which in our various ways we are all trying to answer."

Whether the statement, or rather the summary of the learned
Doctor exactly states the case with regard to the vision of insects, it is
out of place to discuss here, but in the present condition of our know-
ledge, it is only in the most general way that we can speak of " pictures
being formed," or say " the field of vision is being mapped out a scon-
sistently as it is imaged on our own retina." So far as our present
information goes, vision in insects is of the most general character and
the whole area behind the hexagonal facets, including not only the retinal
cones at the back but also the semi-fluid material in front appears to be
capable of receiving impressions. A keen perception of light and shade,
and a distinct idea of masses of colour appear to be the main features
of insect vision. Discrimination of individual objects as we know them
appears to be impossible to insects by means of sight.

My concluding remark must be one of regi'et, that among so many
entomologists who rear, catch and arrange the beautiful objects tliey
collect, there are still so many Avho amass collections, to show to their
friends, who spend infinite time and labour on breeding insects to
possess a series of a certain species in rather finer condition than those
of their entomological neighbours, and yet Avho never want to know
the " go " of it, and who could not answer a simple question relating
to the insects of which so many have passed through their hands.

ojl I'fiE hEii:(i[ji OF ^ii^efi^ zmn,

"With special reference to its correlated variations in Plumage,
Moulting and Hybernation.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M. D.

A batch of eggs of A. caia came into my hands in the summer of
1890 almost accidentally. A bred $ was brought to me and I placed
her outside on a leaf ; looking next morning, she was still there and
had laid a batch of eggs. This led me to the experiments, some results
of which I here record, which I liad for a number of j'ears contemplated
making when opportunity offered.

I may note that caia $ usually remains where she emerges till she
has paired, this takes jilace about midnight, the J leaves, and the ?
has usually laid a batch of eggs by morning. Being now less heavy
and bulky, she is able the next night to take wing, and afterwards lay
two or three more batches of eggs. The <? certainly pairs again, and
I think, from finding last batches of eggs less fertile, that the J does
so usiially also, after laying one or two batches of eggs.

The oljservations I contemplated making on the larva of caia were
to be directed to the number of moults, which were said to vary much

266 THE entomologist's record.

in that species, and were in continuation of those on Orgyia antiqiia^
presented to the Woolhope Chib in 1882, and published in the E. M. M.
in March, 1887, and which elicited a valuable note from Prof. Riley
in the May number. I was so far fortunate that I have not only
noted variations in the number of moults, but have found also
variation both in plumage and habits to be associated with the variation
in moulting, and in such a way as to give some hints as to the meaning
underlying them. The subject is one that does not appear to have
attracted much attention, and I do not recollect seeing any record of
observations exactly similar to those I have made on A. cai'a.

One reason why so little has been done in this investigation is, no
doubt, its tediousness and inherent difficulty. The closest attention is
necessary to make sure of the moulting of any larva. It was the
custom of Mr. Hellins, in order to secure an exact record of anj'
particular species, to isolate an individual larva for sjiecial observation,
but in this research we must have more than this, \ve must have an
exact record of the moultings, &c. not of one larva only but of 50 or
100, or, if jDOssible, of an entire brood ; and so much has the difficulty of
this been felt, that some of our best oljservers cannot say what is the
number of moults in species of which they have reared large numbers,
still less what, if any, variation occurs in connection therewith. I have,
however, devised a tolerably simple method of achieving this result,
and should hope to see the subject worked out in detail with a number
of species, when it is applied by some of our enthusiastic students of
larvfe. Until the ineans of ol)servation are greater, such hypotheses as
we may be tempted to form in exjjlanation of the observed facts must be
of a very tentative nature. My method is simjdy as follows : — As soon,
as some larva? lay themselves up for moulting the remainder are
removed to another jar, which becomes jar 1, the original being now
jar 2, and as soon as any in jar 2 have moulted they are moved on to
jar 3, and so jar 1 contains larvai in first skin, feeding ; jar 2, in first
skin, laid up for moult ; jar 3, in second skin, feeding ; jar 4, in second
skin, laid up for moult, and so on. There may, of course, especially as
the larva? gi-ow, or as varieties of habit appear, be several jars of the
same number — thus jar 7, feeding, in fourth skin, may be rejieated
several times, or be jar 7, jar 7a, jar 7b, according to variation.

It may be well to begin by describing the larva and larval history
of what we may take to be normal caia under ordinary circumstances.

The eggs are laid in regular hexagonal order in batches of 100 to
300 on any flat surface, the underside of a leaf being the usual site, and
like the " ermines " and many Noctv^ that la}' their eggs in a similar
way, the leaf of a tree or shrub many feet from the ground seems to be
often selected, the young larva?, of course, dropping to the ground
amongst the low plants, on which they feed. The eggs are nearly
sjiherical, 1-00 mm. in diameter, creamy or, quite at first, greenish-
white, changing colour to an orange creamy in a da}' or two, but not
further till shortly before hatching, when they get very dark chocolate
and then black. They have a pearly lustre, and a very delicate trans-
parent appearance, but this is deceptive, as they are tolerabty hard and
solid, and none of their contents can be seen at all, though their
mirror-like surface reflects surrounding objects, and for some time led
me to think I was observing some interior structure, although I could
not make out what. The surface is mapped out by a very fine network
of raised lines, usually in hexagons.

ON THE LARVA OF ARCTIA CAIA. 267

The newly-hatclied larva is deep fuscous in the first stage, but soon
becomes black or nearly so, the hairs and tubercles being black and
obscuring the fusco-rufous skin, till, after feeding, the tubercles separate
from each other enough to expose it, and it becomes a larger element in
the larval colouring as it grows. This change with gTOwth is even
more marked in the three following skins. The larva, at first densely
hairy, and taking its general aspect from the colour of the hairs,
gradually, with its growth, exposes the intermediate skin and the hairs
become a less marked feature, till, when full-grown in each stage, the
colouring of the skin, rather than of the tubercles and hairs, gives
character to the larva. The length of the larva in the first stage is
2*3 mm., growing to 4 or 5 mm. The head is black, the second segment
has a black plate carrying eight hairs beneath its front angle, and in
front of the spiracle is a tubercle carrying two hairs, and another lower
down carrying one. On segments 3 and 4 are, on either side, a dorsal
tubercle carrying two hairs and a sub-dorsal carrying one, these taken
together seem to range with the dorsal plate of second segment. Below
is a largish tubercle with one hair in line with the i)re-spiracular on 2,
and a lower one in same line witli the lower on 2. On each of these
three segments is a small tubercle without a hair, immediately above
and behind the pre-spiracular tubercle.

On the following segments 5-12, are a small anterior and a larger
posterior trapezoidal tubercle, each with one hair, a large supra-
spiracular with two hairs, and a post-sjiiracular with one. All these
are angulated, with sides flattened against each other as if flattened by
mutual pressure, precisely as I have noted in the Acronydas. There is
also a sub-spiracular tubercle Avith one hair, and two lower ones less
marked and Avithout hairs. The base of the prologs carries a large
tubercle-like plate. The true legs have three chitinous joints, as well
as some basal jilates, with a curved claw and battledore palpus at the
end of the third joint.

The prolegs are of circular shape, expanded at end of a pedicle,
with four hooks in inner 3/5 of the edge ; five hooks occur on 9 and
10, at least in some instances.

In one specimen the post-spiracular tubercle on 12 carried two
hairs. The thirteenth segment has on either side a large square
tubercle with four hairs, and a lower smaller one with one hair. The
fourteenth segment carries an anal plate, with six hairs much shorter
and smaller than the others, the general hairs being from once to twice
the diameter of the larva in length, these on the anal plate about one-
third of the diameter. The anal prolegs seem to be of the same
structure as the ventral. The hairs are very finely spiculated.

In the second skin the length reaches 5 or 6 mm. The structure
and appearance are much as in the previous skin. The tubercles have
more hairs, except the anterior trapezoidal, which retains one. The
posterior trapezoidals have eight or nine ; the supra-spiracular five or
six ; the sub-spiracular, four ; the marginal and ventral, each four ; a
plate on second segment ; two large and one smaller tubercles on each
side of 13. The legs preserve the battledore palpus, and the prolegs
are now more expanded and flange-shaped, i.e., they have a flat fan-
shaped surface directed towards the middle line ; this carries four hooks
on 7 and 8, five hooks on 9 and 10, placed on the middle portion of the
fan, with a margin at each end, as if for more hooks that do not yet
exist. Segment 12 has nearly lost the ventral tubercles. Three large

.268 THE entomologist's record.

eye-spots can be counted. AVlien full fed tliere is a pale dorsal line and
a pale lateral region ; this is characteristic of the full-fed larva in the
second, third, and fourth skins.

In the third skin the larva is of similar character, the pale dorsal
line and pale lateral region are more evident, and more distinct in tint
from the intermediate darker region. The hairs are more numerous,
the tubercles being large bosses carrying them stellate fashion, the
posterior trapezoidal and supra-spiracular being very large, the others
smaller, but each with many hairs ; the ventral prolegs have six
strong hooks, and an extended flange, as if for more, both before and
behind them. Th<! anal prolegs have the same structure. The tnie
legs still carry a laige battledore palpus, or a pulvillus.

In the fourth skin the length extends to twelve mm. and the hairs
and tubercles are disposed as in the last skin. The supra-spiracular
tubercles and those below them tend to have white summits. This is
so more or less in all the folloAving skins, and full grown larva3 often
have tubercles with a white, silvery sheen. A few of the longer hairs
are whitish, and the white dorsal line is more distinct, but varies much
in width. The prolegs have 9-11 well developed hooks, and the
extended flange bej^ond is now plainly marked by chitinous lines,
plainl}' the rudiments of 5 or 7 more at either side.

In the fifth skin the hairs are more crowded than previously, and
though the dorsal and lateral pale lines are plain enough, they are not
(owing to the greater density of the hairs) so obvious as in previous
skins. The prolegs have twelve and thirteen hooks, and i^laces for
seven or eight on either side, disposed precisely as in the previous skin.

It is in this fifth skin that hybernation takes place. As illustrating
the difficulty of dealing with moults, I maj^ say that two good observers
both told me that with them the larvae hybernated in the second skin,
but when shown the larva in the fifth skin, said, yes, that was the size
in which they hybernated. After hybernation the larva moults three
times more, but not unfrequently only twice, probably according to
the successful h^djernation as regards exhaustion or otherwise, whilst
four moults may occur. In all these, however, the larva now has the
plumage of the adult larva, that is, long flowing black hairs with
whitish tips, paler lateral hairs, and red hairs in the front segments.

For my own convenience I have called this the caia plumage (PI. I.,
fig. 4 ; PI. II., fig. 5). That of the fifth skin, in which the hairs are
very dense, of tolerably uniform length, and also of a tolerably uniform
tint, rarely much redder in front, I have called the fnliy/aosa plumage,
as the larva resembles the full-grown larva of A. fidiginosa (PI. I.,
figs. 2 and G ; PI. II., fig. 4), and, like it, the hairy clotliing seems adajited
to hybernation. The earlier skins, with fewer hairs and the larval
skin more in evidence, I have called the Spilosonta ^jlumage (PI. I.,
figs. 3 and 8 ; PI. II., fig. 2).

AVhetiier I was led to the names by the considei'ation of what these
resemblances probably suggested, or whether the suggestion originated
with the names, I have not been able to avoid theorising that, in habit,
as regards the hybernation of the larva, we begin with Sj^ilosoma
(menthastri), Avhich has a delicate larva, and hj-bernates as a pupa.
A similar delicate larva in fidifjinosa becomes very hairy and robust in
its last skin for hybernation ; whilst caia goes a step further, and
assumes a further and different plumage after hybernation.

{To he continued.)

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 269

SCIENTIFIC NOTES & OBSERVATIONS.

Notes on the Breeding op Ephyra orbicularia. — A few notes
on the extraordinarily short time occupied in breeding this sj^ecies from
egg to imago may be of interest, it being my first expei'ience of so
rapid a completion of the life history of a species. The eggs (from New-
Forest parents) were received by me on the 2nd August last, and
were then of a coral red colour. Two days later, namely on Wednes-
day evening the 4th, as I noticed some of the eggs had commenced to
hatch out, I placed them in a large linen sleeve on a sallow bush
growing here in my garden. The only other protection I gave them
was to place a temporary wooden covering above the sleeve to run off
rain. Before the end of a week I noticed that the larvjB were grow-
ing very rapidly, the latticed green markings showing very clearly, and
were quite a quarter of an inch long. They continued to develop at
this fast rate until Monday the 14th, when two had changed to dove
colour, and had attached themselves to the inside of the sleeve much in
the fashion that many butterflies affect in pupation, and as their
colour was waning I looked for an early change to the puj)al stage. I
had not long to wait, as this took place on Wednesday, the 16th, so that
the time from hatching out to pupation occujiied exactly three weeks.
During the following days I removed these two j^upte, with others that
had since turned, from the sleeve, and, still keeping them in the garden,
I found yesterday, the 10th September, that the first two pupae were
evidently on the point of emergence. I consequently removed them
indoors, and was gratified to find towards evening two fine females at
rest on the muslin side of the cube-shaped cover that I had placed over
the pupte. The time thus occupied from the egg to the jDcrfect state
was exactly 39 days, a " record " as far as my own experience extends.
Doubtless the tropical heat of August and an abundance of food were
the main causes of hastening on the larval stage of the sj^ecies under
notice.— S. Walker, 23, Portland Street, York. September 11th, 1893.

Notes on certain species of Vanessa. — V. atalanta larva3 have
been abundant here from the beginning of June to the present, though
not so plentiful in July as in June, August, and September. I brought
in a dozen of the smallest I could find one day this week, and have
two at least that I think cannot be butterflies before the middle of
November, as gi'owth will be retarded when the weather grows colder.
As an egg laid on May 4th was a butterfly about July 7th, I cannot
consider the present larvre to be from hybernated butterflies, all of
which seemed to disappear early in June. I saw the first fresh
atalanta on July 4th, and by July 9th they were very common. In
July, 1889, atalanta larvae were common ; towards the end of that
month a friend wrote asking for some, but in the first week of
August, though I searched carefully for several days, I could not
find one. On September 20th I found one, and on October 6th another
not half grown. Tlie former pupated in October, and a perfect
l)utterfly appeared in November ; the latter pupated about No-
vember 20th, and the imago appeared on December 25th or 26th. I
was from home those two days, but found it on the morning of
December 27th with crippled wings. V. to were on the wing in April
this year. Larvas plentiful in June, after which all were gone. I

270 THE entomologist's record.

saw first fresh butterfly on June 30th, and others on July 2nd. On
August 27th I was pleased to find a large brood of larvae nearly full
fed. I brought in 31, all of whicli pupated about August 30th and
81st, except one, which fed a week longer. All were butterflies on
September 15th and 16th, save the belated individual which appeared
September 22nd. This is the first time I have seen what I believe to
be a second brood of io.

There are always two broods of V, urticcB here. I have in more
than one year found larvai late in Sejitember, but could find none this
year. On June 25th one flew into our parlour to hybernate. I covered
it with a chip box to save it from accident, and have since then looked
at it occasionally. It seemed healthy and in unchanged jjosition till
the middle of this month, when I found it dead ; probably the heat of
the lamjj was too gi-eat for it, as it was near the ceiling. I have
often seen urticce in winter quarters at the end of July, but never
before in June. What could cause it to " hybernate " at Midsummer ?

V. cardui larvte became fairly common here towards the end of
July. I reared about a dozen, all of which became butterflies between
August 9th and 14th. I saw, however, one apparently ipiite fresli on
Wednesday last, September 27th. — John Wolfe, Skibbereen. Septem-
ber SOth, 1893.

Iractical hints.

The Month. — During this month the collector will do well if he
indulge in a little larva beating. Many of the late feeders will be
nearly if not quite full fed, and ready to assume their chrysalis garb,
amongst which may be enumerated Eurymene dolohraria on oak or
beech : SeJenia iUustraria on oak, beech, birch, &c. ; Anvphydasis hetnlaria
on oak, beech, and birch ; Stanropus fagi on oak, beech, &c. ; Platypteryx
falcnla on birch ; P. Jiamula on oak ; P. vjiujutcula on beech, &c.

The collector must not suppose that his season for imagines has yet
closed. This is the great month for ivy bloom, which forms almost as
great an attraction to moths as do the sallows in the sjjring. Sometimes
the rare Dasycampa rnhigmea falls to the lot of the collector.

Most of the NocTU^ flock to this banquet, and the intoxicating
effect of " Ivy honey dew " makes their cai:)ture easy. All that is
necessary is to tap the ivy into the good old " gamp," and quietly box
the captures. They certainly can crawl, but seldom or ever fly. Light
now yields many of the late species, amongst which may be mentioned
Himera pennaria, Hyberma aurantiaria, H. defoUaria, Cheimatobia
brumata, C. boreata and Oporabia dilutata. — J. P. Mutch.

VARIATION.

Gynandrous Fidonia piniaria. — I had the good fortune this year
to capture a hermaphrodite Fidonia piniaria. Both left wings are those
of the female and the left antenna is simple ; the right wings those of
the male and the antenna pectinated. Have yoii heard of the like in
this particular moth ? — W. P. Plaokburne-Maze, Shaw House, New-
bury. September 25tk, 1893.

CURRENT NOTES. 271

Variety of Colias edusa. — I was fortunate in securing a remark-
able female variety of Colias edusa on August 31st, on the cliifs at Milton,
Hants. The black band at the border of the wings is divided by a
series of light yellow spots, forming almost a com^ilete stripe. I
enclose you a drawing of the same. — Ciias. E. Mason, 21, George
Street, Cheetham Hill. September 11th, 1893. [A figure of the variety
shows the pale spots in the dark border of the fore-wings rather larger
than is usually the case, and united to form a band. We have seen
others, however, equally strongly marked. — Ed.].

Variety op Colias edusa. — Keferring to Plate C in the February
number of the Entomologist^ s Record (vars. of Colias edusa), I have to
record the capture, on August 17th, 1892, of what I consider an
interesting variety of C. edusa. It had remained unobserved in my
store boxes amongst a number of other specimens of that species taken
at the same time, but on turning them over to-day, I noticed that the
insect in question was decidedly not what I had taken it to be, viz.,
a male specimen, but undoubtedly a female ; but with the exception
of a faint spot on left fore wing, there is an entire absence of the usual
female markings, and the inner edges of the black margin appear
hardly so clearly defined as in tlie typical form. This insect appears
to be quite as distinct a varietal form as those figured on the plate
referred to, and I send you the description of it, in case you think it
worthy of notice in the Record : I should also be pleased to show the
insect to any entomologist wlio cares to see it. I may add that the
locality in which it was taken was the South Downs, Hants, in a
clover field. — C. Coles, 61, Barrington Koad, Brixton, S.W. August
11th, 1893. [This is not at all an uncommon form of the female. In a
large exhibit made before the Ent. Society of London last autumn, we
noticed two similar females included among the males. Most of the
older collectors have similar specimens in their series, and there were
several mentioned in our columns last year. — Ed.]

BURRENT NOTES.

Our last "Current Note " (ante, p. 218) was rendered ridiculous by
a printer's error, the word "pupa" being omitted after "butterfly."
The movement of all British butterfly pupje known to us is lateral,
what we wish to learn is whether an anterior and posterior movement
ever occurs in any.

Mr. P. Wykman, Scientific Library, 1, Rue de I'Arbre, Brussels,
jiroposes bringing out a re-issue of Hiibner's Savnnlung Exotischer
Schmetterlinge. The issue will be confined to 75 copies, and the cost
6s. 8d. per part. Another magazine on general natural history (closely
resembling the British Naturalist in scope), under the name of The
Naturalist's Journal, is being puldished by Messrs. Elliot Stock. Sub-
scription, 2s. 6d. annually. The Hon. Walter Rothschild, deploring
the fact that all entomological matter that ought to be printed cannot
find its way into the magazines and transactions of societies, intends
establishing a magazine for the description of the material in his col-
lection at Tring. Annual subscription. One Guinea.

Lord Walsingham, in the E. M. M., gives another note on Conchylis
(Eiiposcilia) implicitana. We must own that just at present we are in a

272 THE ektomologist's record.

hopeless muddle as to which names should be applied to the three allied
species — (1) the golden-rod feeder, (2) the Anthemis feeder, which used
to occur on waste gi'ound in Westcombe Park, (3) the narrower-
winged triple-hooded species, rather common on the chalk hills. Lord
Walsingham appears to unite the two first as iviplicitana and call the
third erigerana. That there are three species appears certain.

The Rev. A. Nash records " a very dark variation of Ayrotts puta
at sugar." Is this as usual the 2 thus designated ?

^f-OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

AcHERONTiA ATROi'os AT Seaford. — I have to rccord the capture of
a specimen of Acherontm atropos on the beach at Seaford, in Sussex,
on the 2nd inst. The insect was captured by a boy and taken to my
friend, Dr. Evans of Seaford, who is interested in entomology. Several
specimens of Colias edusa have been seen and taken at Seaford and its
neighbourhood this autumn. — Henry A. Hill, 132, Haverstock Hill,
Hampstead, N.W. September Idth, 1893.

Saturnia pavonia in August. — This is truly a remarkable season
so far as the times of appearance of insects are concerned. At the
end of August last a male specimen of Saturnia pavonia emerged from
a pupa, which I thought would liave lain over till next spring. The
larvae were taken in 1892 at Tenby, and all the imagines except six
emerged in April and May last, one of the said six coming out in
August, as above stated. — Henry A. Hill, 132, Haverstock Hill,
Hampstead, N.W. September Idth, 1893.

Oberea oculata at Wicken. — I took a fine specimen of this hand-
some Longicorn at "Wicken, on July 28th, on the wing at dusk.
Fowler gives no record since 1883. — F. Bouskell, Lansdowne Eoad,
Stoneygate, Leicester.

Colias edusa at Exmouth. — I have found Colias eduaa very abun-
dant at Exmouth, South Devon, not only on the cliffs, but almost in the
town itself, and I was fortunate in captining four of the light var. helice,
amongst which was a dark buff specimen Avitli the orange spot on the
hind wing of an unusually large size. I have neither seen nor heard of
C. hyale this year ; I heard from a young collector that he had taken
thi'ee Vanessa cardui near Exmouth, but I did not capture the species
myself. — Arthur Keays, Upwood Tower, Caterham Valley.

Apparent dearth of Diurni. — Has any suggestion been made as to
the probable cause of the extraordinary dearth of Diurni and of larvai
this summer ? With regard to the latter, I have been unable to find
any in places that last year at about the same time aljounded with
Cerura vinvia, SmerintJms pjoptdi, Notodonta ziczac, Ta'niocampa stabilis,
T. (jothica, etc., while the sole result of diligent searching of what were
formerly reliable nettle beds, is a solitary V. atalanta larva. With
regard to Diurni, my experience has been, jjerhaps, more extraordinary.
In the course of three visits to Abbott's Wood I saw perhai^s twenty or
thirty, of which one was a Colias edusa male, and two were V. atalanta.
On the slope of Beachy Head, which last year SAvarmed with Lyca'na
corydon and Salyriis semele, I have this August seen about half-a-dozen
of tlie former and one of the latter, during three visits, two of which
were early in August, and one late in that month. On August 2Uth,

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 273

which was bright and hot, I walked in the morning, with two friends,
from Clapton, through Wood Street to Chingford, ran)bling in all
directions through the Forest, and l>eating bushes for Micros. We saw
absolutely nothing ! The 26th and 27th of August I spent at Oxshott.
Here I saw a few Coenonyvipha pamphilus, and a friend caught a
battered Vanessa atalanta, but the only captures I made during the day
were a few Micros. By-the-way, I know of three cases of Smerinthus
populi, and one of S. ocellatus emerging this auti;mn, reared from ova
laid in the spring. I suppose that is attributable to the weather. —
W. W. EsAM, Eagle House, St. Leonards. Septcmher 30th, 1893. [Our
experience this season has certainly not been in the direction suggested
by our correspondent. True, larva3 have not been common this year
as about " the same time last year," but were even in greater abun-
dance at an earlier j^eriod. In the New Forest in June, larvte usually
taken in late July and August were beaten in hundreds, and full-fed
at that time. Vanessa larva^, which should normally be looked for
in July, had at that time already disclosed imagines. We bred
c-aJbum, urticce, poJycliloros, atalanta and io before the end of June, and
a second brood of all these species again during the last four weeks.
Lycmna bellargus was over in May and a second brood out in middle of
July, whilst L. corydon Avas occurring freely in Kent in the middle of
June. This species would have been nearly over, we should think,
this year in August, when our correspondent went for them. Does not
he explain, too, the absence of the larvfe of Smerinthus populi this autumn,
when he records the occurrence of a second brood of imagines at the
time when larvae normally occur ? — Ed.]

COLEOPTEBA IN THE HASTINGS DISTRICT DURING SEPTEMBER. — SillCe

September 7th I have devoted a great deal of time to Coleoptera, with
the following results. Those I have marked with an asterisk * are new
to our district list. At Guestling, among dead leaves, refuse heaps, etc.
I have taken Euryponis picipes, 5 ; Megacronus inclinans,* 1 ; Habroccras
capillaricornis, in numbers ; Lithocharis brumiea, 40 or 50 ; Quedins
picipes, common ; Q. peltatus, Q. crmntiis, reared ; Philonthns carhon-
arius, 1 ; Othius myrmceophilis, common ; Meyarthrus sinuatocollis*
reared ; M. hemipterns, about a dozen in fungi ; Leistotrojihns nebulosus,
in fungi ; Homalium jmnctipemie, a few under bark ; Choleva loilkini,
abundant ; C. kirbyi* 2 ; C. velox, occasional ; Ayathidium atrum, A.
nigrinuvi, A. convexum* A. varians, a few of each ; A. Icecigatum, a
series ; AmphicyUis globus, a small series, including one var. ferrugineum ;
Anisotoma badia, 1 ; Cephennivm thoracicum, reared ; Alexia pilifera,
common on one occasion only ; Lycoperdina bovistce, 1 ; Coccinella
lij-guttata, reared; Trachodcs hispidus,!; Liosomus ohlongulus, rare;
Acalles ptinoides, a small series ; Ccenopsis waltoni, reared ; Conipora
orbicidata, reared ; JJradyccllus disfinctus, abundant ; and many common
species : the above are the results of four days' collecting. At
Hollington, Epurea longula,* a single example ; Apteropeda globosa, 2,
among dead leaves ; Galervcella riburni, a few ; Chilocorus renipiistulatus,
a few l)y beating ; and plenty of commoner species, as well as a few of
the above {L. brunnea, (fee). At Mai:)lehurst Wood, Epurcea parvula,
beaten from faggots ; Bembldium manner heirni, tfec., among dead leaves ;
such common insects as Lathrobrium brunnipes, ifcc, were abundant on
this occasion. Ore Woods produced, among many others, a few Conurus
immacidatas, Melabletus ohseuroguttatus, &c., among dead leaves. On

274 THE entomologist's record.

tlie banks of a reservoir near the town, Tachytisa constricta, reared ;
Stenus t/tdtnld, S. hipimctatus, abundant ; and swarms of common
Bevihidli.

I have still a number of undetermined species of Homalota, Oxypoda,
Aleochara, Scydmcenidce, itc, which I hope to Avork out during the
winter, taken at the above localities. — A. Ford, Glen Mount, Braybrooke
Koad, Hastings. October 2nd, 1893.

Callijiorpha HERA IN SouTii Devon. — I had three days after
Callimorpha hera in South Devon and netted five, all hens, and now I
have a promising family party feeding on lettuce, but I was rather late
for them, and my S2)ecimens are sadly worn and, worse still, had laid
most of their eggs. I got two of the yellow variety. — E. A. Bowles.
August 2Sth, 1893.

EuBOLiA I'ERiBOLATA. — In addition to my captures in Guernsey
enumerated last month, I was successful in taking a good series of
the very pretty little Geometer, Euholia p)eribolata, which seems gene-
ndly distrilnited here, but local only as regards abundance. I found
it on September 2nd on Delancey Hill, and on the 4th at Moulin Huet
Bay ; it is very easily disturlied from the common furze ( Ulex europoim),
which is, I l^elieve, its food plant. — Albert J. Hodges, Guernsey.
September 5th, 1893.

Coleoptera at Sudbury last May. — As I had already had a very
successful hunt in this locality in January, I paid it another visit in
May, with the hope of getting some of the summer insects, and took my
net for sweeping the hedgerows, but before I came to any hedgerows
worth sweeping, I noticed a half dried-up i)ond in a field by the road
side, so I got over to see if any insects were to be obtained, as I had
found beetle life in superabundance at Hendon, a few Saturdays back,
in a similar situation.

The first thing I saw was a small " Staph " running over the mud, so
I got it in a })hial to examine, and discovered it to be Tacky nsa concolor,
a s})ecies only taken in the London district and always looked upon as
a rarity. It is unfortunately one of those species which go rotten very
quickly in the laurel bottle, so I only took between forty and fifty, but
could easily have secured double that number. TacJiyusa fiavitamis was
e([ually abundant, and amongst the other " staphs " taken were Philonthus
atratns, P. quisquiliarius var. dimidiattis, P. procerulus, Lathrohium qnad-
raturii, Trogopldceus jmsiUns, and heaps of the commoner Stem.

The ground beetles were also in considerable numbers. I took seven
Dyschirius aniens (one of which was quite black), and Anchomcnus viduus,
and the var. inastus, A. fnlighxosus, A, picciis, Cldcenms nigricornis,
Bemhidium fernoratum, B. brnxeUense, B. lampros var. velox, B. variuiii, B.
Jiammulatum, B. articidatum and B. 4:-maculatum, were all more or less
common.

On the banks of a stream (the river Brent, I suppose,) about a
dozen yards from the pond, I found Anchomenus oblongus, Bembidmm
bijnmctatutn, DeJeaster dichrous and Ceiithorhynchus viridipennis. As
might be well imagined, I did not do much sweeping, the only insect
worth mentioning being PliyUotreta ochnpes, of which I took a series
from Erysimum alliaria. — H, Heasler, 17, Danby Street, Peckham.

Newspai'er Entomology. — Under the head of " Kural Notes," the
following article api)eared in the Graphic for September 9th, and will
no doubt convey some new ideas to entomologists : —

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 275

" Summer Butterflies. — This has been a great season for butter-
flies. Fritillaries were both early and numerous, and thei-e were plenty
of good takes as near London as Epping Forest and West Wickham.
The beautiful edasa has not been nearly so common as last year, except
on the North Devon coast from Glovelly to Minehead. Here it has
been taken freely, and also a specimen or two of helice, a very rare
" bleached " variety, claimed by some as a separate species. The Spurge
Hawk moth has been taken in Devon and Cornwall, while the atalanta
butterfly appears to be, this season, more common than the small
tortoiseshell. As the caterpillars of each sort feed on the nettle, the
extreme frequency of the one imago, and the comparative infrequency
of the other are worthy of note. The small copper butterfly is now,
perhaps, the commonest denizen of the open common, but we seem to
find, year by year, fewer and fewer hair-streaks, while the common
Tiger moth is certainly far less common than it was ten years ago.
The Black-veined White, the Mazarine Blue, and the Wood White
are practically extinct ; but we have to set against this more frequent
takes of antiope, of the Convolvulus Hawk Moth, and of the Clifton
Nonpareil. It is, on the whole, a most difficult thing to say if butter-
flies and moths are becoming scarcer or not. The growth of towns and
the eagerness of collectors tell against them ; but the destruction of
birds is in their favour, and so is the decline of agriculture, and the
extending area of neglected land and unoccupied farms."

Possibly, they may not be aware that the $ var. helice, or " bleached "
variety of echisa, is considered by some a sejiarate species. Jumping
from the "Spurge Hawk Moth" to "atalanta," on to the "small
tortoiseshell and copper," we are informed that "Hair-streaks" seem
to get fewer and fewer, and that the " Tiger Moth is less common than
formerly." My experience of the last few years does not enable me to
agree with the writer, and I must differ again from him when he states
that the " Wood White is practically extinct," for I know of seven or
eight localities, in this county alone, where it can be taken in abundance,
and in certain seasons a second brood may be found. The " eagerness "
of collectors can hardly be responsible for insects becoming scarcer.
Man, it has been calculated, stands tenth on the list of " enemies," and
the deficiency caused by his destructiveness is partly compensated by
artificial breeding and rearing. — John N. Still, Bridestowe, Devon.
[It is really time that high-class papers should refuse such nonsense as
the above, but it only shows how ignorant certain so-called literary
people are, and the tendency of the age to make believe that one can
know and deal with every subject under the sun. An issue of the Star
was sent to us a few weeks since, in which was a rude cut of a beetle,
with some amazing information, given by an authority at the British
Museum, but digested by the Star man and written from his jjoint of
view. One statement was to the effect that the beetle had " a long
ovipositor," by means of which " the larvae " were deposited in the
holes of trees. — Ed.]

Erratum. — Page 254, line 33, for " margceatus " read " marginattis."

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

Summer Collecting in North Kent. — Following up ray notes in the last
issue, July Gth^at Cuxton gave me a splendid day's work. The day was

276 THE entomologist's record,

brilliant and insects swarmed. It was pui*ely a matter of how many
one could catch against time. I did not get on the ground until
11 a.m., and caught a train back to Strt)od at 4.12 p.m., fretting and
fuming that I had tilled all my boxes. I had a regular field day with
lUtliijla carnelhi and E. anguinaUs, securing aljout 60 fine specimens of
each species, whilst the second broods of Ac/dalia ornata, Pi/raasta
j)iinicealis, and P. purpiiralh, as well as Eaholia hipunctarui, would have
given me equal numbers could I have housed them ; but coming on a
ln"Ood of Muaceseoptilas zopJtodactylus, it took me some time to see,
capture and box a dozen, all three operations being equally difficult with
tliis lively customer. Aciptilia haliodactyla and A. tetradadijla still
received careful attention, whilst Phi/cis subornatella, Phytometra cenea,
Lithosia complana, and another fine Sesia ichneumoniformis again turned
up. Among other things I find I captured L. cegon, Aspilates gilvaria,
LeHcania coiiigera, II. cespitalis, Scojjaria duhifalis, Gelechia cinerelhi,
P. aspersana, B. fascocupreUa, PancaUa lemoenhoeckella, Stigiaonota
composana, C diluckhiiia, Eapoecih'a erigerann, P. aspersdiia, Sericoris
conchana, C. tesserana and P. seUana, only a few of each, in most cases
tlirough want of boxes, although in some because they were rare, as in the
case of dilncidana, composana and seUana. July 8th saw me at the same
locality, though there were great changes in the atmospheric conditions.
Rain and a high wind kept matters in an unsatisfactory state, and a
heavy thunderstorm about 5 p.m. drove me off the ground. My
captures, however, Avere not uninteresting. Besides I. camella, E.
angninalis, P. punicealis, P. purpuralis, H. cespitalis, M. zophodactylns,
A. haliodactyla, and others in lesser numbers, I took a few fine
specimens of the second broods of Eniaturga atomaria, Nisoniades tages
and Eriopsela fractifasciana, whilst Catopjtria cana, C. ccecirnaculana,
Soj)h)-onia parenthesella, Depressaria nanatella, Gelechia suhocellea,
Orthotmiia striana and CEdematophorus lithodactyla were added to the
previous captures. The latter species is quite new to me on the chalk
hills. Leucania lithargyria was disturbed frequently during the morn-
ing, and Macvoglossa stellatarum fought manfully against the wind at
the flowers of the bugloss. The next week was a blank. A dull,
miserable Saturday, with lively recollections of the thunderstorm of
the Sth, in which I got well soaked, kept me in London ; but I went to
Ouxton again on July 22nd in company with Mr, Page, Anaitis
plagiata, Eubolia hipimciaria and Acidalia ornata were exceedingly
abundant, whilst E. mensuraria, Aspnlates gilvaria and the second brood
of Eniaturga atomaria were almost equally so. Among the butterflies
second broods of Lycama hellargus, L. icarus, L. medon, Chrysophanus
phlteas, Nisoniades tages and Pararge megcera ajjpeared frequently,
whilst L. corydon and P. linea were by no means rare. Acontia luctuosa
turned up, but J. camella was getting over. The second brood of
Melanippe sociata occurred, and I had a rare day with the Pteropliorina.
A. haliodactyla came first, then A. tetradactyla. Besides these Mimoi-
seoptilus hipunctidactyla, M. zopliodactylus, Pterophorus monodactyla, CE.
lithodactyla (one), Oxyptilus parmdactyla and Leioptilus osteodactyla were
all netted, whilst Aciptilia pentadactyla and M. p>terodactyla were
observed. A fine series of Coleophora ochrea and C. lixella fell to my
net, as also some twenty specimens of Eupcecilia erigerana. Besides these
Phytometra cenea, S. conchana, Gelechia cinerella, Pyrausta punicealis,
P. imrpiiralis, II. cespitalis, E. angninalis, S. parenthesella, Eupithecia

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

277

centaureata, GrapholitJia nigromacidana, C. tceniolella, P. aspcrsana,
Gelechia anthjllidella, C. cana, G. scquax, Eupoecilia angmfana, C. dilucickina
Avere all rather abundant. E. hyhridellana, Cemiostoma loteUa and Tinea
arcella put in a first appearance. M. steUatarum still haunted the
bugloss flowers, whilst Zyga'na filipendidce hung in hundreds all over
the hills. Pyrameis atalanta, V. urticie and the usual common butter-
flies were also observed.

This finished my observations and captures up till the end of
the month and to my usvial summer holidays. I have only once been in
North Kent since, on August 22nd, when I again visited Cuxton. A
perfect gale was blowing and swept the sides of the hills, l)ut there was
then a large number of Lyccena hellargus to be seen, some very much
worn, with L. alexis, Ccenonympha pamphilus, C. pMceas, and Hesparia
comma, with a specimen or two each of Aspilates gilvaria, Cramhus
tristellus and Pyrausta jmrpuralis, probably a third brood, but there
were no small species to be seen as the Avind was much too powerful.
I have not been since, so cannot tell how the autumnal work is proceed-
ing. To those with unlimited time and leisure the above may seem a
very commonplace result for the expenditure of so much energy, but as
a result for comparison with the Avork of other years it may prove
useful.— J. W. TuTT. August, 1893.

Lanark. — Insects have been a month earlier and far more plentiful
this year than usual in this part of Scotland. Generally it is a rare
thing to see any species of butterfly. This year Pieris 7-apce and P. napi
have been common ; and now Vanessa iirticce, and even Vanessa atalanta,
are quite plentiful, thougli I have not seen the latter at all here during
the past three years that I have been here. I have also seen a specimen
of Chrysopihanns phlceas, one or two Pkris hrassicce, and even one or tAvo
Polyommatns alexis, Avhich I have never before seen here. I hear that
this species has been also seen this year in BerAvickshire. During the
very hot Aveather in the middle of August many Chaneas graniinis and
Hydnvcia nictitans flew into the castle to light, and I obtained one A-ery
nice variety of the former, the ordinary stigmatised linear markings
uniting to form a long, triangular, pale blotch. On July 14th I saAv a
sjiecimen of Macroglossa steUatarum, which I have not before seen here.
Carsia imhidata Avas either much more scarce than usual this j^ear, or
else it was nearly over when I reached these parts (July) as I only took
tAvo or three specimens. Sugar is usually a failure here, but this year
insects have been plentiful on the bait On August lltli I took at sugar
Celcena haworthii (8), Hadena proteus, Xylopliasia polyodvn, Triphcena
jrronuba, Hydrcecia nictitans, Cosmia trapezina, Noctua glareosa and
Noctna rubi. I also on this occasion found se\'eral Cekena haworthii at
rest on the rushes after dark. On August 18th sugar produced most of
the foregoing, but curiously enough there Avere no haworthii either at
sugar or on the rushes, though the species had been pretty common the
week before. HoAvcA-er, Tapinostola fidva had noAv taken its place, and
SAvarmed on the rushes. August 25th, on a chilly night, Avith a cold
Avind and the moon inclined to show, I thought it Avould be almost a
Avaste of labour to sugar ; but resoh^ed to try, and found myself justified
in the event, for the night turned out the best I have had. Hadena
proteus sAvarmed on the sugar, some of the forms being A-ery nice. I
took all the insects that I had taken before at sugar, and noAv Agriopis
aprilina apjDeared cpiite commonly, and three C. haworthii turned up

278 THE entomologist's record.

again. Twice Poh'a chi has put in an appearance at sugar, usually it
entirely ignores such sweets, though occurring very commonly here. I
have only met with one dark variety of this species this year. Is this
owing to the dryness of the season ? Besides the above-named sjiecies,
I have also taken Larentia didijmata, Coremia propugnata, Cidaria
russata, Cidaria pyraliafa and Cidaria popidata. — (Rev.) J. A.
Mackonochie, Douglas Castle, Lanark. September &h, 1893.

Sandown, I. W. — While my enterprising friend, Mr. A. J. Hodges,
makes us pretty well acc^uainted with the lepidopterous fauna of the
Western end of the Isle of Wight, we do not so often observe records
from the Sandown district. I spent seven weeks there this summer,
between July loth and September 2nd, and as I managed to turn up a
few good insects, some notes from the locality may not be altogether
without interest. On my arrival I soon found that the early season had
robbed me of some of my favourite summer species, such as Geometra
vernaria, Melanippe tmangnlata, M. rivata, Antidea rnbidata, and others,
which were nearly or quite over, and were not obliging enough, so far
as I could discover, to yield second broods. In fact, work among the
Geometers was to a large extent a failure, though Gnophos obscuraria,
and Aspilates ochrearia (second brood) were perhaps commoner than
usual. I was also pleased to meet with a second brood of Acidalia
subsericeaia for the first time since 1889, and in fair numbers, though
restricted to a very limited localit}^ except one or two wanderers which
visited my sugar, in company with an occasional Acidalia viargine-
punctata. Eiipithecice were represented onty by E. snccenturiata (two
only, and a fcAv ova and larvfe), E. snbfnlvata, larvee of E. pimpineUata
and a few other very common species ; E. pumilata was pretty common,
the third brood being out early in AugiTst and continuing until I left the
Island ; E. coronata, which is usuallj- to be had at Sandown, was an
absentee. Larvfe of Emmelesia alchemiUata were common in flowers
and seeds of Galeopsis tetrahit, wherever these were observed, but no
trace of them was to be found in G. ladarmm, which abounded in one
cornfield, though the larvfe took readily to this when it was offered them.
An odd specimen of E. ajfinitata, which turned up in very fair condition
on August 2nd, must surely have belonged to a second brood. A few
other Geometra^ taken may be just briefly enumerated : — Epione apiciaria
(sparingly), Cidaria testata (larvae on sallows by night ; I have never
beaten this larva in the day, though frequently beating the sallows among
which it occurs), Ligdia adustata (larva3 common on spindle), Phiba-
lapteryx vitalbata (second brood already getting worn on July loth,
about three weeks early), Eubolia bipunctaria (in swarms, and in good
condition throughout a great part of the seven weeks), and the usual
common " waves " and " carpets," etc.

With regard to the butterflies, the second broods of Lyccena argiolm
and Pararge megcera (if this was not a third brood) were well out on my
arrival on July 15th, and were soon folloAved by L. bellargus, which, by
the wa}^, reappeared in some of its old haunts near Sandown and
Brading after an absence of some years, as well as occurring in its usual
abundance at Ventnor. L. corydon was to be had in good condition
throughout the seven weeks, and a few nice underside varieties were
picked out. Satyrus seinele was not uncommon on Bembridge Down,
but Melanargia galatea was quite over. Colias edusa was much less
common than last year, though more so than in years jireceding.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 279

There was a very full second brood of Nisoniades fages, but some of the
species which are reputed to be double brooded in favourable seasons —
for example,, the two small species of Argynnis — were not observed.
Of Vanessa cardui, generally common at Sandown, only two or three
were seen, and V. io was almost entirely absent.

I sugared pretty regularly, with fairly satisfactorj' results on the
whole, though tluctuating. I had the good fortune to take two Leucania
albtpuncta, one on July 27th, the other on August 9th ; and a good
specimen of Caradrina superstes on August 15th. Another unexpected
visitor was a specimen of Catocala sponsa on the chalk downs on July
22nd ; where it came from I am at a loss to imagine. Agrotis hmigera
was nearly over, owing to the abnormal season, and hardly a dozen
specimens worth setting were taken ; but A. ptda and A. riigricans were
abundant and in fine condition, with several A. tritici (usually rare at
Sandown, and quite absent last year). Other visitors to the sugar
during Jul}' were Lencania conigera, L. lithargyria, Miana literosa,
M. hicoloria, Caradrina tarnxaci, C. quadripunctata, Agrotis svffusa,
A. segetum, Triphcena fimbria, T. comes (abundant), T. ianthina,
Ampkipyra tragopoginis, and others, all on the Culvor DoAvns ; Hydroecia
paludis, Noctna baia, N. rubi, Thyatyra derasa, Cosmia affinis, Gonoptera
libatrix and others, in and near a copse on the marshes. Many of these
species continued into August, and were joined by Cerigo matura,
Lencania pallens (second brood), Triplioena inter jecta (one only), Agrotis
saucia, A. exclamationis (second brood), Hydrcecia nictitans (one only),
etc., on the Downs ; and Noctua plecta, Amphipyra pyramidea, Mania
maura, Hadena dissimilis (second brood, a nice little series), Zonosoma
punctaria (second brood, one only) etc., in the copse. But towards the
middle of August there was a temporary falling off, and after this I did
not work the marshes, as the coveted Aporophyla aiistralis was daily ex-
pected, and Agrotis sancia was on the increase. The first australis was
taken on August 24:th, but unfortunately the species was not fully out when
I had to return to London on Sejitember 2nd. Bryophila miiralis first
appeared on August 15th {ycry late), XantJiia circellaris on August 29th;
Anckocelis hinosa, common the two jjrevious autumns, had not appeared
when I left. Agrotis segetum was a pest the last few weeks. A few
larvfe of Aspdates ochrearia came up to feed on my sugared Centanrea
scabiosa flovrers in July.

With the Sphinges and Bombyces very little was done, though odd
specimens of the following were turned up by day : — Macroglossa
steUatariim, Sesia ichneumoniformis, Nndaria mundana, Lithosia lurideola,
Calligenia miniata, etc. Several Hepialns sylvinvs were taken at rest by
night. A good deal of sallow beating for larva? of Smerinthus oceUafus,
Dicranura furcula, and Notodonta ziczac (obtained last year), resulted
only in three of the last named and none of the others ; probably
ocellatus had already gone into pupa before I commenced working ; but
this does not seem to be a good season for larvte. I saw no trace of
Lobophora sexalisaia, which is usually fairly common. Many of the
sallow bushes were, however, eaten almost to shreds (as usual) by the
larvse of Phalera bucephala.

I do not know whether Spilodes verticalts (cinctalis) is generally
double-brooded ; I never saw a second brood till this August, when
some six or eight were taken, some in lovely condition.

I think the great drawback to collecting this season has been the

280 THE entomologist's record.

difficulty in fixing the right dates to go for any particular species ; but
in spite of this, I am by no means dissatisfied with the results of my
summer holiday. — Loris B. Pkout, 12, Greenwood Eoad, Dalston.

RngeJey. — I have pleasure in recording the capture of four speci-
mens of Vanessa c-alhnm here last week. I do not think this insect
has been taken in this district before. — Basil Burnett, Park House,
near Rugeley, Staffs. September 15th, 1893.

Somerset. — Col/as edasa has appeared sparingly, the first I saAv being
on 2oth June. Argynnis papMa has occurred in several strange
localities, sometimes far from a wood. Macroglossa steUatarum has been
very abundant. Near Axminster (Devon), on 2nd September, I saw
numerous sjoecimens of C edusa. — W. Macjiillan, Ochiltree House,
Castle Gary.

FoViestone and BoxhlU. — Insects have not been so common as one
would imagine ; I think the very dr^' spring had a great deal to do
with it, man}^ pupre having dried up. A second brood of TJtanaos tages
was Avell out at Box Hill yesterday, and I was astonished the time the
first brood was about. I saw several, of course in very bad condition,
at Folkestone on July 7th ; also several Col/as edusa and one variety
Jielice during that week. It Avas rather late for Sesia ichneumoniformis,
and I only discovered the spot when tlie}'^ were nearly over. I took
the second brood of Acidalia ornata on July 7th. Tapinostola bondii
was very plentiful, but getting over. I managed to obtain a series,
however, but had to take a large number, and jDick them over. —
A. J. Croker. August 7th, 1893.

Monksioood. — The season has not been so favourable a one as we
were expecting from the bright outlook at the beginning of the year,
I Avas particularly struck at the commencement of this month, Avhile
collecting for a few days at Monkswood, at the excessive scarcity of even
common insects. A few Thecla pruni and T. betulce were taken in the
daytime, and Catocala nupta. Mania maura, Cosmla diffin/'s, C. affinis,
Noctua xanthographa, Triphoena ianthina, T. pronuba, X. poli/odon, etc.,
at sugar ; but the Micros were conspicuous by their absence. I beat the
bushes nearly all day, but got absolutely nothing. — George "W. Balding,
Euby Street, Wisbeach. August dth, 1893.

Wiclcen Fen. — After the not very successful records from Wick en
this year, it was with some trepidation that I made my first visit there,
from July 27th to the 31st, accompanied by Mr. A. M. Corali, but I
think on the whole Ave had as good luck as most collectors during one
of the Avorst seasons there on record. Day collecting produced Fapilio
machaon (second brood) in fair numbers, although they Avere getting
worn. We also secured about 100 larvte in all stages, some nearly full
fed, and a nice lot of ova. I'he eggs Avere laid on the Avild carrot, as a
rule one or tAvo on the underside of a leaf, but on one leaf Ave found 14
eggs. Gonepteryx rhamni, Pararge tnegara, Clirysophanus pMctas Avere
the only Diurni Ave met Avith. We took a fcAv nearly full fed larA'te of
Viminia venosa, also a Avhite A'ariety of the larA'a of Smerinihus oeellatus,
and a similar A-ariety of Notodonta ziczac, both off the Avhite aspen, an
excellent example of protectiA'e coloration. I took a number of
Coleoptera, the best capture being that rare Longicorn Oberea oculata,
captured on the Aving at dusk. I hope to giA^e a full list of the captured
Coleoptera another time. Mr. Albert Houghton supplied lis Avith sugar
and light apparatus, and the folloAving is the result of the four nights'

SOCIETIES. 281

work in the fens at sugar : — Tapino^tola hellmanni (4)," Lencania pudorma
(1), Galauiia phragmitidis (24), L. lithargyria, L. p)allen$, L. impuva (com-
mon), Gxnohia rufa (1), Cerigo cijtherea (4), Helotropha leucostigma
(swarms), banded variety (8), Agrotis nigricans (common), Triphcena
interjecta (2). Sugar on the trees in the lane outside the fen produced
N. hellmanni (1), C. ])hragmitidis (2), L. griseola (6), Cuspidia p)si (1),
a fresh sjDecimen, evidently of a second brood, L. pollens, L. impura,
L. lithargi/ria, Noctua umbrosa (2), N. ruhi, N. /estiva, N. haia, N.
xanthographa, N. augur, Miana literosa (1), M. strigilis, A. nigricans,
A. segetutn, A. exclamationis, T. fronidja, T. orhona, T. interjecta, T.
ianthina (1), Caradrina blanda, C. morphem, C. cuhicidaris (2), U. fibrosa,
C. cytherea, Calymnia afiiais (2), C. di^nis (14), A. tvagopoginis, M.
typica, M. maura, C. nnpta (1). Light in the fen was a failure except
on the 29th, which was a warm showery night with a slight S.W.
wind. On that night we took V. venosa (2), N. helhnanni (2), C. rvfa
(3), C. phragmitidis (4), L. griseola (1), L. impura, L. pollens, A. fibrosa,
Epione apiciaria (8), Acidalia inornata (1), Eupithecia nanata (1),
(? Ed.) Phibalapteryx lignata (1), Earias chlorana (1), Chilo phragmi-
tellus (6), besides doing well at sugar, whicli amply repaid us for oiu*
wetting. Dusking only produced E. apiciaria, C. testata, C. 2)op%dota,
H. elntata, and a few other common specimens. — Fk.\nk Bouskell,
Lansdowne Koad, Stoneygate, Leicester.

Shericood Forest. — This year again has been a good one for Cosmia
paleacea. I began this year rather later than last, on the 29th of
August, my companion as last year being the Eev. W. Beecher,
of Wellow. Putting up at Edwinstowe, we sugared over the old
track, also trying a fresh ground, and were agreeably siirprised to see
this insect in considerable numbers, two and three lieing on one tree,
and all were in excellent condition, evidently just out. We also took
Noctua c-nigrum, and many others. — W. A. B. Ferris, St. Matthew's
Vicarage, Nottingham.

SOCIETIES.

South London Entomological Society. — SepAemher 14//^, 1893. —
Mr. Auld exhibited living larvae of Phorodesma smaragdaria, Fb., also
two breeding cages for larva?, as described in the Entomologist's Monthly
Magazine for July last by Mr. H. G. Knaggs. Mr. South showed a fine
series of Spilosoma lubriripeda vars. zatima, Cr. and radiata, St., a
splendid var. of Argynnis euphrosyne, L., taken in Lancashire, a pale
var. of Vanessa nrticce, L., from Monmouthshire, a bluish specimen of
Procris statices, L., and a number of Zygcena trifolii, Esp., including
almost all the known forms. Mr. Tutt mentioned that in a locality
in North Kent where all the specimens used to be typical five-spotted
trifolii, out of about two hundred specimens of this insect taken last
year (1892), five specimens only hacl five spots, the remainder having a
tendency to assume a six-spotted form, these in most cases having the
sixth spot ill-developed, but in many instances the spots were well
marked and similar to those of Z.fiUpendidce, L. ; he also doubted whether
the six-spotted specimens captured in INLay, and recorded as fihpendidce
were really that species. Mr. Weir remarked that these two species do
ocGasionally cross in a state of nature. Mr. Fenn exhibited long series

282 THE entomologist's becoed.

of Spilosorna liibricipeda var. radiata, St., bred from ova received from
Mr. Tugwell, Gnophos obscurata, Hb., from Folkestone, and Macaria
notata, L., bred from ova. Mr. Fenn also exhibited Selenia lunaria,
Schiff., and read a note tliereon. Mr. E. Adkin exhibited a series of
Thecla betul(e, L., and read a note with reference to the order of sexual
emergence. He also showed a short series of Pygcera piijra, Hufn.
(reclusa, Fb.) bred from larvae taken in Sutherlandshire last aixtumn.
Mr. Jenner Weir read a note, in which he stated that in a recent tour
in Belgium he had seen no Colias hjale, L., and but one C. edusa, Fb.
He also stated how exceedingly abundant the third brood of Pohjoni-
matus pidceas, L. had been in his garden at Beckenham this September.
Mr. Tutt gave his experience of a day amongst the lepidoptera in the
suburbs of Paris at the beginning of August, when Colias hyale, L. was
abundant, with Agrophila sidplmralis, L., Acontia luciuosa, Esp. and
many other species occurring rather freely. Mr. Enock exhibited
wheat stems containing puj^a^ of the Hessian fly from Sidmouth, where
he found it infesting the wheat and barley ; also examples of Cldorops
keniopus, the destructive ribbon-footed corn fly.

September 28th, 1893.— Mr. South exhibited, on behalf of Mr.
Sabine, some fine varieties of Polyommatus pihhxas L. from Dartford,
one being intermediate between the type and the var. schmidtii, some of
the others being very dark. Mr. Frohawk exhibited two boxes of
Polyommatus pidceas, L. from Balham, &c., showing great variation in
size and markings, two approaching the var. schmidtii, and two Avithout
copper bands on the secondaries ; also a living pupa of Argynnis paphia
L., and a nearly full-gi-own larva of Argynnis adippe, L., these two
latter exhibits being a result of the phenomenally fine and hot weather.
Mr. Jiiger showed six specimens of Lyccena arion, L., captured by Mr.
Bignell in Cornwall last June. Mr. Fenn exhibited a series of Dasy-
campa rubiginea Fb., bred September, 1893, from Devonshire, also long
and variable series of Acidalia aversata, L., Acronycta rumicis, L., and
interesting varieties of other sjiecies. Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited a
second brood of Argynnis enpjhrosyne, L., the larva?, after apparently
commencing to hybernate, having rapidly fed up during August. Mr.
R. Adkin exhibited a series of Cymatophora duplaris, L., taken in
Sutherlandshire, they being very dark compared with the Southern forms.
A paper by Mr. F. W. Hawes was then read " On the unusual abund-
ance of Polyommatus phlceas in 1893," in which he reviewed the early
appearance of this species in April, and its gradual numerical increase
during the succeeding months, also noting some interesting points in its
life history, the paper being illustrated by the exhibition of two plants
of Eumex acetosa, having thereon a number of ova laid in a state of
nature, some few of which had recently hatched. — H. Williams, Hon.
Sec.

City of Londok Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Tuesday, September 19th, 1893. — Exhibits : — Mr. Huckett, a smoky
var. of Arctia caia, a partly silvery specimen of Polyommatus pidceas, and
bred series of Anger ona prunaria, Boarniia repandata, Numeria pulveraria
and PericaUia syringaria. He stated that the specimen of Arctia caia
was one of a second brood, and that some pupee that failed to emerge
were found upon examination to include several dark and pale varieties.
Mr. Clark, bred siDccimens of Cerura rinula, including a specimen with
a pale patch around the discoidal spots on the forewings. Dr. Sequeira,

SOCIETIES. 283

a large number of insects from tlie Xew Fox*est, including Lithosia
quadra, Nemoria viridata, Scotosia undulata, Acentia flexida, Crambus
sylvellm, and many others. Mr. Battley, a bred series of MacrotjJossa
stellatarum from Sidmoutli. He remarked that this species had appeared
in some numbers this season, several having been observed in Clapton
and other parts of North London. Mr. Hollis, Heliophobus popularis, a
var. of Melanippe Jluctuata, with the band reduced to a small blotch on
the costa, Pterophorm monodactyla, &c., all from Highgate. Mr. Prout,
dark vars. of Odontopera bidentata from Rannock, with Hale End and
Sandown forms for comparison. Mr. Baxter, a fine series of Agrotis
tritici, A. cursoria and A. nigricans, from St. Anne's-on-Sea. Mr. Bloom-
field, Melanthia albicillata and Boarmia repandata from Ringwood. Mr.
Riches, TripTicena fimbria, Agrotis suffnsa, A. nigricans, &Q,., from Highgate
Woods. Coleoptera : — Mr. Lewcock, a series of Mezium affine, Xestobium
tessellatum, and other London coleoptera. Mr. Heasler, Trechus secalis
and HypopMoeus bicolor from Wanstead Park. Mr, Battley rejjorted that
lepidoptera were abundant on sugar and lamps at Winchmore Hill, and
that he had taken the following species there : — Asphalia dihita, Agrotis
suffnsa, A. puta, Anchocelis litura, XantMa citrago, X. fulvago (cerago),
X. gilvago, Hadena protea, Ennomos fascantaria, and many others,

Tuesday, October Srd, 1893. — Exhibits: — Dr. Buckell, a series of
Melanippe Jluctuata, bred from one batch of eggs. These all showed
a tendency towards the completely banded form, Mr. Prout, a series
of Aporophyla australis, a dark var, of Caradrina cubictdaris, and a
.specimen of C. super stes, all from Sandown. Mr, Tutt, Caradrina
superstes and Eubolia peribolata from Guernsey, and Acidalia humiliata
from the Isle of Wight. These, he stated, had been captured by Mr.
Hodges, and he drew the attention of members to the marked characters of
C. superstes, which species was very distinct from C. blanda. Mr, Battley,
Noctua xanthographa from the London district, some of the specimens
being partially melanic. Mr, Oldham, a dwarf specimen of Halia
icavaria, and series of Xanthia fulvago (cerago), X. gilvago, Apamea
oculea, &c., all from Woodford, Mr, Clark, a series of Acronycta meny-
anthidis bred upon privet, and a living specimen of Macroglossa stella-
tarum from Hackney. Dr. Sequeira, a red var. of PJdogopJiora meticulosa
a dark banded form of Luperina testacea, Lithosia griseola, Eupithecia
subfulvata, and many others, all from Eastbourne. Mr, Gates, Eepnalus
sylvinus, Crambus tristellus, &o., from Shepherd's Bush. Mr, Bellamy, a
number of species chiefly taken on lamps in North London, including
Xanthia gilvago, X. fulvago {cerago), Cosmia diffims, Anchocelis lunosa,
Ennomos fuscantaria and E. tiliaria. Mr. Bacot, specimens of the large
form of Zygcena trifolii fi'om the Norfolk coast. Coleoptera: — Mr,
Newbery, Bembidium tricolor. Bedel, a species new to Britain.

Mr. Tutt then gave a lecture entitled "The Morphologj^ and
Physiology of an Insect," running through the main divisions of Insecta,
taking the Lepidoptera as a type and comparing it with other groups.
He pointed out the great differences between the various states (larva,
p»upa and imago) of Lepidoptera compared with those of Orthoptera, &c.
He then gave a brief account of the egg and embryological development ;
the larva (dealing with the external and internal structure, and the
nature of the ecdyses) ; the pupa (especially pointing out the method of
suspension in the Nymphalid pupa) ; lastly of the imago, particularly
pointing out the structure of the air passages and the eyes, and

284 THE entomologist's kecord.

discussing the extent to which the sense of vision is developed in
insects. A vote of thanks, proposed by Dr. Buckell and seconded by
Mr. Clark, brought the proceedings to a close. — A. U. Battley and
J. A. SiJiES, Hon. Sees.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — September
11th, 1893. Mr. G. Morel-Deville read a paper entitled, "A Fortnight's
Entomology in the Canary Islands," in which he described the
difficulties of collecting sj^ecimens in Canary owing to the intense heat,
the large cactus, and the laval nature of the ground. He then re-
counted the species taken, the majority of which occurred in Great
Britain, and gave a graphic description of the capital and general .
features of the country. The paper was illustrated by numerous
photos and specimens. Mr. Sharj) exhibited a number of Coleoptera
from Worcester and Delamere ; Mr. Harker, Lepidoptera from Missouri
and Kentucky ; Mr. ^^ atson, the female of Fapilio phorcas, which he
stated was apparently very rare, although the male was commonly
received from Africa; Mr. Newstead, nests or cells of Crabro chrysostama
and Pemphre.don luguhris, the former stored with a species of Syrphns,
and the latter with an aphis, Melanoxanthus salia's, Lin., common on
willow to be used as food, and Cassida virklis, taken on new land
formed by the Manchester Ship Canal at Ince, Cheshire. — F. N. Pierce,
Hon. Sec.

Leicester Entomological Club. — August 'ZSth, 1893. — Exhibits : —
Mr. A. M. Corali, fine varieties of Argynnis paphia, including several
var. valezina, also Catocala proinissa fi'om the New Forest. Mr. C. B.
Headly, a black variety of Chrysophanus phlceas from Dartmoor. Mr.
G. E. Dixon, Vanessa c-album, second broods of Argynnis selene and
Thanaos tagcs, also Argynnis adippe and A. aglaia from Aberystwith.
Mr. Bouskell, larv;>3 of Fapilio machaon in several stages, and Viniinia
venosa from Wicken Fen, also larvas of L. qnercifolia, P. curtida, and P.
recJusa ; imagines of V. venosa, Calaraia phragmitidis, TapinostoJa
helhnanni, Ccenobia rufa, and a very variable series of Helotropha leiico-
stigma, Epione apiciaria, and P. limbata (? Ed.) from Wicken. Mr. C. B.
Headly gave some notes on collecting on Dartmoor, remarking on the
scarcity of lepidoptera there this season. Mr. G. E. Dixon gave some
notes on the lepidoptera of Aberystwith. Mr. Boaskell, an account of
four days' collecting at Wicken in July. A discussion took place on
the failure of sugar this season. Mr. Bouskell was of opinion that
" honey dew " was partly the cause, but that latterly the autumn flowers,
ivy, &c., coming on earlier than usual might account for the failure.

Septemher 27th, 1893.— Exhibits :— Mr. C. B. Headly, a box of
Coleoptera from Dartmoor. Mr. E. Pink, Nofodonta chaonia, Platypteryx
falcida, Halias prastnana, Hadena contigna, H. dentina, Thera obeliscata,
Cidaria snjfumata, C. corylata. Mr. G. E. Dixon, Plnsiafestuca', Agriopis
apvilina, H. protea, Cirrhcedia xerampelina and Ennomos fuscantaria.
Mr. F. Bouskell, a very variable series of Colias edusa var. helice, and
C. hyale. Mr. Pink gave some notes on collecting lepidoptera at
Burdon Hill recording N. chaonia for the first time in the county.
Mr. G. E. Dixon recorded another addition to the county list, viz.,
Phisia festucce. Mr. W. H. Scott recorded Colias edusa on September
loth at Scraftoft. Mr. Corali gave an account of a few days' collecting
in the New Forest in July. — Frank Bouskell, Hon. Secretary.

^\^^ AND ^^^^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 11. Vol. IV. November 15th, 1893.

^FEWD/iy^' eOIiliEei'ir^Q in tlie Y/E^l'EI^pI filQjiL^J^D^.

By J. W. TUTT, P.E.S.

There is alwa3's a certain amount of interest in an English collector's
first visit to Scotland. So many of our local sj^ecies are restricted, or
nearly so, to that country, and the methods of collecting are so different
from those adopted in the South of England, that everj^thing is novel
and interesting. Besides, in nianj^ districts, the change of scenery
lends an additional charm, although it often detracts from the
attention that would otherwise be bestowed on the insects for which
quest is being made. At any rate a first visit to Scotland Avas not, in
the case of myself and my son, attended with a great deal of entomo-
logical work, our eyes being often attracted to objects other than insects,
and a day's work, entomologically, often ending in a most lamentable
fiasco so far as the capture of specimens was concei'ned, when compared
with wliat would have been done on similar ground in the South of
England.

I am afraid our visit would have gradually resulted in tliorough-
going idleness, if it had not been for the remarkable example of oiu*
companion. Dr. Chapman. The mountains of Scotland are his native
home, and a fresh bit of scenery, another cairn to reach, and similar
fascinating joursuits had to be done every day. True, the Doctor pro-
spected for the scenery, often reached the cairns alone whilst we
ruminated below, found the best localities for species I wanted, and
then took me to see the choice bits of landscape and to catch the local
sjjecies by the easiest paths and most comfortable methods, but even
then, to a cripple like me, 2,000 to 3,000 feet was a most serious item
in a day's work. However, I think I got a pretty good idea of Avhat
collecting in Scotland may be like, and my bag looked quite respectable
before " we " had done with it. I say " we " advisedl}', for whilst my
companions caught insects now and again, they most assiduously left
me to do the setting. Once the Doctor tried his hand at the latter jol),
but my pins were small, braces cut Avrongly, and apparatus in general
so bad that after setting three or four Erehia cpAhiops, the further aid
given to this branch of the business consisted essentially in giving me
instructions as to how setting ought to be done, and I felt convinced
that if I had carried out, in their entirety, all the suggestions received,
there would have been no one in the country whoso insects I should

286 THE entomologist's record.

have considered worth having. However, example is said to be better
than precept, and as the example failed conspicuously it was only to be
expected that the precept would come down with a crash.

We were stationed at Lochgoilhead Hotel, and our entomological
work may be briefly summarised. A piece of wood on the hill imme-
diately to the left of the hotel (looking down the Loch) gave us many
of the species common in our South of England woods at the present
time. These consisted chiefly of Poedisca corticana, Grapholitha
penkleriana, Chelaria huhnerella, Cerostoma costeUa, C. radiatella and its
vars., Gracilaria eJonyeUa, Peronea scliaUeriana with its vars. comparaua
and perplexana, Teras caudana and Peronea aspersana whilst a few worn
Cvambus piaeteUas and C. cidmellus fell to the net. Amongst the
Geometr,^, Hi/psipetes elutata was the most frequent, but it was getting
worn, and it was only by the expenditure of a considerable amount of
time that a good series of very nice varieties could be selected. Under
this wood quite on the edge of the Loch, the food-plant of CJioreutcs
myllerana (sdntiUulana) occurred, and here we found larvaj (of various
sizes), pupa? and imagines, all at the same time. Cidaria immanata also
occurred in the wood, and at dusk we netted Epnone apiciaria, Campto-
gramma bih'neata, Melanippe sociata, Larentia olicata, Cidaria testata
with Cidaria prunata on the ragwort flowers. Sugar was put on here
once only, and the solitary visitor was a single specimen of TriphcBna
fimbria. Above this was a heather-clad slope running up some 1,200
feet, and on the upper parts of this sloj^e Peronea caledoniana was in
great abundance but much worn, also Larentia didi/mata with a few late
Larentia ccesiata sitting on the stone boulders, and an occasional AmbJi/ptilia
ncanthodacfyla on the heath blossoms, whilst between this hill and Ben
Donich, the latter situated behind the hotel, a rapid 1 >urn had cut its way
deep into the rocks, and the banks were thickly covered witli mountain
ash and birch, on the stems of which Cidaria immanata rested in abund-
ance ; some were remarkably pale and the general tendency to variation
here was decidedly in this direction. They were, however, much easier
to see than to catch, and standing on a stone in the burn, swinging
round on one leg and occasionally dropping the other in the water up
to the knee resulted as often in failure as in success, but the Doctor
was an adept at catching under these peculiar conditions, and generally
handed me his net every few minutes with two or three specimens in
it to box. Wherever ^ve went we found that similar localities produced
a great abundance of immanata, and after a few days the remainder of
my stay resolved itself into working for good varieties of this species.
About a mile-and-a-half from the hotel, along the road to Glencroe, a
small wood runs along the edge of Ben Donich and here C. immanata
was also abundant, but it Avas remarkable what a large percentage of the
specimens here were uniformly of the same type, rather dark coloured
with a very intense black band, scarcely a pale one being met with.
On the banks of a burn, farther on towards Glencroe, but still on Ben
Donich, the specimens Avere particularly striking in having a large
percentage of red in the ground colour, no doubt due to a response to
environment, the rocks here being mainly of a dark red coloration,
whilst those near the burn, prcAnously mentioned, were remarkable for
their slaty hue, and there, as I have before remarked, the large jiercentage
of the specimens were pale forms. Li most of these localities, too,
Larentia olivata was abundant. One had only to find a hollow cavity

A FEW days' collecting IN THE WESTERN HIGHLANDS. 287

Avitli an overlianging ledge of rock or matted roots of trees, on the edges
of these burns, when olicata would be sure to start out at the slightest
pi'ovocation. Its habit here was most striking and contrasted strongly
Avith that observed in Kent, where it is a hedge-row or Avayside species.
The fields at the back of the hotel yielded Charceas (jrauiinis, plenty of
Hi/droecia nictitans of the lucens form, H. micacea, TripJicena pronuba,
Noctna xanfhographa and Apamea didtjma, all from the ragwort flowers,
whilst by day Pierts napi and Fyrameis atalanta were fairly abundant.
But the best collecting ground in the immediate neighbourhood was
evidently on Ben Bheula. Lying to the right of the Loch as we stood
in front of the hotel, its three peaks made it very conspicuous, and a
lovely Avaterfall to be seen at a considerable distance made it attractive.
The two days spent there were certainly the finest, from a weather
jjoint of view, that we had during our stay. They occurred during the
spell of particularly abnormal hot weather which Ave had in early
August in England, the Aveather in the Western Highlands of Scotland
at the same time being more or less wet (as usual). These days Avere
exceptional howcA'er, and the Aveather was brilliant. Hijdroecia nictitans
Avas abundant and flew freely to flowers during the day ; Charoias graminis
also, the females appearing to be on the wing all daj^ depositing their
eggs. Here and there in the neighbourhood of its food, Cekena haworthii
Avas frequently seen hoA-ering over the heather blossom, but Avas much
less freipiently caught. Cidaria testata Avas common on the boggy
parts, and Peronea aspersana occurred Avherever Potentilhi shoAved up
aboA^e the surrounding herbage, the females small and obscurely
marked. With Cidaria testata were a few Melanipjpe sociata and
Craiuhits mar gar it ell as, some in fine condition, others hardly recognisable,
Avhile here and there Phi/gas hisonteUa Avas A^ery abundant. At first
Ave got nothing but the pale females, then Ave came across the black
males, and as our bag increased I found that females of almost CA'ery
intermediate shade between black and Avhite might be found. A case
■of " assembling " Avas also noticed in this species, no less than seA^en
black males fluttering in cpiite a liA^ely manner around one female. On
the rocks by the Avaterfall, about 800 feet up, Cidaria iminanata Avas in
great abundance, but only a small percentage of the specimens could be
netted OAving to the nature of the place. With the immanata an occa-
sional late L. ccesiata and L. salicata turned up, Avhilst a single female
of Cidaria pyraliata, the palest I CA'er saAv, Avas disturbed from some
heather. In a damp sjwt a little farther up, a dark race of Cidaria
popmlata was not imcommon, Avhilst an Elachista probably not far from
ohscureUa Avas also abundant. At the height of about 1,000 feet I took a
A^ery fine Larentia Jiavicinctata, but the Doctor, Avho left my boy and
myself here Avhilst he finished the ascent, found it rather abundant in a
steep glen throvigh Avhich a mountain torrent ran higher up, and on our
second ascent I Avent wp to the glen in Avhich he had found them. Here
I danced from stone to stone and rock to rock in the bed of the burn for
about two hours, and got about six specimens, Avhilst the Doctor climbed
into all sorts of impossible-looking places and took some tAvo dozen
others, but they Avere A'ery jwor in condition, Ave Avere evidently A^ery
late for them. It Avas, hoAVCA^er, a ne^v experience, and although I
would climb OA-er the gTOund again to get a Anew of a most lovely
glen the Doctor detected, and Avhich I should think could hardly be
■equalled anywhere in Scotland, I don't know that L. jiavicinctata

288 THE entomologist's record.

would attract me there alone. However, tlie sight of my series of
flavicinctata will alwaj's recall tlie most exquisite l/it of scenery I have
ever seen, and the imtnanafa, the lovely cascade and waterfall lower
down on the same mountain. Near the summit we took Pamplusia
monticolana, hut it was only just a})pearing, the specimens lieing in ex-
cellent condition. We intended working hard coming down, but the
good intention was frustrated, as I collapsed rather suddenly and we
had to make the best of our way home without adding much to our bag.
Bactra Innceolana, however, Avas noticeably common on the bog. An
occasional PoUa clii was met with near the hotel, those captured being-
pale and so very conspicious that one could not help noticing how little
chance, specimens so coloured had of escape.

A special visit to Coulport, on the shores of Loch Long, from
whence we walked over the hills to Garelochhead and then back over
the hills to Cove, resulted entomologically in })icking up larvajof Jnrrr/a
myrtilU, Melanippe hastata and Viininia laenyanthidk, whilst the terminal
slioots of Miirica were fastened up in peculiar balloon-like bundles l)y
the larvte of Penthina dhntdinna. Imagines, however, were very scarce
with the exception of Larentia didymata and Erehia osthiops. the latter
locally abundant and in very fair condition, considering the general
earliness of the season. Besides these, Melanippe soclata, Cklaria testata,
C. immanata, Scopida lutealis, Poedisca solandriana, Tortri.c viburniana
and Aphelia osseana Avere almost the only species noticed.

Besides the above we noted Cidaria testata, a form Avitli very dark
undersides, the upper sides being fairly normal for Scotch si^ecimens, at
Stronachlochar, this as well as Cidaria immanata being abundant in the
small pine plantation near the hotel, and on the heath blossoms I took
Ainhlt/ptiUa acantJiodacti/Ja. In the Trossachs, on the borders of Loch
Katrine, and round the foot of Benvenue, Larentia didi/mata, L. olicata,
Cidaria immanata, Grapholitha (jeininana and Piedisca solandriana were
all A'ery common. Dr. Chapman also reported Cehjena haicorthii,
CharaHis graminis, Hi/dro'cia nictitans and Pamplusia monticolana as
abundant on Ben Lomond, and Scopula alpinalis was seen sparingly on
the upper slo})es of the same mountain. Vanessa urtica; was taken at a
height of 1,UU0 feet, and seen quite on the top of Ben Bheula, as also
was Pyrameis atalanta, by far the commonest butterfly (except the local
E. cethiops) Avhich we saw on our visit.

oji I'jiE hEiofji OF TH^efi^ ^m£,

"With special reference to its correlated variations in Plumage,
Moulting and Hybernation.

By T. A. CHAPMAN, M. D.

{Continued from pnge 268'.

Of every brood of caia I have reared, a certain small proportion,
generally not far from five per cent, feed up rapidly in the fourth
skin, becoming larger in the fourth skin than the normal larva in the
fifth, and moult in the fifth sskin into caia plumage ; of these some
];)ecome full-grown in the next (the sixth) skin ; others take a further
moult into the seventh as the adult stage, and this seems the more usual
course for this set of larva\ These emerge as moths in from 11 to 13
weeks from the date of the eggs lieing laid.

ON THE LARVA OF ARCTIA CAIA. 289

The great mass follow the habit I have just described as the normal
one, becoming moths nearly 12 months after the eggs are laid ; whilst
there are usually a very few, sometimes none, that progress very slowly
and moult a number of times ]>efore assuming fuli(j/nosa or caia
plumage.

In each of these groups there are several subsidiary varieties, and
there are even groups that appear doubtful as to which of these lines
they are following.

For convenience in my notes I have called these three forms the
Forward, the Normal and the Laggard types, and the names, if not
elegant, are at least expressive.

Having met with these types and some subsidiary ones in my
original brood of caia, I proposed to continue rearing them pedigree
fashion, with a view to discovering how far each of these forms was
hereditary and what circumstances determined the appearance of each
form. Limitations of time and s^jace led me, however, to follow only
the Forward group, chiefly because it Avas the most easy to do.
Of these several broods could be raised in a year, Avhilst of the
others, besides the difliculties attendant on hybernation, only one brood
a year was available. My observations were made, therefore, on six or
seven consecutive broods (generations) of the Forward type — that is,
the Forward specimens in each brood were used as the parents of the
next brood observed, though I also bred several broods from Normal
liybernating larvae, both after hybernation and after forcing.

The presumption, of course, is (and my observations, so far as they
went, confirm it) that, so far as the points to which I directed my
attention are concerned, pedigree Ijreeding of the Normal ty2)e will
iilways produce just such a brood as may be obtained from eggs laid by
a wild moth. Still one would supjjose that there is, in the wild state,
occasional crossing both of Forwards and Laggards with the Normal
form, and prolonged pedigree breeding of the Normal form to the
elimination of the others might produce some interesting results. I
fear no one is likely to take this up for its own sake, as the labour and
patience required are much in excess of the a^jparent value of the
result ; but some one, with the perhaps more attractive object of
raising varieties of the imago of caia, would find it add little to his
trouble and much to the value of his results, if he combined therewith
pedigree breeding of Normal (larvjx} of) caia.

Pedigree breeding of Laggards would be even more tedious, and
jjrobably also more difficult, but might be expected to present many
interesting points. I hardly tried to follow this up, and did not succeed
at all.

The Forward gi'oup of larvae that I more particularl}- followed out,
are, or perhaps appear to be (because I did follow them out and
think I understand them) the simplest in their subsidiary varieties and
in tlie circumstances governing the assumption of this form rather than
of the others.

It appears to be entirely a matter of temperature ; my broods were
reared at a temperature rarely far from 60°-65°, and after six generations
continually raised from Forwards, the projoortion of this form remained
at about 5 per cent, of the larvae raised. In this number of generations,
selection had j^i'oduced no effect whatever in the direction of securing
a form consisting entirely of Forwards.

290 THE entobiologist's record,

Mr. Edmonds of Windsor, whose experiments Avitli this species
■were conducted for several years with a view to obtaining varieties,
and were not specially noted from my standpoint, nevertheless gives
me some interesting information. It apjiears that if he obtained the
larvfe small enough (probably al)ont 3rd skin) al)Out 35 per cent. Avere
Forwards. He attributes this result to his method of feeding, but I
think thei'e is no doubt that, whatever the feeding may have to do Avith
the variation of the moth, this proportion of Forwards is due to his
rearing the larva? at a higher temperature than I did in my experiment.

The crucial experiment in this matter -was undertaken by Mr.
Merrifield, Avho reared a portion of a brood at a temperature of 80°.
This portion presented 150 Forwards to 50 of other forms, whilst my
portion only yielded the ordinary 5 per cent.

My Forwards completed a cycle in about three months, Mr.
Merrifield's, at 80°, did so in t^vo months, so that whilst mine yielded
nearly four broods in a j'car, Mr. Merrifield's would have gi^-en six.

These Forwards then are clearly a response to a higher temperature
and may be taken as an attempt to produce a summer brood should the
summer be warm enough. Here we are met Avith the cpiestion — are
these ForAvards to be found at large ? Well, many persons, including
so acute an obserA-er as Mr. Barrett, tell me that they liaA-e ncA'er seen
them and douljt their existence. On the other hand, since I haA-e made
enquiries I haA-e heard of scA-eral haA'ing been seen ; I haA'e met Avith
one myself, and scA^eral instances liaA'c been recorded in the magazines.
It is also to be remembered that cata, though a common larA-a, does not
present itself, unless specially looked for, in anything like the niimber
that actually exists. It is no doubt probable also that the ForAvards
naturally are much fcAver than CA-en in my experiments, as they haA'e
the low night temperature to affect them.

(To he continued).

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

Chrysalides of Melita'idi. — The pupa? of our three British species of
Melita;a are xovy closely allied, being plump and witli the head rounded.
I had so-called pupfe of maturna sent me from Niirnberg, but these
produced typical imagines of cin.via. There could be no doubt from the
pupEe that they Avere cinxia, and I Avaited anxiously to see Avliether two
closely allied species had such similar pupa? that I was ixnable to detect
any difference.

Chrys(dides of Argi/nnidi. — There would appear to be tAvo A-ery dis-
tinct groups of pupa? in our British sj)ecies of Argijnnis, one with the head
Avell developed into lateral projections, the other Avith the head blunt
and tlie anal segment turned back very consideral)ly. Of those I haA-e
been able to examine, Argynnis impliia and A. evphrosyne belong to tlie
first group, A. aglaia and A. adippe to the second. The pupa of A.
niohe also belongs to the blunt-headed group. The pupa of A. agla/a
is the most extreme in this direction and is Aery peculiarly doubled
liack on itself so that the cremaster comes quite close to the tips of
the antennfe.

STRAY NOTES ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES. 291

Pupa of Argi/nnis niobe. — A pupa of A. niobe sent me from Niiriiberg,
arrived with the imago fully formed and coloured but with the pupal
wing-cases removed so that the imaginal "wings were fully exposed.
Thinking the imago had no chance of emergence, I left it in a box on
my table. This was about 8.15 a.m. When I returned at about 5 p.m.
I was much astonished to find that the imago had emerged during the
day and that its wings were fully developed.

Chrysalides of VanesskU. — As in the Argijnnidi, there are two very
distinct types of pupa3 among the species that I have been able ta
examine of those Avhich we include in the genus Vanessa. One of
these groups is blunt-headed, the other has the lateral processes of
the head well-developed. The blunt-headed group consists of Pyrameis
cardni and P atalanta, the pupte being remarkably alike in almost every
particular. The group with pointed lateral head pieces, consists of
Vanessa io, V. urticoi, V. poiycMoros and Grapta c-album. These latter,
however, differ very much inter se with the excejition of urticce and
polychloros which are structurally very similar. G. c-album has the
lateral head pieces curiously curved inwards towards their tips, so that
they almost meet ; it is also a more angulated pupa. The pupa of V. io
l)ears a very close superficial resemblance to that of V. urticce, but is
Avitliout the median row of dorsal knol)S found in all the other species
mentioned.

Third brood of Chryso2)hanus jMieas.— Fwpse of a third brood of this
species with a very late larva of Li/ccena argiolns were sent to me during
the second week in October from Guernsey. An imago of C. phlwas
emerged on Novemljer 2nd. The larva of L. argiolns pupated on the
day of arrival.

Second broods of some Vanessa species. — During the last week of
Augiist, larvaj of Grapta c-album were sent to me feeding on nettle.
These pupated as soon as I received them, the imagines appearing some
15 days afterwards. In answer to a request in the September number
of the Eecord, larva3 of V. urticte were sent to me from Cambridge.
These pupated directly afterwards and emerged during the second week
of October. A farther supply of the same species was sent me from
Darlington in the following Aveek, these were smaller and emerged from
October 20th-22nd. Pup^ of V. io wei'c sent to me by Dr. Chapman,
from Hereford, all of the dark grey form. These emerged a fortnight
afterwards, the whole number (12) coming out within three hours
(9-12 a.m.) of each other on September 3Uth. A batch of larvae of
P. atalanta, from Winchester, pupated in the last week of September
and emerged between October 15th and October 30th, whilst another
lot from Galway emerged from October lst-15th, some of the latter
being only in the third skin during the second week in September. A
full-fed larva of P. atalanta received from Dr. Chairman has emex-ged
this morning (November 5th). It is worthy of remark that the whole
of the Galway atalanta larva? were of the black variety with orange
lozenges down the sides, those from Winchester were about one-half of
this form and one-half of the usual greenish type. The larva from
Hereford was also of the black type, and an exceptionally dark specimen
of this particular form.

292 THE entomologist's record.

Scientific notes & observations.

Notes on rearing Dasycampa rubiginea. — A few further notes on
the successful rearing of D. rubiginea, this time from the bred insect,
may be interesting. The insects kept from the brood of 1892 (atite pp.
1-4) were eight in numl)er, two being cripples, 4: 3 and 4 J , and they
gave little trouble during the winter. They were su232;)lied with thin
syrup on which they occasionally feasted, remaining generally quies-
cent under the curled-up Avithered ajiple leaves. They were kept in a
room without a lire, facing N.W., and during the severe frost, the box,
Avith another covered top in which they Avere, Avas partly Avrapjjed in
Avadding. In February I noticed them arranging themseh-es tAvo and
two, unlike their previous positions, and I have little doubt that they
paired at that time, though none Avere seen in copula. The first eggs
Avere deposited on March 4th, the Aveather being unusuall}' Avarra for
the season. By March 19th over 100 eggs had been laid, and tlie
females continued OA^ipositing till the first Aveek in May, Avlien the three
(the cripples died toAvards the end of the Avinter) had deposited betAveen
them close on six hundred eggs. Some of these hatched on April oth,
and the larvae continued to emerge till tlie middle of May, liut many of
those last laid failed to go through their changes, and though the young
larA^ag became visilde they died in the shell, and otliers Avere not fertile.
I'robably they Avere not kept moist enough considering the hot Aveather,
and so got addled. Under similar circumstances, I should be disposed
another time to force them. The young larA^je fed wp on apple and
dandelion leaves as before, taking, lioAveA^er, at once to the latter much
more freely than in 1892, This was fortunate, as there were but few apple
leaves out at the time : they refused plum. By April 16th a fcAv had
gone througli their first moult, and on May 24th many Asere full-fed
and some had formed cocoons. B}' June 2nd all had spun up. As in
1892, the lar\'a3 fed on dandelion almost exclusiA'ely after their last
moult. The cages Avere kept in an out-house facing N.W.,Avith plenty
of air passing through. The imagines emerged first on August 29th,
and liaA'c continued coming out to the present time, tvV. October 28th
(only three cold days being marked as blank in my diary), in all con-
siderably OA'er tAvo hundred in number. I liaA'o found little A-nriation :
only in the intensity of the colouring, and that not Aery marked. They
all have the Avhite dots more or less developed. Between three and
four hundred eggs hatched, and of the larvaj I kejit for myself there
Avas a mortality of about five jier cent, during growth. — W. S. Eiding,
Buckerell Lodge, nr. Honiton. October 2Sth, 1893.

Eapid Growth of some Summer Geometr.^. — I liaAC read Avith
interest Mr. Walker's notes on the breeding of Ephjra orbicularia
(Record, p. 269), as the rapid attainment to maturity of some of the
many-brooded Geometree is a matter Avhich I have Avatched somewhat
closely. I may cite two rather striking instances from my OAvn note
books.

Coremia ferrugafa. — A batch of OA'a laid June Gth, 1891, hatched
June 15th ; larvas spun up July 4th to 6th (duration of larAal state, 19
to 21 days) ; imagines emerged July 16th to 20th. Period from egg to
imago, 31 days.

Melanippe sociata. — A batch of ova laid July 15th and 16th, hatched

PRAOTIOAI, niNTS. 293

Jul}' 24:th, 1893 ; last full-fed August 16th (I have no record as to when
theirs/ was full-fed) ; imagines emerged August 24th to September 1st,
Period from egg to imago 31 days. — Louis B. Prout, 12, Greenwood
Road, Dalston, N.E. October 18th, 1893.

Practical hints.

The Month. — During this month, if the Aveather be mild, the later
species may still be caught at light, such as Pcecilocampa popidi, Himera
pennaria, &c. but the collection of imagines is now getting over for the
season. The " Chestnuts," however, may still be taken at ivy, so also
may Xylina socia and semibnmnea, the latter now a rare species, eggs
being much wanted by some of our leading lepidoi^terists. 0. erythro-
cephala should now be sought for. It has been much offered in
exchange from Kent during the last few years, Init no captures are ever
recorded. The birch woods should be carefully worked for Cheimatohia
horeata and Hi/bernia aurantiaria. DaKj/campa rubiginea, like Orrhodia
erythrocephala, is more especially a November species and occurs both
at sugar and ivy bloom.

Pupa-digging should be jiersisted in. Isolated trees generally pay
best, l)ecause the larva? cannot spread so much as they do where the
trees are closer together. Some dozens of common Tcemocampice are
frequently obtained, from which beautiful series of varieties are bred.
The rare Notodonts are all to be found in the little angles at the base
of the trunk where it meets the ground. Ash trees should be carefully
felt over with the hand, and the hard knobbly cocoons of Bisulcia
ligtistri carefully cut out from iinder the moss. Holes in the trunks of
elm trees, where dirt and decaying leaves have collected, are almost
sure to produce pupa? of Smerinthns tilke. — J. P, Mutch.

Amusement for Winter Evenings. — Any entomologist who is sub-
ject to fits of the "l)lues" cannot do better than provide himself against
such times with a copy of The Hisfori/ of our British Butterflies, by Mr.
C. W. Dale, F.E.S. of Glanville's Wooton. In it he will find much
mirth-moving matter, as well as a very interesting series of extracts
from the works of early English entomologists relating to our indigenous
species. A couj^le of samples of Mr. Dale's humour may enforce this
recommendation. They are selected from his attempts to indicate the
derivation of the Latin names. The first relates to epiphron, and is
as follows : " Epiphron, perhaps a grammatical error for Ephron, a
Hittite, who sold to Aljraham a plot of land to bury his wife in.
Ephron is a Hebrew word signifying dust" (p. 110), The other
relates to Nisoniades, a name first applied by Hiibner in his Verzeichniss
to a genus which includes tages. The derivation of this word has
])affled Mr. Dale, and in the corrigenda at the end of the book he makes
this suggestion concerning it, " perhaps an error for Bisoniades, re-
sembling a bison, given in allusion to the shaggy and heavy appeai'ance
of the species." — F. J. Buckell, 32, Canonbury Square, London, N.

I would add another good joke to the above, culled from the same
work. The eggs of the species of Vanessa as might be expected are
veiy much alike, especially those of V. nrticce {imd V.polychJoros. Sepp,
about 130 years ago, gave a figure of the egg of V. polychloros, which
either Ijelonged to another species, or, as Dr. Chapman has since

294 THE entomologist's record.

suggested was a figure of the egg of pohjchloros after hatching, the egg
being inverted. He was led to this conchision by observing a batch of
newly-hatched V. io larvae, which first ate the tops of the eggs, then spun
threads over them ; after this they ate the nettle leaf below, when the
batch of eggs got inverted, the apparent tops l)eing the smooth inverted
bottoms, and having the general aj^pearance described l)y Sepp.

In the introduction to Newman's British Butterflies, p. 8, the author,
as if it were his own observation, writes : " One of the most curious
and striking facts is the extreme difference in the eggs of species,
which, in the perfect state, closely resemble each other ; thus the egg
of the Large Tortoise-shell is pear-sha])ed and smooth, while that of the
Small Tortoise-shell is oblong, with eight very conspicuous ribs. The
characters of each egg are, however, so constant in each sjiecies of
butterfly, that anyone who has paid attention to the subject can
immediately say to what butterfly any particular egg belongs. Never-
theless, a naturalist must not delude himself into a belief that he can
classify butterflies by the shaj^e or structure of their eggs."

Now this scientific (?) conclusion based on such material is amusing
to start with, as it is very evident that Newman never saw the egg of
polychloros, but based his remark on material copied from other well-
known authors who had based their statements on Sepp's figure, so that
a series of observant (?) authors copy the same error from one another
without acknowledgment, each in turn pointing out to the world the
self-same moral, and each pretending that the whole is a result of his
own observation and reasoning power.

But Mr. Dale out-Herods Herod. In Ent. 3Io. Mag., vol. viii.,
pp. 52-53, the error made by Sepp and his successors is pointed out,
and a true description of the egg of polycJiloros is given. Mr. Dale,
Avho, in his work, continually (|uotes Hellins' and Buckler's descriptions
of larvaj, appears to have lieen aware of this correction, for he gives a
description of the egg of polychloros as follows : " The egg resembles a
short sijuat barrel, ribbed Avith eight or nine longitudinal even ridges,
which extend over the flattened top, Init appear to cease on reaching
the base ; the space between the ribs is transversely fluted, but much
more finely than in the egg of urticce, although the latter is not half its
size ; the colour apparently is a dull gi-een. The eggs appear to be
deposited in close, regular order on a twig of elm, after the style of
CUsiocampa neustria'^ (British Butterflies, i^. 166). This is word for word
the Eev. J. Hellins' description (Ent. Mo. Mag., viii., p. 53), even the
reference to C. nenstria coming from the same source, but withoiit
acknowledgment.

This description appears in the body of Mr. Dale's work. Now
this was brought out in parts as a supplement to The Young Naturalist,
but some two years after this paragi'ajih had appeared, Mr. Dale
wrote his Introduction to the work. He appears to have entirely
forgotten that he had already made a copy (without quotation marks)
of Hellins' description on p. 166, for he now writes: "One of
the most curious and striking facts is the extreme difference in the
eggs of some species, which, in the perfect state closely resemble each
other. Thus the egg of the Large Tortoise-shell is pear-shaped and
smooth, while that of the Small Tortoise-shell is oblong, with eight
very consj)icuous ribs. The characters of each are, however, so constant
in each species of butterfly that anyone who has paid attention to the

VARIATION. 296

subject can immediately say to what butterfly any particiilar egg
belongs." There are no quotation marks again, so evidently this is the
result of another (later ?) observation made by Mr, Dale. I do not like
to suggest it, but the verbatim similarity of this erroneous statement to
that of Newman just quoted, leads one insensibly to suppose that the
observation was made, not on an egg of 'pohjchloros, but on p. 8 of
Newman's British BiiUerjiies. Compilers are most useful men if they
will only use ({notation marks, but it is too bad to give as the result of
observation, paragraj^hs from other works, especially when these happen
to be erroneous. — J. W. Tutt. November 8th.

Hariation.

Chelonia plantaginis ab. hospita. — On the 12th of May last I again
saw four sj)ecimens of C. plantaginis al). hospita, and on the following
day one more. This makes eight specimens seen by me during the last
two seasons on the same piece of broken ground where the type is
pretty common. I should be glad to hear whether this ab. is generally
found as far south as this ! — F. B. Newnham, Chiirch Stretton, Salop.

Abraxas grossulariata ab. dohrni. — In Entom., April 1889, I
applied the name deleta to the aberration of A. tjrossnlariata, in which
the black markings are very much reduced. Looking over the Bull.
Sac. Ent. France, April 24th, 1889, I find the same aberration referred
to by M. C. Oberthlir as ab. dohrni. I have not at hand the necessary
literature to ascertain which name has priority, but proljably it is dohrni,
as M. Oberthiir does not appear to indicate the name as new. — T. D. A.
CooKERELL, Agricultural Experimental Station, Las Cruces, New
Mexico, U.S.A. August 20th, 1893.

Ohrysophanus PHLtEAS Var. — This butterfly has verily abounded
this autumn. I have seen it far away from its larval home, flitting
merril}'^ along the dusty main roads, and it seemed to be quite at home
in our gardens. A very nice variety was presented to me last month.
It was taken at Barnes. The spots on the primaries are very large and
elongated. The specimen is in good order and nearly approaches a
banded form taken some years ago in Worcestershire. — Alfred T.
Mitchell, 5, Clayton Terrace, Gunnersbury, W. October 3rd, 1893.

Variety Breeding. — Much time has been devoted of late years by
entomologists in general to the collecting and breeding of " varieties "
of insects, and the almost universal ambition of most " brothers of the
net " now is to secure some startling departure from the usual typical
forms. I think, however, that in the majority of cases, not of course
without some striking exceptions, the great aim of the entomologist
has been to secure a good row of " vars." for his cabinet, rather than to
advance the ends of science. A favourite practice is that of breeding
large numbers of larva?, frequently those of Arctia caia, upon almost every
conceivable food-plant, without making any particular observations about
them, leaving them to fate until the imagines emerge. Then, if any
peculiar variety does apjjear, instead of hazarding having it " spoiled "
in endeavouring to pair it with another similar form, I am afraid the
tempting thought of " How nicely that would fill u}) the last row in
my bottom drawer " is frequently far too strong, and another chance of

296 THE entomologist's recokd.

study is practically lost to the cause of science. It is an illustration of
that peculiar custom which so many entomologists have of preferring
the study of dried-up specimens to that of the actual living forms. If
an insect is an interesting object when in the cabinet, how much more
interesting must it be while in the living state, and then too,
the long and tedious process over which so much time is often wasted
— setting — is avoided I Although a few of the usual wholesale larval
breeding experiments may have occasionally had good results, yet
unless some thorough system is adopted, success rests only upon chance,
and much valuable time and Avork are likely to be wasted.

In Nature there is a cause for every effect, and there is not a single
detail of colour, form or action but has some special function to
fulfil. One of the great laws of Nature is, " That under the same con-
ditions the same cause will ahvays produce the same effect," therefore it
is clearly evident that all variations of form must have some source, as
unless there were some reason for this variation, all forms would always
be, in every respect, exactly the same as their parents. Before much
can really be learnt about a variet}^ it is first necessary to find out as
much as possible about the particular cause which compelled it to alter
from the usual type. To begin with, one must ask oneself such ques-
tions as, " What is the reason for this marking? " ••' What is the cause
of this shape?" "Why does this species fly in the sunlight?" etc.,
and however complex and difficult the question may be there is
the consolation of knowing that somewhere or other there is a satis-
factory answer to it ; and the harder this is to discover the greater will
be the reward when the problem is solved. One of the greatest diffi-
culties to overcome is, I think, the "loss of varying power," into
which state so many species api)ear to have more or less fallen by
the process of " natural selection."

As the " struggle for existence " in past generations between the
preying and the preyed-u^^on forms grew stronger, the force of offence
on the part of the one, and defence on that of the other, brought each
nearer and nearer to perfection ; so that, after a certain time, by this
constant improvement, each form would become as nearly perfect as
was possible for it. It is clear that Avhen arrived at this state, the
only possil)le variation must be in the wrong direction. This would
mean annihilation for such forms, as they, not being in the same
way so well protected as the main stock, would, in all probability be
the first to be picked off by one of the enemies of the race, and thus
gradually by " natural selection " all such weak varieties would die out,
leaving only the approximately perfect forms to become the parents of
all future generations. The descendants of these, being governed by
exactly the same laws as were their ancestors, and being kept up by
their enemies to the same standpoint of perfection, would gradually, by
their law of inheritance, lose to a great extent their old power of
varying. Tims it is now a very difficult matter to produce in a short
time with certainty, anj'^ great variations from old and long-fixed forms,
but by removing as much as possible all enemies and other hindering
forces for a considerable number of consecutive generations and sub-
stituting in their place new forces such as artificial selection, with a
certain amount of perseverance good results ought to be obtained. —
Alfred J. Johnson, Boldmere, Erdington. October 21st, 1893.

CURRENT NOTES. 297

EURRENT NOTES.

The City of London Society is to be congratulated on the fact that it
inchides some of our hardest-working coleopterists. Mr. Newljery has
just added Bemhidlmn in'color, Bedel, to the British list. This is the
r/pariiun of (Janon FoAvler's British Coleoptera. He has also criticised the
nomenclature of the group, and suggests that the three species in this
particular group should be called B. hiyuttatum, B. tricolor and B.
inanlatmn.

Mr. Morton (E. M. 31., p. 249) gives some interesting accounts of
the " Micropterous forms of Tceniopteri/x nebidosa," one of the Perlidce
found near Cleghorn. He also records the capture of Agaj^etus
delicatidtis in Arran last July.

Dr. F. J. Buckell will, on November 21st, at the meeting of the
City of London Entomological Society, read a jjaper entitled " The
History of Butterfly classification." All interested in entomological
science are cordially invited, and we have no douljt that the paper will
prove very interesting ; the subject has not been dealt with in this
country for many years.

We have to record with regret the death of Mr. J. Batty, of
Sheffield, on October 14th, at the age of 62. We are informed that
he was the last survivor of the Sheffield Entomologists' Club, and that
he first discovered the larvfe of Tapinostola elymi and Celcena haworthii.
His work of late has been chiefly with the Toktrices, and he has paid
considerable attention to the collection of the melanic forms of certain
species, which appear to occur somewhat freely round Sheffield. Our
own corres})ondence with him seems to have jjointed him out as a man
with a large j^tractical ac(|uaintance with the larvee of many si:)ecies of
Micro-lepidoptera, and a generous disposition to get them for corres-
pondents. Mr. A. E. Hall, Norbury, Sheffield, would be jileased to
hear from any correspondents, whose boxes are in the possession of
Mr. Batty's family.

Our Editorial concerning Deilephila eaphorhiie (ante p. 249) has at hist
drawn from the Kev. J. Seymour St. John (Ent., p. 314) an explanation
that should have been given " in the interests of entomology as well as of
truth" some years ago. We are sorry to have injured Mr. St. John's
})ersonal feelings, but when he states that we impugned Mr. Fry's
veracity we can only deny it in toto, and remind him that at the time
our Editorial was penned we had never, to our recollection, heard of
Mr. Fry's existence. What we objected most strongly to was the
mythological " young friend," who figures far too frequently in ento-
mological communications. If Mr. St. John had taken the proper
course of giving the real captor's name in his first communication, we
might have formed a different judgment on the matter long ago. We
object most strongly to the method adopted by Mr. St. John of recording
a bona fide capture, a method which his tardy explanation shows to
have been entirely unnecessary.

Erratum. — Page 272, line 4, for "triple-hooded" read "triple-
brooded."

298 TUE entomologist's keookd.

OTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

Urovteeyx sambuoata and Pyg^era bucephala in September. — I
have not yet come across any record of a second brood of U. sambncata,
and in consequence was surprised to see a fresli specimen at rest on a lamp
at Hammersmith on the 20th of September. On the 29th of this
month I found a tine female of Pygcera bucephala drying her wings at
Putney, and I presume that this is also one of a second brood rather
than a case of retarded emergence. — Alfred T. Mitchell, 5, Clayton
Terrace, Gunnersbury, VV. September 29th, 1893.

Calamia lutosa in London. — A fine example of this species was
found at rest on a lamp-post in the High Road, Chiswick. I think it
is of unusual occurrence in tliis locality. — Alfred T. Mitchell, 5,
Clayton Terrace, Gunnersbury, W. October 2nd, 1893. [Capt.
Thompson recently exhibited a specimen taken this year near The
Angel, [slington, — Ed.]

Catocala fraxini, Colias edusa and hyale in Guernsey. — A
specimen of Catocala fraxini, was brought to me by a boy on October
3rd ; he had found it resting on a gate post at the Euettes Braye.
From its battered condition it had evidently been on the wing for
some time. This is the second recorded specimen for Guernsey. The
first was taken some years ago at St. Martin's by Mrs. Boley, and is now
in the museum of the Guille Alices Library. Colias edusa has again
put in an appearance this autumn, but, although in some numbers, is
not so abundant as it was last year. Mrs. Boley ca2)tured a pair of
Colias hyale, the female specimen being almost pure white in colour. —
W. A. Luff. October, 1893.

Notes on various Lepidoptera. — Oca of N. trepida. — I am of
opinion that N. trepida usually lays its eggs on the bark of oak-trees,
for within a radius of half a mile I have found three very distinct sets
of ova all laid on the bark of oaks. This spring, strange to say, I found
a lot of eggs of this sjiecies laid on whitethorn ( Cratcegus oxyacanthas) :
these, too, were placed on the bark. Is not this also the way in which
S. fagi deposits its ova ? [Crippled specimens are supposed to do so. —
Ed.]

Earliness oflarvce this season. — I got a full-fed larva of N. trimacida
in the chinks of oak bark on the 7th June this year. This larva is
usually found here at the end of July and beginning of August.

Early Ajypearances. — I saw newly-emerged sijccimens of V. urticce
on the 10th of June last, and A. aglaia on the 11th. I consider this
very early for this neighbourhood.

Lithomia solidaginis at Church Stretton. — For the first time here I got
a very good (J specimen of L. solidaginis at rest in the garden on the
13th August last.

Second brood of A. selene, — A second brood of A. selene appeared
here about the middle of August. I got specimens on the lltli of that
month.

Autumn larva of Chelonia plantaginis, — One larva of C. plantaginis,
reared from the egg among many others, began to spin towards the
latter half of September ; the pupa, which is undersized, has not so far
yielded the imago. I consider this interesting, as the species, unlike
russula, is never double brooded on the Continent, so far, at least, as I
know. — F. B. Newnham, Church Stretton, Salop. November ith, 1893.

NOTES ON OOLLECTTNO, ETC. 299

PiERis DAPr.iDicE AT DovER. — I was forUiuate enough to capture a
fine specimen of the Bath White (Pieris daplidice) at Dover on the 18th
of July last. I shall be glad to furnish you with further information
if you require it. — H. T. Kingsmill, 21, Harley Street, Cavendish Square.
October 21st, 1893,

Some Gogit.\tions about so-called rare British Moms. — Some
years ago a number of fine specimens of Pachetra lencopJuea were distri-
buted by one or two collectors and dealers in insects from the neigh-
bourhood of Canterbury, and were stated to have been captured near
that city. Considerable doubt was thrown on the British authenticity
of these specimens, owing to the introduction of Argi/nnis niohe, Cnetho-
campa pityocampa, and other foreign species just previously by the
same collectors, whilst Leucania I-albmi, L. albipuncta and Cerastis
eri/throcephala were then being sent out, the two latter in considerable
numbers, as also was A. lathonia. Then some time after, series of
Dianthcecia conspersa, received by well-known collectors had an occa-
sional specimen of D. compta included, until at last everything from
Canterbury in the shape of rarities was carefully avoided by British
collectors. It becomes necessary now to look boldly at this matter, and
to consider the subject in its various aspects, especially with regard to
Pachetra leucoplma and C. eri/throcephala. Mr. S. Stevens records the
former species from the Box Hill district some thirty-five years ago.
These (16 or 18 specimens) are recorded in Newman. Tlien Mr. Jeffrey
took it near Ashford {EMM., xiii., 64) and from specimens since
obtained by him, ova have been distributed and specimens reared by two
or three well-known naturalists, including Dr. Chapman and Mrs,
Hutchinson, but probably not more than a score altogether. Then Mr,
Elisha captured a pair at Box Hill {Eat., vol. xii., p. 2U5) and got eggs,
but failed in rearing them. Afterwards, Mr. Bower took a J {Eat., xv.,
162) but failed in rearing the larva? he ol)tained {E. M. M., vol. xix.,
p. 43). Mr. Hanbury records (Ent., vol. xxvi., p. 275,) " six captured
by a friend on the South (North ? — En.) Downs," presumably some years
ago, whilst he has " collected the insect in the past " but it has only
" occurred so sparingly " that " until this year " he had not filled his
own series, but this year was able not only to do this but " to distribute
a few pairs among his friends." Mr. Parry now comes to the front and
maintains the bona fides of the Canterbury specimens, gives the exact
locality as " the ' Devil's Kneading Trough ' Brook, about a mile-and-a-
half from Wye (Kent) S. E. Railway Station, on two very high banks
the further and highest {sic) being the best." It is well-known as an
exti-emely early species, the Continental lepidopterists sending out eggs
in large cpiantities during May. Sometimes it occurs in April, sometimes
as late as the first or second week in June, and this makes Mr. Stevens'
remark that the specimens he took were flying round privet bloom
rather inexplicable, as privet, although it varies much in its time of
flowering, rarely flowers so early as P. leucophoia appears. Mr.
Stevens says that there is a nice series in the Kev. Mr, Burney's
collection from the South (North '? — Ed.) Downs. Are they from the
Ashford side, or from the Canterbury (Wye) side ? If the latter, are they
now to be accepted unquestionably as British ? It is well to face these
matters as they crop up. I have recently considered myself fairly well
informed on these matters, and keep myself au fait with Magazine and
other Entomological literature. If anyone had asked me a few weeks ago

300 THE entomologtst's record.

how many British specimens there were of P. Imicophcea in all the
British collections I should have said fewer pairs than there appear to be
dozens. To those wlio collect insects for their inherent beauty and
to learn something from them, I would add that British specimens of
P, leucophcea vary in no Avay from the Continental specimens. The
latter can be bought at a penny each and eggs can be obtained at Hd.
per dozen from the Continental dealers in the spring.

Another species which is generally considered very rare as British,
puzzles me. Last year, I had several letters sent me refen-ing to offers of
Cerastis erythrocejjhala from Canterbury, in one case as many as five
specimens being offered in exchange for quite ordinary species. Now
Mr. Stevens says (Ent., xxvi., p. 297) that he has a long series taken
under the South Downs between Brighton and Eastbourne, and again
inland between Dover and Canterbury. It is of course to be assumed
that this series has been purchased. Mr. Hammond, who used to live
midway between Dover and Canterbury, informed Mr. Stevens that he
used to take this species on ivy in his own garden. Mr. Stevens
further observes that tliere are " in Mr. Burney's collection several
specimens mostly from the latter neighbourhood," i.e., Canterljury. In
looking over the magazines I find one record for the species during the
last twenty years, viz., at Wells, Somerset, by Dr. Livett (Ent., viii., 279).
Now if the Canterljury specimens in Mr. Stevens, and the late Kev. H.
liurney's collection are British, there is no reason to suppose that those
sent out by the Canterbury dealers are not the same, and vice versa.
Assuming them to be British, why do we pretend our ignorance of this
species by not publishing captures, and why do we not put the species
on the same level as does the collector who offers it in exchange for
ordinary species ? I must record it as my emphatic opinion that the
undoubted liritish sjiecimens in our crack collections and the doubtful
ones offered in exchange are all parts of the same Ijroods, cauglit in
the same woods, or bred in the same pots. We are all interested in
the matter. It is not a personal one I I want to put it on a broader
liasis. The man who buys these things and is afraid to say he has
them may be ignored, he has no part in entomological science, but
we do want to know whether some of our species do occur in Britain
or not. Messrs. Hanl)ury and Jeffrey have lifted the cloud in part from
Kentish Icucopho'a. Who'll do the same for Kentish erijthrocephala ?
Things have been swarming at sugar this autumn. Erythrocepluda isn't
over yet. Who'll go to Canterbury and catch a lot during the next fort-
night. Leisure and inclination are the only requisites. I must add that
Mr. Parry, C'liurch Street, Canterbury, has offered for many years to take
me, personally, to get both these species, but however much I have had
the inclination, I have never yet had the leisure. That he Avill extend his
courtesy to any other lepidojiterist equallv interested I have no manner
of doubt. — T. W. Ti;tt, Westcoml)e Hill,'S.E. October ISth, 1893.

Notes from Cannock Chase. — The complete absence at light of
many insects usually plentiful in tlie earlier part of the year, prepared
me for a liad year, and subsequent events fully bore out my forebodings.
In addition to being scarce, insects have been difficult to time, and I
have no doubt missed many owing to this, at the same time I have added
several new names to the list of insects taken round here. At the
beginning of June Asthena luteata, Eupisteria heparata and Hypnipetes
nnplm-iata were common in the alder swamps on the Chase, and I also

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

301

took several <y s of Taleporia pseudohomhycella flying in the siinshine,
an insect I liave never taken in tlie perfect state before, though the
cases are usually plentiful. Captures at light were Thi/afi/ra hatis,
Hadena suasa and H. thalassiaa, Caradrma morpheuif, C. ahines, Noctiia
ruhi (the forms I get here are small, and seem analogous to those
small forms of N. f estiva figured by Newman under N. conjiua) Plmia
iota, P. pulchrina, Selenia Innaria, Acidalia imitaria, Eupithecia pidchellata,
Hypsipetes ruherata, Eucosmia certata, and other common species.
Nothing was taken in any plenty, and after the 20th June light was an
utter failure. Even Noctna xantho<jrapha was quite a rarity. I bred
sundry Folia chi from larvae feeding on tansy (Tanacetnm vulgaris), an
uncommon food plant but one that blends admirably Avith the cater-
pillar, so well indeed that it might be its normal pabulum. This larva
feeds on all kinds of unlikely plants. I have found it on lily of the
valley, foxglove (leaves and flowers), passion flower and thj-me. The
larvEe were somewhat plentiful this 3'^ear, but imagines were scarce. I
only got one Notodonta dictceoides, and I think that this and other
moths with thick-skinned pupge died in that stage owing to the extreme
■dryness of the ground ; the disparity in numbei-s of the larvge and
imagines of P. chi seems to bear this out. Besides this the larv^ of
many common Noctu.^ Avere plentiful in the spring, though the
imagines were exceedingly scarce. Argi/nnis aglaia came out very
irregularly, and it was difficult to get a decent specimen. Stilbia
anomala was true to time and as common as usual, and a friend of mine
took a few Plusia interrogationis at honeysuckle. Autumnal larvae have
been very scarce, certain young ^^opl'ii's usually well stripped by
Smerinthus popidi and Dicranura vinida. escaped abnost scot-free this
year, and I did not see a single larva on them. In September Vanessa
atalanta was exceedingly common, lilvcwise Poh/ommatns phheas, and I
saw a couple of Vanessa c-album in addition to those captured by Mr.
Burnett and recorded in last month's Record. I believe this insect has
never been taken here before ; the nearest locality seems to be Kepton
Shrubs. At light I took one Xanthia cerago var. flavescens and three
X. gilvago, Avliilst Diloha coivideocephala simply swarmed, and was the
■only moth really common this year. I need not point out tliat this
moth has a thin- walled pupa, and dry Aveather Avould make no differ-
■ence to it. The common garden larvae are conspicuous by their absence
this autumn, but Nature has endeavoured to stop the gap by providing
an extra croj) of earwigs, which have done a great deal of damage to
my flowers, especially the dahlias. Of second broods (unusual here at
least) I have seen the following : — Eupithecia nanafa, E. pidchellata,
Caradrina cubicidaris and Rimiia cratmgata. — Kichard Freer, Rugeley,
Staffs. Octoher Zlst, 1893.

Autumn Notes. — New Forest. — In the November number of The
Ent. Record last year I gave an account of our sugaring experiences in
the New Forest, and as we have been sugaring the same ride this
Jiutumn in the same way, it may be interesting to relate this year's
•experience for comparison with that of last year. The first night on
Avhich my son and I sugared Avas September 5th, the last Avas October
9th. During that period Ave sugared thirteen times. We took 520
insects and saAv the same species as last year, Avitli the exception of
Triphcena suhseqna (of Avhich Ave had a fcAv Aveeks earlier taken scA^eral
specimens near Romsey), Epunda nigra and Calocampa vetnsta, and we

302 THE entomologist's record.

have to add as new specimens taken tliis autumn Leucania comma and
Taphustola fulvu. The chief features of this autumn season have
been the abundance of Hadena j)^'otea and Xylina rhizolitha and
the great variety of the former species. Altogether we have taken
152 specimens of H. protea (and k'ft pretty nearty as many more) and
it is hardly too much to say that no two specimens are alike. The}'
vary from almost Avhite to very dark blackish-green — some being
lu'iglit green, some dark green and some almost red — and among them
there are more than twenty specimens of the variety described in Tlte
Varieties of British Nocfuce as var. variegata, and figured No. 3 in
Newman's British Moths. One specimen is especially noticeable. The
forewings, besides being of an extremely dark green colour and almost
unicolorous, are long and narrow, very unlike the usual type of the
species. We also took 215 specimens of X. rhizolitha, and there is
hardly any variation at all to be seen in all these specimens. Some are
rather darker in the forewings and some rather lighter, the hind wings
of the former being also of a darker colour, but the markings and
coloration are very similar in all the specimens. Other species Avhich
varied very greatly and occurred more freely tlian usual this year, are
Anchocelis pistacina and Orthosia niaciJenta, on the other hand Scopelo-
soma sateUitia was very scarce. There were fewer Xylina petriiicata,
and we only took one each of Anchocelis lunosa and L. comma (but the
Eev. G. M. A. Hewett, Avho sugared the ride on one very wet night,,
was fortunate enough to take one E. nigra, two A. lunosa and one X.
j)etrificata). Among the specimens of Miselia oxyacanthce which were
taken was one var. capncina. The dates of first appearances are very
similar to those of last year. The hot dry season does not seem to have
affected the autumn insects much in this respect. X. rhizolitha appeared
for the first time on September 7th ; A. litura and Cidaria psittacata on
September 11th; Xanthia cerago and X. silago (which was unusually
scarce) on Septem])er 13th; A', petrificata, A. pistaciaa, A. rufina^
S. sateUitia and Thera firmata on September 18th ; M. oxyacanthoi and
0. macilenta on September 22nd ; L. comma and A. lunosa on September
25th and 0. lota on October 5th. — J. C. Moberley, Southampton.
October ISth, 1893.

Guernsey. — An exiDerimental visit to ivy blossom about October 14th
on a very suitable, mild evening, resulted in the capture of single
specimens of the following species : Epunda nigra, E. lichenea. Folia
Jiaoicincta, Xylina petrificata and Caradrina snperstes. There were
plenty of Anchocelis pistacina, but few of anything else ; but we con-
fined ourselves to a radius of a very short distance from the house. The
occurrence of C. superstes so late in the year is interesting. I have now
taken them here from the end of June to the middle of October. —
Albert J. Hodges. October 21st.

3Iorpeth. — I sugared on the 7th and 14th October, and I found
common moths jilentiful, but I was surprised to see some of the trees
which I sugared on the 7th were still on the 14th attracting moths.
I saw at the sugared trees the following: — Agriopis aprilina, Phlogo-
phora meticulosa, Agrotis svffusa, Anchocelis rufina, A. litura, Scopelosoma
sateUitia (plentiful), Orrhodia vaccinii (ver}^ plentiful), Miselia oxya-
canthce, Orthosia macilenta (common), Cahcampa exoleta, Hadena protea,
and Mellinia circellaris. This is rather late for the appearance of the
last two species in this locality. — J. Finlay. October 'SOth, 1893.

SOCIETIES. 305

Clevedon. — After the first week or two, insects at ivy Lave been
much scarcer. I took my first Dasycampa rubiginea last Saturday
night. Petrificata is very scarce this autumn. I took two sjiecimens
of Xylina semihnmnea the second week in September, much earlier than
usual, but have not seen any more. — J. Mason. October 2?>rd, 1893.

gOCIETIES.

Entomological Society of London. — October ith, 1893. — Mr. F.
Merrifiold exhibited siiecimens showing the effects of temperature in
the pupal stage on several species of Lepidoptera. Vanessa pohjchloros
was much darkened, especially towards the hind margin, by a low
temperature. Vanessa c-aJbum showed effects on both sides, especially
in the feniale ; they Avere striking on tlie under side. Several examples
of the striking effect produced by temperature on the summer emergence
(prorsn) of Arasclmia lerana Avere exhibited. Some Vanessa io showed
the gTadual disintegration by exposure to a low temperature, of the
ocellus on the fore wing, Avhich in the extreme specimens ceased to be
an ocellus, and was a remarkable confirmation of Dr. Dixey's views of
the origin of that ocellus, as exemplified in the plate attached to his
paper in the Entomological Society's Transactions for 1890. Mr. Goss
stated that in liis experience of V. c-albnm in Northamptonshire,
Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Monmouthshire, the form with the
pale under side was the first brood, occurring in June and July ; and
that the second brood, occurring from the end of Jul}^ to October, was
invariably dark on the under side. Mr. Jacoby, Mr. Merrifield and
the President continued the discussion. Mr. A. H. Jones exhibited
Lepidoptera collected in Corsica in June last, including dark forms of
Polyonimatus phlceas (Vizzavona) ; Lyccena astrarche, in which the
orange marginal band is very brilliant on upper and under sides of
lioth wings (Vizzavona) ; Lyctena argns, the females of which are much
suffused with blue, probably var. caUiopis ; a series of Vanessa nrtico',
var. ichnusa, bred from larvfB found at Vizzavona (4,000 feet) ; Argynnis
elisa, Satyrus semele var. aristmus, Satyrtis neomiris, CoinonympJia corinna,
l)oth spring and summer bi"ood (Vizzavona) ; SyricMus sao A-ar. therapne,
and man}^ others. Mr. G. C. Champion exhibited, for Mr. G. A. J.
Kothney, a number of Methoca ichnetimonokles, Latr. (female), taken at
I iexhill, Sussex, shoAving great A^ariation from the usual large l)lack and
red form to a small and nearly l)lack one. Dr. D. Sharp exhiliited a
pupa of Gallerta melonella, on Avliich the eggs of a parasitic Hymenop-
teron, as he believed, had been deposited Avliilc the insect Avas in the
cocoon. He also exhibited from the collection of Mr. Alexander Fry^
tlie hitherto unicpie Aprosfovw planifrons, Westw. The genus Avas
correctly assigned liy WostAvood to the Colydiklce, though descril)ed as a
IJrenthid. Mr. J. J. Walker exhibited the folloAving species of
Halobates, A'iz. : — H. sericeus, Esch., from the Pacific : H. sobrinus,
B. White, from Marquesas Islands; H. ivullerstorffi, Esch.. from
Marquesas Islands ; H. princeps, White, from the C'hina Sea ; and
a female of H. iciiUerstorfi, Avith ova attached. Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher
showed a \'ariable series of scA^enty-fiA^e CymatopJiora or, bred in
1893 from larvfe from Sutherland, a series of about forty C. ocvlaris
l)red-in from stock from Oundle. Also a series of thirtA'-tlu'Cc moths.

304 THE entomologist's record.

all females, supposed to be hybrids lietween C. ocularis male and C. or
female, from the above stock in each case, bred as a second brood in
August and September, 1893. He stated that he j^laced the re})uted
piarents in a muslin sleeve on a branch of Fopulus nigra, and did not
open the sleeve until the resulting larvae required fresh food. To the
best of his belief the female parent had no chance of pairing with a
male of her own species. The supposed hybrids resembled the female
parent, except that lioth orljicular and reniform stigmata Avere very
conspicuous, being pure white filled up slightly' with black, whereas in
C. or they are iisually inconsjiicuous, and the orbicular is sometimes
wanting. None of the C. or bred liad the stigmata developed so fully
as had the hybrids, which were most uniform in this respect. Mr. F.
J. Hanbury exhibited a specimen of Leucnnia vitellina, taken at Brocken-
hurst on August 24th, 1893, by Mrs. Hanlniry, and another taken by
himself at Fresliwater, Isle of Wight, on September 7th ; also an
extraordinary Gonepteryx rhaiimi, showing red lilotches at the tips of
the fore wings, taken by a gardener at ^Yalthamsto\v, Essex. Mr. C.
(j. Barrett exhil)ited a gynandrous Argi/nnis paphia recentlj^ taken in
the New Forest by Mr. Cardew. Mr. J. M. Adye exhibited a specimen
of Deilephila lirornica recently caught at Christchurch, Hants. Mr.
Elwes exhibited and described two species of the genus (Eneis
(Chioaohas, Bdv.j, (E. heani and CE. alberta, from North America, which
had not ]n'eviously l)een described, and stated that he liad prepared,
with Mr. Edwards's assistance, a revision of this ver}^ difficult genus,
whicli would 1)0 read at the November meeting. Mr. Osbert Salvin
communicated a paper entitled " Description of a new genus and species
(Baronia hrericornis) of PapilionicUr from Mexico," and exhibited both
sexes. Dr. Sharp read a jxaper entitled " On the Cost and Value of
Insect Collections." Mr. W. F. H. Blandford, IMr. McLachlan, Mr.
Jacoby, 31r. Waterliouse and the President took part in the discussion
Avhich ensued. Professor Auguste Forel communicated a paper entitled
" Formicides de I'Antille, St. Vincent, recoltees par Mons. H. H.
Smith." Mr. W. F. H. Blandford read a paper entitled " Description
of a New Subfamily of the Scoli/tida'.'' The President, Mr. Jacoby,
and Mr. "Waterliouse took part in the discussion which ensued.

October ISth, 1893. — Mr. E. Adkin exhibited two Leucania ritellina
and one L. extranea, taken ])y Mr. B. W. Adkin in the Scilly Islands,
in August, 1893. Mr. E South cxliibited a specimen of PoJijommatus
bceticus, and a niimber of varieties of Chriisophanns pMceas, captured in
Kent, in September last by Mr. Sabine ; also a curious variet}^ of
Argijnnis euphrosyne taken in Lancashire in Ma}', 1893, hy Mr. T. Baynes ;
a pallid variety of Vanessa urticm, taken hj Mr. W. E. Cox in Mon-
mouthshire, in July, 1893 ; and a Triphcena p)ronuha, the right wings of
which were typical, and the left wings resembled the variety innuba,
caught at sugar, in Dovedale, Derbyshire, by Mr. Blagg in July, 1893.
Mr. G. H. Verrall exhibited a specimen of the Tsetse (Glossina morsitans),
and also one of the common European allied species {Stomoxys calcitrans).
He also exhilnted a specimen of Hcematobia. serrata, Dsv., which, lie
stated, was not uncommon on cattle in England, but believed to be
harmless ; while in North America the dreaded " horn-fly " is said to be
the same species. Mr. Elwes exhibited a larva which he had found
three days previously under stones on a moraine, apjiarently quite
destitute of vegetation, in the Tvrol, at an elcA-ation of about 7,000

SOCIETIES. 305'

feet. He remarked on the number of Alpine butterflies, some of them
in fresh condition, Avhich he had seen whilst ehauiois-hunting in the
T^'rol during the last week, and he suggested that in such a fine autumn
as the present one, collectors might find more novelties among the
larvae of Alpine species than in the summer. Colonel Swinlioe read a
paper entitled ''A list of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills" (Pt. 2).
Mr. Elwes said he thought all entomologists would be grateful to
Colonel Swinhoe, Mr. Hampson, Mr. Meyrick and others, for the work
they had recently been doing in describing the moths of India ; but as
the district of the Khasia Hills was probably richer in species than any
other part of India, except Sikkim, and new species were being received
almost daily, it was impossible to make any list complete. Mr. Jacoby,
Mr. McLachlan, Mr. Jenner Weir, and Colonel Swinhoe continued the
discussion. — H. Goss, Hon. Sec.

The South Loxdox Entomological and Xatural History Society.
October ]2th, 1893. — Mr. J. H. Carpenter exhibited long series of
the pale spotted forms of Anjynnis papliia, L. and a small form of the
same species, all from the New Forest ; Mr. Tutt remarked that this
pale-spotted form Avas frequently tinted with green as in var. valezina,
more esj^ecially the females. Mr. Erohawk exhibited examples of
Vanessa cardtii, L., V. atalanta, L., V. polychloros, L., &c. being the
largest and the smallest he had bred or captured, the difference being
very considerable. Mr. Barrett exhibited a gynandrous specimen of
Argynnis papliia, L., taken in the New Forest, the left fore- wing and
about one-third of the left hind wing, male, the remainder, female ;
also, amongst others, the two broods of Vanessa levana, L. and
V. c-album, L., lent I)}' Mr. Merrifield of Brighton, showing the
seasonal dimorphism produced from the same batch of ova by means
of artificial warmth and cold. Mr. South exhibited a specimen of
Orthotcenki antiquana, Hb., taken on 28th June, 1893, on a shop
window in St. John's Wood, also long series of Pyrausta pmyuralis, L,
and P. ostrinalis, Hb., both of which lie considered to be forms of one
species, many that he showed being intermediate* and referaltle to
either, a long discussion following. Mr. B. W. Adkin, Lencania
rltellma, Hb. and L. unipuncta from the Scilly Isles, Mr, Auld, a
specimen of Vanessa atalanta, L., having an orange band on one hind
wing, and red on the other. Mr. Briggs, a bright blue female Lyccena
hellargus, Eott. Mr. Dennis exhibited examples of a partial third brood
of Pararge megcera, L. Mr, Turner showed three specimens of the
Scotch form of Airtia mentliasiri, Esp. Mr. Adye, a specimen of
Deilephila Uvornica, Esp., captured at Christchurch 25th Maj', 1893.
Mr. McArthur, a second Ijrood of Boarmia reptandata, L. from the south
of Ireland. Mr. Jenner Weir exhiliited specimens of tlie Tsetse Fly
{Glossina ««oj-s/^a?is), received from Dr. Percy Eendoll, in the Transvaal;,
also a specimen of a Dcpressaria, taken by him more than thirty years
ago near Lewes, probably D. aiirantieUa, Tutt, which differed from
D. badieUa, Hb., in possessing bright orange-coloured palpi, these in
the latter species being dark Ijrown. Mr. Eobert Adkin exhibited a
series of Cymatophora or, Fb., bred from larvaj found feeding between

*I pointed out in this discussion that the supposed intermediate forms were
apparently small female forms of P. purpuralis, identical with specimens taken
by me with normal-sized individuals at Cuxton. The specimens were wanting
altogether in the i)eculiar shape of the costa found in ostrinaVls. — J. W. T.

306 THE entomologist's hecord.

.united leaves of aspen in Siithevlandsliire, togetliev witli representatives
of the South English, Shetland and Eannoeh forms for comparison,
calling attention to the variation existing between them. Mr. T. R.
Billups exhil^ited a number of species of rare Diptera, taken at Oxshott
and Dulwich, including amongst others Helomyza ijaUiiJa, Fb., Sciomyza
dnhia, Mg., itc. Mr. (_'. Oldham exhibited Xantliia r/rceUaris, Hufn,
X. (jikago, Esp., AncJiocelis hinosa, Haw., A. h'ttira, &c. from Essex,
Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. — H. Williams, Hon. Sec.

Thursday, October 26th, 1893. — J. Jenner AVeir, Esq., President, in
the chair. — Mr. Erohawk exhibited a second brood of Argynnis paphia
from eggs of var. valezina, only one of the four specimens being the
var. The ova Avere laid in June, and the larvfe hatched in July. Mr.
Tutt remarked that he had seen specimens of a second brood of
A. pajjhia and had bred second broods of Fanes.sa urticce, atalanta, io
and c-alhma, Mr. South, Continental examples of Lyccena hellargus,
with its var. ceronm, a female, blue like the male, with the fulvous
-spots very distinct ; L. corydon, with a female specimen of its var.
syngrapha, and a var. with its fringes perfectly Avhite ; also large and
very dark specimens of L. arlon. Mr. Weir remarked that many years'
experience of the Blues at Lewes had jiroduced liut little variation.
Mr. S. Stevens, a specimen of Tinea simpJiceUa. Mr. Barrett remarked
on the rarity of the species, but Mr. Tutt stated that he had captured
it in two localities in Kent during the last fcAv j^ears. Mr Hamm,
long series of the tAvo broods of Leucophasia sinapis, Avell illustrating
both their seasonal and sexual dimorphism ; Colias edusa, among Avliich
was a female Avith onty the faintest trace of a spot in the black border,
and several A\ar. helice ; long series of Melitcea aurinia, bred from
Hampshire, Avith captured specimens from Hampshire for comparison,
also a remarkable scaleless aberration ; it Avas noted that some of the
Hants specimens Avere comparable to A'ar. hibernica ; a specimen of
Chrysophanus phlceas, Avitli only two spots on the primaries; bleached
vars. of botli Eplnephele janira and E. tlthonns ; a \'ar. of Smerinthus
tilke, a long series of Toxocampa p>astinnm, a most remarkable var.
of Epinephele hyperantlms, having only one Aving normal, the others
Avith the yelloAv rings on the under side much enlarged, the colour
being irregularly spread OA^er a considerable area, and streaks of
it protruding into the black ground ; a case containing long and
varied series of all the British species of the genus Xanthia, that
of X. gilvago and X. aurago being especially noticeable ; some fine
Dasycavipa rnbiginea and Cosmia paleacea, Avith many other species.
Mr. Carpenter, bred series of Tnphceiia comes from Al^erdeen, and of
Aplecta prasina from Essex. Mr. Enoch, a A-ery dark female of the
dark April Ijrood of Lyccena argiohis, taken at lVr(j[uay by Master
John Enoch. Mr. P. Bright, a gynandrous specimen of Argynnis
paphia, the left side male, the right female ; a specimen of Ematurga
atomaria, \^ery dark, Avith only a few traces of the j^elloAv markings,
and another sj^ecimen Avith three normal Avings, the right inferior
being uniformly dark ; a very dark female Stilbia anomala, and
a A^aried series of Emydia cribrum, some being banded. Mr. Adkin, the
following types of A^ariation in Chrysophaims phheas, taken at Ea.stbourne
on September 4th. (1) ShoAving the sub-marginal row of black spots
■on the primaries, reduced in some specimens to minute dots ; (2) ShoAv-
ing spots large, costa and Aving rays thickly dusted Avitli black scales ;

SOCIETIES. 307

(3) Showing Xo. 3 of the submarginal series connected with the dis-
eoidal spot by a bhick streak ; (4) The spots showing a tendency to
elongation ; also a long and variable series of Boarmia repaadata, bred
•during August from South of Ireland ova, among them there were
examples of both the conversaria and destrigaria forms. He remarked
that this was only a partial second brood, about half the larvfe being
now in hybernation. He considered this remarkable, as his long
experience showed this species to be most persistently single-brooded,
and he had in this case taken no special care to induce the larvaj to
feed up. Mr. McArthur, very dark specimens of the same species bred
from the same locality. Mr. Carpenter stated that he had unsuccessfully
attempted to force the larvaj of this sjDecies. Mr. Billups, the Tsetze
fly, Glossina morsitans, with Stomox/js calcitraas, the nearest akin to it
we have in this country ; also the rare species of Lascophagidce,
Ci/iiomyia morfuorum, captured at Oxshot in July, 1891. Mr. Weir,
HeUconim rliea and its mimic Papilio pausanius, and remarked that not
only the colour of the Heliconim, but the shape was also closely
mimicked, in which latter respect it departed much from the usual form
of the Papilioniace of South America. Mr. Frohawk, pupa of Argynnis
adippe, and a discussion ensued relative to the two types of pupa noticed
in each of the genera Argi/nnis and Vanessa. He also exhibited a wild
raspberry gathered on Tooting Common, and remarks were made on
the second crops of strawberries and raspberries occurring this year. —
Henry J. Turner, Report Sec.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Tuesday, lltli October, 1893. Exhibits : — Dr. Buckell, series of MelUnia
circellaris from Highgate and Aberdeenshire ; Mr. Clark, bred specimens
of Notodonta ziczac and iV. dromedariiis from the New Forest. Mr.
Tremayne, Colias ednsa, Orthosia Iota, Epiinda lichenea and others, taken
at Dawlish during September last. He gave a short account of the
collecting in this neighbourhood, from which it appeared that sugar
was almost useless, but ivy proved very attractive. Mr. Eiches,
Smerinthns popidi, bred during August (second brood), and Cidaria
miata from Hornsey. Mr. Battley, Selenia illnstraria, bred from two
broods of larvje from New Forest jDarents. Although these were both
the spring brood, they showed a considerable difference in coloration.
Mr. Oldham, Calamia liitosa, a var. of Agrotis segetum without any
orbicular spots ; also a specimen of a saAvfly, Tenthredoxes neglecta.
Mr. Lewcock, part of a wooden post, containing cells of the Carpenter
bee ( Osmia fidvirentris). Mr. Newbery then read a pajjer " On Bembidium
iricolor, Bedel." He stated that although this species appeared to be
common on salt-marshes, it had not been hitherto recorded as British,
owing to its great similarity to other species of the genus. Mr. Tutt
proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Newbery for his paper. This was
seconded by Mr. Heasler, and carried unanimously.

Tuesday, November 7th, 1893. — Pocket Box Exhibition. Exhibits: —
Mr. Boden, Melitcea athalia with very few black markings and bred
specimens of Spilosoma mendlca, the females having a black line on the
costal and outer margins. Mr. Mera, bred specimens of Callimorpha
hera and Apamea ophiogramma. Mr. Battley, long and variable series
■of Anchocelis pistacina, A. littira, A. lunosa, Mellinia circellaris, Orrhodia
vaccina, and other autumnal species, all from Winchmore Hill. Mr,
Ooldthwait, Spdosoma menthastri, with very few black spots, and a

308 THE entomologist's record.

series of Setina irrorelhi from Box Hill. Mr. Eielies, Xijh'na pctrificntn
from Salisbury, and Macroijlossa stellatamm taken in a hole in a wall,
where, he suggested, it had gone for the purpose of hybernation. Mr.
Bacot, Stnaropus fagi, Notodonfa trepida, N. dodowea, Cuspidia leporina,
Amphidasys ^^rodroinaria and bred specimens of Phorodesma stuaragdaria.
Mr. Nicholson, Epnnda h'chenea, a reddish var. of Orthosin lota and 0.
macileida, all from Dawlish, also Melanippe jiudnata from Clapton with
the band reduced to a small costal spot, and bred specimens of Coremia
unidentnria, including the red form. Mr. Oldham, Phisia moneta, a var.
of Anchocelis pistacina, with the lower ends of the discoidal spots joined
by a dark bai', pale forms of Xanthia gilrago, and a long series of
Triphoeaa pronuba. Capt. Thompson, OrtJiosia srispecta and Asthena
hlomeraria from York, and Telea proinethea from the United States.
Mr. Turner, vars. of Ephijra trilinearia, one specimen having onl}^ the
faintest trace of the centre line, the other line being suppressed ;
Vanessa tirticte bred from an ichneumoned pupa, the wings being per-
forated by the emergence of the parasite, xanthic specimens of
Epinepihele janira an 1 Argynnis selene, and Orgyia antiqiia from Suther-
land and Surrey, the discoidal spots being crescent-shaped in the
former and square in the latter. IJr. Sequeira, vars. of Boarmia
rcpandata from varioiis localities, Lithosia quadra and Eidepia cribrum
from the New Forest, Diantha^cia albimacida from Folkestone, and a
large number of dwarf specimens of various lepidoptera. Mr. Iluckett,
bred series of the second brood of Arctia caia, some of the specimens
being decidedly paler than the avei'age, and series of several Geometr.e
bred this season. Mr. Clark, a numljer of Scotch lepidoptera, including
Sesia scoh'iformis, Petasia nubecidosa, red forms of Chara^as gravunis, a
very dark specimen of Triphcena orbona, Ta;aiocaiapa gothica var.
gothicina, Anarta cordigera, Phibalapteryr, lapidata, dark forms of Cidaria
populatn, Scopnla alpiiiaJis, Crambns furcaieUns, and Ser/coris micana.
Coleoptera : — Mr. Newbery, specimens of the genus Bembidimn. — A. U.
Battley and J. A. Soies, Hon. Sees.

Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society. — October dth. —
The Rev. R. Freeman, 6, Station Road, Prescot, was elected a memljer
of the society. Dr. J. W. Ellis read an interesting letter from a cor-
respondent in Grahamstown, South Africa, giving descriptions of the
habits of some species of Coleoptera from that district. He alsO'
showed a large numlier of species illustrative of the letter he had
received ; Mr. Crabtree, Hydrelia unca from Ulverston, and Arctia
luhricipeda var. radiata ; Mr. Stott, on behalf of Mr. H. S. Clark of
Douglas, a number of Lepidoptera from the Isle of Man ; Mr. Gregson
fine series of Abraxas grossidariata, and banded forms of Vanessa
urticce bred by him this year ; Mr. Capper, a grand series of Boarmia
roboraria, including a pair of blaek forms from Coventry ; Mr. Jones a
variable series of Bombyx trifoUi ; Mr. Sharp, examples of melanic
Coleoptera, which, he stated, had been unusuall}^ plentiful this year,
which went against the theory of damp producing melanism ;* and
Mr. Harker, a specimen of Dasypoh'a tempi/ captured in the heart of
Liverpool. — F. N. Pierce, Hon. Sec.

* Most probably the exhibitor, having recently directed his attention to the
study, paid more attention than usual to these forms, and hence collected more.
He would be interested, we feel sure, in Mr. H. F. Wickham's article referred to-
ante p. 246 — Ed.

^\S^ AND ^^^-^

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

No. 12. Vol. IV. December 15th, 1893.

AN AUTUMN DAY.

By Eev. G. M. a. HEWETT, M.A.

It was a late autumn morning, one of those rare mornings of No-
vember whereon autumn mistakes itself for spring. A gale from the
south had blown itself out during the night, scattering the last withered
leaves from the lower boughs of the elms. But thei-e was still breeze
enough to send the shadows of the clouds racing over the downs, and
on the breeze was the indefinable perfume of the spring. The ear
listened for the abrupt and broken melody of the storm-cock's song, and
the eye turned instinctively to the hedgerow banks, to note the little
green things of the earth peeping up to spy if winter was really gone.
But there was after all no calling of birds in the air, and on the banks
nothing but the mouldering remains of the nettles and the brown
hedge-leaves, still shining after the night's rain. And so the dull apathy
of the season settled down again upon the mind. It was as if an old
man should dream of youth and youth's voices and visions — and then
awake. There is an alertness and expectation about a spring walk
which is altogether wanting in an autumn ramble : but an autumn
naturalist has this advantage over his spring brother, that he has less
often to face a feeling of disappointment at the end of his day. Some
expeditions in April require a phenomenal amount of luck to leave that
feeling of satisfaction on the mind which is kindled by a very moderate
bag in the autumn. And again ; in spring a day over is a day gone and
lost for ever, one day less of the splendour of young life ; but in
autumn it is enough to have lived ; we regard the past -with a feeling
of complacency and equanimity. We have come to look upon change
and decay as the established order of things, and the death of another
day stirs few feelings of regret within us. And so, perhaps, age is
happier than youth.

I am afraid that A. found me rather a silent companion as Ave
strolled along on the morning in question. I may have been thiukino-
such thoughts as I have expressed, but I doubt whether I was conscious
of anything more than the absolute blessedness of the first and best i^ipe
of the day, and the merits of porridge first and then kidne^^s and bacon,
and then cold pie, and then toast and strawberry jam for breakfast. I
may, perhaps, j)ause to defend myself from the charge of gluttony, I
do not always refresh myself in this somewhat lavish manner. But we

SIO THE entomologist's RECORD.

were going into a region unblessed as regards the presence of tlie pub-
lic-house, and I felt convinced that, if I did not store up a tolerable
supply of material to work upon, I should feel the pinchings of hunger
about 1.30 p.m., and the day's bag would suffer in consequence. What
A.'s thoughts were meanwhile — poor pipeless A. — I can only gather from
the fact that his first remark, when silence was at last broken, w^as a
question as to what I was ex^^ecting to find. A. is young, and I fear
that, as youth will, he had been making up his bag beforehand. It is
a pleasant habit, and, like other pleasant habits, often unwise. One of
the most ordinary instances, besides the partaking of lobster late in the
evening, is the jilaying of golf or other games of skill in bed. Every
stroke is absolutely correct. We magnanimously forbear to do any-
thing exceptionally brilliant, but nothing goes radically Avrong. Hence
come disapjDointments when we face the reality next day. So I expect
that A., without making the discovery of any absolutely new sj)ecies,
had collected, in imagination, a very handsome bag of useful specimens
to bring home in the evening. However, the silence was broken, and
we chatted along cheerily enough up Blackberry Lane, where the
clematis gives forth its treasures in May and June, but where nothing
to-day tempted us to linger. Nay, the perfume of the jDigsties rather
hastened our steps. Past Oliver's Battery, the home of the Blues, and
so down to Hursley Kennels, where the hounds were being mustered
for the chase. Here we had an awkward moment's hesitation. Our
sporting instincts rose. Why should we not abandon the homely bug
and chase the wily fox ? Our day hung in the balance for a moment,
but A. remembered that the jDloughs -would be wet, and I remembered
that my wind was not so good as it had been ia better days. Also I
once headed a fox when following on foot, and can still recall some of
the language. So we decided j;ist to watch them off and no more. We
had a small pang and feeling of shame as they departed, and wondered
what our friends would have said had they marked our choice. But
we were getting near to our work, for there are a few ash trees on the
roadside, where Hursley church first comes into view nestling in its
hollow among the trees. To the first of these we raced, and were soon
busy among the scanty moss at the base. A. drew first blood with a
cocoon of Bisulcia ligustri, but it was empty, a j'^ear old, and so were
two more, which we alternately produced. Then A. took a distinct
lead with an obviously new one, glossy as a newly-tarred board, and
hard and firm — but how was I to equalise ? The tree was searched all
round — No, there was a little moss-covei"ed rootlet running down into
the hedge. I scratched my hand, but produced two new cocoons and
smiled, as those smile who win a race. Not broadly, so as to hurt the
feelings of others, but just a flicker of a smile to show that one is pleased.
And so the chase went on, down the hill to Hursley village, haunted
by memories of Keble, and I had found but one more to A.'s three, and
I believe I detected a glimmer gl a smile on his face then. The King's
Head beckoned to us to enter and di-ink the health of the caj^tives, and
it was our only chance for the rest of the day, but we were fresh and
eager and passed it by. We thought of it Avith some regret a few hours
later. And then beyond the village came disaster to me and mirth,
chastened mirth, such as a younger man displays in the j^resence of the
misfortunes of an elder, on the part of A. For, in surmounting some
bai'bed wire with intent to trespass, I impaled the seat of my faithful

I'UPAL DEVELOr.'MENT AND COLOUR IN IMAGO. 311

Ijreeclies and caused a wide and gaping rent. I once saw a keeper
perform a similar feat, and remember the main drift of his desires,
which were expressed with some circumlocution but ended with a
prayer that he might be allowed, someday, to rub a nice piece of that
stuff up and down the back of the inventor of that same stuff, and my
wishes took a somewhat similar direction. A. pinned me wp with two
pins and a long thorn, to keei) out some of the draught, but I was a
soured man, and the more so, as A. took two more cocoons, while all
mine were aged and empty. So I determined to seek ether woods and
fields, far from the haunts of men, which was rather hard on A, as he
was doing pretty well. But he had to come or be left behind. Into
Amjjfield Wood, therefore, we plunged, regardless of warning notices.
But, somehow, the dread of the keeper, whose unbending nature we
knew by experience, and the lack of pupa3 on the oaks and of moss on
the ashes, drove us quickly through, richer on my part hj two of our
old friends and a few Lithosia ruhricollis, while A. had confined himself
to two of the latter and four Or<jyia pudibunda. Having emerged in
safety from these dangerous quarters, we set out across country, for a
long tramp to Crabbe Wood, which is full of ash trees and less rigorously
guarded. Here we meant to enjoy ourselves in peace and harmlessness.
But alas ! the wind had fallen and it was beginning to drizzle by the
time we got there. This was the more vexatious, as our luck began to
improve with our change of quarters. How long we fought against the
ever increasing dampness I should not like to say, but, at last, we gave in.
We were tired, hungry and wet, and the light was getting bad, so we
said that they would keep for another day, and set off on our last tramp
of four miles, over hill and dale to Winchester. How we hated those
hills, and how we loved, as far as the now drenching rain Avould allow
lis, those dales. But oh ! how we loathed that rain. However, per-
jDctual walking, even under the worst of circumstances, brings a man to
the end of his journey at last. And when you have had a warm bath,
and have settled down to hot tea and muffins, with the prospect of a
dry pijje in view, you soon begin to think that your day has not been
misspent, that your bag is even more than adequate, and that there are
worse things in the world than a day's bug-hunting in November.

Pupal Deifelopment and Colour of Imago.

By J. W. TUTT, P.E.S.

The discussion which took place at the South Loudon Entomological
Society on October 12th, when IMr. C. G. Barrett exhibited specimens
of various species which had been subjected in the pupal stage to
different temperatures by Mr. Merrifield, must be my excuse for
writing the following remarks concerning pupal development in
relation to imaginal coloration.

At the moment of the first formation of the pupa the whole of the
imaginal structures appear to be present, and when the surface
secretion hardens and forms the chitinous envelope it binds these down
in their respective positions. We look on the larval ecdyses as
forming a series of stages in progressive development, of which the
last, that from which the pupa results, presents a very great advance on
the earlier ones. We all have, I suppose, a general idea that at this

312 THE entomologist's record.

time tlie tissues have reached a certain stage of development, that some
change goes on inside the pujia, and that the imaginal structures
(digestive, respiratory, nervous, scale &c.) are perfected or formed in
the pupal stage, but from the statements made during the discussion
before referred to, it would appear that here most of us stop.

As Professor Weismann's theory, that the tissues of the pupa
undergo " histolysis," appeared to be unknown to many of those
present it may be worth while to call attention to it. It was formerl}^
supposed that, when the larva changed to a jiupa, the tissues simply
underwent a progressive development resulting in the formation of the
scales, &c., in other words that the imago Avas from the first in the
pupa with its parts, &c. formed, and that it simjily progressed in
development until maturity Avas reached. But Professor Weismann
has shown us by his exjDcriments that development in the pupal
period is in no way so simple as this idea would suggest, but that the
tissues of the larva, having reached a comj^aratively high degree of
perfection at the time of pupation, break down in the pupa and are
reduced to more elementary units, degeneration as it were setting in.
After this has been brought about, a raj^id regeneration takes place ;
new tissue is rapidl}' formed, new structures are built up, and the pupa,
instead of being, as we have been apt to consider it, in a particularly
inactive condition so far as really active changes in the tissues are
concerned, is probably more completely vitalised than is the egg or
larva, and is, therefore, very susceptible to any external influences
which might affect its vitalitj'. It is during this period that the wing-
membrane and scales are formed, together with the strictly pupal
structures.

The knowledge of these facts has led man}' of our leading
lepidopterists to refer to the pupal structures rather as definite organs
of the pupa than as imaginal organs enclosed in cases. Thus we talk
of the wings or antennae which are seen in an empty pupa case (and
of course also in a living pupa) as the "wing-cases" or "antenna-
cases," whilst the same wing-cases with their contents are termed
" pupal- wings," and the antenna-cases with their contents " puj^al
antenna?," until the final stage of development. When development is
actually complete and the colour of the future imago becomes
conspicuous through the pujja case, the mature organs are frequently
termed imaginal wings, &c., although still confined in their pupal cases.
It is well, however, that we should remember that there are j^upal
organs and that differentiation of tissue and actual growth take place
in the stage.

If we apply the simplest elementary laws relating to vital force to
the pupa, we shall find that the following facts hold good : — (1) The
pupa when first formed has a certain amount of inherent vital force by
means of which both the processes of " histolysis " and of " rehabili-
tation " are carried on in it. (2) That jDupa which has the nearest
approach to the normal amount of ^ntal force will undergo the most
perfect " histolysis " and " rehabilitation," and will produce an imago
most nearl}^ conforming to what is known as the normal tyj^e, that is
the type produced under the most healthy and satisfactory conditions.
Conversely that pupa whose amount of vital force is farthest removed
from the normal (whether in excess or in defect) is one in which
" histolysis " and " rehabilitation " will be least perfect, and the imago

PUPAL DEVELOPMENT AND COLOUR IN IMAGO. 313

produced Avill be farthest removed from the normal type. (3) That
individual wliich has been best fed and which has enjoyed the most
perfect health in the larval stage will enter pupal life under the most
satisfactory conditions and will (the jjupal conditions being equally
satisfactory) emerge therefrom as the best specialised product, whilst
the converse to this must also be true.

The second point also deals with an elementary principle. The
vital force in the pupa is converted into energy ; the energy at the
disposal of the pupa is most probably directed first to the building up
of the vital reproductive organs, and afterwards to the secondary
organs or tissues, or such as are not necessary to life. Therefore, an
excess of energy in a pupa will be expended as a rule on secondary
structures rather than on vital ones, and we find that a weak or
diseased pupa fails first in regard to non-vital tissues, such as pigment,
scales, wing membrane, ifec.

The females of insects, as compared with the males, require an
excess of energy for those structures necessary to the reproduction of
the species ; they, therefore, have a smaller surplus to devote to the
formation of the non-vital tissues, and, as we Avell know, frequently
fail very markedly in their development of these.

We are now in a position to understand that, as a general rule,
pigment, scales, &c. are produced in proportion to the amount of
material and energy available for the purpose.

These and other general principles have to be considered when we
attempt to discuss the results which Mr. Merrifield produces by his
temj^erature experiments. To attempt to discuss the results without
first understanding these principles can only lead to futile con-
clusions.

If we now apply these principles what do we find ? Insects Avhich
are allowed to pass through their changes at the normal temperature
produce the form Avhich is normal for the district ; that is, they
undergo the normal processes of histolysis and of rehabilitation, and in
A state of health have at their disposal the energy retpiisite to give
them their ordinary wing expanse, scaling and colour. Now what
does Mr. Merrifield do in his exjjeriments. He subjects the pupa to a
low temperature. This of necessity lowers the vitality of tlie pupa,
and so lessens the available energy. The insect, therefore, does not
develop under normal conditions, and an abnormality is the result.
The insect must use what energy it has to build up its vital organs,
and fails in building up perfectly its secondary tissues — colour, scales,
wing membrane, and fails, too, in direct projiortion to the degree in which
the vitality is lessened. Below a certain temperature during the jDcriod
of active development the vital force ceases to act at all, and the result
is death. Heat, greater than that to which the insect is normally
subjected, instead of lowering the vitality to the lowest ebb at which
life can be sustained, affects the histolysis and rehabilitation in a
directly opposite manner. Under its influence the vital processes
ai'e carried on at express speed. Energy is expended at the fastest
rate possible, and the tissues are formed Avithout having sufficient
time to mature as they would under normal conditions (we may here
sujjpose these to be those which are most beneficial to the species, and
probably as being the result of "natural selection"), the surplus material
is rapidly utilised, with the result that as marked an abnormality is

314 THE entomologist's record.

produced under the one condition as under tlie other, althougli in an
opposite direction.

So far then we see that a change made in the environment of the
pupa must necessarily produce some effect on develojiment. If the
change he suftieiently extreme, then the effect is death ; anything short
of such an extreme will produce an effect proportioned to its magnitude.
If a pupa be thoroughly acclimatised to a given range of temperature,
then excessive heat or cold must be injurious. The variability of our
climate renders it certain that few species are perfectl}'' acclimatised, and
that, therefore, a moderate range of temperature has but little actual
effect on them, something considerably beyond the ordinary mean
range being necessary for this j^urjiose.

It has been suggested to me with regard to acclimatisation that it
must be borne in mind that some species do l)etter in cold, others in
hot, some in wet, others in dry seasons. Whether this be due to the-
fact that some of our insects have spread to us from more northern,
others from more southern latitudes, or to other causes, it renders it
probable that the same amount of heat may act prcjudicialh' on one-
insect and advantageously on another. In the latter case increased,
heat ma}'' be expected to produce effects due to an increase of vitalit}',
whilst in the former cold Avill produce the same result. A great
excess of either would, of course, be injurious to any species. To an
insect that exists here say in a mean temperatin-e of 54° but prefers
60°, any decrease of temperature will be injurious, but increased
temperature will not effect it iirejudiciall}' until it exceeds 60°, probal:)ly
not until it exceeds 66°.

It has also been suggested that an insect may have been trained by
" natural selection " to assume a particular form at 50'^, another at 60^^
another at 70" and so on, and that this may be an element in the
production of dimorphic or trimorphic seasonal forms. •

Are not the results foreshadowed in the above considerations found
in Mr. Merrilield's specimens ? Do not a large percentage of his sjieei-
mens exactly fulfil these conditions"? The colour, the scaling, the
wing membrane in almost all those that are subjected to extremes in
either direction of heat or cold have suffered ; sometimes all three
characters are markedlj'- abnormal in the same specimen.

Now with regard to the direction in which the colour of the imago
will vary according as the pupa is subjected to heat or cold. In the
Introduction to Brit. Nocino' and their Vars., vol. II., pp i-xxiv., I haAO
detailed a large numljcr of facts and experiments with regard to insect
colours and have made suggestions as to their serpience and relation-
ships. Tlie colours of insects are, I take it, largely dependent on three
things : — (1). The pigment in the scales themselves. (2). The shape,.
&c. of the scales (giving rise to the non-pigmentary colours). (3). The
colour of the wing membrane. The relationship of all these must
be considered if we are to get any true idea of the changes which the
colours of insects undergo when exposed to abnormal temperatures, and
there can be no doubt that all three are affected b}' Mr. Merrifield's
treatment.

It follows, from the physiological details enumerated above, that the
colour may be affected in any of these directions. (I). The pigment
may fail in whole or in part. In this case the ground colour of the base-
ment membrane of the scale itself maj' replace the ordinary colour ;

THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 315

then, if the membrane of the scale be pale, it would account for the
gi-eater number of cases in which small areas of the wing become pale.
Conversely darker patches might be produced if the ground colour of
the scale membrane be darker than the pigment displaced. (2). The
scales may be imperfectly developed or fewer scales than usual may be
produced. The former condition would greatly affect non-pigmentary
colours, i.e., those that are due to striations on the scales, &c. ; the
latter would affect the colour by allowing the basement membrane of
the wing to appear to a much greater extent than usual, and would lead
to an increase of pale or dark coloration, according as the basement
membrane of the wing was paler or darker than the scales. Under this
head, too, would come those cases where there are two (or more) sets of
scales, one set longer than the other and usually more or less covering
them. The normal colour would then be affected by the increased
conspicuousness of the shorter scales. This phase is shown remarkably
in the cases of such insects as Cmpidia psi, Tcmiocampa miniosa, &c.,
which become quite dark as they get worn, the shorter scales, which
become exposed by the rubbing off of the longer, being in each instance
darker than the latter. (3). The colour of the wing membrane. In-
dependently of the scales, a very large proportion of the colour is due
to the membrane of the wing itself. Any failure of coloration in the
wing membranes must therefore result in an alteration of colour in the
same way as must happen when the pigment in the scales fail.

That excessive cold sometimes produces dark coloured specimens
appears to be simply a fortuitous circumstance, for whilst the specimens
of Vanessa poJi/chloros exhibited became darker by the application of a
low temperature, the dark brown-black specimens of Araschnia levana
var. prorsa (summer brood) reverted to the paler fulvous form (levana
type) which occurs as the spring brood. This is exactly what might
have l)een expected, for the failure of pigment in the genus Vanessa
appears always to throw up conspicuously the darker ground colour of
the wings, whilst in A. levana the reduction of the intense black-
brown of prorsa to the fulvous colour in levana is exactly in accordance
Avith the genetic sequence suggested in Vars. of Brit. Noctuce, vol. II.,
pp. xii-xiii.

'TjiE jii^i'oi^y OF BiJi'i'Ei^FLy GL^^^iFie^i'iorl.

By F. J. BUCKELL, MB.

The history of butterfly classification and of the origin and varying
application of generic names is a subject quite large enough for one
evening's consideration and one that presents not a few points of in-
terest. It may conduce to lucidity, if at the outset I define the sense
in which, throughout this paper, certain terms will be employed. I
shall speak of Papilionids as comprehending Swallow-tails, Whites and
Yellows ; of Nymphalids as inclusive of Nymphs and Satyrs, Nymphs
consisting of Fritillaries and Vanessas with the White Admiral and
Purple Emperor, while Satyrs will include the Marbled White, the
Meadow Browns and their kindred ; lastly Lycfx?nids will be used as
embracing Hair Streaks, Blues and Coppers.

Linnaius is again our starting-point. At first he included the
whole of the Lepidoptera under the generic desigTiation Fapilio, but

316 THE entomologist's record.

afterwards restricted tlie use of this name to the Luttertlies. Tlie
great Professor soon recognised the necessity of dividing these into
gi'oups, but made several attempts before he reached his final con-
clusions. In the second edition of the Systevia Naiune (1740) he placed
first, and by themselves, those butterflies which have only four legs
(Nymphalids), the rest he distributed among four groups according to
the character of the wings. In the Fauna Suecica (1746) he only made
two groups, the first composed of those which had foiu" serviceable legs,
the other of those with six. Two years later, in the sixth edition of
the Systema, he divided each of these groups into two according as
their wings were angled or rounded. In all these earlier attempts the
Nymphalids are placed first, but when we come to the tenth edition
(1758) in which his final conclusions are embodied they have given
jilace to the Papilionids. In this last-mentioned work Linnauis divided
the genus Papilio into five groups, which correspond, to a large extent,
with those which in later times have received the designation of
families, basing his classification upon superficial characters furnished
by the imago. First came Eqiutes, consisting entirely of the Swallow-
tails and their allies, and sub-divided into Troes and Achivi ; next
followed Heliconii in which the only British species are crata'gi and the
doubtfully indigenous apollo ; then Danai, sub-divided into Candidi
containing the Whites and Yellows, and Festivi, the only indigenous
species in which is hyperanthus ; next came Nymphnles, sub-divided
into Gemmati containing the remaining Satyrs as Avell as io, cardui and
iris, and Plialcrati containing the rest of the Nymphs ; the last gTouj)
was called Fleheii and was sub-divided into Eurales, constituted of
Lyceenids, and Urhicolce of Skippers. It is interesting to note thus
early the separation of cratcegi from the other Whites, and of liyperan-
this from the Satyrs.

Already however, in his English Moths and Butterflies published in
1749, Benj. Wilkes had propounded a classification of Lepidoptera, based
upon the larva?. He placed the butterflies last and divided tliem as
follows: — A. Smooth Caterpillars Avithout protuberances (iiinchaon,
rhamni) ; B. Caterpillars having little hair — 1. Producing round-
winged butterflies (Whites), 2. Producing scalloped-winged butterflies
(Satyrs), 3. Producing butterflies with lai-ge heads and bodies (Skipper);
C. Caterpillars armed with spikes, whose jDupa hangs by the tail (Vanessas
and Fritillaries) ; D. Caterpillars shaped like wood-lice (Hair-streaks).
At the end, under the heading " Caterpillars producing butterflies whose
generation is unknown," which I suppose means that he had not found
the larvae, are placed the Blue Argus and the Purple Highflier. In
1762, Geoffroi, of Paris, adopted the two groups of the Fauna Suecica,
but sub-divided the former into three, as follows : — A. Species with a
spiny larva and angulated wings (Vanessas) ; B. Species with a spiny
larva and rounded wings (Fritillaries) ; C. Species with a smooth larva
and with the front wings of the imago short but not tippet-like
(Satyrs).

Moses Harris was the first to give generic value and generic names
to the gi-oups into which he divided the British s^iecies. His scheme
of classification was set forth in An Essay preceding a SappAement to the
Aurelian, which is undated, but Avhich, from internal evidence, seems
to have been published about 1775 ; the work, however, never seems to
have become widely known. Taking the neuration of the wings as his

THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 317

basis, he constituted eighteen named genera, and gave a diagram of the
neuration of each. Speaking in the Hght of present opinions, his genera
■are all homogeneous, with the single exception that he did not
differentiate Iticina from the Melitaeas, but, as we shall see, the true
relations of this species remained long unrecognised. In many points
he reached conclusions which were not generally arrived at till long
after ; thus he established separate genera for rhamni, cardamines,
sinapis and cratcegi, and distinguished malixe and f.a(je.'< from the other
skippers. In the Vienna Catalogue (177G) the butterflies are placed
after the moths. The authors of this work based their scheme of
classification on the characters of the larvae. They ci-eated two main
groups, the first coxnjirising the species with ordinary-shaped larvse,
and the second those with woodlouse-shajaed larvae. The first group
was divided into eleven sections, as follows : — 1. Skippers; 2. Apollo;
■3. Swallow-tails; 4. Whites ; 5. Yellows ; 6. Satyrs; 7. Iris; 8. Sibylla;
9. Vanessas ; 10. Argynnes ; 11. Melita^as with lucina. Their second
group was divided into three sections, corresponding to the Coppers,
Blues and Hair-streaks. The entire dissociation of the Skippers from
the Lycaiuids in this scheme is in marked contrast with their close
approximation by Linnteus, whilst the differentiation of the Blues
from the Coppers was not generally adopted till a much later period.
In 1777 Scopoli published An Introdnction to Natural History, in which
he arranged the butterflies in six named classes, many of which were
■divided into sub-classes indicated by letters. His basis was the wing-
markings, but his result was a veritable " reductio ad absurdum " ;
iris and pamphilm are together in one sub-class, machaoii and qaercus in
another, brassicce, antiopa, sibylla and malcce in a third, and rhamni,
argiolus, rubi, phkeas and tages in a fourth. In 1788 with Borkhausen
we return to j^aths of common sense. He created six Hordes or Tribes.
The first of these, corresponding to the Nymj^halids, was divided into
four families, of which the first corresponds to the Vanessas with iris
and sibylla, the second to Argynnis, the third to Melitwa and the fourth
to the Satyrs. The second Horde comprised two families, the first
containing the Swallow-tails, and the second apollo ; his third Horde
contained no European species ; the fourth contained the Whites and
Yellows ; the fifth comprised the Lyca^nids and had three families, one
for the Hair-streaks, another for the Coppers, and a third for the
Blues, which were divided into two lines ; his last Horde was composed
of the Skippers.

With Fabricius we arrive at one of the marked epochs of the
history. In his earlier works he followed the arrangement of Linnajus,
with the exception that he divided Heliconii into two groups, retaining
the name for the first and giving to the second, in which he jjlaced
apollo and cratcegi, the name Parnassii. In 1793 in the Entotnologia
Systematica, however, he made a separate genus for the Lycajnids and
Skippei's, giving to it the name Hesperia ; he also revised the groups of
Papilio and added the group Satyri, in which he placed the Satyrs
together with sibylla and the Melit.-Bas. Before his death he had
prepared a much more elaborate scheme of classification under the title
of Systema Glossatoruin, but it is doubtful whether this was ever
published, and our knowledge of its contents is derived from the
abstract of it which appeared in llligers Magazine in 1807, and of
which there is a translation in The Philosophical Magazine for February,

318 THE entomologist's record.

1830. In it FaLricius created fort^'-one genera, but did not group tliem
into families. A great many of the generic names whicli are in use to-day
had their origin in this Avork. Such are Apatxira, Limenitis, Ci/nthia,
Vanessa, Ilipparchia, Artjt/vnis, Pontia, Col/as, MeJitcea, Lyccma, ThecJa,
Thjmcle and Pauiphlla. The Bh;es and Coppers were united in the
genus Lycci'na, liut the Hair-streaks -were j^Laced in the distinct genus
Thecla. Tlie Skippers were divided into three genera, Thymele con-
taining tayes, and Pamplt'da the remainder of our indigenous species.
Hesperia was now used as the name of a genus the only British species
in which is hoetica. IMeanwhile Schrank, a Bavarian clergyman, had
been moving independently in the same direction. In his Fauna Boica,
published in 1801, he adopted the arrangement and groups of the
Vienna Catalogue, but gathered the latter into five named genera, with
sub-genera indicated by letters. The Skippers he called Eri/nnis ; the
Papilionids Pien's ; the Satyrs (with iris), Manlola ; the Nymphs,.
PapiJio ; and the Lyca?nids, Ciipido.

Latreille, whose influence upon classification has been very greats
next demands our attention, and it is well to bear in mind his intimate
relations with Fabricius. In 1805, he applied to the butterflies as a
whole the name of Diurna and divided them into eight genera, placing the
Nymplialids first under the name Ni/mj/halis. His next genus does not
concern us; then folloAved Danaida (arcJnppns) ; Papilio, ^^'hic\l he Avas
the first to restrict to the Swallow-tails ; Parnassius (apoUo) ; Pieris
(Whites and Yellows) ; Pohjommahis (L^'ca^nids) and Hesjieria (all the
Skippers). Four years later, still maintaining the same arrangement,
he constituted two families which he named Papdionides and Hesperides,
the latter limited to the Skipjiers. He also gave elaborate indications
for the breaking ujj of his larger genera and introduced some of the
Fabrician names, and in addition substituted Danaus, which, in the
Encydopedie 3Iethodiqne, (1819), was altered to Danais, for Danaida..
In the next year (1810), in his Considerations GeneraJes, he completely
altered the arrangement and placed the Pa})ilionids first, followed by
Danaus, the Xymphalids and the Lycasnids, the Skippers remaining at
the end ; to this arrangement he adhered in his later works. In this
work Satyrus ajjpears for the first time as the generic name of the
Satyrs. Jn 1815, in the ninth volume of the Edinburgh Encyclopcedia,
we reach the next British contribution. This was the work of Dr.
Leach, who ultimately became Assistant Keeper of the Natural History
Department of the British Museum. Leach adopted Latreille's second
plan as his model, but in Samouelle's Useful Compendium, ijublished four
years later, the names of the two main grouj^s are changed, on his
authority, into the form to which we are now accustomed as the design-
ation of families PaptilionidiV and Hesperidiv. Pajjdionida' he further
divided into PapiUonida and Lyccenida. In his use of generic names he
followed Fabricius rather than Latreille, but he was the first, after
Harris, to place rliaiuni in a distinct genus, for which he established the
name Gonepteryx.

The year 181G was memorable in the history of classification, having,
witnessed the pviblication of no less than three important contributions
to the subject. One of these Avas by Ochsenheimer, another by a
Swedish doctor named Dalman, and the third, the most important of all,
by Jacob Hiibner. Ochsenheimer did not gi'oup his genera in any Ava}^
His arrangement Avas : — Nymphs, Satyrs, Lycaenids, Papilionids,.

THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 319'

Skippers. He divided the genus Vanessa into three families, placing
cardui and atalanta in A and the rest of our species in B, and although
he still included all the Satyrs in the single genus Hipparchia, he
divided this into families which pretty nearly agree with our present
generic distriljutiou. Dalman, adopting Latreille's two main groups,
divided the first into two unnamed sections ; the first of these com-
prises the Nymphalids, the second the Papilionids and Lyca?nids.
The first section is in two divisions, corresponding with (a) Nymphs,
(b) Satyrs ; the second in three, corresponding Avith (a) Swallow-tails,
(b) Whites and Yellows, (c) Lycaenids, the latter being all included in
the genus ZepJiijrus, which, however, has three named sub-divisions ;
these are Aurotis (Haii'-streaks), Heodes (Coppers with rabi), and
Cyani'ris (Blues), the latter being in two sub-sections. Dalman partly
adopted Fabrician names for his genera, of which there were ten in all,
and partl}^ coined new ones ; of tlie latter, Erebia is the only one that
has come into general use. Hiibner, in his Verzeichniss bekannter
Schinetterlinge went in for a much more extensive creation of genera than
any of his predecessors or contemijoraries. He dealt witli some 1500
species, and as few of his genera contained more than five or six species
it will be evident that the number of them was very great. In the
case of the Satyrs, the eleven species which occur in Britain are
distributed over four families and ten genera. Hiibner's main divisions
were two in number ; Nymphales the ecjuivalent of the Nymphalids,
and Gentiles which included the rest. The Nymphales were divided into
nine, and the Gentiles into six named divisions called Stirpes, and these
were again sub-divided into families. The order of arrangement was :
Nymphs, Satyrs, Lj^ca^nids, Papilionids, Skippers. Hiibner was the
first to recognise the generic distinctness of hicina, for which he created
the genus Hameavis, but he still retained this among the Ni/nijjhales ;
he was also the first to break up the Satyrs, and to him we owe the
names Epinepjliele, Pararge, Arge, Enodia and C(hnonytnpha ; he placed
hyperanthus in a different family from ianira and titJionns, and went
further than Dalman, by establishing the separate genus Chrysop)hanus
for the Coppers ; he also anticipated Stephens b}" ten j-ears in placing
sinapis in a separate genus, to which he gave the name Leptosia. To
Hiibner also we are indebted for the names Pyranieis, Lampidex, Bithys,
Aporia, Euchloe, Nisoniad.es, Pyrgun, Cyclopides and Thymelicus. This
important work was not widely known at the time, and it was a quarter
of a century before it began to exert much influence, and then mostly
in this country, on generic nomenclature. It should he mentioned here
that Scudder gives reasons for thinking that it appeared in parts and
was not completed till 1827.

In 1827, Swainson, in an article in the Philosophical Magazine,
insisted ujjon the importance of taking the characters of the pupa
into account in determining the natural affinities of the Diurna,
and established five families thus arranged : Nyniphalidce, Papilionidie,
Hesperidie, Polyomniatidie (equivalent to the Lyccenida of Leach) and
Heliconidce, the last not containing any British species. In the
following year Horsfield, an American who had formed a fine collection
in Java, published a catalogue of his lej^idoptera. He also divided
his butterflies into five groups which he called Stirpes and
arranged them Lycaenids, Papilionids, Nymphs, Sat^a-s, Skipj^ers. In
1827-8 Stephens in his Illnstrations of British Entomology adopted

320 THE entomologist's kecoed.

Swainson's four families, substituting the name Lycamidce for
the Polyommatida' of that author, and ahering the arrangement to
PapUionidLV, Nymplialidce, Lyccenklce, Hesj^eridce. In the main he used
the same generic names as Leach, but separated crakegi from tlie other
"Whites, adopting Schrank's name Pieris for it ; he united daplidice and
cardamines in the genus Mancipinm, attributing tlie name to Hiibner,
with whose Verzeichniss, however, he was not at that time acquainted.
He created the genera Leucophasia for sinapns, and Nemeobius for lucina,
which, however, he still retained in the NympjliaUdce, restricted Lyccena
to the Coppers and Pohjommatus to the Blues, and adopted the Fabrician
genera for the Skij)j)ers, shifting molvce, however, to Thjmde. 1829
was again a prolific 3'ear, Curtis in this country, Meigen in Germany,
and, more important than either, Boisduval in France, having published
systematic lists therein. Curtis in the main agTeed with Stephens but
did not group the genera into families, and made the Satyrs precede the
Nymphs. He placed hicina, for which he used Hiibner's name Hamearis,
at the end of the Nymphs and adopted one genus only for the Skippers.
The point of interest about Meigen is that he was the first, after
Hiibner, to divide the Satyrs, creating the genus Melanartjia for galathea
and other kindred species, and applying Schrank's name Maniola to the
rest. Boisduval, like Latreille, made several experiments in classifica-
tion ; he was one of those who recognised that a scientific scheme must
be based uj^on a consideration of all the stages of the insect, and not
merely upon the superficial characteristics of the imago. In the Index
Methodicus of 1829, he in the main followed Latreille, making,
however, three main groups instead , of two : — PapUionidi, Nymplialidi
and Hesperidi. In ] 832, he created the genus Steropes into which he
afterwards placed pam'scns. In 1833, he coined the name Rhodocera
for rhamni, rejecting Leach's earlier name on the ground of its simi-
larity to Gonoptera. In the Icones Historiqnes published 1832-4, he
substituted the name RJtopalocera, the Frcncli equivalent of which had
been j^roposed by Dumeril in 1SU6, for the Diurna of Latreille. In
this work he changed the names of his three main groups to Succincti,
Pendidi and Involnti, names derived from the mode of pupation.
Succincti is divided into PapUionidi and Lyccniidi; Penduli into Danaidi,
Nymphalidi and Satyridi ; whilst Involnti is constituted of the single
tribe Hesperidi. As regards generic names, he restricted Polyommatus
to the Coppers, and used Argus for the Blues ; Satyridi was divided
into Arge (galathea), Erehia (jnedea and epiphron) and Satyrus ; in
Hesperidi he created the genera SyricJitus and Thanaos. The first
volume of the Histoire Naturelle (1836), tlie only one published by
Boisduval, marks the establishment of the distinct tribes Pierides and
Erycinides, the latter lieing the first recogiiition of the profoinid difference
between lucind and the insects with which it had hitherto been classed.
In this work also the genus Anthoeharis was created for car(?(ni;/yu's. The
changes introduced in his later work, the Genera et Index 2Iethodicus
(184U), are the creation of the tribe Apaturides, and the substitution of
Lyccena for Arg^ls as the generic name of the Blues ; indications are
also given for the sub-division of many of the genera. Boisdiival nowhere
shows any sign of acquaintance with Hiibner's Verzeichniss. In 1837,
Donzel, a French entomologist, separated cratir-gi from the other Whites,
one of his grounds for so doing being the fact that, whilst in them the
male carried the female during copulation, in crataegi the reverse

THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 321

obtained. He coined the name Leuconea for the separated species.
In 1840, in his Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects,
Westwood adopted the two main divisions of Latreille but renamed
them Nudi and Involuti from their pupal characteristics. Nudi was
divided into five families: I. Papdionidce, sub-divided into Papilionides aud
Pierides ; II. Heliconidce ; HI. Ni/nn)halida^, sub-divided into Nymphalides
and Hipparchiides ; IV. Erycinidce ; V. Lyca'nidce. As regards
generic names, he in the main followed Stephens, but separated cardwi
from the Vanessas under the Fabrician name Cynthia, and used Hiibner's
name Hamearis for lucina. In Westwood and Humphrey's British
Butterflies (1841), Euchloe a,nd Aporia were adojjted, and the Satyrs were
Ijroken up into Arge ; Lasiommata, anew genus created for inegcera and
(egeria ; Hipparchia ; Ccenonympha and Oreina, which replaced the
older Erebia. Chrysophanus was substituted for Lyccena as the generic
name of the Coppers, and the Skippers were thus arranged : Pyrgus
(incdviv). Nisoniades (tages), Cyclopides (paniscus), Pamphila {comma, <&c.)
The influence of Hiibner's Verzeichniss is very evident in this latter
work.

In 1848 Herrich-Schaeffer in his Systematische Bearheitung divided
the Ehopalocera into nine families, which are arranged in the following
order : — Nymphalidie, Danaidoi, Satyridce, Libytheidce, Erycinidie, Fieridce,
Lyccenidce, Papilionidoi, Hesperidce. Tlie Satyridce were broken up into,
the following genera : — Arge, Erebia, Satyrus (semele), Epinephele
(hyperanthus, titlionus, ianira), Coenonympha and Pararge, which he-
spells Pararga (megoira and cegeria). Herrich-Schaeffer included
crataegi with the other whites in Pieris, but placed daplidice in
Anthocharis with cardamines ; he applied Lyccena to the Blues, and
Polyommatus to the Coppers, and placed all the Skippers in the single
genus Hesperia. He was the first to follow Hiibner in placing semele
in a separate genus. There is a later work of Herrich-Schaeffer, the
Prodromus Systematis Lepidop>terorum, in which a much more elaborate
classification is set forth.

In 1844 Duponchel published a Catalogue Methodique des Lepidopteres
d'Europe. He adhered to Latreille's two main gi-oups, but divided the
first into two sections, section 1 comprising the ti'ibes Danaidoe,
Argynnidce, Vanessidce, Libytheidw, Nymphalidce (restricted to Limenitis
and Apatura) and Satyridce ; whilst section 2 was comjiosed of tribes
Papilionidai, Parnassidce, Pieridce, Ehodoceridce, Lyccenidce and Erycinidce.
Duponchel expressed his preference for the characters of the imago as
the basis of classification, and his disagreement with Boisduval's
practice of taking the other stages of the life history into consideration.
It will be noticed that he placed the Nymphalids first. In 1846
Edward Doubleday began, in conjunction with Hewitson, tlie publica-
tion of the Genera of Diurncd Lepidopdera, which was completed after
his death by Westwood, the final part appearing in August, 1852.
Doubleday established fifteen families, of which those containing
British species Avere thus arranged : — Papilionidce, Pieridce, Danaidce,
Nymphalidce, Satyridce, Erycinidce, Lyccenidce, Hesperidce. He separated
c-album from the Vanessas, adoj^ting for it the name Grapta, which had
been given as a generic name to an allied American species by Rev.
Wm. Kirby in 1837 ; atalanta and cardui were placed together in
another genus, to which Hiibner's name Pyrameis was applied. He
followed Westwood in using Chrysophanus for the Coppers, but jjreferred
Lyccena to Polyommatus for the Blues.

OJ^ THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

In 1850 Stepliens, avIio had by that time become acquainted with
Hiibner's Verzeichniss, embodied in The List of the Spechnens of British
Animals in the collection of the British Museum : Part r. Lepidoptera, his
later ideas on the subject of classihcation. He placed Fapiliouidce tirst,
sub-dividing it into Pajv'lionidi, Rhodoceridi and Pieridi ; N[iiaphalida',
Avhich came next, Avas sub-divided into Satyridi, Nyinphalidi (limited to
Limenitis and Apatura), Vanessidi and Argynnidi; then followed Erycinidce,
Lyamidw, Uesperidce. Stephens was the first after Hiibner to place
.hyperanthus in a separate genus, for which he used that author's name
Enodia ; he made many other changes in the limits and designations
of the genera of his earlier work, the influence of the Verzeichniss being-
very patent ; the " resurrection-man " was no bogey to Stephens. 1850
also saw the completion of the first edition of Henry Doubleday's list.
In this no attempt was made to group the genera ; the arrangement is
that set forth by Boisduval in 1840. Two or three alternative generic
names are often given ; if the one that is i:)laced first is to be taken as
Doubleday's choice, then he followed Boisduval with these substitutions :
Gonepteryx for Rhodocera, Chrysophamus for Polyommatus, and Pamphila
for Hesperia.

In 1852 Julius Lederer published in the Proceedings of the Zoologico-
hotanical Society of Vienna an " attempt to arrange the European
lepidoptera in the most natural succession." His arrangement was that
of Boisduval, but he placed the Erycinidce in a distinct group separate
from the other tribes of Boisduval's Succinctie. He also revived the
old Linna^an name Equites in substitution for Papilionida', and included
Apatura among the Nymphalidie. He adopted Herrich-Schaeffer's
generic nomenclature save that he used Hipparchia for galathea,
established a separate genus for panisciis, to which he gave the uncouth
name Carter ocephalus, and replaced daplidice in Pieris. In 1857
Stainton in the Manual followed Stephens' British Museum List with
these differences. He rejected the sub-family Rhodoceridi, placing the
Yellows in Pieridi ; used Anthocharis and not Euchloe ; did not separate
hyperanthus from ianira and tithonus ; and adopted for Skii)pers Thymele,
Thanaos and Steropes in place of the Hiibnerian names used by
Stejjhens, agxeeing, however, with the latter in the use of Pahiphila.
In 1858 Eambur published a Catcdogne of the Lepidoptera of Andalusia,
in which the Rhopalocera weve divided into two tribes, Papilioniens and
Hesperiens. The former was subdivided into eight families, of which
the six that concern us were thus arranged : — Nymphalides, Sutyrides,
Erycinides, Lyco'nides, Pierides and Papilionides. The genernoi Satyr ides
were Arge, Pararga, Llipparchia {ianira and tithonus), Coenonyinpha,
Erehia and Satyrus (semele). Donzel's Leuconea was used for cratce.gi, as
it had been by Duponchel, and several new generic names adopted for
Skij^pers, among them Scelotrix for alveolus, and Heteropterus, a name
taken from Dumeril, for syhanus, &c.

In 1859 the second edition of Henry Doubleday's list appeared ;
this differed considerably from tlie earlier edition. The genera were
now grouped into families which Avere thus arranged: — Papilionidie,
Pieridce, Rhodoceridce, Vanessidce, Nym^phalidce, (limited to Limenitis and
Ajmtura), Satyridce, Lyccenidce, Erycinidce, and Hesperidce. The change
of position of the Lyccenidce is to be noticed. Satyrtis was made to
include a^geria, inegcera, semele, ianira, tithonus and hyperanthus ; Poly-
ommatus was now applied to the Coppers and Lycaaui to the Blues ; for

THE HISTORY OF BUTTERFLY CLASSIFICATION. 323

daviis and j)nm}jhilus what, according to Kirby (E. M. M., viii., p. 42),
was only a MS. name of Guenee's, Chortohius was adojited. I have
never met with this name in any other systematic work, and in his
later supplement Doubleday replaced it by Cceaonympha. In 1861
Staudinger's first catalogue was published, but as there is no substantial
difference, from our present point of view, between it and the second,
it may be passed over. In the same year Bates " of the Amazon "
propounded his views of classification in the Journal of Entomology.
He maintained that the differences between the existing families were
of very unequal value ; that for example the difference between Pieridce.
and Pcqnlionkle was much less than that between either of them and
Hesperidce. He accordingly proposed to constitute five families, and to
subdivide three of them into sub-families witli names ending in ince.
In 1861 he arranged his families thus — Hesperidce, PapUionidoe,
Li/ccenidce, Eryciaidct} and Nymphalidoi. Three years later, in what he
speaks of as a more matured plan, the arrangement is exactly reversed.
He divided Nymphalidce into six sub-families, only three of which,
Danaince, Satyrince and Nymphalinos, contain British representatives ;
Erycintdce into three, and PapiUonidcB into two, Pierince and Papilionince.
In 1867 he recast Erycintdce, and gave to that one of the three sub-
families which contains the solitary indigenous representative of the
family, lucina, the name of Nemeobiince. In 1869 A. G. Butler, in a
Catalocjue of the Insects described by Fabricius contained in the British
Museum, adopted Bates' system, but enlarged the number of sub-
families by dividing Lyccenidce into Lyccenince (Blues and Coppers) and
Theclince. In the Satyrince, semele and hyperanthns are placed together
in the genus Hipparchia but for the latter the sub-generic name Sutyrus is
used ; cegeria and megcera are in separate genera, Pararge being used for
cegeria and Amecera, a name introduced by the author two years
previously, for megcera. Nymphalince is divided into ten groups, of
which only Apaturce, Limenitides, Vanessides and Argynnides have British
representatives. Butler separated boeticns from our other Blues under
the Hiibnerian name Lampides, and used Lyccena for the remainder, and
Chrysophanus for the Coppers ; he divided the Hair-streaks into two
genera, Thecla being applied to qnercus and betuhe, and Bithys, another
Hiibnerian name, to the rest. He followed Westwood in adopting the
Hiibnerian Leptosia in place of Leiicophasia, and used Pamphila
(syleanus), Cyclopides (paniscm), Pyrgus (mcdvce), and Nisoniades
(tages).

The year 1871 brings us to Newman, Staudinger and Kirby. New-
man adopted Boisduval's three main groups founded on the mode of pupa-
tion, but placed the Pendulce, which he called Suspensi, before the Succincti.
He divided his Suspensi into Spinigeri, those with spine-bearing cater-
pillars, and Limaciformes, those with slug shaped caterj^illars ; and his
Succincti into Onisciformes, those with wood-louse shaped caterpillars
and Cylindracei, those with cylindrical larvas. He also changed
Boisduval's name Involuti to Celantes, and combined the Erycinicle and
Lycaenidie in the same natural order. As regards generic names, Grapta
was used iov c-alhum, and Pyrameis for atalanta and cardui ; the Satyrid
genera are — Melanargia (Melanagria), the first instance of the name in
this country; Erebia ; Parage (Pyrarga) ; Satyr us (semele) ; Epinephele ;
and Coenonympha. Polyommatus was applied to the Coppers and Lyccena
to the Blues, bostica being, however, sejjarated under Lampides ;

324 THE entomologist's kecoed.

Bliodocera and Antliocliaris were retained, Aporia used for cratcegi, and
the Skippers all included under Hesperia. Staudinger in the main
followed Lederer, but made the additional family Apaturichx, and
adopted the uniform terminal iche for the names of families. He also
separated cratcegi under Aporia, used Melanargia instead of Arge, and
separated malcce and tages from the other Skippers under the respective
names of Syriclithus and Nii^oniades. Kirby followed Bates, placing
Nymphalidai first, but he substituted the name Lemoniidce for Erycmidoe.
In generic names he made many changes. Including in our survey
his supplement of 1877, we find that he replaced Erebia by Maniola,
used Siityrus for cegeria and megcera, and united semele and liyperanthus
under Hipparchia. He divided the Hair-streaks into two genera
Zepliyrvs (hetuhe M\d qnerciifi) and Thecia, applied i?/(Yg«a to the Coj)pers,
and resuscitated the old Linnaean name Pleheius for the Blues. In
Hesperiida^ he applied Hes^pei-ia to malvce, Nisoniades to tages, Heterojiterus
to palaemon, and separated comma and t-yJranus from tlianmas, lineola and
acto'on, calling the former Pamphihi and the latter Thymelicus.

In 1888-9 Scudder, in the most scientific work on Bhopalocera
which has yet appeared, The BiitterJIies of the Eastern United States
and Canada went at considerable length into the question of classification.
He constituted four families, placing Nymphalidce first, followed by
Lyccenidiv, Papilionidce and Hesperidce. Nymphalid^ was divided into
four sub-families Safyrince, Nymphalinoe, Euploeince (the equivalent of
Bates' Danaincf) and another Lyranidai is in two sub-families
Lemoniince and Lyaenince, the former the equivalent of the older
Erycinidoe, the latter of the Lyccenidce of most authors. Papnlionida? is
divided into Pierince and PapiJionince. The sub-families Nympjhalince,
Lycanino', and Pierino', and the family Hesperida' are further sub-
divided into tribes with names ending in idi.

In his History of our British Bidterjiies, published in 1890, Mr. Dale
adopts Boisduval's system, but arranges the families of the second tribe,
Penduhe, thus : Satyridoe, Danaidoe, Apaturidoi, Nymphalidce. As regards
generic nomenclature ; in the Papilionids he adheres to Doubleday's of
1859, save that he separates cratagi under Aporia ; in Lyccenidce he
uses Chrysophanus for the Coppers, and Polyommatiis for the Blues ; in
Satyridce his genera are Melanargia, Eipparchia, Ccenonympha, and
Erebia ; Eippar'-hia being divided into sub-genera, as follows : —
Lasionimata. (cegeria, megcera) Hipparchia (semele), Satyrus (ianira,
tithonns), Enodia (hyperanthiis) ; his Skipper genera are Cyclopides,
HesjfCria, Syrichthvs, Nisoniades.

The first volume of The Lejmiojytera of the British Islands by C. G.
Barrett, published in its completed form so recently as the spring of the
present year, brings our history up to date. Mr. Barrett adopts the
same nine families as Mr. Dale, but does not group them ; his arrange-
ment is also the same, except that the four families of Mr. Dale's second
tribe are placed in the following order: Apatiiridce, Danaidce, Nyinphalidai,
Satyridce. Mr. Barrett's generic nomenclature is also in the main the
same as that of Mr. Dale, but he separates bcetica and argiades from the
other Blues under the generic name Lyccena, and breaks up Mr. Dale's
Eipparchia inio Satyrus (semele), Pararge (cegeria, megcera), and
Epinephele, including hyperanthns in the latter.

We have now traced the way in which classification has progressed
from the simple system of j^re-Linna^an times to the complex one of

LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION. 325

to-day, and have doubtless felt a thrill of patriotic pride at the impor-
tant contributions of our own countrymen to its development. We
have noted the existence from the earliest times of two conflicting
opinions as to the basis upon which classification should rest, one section
of authors being content with the superficial characteristics of the
imago, whilst another, growing in numbers as knowledge became more
profound and extensive, have insisted that a true scientific basis is alone
to be found in the entire life history. We have seen that considerable
differences of opinion have been manifested as to the order in which
the several groups should be arranged, some regarding the Nijinphalklce,
others the Papilionidoi, as the most highly developed and therefore as
entitled to the post of honour. Most of the authorities have placed the
Lyccenidce between the PapHiovidai and the Ni/mjjhalidte, and there has
been a very general agreement that the Hesperkhe differ profoundly
from the rest, and that of all the Ehopalocera they approach nearest to
the Heterocera. We have also seen the single genus of the earlier
authors sub-divided into the vast host of the later ones. A genus is a
purely artificial creation, and it must needs be that opinions will vary
as to its proper limits, some attaching generic value to much smaller
differences than do others. In this, as in so many other matters^
probably our safest guide will be the old maxim, " medio tutissimus
ibis."

By a country COUSIN.

I have been interested in collecting lepidoptera and in observino-
their habits in the field for many years, but, until last Aveek, I had
never attempted to dive into the mysteries of a sale-room where these
beautiful insects became objects of barter, or to analyse the men who
collected their insects here, in preference to doing so in the field.

However, a big sale was advertised, and I thought I would make a
few observations on the insects sold and on the people who bought them.
When I arrived, some few hours before the sale was advertised to begin,
I found busy people already there, earnestly examining the contents of
the boxes, and ticking off on their catalogues the " lots " for which
they intended bidding. Following the general examj^le, I examined
the insects. Truly this was a grand collection. Rarities ! Is there
such a thing among the British lepidoptera ? Baplidke, 13 specimens;
Lathunia, 20 specimens; Antiopa, 16 specimens; Niohe, Uvo si:>ecim.e-as -,
Ads, 42 specimens; Dispar, 31 specimens. Of course dispar used to
be common, but who captured all these other sjDecimens ? Let me see !
P. daplidice ; among others, there are specimens taken by Mr. Button
and Mr. Edney; niohe, no data given. Were there ever any British
specimens except those sent from Canterbury on which Messrs.
Newman and Doubleday animadverted so strongly? Latlionia, taken
among others by Mr. Parry and Mr. Button, whilst we find Mr.
Wigan and Mr. Parry responsible for some of the V. antiopa. The acis
are apparently without sponsors. Let us pass on to the Heterocera : —
Sphinx lyinaHtri, three specimens ; D. celerio, 10 specimens ; D.
euphorbice, three specimens ; D. lineata, 11 specimens ; Sesia andreni-
forrnis, two specimens ; S. scoliiformis, 14 specimens ; S. asiliformis, five
specimens; Deiopeia ptdchella, eight specimens; Lasiocampa ilicifolia,

326 THE entomologist's record.

10 specimens. Now for those responsible for some of these specimens.
The S. pinastri appear to have no sponsors. Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson
seems responsible for most of the D. celerio and for one of the D.
euphorhice, the other two specimens of the latter being reputed as part
of the original stock bred by Mr. Eaddon from the Braiinton
Burrows larvae. Mr. Hodgkinson is responsible for one of the
D. h'neata, whilst five specimens appear to be without sponsors. No
sponsor a^^pears for the S. andreniformis and the S. scoliiformis, whilst
Mr. Wigan is responsible for one of the S. aslUformis taken in Eomney
Marsh, the same gentleman also being responsible for a D. jmlchella, and
Mr. Bouchard and Mr. Hodgkinson for others. The L. ilicifolia also
have to be taken on trust, no one being apparently responsible for their
■capture. Now we pass to the Geometry, The extinct Cleora viduaria is
represented by 15 specimens ; Boletohia fuliginaria, by four specimens ;
Acidalia herbariata, by three specimens ; A. strigaria, by one specimen ;
Lythria purjmraria, 10 specimens ; Sterrha sacraria, 12 specimens ;
Aplasia ononaria, four specimens ; Eupithecia innotata, six specimens ;
Phibalapteryx polygrammata, 20 specimens. C. viduaria and P. poly-
grammata, having quite recently become extinct, have no sponsors. B.
fidiginaria appears to be much in the same condition, but, strange to say,
A. herbariata is also without friends. Coverdale's specimens are of
course in Mr. Tutt's collection, so these are presumably some of Mr.
Meek's. A. strigaria is placed to Mr. Button's account, so appear to be
all the L. purpuraria ; and he supplied the eggs for some of the S. sacraria.
What a wonderful collector this man must have been ! I was under the
impression that a few of the London collectors knew the neighbourhood
of Gravesend pretty well, but I supj^ose I must have dreamt it. Ah ! Mr.
Rogers, I see, got (S*. sacraria ; Messrs. J. B. Hodgkinson and Bouchard
being responsible for others. Now for A. ononaria, taken by Mr. Piffard
in the Warren. " Good old Warren ! " I've spent some months there,
but never mind, " Good old ononaria !'* The E. innotata haven't a
sponsor, and I believe I found myself saying " Perhaps they are as well
without." I'm getting cynical, I declare ! Now for the Pseudo-
bombyces. Drepana sicula, only 17; D. hicuspis, 13. Ah! G. crenata,
only two. Well, I'm rather disappointed. iV. bicolor, five ; and N.
tritoplms, four specimens. Tritophus, why I really must apologise, but
four specimens, it nearly takes my breath away. Well ! who are the
sponsors here ? D. sicula and D. hicuspis, do very well without. N.
bicolor : Mr. Bouchard one, and four from Mr. Chaiipell from Burnt-
wood. What does that tall gentlemanly-looking man say to his friend
as he looks over my shoulder ? " Chappell's specimens ! Ah ! he
caught eight didn't he ? I wonder how many dozens have been sold
for those eight ! How many were there in Harper's, Shepherd's, and

Vaughan's sales ? Have not B , M , W , and a host of others,

got some of these eight in their cabinets ? Two G. crenata ! Some of
those advertised on the cover of the Entom. a few years ago, I supjjose !
Ah I wasn't that the same year that T. cineraria was planted on the
oaks in the New Porest I Tritophus : one, * near Gravesend.' I wonder
if that is Button's, &c. &c." Well, brothers of the net, you can guess
how this (the tone of it even more than the words themselves) took my
breath away. Now for the Noctu^ : Bryophila algce, two specimens ;
only two ! But by the Holy Turca what's this ? 14 Synia musculosa,
12 L. viteUina, and two L. extranea ; only two ! But here's something
to make up for it, L. l-album, five, and then 10 Laphygma exigua, —

LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION. 327

three from the Messrs. Fenn's collection. I wonder whether the
Messrs. Fenn's collection ever had three exigna, or whether there was
only one in it when it was sold ? P. leucophcca, " fine " says the catalogue.
Luperina gueneei, two ; and L. dumeriU, one, with another doubtful one ;
and then four HydriUa pa/Hsf)v's. Well I'm glad to see some good,
honest, N. suhrosea once again ; 13 of them, eh ! and 11 Cerastis erythro-
■cephala. Then 18 Dianthcecia barrettii. But there are some eye-openers.
Three Hadena satnra, and five H. peregrina, whilst here are some Xylina
conformis " large light var." What does that gentleman say over my
■shoulder ? " Continental type " it sounded like, but I'm not sure ; and
then two X. zinclcenii. What is this ? CuculUa artemisio', and 12 C.
gnaphah'i. Then comes Acontki solan's, four Micra ostrina, three M,
paula, and still further, two Ophiodes lunaris, two Catephia alchymista,
•eight Catocala fraxini, and 14 Madopa salicalis. What is this ? A
Zandognatlia emortualis, and there are four D. ramhurialis, and two A.
catalaunalis. " Only reputed British " says a voice over my shoulder
again. " But that means a few specimens in every one's collection who
is willing to buy," says his companion, " but never mind about that,
these repandalis are pi'obably right." My breath is nearly gone again.
Let us see who are responsible for these. Muscidosa, well I can't find
•out ; vitellina, aj^parently Mr. Rogers ; L. extranea, needs no sponsor,
but l-album, from Mr. Edney. Good old El Dorado ! Good old cathedral
city ! and here's leucophea from the same district. What work Messrs.
Parry, Wigan and Edney jjut in in those glorious years 18G7 to 1872 !
I wonder why the district collapsed so suddenly after the letters in the
Entom. and E.M.M. about our lovely Kent specimens. Gueneei, original
specimens, but how, when and where concerning dumerili? H, palus-
tris, Mr. Woods and Mr. Weaver ; but C. erythrocephala, how, when and
where again ? Satura, without data, well that's too bad, but Mr. Wigan
takes one of the peregrina ; who took the others ? eh ! Ostrina and
paula. Freshwater, Well ! what's that Mr. Hodges doing ? Alchy-
mista, Mr. Harris vouches were taken at Bembridge. Mr. Parry and
Mr. Hodgkinson become responsible for some of the C. fraxini, but rare
Pykalides don't need any sponsors. Well ! I've had a liberal education
during the last few hours. I've been in the fields all my life, but what
odds on Messrs Button, Edney, Wigan and Parry, from 1867 to 1872 ?
What's become of them ? Now let us have a look and listen to the talk
of these deep-thinking scientists, scattered about the room.

Ah ! here's a man I've met out in the woods. Tall and thin, with
bent shoulders, whose appearance suggests the midnight oil and who I
know hasn't money enough to buy. " Come to have a look round,"
he says to me, and then in answer to a query of mine he replies, " Who
are all these people ? I don't know. I've seen some of them before.
Tall, thin old gentleman over there ? Said to have the finest collection
of rarities and varieties in the country, picks them up here chiefly from
old collections which are sold without much advertisement and when
there is but little competition. Two tall men yonder about five-and-
thirty or a little more ? Both got plenty of money. Elder one has a
magnificent collection, one of the best micro collectors in the country,
his younger friend almost as good a man, buying very largely just now.
That strongly built young fellow just joined them ? Yes ! he knows
how to use his strength too ; I saw him once accidentally topple a six-
foot Maori over his head at Blackheath — splendidly keen lepidopterist

328 THE entomologist's record.

for all that I Two middle-aged men chatting yonder '? Yes ! mad on;
varieties l:)oth of them, the one nearest to ns gave fifteen pounds for a
variety of caia once. The elder of the three yonder ? Yes, a great
friend of mine. Probably come to buy some of the things back which
were sold in his OAvn collection years ago. Two rather short men ?
They are the main supporters of one of the London societies and the
dark haired good-natured looking fellow yonder does the same for an
opposition society. The men in 3'onder corner ? They're the pro-
fessional element. Buy on commission for some of our rich collectors.
That one probably has a commission from one of the Kothschilds."

But the sale begins — A. cratccgt are worth money in spite of the
foreign influx ; P. daplidice, a pair including one from Mr. Button fetch
£2 12s. 6d., whilst another pair including one from Mr. Parry fetch
£1 7s. 6d., so they vary in price. It does not seem to matter who
captured latJionia, they fetch nearly a pound a pair, whilst antiopa
averages about £1 apiece, although a pair including one of Mr. Wigan's^
goes for a pound. Then come C. dispar 18 specimens, which fetch £80,
the highest prices being, for males £6 10s., £5 15s., and £5, for
females £6 10s., £6, £5 15s., £5 5s., whilst the lowest price is £2 10s.,.
for an underside ; 40 P. acis produce £17 10s., whilst four vars. of
A. euphrosyne produce £3 15s., two others £5, a nearly black
M. athalia, £2 15s. ; two nearly black L. sibi/Ua, £1 15s. each, and a
banded L. megcera, £3. The rare Sphinges, considering the loads they
must be on the men's minds Avho buy them with all their doubts and
imperfections, fetch remarkable prices, the extreme point of reckless-
enthusiasm (Please forgive this expression of feeling. — Ed.)
being reached when £6 16s. 6d, is given for one, and £6 Gs. for a
second specimen of D. enpliorhice because they were reputed to have
come from Mr. Kaddon, a drop to £3 13s. 6d., the price given for a third,
being apparently the market appreciation between the veracity of the
latter gentleman and that of a Mr. Dewhirst. Then comes £1 15s. for a
lineata, and to cap this £2 2s. for two »S'. asilifonnis, one of which is the
Komney Marsh specimen. Whew ! What's that old proverb about the
parting of a certain class of peojDle and their money ? A little
variation on the appreciation of veracity occurs again with D.pidchellay
and then comes £10 for a black domhiula ; varieties of A. caia, A. villica,
&c. produce spirited competition, £4 15s. for two villica vars. and
£2 5s. for a caia being the highest prices ; L. ccenosa appears to be
valued at about 25s. per pair, and L. Uicifolia at £3 10s. for four.
Cleora viduaria produces three guineas for four, and I wonder whether
it was the one herbariata or the one osseata that produced £1. All the
lots Avith circellata went up very high, but Mr. Button's strigaria and
53 other specimens went for 6s. Fie ! you bidders, who give pounds,.
(£2 12s. 6d.) for Mr. Button's daplidice and Mr. Button's latlionia ; but
worse follows, for three of Mr. Button's purpuraria and three sacraria,
bred from eggs obtained from that gentleman, go for nine shillings.
How are the mighty fallen ! The four ononaria fetch a sovereign.
This allows a large margin for conscience as I suj^pose a genuine
British ononaria would be unique. Polygrammata go as high as £2 15s.
for four, whilst C. fluviata and lapidata fetch very little more than a
shilling each. D. sicula goes up to £1 for three, and D. hicttsjns £1 4s.
per pair ; but poor crenata has very shaky bona fides and gets down to
5s. for a specimen, probably about ten times the first cost. Under the'

LEAD ITS NOT INTO TEMPTATION. 329

circumstances 24s., 45s., 19s., 32s. 6cl., 50s. for single specimens of
bicolor, and 24s., 30s., 12s. and 14s. for tr/'tophus were prices as high as
could be expected, the 12 shilling tritophus being the Gravesend
specimen. The musculosa fetched some marvellous prices considering
all things, forty shillings as a rule for a pair of these and a pair of
vltellina. Fourteen vmsculosa in one collection in Britain ! I've hardly-
got over it yet. But if musculosa, 40s., what price l-alhum ? Eight
shillings, including 38 specimens of L. stra/ninea, T. elymi, &g. Oh !
ye buyers, why this thusness ? Why is l-alhum thus shady and not
musculosa ? L. exigua, £1 15s. for a pair, but poor P. leucophcea is imder
the cloud of l-alhum and eight shillings buys three. Now comes a
fresh lot of C. dispar : males go again at £4 15s., £5, £5 5s., £5,
£4 10s., and £5 5s. apiece ; females at £5 10s., and £5 ; a total of
£o6 for 13 specimens. Then £2 15s. for a gueneei, £3 for another,
£] 15s. for a,dumerili, and 10s. for a pair oi palustris. A. ciuerea fails to
fetch Is. apiece, whilst eight A. agathina, seven ohelisca, eight var.
aqtiilina with 30 other specimens go at a little above Id. each. The price
of N. suhrosea (good, honest old subrosea) still goes up — £6 6s., £5 5s.,
£4 10s., £3 5s., £2 5s. and £2 were given for pairs according to
condition, whilst excellent sohrina and neglecta found purchasers at
about 2d. each. Erythrocephnla varied from £1 to 8s. per pair, whilst
D. harrettu, in good condition, fetched about 7s. 6d. each, and
P. nigrocincta, 4s. Another test of veracity appears on the scene, and
satura and peregrina with about 30 other specimens go for 6s. a lot.
Very good price too for British peregrina. Poor peregrina ! evidently
the wanderer finds no rest for the sole of his foot in our island even
when " received alive " is added to it. X. conforrnis, £1 for four, and
X. zinckenii £1 10s. and £1 12s. 6d. for two specimens are eclipsed by
C. artemisice, which evaded Mr. Burney's eagle eye and was marked
•" very rare, the specimen was found in a series of absintkii and
had been overlooked by Mr. Burney." Delightful overlook — £2 !
C. gnaphalii, a pound a pair, and £1 10s. for an Acontia Solaris. Plusia
bractea keeps up its price well, but what's wrong? Poor lunaris, joins
purpuraria, peregrina, ifcc. Eight shillings buys a British lunaris and a
series of craccce and pastinum ; but, mirabile dictu ! alclujmista, £2 5s.
and £2 for single specimens amaze one. The fraxini vary from
£1 12s. 6d. to £1 a pair, the latter from Messrs. Hodgkinson and
Parry. Salicalis, a big lot of insects with five of these for half-a-
sovereign, and another big lot of moths with emortualis, 6s. ; ramhurialis,
10s. per pair, but the rare lupulinalis with 72 other moths fetches only
7s. Poor lupulinalis! Poorer ostrinal Poorest pa?</a .' To go in 5s. lots,
why even catalaunalis reaches eight shilling lots. Well I why is it ?
The same collectors got some of these that got some of the high-priced
Sphinges and butterflies. But here are some good honest-looking
repandalis, "bred from Verbascum at Torquay," £1 Is. to £1 6s. each
these are worth. Are they ? I'm surely dreaming. My companion
nudges me. The sale is over. I start suddenly but I still dream.
I'm a poor man, but as I walk out of the sale room I offer up an
•earnest prayer, "Lead us not into temptation," and as it passes my lips
my companion whispers, " And half these buyers are lawyers." [The
sale here referred to occupied two days. Probably the bewildered state
■of mind which our correspondent got into on the first day, led him to
forget the fact that there was a break. — Ed.].

330 THE entomologist's record.

guRRENT NOTES.

It is Avith the greatest regi'et that we hear that oiir respected con-
temporary The British Naturalist, ceases with the present number. It is
much to be regretted that some self-denying naturalist cannot see his
way clear to help the Editor in its continuance, especiall}^ if it were to^
revert to its old jiaths as a magazine of " general " natural history.

Mr. Ealph C. Bradley describes (E.3I.M.) the following Diptera as
new to Britain, viz. : — Dactylolahis gracilipes, Lw. ; Goniomyia jeeunda,
Lw. ; Ephelia varinervis, Zett. ; Clinocera lanieUafa, Lw., Didea fasciata^
Macq.

The number of an entire batch of ova of Zeuzera pyrina, is reported
as between 1,000 and 1,100 {Insect Life, vi., p. 40). Dr. G. A. Hankins-
of Toano, Virginia, rejjorts that "On July 17th, the larvas of Leucania
umpunda were in his millet by thousands ; " whilst Professor T. T>. A,
Cockerell, on Aug. 9th, reported the larva3 of the same species near Las
Cruces " in millions," I.e., p. 41.

A paj^er on " Parthenogenesis among Si^iders," by N. Damin, Verh.
d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesell., in Wien, 1893, Band xliii. ; II. Quartal., pp.
204-6, is worthy of attention.

An interesting paper on " The androc(h)onia of Lei^idoptera," with
plates, by Mr. M. B. Thomas, is published in The American Naturalist,.
pp. 1018-1020. A paper on " Animal Intelligence," by Dr. J. Weir, is
to be found in the same number (Nov.), j)p. 933-943.

Another of Dr. Scudder's works (a companion to that reviewed ante,^
J). 260) has come to hand. This is called The Life of a Butterfly, and is
thoroughly interesting. The insect known as Anosia pilexipptus or
Danais archippus, is taken as the text on which a number of elementary
chapters on insect life in general are built w\). To those who do not know
all tliat they yet wish to learn about butterflies, we would recommend
the purchase of this interesting little work from Messrs. Henry Holt
and Co., Kew York, U.S.A.

We Avould direct the attention of our readers to the fact that the
price of Eandoin llccollections of Woodland, Fen and LLiJl, has been
reduced to Three Shillings, in order to bring the book within the range
of every entomologist and general naturalist.

goTES ON COLLECTING, Etc.

I^etrospectj of a Lspidopterist for 1S93.

The year of grace 1893 will be handed down as an annus mirahilis-
by meteorologists rather than l^y lepidopterists, but to the latter the
glorious weather which has been experienced has been esi^ecially
welcome. We have no huge migrating hordes to record, but a general
abundance of many insects which have been specially well suited by
the high temperature and fine weather. From about February 22nd
to Nov. 16th we have to write of an almost continual summer with
only an occasional break for a few daj'S, whilst for long spells in May
and June, and again in Julj^ and August, the da3'S were so brilliant,,
the sunshine so unbroken, and the rain so entirely absent, that many

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 331

began to wonder whether it would ever rain again, But these long and
continued spells of drought accompanied by heat showed their effect on
vegetation, and the hard condition of the ground undoubtedly
injuriously affected many insects which pupate under the surface. In
the early spring, lepidoptera of almost all kinds were abundant, and the
early dates of appearance of many species will undoubtedly be records
in this direction. This was especially marked among the butterflies,
the large Argynnids appearing in early May instead of July and
August, Limenith sihylla and other conspicuous species being noticeable
almost two months earlier than visual. The autumn Vanessce all
appeared in June and early July, a second brood of most of them
occurring about the usual time of the first brood, the later brood hanging
on in some species even into November. Perhaps the most remarkable
point in connection with this genus was the excessive local abundance of
V. pohjcliloros. The partial second brood of Leucophasia sinajns, which
occasionally occurs in August, was replaced bj'^ a very complete second
brood in June, whilst Papiiio machaon equally early had a very com-
plete second brood in June and July and another partial (third) one in
early September, Although very early, the members of the genus
Thecia were by no means especially abundant, but the ajjpearance of
Chrysophanus pldceas in great numbers this autumn, specimens having
been found in the crowded streets in various parts of London, has been
quite a feature of the season. Among the rarities, a couple of odd
specimens of Pieris daplklice are recorded. Mr. Buckler proved con-
clusively the inability of this species to stand our climate, and there is
no doubt that the few specimens taken in July and August on our
south-east coast are simply the progeny of an occasional migrant in the
early part of the year. Only one specimen of Vanessa antlopa is recorded.
The occurrence of these odd specimens is inexplicable. That Lyccena avion
appears to be hunted to extermination point in the only haunts left to it
in these Islands is very regrettable. Why don't those people who hunt
butterflies to the verge of extinction go to the Alps or some other warmer
region where butterflies are in such abundance that there is no chance of
their extermination ? Perhaps it would hardly be the thing to overlook
the special abundance of the larvte of Apatura iris in the New Forest and
the aj)pearance of the images very early in July this year. Scientific-
ally the most interesting captures perhaps are certain varieties of
Argynnis paphia. In my early days I remember some of our highly-
informed lepidopterists jumping on a friend of mine who hinted that
forms intermediate between typical pjapMa females and var. valezina
were sometimes obtained. However, a most remarkable series of such
specimens was this year got together by Mr. J. A. Clark. It is well
known that certain specimens oi paphia, chiefly males, have a jiale spot
in the centre of each wing, although the cav;se has never been satis-
factorily explained. The females more rarely have it. This year Mr.
Clark has a number of specimens in which these j^ale spots are very
conspicuous, but the most intei'csting point in connection with these is
that some of the specimens have a large area round these spots
distinctly of the valezina colovir, shading off into the normal coloration
round the outer margin of the wing. Still more strange is the fact
that this is not entirely confined to the female specimens, valezina being
distinctly a female aberration. As is usual in years when this species
is so abundant, gynandrous specimens have been captured. The

332 THE entomologist's recorb.

Coliadce of last year appear to have wintered successfully iu a few
instances. Last winter gave the species every chance of doing so both
by its excessive mildness and unprecedented shortness. The conse-
quence is, that sheltered spots of our south and south-east coast produced
a few autumnal specimens this year, but neither species occurred in the
abundance of the previous season. In the Isle of Wight Mr. Moberly
came across a small brood of Melitaa cinxia which, like Lyca-va arion,
is excessively local and restricted to such small areas that a few ignorant
collectors have almost exterminated it as a British species, the cabinets
of almost all collectors who have commenced entomology during the last
ten years having had the gap filled up with this species from the yet
numerous colonies to be found in the Channel Islands. Pyraineis cardui,
in spite of its abundance in 1892 and the exceptionally^ mild winter of
1892-93, has been almost entirely absent during this fine summer, but
Erebia epiphron was found abundantly- both in its English and Scotch
haunts. I often wonder why we have no Irish lepidopterist with, ardour
enough to turn this species up again. A specimen of Polyommatnx bceticns
is recorded, whilst Cycloptdes paloemon appears to have beenfairly abundant
in Lincolnshire.

Turning to the Eeterocera, very few of the rarer Sj^hhigkla; have
been captured. Aclierontia atropos \vas not uncommon in the larval
stage in the Midlands. Sphinx convolcnli has been rare, and with the
exce^jtion of half a dozen S. pinastri the other rare species have been
almost a blank. It came to my knowledge that Continental pupaj and
imagines of two of our rarest Sphinges had been bought in large
quantities, whilst at the same time queries from various parts of the
country relating to offers of exchange of these species as British also
came to hand. This necessitated the attention of collectors being called
to the matter. Macroglossa hombyl/fornf/s occurred in more than its usual
abundance in the neighbourhood of the New Forest very carl}^ in the
year, whilst the professional collectors in Scotland have between them
bred and captured several dozens of Sesia scoliiformis, another proof
that unless we are on the geographical limits of species, the rarity of
most of them is apparent rather than real. Zygcmia pnlosdkv and Z.
exidans have also ceased to be the rarities they once were, although the
long series required now-a-days by mrfny collectors makes them ^-aluable
in exchange. The Warrington collectors have again taken specimens
of the interesting form of L. complana known as sericea. CallimorpJia
her a has been bred this year, and also caught at large in its favoured
haunts in Devon. Perhaps the most important event of the year has
been the domestication of S. Inbricipeda var. zutima. This has been for
some years on the British list on the strength of an old figure of
Stephens, and some years ago at the sale of a well-known British
collection, a long series was disposed of which were generally su})posed
to have come from Heligoland. A short time ago, Mr. Harrison of
Barnsley bred siDecimens of hdn-icipida from pupa? received 23artly
from Hornsey and partly from Grimsby. From a pupa supposed to
have been sent witli the former lot he bred a specimen of zatimn,
and crossing this with a Grimsby specimen, obtained man 3^ examples both
of the extreme form as well as intermediates. Mr, Harrison at once very
generously distributed imagines and placed eggs at the disposal of many
of our leading lepidopterists. It appears almost impossible, however,
that Mr. Harrison bred his specimen of zatlma from the Hornsey

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC.

333

jDuiDEe. There is no tendency in the district to vary in any way,
and Mr. Riches (the reputed captor) brought to me a large number
of specimens (a most normal lot), to see if there was anything
among them like zatiiaa. Again zatiina is rather a local race than a
chance aberration and, except for domesticated specimens, is very rare on
the Continent. I can only suppose that Mr. Harrison's pupfe got
inadvertently mixed,and that the specimen was bred from a Grimsby pupa.
Assuming the latter to be the case there are two suppositions open as to
the origin of the specimen from which long series have now been
supplied to our cabinets, viz.: — (1) The production of the specimen on the
spot from a regular native or migrating parent, or (2) The production of
the specimen from an " escape." With regard to its having been
■developed from a "regular native " we have to bear in mind, that on
the Continent this is never a chance aberration but a local race occurring
somewhat rarely, but not usually with the ordinary form in the few
localities in which it occurs at all. With regard to its being a migrant
we have the evidence of the powerful flight of the species, and the
frequency with which it is attracted by light, as well as the immense
size of the first brood which Mr, Harrison produced, the specimens being
almost double the ordinary size ; whilst with regard to its being the
progeny of an " escape " I have the evidence of having seen in a London
lepidopterist's collection, a series of this extreme form which had been
bought and which came originally from a Yorkshire collector, having
been bred there the year that Mr. Harrison's specimen was bred. I do not
know that these were sent out as British, but the fact remains that some
numbers of this particular variety had been and were being bred in the
country at the time that this specimen was bred. It has lent itself, as on
the Continent, most readily to domestication, and some of our collectors
seem likely to emulate Monsieur Deschange, who has we believe supplied
most of the Continental collections and dealers from his tame stock.
Hepkdus humuli var. hetlilandica was again taken in some abundance in
Shetland, whilst Bomhyx tH/oh'i is recorded not only from the Lancashire
coast but also from the New Forest. A few Drepana harpagula appear to
have been bred, whilst Dicranura hiciispis a2Dpears to have again been taken
somewhat sparingly. One species previously only reputed as British has
obtained another entry. The record is made in a somewhat off-hand
way, by introducing the capture of two specimens of Naclia ancilla in
Oalway without date or captor's name, in Mr. Kane's " List of Irish
lepidoptera " now appearing in The Eatomologist. A species which has
such slender grounds for being considered British, should certainly have
a great deal more said about its reputed capture. Among the Noctu^ a
few startling things have occurred. A hybrid race between Cymatophora
or and C. octdaris is perhaps the most remarkable. Leucania vitellma in
the New Forest and at Freshwater, as also L. alhipundn in the Isle of
Wight are recorded. Taplaoatola concolor appears regularly enough
now, whilst Nonagria sparganii although not recorded in the magazines
appears to be getting pretty generally into all London cabinets. Of
Pachetra leucopJuea and Ceraatis erythrocephala, I said my say in the
last No. of The Ent. Record, etc. Of Caradrina super stes a solitary British
record this year is made by Mr. Prout at Sandown (Isle of Wight),
although Mr. Hodges records it as abundant in the Channel Islands. The
next important item is the breeding of a large number of Dasycampa
rubiginea by Dr. Riding, and the abundance of Xanthia gdrago about

334: THE entomologist's RECORD.

Eeacling. Tetliea rehisa and Calymnia pyralina appear rarer than ever^
whilst Polia xaniliomista, Dianthosda luteago var. barretti and D. ccusla^
appear to be obtained regularly by the Isle of Man and Howth workers.
Cry modes exulis. as usual fell to the Shetland workers, whilst the Scotch
Anurias, favoured by the fine weather, were more than usually abundant.
Mention must also be made of the breeding of a large number of
Plnsia moneta from pupje obtained in Kent. One of the most remark-
able records during the j^ear was the cai^ture of a specimen of Catocala
electa during the previous autumn at Corfe Castle.

The GeometRxE were, in the sjoring and early summer, excessively
abundant, and we cannot do more than mention the chief things. An
abundance of Boarmia roboraria in the New Forest, the breeding
of a large number of B. repandata var. conversaria and of Pltorodesina
smaragdaria may be mentioned, so also may the capture of the Highland
species, Psodos trepidaria, Fidonia carbonaria, Halias brunncata, Larentia
flaridnctata, EmineJesia ericefata, E. adcvquata, Eupithecia helceticaria
with its var. arceuthata, and Phibalapteryx lapidata, some in very con-
siderable abundance. The best thing of the year in this family, how-
ever, has been a fine series oiAcidalia hiuniliata which Mr. Hodges captured
in the Isle of Wight. Eumours of the circellata form of ^4. straininata
occurring again are softly whisj^ered, whilst still more faint is the
breath that tells us that C/daria reticulata has occurred not uncommonly
in its old haunts. A magnificent series of Melanthia rubiginata var. plwn-
bata were taken in the Western Highlands, but of Camptogramma Jinviata
there is not a record again this year. Of the Deltoides there is no rarity
to record, whilst among the Pyralides the capture of several Scopida
decrepitalis on the shores of Loch Long, a more than ordinary abundance-
of Spilodes cinctalis in Kent, and the capture oi Ebidea stachydalis in the
same county are worthy of record. Among the Crambi the energy of
the professionals in Scotland has brought Crambus ericeUns, C. furcatellus
and C. myelins into decided prominence. I have heard of nothing
special among the Phycitida' except the capture of rather more specimens,
than usual of Epischnia banlcesiella, nor among the Pterophorina. Of
the ToRTRicES, Tortrix piccana has not been uncommon, and most of
our local Scotch species have occurred somewhat abundantly. The
capture of both StcganopAycha stdtsequanaWLidiS.pygriKxana at King's Lynn,
reflects great credit on a good lepidopterist, whilst the rare Betinias
can hardly be called rare any longer. Halonota raimlana Avas recorded,
from Folkestone and King's Lynn. We have heard nothing of the-
rare Sfigmonotas recently, dorsana, legnininana, ■pallifrontana, &c. but
Mr. Thurnall has unearthed Dichrorhainpha alpestrana, a species likely
to prove not uncommon in our southern counties, and Mr. W. H. B..
Fletcher found Grapholitha gemmiferana in Hampshire. Among the-
PsYcniD.?:, the regular capture of Psyche reticella by Mr. Whittle now
seems assured. Tinea simpliciella has been reported as occurring not at
all rarely in Kent, whilst Mr. Kichardson distinguishes Blaboplianes
heringi from B. ferrnginella. A si)ecies of Depressaria which I named
provisionally aurantiella, was at once detected in his collection by Mr..
J. Jenner Weir. Mr. Nelson Richardson has described a new Gelecliia
under the name of Lita suadella, whilst Mr. Barrett adds another
to the British list, in Bryotropha figulilella, and Dr. Corbett a new
Lithocolletis under the name of cerasicolella, but very little else of im-
jDortance appears to have been recorded.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 335

Short papers of scientific interest to lepidopterists are about as
numerous as usual. The first place, scientifically, must be given to Dr,
Chapman for his paper on " The pupa3 of Heterocerous Lepidoptera "'
(Trans. Enf. Soc. Lond.); "Notes on Stauropus fagi" (Ent. Eecord) by
Mr. Bayne ; " The Genus Xnnth'ia " {Eat. Becord) ; '* The Variation of
Papilio macliaon " {Ent. Eecord) liy Mr. Farren ; " Experiments in
hybridising Burnet moths" {E.3L3L) by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher;
" Specific Nomenclature " {Ent. Record) by Dr. Buckell ; " On a
Lepidopterous pupa with functionary active mandibles " (Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond.) by Dr. Chapman ; " Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ire-
land " (Entom.) by Mr. W. F. de V. Kane ; " On the earlier stages of the
Nepticulaj" (E.M.M.) by Dr. Wood; "The History of Butterfly
Classification " (Ent. Bee.) by Dr. Buckell ; " Variation in Vanessa
atalanta and V. cardui" (Entom.) by Mr. South, whilst the same
author's " Spilosoma Inhricipeda var. zatima " was entirely marred and
rendered abortive by the supposition that the variety of this species-
called by the Yorkshire lepidopterists, rndiata, was in reality the extreme
form ; " The effects of temperature in the pupal stage on the colouring
of Pieris napi, Vanessa atalanta, Chrysoplianns phhvas and Epliyra
punctaria " {Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.) by Mr. F. Merrifield ; " On the
phylogenetic significance of the variations produced by differences of
temperature in Vanessa atalanta " (Trans. Ent. Soc. London) by Dr.
Dixey. Dr. Chapman's paper " On the Larva of Arctia caia " (Ent.
Becord) is now in coarse of publication.

Some very remarkable contributions to science (?) have appeared
during the course of the year, of which probably the ' decoy ' article
in The Entomologist, and ' Notes on the Synonymy of British butterflies ^
in The British Naturalist, are the most noteworthy. It is also perhaps
time to consider how far certain papers are suitable for Magazines, on
account of their length and the period of time over which they are
necessarily spread. As examples, I may instance my own " Monogi'aph
of the British Pterophorina " in The British Naturalist, which has been
some years in process of publication, and of which the first part will be
some four or five years behind date by the time the last part is finished.
Mr. W. F. de V. Kane's " Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland,"
now in process of publication in The Entomologist, and which cannot be
finished for some years without ousting other equally important
matter appears to be in a very similar position. Such papers
as these are not altogether unsuitable for Magazine publications
if space could be spared to bring them out in a reasonable time,
but as it cannot under existing conditions, it is evident that they
should be brought out in separate publications. It is generally sup-
posed that lepidopterists will not support the production of separate
publications, and there is perhaps rather too much truth in the matter,
although personally my experience is exactly to the contrary, as
evidenced b}^ the generosity of the entomological public in helping me
to bring oiit my Varieties of the British Noctiue. At any rate, I feel
satisfied that authors of separate papers, such as local lists of importance
with scientific details, monographs of large genera, &c. would do better
to appeal to the entomological puljlic and leave to the magazines more
perishable matter, unless indeed their j^f^pers will not be lessened in
value by slow production, and will be published separately afterwards.

Of individual efforts the first volume of Mr. C. G. Barrett's British

■336 THE entomologist's kecord.

Leindopiera has been completed, so also has the fourth and last volume of
The British Noctuce and their Varieties. I have been repeatedly asked —
Why not bring out an up-to-date volume dealing with the physiological
and philosophical sides of entomology in a popular form, and, as far as
possible, in untechnical language ? After consideration, I set to work
and wrote a series of articles in what I trust may be considered a
popular and readable form, introducing the various physiological
processes connected with lepidoptera in all their stages, and also the
main philosophical questions bearing on lepidoptera noAv before the
entomological public. This is now being published as Random Eecol-
lections of Woodland, Fen and Hill, and this meagi'e list appears to total
the actual appeals made for the support of British lepidopterists. A
miserable show compared Avith the sister sciences.

Probably the Societies have been rather less active during the
current year than usual. The Entomological Society of London
festivated this year, and its meetings are now held on such a variety of
days, that without a member's card in front of one, it is impossible to
remember when the meeting is to be held. Its Transactions, however,
are up to the mark as usual. They contain so much matter too, relating
to British lepidoptera, that no one with any pretence of being considered
a scientific entomologist can possibly do without them. The City of
London Entomological Society under Mr. J, A. Clark, has had a very
successful year, a number of most important scientific papers having
been read at the meetings. Its modest Transactions contain a summary
of its work, and the various papers read are printed in extenso. The
South London Ent. Society has had a most jDlacidand peaceful year, the
meetings have been exceedingly quiet, and papers (with the exception
of notes read with exhibits), conspicuous by their absence. It has how-
ever produced the I'roceedincis for 1890-'91, a very readable volume.
Of the provincial Societies, the Lancashire and Cheshire Ent. Society
and the Birmingham lead the way, whilst those of Cambridge, York,
Penarth, Leicester and Nottingham, occasionally let us know of their
existence, but I have not noticed the publication of any important con-
tributions to entomological science which have been read before them,
except the paper by Mr. Earren previously noted.

Of the magazines the E.M.3I. still receives most of the notes and
articles relating to Di^Dtera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera; The Ento-
mologist appears to have improved considerably, and to have let the
fauna of China and Japan go considerably by the board. The British
Naturalist has been noted this year for Dr. Buckell's strictures on Mr.
Dale's synonymy papers. Whether such papers as those of Mr. Dale
make up for tliose healthy-toned botanical papers by Mr. Soutter, redo-
lent of country lanes and woods, is hardly a matter for our considera-
tion. " Spiders " and " Sphinges " still come slowly on, the information
relating to the latter in many instances, appears only to be brought ujj
to about 1870, the author not being up to date in magazine and other
literature. The Naturalist, The Annals of Scottish Natural History
and The Irish Naturalist ^Ji'ovide us with an occasional important
entomological article.

If the scientific lepidopterist has not startled the world in 1893, at
any rate, the observer and collector alike will look back with pleasure
on a year, the meteorological conditions of which, rarely fall more than
once in the life-time of any individual. — J. W. Tutt. Decemher
1st, 1893.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 337'

Autumnal Collecting at Freshwater. — As indicated in my last
brief notes from the Isle of Wight (ante, p. 253), I was compelled by
circumstances over which I had no control, to leave the lepidoi)tera of
my favourite resort in peace, so far as my own efforts went, during the
w^hole of August and the first week of September. Possibly this may
have been a blessing in disguise, as, during the leisure at my disposal
whilst away from it, I was enabled to secure in Guernsey a long series
of the Caradrina which occurs occasionally at sugar on the cliffs of our
southern coasts, viz., C. superstes, by means of which series, since dis-
tributed in twos and threes amongst our active collectors, I trust that
ere long this species hitherto passed over may be proved to occur else-
where than on Freshwater and Culver cliffs, Avhere my own two and Mr.
L. B. Front's one, British specimens, have respectively been captured.
During the first part of August, Freshwater certainly did not suffer by
my absence, as Mr. Geo. 0. Day spent some little time there, and those
who know the energy of this gentleman, especially when added to
it, must be counted the seductive attractions of " Day's Elixir," will
feel that my absence was fully avenged. Unfortunately, August is not
altogether the best month of the year there, although Mr. Day was fortunate
in securing a magnificent dark (almost black) form of a second brood of
Hadena dentina, and whilst friends of my own continued working with
a perseverance really admirable and worthy of ample reward, yet,
with the exception of a few very fine Agrotis ohelisca, the " bag " of the-
month was more remarkable for quantity than for quality. I was
induced to somewhat hasten my own return to the scene of action by
an old-standing promise to meet my friend Mr. F. J. Hanbury
there so soon as the usual autumnal "good things" were well "under
weigh ; " but an important business engagement unavoidably detained
me, so I had to test the merits of amateur maps and sketches, to
indicate the spots to repay work, against those of a "personally conducted' '
order. Here I must acknowledge the courtesy of Mr. Hanbury in re-
turn, in keeping me well posted up in the lists of captures, and when
as a " capper " on the same I learnt of the important caj^ture of Leucania
vitellina at Brockenhurst in the last week of August, I felt it to be now
or never, and making all arrangements by Avire, I returned at once,
knowing that Freshwater could never be behind, when rarities of the
calibre of vitellina were to be taken in so hackneyed a ground as the
New Forest. My confidence in my old sjDOt was fully justified, although
by the irony of fate, wind and tide so delayed the " fast and powerful "
mail steamer, that the down train at Southampton which I had hoiked
to catch, left before our arrival, and I had the j^leasure of waiting two
hours with visions of vitellina floating before me. It was a perfect
night for collecting, warm and dry, conditions evidently suited to
psychological communication, for ujion my ultimate arrival too late for
action, the prompt reply to my eager question as to what the capture of
the evening had been was " Vitellina, of course ! " Such is fate, but
even fate is powerless before the kind courtesy of the fortunate captor,
Mr. Hanbury, who, upon the capture of a second specimen a few days
later within the same locality, whilst exchanging "grounds" with
myself for the evening, upon a system of mutual assistance which can
be recommended to all entomological friends, veiy generously allowed
the specimen to pass into my own possession, where it now saves from
utter loneliness the specimen captured by myself a few years previously.

338 THE entomologist's becord.

The evening of my return proved also very productive in other
species, Apoorplii/Ia anstralis and Agrotis obelisca shewing up well — the
latter being as usual worn to the extent of about 90 per cent., the
former good. A new and prolific spot for the former species was
discovered by the enterprise and energies of Mr. Hanbury's sons, and
upon another suitable evening I boxed some fifty to sixty fine speci-
mens within less than as many minutes upon a sugared fence, between
11 p.m. and midnight; this species is, I believe, as a rule late in its
visits to the treacle. We were joined and reinforced just before this
period by Mr. A. W. Mera, and during our united stay Freshwater
certainly was worked at night as it never had been before. Owing to the
very limited quantity of ground available for remunerative work the
gi-eatest personal consideration was necessary, and the concord that
should mark all entomologists in field work and which is more to the
front in the field tlian in the study was amply in evidence. Unfortu-
nately, there was a complete absence of Laphygma exigua and other
good things, but an abundance of all that could be reasonably expected.
Epnnda Intnlenta and Calocampa exolela only occurred once, whilst Ancho-
celis lunosa and the usual rank and file of autumnal captures were plentiful.
The virtues of some of the older preparations for treacling were tested,
as Mr. Hanbury has, like Mr. Day, devoted some amount of time and
expense to discovering the best paying mixture, but as he supplied all
our " tins " during our joint stay the NocTu.ffi! were spared the invidious
duty of deciding the point. Agrotis sancia was quite easy to obtain,
but in nothing like the profusion of the preceding autumn. Many
very fine forms of A. segetiim were obtainable, whilst the usual very
late laggards of Gnophos ohsairata visited sugared flower-heads on the
cliffs ; being large, pale and somewhat worn, they arouse constant
suspicions as to their identity, which are, however, I consider, ground-
less. Whatever the results of the September work, no accusation of
Avant of energy can be laid at our doors ; although the evenings were
long and it was necessary to start by 6 p.m., it was rarely before mid-
night that the last captures were made and the different parties would
meet to compare notes on the results of the evening's work, which
were mostly sufiiciently satisfactory to send the satiated captors in a
•comfortable frame of mind to their well and hardly-earned repose. —
Albekt J. Hodges. — November, 1893.

NOTES OF THE SEASON.

Sutton Parle, near Birmiugham. — The season ojjened Avell with
Lyccena argiolus and Thecia ruhi on the Aving at the beginning of April
in greater profusion than usual. Lohojjhora viretata was, I hear,
plentiful, though I did not find it so ; however, I took a variety of this
insect (the only one I have ever seen), in which the median band was
entirely absent, so that both fore wings are of a uniform gi-een. Hadena
glauca seemed a little less scarce than usual, though perhaps it was because
I devoted more time to searching for it on tree trunks and palings ; this
appears to be the only way of obtaining the perfect insect in this
locality. Mr. Home tells me that he took one specimen at sugar in Orkney,
but I have tried here for the last two years without success. According
to Mr. Mutch the Scotch form of H. glauca is decidedly darker than that
from the Midlands. I Avas fortunate enough to obtain ova, and although I
haA'e always understood that the larvfe of the genus Hadena are difficult

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 339

to rear, this species must certainly rank as an exception, for I found it
•quite the easiest of any larva> I have tried ; sleeved on sallow they fed
up rapidly and pupated with only one exception. The larva, in its
■earliest stage of existence, is of a glaucous coloui', changing with every
•skin first to a darker tint of sap-green, then to a rich velvety bistre
brown indeed almost black, until finally it is in its last skin of pale
umber brown with markings of a darker shade ; it is an irritable
larva and lashes out if annoyed or shaken from its food plant.
Towards the middle of August, Nonagria arundinis (typJue) and
Tapinostola fidva put in an ap^jearance, though neither in any numbers.
•Quite the commonest insect in Sutton Park this year was Noctua
dahlii; it absolutely swarmed at heather bloom, which also attracted
Noctua glareosa in goodly numbers ; the lattei', I am told by a corre-
spondent, are of a very j^ale form. Early in September sugar
began to be regularly attended by Xanthia silago and cerago, and
among the latter occurred two good specimens of the var. Jiavescens,
one of an orange tone and the other the very pale yellow form.
On the 4th of September I took a pair of Agrotis ohdisca at sugar ;
this is, I think, quite a new locality for the species. The following
•evening produced a single specimen of Xanthia gdvago, also
a fresh record for the immediate neighbourhood. Agrotis saucia was
an occasional visitor, and of the commoner insects AncJioceh's litura was
the most abundant. Macroglossa stellatarum has been fairly plentiful
here, though not easily caught, but a friend at Bromsgrove, throughout
September, took as many as three and four each evening at light !
On the whole I think the season has been a good one, and I am especially
pleased at having turned up one or two things (new to this district) in
Sutton Park, which I had considered worked out. — P. W. Abbott,
Four Oaks, near Birmingham. November, 1893.

Berlcshire and Oxfordshire. — Part of April and May, the whole of
August, and the greater part of September, I collected in Berkshire in
the neighbourhood of Newbury, the rest of the season being spent in
Oxfordshire. Sallows were well in blossom by the middle of March,
but though the commoner species came well, I took nothing worthy of
note. In April, among many others, I took good series of Panolis
piniperda including a beautiful var. grisea, Hemerophila abruptaria,
Tcphrosia crepusctdaria, Syrichtus malvce, Nisoniades tages, and larvae
of Ellopia prosapiaria (fasciaria). During the first week of May
Nemeophila plantaginis was flying in countless thousands and from ova
obtained then I have reared a second brood. Thecla rubi was just
coming out. On the 7th the first of a number of Sphinx ligustri came
to honeysuckle ; while Ermnelesia albulata was well out by the 11th. I
bred nice series of Dianthoecia carpophaga and Enpithecia venosata from
seeds of Silene collected last year. Many insects came well to light.
On the night of the ] 5th I took between 50 and 60 in my tra]^, in-
cluding some beautiful specimens of Neuria reticulata (saponarice).
Among many others sent from Berks, were Sphinx ligustri, Notodonta
trepida, Agrotis cinerea (1), Grammesia trigrammica (trilinea), Hadena
genistce, H. pisi, H. thalassina, Eurymene dolobraria, Selenia lunaria and
Numeria pulverarta. The first of a good series of Aplecta advena came
to light on May 22nd. Sugar was a total failure. June produced Anticlea
rubidata, Melanippe rivata, 31. procellata, Scotosia vetulata and Acidalia
imitaria among others, by beating; while Nudaria mundana was very

340 THE kntomologist's record.

common at light. Honey-dewed ciirrant bushes attracted numbers of
insects, but sugar was no good. The best taken during July were
lodis vernaria and Macroylossa stellatarvin. Very few came to sugar,,
and not as many as usual to light. With August came a change as
regards sugar, many insects being attracted in good numbers. Among
others, Nodita rhomboidea (30), N. umbrosa, N. baia, N. depuncta (5),
Tripliann fimbria, AiitpJiipyra pyramidea, Cosmia ajffinis, C. di^nis (two
quite fresh si^ecimens on the 15th), Xantliia citrago and Aspjltalia diluta.
Hydnecia micacea and H. nictitans preferred sunflowers to sugar. Light
produced a few Lvperina cefjn'tis, but the moon interfered just as they
began to come plentifully. Netironia ptopidaris was particularly jdentiful
at light in September. I netted two J s this year for the first time
(nothing but males came to the trap). Macroglossa stellatarum was
abundant throughout the month. Early in October I had a fair sj^eci-
men of Xanthia aurcujo sent from Berks, whilst I took one here at xwy..
I noticed second broods of Leucania pjnilens, Mamestra bra.<siccr, and
Agrotis exdamaticnis at sugar. — J. H. D. Beales, Kiddington, Wood-
stock, November, 1893.

Southend. — The following sj^ecies were taken or bred during
the past season in the Southend district: — Hybernia Jeucophcearia
occurred at Eastwood in February ; in March, Tortricodes hyemana,
Anisopteryx cescularia, Diurnea fageUa. The only visitors observed at
the Southend sallows were Tcenioeampa gracilis, stabilis and gothica. In
April a single Tceniocampa mimosa $ , a full-fed larva of Triphcena
fimbria, and specimens of Incurvaria mnscalella, Micropteryx subpurpurella,
nnimacuJeUa, LithocoJIetis cramerella, qnercifoJiella, Heliozele sericiella were
found at Eastwood ; while nearer Southend, Eupithecia piimilata and a
large number of larvae of Ncenia typica were taken. During May
Folyommatus plda'as, Argynnis euphrosyne, Ennychia octomacidata, Viminia
rumicis, I'ltoxopteryx Imidana, Lobesia reliquana, Gracilaria alcliimiellay
Coccyx splendididana, Teleia pnoximeUa, Capua favillaceana, PMoeodes
tetraquetrana, Acidalia remutaria^ Asthena candidata, Euchloe cardamineSy
Veniiia macularia, lodis lactearia, I'echjpogoii barbalis, Penthina prun-
iana, Grapltolitha subocellaua, Harpella geofi'rella, Dasycera oliviereUay
Tortrix ministrana, Elachista rufocinerea, Chrysoclysta aiirifrontella,
Lithocolletis sylveUa, Argynnis selene, Heliaca tenebrata, EphippripJiora
brminichiana, Catoptria ulicetana, Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella, Melanthia
ocellata, Cr ambus pralellus, Melanippe montanata, CcmonympjJia p>amphilus
were taken at Eastwood, and Cilix glaucata, Rumia hdeolata, Melanippe
fluctuata, Pionea forficalis, Hepiahis hqmlinus, Blabophanes rnsticella,
Acidalia subsericeata, Coremia ferrugata, Elachista argentella, Laverna
epilobiella, Ornix anglicella, Lita obsoletella, Pardia tripimctana, Sericoris
lacunana, Agdistis bennetii, Ergatis brizella, Eupcecilia vectisana, Crambus
hortuellus, Eiirrliypjara uriicata, Epliippnplwra trigeminana, Lyccenn icarus,.
Cataclysta lemnata, Sericoris littoralis, Eupcecilia affinitana, Euclidia mi,
and Epichnopjteryx reticella on or near the marshes. Of reticella I was
able to secure a number of fine examj^les and five cases which were
attached to a rather wiry grass (Poa maritima ?) that grows in patches
on the open marsh. This grass furnished all, or nearly all, the
specimens obtained. Just a few were taken among the Plantago and
Atriplex — the latter so common all over the saltings. Here and
there on the marsh I came across a dead j)lant of Aster tripoUum, the
receptacle of which was strikingly like reticella at rest. At Eastwood,.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 341

in June, Cidaria trnncatn, Eue.omiia vr.dulata, Hi/dmcampa iu/nip]>a'<ifn,
Eachromia pnrpurana, Catoptria hypericana, Mehmippe hastata, Aiyji/restlna
mendica and albistria. Sciaplnlachri/santhrma'ia. Penthina c<>rticana. Scopvla
olkalis, Tortrix viridana, Spilodes certicalis, Zandorinatha (jriscalis,
Asthena Ivteata and Adtia degeereUa occurred, while on the marshes as
early as the 2nd of the month, a few almost full-grown larvae of
B. castrensis were found and young broods were common. In this
neighbourhood castrensis is still to be found freely every year in its
rather restricted haunts. In ordinary seasons it seldom happens that
parasites are bred from the larvaj ; but there was an exception this
year, for many of the larvae were destroyed by them. Other insects
found were Camptogramma hilineata, Eiqnthecia oblongata and snhumhrata,
a fine Spilosoma mendica $ , Bucculatrix marithna (abundant), Homaosoma
sinueUa, Leucania pallens, Platyptilia gonodacti/la, Doryphora palmtrella
(among Scirpus maritima), Tinea pellionella, Spilonota trimacidana,
Uropteryx sambucaria, Xanthosetia hamana, Sphaleroptera ictericana,
Scoparia, dabitalis, Platytes cerusellns, Acidalia dimidiata, Cidaria fidvata,
Caradrina morpheus, Crambus cidiiiellus, Scythropia craicegella, Timandra
amataria (worn), Acidalia incanaria, Phtheochroa rugosana, Xylophasia
lithoxylea. Crambus hortuellus, Acidcdia immntata, Macroglossa stellatarum,
cocoons of Zygcena fiUpendulce everywhere, and larvae of Eriogaster
lanestris.

At Eastwood, in July, Asthena candidata, Cerostoma costella, radiatella
(abundant and in great variety), sylvella, Harpipteryx xylostella, Pcedisca
corticana, Cabera pusaria, Rodojjhmi consociella, Hedya ocellana and
dealbana, Pcedisca profundana, Lyccena astrarche, Argynnis adippe,
Pararge viegcera, Melanargia galatca, Mimoeseoptilus plagiodaciylus, the
last beaten out of scabious. Botys fiiscalis, Acidalia trigeminata, Crambus
inquinatellus, Scapula prunalis, Emmelesia alchemillaia, Tortrix unifasciana,
Argyresthia nitidella, Gonepteryx rhamni, Phytoinetra riridaria, Polyom-
viatm phlceas, Ennychia octomaculata, Agrotis suffnsa, Orthotcenia anti-
quana (Stachys sylvatica gi'owing near) occurred, while in Southend
Abraxas grossulariata, Eiqnthecia pumilata and Phibalocera quercana were
taken ; Coleophora argeniida was bred from seeds of A. millefolium ;
Catoptria cemulana var. tripoliana from sea-aster, and candidtdana from
the flowers of sea- wormwood ; Ewpcecilia roseana from Dipsacus. At
Eastwood, in August, Pcecilia nivea, Carpocapsa splendidana, Vanessa
atalanta and Asthena candidata were taken : nearer Southend, Orgyia
antiqna (at rest), Aspilates ochrearia, Eubolia bipiinctaria, Bryophila pierla,
Tortrix costana, Eugonia cpiercinaria, Noctua xanthographa, Miana
bicoloria (a very abundant insect on the marshes), Catoptria aimulana
var. tripoliana and Crambus selaselhis at dusk ; Calyvmia affinis and
trapezina and Pterophorus monodactylus (very variable) at sugar ; Agrotis
segetum, Noctua c-nigrum, Leucania ijallens and impmra at ragwort. I
was fortunate in finding towards the end of the month a large number
of larvje of Phorodesma smaragdaria. In September ragwort yielded
Nomophila noctiiella, Caradrina quadripmnctata and Plusia gamma ; sugar,
N. noctuella, Phlogopthora meticulosa, Agrotis puta, Xanthiafidvago (cerago),
and gilcago (3 only), Agrotis segetum and suffusa, Depressaria arenella,
Xanthia circellaris, Hypena proboscidcdis, Agrotis saucia, Ajjamea didyma,
Triphoina comes, Anchocelis litura, pistacina, Triphcena pronuba, Anchocelis
rujina and Orthosia lota. At light, N. uoctnella (very abundant everywhere)
Crambus gcaicideas ; Neuronia populavis, Hydrccc/a inicacca, Acidalia

342 THE entomologist's record.

warginepunctata and Engonia fnscavtaria . To take moths at light I used
one of Watkins and Doncaster's lamp nets — a useful addition to the
api^aratus of any collector who pays attention to the lepidoptera of
street lamps. In October, Chesias spartiata was taken at rest ; Euholia
cervinata and Himera pennaria at light, and Scopelosoma satellitia, (krastis
vaccina and spadiceo, Depressaria subpjropinqnella and Oporahia dihitata
at sugar. The only new visitors at sugar in November were Chematobia
hrnmata and Calocampa exolcta. — F. G. Whittle, 5, Princes Street,
E.G. December 2nd, 1893.

East Devon. — A glance back at the season of 1893 may show a
few points worth noting, due to its continuous mild temperature
and unusual dryness, which brought us here nearly to a water famine.
Many sallows were in full bloom by the first week of March and were
almost all over by the end of the month, but the Tieniocampa' and other
early moths were, for the most jjart, only out in breeding cages, so our
sallow captures were jjoor and my best insect was a hybeniated Xylina
socia. The May insects I was breeding, such as Epione advenaria,
Ephyra porata, Cldaria sllaceata, E. omicronaria, Smerinthus tilta', ike,
emerged in March and the beginning of April, and many of the
summer and early autumn insects were ante-dated by five or six
weeks, so that their freshness was gone when taken on the wing.
Eggs, too, hatched early, and the young larvas of Dasycanrpa rnb/'ginea,
Xanthia atirago, and othei's came out in the middle of March instead
of waiting till the end of Ajjril or May. Searching at night in the
lanes and hedges gave us larva3 of the usual common Noctuje, several nice
varieties of N. f estiva being bred later on, and best of all, two fine var.
conversaria of Boarmia repandata from larva3 feeding on hawthorn.
During May large numbers of larvte were beaten out in the day time,
especially from the oaks, some of the best being those of Asphalia
ridens, which occurred in several different places, showing it to be well
established here. A few wet days set in at the end of May (the last
for a long spell) and scarcely any of the early larva? ^vere to ];)e taken
afterwards. About the middle of March, Amphidasys strataria came
out in the breeding cages, one being a female ; with her I tried
" assembling," and before 9 p.m. a number of males were fluttering
about the cage suspended from the branch of an oak in an open spot.
Within half an hour I had boxed between 20 and 30 fine and some-
what variable males and could have taken many more had I been
disposed. Is not this sudden appearance in large numbers of insects
otherwise unnoticed very curious ? Does it not give us a hint that
when we speak of certain species as being rare or even extinct, it is often
a mistake, and shows rather that our methods of searching and
attraction are at fault ? Though on the look out for strataria for three
years in the usual way, I never found one till my son dug up a iew
13upa3 last autumn, and it is only through his so doing that I am able to say
that the insect breeds here abmidantly. There is such an amount of
foliage and vegetation of all kinds in Devonshire, that it must afford an
immense area for the breeding and shelter of insects, and I cannot but
think that it is probably owing to this that I and others have thought
insects scarce, certainly we very rarely make large bags of anything.
Late in April and early in May, Leucophasia sinap>is was met with
abundantly in its morning flight, between 10 and 12 a.m., along many
of the hedges, and Argynnis cuphrosyne, A. selcnc, Theclarubi, Nisoniades

I

NOTES ON COLLECTING, ETC. 343

tages, Syrichtns malvo', Tephnma bmndular/'a, Venilia macnlaria, Selenia
lunaria, Numeria pulveraria, Heliodes tenehrata, &c., kept turning up in
their usual localities, and later on L/'gdia admtata, Emmelesia decolorata,
Coremia designata, Cidaria silaceata, C. truncata, Dasychira pudihunda,
Grammesia trigrammica and its var. hilinea, Pliisia chri/sitis, P. pulchrifna,
Hadeiia thalasslna, Leucania comma, Mameslra furini, Nemeophila russula,
(two being J s), Bonihi/x ruhi, Hypenodes alb istrig alt's, Notodonta
trrmacula (bred), Eurymene dolohraria (bred) X^c. and then the usual
autumn insects. Five pairs of eyes could not manage to count up a
dozen Agrotis agathina between them, after well searching its home for
several nights in August, and nearly all of these turned up at the end
of the month and had only too evidently seen better days. The form
taken here is very handsome, more or less reddish and larger and
paler than those Scotch insects I have seen. My son took a ? , which
laid a good supply of eggs, and the young larva3 are still feeding on
Scotch heather as well as ling ; they look healthy enough as yet (a few
have moulted a third time), but there is still many a long week before
they can pass the Eubicon, and I shall not feel safe till they have pupated.
Stilbia anoinala was abundant on the heathery slopes of the hills and
wanted, as usual, a sharp eye and hand to catch it during its first flight
just as it got dark. I found an easier way was to wait till between
9 and 10 p.m. when many could be boxed at rest on the top of the
reeds and grasses, tired out. Most of the ? s were spent, but two laid
a few eggs and some larvae are now feeding on the common Poa.
Unfortunately I was somewhat late for the insect in the middle of
August. It must have been out some little time, though it very soon
gets damaged. Noctua castanea var. neglecta also turned up at heather
as usual, but none of the intermediate vars. between it and castanea.
A few Luperina cespitis were taken flying to the lanterns (and in the
moth trap a few ^ s), and one netted by a friend obligingly scattered
several hundred eggs in the pill box as soon as cajjtured, in which act
she had probably been disturbed. The eggs soon changed and have
been for many weeks of a leaden colour and silvery hue, the youno-
larvae evidently only waiting for the first sjjell of warm weather in
early spring to emerge. Tapinostola fulva was also taken freely at rest
in damp places, on reeds and grasses ; all sorts of varieties, occurred
from the unicolorous pale bone coloured form to the large bi'owu
insects with distinctive lines and dots. A few handsomely marked
Charceas graminis were also taken in a similar way.

Some sheltered ivy was in bloom at the end of August, and most
was fully out in September ; but few insects (except bees, wasps and
flies, in the day-time) seemed to visit it. Those that turned up were
the usual company, A. macilenta and vars., Orthosia lota, Orrhodia vaccinU,
0. ligida, Anchocelis pistacina, Agrotis segetum, Miselia oxyacanthcp, with
a few A. saiicia, and best of all, two Xanthia aurago. One of the latter
fortunately, was a ? , and laid a small batch of eggs, or rather scattered
them, on the stems and leaves of beech. Like those I had last year
they soon changed colour, and the young larvas are now hybernating in
their shells. The insects I bred from the larvae of 1892, kept emergino-
from August 21st till the end of September, at many days interval ; 18
in all. I paired two, but though the J s laid a large number of eo-o-s
none were fertile. As the insects came out so irregularly, the ? s were
necessarily kept waiting for the ^ s, and it has occurred to me that the

344 THE entomologist's record.

infertility of the eggs may be due to this. I did not see them mate,
and as the calling of the 5 generally takes place on the first night after
emergence or rarely on the second, it seems as though it might be a
sine qua non to ensure fertility, somewhat analogous to a similar period
with animals. The majority of the specimens bred were vars. virgata
and rutilago, and there was only one of the type. Light was less at-
tractive than in 1892, at least in the autumn, probably on account of
the constantly clear sky and frequent bright moon, in some or other of its
phases. I feel certain there are three essentials at least, for success with
light (trap or otherwise). (1) A commanding out-look ; the more ex-
tensive the better. (2) A powerful light, with no other near to act as a
counter-attraction, whether natural or artificial, moon or lamps, and (3)
Absence of any cold easterly wind. My trap acted well in the spring,
and frequently held 20 to 30 moths in the morning, the best being
Hypslpetes ruherata, Selenia Imiaria and Grammesia trigrammica var.
hilinea, but was a comparative failure in the autumn, though it has
given me a few L. cespit/s, Himera pennaria, Diloha cierideocephala, and
latterly, roecilocam2')a populi.

Sugar was a failure, as usual here, but the myriads of Aphides on all
sorts of trees and plants left so much honey-dew that, this year at least,
it cannot be a matter for surprise. A few Bisulcia Ngnstri, Cahjmnia
affinis and worn C.p«/ra//wi were its best visitors. Apropos of p?/mZma,
I missed it in its freshness, as I did many others owing to their un-
usually eai'ly appearance. It must have been out during the two last
weeks in June and seems to have a short life. I sleeved three worn
females on plum, elm and pear, and fed them, hoping to get eggs, but,
as before, had no success. The insects simply battered themselves
to pieces in a week or ten days. Why is this ? If impregnated,
they would surely remain, as others do, more or less quiet, fulfil
their life-purpose of laying eggs, and then die. Can it he that they do
not pair directly they come out, and that their wild flights in confine-
ment are struggles to escape and seek their mates ? I did not find any
$ s near them, but they were sleeved a little way off their haunts.
However, the idea seems possible, and I should be disposed to test it,
if I have another opportunity, by keeping (^ and $ together.

Another very unusual event, connected with the temperature, has
been the rearing of third broods of Ephyra porata anii Cidaria silaceata.
The 1st brood of both, emerged early in April ; the 2nd, about the
middle and end of June ; and the 3rd, the middle and end of August.
E. porata was, in each case, some days later than C. silaceata, and only
some half-dozen of both the last broods came out, and the remainder
are going over till next year. — W. S. Riding, Buckerell Lodge, near
Honiton. November 2[)th, 1893.

OCIETIES.

City of London Entomological and Natural History Society. —
Tuenday, November 21st, 1893. — Exhibits: — Dr. Buckell, a series of
Ennomos angvlaria, bred from larvae found on lime trees in Kensington
Gardens. The males, with one excej^tion, were of the normal ground
colour, but the females were pale, two of them indeed almost white ;

SOCIETIES. 345

one male was a noteworthy variety, its colour was uniformly umber-
brown of a tint very similar to that of the dark form of HemeropMla
ahrnytaria, the transverse lines and discoidal spots being just perceptible.
In both males and females, the series presented specimens in which
there were no dark markings on the fore-wings, save the usual lines
and spot, and others in which that portion beyond the outer line was
strongly suffused with dark scales, whilst there were forms intermediate
between these extremes. In some specimens the transverse line on the
hind wing was well marked, in others it was hardly perceptible. The
situation of the transverse lines also varied. In a specimen captured
at Hollo way, the distance between the outer line and tlie hind margin,
and between the inner line and the base was very small. Dr. Buckell
also exhibited a specimen of Clianeas graminis, captured at Wimbledon
on August 30th, the ground colour of which was of an olive tint, and
the furcate blotch immediately under the reniform the only white
marking ; three specimens of Oporabia dilutata, bred from pupiB dug
at Sutton Park, near Birmingham, one of which was a distinctly
melanic form with a striking white blotch in the middle of the median
nervure ; a specimen of Epiaephele tithonus, cajjtured at Bookham, in
which the ocellus on the fore-wing had only one pupil. Mr. Clark,
two very dark sj^ecimens of Eanomos aagularia. Mr. Kirby, specimens
of a Noctua received from Berkshire, and intermediate in appearance
between Dasycampa rnbiginca and Orrhodia vaccinii These specimens
led to a discussion, and although the form was quite new to the members
present, the general opinion was that they were varieties of D. riibi-
ginea. Mr. Battley, Orthoda lota, 0. macilenta, Xanthia gilrago,
Hddena protea and Pi/ralis glaucinalis, all from Winchmore Hill,
Mr. Riches, Scojjelosoma satellitia and the red form of Orthopia lota
from Salisbury. Mr. Oldham, a long series of Agroti>i negetum from
Norfolk. Captain Thompson, a dark form of Enbolia cervinaria from
Hornsea, Yorks. Mr. Southey, series of Agrotis j^orphyrea, and
Triphcena inter jecta from Hampstead Heath. The following gentlemen
were then nominated as officers for the coming year : — President and
Treasurer, Mr. J. A. Clark ; Vice-Presidents, Mr. J. W. Tutt and
Dr. F. J. Buckell; Curators, Messrs. Heasler and Smith; Librarians,
Messrs. Gurney and Prout ; Secretaries, Messrs. Nicholson and Battley ;
Council, Messrs. Oldham, Lewcock, Newbery, Hollis and Captain
Thompson.

Dr. Buckell then read his paper on " The History of Butterfly
Classification " {vide ante jj. 315).

Tuesday, 5th December, 1898. — Exhibits: — Dr. Buckell, a series of
Noctua rnbi, bred from a female cajjtured at Wimbledon in August,
these being, therefore, the third brood. The females of this series fol-
lowed the female parent in being almost unicolorous, while the males
had the black dot below the stigmata developed into a wedge-shaped
mark, similar to the claviform of the Agrotidce. Mr. Clark, a variety
of Arctia caia, with the hind wings much suffused with black. Mr.
Hill, Cymatophora oadaris, from WickeL, a female of Lyccena icaruH
with white spots, and a si^ecimen of Vanessa antiopa taken by Mr. Geo.
Turner, at Hythe, Kent, 30th August, 1893. Mr. Battley, series of
Mdanippe montanata, from Hale End and Rugby. He i:)ointed out
that the Hale End specimens had a very dark band on a clear, cream-
coloured ground, whereas the band in the Rugby specimens was much

346 THE entomologist's record.

paler, and the space between tlie band and the hind margin was clouded
with brown. Mr. Oldham, Hninlpeten rnberata, from Cambridgeshire ;
also the melanic form of Hi/bernia leucophcparia, Himera penn<iria $ ,
and a specimen of a dragon fly, Libellnhi qnadrimacidata. Mr. Hill
stated that a specimen of Cafocala fraxini \md been seen on two occa-
sions, on sugar, at Bexhill, the " sugar " l)eing composed of marmalade
and brandy.

The gentlemen nominated at tlio previous meeting, as officers for
1894, were unanimously elected.

The Secretary read the Keport for the past year, from which it ap-
peared that, although the session had been a quiet one, the attendance
and membership roll were both larger than those for 1892.

The President then gave his annual address, which mainly consisted
of a review of the list of London l)irds Avhich he had compiled in con-
nection with the London fauna lists iindertaken by the Society, at the
same time handing to each member present a copy of Mr. Tutt's neAV
book, liandoiii RecoUections of Woodland, Fen and Hill.

Captain Thompson proposed a vote of thanks to the President,
Vice-presidents, and Officers, for their services during the past year.
This was seconded by Mr. Hill, and carried. — A. U. Battley and
J. A. SiMES, Hon. Secretaries.

Entomological Society of London, — November 8th, 1893. — Mr.
Henry Jerome Turner, of 13, Drakefell Road, Hatcham, S.E. ; Mr.
F. W. Urich, of Trinidad, West Indies ; and Mr. John Cooper Webb,
of 32, Henslowe Road, Dulwich, S.E. were elected Fellows of the
Society.

Mr. F. Merrifield exhibited some low temperature forms of Vanessa
aiahvnta, artificially produced, which showed a gi'eat reduction in the
area of the scarlet bands on the wings, and a great increase in
the area of white and bluish markings. Professor E. B. Poulton
described, and illustrated by means of a map, a simple method for
showing the geographical distrilnition of insects in collections. Below
the name-label of the genus and of each species were placed coloured
slips of such a size as to be distinctly visible at a distance, and the
colours, with one exception, corresponded with those made use of in
the map at the beginning of vol. i. of Dr. A. R. Wallace's * Geographical
Distribution of Animals.' The exception referred to was the Palaearctic
Region, which was coloured blue instead of pale brown, as in the
original. Framed maps of the same kind, and coloured in the same
way as the one he exliibited, were to be placed in museums, so as to
be readily seen from various groiips of cabinets. Li these maps the
names of the Regions, and numbers of the Sub-regions, were distinctly
printed, so that they could be read at a considerable distance. Prof.
Poulton added that the method he had described was being gradually
introduced into the Hope Collections at Oxford. Mr. McLachlan stated
that a somewhat similar plan to that described by Prof. Poulton for
showing the geographical distribution of insects, had been adojjted in
the Brussels Museum by Mons. Preudhomme de Borre. Mr. W. F. H.
Blandford, Dr. D. Sharp, Mr. C. J. Gahan, Mr. C. 0. Waterhouse, Mr.
Osbert Salvin, Prof. Poulton and the President continued the discussion.
Dr. Sharp read the following extract from Dr. Livingstone's " Narrative
of an Expedition to the Zambesi," and stated that he was indebted to
Mr. Gahan for calling his attention to it : — ** We tried to sleep one rainy

SOCIETIES, 347

niglit in a native hut, bi;t could not because of attacks by the fighting
battalions of a very small species of Formica, not more than one-sixteenth
of an inch in length. It soon became obvious that the^'^ were under
regular discipline, and even attempting to carry out the skilful plans and
stratagem of some eminent leader. Our hands and necks were the first
objects of attack. Large bodies of these little pests were massed in
silence round the point to be assaulted. We could hear the sharp, shrill
word of command two or three times repeated, though until then, we
had not believed in the vocal power of an ant ; the instant after we felt
the storming hosts over head and neck, &c." Prof. Poulton read a
paper entitled " On the sexes of larva} emerging from the successively
laid eggs of SineriiitJius popuU." Mr. Merrifield, Dr. Sharp, and the
President took part in the discussion which ensued. Mr. W. L. Distant
communicated a paper entitled " On the Homopterous genus Pyrops,
with descriptions of two new species." The President read a paper,
wi'itten by himself and Mr. J. Edwards, entitled, " A revision of the
genus CEneis," which he characterized as the most cold-loving genus of
butterflies. He also exhibited his complete collection of species of this
genus. A long discussion ensued, in which Prof. Poulton, Mr. McLachlan,
kr. Salvin, Mr. Bethune-Baker, the Rev. Dr. Walker, Mr. Kirby, Mr.
Merrifield, Mr, Barrett, Mr. Blandford, Dr. Sharp, and Mr. Jacoby took
part. — H. Goss, Hon. Secretdri/.

The South Londois Entomological and Natural History Society.
— Thursday, November dth. — Mr. R. Adkin exhibited a bred series of
Hypsipetes ruberata, from Sutherland ; also H. sordidata, and Emmelesia
minorata, taken in Inverness. The H. ruberata varied from pale grey
with numerous transverse darker striae to light chocolate-brown with
slightly darker basal patches, whilst some were light greenish-gi-ey
with dark brown lines. Some of the H. sordidata, were of a dark
mottled brown, while others were greenish. A discussion ensued
concerning the food-jolant of H. ruberata ; it was stated that those bred
from sallow were almost invariable and of the red form, while those
from willow were most variable. Mr. Carpenter, Boarmia rejxtndata
bred, from the New Forest, about half the brood being the concersaria
form, but not so striking as the N. Devon race; one specimen was
intermediate in colour. Mr. West, a light var. of Abraxas (jrossulariata,
taken at Streatham. Mr. Oldham, light forms of Agrotis se<jetum from
Woodford, and dark ones from Norfolk ; also a piece of ash bark,
channelled by either a Tomicns or Scolytns. Mr. Watson reported a
second brood * of Apatura iris in the New Forest, he having taken a
full-fed larva on October 7th, which he was daily expecting to emerge.
Mr. Carrington gave a most interesting account of his recent experiences
in Manitoba. He stated that the day after leaving Moville a specimen
of Vanessa urtico' appeared on deck and continued to be seen until the
day before reaching land, and that on the return voyage several sjjecies
of Lepidoptera were observed, having no doubt been sheltered in hay,
which formed part of the cargo. West from Quebec ujj to the forest
region the vegetation seemed but little different from that of Europe.
The most striking flower was the Chicory (Cichorinm intybus), while the
Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemuvileucanthemnm) was along the railway banks

*Is there any reason for supposing that there was more than an odd

specimen or so ? — Ed.

348 THE entomologist's record.

in profusion. This latter had crept for quite 200 miles into the forest
region, but was only seen on the banks. Here on the Umbelliferse
weiv seen (piantities of Argij: nis, besides many other species, and h-e
considered tliese banks and the numerous station clearings to be
admirable collecting grounds. There seemed but little life in the
forests of fir away from the railway track. Vanessa antiopa was seen
here and there, and a Papilio was common in one place. Insects
seemed little disturbed by the passing ti-ain, and a few came into the
carriages. The prairie region was so absolutely flat as to appear a
consolidated sea. Here there was more life ; Lepidoptera were less
plentiful, but Neuroptera and Orthoptera were in swarms, while some
of the Diptera, presumably a Cnlex, were almost intolerable from the
persistence of their attacks. Messrs. Fenn, Watson and others took
part in the discussion which ensued, and a hearty vote of thanks to
Mr. Carrington was unanimously passed.

Thursday, November "I'drd. — Mr. Carj)enter exhibited captured speci-
mens of An/ynnis paphia from the New Forest, one male and one female
liaving a portion of the right primary in each with a whitish ground,
also a non-metallic intermediate var. valezina. Mr. FrohaAvk, specimens
of A. papliia and var. valezina, which had emerged on November 20tli
and 21st, having been kept at the ordinary temperature. He also
reported having bred Vanessa atalanta this month, and that the Ajjatura
iris of Mr. Watson had emerged but was a cripple. A long discussion
ensued regarding the second broods of the Anjynnidi, what usually
takes eight or nine months having been completed in as many weeks.
The general opinion, however, was that the temperature by itself had
very little influence. Mr. Weir, Lycana trochilus, from tjie S. African
Kepublic, sent by Dr. Eendall, Lycama exilis, taken at Las Cruces by
Prof. Cockerell, and our British Lyamia minima for comparison. He
remarked on the undesirability of giving comparative names, the two
former species measuring 15 mm. in expanse of wings, while the latter
varied from 17 mm. to 22 mm. Mr, Adkin, two specimens of Volyom-
matus phJo'as ; in one the copper band of the hind wings was all but
obliterated, and in the other rejoresented by narrow streaks on the
wing rays. Mr. Perks, a specimen of Folyporus squamosus, from
8t, James's Park, weighing 8 lbs. A discussion ensued as to the paucity
of species of Fungi this season, although individuals of some kinds
were extremely numerous, and many experiences in cooking and eating
these interesting morsels were given by various members. — Hy. J.
Turner, Hon. Report Sec.

Subscriptions for Vol. IV. are now due.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

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Loans granted on Security of Freehold, Copyhold, and Leasehold Property,
and upon Life Interests and Reversions.

THOMAS G. ACLAND,'F.I.A., F.S.S., Actuary and Manager.
JAMES H. SCOTT, F.S.S., Secretary.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

3 1, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Proppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Ma nujacturcr of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae;
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)
are Printed and Postiid the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

.\11 best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

ESTABLISHED U.S. AMERICA 1850.

PH. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue, New York, U.S.A.

International Bureau, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Conchologist, Birds' Eggs,
Entomological Articles, Autographs, Coins, Minerals, Postage Stamps, Rare Books
and other Curios. Collector, Bookseller, Information, Addresses, Export. Retail
Orders for any kind of Merchandise taken. Correspondence in all languages. Price
Lists on demand, with reply postage.

American Depot for " Entomologist' s Record and Journal of Variation."

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S.

FEBR UAR Y 1 5th, 1 893.

I>OXJ:B]Li£: T^XJIVI^E It,

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Kow, E.C

BERLIN :
K. FJilEDLANDER & SOHN,

H^^RLSTKASSE, N.AV.

Jew I'ORK:

p. H. HEIN8BERGER, 9, First Avenue.
New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE omcE,

Since its foundation FOETY-FOUE, years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
representatives no less than

TEN MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, nearly

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

EIGHT HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A., Actuary ^ Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

ManujacUircr of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

HEALTHY PUP/E (Guaranteed British).

Machaon, :5d. ; Ocellatus, 2id.; Populi, 2d. ; Tilise, 3d.; Ligustri, 3d. ; Elpenor, 3d.
Porcellus, 6d. ; Bombylifornais, 6d. ; Jacobsefe, Id.; Pudibunda, 2d.; Coryli, 2|^d.
Prasinana, 2d.; Versicolor, 8d.; Carpini, 2d.; Callunse, 2|d.; Lanestris, 2d.; Spinula, Id.
Testudo, 3d. ; Carmelita, 9d.; Trepida, 7d. ; Curtula, 4d.; Dictsea, 3d. ; Ziczac, 2id.
Aceris, 4d.; Myricse, 5d. ; Alni, 1/6; Glauca, 4d. ; Dololraria, 5d.; Betularia, 2d.
Biundularia, \\(i.; Trilinearia, 2d.; Absynthii, 6d. ; Falcula, 2d.; also Foreign
Podalirius, 3d. ; Euphorbise, 2d. ; S. Pinastri, 4d.; Asellus, 3d. ; Sicula, 4d. ; Anacho-
reta, 3d.; Ilicifolia, 1/3; Perspicillaris, 6d., etc.

For Price Lists of IMAGINES and OVA, apply to

A. J. SPILLER, CHINNOR, OXON.

»p

Vol. IV.

acMS'?, -

No. 3.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. V7. TUTT, F.E.S.

MARCH 15th, 1893.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

(LONDON :
ELLIO STOCK, 62, Paternoster Bow, E.C.

BERLIN :

E. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, Carlstkasse, N.W.

NEW TOEK:

P. H. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
repi'esentatives no less than

TEN MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, nearh'

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Pi-emiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

EIGHT HUNDRED AND FIFTY THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.

Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A., Actuary iSf Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoprietor, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Ma mijacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds ; The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Post'^d the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection ivith any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Bpok Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms-7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories-34, RLDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

HEALTHY PUP>t (Guaranteed British).

Machaon, ;3d. ; Ocellatus, 2|d. ; Populi,2d. ; Tiliaj, 3d. ; Ligustri, 3d. ; Elpenor, 8d.
Porcellus. 6d. ; Bombyliformis, 6d. ; Jacobseae, Id.; Pudibunda, 2d.; Coryli, 2\A.
Prasinana, 2d.; Versicolor, 8d.; Carpini, 2d.; Callunse, 2id.; Lanestris, 2d.; Spinula, Id.
Testudo, 3d. ; Carmelita, 9d.; Trepida, 7d. ; Curtula, 4d.; Dictiea, 3d. ; Ziczac, 2|d.
Aceris, 4d.; Mj^-icpe, 5d. ; Alni, 1/6; tllauca, 4d. ; Dolobrai'ia, 5d. ; Betularia, 2d.
Biundularia, Hd. ; Trilinearia, 2d.; Absynthii, 6d. ; Falcula, 2d.; also Foreign
Podalirius, 3d.;" Euphorbise, 2d. ; S. Pinastri, 4d.; Asellus, 3d. ; Sicula, 4d.; Anacho-
retrt, 3d.; llicifolia, 1/3; Perspicillaris, 6d., etc.

Foe Price Lists of IMAGINES and OVA, apply to

A. J. SPILLER, CHINNOR. OXON.

Vol. IV.

/:

)

No. 4,

*T

.'f'n

r^

^^E?f(lf6SGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Editfd in

J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S.

Ai

^^?:™'''''-

APRIL loth. 1893.

^,«r»r«ra!5^

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

(Double Nu5[bek),

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,

SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE yORVVAUDtD TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

■2, HiGiiuriiY Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELlilOT STOCK, 62, Paitknoster Eoav, E.G.

BERLIN :

K. EEIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

NEW yORIv:

p. H. HEINSBEEGEE, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
representatives no less than

lOJ MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, exceeds

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING, |

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.

Thomas G. Ackland, F.I.A., Actuary 4" Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do eftective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

3 1, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mauujactnrer of Entomologicnl Apparatus and Cabinets to iJic Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Papae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Qnakei''s Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" Tlie Nursery," Osborne Eoad, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

fiVo connection :cith any otiter jiiin in Great Jiritain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKEK OF BVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Hoards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

"With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

.\n best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prici s on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREKT and 0(iLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

HEALTHY PUP/E (Guaranteed British).

Macliaon, 3d.; Oi-.ellatus, 2|^d. ; Populi,2d. ; Tilia?, 3d.; Ligiistri, 3d. ; Elpenor, 3d.
Porcellus, 6d. ; Bombyliformis, 6d. ; Jacobseas, Id.; Pudibunda, 2d.; Coryli, 2M.
Prasinana. 2d.; Versicoloi", Sd.; Cariiini, 2d.; Callunaj, 2J^d.; Lanestris, 2d.; Spinula, Id.
Testudo, 3d. ; Carmelita, 9d.; Trepida, 7d. ; Curtu]a,'4d.; Dicla^a, 3d. ; Ziczac, 2^d.
Aceris, 4d.; Myricse, 5d. ; Alni, 1/6; Glauca, 4d. ; Dolobraria, 5d. ; Betularia, 2d.
Biundularia, Ud.; Trilinearia, 2d.; Absynthii, 6d. ; Falcula, 2d.; also Foreign
Podalirius, 3d.;' Euphorbia}, 2d. : S. Pinastri, 4d.; Asellus, 3d. ; Sicula, 4d. ; Anacho-
reta, 3d.; Ilicifolia, 1/3; Perspicillaris, 6d , etc.

For Price Lists of IMAGINES and OVA, .vim'LY to

A. J. SPILLER, CHTNNOR. OXON.

No. 5.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Epitf.i) by

J. V^. TUTT, F.E.S.

MAY 15th, 1893.

PRICE SIXPENCE,

Subscription for T^^'elve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELlilOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Eow, E.G.

BEE LIN :
1{. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,
11, Carlstrassk, N."W.

NEW TOEK :

P. H. HEINSBEP.GEE, 9, First Avenue,

New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FOKTY-FOUK years ago, has pa'd to Policy-holders and their
representatives no less than

lOJ MILLIONS sterling;

And holds now for their pi'otection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I.A., Actuary ^ Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do eflective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

3 1, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Proprietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Manujacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupse.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," Kind's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Eoad, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms-7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories-34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CAELSTEASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,186 titles.
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

J. V/. TUTT. F.E.S.

JUNE 15th, 1803.

PRICE SIXPENCE,

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO liE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

Highbury Place, Londox, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Patekncster Eow, E.C.

BEELIN :
K. FEIi:DLANDER & SOHN,
11, Cablstrasse, N.W.

NEW YOEK :

Ph. HEINSEEEOEP, 9, First Avfxi k,

New Yoku, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FORTY-POUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
representatives no less than

lOJ MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, P\inds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

Witli an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thojias G. Ackland, F.I.A., Actuary ^ Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

3 1, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mainijacturcr of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to th.c Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupse.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Eoad,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" Tlie Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

THE I»RACTICJLi:- CILlBT^flET IV[A:K£:]R.

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTIOX OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, EIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CARLSTEASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal Svo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,1S6 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

J. V7. TUTT. F.E.S.

\^-^..

#.?..>>»,

PRICE NINEPENCE (with Plate),

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, K.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Pateknostfr Ecu, E.C.

BERLIN :

K. EEIEDLANDER & SOHN,
11, Caelstbasse, N.W.

NEW YORK:
Ph. EEINSBEEGEE, 9, First Avent'r,

THE GRESHAM

ILiIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
representatives no less than

lOi MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A., Actuary ^ Manager. James H. Scott, Secrehxry.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoprietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mamijacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, "Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Eoad, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued abotit the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

areJPrinted and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

mis PRJLcmcjLiLi cjLiBiNTsrr iviaker.

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories- 34, EIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CARLSTEASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

No. 8.

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. V7. TUTT, F.E.S.

AUGUST 15th, 1893.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Boav, E.G.

BERLIN :

K. EEIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

NEW YOEK:

Ph. HEINSEEP.GEE, 9, First Avenvf.

New York U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE,

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and their
repi'esentatives no less than

lOJ MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A., Actuary S( Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mauujactitrer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

fiVo connection 'luith any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CARLSTRASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. witli

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Oithoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

No. 9

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. V/. TUTT, F.E.S,

SEPTEMBER 15th, 1803.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post tree,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Eom, E.C.

BERLIN :

K. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

1], Carlstrasse, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenvk

New York U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

I^IFE OFFICE (LIIVIITE I>),

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and
their representatives no less than

lOJ 'MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A., Actuary Sf Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do effective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

3 1, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Ppoppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mamtjacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash. Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Sev^n doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories- 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CAELSTRASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entoinologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. VI. TUTT, F.E.S,

OCTOBER 15th, 1893.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Bow, E.G.

BEELIN :

K. FBIEDLANDEE & SOHN,

11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

NEW YOBK:

Pb. HEINSBEEGEB, 9, First Avenue,

New York U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE (LIlVriTED),

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and
their i-epresentatives no less than

lOi MILLIONS STERLING,

And holds now for their protection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A. Actuary i|- Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do eflective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Proppietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Manujacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Road,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Eoad, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of evi ry description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms-7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CARLSTRASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

Vol. IV.

■i'^;

H^

No. 11,

1

i^:?

THE

€ ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD

AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

Edited by

J. Vv^. TUTT, F.E.S.

NOVEMBER 15th, 1893.

PRICE SIXPENCE.

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,

*^']3*^ SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

-^^'lyir. ALBERT J. HODGES,

A^C ^^'ft Highbury Place, London, N.

S/5 i?^

\ ' t

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Eoav, E.G.

BERLIN :

E. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

11, Carlstbasse, N.W.

NEW YORK:

Ph. HEIN8BERGEE, 9, First Atenuk,

New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

LIFE OFFICE (LIIVLITE ID),,

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and
their representatives no less than

lOi MILLIONS STERLING,!

And holds now for their protection, well invested, Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I.A. Actuary 4" Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do eftective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
Proprietop, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

Mantijacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal
Family and Eton College.

SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.
Breeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Eoad,
(adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at
" The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIALINSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made fdr Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

All best work. Lowest possible terms for cash Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, RIDING HOUSE STREET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CABLSTBASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

J. V^. TUTT, F.E.S.

DECEMBER 15th, 1893.
PRICE li

Subscription for Twelve Numbers, post free,
SIX SHILLINGS,

TO BE FORWARDED TO

Mr. ALBERT J. HODGES,

2, Highbury Place, London, N.

LONDON :
ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Patebnoster Eow, E.G.

BEELIN :
K. FEIEDLANDER & SOHN,
11, Carlstrasse, N.W.

NEW yOEK:

Ph. HEINSBEEGEE, 9, First Avenuk

New York, U.S.A.

THE GRESHAM

ILiIFE OFFICE (LHVEITED),

Since its foundation FORTY-FOUR years ago, has paid to Policy-holders and
their representatives no less than

lOJ MILLIONS STERLING,^

And holds now for their protection, well invested. Funds exceeding

FIVE MILLIONS STERLING,

With an Annual Income from Premiums and Interest on Investments exceeding

NINE HUNDRED AND FIFTEEN THOUSAND POUNDS STERLING.

NEW PROSPECTUS MAY BE HAD ON APPLICATION.
Thomas G. Ackland, F.I. A. Actuary cj- Manager. James H. Scott, Secretary.

ST. MILDRED'S HOUSE, POULTRY, LONDON, E.G.

Liberal Terms to Solicitors and others who can and will do eSective work for the Society.

NATURALISTS' SUPPLY STORES,

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR.
^^ Proprietor, E. EDMONDS, Naturalist,

^^HL Manujacturer of Entomological Apparatus and Cabinets to the Royal

/^^^^^^\^ Family and Eton College.

I^stell SPECIALITY— (Lepidoptera) Ova, Larvae and Pupae.

'^H^w^ Bi'eeding Grounds : The " Quaker's Garden," King's Eoad,

^S^^^ (adjoining Long Walk, Windsor Great Park), and also at

>* " The Nursery," Osborne Road, Windsor.

Price Lists are issued about the 1st and 15th of each month and (by special arrangement with the printer)

are Printed and Posted the same day. On receipt of Is., every List issued for one year will be sent free.

(No connection with any other firm in Great Britain.)

31, PARK STREET, WINDSOR (5 doors from Great Park Gates).

J. T. CROCKETT,

MAKER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS AND APPARATUS.

Store and Book Boxes fitted with Camphor Cells. Setting Boards, Oval or Flat, etc.

Cabinets of every description kept in Stock.

SPECIAL INSECT CABINETS,

With Drawers fitted with Glass Tops and Bottoms, to show upper and under side without removing insects.

Store Boxes Specially made for Continental Setting, highly recommended for Beetles.

.\11 best work. Lowest possible terms for cash Prices on application. Estimates given.

The trade supplied. ESTABLISHED since 1847.

Show Rooms— 7a, PRINCE'S STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.

(Seven doors from Oxford Circus).
Factories— 34, HIDING HOUSE STEEET and OGLE STREET, W.

The Largest Stock of Cabinets and Boxes to select from.

R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN,

CARLSTEASSE 11, BERLIN, N.W.

Entomologists are requested to apply for our Catalogue of books relating to Insects, which will be sent
gratis and post free. These include catalogues of works on : —

Coleoptera, and miscellaneous writings on Insects, Fossil Insects, Periodicals. 66 pages royal 8vo. with

2,536 titles.
Lepidoptera. 42 pages, with 1,439 titles.

Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera. 50 pages, with 2,186 titles
The most complete Catalogue ever published.

EsicHij^isra-E.

[Notices of Exchange, which should consist only of the specific names of Duplicates and Desiderata
are inserted without charge. Entomological Books wanted may also be inserted in this column.]

[The Editor wishes to state that the publication of Exchanges, Advertisements, etc., in this
Magazine, is in no way to be taken as a guarantee of the authenticity, good condition, &c., of the speci-
mens. This Notice is not intended to throw doubt upon the bona fides of Advertisers, etc., but to free
the Editor from responsibility, should the privilege be abused.] Marked * are bred. Exchange Lists
addressed to J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E., must be received before the 8th for insertion in the
current month.

Exchange Baskets. — Despatched Nov. 15, No. 6 — Messrs. Croker, Balding, Turner,
Beadle, Wliittle, Pox, Freer, Bowles, JVIaddison, Sinclair, Finlay. Nov. 15, No. 1 —
Mes.srs. Burrows, Bowles, Kane, Eobertson, Allen, Mason, Moberly, Bright, Mera,
Finlay. Nov. 20, No. 7 — Messrs. Thornewill, Cannon, Fenn, S.| Walker, Burrows,
Brown, Eohertson, Atmore, Richardson, Wylie, Finlay. Nov. 30, No. 4 — Messrs.
Maddison, Turner, Harker, Croker, Tunstall, Still, Shipp, Williamson, Riding,
Forsyth. Dec. 2, No. 5 — Messrs. IVIason, Still, Booth, Croker, Whittle, Home,
Riding, Forsyth. Dec. 2, No. 2 — Messrs. Vivian, Moberly, Duncan, Robertson, D.
Walker Atmore, Richardson, Coi-bett, Mason, Webb, Finla}'. Dec. 9, No. 9 — Messr.'^.
Battley, 8. Walker, Fenn, Home, Robertson, Dutton, Maddison, Robinson, Webb,
Hewett. The above baskets have been forwarded by me since the issue of the last
number of The Recoi-d. Everj' member now by applying to member before him can
tell where a basket is delayed. Major Still wishes to be missed till end of Februarv.
—J. W. Tutt.

Help Wanted. — I shall be very thankful if any Entomologist can help me during
the season, with an example or two of any egg, larva, pupa, or empty pupa-case of
any of our British Diurni. I want the material particularly for publication in a
proposed new scientific work. — J. W. Tutt, Westconibe Hill, S.E.

Duplicates. — Edusa, Paphia, Cinxia (Guernsey), Sibylla, Peribolata (Guernsej-),
Puta, Suffusa, Saucia, Lunigera, Obelisca (fair), Lucernea, C-nigrum, Brunnea,
Pyramidea, Fastinum (fair), Spilodactyla, and C. superstes (Guernsey). Desiderata. —
Unanimis, Fuscantaria, Erosaria, Abietaria, Bajularia, Trigeminata, Dilutaria,
Emarginata, Amataria, Taminata, Simulata, Unangulata, Picata, Berberata,
Obliquaria, Hamula, Dictfeoides, Aceris, Abjecta, Furva, Agathina, Cucubali,
Lutulenta, Suasa, Genistse, Semibrunnea, and many others. — Albert J. Hodges, 2,
Highbury Place, N.

Duplicates. — Dahlii (long series, fair), Glareosa, Solidaginis, Silago, Edusa, Litura,
Suffusa, Cardui. De.nderaia. — Pupae or fine well-set imagines of many common
species. — P. W. Abbott, Four Oaks, near Birmingham.

Duplicates. — V. urticse,* Atalanta,* Sateilitia, Oxj^acanthse, Vaccinii, Brumata,
Stabilis, Triangulum, Typica, C-nigrum, Augur, Strigilis var. J^]thiops, Pallen.s,
Capsincola,* Chrysitis, Oculea (vars.), Baja, Psi, Cerago,* Trapezina, Chi, Aprilina,*
and Meticulosa. Desiderata. — Numerous. — H. Earle, 68, Sadler Street, Durham.

Duplicates. — Vetusta (Aberdeenshire). Desiderata. — Chiefly Diurni and pupse. —
H. Varty, Stag-Stones, Peyirith, CmnberloMd.

DupUc'itcs. — Lubricipeda, var. (York forms), Sylvata, Immutata, A urantiaria,*
Boreata,* Albipunctata and var. Angelicata,* Valerianata,* Absinthiata,*, Tenuiata,*
Sparsata,* Gemina, Arcuosa, Suspecta, Cerago,* Silago,* Cucubali,* Viminalis,*
Berl)ida,* Thalassina. Desiderata. — Numerous. — G. Jaclson, 2, Clement Street, York.

Duplicates. — Machaon, C-album,* Galatea, Bellargus, Alsus, Lonicerae, Dominula,
Dicteea,* Curtnla,* Rurea, Testacea, Morpheus, Corticea, Rubi, Capsincola, Lunaria,*
Punctulata, Aurantiaria, Multistrigaria, Angustalis, Verbascalis, Sinapis, Cardui,
Semele, Corydon, Ligusti-i,* Confusalis, Hectus, Dromedarius* (Southern), Perla,
bublustris, PersJcarise,* Valligera, Nigricans, Cruda,Vespertaria,* Hirtaria, Obscurata,
Bore. *^a, Lobulata, Contaminellus, Gigantana,* Edusa, Sibylla, Davus, Argiolus,
Statices, Miniata, Carpini,* Nictitans, Hepatica, Bicoloria, Puta, Tritici, Pistacina,
Pmnaria, ..'oboraria,*Gilvaria, Defoliaria, Juniperata, Brauderiana,* Conterminana.
Desiderata. — j.. bjecta, Xerampelina, Erosaria, Cucullina, Unanimis, Conspersa,
Hispidaria, Saj.'inarige, Caliginosa, Carpophaga, Consortaz'ia, and many others. —
C. Finn, Eversden i.^ouse, Bii/rnt .4.sh Hill, Lee, Kent.

Duplicates. — AlveJus (few), Velleda (Surrey), Hectus (female), Pygmaeola,
Maculata, Zonaria (i/ale only), Incanaria, Temerata, Taminata, Pulveraria (3),
Rupicapraria (male onlj), Brumata (male), Defoliaria (female), Affinitata, Albulata,
Decolorata, Isogrammata, Procellata, Rivata, Dubitata, Suffumata, Batis, Leuco-
gvapha (few fair), Mi, Glyphica, Purpuralis, Hyalinalis, Asinalis (few), Hyemana.
Desiderata. — Very numerous. — A. Lovell-Keays, Upwood Tower, Caterham Valley.

Duplicates. — Blandina, Cassiope, JEgOT\, Davus, Lineola, Ruficinctata, Lobulata
(banded forms), Ericetata, Trepidaria, Pinetaria, Myricse,* Dipsaceus, Exoleta,
Vetusta, Fumata, Cordigera, Litura, Mendica, Instabilis (light vars.), Adusta,

Alpinalis, Furcatellus, Irriguana, Crenana, Resinana, Duplana T. Maddison, Smith

Bailey, Durhami.

Duplicates. — Paphia var. valezina, C-album, Polychloros* (small), Rubricollis,
Prasinana,* Monacha,*- Parthenias, Khizolitha, Protea, Aprilina, Sponsa, Promissa
(a few), Fuciformis (a few), Tipuliformis, Alniaria* (Autumnaria), Angularia,*
Zonaria, Croceago (2), Dahlii, all on black pins ; Fimbria, Statices, Derasa, Pudi-
bunda, Boboraria, Solidaginis, Eussula, Citrago (fair). Desiderata. — Numerous. —
J. M. Adye, cfo Mrs. Dukes, Brockenhurst.

Duplicates. — Edusa, Albulata, Pennaria,* Bidentata (fair), Elinguaria, Badiata,
(fair), Atomaria, Ehomboidaria (3), Mundana (fair), Ferruginea (3), Nictitans,
C-nigrum, Festiva (3), Silago (4), Blanda, Plantagiais (fair), Popularis (poor), Diluta
(4 fair), Rhomboidea (types), Aprilina (2), Chrysitis (6), Sapoiiarise (2 types), Protea,
Umbrosa, Couigera (fair), Fallens (4). — J. H. D. Beales, Kiddington Rectory, Woodstock,
Oxon.

Desiderata. — Small series of local Geodephaga (Carabidse) ; coast insects preferred.
I will pay carnage, and will make a return if in my power. — John W. Shipp, 117,
Cowley Road, Oxford.

Duplicates. — Lubricipeda var. Radiata.* — J. Harrison, 7, Qawber Road, Barnsley.

Desiderata. — A. prunaria, G. obscurata, E. heparata, L. flavicinctata, M. rubiginata,
M. hastata, S. undulata, C. russata, Immanata, and many common Noctuae. I will
endeavour to make a aood return. — John E. Rohsoyi, 15, North Gate, Hartlepool.

Duplicates. — Carnella, Perlepidana, Purpuralis, Fuscalis, Lonicerse,* Bivulana,
Comptana, Barbalis, Saucia, Adonis (both sexes and undersides), Anachoreta*
(bought ova), A. cratsegi* (bought larvae), H. sylvanus, Impudens, Obtusana,
P. puUa, and many others. Desiderata. — Callunae, P. populi, Pendularia, Sylvinus,
Diffinis, Z. Trifolii, Gilvago, Liturata, Notata, Russata, Aurantiaria (northern),
Cervinata, Carpophaga, Spartiata, Alchemillata, Miata, Revayana, Sanguinalis,
Viretata, Hexapterata, Octomaculalis, Imbutata, Piniperda, Hastata, Juniperata
(Scotch), Angularia, Consonaria, Grlauca, Euphorbiata, Belgiaria, Ericetata, Rubi-
ginata (dark), Berberata, Derivata, Lignata, Obliquaria, Rubidata, Lichenaria,
Picata, Griseata, and many others. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, 8.E.

Duplicates. — A large number of well set (carded) and correctly named British Co-
leoptera, including many rare and local species. Desiderata. — Lepidoptera, Coleoptera
and other orders. — A. Ford, Glen Mount, Braybrooke Road, Hastings.

Duplicates. — Numerous European types of rare British Lepidoptera, mostly on
long pins. Desiderata. — Thecla rubi, T. quercus, S. ocellatus, A. viUica and a few
others, not less than six of any and in fine order. Also books on Natural History.
H. W. Marsden, 21, New Bond Street, Bath.

Duplicates. — Imagines of Anachoreta,* Fuliginosa,* Adusta, liucernea, and Pupae
of Myricae, and Dictasa. Desiderata. — Exotic Butterdies. — James Nicol, 15, Correction
Wynd, Aberdeen, N.B.

Duplicates. — Prodromaria,* Rufa, Procellata, Blomeri, Vitalbata,* Griseola,
Stellatarum, Triangulum,* Lunosa, Affinis, (fair), Stratiotalis, O. Sparganella,
Piniaria (females), Puta, Macilenta, Tarsipennalis, &c. — J. Mason, Clevedon Court
Lodge, Somerset.

DvpUcates. — North American Lepidoptera — Papilio, Argynnis, Colias, Polyphemus,
Cecropia, &c. — Desiderata. — Exotics of all kinds, and European Noctuae. Send list of
duplicates or for my list of desiderata. — Chas. S. Westcott, Holuiesburg, Philadelphia,
Pa., U.S.A.

Dr. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford, is most anxious for some one to provide him
Avith a male pupa of S. alveolus, or any other Skipper, for cash or good exchange.

Wanted. — Types of Ocneria dispar from all parts of the world. A few ova
preferred. Also local races and local varieties not artificially produced by inter-
breeding. Cash or exchange. — C. Nicholson, 202, Evering Road, London, N.E.

Wanted. — Newman's "Butterflies and Moths." Will exchange Birds' Eggs in
clutches. — H. L. Wood, Old Grammar School House, Ashford, Kent.

Wanted. — C. ferrugata and unidentaria from all parts, especially red vars. of
the latter. (Also information as to the geographical range of Unidentaria in the
British Islands). Return made in common species, if desired. — Louis B. Prout, 12,
Greenwood Road, Dalston, N.E.

Wcmted. — Living puj)ae (or empty cases) of Skippers, Psychids, and Hepiali. Also
larvae or pupae of Elachistas and Elachistids, and pupae or cases of many Tineina and
others. "Will do anything I can in return. — T. A. Chapman, Firbank, Hereford.

Wanted. — Buckler's Larvoe of British Butte'ifiies and Moths (all or any vols), also Nos.
1, 3 (1864) of the Entomologist. Lowest cash price to — /. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Wanted. — Eggs, larvae and pupae of British butterflies (one or two for examination
would be ample). I wish to thank those who have already kindly sent me
examples. — J. W. Tutt, Westcombe Hill, S.E.

Wanted. — Ova or young larvae (ova preferred) of any species of the Nymphalidae.
Will do my best in return. — C. Niclwlson, 202, Evering Road, London, N.E.

Wanted. — Scuddei"'s " Historical Sketch of the Generic Names proposed for
Butterflies." Salem, 1875. State price, &c. — Dr. F. J. Buckell, 32, Canonbm-y Sq., N.

Exchange. — I have a fine series of North American Coleoptera frona New Mexico,
Arizona, California, the Eocky Mountains and Alaska, which I offer in exchange
for hooks or separates on Entomology (especially Coleopterology) in any language
Address, stating what you have for exchange. Insects of other orders will be col-
lected for Miose who desire them, on the same terms. — H. F. Wickhomi, Iowa City,
Iowa, U. S., America.

Changes of Address. — D. Walker, from Wilton Gardens to 98, Renfrew Street,
Glasgow. Capt. E.. B. Robertson, from Swansea to Coxhorne, Gharleton Kings,
Cheltenham. G. C. Dennis, from Tower Street, York to 39, Blossom Street, York.
G. B. Routledge, from Carlisle to 50, Russell Square, W.C.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The City of London Entomological and Natural Histop.y Society, London

Institutiut,, F'insbury Circus, E.G. — The first and third Tuesdays in the month.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibemia

Chambers, London Bridge. — The second and fourth Thursdays in each month, at
8 p.m

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By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

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Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidoptera.

By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S.

PRICE ONE SHILLING.

Deals with the various Secondary Sexual Organs found in Lepidoptera and

discusses their uses, etc.

STRAY NOTES on the NOCTU^,

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Contains Essays on various subjects connected with this group, amongst
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WARNE & SON, Printers, 127, Upper Grange Eoad, London, S.E.

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