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AARAA bf / Val.V Vala Vale : AAA ~~ AAAS Mane ane A A | AAAANAAAAYTT 111) AAA : ANAAARARARAAARARAAAA Anan AARRAAAAe AaiaaaAARAARIA AanaAaae NNAARAARas BARRA AAAA AAP an nA fs A AAA Aa AARAAR % AARAARAAS AR IAC RA AYAR Aa) ) Rate nas AAA laa AAAA a a ~ AA AANAACAR nan WA a AAAAAAAS > | aya [am \ AARAAAAAAY AAg (a AAR AAARAA) »AAWAARARAAAAAAAAAARARARARAAAAR Pa id & v : . a 14 See ae d u hog ie 7 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’s RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Eipirep sy G. T. Bwrsonn-Baxer, F.z.s., J. KH. Conuin, r.n.s. ¥.E.8., Chairman. H. DonIstHoReE, F.Z.8., F.8.8 rf R. S. Baagnatn, p.sc., v.n.s.e., | Major P. P. Gravss, F.E.8. . F.L.8. H. E. Paan, F.u.s. Matcotm Burr, D.s0., F.£.3. ALFRED SICH, ¥..S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.u.s. | W. A. ‘ams, ¥.2.3. Bi. A. Cockaynn, M.A., M.D., Rey. G. \WHenurr, M.A., ¥.8.8. F.E.S., F.R.C.P. P.Z.8, and Henry J. TURNER, v.u.s., ¥.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary VOL. XLII. (new series). JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1930. at Pt ( -, (a> @, | ii ASE }e a4 Ay = i2 N Re U4 36 eo a A a od “enal Muse 4 Shisst9 — PRICE ss 6d, Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d. This magazine was established essentially as a Journal of Variation as its subtitle purports. Throughout the year we have again kept this object in view and largely dealt with phases of variation. The two main contributions on variation dealt with the Noctuidae and the Melitaea, the former marshalling the facts relative to our local island species, the latter, not only marshalling the facts, but going farther and suggesting what may, or may not be, the evolutionary lines of the present distributions and relationships of the species of this particular — genus, i Besides the above there have been the article recounting experimental breeding of Pieris brassicae and summarising the forms hitherto recorded with additional forms; two articles in the Coceinellidae (Col.), and many individual records of variation. The articles on Africa by our colleague Dr. Burr have be concluded. A correspondent wrote us the other day, “I thoroughly — enjoyed reading Dr. Burr’s account of his African travels and envied ’ his many captures.’ £ Faunistic work has been well recorded. We have “The Ants’ of Windsor Forest” for which our colleague Mr. H. Donisthorpe has had special local facilities afforded him ; and “ The Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hants’? has been concluded. — Collecting experiences have been recorded by our correspondents from Calvalaire and §. France, Central Europe to Montenegro, and Belgium, the West of Ireland, Cornwall, Gloucester, Kent, Cambridge, etc. oS & Reviews and short notices have been given to keep our teaders * informed of the advance of our study, with items of local and social matters of general interest. Academic questions such as Nomenclature, Spelling of Names, ete, have been dealt with, but not, we trust, unduly. es May we ask in the coming year that our subseribers send us parta- graphs on matters of interest, for insertion either in “Current Notes” or in * Scientific Notes.” . We regret that the ranks of our supporters have been so thinned by the decease of many well-known entomologists and trust that our subscribers will help to obtain others to fill their place. With a good increase of subscribers we could then increase the number of pages. We greet our readers with all seasonable wishes and ask them one and all to send us notes on entomological subjects and news of general interest during the coming year.—Hy.J.T, | a ~ F ~~ # o o v “st * THE -ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epitrp BY G. T. Bersone-BakEr, F.2.8., | J. H. Conum, ¥.£.8. F.E.S., Ghairman. H. DonisTHoRPS®, F.Z.8., F.E.8. Matcorum Burr, D.s8C., F.Z.S., H. E. Paas, r.£.s. FL.8:, F.E:S, | ALFRED SIcH, F.1.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.@.S. | W. H. Tams, F-.2.8. BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., | Rev. G. WHErLER, M.A., F.E.8., F.E.8., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Henry J. TURNER, rF.4.s., F.R.H.S., P VWditorial Seeretary R. S. BAGNALL, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. | Major P. P. GRavEs, F.5.S.' Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, Hz W. ANDREWS, F.€E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.H.9. JANUARY, 1930. Price TWO SHILLINGS & SIXPENCE (net). i‘ The Macro-Lepidoptecie 0 “the (Dr. A. SEITZ) — ome RHOPALOCERA SECTION ee Vol. 1.-PALAEARCTICA £8 10s. se ag Y.—AMERICAN _... £20 te in 4 Volumes for - IX.—INDG-AUSTRALIAN £18 £47 15s. » XAIII.—AFRICAN 22a 29 | A supplement to the Palaearctic Rhopalocera is now being published, — the first few parts having been already issued. HETEROCERA SECTIONS Vol. X. ([ndo-Australian); Wol. XIV. (African) Bombyces and © Sphinges almost complete; Vol. VI. (American) Bombyces and Sphinges ~ well advanced. Single families of all the above will be supplied where stock’ ~ permits. For full particulars of all parts and sections of this important work dpply to— WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36 Strand, London, W.C.2_ P.O. Box 126. Telephone: TEMPLE BAR 9451. Our New Catalogue of Apparatus, Cabinets, Books, Specimens, etc., sent immediately on _ request, Rs J. J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGHABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. Puone: Willesden O309. W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead ‘Tube) TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O6G6GO. New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, ete., free to readers of this periodical. Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kggs, Reptiles, : Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotic). Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. Illustrated with 1,543 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature and numerous black and white Drawings. Life Histories of 765 species ‘** The book cannot easily be praised too highly.’’—Country Life. Complete in 2 Volumes (Series 1 and Szries 2), 10s. 6d. each net. FREDERICK WARNE & Go., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. Vou. XLII. Pruate I. The Entomologist’s Record. Photo. G. 8. G.-S. ABERRATION IN PIERIS BRASSICAE. (Male) 1.: Hat: 2. *Albs 3. Ab. 4. Ab. 5. “Ab: 6. (Ab: Te a 82) Ab: OF Ab: LOSe Abe POA DE I. PreRis BRASSICAE, L. ABERRATIONS IN THE MALE. nigronotata (A.S.) binigronotata, suowing traces of ab. marginata (A.S.). marginata, with faint traces of ab. nigronotuta (race nepalensis, C.C.). basi-nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of the illustration of Plant’s specimen). semi-nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of Cook’s specimen), semi-nigrescens (A.8.). anthrax (A.8.). venata (underside of fig. 6, A.S.). nigrescens (T.C.). infrau-fasciata (A.S.). 11. Very marked development of ab. infra-fusciata (race cheiranthi, C.C.). 12. Ab. namnei (B.M.) A.S.=Aberdeen Series; B.M.=British Museum; C.C.=Cambridge Collec- tion; T.C.=Tring Collection. PLATE SIL PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. ABERRATIONS IN THE FEMALE. Ab. fasciata (A.S.). Ab. fasciata, together with ab. biligata (A.8.). Ab. postero-maculata, together with ab. biligata and slight traces of ab. fasciata (A.S.). Very marked development of ab. fasciata (race cheiranthi, C.C.). Ab. infra-fasciata (A.8.). Ab. pallida (A.8.). Abs. fasciata and biligata well developed (race wollastoni, B.M.). Abs. biligata and postero-maculata (A.8.). Abs. biligata and punctigera very well developed (race nepalensis, B,M.). Near ab. vasquezi (A.S.). Ab. nigrescens (from a drawing by Mosley of Bramwell’s specimen). A portion of the pattern of the upperwing, including the discal spots, repro- duced on the underside of the hindwing (I’.C.). Vou. XLII. Prats II. 22 The Entomologist’s Record. Photo. G. S. G.-8. ABERRATION IN PIBRIS BRASSICAE. (Female) gem longi, a, os Org AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vou. A Lil. No. I. January 157nH, 1930. Pieris brassicae, L., with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. By G. S. GRAHAM-SMITH, M.D., F.B.S., F.E.S., and W. GRAHAM-SMITH. (Continued from p. 180.) nigrescens, Cockerell (1889). Synonym : obscurata, Oberthir (1896). The parts usually white are dark, greenish grey on both upper and undersides, while the usual dark markings are distinct. (Plt. I. 9: plt. II. 23). Cockerell gave the name to a female captured two miles from Perth in 1868, and thus described by Bramwell (1869). It ‘‘is of a uniform dusky brown colour, both on the upper and undersides; the black spots on the wings are quite distinct, being of a much more intense and shining black than the ground colour.” Boisduval (1836, p. 521, var. g) mentions a female specimen from the neighbourhood of Paris, Oberthur (1896, p. 6, pl. I. fig. 5) describes and figures another female from Paris, and Bang- Haas (1915) describes two males, one from Begerburg in the Staudinger collection and another, which he figures (Pl. X. fig. 5), caught at Goldap in East Prussia in 1903, and now in the Tring collection. This last specimen has a very “‘ shaggy ”’ upperside, the seales being more or less raised except at the margins and on the abdominal area of the hindwing. On the underside the scales in and below the cell of the hindwing are curled up, but on the underside of the forewing they are almost normal, though they show a slight tendency to curling. Possibly the coloration is largely due to malformation and displace- ment of the scales, semi-nigrescens (ab. nov.). Mosley (1889, 1896) mentioned that T. Cook had a male with “ all wings suffused with sooty between the nervures.” Pit. I. fig. 5, is from a coloured drawing of this specimen by Mosley, kindly lent by Mr. H. J. Turner. The specimen is now in the Free Public Museums, Liverpool, and the Director, Dr. J. J. Simpson, has kindly had it examined for us. The upper surface might be described as ‘ mealy ’ 2 ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 15.1.1920 in appearance, the scales being ‘ upturned at their edges.’ The “‘ under- side of the upperwing on comparison seems normal, but the underside of the lower wing is certainly darker than usual, but not very much darker, and the scales are smooth.”’ In this series two male examples, one better marked than the other, of this aberration oecurred, both exhibiting other anomalies (venata and anthraa) on their undersides. In both, the upperside has a rough shaggy appearance due to the scales being raised, especially in the regions which are dotted in plt. I, fic.5. Thecolour of the best marked example (plt. I., 6) varies with the conditions under which it is viewed, but generally exhibits a mottled, ereyish-green tinge in the affected areas. There can be little doubt that this condition is intermediate between the normal and ab. nigrescens, and presumably occurs in both sexes. basi-nigrescens (ab. nov.). Plant (1843) captured at Leicester in 1842 a male with the basal portions of all four wings black (plt. I. fig. 4). This specimen is figured in the Zooloyist (I. p. 471) and by Morris (1857) in his British Butterflies (Pl. 7). Grosvenor (1908) exhibited a specimen from Aberdeen ‘‘ with the forewings heavily speckled with black at the base, and underside of the hindwings similarly powdered.” anthrax (ab. nov.) [4vépa¢= charcoal. | In a male of this series the undersides of the hindwings are so densely suffused with black scales that they have a very dark appear- ance (plt. I. fig. 7). Perhaps a specimen exhibited by Leeds (1909) ‘‘ with undersides of the hindwings a very distinct blue,’ and another from Bradford exhibited by Carter (1913) ‘having the underside thiekly irrorated with black scales” are examples of this aberration. No examples of this aberration were noted in the B.M. collection, and only two males approaching it, captured in April, 1893, and April, 1909, in the Tring collection. Doubtless transitional forms occur. It is probable that a similar development of black scales occurs in the female, but we have not seen an example. venata, Verity (1908). Synonym : plasschaerti, Dufrane (1912). The nervures of the underside of the male and of both sides of the female are made prominent by a dusting of violet-grey scales. Verity described and figured (Pl. XX XV. 24, 25) three specimens from Morocco. In the Tring collection there are two male (Wexford, bred, 18.X.1924) and one female British examples, but none were noted in the B.M. series from various countries. In this series there was one well-marked male example (plt. I. fig. 8). aurea, Mosley (1896). Synonyms: flava, Krulikovski (1902). lutea, Rober (1907). flava, Fischer (1925). PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 8 Mosley named this aberration from a male with the ‘ ground colour golden yellow,” offered for sale at Bradford. He had previously stated that he had seen a male, presumably the same specimen, with the ground colour “sulphur yellow” in “a very old collection.” Another British male, labelled ‘‘ Brown Collection’’ is in the Tring Museum. Bang-Haas (1915, Pl. X. f. 7) figured a female taken in Silesia and named by Rober, and took another female at Hanau. There is a bright yellow female from Prussia in the Tring Collection, and two decidedly yellow females from Morocco in the F. B. Newnham Collection at Cambridge. Fischer (1925) occasionally produced similar forms, both male and female, in experiments conducted on pupae between 1918 and 1924. It may be desirable to retain his name, flava, for such experimentally produced aberrations. Krulikovski (1902) applied the name flava to a male from Samara with the upper surface of a delicate yellow colour. It is evident that all variations from light to deep yellow occur, but it seems inadvisable to attempt to differentiate by name between aberrations of different tints. carnea (ab. nov.). Newman (1916) exhibited “ two pairs (a part of a series) of Pieris brassicae bred from wild Aberdeenshire larvae, the g g¢ especially showing a decided pink coloration all over the wings.” pallida (ab. nov.). The undersides of the hindwing and of the apical areas of the fore- wings are pale, lacking to a great extent the yellow colour normally present, In most cases in the spring generation the black pigmenta- tion commonly present on the hindwing is slightly developed (plt. IL. fig. 18). A very marked example from Monk’s Wood, Hunts, is figured by Frohawk (1914, Pl. 3, fig. 20). Amongst the 39 underside British spring males in the Tring Collection there are three good examples, and four amongst the 28 females. In this series there were two well- marked examples (0:2 per cent.), both females. sublutea, Turati (1924) The black dusting at the bases of the upper sides of hoth fore and hind wings is absent. The specimens occurred in the race cyniphia (p. 27). rammet, Knop (1922) Knop describes a female captured near Bremen, July, 1915, in which the nervures are traceable on each side as four yellow-brown streaks (lmm.x10mm.) passing through the apical blotch of the forewing. Adkin (1918) states that he saw an example of this aberration on August 5th, 1917, at Eastbourne. In the British series in the B.M. there are three examples, one, a male from Paignton, Devon, captured in July, 1901 (plt. I. fig. 12), one a female, from Edelstone, Warwick, also captured in July, and a female 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1930 from Carnarvon. The British collection at Tring contains two male examples, one, well-marked on both wings, captured at Southend on June 7th, 1900, and the other slightly marked on the left side only. In all these cases the nervures appear as pale yellow lines passing through the apical blotch. Very occasionally recently emerged specimens rub the tips of their wings against the walls of the breeding cage in such a manner that the scales covering the prominences due to the nervures are alone removed, thus simulating the aberration rammei. minor, Ksienschopolsky (1911) Small examples, measuring 40-50mm., to which the name minor has been given by Ksienschopolsky, are to be seen in most museums. elongata, Gelin (1914) Described from a single small specimen (50mm.) with marked narrowing of all four wings GyNANDROMORPHs seem to be very rare. Occasionally curious aberrations occur. There is for example at Tring a female bred from a larva collected at Brighton in August, 1898, in which a portion of the pattern of the anterior wing, including the discal spots, is present on the underside of the right hindwing (plt II. fig. 24). Green blotches or streaks along the nervures are due to injury during or shortly after emergence. Raczs. Hubner (1806) described the very distinct and remarkable form, cheiranthi, from the Canaries, and Gray (1846) presumably recognised that P. brassicae from the Himalayas differs from that of Europe, when he figured it under the name of var. nepalensis. Later Butler (1886) described the form, wollastoni, from Madeira as a distinct species. It is not surprising that in these localities, distant from Kurope and little likely to be influenced by migration, distinct races occur, though “it is worthy of remark that the typical Pieris brassicae occurs in the Azores’’ (Kirby, 1894). In spite cf its marked tendency to migrate, sometimes in great numbers, the recent work of Verity and others bas shown that various geosraphical races, more or less recognisable and each with different seasonal forms, denoting the several generations, occur in Europe and the Mediterranean region. Those races and their seasonal forms have received names, but unfortunately there is much confusion in regard to them, and further work is required before their geographical limits, their differentiating characters and the influence of altitude, local climatie conditions, food, migration and other factors upon them are definitely established. The term “race” is here used in the sense of Rothschild and Jordan’s (1903) “* Geographical Variety or Subspecies,” but while some of the races described, such as cheiranthi and wollastoni, may be regarded as subspecies, since almost all the individuals are peculiar, in others the percentage of peculiar forms is much smaller, and in PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 5 ‘some the claim for special distinction has yet to be established. Rothschild and Jordan consider that a race should be “ designated by its name added to that of the species without any abbreviation before the subspecific name.” The ‘“ generatory’’ or seasonal variety they designate as f.t.=forma tenpestatis. The following is a brief summary of the races hitherto described. HKuroprean Races. According to Verity and Querci (1923) there are in Kurope two distinct races: (I.) race brassicae, L., extending northwards from Central Italy ‘‘ to the whole of central and Northern Europe,” including England, and (II1.) race verna, Zeller, occurring throughout the Mediterranean area and Asia Minor. In both races two, and some- times three, generations occur, displaying special characters and possessing distinctive names. I. Race brassicae, L. (1758). In this race there are always two, and sometimes three, generations to which the names charielea, brassicae and tertia are applied by Verity and Querci (1923). lst generation, f.t. chariclea, Stephens (1828). In England the imagines appear at the end of April and in May from pupae which have survived the winter. The characters of the commonest form (ab. chariclea) have been described (ante XLI. p. 177), but at this season specimens with all the characters of the second gener- ation (brassicae) are sometimes observed. It is possible that these may be derived from pupae belonging to the second generation of the previous year, which overwintered instead of emerging in July. On this point no evidence seems to be available. 2nd generation, f.t. brassicae, L. The imagines, derived from eggs laid by the first generation in May appear in England in July and August, and differ from those of the first generation in having the apical blotches very dark, their extreme tips only being slightly irrorated with white, and indented internally along the nervures. ‘The hindwings beneath are pale yellow and only slightly dusted with black scales. It is difficult at present to state the range of variation in this generation in England, for it is poorly represented in the collections we have seen. This is due partly to neglect of this common and apparently uninteresting species during the height of the season, and partly to the fact that the larvae are not found in abundance in gardens, as they are late in the season. The autumn larvae on the other hand are often very abundant in gardens and can be collected easily in large numbers. Consequently the first generation and.its aberrations are better represented. To the second generation in Central Kurope the name lepidii was given by Rober. Verity and Querci (1923) suggest that ‘as Stephens by creating his name chariclea, restricted the specific name to the summer form, there is no use for Rober’s lepidii,” but Stauder (1921, A) thinks that the central European summer form is_ sufficiently distinct from its large size, and light coloration with absence of black 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1930 scaling on the underside of the hindwing to justify a distinctive name. 3rd generation, f.t. tertia, Verity (1919). In favourable seasons a third generation with the same characters as the second may be produced. Verity (1908, p. 164) stated that in the extreme north and above 1200 m., only one generation occurs, but judging from his later paper (1923) and a recent letter to us (Feb. 1929) he seems to have modified this opinion. We have given reasons for thinking that in normal years in the north of Scotland only a single brood, with the characteristics of chariclea occurs. If this surmise is found to be correct by those who have the opportunity of working out the problem locally, a form exists in the north which has some claim to being regarded as a race. II. Race verna, Zeller (1847). In this race there are usually three, and sometimes four generations, called respectively verna, aestiva, tertia and autumnalis by Verity and Querci (1923). 1st generation, f.t. verna, Zeller (1847). This generation was usually spoken of as chariclea until Verity and Querci (1923) pointed out the differences from the northern chariclea, and proposed the name verna, applied by Zeller to forms from Messina in Sicily. They state “ it differs from chariclea, Steph., in the lowlands, chiefly by consisting of individual forms transitional to vasquezi, Obth., and by producing well characterised ones of the latter quite frequently.” 2nd generation, f.t. aestiva, Zeller (1847). The specimens are larger and have more extensive black apical blotches than brassicae, and show very scanty black scaling on the very pale yellow undersides of the hindwings. In the female the indenta- tions on the inner side of the apical blotch are sharper—(Verity, 1908, pl. XXXV. 12, 18; and Seitz. 1907, I., pl. 196). To the second generation from Taurus and Syria the name catoleuca was given by Rober (1896, 1897), but Verity and Querci (1923) consider these specimens to be identical with those of the same generation from Italy, Spain, etc., and assert that ‘ Rober’s catoleuca is not an oriental race, but is the second generation of the whole of Southern Europe.’”’ Graves (1925) agrees with this view. Verity and Querci (1923) propose, on the ground of priority to substitute the name aestiva, applied by Zeller to forms from Syracuse, for catoleuca. 3rd generation, f.t. tertia, Verity (1919). Verity in 1919 thought that the third brood had “intermediate characters between the first and second,” but later (1928) made the following statement: “ As to the third generation in southern Hurope I have called tertia, I am not fully convineed that it is not perfectly identical with the second of northern Europe (which is also the most usual in central Europe), and consequently nothing but nymotypical brassicae, Li.” FIELD NOTES FROM ANGOLA, t 4th generation, f.t. awtumnalis, Rocci (1919). This occasional generation seems to have the same characters as the third. Stauder (1921, A) working in the Illyrian-Adriatic region says that in the Julian Alps there are two generations only, but elsewhere at least three and sometimes four. Not infrequently in sheltered situations near Trieste and in Dalmatia he found larvae feeding or about to pupate in December, January and February, and states that in the south the species can hibernate as a larva. He terms the first generation, with heavy white scaling on the apical blotch and dark undersides on the hindwings; chariclea. The second generation, characterised by its larger size, wholly black apical blotches and light undersides without black scaling of the hindwings, he terms lepidii. The third generation resembles the second but is larger, often has dark dusting over the white upperside, and in the female the club-shaped mark and the costal spot of the hindwings are strongly developed. This south Ilyrian-Dalmatian-Italian third generation he thinks deserves a special name and calls f. pseudo- catoleuca. The fourth generation is similar to the first. III. Race italorum, Stauder (1921, B). Stauder names this race from specimens taken during June and July in the middle and higher region (400-1600m.) of the Calabrian Appenines, describing it as a mixed form between “ chariclea, catolenea and lutea, Rober.” The apical blotch is grey and the underside of the hindwing heavily dusted with black scales. In some of the females strong ‘“ teeth ” along the veins join the apical blotch to the upper costal spot (ab. biligata), and in most examples the discal spots are united by a bridge of small dots (ab. fasciata). In the female the whole of the upper surface is yellow or greenish yellow. (To be continued.) Field Notes from Angola. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. XV. Concuusron. (Continued from Vol. XLI., p. 143.) My last letter was written from the camp at the source of the Quangu at the end of October, 1927. Now, two years later, I take the advantage of increased experience to contribute a few final observations and to correct some of the more egregious blunders, which cropped up inevitably in the circumstances under which the letters were written. I was storm-bound up the Quangu for some days and then had to hurry back to the camp on the Lungue Bungu as food supplies were running out. Here I picked up Pavel Stepanovich and we started to to trek back to the railway on our way to Villa Luso. The rains were in full swing and we were having violent thunderstorms at least once a day, but this marked the beginning of the best season for Entomology, for a whole series of fresh and unfamiliar Orthoptera appeared in considerable quantities. One of the most noticeable was the creature chy ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1980_ I have referred to previously as Chrotoyonus. I now have learnt from Mr. Uvarov that this is a remarkable new genus related to Chrotogonus, from which it differs in its notably dilated, broad, flat, toad-like body and complete winglessness. The female is about double the size of the male. It occurs exclusively on the pale sand, which it matches in colour. Since July I had been picking wp occasional specimens but now it suddenly appears to be abundant on sandy patches up the river valley, especially along the Mu-Simoj. I found the scrub around Villa Luso very altered. When we were there in the dry season it was poor and most of the Orthoptera found in if were immature. Now it abounds in life. The most striking is a great tawny cricket with a big head, a Brachytypes, a creature as big as a man’s thumb. I had been finding the larvae and was glad now to get plenty of the adult. J had expected that so fine an insect would have a very penetrating voice. and I havea recollection of having - read in years gone by that Krauss, writing of the Sicilian species, states that its stridulation can be heard a mile away. As a matter of fact the whole bush resounded with the short, sharp, loud note of this great cricket. It sounded much like the cheep of a bird, and a fair sized bird, too. I was puzzled at first, as it resounded on every side, especially in the late afternoons and before and after rain. J thought the bushes must be full of birds, yet could find none. Then we ran it down to this cricket. It is not a prolonged song, like our familiar Kuropean crickets, but a sharp, piercing, short chirp. When held in the fingers, the creature opens its formidable jaws and chirps in anger. Sweeping in the scrub, instead of producing, after great effort, only a few immature Pyrgomorphae or such common things now turned out new and unfamiliar fellows in considerable quantity and variety. Of a curious black creature with antennae tipped with white, unfortunately, I got only one specimen, but the long black fellow with orange wings referred to previously, in Letter XIV from the Quangu, Glyphoclonus, probably miripennis, Karsch, was fairly numerous. Those from the Quangu had brilliant orange wings, but these had bright crimson. It is a striking creature in its intense blackness with gorgeous wings in startling contrast. On November 9th, 1927, Nazaroff and I left Villa Lusa with two British-made lorries, two-and-a-half tons of baggage, and motored through the forest into the Belgian Congo, arriving six days later, after sundry adventures, at Elisabethville, the attractive little town that is the capital of the Katanga, the great mining district of Central Africa. The material collected has all been sent to the British Museum and is being determined by Mr. Uvarov. The amount is very considerable and as the collections made afterwards in the Congo and in Northern Rhodesia are included, some time must yet elapse before the work is complete. Meanwhile we may take the opportunity of correcting some of the errors in the earlier letters. Letter No. I. (Hint. Rec. XXXIX., No. 10, p. 186). The stridu- lation recalling that of Locusta was probably produced by a Conoce- phalus, which is the most persistent and penetrating songster among Central African Locustids. The single, metallic note referred to in Loanda was probably produced by a bird. No. IJ. (le. XXXIX., p. 152). The big Hetrodid from near CAVALAIRE AND THE NEW RIVIERA. 9 Amboim is referred to the genus Avanthoplus; it is very likely d.. longipes, Charp. No. IV. (i.c. XL., p. 3). The slender little Locustid referred to at the bottom of p. 8, as resembling in figure a minute Saga is a Cono- cephalid, referable to the genus Megalotheca. No. VI. (l.c. XL., p. 26). The mysterious and peculiar stridulation referred to here was afterwards traced to Conocephalus, ® very persis- tent and penetrating vocalist. Species are numerous. No. VIL. (lc. XL., p. 50). The small Hetrodid referred to at the bottom of page 50 is Cloathella clypeata, Bol. The top paragraph on p. 51, about the “dwarf Sagid,” should be deleted. On p. 109, in the middle, the “small, grey Pamphagid ”’ referred to is not referable to the Pamphagidae; the genus is Hxochoe- derus, Bol., of the Acridiidae. The little butterflies referred to at the bottom of p. 110, are, of course Acraea. The “ diminutive Saga’’ at the bottom of p. 112, is, of course, the same Megalotheca referred to above. No. IX. (lc. XL., 1928). P. 129, the fat, shiny brown creature referred to is Mawentius, a Stenopelmatid. No. XI. (/.c. XL., Dec., 1928). The two species of Acrida referred to on p. 172 are respectively A. crocea, Bol., with crimson wings, and A, liberata, Burr, with yellow wings banded with black. The Saga referred to on the same page belongs to the genus Clonia. In l.c. XLI., in the letter from Cohemba, at the bottom of p. 15, I was mistaken in writing of polymorphism. This does occur, of course, to a marked extent in the Orthoptera and wing-coloration is an unstable feature, but in the case referred to here there were certainly at least two genera involved. No. XIII. (lc. XLI., p. 58). The leaf-like Mantid here is Phyllo- cranta, No. XIV. (lec. XLI., p. 122). The black Truxalid with orange wings in the first paragraph belongs to the genus Glyphoclonus, probably miripennis, Karsch. Among the ‘burnt grasshoppers,” referred to a little lower, the one with the posterior extremities singed, so to speak, is Parga. Cavalaire and the New Riviera. May, 1929. By Lior. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.S. Leaving London on May 7th at 8,20 p.m., I arrived at Cavalaire, Var, via Newhaven, Dieppe, Paris, Marseilles and St. Raphael on May 9th at 10.30 a.m. It was necessary to spend the night at Marseilles en route. The journey along the coast from St. Raphael by the Sud de I'rance Railway is very pretty. On arrival I sampled the pine forest zone to the north of Cavalaire in the sunless afternoon and I was only able to put up a bag of 1 freshly emerged Arctia villica, 4 males and 1 female in good condition of Polyommatus hispana, H.8. ; the wasps Polistes yallica and Vespa germanica ; the Coleoptera T'richius fasciatus, L.; Owytherea stictica, L.; Stenopterus rufus, L.; Haosoma lusitanica, L.; Melasoma populi, Li. ; Oedemera lurida, Marsh. Oedemera flavipes, Fab.; the Diptera Machaerocera ieilie Rond.. Bombilius venosus, Mik. ; ‘the Hymenopteron Chrysotowum arcuatum, L.. 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1980 and the Rhynchota Harpactor (Rhynocoris) erythropus, L.; the Burnet Moth Zygaena stoecadis was just out. May 10th.—This morning I resumed my collecting of DP. hispana to the north of Cavalaire station, taking also the moth Diacrisia mendica; also one specimen of the very beautiful Thalpochares pur- purina, and the beetle Oedemera flavipes, Fab. Afterwards taking the 10.19 a.m. train to Bormes, I collected in the direction of La Londe, with fine hot sun all day tempered with a strong wind. I took fresh Limenitis rivularis (camilla), Aporia crataegi; the subsp. ausonia of A. cramert the “skipper”? Hrynnis alceae, P. hispana, Anthocharis cramert (belia) and the Hymenoptera Odynerus (L.) dubius, Anthidium sticticium, Messor barbarus, L., Maerophya rustica, L. (males), Panurgus ursinus, Halictus perezi, and the beetle Psilothria cyanea, Oliv. May 11th.—This morning I ascended the valley of Malatras, the direction of which is indicated by the notice board a short distance North behind the railway station. It is an hour’s walk. I ascended also to the top of the mountain behind the valley, another hour’s hard pull, but I shall not repeat it. On the summit on masses of spurge in full flower I took a quantity of Hymenoptera amongst them being, Strongygaster singulatus, Allantus dahlii, Klug., Amblyteles armatorius, 3 males, and Coelichneumon lineator, Fab., 19, and the Coleoptera Trichius fasciatus, L., Cebro lepturoides, F., Chrysomela sanguinolenta, L. On the way back I took a fresh Zerynthia (Thats) polywena (hypermnestra) subsp. cassandra, a female of Heodes dorilis, a female of Glaucopsyche cyllarus, L. rivularis, Pontia daplidice form bellidice, A. cramert subsp. ausonia, a nice series, and P. hispana both sexes; the Rhynchotid H. erythropus. LI omitted to mention that while still on the summit I saw distinctly a quite fresh J’hestor balius, which I failed to to secure, an occurrence significant of the unusually late spring. May 12th.—I took to-day the first Melanargia syllius in perfect condition, they are not common at present, and not easy to net on the sloping grounds behind Cavalaire. On a day when the sun has been obscured, I got little except a number of P. hispana 3s together with some P. daplidice subsp. bellidice, the pretty beetles Ocdemera flavipes, F’., and the Dipteron Rhayio (Leptis) conspiuus. May 13th.—To Cogolin by train, changing at La Foux. I collected along a stream running south of the station, and at right angles to the main road, which (and the railway) crosses the stream. I| heard last year at Hyeéres that Cogolin was a good collecting ground and I should surmise that there is a good deal of workable ground in the district. The day produced about 10 cassandra; males of Melitaea didyma; L. rivularis; and I saw a specimen of the Footman Moth Deiopeia pulchella, but failed to secure it. Of the bees Andrena hessae, Panz.; dA. mortio, Anthidium sticticum, and Lionotus dubius; the Dipteron Xanthoyramma ornatus, Meig. ; and the Coleopteron J elephorus fuscus, were taken. May 14th.—To-day at Bon Porto, the next cove west of Cavalaire I found the beetle Chaleophora mariana, L., amongst mussel beds left by the retreating tide, and on the hills above the cove the following Hymenoptera settled on spurge, viz.:—Vespa ygermanica, Eumenes pomiformis, Anthophora tarsata, Spin., Allantus dahlii, Klug., Macrophya rustica, L. males, Odynerus callosus, Thoms., Nomada nobilis, and Mutilla coeca, Rad., 1 g ; the spring generation of Pararge aegeria COCOINELLA HIEROGLYPHICA—-NEW ABERRATIONS. 11 are mostly worn at to-day’s date. The Dipteron Dasypogon tentonus was taken. May 15th.—To-day at Cogolin, Plebeius aeyon, males, were emerging and the Burnet moth Z. stoecadis, Bork., getting quite plentiful. I found a large batch of Vanessa io larvae all feeding on wild hop. Nettle seems a scarce plant in the district. Quite fresh specimens of the moth Hemaris fuciformis, L., were not uncommon. A very large form of Sphecodes gibbus was not rare on spurge. I also took the Rhynchotid Syromastes marginatus, and a beautifully fresh specimen of Bombus hortorum, Li. May 19th.—The first quite fresh specimens of Melitaea pseudathalia at Cavalaire,and the ants Messor barbarus, L.,and Camponotus cruentatus, Latr., were met with. May 20th and 2lst.—During these two days I worked the ground along the railway line between Cavalaire and La Croix. The Burnet moth 4. stvecadis was generally common, usually with 6 spots, but sometimes with only 5 spots on the forewings. Between Cavalaire and Pardigon I found the beetle Pimelia hipunctata, Fabr., in some numbers, and between Pardigon and La Croix in two grassy patches on the left hand side of the railway line 1 found MM. syllius in such numbers that | was able to take a nice series of quite fresh males; I also took males of Hmydia cribrum, a specimen of Rhodostrophia cabraria, Scop., and a Boarmia punctinalis, specimens of the bees Polistes gallica, Eumenes pomitormis, Andrena hessae, Proanthidium laterale=4 lobum, Oer., the Rhynchota Muryyaster austriacus, Schr., and Coranus niyer, Rimb., the beetles Mylabris variabilis, Pallas., and Chrysomela hyperiet., the Dipteron Yabanus ater, Fabr., and a larva of the Orthopteron Bacillus granulatus, Brullé., were taken. May 22nd.—To-day ascending from Bormes Station about mid-day I mounted up through the small town into the beautiful Forét du Dom, an open Forest and extremely hot. Hpinephele pasiphie was commencing to emerge and I secured a couple of males; also a nice series of males of Lionotus dubius, Sauss. | saw a perfectly fresh male of Dryas pandora settled, but was unable to secure it. Some fine large forms of E’pinephele jurtina subsp. hispulla were in prime condition. The beetle Protaetia morio, Fab., which was active on the wing seemed particularly interested in me, as it flew round and round me on several occasions in the Forest; also the Dipteron Machaerocera grandis, Rond. I saw nothing of Hesperia sidae, but secured one specimen of the Rhynchotid Verlusia rhombea var. quadrata, Fab. (To be continued.) Coccinella hieroglyphica—New Aberrations. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. A. At the request of my friend Herr Leopold Mader, of Vienna, I have named the following further aberrations of this species, which are new to me :— . ab. mulsanti, mibi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, . ab. gradli, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 . ab. ryei, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 2+ . ab. beffai, mibi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 . ab. caprai, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4, 1 OTH © Nr b+ PL [vd ) a 12 ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.1.1980 6. ab. biconfluenta, mihi, nov. ab. Formula: 4,2+1+38,4+5. 7. ab. incompleta, mihi, nov, ab. Formula: (2+1+4+3-+4) | (3+5), 4. The types of Nos. 3 to 7, both inclusive, are in Herr Leopold Mader’s collection. B. Herr Leopold Mader has pointed ont to me that ab. kirkat, Lem., is a synonym of ab. brachiata, Gradl, (Formula: 4, 1+, 4, 5) and must therefore sink. He suggests, however, that this name should stand for a specimen | in his collection under formula: 4, 1+8, 4+5 and this I propose to adopt and therefore the correct formula for ab. kirkati, Lem., should read ; 4, 1+438, 4-4-5. C. Weise (B.7. 1879 and 1885) gives two formulae for his ab. enurvd, ; I propose to restrict ab. curva, Ws., to the formula: 4,148 and to give the other formula the new name of ab. bicurya, mihi, nov, nom: 4, 14+8+42. DD. Herr Leopold Mader agrees with me that ab, schneideri, Gradl., isa synonym of ab. feanosa, F., and that ab. trilineata, Herbst., is another synonym, consequently we bave :— ab. flewuosa, F. (syn.: trilineata, Herbst. =schneideri, Gradl.)— Bt lA ad Ab. EK. Edwards’ ab. deanosa [Hnt. Mo. Mag. L. 189] is not ab. flewuosa, I’., and therefore requires a new name and this [ propose to give it as under : ab. herbsti, mihi, nov. nom. [=ab. flewnosa, Edwards] — Formula: 14+3-+4, 5. F. With regard to the black pigmented varieties Herr Leopold Mader has evolved a formula of letters in place of numbers for the 5 light coloured markings given by Edwards (l.c.) to prevent confusion. I propose to adopt this system here, and J add for comparison Mader’s and Edwards’ respective formulae : Mader—b (=macula basalis). Edwards spot 2. z h (=m: humeralis). 4. 2 PA m (=m: marginalis). ~ 3. - a (=m: apicalis). = 5. $5 s (=m: suturalis). : 4 I propose to name the following new aberrations :— 1. ab. 4-maculata, n. ab. Formula: b, b, m, a. 2. ab. biverrucata, n. ab. Formula: h, m. 3. ab. panzeri, n. ab. Formula: b (coll. Reineck). The spot b in No. 8 is nearer the scutellum than the normal position of this spot and more circular than oblong. Description of the Larva of Sibine fusca, Stoll. A Limacodid from the Argentine. By K. J. HAYWARD, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. On my last visit to Villa Guillermina before leaying the Chaco for Buenos Aires I once more proved the entomological value of the beautiful garden attached to the visitors’ house there. This garden has given me many insect rarities, and during a few minutes stroll after tea the evening of my arrival I noticed a Citrus (lemon) that had NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 1 been eaten, and without much trouble found the curious sluglike form of caterpillar here described. Returning to the tree on the second day I found after a very long search the second specimen of this larva. | regret that with my cameras packed and in the busy state I found myself on my return to Villa Ana, | was unable to get either sketch or phetograph of the larvae. In general appearance they resemble slugs, but unlike the slug are ~ flat dorsally and with flat sides, the section being more or less that of the bottom arch of a capital “A.” Beneath they are sluglike with rudimentary forelegs. In length they are about 20mm. Colour above the margin light yellowish green, beneath pale whitish green. Head pale greenish with brown face. Thoracic segments plum colour dorsally, colour slightly deeper at the edges. ‘There is a frontal ridge with four small tubercles of the ground colour with short reddish bristly hairs. At the edge of the dorsal colouring on the second thoracic segment is a slightly larger similar tubercle, and a similar pair on the third thoracic, still slightly larger. On the eleventh seoment of the larva, dorsally, at the edge of the flattened part, a pair of prominent tubercles, brown with bluish base which is yellow ringed, and with bristly reddish hairs, There is a yellow marginal stripe that bends back on the first thoracic and edges the darker thoracic dorsal marking, forming a perfect ‘‘ bracket” sign across the third thoracic, point towards tail. Around the margin a series of small tubercles of light greenish colour with reddish brown bristles. Above these tuber- cles on the eleventh segment, as also on the last segment, a velvet-like process of burnt-sienna hairs, joined to the tubercles above. The tubercles on the penultimate segment slightly higher than the line of the others, and whereas the remainder are brown tipped, these two are black tipped but with the same reddish bristles. The general shape of the larva has been explained above, but it remains to add that the surface of the insect is not completely smooth, but “crinkly” with pairs of slight circular depressions along the dorsal areg, and corres- ponding depressions along the flattish sides. These depressions rather bluish green. The yellow marginal line is scalloped. Described from two larvae found on Citrus (lemon) at Villa Guillermina, Prov. of Santa Fé, on January 9th and 10th, 1929. One specimen pupated January 11th the other 18th in an ovoid cocoon. In pupal state 33 days. Imagines sent to B.M. Nat. History, under No. 7025. Empty pupa cases under No. 7026. One of the imagines was badly damaged through emerging in a small pill box whilst I was away. New Forms of Lepidoptera. In Volume XV. of the Mitt. Miinchner Ent, Gesell. the following are newly described by Leo Sheljuzhko :— Anthocharis cardamtnes ab. divisa, Shelj., was described and named, p. 97, from Kijew. ‘“ The discal spot of the forewing is divided into two spots.”’ Aporia crataegi subsp. shugnana, Shelj., comes from Chorog (province Shugnan), Pamirs. ‘The females are thickly scaled. The 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.1.1980 black scaling on the veins is finer than in subsp. naryna. The black marginal markings are distinctly narrower, but much more sharply defined. The spot at the end of the cell of the forewing is very striking; it is fairly wide, but very sharply defined, while its contour in naryna females is almost always more or less ill-defined. The vein closing the cell of the hindwing is powdered with black in almost all the examples, but in the females the powdering is nearly twice as thick as in the males. On the underside the black scaling along the veins is much less than in naryna and centralasiae, and the underside is much less scaled with black. In the females the underside is yellowish.” Gonepteryx cleopatra ab. 9 citrina, Shelj., from Attica and N. Morea. ‘‘Citron-yellow, especially the hindwings, about as in the males. The forewings the same, but somewhat lighter in the basal half.” Anthocharis griineri ab. decolor, Shelj., of the Armenian race armentaca from Pontus. ‘An albinistic form, on the upperside of which the usual black markings (apex, discal spot, and margin of orange patch) are white-grey. The green markings below are of a dusky yellow- reen.” : A. griineri ab. thatshukovi, Shelj., of the same race ‘‘ has the ground colour of all the wings pure white, without any greenish suffusion as in typical armeniaca. The orange-red of the apical blotch of the fore- wing is much less firey, more yellow than orange, and is bestrewn slightly with black scales. It has a more restricted extent and only reaches the upper part of the discal spot. The apical bloteh does not extend so far down to the anal angle but there is an area below it of an indefinite admixture of yellow and black scales. The discal spot is much enlarged and showed no trace of a pale centre, which is usually very clearly defined. The dark apex is purer black, the lighter suffusion being wanting. The usual white spots on the margin of the wing are wholly absent.—The green on the underside is strongly reduced.” Anthocharis damone ab. 2 flavopicta, Shelj. ‘ The apical part of the forewing is powdered with fine yellow scales mostly along the veins. The pale spots on the margin are deep ochre-yellow. The underside of the forewings is much deeper yellow especially at the apex and towards the base.’ Greece. Cabera exanthemata ab. suprapunctata, Webrli. ‘ Characterised from the usual form by the presence of very prominent large black central spots on all four wings above and below and rather thick powdering on the wings.’ Tessin. In vol. XVI. of the Mitt. Miinehner, H. Burgeff describes and names a large number of aberrations, local forms, races and subspecies of the European Zygaenids ineluding the British occurring species eanlans, achilleae, filipendulae, lonicerae and meliloti. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Caracas, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, on November 27th, 1929, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Dr. H. Eltringham. Visitors present :—Dr. K. Jordan, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Mr. H. EH. CURRENT NOTES. 15 Andrews, Mr. E. Step, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Capt. A. F. Hemming, Capt. N. D. Riley. The guests arrived in the early evening and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Kaye and light refreshments were served in the Drawing Room. Mr. Kaye’s collections of Lepidoptera were on view and he specially exhibited a number of hybrid Sphingidae bred in captivity in Germany together with specimens of the male and female parents. The former included Celerio galliphorbiae obtained from a pairing of g C. gallii and @ C. euphorbiae. The result was a hybrid almost indistinguishable from the male parent. Several similar pairings between species of the same genus Celerio gave results, which seemed to lean to one or the other parent and not a complete fusion of the characters of both. Even when Celerio euphorbiae was paired with Celerio vespertilio the latter was hardly in evidence in the result epilobii. Very different were the results in the crossings of the two genera Pergesa and Celerio. Both euphorbiella obtained from pairing Pergesa porcellus 3 with Celerio euphorbiae 2 and harmuthi obtained from pairing Celerio euphorbiae g with Pergesa elpenor 2 were most striking in that the colours and patterns were completely mixed up. Again with the two species of the one genus Pergesa, elpenor g and porcellus @ the hybrid produced and named luciani leans much more towards porcellus tending to show that within the same genus the fusion of colour is not nearly so marked as when two species mated are of different genera. Supper was served at 8 o’clock and the members and guests departed at a late hour after a most entertaining and enjoyable evening.—H.W.-E. The Third Annual Dinner of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) was held at Maison Lyons, Shaftesbury Avenue, on Wednesday, December 11th, and proved to be a very pleasant and successful affair. The toasts were as follows :— “ The King.” ‘‘The Entomological Department.’’ Proposed by Dr. C. Tate Regan, F.R.S. Reply by Major EK. E. Austen, D.S.O. “The Guests.” Proposed by Mr. C. J. Arrow. Reply by Dr. Carl Jordan. The evening was brought to a close with dancing, music, etc. Major and Miss Austen gave some good recitations, and several of the Museum staff helped to entertain the company with songs and music. —H.D. In vol. III. of the Bull. Soc. ent. Bulg. 18 an article with a plate, on the wing-mosaic of the intersexual males of Lymantria dispar, the subjects of the paper being, not the products of either cold or heat, but captured specimens in nature. The comparisons made are very interesting. In the Int. Ent. Zt. Vol. XXIII. p. 375, two aberrations of the venation of Parnassius apollo are described and named (!!!) and refer- ence is given to five other named aberrations of venation of the same species. Surely there should be some limit to this naming of such freak pathological forms which hardly seem worthy of notice at all. If such naming were useful from a genealogical point of view there might be some reason for a very limited nomenclature of such, but to label them Jatreili, verityi, seitzi, etc., seems the height of absurdity and must hold entomology up to ridicule by all thinking naturalists. The same number (31) of the above magazine concludes a very SN ee Te es ee eee ae 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 useful and interesting article on the northern boundary of the area of distribution of Papilio podalirius in Kurope. A map is attached to the communication markiug some 70 “furthest north” places of occurrence. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. It may be remembered that in 1926 we reviewed in these pages an admirable book written by Dr. Martin Hering, Der Oe8koloyie der Blattminierenden Insektenlarven. The author is now issuing in parts through the firm of Messrs. Oswald Weigel of Leipzig a Minen- Herbarinn, consisting of very carefully pressed and mounted leaves showing the mines made by the larvae of the leaf-miners which have been described and in many cases figured in the above work. In the first part which is priced at M4:50 the mines of 20 species are given, 11 being of lepidopterous larvae all Tinea, the remainder mines of dipterous larvae. Each example is mounted in a folded sheet the outside of which is labelled with the name and order of the plant and the name and order of the maker of the mine and the locality with date of collecting. In addition there is a separate list of the contents for reference. The folded sheets are contained in a cardboard case properly secured and labelled for reference. The whole when finished will make an excellent supplement to the book or be equally useful as a Separate work. We can highly recommend this new departure in practical publishing.—Hy.J.T. The same firm are publishing another small portfolio on similar lines arranged and edited by Chr. Bollow, Berlin-Steglitz. This also contains 20 subjects. Messrs. Weigel specialise in Herbarium construc- tion of all kinds and one can be assured the work is well carried out. We have recently received one of those splendid volumes of entomological reference which are so necessary to all students of the science, ‘“‘A list of the Generic Names used for Microlepidoptera.” The author’s name, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, is a guarantee of the correctness and completeness which is a sine gua non in such work. The word List is misleading for it is a synonymie list in the widest sense of the word and inuch more than that. Hach generic name is accompanied by references to (1) the family to which it belongs, (2) its author, date of valid publication, synonyms and homonyms, (8) a reference to the original description, (4) the type species of each generiz name with its locality, and (5) a list of the synonyms. The compiler has followed rather rigidly the nomenclature rules of the zoologist exclusive of the modification suggested by many British entomologists, still as all the references are included it is easy for those, who do not follow a priority modified by the exclusion of certain publications and other limitations, to get their references and full correct information on facts from. this excellent work. Such errors as Gracilaria, Zell. (1839) for Gracillaria, Haw. (1828) are corrected, but we do not like to see ultra familiar names such as Gracillaria, Coleophora, Nepticula, Ornia, Laverna, Dichrorampha, supplanted for reasons to us somewhat insufficiently grounded. This is a work to which every student of microlepidoptera must have access and the best gratitude of micro- workers, is due to Prof. Fletcher for his task of more than 20 years duration.—Hy.J.T. \L MATTER should be sent an J. ‘l'un: »” West Drive, Cheam. - _ We mustearnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1DWNTIGAL "with those they are sending to other magazines. ; _ Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. : ee = EXCHANGES. mh Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should a be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. : “ten Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata:—Unerxriy requirep, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. Jones, Nut. /list. Musewn, Wollaton Hall, Nottinghan. Duplicaies.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates Desiderita.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicaies.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early ciages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and munda.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates. Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zepbyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. Desiderata.—Euchlcé gyiineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.—d. Simmons, 42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera fiom all parts of the World. Galls.—In view of the forthcoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia by Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls are requested. Material will be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, illustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. : Wantep ror Casu or Excaancre.—Cryptocephalus of the Coleoptera-( brysomelidae. Will purchase or exchange. Send list of duplicates to: Paul N. Musgrave, 51%, Mt. Vernon dAve., Fuirmont, West Virginia, U.S. America. eS EE ee ee ee MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p.-m. January 15th, Annual Meeting. February 5th. ; ! The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the rconth, at 7 p.m. January 23rd. February 13th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natura! History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. a ee Messrs. STEVYENS’S AUCTION ROOMS LIMITED have received © instructions to sell by Auction Wednesday, revbuary 12th, at 38, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.2, The first portion of the Valuable Collection of British Lepidoptera formed by the late ©. F, Johnson, Esq., F.E.S., comprising the Bombyces, Noctuae, Geometrae, Sphinges and part of the Rbopalocera, in excellent condition and carefully labelled, including Rare and Extinct Species, grand Varieties, Local forms, Hybrids, etc., many of which were captured or reared by himself. Also the Four Mahogany Cabinets, each of forty drawers, in which they are arranged. On view day prior and morning of the Sale. Catalogues on application. d all PROOFS returned to ~ brassicae, with special reference to aberrations from. ; i Graham-Smith, M.D., F.R.S., ¥.E.S. and W. Graham-Smith (2 plts.) Field Notes from Angola. XV. conclusion, Malcolm Burr, D.Se., F.E.S. aes ey Cavalaire and the New Riviera, Liewt B. B. Ashby, F.E.S., F.Z.S. i Coccinella hieroglyphica—New Aberrations, G, Curtis Leman, F.E.S. Description of the larva of Sibine fusca, Stoll. A Limacodid from the Argentine, — K. J. Hayward, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. Ae s 3 ei oh ~~. .New forms of Lepidoptera, Hy.J.T. | Current Nores... “a $e 3 %: ; Rese, y ee se oe REvIEw e. a. - Speecran In»Ex ae _ Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messr, Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Kdwards, Dr. Malcolm Bu G. S. Graham-Smith, H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves Je. A. J. Wightman, G. C. Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. i _ Kettlewell, and Reports of Societies. ; 3 Shi All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURN aoe “‘Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 2 “s i IMPORTANT : eal : TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. nue te BACK VOLUMES OF _ - ig _ The Entomologist’s Record — a | and Journal of Variation. — (Vols. I-XXXVI.) : GONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Ph oh Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection — Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae —Phylloxera —Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist or 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. Ke CONTENTS OF VOL, II. : MELANISM AND Meranocurotsm—Bibliography—N ~ Variation (many)—How to breed 4 grotis lunigera, S —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads— prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanis thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich Sidmouth, § clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoeh— on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenop Gerasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Myr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable , ay * ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD ~ JOURNAL OF VARIATION © EDITED BY G. T. Bersunn-Baker, F.Z.S., J. EH. Cottin, F.2.8. ¥.E.S., Chairman. H. DoNISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.8. R. 8. BaGnatn, D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. GRAvEs, F.E.8." F.L.8. H. E. Paas, ¥.2£.s. Matcotm Borkr, -D.s¢., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. W. H. Tams, r.2.8. BH. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WuHmerer, M.A., F.E.S., F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Hunry J. TURNER, F.&.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Seeretary Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. FEBRUARY, 1950. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE. (net). 4 The ‘Hacro Leptin’ of (Dr. A. SEITZ) RHOPALOCERA SECTION Vol. I.—PALAEARCTICA &8 10s. ¥3 Y.—AMERICAN _..... £20 | or in 4 Volumes for 43 IX.—INDO-AUSTRALIAN £18 £47 «15s. » AIII.—AFRICAN ioe £9 A supplement to the Palaearctic Rhopalocera is now being published, the first few parts having been already issued. HETEROCERA SECTIONS Vol. X. (Indo-Australian); Wol. XIV. (African) Bombyces and | Sphinges almost complete; Vol. WI. (American) Bombyces and Sphinges — ; well advanced, Single families of all the above will be supplied where stock : permits, 1 For full particulars of all parts and sections of this important work apply to— | WATKINS & DONCASTER, 36 Strand, London, W.C.2 P.O. Box 126. Telephone: TEMPLE BAR 9451. Our New Catalogue of Apparatus, Cabinets, Books, Specimens, etc., sent immediatel: request, 7 J. J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. . Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. | 7 Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems ) | CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 710. PHONE: Willesden O309. W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. i (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead Tube) TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O66O. New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, etc., free! to readers of this periodical. Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Nggs, Reptiles, _ Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotie). Please state which Lists are required and iho this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERFLIES ::: BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. ‘Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued. —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. FREDERICK WARNE & GCo., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. ay Pieris brassicae, L., with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire. By G. 8S. GRAHAM-SMITH, M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S., and W. GRAHAM-SMITH. (Concluded from p. 7.) MspiTERRANEAN Races. Race cypria, Verity (1908, pl. XXXV. 14, 15). This is a dwarf race (about 45mm.) from Cyprus agreeing in its characters with the south European race. Specimens of normal dimensions are, however, obtained from parts of the island (Turner, 1920), and further evidence seems to be required before the limits of this race can be defined. Race cyniphia, Turati (1924, A). This race occurs in Cyrenaica. The specimens are small with minute discal spots, the club-shaped mark almost obsolete, the apical blotches small and lightly dusted with white, and the bases of the wings with few dark scales. The upper-side of the hindwing in greenish-white and the under-side greenish-yellow with a few black scales near the base. In some males the black scales usually present at the bases of the wings are absent (ab. sublutea, Turati, 1924, B), and in others the underside of the hindwing is whitish-green (ab. vernalis, Turati, 1924, C). Race subtaeniata, Turati (1929). In August, 1926, Ghigi collected 10 examples of P. brassicae on the Italian Islands in the Aigean. Turati (1929, p. 178), who studied these specimens, considered that two, a male and a female from Cos, were examples of catoleuca, ROb., and that one, from Nisyros, was an example of lepidii, Réb. The others, 1g and 4@ from Rhodes and two from Mount San Stefano, all showed the characteristics of infra- fasciata (Ante, XLI., 1929, p. 179). These Turati describes under the name of “ Mancipium brassicae subtaeniata, fn.” Atiantic [stand Races. Race wollastoni, Butler (1886). Butler (1886) picked 10 specimens out of the Zeller and Wollaston collections from Madeira, the males being examples of ab. nigronotata, and the females of ab. fasciata, and thought they belonged to a new species, which he named Ganoris wollastoni. Baker (1891), dealing with Wollaston’s collection, regarded the form as a variety, and ‘“‘an interesting instance of insular deviation from the original type.” He says that “the upperside of the g is practically indistinguishable from P. brassicae, but on the underside the two black spots are larger and often connected by black scaling, making them appear to be one large patch.’ The undersides of the hindwings and of the apical patch are described as ‘“ greenish-grey,” and all the females as “‘ much darker than the parent species.” He notes that the spots on the forewings are very large, “ each being 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 extended over two veins and joined together in the centre by black dusting”. . . . ‘On the under surface the spots are always decidedly larger than in brassicae, but neverjoined . . . . whilst the colour of the apical area and secondaries is always greener and greyer than in the common species. . . . It is clear from the foregoing that we have here a distinct transitional form from brassicae to chetranthi.” In the B.M. series all the 9 males show the aberration nigronotata, and 7 of them intra-fasciata. All the 20 females show the aberration fasciata, to a greater or less extent, on both upper and undersides, and several the aberration biligata, (plt. IT. fig. 19). Illustrations of wollastoni are unfortunately uncommon. Holt- White (1894) figures the upper-side of a female with the apical blotch suffused externally with white scaling and well-marked black dusting between the discal spots, in fact a marked example of ab. fasciata. Seitz (1907, Pl. 19, e), gives coloured illustrations of the upper-side of a male and the under-side of a female. In the latter judging from the B.M. series the dark markings are abnormally developed, the apical blotch almost coalescing with the upper discal spot and strong ‘‘ teeth ” passing to the lower spot. Verity (1908, Pl. XXIX., 20) reproduces the same specimen. The single female in the Tring collection is, however, very like the above example. Réber (1907) says wollastoni oceurs in Smyrna in March and April, meaning presumably that examples of ab. fasciata are found. Race cheiranthi, Hiibner (1806). This very distinct and handsome race was first described by Hiibner (1806) and later by Boisduval (1886) from the Canary Islands, where the latter says it replaces brassicae. In the males of the B.M. and Tring series the aberrations nigronotata and intra-fasciata are constant, the black scaling joining the discal spots being very broad and continuous (plt. I. fig. 11). In the female the aberration fasciata is similarly marked on both upper- and undersides, and the majority of them show the aberration biligata to a marked extent (plt. II. fig. 16). It is remarkable that the aberrations marginata and postero-maculata do not seem to occur. Judging from the B.M. and Tring series the different females illustrated by Seitz (1907, pl. 19, e. ) and Verity (1908, pl. XXXYV. fig. 27) are both abnormal, showing excessive development of the black scaling on the upperwings. The race seems to be ‘‘ peculiar to the Canary Islands” (Holt- White, 1894). Race azorensis, Rebel (1917). Kirby (1894) says that “typical Pieris brassicae occurs in the Azores,” but Rebel points out that according to Staudinger and Rebel (1901) the local form resembles chariclea, Steph., and Warren accepts this view. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L. 19 Eastern Races. Race nepalensis, Gray (1846). Doubleday (1844) gave the name nepalensis, without any description, to specimens sent by Hardwicke from Nepal, and Gray (1846) figured the uppersides of both sexes, without describing them. The figures represent specimens with the characters of chariclea, the outer edges of the marginal blotches being pale and the inner edges dark. In the female ‘ teeth ’ projecting inwards along nervures 3 and 4 nearly reach the discal spot. The tips are bordered by yellowish-white cilia. Lang (1864), Moore (1882), Butler (1886), Moore (1905), Bingham (1907) and Lefroy (1909) all state that this butterfly is common in N.W. Himalayas and neighbouring parts, but do not suggest that it differs from the European form. On the other band Butler (1886) mentions that in the female the second and third branches of the median vein are blackened. Rober (1907) says “it is a large form; the black markings are wider and the hindwing beneath is yellowish and dusted with black.” Verity (1908, pl. XXXV., 16, 17, 18), who figures a male, in which the inner margin of the apical blotch is irregular, and a female in which the ‘ teeth ’ are prolonged to join the upper discal spot, states that the upper discal spot is usually joined to the external border by two indistinct lines. In the B.M. series 22 out of 47 males show the aberration niqgro- notata, and 14 the aberration marginata, while 37 out of the 39 females are examples of ab. biligata and 18 also show the aberration faseiata. Of the 37 males from Thibet in the Tring collection 20 show the aberration niyronotata and 2 marginata. All 13 females are examples of ab. biliyata, but only 3 show the aberration supra-fasciata. Of the 27 males from other parts of the Himalayan region 6 show the aberration niyronotata, and 8 marginata; and of the 21 females 11 show the aberration biligata, but none the aberration supra-fasciata. Though specimens from different localities vary, the chief charac- teristics of the race seem to be the very common occurrence of the aberrations maryinata and biligata, and the considerable frequency of the aberrations nigronotata and fasciata. The noticeable dusting of black scales over the upper surfaces of the wings gives the race a characteristic facies (plt. IL. fig. 21). There are in some parts ‘‘ two or three broods in the year” (Moore, 1882), but these have not received names. The spellings nipalensis (Lang, 1864), and nepalense (Moore, 1882) have been used. Race ottonis, Rober (1907). This name is given by Rober to “ the Central-Asiatic spring form ; the underside of the hindwing is strongly darkened and dusted with greenish black.” Verity (1908, pl. XXXV. 22, 23), illustrates specimens from Turkestan which do not seem to show special features, and Verity says he sees “no reason to distinguish them particularly.” Of the 9 males in the B.M. collection from Yunnan 2 show the aberration nigronotata and 8 traces of the aberration marginata. The 2 females are poorly marked examples of the aberration biligata. 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S KECORD. 15.11. 19380 P. brassicoides, Guérin (1849), from Abyssinia, first described as a subspecies, is regarded by both Verity (1911, p. 337, Pl. LXVIL., f, 26, 27) and by Aurivillius (1925, p. 49, Pl. 12) as a distinct species. The former says it “‘ combines characters of brassicae and mesentina or dubernardi-davidis,” and the latter that it is the only known species of the brassicae group occurring in the Ethiopian Region. Ab. alligata, Cabeau. Derenne (1930) points out that we were in error in making ab. alligata, Cabeau a synonym of faseiata, Kiefer (XLI. p. 179), since Van Schepdael’s specimen, which is described by Cabeau, shows the characteristics of ab. fasciata and to a lesser degree those of ab. biligata, Cabeau. For such aberrations Verity (1908, p. 166) suggested the name conjuncta (XLI1., p. 176). Since Verity did not apply his name to any type specimen Cabeau’s name ab alligata has priority, if it is considered desirably to distinguish by special names examples in which the characters of two or more distinct and named aberrations occur. We are much indebted to Mr. N. D. Riley for access to the British Museum Collections and for photographs of three interesting specimens (figs. 12, 19, 21), to Dr. K. Jordan for his kindness in showing us the Tring Collections and for photographs of two rare specimens (figs. 9, 24), to Dr. J. J. Simpson for information relating to a specimen of ab. nigrescens mentioned by Mosley, to Mr. H. J. Turner for much assist- ance, especially in obtaining for us much of the foreign literature and for the loan of Mosley’s drawings (figs. 4, 5, 23), and to Mr. H. P. Hudson, of the Pathological Department, Cambridge, for the care and skill with which he photographed most of the specimens illustrated. REFERENCES. Albin, E. (1720). A Natural History of English Insects. Adkin, R. (1918). Hntom., LII. 36. Aurivillius, C. (1925). In Seitz’s Macrolepid., XIII. 49. Baker, G, T. (1891). Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond., 197-221. Bang-Haas, O. (1915). Deutsche Entom. Zeitschr., ‘ Iris,’ XX1X. 198. Bingham, C. T. (1907). The Fauna of British India, XI. 170. Boisduval, J. A. (1836). Hist. Nat. des Insectes. Paris, I. 521. Bramwell, J. M. (1869). Entom., LV. 258. Buckstone, A. A. W. (1923). Ent. Rec., XXXV. 128. Butler, A. G. (1886). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), XVII. 480. (1886). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 855, 394. Cabeau, C. (1924). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur., XX1YV. 25. (1925). Ibid, XXV. 38. Carpenter, J. H. (1907). Hntom., XL. 42. Carter, J. W. (1913). Hnt. Mon. Mag., XLIX. 40. Chapman, T. A. (1902). Entom., XXXV. 50. Cockerell, T. D. A. (1889). HEntom., XXII. 55. Derenne, F. (1930) Lambillionea, XXX. 12. Doubleday, EH. (1844). List Lep. Insects Brit. Mus. I. p. 82. Dufrane, A. (1912). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XII. 28. Fritsch, W. (1913). Ent. Rund., XXX. 47. PIERIS BRASSICAE, L, 21 ~ Frohawk, F. W. (1914). Nat. Hist. of Brit. Butterflies. (1918). Ent. Mon. Mag., LIV. Gélin, H. (1914). Bull. Soc. ent. France, 186. (1914). bid, 187. Gibbs, A. E. (1916). See Turner, H. J. (1920, p. 175). Graves, P. P. (1925). Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond., 75. Gray, G. R. (1846). Lep. Insects from Nepal, London, p. 9. Greer, T. (1922). Hntom., LV. 259. (1927). Hntom., LX. 100. Grosvenor, T. H. L. (1908). Hntom., XLI. 70. Guérin, F. HK. (1849). Lefebure. Voy. Abyss., VI. 365. Holt-White, A. F. (1894). Butts. and Moths of Teneriffe, p. 29. Hiibner, J. (1806). Samml. Hxvot. Schmett., p. 267. Humphreys, H. N., and Westwood, J. O. (1841). British Butterflies, p. 22. Image, 8. (1897). Hntom., XXX. 324. Jachontov, M. (1903). Rev. Russe a’ Ent., ILI. 38. John, K. (1922). Ent. Zeit., XXXVI. 33. Kiefer, H. (1918). Zeitseh. Oest. ent., Ver. ILI. 122. Knop, T. (1928). Hnt. Zeit., XXXVI. 68. Krulikovski, L. (1902). Rev. Russe d’Hnt., I. 221. Ksienschopolsky, A. V. (1911). Ges. Hrf. Wolhyniens, VIII. Lambillion, L. J. L. (1906). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, IX. 42. Lang, H. C. (1864). Ant. Mon. Mag., I. 103. Leeds, H. A. (1910). Entom., UXILI. 44. Lefroy, H. M. (1909). Indian Insect Life, p. 418. Linnaeus, C. (1758). Syst. Nat., ed. X. p. 467. Lowe, F. E. (1915). Entom. Rec., XX VIL. 270. Moore, F. (1882). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 234. , (1905). Lepidoptera Indica, VI. 127. Morris, F. O. (1859). History of Brit. Butts., p. 17. Mosley, 8. §, (1889). Hntom., XXII. 112. (1896). Nat. Journ., III., Suppl. pt. 5. Mousley, H. (1903). Ent. Rec., XV. 167. Miller, EK. (1925). Internat. ent. Zeit., XVIII. 276. Newman, E. (1869). Jil. Nat. Hist. of Brit. Butts., p. 165. Newman, L. W. (1916). Hntom., XLIX. 116. Oberthtir, C. (1896). Ht. d’Entom., XX. 6. (1913). Et. de Lépid. Comparée, 1X. 89. (1925). bid, XXII. 6. Pickett, C. P. (1903). Ent. Ree., XV. 190. Pionneau, P. (1924). Misc. Hnt., XXVII. 57. Plant, J. (1843). Zooloyist, I. 471. Rebel, H. (1917). Ann. Hofmus. Wien., XX XI. 16. Reverdin, J. L. (1910). Bull. Soc. Lep. Geneva, II. 46. Rober, J. (1896). Hnt. Nachricht., XXII. 81. (1897). Jbid. XXIII. 257. (1907). In Seitz’s Macrolepid., 1. 44. Rocci, M. (1919). Soc. Ligustica Sc. Nat., p. 19. Rothschild and Jordan (1903). Novit. Zoolog., IX. Suppl. Seitz, A. (1907). Macrolepidoptera of the World, Vol. I. South, R. (1921). The Butts. of the British Isles, p. 36. 22, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1980 Stauder, H. (1921, A). Zt. f. Wissen Ins.- Biol., XVI. 148-151. (1921, B). Deutsche Ent. Zeitsch., ‘ Ivis,,) XXXV. 26. Staudinger, O., and Rebel, H. (1901). Cataloy. d. Lepid. d. Paleart. Faunengeb., 1. 45. Stephens, J, F. (1828). J/llust. of Brit. Entom., I. 16. Turati, E. (1924, A). Atti. Soc. It. di Storia. Nat., LXIII. 21. (1924, B). Bull. Mus. Zool.e. Anat. comp. Torino, XX XIX. 1. (1924,C.) Atti. del Mus. di Stor. Nat. di Torino., XX XIX. 1. (1929). Arch. Zool. It., XIII. 178. Turner, H. J. (1920). Z'rans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 175. Tutt, J. W. (1896). British Butterflies, p. 232, Van Mellaerts, (1926). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XXVI. 84. Verity, R _ (1908). pp. 157-172 of Rhopalocera Palaearctica. (1911). p. 357 of same. 908) Ent. Rec., XXVIII. 97. (1919). Hnt. Rec., XXXI. 88. Verity, R., and Querci, O. (1923). Ent. Rec., XXXV. (Suppl. 20). Walcourt, E. de H. B. (1919). Rev. Men. Soc. Ent. Namur, XIX. 51. (1920). Ibid, XX. 15. Westwood, J. O. (1855). Butts. of Great Britain, p. 22. Zeller, P. C. (1847). Isis, 222. Corrections.—On plt. I., ‘‘nammei” should be “ rammei.”’ p. 7, 1. 15, “‘ white’ should read ‘“ whole.” Memorandum to the Forest Entomologists and other Entomologists who are interested in the Study of Bark-beetles. By Dr. P. SPESSIVTSEFF (Experimentalfiiltet, Sweden). At the session of the Forest-entomological Section of the Inter- national Congress of Forest Experiment Stations held at Stockholm in July, 1929, | proposed the forming of an International Society of Ipidologists with the following words: “During the last 10-20 years the interest in the systematical and biological study of the bark-beetles has greatly increased. Such regions as for instance Sibirien, Kaukasus, the Balkan States and the Mediterranean region, whose fauna of bark-beetles was previously not sufficiently known, begin to attract the attention of entomologists. ‘“« Those investigators who pursue their studies in the field in far away countries are, however, confronted with the following difficulties : ‘1. The absence of keys for the identification of the bark-beetles (the Bestimmunystabelle of Reitter of 1913 are antiquated and Eggers contributions in the Entomologische Blitter do not cover the whole field. “2. The descriptions of new species are often published in such journals with no wide distribution, where they are not easily accessible. “3. These descriptions are often purely morphological and are not accompanied by figures or keys comprising other closely related species. “4, The new species are often formed on single or a few specimens which remain in the collection of the author and are as a consequence inaccessible to other investigators. “Tt would therefore be a great advantage to science if the work of the ipidologists in the different countries could- be made easier. As CEUTHORRHYNCHIDIUS PALUSTRE, N.SP. 23 most of the entomologists who pursue systematic and biological studies on the bark-beetles are attached to the forest-service I suggest that this section take the initiative of organising an International Society of Ipidologists. I further propose that a commission be formed to which the work of forming a detailed programme is entrusted. A number of distinguished forest-entomologists unfor- tunately not here present ought to be asked to join the work of the commission. In the meantime we may confine our activities along the following lines: “1. To enlist the co-operation of as many investigators as possible who are working on the bark-beetles. . ‘©2. To publish the names and addresses of the members of the association in suitable journals. “3. To issue detailed keys for the identification of the palearctic and possibly also of the nearctic bark-beetles. “4. In view of the difficulties connected with this work it would be necessary to issue the keys in series and entrust the different groups to specialists.” The proposal was unanimously adopted by the section and the ' following were chosen as members of the organizing commission : Dr. V. von Burtovirscn, Forstliche Hochschule, Eberswalde, Germany. Dr. N. A. Kemyer, Lund University, Sweden. Dr. P. SpEssivrTsEFF, Pror. Dr. I. Trickrpa, Experiment Station, Experimentalfiltet, Sweden. On behalf of this commission I take the liberty of asking you, who are interested in the study of the bark-beetles to join our new society and send your name and address as well as details as to what part of the group you are interested in to Professor Dr. I. Tricirpn, Experimentalfaltet, Sweden. Lists of the members will be published regularly in the Hntomolo- gische Blitter, Stettin, and in other journals. When in this way a society has been formed it will be advisable that the members in the different countries nominate between them a commission of 1-3 members for the purpose of co-operating with the central commission. Entomological Department, Swedish Forest Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, n.sp., a British Species of Rhyncophora (Coleoptera) new to Science. By T. H. EDMONDS, F.E.S. When collecting near Bovey Tracey in August, 1928, I took, on patches of Nasturtium palustre, growing by the side of the river, a few specimens of a Ceuthorrhynchidius of the floralis group, which seemed to be different. When I was there with Mr. Donisthorpe in July last, we tried at the same spot and took several Ceuthorrhynchidii. He informs me that most of these were floralis and melanarius, but that one is evidently new and that there is a similar specimen in the Power Collection labelled ““? minutus” but it is not that species. A few weeks 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 later I tried again at the same place and took several more specimens of the new form. On the advice of Mr. Donisthorpe I am describing it and my thanks are due to him for his assistance in the matter. Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, sp.n. Black with rather scanty white scales. Antennae reddish, scape usually lighter, club darker. Thorax rather closely punetured, scantily clothed with narrow white scales, constricted at apex, with a small tubercle at each side, anterior margin raised and usually narrowly and obscurely brownish, base strongly bisinuate. Elytra with a double row of narrow white scales on the interstices, without band at the suture, at the most with some broader white scales near the scutellum. Underside rather scantily clothed with white scales. Long. 14 to 14mm. Allied to C. floralis, but narrower and on the average smaller. The thorax is rather longer, less strongly constricted towards the apex and the apical margin is not so much raised. The clothing both of the upper and underside is much scantier and there is no sutural band present. Several specimens at Bovey Tracey, Devon, on Nasturtium palustre. Synharmonia conglobata, L._—New aberrations. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. My friend, Herr Leopold Mader, of Vienna, has sent me diagrams of the following aberrations, which we agree are unnamed and he has asked me to name them for him. I do so in compliance with his request, though with some diffidence having regard to the length of the list and to the probability that these cannot pretend to exhaust all the possible combinations, which may hereafter be found in a species, which boasts eight spots. I may perhaps add that coloured plates of these aberrations will appear in due course in Herr Leopold Mader’s very interesting and exhaustive work, ‘“‘ Evidenz der pal. Coccinelliden” now being issued in parts as a supplement to the Zeitschrift des Vereines der Natiurbeobaehter and Sammler. ab, subeonjuncta, n. ab.—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6+7+8. ab. miilleri, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, 4, 54+-7+6, 8. ab. subvariegata, n. ab.—1+2, 38, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. ab. friederikae, n. ab.—2+1+4, 3, 5, 6+7, 8. (I have the honour of naming this after the wife of Herr Leopold Mader.) ab. triconjuncta, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4+5, 6+7, 8. ab. herbsti, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4,5+7-+6, 8. ab. sieardi, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4, 5, 64+7+8. ab. kirkae, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, 4,5+8, 6+7+8. ab. ellisi, n. ab.—1-+2, 8, 4,5+5, 647-48. ab. subpinet?, n. ab.—1+2+5,8+4+5-+485, 6+7+5, 8+58. (The formula ab. pineti, Ws. (vera) is 1+2+8, 8+4+5+85, 64+7+5, 8.) SYNHARMONIA CONGLOBATA, L, 25 . hawkesi, n. ab.—2+1+4+38, 5+8, 64+7+8. . caprai, n. ab.—2+1+4+5-+8, 8, 6+7+8. _ bedwelli, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4--5+8) (5+7), 6, 8. . harwoodi, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (5+7), 6, 8. . cincta, n. ab.—(2+1+4+4+4+8) (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). Every spot confluent with the rest. . subcincta, n. ab.—(1+4+3) (4+5+8), 2, 6+7, 8. . gradli, n. ab.—1+2, 8, 4,6+7+5+5, 8. . weiset, n. ab.—142, 8, 4, (6+7+5+5) (8+7). . heydeni, n, ab.—-1+2, 8, (44+5+8) (6+7+85), 8. . lestrayet, n. ab.—1+2, (B34+4+5+8) (6+7+5) (7+8). . schneideri, n. ab,p—(2+1+4+48) (4+5+58), 6+7, 8. . mulsanti, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4+5+8) (64+7+5), 8. . evertsi, n. ab.—1+2, (8+4+5-+8) (6+7+5), 8. . walteri, n. ab.—1, 2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . kuhnti, n. ab.—1+2, 84+4, 64+7+5-+5, 8. . sagoensis, n. ab.—1+42, 84+4, (6+7+5+5) (8+7). . reitteri, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5), 8. . linnei. n. ab.—2+4+1+4, 8, (6+7+5+8) (8+7). . ryet, n, ab.—1, 2, 8, 4, 6+7+5+5, 8. . illigeri, n. ab.—1+2, 8, (4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . marshami, n, ab.—1+2, (83 +4+5+45) (7+5), 6, 8. . haworthi, n. ab.—2+1+4+4+438, (6+7+5+85) (8+7). . goezei, n, ab—2+144+48, 64+74+54+5, 8. pbieinta, n.ab.—(2+14-4-+8) (44+-5+8),.6+ 748. _omniconjuncta, n. ab.—(2+1+4+4+4+38) (44548) (6+7+5) (7+8+8). Differs from ab. cincta, mihi, in having spot 8 confluent with suture. . magnifica, n. ab.—(14+2+8) (14443) (4+5+5) (6+7+5), 8+8. A fine heavily marked aberration. . erotchi, n. ab.—(2+1+44+48) (4+5+8), 6+74+8+5. . donovani, n. ab—(2+14+4+5+45) (6+7+4+5) (847), 3. . naezent, n. ab.—(14+4+5+8) (6+7+5), 2, 3, 8. . faldermanni, n. ab.—14+2+4+4+4+38, 5+8, 647, 8. . gyllenhali, n. ab.—1 +244, 8, 64+7+5+45, 8. . motschulskyi, n. ab.—(2+1+4+48) (4+5+8), 6+7, 8+58. . vetterstedti, n. ab.—1+2, (834+4+5+4+8) (6+7+5) (7+8+58). . panzeri, n. ab.— 2414443, 647+5+4+5, 8+5. . paykulli, n. ab.—1+4, 2, 8,548, 6+7+8. . latreillei, n. ab.—1, 2, (B+4+5+8) (6+7+5) (8+7). . stephensi, n. ab—(1+2+8) (1+4+83), 6+74+5+5, 8. . laichartingi, n. ab.—1+4, 2, 3, 6+7+5+5, 8. . thunbergi, n. ab.—(14+2+48) (1+4+5+5) (6+7+5), 3, 8. . olivieri, n. ab.—1, 2, 3, +4, (64+7+5+5S) (8+7). . cederjhelmi, nu. ab,—2+1+44+8, 5+5, 6+7, 8. . lecontei, n. ab.—1+4+5+8, 2, 3, 6+7, 8. ab. fairmairei, n. ab.—1, 2, 3+4, 5+8, 6+7+8. . zoubkoffi, n. ab.—1+ 2, 3, 4, (6+7+5-+5) (7+8+5). 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 Stray Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.E.S. Erebia fleteheri, Elw., FE. dabanensis, Ersch., and F.. kozhantschikovi, Sheljuzhko, When looking over the Erebias in the B.M. collection last year, I came on an unmistakable g of EH. fletcheri. This is, so far as I know, the only known ¢ of this species. Strangely enough the specimen had been dissected by Elwes, who according to his habit had mounted the genitalia on a card, but he apparently never published anything about it or added anything to his first note, which was published at the same time as his figure of the 9 (Zrans. Ent. Soe. 1899, pl. 12, fig. 4). The genitalia were so contorted on the card that it was quite impossible to gain any real idea of their formation, but the authorities kindly gave me permission to try and remount them, which although they were a little damaged by their previous rough treatment, I was able to do in a quite successful manner. The resulting mount plainly showed that fletcheri was very distinct, with no real affinity to any other known species, and not the slightest similarity to dabanensis. A thing which had always surprised me was why this very distinctly marked insect should have always been placed as an aberration of dabanensis. Hiffinger confidently asserts that he is sure that Elwes’ figure can only be an aberration of dabanensis, and others have said the same. There is, however, no real resemblance between the two. Quite recently, two remarkable specimens have come into my possession, which at once threw some light on this point. They are aberrations of dabanensis and kozhantschikovi, but both show considerable resem- blance to jfletcheri, in fact they were sent to me as the latter by Staudinger. A further point of confusion has been the failure to distinguish between dabanensis and kozhantschikovi. It was only in 1925 that Sheljuzhko described the latter, and aberrations of it are even more like fletcheri than those of dabanensis owing to the very dark, almost unicolorous underside of the hindwing. It was doubtless because Elwes did not fully appreciate the difference between his Wilui specimens (i.e. kozhantsehikovi) and dabanensis, that he placed his 2 of fletcheri as an aberration of the latter. I am indebted to Mr. Sheljuzhko for permission to dissect one of his co-types of kozhantschi- kovt, and I have also been able to examine the genitalia of one of Elwes’ specimens in the British Museum collection and a third specimen in my own collection, and structurally the three agree perfectly, though from widely separated localities, keeping constantly distinct from dabanensis, of which I have mounted the genitalia of some half dozen specimens. It may be noted here that in Dr. Chapman’s paper on the genus Erebia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898) he gave a drawing of the clasps of both dabanensis and kozhantschikovi, but as he did not distinguish be- tween the two he makes a mistake which is rather confusing. He figures the clasp of tundra (he had the type to examine from the Staudinger collection) on plate XV., f. 51*a and 51*b, which is typical of dabanensis, for tundra is an aberration of that species; then he gives two clasps of “dabanensis” figs. 51b and 51c, which are really kozhantschikovi. Although I do not consider that as a rule the naming of aberrations STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 27 is of any particular value, in the present case it seems useful to name these fletcheri-like aberrations, as it may help to keep similar specimens from being confused with fletcheri in the future. E.. dabanensis, ab. confusa, nov. In this aberration the yellowish-brown rings which normally surround the four small black spots on the upperside of the forewing, are extended so as to form a broad, continuous, transverse band, with perfectly even inner and outer edges, on both upper and underside of the forewings. Otherwise the specimen is normally marked. In dabanensis this band is usually outlined on the underside of the fore- wings, but is always suffused to a greater or less extent by the dark ground colour, It is therefore on the upperside that this aberration is most abnormal. Type, a ? in my collection from Mondy, Sajan Mountains. FE. kozhantschikovi ab. rubescens, nov. In this aberration all those markings which are usually a deep ochre in the type are of a dark mahogany colour. On the upperside of the forewings only three of the usual five black spots remain, and these are reduced to the merest points. There are five mahogany- coloured spots more or less forming a band, but intersected by the nervures, with an even outer edge but shading off irregularly on the inner edge. On the hindwings, there are three very small mahogany- coloured dots without black spots. On the underside, the forewings are crossed by a very broad and continuous mahogany-coloured band (quite as broad as the normal band in fletcheri and at least twice as wide as that of kozhantschikovi) in which are four very small black points near the outer edge. The hindwings are almost unicolorous black, with just a faint indication of the usual dark grey antimarginal band. The whole ground-colour, both on the upper and underside, is much blacker than usual. The underside of this specimen is quite suggestive of fletchert, but of course the markings of the upperside are much less pronounced. ‘T'ype,a 3g in my collection from the Sajan Mountains. FE. pawloskii, Men. This species is a most variable one; a short study of it will convince most people of the fact. But in spite of this I own I felt reluctant to accept the large and very strikingly-coloured theano as a subspecies of it. Still, all morphological data pointed to this being the case, and Dr. Chapman came to the same conclusion many years ago. ‘There is, it is true, a constant difference in the genitalia, of theano, shown by the development of the shoulder of the clasp, and superficially theano is very constant too, but a long study of the Hrebian genitalia has demonstrated that the particular form of variation exhibited by the clasp of theano, is not a reliable character, but one which can only be accepted as of specific value when accompanied by some second structural difference. It is also a fact that in numerous cases, highly specialised subspecies of H’rebia species often develop some structural difference from the type form, which difference is most frequently connected with the dorsal ridge of the clasp. Finally, in EH. ceto, a 28 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.11.1930 species quite distinct from theano, a certain race which superficially differs but little from the type, produces as its normal form, a form of the termination of the clasp almost identical with that of theano, and differing from typical ceto in just the same manner as theano does from pawloskii. So altogether there seemed no real doubt about the matter, but I felt it would be by no means easy to convince the general collector of the fact. Under these circumstances I was doubly pleased to get two very remarkable specimens from Staudinger, which effectually did away with the apparent gulf between pawloskit and theano. Bang-Haas referred them to haberhaueri, but personally I placed them as small theano. On mounting the genitalia the very interesting fact was disclosed that they were true pawloskit. This discovery at once links up the somewhat scattered units of this species. It must be recalled that the N. American ethela (=so/ia, Str.) is also a form of pawloskii, but the colour in the cell on the upperside of the fore- wing, and the yellow spot at the base of the hindwing on the underside, were features unknown in pawloskii, and more suggestive of relationship with maurisius (and haberhaueri), though there too the yellow basal spot of the hindwings on the underside did not agree. Elwes noted that he had never seen an Asiatic specimen with this spot. Of course it is present, very strongly, in theano, but Elwes regarded the latter as a distinct species quite unconnected with ethela. The two specimens of my newly discovered form of pawloskii naturally show this character- istic spot of ethela quite strongly, for they are small replicas of theano, having in fact developed the facies of the latter while retaining the size and structure of pawloskit. So on the one hand while they bridge the gulf between pawloskii and theano, on the other they, almost certainly, represent the form from which the slightly darker ethela must have sprung, though very probably at the time when they penetrated to the north of America their facies may have been even closer to ethela than they now are. This extremely interesting subspecies may be described as follows: FE, pawloskii, ssp. connexa, nov. (=haberhauri, ssp. tunkuna, Bang- Haas, i.1.) Size as pawloskii. Upperside: forewings dark brown with a band of six very broad brownish-orange spots, just separated by the dark nervures. ‘The first three spots (those next the costa) and the last (next the inner margin) project towards the base of the wing further than the other intermediate ones, just as in theano, while the outer edge of the band is perfectly regular. The distal half of the discoidal cell is filled with the same colour as the spots of the band, while there are traces of a further spot between the cell and the inner margin. The hindwings are dark brown with a single row of six broad spots, the same colour as those of the forewings, but they are more widely separated than the latter, by the dark ground colour running along the nervures. As in theano, the first three spots project nearly twice as far towards the base of the wing as the following ones; there is, however, no basal spot on the upperside. Underside; The markings are exactly the same as those of the upperside, only the basal area of the forewings is suffused with a rusty red, from the inner edge of the band to the “base, and on the hindwings there is a large yellow basal spot, which corresponds to the central one of the basal row, to be seen a —_—_——_ —_—_— NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 29 in theano. It is the same spot that is so characteristic a feature of ethela, but all the markings are much stronger thau in that race. All the spots of the underside are a very pale yellow, much lighter than on the upperside. Type, a g in my collection from Schawyr, in the eastern Tannuola Mountains. The name employed 7./. by Bang-Haas was very inappropriate, the Tunkun Mountains being some two or three hundred miles north of the Tannuola Range. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. The discovery made by Suschkin (1913) and by Reverdin (1920- 1927) of marked variations in the genitalia of the Melitaea has opened out an interesting field to investigation and to deductions. Hitherto it seemed a hopeless puzzle to explain their existence, their connections and their origins, but the knowledge we have lately acquired from other groups of Lepidoptera has shed considerable light also on this problem, which apparently fits in perfectly with the general laws we have made out. There are only a few particular points which need to be looked into more thoroughly to complete the general picture. A serious hindrance is unfortunately created by the extremely vague and fragmentary data concerning the Asiatic races of the athalia group and the indefinite way in which their few names have been applied. Let us begin by a rapid general survey of the evolution of the tribe. In wy paper on didyma, Eisp., I have pointed out that the Melitaea have originated from the tropical Phyciodes as the result of adaptation to the temperate climate, which began to appear on the face of the earth in the Polar regions. Amongst the Phyciodes which still live at the present day in the temperate climate of North America there are species, like ismeria, Boisd., of Colorado, which are extremely similar in shape and pattern of both surfaces to Melitaea harrisii, Scudd., the American representative of dictynna and protomedia, which only differ from it by some slight specific features, and there are species like Phyciodes barnesi, Skinner, which very much resemble the small summer forms of the Palaearctic M. phoebe, Schiff., with a mixture of arduinna, Esp. features by their shape and general appearance and by the fundamental lines of the underside pattern. This obviously shows that these two types of structure and pattern are the most primitive ones in the genus Melitaea, and the American species confirm it clearly by affording cases of transition and different mixtures of features, which one is accustomed in the Old World to associate with perfectly distinct groups of species. Thus whitneyi, Behr., on the upperside might be mistaken for a phoebe, whereas on the underside it is intermediate between phoebe and dictynna and it resembles the latter more than the former; that this is no case of superficial likeness, but a really intermediate species, similar to the common aneestor, from which those two groups may have sprung, possibly when still at the Phyciodes stage, can be considered more or less proved by the rather unexpected discovery of the last few years that the genitalia of dictynna resemble much more those of niinerva, 30 . ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1980 and in consequence those of arduinna and phoebe, than they do the genitalia of the athalia group, in which it bad always been placed owing to its general resemblance to it produced by parallel variation. In America we will presently see there also are species, such as anicia, Doubl., and editha, Boisd., whose very different looking races recall the aspect of the minerva-arduinna-phoebe group in some cases and of the aurinia-maturna one in others. It is noteworthy that batcalensis, Brem., p. 183=arcesia, Brem., p. 15, and sindura, Moore, on the underside combine an athalia-, or still better a dejone- or a parthenie- like pattern, with a fulvous marginal band, between the two capillary streaks, exactly like that which characterises maturna and iduna on the one hand and dictynna on the other; this goes towards showing that baicalensis connects the athalia group to the others and is more primitive than the latter. In a general way it seems perfectly clear that the minerva and baicalensis groups and more precisely their American representatives of the minuta, Edw. and palla, Beisd. groups along one line of descent and the dictynna and harrisii one along another have been the most primitive Melitaea, which have derived from the Phyciodes, as the result of adaptation to a temperate climate. When theclimate became still colder a further push was made and the culminating stage of what might be called frigoripetal evolution and variation was reached. In America it has developed to an enormous extent and innumerable variations have been produced both individually and racially, so that it was thought quite a number of species existed there, although the various authors did not agree on their number and in the way of separating the races. Fortunately Gunder has at last succeeded in classifying them by means of the genitalia, which he has examined in each race, mostly from the actual “types”? (The Pan- Pacific Hntom- ologist, VI. (1929), p. 1). He has thus established that there are in reality only five, or even four known species, if phaeton, Dru., and chalcedona, Dbl., are considered exerges of a single species, as they probably should be. The three others are anicia, Dbl. and Hew., editha, Bdy., and gillettii, Barnes. Judging by his figures, my impression is that anicia is the less highly characterised of the group, both by its genitalia and its general aspect, and that, from it, one branch has turned into chalcedona and another in the two successive grades editha and gillettit. The latter is clearly the transition to the Palaearctic species, as very rightly stated by Gunder, and I should add more particularly to aurinia, but, instead of being their American offshoot, as believed by him, it is the closest representative of their ancestors. Suschkin, as well as Reyerdin, had made a distinct group of these species, standing opposite all the rest of the Melitaea, on the strength of their sharply different genitalia, but Scudder had done still better in separating them as a distinct genus under the name of Huphydryas and it is time one should take it up in connection with aurinia and the maturna group, as they, apparently, differ much more from the true Melitaea than the latter differ from the Phyciodes. The Huphydryas can be regarded as the extreme result of frigori- petal evolution; the latter must have reached a point which the Melitaea centre of organic balance could not surpass, so that the increasing stress from the surroundings obliged these organisms to shift it in such a way that their elasticity could stretch further from CURRENT NOTES. aL the new centre in the frigoripetal direction. The consequence of specialisation to cold and damp conditions has been that the most extreme Huphydryas have lost the power to stand the opposite ones. Genera of this sort might be called psychrotropic satellite genera. In my paper on M. didyma, Esp., 1 have pointed out that, after the cold period had reached its climax and all the inhabitants of the Polar Continent had been driven southward to different latitudes, according to their constitutions, producing the great migration, in Asia and in America, of the late Cretaceous and of the early Eocene, I have described in my previous papers, the Melitaea, which had passed from their land of origin into Asia, presumably at that time, spread very broadly and responded to the return and gradual increase of heat, which followed, by bursting out into a very active evolution, one might in this case call caloripetal; this again culminated in Asia in a satellite genus, the subtropical Z'imelaca, to which the name of thermotropic would be suitable. These organisms have in fact taken a turn (tropos) respectively towards cold (psychros) or towards heat (therme). I cannot enter here into a detailed description of the numerous features which contribute to give the genitalia of Huphydryas an entirely different look from those of the Melitaea; I must mention, however, the forked piece, as Reverdin puts it, which I should desig- nate as the ‘‘ saddle-shaped ”’ lateral process of the clasps and which is homologous to Reverdin’s lateral apophysis of the true Melitaea, though its shape is quite different. It is this process Gunder has illustrated and on which he has based the specific grouping of the American races, but I must say I had some trouble in finding out what part of the genitalia he was dealing with, by examining his sketches; he leads one entirely wrong by calling it ‘‘ projections of the uncus,” and he very improperly calls the upper branch “left projection.” My reasons for regarding anicia as the less highly characterised species of HKuphydryas, standing nearer than the others to the palla group of the true Melitaea, is that some of its extremely different looking races somewhat resemble the latter and that, in conjunction with this, both the branches of the saddle-shaped process are long, slender and curved in a way which suggests analogy and probably also perfect homology with the lateral apophysis of the Melitaea, shaped like a cow’s horn. In editha the branches are shorter and thicker and the upper one is barbed at its end and in the still more extreme gillettii they are, as in the Palaearctic species, reduced to a bristled wart and to a stumpy branch ; aurinia, maturna and finally its exerge cynthia exhibit three successive degrees of reduction. [| might mention that in the Euphydryas also the terminal apophysis has shrunk into a round mass, covered with spines, and the whole clasp from a globular shape into a triangular one. (To be continued.) GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. The following Fellows have been elected as Officers and Council of the Entomological Society of London for the ensuing year :— President: K. Jordan, Ph.D. Treasurer: Captain A. F. Hemming, C.B.E., F.Z.S. Secretary: S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. Other Members of Council: —H. W. Andrews, Capt. E. Bagwell-Purefoy, F.Z.5., E. C. Bedwell, F. W. Edwards, H. Willoughby-Ellis, F.Z.S., a PO ea ee ns a) a ; > eng Ped . ot oe rk 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930. H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8., A. D. Imms, M.A., D.Sc., F.B.8,, R. W. Lloyd, R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., D.Se., F.R.S., F. Muir, W. Rait-Smith, N. D. Riley, F.Z.8., H. J. Turner. Dr. Immes, F. Muir and Hy. J. Turner have been chosen as Vice- Presidents for the year. The following item only quite recently came to our knowledge. We heartily congratulate our colleague. At the Convocation at the University of Durham in June last Dr. J. W. Harrison presented Professor Richard Siddoway Bagnall, a distinguished scientist, of Edinburgh, for the honorary degree of D.Sc. He said the two northern counties had always been famous for their enthusiastic and learned amateur naturalists, and among them none had been more distinguished than the entomologists. Professor Bagnall was one of the world’s authorities on the Thrips. In the Jnt. Ent. Zeit. for November 22nd is an account of the collecting in the wonderful Val del Fain (Heutal) behind the Berni- na-haus station in the Engadine. The botanical treasures of the valley are equally remarkable. The only drawback to collecting in this valley is the almost incessant bad weather. Most of the species to be found there are in considerable number and many are racial. The Ent. News for November has a most interesting account of the U.S. National Museum at Washington, one of the series on N. American Institutions Featuring Lepidoptera contributed by J. Gunder. The article is illustrated by a portrait group of the well known entomologists working in the Museum in January, 1929. Dr. Dyar, Dr. Schaus, Dr. Howard, C. Heinrich, A. Buseck and F. H. Noyes. In the same number there is a list of all who have been Honorary (foreign) Fellows of the Entomological Society of London since its foundation in 1883, 57 in Number, with their nationality. In the Hnt.. Zeit..for November 22nd there is a list of the Pterophoridae occurring in the Austria-Hungarian area with the localities in which they are found. Of the 77 species listed, 13 are Oriental, 7 Siberian, 5 (probably) Mediterranean and 4 Alpine in origin. In the November number of Lambillionea M. Thomas discusses the problem—le Retour au Nid, at considerable length. Also Dr. Eubrik Strand writes a critical review of the Memoir on the Ascari (mites) published with the 77jds. voor Ent. as a supplement in 1926. The Revue Russe d’ Ent. vol. XXIII. nos. 1-2 recently published contains a large amount of original work. N.J. Kusneyov, contributes the article ‘“‘ Malacodea and Operophtera. A study in Micropterism,”’ with 4 plates and several figures. The author concludes “that the loss of the organs of flight must be considered and examined on the physiological basis only, as a result of nutritional, metabolic balance disturbed by the unfavourable conditions of life. Six of the articles deal with Lepidoptera, five with Hymenoptera, three with Coleoptera. There are six further articles included. In the Bull. Soc. ent. Hrance, no. 15, Dr. Verity communicates a note on the races and forms of Argynnis niobe occurring in the Kuropean area. The Soc. Hut. for December contains three plates devoted to illustrate forms of Macrolepidoptera described as occurring in Pomerania, by K. F. Marquarat. ee - Tornrn, ““Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to ind us communications 1DENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. : Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at : the time of sending in MS. 3 Articles that require ILLusTRATIoNS are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. eae EXCHANGES. ae “Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. : Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.— Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera. mc W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata. —Unoentiy REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. Jones, Nat. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hail, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and munda.— A. J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates.— Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. Desiderata.—Euchloé gyriineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.— 4. Simmons, 42, Loughborough oad, West Bridgford, Notts. Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first dass Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of ‘he World. Galls.—In view of the forthcoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia by Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls wre requested. Material will be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, ~lustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., PR. S., Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-T'yne. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p-m. March dth, 19th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. February 27th. March 13th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Hdwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London Entomological and Natural. History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors weleemed :— Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. : SENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S. re vi id BS Price, one copy 1s. 0d. two copies ls. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By KennetH J. Haywarp, F.E.S. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Yerzeichniss. Collated by the late J. i. Durrant, F.H.8. (a few copies only) .. vi . Qs. 6d. Back eas Nos. 37-41 of Ent. Record, new series; jnclititig ‘Special IMMER ee oe A= ee Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Se post va =: H. W. Ricacee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8. E.9. ~y > _To be obtained from— CONTENTS _ P. brassicae, with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire, G. 8. Graham-Smith, M.D., F.R.S., F.E.S. and W. Graham-Smith (2 plts.) 27a Memorandum to the Forest Entomologists and other Entomologists who are interested in the Study of Bark-beetles, Dr. P. Spessivtseff ; ; Ceuthorrhynchidius palustre, a British Species of Rhbyncop hora new to Science, T. H. Edmonds, F.E.S. B : : 3 oe . of . -. se Synharmonia conglobata, L., New aberrations, G. Curtis Leman, F.E.S...— Stray Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F:E.S. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M.D. .. aps Current Notes SUPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner Be a Rt & (129)-(132) Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones as (69)-(72) er ee EE Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. — Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Malcolm Burt. H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wightman, G. C. Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. D. Kettlewell, C. Nicholson, __ and Reports of Societies. ; peas All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ** Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. ; IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record eS and Journal! of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) 3 GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important vnly mentioned.) - _ Genvs Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured *plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— — Parthenogenesis— Puper on T'aentocampidae —Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the — a inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist — or 1890 —Lifehistories of Ayrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Cuptures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., ete., 360 pp. ay CONTENTS OF VOL. HI. Menanism any Menanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on Vantation (inany)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and 4. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- , theeias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- — clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes ‘ Ey’ on Genus Zyemna (dnthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etce., 312 pp. ; ee Mr. H. HE. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 es to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable na ' Epirep sy G. T. Beraune-Baker, F.Z.8., J. EH. Conny, v.u.s._ A F.E.S., Chairman. — H. DontsrHore®, F.2. Hove ¥.E.S ‘ R. §. BaGnau, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. Graves, F.EB. s - F,L.S. H. E, Pdex, ¥.5.8.) (4) ee Matcoum Burr, D.Ssc., Y¥-.8.8. ALFRED SICH, F.U.8. 0 9 0 See Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.£.8. | W.H. Tams, ¥.1t.s. Sowa ate BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. 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HILL & SON Mg Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. / SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. raed: Consult us on the problem of howsing your Collection economically. yet; e Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems. ate CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. ie PHone: Willesden O309. oer. ek W. F. H. ROSENBERG 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead Tube) at 7 TrLEPHONE: Primrose Hill O660. F ; i a New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, etc.; ‘free Hig aR to readers of this periodical. . Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kegs, Reptile Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British ‘and te Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERFLIES 3 THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S§. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species, ’ Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from.Nature. ‘Quite the best volume devoted. to our British Butterflies which has been issued. Netonat Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. neo ih FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2, A eR ea Tee he ere pete RS PROF. SEITZ’S BIRTHDAY. 33 Prof. Dr. Seitz’s 70th birthday, February 24th. Descendent of one of Germany’s noble families, Dr. Seitz has been a collector of butterflies ever since he was six years old. At the age of 27 and after having completed his studies, he departed for Sydney. - Together with Mr. William Mac-Leay, Mr. Mastas and Mr. Ollif, he collected butterflies near Adelaide and Melbourne. ‘The first named scientist, took Dr. Seitz for lengthy excursions into the interior of Australia, thus awakening in him the idea of writing a great work, which should enable entomologists to gain a clear survey of the Fauna of the World. This suggestion took root in Prof. Seitz’s mind, but he knew that first of all he must get to know thoroughly the butterfly- fauna of the whole World. For this purpose he had to travel and he therefore undertook numerous expeditions to all parts of the World, going at the age of 30 in the year 1890 to the Orient. Through repeated visits to the Yemen, he gained much knowledge of the Eastern part of the Kthiopian territory, the West of which he had already entered earlier. ‘Then he went to China and collected chiefly in Shanghai. In 1891 he lived in Kaw-Long, opposite the Island of Hong-kong, which he explored for many months. Following upon this, the Doctor stayed in Japan, where again he undertook expeditions far into the interior, starting from Hondo, Yokohama, Fliago and Tokio; he also visited Mianoshida and Nikko. Dr. Seitz remained in these Zones until the year 1892, during which time he studied the Palaearctic southern frontier of Kastern Asia, whose position he fixed by taking many statistical notes. His last South-American journey Dr. Seitz characterises as his 59th voyage to distant countries. Thus one is able to note, that he had plenty of opportunity to explore nearly all the countries of the World for their. lepidoptera fauna. After many years of successful work as Director of the Zoological Gardens at Frankfort-on-Main, he retired from this responsible post, in order to be able to devote himself entirely to his chief aim in life— his work ‘“‘ The Macrolepidoptera of the World.’ The war however, was the cause of delaying the progress of the imposing work, on which the author is still working with the collaboration of some 29 explorers, amongst whom there are several prominent English scientists. Other unforeseen interruptions occurred, through the illness of some of the collaborators whom it was practically impossible to replace; this too caused great trouble and inconvenience. ‘The great exertions of the publishers however, assured the steady progress of the Work. A Supplement, to the Palaearctic 'auna completed in the year 1920, has become an urgent necessity, and has lately begun to appear, and takes into account all the recent additions made up todate. The whole of the butterfly-volumes appertaining to the Exotic Section are completed, and we hear, that the moth-volumes X and XIV will be finished in the course of this year. We understand that it will probably be about another 3 years this versatile scientist will have to work intensively to finish his work. Prof. Dr. Seitz is at present far away in the interior of Brazil, and we wish him many happy returns of the day on this his 70th birthday. Sr 34 F ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 154161980, Field Notes from the Congo. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sce., F.E.S. I am afraid I have not much of entomological interest to report from the Congo, although I spent six weeks there. But they were busy weeks and I did not get outside the town of Elisabethville very much. We crossed the Angoia-Congo frontier on Armistice Day, 1927, in two lorries which were, I am glad to say, British made, loaded up with about two tons of kit and baggage. It was a six day drive from Villa Luso, and not without mild adventure, especially when we nearly lost a lorry by the sinking of the pontoon over the river Kayoyo. After the plateau of Angola, it was rather pleasant to come into an agreeable little town with many of the amenities of civilisation. Elisabethville is barely seventeen years old, but as it is the centre of the immensely wealthy mining district of Katanga, there has been money in circulation. It has many appurtenances of civilisation, including a Cathedral, the smart Cercle Albert and one or two other more modest clubs, a palace for the Governor, and hospital each for whites and blacks. The population is cosmopolitan; apart from the Belgian officials and a few British, it consists mostly of Jews, chiefly of Russian origin, Italians and Greeks. It is well laid out, with shady avenues of handsome jacarandas and other ornamental trees, with rows of detached, pretty little houses standing in attractive gardens ; they are built, however, rather to the European model of suburban bungalows and not properly designed for a climate a few degrees south of the equator. There are excellent shops and high prices but hotel accommodation still leaves much to be desired. I was unlucky in missing the Government Entomologist, who was away in the bush, but glad to make the acquaintance of Monsieur Ramaekar, a keen zoologist and a skilled taxidermist. He’ is more interested in birds and mammals than in insects but collects beetles - and sundries. M. Ramuaekar received us very cordially and it was good to have a yarn on African zoology with a man who knows something of the subject. I did little collecting myself. On the road, when we stopped for lunch or to unload and reload the lorries at one'of the numerous pontoons, I picked up a few Orthoptera but nothing very striking ; the most noticeable were brilliantly coloured Acridians which flashed as they made short flights in the sunlight among the rough herbage. I was sorry not to come across Palophus, the gigantic Phasmid, one of the largest known insects, which appears to be by no means rare in the Congo. The country we motored through was all forest, but different from that of Angola. There we had rather thin and open woodlands on a poor, sandy soil. We noticed the change a few hours before reaching the frontier. The ground becomes richer and the vegetation much denser and more luxuriant. We saw few of the umbrella-shaped nests of Calotermes, which are so characteristic of the country round Villa Luso. Their place was taken by the lofty pyramidal nests of some species of J’ermes. At one place, where the road ran straight through the forest, it was bordered by countless white pyramids standing ten and ee 1 ‘ fifteen feet high, very impressive and strange in appearance, like monuments of departed heroes. As we penetrated further, we came upon the red laterite soil so characteristic of vast areas of Africa and the termite nests were red. This colour is repeated in the chestnut flanks of the okapi, which probably wandered through this very spot before it became restricted to 1ts present habitat in the Ituri forest. The strange creature must be very difficult to see in its native haunts, where the red flanks tone with the laterite soil which stains even the trees and the striped legs mingle with the twinkling light of the sun as it penetrates the jungle. ; Termites are a benefactor in Angola where their nests provide the only coherent material around Villa Luso; it is used for binding the surface of the sandy roads, for paving camps and for making bricks. In the civilised town of Elsabethville they are a nuisance and do much damage, but they can be kept away by hedges of Euphorbia, which they will not approach. I was struck by the fewness of insects that fly to light; the terraces and restaurants in town were well illuminated but very few insects were attracted by it. Only at one place did I pick up anything worth bottling ; that was a place of entertainment which looks out direct upon open grassland; a brilliant illumination attracts considerable quantities to the white walls where they may be picked off with ease. They were most numerous on dark, wet, thundery nights, and we had plenty of these. One night there were swarms of an Acridiwm (or Tettiv), recalling our common A. subulatum, which we hardly regard as a night-flyer at home in Kurope. A small grey Mantid was fairly numerous but the most frequent visitor was a rather. small green Conocephalus, a most persistent musician after dusk until about nine. His song recalls that of Tettivonia viridissima but differs in timbre. In these African forests, so far as | have seen, Locustids and stridu- lating Orthoptera generally are surprisingly few; Conocephalus is the chief musician, the quieter Hetrodidae coming second. But the main chorus is of the crickets which are varied and numerous. The most noticeable is a big pale fellow, probably Brachytrype, a giant among crickets, who appeared in the mature form with the first rains in Angola. He has a sharp loud chirrup like a bird, and towards evening the scrub resounds with his short penetrating note and it was some time before I identified the song with the singer; he also chirrups loudly when held in the hand. He was very insistent around Villa Luso when we left early in November and I heard the same note all through the forests of Katanga. THROUGH CENTRAI. KUROPE 10 MONTENEGRO, 35 Through Central Europe to Montenegro. By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. I had intended this year to spend the summer collecting in Spain, unfortunately owing to one thing and another my departure was delayed till July 11th. I decided therefore to give up Spain and go straight through to Carinthia where I was to meet two entomological friends, Mr. and Mrs. Cox, who were motoring. Unfortunately the season was an early one and we did not find as many species as we had hoped. Leaving London on July 11th, I arrived at the station of 836 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.19380 Mésel at the foot of the Sau Alp early on the morning of the 13th and walked up to Stelzing collecting by the way; the day was cold, there was a strong wind, and only occasional glimpses of sun. Very few insects were visible, | observed Frebia ligea and E. euryale, Melitaea dictynna and M. athalia, and Polyommatus amandus. After depositing my kit at Stelzing at 2 p.m., I walked up the slopes above the tree line on the Geyer Kugel in hopes of finding EH. arete. No drete was seen, but I took Hrebia epiphron var. cassiope and FE. eriphyle v. tristis. Mr. and Mrs. Cox arrived at Stelzing in time for supper. July 14th.—Was spent on the Geyer Kugel, I took 18 g I. arete and 4 ° ? at 5200 feet ona N.E. slope, a good many arete 3 were worn; afew ¢ EL. eriphyle v. tristis and one fresh 2 EH. oeme v. spodia, many others were seen but were worn. /. lappona higher up was not uncommon but very worn. F. cassiope abundant, some of the specimens approaching nelamus. July 15th.—I found E. arete, 3 3 only, very common and fresh on the 8.E. slope of the Geyer Kugel 5200-5600 feet, 1. eriphyle v. tristis was local and most plentiful on the N.\W. slope in damp places where the rhododendron grew rankest. Though some of the $ g were worn | took no 2 ?. Among common insects at Stelzing I took a few worn Brenthis thore very large. July 16th.—We left Stelzing and motored through Klagenfurt over the Léibl Pass to Laibach and on to Zagreb. Both the Northern and Southern slopes of the Léibl Pass, which cuts through the Karawanken Mountains, are grand collecting ground. We were however too late for the lower slopes and only collected close to the summit of the pass at 4000 feet, where a race of Hrebia nerine was flying on the rocky screes, 3 g in grand condition but only 1 2 was taken. This race of nerine seem intermediate between stelviana and morula the upperside is almost identical with stelviana though the insect is smaller. The underside has the forewings a brighter red than in stelviana, the bindwing in distal area has three black spots with white pupils. The ? has the band of the forewing on the upperside much wider than in stelviana, on the underside the hindwing has the three spots with white pupils well developed. I propose the name loibli for it. Among the other insects noticed on the Karawanken Mts. were I’. ewryale, HL’. livea worn, M. galatea v. procida, but much darker than procida from Provence, Limenitis populi, Apatura tris and Coenonympha arcania very worn. There is a good hotel on the south side of the pass in Jugoslavia from which the summit could easily be reached in 14 hours. We stopped for half an hour on some low wooded hills between Laibach and Zagreb, L. populi was in evidence and I took some rather dark M.athalia. We arrived at’ Zagreb about 8 p.m. and stayed at the Royal Hotel which is said to be the best. The country around Laibach looked good for collecting but around Zagreb it was much cultivated and in July dried up. July 17th.—Was spent in motoring from Zagreb to Jajce over the worst roads imaginable and through a highly cultivated district as far as Banjaluka, between which and Jajce should be good collecting ground ; it was already late when we left Banjaluka and we saw no insects. . July 18th.—We motored early up to a lake about 6 kilometres from Jajce but the grass in the marshes had all been cut and we saw no THROUGH CENTRAL EUROPE TO MONTENEGRO, 37 sign of Coenonympha tiphon. Leaving Jajce we took a short cut by a very bad road over a pass to Travnik; the butterflies were rather disappointing. On the low ground a fine large summer form of Pieris napi, Araschnia prorsa one only, and a few worn Brenthis hecate were taken: Satyrids and Lycaenids were conspicuous by their absence. Near the top of the pass at 3500 feet, Parnassius apollo, EK. euryale, EF. ligea and one very small F. aethiops and Lycaena alcon worn were taken, while one Polygonia L-album was seen but not captured. Much of the open ground, which looked good on the S.H. side of the pass was enclosed, and as the meadows were not cut, and the owners were present we did not attempt to invade them, otherwise our list of insects might have been considerably increased. We motored down to Travnik, which is an exceedingly hot and uninviting looking town and on to Sarajevo. The country between Traynik and Sarajevo is much cultivated and we saw very few insects. At Sarajevo we put up at the Hotel Europa, which was both com- fortable and moderate in price. July. 19th.— We motored almost to the top of Mt. Trebevic and took many butterflies around 4500 feet. Papilio machaon, Parnassius apollo x. bosniensis, P, mnemosyne worn, P. napi, Gonepteryx rhamni, Erebia oeme f. spodia g worn some 2 2 quite fresh (the females of this race were considerably larger than those taken in the Sau Alp). EF. ligea, EK. enryale, EF. tyndarus vr. balcanica all common. &E, manto was just coming out. Melanargia galathea a fine dark form, Hipparchia semele, Limenitis rivularis (camilla), Huvanessa antiopa, Pyrameis cardui, Aglais urticae, P. atalanta, Mpinephele jurtina, Coenonympha arcania, C. pamphilus, C. iphis, Melitaea trivia a few around the summit nearly all worn, i. didyma, M. athalia, Argynnis aglaia, A. niobe v. eris, Heodes virgaureae, H. hippothoé a large race, and one H. alciphron 2 quite fresh seen. Plebeius aegon, P. medon (astrarche) {. alpina, Scolitantides orion, Polyommatus semiargus and Lyeaena aleon. Also Hesperia carthami and Augiades sylvanus. Colias myrmidone must have been over as we saw no sign of it. July 20th.—We again motored to the top of Trebevic and stayed till two o’clock when it clouded over, the only fresh insect seen being L. aryiolus. Leaving Sarajevo at 4 p.m. we motored to Mostar and stayed at the Hotel Nareton. Most of the country between Sarajevo and Mostar looked good. July 21lst.—We motored to Gadcko and on the way visited Blagaj, where we took about two dozen Tarucus balcanicus mostly rather worn. Polygonia egea was also common but worn, one Satyrus statilinus, a few worn P. medon (astrarche), and P. icarus completed the list. The hotel at Gadcko was not all that one might expect. July 22nd.—Motored to the Austrian Gendamerie about 16 kilo- metres along a stony track and then walked two and half hours through forest to the lower slopes of Mt. Vlasulja. One worn Neptis lucilla was taken in the forest. The lower slopes of Vlasulja were eaten bare by large flocks of sheep and goats, the only insects being P. aegon and CU. tiphon rv. occupata (Rev.) both common but the g g of the latter were almost over; higher up between 5000 and 5500 feet 3 3 of Erebia melas were not uncommon, but difficult to catch on the shale slopes. On this day we took 17 ¢ fg and 3 29. HE. tyndarus v. balcanicus was also taken, the ? ? being larger than those on Mt. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1930: Trebevic. On our way back we ruined: two tyres and arrived at Gadcko after dark. July 23rd.—We motored to Mostar and back to get new tyres and on our way stopped at one or two likely corners for J'arucus baleanicus from 500 to 1000 feet above the Blagaj Gorge. The food-plant grew all over the sides of the hills, but 7. balcanicus seemed to be confined to the gullies facing due South, where it was extremely hot. I took 17 T. baleanicus, 2 Cupido minima, 7 Satyrus brisets and a few Pieris ergane g only. There was a good deal of wind and only a few butter- flies were seen. : (To be concluded.) Cavalaire and the New Riviera. May, 1929. By Lrevr. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., F.Z.8. (Concluded from p. 11.) May 23rd.—To-day at Beauvallon Thymelicus acteon was beginning to emerge, and on the hillsides behind the Golf Hotel I took the moths Synthymia fixa, Fab., Napuca ochrearia, Rossi, which were both flying pretty numerously. I also took two fresh specimens of Melitaea pseudathalia, and the following beetles: Mylabris hieracti, Graells, which were abundant, Chrysomela hyperici, Forst., Cryptocephalus sewmaculatus, Lachnaea pubescens, Duff., the beautiful Leptura bipunctata, F., variety, and Macrolenes dentipes, Oliv. The following Hymenoptera were taken, viz., Anthophora acervorum, L., Andrena limbata, a slight var., common, Odynerus laevipes, Shuek., var., Andrena labialis g. The view across the sea from Beauvallon halt station to St. Tropez is alone worth seeing. May 24th.—At La Londe to-day the weather was windy, working up towards a storm. I found but little except the beetle Cebrio lepturoides, F., the Hymenoptera Ammophila sabulosa and Xylocopa cyanescens (wings rather worn), the Dipteron Myopa dorsalis, Fabr., the Burnet moth “Zygaena stoecadis, Bork. I imagine that La Londe is not nowa good collecting centre; most of the ground is planted with vines, and I only saw small patches of woodland, but I did not go very far from the station. May 25th.—At Cogolin today I took a dozen quite fresh specimens of Brenthis daphne, as they were feasting on the white blossoms of bramble bushes in the full sun. Limenitis rivularis (camilla) was one of the commonest butterflies this spring in the whole district and the females of Mpinephele jurtina var. hispulla repay careful searching for amidst the myriads of the type. Some of these females are very large. Some Hmydia cribrum were flying and I took one, a male, of M. pseud- athalia. May 26th.— The first and only rain of my holiday lasted for about two hours this morning, and the sun this afternoon was hotter than ever. A road leading up into the woods, to the right of the back of the Grand Hotel at Cavalaire developed later into grassy clearings, in the midst of which females of Melanargia syllius and Aryynnis lathonia, and fresh males of VW. psewdathalia were not uncommon. I took the beetle Temnochila eaerulea, Oliv., and the Hymenopteron Allantus zonula, KI., var. bizonula. CAVALAIRE AND THE NEW RIVIERA. 39 May 27th and 28th.—I continued in the same area as on May 26th, and completed a long series of M. psendathalia including a few females. The females of the beautiful Scoliad, Discolia Havifrons were darting about in the hot sun, but so far they have not given me a chance. I took the Diptera Pangonius micans, Mg., and Cerioides vespiformis, Latr., and two Asilids probably of the sub-genus Hchthistus one being probably rujinervis, Wied., 2, and some females of the moth Hmydia cribrum; also 2 specimens of the beetle Livus iridis, Oliv., and a single specimen of the moth Dysauxes punctata, Fabr. May 29th.—My last visit to Cogolin this year. Before the station is reached the train passes over a stream bordered each way for some considerable distance by the giant reed. [Following up stream by the path which runs parallel with it, a considerable variety of collecting country is met with ending up with woods and wooded hills be- hindthem. Thereisno let or hindrance if one is careful not to walk over crops, and the locality is a good one in April-May. I imagine the Hotel Cauvet at Cogolin would be satisfactory. Today the moth Emydia eribrion was in fine condition and the imagines of B. daphne were flying in considerable numbers, and towards the end of a very hot afternoon | found that Strymon (Thecla) w-album was well out and 1 took about a dozen in good condition as they were all feeding upon a white flower beneath their elms. Lycaenesthes argiolus was apparently beginning to emerge today. I also took some very fresh males of Andrena hattorfiana, Fab. I should like to say that in all probability there is a considerable extent of collecting grounds in the Cogolin- Grimaud district in addition to the ground I have mentioned where I did all my collecting at Cogolin. I was greatly indebted to Mr. Fassnidge’s article in January, 1929, of the Mntomologist’s Record, and I found the Hotel de la Plage et des Bains at Cavalaire very convenient as a collecting centre for the neighbourhood. It is very clean, reasonable, 2 minutes only from the station, and is situated right on the beach, where there is excellent bathing, boating, ete., and Monsieur Simon, the proprietor, is deservedly very popular with his clientele. May 30th.—On the same ground at Cavalaire as on May 26th I saw one or two quite fresh males of Satyrus circe, which had probably emerged that morning. On May 31st in the train between Cavalaire and St. Raphael I noticed odd specimens of this butterfly near the railway line in several places. I also noticed this afternoon after my things were packed a number of specimens quite fresh of the beautiful Footman Moth, Deiopeia pulchella, flying around the neighbourhood of the Grand Hotel at Cavalaire, and near the railway line, settling frequently on the grass heads. I saw but one mosquito at Cavalaire during my visit. I reached London the evening of June 1st after a particularly enjoyable holiday. — I must express my best thanks to Dr. Perkins, Mr. C. Morley, Mr. C. J. Wainwright, in particular, and to several other naturalists who have helped me to determine many species mentioned in this article. 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.19380 Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. The most extreme species of this genus had become so thoroughly balanced in the psychrotropic state by organic changes that they have never been able, as might have been expected, to face conditions which required changes in the opposite, caloripetal, direction and all they have done in Asia has been to substitute the palaearctic awrinia and the maturna group for their American ancestors by comparatively slight specific transformations. As to H. desfontainti, Godt., which differs from most of the species of this little genus and actually inbabits the hottest and driest territories of the region (Morocco and Southern Spain), it is most instructive. In my paperon awrinia, in this Journal for 1928, I have stated that I had taken it to be a group of aurinia which had got locally modified by its new surroundings. Now, the study of the general evolution of the Melitaeidi, the knowledge ot the genitalia of the American Huphydryas and the comparison of this case with the exactly similar one of AM, dejone, which bas accompanied desfon- tainii and which I will describe further on, plainly show that 1 had taken a wrong view of it. It isa very useful lesson, to be borne in mind when dealing with numerous other instances of the same sort, which are afforded particularly by that extreme western Atlantic region. If one compares desfontainii with race augusta, Kdw., proper to the warm southern counties of California, of editha, the species which is a grade less advanced than gillettii and aurinia in, the frigoripetal direction, and with exerge sierra, Wright, of chalcedona,’a branch parallel to it, one is at once struck by their general resemblance. The genitalia next prove that this is not only a superficial one, produced by the warm localities they both inhabit, but that desfontainii acttally possesses a saddleshaped process with a long slender branch, described with no hesitation by Reverdin as “ analogous to the lateral apophysis- of the athalia group’; it has also retained a terminal apophysis, although its shape has become different from that of any of the true Melitaeca and reminds one ot the broad forelegs of a mole-cricket, with seven spines along its edge. These facts make it perfectly obvious that desfontaintt has not derived from an aurinia, which has returned to a warmer climate and to caloripetal variation, but that 1t has derived in a direct way from a species, like editha or a primitive exerge of chalcedona, which had never reached as high a grade in the frigoripetal direction as gillettii and aurinia, so that it bas partially retained the apophysis of the clasps. It bas in consequence, more ancient and less specialised features, except for the particular specific ones it has presumably acquired, in a way parallel with that of avrinia, since its line of descent has reached Asia and spread along the warm Southern routes, in the early Miocene, with the first flow of invaders from Asia to Morocco, which has consisted, as I have pointed out in other occasions, of species already suited to warm climates. It stands to reason that beckeri, Lederer =iberica, Obth., which is exactly intermediate, but not transitional, between aurinia and desfontainii, must have originated in the same way and followed the latter when the Miocene climate became cooler. It certainly is a distinct species from it, because they - fly on the same grounds at the present day in Southern Spain and Spent el “} aruay 2d $1292.40 -2quaydas $17. 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M. dejone in con- nection with athalia, brings us to precisely the same conclusion as desfontainii and cases of the same sort in many of the extreme western Lepidoptera are revealing themselves so frequently that this pheno- menon is, beyond doubt, quite a general one. The fossil butter- flies and fossils of all sorts fully agree with it, as a high percentage resemble American species and genera much more closely than any of the present palaearctic ones: thus a Pieris nearly exactly like the common protodice, Boisd., of the United States and a Nisoniades = Thanaos exactly like those of this region have been found at Aix-en- Provence, in Southern France. We shall soon have to conclude that, scientifically speaking, the flora and fauna of the Old World should have been called ‘‘nearctic” and those of the New World *palaearctic,” because the greater part of the most ancient organisms have survived in the latter, whereas the greater part of those now living in the former are comparatively recent off- shoots. J say ‘‘comparatively,”’ because the term of ‘“ recent,” as applied to species, when they are real species, is apparently becoming less and less appropriate, according to the knowledge we are gradually acquiring of them and of their history. One is continually finding out that their origin must be pushed further and further back than one thought and that most Holarctic species have existed for hundreds of thousands of years and very often for two or three millions. ven a great many exerges possess their hereditary differences since times of this sort. As to the descent of the Huphydryas, it is quite easy to follow it from a little group of Phyciodes, which have a special type of pattern, standing out prominently amongst the others and repeating itself in very different kinds of butterflies ; in other Nymphalidae it exists, for instance, in Limenitis archippus, Cr.=disippe, Godt., and in the Apaturidae,in Apatura schrenckit, Mén,; it consists in one or two dark bands across the middle of the hindwing, on the underside, and of another along the external margins, in the Phyciodes the latter is reduced to a black streak ; thin dark streaks along the neuration tend to break the uniform light ground-colour into oblong spaces. Several Phyciodes have this pattern or are transitional to other types and to the Erresia, but those which interest us here are chiefly theona, Mén., of Central America and the Southern United States, and cyneas, God. and Salvin, of Mexico and Arizona. These are followed by Melitaea leanira, B., with the closely allied wrightii, Edw., of California, which still recall the Phyciodes by the shape of the apex, but which exhibit a pattern, which on the upperside somewhat recalls minuta, on the one hand, and which on both surfaces leads up to chalcedona, Doubl., and phaeton, Drury, on the other, transition to both these species being nearly perfect. One can compare, for instance, wrightii to race nympha, Ed., of minuta and the form cerrita, Wright, of the former to exerge thekla, Ed., of the latter. The transition to chalcedona and phaéton includes even their principal differential feature, consisting in the absence of orange-red spots in the central black band of the underside 42, . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1930 of the hindwings in the latter; this difference already existed in the Phyciodes, as they are present in theona and lacking in cyneas. In the minuta branch and its palaearetic descendants those red spots vary very much in extent, but they are always present, and in fact they increase and blend into a continuous band in the most highly modified species (didyma). The tendency of the Huphydryas has been to vary in the same way, although the band is not so conspicuous in the awrinia group on account of its colour being less of a contrast with the ground-colour, but in reality it is broader than in any other species. 1t must be noted that the Muphydryas have all retained the fulvous marginal band of the underside, which is present in all the Nearctic Melitaea, except leanira and minuta; in aurinia it looks as though it did not exist, because the fulvous has faded away with the paleness of the whole pattern on that surface, but the two capillary streaks of its edges are there and gillettii is transitional. In the Melitaea and in the Phyciodes, which I have just pointed out as the closest living representatives of the ancestors of the Huphydryas, that band is reduced to one black streak, as it is in minuta, so that, possibly, the Huphydryas are not their direct descendants, but are those of an ancestry parallel to them, which has retained that band all along and which has entirely transformed into Huphydryas, leaving no specimens of its previous stages ; it seems very natural this should have happened in a line of descent, which was so anabolically apt to transform organically, that it has responded much more than the other Melitaea to the change of climate, and become generically distinct.* Turning our attention again to the true Melitaea, we find that also its harrisii group, after it had reached Asia, did not develop to any great extent and did not transform beyond adapting itself to the new surroundings by shifting its specific balance to protomedia and dictynna. This, too, can be logically explained by observing that it had already retained in America very similar features to those of the Phyetodes from which it had derived, so that it had changed aspect less than any other group of Melitaea. Its ancestors must have been amongst the most highly catabolic Phyciodes, which, owing to their great activity and their strong power of functional reactions to different sorts of surround- ings, had spread from tropical to subtropical and temperate climates, and were living there, as some are still doimg now. Some have not undergone any organic changes to the degree we call generic ; others * In connection with reaction to surroundings, what I mean is that the reaction is catabolic, or Katabolic, when it consists in movements, in secretions and in a rise of temperature, drawing the necessary energy from the reserves of the organism, as well as from its food, by breaking down chemical compounds, whereas it is anabolic when it consists in moulding the structures of the organism by gradual adaptation and it thus transforms it by building it up diflerently, according to changes of environment.—R.V. Some of our readers may not know the significance of the terms ‘‘ katabolic”’ and ‘‘anabolic.’’ These, so far as I know, came into use some 30 years ago, introduced by Geddes and Thomson in their famous work the ‘‘ Evolution of Sex.” They defined them as follow :—‘‘ Such conditions as deficient or abnormal food, high temperature, deficient light, moisture and the like are obviously such as would tend to induce a preponderance of waste over repair—a katabolic habit of body.” ‘‘Similarly the opposed set of factors, such as abundant and rich nutrition, abundant light and moisture, favour constructive processes, 7.¢., make for an anabolic babit.’’—Hy.J T. i NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAKEIDI. ; 43 however, presumably under the increasing stress of the new, colder, climate and having constitutions less catabolic than the preceding, had to specialise to it by organic transformations of that degree, if it is true that turning from /’hyciodes into Melitaea they have become generically different (the doubt is due to the fact that there is very little diversity between these two groups and there are species, which some entomologists place in one and others in the opposite group). One of the species of Phyciodes of the ismeria, Boisd., and nycteis, Doubl., branch has turned into the Melitaea of the harrisii group. The latter bas kept up the catabolic functional reaction more than the other lines of descent, and thus it has preserved its primitive organic state and aspect till this day and partially even in dictynna, which has travelled right across the Palaearctic region, without splitting into any specialised branch or even exhibiting very marked racial or individual differences of aspect anywhere. On the contrary the other primitive Melitaea yielded more to the effects of different surroundings and climates, during successive epochs, and split up into branches, of which the comparatively most catabolic went on spreading and resisting changes, whilst the most anabolic, were, so to say, left behind, where the conditions to which they had become organically or constitutionally specialised did not change and allowed them to survive. ‘l'hese groups thus exhibit a greater or lesser number of species and exerges in different regions, which are, for the student, specimens of the stages and variations of those groups in the past. IT have already spoken of the very variable Muphydryas of America and of the way they only passed into Asia in a highly specialised psychrotropic state, so that they did not develop much there. The true Melitaea have behaved in exactly the opposite way, so that in America each line of descent is represented by a single species or by a very small group of closely allied ones; we can thus presume they arrived in Asia with constitutions nearly as catabolic as that of harrisii, but most of them then spread, divided and varied very much there. I have endeavoured to show the developments of the various lines by a table, which I think will help to follow the remarks I make. ‘To follow the natural order of these lines, after the dictynna one I have just talked of, should come the athalia group, but, as this is a bulky subject I will have to deal with in detail, I think it preferable to begin at the opposite end in giving a short account of the other lines. It is unfortunate that on paper we should be obliged to place the . didyma line between the Huphydryas and the cinwia one, because the two latter are certainly closely connected and the di/yma line is in no way intermediate. Its real position is parallel to minerva and collina cn another plan, as7no doubt, its ancestry is very near theirs, but one does not find in America any Phyciodes or any Melitaea sufficiently similar to it to suggest a more or less direct descent, such as one finds in the other lines. I think, however, the peculiar little group, typified by elada and chara and considered Phyciodes by some and Melitaea by others, is beyond doubt the Nearctic representative of the didyma group. It has felt the effects of the cold climate to a very slight extent, so that it has scarcely turned into real Melitaea, whereas some much more catabolic species of the same origin has presumably spread northward, turned into a Melitaea and passed into Asia. The main lines of the simple pattern and colouring of Phyciodes theona are 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S suanaa 15.111.19380 sufficiently similar to those of M. ayar, Obth,, to make it possible that the origin of the didyma line should have been the same as that of minuta and of the Huphydryas. The reduction of the marginal black streak of the underside to internervular dots is a striking feature of cinvia, not found in America, but what makes it particularly note- worthy is that it has been carried on to an enormous degree by the outburst of the didyma group, as I have described it in a paper on this: species. I have pointed out that 3/7. agar, Obth., of the high mountains of Western China, exhibited intermediate features, including the presence of the black dots in the orange spots, and that the didyma line had no doubt culminated in the subtropical genus Jimelaea, after passing through a Melitaea stage, which has survived in yuenty, Obth. I can now add that the genitalia fully confirm this conclusion, as those of the didyma group are like the ones of cinaia carried to a further degree and that another intermediate line has survived to the present day in the Nearctic thekla, Edw., closely counected with minuta, and in the very local and usually little known M. collina, Led., of Anterior Asia (Seitz actually places it as a variety of trivia !). Its aspect is intermediate between minerra and didyma, as shown by specimens collected by Major Graves and kindly presented to me, and its genitalia are quite of that group, as Captain Riley has been good enough to find out for me by dissecting a specimen of the British Museum and sending measketch. These less highly differentiated species are evidently on the point of extinction, but there may have been a time when they preceded didyma and trivia all over Asia, judging from the distant localities and the very different surroundings in which ayar and collina have survived. M. sawatilis, Christ., is the last stage of didyma in the caloripetal direction, and it is very interesting to note that its genitalia have developed a small, but distinct uncus, like the one of the other parallel caloripetal line of variation, whereas it is entirely wanting in didyma, cinwia, minerva, ete. In the accompanying table I have placed acraeina, Stdgr., and the genus Tiinelaea amongst the early thermotropics, but I have not dissected their genitalia, so that, if it were found they have an uncus, it might be discovered they should stand in the last columns, as advanced stages in the caloripetal direction. New Forms of Lepidoptera. In the Am. Pap. for Oct, p. 287, M. Cath. describes the two following aberrations :—(1) T'riphaena fimbria ab. iago. The forewings olive green with the yellow colour of the hindwings and of the abdomen replaced by a coffee-brown tint. (2) Arctia villica ab. dryope. The anterior wings with spots confluent lengthwise and a yellow streak on the inner wargin. Hind-wings entirely yellow except a small black point near the apex. Thorax yellow, slightly rosy between the “ epaulettes,’ near the collar which remains black. Abdomen, without black spots. Plt. V., fig. 13. In the 4%t. Oesterr. nt. Ver. for December, Dr. Schawerda describes the following new forms :—(1) Cidaria (Xanthorhvé) montanata ab. pseudolapponica. The Northern ab. lapponica is smaller and much paler than the central European form. In the mountains of the Tyrol the form is of the normal size but equally weakly marked and is even paler CURRENT NOTES. 45 incolour. The central band quite obsolescent. But they are distinct in their size and in their general appearance, for in typical lapponica, the inner third of the forewings is strikingly pure white. (2) E’maturga atomaria ab. kindervatert. Two males near Vienna which have the first basal dark brown transverse line and the third the outside one standing out distinctly on the light ochre grey of the forewings. The middle one centaining the discal spot is whoily wanting. On the hindwing the transverse line lying on the outer side of the discal spot is very distinctly emphasised. In Lambili. for November, Van Mellaerts describes three new aberrations of Lepidoptera :— (1) Colias palaeno subsp. euwropome ab. striata in which the black marginal band of the forewings is encroached on by the yellow ground of the wing and takes on a greenish tone; the nervures remain well expressed in black. Hindwings normal. Hautes-Fagnes, Belgium. (2) Argynnis lathonia ab. pupillata is the ab. interliyata, Cabean, having a yellow dot in the centre of the black spot which forms the characteristic junction in interliyata. Virton, Belgium. (3) Melitaea aurelia ab. cinerea has the forewings suffused with a yellow opaque veil giving them a unicolorous appearance. In the 4t. Oestrr. Knt. Ver. for November, Dr. Schawerda describes the following aberrations :— (1) Aporophyla lutulenta ab. brunnea, bas the forewings, with the exception of the prae-apical costal streaks and the somewhat lighter brown stigmata, uniformly brown. The hindwings white with a brown trace along the margin and the distinct central band in the female quite light brown. Mostar. (2) Hadena satura ab. variegata, in which the stigmata and the large red-brown spot at the anal angle of the forewings are paler, yellowish, as also are a transverse basal line and the prae-marginal toothed line. Kufstein, Tyrol. (3) Plusia pulchrina ? ab. incipiens, is without the two golden markings on the forewings. The distal mark is completely absent. Kufstein, Tyrol. WOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. GRACILARIA AZALEELLA, Branvs., 1p Wittsaire.—Harly in February I received from Mr. Haynes, of Salisbury, a number of larvae, pupae and imagines of this insect, for which Meyrick in his Revised Handbook gives only one locality in England, namely Torquay. They were taken on azaleas in a greenhouse at Salisbury, kept at an average temperature of 66° F. All stages occurred together, as is usual in a continuous brooded greenhouse pest such as this insect is. It would seem that the species is extending its range in this country, and it would probably be found, if looked for, nearly everywhere where azaleas are cultivated in greenhouses.—Wm, Fassnipen, M.A., F.H.S. GYFURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Durandes- thorpe ”’ 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W., on December 3rd 1929, Mr. H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. Members present, in addition to the Chairman—Professor E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis, MP SY, 46 ' ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.111.1980 Mr. J. EK. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present.—Messrs. EK. H. Austen. Robert B. Benson, K. G. Blair, F. Laing, G. C. Leman, Edward Step, W. H. T. Tams, Douglas Wilkinson, Dr. M. Burr and Dr. K. Jordan. The guests arrived at 6.30 and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Donisthorpe ; tea and light refreshments were served in the drawing- room. ‘The Chairman’s collections were on view consisting chiefly of British Coleoptera and the special exhibits mentioned in a later paragraph. Supper was served at 8 o’clock and the guests departed about 11 p.m. after a most successful and entertaining meeting. The Chairman specially exhibited an enlarged photograph of the employees of the Crown [state Office at Windsor including himself in a frame manufactured from Windsor oak, presented to him by the Chief of the staff, Also his first book on Natural History ‘ Warne’s Picture Natural History,’ which was given to him at four years of age, and cabinet drawers of British Myrmecophiles and British Longicorns. During supper the Argentine ant was found to be running about the table evidently having been brought into the house with some flowers which came from Windsor greenhouses. Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited a plant of the remarkable orchid Catasetwm tridendatum, and said that until Darwin had looked into the structure of this flower the mystery of the invariable absence of a seed pod could not be explained. It was then found that the three species viridis, discolor, barbatus and tridentatwm in three different genera Monocanthis, Myanthus and Catasetum were all one species and represented the female, the hermaphrodite, and the male flowers respectively. It was remarkable that in an orchid this should be so, as it was the almost invariable rule that orchids were bisexual and were fertile for either sex, although cross-fertilization was necessary in most cases. The extraordinary structure of the flower was explained, and the presence of the two antenna-like processes within the inverted labellum or hood were specially drawn attention to. These if touched even’ if very lightly at once caused the ejection of the pollen mass. In one case the pollen was ejected quite a couple of feet, and in a second case the pollen adhered to the pencil which touched the antenna. So tightly does the sticky base of the pollinia attach itself that it cannot be removed except with considerable pressure. The pollinia themselves however easily become released from their base.—H. W.-H. Rererences For Aucerta.—FEnt. Record: vol. XXVI. p. 63, 83. March-April.: Ent. Mo. May., vol. XXII. p. 250, spring.: vol. XX VII. p. 9, 55, April.: vol. XXXI. p. 144, spring.: vol. XXXVIII. p. 276, Feb.-April.: vol. XL. p. 214, 265.: XLI. 37, 125.: XLII. p. 6, 55, 125, 147, 187 (micros.): XLVII. p. 12, 187 (micros.): Hnt. XX XIX. p. 84, 107, spring and summer: XLIV. p, 185, 170, May. Also Novitates Entomoloyicae, of Rothschild, Mtudes d’Entomologie and Lépidoptérologie Comparée, of Oberthiir. The output of entomological reflections and work of our corres- pondent Dr. Verity is phenomenal. In the Ann. Soc. ent. France just issued there is a lengthy memoir discussing the Origin of European and Mediterranean Rhopalocera, which is really a continuation of the sume theme as contained in the articles which have already appeared in our magazine on Melitaea aurinia and M. didyma, during 1928-9. He defines (1) his use of the term “ race” as differing from the concept ada elas 7 d t ; REVIEWS. 47 “« subspecies,” (2) his own term ‘‘exerge’’ (including ‘synexerge ’’) incidentally referring to the three separate routes of migration from the Asiatic central area, viz. the ‘“ Africo-Iberic”’ the ‘“ Hgeo-Dinaric- Piedmontese ” and the ‘‘ Sibero-Russ-Germanic,” and (8) his con- ception of ‘ species”’ (including ‘‘ hybrids”’). The ‘‘ general remarks ”’ are a most useful introduction to the geological, geographical and climatic conditions and factors which have regulated the migration, variation, origins of our present Rhopalocerous fauna of the western: Palaearctic area. In the Int. Ent. Zeit. for December, No. 36, there is an interesting series of observations on the Lepidoptera Fauna. of Thuringer in 1928, and also an aceount of the breeding ab ovo of Pai Suulatns thersites supplementary to the observations of the late Dr. Chapman, Trans. Knt. Soe. Lond. Nos. 18 and 19 of L’ Amateur de Papillons are recently to hand. There are two plates, the figures on which refer to various recent articles in the magazine. On plate IV. are a series of striking aberrations of Boarmia (Cleora) lichenaria, an aberration of Melitaea didyma with a strikingly dark transverse band on the hindwings below and very dark forewings, and a form of Agrotis (Lycophotia) ripae with the submarginal line on the forewings, very strongly emphasised by a narrow black band. A series of Circulars and Bulletins on economic entomology have been distributed by the R. Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura in Portici (Naples) dealing with the fruit fly, grain insects, the coccid of the fig, the Argentine Ant (an immigrant to Europe), aphids detrimental to agriculture, etc. All are profusely illustrated and especial information is given to the parasites which are destructive to each of the pests dealt with. Our correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward has contributed an article on ‘The Migration of Insects with especial reference to the Argentine,” to the Revista Soc. Wnt. Argent., for October, in which he gives a considerable amount of classified data with a summary of the results they afford. The Ann. Nat. Hist. Mus. in Wien for 1929 is a big quarto volume of nearly 500 pages with 14 plates and many figures in the text. The Entomological articles are, (1) a Revision of the large amount of Material of the Orthopterous Family Gryllidae in the Museum, by H. H. Karny and (2) Accounts of the Vabanidae, Strationyidae and Rhagionidae obtained by Dr. Zerny in his recent natural history journey up the Amazons, by Von O. Kréber and Dr. E. Lindner. WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, Der Minen-Herpsarrum.—The second part of the Minen Herbarium by Dr. M. Hering (Berlin) has come to hand and it is quite equal to the first part which we reviewed on page16 ante. In the Lepidoptera there are examples of the leaf-mines of the larvae of eleven species, Phyllocnistis suffusella and P. saligna, Lithocolletis tremulae and L.. pastorella, Nepticula pyri, N. atricollis, N. plagiocolella, and N. albifascielia, Tischeria dodonaea, Coleophora ahenella and Cosmopteryx eximia. Maines es, ee Ue Rt CENA te te a Aen ee | en Py eae eee ee TTT wy 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S waned. wy 15.11.1980 of six species of Diptera, two of Hymenoptera and one of Coleoptera complete the part.Kach species is numbered so that it will be an easy matter to label a collection of the imagines with the reference numbers for the mimes. When completed the work will be a most valuable adjunct to collections which in the past have been restricted to the imagines alone.—Hy.J.T. SupeLemMent To Serrz’ MacroLEPIpoOPTERA OF THE WORLD, PALAEARCTIC RuopaLocera.—Seitz’ volume on the Palaearctic Butterflies was concluded at the end of 1909 and such was the impetus given to further research in this group, that now twenty years after, it has been found necessary to publish a supplement. The issue of the volume on the butterflies (1906-9) at once enabled collectors to name and classify what they had and to recognise forms that were new and needed describing and recording. Our knowledge of the Rhopalocera increased by leaps and bounds, and there was a flood of new names and descriptions of forms, which it had hitherto been unable to deal with except by long and tedious research and expense. When we say that more than 70 new names have been introduced for Papilio machaon, more than 50 each for Aglais urticae, Rumicia phlaeas, Melanargia galathea, etc., it will be seen that it was now quite time to get these new items into line with previous work, and to render their descriptions available to the ordinary student. The result is that the publishers of ‘‘ Seitz,” Messrs. Alfred Kernen of Stuttgart, have taken up this continuation and there lies before us 4 parts, consisting of 56 pages and 5 coloured plates, of the English edition. There is a very interesting Introduction by Dr. Seitz himself in which he makes very critical remarks on the modern custom of naming to superfluity, a few remarks on the international rules for nomenclature, which as, he points out, so few entomologists attempt to keep in their entirety, and a series of very useful items of information on the intricate south-eastern lines of demarcation of the Palaearctic Region, much of which he had investigated personally. The order of treatment is the same as that in the first volume and in most species the references to the page and plate in volume I. are given. The species of the genus Papilio and other genera to Parnassius (apollo) ave dealt with and on the plates there are nearly 150 well drawn and coloured figures. Dr. K. Von Rosen of Munich deals with the Papiliv and allied genera and Chr. Bollow is responsible for the Parnassius species. May we urge all, who have the previous work, to subscribe to the Supplement, and second the praiseworthy enterprise of the publishers in publishing it, not only in its original, the German language, but in both English and French. This duplication necessarily adds to the cost, but it also adds very effective aid to those who cannot readily understand the original; as it were it brings the information home to them. Later on we will take the liberty of summarising the remarks of Dr. Seitz on the Zoological Rules of Nomenclature, and of his remarks on the limitation of the Palaearetic Region.—Hy.J.T. " af » 5 ag a sfgt gs TR na kaP mae Rede tonl BY sp other magazines. ise ‘vast : y es by authors at vy rea cost if ordered at of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. t to Mr, Hy, J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,”” West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. es, Nut. Hist, Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. -C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. _ Duplicates.—Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. unda. —A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,”’ Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. Bas Melitaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. er, European butterflies not found in France or Switzerland.— A. Simmons, 42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgford, Notts. the World. dtibets may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They showd | at Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill Desiderata. — URGENTLY REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). — Ah. P. ; Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list o Desiderata. —Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and a Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis. and ay, _Duplicates.— Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zepbyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, ; yuh ae ‘Desiderata. —Euchloé griineri, damone, Melanargia arge, pherusa, and other _ ; $i nor At¥REDO Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first eae class C ilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Ear ine from all parts of ; es Galls. Lae view of the forthcoming Monégrapb on British Viso= alle Phytocecidia by eras Bagnall, Bartlett and Harrison, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls _ a are requested. Material will be gene aS ee acknowledged, and, where necessary, — a College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Ss “ “Entomological Society of London. —4), Queen’ 8 Gite, South Kensington, S.W.7. - 8&p-m. March 19th. April 2nd. re _ Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. March 27th. April 10th.—Hon, Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s i - Place, Blackheath, §.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London ~~ : Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History Society) now meets in Hal] 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and — ie third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m, (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— _ Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hissex. THE VASCULUM aye A quarterly journal of Natural History, ete., chiefly for: pee the Northern Counties phat HDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford wae Northumberland, *. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, K. B. Blackburn, George Bolam, E. Ernest Green, J. W. H. Harrison, J. L. Morrison, A. D. Peacock, W/: Raw, J. A. Smythe, HES Wallace, and F, C. Garrett. Mix, The Vasculum is now in its fourteenth volume, the annual eahewripkign is five shillings Rea: and should be sent to De. F. C. Garrett, West Croft, Eben: lustrated. Address such to: Prof. J. . Heslop Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., Armstrong — The South London Entomological and Natal History Society, Hibernia Through Centra! Europe to Proms P. FAVES | BE. 8. ee Ne arg tenn “Sy Cavalaire and the New Riviera, Lieut E. B.A shby, F. E.S., TES. ca So ae Notes on the: relationship between the Melitaeidi, and. particularly between those aw Mi of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M. D. ee i SE hin tae - New forms of Lepidoptera, giana rae Ma ies Rew ite Uae mSiie i of . wie oe ems ee oo. . ee * oe oe oe Wf? Sy . ‘ * ‘ ee, Aad PPLEMENTS. —British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner. -(L pee ane! Hemiptera- Se arabian of Hampshire, i. P. Jones (2 Plates) Bye «Sons ‘Communications have been received from or have. aan phate by Mes aie Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Maleolm Bi H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wight é ;. C, Leman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, P. Haig-Thomas, H. B. D. Kettlewell, C. Nieho ses Pp ores Cockayne, and Reports of Societies. | be ? Sates _ All communications should be addrested to the Acting Haltor, Hy. J. ‘TURNER, s faibtosc! West Drive, Cheam. 2 yee ban = 7 IMPORTANT BACK VOLUMES OF as ie "The Entomologist’s Record | Petes: 2 and Journal of Variation. RSS NRE (Vols. I-XXXVI.) 3 GONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) g Gunos Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— ie Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— _ Parthenogenesis— Papec on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera —Practical Hints (many)- y avallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist — ‘or 1890—Hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliop hanes _hispidus— ; ~ Captures at light —Aberdeensbire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. -. GONTENTS OF VOL. UH. : ; : t; MerLanNIsM AND Metanocuno1sm—Bibliography—Notes on Golldasing “Aceinied on VARIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys — a4 prodromaria and dA. betularia—Melanism and Tem perature—Differentiation of Dian-— ate . thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- __ ? clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch —Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes — u on Genus Zyemna (dnthrocera)—Hiybride—Hymonop ict anieing of Pith. © th i gerasa, etc., ete., 312 pp. fee shee é ce ae aS is. = ae “st To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8. solar re to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 1 iptions are now overaue. * ft 2 by - stage THE Epirep BY G. T. BerHune-BakER, F-.Z.S., J. HK. Conuin, ¥.£.8. F.E.S., Chairman. H. DonistHORPE, F.Z.S., F.B.8 R.S. BAGNaLu, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. 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Please state which Lists are required and. mention this Magazine. A STANDARD WORK BUTTERELIES 2%. BRITISH ISLES. By LICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. “a With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Specie + Illustrated with 450 Colo ired Figures photographed from Nature. Ma “ Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been: issued, —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. fk FREDERICK WARNE & So., Ltd., LONDON, W.G. 2 a am a gee, ee ee ee ee Oe SOME CORNISH NOTES, 49 Some Cornish Notes. By CHARLES NICHOLSON, F.E.S. We came to live in this delightful locality at the end of September _ 1928, and since then I have been so very much occupied with the - house and garden, that I have had no opportunity to do any systematic collecting. I have, however, made a few interesting observations and think these notes may provide some pleasant reading during the dead season, especially as little seems to have appeared on the entomology of this county. This is a country of granite and killas (clay slate) and unfortunately lacks limestone and chalk; consequently the soil, which _ hereabouts is either yellow clay (not so hopelessly sticky as the London _ clay we lived on at Hale End!), or a stiff yellow loam, whilst reasonably fertile is inclined to be sour. My acre of land was part of an oak-holly- hazel wood with broom, gorse, bramble, and bracken in places and a general carpet of bluebells and primroses. ‘The wild oaks in this neighbourhood are all Quercus sessiliflora as the soil is shallow, the native rock not being far down, and consequently Tortria viridana, which apparently does not feed on that species, is unknown; nor, so far as | know, does it affect the Turkey and Evergreen Oaks, which have been planted more or less generally, especially the latter. In the autumn of 1928 we saw Colias croceus several times in the garden and elsewhere and one var. /helice on the side of the road. Gonepteryx rhamni was also seen occasionally, and also last year, but I have not yet succeeded in finding out where this species feeds. The only buckthorn bush I have seen was a rather poor example of Rhamnus frangula growing beside a bogstream about four miles from here as the crow flies, and I cannot think that all the rhamni seen about here fed up on that bush! An interesting point noticed was that rhamni here is devoted to, the flowers of Red Campion (which is abundant everywhere and still in flower in places!), and | have not seen it at those of Wood Betony, which it especially frequents in the New Forest. Vanessa io is common and Aalais urticae also, but Pyrameis atalanta is not, and the other Vanessidi have not been noticed at all. The only species of Fritillary so far noticed has been Dryas paphia (2 males). The three Pierids are common, especially P. brassicae, which was all over the place last year. Huchloé cardamines is fairly common. Epinephele jurtina (janira) and #. tithonus are abundant and Pararge aeyeria common in suitable spots, but P. megera is local, and I have seen nothing whatever of Aphantopus hyperantus or Hipparchia semele, and Coenonympha pamphilus only occasionally. The only Lycaenids seen are Rumicia phlaeas (common), Lycaenopsis argiolus (both broods common), Polyommatus icarus (common) and Strymon ( Zephyrus) quercus (rare). Of the Hesperiidae, Hesperia malvae has been noticed _ once and Augiades sylvanus several times. Here | may mention that the verandah, which faces south-east, has a glass roof, which proved a fatal attraction for insects of several orders during the long spell of bright weather last year, as on finding themselves inside they at once flew up to the roof and rarely escaped without assistance. Diptera, Hymenoptera (including Wasps, Bees, Sawflies and Ichneumons), Lepidoptera (mainly butterflies, of course, including the Hairstreak above mentioned) shared pretty evenly in numbers, but the Diptera excelled in species.. I have seen as many as 10 Pierids (mostly Li? NNELeS TONe eee eR ee 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 brassicae) fluttering under the glass at once and I used to release the butterflies, wasps and bees frequently during the day; the Diptera being usually at the higher altitudes were left to find their way out or to be eaten by flycatchers, wagtails, or bats, which found the verandah a happy hunting-ground! An occasional moth was found at rest by day, but nothing of note. On July 11th last I found several pairs and some odd specimens of Pentatoma (Palomena) prasina (Hemip.) on some plants of Verbascum thapsus and brought three pairs home. ‘These were placed on a young potted plant of raspberry and covered with a glass cylinder with a perforated zine top. Four batches of eggs were deposited and duly hatched. The little black nymphs kept together and grew to about twice their size when hatched, but then they dispersed and got lost, from which I surmise that although they got on well at first on the sap of the raspberry, animal food may perhaps have been necessary for them. On July 21st I saw a specimen of Macroglosswm stellatarum ovipositing about 8.80 p.m. on Galinm mollugyo on the road side of my garden bank. I saw no sign whatever of the resulting larvae later, although I kept a lookout. In October, 1928, a nest of Vespa germanica was noticed in full swing in the stone bank of a field on high land near here and along this and other banks in the vicinity young larvae of Lasiocampa quercis were noticed at rest on bramble stalks, on which they were by no means conspicuous in spite of their blue markings. Full fed larvae of this species were seen crawling on a footpath on June 21st last. On August 10th I boxed an adult of Hnoplops scapha (Hemip.) on one of the concrete blocks supporting one of my galvanised iron water butts. This species in its early stages has a broad flat abdo- men and very robust antennae and it uses the latter to right itself should it fall on its back! I used to sweep young nymphs of what I believe were this species from low herbage at Bovey Tracey, Devon, but could never rear them through, although I tried them with various plants and insects. My specimens may, however, have been Syromastes marginatus or Verlusia quadrata, in both of which species the antennae of the nymphs are disproportionately stout and E. A, Butler records in his “ Biology of the British Hemiptera- Heteroptera’ the latter species as making use of the antennae in the way above mentioned. On September 10th I boxed a 9 Vholidoptera griseoaptera (Orthop.) on the same block as the Hnoplops! She was placed in the glass cylinder with a root of grass in a pot and fed on flies and small moths until she died a natural death in 10 days time. On September 29th a nice male Polia flavicincta came into the sittingroom and was duly boxed. On December 5th a nice g¢ Himera pennaria was noticed at rest on the woodwork of the verandah to which it had probably fied for refuge during the night’s gale. The most interesting Dipteron seen was Chrysotoaum festivum, but I was surprised to find one day in the verandah a dry and flattened female of Asilus crabroniformis, a species I have not otherwise seen in this district so far and there is no heath- land nearer than 5 miles. Of course, it may have bred in the garden and I intend to keep a lookout for it in the summer. On the whole insects generally were not abundant here in 1929, due probably to the long spell of dry weather. Several 2 Andrena fulva were seen and this species obviously nests in this garden, as does also Geotrupes sylvaticus very freely, the beetles being often seen a re NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI, 51 throughout the spring, summer and autumn, usually crawling on the ground. When the ground was being dug in early September a larva, which I take to be this species, was uncovered in its cavity with its “sansage ” of triturated rabbit-dung, and was installed in a potted- meat glass with some moist earth and covered witha piece of perforated zinc. ‘The larva resembled a small Melolontha larva and was about an inch long when found. It has continued to feed contentedly and for the most part maintained a curved position untilnow. Allits sausage has apparently been consumed and I am expecting to see it prepare for pupation any day. It is interesting that this species feeds on rabbit-dung here, probably because it cannot find any other kind sufficiently plentiful, as cattle and horses would not frequent a private wood. In the New Forest I have seen the species in similar bracken- covered places, but there rabbits, horses, donkeys and cattle would probably provide the necessary pabulum. In Epping Forest (High Beach, etc.), G. typhaeus also stores rabbit-dung in its burrows and frequents similar localities with light soil. J have not seen this species here yet, but G. spiniger is common and G. stercorarius less so. A very noticeable point was the scarcity of Aphides, and only two ladybirds have been seen here since we came: these were Coccinella sepiempunctata in the garden and C’. variabilis in a neighbouring lane. The river being tidal Odonata do not breed in it, but a large lake of fresh water nearly opposite our house has supplied a specimen of Aeschna juncea and probably several dyrion . puella, which I have noticed amongst the herbage in the garden. Females of Dryvphanta folii are now emerging from the well-known ‘cherry galls’ in the oak leaves, which are abundant about here, but the marble galls of Cynips kollart are not particularly common. Ihave however found a bunch of 7 and several cases of 2 fused into a mass as large as a walnut.—Tresinuian, Cornwath. January, 19380. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 44.) ‘he existence of trivia as a twin species of didyma, standing extremely close to it and yet spreading with it over the Central zone und flying on the same grounds as some of its thermotropic races, cannot be explained very satisfactorily ; one can only say it apparently is a more anabolic branch, which has acquired a more stable constitu- tion, only suited to certain dry surroundings restricted by its single food-plant and that it can live with didyma, because their larvae have taken to entirely different plants, so that there is no competition between them. The cinawia line of descent is, apparently, as catabolic as that of dictynna ; it exhibits more variety of aspect, but then it also stands much broader variations of climate and this fact, together with its extremely quick flight, proves its high degree of functional vitality. As a consequence it has kept to a single specific line and even when it has passed from America to Asia the transformation from minuta to cinvia has been very small; the chief difference to be seen is that 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 © minuta has on the underside a premarginal black streak or a nearly continuous row of slightly curved lunules, as they have been retained by minerva and arduinna, whereas in cinwia they are reduced to a row of internervular dots, as in the didyma line. The minerva and arduinna line seems to occupy a perfectly central position between the aspects of the two great groups of true Melitaea. The appearance of arduinna, more particularly, is quite intermediate between that of cinaia of the group described above and that of phoebe of the group I will next deal with. It has the black dots on both surfaces of the hindwing, which are a feature of cinwia, of agar and also of aurinia and maturna (in some minerva there are vestiges of them) ; it has, together with minerva, a tendency to the breaking of the inner marginal line of the underside into separate streaks, although they are never reduced to dots. On the other hand they retain the capillary black arches along the inner edge of the orange spots, just as they are in baicalensis=arcesia, phoebe, etc., and the general shape and look of the wings is more like the latter than like cinaia. The genitalia of arduinna have long terminal apophyses, as in cinwia, but they are not as long, they are thicker and their apex exhibits some marked teeth- like points; all these differences are precisely those which become considerably more accentuated in phoebe and which evidently foreshadow some of the fundamental characteristics of those of the athalia group. If one compares the Nearctic species, one notes that the variations of those of the palla group, which one can consider as the most direct ancestry of phoebe, Schiff., point in some cases, such as acastus, Edw., to the cinvia look and that they usually exhibit a combination of the black dots in the orange spots with rudiments of a black edge to the latter. This makes it obvious that minerva and arduinna are the most direct surviving offsprings of species which stood between minuta and the palla group ; when they passed into Palaearctic surroundings the intermediate aspect was kept up, whilst the specific changes, which took place, were quite parallel in the three lines. It is worthy of notice that all three of these lines (the cinxia, the arduinna and the phoebe one), which occupy a central position in the genus, have developed to a very much lesser extent than the two extreme groups of lines of descent. This fact falls in well with the theory that natural groups of organisms, such as genera, consist in a certain number of more highly catabolic lines of descent, which spread a great deal and in a comparatively rapid way, changing aspect and constitution com- paratively little, and in a circle of other more anabolic lines, which have transformed in various ways and to greater or lesser degrees, adapting themselves to the different surroundings they have met with. In a natural classification, in which we wish to place the groups according to their comparative grade of transformation from the most primitive ones, the group just described, taken as a whole, should come next to the harrisit-dictynna one, in a central position. Their close connection is visible in all stages of their short evolution: at the Phyciodes stage they are only the extreme variations of a group of several closely allied species, extending from ismeria, through nycteis, on the one hand, to mylitia and barnesi on the other; at the Nearctic Melitaea stage harristi is closely approached by the palla group and particularly by whitneyi, Behr; at the Palaearctic stage the general appearance of the two lines has become much more different, so that Pr? NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 53 in the past their near relationship had not been recognised, but the genitalia have shown that it still exists to a much greater degree than might be thought at first sight. Those of dictynna have in every respect a great deal of resemblance to the minerva ones, as already stated; in both the terminal apophysis has the shape of a long cone, but there is a notable difference at its apex, where in dictynna it divides into two sharp diverging points, whereas in minerva it ends in a single, rather blunt one, and the second is only represented by a minute point, inserted considerably lower than the apex and pointing in the same direction as the latter ; more proofs of the close connection between dictynna and this group, also including, in the following respect, cinaia, arduwinna and phoebe, are afforded by the lateral apophyses, which are perfectly smooth down to their base, with no lateral teeth, and by the ostium-keel of the aedoeagus or penis, which is either lacking entirely or of a merely membranous nature (not chitinous).. Now, it is important to note that the genitalia of M. baicalensis, Brem., p. 183=arcesia, Brem., p. 15, are extremely similar to those of minerva and those also of asteria, Freyer, resemble them by their simple structure, with very small and smooth apophyses, as I will point out further on, when I show that asteria and batcalensis together with sindwra, Moore, are the most primitive ones of the athalia group. The closest Nearctic species to their ancestry, now living, is, to all appearances, /offimanni, Behr, a mountain species of aes and Nevada, which has attracted attention owing to the extraordinary frequency with which it produces abnormal individuals, including the most extreme aberrations ; this denotes it had already attained a high degree of anabolism in America and it stands to reason that its Asiatic descendants should have varied more than the other Melitaea, under the influences of all sorts of new surroundings. It had, moreover, itself derived, presumably, from the tharos, Drury, group of Phyciodes, which was already very anabolic, as shown by its numerous seasonal, local and specific variations ; amongst them pratensis, Behr, appears to be, by its look and by its northern habitat, the nearest representative of the ancestor of hoffmanni. When dealing with the athalia group I will mention the discovery made last year of M. mayi, Gunder, in Alberta (Canada), which is more or less identical with latefascia, Fixs., of Amurland and coreae, Vrty., of Corea. This is not surprising as the athalia group had already attained in the Nearctie hoffmanni an aspect very similar to its Palaearctic one; this is shown in the Table by the column of the * Palaearctic stage still recalling Nearctic” being blank, whilst baicalensis and sindura, which are of this description, stand aside as a parallel branch now extinct in America, It is to be regretted that one should be obliged to place the harrisii- dictynna line of descent between the hoffmanni-athalia and the palla- phoebe ones because the Phyciodes from which the two latter derive are connected, from tharos to mylitta, by a continuous series of gradations. As in the case of didyma, we are obliged to do so on paper, but in nature the three lines stand on different planes and are all connected to each other in a way one might compare to a bunch; instead, the minerva-arduinna line stands outside it, on the palla-phoebe side, and 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 connects it to the other large bunch, which includes cinvia and didyma, bound to the Huphydryas. There seems to be little doubt that the remarkable similarity of the genitalia of minerva and baicalensis=arcesia and their affinity to those of dictynna on the one hand and to those of cinaia on the other is due to the fact that they are the corresponding most primitive surviving palaearctic stage of their respective lines of descent. M. dictynna is probably a little more advanced than the two first species mentioned, but it is culminating in its line. M. arduinna ana phoebe still have a considerable resemblance to them, because they are only a stage further on, and the former more than the latter, because its line has fewer athalia factors in its constitution and more cinaia ones mixed with them ; the athalia factors are those whose evolution has produced the most highly differentiated and complex genitalia. Those due to the cinaia and didyma factors are, on the whole, long and slender and smooth (with no teeth and points, or very few) ; those produced by the athalia factors can be seen developing through the various species and exerges into a highly characteristic aspect: they become, on the whole, broad and thick ; also the terminal apophysis, or posterior process, of the clasps becomes short and broad ; deep dents appear on its further edge, which has become larger with the broadening of the apophysis ; there appears at the end of the tegumen an unecus, not found in any other group of Melitaea, except the rudimental one of saxatilis 1 have mentioned, and except for the two short and broad homologous processes, set widely apart from each other, of maturna and anrinia; the aedoeagus acquires a prominent chitinous ostium-keel ; the lateral apophyses of the clasps develop an increasing number of points or teeth in a row along an increasing portion of their length. (T'o be continued.) Adalia bipunctata, L. Some observations on the type form of ab. perforata, Marsham. By G. CURTIS LEMAN, F.E.S. 1. Marsham’s original description (Hnt. Brit. 151) in 1802 is as follows :— ; Perforata. 6. Coce. coleoptris rubris ; punctis duobus nigris fissur- aque elongata; margine nigro,” to which he adds the note, ‘‘ omnibus simillima (’. 2-punctata fissura excepta. An lusus ejusdem insecti.” Marsham here employs the unusual word, “fissura,’”’ and the question is what did he intend to convey thereby. He only employs this term in his description of his C. perforata and wherever elsewhere he wishes to convey the meaning of band or line, he employs the more familiar ‘“ vitta”’ or ‘“lineola.”’ I suggest that in its strict sense the term ‘ fissura’’ means a fissure, an elongated dent or perforation or cleft, This presumably in his specimen ran through or perforated (perforata) the normal black spot in whole or part, and not a detached band or line, otherwise I fail to understand why Marshai should have used this particular name for his specimen. I find however that later authors do not accept my construction and in fact depart widely irom Marsham’s own description in other respects and I propose to add some of these for comparison. ADALIA BIPUNCTATA, L. 55 2. Haworth, in 7rans. Ent, Soc. Lond, I. 271 (1812), adds the words “antica transversd’”’ and enlarges this to extent of ‘ lineola transversa valde impressa inter punctum et basin.” Here we may notice that, while retaining the term ‘‘fissura” in quoting Marsham, he for the first time introduces the term ‘ lineola”’ and in addition locates this definitely between the spot and the base, but he gives no authority for doing so. 3. Mulsant in Séc. 51 (1846) suggests the presence of yet another mark or spot situate ‘‘ elsewhere than on the transversal line” : «“ Var. G. Elytres offrant, outre de point normal, une tache ou un autre point situé aillieurs que sur le lizyne transversale du milieu. C. perforata, Marsh, Hint. Brit. 151. 6.” There is no authority for this additional blotch or spot, which cannot represent Marsham’s “ fissura,” or even Haworth’s “ lineola.” 4. Weise in 6.7’. goes even further :— C. Flgd. mit 4, 6, oder 3 P. Der eine P. davon steht nie in der Querreihe, sondern meist zwischen Normal-punct under den grunde der Flgd . . . v. perforata, Marsh.” which in 5.7. (1885) he modifies to extent of : “ Zwischen dem Normalpunkte und der Basis, selten auf der Schulter.”’ : ‘hese specimens are obviously a very long way from ab. perforata, Marsh. 5. Bovie in “ Les Coce. Belg.” (Ann. Soc. Hnt. Belg, XLI. 145-7, 1897) slightly varies Weise’s descriptions : ‘Var. perforata, Marsh. Hl, ayant 4, 6, ou 8 p, ancun des ces p. ne se trouve entre le point normal et.la suture: ils sont le plus souvent & la base, rarement sur l’épaule.” 6. Ganglbauer in Kaf. Mittelewr, WI1., 1014 (1899) adds his version to the confusion: “Tritt bei der Normalform oder bei var, Herbsti ober uutfasciata noch ein isolirter Puntet auf der vorderen Hiilfte der Flgdn auf, so entstaht var. perforata.” 7. Reitter in Faun. Germ. III. 142 (1911) is even wider of the mark :— “ Oder die Fld haben auf jeder mehr als 2 Punkte: a. perforata, Marsh. This obviously ignored a good few aberrations of Marsham, Fabricius and Weise. 8. Della Beffa in Rev. Cocc. It. 123 (1918) describes an ab. perforata, Muls., as under :— ** Hlitre con una fascia nera transversale nel mezzo constituita dai tre puncti, talora divisa. Vi sono inoltre altri uno due o tre punti; o sul disco nella prima meta o nella seconda meta dell’ elitre, o sui callo oo o nell’ angolo scutellare (Tav. IV. fig. 48) . . . ab. perforata, arsh.” His figure shows the broad medial confluent band of ab. wnifasciata, F. and three isolate spots. His specimen is certainly not ab. perforata, Marsh., nor even the var. G. of Mulsant, which has only one blotch or spot situate outside the medial band, nor can the name of ab. perforata, Muls., stand as it is preoccupied by Marsham’s ab. perforata. 9. This seems to exhaust all the material references to ab. perforata, Marsh., the type of which was in the collection of Dom. Latham, but 56 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 whether the type is stillextant Icannotsay. The conclusion, however, I venture to draw is, that Marsham’s aberration was only a sport in which the normal spot was in part or whole perforated by some fissure or perforation through failure of the black pigment owing to some pathological accident and in this view I am supported by Herr Leopold Mader, who in his E'rtdenz der pal. Cocc., treats it as a synonym for the type form. Incidentally, though I have in past years handled a goodly number of A. 2-punctata, | have never met one approaching this sport or freak of Marsham’s. Stray Notes on Erebiid Species. By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.E.S. E.. pawloskii, Men.—My last article on this species (in the February number of this magazine) was only just in print, when I received a further most remarkable confirmation of the unquestionable connection between pawloskii and theano in the shape of yet another specimen of an intermediate form. In the case of the recently described ssp. connexa we had a race of pawloskiit varying towards both ethela and theanv, while in this further example we have the exact converse; a specimen of theano varying towards pawlosktt. Connewa was in structure and size a typical pawloskii, and also had the unicolorous fringes of the latter, coupled with a theano-like design, and to a considerable extent, coloration also, The new form has the typical theano design and chequered fringes, but approaches pawloskii in structure, size and coloration. Yet this specimen looks so different from connewa that they might well be distinct species. I have only one specimen of this remarkable theano-form, but the fact that the genitalia (although still nearest to the theano type) show a deviation which can only be regarded as correlated to the superficial line of variation, and that the neuration is perfectly symmetrical, suggests that this is a racial form rather than an aberration, and we may hope for the discovery of further specimens. It may be described as :— EB. pawloskii theano race approximata, nov.—Size as pawloskit, fringes strongly chequered as in theano. The markings of both the upper and undersides exactly as in theano, but, on the upperside, of the dark red- brown coloration typical of the markings in pawloskit, while on the underside they are a little lighter, of a more yellowish tone, but still far from the bright yellow-orange normal in theano, Type, a g in my collection, from the western Altai, E. jeniseiensis, Trybom.—So much has been written on the specific difference of E. ligea and EF. euryale, that I suppose it is no longer necessary to emphasise the fact that they are two distinct species. Any careful systematic worker who has followed the work of Reverdin or Sparre Schneider will feel perfectly satisfied on the point. But there Still exists a lot of uncertainty as to which of these two species some of their various races belong. This is directly the result of writers endeavouring to classify these races, without giving a thought to their structural characteristics. ‘Superficial resemblance among the Hrebias is apt to be even a more untrustworthy guide to relationship than in other genera, and the morphological data I have accumulated, Ce ee een er STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 57 demonstrate that very similar superficial facies, must, not infrequently, have been derived from quite separate sources. Jeniseiensis has suffered a good deal from this superficial method of classification and has been treated as either liyea or euryale by various authors. In point of fact it is neither, but stands as a very distinct species probably more Closely related to tristis, H.-S. (=eriphyle, Frey., which unfor- tunately falls to eriphilv, Stoll.) than any other species. At the first glance the genitalia show a considerable likeness to ewryale, but this likenesss is not supported by those features, which the examination of hundreds of dissections of Erebias has shown to be of most value for specific differentiation. The latter demonstrate clearly that the two are quite distinct, and this is confirmed by other structural differences, equally convincing. It is interesting to note, that super- ficially there is no difficulty in separating these two species, or jeniseiensis from liyea either, the facies of the former being very constant. It is often stated that the band on the forewings in jeniseiensis is broken up into rings, but this is not the case, it is reduced in width (compared with evryale) and restricted centrally, assuming an hour- glass formation which is very characteristic and very constant; oc- casionally it is entirely severed in the centre. I regret being unable to give fuller anatomical details here, but this would iuvolve far too much elaboration for a magazine article. E. lefebvrei, Boisd.—It might be thought that Oberthiir’s work had covered all the races of this beautiful species, but strange to say the finest of all the racial forms is still unrecognised ; for which I am largely to blame, for I captured a nice series of it nineteen years ago. One of the chief features of this race is that, on the average, it is as large as, or even larger than the type; while all the spots and their white pupils are very finely developed. All of the races already described are on the average, smaller than the type, and have the black spots and their pupils more or less reduced in size and frequently wanting. Tam dedicating this race to the memory of Mr. H. Rowland-Brown, who was my companion when we discovered it. It is also not inappropriate that a butterfly from the Central Pyrenees should bear a name so much associated with the legends of the district. E. lefebvrei race rowlandi, nov.—Varies in size as the type does, but on the average quite as large, and sometimes larger than the latter. g entirely black on both upper and underside, sometimes with a faint lightening of the ground colour on the underside of the forewings, where the band would be in the type. @, upperside dark brownish- black, without any (occasionally just the least trace) of the reddish band around the black spots; on the underside of the forewings this band is present, but much obscured and reduced. The underside of the hind- wings is thickly suffused with grey, much more pronouncedly than in the type. In both sexes the black spots and their white pupils are very finely developed, on all wings both upper and underside. Types in my collection, from the valley below the Pic de Goupey, which leads up to the Col de Lurdé (Basses Pyrénées). ‘This very fine race occurs as an aberration among the type form at 58 5 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.LV.1930 Gavarnie, and specimens of the type occur, rarely, with rowlandi.* Itis nearest to Oberthiir’s race pyrenaea, but differs from it in:—(1) large size, (2) the fine typical development of the black spots and their pupils, (3) that these spots are always present on the hindwings, which, although mentioned by Oberthiur in the original description of pyrenaea is by no means the rule among the Canigou specimens; (4) that there very frequently are four spots on the hindwings, ag also occurs in the type, but is extremely rare in pyrenaea ; (5) the much greyer underside of the hindwing in the ?. * The females of the Jatter aberration although having the red-brown band as in lefebvrei, still have a much greyer underside hindwing than is normal in the type. Through Central Europe to Montenegro. By P. HAIG-THOMAS, F.E.S. (Concluded from p. 38.) July 24th.— We again went up Mt. Vlasulja and found HF. melas males common but only got three females. In addition to the insects taken on the 22nd I took Parnassius apollo, Hrebia pronde, approaching form pitho, one Hrebia epiphron subsp. cassiope worn, with a few Strymon spini, Mr. Cox got female Heodes alciphron. July 25th.—Leaving Gadcko we motored via Bjeljani to Meikovic and on to Spalato where we stayed the night. Near Bjeljani we hunted for half an hour and took Melanargia larissa ab. herta, very worn, and a nice series of Pieris ergane quite fresh. The country around Meikovic should be well worth a visit in May or the end of April, and there appears to be a very good hotel there. Between Meikovic and Spalato the country was exceedingly barren, there being practically no water till we got near the sea about 25 kilometres from Spalato ; here we saw Satyrus circe, 8. aleyone and S. briseis. July 26th.—A fine day, but except for half an hour beyond Sebenico we spent the day motoring. Here in the little valley where there was a stream I took P. ergane, Coenonympha pamphilus, S. briseis, Plebeius medon (astrarche), Polyommatus meleager and Lycaenesthis argiolus. We spent the night at Karlstein. July 2 rth .—Leaving Karlstein early we hoped to spend several hours on the Ldibl Pass; unfortunately the weather broke soon after we got there. We managed however to obtain a large form of Hrebia aethiops, which was common above the Jugo-Slavian Customs House. P. coridon was also abundant, and I again saw P. l-album at the top of the pass, Mrebia nerine was still flying, some fresh, but after taking one 2 a thunder-storm came on and we motored down to Klagenfurt and on to St. Veit. July 28th.—We motored in dull weather up to Stelzing but the weather again broke and we decided to leave the district and spend as much of the bad weather as possible travelling. We slept the night at Sicilian close to the Italian Frontier. July 29th.—We motored through Bolzano to Franzenhéhe below the Stelvio; the only insects taken were Melitaea didyma, Satyrus dryas and Plebeius aeyon near Bolzano. July 30th.— Collected in the morning on the top of the Stelvio and took 18 Krebia alecto and the race glacialis mostly worn. In the COLLECTING NOTES, 1929. 59 afternoon we motored over the Ofen Pass to Zernetz and took a few male HH. nerine race stelviana. July 31st.—Above Zernetz H. nerine race stelviana in both sexes plentiful and in good order and we got all we wanted. Common insects male abundant here than anywhere we have been except perhaps on Trebevic at Serajevo. August Ist—Drove to the Albula to look for /’. manto race pyrrhula. After half an hour it poured with rain for the rest of the day. However we managed to take a few F. pronde v. pitho, but not as dark as those I have taken at Bex in the Rhone Valley. August 2nd.—It rained hard all day but we moved up to Preda. August 3rd.—BStill raining hard so we left and motored to Brugg between Ziirich and Basel. On the way the weather cleared and we took a short series of Araschnia levana, in the Murgthal rather worn. August 4th.—Motored through Basel on to Colmar up to the Sehlucht Pass on the Vosges and stopped at the Grand Hotel. We collected around Mt. Hochneck 4000-4500 feet and found K. epiphron both sexes in the greatest abundance, H. ligea fine but males mostly worn. H, manto race vogesica abundant males rather worn. We took six females with the blotches on the underside of the hindwing pure white. Polyommatus semiargus were still fresh and I got a freshly emerged Huvanessa antiopa. August 5th.—It poured with rain all day. August 6th.—We spent another fine day around Mt. Hochneck and besides the insects taken on the 4th we found Strymon w-album worn, Polyyonia c-album fresh, Argynnis aglata and Dryas paphia fresh, Heodes hippothoe worn, Augiades comma fresh. August 7th and 8th.—Were spent motoring down the Rhine Valley and up the Meuse, through Luxemberg to La Roche in the Ardenne. August 9th.—We tried all the highest ground we could find up to 2000 feet but saw no signs of Brenthis pales race arsilache, almost all the ground except the forests is cultivated but we found two or three open swamps at 2000 feet which looked promising; the only insects seen were Bb. selene 2nd generation, P. napi, H.jurtina and UC. pamphilus. Lower down and a few kilometres from Marche in a clearing where the road and railway run together we took P. napi, B. selene, B. ino both worn, Strymon pruni very worn, and two specimens of Heodes virgaureae one quite fresh. From here we motored to Bruxelles, where I left my friends and took the night express home via Dunkirk. Our trip was obviously too rushed but we managed to obtain good specimens of the more local Hrebia species, which was the main Object of the journey, during which we motored over 2500 miles. Collecting Notes, 1929, By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, F.E.S. I think we were all particularly keen to see what 1929 had in store for us after the unusually severe winter of 1928-1929, when at that time it seemed that nothing could possibly survive unless under the first six or seven inches of frozen earth; but it has only shown us once again that it is wet and not dry cold that counts in decimating our insects. My first expedition of any note was early in April when I worked 60 ENLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1930 the Wye Valley (S. Wales) from its mouth at Chepstow up to its source in the Welsh mountains—my particular quest being Xylina furcifera, in which I may as well say now I was unsuccessful, but in working the sallow blossom I was very much struck by the local scarcity or abundance of the various Jaeniocampidae:—at Tintern the commonest Taeniocampid by far was 7’. gracilis with comparatively few 7’. stabilis and 7. pulverulenta, also an odd Xylocampa areola and one 2 Oporina croceayo from which Mr. Newman got eggs and bred a series. Further north at Symonds Yat, where the cold had been intense so that all iaurel hedges and evergreens were brown and withered, I found insects in enormous numbers. The hibernated Orrhodia vaccinit and Seopelosoma satellitia being common at both sugar and sallow, and the Taeniocampidae in their thousands,—in particular 7. gothica, T. stabilis, T. pulverulenta and 7’. incerta—T. gracilis was less in evidence and I took a solitary male of Pachnobia leucographa. The sole lepidop- teral evidence of the mighty frosts was in the complete absence of Polygonia c-album,—even though the days were warm and sunny and I have it as good evidence that this insect was particularly abundant at this spotin the autumn of 1928,—indeed I did not see one the whole length of the valley. After leaving the Wye we proceeded up to North Wales and reached Conway as our base on April 8th. On April 9th I made a night expedition to the summit of Tal-y-fan after Agrotis ashworthii larvae by searching the bilberry with a lanp— as soon as I reached the top however an impenetrable cloud screen made it impossible to see a yard ahead and in the following hours of attempted descent I picked up large numbers of nearly fullfed larvae of Oporinia filigrammaria—nearly all in small colonies—also of Agrotis lucernea (fullfed) but no A. ashworthit. However, the following night I took a solitary larva of this species on a neighbouring mountain—only about + of an inch in length—also many larvae of Bearmia repandata (which all produced normal forms). The days were hot, and on the 8th I saw both Pieris rapae and P. napi, together with hibernated Aylats urticae, but no P. c-album, in & spot where I had seen it common some years ago. Early in May I was collecting in the Cambridge district. Ou May 3rd I took my first Strymon prunt of the season in a Huntingdon wood —an extremely small larva—and on the same day found fullfed larvae of Cirrhvedia xerampelina as common as last year. On following days of hard beating I took four other larvae of S. prunt and I consider it a poor year for the species—though I have since heard that the imagines were abundant in a nearby wood later in the season. I also took a few larvae of Ruralis betulae, which was not so common as last year. On May 25th in company with Dr. Cockayne and Messrs Worsley- Wood and Demuth we were again in the Huntingdon Woods, and eight full-fed larvae of S. pruni fell to our lot, together with larvae of Asteroscopus sphinx, Lymantria monacha, Hylophila bicolorana, and I took upwards of seventy Zephyrus quercus on half-a-dozen oaks. On May 27th my friend Demuth and myself beat large numbers of full-fed larvae of Strymon w-albwm from elm in the Wimpole district. Throughout this month I collected a very large number of Xanthia gilvayo larvae from wych elm around Cambridge. NEW FORMS OF EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA. 61 This species was exceedingly abundant—more so than. its cousin Amathes circellaris, it being not uncommon to take 80 at a single beat of a bough—TI bred through a very extensive series but was only rewarded with eight good “ true gilvago ’’ forms—that is the Continental type, all the rest being the usual darkly suffused English form (=ab. —osuffusa). | - Throughout the month both Demuth and I concentrated the greater ? part of our energies on beating sallows in the Northampton woods in the hope of obtaining Apatura tris larvae after having seen one which had been beaten in this district a few days previous to my first intro- duction to this larva—in all cases were we unsuccessful but were bombarded continually with hosts of Bombycia viminalis, 1’. pulverudenta and Hydriomena fureata (elutata). 3 ‘ (To be concluded.) New Forms of European Rhopalocera. Nors.—The newly observed forms of Muropean (Continental) Lepidoptera are so increasingly numerous that space cannot be found for their description. It will probably be of use if the references ‘to the original descriptions be given as we meet with them. This will be confined mainly to the RKbopalocera in which our readers are more interested with an occasional summary of all the forms so far listed in a particular species. Melitaea didyma, L., race majellensis, Dnbl., Mitt. Miinch. Knt. Gesel., 1927, p. 2 etc. Majella. Melanargia japygia, Cyr., ab. flavescens, Dnhl. and ab. ochrea, Dnhl. l.c. Majella, Erebia nnestra, Hb., ab. pupillata, Dnhl. lc. Stilfser-Joch, Tyroi. E.. euryale, Esp., ab. mendolana, Dnohl. — l.c. Mendel. EK. lappona, Esp., race. marmolata, Dnhl. l.c. Dolomites, Pala group. F.. lappona, Esp., race cibiniaca, Dnhl. l.c. Cibinsgebirge. Satyrus dryas, Scop., ab. hamadryas, Dnhl. l.c. S. Tyrol, ete. Coenonympha arcania, L., race euthymia, Dnhl. l.c. Sabine and Simbruine Mts., Italy. Coenonympha iphis, Schift., race oikeia, Dnhl. l.c. Simbruine Mts. Epinephele lycaon, Rott., race nyctymos, Dnhl. l.c. Tyrol. Libythea celtis, Lach., ab. pallida, Duohl., and ab. pygmeaa, Dnbl. Lc. Plebeius aegon, Schiff. (argus, L.), race majellensis, Dnl.; race abruzzensis, Dnhl.; race sirentina, Dnhl. l.c. Abruzzi. Polyommatus optilete, Knoch, ab. ochrostigma, Dnhl.; and ab. illustris, Dnhl. le. P. dolus, Hb., ab. punctigera, Dnhl.; ab. 2 rufomaculata, Dnhl. ; ab. splendida, Dnhl.; and ab. elachista, Dnhl. - l.c. p..7. P. damon, Schiff., race centralitalica, Dnhl. le. Erinnys alceae, Esp., race centralanatolica, Pfeitf. l.c. 44. Brenthis pales, L., subsp. yenerator, Stdgr. ab. extrema, Wnkwsky. ae b. freija, Thnb., subsp. jakutensis, Wnkwsky. J.c. Jakutsk. Melanaryia siwwarovius, Hbst., ab. obscurior, Wnkwsky.; ab. minor, Wukwsky.; ab. subflavescens, Wnkwsky, l.c. 78. N.I. Siberia. 62 ENTOMOLOGISE'S RECORD. 15.1V.19380 JF oTES ON COLLECTING, ete. SYNANTHEDON FLAVIVENTRIS IN SuRREY.—In an attempt to fill a gap in the known range of this species Mr. C. N. Hawkins and I went to look for the galls in Surrey and found a few in a wood in the south of the county. A typical gall was opened and the larva was seen.— EK. A. Cocxaynn, (A.M., D.M., F.E.S.), 116, Westbourne Terrace, W.2. March 9th, 1980. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. Two volumes of Memories Soc. Knt, Ital., VII. (1928) and VIII. (1929), have come to hand. ‘The first contains a ‘ Revision of the Gryllacridi in the Museums of Geneva and Turin,”’ by Signor H. H. Karney; the second contains several small Memories, among which Signor Rocci has contributed two :—(1) A study of the several genera- tions of HKuchloé (Anthocharis) ausonia as observed in the various races of Italy. (2) Notes on various species of Lepidoptera occurring widely in Liguria, including accounts of the generations of the races of Pieris brassicae, P. manni, P. napti and Pontia daplidice, [There is a rather curious arrangement about the distribution of these volumes which is so extraordinary, that they arrive in a more or less dilapidated condition, Our copies had passed through the hands (by the labels) of two local carriers of luggage and general produce, presumably given to one of them by a grandmotherly sort of arrangement, so that the recipient pays the carriage (sixpence in our case), receiving an untidy torn bundle, screwed up and tied with a piece of dirty string like a busch of vegetables. Some while ago there was a newspaper stunt ‘Make the foreigner pay!’’ Evidently this idea has been taken up abroad and carried into effect in this arrangement, and we pay our own sendings and the foreign sendings as well.] The Hntomological ‘News for December contains another very inter- esting article from J. D. Gunder, the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, with two plates, including a portrait group of the staff and photographs of the old and the modern buildings, the home of the Academy. ‘This number contains a long list of the intricate and pettifogging amendments proposed in the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature to be brought before the Zoological Congress at ifs next Meeting. It is quite time entomologists cut themselves adrift from this entanglement. Vol. IIL. of the Bull. of the Hill Mus. is now completed with Nos. 3and 4. There are four plates and a large number of Descriptions of new species and forms received from collectors in Africa, Indo- Australia and Hainan and a further instalment of A. Hall’s Revision of the Genus Phyciodes. We notice that several non-comparative descriptions have crept in this time; these may be excusable when figures are given, but are useless otherwise. In the current numbers of Hint. Fevinsalsedleohe Dr. Seitz is contributing a series of articles on Collecting Microlepidoptera ; at present he is dealing with the yralidae of the world in a general way, basing his remarks on the well-known European species and their representatives in extra-Muropean areas. In Jris part IV. for 1929 Stichel continues his criticism of the PR es | REVIEWS. 63 group Hrycinidae as treated in Seitz volumes; Dr. Arnold Schultz discusses the early stages of the high-Andean Satyridae of Columbia, with coloured plate; Dr. Corti contributes further notes on Ayrotidae, the same family as occurring in the Caucasus and Central Asia is dealt with by Prof. I. Kozhantschikov. Two further parts (5 and 6) of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Tthopalocera have come to hand, the rest of the Parnassius species completing the Papilionid section, of course with the usual valuable List of references to the original descriptions of the whole of the new forms mentioned in the text. The space taken up by this section has been greater than was anticipated, but unless the letterpress be adequately full the high pitch of excellence would not have been obtained. Parnassius apollo, on account both of its numerous forms and the multitude of names attached to it, demanded an unexpected amount of space. Its forms have been dealt with in geographical groups, such as those of the Tyrol, Scandinavia, Asia Minor, Central Alps, Carpathians, etc., etc. The fact of it being not a lowland species presents a certain amount of isolation to these groups. The 2 plates comprise 50 more figures of the Parnassius species. To those possessing the vol. I., this supplement is most necessary, bringing in as it does, the mass of further facts which have been accumulating for the past quarter of a century. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. “ AMEISENKUNDE. Kine Hinfiihrung in die Systematik und Biologie der Ameisen”’ by Dr. Anton Krausse, pp. 172 with 68 text figures. Stuttgart (1929). This delightful little book is admirably constructed, embracing, as it does, every branch of the study of ants in a compact and convenient form; valuable alike to the student and the more experienced Myrmecologist. The work is divided into two parts. Part I. consists of twenty- nine sections as follows:—1. Myrmecologists; 2. Literature; 38. Bibliography, biographical and historical sketch; 4. Systematical position of ants; 5. The most important morphological technical terms; 6. Nomenclature; 7 The five subfamilies; 8. Preliminary remarks on systematics; 9. The Ponerinae; 10. The Dorylinae; 11. The Myrmicinae; 12. The Dolichoderinae ; 13. The Camponotinae ; 14. The Systematical Problem; 15. Di-, Tri-, Tetra-, Polymorphism ; 16. On Morphology and Anatomy ; 17. Geographical distribution; 18. Palaearctic Region; 19. Xerothermic Region; 20. Spreading and Introduction ; 21. Local faunas; 22. Ants in amber and copal; 238. Equipment for excursions; 24. Artificial nests; 25. Collecting apparatus ; 26. Packing, preparing, collection ; 27. Optical instruments ; 28. Determination, purchase, exchange; 29. Publications. Part II. is divided into twelve sections:—1. Metamorphosis; 2. Colony founding, mixed colonies, and compound nests; 8. Food; 4. Nest building ; 5. Habits; 6. Myrmecophily ; 7. Ants and Termites; 8. Ants and Plants; 9. Ants and the soil; 10. Ants and men; 11. Senses of ants; 12. Psychology of ants. It will be obvious at a glance at the above lists how many-sided this little book proves itself to be, and also that space will not allow us to deal thoroughly with all this matter. It must suffice to glance through the various sections, noticing a point here and there which “yn tebe. 8 RNG SOAR NSE Song Oe i aca st A ge 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. —-15.1V.1980 calls for remark. An excellent list of the Piare myrmecologists is given, as also a most useful account of the literature. The works of Wheeler, Escherich, Forel, WWasmann, Seitz, mery, Donisthorpe and Hiber are said to be indispensable. The author divides the Insecta into-no less than 71 orders; ants, of course, belonging to the order Hymenoptera. The short account of the morphology is direct, and to the point, and the text figures are clear and well chosen. Under ‘ Brust ”’ (thorax) we notice the following sentence. ‘On the underside of the Metathorax, in the metasternum above the junction of the coxa, one finds the mouth of a gland, the metatarsal gland, which is only to be fond in ants” (the italics are ours). This is no doubt true, but it is the first time we have seen it definitely stated as a cold fact. Wheeler [‘‘ Les Sociétés d’Insectes,” Paris, 131 (1926)] wrote that no taxonomist apparently has noted that ants alone possess this gland which is present in all species and all casts of ants. He had been unable to find it in any others of the Aculeata, nor in the inferior sub-orders of Hymenoptera, and that before one could pronounce on the taxonomic significance of this, a complete comparative study of the metasternum of all the Hymenoptera was necessary. Both Lubbock (1892) and Janet (1898) described and figured this gland and as we pointed out in British Ants (1915), the latter author has suggested that the secretion from these glands gives to the ant’s body the nest-aura, by means of which the ants in a colony recognize their fellows. The author appears to only recognize 5 subfamilies, leaving out Wheeler’s Pseudomyrminae (1920), Cerapachyinae (1920), and Leptanillinae (1926). He also uses the old name Camponotinae, for the subfamily now called Formicinae. A list of the sections, tribes, subtribes and genera, after Emery is given ; and all the German species are dealt with. Under artificial nests the author describes the observation nest invented by himself consisting of a glass bowl with a wide border or rim, extending outwards from the upper edge ; oil being placed in this outer rim to prevent the escape of the ants. There are three holes in the sides of the nest below the rim so that it can be connected with other nests, or apparatus, by means of glass tubes. He also uses for collecting a large funnel into which nest materials, moss, etc., may be placed, and by heating the top by means of a copper plate, or water apparatus, myrmecophiles, etc., are driven down through the narrow end of the funnel into a receptacle to catch them. Under colony-founding, several original interesting experiments, with small colonies in observation nests, are given. All the different forms of nesting, nest materials (some of which are figured), covered ways, cattle sheds, etc., etc., are briefly described ; and the various habits of many species of ants are set forth. Under Synechthrans, an ‘“‘ earwig,’’ Huborellia moesta, is recorded which in Sardinia at least (though it can exist without ants) robs ants of their brood. Here we have the case of the beginning of a Synech- thran, or an instance of what I have described as experimenting in the myrmecophilous habit. Enough has been said to demonstrate how useful this little book on ant lore is, and to prove, if proof were necessary, that it should be in the hands of all myrmecologists.— Horace DonistHoRPE. ° quire 1 Saahec bonnes are “inserted on condition that. the peers eagles i | : 4 ; 1 Te | EXCHANGES. ribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata Sanetio free of charge. ‘hey should — ie Sih ts saa J. TURNER, es Latgmar,” West Drive, Cheam. ges 4 = 8. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Bicwis: —Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. esiderata.—UrGENTLY REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). —H. Pp. ae Zaria vigtses W ‘oilaton Hall, ld dni Pind fatal of gothica ond selected unusual forms of benerka: neat and A: J. Wightman, ‘ durago,”’ Brom/fields, Pulborough, Sussex, — Thais cetisyi, ee te zepbyrus (Friv) | ype eroides, anteros, ee ay nor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first pene Coleoptera, es conan Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of Bek orld Nie Galls.—In view of the ortheoming Monograph on British Zoo—and Phytocecidia be . gnall, Bartlett and Hariioe, reprints of papers on, or records of, the rarer plant-galls daa are Tequested. Material Di be willingly identified, acknowledged, and, where necessary, rated. Address such Prof. J. W. Heslop Harrison, D. Hew BR. S., Armstrong lege, Neweastle-on-Tyne. xcHaNGcEs.—Living Begs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies ot ish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. | divine OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, S.W. oe - May 7th. ‘he South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hinernia bers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. April 24th. May 8th.—Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s ace, Blackheath, 8.8.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London omological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History ety) now meets. in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C.2, first and— d Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed :— See., A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. es List of British Geometers Living pupae, larvae, ova, Palearctic. named Varieties and Synonyms and Exotie at once to be had. Cocoons eferences ee Meyrick: and Actias Ningpoana, dozen 12/-, Samia : Walkeri, dozen, 3/-, Rothschildia, Jorulla -B > 3 ? ’ , By Hs. 3 Gieice ee each 2/- and many other pupae from> Rasbiatied fom Me. HoW. Andrews, 7 U,$.A.—E, Miller, Berlinerstr. 2a, 6, reatecrny: Rd, Eltham, §.£.9. Vetschau, N.L., Germany. CONTENTS Some Cornish Notes, Charles Nicholson, F.E.S. igs - sie as ae Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and partidularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M.D... ie ay fr Adalia bipunectata, L. Some observations on the type farm of ab. perforata, Marsham, J. Curtis Leman, F.E.S. ey i. 4. + nS é2 r Stray Notes on Erebiid Species, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S. .. ee me ate 56 ; Through Central Europe to Montenegro, P, Haig-Thomas, a a ox 58 : Collecting Notes, 1929, H. B. D. Kettlewell, F.E.S. .. -| a 5 { New Forms of European Rhopalocera .. fr AS. “{ je ae ye 61 i Noves on CottectInc.—Synanthedon flayiventris in pare: E. A. Cockayne, ARS IVEY. RUBE 6 S30 ie ahs ca x 4 ais aie AR 62 Currenr Norgs .. i ‘i eps een of aa) We Bebe i ui 62 a Reviews... oa x “ ce bre a 3 e.3 i + 63 2 SvrrLrEmMENts.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner ae Va | Hf ai (137)-(140) : Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones (Leaenns or 2 PLATES.) % * ee me a Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. ; Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Malcolm Burr, © ~ H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, F. W. Edwards, P. P. Graves. A. J. Wightman, $ H. Willoughby-Ellis, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. E. China, J. F. Bird, G. Talbot, and ‘i Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT | TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. | BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus ttliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, wnd aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidue—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of drgynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymiec notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist or 1890—Lifehistories of dyrotis pyrophila, Kpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeELanism AND Mutanocnrotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Gollecting—Articles on VarraTIon (many)—How to breed Agrotisluniyera, Sesia sphegifurmis, Tueniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromurta and A, betularia—Melunism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the dcronyctidue—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyeana (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifebistory of Gonophora qerasa, ete., ete., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Gross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Eipirep BY | G. T. Bersune-BakER, F.Z.S., J. HK. Couutn, F.£.8. F.E.S., Chairman. H. DonIsTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8. R. S. .BaGnatu, D.SC., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. Gravms, F.E.S. F.L.S. | H. KE. Paar, r-n.s. Matcotm Burr, D.sc., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.z.s. W. H. ‘Tams, v.4.s. h BE. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G. WHEELER, M-A., FEB) F.E.S., F.R.C.P. F.Z.8. and Henry J. TURNER, F¥.@.s., F.R.H.S., | Kditorial Secretary ; Subscription for Complete Volume, post free (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO Uhe Hon, Treasurer, H. W. 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BRITISH ISLES, By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. _ With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Specie : Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. — ** Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued, —National Quarterly Review, Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. | FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. ‘ hs aii cs lit oa tls . aati Mace ae aia at Sei aie EL wt WR fo ’ : a ti NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 65 Notes from Northern Rhodesia. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Se., F.E.S., ete. I. First lvprsessions. i, On January 2nd, 1928, I motored out from Elisabethville to lunch __ with the officers of the British Frontier Delimitation Commission at a place called Kapushi, which is exactly on the Congo-Rhodesian boundary and is famous for the extraordinary richness of the ore in the mine that has made the locality known. As we drove up to an open cleared space in the dense forest of lofty trees, I saw the Union Jack and stepped out of the car on to British territory, the first time in a wandering life that I have touched a part of the empire outside Great Britain itself. It was here that I met the first brother entomologist in Africa; it was Dr. Silvester Evans, Medical Officer of the Commission, well known for his extensive and important collections of Coleoptera made in Fiji. Dr. Evans is now making as complete a collection as possible of Coleoptera along the frontier, and he took my breath away when he told me that he mounted every specimen. This seems to be a counsel of perfection, impracticable for most of us, and with most orders of insects, but it has immense advantages, not the least being that the specimens are prepared and ready for determination immediately on arrival in England. Dr. Evans and I spent a few hours together in the forest, but came across no Orthoptera of any striking interest ; most were immature. A few days later I left the Congo for Broken Hill. The scenery changes now from a dense and rather gloomy forest with tall but not gigantic timber to flattish country covered with bush and numerous trees of somewhat smaller stature ; it might be described as openwork forest country, green and smiling at this time of year, with the grass about knee-high. Broken Hill itself is but a mining camp; we were too busy during our few days there to do any sight-seeing, which would be confined to the mine and the site of the discovery of the famous skull. It was on Friday, January 13th, regardless of superstition, that we started off once more into the bush to the scene of our operations for the coming year. We motored out towards the south-east for some forty miles over decent roads, past the Mulungushidam which was opened by the Prince of Wales, and pitched our camp by the roadside at a spot where a Kaftir path leads off at right angles to the Luano Valley. This remarkable depression is in the southernmost end of that great rift which nearly split Africa in two, beginning in palaeozoic times and continuing throughout time right into the Tertiary. It is marked on the map by the north-south line thrown into relief by the great lakes, especially Tanganyika, and extends away to the north and includes the Red Sea and the Dead Sea and the Valley of Jordan. After about three hours trek through the openwork forest we came suddenly upon the edge of a cliff and looked down to the valley far beneath us. It seemed a rolling, wooded country, cut by some meandering streams and dotted with clearings bright green with the fresh grass; on the far side a blue range of hills showed the opposite face of the escarpment. It is a relatively long and narrow rift, = Ys Ts eee ae 66 ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 countersunk in the plateau of Rhodesia, and the drop down the face of the escarpment is some 1800 ft. Owing to a mischance, we had to climb down that face during the hottest part of the day and that was the first time that I felt it really hot in Africa, nearly as hot as I had felt it in Spain, Montenegro and Macedonia, but here it was a damp and oppressive heat. It was a real climb, requiring hands as well as feet, to grip trees and rocks to steady oneself and it was a great relief to reach the stream at the bottom. Nearly two months of town life and the fleshpots of Elisabethville had made me soft and out of condition so it was a relief to sit in the shade and drink a dozen or so cups of tea. The ground we marched over from this point was hard going; we kept crossing small but steep ridges capped with gravel, and separated by brooks; it was a constant gymnastic climb up and down, with the occasional relief of a level strip along the back of a ridge; this passed into more level country where the track took us sometimes through dense and shady jungles haunted by biting flies, sometimes through open valleys thick with a plant like a potato and with wild asparagus. We heard the self-satisfied grunting of hippo as we touched the Mulungushi but the noise and smell of a caravan of a hundred odd native porters keeps all game at a distance. There was a fair amount of spoor but we saw nothing to shoot on the road, except a green mamba which was too quick for me and fell short of his reputation in bolting instead of attacking, for which I was profoundly grateful, and a eouple of duck like big sheldrake. We had to cross the Mulungushi twice, once in a dug-out and once by fording waist-deep; here the stream was so strong that I had difficulty in making my way across and in a few weeks it will doubtless be impassable at that ford. One small stream offered a bridge, consisting of a tree felled across from bank to bank, The porters waded, waist-deep, but my head boy led the way across the bridge; he had not gone a yard before he yelled, and made a frantic dash to the far side regardless of danger of falling and, once across, began dancing and cutting the wildest capers, screaming and cursing in a variety of tongues. For the tree was alive with driver ants. These red devils march in columns of countless numbers and all creatures flee before them. Their method of attack is to swarm over their victim and, it is said, all bite simultaneously, as ata given signal. I was too far over to retreat but relatively secure in that I was wearing field boots and breeches, a costume which the Rhodesians consider eccentric, for they invariably wear shorts. Had I followed their examples, I should have been invaded by their countless battalions, but as it was I got across with a hundred or so on me, which I quickly shook off when once across and only a few succeeded in reaching my flesh. Poor Pavel Stepanovich, who was following some way behind, was less fortunate. He was wearing slacks, and when half way across he saw his danger ; they were already on him, so he sprang at once boldly into the the water; still, when across he had at once to undress and pick off the countless foe and detach their formidable mandibles. About half a mile further on we crossed another part of the column marching through a mealie field. They say that these ants will send an elephant mad, by swarming up inside his sensitive trunk and then biting simultaneously. . The banks of the Mulungushi where we crossed by dug-out are flat, - coe _ ; NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 67 . and bordered with broad belts of tall reeds in which the heat is so great that it is almost intolerable; it is dotted with open beds of pinkish gravel and sand, and here I found an interesting little - Chrotogonus. I had always regarded this genus as a member of the desert fauna but yet it is said not to occur far from water ; on the spot where I took it the conditions resembled a desert as a beach resembles a desert, but the place was reeking with moisture ; on the same banks there were larvae, of which I took one adult, of a grasshopper, with blue wings and no dark fascia. To my eye it seems to be our familiar south European Sphingonotus caerulans and it seemed strange meeting it in this locality, but Mr. Uvarov identified it as Conipoda, sp. During our trek through the bush I picked up two adult females of a yellow-faced Vhericles. It is always a particular pleasure to me to take a species of the Humasticidae as they are quaint and odd little creatures and little is known of their method of life. They are distinguished by their very short antennae and by the face being flattened as though pressed against a board. My first attempt at a serious entomological paper was an essay on this group, written when a fresh- man at Oxford, and last year in Angola I made the acquaintance of the living creatures for the first time, about thirty years later. They are not a numerous family and are confined to the tropics and offer a considerable diversity and originality of form. I was always curious to know under what conditions they live, as they are so very individualistic a group. The African genus Jhericles contains several quite apterous, small grasshoppers of a predominantly green coloration ; the abdomen of the male is tucked up posteriorly; I find them numerous in low scrub and catch them by sweeping; they sit on bushes and shrubs in the undergrowth in the forest. In Angola they were chiefly green marked with white; here in the Luano | find them equally common, but generally green with a dark dorsal stripe. I cannot reconcile this with the idea of protective coloration, as the dark stripe makes them quite conspicuous when sitting on a green leat, though with a little imagination one might mistake it for a stain on the leaf. ‘There are some allied genera, also Kthiopian, as Penichrotes, Peoedes and Huschmidtia, but in these the face, though equally flat, is sloping, whereas in T’hericles it is vertical. Another curious charac- teristic of at least some of these genera is that when they are sitting they keep their hind legs not in a vertical plane, as does T’hericles, but in a horizontal plane at right angles to the body, akimbo so to speak, as do certain Truwalidae, though to a less markedextent. At Huambo I took one or two minute specimens which at the time I took for larvae, but now believe they were adult Penichrotes, and they had this habit ; here in Luana I took a nyinph of a winged form, probably belonging to one of these genera, which also held its hind legs akimbo. ‘The habit has been noted many years ago, by Bolivar I believe, when he gave the name eruciformis to one species. We pitched our camp eventually in a clearing in the forest at a place called,Chisorwe. I have not yet found out what this name actually designates, whether a stream or a village but it is likely to be my home for a year or more and so, I hope, will become a familiar name of entomological labels. One of the difficulties of work in Africa is to define localities precisely. A river is virtually length without breadth and native village names are useless, for villages here are very 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.1930 different from those in Europe; the very idea is totally distinct. There are no streets, no shops, no public buildings; there is but a collection of huts in a clearing. And the villages have no name of their own but bear the name of the chief, with whom the village is identified. On the death of a chief, the site is abandoned and a new “village”? built at another place. Village names, therefore, are the despair of the cartographer and useless for registering localities for zoological or botanical specimens until the White Man comes along and makes a mine or power station or some other work which definitely fixes the site upon the map; such cases are common in mining districts, as in the Katanga, where such names as Kapushi, Panda and so on have become permanent. The first thing to welcome me in my new home was a female Pamphagid, like a knight of the chessboard, turning clumsy somer- saults. It seems to be of the same species that I took sporadically in Angola and I was rather surprised to find it in a forest clearing, as I always regarded these curious creatures as typical desert-haunting insects, of either sandy or roeky wastes ; for this reason, when I took them in sandy open spaces in Angola, I regarded them as members of a relict fauna, but that argument seems hardly applicable in this wooded valley. Males seem rare, but they are often winged and active ; the female is apterous and clumsy and may be easily picked up with the fingers. I also took a nymph sitting on a green shrub. The season in January here seems to correspond to the early middle | summer in Europe. Young larvae of Orthoptera abound, but adults are few. I find Catantops fully grown, seemingly the same species that I found abundant at Huamba in western Angola in May and then all through the year wherever I collected. On the high ground, an Oedaleus or Gastrimargus was common in the adult stage, and in long grass I find one or two Truaalidae, one resembling Ochrilidia, but otherwise the Acridian grasshoppers are all immature. In the Locus- tines, there are two or three species of /’haneropteridae in the nymph stage crawling among the herbage and a few adults bave appeared ; Conocephalus is busy chirping, and flew to light at Broken Hill, where LT also took a Hetrodes chirping, apparently the same species that I found commonly in the highlands of Angola but much smaller than the big spidery one that I found in swarms on the Atlantic coast at Benguella Velha. This genus seems to be adult all through the dry season and I have already noted bow | took an adult hibernating under a termite nest in Angola in September. Young larval Mantids and Phasmids are abundant in the grass. This is curious, as in Angola J found immature ones common in the early part of the dry season. Possibly these youngsters will be fully grown by the end of the rains and start a new family at the beginning of the dry season, in which case there will be two broods in the year. Mantids first appeared in the adult stage in Angola at the end of June, half way through the dry season, which corresponds to the EKuropean winter, but they were not frequent until September, the beginning of - spring. The Empusids I found adult at the end of the rains, and in Europe they are adult in May and then the larvae appear during the summer. I took a very dark brown Conocephalus, which is surprising, as the rains have been in full swing for over two months; I expect it is a NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 69 chance survivor from the dry season, and perhaps its age is the cause of the dark colour; during the dry season they are generally buff. The natural colour of all the Locustine Orthoptera seems to be green, which survives to the adult stage, at least in patches, in many forms which are normally brown or grey, fading away within a few hours of the completion of the change. Orthopterists in Hngland have probably noticed this with our dull grey Metrivptera grisea, which is common along the south coast. In this extensive genus, the southern forms are almost without exception grey; the only green one | know is a remark- able all green species, discovered by me in the ‘Transcaucasus, which Uvarov has described as M. burri; the central Kuropean and northern forms, however, usually have at least some green on them, as in M. brachyptera of our moors and its allied species; clearly, green is the dominant colour of the vegetation in central and northern Europe, but in the south, a dull grey is characteristic of the sammer. In the same way, the grass-haunting species in the tropics are generally green during the wet season and buff during the dry. It is customary to assume that this is in order to assimilate with the dominant colour of the vegetation; no one has suggested that the vegetation turns yellow to adapt itself to the colour of the Orthoptera. I see no reason, however, that the change of colour should not be the direct result of the climate, due to the same cause as the change of colour of the vegetation. When the chlorophyll of the leaves decom- poses, the xanthophyll that is usually present becomes visible and we © get “autumn tints.” It seems possible that the change of colour from green to buff in so many Orthoptera is directly due to the dryness of the atmosphere. ‘The green Locustids turn brown on drying and this may be accelerated by forcing the process. When in despair as to how to dry my specimens when trekking during the rains in Angola and the whole atmosphere was reeking, | tried putting my specimens on hot sand; | had it too hot, however, and a fine green Saya turned yellow immediately. I have not noticed Sayu during the dry season, but think it very probably changes colour too, as brown forms occur in Lurope and I had a rich dark brown one from the Caucasus in my collection. I was interested to come across a living Pseudophyllid for the first time. This is an interesting family of Locustine Orthoptera occurring only in tropical countries; they are generally grey in colour, with dark dorsum and wings. In Angola a native brought me one, a green one, but here I found one for the first time myself. It is a beautiful creature, of a pearl grey colour, with darker specks and was resting on a bright green leaf. In spite of the contrast of colour, there was something so natural in its position and appearance that I almost overlooked it; the antennae, four and a quarter inches long, were extended straight out in front, like the forelegs of a Phasmid when it *‘ freezes,” and it lay there motionless. I could not make up my mind what it resembled, whether a withered twig or a large bird’s dropping, yet it seemed perfectly familar and natural. In this specimen, a male, the wings are rounded and with a tesselated smoky pattern, as occurs in some Mantids, and the dorsal surface of the abdomen a uniform plain dull black, while the pleurae and ventral surface are creamy. It is a striking insect and it will be interesting to learn something about its habits. I should expect it to resemble in this respect the Phasgonuridae, and probably be crepuscular, at least partly carnivorous and with a strong voice. 70 -ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 Should all Variations receive Names ? By G. TALBOT, F.E.S. Many entomologists will answer this question in the -affirmative, and Mr. G. Curtis Leman is one of them. His article, in the February number of the Record, is a startling one, at least to me. He gives names to 54 aberrations of the Coccinellid Synharmonia conglobata, L., and admits that this ‘‘ Cannot pretend to exhaust all the possible com- binations.” Therefore it may be presumed that if another thousand or so were discovered somebody would have to give them names. Each name represents a certain arrangement of the eight spots. Excepting, perhaps, a Coecinellid specialist, no one will be able to remember what any one name stands for. These variations might have been numbered or lettered in some way, and reference to them thereby made even easier than by using a name. If this method of naming “ aberrations” is employed in treating of the variation of all insects subject to variable combinations of pattern, the existing literature on insects, enormous as it is, may be multiplied several times. It is some consolation to reflect that such names have no rank in nomenclatorial priority, and are not likely to burden bibliographical records. If Mr. Leman had, for instance, the genus Heliconinus (Lep. Rhop.) before him, he would find that in more than half the species each specimen would have to be named, and furthermore, he could obtain thousands of such specimens. We submit that this kind of variation cannot be dealt with by the use of names (not terms), and we regret the growing tendency to give a name to every slight variation. This important study of variation is only retarded by such obstacles to its progress. A name represents a variation of some importance. These varia- tions include all sorts of lesser ones which themselves include other and even microscopic variations, and so on, for no two things are exactly alike. The line must be drawn somewhere. Names ought, perhaps, only to be given to forms which, 1f not anatomically distinct, are possessed of a definite pattern either known to be recurrent (including colour forms), or which is not a mere rearrangement of the species pattern shown by a typical form. The tendency to name these comparatively trivial variations is due to various causes. We have the dealer who, by creating a ‘ type” is able to enhance the value of a common insect very considerably, and so dispose of it in a certain market at a good profit. We have the general entomologist who, knowing little about the group concerned, fails to grasp the significance of the variation he sees. Then also there is the collector who is most anxious to see type-labels in his collection, and who may often be inclined to stretch a point and pin a name to yet another variation or maybe a freak he has secured. Whether it be due to the cold commercialism of the dealer, or to the hot enthusiasm of the collector, the periodical literature continues to be burdened with a mass of useless names, work which does not commend itself to the scientiffe student. We need hardly mention the vogue in Germany of giving names to teratological aberrations, rightly called by Gunder the ‘‘ Unnameable.”’ NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 71 Seitz and Nomenclature. Dr. Seitz in the introduction to the Supplementary volume makes remarks on the various points in nomenclature. Onnamine generally he says, ‘‘If the present system of giving names to every chance variety is continued there is every likelihood that in the near future names will be alloted to such variations in colours and markings which may yet be possibly discovered. [or instance with the majority of Erebia there exist specimens both with and without pupilled ocelli in the wings, and it may be concluded that it is only chance, that such anomalies have not yet been found in a great number of species, and that their discovery is only a matter of time. Therefore anybody calculating on this may name all sorts of combinations by a simple form of mathematically applied ‘ variety-formula’’ as already has happened, for instance, with the elytra marking of certain European coleoptera, where names have been given to colour variations, which are known to occur, and also to colours that may eventually be found (or which it is expected will be found in the course of time) and with these latter a note is made that ‘‘ should such and such an aberration be found it is to be named x, y, z.”” There can be no doubt whatever that such methods and provisional denominations should be forbidden. S22) 5 yee) FM Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 54.) Next to baicalensis=arcesia, at about the same primitive palaearctic stage, stands sindura, Moore, and not far from them, but at the culminating stage of frigoripetal evolution and highly specialised in a psychrotropic condition, are asteria, Freyer, and varia, Meyer-Dir, or more exactly alatauica, Stdgr. These represent various parallel branches, which have culminated in various species and exerges of the present day, but, no doubt, the actual ancestors of the latter never passed through as high a psychrotropic state as that of asteria and varia ; they kept to milder climates and turned back to caloripetal variation before reaching that extreme. That is why, owing to the highly anabolic nature of this group | have spoken of already, they have gone on transforming and they have left us extremely few speci- mens of their past stages; asteria and varia have instead been preserved, because they became fixed by their highly specialised conditions and they could not reverse their evolution to a caloripetal one, precisely as in the cases I have pointed out of the most extreme Euphydryas: The line septentriorientis-britomartis, which is an extremely close ally of asteria, as we will presently see, and the parthenie line, which stands equally close to varia, have kept up a very much greater variability, presumably owing to the reason, I have just suggested, that they have never faced glacial climates to the same extent. M. athalia must have steered still clearer of any influence which could oblige it to specialise or stop, or slow down, its evolution, so that it has transformed considerably under the influence of the new palaearctic surroundings, which, on the contrary, evidently had a stimulating 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19380 effect. The optimum of these conditions has been afforded by the warm, moist climate of the extreme east, as I will point out more exactly further on, and this produced the giant exerge niphona, with peculiar elongated genitalia and a very long pointed uncus, such as no other Melitaea possesses. Further north and westward the moist, but colder, climate of the Northern route only transformed the athalia, which underwent it and which became the nominotypical exerge, about as much as it did britomartis and parthenie. Those athalia which spread westward by the Central route found themselves under the less stimulating influence of a warmer, but drier, climate and this only carried them to a lesser degree of change, which we will see is repre- sented nowadays by the western Aclvetica =pseudathalia exerge, with an inconstant and, anyhow, always very small uncus, and with all the apophyses less developed. Finally, a group which must have passed by the Southern route and kept to very dry and hot surroundings had to specialise to these conditions at a very early date, just as asteria did to glacial ones, and it presumably became so stabilised organically that it bas retained features to all appearances about as primitive as those of asteria ; its living representative is dejone, which greatly resembles baicalensis by the genitalia (never any uncus) and other features, although the lateral apophyses differ by having numerous teeth. One must place sindura, Moore, next to baicalensis = arcesia, because it is very similar to it, although some of the very variable races it exhibits in its extensive habitat have a considerably different super- ficial look and even somewhat recall in scme cases the look of dictynna. No doubt it is one of the most primitive palaearctic species, still standing very near its nearctic ancestors and it has spread to the Himalaya in company with Parnassius himalayensis, Elw., which so resembles the American smintheus, B., that, if it were not for the labels, one could not tell whether some female specimens came from the Himalaya or from the Rocky Mountains. The mountain sheep (moufflon) followed the same route, as shown by the fact that some of their variations, which exist in America as individual ones, are quite distinct and locally constant in Asia, so that they are considered specific in this region. The most striking feature, pointing to the close relationship of sindura and baicalensis=arcesia to the hoffmanni group and to the Nearctic species in general, except minuta, consists in the former having retained the fulyous marginal band on the underside, between the two capillary black streaks, which exists in all the American species of that group. This band is present also in the harvisii to dictynna line of descent, so that it increases the resemblance I have just mentioned between baicalensis and dictynna in connection with their genitalia, and it goes towards proving that baicalensts and sindura are more primitive than the athalia group, which has derived from them and become more distinct from the other parallel lines than they are. This palaearctic outburst is only equalled by that of the didyma line of descent and it may be worth noticing that these two lines resemble each other, both in America and in the Old World, by having, on the whole, a narrower and rounder wing-cut than the other lines of the Melitaeidi. This shape goes with the slow, flapping flight of NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITABIDI. 73 anabolic constitutions, as a general rule, but it does not impede the dashing one of some didyma, in which it is less pronounced. M. asteria is, in general appearance, perfectly similar to the rest of the athalia group and, in some particulars, to the species and exerges which live, like it, in glacial surroundings, such as varia, Meyer-Dir., but its genitalia are very distinct from the usual aspect they have in it: there is no uneus ; the clasps are longer, as in baicalensis=arcesia and minerva, and taper into the base of the terminal apophysis in the same way as they do in the latter; in asteria, however, the apophysis is shorter and it ends in two points, as in varia; these are set further apart from each other, so that they again recall minerva, where the lesser point is set very far back, and still better dictynna, in which the two points are however very much longer and sharper and the second is curved backwards. There is certainly also some resemblance to the genitalia of phoebe and this is very natural: in both these species, on the whole, the genitalia can be described as transitional to the athalia - type, and, according to what has been said above, this would be due to the fact that phoebe has been a weak attempt to produce the athalia variation, whilst asteria actually stands at the root of the branch which has developed into it. I think we can safely consider both asteria and varia as having derived very directly from an ancestor quite similar to the present baicalensis=arcesia and sindura. M. varia, Meyer-Dur., of the present day has reached a stage further than asteria in the athalia direction, but it is only accompanied by one near ally, namely parthenie, proper to temperate climates. The question as to whether this is a distinct species or not, which has been raised on the strength of the differences in the genitalia, could, it seems to me, only be solved by finding them on the same grounds or by breeding experiments; differences which simply consist in two successive degrees of development due to climatic causes are no proof of specific distinctness and varia and parthenie might stand very naturally to each other as the Glacial and the Temperate exerge of one species. Suschkin has examined the genitalia of alatauica, Stder., which Seitz had shifted from parthenie to athalia, and his description and figure of them may be seen to agree exactly with those of varia, Meyer-Ditir, as published by Reverdin. There thus can be no doubt that it is the Asiatic progenitor of the latter and | must say I would have come to the same conclusion simply from its general aspect in Seitz’s own figures (I take that of the female ‘“ sibirica”’ to be meant for alatauica, as the former name is mentioned nowhere in his text and does not exist anywhere in literature and anyhow it would be a primary homonym of an aurinia). The Ala-tau lies to the north of the Ferghana channel, so that, as far as we know at present, parthenie has originated and kept entirely in the Northern Zone, like britomartis. M. asteria has the most rudimental genitalia, as just described, and the most peculiar general aspect of the entire athalia group, part of which has presumably originated from an ancestor very similar to it. The broad premarginal lunular silvery-white spaces on the forewings, as well as on the hindwings, and stretching on the former as far as the tornus (anal-angle) recall those of baicalensis-sindura, of dictynna and of their American equivalents and thus sustain what the genitalia ‘suggest in the way of its being an intermediate stage between them and the athalia group. Some of the most conspicuous characters of 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 the asteria of the present day, such as its diminutive size, its extreme melanism and its peculiar rushing flight, suited to meet the violent gusts of wind of the great altitudes it is confined to, are no doubt the results of its adaptation to very glacial conditions: its distribution, restricted to the Altai and to the Alps of Europe, is no doubt a recent state of things, posterior to the Glacial periods of the Pleistocene, during which it probably multiplied and spread very much along the outskirts of the ice-sheets. This specialisation would logically explain the fact that this branch has never transformed and that it has thus retained some of the ancestral features, whilst the groups which -have lived in milder climates and especially in more variable ones at different epochs, have been stimulated to further aevelopments, as I have already remarked. One of the first and lesser steps has been fixed and preserved till our days by aurelia: there is in it still no attempt to develop an uncus ; the clasps from the the oval shape of asteria have turned to the globular one of the following species, but their terminal apophysis is only slightly longer and the more numerous barbs it has are small, so that the two principal points that are to be seen in the species described above still stand out prominently amongst these new lesser barbs. Also this aurelia branch has remained very firmly fixed at one stage aud, notwithstanding it has spread as far as the Alps of Hurope and the north of France, its variations have only consisted in some slight racial features. The much more accentuated ones, that have been attributed to it, we will presently see do not belong to it at all and constitute a different specific branch. The fact that the latter specific group, standing between aurelia and athalia, has not been recognised and that its broad variations have been attributed to the first of these species in some cases and to the second in others has been the chief cause of the confusion and of the doubts which exist in connection with these insects and their nomen- clature. I will show further on that it at last embodies the mysterious britomartis, Assm., and that this name must be applied to it. At the root of this branch and obviously connecting it closely to asteria by its general appearance, as well as by its genitalia, is the little Melitaea of Kamtchatka, to which the name of ortentalis, Mén., has hitherto been applied, but which, for reasons I will presently state, I now name septentriorientis. 1 take as ‘“co-types”’ the series of specimens I have received from Bang-Haas, to which belonged those whose genitalia have been illustrated by Reverdin under the former name ; they exactly agree with Alphéraky’s description and figures of that insect. We must begin by noting that it is surprising no writer of the past, I am acquainted with, should have pointed out its remarkable resemblance to asteria, fr. Their underside patterns are exactly the same and, notably, they both have the excessively broad premarginal silvery- white spaces on the forewing as well as on the hindwing and stretching on the former as far as the tornus (anal angle). This peculiarity alone considering it never exists in either athalia, aurelia or parthenie, would, it seems to me, strongly suggest a much closer connection between it and asteria than either show to any of those species; as the general look of these insects suggests the same thing and as the genitalia are also those which resemble each other most, I do not see how one can do otherwise than conclude that septentriorientis ‘is a distinct species, \? COLLECTING NOTES, 1929. 75 much more closely related to asteria than to any of the three others mentioned above and more especially distinct from athalia, to which it has hitherto, on the contrary, been attributed under the name of orientalis. One difference to be observed is that septentriorientis always has the thin, but visible, second capillary line along the outermargin on the underside, whereas the fact that it is usually obliterated in asteria is considered the most important specific peculiarity of the latter. Now, it seems to me that this is greatly overrating the importance of a feature of this sort and the best proof of it is that specimens of asteria in which it is quite detectable are found; it goes together with the minute size and the general lack of development of the insect, due to its deeply anabolic and sluggish constitution. Another difference, which has considerably more importance, is that septentrivrientis is the first grade of variation in the athalia direction, which has developed a small and short, but perfectly distinct, uncus, and chat in other respects these genitalia have reached about the same grade as those of aurelia and resemble them, in fact, so much, that, if it were not for the uncus, they could not be separated from them. We will presently see, however, that in this case the presence of the uncus is really indicative of a complete specific distinction. A notable character of septentrivrientis are the palpi, covered in most individuals with bright red hairs, both above and below, to an extent one only finds in some extreme aurelia ; this suggests a closer relationship to avrelia than to athalia and the size and the general aspect as well as the genitalia, confirm it fully. (Lo be continued.) Collecting Notes, 1929. By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, F.E.S. / (Concluded from p. 61.) June saw us once again in the Wicken-Brecksand district. The first night (the 7th) Demuth sent me out into the Mildenhail district to the most unsuccessful night’s collecting at headlights of the car I have ever had—except for a few nice white varieties of Dianthoecia carpophaga and an occasional Neuria reticulata—while he at Wicken took at sugar, Humorpha elpenor, Leneanta obsoleta, Mamestra (Hadena) thalassina, H. adusta, Xylophasia rurea (dark vars.), Apamea unaninis (common), Meliana flammea and at light took M. flammea, Cidaria lignata (vittata) and a most perfect newly emerged male of Hydrilla palustris which came at 11.10 p.m. (summer time). The following night (8th) was a poor night at Wicken except for a few Arsilonche albovenosa at dusk, while I carried the net into the innermost precincts of Chippenham—nothing came to the acetylene flares I had so laboriously carried with me, but I found a laree number of Senta maritima late at night, singly and in pairs, on the reeds, including var. bipunctata. On June 10th Demuth and | went down to Wye in Kent. The first night produced only one Pachetra leucophaea and two Siona lineata (dealbata). The following day we went to the neighbouring field where we had been so successful in 1928, and took upwards of 40 S. lineata in an hour. Atsugar one D. leucophaea, one Agrotis cinerea and afew Mamestra (Hadena) genistae. 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1930 On June 12th we had a couple of hours in the Folkestone district and took a large number of small larvae and ova of Dianthoecia albi- macula and LD. conspersa, At sugar in the evening back at Wye, thanks to the kind help of Captain Duffield, we took 18 P. leucophaea also A. cinerea, On June 18th, en route for the New Forest, we called at Dungeness and picked up a good number of larvae (small to fullfed) of Pachygastria trifolii, although it was much too windy for them to be sitting well up on the broom on which they feed here; we also saw many larvae of Dasychira fascelina. Sugar in the New Forest proved to be an utter failure, except for a couple of hibernated (?) Gonoptera libatria on the 18th and an Aplecta prasina on the following night, though a few days later my friend took this species commonly together with a few Moma orion in the same district. In the daytime Hemaris fuciformis was common flying over the rhododendron blossoms. On June 16th I was back in Cambridge. On the 17th I found L. obsoleta very common near Ely together with Apamea unanimis, and Mamestra sordida, also a few normal Senta maritima (NO vars.). The following night (18th) I tried a certain insignificant reed bed close to Cambridge and found to my astonishment that S. maritima simply swarmed here in countless hundreds and for the next week I collected every night here. I took the following varieties of S. maritima :—14 var, bipunctata, 6 var. nigrostriata and 8 beautiful var. wismertiensis, also L. obsoleta (a few) 2 M. flammea, M. sordida, Noctua augur and Apamea obscura (gemina), while Theretra porcellus was common at dusk flying over bedstraw and the reeds teemed with larvae of Nonayria geminipuncta and, strangely, with them a few N. dissoluta, also a few Calamia lutosa, while on the osiers we took larvae of Leuconia salicis—an altogether delightful spot. I made one or two daytime excursions into the Heeokiant district of Suffolk between June 17th and 21st. Ayrophila trabealis (sulphuralis) was common with a few Melanthia rubiginata in one particular spot, but on account of the strong wind few were netted. No Lithostege griseata were seen and | believe this insect is becoming less common than formerly. I also took a very large number of D. irregularis (ova and small larvae) well over a hundred and fifty, which species seemed particularly abundant this year. As will be seen from the foregoing information and taken into account with last year’s results, we have for two or three reasons made a fairly good number of expeditions within a wide detour of Cambridge both using headlights and sugar and in particular during the months of May and June, and I should like to take this opportunity of asking readers of the Ent. Rec. for information about Hadena atriplicis, which for some unaccountable reason seemed suddenly to have disappeared about twenty years ago from a wide area where it was then regularly taken. I have heard of no record of its appearance in recent years and I would like to hear of when exactly it was last seen or taken. Except for some unprofitable days on the Goathland moors of Yorkshire in early July I was abroad for the rest of the season so was unable to work for migratory species in §. Devon as I have done in the past. GUESTS OF BRITISH ANTS. 17 Two most successful nights at ivy blossom in Mid. October near Malvern terminated my season’s notes. Sarrothripus revayana, Miselia oxyacanthae (capuctna), P. meticulosa, Hadena protea, Ochria aurayo, Xanthia fulvago (19), Amathes lota, A. macilenta, Amathes helvola, A. lychnidis, A. circellaris, Orrhodia vaccinti, O. ligula, Scopelosoma satellitia, Xylina semibrunnea (1), X. socia (5), X. ornithopus, Calocampa vetusta (1), and one Plusia gamma. Some species were in enormous numbers. I give this list not because of individual rarity, but because it is such a particularly full list for two night’s ivying. Nearly every species that could have turned up did show itself. [I may also mention a Pyramets atalanta flying about on November Ist and a Polygonia c-album earlier—both five minutes from the centre of Birmingham. “Guests of British Ants. By H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe.” By W. E. CHINA. Cuaerer VI. Hemierera. In this chapter Mr. Donisthorpe gives an excellent account of those British Hemiptera, which are known to be associated with ants. Fourteen species are recorded, which may be divided into three sections. Firstly there are six species, which themselves more or less strongly resemble ants and belong either to the indifferently treated lodgers, to the myrmecophags, or to those insects which merely obtain protection from their enemies by their resemblance to ants. Secondly there are three species which although not ‘‘ mimicking ” ants are always found associated with them, including the rare Megacoelnm beckeri, Fieb., first discovered in this country by Mr. Donisthorpe. Thirdly there are five species which have occasionally been taken with ants in Britain. Of these fourteen species, six belong to the Capsidae, two to the Lygaeidae, and one each to the Anthocoridae, Microphysidae, Ceratocombidae, Coreidae, Tingitidae and Nabidae. It is interesting to note that in spite of the fact that one or two at least of these species are common insects, in no case is the complete life-history known. The chapter is illustrated by a plate and two text figures. The former, as is usual with low magnification photographic reproductions of insects, is rather unsatisfactory, but the text figures are quite good. A few examples of myrmecophily amongst foreign Hemiptera are given in the introduction and elsewhere, but no mention is made of those British species of which myrmecophily has been recorded abroad. This is a pity because such a list would indicate to the student where. further examples of myrmecophily in British Hemiptera might be looked for. With regard to the case of Dictyonota tricornis, Schrk., it is interesting to point out that this species was until recently the only Tingid found in association with ants. Two myrmecopbilous species of this family, however, have now been discovered in Australia. Cantacader leat, Hack., has been found in the nests of Amblyopone australis, Mrich., and Lasiacamtha (Myrmecotingis) leat, Hack., with Iridomyrmex conifer, Forel. In the section on Homoptera the author draws attention to the association between ants and the families Lulgoridae, Membracidae and Cereopidae. No mention is made of the family Jassidae the members of a whole subfamily (Poyonoscopinac) of which are found in the nests of various species of Camponotus in Western Australia. 78 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1980 GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. In the January No. of Zeit. Osterr. Ent. Ver., Dr. Schawerda contributes an article dealing with his fifth sojourn in the high- mountain region of Corsica with two plates; and the discussion on Dysstroma truncata still continues. The Classification des Géométrides, by F. Derenne Meyers, Bruxelles. This admirable work is really an annotated Catalogue intended to introduce to Belgian lepidopterists the modern classification for which L. B. Prout is responsible. All the species found in Belgium are listed, with their aberrations and local forms occurring in that country, to which is added a short diagnosis of each form, a short description of the larva and a statement on the area over which the species is recorded to occur. Cross references are given to Seitz’ volume on the Palaearctic Geometers, to Staudinger’s Catalogue of 1901, to the volume written by Lambillion and to M. Culot’s leonog. Geom. d’ Eur. Numerous other references and notes help to make the volume one of very great use to the author’s countrymen and might be consulted with much advantage by students of the lepidoptera in other countries. We congratulate M. Derenne on his enterprise. There is a good index. At the present rate of ‘‘ progress’ (!) we shall soon get all our similiar names changed. In the Bull. Soc. ent. France, No. 17, Dr. Verity discusses the various races of the species so long known as Argynnis adippe, Which name was some years ago shown by the British Nomenclature Committee to be wrong, and was replaced by the prior name of Linnaeus, eydippe. Now comes in the wretched “ homonym ” rule of the Zoologists, and Dr. Verity suggests that Bergstrasser’s phryxa be substituted. Linnaeus gave the name cydippe to two butter- flies, ¢.e., two Papilio. One the insect we have so long called adippe, an Argynnis, and the other a Malayan species, a Cethosia. Surely it is the height of absurdity to accept such a principle to base an alteration on. It serves no scientific purpose whatever but delays future work. Another stupid rule is also illustrated in this article. The name ab. cleodowa was first used for a form of Aryynnis niobe but subsequently settled down for long years as that of a form of Argynnis (adippe) cydippe. Now Dr. Verity, under this other wretched rule of the Zoologists, desires to change the name ab. cleodoxa of cydippe to pseudocleodowa and leave cleodowa to its original parent niobe. What an absurd method of nomenclature! How advantageous it would be to use the same varietal name in every species for that form which had the same characteristic. Lambillionea for January has a photographic plate of 10 figures illustrating an article on Colias croceus (edusa) and its variations, a short summary of entomology in Belgium in 1929, a long extract from Dr. Graham-Smith’s paper on Pieris brassicae in our columns, the sixty-fourth supplement to the Cat. Lep. Belg. and a further plate of two aberrations of Apatura irts, A really good and useful number. The Ent. News for January contains a short account of the Ento- mological portion of the Brooklyn Museum, New York, by J. D. Gunder. ‘The tenth of the series of sketches. The Photographic REVIEWS. 79 LS ; reproductions attending these papers are most interesting shewing the _ buildings and members of the staff whom we know by repute. There ~ is also an interesting account of ‘‘ Marking moths and finding them - again,” the species being of the genus Catocala; and records of the night flight of diurnal butterflies, The Report of the U.S. National Mus. for 1929 records an unprecedented increase in the number of specimens received. In 1927-8 the number was largely made up of 300,000 insects from the Philipines ; in the period 1928-9 the increment considerably exceeds half a million specimens. The Report is a most instructive and detailed account of the work done at the Museum in all the various departments and sections, even to the special work done by each of the smaller sub- sections. Would that we could get such a record of the yearly work of our own museum. Some of us know it is done and plenty of it done, enough to more than fill 200 pages similar to the above volume each year. Part 4 of the Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., for 1929 contains the second portion of the Lépidoptéres Hétérocéres du Tonkin by J. de Joannis, with four plates, one of which is coloured, and two are devoted to the early stages of the Psychidae. Fasc. 2, Vol. VI. of the Bull. Soc. Lépidoptér. Geneve contains the obituaries of two of the most prominent of the Society’s members Dr. Jaqnes-Louis Reverdin and John Julien with portraits, together with the Proceedings of the Society 1928-9 and an article on three new forms of palaearctic species with a coloured plate by Dr. Reverdin. Societas Ent. for February contains in tabulated form the distri- bution of the Gracillariidae in the former Austrian-Hungarian area, including the whole of the species in Caloptilia (Gracillaria, Coriscium, Ornix), Bedellia and Lithocolletis. Int. Ent. Zeit. of February 15th bas an article on the Eyes of Lepidoptera with 2 plates and text figures by Herr H. F. Friederichs. Part V. of the Deutsche Ent. Zeit. for 1929 contains Mell’s further Notes on the lepidopterous fauna of China, treating the Brahmacidae and Huropteridae with 10 plates (8 coloured) and 81 text figures. There have been four sections dealt with previously. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Parts 7 and 8 of the Suprrement to Seitz Palaearctic [hopalocera are to hand and form the complete section on the Pieridae, with 2 plates. In the chapter on this family in Vol. I. 1907, aberrational names were very few; in the Supplement these are practically all regis- tered and the characteristic of each given. An introductory note says, “Opinions are divergent in regard to the necessity or value of such names.’’ And again, ‘The large proportion of characteristics of ascertained generations or localities and the giving of names thereto is only of sense when specimens can be denominated even without the particulars of the locality and the date.’ As examples of the com- pleteness of the register there are 21 under Aporia crataegi, 75 under Preris napi, 186 under Kuchloé cardamines, 15 under Gonepteryat " 80 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD, . ——-15.V.1929 rhamni, 52 under Colias hyale, etc. In this the section is exceptionally useful to British entomologists who must consult an encyclopedic refer- ence to carry on any further work in the study of our common Pierids. A footnote to Pieris napi says ‘ It is to be hoped that no one will consider himself a ‘specialist’ and proceed to work up napi ‘scientifically ’ similarly to the way of Parnassius apollo.’’—Hy.J.T. We should like to call attention to a useful publication which has now apparently become an annual. The Novitates Macrolepidoptera compiled by Herr Otto Bang-Haas and issued by the firm Dr. O. Staudinger and O. Bang-Haas of Leipzig. It is a Catalogue of the Palaearctic Lepidoptera which are not contained in the four volumes of Seitz great work, that is, it contains the list with page references of all aberrations which were not included and of all the very numerous forms which have been more or less recently described. Four small volumes have been issued so far, bringing the list to 1928 publications. The order followed is the same as in Seitz to which the page reference is given for each species dealt with. Im addition there is a valuable list of all the journals, other works and faunal lists from which extracts have been made, to the number of about 700. In a work like this omissions must occur, for it is a most difficult matter to pick up an odd description often made in a more or less obscure local publication of only a contracted local circulation. Still that an attempt has been made to secure that even from such publications references be extracted is evident from the literature list. We can recommend this work to all who take interest in any particular fauna or collect in European Continental areas. In vol. IV. there are no less than 22 faunal lists which have been extracted for the year, and previously more than 120 have been dealt with. A most useful work which should be encouraged.—Hy.J.T. BIT. UAh oe Prof. E. G. R. Waters. M.A., F.E.S. In the death of Prof. Waters, at the early age of 39, we have lost one that could ill be spared. Not only was he a brilliant scholar in literature, particularly in the Romance and older French literature, but marvellous to say, he was, at the same time, the most brilliant field-worker in the study of the British micro-lepidoptera, which we have had of recent years. To converse with Prof. Waters was a lasting pleasure ; one felt that one was in the presence of a ‘“ master.” He was full of knowledge, practical field-knowlege of the ‘ beasties ”’ he loved to breed, arrange and study ; he was full of knowledge and enthusiasm for his university work, endeavouring to follow the foot- steps of the great professors who had preceded him. His skill in breeding and mounting the minute gems of his collection was second to none ; I well remember expressing wonder aud delight while standing beside the late J. H. Durrant as he opened a box of beautifully set and arranged micros, subsequently to learn that they belonged to Prof. Waters. His career was short, but useful and inspiring; he gave of his best in all he did. It is to hoped that bis collection will find its way to the Hope Museum at Oxford, where under the guidance of his great friend Prof. Poulton so much has been done to promote the study of entomology and its bearings on the problems of life.—-Hy.J.T. | EXCHANGES. : ‘may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should Stet J. Minar sr Led ates West Drive, Cheam. ee: cE Wasamerk REQUIRED, ‘Bante records of Corixidae (Hemiptera). —H, P. ‘Nat. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. } uplicates. —Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. da.—A. J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,” Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates.— ‘Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, ea, trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympha oedipus, leander. thilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of re : \ pag v. del’ ae An gatte, Lausanne, Saba lana, MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. ~ Entomological | Society of London. —4i, Queen’ s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. June 4th, 18th. 22nd, June 12th. —Hon. Secretary Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s ?. Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London omological and Natural History Society and the North London Natura] History iety) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street E.C. 2, first and third ‘l'uesdays in the month. at 6, 30 p.m. (except July and August). Visitors welcomed : — As AS Bt Hornblower, 91, , Queen’ s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. . “ENTOMOLOGIST’S REGORD ** Publications. ist of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By aK: ‘Hy. 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Ne a A STANDARD WORK : 4 MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES — - By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. Illustrated with 1,543 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature and numerous black and white Drawings. Life Histories of 765 species. ‘« The book cannot easily be praised too highly.””—Country Life. ea Complete in 2 Volumes (Series 1 and Series 2), 10s. 6d. each net, ik FREDERICK WARNE & Go., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. ~ , f ang : NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITABIDI, 81 The Genus Heodes, Dalman. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.E.S. I had occasion recently to refer to my ‘“Synonymic Notes on the Ruralidae,”’ Hint. Rec., XXVI., p. 183, and I want to amplify my remarks as there given. In that summary I stated that ‘in his generic synopsis Dalman only mentioned the species viryawreae, and that.therefore this is the Type.’ This statement is quite correct, but the genus was first created by Dalman, Vetensk. Acad. Handl., 37, p. 48, 1816, and he placed in it hippothoé, chryseis, virgaureae, phlaeas, helle, jarbas, rubi. It is thus quite obvious that he intended to subdivide the great omnibus genus Lycaena of Fabricius, to which he refers, and divide it into three parts; to the ‘Hair streaks’ he gives the name Aurotis, to the ‘ Coppers’ Heodes and to the ‘ Blues’ Cyaniris. | have only given the references to the genus Heodes as I am not now concerned with the other two genera. He describes the generic characters, l.c. pp. 62 and 63 with unusual detail for that time, referring, apart from structural characters, to the colour and general pattern with great accuracy. There can be no question that he thus created the genus Heodes for the “coppers” and that he did it with intention. Under these circumstances it appears quite clear that the action of Curtis in citing phlaeas as the type of lycaena, which was included by Dalman in Heodes, is ‘ultra vires’ and should not be adopted. This applies especially to these days, when we are investigating the old authors and endeavouring to give each his due. ; Dealing with the question of Ruralidae versus Lycaenidae, it appears to me both unwise and quite unnecessary to change from the old and universally accepted name Lycaenidae. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 75.) I have already noted that it has been a mistake to call orientalis — the Kamtchatka race. This name was erected by Ménétriés in 1859 on the strength of a single specimen collected by Schrenck at Bouri, on the Amur river, and in extremely bad condition. He attributed it to parthenie, but Alphéraky examined it again and placed it in athalia (Mém. Romanoff, 1X., p. 321), extending it to the race of Kamtchatka, which he figures very well, pl. XIV., f. 2, a, b. Comparing the latter with Ménétriés’s very bad original one, it is perfectly clear they do not represent the same insect. As pointed out by Alphéraky, the most prominent feature of the Kamtchatka race consists in the considerable breadth of the white premarginal spaces on the underside of the hindwings, well represented by him and by Seitz in his figure called drientalis on pl. 67, but this character lacks entirely in Ménetriés’s figure. One is thus not at all sorry to find that the name of orientalis is a primary homonym of aurinia race orientalis, H.-S., so that the International Code condemns it never to be used again. Ménétriés’s name of ambiyva is not in the least a synonym of orientalis, as stated by Staudinger; the description of Seitz, Mauna Lal., |., p. 222, who 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1930 evidently copied Riihl’s note p. 798, is entirely false, the silvery- white band he gives as its characteristic exhibiting no peculiarity ; the upperside original figure agrees very well with the specimen figured by Seitz under the name of kenteana and there are several exactly like it on both surfaces in a series I have from Mondy, m. 2600, in the eastern Sajan mountains; it cannot, in consequence, replace orientalis. Race mandschurica, Fixsen, renamed bathilda by Fruhstorfer, who seenis to have quite mistaken the meaning of KF ixsen’s name, 1s a large one from the Amur, quite similar to the Japanese niphona. If, however, one reads Fixsen’s original description of his latefascia from the Upper Amur (his specimens from Corea are only said to be similar to it, but are not the “type,” and it is queer how later authors have actually referred the name to the Corean race alone) it becomes clear that it is exactly the same as orientalis; it agrees with the figure of the latter in size (18 to 20mm. of length of forewing), in the fact that Fixsen, like Ménétriés, had taken it for a parthenie, in the breadth of the central space on the underside, which is described, however, as yellow, and in other details. Therefore latefascia, Fixsen, replaces orientalis, Mén., for the smaller JMelitaea of the Amur, and the name of menetriesi, which Caradja substituted for the latter in Jris, VIII. p. 50 (1895) on the strength of the homonym I have mentioned above, is only a synonym of latefascia. I don’t think the colour (yellow or white) of the central space on the underside can be a constant racial feature in Asia any more than it is in Kurope, where in most races there are individuals of both colours, but Leech notes particularly that in his specimens from Corea it is always white and not yellow, as in latefascia. Anyhow, as Fixsen says, besides, that his from Corea are larger and more handsome than those from the Amur, it will probably be well to distinguish them as race coreae; Seitz’s figure of latefascia on pl. 66 is larger than the size given by Fixsen, so that it is evidently from a Corean specimen. As to the position of races latefascia of the Amur and coreae of Corea, we cannot gather it from the genitalia, because they have not been examined, but I believe we can safely forecast they differ very little from those of septentriorientis and that these three races are co-specific. The fact that Alphéraky, with the “‘ type ” of orientalis from Bouri, before him, applied this name to the Kamtchatka race, shows their resemblance was such that be found no difference worth consider- ing. We are, nowadays, more analytical and we find that the reduction of the premarginal white lunular spaces on the underside indicate a good step forward in evolution, as the species spread southward, towards the more highly characterised athalia pattern; it will be observed, however that the central band of latefascia bas remained as broad as in septentriorientis; hence the former name. In connection with the position of these three allied races, it is to be noted that the genitalia of septentriorientis are distinctly different from those of athalia and that the two others, whose genitalia are not known, inhabit the same regions as some races of athalia (we will presently see these are ambigua in the northern parts of Amurland and niphona from its southern parts to Corea) and keep perfectly distinct from them, so that there can be no doubt they belong to another species. Alphéraky, Staudinger and all his followers have been quite wrong in attributing them to athalia. Ménétriés and Fixsen had had NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI, 83 a better insight, but their mistake was referring them to parthenie. To establish the limits of the unrecognised species they are part of and the specific name it should bear we are obliged to clear our way through several diffculties, which arise more from the confusion in the nomenclature of the past than from the actual facts in nature. The unfortunate name of kenteana, one finds mentioned, with no description, by Ruhl, p. 406, in 1896, as already being in use in collections, but the first to give it a status was Seitz, although he only says it “‘ is a somewhat doubtful form from Kentei’’ and he makes no effort to define it. Nevertheless, his figure pl. 67 must, henceforth, be considered the “type” and I believe it is quite synonymous with ambigua, Mén.; it has an aspect intermediate between mandschurica and the smaller western races of true athalia. Also tinica, Fruhst., from Irkutsk, is of the same description, and its more heavy black markings are simply an individual variation. As to the specimen from Tchitain Transbaikalia (between the Kentei Mts. and the Amur), which Reverdin figures under the name of kenteana, it is easy to see that this name can in no way be maintained for it, because it is totally different from the figure fixed as the type by Seitz’s act. It is one of those Melitaea which to the naked eye are impossible to distinguish from auwrelia, so that it is not to be wondered at that its genitalia should have been found to be nearly exactly like those of the remarkable little Piedmontese insect named by me aureliaeformis for the same reason and that, compared with those of the western athalia, they should be a distinct approach to the genitalia of aurelia. As the Tchita race differs from awreliaeformis of Turin by its much thicker black pattern, I think it will be useful to have different names to designate races from regions standing so far apart and so different in nature, and I name it imitans. A series of specimens I possess, collected in July at Tunkinsk, 2,000m., in the White Mountains of eastern Sajan, to the S.W. of lake Baikal, in the Irkutsk government is extremely instructive: the average aspect is similar to Reverdin’s figure, I have just named imitans, the females are very much more loaded with black and exactly correspond to the one of Sajan figured by Seitz as the ‘‘ type” of that sex of his aurelia seminigra, If one adds to this his own remark that the characteristic red hairs on the palpi are so mixed with black ones that they appear entirely black, it appears to me one can be about sure Seitz’s insects are not aurelia at all, but a race of the unrecognised Species we are dealing with, and that this race only differs from imitans by a greater amount of melanism also in the male sex, as figured by Seitz. In the real avredia of that region, belonging to race monyolica, Stdgr. (this name must be replaced by mongolicola, being a primary homonym of the same one given to a race of ichnea, B., in the preceding pages of Staudinger’s paper), there is much less variation and no tendency to such a melanism. The opposite extreme of variation in my specimens from Tunkinsk exhibits much broader fulvous spaces than imitans and on the underside the pattern lacks the characteristic neat and even look of the latter’s; these specimens are perfectly similar to latefascia and obviously show that the two are simply races of the same species, but there is a still more conclusive piece of evidence to this effect in the statement which Reverdin makes about the genitalia of his ‘ kenteana”; he has found that one of the 84 KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.V1.1930 four he dissected is similar to those of the Kamtchatka race; the differences he has found in the others are slight variations, which, together with the perfectly analogous ones of aureliaeformis, point to the more highly characterised features of the rest of the athalia group of species, and precisely to those of athalia; this is exactly what one sees also in the general aspect of the individual variations of the species in question. There only remains to complete these remarks b recalling that Dr. Suschkin, in the Zeit. fiir wissenschaft. Insektenbiol., 1913, p. 3828, has described and figured the genitalia of specimens from Charkow, in Southern Russia, the Southern Ural and the Tarbagatai, which exactly agree with those we are dealing with, as illustrated by Reverdin some years later. One can conclude from what I have said above that this specific group consists in a chain of races stretching from Kamtchatka and probably from Corea, across Amurland and southern Siberia, to Russia, and finally to Piedmont. The apparent gaps along this very long route are no doubt chiefly due to the difficulty of separating it from aurelia without examining the genitalia, so that it has been over- looked. Now, a most fundamental information is furnished by Suschkin: the specimens whose, genitalia he has examined were captured by himself at Charkow and in the Tarbagatai flying in company with athalia and in the Southern Ural with both aurelia and athalia. This seems to do away with any possible doubt in con- nection with the specific distinctness from these two species, but the fact that they have all three spread from the Pacific to Piedmont along the same Northern route and they inhabit the same sort of localities would have been a sufficient proof, even if nobody had actually seen them together. With regard to the name this specific group should bear, we find that Suschkin uses that of britomartis, Assmann. One does not feel fully satisfied at having to bring in a name which has been a puzzle for nearly a century and which has been the cause of considerable confusion. Nevertheless, after reading the original description and the important remarks Lederer makes five years later in his Lepidop- teroloyisches aus Sibirien (Schriften zool.-bot. Vereins, 1853), p. 7, on comparing some specimens collected by Kindermann in the Altai with one of Assmann’s male “ co-types,’”’ I can only say there is no mistake about it and that the Melitaea of southern Siberia which are similar to the one figured by Reverdin under the name of ‘‘kenteana”’ are britomartis. Suschkin gives no description of the general appearance of his specimens, but their genitalia are exactly like those illustrated by Reverdin, as I have just said, so that he was perfectly right in applying that name to them. As he has found specimens with genitalia of this sort as far west as Charkow, this brings them com- paratively near to Breslau, whence britomartis was described, and the exactly similar genitalia of aureliaeformis, Vrty., of Turin, carries them still further west. It is quite comprehensible that nearly no one, except Lederer, Zeller, Rtihl and Suschkin, should have been able to make out the real britowartis. Even Ril only accepted it as a variety of aurelia and Suschkin was the first to discover its real specific characteristics in the genitalia and to prove their value by his observations on the field. The way I have become acquainted with it is instructive: the series from Tunkinsk, I have already spoken of, I FIELD NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 85 received from Bang-Haas under the name of aurelia and other speci- mens from Chulugaisha, m. 2600, in the same eastern Sajan, I picked out of a large series of the small and very dark race erycina, Lederer, of M. dictynna. This shows how some britomartis are exactly similar to aurelia, whilst others recall the look of dictynaa to a remarkable degree, although the genitalia are perfectly constant and characteristic and prove there is no real transition between these species. It is a fine example of the repetition of characters of major groups ona lesser ‘scale in their later subdivisions, which is apparently a general law, as I have pointed out in my papers on the Zyyaenae, on the Anthocharidt and on other Lepidoptera. This phenomenon has often led systema- ticians wrong and one finds groups and forms, which resemble each other, grouped together as though they were related in a direct way, whereas they are the result of parallel variation and repetition of features and their real connections are earlier and must be looked for in stages which have now, on the contrary, a different aspect. Assmann, Lederer and Riihl have, all three, found it necessary to introduce dictynna as a term of comparison of two or three features in their descriptions of britomartis. Lederer points out particularly the elongated wings, with a sharper apex and a straighter (less convex) outer-margin and this shape is certainly striking in the individuals which resemble dictynna most. Other characteristics in the original description are: the rich, dark and dull tone of the fulvous (this is accentuated in the more dictynna-like individuals, the opposite extreme being quite as in awrelia and the former tone existing occasionally also in the latter species, though it never is as dull); the fulvous of the underside of the forewing is, as a rule, darker too, as in dictynna, and the spotting stands out very boldly and sharply, as in the latter; the russet spots across the hindwing are of a deep tone and very often contain a black or, at least, a darker central spot (I should say this is lacking in about half the individuals and sometimes even in those which, otherwise, are like dictynna); the space between the two capillary marginal streaks is always filled with a ‘‘ darker’ colour and its intensity varies according to that of the russet spots and bands (this is a most useful feature to separate britomartis from aurelia and athalia at first sight, when it exists and the colour is reddish, but in my Asiatic specimens it is in some cases reduced to pale yellow, such as is now and then seen in aurelia too, and in the Turin race, which is always of the aurelia aspect, also that marginal colour, is exactly as in the latter and the peculiarity fails one). (Lo be continued.) Field Notes from Northern Rhodesia. By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.E.S. Il. Cxrsorwe, Luano Vatury. March 8rd, 1928. This Luano Valley is a remarkable place. It is sharply different from the open plateau of the country around, sunk abruptly nearly 2,000 ft., separated by a sharp cliff-like escarpment; it has a different climate, a substantially different flora, and a distinctive fauna. During the rainy season the climate is like that of the palm house at Kew; the breezes pass over the top, as do many of the 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ~ 15. VI.1980 storms. February is said to be the wettest month but we have been lucky this year, with only three rainy days, though that is bad for the mealie harvest for the scattered villages. Along the low ground there is the matted jungle called the Lusaka Bush, of which the local folk say it is better to go three miles around than half a mile through. On the more sandy ground and pebbly country at higher levels this jungle cannot grow and vegetation thins out; here the dominating tree is Copaifera mopane, so this type is called the Mopane Bush. The mopane grows toa respectable size, has a rough, grey corrugated bark and twin leaves like butterflies ; 1t affords a home to a number of interesting insects including several remarkable Orthoptera. The first is one of my old favourites the Humastacidae. I have noticed the nymphs about in the bush and that they have a preference for exalted situations ; I often see them sitting high up on my tent ropes or on my towels drying on a tree, but for a long time came across only isolated specimens. Then one day I found a number of cast skins lying on the big leaves of the undergrowth ; still this did not give me the clue I wanted. But one evening I found them. In the neighbourhood of the camp are a number of stumps of mopane that have been felled for timber and on these I found a number of these curious little grasshoppers, adult about the end of February. They sit on the leaves and on the stems of the leaves; in the latter position they are well hidden, as the dark back, with short elytra, harmonises with the twig and the bright green long hind femora, always at right angles to the body, have the air of stems of leaves. They are extremely active and when disturbed or on the approach of an enemy, they leap like an arrow out of a bow; I have never seen one open its somewhat abbreviated wings, and they fall to the ground, but an adult will clear a distance of two and a half yards with ease. Still, by carefully watching for them in the evening, especially for the shadow showing through the leaf against the snn and by using a butterfly net instead of a sweep net, I have been able to catch plenty. In the nymph, the scales of the future elytra may be dark or green but I have not seen an adult with anything but dark elytra; another curious point is that in the nymph, in which green is the dominating colour, though often varied with blackish, the face is almost invariably black, and this black remains prominent on the empty cast skin, but I have not seen an adult with a dark face. Nearly every day I see one of them slowly climbing up the trunk of a mopane towards the foliage, doubtless recovering a position lost through a leap. A second species of the same family also occurs on this tree, but not often and I am by no means sure that it is its normal station ; this is a Thericles, closely resembling the common species which is numerous on the low herbage, but somewhat larger, with different pronotum and armature of the posterior femora; individuals are scarce, but all that I have found have been sitting on leaves of mopane at a height of five or six feet above the ground. Another interesting denizen of the same tree is a very curious Acridian, Mecostibus sp., or an allied new genus. I had come across isolated specimens, all found on the trunks of a mopane, and once or twice on my towels, and was struck by their assimilation to the bark. One afternoon Pavel Stepanovich called my attention to something ) ioe FIELD NOTES FROM NORTHERN RHODESIA. 87 moving on the trunk of a big tree; I went up and saw that it was a lizard, which instantly disappeared ; but there an inch or two in front of it was a stout Acridian, incredibly harmonising with the bark, dark, stumpy, totally apterous, with lumps on the pronotum ; he was sluggish and I pulled him off with my fingers; he stuck obstinately and then bit me sharply, the acrid juice expressed from the mouth making the place sting for an hour or two. A few days later I came across a pair in copuld, on a low mopane shrub. The male is about half the size of the female, paler in colour, smoother, without the excrescences and with bright green posterior femora, and the long slender tarsi are bright red ; he clings tightly to the back of the female. It was when hunting for the Kumastacid that I found the manner of life of this curious grasshopper with ungrasshopper-like habits; it sits clinging tightly to the twigs and branches of the mopane; it is extremely hard to distinguish. I look carefully along the branches till I see an excrescence against the sky, an increase in diameter, and then pick it off ; it holds on very tightly. When it sees me approaching, it rotates in an instant round the twig, always keeping the wood between itself and me, just as a grasshopper in the grass; it seldom leaps, and not far and is easy to pick up. J have taken one male, and seen one other which succeeded in escaping me, with a bold chequer pattern in black and white along the flanks. I have detested them, as a swelling on a twig, at a height of twenty or more feet above the ground, with .:-OF “ENGLAND ss Edited by I. Sheppard, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot., and T. W.- Woodhead, ?h.D., M.Sc., F.L.8., with the assistance as referees in speciai depart-— ments of John W. Taylor, M. Se. , and Riley Fortune, F.Z.S. In addition to © illustrations in the text, plates are also included, many of them in colour. . Prepaid Subscription 15/- per annum. Single copies 1/6 net. A BROWN & SONS, LTD., 4 5, Farringdon Avenue, London, E.C.4, and at Hull and York. 4 J.J. HILL & SON Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. _ Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. 3 Prone : Willesden 0309. q s dasaitock Hill: Hampstead, Londo, N.W.3. 4 (Close to Chalk Fan Station, Hampstead Tube) By TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O660. New Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, ete., tre to readers of this periodical. Algo the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kggs, Reptiled | “Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British and Exotioft Pars, Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. Dy A STAN DARD WORK BUTTERFLIES ci: BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the species Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. — “Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued.—Nationt Quarterly Review. Cloth gilt 7s. 6d. net. — FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. — NOTES ON COLLECTING IN IRELAND, 97 Notes on Collecting in Ireland. By P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. I paid a short visit to S.W. Kerry in 1928 spending two days at Killarney and nearly a fortnight at Parknasilla on Kenmare Bay. I returned by way of Dublin and collected both at Rush near Malahide, a good locality, on the Murrough of Wicklow where | looked in vain for Plebeius aegon (argus), reported by Birchall but never since taken, and with the guidance of Mr. Eugene O’Mahony to whom I here express my gratitude, also on the North Bull sands, a good locality for Polyommatus icarus, Hipparchia semele, Zyyaena filipendulae, ete. In 1929 I stayed for three weeks at Parknasilla visiting Kenmare, a good locality where there is a patch of limestone country, Derrynane and the country near Staigue Fort. Much of my time was taken up with fishing and the weather was not always favourable, especially in 1928 when high winds and drizzle lasted for several days. Still I “saw enough to convince me that Kerry may have some further surprises y for collectors, and incidentally obtained evidence showing that Leucodonta bicoloria survives in several parts of the county. I looked for Melitaea athalia near Killarney in woods where cow-wheat abounds but saw none. I was too late in any case to expect more than stragglers for that was on July 25th and 26th. Cow-wheat was rare near Parknasilla. In the Oberthiir Collection purchased by the British Museum is a specimen of M. athalia labelled ‘ Kerry, W. Salvage’ and Birchall records the species from Killarney. Polyommatus coridon, also recorded by Salvage from Kerry, did not turn up at Kenmare the only limestone area which I visited, and the Salvage series in the B.M. Coll. remains to puzzle the faunistic student. Ireland still is so imperfectly explored that many more additions to its lepidopterous fauna may be expected. I did little night work on my two visits to Kerry and the weather was unpropitious, but I believe that two of the micros, determined by Mr. Stringer of the B.M., are not recorded in Kane’s list. These are Cerostoma costella, Stdgr. and Hndrosis lacteella, Schiff. I cannot find any previous Irish record of Chilo phragmitellus, Hb., of which I took a worn specimen, now in the B.M.C. Another interesting capture was a female of Hpione vespertaria (paralellaria) which was recorded by Kane as bred and taken by Dillon at Clonbrock, in Galway. Some cf Dillon’s records have been so severely criticised—and it must be admitted that some of them are, well, shall we say ‘candidates for confirmation ’—that the “éapture of FH. vespertaria is the more gratifying. The country in which I collected is, with the exception of a few small patches at Kenmare and Killarney, of one type. A thin layer of peaty soil or pure peat covers the rocks. On the mountain sides and in many parts of the low ground boulders are scattered profusely, and on much of the plain low, more or less, parallel ridges of rock thinly covered, if at all, with brushwood, heather, or gorse stretch down from the heights like ribs from a spine. The country was largely stripped of its woods by the extinct English settlers, who worked pockets of copper and used wooa for fuel in the ~ 17th and 18th centuries, but patches survived in some areas notably on the islands ; during the nineteenth century the landowners 98 ; KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VI1.19380 preserved the older forest remnants and planted extensively with beech, Scotch fir, larch and various exotic conifers and with evergreen shrubs and other ornamental plants some of which, e.g., hydrangeas, fuchsia and rhododendron flourish in the moist equable climate. The Derryquin, Parknasilla and Renaferrera estates are well wooded with a mixture of old forest and new plantation, thereisaconsiderable amount of old forest on the stony slopes of Askive hill above Parknasilla, and the islands of Garinish and Rossdohan bear a wonderful mixture of native and foreign trees and shrubs. The old woods are mixed, oak, birch and alder with holly, rowan, two or three species of Salia and blackthorn in abundance. Aspen and ash are much less common but apparently native. What strikes the stranger is the absence of ‘ earth’ as distinguished from the black peaty humus over wide stretches of country. There is naturally little cultivation beyond patches of oats and potato gardens. ‘The pasture fields are rough, often marshy ; loose stone walls or turf banks take the place of hedges. I found no coastal sandhills save at Derrynane and Kenmare. My list of captures follows: I have added some species taken by Major C. Bland near Sneem, two miles from Parknasilla, in July. Specimens marked with an asterisk are not recorded in Kane’s Irish list. RHOPALOCERA. Pieris brassicae, L.—F airly common in gardens, cabbage patches, etc., of large size but differing in no respect from normal British and Central European specimens. PP. rapae, L.—The least common of the three whites. P. napi, L., ssp. britannica, Verity.—This Irish subspecies, named unfortunately on the lucus a non lucendo principle (since it does not occur in Great Britain), is more variable in its second brood than in the first. Very dark specimens occurred on Sherky Island, the g having frequently an extra spot usually weakly indicated below the subapical, and the ? having heavily suffused forewings. Similar specimens occur elsewhere in Ireland. I have taken them on the Murrough of Wicklow m.viii. 1928, and near Clones in Co. Monaghan. (Colias croceus, Fourc.—I took this species for the first time in my life at Parknasilla in 1898. Not seen in 1928 in early August.) Melitaea aurinia ssp. praeclara, Kane.—Taken by Major Bland at Derrynane b.vii. 1929. I think that praeclara should be used instead of hibernica for the Irish subspecies of aurinia, Hibernica, Birchall, of which I have seen the types in the National Collection in Dublin is an extreme aberration with confluent and enlarged pale bands on the upperside of both wings which was formerly to be found among praeclara at Cromlyn, Westmeath, but became extinct according to Kane. Ssp. séotica, Robson—appears to occur individually to judge from my Tyzone material, in Northern Ireland. In this connexion is not Fruhstorfer’s name of acedia applied by him to the aurinia of Wales and western England posterior to signifera, Kane (Lep. Ireland p. 6) from Penarth? Aryynnis aylaia, L.—I never found the headquarters of A. aulaia in this part of Kerry. Odd speci- mens were seen at Derrynane, Gleesk, Staigue Fort, on the islands near Parknasilla and in the Sneem river valley. The very few speci- mens taken are more like English examples than scotica, Watkins. NOTES ON COLLECTING IN IRELAND. : 99 _ Argyronome (Dryas) paphia, L.—Very abundant in the Killarney Forests also all about Parknasilla wherever there was cover, in the Askive (Askaibh) Woods, Rossdohan, Garinish Island, etc. Seen at Derrynane. Irish paphia seem to me to differ pretty constantly from English specimens. Aglais urticae—Not very common in either year. Vanessa to—Abundant. Pyrameis atalanta—Not common in 1928, becoming abundant in late August, 1929. P. cardwi—Seen in 1928. Pararge megera—One at Sneem taken by Major Bland. Local at Derrynane and apparently frequent at Macroom, Cork. My Irish _ specimens differ somewhat from my English series, but I have not enough material to say whether the difference is racial. P. aegeria ssp. egerides, Stgr. Sparingly in 1928, more frequent but not abundant in 1929. The ab. pallida, Tutt, occurred, but I do not think that the Irish race can be separated from English eyerides, Hipparchia semele, L. ssp. ?—Abundant in 1928 but worn after the first three days of August. Curiously rare everywhere in 1929. The West Irish semele, with its extremely bright fulvous marking on the upperside and dark underside of the hindwings, differs greatly from the race of the Dublin and Wicklow sandhills. I hope to describe this race when I have finished with jurtina. It is empatically not aristaeus, as Kane (loc. cit. p. 11) suggests, and seems to me to differ in important respects from scota, Verity, to which, however, it is most nearly allied. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina ssp. ternes, Graves—Abundant. Pyronia (F.) tithonus ssp. britanniae, Verity.—Not uncommon in the wooded islands at Parknasilla, and elsewhere in the Sneem area, but generally on southward-facing slopes and near, or in cover. Frequent at Derrynane. Seen at Macroom 26 viii. 29. Here again there seem to be slight differences between the Irish and English examples, but I have not material enough yet to feel justified in separating them. ‘The Trish tithonus is certainly closer by far to the British ssp., which incidentally occurs, perhaps as an individual form in Atlantic France (cf. specimens from Biarritz taken by Lister now in the Tring Coll.) than to nominotypical tithonus. Aphantopus hyperantus, L.—had been common but was badly worn in Killarney and on Kenmare Bay by early August. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.—Major Bland took a few worn specimens early in July. I saw no sign of a second Gen. I have specimens from Antrim and Donegal which agree with Verity’s description of scota (Fut. Rec. 1916 p. 178). Callophrys rubi, L.— Seen by Major Bland in the spring. (Lycaena) Rumicia phlaeas, L.— A second Gen. of bright colour and large size appeared early in August and was generally frequent, occurring on some of the islands in abundance. Polyommatus icarus ssp. clara, Tutt. 2nd Gen. of the fine Irish ssp. began to appear early in August. It was generally rare in 1928, but in 1929 was fairly frequent especially at Kenmare and Derrynane. I take this opportunity of describing the 2nd Gen. of clara which can easily be distinguished from the Ist or from the single Gen. and from the 2nd Gen. of the English icarus ssp. tutti, Obthr. Polyommatus icarus ssp. clara, Tutt f. temp. (gen. secunda) posteclara, forma nova. In both sexes. With more acuminate forewings and of lighter build than clara. The length from the centre of the thorax to the apex of the forewing averages exceeds 16°Omm. (inaximum 17-51mm.) 100 EN'LOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1I1.1930 against an average of over 18mm. in a series of the single brooded clara from Tyrone and of about 17-Omm. in a series from Malahide where there are two generations. Maxe.—Upperside. As a rule of brighter, less lilac blue than English icarus with somewhat broader termen. Underside. Of a lighter and purer ash grey than the 1st Gen. and also than the 2nd Gen. of ssp. tutti, and with more extensive white scaling around the submedian rows of black spots and especially in the apical and sub- marginal area, than in the English ssp, Fremate.—Upperside. All wings more or less suffused with various shades of blue in nearly all examples. Pale lightenings in the apical area of the forewings and the submedial area of hindwings usually present, less markedly than in the lst (or single) Gen. but more frequently and conspicuously than in the 2nd gen. of tutti. Sub- marginal bands of orange spots on both wings very strongly marked and bright in colour. Underside. Resembling clara but with rather less metallic blue-green scaling on the bases of the hindwings. Type ? in my collection, allotype g in my collection, both from Kenmare, Co. Kerry. Described from 16 ¢ g and 10? 2 from 8.W. Kerry, I.F.S., taken viii. 1928 and 1929, and 16 3 g and 8 @ ? from various localities on the coast N. of Dublin, 16-19.viii.1928. The handsome 2nd Gen. is readily distinguishable from that of tutti, Obthr., by the broad and brilliant orange submarginal marking of the upperside. Specimens with brown uppersides untouched with blue suffusion, which are apparently in the majority in the 2nd Gen. of the nominotypical (German) icarns and are frequent in some years in Kngland, appear to be rare in Ireland. | have seen none myself, but Kane (loc. cit. p. 16) records one from Galway. With regard to the border between double-brooded and single-brooded clara in Ireland, 1 can certify that two broods occur in the following places. S,W. Kerry, 1st Gen. e.v., vi. (Major Bland) ; 2nd Gen. viii. Tramore, Waterford ; 2nd Gen. m. viii. Clarina, near Limerick m. viii.; The Murrough of Wicklow, males only, 16.viii.; Rush, Malabide and the Bull Sands, N. of Dublin, m. viii. (P.P.G.). I expect the icarus ssp. clara of Clare and Galway will prove to be double-brooded. I saw no ‘skippers’ in Kerry. Indeed the only ones I have taken in Ireland at all are a pair of .\V. tages taken at Cratloe Wood, Clare. LirHosiDAE. Lithosia complana, L.—My only ‘footman’ taken at Parknasilla early in August, 1929, appears to be this species. Spilosoma lutea, Hfn. (lubricipeda, L.)—One in July, Sneem (Major Bland), and one worn, from Parknasilla. S. menthastri, Esp. (lubricipeda, Hmpsn.)— Strangely rare. Hipocrita (Kuchelia) jacobaeae, L—lLarvae very abundant. Nocrurpan. Rhyacia orbona, Htn. (comes, Hb.)—Frequent. A. triangulum, Hin. —One damaged specimen apparently of this species. HK. baja, F.— frequent. ft. dahdii, Hb.—One fine specimen in 1929 at Parknasilla. R. brunnea, Schiff.—Frequent. 7’. ianthina, Hb. —Abundant, but often i worn in early August, 1929, at Parknasilla. Muaoa eaclamationis, L. —Sneem (Major Bland). Hyphilare litharyyria, Esp.—A_ few. Sideridis tmpura, Hb.—In bad order, abundant. Polia (Had.) oleracea, L.—Killarney, July 26th, 1928, worn. Parastichtis monoglypha, Hfn. —Frequent. T'rigonophora meticulosa, L.—A few. Athetis alsines, Br. —Frequent. Hydroecia crinanensis, Burr.—Frequent in wet fields in the afternoons, flying to bramble and scabious. Phytometra (Plusia) chrysitis, L.—Killarney and Parknasilla. P. yamma, L.—A few in each year. Abrostola triplasia, L.—Killarney. A. tripartita.—Killarney and Parknasilla. . Rivula sericealis, Scop.mAbundant, worn. Pro- thymnia viridaria, Cl.-—A worn ? at Parknasilla, in mid-August, 1929. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, Tr.—Killarney. Hypena proboscidalis, L. —Uncommon. NOTES ON OCOLLECTING IN IRELAND. 101 GKoMETRIDAE. Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hfn.—Widespread. Acidalia immutata, L. —Derrynane, b. viii. Sterrha (A.) biselata, Hfn.—Frequent but usually worn. Ortholitha mucronata, Scop. (plumbaria, F.)—Sparingly. O. chenopodiata, L. (limitata, Scop.)—Only taken near Derrynane, m. vill..29. Acasis viretata, Hb.—One fine specimen. Calocalpe undulata, L.—A couple in 1928. Lygris populata, L.—A few in 1928, Cidaria ocellata, L.—A few each year. ©. pectinataria. Kn. (viridaria, F.)— One in 1928 at Parknasilla. Epirrhoé galiata, Schiff—m. viii.’29, also near Dublin in the same period in 1928. Mesolenca albicillata, L. —July, Sneem (Major Bland). Huphyia bilineata, L.—Mostly worn and normal, had been common, Hydriomena furcata, Thnb., ssp. sordidata, F.—Variable and abundant, all more or less sordidata. Dysstroma (C.) citrata, L., with ab, »unctumnotata, Haw.—locally frequent but over by August 20th. D. ferrugata, Cl., ab. unidentaria. —A single worn specimen at Parknasilla, Hupithecia absinthiata. Cl. _—A few each year. Chloroclystis coronata, Hb,—Parknasilla and Derrynane, two specimens, (rynmoscelis pumilata, Hb.—Frequent. Lomaspilis marginata, Li.—Had been abundant at Parknasilla. Cabera pusaria, L.—abundant. C. ewanthemata, Scop.—Frequent. Fllopia fasciaria, Li. (prosapiaria, L.)—A few each year. Ourapterya: samn- bucaria, L.—Not rare. Opisthograptis luteolata, L.—Once at Parkna- silla, Hpione vespertaria, F. (parallelaria, Schiff.)—One female in August, 1929, confirming Dillon’s record in Kane (p. 98). Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. (gemmaria, Brahm.)—Not rare. _ B. repandata, L. _ —Frequent in cover. B. bistortata, Goeze.—Abundant in the Parkna- silla grounds. Selidosema plummaria, Schiff. (ericetaria)—Here and there on heaths notably on Sherky Island. CERURIDAB. Notodonta ziczac.—A very fresh specimen at light in mid-August, 1929 at Parknasilla. Lophopterya camelina, L.—A few at light. LasiocaMPiDAk. Lasiocampa quercus, L.—I took one fresh g at Parknasilla, which seemed to be ssp. callunae. Others were seen flying wildly round. 102 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.VII.1930 SPHINGIDAE. Macroglossum stellatarum, L.—Two seen. ZYGAENIDAE, Zygaena filipendulae, L.—Confined to a very small area at Park- nasilla, whence it had disappeared in 1929, but not uncommon in both years on Sherky Island, and at Gleesk and Derrynane. PYRALIDAE. Aphomia sociella.—A single specimen each year. © Crambus tristellus, F., C. culmellus, L., C. pascuellus, L. (C. selasellus, Hb., at Rush, and Dublin) pascuellus was the commonest of these, then tristellus. *Chilo phraymitellus, Hb.—One near Parknasilla. Nymphula nympheata, L.— Common in all wet places. Scoparia frequentella, Stn.—Occasionally. Sylepta ruralis, Scop.—Killarney only. Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.— An invasion in 1928; hardly seen in 1929. LHNvergestis straminalis, Hb. Pionea lutealis, Hb., bP. prunalis, Schiff.—both sparingly. Pyrausta ostrinalis, Hb., P. purpuralis, L.—Killarney. Dioryctria sp. ? One early in August at Parknasilla last year. PrmrROPHORIDAE. Platyptilia gonodactyla,—e.vii. 1928 Killarney. P. monodactylus, F.— frequent. ToRTRICIDAE. Peronea logiana, Schiff.—Frequent. P. heparana, Schiff. Euwanthis hamana, L., Argyroploce lacunana, Dup.—Derrynane. HL. antiquana, Hb.—Frequent. Huecosma cana, Haw. Acroclita naevana, Hb. Tinwipak (sensi lato). *Cerostoma costella, Stgr.—This is I think a new species for Ireland. *Endrosis lacteella, Schiff.2—New for Ireland. Depressaria sub- propinguella, Stn. D. costosa, Haw. B. pseudospretella, Stn.—Common near buildings. Leucoptera spartifoliella—Abundant in gardens in Killarney Town, July 25th-26th, 1928. HEPIALIDAE. Hepialus fusconebulosa, de Geer (velleda, Hb.).—Taken in July near Sneem by Major Bland. Classification. Herbert Spencer’s Principles of Biology is within reach of my seat and I sometimes take it down and read a chapter. ‘he paragraph dealing with one point in the above subject might well be kept in mind by all of us. He writes, ‘‘ While the classifications of botanists and zoologists have become more and more natural in their arrangements, there has grown up acertain artificiality in their abstract nomenclature. When aggregating the smallest group into larger groups, and those _ sz DEFINITION OF THE SATYRID GENERA. 108 into groups still larger, naturalists adopted certain general terms expressive of the successively more comprehensive divisions; and the habitual use of these terms, needful for purposes of convenience, has led to the tacit assumption that species, genera, orders, and classes, are assemblages of definite values—that every genus is the equivalent of every other genus, in respect of its degree of distinctness; and that orders are separated by lines of demarcation that are as broad in one place as another. Though this conviction is not a formulated one, yet the disputes continually arising among naturalists on the questions, whether such and such organisms are specifically or generically distinct, and whether this or that peculiarity is or is not of ordinal importance, imply that the conviction is entertained even where it is not avowed. And this is equally shown by the impossibility of obtaining any definition of the degree of difference, which warrants each further elevation in the hierachy of classes. ‘Tt is, indeed, a wholly gratuitous assumption that organisms admit of being placed in groups of equivalent values; and that these may be united into larger groups that are also of equivalent values ; and so on. There is no a priori reason for expecting this; and there is no a posteriori evidence implying it, save that which begs the question— that which asserts one distinction to be generic and another to be ordinal, because it is assumed that such distinctions must be either generic or ordinal. The endeavour to thrust plants and animals into these definite partitions, is of the same nature as the endeavour to thrust them into a linear series. Not that it does violence to the facts in anything like the same degree ; but still it does violence to the facts. Doubtless the making of divisions and sub-divisions, is extremely useful ; or rather, itis absolutely necessary. Doubtless, too, in reducing the facts to something like order, they must be partially distorted. So long as the distorted form is not mistaken for the actual form, no harm results. But it is needful for us to remember, that while our successively subordinate groups have a certain general correspondence with the realities, they inevitably give to the realities a regularity which does not exist.’’—Hy.J.T. A definition of the Satyrid Genera ; Erebia, Callerebia, Paralasa aud Erebomorpha. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. The separation of species into genera, is a matter on which opinions seem to differ more often than not ; and those species generally included in the genera Hrebia and Callerebia have been dealt with in a variety of ways by various authors, notwithstanding the fact that the Huropean Hrebias and their Asiatic relatives form such a perfectly natural group. Seitz states (Macrolep. Vol. I. p. 93) that modern authors are uniting Krebia and Callerebia as being too similar to maintain as separate genera; and he (or rather Hiffinger) includes Paralasa in Erebia. I suppose my inclination is to side with the ‘ splitter” rather than the “Jumper ’”’ in this matter, but I certainly cannot feel satisfied with generic divisions unless they can be clearly defined on a structural basis. Dr. Chapman in his work on the Genus Hrebia (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898) did not conclusively deal with the question of genera ; 104 , ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15. VII.1930 but he noted that the “sickle” in Erebia and neighbouring genera, might be taken as offering generic characters, and the clasp specific ones. This statement can only be held as partially correct, and I feel sure he did not intend it to be taken too literally. As a matter of fact, he seems to have been troubled by it a good deal himself, and in consequence of it he failed to recognise the great value of the features of the uncus for the purposes of specific differentiation. Now it is perfectly true that single characters of the genitalia do exhibit generic features, at times to such an extent that one can readily recognise a given genus by such a character alone, but even so, I have no doubt that a true generic definition can only be arrived at from a consideration of a number of characters. By this I do not mean that a generic definition cannot be based on the genitalia alone, for on the contrary I feel sure that it can, but the definition requires to be capable of being supported by the united features of the structure, which, were one to separate species on one character, would often prove not to be the case. To try and establish genera on a single feature is bound to lead to an unnecessary multiplication of genera, and in some cases to a failure to recognise how widely separated one genus may be from another. As an example I may refer to the generic revision of the species of E'pinephele by Mr. P. A. H. Muschamp in this magazine in 1915. Here Mr. Muschamp takes Dr. Chapman’s remark more or less literally, and sets out to divide the species on the characteristics of the uncus alone. He evidently was not too satisfied with the result, for we soon find him making references to other parts of the genitalia as well; and indeed, if one did not do so, it would not be possible to draw up a definition which would enable one to separate narica, tithonus or lycaon from /rebia, and the further one extended one’s researches the more hopeless would the confusion become. In this paper, however, I am only concerned with clearing the position of the genus Frebia, and those species which have been erroneously included in it from time to time. All the same, from the little | have done, it seems that it would be possible, and of considerable use, to define the whole of the Satyrid genera on a similar basis; but if this were done it would probably necessitate the use of a slightly greater number of characters than | have employed, to ensure a correct representation of the very varied elements included in so wide a field of observation. J have included the genera Oeneis (as represented by glacialis, Moll,=aello, Hsp.) and Coenonympha, in these notes.; but, of the latter, I have only dissected a very few species, just a sufficient number to enable me to derive the fullest value from Mr. Muschamp’s detailed paper on this genus (Mittl. Hnt. Zurich. Heft I. 1915). A comparison of Oeneis was necessary, for Elwes’ Hreboumorpha (erected for parmenio) comes closer to Oeneis than any other genus. After drawing up definitions for these genera, it became evident that, although a reader might appreciate that these genera were separable, yet he would scarcely grasp the real significance of the differences, or be able to visualise clearly how great these differences are in some cases. The latter is a very important point, recalling the fact that some present day writers would unite all the species of the four genera we are considering, in one genus. I have therefore tabulated my definitions in a diagrammatic manner, which will enable any reader to see at a glance the relationship between the various genera. It is only necessary to follow down the lines of each genus, where the generic features of each character, as occurring in that genus, are marked by the presence of an asterisk. By a comparison of the position of the asterisks it is at once obvious at which points any two genera are alike, and where they differ. Thus, it will be seen that in Hrebia and Callerebia, out of the eight selected characters, in only three do they coincide ; Callerebia therefore shows only a similar number of points of contact with Hrebia as Coenonympha does, and is further removed from Mrebia than Oeneis is; the latter exhibiting four features in common with Hrebia. It will be noticed that in character 4, none of the genera given develop the second feature described. This feature, however, is very marked in other Satyrid genera, so was included just to demonstrate that the diagram, as it stands, cannot be applied to all Satyrids, but would require adding to. Paralasa comes nearest to Hrebia but stands away from it in 3 and 8, the latter point especially being very distinctive, the horizontal development of the shoulder processes being peculiar to the genus. (Of course it may possibly occur in some of the other genera which I have not examined.) The position of Hrebomorpha is very interesting, standing nearer to Oeneis than Hrebia (a fact corroborated by the short antennae) though being very close to both: it differs from Hrebia in 1 and 6, and from Qeneis only in 8. This, although probably unexpected by most people, fully justifies Elwes in taking parmenio out of Hrebia. A very remarkable feature in both Mrebomorpha and Oeneis is, that while the uncus is shorter than the tegumen in length, the two together are of greater length than the clasp. This combination is not what would be expected, the usual combination of these features being that shown by Callerebia. In the selected characters, two of the names | have used require a word of explanation. First: the ‘“ brachia”; in this | am merely following Mr. Muschamp, who designated the lateral arms of the uncus in this very appropriate manner. Second: the “lateral lobes’’; this term I have adopted for those side pieces, strongly developed in many Satyrid genera, which extend distally from each side of the saceus. Some surprise may be felt that I have not made further use of the very remarkable formations exhibited by the brachia, but the specialisation of these structures cannot possibly be held to offer features of generic value, and if adopted would break the genus Hrebia (sens rest.) into at least 4 genera, a proceeding for which there is no support to be found elsewhere. The classification of the species of Frebia, Callerebia, Paralasa and Erebomorpha by my definitions, as tabulated, gives one a very natural grouping; the species of the four genera being easily recognised by their superficial facies, while other structural details corroborate the arrangement, which works out as follows. Erebia, Dalm. :—This will include all the European species with the exception of pheyea, Bkh. (=afer, Esp., which falls as a primary homonym to P. afer, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist., III. 1782), and those N. American and Asiatic species which agree superficially with the European ones. The only change is the removal of pheyea to Callerebia, and this will scarcely surprise any student of the true Erebias, for the superficial facies of phegea never really agreed with typical Krebias. As to its position in Callerebia, it might not strike DEFINITION OF THE SATYRID GENERA. 105 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VII.1930 the eye of a casual observer, yet it will be seen on comparison that the markings and the nature of the spots, with their large black centres and narrow, even rings of colour, show much greater affinity with Callerebia than with Hrebia ; as the formation of the forewings doesalso, though the hindwings are less typical of Callerebia, and in size phegea is considerably below the average. Still when one considers how far phegea has strayed, both east and west, from the original home of its kind in the Himalayas, it is not to be wondered at if the changed conditions have necessitated some modifications in the type. The genera Oreina, Westw., and Melampias, Hb., fall to Hvebia ; were they added to the diagram they would be seen to coincide with it at every point. Erebomorpha, Elwes :— parmenio. ; Paralasa, Moore:—kalinda, mani, maracandica, hades, discalis, semenovi and shallada. The position of the last three [° have not verified myself by dissection, but it seems fairly certain that they belong to Paralasa. Callerebia, Butlr.:—The usual species; annada, scanda, nirmala, etc., etc., also phegea, and pratorum and saxicola. The two last have been separated in the genus Lowerebia, Watkins; and although they form a distinctive group separable by certain characters of the genitalia (i.e., those of the clasp) yet were Lowerebia added to the diagram it would fall with Callerebia at every point. I may here add, that the general features of the clasp (apart from the one given at No. 8) are so unstable as to. be of no generic value, though very helpful for the natural groupment of the species within a genus: i.e., | have divided the species of Hrebia into 13 groups on the characters of the clasp, which is helpful in the systematic treatment of the genus, but | need hardly add, as 13 separate genera would be merely absurd. The position of herse is doubtful. [ only know the genitalia of this species from Dr. Chapman’s drawing of it (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1898, pl. 16, f. 60). It is always almost impossible to gather details of the formation of the aedeagus, penis-sheath, or lateral lobes from drawings, even such good ones as are given by Mr. Muschamp, in his paper on the Coenonympha, but in the case of Dr. Chapman’s, as he does not give the entire armature, it is quite out of the question. The portion he does show, however, suggests that herse must stand quite apart from any of the genera under consideration. The same may be said of myops; which Mr. Muschamp has placed in a separate genus: Dubierebia. Not having dissected this species, I can only say that, judging from Dr. Chapman’s drawing again (l.c., pl. 16, f. 56a) myops falls with Coenonympha in characters 1-4; and as the agreement of the features of 1 and 2, as seen in Coenonyupha, is very unusual, and the character of the brachia (4) also unusual— though not quite so much so—it seems very probable that the remaining features 5-8 will agree with Coenonympha also, but one cannot say for certain. In conclusion I may point out again that this grouping is corroborated by other characteristics, such as the shape of the hind- wing in Paralasa differing from that of Erebia, and other superficial features ; and I think it can be said to demonstrate quite conclusively that these four genera are fully worthy of separation, 4, (26a wie DEFINITION OF THE SATYRID GENERA. 107 5 | < | | ay Ay Fy ee eee es = SELECTED GENERIC oe ag a | & Pm kre .< a Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and particularly of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M.D. .. ; Notes on Coutectine.—Dichrorhampha alpestrana, Herr.-Schiaff., in South Hants, W. Fassnidge, M.A., F.E.S... XS Ate a Ai! z*, ae i Current Nores anp Suort Norices .. 2 ae = a 112°4 SuprLements.— Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P. Jones - ois (85)-(88) — The Ants (Formicidae) and Guests (Myrmecophiles) of Windsor al Forest and District, Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.8., F.E.S., etc. .. (5)-(8) — British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner Ao “8 : (145)-(152) = between those - . Bs 7 A Communications have been received from or have been promised by Messrs. — Dr. Verity, K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, Dr. Maleolm Burr, ~ H. Donisthorpe, H. P. Jones, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wightman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, B. C. Warren, Wyndham Forbes; and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ** Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOoLlinueLe The Entomologist’s Record ees and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 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London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyeana (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora gerasa, ete., efe., 312 pp. ” To be obtained from— Mr, H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Oheques and Postal Orders should be made payable 3 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION ( Eipitep BY G. T. Beruune-BakeEr, F.Z.S., J. E. Cotuin, F.§.8. F.n.8s., Chairman. H. DonIstHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8. R. S. BaGnab, D.sc., F.R.S.E., Major P. P. Graves, F.5.8. F.L.S. H. E. Paae, ¥F.2.s. Maucoum Borr, D.s0., F.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.1.S. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.#.s. W. 4H. Tams, F.E.8. BH. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., Rev. G: WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8 F.E.S., F.R.C.P. f F.Z.8. and Henry J. TURNER, F.£.8., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary Subscription for Complete Volume, post fre (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, etc.) TEN SHILLINGS, TO BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. 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Complete in 2 Volumes (Series 1 and Series 2), 10s. 6d. each net, FREDERICK WARNE & Go., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. Vou. XLII. Puate V. VaLLEY oF THE CHAPELLE DE Benwieu, Virton, where Coenonympha hero flies. The Hntomologist’s Record, Photo.: @. Wheeler. Marsu at THE Horane Bariper, Hockatl, the home of Brenthis aphirape. t , i} fa ay 7) aT ay oa : A BUTTERFLY WEEK IN BELGIUM. 118 A Butterfly Week in Belgium, (ith plate.) By Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.S. There are a few species that, without being rare, are so local that one’s hopes of obtaining them without special knowledge are very slight; such a one is Brenthis aphirape, the space for which has stared blankly at me for years, so that it was with no common gratitude that I received information from Dr. E. Scott of a locality in which it could be obtained with certainty, and which I determined to visit in June last. I therefore planned a short expedition to south-east Belgium, starting with a few days at Virton and going thence to Spa. The journey to Virton by Calais and Lille is fairly direct, but unfortunately cannot be managed in the day, as there is no late train for the last few miles from Montmédy. There is a hotel there, just opposite the station where one can spend the night, but it is really better to stay at Méziéres where one has to change, and where there is a hotel actually on the platform, as the train from Lille arrives there about 9 p.m., and one can continue the journey the following morning and arrive at Virton at the same time as if the night were passed at Montmeédy. There is only one possible hotel at Virton, the Hotel de la Renommee, and it is some distance from tbe station. It is however on the way to the two localities which had been recommended to me, the Vallée du Rabais and the Chapelle du Benlien. Arriving at Virton about noon on June 10th, I tried the Vallée du Rabais in the afternoon, the result however was not very exciting, the only species seen being Chrysophanus (Heodes) hippothoé, Cyaniris (Polyommatus) semiargus, P. icarus, Melitaea dictynna, Pieris rapae, Coenonympha pamphilus and Adopaea flava. On the following morning I again visited the same place, the only additional species being Argynnis aylaia and Hesperia malvae. In the afternoon I drove to the Chapelle de Benlieu, which is very difficult to find unguided. ‘Ihe route follows the Vallée du Rabais till just before there is marsh on buth sides of the road, turning off then to the left, and rather more than a mile further on, just where a seat is placed, turning to the right over a narrow stream, the track being so overhung with branches that it looks impracticable for a car; my tax1, however, took it without hesitation, and in a few yards emerged at the edge of the valley, which continues for a mile or so, ending in the shrine that gives its name to the place. My special quest here was Coenonyimpha hero, a species I had never seen alive, but, alas! I was already too late, and one rather worn ? was all I saw. Butterflies however were in immense numbers; Aporia crataegt was probably the most numerous, but Melitaea aurinia, M. dictynna and M. cinwia and Brenthis selene were all abundant, though the first of these was getting somewhat passé. Chrysophanus hippothvé was in small numbers, 3s only, and there were a few Callophrys rubi and Huchloé cardamines. Erebia medusa was by no means scarce but quite worn out, Coenonympha pamphilus and Adopaea flava were common, and /renthis ino just beginning to appear. The following day I again visited the same spot, but a thunderstorm soon put an end to collecting; the same species were seen as on the previous day except VU. herv; the gs of B. ino were now common and one Issvria lathonia was taken. The 13th was taken up with the journey to Spa; it is not really 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1980 any great distance, but the trains are mostly slow, with three changes, at Marbehan, Jemelle and Liége, with an hour to wait at the second change which gives time to procure a modest lunch at the buffet. There is a great choice of hotels at Spa; some, the Britannique for instance, being very comfortable and on the “Grand Hotel’’ scale ; being alone however I contented myself with one of the modest hotels opposite the station; There are several of these, and I went to the “National,” I was comfortable enough, though perhaps the ‘ Terminus’’ is rather superior. As I knew that my hunting-ground could only be reached by train, the advantage of being close to the station was obvious. The following day, Saturday, was brilliant, and in company with Mr. and Mrs. Gilliat I started early for Hockai, a short distance along the line to Verviers. The happy hunting-ground is about half a mile away, turning to the right on leaving the station, and following a little path bordering the railway until a bridge crossing it is reached; this leads directly to the bridge over the Hoegne, just before which there appears on the right a large sloping expanse of marshy land, where butterflies abound. This was the locality for my special quarry, Brenthis aphirape, and here, sure enough, it was flying in countless numbers over the flowers of its food-plant, Polyyonum bistortum, The further one advanced into the marsh the more abundant it became; I] have never seen any other Brenthid in such profusion, not even b. pales in the Alps. B. selene was also very common, and Melitaea aurinia, generally very small and bright, was in fair numbers but beginning to be worn; Chrysophanus (Heodes) hippothoé was also abundant, but I could nct see that it differed much from such specimens as one finds at Caux and other Swiss localities. Hrebia medusa was also common, and generally in fairly good condition, specimens of both sexes of the ab. eviades (with three apical spots) were taken. Cvenonympha pamphilus and Augiades sylvanus were the only other species of frequent occurrence, but a few Pieris napt were seen, and one or two Gonepterya rhanmi, in rags, were flying about, the latter easily mistakable on the wing for Colias palaeno, which also occurs here. All day Sunday Spa was shut down by clouds as if in a box, and though Monday morning did not look propitious, the sun came out soon after our arrival at Hockai, and the same species occurred in the marsh as on Saturday, and I took also one C. palaeno there. After a time I crossed the bridge and went on for a considerable distance up the hill, and aiong the broad track on the levelabove. Carterocephalus palaemon was common here but mostly worn, and I also took a couple of C. palaeno two more specimens of which | caught the following day. This form is regarded as belonging to the race europome, Esp.; unfortunately I saw no females, which are more distinctive, and the males appear to me to be half way between this race and those taken in the Alps, both in appearance and habits. They are not so difficult to capture or so quick-flying as the Alpine form, but very different in in this respect from the Hinterzarten specimens, which will sometimes allow themselves to be taken off the scabious flowers with the finger and thumb; in size they differ little from the Alpine specimens, though, on the whole, slightly larger. No fresh species occurred on Tuesday which was my last day at Spa. The Hockai locality is also productive of Brenthis arsilache and Coenonympha tiphon, but neither of these MBLITAKEA WHEELERI, CHAP. 115 species were out during my visit; Mr. Gilliat, however, took a fine series of the former after I left, but the latter had not put in an appearance at the time of his departure. There is a nice looking little hotel at the station at Hockai, which would be a very convenient place from which to work the Hoegne marshes, and there is a still nicer looking one close to the previous station, at Sart, and the whole walk, (apparently about 24 kilometres by the road, and 5 by the river), looks as if it would well repay working. Melitaea wheeleri, Chap. (=aurelita, Frist; and briantea, Turati) ; and its 2nd gen. autumnalis, Turati (=postwheeleri, Vty.). By B. C. S. WARREN, F.HE.S. Dr. Verity deals with this species in his interesting discussion of J. britomartis in the July number of this magazine. He, however, by some strange chance, seems to have overlooked Turati’s work, published in 1919 which includes some notes on wheelert (briantea) among other species. A few supplementary observations on the subject may there- fore be of interest. Dr. Verity deals with wheeleri as though it were confined to Reazz- ino, the locality where Mr. Wheeler first discovered it*. This of course is a mistake, which necessitates considerable qualification of some of Dr. Vevity’s remarks. Vorbrodt has recorded it from some other Swiss localities (in the Val Mesoco | think), and as already mentioned, Turati in his paper “‘ Nuove forme di Lepidotteri ” in the Naturalista Siciliano for 1919, records it from the lake of Alserio (just S. of the lake of Como), at the same time giving some most excellent photographs of it (Le. pl. 2, figs. 19-24) which might have been done from Reazzino specimens. ‘Turati then gave it the name of dictynna var. briantea ; but at the end of the paper (p. 148) added a note calling attention to the fact that Fruhstorfer had already named specimens of this insect which were in the Polytechnic collection in Zurich, var. aurelita. These specimens had been taken by acousin of Turati’sin the same locality on the lake of Alserio. In the same paper Turati also describes and figures the small 2nd generation, which he named autumnalis. The latter of course stands in place of postwheeleri, Vrty. though both Frubstorfer’s and Turati’s names for the 1st gen. fall to Chapman’s. The question as to whether wheeleri is a good species or not, is a very interesting one; and there seems to be more ground for regarding it as a species than Dr. Verity’s notes would lead one to think. The only reason for connecting it with dictynna lies in the fact that the genitalia are said to be identical. I will not discuss this point beyond pointing out that similarity is no absolute proof of identity, but one must remember that up to the present only a very few specimens of wheeleri have been dissected (? more than two by any one worker), and there is every possibility that when a larger number come to be examined some slight structural deviation may be recognised, which would pass unnoticed if only a few slides were available for comparison. This, I may add, has actually been the case with some species of Hesperia and Krebia, which were accepted by workers in the past as being identical ; but which I have found, after the examination of a 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.1X.1930 considerable number, to show slight, but perfectly constant differences. (A very marked instance was the case of H. carlinae and H. fritillum, for large numbers of each had been examined, but owing to concen- tration on the points which most usually differed in other species the important parts in these got overlooked.) The question of the two generations has long been established be- yond all doubt. Vorbrodt records wheeleri in late April and July, and numerous other collectors have taken series which clearly prove the regular occurrence of the two generations. Vorbrodt’s date of April is, however, a mistake for May, or must refer to a quite exceptional year, the normal period for the emergence of the species being probably about the middle of May. In 1928 on May 24th, it was only just beginning to emerge, in the course of the day | only found 4 absolutely fresh gs, and in the three following days only saw 3 more specimens, all ass: Dr. Verity’s argument for regarding wheeleri and dictynna as the result of varying feeding seasons of the larvae, does not quite fit all the facts of the case. Dictynna as a matter of fact, does not occur be- tween the broods of wheelevi, but with and after the 1st. generation ; usually emerging about ten days to a fortnight after the first wheeleri appear. The feeding periods therefore of the 1st. gen. of wheeleri and the only generation of d/ctynna are practically identical. Further, it seems likely that wheeler? will be found to occur in suitable localities throughout the district of the Italian Lakes, between the Val Mesoco in the north and Aiserio in the south; so there is a possibility of its being fourd in a locality where dictynna does not occur, which must not be overlooked. Again, if dictynna under Reazzino conditions is held only to be able to produce wheelevi in the next generation, how is it that under almost identical conditions in other localities (such as the marsh Jand at the end of the lake of Geneva in the Rhone Valley) this rotation does not follow, and though dictynna is abundant wheeleri does not occur ? AGE The identity of the two generations of wheeleri is so unmistakable that I cannot see how one can do other than suppose these generations produce each other in rotation; as the similar forms, large (early summer) and small (late summer) of parthenie and berisalensis. It is worth noting that athalia occurs in exactly corresponding manner, from late May to late July in the Rhone Valley on the same ground as berisalensis, with and after the 1st. gen. of the latter. Yet there can be no question as to these being two distinct species. All things con- sidered, | fail to see how we can question the specific standing of wheeler’, which is as constant in producing two generations in every locality where it has been so far discovered, as dictynna is in its habit of only completing its life-cycle once in twelve months. Turati did not mention in his paper if dictynna occurs on the same ground as wheelert (briantea) in the Alserio locality ; this is a point worth finding out, and no doubt Dr. Verity can easily get us the re- quired information. * T have also taken it at Mendrisio.—G.W. NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BEt(WEEN MELITAEIDI. 7 Calobata calceata, Fall. (Micropezidae, Diptera), a species new to the British List. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S8., F.E.S., ete. On June 26th last when collecting in Windsor Forest I was struck by the curious appearance of a handsome fly with long legs which was walking about on sections of a large fallen beech tree. A closer exam- ination showed that the Dipteron was present in small numbers, career- ing over the bark and butts of the tree. Being convinced that I had never seen this insect before, | endeavoured to catch some, but found it quite impossible to do so with a heavy coleopterist’s sweeping net. The flies were very alert sidling about on the tips of their toes, standing high up, and looking not unlike sinall grass-hoppers. They flew off at the least alarm ; but eventually Miss Kirk ‘‘ laid two out,” by striking them with a newspaper bat! These were taken to the British Museum and Miss Aubertin identified them as Calobata calceata, Fall., a species which had never been taken in Britain before. On July 1st another visit was made to the same locality when the fly was found to be present in greater numbers. Armed with a sinall light fly-net, some twenty specimens were soon secured. Jam indebted to Miss Aubertin for the following details :—‘‘ This insect is rather different in type from the seven species of Calubata already established as British, on account of the length and black coloration of the body, extreme length of the legs, and dark band on the wings. According to the Palaearctic Catalogue (1905) there are eight species which are stil] unknown in Britain; four of these are described from Siberia, three from Germany, and one from Spain.” This makes the 28th species of insect I have taken in Windsor Forest new to Britain, of which 23 belong to the Coleoptera, two to Diptera, one to Siphonaptera, one to Hymenoptera, and one to the Aphididae. Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi and particularly between those of the athalia, Rott., group. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. (Continued from p. 111.) Finally, the athalia branch sprung from the baicalensis-like ancestor, presumably, later, when the climate had again got warmer: it lends itself to a remark, which may have considerable importance in connec- tion with general evolution and the origin of species. This is that it was thrown out at intervals from the baicalensis-like stock, so that the four branches have not sprung from acomion athalia root. My reasons for believing this are the following: the nominotypical exerge has varied in a way exactly parallel to nominotypical parthenie, with whom it has spread to Europe by the northern route, in producing a rather long and sharp uncus and numerous deep barbs at the end of the terminal apophysis; exerge niphona, of subtropical and nearly subtropical climates, has produced the most highly characterised variation of the genitalia in the caloripetal direction by accentuating these athalia features still further and acquiring also much narrower dorsal and ven- 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1930 tral plates. On the contrary the genitalia of helvetica=pseudathalia, which inhabits the Western Central Zone and, as we will presently see, can only be considered the Central exerge of athalia, and dejone, which inhabits the extreme west and is unquestionably a distinct species, but which stands in the position of its Southern exerge, have genitalia which differ considerably less from those of the baicalensis-sindura group. In fact, helvetica only has a short, stumpy uncus in some individuals and dejone never has any; helvetica has longer and more slender lateral apophyses than athalia, with smaller and less numerous barbs, and dejone stands still further from it and resembles baicalensis still more in this respect; the underside pattern of the wings corresponds strikingly with what the genitalia show. We are thus brought to the conclusion that the baicalensis-like ancestor threw out the niphona branch, possibly under a form similar to plotina, at an early date, very soon after britomartis; the group which spread into subtropical climates attained a very large size and developed the features of the species to their highest degree; that which kept further north and spread westward along the northern route did not become so large and did not develop as fully, according to the general rule I have pointed out in other papers and I will presently mention again; it has constituted the nominotypical exerge athalia. The two other branches, helvetica and dejone, must have been thrown out by baicalensis-like ancestors who never underwent the effects of the cold climates as much as those of the preceding, because they had withdrawn southward under the stress of the cold wave. They thus represent an intermediate grade between the greater transforma- tion of the latter and the lesser ones of the groups which have remained baicalensis and sindura till today. In other words, these insects having kept to more constant temperate surroundings, have escaped more and more the necessity of extreme frigoripetal variation followed by a caloripetal one ; although s/ndiwra has gone considerably far in the first direction, it has remained in the state of a high mountain species, showing it was the more catabolic branch of the group, less liable to adaptation and transformation than the parallel branches, which turned into the athalia group and thus acquired a new organic balance, which enabled them to spread westward in new surroundings and to face, in the case of athalia and dejone, even the hottest lowlands of the palaearctic region. We have just seen dejone presumably reached it by a comparatively short and slight transformation, whereas the niphona exerge of athalia has reached its giant size and subtropical constitution after a series of transformations, which has passed at first through a psychrotropic stage, parallel to nominotypical athalia. There is no reason to think they are anything more than two very distinct exerges and the fact that they are entirely representative of each other is in favour of this conclusion, although it is not a proof. The change of aspect, at the present day, takes place in the southeast of Siberia, according to a rule followed by so many species that it can be called a general law, in the zone which from the Pacific coast stretches westward, be- tween the 49° and the 52° lat., so that the central Amur, occurring further south is inhabited by some of the subtropical species and exerges, whereas its upper and lower portions are more strictly palaearctic, and which reaches as far as the Trans Baikal or the Altai, according to the species. This demarcation zone, evidently due to NOTES ON RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MELITAEIDI. 119 - climates, apparently holds good both for the genera and species which have spread from north to south, having originated in the Polar Continent and in America, so that their present variations are calori- petal, and those which have spread in the opposite direction, their more or less direct ancestors being detectable amongst the tropical Asiatic species and their variations being frigoripetal. A striking example of the latter case is afforded by exerge hippocrates, Feld., whose ancestor is obviously Papilio authus, L., of subtropical China and Japan, and which changes into exerge machaon, L., its first, hibernated, generation showing by its transitional features how it has taken place under the influence of cold. In other cases the change of aspect is due to specific distinction, so that, for instance, Parnassius nomion and bremeri of the east are replaced by apollo of the west and Pyrameis indica, Hbst., is replaced by atalanta, L. Only, it must be noted that when the difference is specific there need not necessarily have been a direct transformation of one species into the other locally, in the region mentioned above. On the contrary, they often fly together there on the same grounds and they keep perfectly distinct, as has been observed (Revue Russe d’ Entomologie, 1914) in apollo and nomion at Irkutsk; it is the only place where two branches, which have developed in different regions, have again come in contact with each other. The western branch, as I have described it in my paper on M. didyma, has under- gone the effects of cold climates to a much higher degree during certain periods, owing to the fact the Han Hai sea made it impossible for it to escape further south, so that it has had to acquire more highly palaearctic constitutions and features. The eastern branch has been able to migrate southward into China, seeking the latitude which suited it best in different periods of climate. Many exerges and species have thus altered their constitutions considerably less there than further west and retained features which recall their subtropical ancestors, like hAippocrates. In the climate of the present day constitutions of this sort only find the surroundings they require as far as the fertile Amur basin. This explanation does not, of course, apply to highly arctic genera, like the Parnassius, whose ancestors must all have been produced in a very cold climate and presumably in the great Polar continent, so that apollo and nomion must have acquired their specific characters under the stress of conditions we can scarcely hope to reconstruct in our mind. Possibly the common ancestor of nomion and phoebus (=delius) was a very ancient development of a bremeri-like species, which took place during the Cretaceous period in the Polar contment, as suggested by the fact it bas spread also into America, where nomion and phoebus are still much more closely con- nected with each other than in Asia, and apollo was a more recent res petition of the same process, on similar lines, after the progenitor of bremert, Br., had been pushed into southern Siberia by the cold period, which produced the great migration of the late Cretaceous and early Eocene. This theory accounts also for the fact that bremeri replaces apollo to the east of the Baikal even more strictly than nomion, as they are not known to occur together, each keeping to the regions they inhabited when apollo was less distinct and still a local western exerge of bremeri or rather of its progenitor, before the huge sibirica appeared as a result of the new specific balance. 120 ENTOMOLOGIS!’S RECORD. 15.1X.19380 We have seen that the Asiatic Melitaea must be regarded, in this respect, in the same light as the L’arnassius. In the case of athalia Staudinger has pointed out (Mém. Romanoff., VI, p. 186) that exerge niphona stretches to the north as far as the central Amur, whereas at the mouth of this river the species “ fully agrees with European specimens.” He also says that ambiyua, Mén. is only an aberrating specimen of athalia. It seems to me there is nothing abnormal about it and that it is a female of the race of the lower Amur, whence it was originally described from Djai. As I have already mentioned, it also is perfectly similar to some of the females in my series from the Sajan mountains, so that a very constant race ambigua, Mém.=kenteana, Seitz =tinica, Frhst., seems to represent athaliaall through the east at about the 50° and 52° lat. from the mouth of the Amur to the Irkutsk Government and from the lowlands to high altitudes. Individual variation, however, is remarkably broad in this race. Staudinger records a male from the Amur of the melanic aberration usually known as navarina, Selys, but which should be called, by right of priority, cymothoe, Bartoloni. Some of the females of my series from the Sajan mountains are so broadly covered by the black suffusion that they recall asteria in that respect and variation ranges to the opposite extreme figured by Ménétriés. Those very dark females agree with Frubstorfer’s description of tinica, but some of my males are as dark, although most of them are considerably more so than Seitz’s figure of kenteana and the pattern is never as thin as in many specimens from Paris and central Kurope. The tone of the fulvous is in both sexes much duller, lighter and less warm. ‘The underside strikes one particularly as being much duller and paler and its general tone, as well as the sharp and thin black streaks, fully justify the remark made both by Ménétriés in ambigua and by Frihstorfer in tinica that it recalls that of dejone. It is noteworthy that race ambigua just inhabits the same latitude as does the nominotypical race of athalia in Europe, and it certainly resembles it more than it does any other western one. As stated by Staudinger, south of the limits I have described above, it is replaced by exerge niphona, Butl., of which mandschurica, Fixsen, is an absolute synonym, because the race of the continent and that of Japan are exactly alike. The name of sutschana, used by Reverdin in dealing with the genitalia, does not seem to have been published ; it would have been a homonym of the didyma to which the same name bad been given by Seitz, but Bang Haas has sent me the rest of the set of specimens from which Reverdin’s had been drawn and I see they are aiphona from Sutshanski Rudnik, to the West of Vladivostock, collected in July. (To be concluded.) Nomenclature. Errors III. megaera.— Linnaeus wrote megera. Sys. Nat. ed. XII. 771 (1767). Another ‘“‘r”’; by Esper, Scho. abb. I. 101 (1777). hyperanthus-hyperanthes.—Linnaeus wrote hyperantus. Sys. Nat. ed. X. 471 (1758). | Another “r”’; by Esper /.c. 78 (1777). The hyperanthes of the ‘ Entomologists’ List” (South), I have been unable to trace, and presume it must be a printer’s error. Z NEW FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 121 _ typhon-davus.— Rottemberg wrote tiphon. Naturfor. VI. 15 (1775). Haworth was responsible for the alteration of ¢ to y. Lep. Brit. 16 (1803). The name davus was given by Fabricius in the addendum to his Gen. Ins. 259 (1777). phioeas—One frequently meets with this misspelling which unfortunately crept into the Entomologists’s List (South) and hence it is continually being used in M.S. and labelling. Linnaeus wrote phlaeas, Fann. Snec. 285 (1761). I have not traced the origin of this error; all the older authors appear to have the correct spelling. Newly Described Forms of British Lepidoptera. 1. Ayrotis tritici, Lin., ab. vinosa, Schaw., Zt. Ostr. nt. Ver. (19380) 9.—The normal light-brown ground colour of the forewings has become light wine-red. Mt. Ceppo, Corsica. (Race falleri, Schaw.) 2. A. corticea, Hb., pallida, Schaw. l.c.— Wholly pale brown, not yellow. Mt. d’Oro, Corsica. The Corsican race is corsica, Ping. 3. Metachrostis perla ab. grisea, Dufr., Rev. Mens. (1925) p. 88 corrected to ab. grisescens, Dufr. Lambil. (1980) p. 5. Ab. grisea, Vorbrt., Schm. Schw., Sup. II1., Mitt. Schw. Ent. Gesel. XU. p. 458 (1917).—In grisescens the markings are strongly emphasised and increased, the lines are black, ete., but in grisea, Vorbt., the forewings are deep brown grey with an area of a light colour at the base of a spot which occurs at one third along the margin, etc., 4, (elerio euphorbiae, L., subsp. subiacensis, Dnhl. Mitt. Ilunch. Ent. Gesell. X1X., 99 (1929).—Large, robust examples, strong red, especially the back portion of the thorax. The bands as a rule with smooth edges on the outside, only exceptionally toothed or indented, tending to be green. The pale portions are almost devoid of any sprinking with dark atoms, although one not rarely finds a distinct covering of fine white hairs. Veins not apparent. Among the pale and rosy specimens one often observes an example wanting the strong black outer marginal line of the transverse brand; ab. atrolimbata, ~ Dnbl. 5. In the Ent. Zeit. March 22rd, two aberrations of Colias croceus (edusa) are described and figured, by E. W. Heinrich. (1) ab. natert @ , the spots in the marginal band f.w. reduced to two small ones. The black coloration of the hind-margin is carried widely along two thirds of the costa including the discoidal spots. All yellow is absent in the upperside of the hindwings. The underside of the forewing has a considerable amount of black streaking below the costa and extending inwards from the sub-marginal area. (2) ab. pullata @?, the forewings are typical but the hindwings have the marginal band considerably intensified and increased in area with the usual spots completely effaced. 6. Inthe Hut. Zeit. of April 22nd is described and figured a new form of Dicranura vinula in which all the markings are suppressed up to a subbasal, narrow, dark transverse band; there are no dots on the hind- wing margin. It is called simplea by its recorder Niepelt. 7. In the April Lambill. M. C. Cabeau describes and figures two new forms of Brenthis selene. 1. ab. medionigrans with a very large irregular median band on the forewings see plt. V., fig. 8. 2. ab. vanescens of a pale fawn colour, on the forewings the black antemarginal 122 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1X.1930 dots are joined to the black submarginal chevrons, while most of the other usual black markings have disappeared. See plt. V., fig. 1. On the same plate (V.) four other aberrations of B. selene are figured ab. transversa, Tutt, ab. halflantsi, Cab., ab. thalia, Hb., ab. thalia Hb. (extreme form). Notes on Some South African Lepidoptera. By JOHN SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.I.C. (Entomologist, Union Department of Agriculture.) The following notes were made during the course of the last two years at Barberton, in the Eastern Transvaal. In a few cases they supplement previous notes which appeared in the EHntomologist’s Record for October, 1927. Cosmophila auragoides, Hbn. (Noctuidae).—The larva of this species feeds upon the foliage of cotton (Gossypinm), sometimes causing con- siderable damage. ‘The adult is on the wing during the day, as well as at night, and the eggs are deposited singly upon the leaves of the food-plant. The larval period varies from 15 to 18 days, and the pupal period from 11 to 12days, during March. During thesummer months both periods are, naturally, somewhat shorter. The Tachinid Sericophoromyia marshalli, Vill., has been obtained from the larva. Tarvache nitidula, F. (Noctuidae)—The larva feeds upon cotton leaves, and occasionally makes a small puncture ina boll. A gravid female, taken in the field, deposited 741 eggs over a period of seven days. Oviposition takes place at night, the eggs being laid singly. The incubation period varies during March, from 5 to 6 days, and the larval period during the same month, varies from 25 to 31 days. Pupation takes place in a tough cocoon on the surface of the soil. 1’. nitidula hibernates as a pupa; adults from over-wintering pupae emerge during October and November ; the pupal period varying from 168 to 203 days, Anomis sabulitera, Guen. (Noctuidae).—The larva has been found feeding upon cotton leaves. Pupation takes place in a loose cocoon in the soil, the adults emerging 13 to 15 days later, during March. A species of ‘l'achinid has been obtained from the larva. A. sabulifera has previously been recorded as attacking cotton foliage in Nyassaland, and jute in India. Eublemma brachyonia, Hmpsn. (Noctuidae)—The larva of this species has been observed feeding upon the bracts of cotton flowers, and has previously been recorded in Nyassaland as attacking the bolls. The larva pupates among the bracts, and the adult emerges, during March, after a pupal period of 20 days duration. Cirphis leucosticha, Hmpsn. (Noctuidae)—The larva occurs commonly on the tassels (male flowers) of maize before the latter ripen and while partially protected by the sheathing leaves. It is usual to find several larvae feeding upon one tassel. Pupation takes place in the soil, the adult emerging 24 days later (October to December). Two species of Tachinidae and one species of Sarcophayidae have been obtained from the larva. C. leucosticha has previously been recorded as attacking sugar-cane and oats in S. Africa. Sphingomorpha chlovea, Cram. (Noctuidae).—The adult is one of CURRENT NOTES. 123 the commonest fruit-sucking moths. A larva was found feeding upon the foliage of the morula tree (Sclerocorya caffra). Pupation took place on the bottom of a jar, the adult emerging after a period of 17 days (December). Xanthorhoé exorista, Prorf. (Geometridae).—The larvae attack the foliage of carrot, and sometimes occur in large numbers. Pupation takes place in the soil, the adults, during April, emerging two weeks later. Nudaurelia (Antheraea) zambesina, Wkr. subsp. ringleri, Wichgrf. (Saturniidae).—The adults of this species appear towards the end of October, and the larvae, which are full-grown about the end of March, have been found feeding upon the foliage of plum. Pupation takes place in the soil, the pupal period occupying some seven months. Lycaena boetica, L. (Lycaenidae).—The larva has been observed boring into, and feeding upon the contents of, pea-pods. The species has previously been recorded as attacking pigeon-peas in Nigeria, beans in Turkestan, and lucerne and peas in Kurope. Acknowledgments. Iam much indepted to Prof. A. J. T. Janse, Messrs. H. K. Munro, and Hy. J. Turner for determining a number of the insects mentioned above. SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. “ Marrice Fuicur’”’ or ANDRAENA ARGENTATA, SmitH.—On July 10th last at about 11 am., summer time, Andraena aryentata was observed to be present in considerable numbers, on a level stretch of sand in Windsor Forest. The bees were flitting over the surface of the sand in every direction, some entering their burrows and coming out again in a few seconds, and all of them were in a considerable state of excitement. Little clusters of bees could be seen here and there rolling over in the sand, and on acloser inspection they were found to consist of four bees—when a male had seized a female, two other males pounced upon them and all four rolled over and over together in the sand until eventually two males broke away and flew off. This was observed over and over again with different groups, and the process was taking place all over this rather large sandy area. With ants one would describe this as a restricted marriage flioht, as the bees never rose into the air, not flying above a foot from the ground, and when in cop. the pair crawled along on the ground. Ido not know if similar observations have been recorded before and shall be glad to hear of anything of the kind.— Horacr DonistHorpe, (F.Z.8., F.E.8.), Putney. July 15th, 19380. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. (Only just recently has the following information come to hand. It is useful to record the names of those present and interesting for reference in years to come.) The Verrall Supper was held at the Holborn Restaurant on January 14th 1930, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair. The meeting was most suecessful and showed an ad- vance in numbers on the previous years. The following were present ;— 124 ENTOMOLOGIS'’ S RECORD. 15.1X.19380 Adkin, B. W., Adkin, J. H., Adkin, R., Andrews, H. W., Ashby, E. B., Ashby, S. R., Audcent, H., Austen, Maj. E. E., Bagnall, R. §., Baldock, G. R., Balfour-Brown, F., Barnett, T. L., Bedford, E. J., Bedwell, E. C., Benson, R. B., Bessemer, H. D., Bethune-Baker, G. T., Blair, K. G., Blyth, 8. F. P., Bostock, E. D., Bowhill, J. W., Bowman, R. T., Britten, H., Buckhurst, A. S., Burr, Dr. M., Bushby, L. C., Bushell, Capt. H. 8., Cameron, Dr. M., Carpenter, Dr. G. D. H., Carr, Prof. J. W., Chrystal, Dr. E. N., Cockayne, Dr. E. A., Collin, J. E., Collins, J., Cope, Wilfred, Cox, L. G., Crabtree, B. H., Curtis, W. P., Daltry, W. H., Dicksee, A., Dixey, Dr. F. A., Dods, A. W., Donisthorpe, H., Doudney, 8. P., MWastham, L., Eastwood, J. W., Edelsten, H. M.. Edwards, F. W., Ellis, H. Willoughby, Eltringham, Dr. H. ,Fassnidge, W., Ford, L. T., Fox-Wilson, G., Frampton, Rev. R. E., Frowhawk, F. W., Fryer, J.C. l*.,Gabriel, A. G., Gilles, W.S., Gilliatt, F., Goffe, KE. R., Goodman, A. de B., Green, i. E., Griffin, F. J., Grosvenor, T. H. L., Hallett, H. M., Hamm, A. H., Harwood, B., Hawkins, C. N., Hayward, J. H., Hemming, Capt., Hodge, H., Hodgson, W. E. H., Hughes, A. W., Hughes, A. W. McK., Imms, Dr. A. D, Jackson, W. H., Jonstone, D. C., Jordan, Dr. K., Joy, Dr. Norman, Kettlewell, H. B. D., Labouchere, Col. F. A., Laing, F., Lamb, Dr. C. G., Lancaster, Dr., Leeds, H. A., Leivers, A. R., Leman, G. C., Levick, J., Liles, Maj. C. E., Lloyd, R. W., Lofthouse, ‘I’. A., Lucas, W. J., Madwar, 8., Main, H., Mansbridge, W., Massee, A. M., Maulik, Prof. S., McCracken, C. J., Mera, A. W., Mera, A. L., Mera, F. G., Metcalf, Rev., Miles, H. W., Muir, Dr. F., Neave, Dr. $8. A., Newman, L. W., Patton, Prof. W. S., Page, H. E., Pierce, I’. N., Prideaux, R. M., Prout, L. B., Purefoy, E. B., Rait- Smith, W., Regan, Dr. Tate, Richards, O. W., Richardson, A. W., riley, Capt. N. D., Robbins, J. C., Robinson, Capt. A., Salt, K., Saunt, J. W., Scharff, Dr. R. F., Scott, Dr. H., Sherborn, C. D., Smart, Dr. H. D., Smith, Dr. G. Herbert, Sperring, C. W., Stafford, A. E., Stowell, K. A. C., Step, E., Stringer, H., Talbot, G., Tams, W. H. T., Tarbat, Rev. J, E.,Terzi, E., Thorpe, W. H., Tomlin, J. le B., Tonge, A. E., Tottenham, Rev. C. E., Turner, H. J., Wainwright, C. J., Walker, J. J., Ward, J. Davis, Waterston, Dr. J., West, Col. E. M., Wheeler, Rev. G., Whittingbam, Rt. Rev. Dr., Wigglesworth, V. B., Wilding, R., Williams, B. S., Williams, H. B., Withers, Thomas, Womersley, H., Wood, H., Worms, C. G. M. de, Wyse, L. H. Bonaparte.— H.W.-E. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Eastbourne on June 14th, 1980, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Professor E. B. Poulton, Mv. H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr. James K. Collin and Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present :—Dr. R. R. Armstrong, Dr. M. Burr, Dr. K. Jordan, Messrs. B. W. Adkin, R. A. Adkin, H. W. Andrews, E. C. Bedwell, K. G. Blair, F. W. Frobawk, Hugh Main, W. Rait-Smith, A. L. Rayward, E. step, J. R. le B. Tomlin, A. E. Tonge, Hy. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright. On Saturday, June 14th, the members and guests were received at the Grand Hotel by Mr. Robert Adkin where luncheon was provided in a private room, after which, in glorious weather, a most enjoyable walk on the Downs occupied the whole afternoon. On returning to the Grand Hotel the Club supper was held af 7.30 in a private room, during which Mr. J. KE. Collin CURRENT NOTES. 125 _ exhibited two species of Diptera, new to the British list, Microsania stigmaticalis, Zett. and Pipunculus zugmayeriae, Kow. A very enjoyable evening was spent and those who could not remain for the week-end took the later trains home. Those who were able to stay were accommodated at the Grand Hotel and on Sunday morning a collecting trip to Whitefiells Wood was organised. The weather was brilliantly fine and many interesting captures were made, of which the following is a summary. Ruopatocera :— Brenthis enphrosyne, Polyommatus icarus, Lycaenesthes aryiolus, Nisoniades tages, and Limenitis sibilla (pupa). CoLvoprera :—Strangalia armata, Leptura livida, Gramoptera tabicolor and G. ruficornis, Saperda populnea, Dascillus cervinus, Telephorus literatus, Pyrochroa coccinea and Apoderus coryli. Dierera :—A large number of Diptera were taken, the most noteworthy being Servillia lurida, F., and Odontomyia ornata, Mg., the latter a large and conspicuous but uncommon Stratiomyiid. Professor Poulton took the first and Mr. Collin afterwards captured two more. This insect was only once seen alive by Mr. Verrall, and probably at the very same spot, on June 25th, 1876. On the return to Kastbourne luncheon was served at the Grand Hotel after which the Company walked to Hodeslea and inspected the Chairman’s gardens with much pleasure. During the afternoon Mrs. Adkin dispensed tea after which the members adjourned for the annual business meeting of the Club, At 7.30 the Chairman invited the guests to dinner at the Grand Hotel after which, a most entertaining entomological evening was spent. The meeting concluded on Monday morning and the members and guests dispersed. ‘The weather throughout the week-end was brilliantly fine and the meeting was most successful and greatly enjoyed by everybody.—H.W.-E. Owing to the unexpected death of Mrs. Joicey the activities so ably carried on at the Hill Museum, Witley, under the curatorship of Mr. G. Talbot, F.E.S., have been suddenly brought to a close by her executors and the able and experienced staff are anxious for their own future; at least three members of the staff ave desirous of immediate engagement. It is nothing less than a disaster to entomology that a summary conclusion should came about and the resultant possible dispersal of the mass of new material got together from all parts of the world.. We hope for the best. Heft 1 of Iris, for 1930 contains another of those local faunal lists, which have been a feature of the current literature of continental entomology for some years past. Herr K. T. Schuetze has brought the old list of Saxon Oberlausitz (ris 1895-1901) up to date with an addition of 123 species with notes on the species already listed, making a total of 1,954 species. There is also an account of the Ayrotidae in the Minussinsh region of Hast Siberia. In the Bull. Soc, nt. Fr, M. Barbey describes and illustrates (2plts.) a new species of pine-feeding Pyralid, Dioryctria aullot, which attacks the shoots of Abies pinsapo in Andalusia. The accompanying letter- press gives an interesting general account of pine-feeding lepidoptera and details of the life-history of the present species. In the ut. Ent. Zeit. for April 1st Dr. Bergmann has begun a summary of our knowledge of the melanistic and albinistic forms of Lepidoptera in the Thuringian District. It will contain 7 plates of 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1980 which the first depicts 6 forms of Limenitis populi, 3 of Apatura irts, 2 of Hrebia aethiops, 1 of E’:pinephele jurtina and 2 of Heodes virgaureae. A further instalment of the supplement on economic entomology with a full complement of illustration is given. Societas Hnt. has a most interesting article on the curious association existing between the Strepsipteron, Xenos vesparum and its hymenopterous host, with several figures of details, particularly the antennal appendages. The Trans. Cardiff Naturalists’ Society vol. LXI. recently to hand, is as usual a very interesting contribution to local natural history. It is well edited, well-illustrated and a worthy continuation of the series. A record of some very good work in which our magazine is interested has been compiled by Mr. H. M. Hallett, «A contribution to the Entomological Fauna of Skomer Island,’”’ a collection of the results of visits by various members of the Society and of the special expedition organised by the National Museum of Wales in 1928. The Entomological Notes of the year are contributed by Messrs. Hallett and F. Norton. The Rep. of the Imp. Intomologist, Pusa, 1928-9, is a short summary of very useful work done under the chief, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, F.L.S., F.Z.8., ete. There are 4 plates, one in colour, illustrating the life-histories of two Sphingids, Vheretra alecto and 7’. clotho, and the very curious larva of a Geometrid moth, Heteromiza lencogonia, discovered in 1918, but not reared and identified until 1928. These larvae are remarkable for their apparently irregularly placed large and compoundly branched spines and hairs simulating mossy growths. There are many items in the life-histories of all orders of insects adding to our knowledge of previously recorded imagines. Rev. Russe d’Ent. pts. 8-4 (1929) of pp. 128 and many figures records a deal of work carried out in several insect orders; 12 articles deal with Coleoptera, 3 with Hemiptera, 2 with Diptera, 2 with Lepidoptera and 1 with Paraneuroptera. A new genus and four new species of Vortricidae are described, not ad hoc but abundantly comparative and with 22 figs. The biology of a species of Hepialidae from the Caucasus, Phassus schamyl, is investigated, with three figs. The greater proportion of the matter is in German and therefore is of much greater availability than if only in Russian. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, Our colleague, Richard 8. Bagnall, D.Sc., etc., continues steadily his study of the neglected Orders Thysanoptera, Anoplura, Mallophaga, etc. We have just received copies of seven papers recently published by him ; two deal with Australian Thysanoptera, those species which make galls and those which are associated with the leaf-glands of the Acacia; a paper dealing with the classification of the Thysanoptera, divided into three suborders, Pseudostigmata (Polystigmata), Tubulifera and Terebrantia; four papers contributed to the Vasculum of the present year (1) the Anoplura (sucking lice) of Northumberland and Durham (2) the Ectoparasites of the otter and badger including a rare species new to Britain, 7'richcdectes crassus, the badger louse (3) Records . 5 La REVIEWS. LET of some bird-lice, Mallophaga, including a large number of species new to the British fauna, and (4) “On Ecto-Parasites, Lice and Host Ancestry” in which Dr. Bagnall brings together all the facts and discusses what they indirectly teach us of the ancestry of mammals and birds. ‘‘ One of the first things which strikes the mind of the student of bird lice is the handing down of a parasite, practically unchanged, from the common ancestors of the specifically or even generically different birds of to-day.” A fascinating subject.—Hy.J.T. Seitz SuppLEMENTARY voLuMEs.—Parts 11 and 12 of the Supple- mentary portion of Seitz Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera have recently come to hand. They contain the commencement of the volume dealing with the Bombyces. There are two plates of 172 figures of the Zygaenidae with 82 pages of the corresponding letterpress. In the genus Zygaena the species are considered on the basis of Dr. Burgeff’s somewhat recent Catalogue, where 12 subgeneraareestablished. This change of classification has made it essential to mention every species and form treated in the original work. Of nomenclature it is stated, ‘‘ An indescribable chaos prevails in literature in regard to the denomination of aberrations. Names for intermediary gradations in the development of the markings of insects should therefore be excluded. For reasons of lucidity it has been necessary to leave out even a summary of the names of these excluded forms. In regard to the description of races, I am of opinion that one has often gone too far in this respect. Ways and means should be found of avoiding inun- dating nomenclature with denominations of minute and unimportant variations of the various strains among themselves. It should suffice to establish a larger main race, to describe the distinct variations from neighbouring main races and then to give same a subspecies name of its own. Should anyone desire a further division of such a subspecies, they can indicate the particulars, such as indication of locality, altitude, etc., below the name on the label.’”’ Rather than wait for the other collaborators to complete their sections for publication it was thought advisable to get on with the Heterocerous portions, that they might not be inordinately delayed. We might remind readers that the parts can be readily obtained from Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster, of the Strand, who are the agents in Great Britain.—Hy.J.T. TRANSACTIONS OF THE E\nroMoLoaicaL Society or HampsHIRE AND THE Sourn or Eneianp.—This publication has now become a regular issue, and the Society by enlarging its sphere to “the South of England” has roped in a considerable number of new members: the membership is now 116. The volume consists of 100 pages with 7 plates and 6 text-figures. All detailed routine matter is omitted and the contents consist of some 9 papers, which have been read at the meetings. Fred. J. Killington has an admirable paper Synopsis of British Neuroptera, which will be useful far beyond the confines of the South of England ; 6 of the plates and the text figures relate to this paper. Wm. Fassnidge contributes a preliminary List of the Vortrices of Hampshire, a nucleus for a complete and full List, in continuation of the List published in 1923-4 as a Supplement to this magazine, F. H. Haines gives a List of the Tenthredinoidea of Dorset and the New ee ot 4 a ce ae : -. 128 . ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 15.1X .1930 Forest, as a preliminary compilation for the aid of a List of another ~ section of the Hymenoptera of Hampshire. Truly the Society is keeping well in hand its main object, the recording of the insect fauna of Hampshire. We think the Society has taken the right line to omit publishing the routine of each meeting, when it would mean the omission or curtailment of such valuable papers and notes as we have given us in this capital production. We wish the Society every success.—Hy.J.T. First Report or tHe Kron Cottece Naturat History Sociery.— In this pamphlet of 42 papers one has an interesting account of a very praiseworthy commencement in the training of young students in making observations of the processes of nature. The newly-formed Society has for its objects (1) Expeditions whenever possible for the observation and collection of the local fauna and flora. (2) Lectures, papers, etc., by masters, members and visitors. (8) The keeping of a Log Book of all observations. ['rom the Report we read that the activity side of the Society’s object was very successful and a considerable amount of material was obtained in all orders, but the Log-book contributions are ‘‘at present disappointing,” and the editor urges members to send in “ more photographs and subject matter which they may have collected on expeditions, and observations made at any other time.”” We would emphasise this and say that however complete an observation may be, unless it is recorded at once, it is only a matter of memory and becomes rapidly incomplete and incorrect in detail. The College possesses a museum which has recently been undergoing general “ Spring-cleaning”’ an a mahogany insect cabinet has been presented to which contri- butions of specimens are desired. ‘‘ Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Eton District” compiled by J. M. McC. Fisher from records sent in during 1928-9 is a very useful production, South’s 3 vols. are the basis for nomenclature and arrangement; the best for the purpose and use of the Society. It is somewhat unfortunate that errors in spelling have crept into the scientific names, for it is most desirable that the young student should not have the necessity of “ unlearning”’ lateron. The errors are partly printer’s, partly copyist’s and partly “ hand me down ” errors (egaera, egeria, phloeas, hyperanthus in the last category). In the names of the butterflies alone there are nineerrors? The following observation is given: ‘At Butts Zyyaena trifolii, Z. lonicerae and Z. filipendulae were all noticed paired with each other, it seemed almost indiscriminately. Whether this cross-breeding produces the varieties (e.y., basilis) which are sometimes found there, I do not know.” The ornithological records and observations are considerable and there are 3 plates. We can only say that the Report is an extremely good and useful record of a most successful effort to arouse and sustain the power of efficient, scientific observation among those who later in life may become naturalists of outstanding merit.—Hy.J.T. [We should like to know if it be a fact that these three Zygaenids occur at thesame time on the same ground.—L[ps. | We much regret to record the deaths of the following whose spare time interests were more or less centered on entomology: A. W. Mera, Eatl Waldgrave, Prof. Selwyn Image and G. ‘I’. Lyle; the first three of whoni were over 80 years of age. We hope to publish short notices in a later issue. E : 1ele F sending in MS.. ; icles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHop cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. scribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should ) Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. icates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. ances Street, Chesham, Bucks. iderata. —URGENTLY REQUIRED, Hants nani of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. at. Hist. Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. licates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col.), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. Desiderata.—Species:of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list . C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates. —Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—¥arly stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and nda.—d. J. Wightman, ** durago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates. Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zepbyrus (Friv) type, eroides, sinteroa, aea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coenonympba oedipus, leander. ‘Signor ALFREDO Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first A 21 ae Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of World copy of: Schrank, Enumeratio Insectorum Austriae. 4 plates ; 1781. Leather bears his autograph with the date 1821. Any fair offer accepted.—B. C.S. Warren, Av. del’ Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. XCHANGES.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of ish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. HHANGE or Appress.—Kenneth J. Hayward, F.E.S., F.R.G.S., from English Club, uenos Aires, to Estancia Santa Rosa, Patquia, Provincia La Rioja. F. C.C.N.A. ’ Argentine public. Comm. Wyndham Forbes, D.S.0., F.E.S., from Shillinzeton: Dorset, to Buekhorn \ ‘eston Rectory, Wincanton, Somerset. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. m. October Ist. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia mbers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m ptember 25th, October 9th, 23rd (Ann. Exhibition).—Hon. Seeretary Stanley Edwards, f. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings 1st and 3rd Tuesdays in the mth at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel eet, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through M embers or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. geal: 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Sex. Two New Interesting Subspecies of PARNASSIUS acdestis-kardakoffi and simo-martini-heringi Kungei- Ala- tau, Issykkul, September. 3700m. We send on Approval No Obligation to Purchase Dr. 0. STAUDINGER & A, BANG-HAAS, Dresden-Blasewitz. erata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill , gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and - ing (back repaired); recently catalogued at 30/-. This copy belonged to Stephens, A 5: a f ae A % ¢ uae pe prt men i Butterfly Week in Belgium, fae G. Wheeler, M. An PF. E. S. (plate) a “hy Melitaea wheeleri; and briantea and its gen. Bily: automnalis (postion, B.C. S. Warren, F.E.S. ed _ Calobata caleeata (Dip.), a species new to the British List, He -Donisthorpe, na F.Z.S,, F.ES., etc, .. Ry on i oe el es.) sain ater talae oo als . i oa iy igre Megs _ Notes on the relationship between the Melitaeidi, and partietanly bet ean Mhioge ny of the athalia, Rott., group, Roger Verity, M. ie 6 ee a ia Nomenclature. Errors Ill., Hy.J.T. .. pis es 4 bine Ro sisivs i nok oe _ Newly Described Forms of British Lepidoptera, Hy. I. Tr. UMA T nt 5 i Notes: on Some South African Lepidoptera, J. S. Taylor, M.A., D. e) Cc. aS ot a ke a -Screntirro Norges.—Marriage Fight of Andraena argentata, BS i _ Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc. .. ay ve Gre - ha oa ae Current Notes anpD SHort Novices .. = ode ans PR haat a _ Reviews... . ¥ it es re a Si As pe A (ig) t ae ‘““ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. ae List of British Geometers: with named varieties and synonyms. By. ee 4 ‘Hy. J. Turyrr, F:E.S.— .. ig A % Price, one copy 1s. 0d. two copies 1s.6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kenneru J. Haywarp, F.E.S.°..- 18) 8d Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the git deel a - Durrant, F.E.S. (a few copies only) .. De Mi Se 2s.6d. 0 Back Volumes, Nos; 37-41 of Ent. Record, new series ; ; including Special es Index .. ae sie - a Fle: oad Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. ee To be obtained post free from H. W. Anprews, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, $.E 9. ee * 7 STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 145 Stray Notes on Erebiid species. d By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. The fact that one or two correspondents seem to take interest in the notes that I have published on some Erebias, leads me to continue them ; although they are, of necessity, so incomplete that I feel diffident about doing so. I must begin with corrections. I am indebted to my friend Capt. A. F. Hemming, for drawing my attention to the following mistakes. 1. E. eriphyle, Frr.—I stated in the April number (p. 57) that eriphyle, Frr. would fall as a primary homonym to ertphile, Stoll: this I am glad to say, is not the case; it was merely an oversight on my part of the fact that Freyer placed all his Erebias in the genus Hippar- chia, although he uses the prefix ‘“ Papilio”” in each case in his descriptions. His generic divisions are, however, clearly intentional ; and | understand are accepted as genera by the authorities. As eriphile, Stoll, is not an Mrebia, Freyer’s name stands. 2. In my notes on pawloskit and theano, in uniting them as co-specific, I retained the former as the specific name. T’heano should of course have been used for it is much the older name of the two. Some forms of FE, euryale. This must not be regarded even as a synopsis of a treatise on the variation of this interesting species, a complete account of which would fill several numbers of this magazine. I merely want to point out a few facts, not generally recognised, that may be a help to anyone interested in the species, and at the same time to distinguish the beautiful race inhabiting the Bohmerwald, which has so far been sunk as typical ewryale. To start with, the following points should be remembered :—(1) of all the named forms (excepting the type and adyte, Hb.) every one varies in such a manner that it passes imperceptibly into the race that it is closest to, and in consequence in certain localities it may be difficult to decide to which race the indigenous form belongs. ‘The two races so united may, nevertheless, be markedly different in other localities. The type and adyte approach other races, but do not quite reach them. (2) In all races, without exception, the ? is dimorphic; i.e. 9s occur with either yellow or white markings on the underside of the hindwings. Attempts to distinguish races by this feature of the under- side of the 2s is therefore quite valueless. (3) Most references to the name tsarica in the literature of the Species are entirely incorrect. Iiven the original description of this unfortunate name, is full of mistakes. When Heyne wrote it, there can be no doubt he did not know what typical ewryale was: he was obviously comparing the Isergebirge race with adyte. (4) References to adyte, must be taken with equal caution. (5) Most writers have not taken the trouble to verify the facts concerning these names for themselves, but have only copied what previous systematists have written: they also usually ignore the best work that has been done, because it bas mostly appeared in periodicals. It is unfortunately true that the most recent writer on the Erebias has followed the ancient custom of unchecked statements, so that the 146 ~~ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1980 | new Supplement of Seitz (so far as the Krebias are concerned) is only new in name. Goltz (to take examples from the species with which we are at present concerned) uses isarica to cover clanis, Frhst. and tramelana, Rev., and perpetuates the statement that type ewryale occurs in the B6hmerwald. It seems most regretable that an expert should not take the trouble to verify his statements when writing for a stan- . dard work like Seitz, but indeed, the lack of fact derived from the comparison of specimens is only too striking throughout the work, and it is further emphasised by the most unfair, and totally misleading manner in which Fruhstorfer’s work is dealt with; while a disregard of the laws of nomenclature, and of most of the results derived from anatomical work in the past, combine to render the Hrebia section of this new publication useless, alike to the student and collector. It must not be thought that the above examples are my ground for these remarks, they are merely given as I intend dealing with these points in this article; but they are typical of the inaccuracy which pervades the whole treatment of the Genus. Now, quite briefly, a few facts about ‘sarica, adyte and the ‘‘ typical euryale”’ of the Bobmerwald. (a) Isarica.—Heyne gave this name to the form occurring in the Isergebirge. As already stated, he evidently did not know what type euryale was, for the characters in which his race is supposed to differ from euryale, are typical of the latter ; his description actually agreeing very well with Esper’s. When, however, one compares it with a specimen of adyte from Switzerland (I will explain my use of the latter name further on) his points can at once be appreciated. The actual fact is that the insect of the Isergebirge is identical with that of the Riesengebirge, i.e., it is ewryale. A fact nearly always overlooked is that, normally, the g euryale has no white pupils in the black spots on the upperside, though they are present on the underside. Hsper states that the spots in the g are blind, but have pupils in the @. The only point of difference then, which distinguishes some Isergebirge specimens from the type, is that among the 9? s a consider- able number are without white pupils; and it is to these that the name isarica must apply, unless it is to be sunk as a synonym of euryale. It may be said that Heyne does not mention the ? in his description, but remembering that his “typical ewryale”’ is adyte, it is obvious that the great, and quite striking difference, was to be seen in the gs and therefore was emphasised by him; and further that ?s with white pupils are quite plentiful in the Isergebirge so that in this sex the want of the pupils was much less remarkable. In short we can only retain isarica asa ? form of the type, which occurs everywhere the type does; it has no claim to be applied to the ssp. clanis or tramelana. (b) ssp. adyte, Hb. It will not be necessary to say much about this name. It was correctly used by some of the old authors, and as so frequently happens, misused by later ones. Meyer Diir and Frey applied it correctly, to the usual high-level Swiss form of ewryale, that with the very prominent white pupils in the black spots on the upperside in both sexes, and to anyone who has made a careful study of the known forms of enryale and ligea it will be entirely unquestionable that Hiibner’s figs. 759 and 760 represent this insect. Later on, in 1918, Reverdin published one sf ~ STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 147 = = = of his careful and cautious studies on this name, and though handicapped by insufficient material of the type race of ewryale, his conclusions were in agreement with Meyer Diir and Frey. In the meantime Vorbrodt had given the name helvetica to the same insect. Goltz, without giving any reasons, asserts that the name adyte has been incorrectly applied to helvetica; and that adyte cannot be used as it is impossible to determine what it represents. As Hiibner’s figures are quite good ones, unless we are prepared to maintain that a name based on a figure is not valid, there is no ground for rejecting adyte. The ssp. adyte occurs from the Tyrol to the Mediterranean, and is quite one of the most distinct and easily recognised forms. It has been given other names in various localities, all of which fall. (i.¢., helvetica, Vrbt.; rusca, Frhst.; and etobyma, Frhst.) Perhaps I should add that throughout the area of its distribution adyte is, of course, not the only form of the species which is found: for example, in Switzerland, there occur three other marked races beside adyte. The similarity in size between Hiibner’s figures and the small Scandinavian ligea subsp. dovrensis, has no doubt been the real source of the trouble connected with the name; but there is no real difficulty in distinguishing between specimens of this small liyea and the heavily-marked adyte with its very dark underside to the hindwings; and Hibner’s figures differ from the one exactly as they agree with the other. Asa matter of fact dovrensis shows the features of ligea, which is only natural, but it is superficially a little like ewryale, and there would have been much more ground for uniting it with EKsper’s insect than with adyte. (c) Now as to the alleged type race of the Bohmerwald. Muryale has a much greater distribution than is usually supposed to be the case, occurring in widely separated localities throughout the great chain of mountains that runs from the Isergebirge to the Transylvanian Alps. The brighter coloration in both sexes, and the more or less elliptical shape of the black spots; the fine marking of the underside of hindwing in the g, render it easily recognised and make it diffieult to understand how it has been overlooked in the Carpathians. The mistaken identification of the Béhmerwald specimens is easier to understand ; for in colour this race is nearer to the type than any other. It does not, however, attain to the brilliant, almost red-orange colour of the type, at its finest. (The most beautiful examples as regards colour that I have seen come from the Rehorngebirge, but the colour of course fades with age just as the black of quite fresh Hrebias turns to brown). The Bdhmerwald race may be described as follows :— race bohmerwaldensis nov.—A form transitional between euryale and clanis, 'rhst. Both sexes approach euryale in the bright, more brown-orange colour of the bands, both upper and underside. The 3 differs from euryale in the very irregular widths of the spots composing the bands on the forewings, which has the effect of producing a jagged and irregular inner edge to the band, which in euryale 3 is an even curve. The black spots in this band are more or less elliptical, while on the hindwings they are decidedly stronger marked, on both upper and undersides than in euryale or clanis, There is a strong tendency to the development of 4 (or more) of these spots, on the forewings, and usually 4 on the hindwings too, in which the race resembles ewryale. The underside of the hindwings in the g is of the clanis type, very dark, with the marginal band slightly sprinkled é 148 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.XJ.1930 — with silver-grey scales, the black spots prominent and just ringed with small rust-red rings which are sharply defined externally as in clanis, and rarely inclining to be diffused as in enyale. Another marked feature in béhmerwaldensis is the absence (in both sexes) of the white pupils in the black spots on the wnderside. These pupils are sometimes very promient in clanis and euryale, nearly always slightly marked in the former, and frequently very pronounced in the latter, even in the case of the gs in which the spots are quite without them on the upperside. (Of course the g enryale is often without them too, but I have not seen a specimen of béhmerwaldensis in which they are clearly developed.) They are a more constant distinction in the ?s (which are often very similar in the various races), for in both euryale and clanis they are the rule, and often very large, but in bdhmerwaldensis only occasionally present as minute points. In size the g béhmerwaldensis is larger than enryale, being equal to the largest clanis; the gs of all three vary so much that there is no distinction in this respect ; but on the average ewryale may be. said to be the smallest. To summarise :—béhmerwaldensis differs from euryale n: (1) the less bright colour of the bands both upper and underside; (2) the irregular inner edge of the band on the upperside of the fore- wings in the ¢ ; (8) the large size of the black spots on the hindwings and the sharp external outline of the red rings around these spots on the underside in the gs; (4) the absence of white pupils in the spots of the underside in the 9s; and from clanis in: (1) the brighter color- ation of the bands both upper and underside: (2) the more pronounced development of the black spots upper and underside; (3) the want of white pupils in the spots of the underside. Like all races of the species, bdhmerwaldensis varies extensively. I have seen specimens that could not be distinguished from clanis, and one or two very close to euryale, but in spite of these examples, it would be quite incorrect to class this race as either of the others. I am indebted to Herr J. Soffner of Trautenau, for the material which enabled me to recognise this new race. Cartodere separanda, Reitt., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain. By T. H. EDMONDS, F.E.S. Elongate, depressed, entirely testaceous or ferruginous, coarsely and rugosely punctured. Size 1:3-1-8mm. Head, elongate, coarsely and rather plainly punctured. Antennae, with a three-jointed club. Thorax, elongate, much narrower than elytra, strongly encised at the sides behind the middle with a transverse impression at the base. Elytra, elongate oval with 6 rows of very strong punctures, the 5th interstice, only, strongly carinate, the dorsal surface when viewed sideways is rather depressed at the base then gradually raised, again shallowly depressed beyond the middle and suddenly raised to an abrupt hunip before the apical declivity which is almost vertical. Leys, moderately robust. : z : , E NOMENCLATURE OF A. ADIPPE AND M, DICTYNNA 149 In July of this year I took, in the neighbourhood of Bovey Tracey, South Devon, in grass traps in the runs of the ant A. fuliyinosus, many specimens of a Cartodere which seemed to me to differ from elongata. I sent some examples to Mr. Donisthorpe who forwarded them to Col. Deville for his opinion. Col. Deville says that they are undoubtedly separanda, Reitt., and he quotes the following froma table of the species of Cartodere given by J. M. Belon in Revue d’ Kntomologie, Caen. 16, 138, 1897 :— 1. Coleoptera paulo ante apicatem declivitatem subrotundatum elevato gibbosa. Intervallum quartum basi tantum, quintum a medio saltem ad apice carinatum 2 elongata, Curt. 11. Coleoptera paulo anti apicatem declivitatem magis abruptum a fere verticalem in gibbum subdentiformem elevata. Solum intervallum quintum carinatum 5 separanda, Reitt. This species strongly resembles elongata but in addition to the differences mentioned above the elytra seem to be proportionally rather narrower and longer, the legs are a little more slender and the punctuation of the head, especially beyond the eyes, is not so confluent as in elongata. Since my captures Mr. Donisthorpe tells me that he has taken the species abundantly in bones put down as a trap in Windsor Forest. In my experience elonyata is generally taken singly usually in fungus, but from the above records separanda seems to be rather gregarious in its habits. It will probably be found to be mixed with elonyata in British collections. Previously it seems to have been recorded only from southern Europe. According to the Rules of Nomenclature the name of Argynnis adippe is of Rottemburg (nec L.), and that of Melitaea dictynna, Esp., must be replaced by diamina, Lang. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. Mr. Turner has very kindly looked up some data for me in this connection, and he had done it before the remark on ‘ the wretched homonym rule of the Zoologists’’ was published at page 78 of the present volume, so that the Editors know this paper is not meant as a counteraction. Iam glad, however, it affords me an occasion to point out at once that, far from increasing the necessary changes of names, the rule of ‘‘ primary homonymy’”’ does away with all unforeseeable changes of the future, which the splitting up of genera would bring about, if, each time species were separated generically, one were obliged to take up again the older names, which had been discarded because they were homonyms in the broader genus. In some cases this rule may bring about some unnecessary changes, from a practical point of view, but these little sacrifices must be made in order to attain a uniform result and the sooner all set to work according to discipline, the sooner revisions will be done away with and final stability established. It is comforting to note that the rule of primary homonymy preserves several familiar names of butterflies, which the authors of the beginning of this century had found it necessary to alter according to the rule of 150 ce OLOGISY’S RECOKD. 15.X1.1980 priority. They had discovered that in quite a number of cases an older name existed than the one in use. What had done it was that the very earliest zoologists had discarded the former when all the butterflies belonged to the single genus Papilio or a little later, when it had only been split into very few genera, because at that time those names were homonyms of others within the same genus. The application of the rule of priority, now the genera are very much more restricted and numerous, would have obliged one to alter, for instance, Erebia aethiops, Esp., to medea, Schiff., and in the Lycaenidi: agestis, Schiff., or astrarche, Berg., to medon, Hufn., bellargus, Rott., to thetis, Rott., baton, Berg., to hylas, Schiff., and argyrognomon, Berg., to idas, L. All these older names, however, were homonyms in the single genus Papilio, to which they belonged when they were erected, each having already previously being used in it for another species. The rule of primary homonymy thus comes in and condemns them never to be used again, avoiding all the changes which would have been necessary if they had been subsequently revived in the later genera. These results are so satisfactory and so numerous that, if the rule cuts the other way, now and then, and leads to a change of name, we can well make these sacrifices to it. As to the particular case of cydippe and adippe, which has suggested the remarks of our Iiditors, it is a little problem of its own. It is many years I have been puzzling over it and I have dealt with it in the Linnean Society's Journal— Zoology of 1918, p. 128, and in the Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1929, p. 277, but it is only now I have struck a solution, which I believe is the correct one and which is a happy one, as it preserves the name in use since a century and a half and it is at the same time strictly in keeping with the International Rules of Nomenclature. In those two papers I have pointed out that Linnaeus bas never distinguished and evidently never even seen the species, which is attributed to him under the names of cydippe. or adippe. The specimen he has left, labelled in his own handwriting ‘“ cydippe,” is a female of nivbe with a very complete set of silver spots on the underside, exactly agreeing in number and in position with those he describes at length, showing that it was the very specimen he had before him. He gives no other distinguishing feature and he himself adds it might simply be the other sex of niobe, described by him as having no silver spots. His name of cydippe is thus nothing more than the first one ever given to an individual form of a butterfly and, accordinely, neither it nor that of adippe, with which Linnaeus substituted it later, when he discovered he had already used it for an oriental species (a Cethosia of our times), have, nowadays, any status, because the modern International Rules do not recognise individual forms. The result is that the name adippe was perfectly available for any species or subspecies, as though it had never appeared in the literature of the lepidoptera, and when in 1775 Rottemburg and Schiffermiiller really detected the existence of the near ally of nivbe as a distinct species and used the name of adippe for it, it is they who erected this name for the first time and are the real authors of it, Rottemburg having precedence over Schiffermiller, according to Prout’s suggestion in cases of this sort, as I will presently mention again. One can thus go on using the name of adippe and all one need do is to change its author from Linnaeus to Rottemburg. The latter in his NOMENCLATURE OF A. ADIPPE AND M, DICTYNNA. 151 original description in Der Naturforscher, VI., p. 12, distinguishes it specifically from niobe chiefly on the strength of “ its underside ground- colour being more yellow and the black veins and transverse streaks entirely lacking,” adding that one can perceive perfectly it is, in general looks, different from niobe, although it is difficult to put the differences in words. This is very much the impression most of us have in the case of some races of these species. Rottemburg’s words, few as they are, fix the nominotypical form very exactly as the one in which the underside pattern is extremely reduced, the yellow ground-colour being broadly uncovered. It is the one figured by Bergstrasser from the County of Hanau under the name of phrywa, which, according to the view I have just given, is an exact synonym of adippe, Rott. This form is quite racial in some localities and presumably in the drier ones: the fulvous of the upperside is of a light tinge and the black spots of small size. The name of baiuvarica, Spuler, thus holds good for the race with the underside broadly suffused with russet, chiefly found in the Tyrol and in the eastern Alps generally, and that of vulgvadippe, Vrty., Bull. Soc. Ent France, 1929, p. 279, for the race with the under- side exhibiting broad patches of russet and of green in about equal quantities, which I have described from the New Forest, in England, but which is the prevalent one from Sweden to the Pyrenees and to Austria: it is of a richer tone of colour also on the upperside and the black spotting is broader than in the nominotypicalform. The latter’s original locality can be considered Berlin, as Rottemburg was dealing with Hufnagel’s List of butterflies of this locality, when describing it, but it is found as an individual form and as a local race all over the area of vulyoadippe, The other nomenclatorial question |] must deal with does not afford as happy a solution as the preceding one, because there seems to be no way of avoiding the sacrifice of the well known name of Mel/taea dictynna, Esp. to the Rule of primary homonymy. The name of divtynna was first used in the genus Papilio of those days by Schiffermuller. Its validity is unquestionable in the first place because it is accompanied by a description (‘The orange coloured butterfly, posteriorly eyed on the underside’’) and then because it has always been admitted that Schiffermuller’s very old book must be regar- ded as a case of its own and his names considered valid even in some particular cases in which he actually gave no description at all, such as that of Melitaea trivia. | What has led to this is that [Fabricius in 1784 took a journey to Vienna to study Schiffermiiller’s ‘“‘ types”’ and drew out short, but very exact and clear descriptions of all these insects. Subsequently Toussaint von Charpentier did the same and quoted, in most cases, the figures of Hubner which represent those species; he was followed by Zincken, surnamed Sommer, by Treitschke, by Fischer and by others, who all established Schiffermiiller’s species most exactly, so that there would be no sense in discarding some of his names now as ‘‘nomina nuda.”’ Nevertheless his dictynna falls specifically as a synonym of Argynnis ino, Rott., described in 1775 and thus having the right of priority, according to Prout’s ingenious suggestion that all names published during that year should have precedence over Schiffermiuller’s and all those published in 1776 should fall before his, owing to a few copies, one of which is in my possession, bearing a woodcut titlepage with the title of: ‘ Ankiindung eines systematischen 152 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.X1.1980 Werks von den Schmett. der Wienergegend,” and the date of 1775, instead of the usual one of 1776. ‘The name of dictynna, Schiff. thus has a status and, although it is an absolute synonym of ino, Rott., because the latter’s original figure exactly represents the individual form which is prevalent at Vienna, with rather a broad black marginal band on the upperside and a purple suffusion of a deep tinge on the underside, it does away with the possibility of using Esper’s homonym, erected under the same generic name of Papilio. Looking over Ochsenheimer’s very complete old bibliographical references I find that Lang furnishes us since 1782-89 with the substi- tute of pramina, in his Verzeichniss seiner Schmetterlinge, p. 44. This has been entirely neglected by Kirby, by Staudinger and in all the synonymic lists I have consulted. Lang gives no description, but simply gives, after the name, the reference: ‘‘ Ernst., pl. LXII., fig. 81 bis. Le Damier siviéme Espéce.” Ernst., on the other hand, gave no name, but referred to Esper, p. 382, /.e., to dictynna Esp. (1777). The result is that Lang names Ernst’s description and in consequence actually renames Esper’s dictynna of 1777, of which he possessed examples from near Augsburg. As Esper’s name must fall, owing to its being a primary homonym, Lang’s substitute is just what one requires and it has the advantage of applying to the same nominotypical race, so that nothing else need be altered. Description of the larva of Speocropia sp.nov. By CAPT. K. J. HAYWARD, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. Length 34 mm. Head and thoracic plate black, the latter with a wees dividing line dorsally and the head with short white hairs. Body black and, with the exception of a band low down laterally and the dorsal portion of the 11th segment, is closely covered with small irregular yellow spots. The black lateral area bordered above with a light yellow line. Tubercles khaki and very prominent. Beneath dark honey brown with traces of the yellow spotting. The tubercles are as follows.— First thoracic with supra- and sub-spiracular and alateral. Second and third thoracics with a ring of five on the forward part of the segment and subspiraculars iv. and v. anda small lateral. Abdominals one to six with anterior and posterior trapezoidals, supra-, post-, and sub-, spiraculars, and a lateral, whilst on the segments 1 and 2 there is a marginal very low down and almost in line with the legs. Segment seven the same but without the postspiracular, there being both subspira- culars iv. and v. Segment eight the same as seven, and nine with the anterior and posterior trapezoidals, a subspiracular and alateral. The lateral tubercles are small and whitish and the marginal very small and yellowish khaki. Specimens of the larva in spirit sent to the B.M. Nat. Hist. under No. 7040 and the bred imagines under No. 7019. The pupae and cocoons under No. 7041. Larvae pupated the 28rd of February, emerging March the 13th. Larva on Smilax asumptionis, A.D. (Liliaceae), locally known as “ Zarza blanca.” NEW FORMS OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. 158 Larvae are gregarious inasmuch that during the heat of the day they lie along the plant stem in a cluster, scattering to feed. Pupa in a tough irregularly shaped brown cocoon that bas the appearance of bark. Very frequently pupates among the branches of tall weeds where it is quite conspicuous. Pupating on the bark of trees it is almost impossible to discover. Described from a large number of. larvae found on the forest edge at Villa Ana, Argentina, on February 21st, 1926. a Dytead gen ee “ Evidence that Bombi seeking their nest are guided by the recognition of local features.” By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.S., ete. On August 18th, 1930, I discovered a nest of Bombus lapidarius, L., in Windsor I’orest. The entrance to the nest, a small hole in the ground, was situated close to a heavy, large fallen bough. Wishing to dig up the nest, I moved the bough, using a branch that was sticking out of it as a pivot on which to raise it up and turn it over. The entrance to the nest was now about two feet behind the bough instead of an inch in front of it as in its original position. The homing bees were now unable to find their nest ; they all flew over the entrance, hovering over and alighting just the other side of the bough where the entrance would have been if the bough were in its original position. They kept hunting about, flying up and down, and always returning to the same spot, but never found the entrance to their nest until the bough was swung back to its former situation. I also found that even the pulling up of some long grass near the entrance interfered with their power to find their way home. This experiment shows that the insects depended on sight, and sight alone, in finding the nest, and it implies previous locality study, and exact memory of impressions received. The nest was eventually dug up; four queens were present and some 80 to 50 workers. ‘The following other creatures were found amongst the-comb and in the nest :— Several species of Dipterous larvae, a number of mites, the small Dipteron Dohrniphora rostralis, Schmitz, 9. (Edwards tells me there are only two specimens, g ¢, in the British Collection of Diptera in the British Museum) ; five examples of the moles’ nest beetle Quedius talparwm, Dev., one dead Antherophayus nigricoruis, F., one live A. pallens, Ol., and a number of Antherophagus larvae, Cryptophagus larvae and C. setulosus, Stm., in some numbers. Newly Described Forms of British species of Lepidoptera. Coscinia cribrum, L. subsp. splendida, Dnbl., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesell. XIX. 100.—Completely markingless. Mostly of large size, even the black dots at the ends of the veins present in ab. candida, Cyr. and in punctiyera, Frr. are completely wanting. Abruzzi. In ab. pseudofasciata the black dots, chiefly those of the cross lines are extended to long streaks both along and between the veins. Rhineland. Callimorpha dominula, L. subsp. majellica, Dnhl., l.c. 101.—The forewings are normal. ‘This is a constant local race belonging to the persona, Hb. group. The marginal spots on the hindwing much more 154 ENTOMOLOGIS'?’S RECORD. 15.X1.19380 reduced to a marking which narrows to a wide almost uniform black margin, with no streaks towards the base, and the yellow disc is not crossed by blackmarked veining. Dasychira faeelina, L. ab. nigrotecta, Dubl., l.c.—Forewings wholly black, hindwings black grey, cell spot only slightly expressed ; fringes a little paler. Lorch-am-Rhein. Lasiocampa trifolit, Esp. samnitica, Dnbl., l.c—Very small mountain form. 384-39mm. The grey very coarse scaling is usually so developed that it covers the marking of the band of the hindwing; the ground is paler grey very uniform, the outer area of the forewing somewhat brighter and the band not strongly developed. The female is uniform grey-yellow, the band wide, very obsolescent. Majella. Drepana binaria, Hfn. ab. obtecta, Dnhbl. 1.c.—The darkest of the more dusky forms, a deep brown dominating the blue tone. The spots on the forewing scarcely visible, the band the same. Monti Albini, Sabini, etc. ditto, ab. cultrarioides, Dnhl.—Forewing strongly violet grey dusted, but the hindwing only the wide middle band, while the base and outer area is yellow-brown. Thecentral band on the forewing is recognisable, but only slightly tinted. Roman Campagna, Stauropus fagi, L. ab. illustris, Dnhl, l.c.—Forewing brightened with plentiful yellow powdering. Central area less strongly powdered. All the markings clear, especially the antimarginal black row of spots. Hindwing in the upper portion tinted with whitish yellow. The general ground colour tends more to yellow than to grey. Near Leipzic. New Forms of European Rhopalocera. Carcharodus lavatera subsp. tauricus, Rev. (or new species). Bull. Soc. Lep. Gen. (1929) VI. 89, plt. [I., figs 1-2. (1929). Mt. Athos, St. Andrée. : Melanargia lachesis ab. gaillardi, Rev., l.c. p. 90, plt. II. figs. 3-4. Pont du Gard. Hesperia carthami race lucasi, Rey. l.c. p. 91. plt. I. figs. 5-6. Benon Charente. Apatura ilia ab. interfracta, Cabeau. Lamb. XXX. 18, plt. III. fig. 2 (1930). Parnassius mnemosyne subsp. sulmonensis, Dnhl. Mitt. Mimch. Ent Gesell. XIX. 97 (1929) Italy. subsp. velinensis, Dnbl, lc. Anthocharis euphenoides, St. subsp. ttalorum, Dnbl. le. p. 98. Erebia stygne, Och. subsp. paradisi, Dnhl. l.c. Epinephile lyeaon, Rott. subsp. oronama, Dnhl. l.c. p. 99. C. hippophaés, Esp. ab. obscurata, Dnhl. l.c. p. 100. JPOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. P. soreatis In Wates.—I took Pelophila borealis under stones by the side of Tal-y-llyn on September 15th this year. I took two specimens but should have taken more probably as I only worked a small area and not very carefully. As far as 1am aware this species has not been recorded from England or Wales before.—S. O. Taynor. SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 155 Cotas crocrus (epusa) aT CHICHESTER.—Colias croceus occurred in this locality sparingly the last week of August and beginning of September.—JosspH AnprExson, Chichester. Poryeonta (GRaAPTA) C-ALBUM, AT CHICHESTER.—A specimen of this butterfly was seen by Mr. Bridle here on August 25tu flying in his garden and another on October 20th was taken in their garden by Mrs. Humphry, our neighbour. At this period the weather was chilly, and heavy rain occurred on this date.—In. [This species has also been reported from Bookham and Cheam, the latter lovality being the nearest to London record.—Hy.J.1T.] STRANGALIA AURULENTA IN CornwaLL.—lI do not know whether this species has been recorded from this county, but it will no doubt be of interest to record the capture by myself of two females in my garden here—the first, a fine large one, on July 5th last at 7.80 a im. (summer time) on a young turkey oak 34 feet in height; the other, rather smaller, on a seedling broom about the saine height at the same time on July 22nd. The nearest conifers of any size are in private grounds about a + of a mile away and | have not seen the species previously except near Bovey Tracey some years ago.—C. Nicuoxson, (I.1i.8.), ** Nansgwithick,” Tresillian, Cornwall. September 30th, 1980. SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. AGRIUS CONVOLVULI IN CoxNnwaLL.—On the 20th inst. a practically perfect living specimen of this species was brought to me by the young son of a neighbour, who found it on some linen she had brought in from the garden—not the first large Sphingid tbat has shown a predilection for resting on the family washing, according to ‘Lutt’s “ British Lepidoptera’?! Thinking it would be interesting to see when it took wing I removed it from the glass jam-jar, in which it reposed on some leaves, and placed it on one of the rough posts of the verandah, Beyond giving the forepart of its body an upward heave when disturbed (and subsequently when touched) it did not resent being moved and when placed on the post it remained for some little time with its head and thorax raised on its anterior legs, giving it an alert appearance. Gradually it settled down and in the course of some fifteen minutes it was closely pressed to the post throughout its length and as the post was about 5 inches in diameter and oak the protective resemblance was very good. Just before 8 p.m., I went to look at it and found its wings raised at an angle of about 45° to the post and quivering in the way usual with moths when about to take their first flight. Whilst waiting for it to take wing I saw through the glass roof of the verandah what at first I took to be one of the bats whicb fly up and down its length at dusk and pick off the flies from the inside of the roof, the woodwork of which is painted white. It hovered a little and then came inside and [| realised that it was another cunvulvuli visiting the flowers of an evergreen honeysuckle growing up the next post. It flew so slowly that it was easy to catch, and whilst I was engaged with it the “captive” launched forth and went up to the roof where it buzzed about against the glass and was equally easy to secure. When I first saw the second moth | wondered 156 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.X.1980 whether it was a case of ‘: sembling,’’ but on examining the “ captive”’ I could see no sign that it was calling and indeed its long evenly tapering body suggested that it wasa male. I have, unfortunately, no tobacco-plants or other likely attractions, except possibly some “red-hot pokers ” (Aniphojia) and Phyyelius capensis, both plants with long tubular flowers and plenty of nectar suitable for the visits of Sphingids but neither at all fragrant by day or night and neither visited by insects, except an odd fly or two, so far as I have been able to observe. So deat is the nectar in the Phygelius, in fact, that it rains down on one’s hand if a flowering branch be lightly jerked or shaken. Can anyone say what moths visit these plants in their native country, Africa? As the mouth of the flower in each species is about a quarter of an inch in diameter fairly large noctuids with long probosces could reach the nectar by crawling into the mouth a little way.— Iprip. Since writing the above I have seen a third specimen which was caught in a small back garden in Truro on September 16th, and a fourth captured at the end of August on the cliff edge near Newquay and was sent to me to name at the end of September.—Isip, October 28th, 1930. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford on July 12th, Professor KE. B. Poulton in the chair, and on July 18th, Dr. Harry Eltringbam in the chair. Members present in addition to the Chairmen. Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis and Mr. James KE. Collin. Visitors present. Dr. A. Avinoff, Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. E. Bolton King, Dr. Wie Lamborn, Sir G. A. K. Marshall, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Com. James J. Walker, Mr. ©. J. Wainwright. Some of the recent research work and the collections of the Department were on view and afforded much pleasure and occupied the whole afternoon during which tea was dispensed by Mrs. Poulton assisted by friends. The following exhibits attracted special attention:—(1) The Lepidoptera collected by Dr. Dixey when in South Africa in 1929. (2) A collection of British Coleoptera taken by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in Windsor Torest consisting of 1225 species. An adjournment of the members and guests was made soon after 5 o'clock to Jesus College where apartments were provided for their comfort and the company reassembled at Jesus College at 8 o’clock when dinner was served, Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., being in the chair. A very enjoyable evening was spent during which Mr. Donisthorpe showed twenty specimens of Calobata calceata, Falln., a species of Diptera new to Britain taken by him in Windsor Forest on June 26th and July 1st, 1980, and made the following remarks :— “On June 26th last when collecting in Windsor Forest several specimens of a curious looking fly were observed ‘sideling’ over a large felled beech tree. As I had never seen it before two specimens CURRENT NOTES. 157 were secured. On taking them to the British Museum Miss Aubertin named them Calobata calceata, Falln., a species which they did not possess in the British Collection and was of the opinion that it had not been taken in Britain before. On referring to Mr. Collin he stated they were new to the British list. On visiting the same locality again on July 1st the fly was found to be present in some numbers and twenty specimens were soon caught. The fly careers over the surface of the tree on the tips of its toes and looks rather like a small grass-hopper.’’ Mr. Donisthorpe pointed out that this made the twenty-eighth species of insects he had taken in Windsor new to Britain, consisting of 23 Coleoptera, 2 Diptera, 1 Braconid, 1 Aphid, and 1 Flea. On Sunday, July 13th, some of the visitors availed themselves of another visit to the Hope Department and others visited various places in the neighbourhood. Luncheon was provided at Jesus College, and in the afternoon an entomological excursion was made to Bagley \Wood in motor cars. The weather was fine and warm and a large number of butterflies were on the wing including :—Dryas paphia, Argynnis cydippe, Brenthis selene, Epinephele tithonus, Mh. jurtina, Aphantopus hyperantus, Limenitis sibylla, etc. and Dr. Avinoff by a dexterous ‘ coup de chapeau ’ captured a fine specimen of T'rochilinm apifurmis. Amongst many coleoptera, Hylesinus fraxini, Pz. was found in an ash tree with its parasites Cheiropachys colon, L. and Eurytoma ischiowanthus, Retz. Several species of Cionus were found on the same plant of Scrophularia and a number of Phyllobius aryentatus, L. were found enveloped in the copious web of a very small spider. A number of Diptera were taken, amongst which Mr. Collin captured the Anthomyiid, Hydrotaea cyrtoneurina, Zett. Tea was provided at 5 o’clock in the Keeper’s Lodge, and after a further ramble in the wood the return journey was made at 6 o'clock. The guests again assembled at Jesus College at 8 o’clock where dinner was served, Dr. Harry E!tringbam in the chair, and another very pleasant evening was spent. The meetings were most successful and interesting and were greutly enjoyed. On Monday July 14th the guests departed to their various destinations.—H.W I. No. 1 of volume IV. of the Bulletin of the Hill Musemn was already in the press on the decease of Mrs. Joicey. It has just been distributed to subscribers and the volume of plates which were also in hand will, we understand, follow shortly. Fortunately the ‘ Revision of the Genus Phyciodes”’ by Arthur Hall has been completed in this number as the Supplement. ‘There is an obituary of the late T. A. Barns, the collector traveller who had added such a mass of material to the Museum from Central Africa. It was tragic and untimely that, after risking his life in the wild for so many years he should be killed by a taxicab in Chicago. LL. B. Prout contributes an article on the Geometridae of Angola and also one on the Geometridae of Hainan. The greater portion is taken up with the conclusion of the Monograph of the Saturnians of the Hill Museum by Prof. IE. L. Bouvier dealing with about 230 species and forms, many of them new or little known. The author's classification is somewhat on novel lines and will no doubt be well tested by subsequent workers. We sincerely’ hope that circumstances may arise to secure the future of this useful effort to make the wonderful material in the Hill Museum available for world- wide reference. The Ann. Soc. ent. France pts. 38-4 (1980) contains the 7th instal- 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.XJ.1930 ment of the “ Qucurlionidae Gallo-Rhenans” by M. A. Hustache, of nearly 200 pp. with over 60 figs. This important memoir on the coleopterous fauna of France was commenced in the Ann. in 1923. The author in dealing with the genus Smicronyx, Schonh., of which all the species are attached to species of the parasitic plants Cuscuta and Orobanche, treats of some six species and several subspecies. We have three species in Britain and one subspecies championonis, Fowl., of , S. reichi, which last apparently does not occur in France. Dr. Peterson of Reval has contributed to the Stett. Fnt. Zeit. XCL. (1930), a very comprehensive article on the Leaf-mining genus Nepticula, illustrated with 3 plates of figures of genitalia and 16 text- figures. The text comprises discussions on the number of generations, the colour of the cocoons, the food of the larvae, the characters useful in determination of the different groups and species, the groups in the genus, descriptions of the genitalia of each species, a bibliography, etc., etc. A most useful summary on modern lines of study, which supplements the early work done by Zeller and Frey on this genus. The author goes futher and considers the bearing of the facts brought out in his studies of the Lithocolletis and the Nepticula on the species problem. The Int. Ent. Zeit. for May 8th contains an account of the capture and breeding of Hydrilla palustris, and also a long investigation of the diseases of larvae with illustrations of a dozen microscopic preparations. The Int. Zeit. for May 22nd contains the first part of a list of the Lepidoptera of Miichlhausen-in-Thur, an account of the Saturnia (pavonia, pyri, etc.) hybrids, and figures of the aberrations of Morpho aega. Number 1, Vol. VI. of Hos contains an account of the Scolia (Hym.) of the Spanish Peninsula and an account of the Halticinae (Col.) in the collection of Motschoulsky with a coloured plate of 12 figures. In the May number of Lamb. p. 70, there is an article on Nomen- clature well worth reading for the information it gives on the status of the Verz. of Schiffermtller and Denis. The same number also has as a supplement, plt. VI., another of the beautiful photographic plates, this time depicting 6 aberrations of Brenthis ino. The Mitt. Deutsch Ent. Gesell. for May, contains an article on the synonymy of the genus of Bees, Halictus, Latr. Through the kindness of our correspondent Capt. K. J. Hayward, we have received a Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the Argentine by Pablo Kohler. It is very useful as a preliminary list and when put into shape with skilled revision, which we understand is taking place, it should become a valuable work of reference for future students. The current no. of Fos, vol. VI. no. 2, contains an article on ‘‘ Corsican Trichoptera, by Matin E. Mosley, F.E.S., a “ List of Corsican [phemeroptera and Neuroptera,’ by Dr. D. E. Kimmins, P.E.S.; an article on brachypterous Diptera (Empidae) ; another on ‘ New species of Collembola inhabiting caves” ; and one on Chaleids. The papers are adequately and well illustrated. During June or July the nt. Zeit. has been publishing a compre- hensive article by Dr. Heydeman on Ematurga atomaria. He places the local races into four groups, (1) subsp. zetterstedtaria, Scandinavia, Be are ree f = fas d REVIEWS. 159 N. and Central Russia; (2) subsp. minuta, Gt. Britain, Holland, N.W. Germany; (8) subsp. atomaria, N. France and Central Europe; (4) subsp. transalpinaria, Spain, N. Italy. The article is abundantly illustrated. The South London Entomologist Society had a very successful Annual Exhibition and Conversazione on October 23rd; some 200 members and friends were present and a large number of exhibits were on view during the evening. A considerable portion of the Lister Collection of Lepidoptera was shewn in addition to the aberrations of the year from many parts of the South of England. A notable feature was the number of smaller boxes with a few choice aberrations or rare species that were shown. This Society, which holds meetings twice a month throughout the year, deserves the support of all entomologists in the London area. For many years the membership remained at about 150, whereas now it seems almost stationary again at about 250. If possible, during the coming year, we hope to have notes on various localities within easy reach of the metropolis, where a few hours could be profitably spent in the study of entomology. We would ask our correspondents to help us with this. Even the long-famed West Wickham has still possibilities, for we saw a recently made collection from this locality at the South London Exhibition on October 23rd, which was by no means a mean representation of its old reputation. FKWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Some while ago we reviewed the already issued volumes of Novitates Macrolepidopterologieae, a Catalogue of the newly-described Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera either omitted from, or described subsequently to the publication of, Seitz four large volumes. We have just received volume V. of this most necessary adjunct to those working at, or interested in, the Palaearctic Lepidoptera. The present volume contains some 60 pages of the names of newly noted forms with the detailed reference to author, publication, volume, page, figure (if any), date, locality, and, what is also most useful, the volume and page of Seitz to which the reference is made. The record is now brought up to the end of the year 1929. In addition, we have a most valuable compilation particularly for all active collectors on the Continent, consisting of about 150 pages of a Bibliography of the Faunistic Literature of the Palaearctic Region. For France 10 pages, divided into departments. Switzerland 8 pages, divided into areas. Finland a page and a half. Norway and Sweden, 4 pages. Italy, 8 pages, and so on. Of course a complete list of the literature of this area would mean a much lengthier business, but sufficient titles and references are here given upon which a systematic working entomologist can base his collecting for a very long time, by when he will have sufficient experience to supplement his own requirements without much trouble. The chief of the modern references are given and the more reliable of the older faunistic works are included. The firm of Dr. O. Staudinger and O. Bang-Haas of Dresden-Blasewitz are to be congratulated on their enterprise in continuing this work annually and we hope that they will get the support they deserve.—Hy.J.T. a a a aes Corer 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1980 @® BITUARY. E. A. Atmore, F.E.S. (1855-1930). EK. A. Atmore was born seventy-five years ago at King’s Lynn in © Norfolk and spent his life in that town as a pharamacist. In early — and middle life he was an enthusiastic botanist and entomologist, and — gave considerable time and trouble to the investigation of the flora and — insect fauna of Norfolk. The results of his work were published in the Trans. of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society. In the early days of the Hut. Record he occasionally sent records for publication, but many items from his pen appeared in its pages extracted the “ Note-books of the Echange Baskets’’ of which opportunity for increasing his knowledge of local forms, he eagerly took advantage. He early became interested in the Micro-lepidoptera and corresponded with the many collectors of Stainton’s time, who were equally interested in the ‘smaller fry.” For many years past he had done little collecting and gave up his membership of various societies and ceased to support the magazines. Recognising the work he had done in the past the Norfolk Society made him an bon. life-member and the Entomological Society of London, a Special Life Fellow.—Hy.J.T. Selwyn Image, M.A., F.E.S., (1849-1930). Although not an entomologist in the common meaning of the term Selwyn Image was one who saw the inner beauty of the lives of the small creatures we ordinary mortals collect. He was born, so to speak, in the cradle of Entomology for his father was one of the early members of the Entomological Society. Devoting his life to art with both pen and pencil, he became the associate of many men notable in literature and art. He was a charming and attractive personality and it was a pleasure to receive his kindly greeting at the meetings of the Entomological Society of which up to a while ago he was a regular attendant. One cherishes his letters not only for the beauty of the inimitable penman- ship, but for the charm of the expressionin words. [In 1910 he became Slade Professor of Art at Oxford, succeeding Ruskin. Fellows of the Entomological Society will always have the memory of him before them in the beautiful seal he designed and which is reproduced on the cover of the Transactions each year. Another fine gentleman of the olden tiie has passed.—Hy.J.T. G. T. Lyle, F.E.S., (1873-1930). An earnest and persistent student of field-work in natural history has passed away in the comparatively early death of G. T. Lyle. About 1890 he entered the service of the bank at Devises and at different times resided at Bath, Lymington, Brockenhurst, Cambridge, Wallington, Halifax and back to Brockenhurst to spend the last few months after his resignation from continued ill health. His most useful work was the investigation of the life-histories of parasites on the invertebrate fauna of this country and his notes on the British Braconidae are continuous for thelast 20 years. He wasa member of numerous natural history societies and had corresspondents in all parts of Britain. We have lost a trusty worker and investigator in the more obscure and difficult orders comprised under the term entomology.—Hy.J.T. Gee ee ee ne stly req a st om : orrespondents Nor to a us r communications IDENTICAL an: sending to other magazines. Na Articles that require ee yaraietong are inserted on aobaikion that the AUTHOR Ws na ate cost of the illustrations. : 0) Maes EXCHANGES. bsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should Mr. Hy. J. Turner, '' Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. es _Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, ba » Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. esiderata.— UncEntiy REQUIRED, Hants records of Corixidae (Hemiptera).—H. P. Nat. Hist, Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Duplicates.—Strangalia aurulenta (Col. ), Tenthredinidae and Aculeates. ah. __ Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my ieimelgie ae list -—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. _ Duplicates.—Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. i Desiderata. —Karly stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and —A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Duplicates. Thais cerisyi, Polyommatus zephyrus (Friv) type, eroides, anteros, a itaea trivia, Melanargia larissa, Coononympha oedipus, Jeander. Pate Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exehange first eo Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of orld XCHANGES.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies ap tish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. CN HHANGE or Appress.—J. Cowley to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; Dr. H. S. Bi ms to Suva, Fiji; A. W. Pickard-Cambridge to The Grange, Eecleshall, Sheffield. __ a MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. m. November 19th, December 3rd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. yvember 27th, December 11th.—Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s ace, Blackheath, 8.E.3. ape - ‘The London Natural History Society.—Meetings lst and 3rd Tuesdays in the —_— nth at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel . Ye treet, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through embers or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, THE VASCULUM ae A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for | the Northern Counties . EDITED BY he - Rey, J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, K. B. Blackburn, George Bolam, E. Ernest Green, J..W. H. Harrison, J. L. Morrison, A. D. Peacock, W. Raw, J. A. Smythe, H. S. Wallace, and F. C. Garrett. The Vasculum is now in its fourteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings i and should be sent to Dr. F. C. Garrett, West Croft, Hexham. is ‘sg ‘The names pe AeNhie addippe and Melitaes dictynna, Yoge Verity, ya y Description of the larva of Speocropia n. a Capt. Keil. Heyward, F. B. Boy F.R.G.S. By ie a (a) a Nie ae se Evidence that Bombi are guided by reognition of local a, pees Donisthorpe, wi RS. eta iy wie eR ai Newly Described Forms of British species of ib iabyteees By, PR ei Bak ea | Me New Forms of European Rhopalocera Hy.J.T'. GIN ieee ea pnt oe ; a - Nores on Courectinc,—P. borealis in Wales, S. O, Taylor; C. croceus at _¢ Chichester,’J. Anderson; P. c-album at Chichester, Jd.; S. aurulenta in _ Cornwall, C. Nicholson, F. 1 Oh pera + ee bee oe ee. dl a. “Screntiric Notes anp OBSERVATIONS. “Sn pras Scnvolvgh in Contaatnd Nicholson ss Current Norss anp SHortT Notices .. = Es * ° Pe a . 2 Reviews . ... ; : ms me OR ay ofa ae ‘ith, Osrrvazy. ——H, A. prety PE. S.: Selwyn Image, M.A., F.E.S. ; Kes . Tle Communications have been received from or have been promised by Dr: Verit Messrs. K. J. Hayward, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. B. D. Kettlewell, _H. Donisthorpe, P. P. Graves, A. J. Wightman, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Wyndham Forbe _ Dr, E. A. Cockayne, A. Sich, Wm. Fassnidge, B. C.S. Warren, T. F. Marriner, C, haps ; -Haig-Thomas, Rev. G. Wheeler, W. 4H. T. Tams, and Reports of Societies. - * All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor,. Hy. TURN ‘* Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT a TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. : BACK VOLUMES OF ; | The Entomologist’s Record 2 a : ~ and Journal of Variatior |. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) ¢ Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection- { Parthenogenesis— Puper ou ‘Taeniocampidue—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)- - arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopteri or 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, ietepheNt hispidus— Captures at light—A berdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 PP. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. ; a Menanism and Mertanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Colleating-—ArHolbar on : AARIATION (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphigasre prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- theseias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generie nomen- elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. er To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8. E. 148 to whom Oheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Sie u ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EpireD BY G. T. Beraone-Baker, P.z.s., J. B.-Contain, F-E.8. F.E.S., Chairman. aan: o DoNISTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.E.8: R. 8. BAGnann, D.8c., F.R.S.5., | Major P. P. Graves, F.5.8. F.L-8.)\ H. . Pace, F.m.s: Maxcoum Burr, D.8¢., F.u.s. >) ALFRED SICH, F.u.8. Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.2.s. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8 EK. A. Cockayne, M.A., M.D., FAB. F..8., F.R.C.P. j and Henry J. TURNER, ¥.4.s., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary Subscription for Complete Volume, post fre (Including all DOUBLE NUMBERS, ete.) TEN SHILLINGS, r0 BE FORWARDED TO The Hon. Treasurer, He. W. ANDREWS, F.E.S. 6, Footseray Road, Hltham, §.B.9. DECEMBER, 1930. Price ONE SHILLING & SIXPENCE (net by the Collector, at Rcenest prices: eee stocks always maintained for quick ‘service. % . Catalogue post free per return : | Rani Strand, London, W.C.2., England | } P.O. Box. No. 126 : TELEPHONE—TEMPLE sete 3 9451 oxy | J. J. HILL & SON ed "Manufacturers of ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS, etc. OO aan SPECIALISTS IN INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS. } Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of our various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. rel 4 PHoneE: Willesden 0309. a Oe ‘s = Sie W. F. H. ROSENBERG | : 57, Haverstock Hill, Hampstead, London, N.W.3. (Close to Chalk Farm Station, Hampstead Tube) TELEPHONE: Primrose Hill O660. Rew Price List of Cabinets, Collecting Apparatus and Supplies, ete., fee to readers of this periodical. | _ Also the following price lists—Birdskins, Mammals, Birds’ Kggs, Reptiled ie Amphibians and Fishes. Lepidoptera, living pupae (British, and Exotie ) Please state which Lists are required and mention this Magazine. ‘ : A STANDARD WORK BUTTERFLIES ° BRITISH ISLE By RICHARD SOUTH, K\E.S. With Clear Descriptions and Life Histories of all the Species. Illustrated with 450 Coloured Figures photographed from Nature. ‘Quite the best volume devoted to our British Butterflies which has been issued.—Natio al Quarterly Review. ‘ Cloth gilt 7s. Gd. net. — FREDERICK WARNE & Co., Ltd., LONDON, W.C.2. Entomological Society of the South of England | ; PUBLICATIONS British. Neuroptera: KILLINGTON, 5/-. Hants Paraneuroptera: KILLINGTON, ae British Heteroptera: JONES, 5/6. Hants Hym Aculeata: JONES, Hampshire Tortrices: FAssnipGE, 2/6, Hants Orthoptera: KILLINGTON, | i Hants Macro-Lepidoptera: Fassniper, 2/6. (All prices post free) Apply : E. RIVENHALL GOFFE, Hon. Sec. 102, High Street, Southampton. 4 oie NOTES ON HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA. 161 Notes on Heliothis peltigera, Schiff. By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., A.M., F.R.C.P., F.E.S. In view of the numbers of larvae of this species that were seen in 1927 in Southern Bavaria, where they stripped the deadly nightshade ‘and henbane of their leaves, and the great migration of imagines observed in many parts of the Continent in 1928 it is not surprising that parts of the South coast of England received successive swarms _ of immigrants in the latter year. I first saw larvae on July 21st at Sandwich on a strip of sand carpeted with Ononis and patches of sea convolvulus, but not one of the eighty found was on the Ononis. ‘They were all on the convolvulus, _ most of them resting inside the flowers and the others sitting on the under-side of the petals, many of which had been severely ravaged. _ Almost all the larvae that had reached the last instar were pale green with pink markings, which match the pink stripes running from the bases of the white petals. On my second visit to Sandwich a fort- night later I was surprised to find that the convolvulus was over and only found one larva, a pink and green one, on Ononis. q A day or two after I had made the welcome discovery at Sandwich, | received a dark green larva from Mr. Kdwin Sharp for identification and he told me in his letter that similar larvae were abundant on the - Crumbles at Hastbourne feeding on Senecio viscosus. ‘I'hey were also found in immense numbers on the same species of rag wort at Dungeness. At this date almost all the larvae at Eastbourne and Dungeness were light or dark green without any pink markings. On August 8th Mr. H. B. Williaws sent me five dozen larvae from the Crumbles and only one had pink on it. ‘The Senecio was still very green and leafy. On September 15th owing to my failure with the first lots of _ larvae I went to Eastbourne for the day and took home seventy-six _ more all in their last skin. The first place where [ came across them - was a shingle bank close to the sea. Here the plants were growiug singly and were dwarfed and nearly prone with many of their leaves dead or dying, coloured brown or tinged with yellow or pink, and the majority of the big larvae on them were marked with pink, and some had broad pink bands on every segment. Later on | found big clumps of Senecio, but nearly all the larvae feeding on them were plain green ones. Another visit to the places, where the big masses of Senecio grew, was made on September 22nd, and led to the discovery of more tha) a hundred larvae in the last instar and amongst them were a consider- able number with pink markings and four marked with brown. Most of these were on plants that had been devastated by other larvae of peltigera earlier in the year and many of their leaves were pink, yellow, or brown. Most of the larvae on the flourishing green plants were, as before, entirely green. The evidence derived from these observations 1n the field seems to me to show that the colour of the larva is determined, at least in part, by the environment. larly larvae on Convolvulus soldanella with its _ pink striped petals were nearly all pink, whereas those on the green Senecio at the sanie date were nearly all green, but later on, when some of the plants of Senecio had withered leaves, pink larvae were not 162 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X11.19380 | uncommon on them, and this was most noticeable on the scattered stunted plants on which leaves tinted with yellow, pink, and brown ~ were most numerous. Even late in the season the flourishing green plants still had very few pink-banded larvae on them. The larvae of Chariclea wnbra are very often cannibals in captivity, and knowing this I feared that those of peltigera might behave in the same way, but nothing of the kind happened. On September 22nd however I saw a big pink larva eating a small green one on a large leafy plant of Senecio viscosus on the Crumbles. Scarcity of food could not account for this action, but it may have been due to thirst. Ononis has been the usual food-plant of peltiyera in its years of plenty in South Devon and Cornwall, and on this occasion most of the larvae found at Brighton and in the Cuckmere Valley were on Ononis. Nearly all the moths at Eastbourne and Dungeness chose Senecio viscosus, and though two other species of Senecio grow freely on the Crumbles I failed to find a larva on either, even where they were growing close to plants of viscosuws, tenanted by numbers of larvae of peltigera. At Sandwich Convolvulus soldanella was the chosen plant, though Ononis was much commoner and the convolvulus does not appear to have been recorded previously as a food-plant. Larvae seemed very unwilling to change to another food, Those found on sea convolvulus did badly on bindweeed, and those found on Senecio viscosus refused to eat ragwort. ‘The only satisfactory substitute was the common marigold, Calendula, the flowers and buds of which were eaten with relish, ‘The unwillingness to change their food is remarkable, because larvae have been found wild on many plants belonging to very different families. I will now deal with the methods used in breeding the moths. The larvae from Sandwich and those sent by Mr. Williams from Kastbourne were allowed to pupate in a light soil slightly damped, and were dug up when no imagines appeared at the expected time. All the larvae had pupated but were dead and mouldy. Others like Mr. Kettlewell had the same unfortunate experience. My later larvae were allowed to pupate in quite dry Calais sand. Into this they disappeared very quickly and spun big oblong cocoons of silk and sand grains from one to six inches below the surface, but the cocoons were too flimsy to remain unbroken when they were dug up. My first sixteen larvae produced sixteen pupae, but some of the later ones died in their cocoons, and of the last lot to go down about a third failed to pupate. Also the later the larva the longer it took to pupate, the earlier ones pupating in nine days or less and the later ones taking fourteen days or even more. Mr. H. Worsley Wood had equally good results by using dry shingle instead of dry sand. Finding that none of my moths were going to emerge in 1928 I decided to force some and placed the pupae on dry lint in a glass-topped tin on the kitehen mantelpiece. Here they were exposed to great heat during part of the day and even at night the temperature remained high. The imagines emerged sooner than I had expected and being very lively in the heat the first ten were spoilt. I then forced two more batches in succession, but removed the pupae to a cool dark place as soon as the colour of the wings showed through the pupal skin, and bred about sixty moths. As those forced were all light coloured I decided to keep some, pupae through the winter, and bred no more after the beginning of December. NOTES ON HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA. 163 a <> a ue tees I left a number undisturbed in their cocoons in the sand and dug up the rest placing the naked pupae on dry lint in glass-topped tins, Both lots were kept in an unheated room and owing to the bitterly : cold winter they must have been exposed to slight frost. The thirty- i one pupae left undisturbed all died, but with two exceptions those dug _ up and placed in tins survived, and, still kept in the same tins, produced : _ imagines over a very long: period. Thirteen emerged in July, the dates _ being the 2nd, 3rd (2), 6th, 14th, 18th (2), 22nd (8), and 28rd (8) ; — _ five in August, the 15th, 16th, 17th, 20th, and 29th, ; four in September, _ the Ist (3), and 8rd, and the last emerged on October 22nd. None _ tried to pass another winter as a pupa. Ten successfully resisted the Oe ratinclp hot weather of July 14th to 21st, but nine of them developed : afterwards in the cool climate of Kast Aberdeenshire, and the tenth in the still colder weather of late October. All these were kept through- out in an unheated room. The next point I will touch upon is the colour of the imagines. Many of those bred in 1928 by Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. B. Williams, and others from larvae taken in July and early August were very dark brown, and the only moth I bred without forcing in 1928 was very dusky. It was from a larva that escaped and pupated behind a piece of furniture, which may account for a large gap in both the fore and hindwing of the right side. ‘Taken as a whole those forced in the late autumn are much lighter than those bred naturally in 1929. Nearly all the forced ones have a pale creamy ground colour, in some uniform all over and in others a little darker towards the inner margin. The ovly well-defined markings are the dots on the costa, the reniform and the submarginal band, and the submarginal band itself is paler than in the majority of the 1929 moths. The hindwings have a pure white or very light erey ground with a very black outer band in which the white mark near the margin shows very clearly. The underside too is very white with distinct black markings. I. have been unable to match the ground colour of the fore- wings very satisfactorily with Ridgway’s colours, but I think his pale ochreous buff to warm buff gives a fair idea of the range of variation. Those bred naturally in 1929 had for the most part a much browner ground colour with a distinct deepening of tint between the cell and the inner margin; tawny olive to wood brown in Ridgway gives an idea of the colour. Quite apart from the ground colour the other markings are on the whole much more distinct, especially the line running obliquely from the reniform to the inner margin and that from the basal spot on the costa to the inner margin. The sub- marginal band is also much darker and more uniformly of the same rich brown. ‘The basal part of the hindwing and the underside are greyish, and in the two darkest are very dark grey, and the light mark in the outer band is indistinet or obliterated, The two that emerged last and developed in the coldest weather are much the darkest being of a very rich brown near Ridgway’s Verona brown. One of the palest is very prettily variegated with a light ground near tawny olive but with all the markings very distinct and with a dark edge to the submarginal band both internally and externally. Though taken individually some specimens bred naturally differ little from some forced ones, the two rows show a very great difference, 164 ENTOMOLOGIST S rogues 15.X11.1930 and there are none amongst the 1929 moths, to match a number of very white forced ones, and none amongst the forced ones to match many of the darker ones or to show any approach whatever to the two darkest ones of the 1929 moths. I have therefore very little doubt that the light ground and reduced markings were the direct result of heat applied to the pupae, and since the two very dark ones developed during the coldest period in 1929 I have little doubt that their dark colour was the result of cold applied to the pupae. I regard much of the variation of peltigera as a climatic phase. I will finish with a few words abont the fate of the immigrants. I was at Dungeness from July 19th to 21st, 1929, and in several places saw beds of Senecio viscosus, but there wasn’t a larva of peltivera to be found. J am told that on the Crumbles too, where they had been so abundant the year before, there were none. All the pupae must have perished in the unusually severe frosts that occurred during the winter. Some Notes on Microlepidoptera in South Hants in 1930. By Wu. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.E.S. Among the Tortrices, for which only casual records existed for Hampshire, were two species which are probably common and widely distributed throughout the county. They are l’ammeneregiana, Zell. and Phalonia alismana, Rag., for both of which a persistent search was made in the early months of the year. P.vegiana was found in the stage of hibernating larvae in cocoons under loose bark on every large sycamore tree that was examined for miles around Southampton, including one that stands within less than a hundred yards of my house. Usually the cocoons, both empty and full, were found in numbers and the moths emerged freely enough without being forced, but straggled on over a considerable period. The larvae of P. alismana in stems of Alisma plantago could at first be found only in very small numbers, though they were present in every locality where the plant could be found. At last however, a large patch of the plant was found in the basin of the old canal at Swathling, and from these dried stems a large number of moths were forced out during January and February and set up before the outdoor season began. ‘This winter was the alternating period for Synanthedon flaviventris, Stgr., in this district, and it was very pleasant to note that the species shows no signs whatever of diminished numbers in spite of the patient search of which it has been the object. The foodplant is so very abundant and the tenanted gall in many cases so very insignificant, that it does not seem possible that the species can ever be much affected by overcollecting. As has been the case in previous years, a very large percentage of the larvae had been pecked out by birds, and of the untouched mines found a great many produced hymenopterous parasites. Many new localities have been found for the species, including several in the Isle of Wight, so that it can be stated that in the larval stage the insect is widely distri- buted and fairly common. The abundance of Hucosma guadrana, Hubn., has already been mentioned in this magazine (antea p. 98), but it was strange to find how excessively abundant the larvae were later in the year. They were NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN SOUTH HANTS. 165 full-fed at the end of June, when the conspicuous traces of their feeding could be seen in almost every basal leaf of every plant of goldenrod in the wood. They were present literally in thousands. Another insect, whose larvae were equally abundant this year, was Phycita spissicella, Fb. On June 1st they were mostly well grown and could be beaten out of the oaks by twenty and thirty at a time. ‘The trees were in “many cases almost completely defoliated and these larvae, among those of other species, had been forced to feed on hazel and birch and low plants that grew beneath. My experience with these larvae has always been that very few of them are reared and so it proved again this year. - During the first few days of June Vortrix rusticana, Tr. was to be found in fair numbers on the edges of the deeper forest bogs, among the clumps of bog myrtle, and the whitish form of the female was as frequently taken in the late afternoon as the less conspicuous male. A Tortrix, that I had long thought must surely occur among the whortleberry in our local woods, was Mucosma vacciniana, Zell., and on June 4th I struck it in the greatest profusion a few miles from Southampton where the foodplant grows in huge clumps under the pines. The moth could easily be disturbed in the late afternoon, and though difficult to see on the wing owing to its small size, a good series was taken in a few minutes. The species was later found to be present in two other local woods and also near Matley Passage. ('lysia ambiguella, Hiibn., oceurs in three localities near Southampton, but _ only a very few were seen this year, beaten out by day. On June 11th I spent the afternoon at Beaulieu Road, beating out Tortrices from vee ye eel Scots pine between the station and Lyndhurst. I captured in this way a short series of Laspeyresia coniferana, Ratz., a few Hucosma rubiginosana, H.-S. and a fairly long series of what I thought was Laspeyresia cosmophorana, Tr. When these latter insects came off the setting boards it seemed possible to separate them into two groups. One group clearly consisted of 1). cosmophorana in good condition, but the other group, which consisted of insects more or less worn, appeared to be distinct from that speeies though very closely allied to it. My friend Mr. H. C. Huggins was the first to detect the difference and very kindly undertook to look the matter up and-to publish the results later if they should prove of interest, as we hope. In mid-June I had the good fortune to find three localities for Hemimene alpestrana, H.-S. and published a few notes on the habits of the species (antea p. 111). It should be added to these notes that males were not in fact nearly so scarce as my first experience seemed to indicate, and that the insect remained on the wing in good condition for an extraordinary length of time, namely from June 17th till July 17th at least. On the latter date, at about 3 p.m., while helping Mr. H. C. Huggins to find and capture aseries, I found a pair in cop. sitting low down among the herbage on a leaf of Achillea ptarmica. We endeavoured to box them using the utmost care, but without success, for they jumped backward and disappeared among the herbage. When a few minutes later we succeeded in smoking them out they had separated. On the same afternoon a worn specimen of Spatalistis _ bifasciana, Hiibn., was beaten out from oak and captured. Several visits were paid during June and July to the New Forest, with the special object of working the bogs both large and small. Bactra furfurana, Haw. was common again this season in its restricted 166 ' BENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X11.19380 locality, and again further search failed to yield it elsewhere in the near neighbourhood, Very dark, peaty brown, almost unicolorous forms of Hydrocampa nympheata, L. were not rare, and a similar dark form of Schoenobius forsicellus, Thnb. occurred, with transitions, almost as frequently as more typical forms. How long will it be before some entomologist desirous of immortality bestows names on all these major and minor forms of our British Microlepidoptera, and saddles our already overburdened nomenclature with hundreds of new names ? Everywhere in the wet parts of the Forest the sundew grows in profusion, but 7'richoptilus paludum, Zell. does not seem to be found everywhere with its foodplant. Probably there are scores of places where it' occurs, but for the benefit of visitors to Beaulieu Road I will mention the fact that it may be taken quite near the Hotel in the small gully and and along the edges of the bog on the Lyndhurst side of the line and about a hundred yards from it. It is not so common there as it is on some of the wetter Dorset heaths, but given a warm still evening in June, July, or August, there is every chance of taking a short series. Being particularly interested in the Phycitids I made a special journey to the locality in the New Forest where: Hurhodope suavella, Zinck, and EF. marmorea, Haw. occur together, in order to test the truth of the statement seen somewhere that larvae of /’. marmorea, can be beaten out while those of /. suavella can not. The result of the test gave me six /. marmorea to one I. sauvella and enabled me to complete a series of the former, in spite of the fact that the thorn bushes beaten were very stunted and difficult to get at. On July 6th a friend and | set out to try for Dioryctria abietella, Fb. on a patch of last year’s burnt pines near Matley Passage, and between us we caught sixteen. The species was really fairly common here for on subsequent days others were caught and a series of chosen specimens kept. Although this insect is well known to be very fond of resting on the higher twigs’ of such bare burnt pines, there seems to be no evidence whatéver that it has any connection with them in its early stages, and | should be very pleased to hear from anyone who has bred it from larvae feeding in anything other than cones or shoots of living Scots pine, or some closely allied species of pine. Towards the end of July | had the good fortune to find a ‘‘pinguis’’ tree, that is to say an ash showing plentiful signs of the frass thrown out by larvae of Huzophera pinguis, Haw. One larva was dug out of the bark but no moths were found, probably because I left England on July 30th and that they had not then begun to emerge. I also beat out from elm hedges at Swaythling two specimens of Salebria formosa, Haw., an insect very rarely seen in ‘nature. Later on in the year, in September, the larvae of this species were to be found very sparingly under the typical scanty web on elm leaves in the same locality. These same thick elm hedges bad already in previous years yielded fair numbers of Peronea var. scabrana, Steph., but I had never seen the white first brood of this species, P. boscana, Fb. Several attempts were made to beat the larvae but without success. However, on July 9th, a very warm evening, I succeeded in netting seven specimens of P. boscana, all from one very short and very thick stretch of hedge. The next evening was unfavourable, but the beating tray was used and six specimens obtained, of which five were. picked ‘off the beater. j . CURRENT NOTES. 167 : Thirteen other specimens in all were taken by Mr. H. C. Huggins and myself, nearly all being boxed off the beater. Clearly P. boseana ean be beaten only on very favourable warm evenings. It frequents the very darkest and thickest part of the hedge and seems least sluggish in the late evening. At the end of July some attention was paid to various conifers, and on a fence near Chilworth were found Evetria purdeyi, Durr., which ‘seems to be increasing in South Hampshire, and also a fair series of _Eucosma ratzeburyghiana, Ratz. One specimen of Hucosma rufimitrana, H.-S. was beaten out from silver fir at Farley Mount, one of the trees blown down in the great storm earlier in the year. I spent the Summer _ Vaeation in France, and have done nothing worthy of mention since - my return. New Forms of British species of Lepidoptera. (Larentia sociata, Brk.) = Epirrhoé alternata, Mull. ab.effusa, Miller. Zeit. Oestr, Ent. Ver. p. 94. plt. XIL. fig. 4 (1930). No. 10. It has the middle white band much extended outwards, with the hindwings similarly aberrant. (Larentia immanata, Haw.)=Dysstroma citrata, L. ab. alba-effusa, Muller.—.c., plt. XII. f. 1. It has the discal area much suffused with white scaling, much of the darker marking being lightly expressed. Ditto ab. grisea-suffusa, Miller.—t.c. plt. XII. f. 2. It has all the lighter area suffused with scattered blackish scaling, giving a general ‘grey appearance with more emphasised markings, (Larentia. silaceata, Hb.)=Euphyia silaceata, Schiff. ab. eftusa, -Miller.—l.c. plt. XIL. f.3. An abnormally marked example, bred from the egg. The usual dark wide central band is wanting, there being only remains of it on the inner margin ; on the outer side there remains an irregular narrow dark band divided by light vein streaks into wedges ; a dark wedge of the band remains also on the costa. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. The following Fellows have been nominated by the present Council as Officers and Council of the Entomological Society of London for the ensuing year :—President: H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Treasurer: Captain A. F. Hemming, C.B.E. Secretary: 8. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc. Other Members of Council:—H. W. Andrews, Capt. E. Bagwell-Purefoy, F.Z.8., HE. C. Bedwell, K. G. Blair, B.Sc., G. H. Carpenter, D.Sc., M.R.I.A., H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F. W. Edwards, M.A., Major R. W. G. Hingston, M.C., A. D. Imms., M.A., D.S8e., F.R.S., K. Jordan, Ph.D., F. Muir, W. Rait-Smith, O. W. Richards, M.A., H. Willoughby Ellis, F.Z.S. To the current Ent. News., November, 1980, J. D. Gander contributes his eighteenth article on the N. American Institutions featuring Entomology. This time describing the Museums of Cuba, at Havana and Santiago de Cuba, with three plates. Incidentally the ‘writer includes a short autobiography of Orazio Querci, whom we all ‘know as the great collector entomologist of 8. Kuropean Rhopalocera 168 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.X11.1930 and who, for the past ten months has been collecting and observing in all parts of Cuba. The whole article is quite worth perusal. One of the plates reproduces a portrait group including the three generations of the Querci family all of whom are expert collectors. On page 298 of the same number A. B. Klots discusses the ‘‘ Naming of Individual Variants in Lepidoptera.”’ In the Jrish Nat. Jr. for November, there are records of the occur- rence of numerous specimens of Herse convolvuli; considerably over 30 around Cork and several in or near Belfast. The Scottish Nat. also records this species from many localities, even as far as the Island of Skye and the Outer Hebrides. Ins. Bérse, no. 42, November, 1980, contains a portrait of the well- — known collector Carl Ribbe who has reached his 70th year. In the /nt. Ent. Zt., November 8th, there is an account of Scodiona fagaria (belyiaria) and of its variation. The accompanying plate figures typical examples with the light form albidaria, Stdgr., and the dark form subsp. favillacearia, Hb., f 2 and underside of each. From the Italian National Society of Sugar Producers we have received a very well produced separate entitled Insects injurious to the Sugar-beet by C. Menozzi. There are 25 large illustrations of the daimage done by insects and four coloured plates of the chief culprits. Of each species the life-history is given, its geographical distribution, its method of attack, its natural enemies considered and the remedies in use or suggested, with numerical data. A large amount of useful information has been compressed into 100 quarto pages. The nt News for October has 3 plates illustrating J. D. Gunder’s paper on the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, one of which illustrates ten species of indigenous Lepidoptera including the only two species of Rhopalocera, Vanessa tammeana and Lycaena (?) blackburni. What a fine volume the articles on American Entomological Institutions will make when completed and put together. eee IR EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Two further parts of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macro- lepidoptera have just come to hand. They consist of 48 pages and contain the completion of the additions to the Satyridae with the usual list of references to the original descriptions, and a considerable portion of fhe account of the Nymphalidae, the figures referring to which have already appeared for the most part. We trust that the parts will not appear too rapidly in succession, so that the unfortunate omission to collate the text and figures on the plates may not occur in future, and the printing of a comparatively long list of corrections of such as in the Satyridae may be avoided. It has been necessary to keep the text as near as possible to the views expressed in Vol. I. on the classification, yet references are continually made to the advanced views. Jor instance the acknowledge- ment of the sub-division of the species Mpinephele lycaon into three species ‘“‘is not practicable for the present work, as there is no classification of the sub-races, so that some would have to be distributed ee IE 1 ‘at Pere eee igre it ¥ es REVIEWS. 169 haphazard over the various species.” In exactly the same position is the case of Brenthis pales, which has been divided by some authors into three separate species or subspecies, pales, arsilache and isis. At present since all the vast number of forms named up to now have been ascribed to pales alone, it would be impossible to summarily share them between the three. In spite of the genitalia of arsilache being said to be exactly like that of pales, we are strongly in agreement with the suggestion in Vol. I. that there are two distinct species. We are against making too great a fetish of the genitalia any more than of the venation. The two ‘“ behave differently and may therefore perhaps be separate species” says the text. In 1914 at the margin of a little lake lying in the depths of the forest between Campfer and St. Moritz Bad in the Engadine for many days running we found arsilache and pales, but never flying together, never in the same circumstances. On the verge of the trees and in the open parts of the forest we found pales in plenty but never near the water. On the other hand arsilache was scarce but always at the edge of the water frequenting the dark flowers of Comarum palustre, growing in the water. Never once did we find the two flying together. While pales flew higher, say the average of 5 feet from the ground and could easily be seen, arsilache - flew just above the swampy ground and was difficult to see. The shape, marking, size, and general facies of arsilache suggest specific difference. The late Mr. Jones of Eltham had previously. had exactly the same experience at the same spot. Another question that the compiler found very difficult was that of dealing with ‘“races.’’ Where there was no individual “ type,” there cannot be a type of a race. One can have the type of asubspecies, but _in dealing with a race, 7.e., a subspecies in the making, in which only a small proportion of divergent forms occur, a demonstration of that race can be made only by a long series from the locale of the race. Such series, as the compiler says, ‘‘ are only available in these private collections which are not open to everyone.” Students of Seitz must not expect decisions in these cases but they have the races introduced by name and with the admirable custom of the work there are the full references to author, work, volume, page, date and illustration (if given) so that he may make his own Be as to the grade value of the name introduced. In the Nymphalidae, dealing with Aglais urticae, the names given by Raynor to the (1) ground colour (2) referring to the forewings (8) apical markings (4) costal margin (5) the spotting, are given with the note, * As the definition of the colours differs individually thesernames have only a very conditional value, even if they eventually may have aclaim to priority.” The comment on the wheeleri form of dictynna is ‘“ wheeleri, Chap. very close to vernetensis, double-brooded in the Tessin. And that is the description ! ’—Hy.J.T. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLII. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. PAGE Aberrations, of P. brassicae, 1, 2, 3, 4,20; C. hieroglyphiea, 11; S. conglobatu, 24; Plates of, 96; L. of D. vinula, 138; Newly described Lepidoptera, 13, 44, 61, 92, 121, 153, 154 Abundance of butterflies on Mt. Trebevic < Ot ** 4, convolvuli, at “Coventry, A, Saunt, 140; ‘‘in Cornwall,’’ C. Nicholson .. af. oe .. 155 ‘* Adalia bipunctata, and ab. perforata,’’? G. C. Leman 54 Algeria, References for 46 sf Anabolic i: bs: Noga e, Ants, in Rhodesia, 66; Guests of British 77 “ Argynnis adippe and Melitaea dictynna, Nomenclature of,’’ Dr. Verity ; 149 Bibliography of, P. "brassicae, 20 ; T. hirtus 130 Brenthis, The genus (W. H. Edwards) sey. “ Butterfly Week in | Belgium, A,? Rev. G. Wheeler . egg LS ““Calobata calceata (Dip), new to the British List,’’ H. Donisthorpe 117 ‘‘ Calvalaire and the new Riviera May, 1929,” Lt. E. B. Ashby, 9, 38 “ Cartodere separanda (Col.) new to Britain,’? T. H. Edmonds . 148 Classification, (Herbert Spee) 102; of Erebia sps. . . 105 “* Coccinella hieroglyphica—New Aberrations,’’ G. C. Leman pul Colias croceus at Chichester . 155 Collecting in Canada, etc. 139 ‘** Collecting Notes, 1929, oH, B. D. Kettlewell 5. 59, 75 Comparison of genitalia of Melitaea and Huphydryas .. eo ‘Cornish Notes, Some,” C. Nicholson ea ot a Correction x 20, 145, 149 ‘* CG. palustre, a species of Rhyn- cophora (Brit.) new to Science,” T. H. Edmonds 23 Current Notes, 14, 31, 45, ‘62, 78, 94, 112, 123, 141, 156 Descriptions of, fomns of, P. brassicae sie 2,-3;)4,.5;6, 7,17, 18,19, 20; C. hieroglyphica (Col) 1; ‘* L. of Sibine fusca,’’ Capt. K. J. Hayward, 12; C. palustre PAGE (Col), 23; S.conglobata (Col), 24 ; Hrebia, 27, 28, 36, 147; A. bipunctata ab. perporata, 54; L. of T. hirtus, 129; Melitaeidi, 30, SU 74, Saxe) Vg. Wises eee calceata,117; ‘* L. of C. brisottit,” K. J. Hayward, 137; C. separ- anda, 148; ‘‘ L. of Speocropia sp.”’ Ue Hayward 152 “* Dichrorhampa alpestrana in s. Hants,” Wm. Fassnidge Figs bi Dwarf race of P. brassicae .. soba Economie Entomology, Bark beetles Be 28, 47, 122 Entomological Club 14, 31, 45, 94, 123, 156 ‘©, quadrana in 8. Hants,’?’ Wm. Fassnidge - : « ‘99 Kton College Report. 128 ‘‘ Evidence that Bombi are " guided by recognition of local features,’’ H. Donisthorpe 153 Evolution of the athalia group of species, 29; Huphydryas, 41; Melitaea 42" ‘* Field Notes from “Angola, ” Dr. Maicolm Burr, 7; ‘‘ from the Congo,’’ Dr. M. Burr 34 Genera of Microlepidoptera 16 Generations of P. brassicae Ora “Genus, Heodes, The,’ G. T. Bethune-Baker, 81; Genus, Brenthis, The. 18 .. 137 “ Gracilaria nzaleiilas in Wilt- shire,’?’ Wm. Fassnidge . 45 ‘« Guests of British Ants,” W. China a. i Gynandromorphs of P. brassicae . 4 Headlights .. nf Sc J4 eh Hill Museum, The .. 125, 155 Histological Methods -., 142 OH pinastri ” A. Sich 93 Ivy ) 77 2 Katabolic r +. 42 Larva, of H. pinastr hi 93; “* of Trinodes _ hirtus oy jae: Ears OrRe, 129%; Hh ROE 161 Tnghtn.s : Rah! Luano V alley : 85 ‘« Maero-lepidoptera ofa Gloucester- shire Garden,’’ J. F. Bird 89 ‘““Marriage Flight of Andrena argentata,’? H. Donisthorpe 123, 139 ‘‘ Mating Habits of A. argentata,”’ H. P. Jones are eis .. 139 CONTENTS, 171 PAGE PAGE ** Melitaea wheeleri and its second Polygonia c-album at Chichester, generation,’’ B. C. S. Warren .. 115 etc., ae Ae ie onan: ** Memorandum to the Forest Races, of P. brassicae, 4, 17; Entomologists interested in bark European, of P. brassicae, 5, 6, beetles,’’ Dr. P. Spessivtseff 22 7; Mediterranean, of P. brassicae, Microlepidoptera in S. Hants 164 67; Atlantic Island, of P. ** Micropterism ”’ patie 2 brassicae, 17; Eastern, of P. Minen-herbarium iG; 47, i, brassicae, 19; Melitaeaathalia.. 81 ‘“Names, Should all Varieties References for Algeria ie 46 receive,’ G. Talbot 70 | Relationship of the Melitaeidi, 29, Naming of fresh forms 15 40, 51, 71, 81, 108, 117 New forms of, P. brassicae, 1, 2, 3, Reviews, 15, 16, 32, 46, 47, 62, 63, aC. hieroglyphica, Tiger British Mounties Wally 125, 126.140. species of Lepidoptera, | 13, 44, 142, 157, 159 92, 121, 153; Continental Lepi- Sallows e ay App 0) doptera, 13, 44, 61, 80, 154; C. ‘* Satyrid Genera ; frebia, conglobata, 24: Hrebia, 27, 28, Callerebia, -etc:,”" B. ‘C2. S. 36; Melitaeidi, 30, 31, 74, 83, Warren es eLOS 132, 134, 135 | Scarcity of insects ab light. . 35 New to Britain, C. calceata (Dip-), Scientific Notes 123, 138, 155 DW ease separanda : 148 | Season, The . : 140 New to Science, C. palustre (Col.).. 23 | Seitz, Dr., Biography of, 33; Nomenclature 70, 71, 78, 115, 120, Supplement to, 48, 63, 79, 95, 127, 149 ; Errors III. 120 : of 127, 143; and Nomenclature 71 aberration, 127, 143; of ad. ‘© §. flaviventris,’ Dr. E. A. adippe and M. dictynna .. 149 Cockayne .. 62 ** Notes from Northern Rhodesia,’ ** Some Notes on Microlepidoptera Dr. M. Burr ate ae 65, 85 in S. Hants,’ Wm. Fassnidge.. 164 Notes on Collecting 45, 62, 93, 139, 155 | Society of London, Entomological 94 ‘* Notes on the Relationship of Strangalia aurulenta in Cornwall 155 the Melitaeidi, particularly the ‘‘ Strange Aberration of L. of D. athalia group,’’ Dr. R. Verity 29, vinula,’”’ Dr. E. A, Cockayne 139 40, 51, 71, 81, 108, 117, 131 | ‘‘ Stray Notes on Erebiid Species,”’ ‘* Notes on Collecting in Ireland,”’ B.C. 8S. Warren .. ..26, 56, 145 P. P. Graves ae 97 | ‘*Synharmonia conglobata; new ‘“ Notes on some §. African Lepi- aberrations,’’ G. C. Lemon 24 doptera,” J. S. Taylor 122 | Surface character of West of **Notes on Heliothis peltigera,”? Treland : A ae ee LO Dr. EH. A. Cockayne ah 161 | Table of, Satyrid genera, 107; Obituary, Prof. E. G. R. Waters, Melitaea of the athalia group 135 80; A. W. Mera, 143; Earl ‘“Through Central Europe to Waldegrave, 144; BE. A. Atmore; Montenegro,’’ P. Haig-Thomas 160; Selwyn Image, 160; G.-T. 35, 98 Lyle 160 | Varietal Names te creed Origin of European and Medi- Variation, in P. brassicae, 1; terranean Rhopalocera .. 18246 Melitaeidi, 29, 40, 51, 71, 81, 108, Ortboptera in N. Rhodesia 68, 88 117, 131; E. euryale 145 P. borealis in Wales = LO “Pieris brassicae, with special reference to aberrations from Aberdeenshire,’’ G. S. Graham- Smith and W. Graham-Smith 1, 17 PAGE Loca.trirs :—Aberdeen, 1, 17; Africa, S., 122; Algeria, 46; Angola, 7; Argentine, 12; Belgium, 113; Calvalaire, 9, 38; Cambridge; 60, 76; Canada, 139; Chapelle de Benlieu, 113; Cogolin, 38; Congo, 34; Corn- wall, 49; Eastbourne, 125; Europe, Central, 29, 35, 40, 51, 58, 71, 81, 108 ; Gloucester, 89 ; Hants, 8., 112 ; Hockai, 113 ; Ireland, 97; Killarney, 97; Luano Valley, 85; Montenegro, 35, 58; Oxford, 157; Parknasilla, 97; Rhodesia, N., 65, 85; Spa, 114; Steltzing, 36; Symonds Yat, 60; Trebevic, Mt., 37; Tresillian 49; Vienna, 11,24; Wicken, 75; Wicklow, 97 172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE PAGE Ashby, Lt. E. B., F.E.S.,F.Z.8.9, 38 | Hayward, Capt. K. J., F.H.S., Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.Z.S., Han G Ss, a s 12; 136, 162 F.E.S. ac 81 | Jones, H. P., F.E.S. PP .. 139: Birdies hep 89 | Kettlewell, H. B. D., F.E.S. 59, 75. Burr, M., D.Sc., F.E. Ss. 1, 34, 68, 85 | Leman, G. C. Curtis, F.E.S. 11, China, W. E. ia 24, 54 Cockayne, E. A., A. M., F.E.S. 62, 139 | Nicholson, C., F.E.S. 49, 155 Dannatt, W.. 140 | Saunt, J. W., A.L.S. .. 140: Donisthorpe, ne F.Z. Shp F.E.S. 15, Sich, A., F.E.S. 93 63, 117, 123, 129, 153 | Spessivtseff, Dr. F. 22 Edmonds, T. H., F.E.S. 23, 148 | Talbot, G., F.E.S. Bre sit: (Edwards, W. H. ies 137 Taylor, J. oh M.A,, ‘D.LC. Jae Ellis, H. W., F.Z. g., F.E.S. 15, Taylor, S. O. 154 46, 123, 157 | Turner, Hy. J., F. E. ae F. RH. 8. Fassnidge, W., M.A., F.E.S. 45, Tey 14, 16, 31, 44, 45, "47, 61, 62, 95 71, 78, 80, 92, 94, 112, 121, 123, Graham-Smith, G.8., M.D.,F.R.S., 126, 140, 142, 153, 159 1 Oi = ee 1, 17 || Verity, R., M.D. 29, 40, 51, 71; 81; Graham- Smith, Ww. i belie bf 108, 117, 131, 149: Graves, P. P., F. E.S. ee ... 97 | Warren, B.C. S., F.H:S. 26, 66, Haig-Thomas, 1 Mee till Bers hus 35, 58 103, 115, 145. Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.E.S. .. 113. LIST “OF *\TLEUSTRALIONS: Plate I. Aberration in Pieris brassicae figs. 1-12. p. 1. ” II. ba} ” LB) ’ figs. 13-24. p. 1 ,, Il. Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hants. figs. 1-30. sup. ” IV. 2 ” ” ” figs. 1-16. sup. 7 V. Chapelle de Benlieu, Virton and Hoegne Bridge, Hockai ~ p. 113. », VI. Larva of Trinodes hirtus p. 129. SUPPLEMENTS. British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.E.S8., contd. .. (129)-(164). Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire, H. P, Jones, F.I.S., concluded (2 plts.) (69)-(88). Ants of Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S., etc., concluded 15.XI1.1930 (1)-(18). ther magazines. iF articles may be obtained by authors at se reasonable cost if ordered at of sending n MS. ticles. that* require. Friaauons are taper tad on condition that the AurHoR ne cost of the illustrations. j EXCHANGES. See seribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should e to Mr, Hy, J. TuRNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. as oh aa ee huplicates. —§. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata. —Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; hi .—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. : _Duplicates.—Many species of Noctuae and selected orms. Desiderata.—Early tages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and — xy gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and a da.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange firstj4o a9 ee Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all ag of, ‘ Nie or. 4 LT XCHANGES.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of tish Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. HANGE or Appress.—J. Cowley to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge; Dr. H. Ss. Evans to Suva, Fiji; A. W. Pickard-Cambridge to The Grange, Kccleshall, Sheffield. ota) MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 4 Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. PD. m. January 8th, 22nd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Ubambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. January 4th, 14th.—Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’ s Place, Blackheath, S.E.3. » The London Natural History Society.—Meetings 1st and 3rd Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through — XY [embers or from the Hon. See. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Cone s Road, Buckhurst Hill, : DUTCH CHRYSOPHANUS DISPAR sie are only slightly different from English specimens. We offer 38 3 3 at £1,2 9 2 at £1 10s. or exchange for rare Parnassius species or e E forms, Agrias, etc. Samet a : DR. 0. STAUDINGER & A. BANG-HAAS, Dresden-Blasewitz. ; AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. For sale a large Collection of Rbopalocera and Grypocera from a - Bolivia, ‘Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Hcuador, Guiana, ; Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, and U.S.A. Both set specimens and papered. ao low a : ae and Journal of Variation. y Ar } Fes, 0) Pa at ce BE. dabal Cockayne, 2.1 Some Notes on’ ‘Miciblestdoptera i in 8. Hants in New Forms of British Species of Lepidoptera, Mio Fi a) x Current Nores anp SHort Notices the PREVIEWS (470) 0) )08 By _ Inpnx rei ye as ; fea dnickione have been received from or have been promised by T. F, “Marri L. Saunt, Rev. G. Wheeler, Wm. Fassnidge, Lt. E. B. Ashby, H. Donisthorpe, ‘Dry. gins, B. C. S. Warren, C. Nicholson, H. B, D. Kettlewell, Capt. K. J. ae W. Andrews, H. Willoughby- Ellis, W. H. Edwards, P. Haig-Thomas, W. H.- tt , EB. Russell, A. J. Wightman, Comm.-Wyndham Forbes, H. Wilson, T. H. © Grosvenor, Dr, Ewer, J. Sneyd Taylor, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, at B.A, anlpich P. P. Graves, Dr. F. Santschi, and ap aiee of Societies. Kt 4 IMPORTANT 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. - } BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record (Vols, I-XXXVI.) - GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) oF re Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plate Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis — Puper on Laeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— thei Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for th _inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterial st or 1890—Iiifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. Eye GONTENTS OF VOL. Il. Menanism AND Mutanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on AARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opim —Colleeting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidaegl Bs prodromaria and 4. betulavria—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dia ne thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8S. London—Generic nomen- elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Note on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etic., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, “Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14, to whom Obeques and Postal Orders should be made payabl e =, , G ETO SEA ee ee a wet ee ot ey =" THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (129) In his later writing on the Russian Noctuae, Eversmann bull. Mose. 18% (1855) says this small Nonaygria varies much in its colour without distinction of sex; and that there are numerous individuals that so much resemble fulva, Hb., or fluaa, Hb. that one is tempted to unite them into a single species. Guenée, too, had his doubts for he ascribed fluwa, Hb., to fulva with a query. Guen. queried hellmanni as a true Nonagria and H.-S. (in lit. subsequent to 1852) suggested * Tapinostola, Led. ; he had used Leucania, in his deseription (1845). Even now some authors do not accept the dictum of Hampson and Warren, although none have attempted to refute their decision. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 48 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 108, plt. 198 (1899) : Stder. Cat. IIled. 107 (1901): Splr. Sem. Hur. I. 220, plt. 42, 22 (1906): South Moths Br. Is. I. 801, plt. 146 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal., 1X. 287 (1910): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 236, plt. 49f (1911): Culot Noct. et G. I(2). 26, p. 42, f. 11 (1918). Tutt says that Guenée’s var. A. is ‘undoubtedly the type of hellmanni.”’ This is so, but with fluwa, Hb., 418, a bright red form as the original type, hellmanni, the grey form, must be treated as a sub- species, or race, of fluxa. The figures of H.-S., Hb., and Freyer are as follow: Hb. 418. Auwa. Freyer. 429. hellmannt. Her.-S. 42. helmanni f. 8386. eatrema 3 =fluawa ab. 335. fluaa ?. 388. hellmanni gf =hellmanni (ab. of). 339. hellmanni 2? =satwrata (ab. of). Stder., Cat. II[Ied. (1901), does not alter his diagnoses from the Cat. Iled. (1871). He gives H.-S. fig. 42 as his satwrata and also H.-S. fig. 886 (extrema) as his satwrata in Cat. I1Ied. (1901). There must be errors here, for the two figures have nothing in common nor do either agree with his description. Freyer’s fig. is not good, as he had only a worn example from Kindermann before him, fig. 429. It is a dark dull grey with 2 suppressed transverse lines in the outer area. There is no trace of red. H.-S. fig. 42 g is almost a copy of Freyer’s fig. 429, has no trace of red and cannot be alloted to satwrata, Stdgr. H.-S. fig. 388 ¢ is a bad figure, too large, has a light grey fascia right across the wing in the submarginal area, it is grey but not at all uniform as are fig. 42 and Freyer’s fig. 429. He compares his g to 7. cruda. H.-S. fig. 339 ? isa dull rufous form very uniform except for a slightly dusky cloud from the middle of the base to about midway along the fore-wing. ‘This I should call an aberrant satwrata, Stdgr. H.-S. fig. 386 is called eatrema, of which he says ‘the colour is pale seal-red, darkest in the central area’? [probably too much emphasised into a band in the fig.]. It is just as in the most distinct examples of helimanni. He thinks that it is Htibner’s fig. 413 Auaa. Hiibner’s fig. is a brighter red without the central shade, in fact an ; *I possess Herr.-Schaft’s copy of Guenée’s Noct., which contains his pencil notes, it appears there that he accepted Lederer’s genus Tapinostola. (130) YHE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, emphasised red saturata of Stdgr. H.-S. fig. 336, is certainly not extrema. Of the variation of the subsp. hellmanni, Barrett, lc. V. 108, says “ But little variable, though the reddish tinge is often replaced by more dusky-brown or smoky shading, and this shows itself more especially upon the nervures beyond the middle and the adjacent costal margin, which sometimes is quite densely shaded; in other instances the second line toward the dorsal margin is thrown into view by a more distinct white edging.” The variations here given are very conflicting and one wonders whether the authors had the species fluva-hellmanni or some other species. The forms to be discussed are :— fluxa, Hb. Samm. Noct. 418 (1808). junet, Bdy. Gen. Ind. Meth. 134 (1840). subsp. hellmanni, Evers. Bull. Mosc. 548 (1848). f. saturata, Stdgr. Cat. led. 107 (1871). ab. nigropicta, Huene Stett, ent. Zt. 157 (1901). ab, ewpressata, Krul. Rev. Russ. Ent. VIL. 11 (1907). ab. pulverosa, Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 236 (1911). Tutt dealt with hellmanni, Kivers., the grey form, and ab. saturata, Stder. the dark reddish form. Even early there was much uncertainty and confusion between the species now differentiated as fluawa, fulva and eatrema with their various local forms. We find that Treitschke says, V. (2) 813, (1825) “ It is undoubtedly a slip of the pen, which led Ochsenheimer in his systematic sketch, IV. 82, to treat Hiibner’s fulva, fig. 496 as the female to the wholly dissimilar eatrema, Hb. As this sketch was made ten years ago, only about four examples of eatrema and a few fluwa were to be— found in Vienna. Now, when by examples sent from many places all the chief collections are furnished with the two species, yet, fulva is always an unknown creature to us, since all that were sent to and received by us as that species, are females of our present fluwa. Doubtless Ochsenheimer wished to unite fulva and fiuaa, but the notes concerning them got mixed. This surmise was confirmed by this, that he con- sidered a male fulva should be the female of eatrema. But Hiibner has given a female of fulva and Mazzola had at that time a single male of fiuxa in his collection. IJ know of about twenty specimens of fluawa of both sexes and J think I am not mistaken when J determine every deep red form a female of fluva, which always has a more compressed body and a more obtuse apex of wing than the male. De Villers, II. 270, also mentioned a fulva from France. His short deseription passes equally for this species, with the exception of the black antennae, which is found neither in the male faa, nor in the specimens of fulva known to me.” Subsequently Treit., l.c. Vol. X(2), 94 (1885), says that he has received an example of fulva from Hamburg, which agrees exactly with Hiibner’s figure of it and also with the insect he (Treit.) had described as fluaa. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (181) fluxa, Hb., Samml. Noct. 413 (1808) : Treit. Schin. V. 2, 314 (1825). I'ig.—Hb. l.c. Oric. Descrip._—‘* It is the size of strigilis. Head and collar are reddish white, the latter somewhat darker bordered, like the thorax and the forewings. Almost all examples differ from one another in coloration, either pale red, or red-brown, even bullrush-colour. The abdomen is mostly of reddish suffusion on a grey ground, in the males it is extended, with red anal tuft. The antennae are pale brown, finely toothed, in the female usually paler, thread-like. «‘The forewings have about the shape, the general appearance and size of eatrema, with the thorax similar in ground colour, the veins showing blackish lengthways and with one or two rows of small obsolescent blackish streaks in the usual position of the reniform stigma. The outer margin has a shade from the base which dies out towards the middle of the wing. The fringes are brownish, reddish, or whitish, somewhat paler than the ground colour. One notices, although rarely, the trace of a white spot at the end of the blackish suffused principal vein in the middle of the wing.”’ “The hind-wings ave ashy-grey, paler towards the base. The fringes whitish, sometimes showing reddish. “The whole underside is whitish, with strong veins, greyish powdered and the trace of a central spot and row of streaks on the fore-wings. It is like the upperside subject to strong variation.” junet, Bdy., Gen. Ind. Meth. 184 (1840). Orie. Descrre.— Statura N. extrema illiusque affinis et minor: alae anticae pallide stramineae, nervo medio infuscato, maculaque reniformi obsoleta, albida: alae posticae nigricantes.”’ Germ. occid. Duponchel Cat. Meth. (1844) makes no comment on this name, but Guenée says, Noct. V. 105 (1852). ‘A species upon which I can say nothing personally. The only specimen which exists in the collection of Boisduval being almost devoid of scales.” ab. nigropicta, Huene, Stett. ent. Zt. 157 (1901). Orica. Descriv.—-“ The form nigropicta, which is already met with under this name, differs from our fluwa by two perfectly black trans- verse lines on the forewings, of which the posterior is also found in many specimens of the typical form indicated by stronger or feebler black streaks on the veins. Both these transverse lines of the fore- Wings arise in the middle of the inner margin, near to one another, often even together at a point. The first fairly straight to } along the costa, only on vein 1 and at the middle vein making a slight bend, while the other, sending outwards tooth-like streaks along the veins in a broad bow convex outwards about the position of the reniform stigma, and from here bending strongly inwards, reaches the costa at 2 from the base.” In Berge-Rebel (1909) p. 224 this form is identified as the ab. transversa, Stdgr., a form of the next species, fulva, ab. ewpressata, Krul., Rev. Russe Ent. VII. 11 (1907). Oric. Descrir.—This is in Russian and quoted in Soc. Ent. XXIII 11 (1908). “The forewings with much emphasised black transverse lines. (132) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Occurs not too rarely with the typical form (especially in the var. saturata, Stdgr.).” HKastern Russia (Wiatka and Kasan). Rebel Berge Schmn-buch, 224 (1910) says, ‘“ Forewings with distinct. black transverse lines.” Warr.-Seitz /.c. and Hampson l.c. consider it to be typical fluwa. But typical fluwa is devoid of such lines. ab. pulverosa, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. 236 (1911). Fic.—Warr. l.c. 49f. Orie. Descrir.— Has the grey dusting very strong, the dots of outer line obsolete, and the veins dark.” The forms may be summarised :— Almost devoid of scales. junet.. Grey, Freyer 429. hellmanni. Very strongly powdered with grey dots. Warr. 49f. pulverosa. Bullrush colour, pale red, red-brown. Hb. 413. fluawa. Dark red, H.-S. 339 as hellmanni. saturata. 2 black transverse lines. nigropicta. These 2 lines much emphasised. expressata. Tapinostola, Led. (1855) [Nonagria, Ochs. (1816-25): Leucania, Ochs. (1816-25): Caradrina, Ochs. (1816-25) Meyr.: Arenostola, Hamp. (1910)] fulva, Hb. (1818) =pygmina, Haw. (1809). The more correct recent determination of the dates of Hb. has given the name of Haworth the precedence, so that pyygmina, Haw. (1909), supplants fulva, Hb. (1818). This was announced by Hamp. Lp. Phal. (1910). Warr.-Seitz, 1911, confirms this identification of fulva, Hb., with~ the prior name pygmina, Haw., and treats as synonyms of the type- (1) fluwa, Dup. (nee Hb.) ; (2) ewtrema, H.-S. (nee Hb.) ; (8) helmannt, H.-S. (nec Hb.), fig. 389 (nee Ev.). In Brit. Noct. 1. 45, Tutt gave the orig. descrip. of pyymina, Haw.,. as of var. e., noting that ‘‘it was treated as the type by all our British authors,’ Haworth, Stephens, Wood, ete. Thus the fulva of Hib. is treated now as a form of pygmina. Tutt Hnt. XX. 221 (1888): Brit. Noct, I. 45 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 108, plt. 197 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[Ied. 190 (1901): Spuler Schm. Eur. I. 220, plt. 42 (1906): South M. B. Js. I. 800, pit. 145 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. TX. 288 (1910): Warr.-Seitz Noct. ILI. 236, plt. 49, f.g. (1911): Culot N. & G. II(2). 26, plt. 42 (1913). The older authors seem to have got inextricably mixed in their assessments of the three variable species hellmanni, pyymina (fulva) and extrema (concolor ’) and this state of affairs still seems to exist. - Stephens had only two or three specimens of pyymina, pallida and neurica (nec Hb.) but plenty of fluwa. He called each of the four a species. Freyer considers Treit. in error to unite fulva and fluwa, of which he apparently had only the former, knowing the latter by Htbner’s. figure alone. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (133) 7 -Hiib. fig. 496 is larger than our average British examples, and - youch redder than any I have seen. Gn. say? that Hiib.’s figure of fulva is very exaggerated in colour. H.-S. (1845) notes that the g is often larger than the ?, and has larger pointed forewings and an anal tuft with diverging hairs, while in the ? they converge. H.-S. fig. 839 is assuredly g fulva with the cloud from the base, and fig. 337 is the concolor form of fulva and neither is hellmanni as labelled. Dup. (1827) bas a good figure, uniformly pale ochreous with the transverse row of dots; it may be classed as a pallida with the trans- verse row of dots. Stdgr. (1901) considers H.-S. 335 (fuwa 9) as fulva; also Freyer 501 (fulva) as finwa; also H.-S. 832-3 {evtrema) as flura; also H.-S. 339 (hellmanni 9) as fluva; that the concolor, Tutt, is not the concolor, Gn. In 1888 Tutt, #.17.M. XXYV., 52, most thoroughly discussed the form concolor and the conclusions were definitely that concolor, Gn. was not evtrema, Hb., but that it was a local pale form of fulva, of which he (Tutt) had taken a short series at Deal. In the absence of aught to the contrary since Tutt wrote, we might assume that the concolor of Tutt is the concolor of Gn. Noct. I. 02 (1852), which latter example came from England only. Of H.-S. fig. 887, which is labelled ‘‘ eatrema,” Doubleday states “was probably taken from one of my specimens,” of concolor. But in the Hunt. Rec. 1893, plt. C., Tutt figured the concolor, Gn. (eatrema, Hb. ?), and the concolor var. of fulva (pygmina). The former is larger and of different build to the latter. And in the Appendix to his Brit. Noct. Vol. IV. p. 96, he changed his opinion. He there dis- cusses the situation at great length, finally coming to the decision fulva, Hb. (red form), and Tutt’s var. concolor (white form) are of one species. while concolor, Gn., and eatrema, Hb. (?) are another species. In spite of the various opinions and assertions of previous authors, Culot, NV. & G. I1.(2) 26, treats fava as a form of fiulva, and the form nigropicta, Huene, as =transversa. Stder., as a form of fulva, and supports his action by stating that “ fwlva lives in eastern Europe and Siberia, but yet comes much further south and above all, under the name fluea, it is found in Switzerland and ae and even in Spain and Sicily.” In 1928 Meyr. still maintains the name fulva (not even mentioning pygmina as a synonym) and calls it a Caradrina. In this latter connection Pierce, Gen. Brit. Noct. 1909, gives no hint of such generic relationship, and this his figures confirm. In discussing the Variation Barrett, J.c. V., 102 says, ‘“ There is great variation in the ground colour, but the more generally distributed form is that which has the forewings pale drab. In the fens of Norfolk, where the insect is plentiful, there is great variation towards dusky red of various degrees, and also in some degree towards brown, also in another direction towards the increase of the dark clouding upon the medium nervure, with corresponding darkening of the costal area ; a comparatively rare form in this district is of a dull purplish- drab, deeply shaded with smoky-brown, and having very dark hind- (134) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. wings. Another form found in Scotland, has the forewings dark purple-red with the nervures hardly darker, but the hindwings very dark smoky brown; it is also smaller than ordinary speeimens, and with it ave females tinged with the same red colour, but also, every- where, are the ordinary paler and whitish-drab forms. In Ireland the males are said to vary almost to brick-red.” The forms and names to be considered are :— pygmina, Haw., Lep, Brit. 176 (1809), fig. Wood’s nd. 871. subsp. fulea, Hb., Saml. Hur. Noct. fig. 496 (1818). [(fluaa, Tr. Schm., V(2). 313 (1825)] Culot. 11(2) plt. 42. ab. pallida, Steph., Id. III. 77 (1829), fig. Seitz. plt. 49. ab. newrica, Steph., l.c., 78 (1829). [eatrema, H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II. figs. 832-3 (1844)].. [hellmanni, H.-8., l.c., figs. 837 and 839 (1844)]. ab. concolor, Tutt, Hut. XXI. 222 (1888), fig. Hnt. Rec. plt. CO. vol. IV. ab. ochracea, Tutt, B. N. I. 45 (1891), fig. Seitz. plt. 49. ab. ochracea-suffusa, Tutt, l.c. ab. punicea, Tutt, l.c., fig. Seitz. plt. 49. ab. punicea-sufiusa, Tutt, l.c. ab. transversa, Stdgr., I[led. 190 (1901) [ab. nigropicta, Huene, Stett. et. Zeit. 157 (1901)]. ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. II]. 236 (1911). race africana, Obthr., Lép. Comp. XVI. 26, plt. 491, 40, 49-51 (1918). Tutt deals with (1) pygmina, the type as a var. (2) fulva, the very red form. (3) fluwa, which is the species known for long as hellimannt. (4) pallida, the pale ochreous form. (5) newrica, the deep brown-red form. (6) concolor, the whitish form. (7) cchracea, the yellow ochreous form. (8) ochracea-suffusa, With longitudinal shades. (9) punicea, the pale pinkish-grey form. (10) prunicea-suffusa, with longitudinal shades. Tutt’s concolor were taken at Deal with typical pyymina and differ from the concolor taken in the fens as shown in plt. C. Hnt. Rec. Vol. IV. The latter area was most probably the source of the specimens in the Doubleday collection, those described by Guenée and that figured by Herrich-Schaffer, which are the species concolor =eatrema, Hb. Warren agrees that the concolor, Gn., is the eatrema, Hb. (Seitz,. III. 236). Hampson considers the eatrema of H.-S. f. 887, as the concolor of Tutt (nec. Gn.), and hence substitutes ewtrena, H.S., as the prior of concolor, Tutt, as a form of pygmina. ab, transversa, Stdgr. IIled., 190 (1901). Orie. Descrrp.— Al. ant. obscure rufo-griseis, vel rufescentibus, lineis duabis transversis distinctissimis nigricantibus (g condita ?).” Esthonia. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Ph. IX. 288 (1910) “ Forewing browner, the ante- and post-medial lines dark and entire.” Seitz says ‘‘is distinguished by having the inner and outer lines complete and fully marked across the forewing which is dark grey.” p. 236. j THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (135) . Rebel in Berge, 9ed. 224, 1909, identifies Huene’s nigropicta of fluwa as the transversa, Stdg., of fulva no doubt as a result of his retaining fluwa as a form of fulva and not of the previous species hellmanni. Culot says “The variety nigropicta inhabits Esthonia; its fore- wings are of a more or less greyish red brown, crossed by two blackish lines.” He put it as a var. of fulva. ab. fasciata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. III. 236 (1911)= ab. 1. Hamps. Lep. Ph. IX. Oric. Descrirp.—‘ From Algeria: also has the lines entire and dentate, with the median fascia strong, but the ground colour pale ochreous instead of grey.” race africana, Obthr., Lép. Comp. XVI. 26 (1918). Fies.—l.c. plt. 491, figs. 40, 49-51. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Varies in the ground of the forewingsabove, which is rather reddish ochre than yellow ochre with the median shade generally less marked. The hindwings are always white, while in England, Germany and France they are very brown.” Algeria. Norr :—The following tabulation may not be quite uninteresting and will serve to show how difficult a problem is the differentiation of of the next two (?) species and the allocation of the various named forms (or names) to these species. ‘Tutt, (1891): fulva, Hb., var. concolor, Tutt, (Gn. ?): concolor, Gn. : extrema, Hb., =bondit, Knaggs. Tutt, (1898) : concolor, Gn., =? extrema, Hb. : morristt, Dale =bondit, Knagegs, =? extrema, Hb. Meyrick (1895) : concolor, Gn., =? extrema, Hb.: bondii, Knaggs, =morristi, Dale. Barrett (1899) : concolor, Gn. =extrema, Stdgr. Cat. : bondi’, Knages =morristi, Meyrick. Staudinger (1901): bondii, Knaggs =morrisii, Tutt: eavtrema. Hb. =concolor, Gn.: fulva, Hb., ab. fluaa, H.-S., ab. concolor, Tutt. Spuler (1906) : bondi, Knages; extrema, Hb. =concolor, Gn. : fulva, Hb., ab. concolor, Tutt. South (1907): extrema; bondii. Hampson (1910): bondi, Knages =morrisii, Tutt : eatrema, Hb. =concolor, Gn.: pygmina, Haw., ab. eatrena, H.-S. =ab. concolor, Tutt (nec Gn.). Warren-Seitz (1911): evtrema, Hb. =concolor, Gn.: morrisii, Dale =bondii, Knages: pygmina, Haw. =ewtrema, H.-S. part (nec Hb.). Culot (1913): bondii, Knages: eatrema, Hb. =concolor, Gn. Meyrick (1928) : concolor, Gn. ?=eatrema, Hb.: bondi, Knaggs= morrist, Tutt. ; Taking the assessment of Warren-Seitz as the most probable it is not intended to discuss the matter further. Tapinostola, Led. (1857) [Arenostola, Hamp. 1910] concolor, Gn.= extrema, Hb. Tutt did not unite concolor, Gn. with extrena, Hb., but took them to be quite separate in 1891; in 1898, however, he united them doubtiully. (136) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Barrett records, J.c. V. 106, an example “ having the first line shown by four black dots arranged perpendicularly, and the second by a complete row from dorsal to costal margin.” ab. radiata, Wagn. Int. Ent. Zt. XVI., 39 (1922). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ In a short series of this usually very rare species I find a few examples, which have along the veins on the very pale forewings a radiate accumulation of dark scales—analogous to the ab. nigristriata, Stdgr. of Senta maritima—and thus forms a very distinctive character.” Chortodes, St. (1836) ‘‘ ewtrema, Hb. (bondii, Knaggs)” of Tutt becomes Arenostola, Hamps. (1910) morristi, Dale (1841)=bondii, Knaggs (1861). According to Barrett, J.c. V. 111, ‘‘ Hardly variable except in size.” He records a specimen “in which the dots of the second line are not perceptible.” ab, impura, Swing., Verh. z. b. Wien. UXXIIL. 28 (1923). Orie. Descriep.—* But in contrast to the pure white colour of most Gumpoldkirchner bondi, there is in a few examples a black grey darkening on the forewings spot-like between the veins on the dise, streak-like in the outer area in the cell.” The following List of References may be useful :— 1808 Hiibner, /nr. Noct., f. 412. 1816 Ochsenheimer. Schm. Fur. 1V., 82. 1825 Treitschke, Sch. Eur. V(2), is 1827 Duponchel, Hist. Nat. VII(1), 8 1837 Dale, Nat. I. 88. 1841 Humphrey and Westwood, Brit. Moths, I. 248, plt. LIY. 12. 1845 Herrich-Schiffer, Sys. Bearb. II, 225, figs. 336-337. 1852 Guenée, Noct. V. 108. 1861 Staudinger, Cat. Led. 46. 1861 Knaggs, Tr. Ent. S. Lond., 188, 1861 Stainton, Ann. 84. 1868 Wormald, Zoologist, XXI. 8861. 1867 Milliére, Zcones, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, 22, plt. 87. 1867 Doubleday, (Zeller), Hnt. Mo. Mag. III. 257. 1869 Staudinger, Stett. ¢. Zeit. XXX. 85. 1869 Stainton, Ent. Mo. May. VI. 34-36. 1870 Newman, Brit, Moths, 274-6. 1871 Staudinger, Cat. Iled. 107. 1880 Goss, Hnt. Mo. May. XVII. 134. 1884 Homeyer, Stett.e Zeit. XLV. 482. 1888 Tutt, Hnt. XXI. 207. 1888 Tutt, Hut. Mo. Mag. XXV. 1891 Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 46. 1893 Tutt, Hint. Rec. LV. 72 plt. C. 1-3. 1898 Tutt, Brit. Noct, 1V. 96 etc. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND- THEIR VARIETIES. (187) 1895 Meyrick, Brit. Lep. 121. 1897 Tutt, Ent. XXX. 284. 1899 Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. V. 105, plt. 197: 110, plt. 198. 1901 Staudinger, Cat. [Iled. 189. 1906 Spuler, Schm. Hur. I. 220, plt. 42. 1907 South, Moths Br. Is. I. 801, plt. 146. 1909 Pieree, Genit. Noct. 82, plt. IX. 1910 Hampson, Lep. Phal. IX. 290. 1911 Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. ILI. 236, plt. 49g. 1913 Culot, Geom. et Noct. I[(2), 25, plt. 42, figs. 8-9. 1928 Meyrick, Brit. Lep. (rev.) 75. Chortodes, Steph. (1836) [Petilampa, Aur.: Acosmetia, Steph. : Miana, Steph.: Caradrina, Treit.: Lampetia, Boie.] minima, Haw. (arcuosa, Haw.) Although Tutt knew that minima (?) was the first name applied to this species, B.N. I. 47, he did not substitute it for arcuosa (f ) which Haworth described subsequently. Hampson and Warr. (Seitz) rightly use minima as the specific name. Cf. the case of jurtina 2 and janira gf. This species has been moved from genus to genus. The dull colour and suppressed markings coupled with its habitat in marshes tended to its being classed among the Nonagria and Leucania species. Hampson puts it in Petilampa next to the species palustris. Warren (Seitz IIL. 215) puts it in Petilampa with palustris ; treats duponehelii and airae as synonyms of minima. Tutt, Br. Noct. I. 47 (1891): Barr.’ Lep. Br. Is. V. 270, plt. 219 (1899): Stder. Cat. [[ed. 199 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur. 1. 235, plt. 42 (1906): South, Moths Br. Is. I. 320, plt. 184 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Ph. VIL, 415 (1909): Warr. (Seitz), Pal. Gr. Schm. IIL. 215, pl. 45h. (1911): Culot, NV. & G. 1(2) 58, pl. 48 (1913) H.-S. figures 178-9 airae, Frr. but in his text p. 245, vol. Il. calls it by the prior duponchelii, Bdy. He puts it in the genus Apamea with strigilis, furuncula, captiuncula, ete. Culot’s fig. 15, N. & G. 1. plt. 48, is a very strongly marked @, fig. 16, purporting to be of a morrisit from England is that of a very pale (not white) minima (areuosa). Barrett says, l.c. V. 268, “ Variation is mainly in the less or greater shading of brown over the creamy white surface, and in the presence or absence of the brown cloud near the apex. In Ireland the colouring seems sometimes intensified to smooth reddish ochreous and there is also a disposition to larger size.” He records a specimen of “ A lovely pure white with a faint dusting of black, the usual row of dots constituting the second line; and the cilia of the forewings dotted at the base with blackish dusting, and intersected by a double grey shade; thorax and abdomen white and hind-wings nearly so.” The forms to be discussed are :— minima, Haw, Lep. Brit. 215 (1806) ¢?. (138) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. lutescens, Haw., l.c. 260 (1806). arcuosa, Haw., l.c. 260 (1806) 3. (ab.) duponchelii, Bdy., Ind. Meth. 82 (1829). race airae, Frr., New. Beitr., I. 109, plt. 162 (1886). [race morristi, Dale, Nat. II. 88 (1837) | ab. lucida, Prochas., Verh. z.-b. LXX. (97), (1920). Tutt deals only with minima (arcuosa) and morrisii. Stephens, Jil. II]. 15, treats nnima, Haw. as a species near fasciuncula in bis genus Miana and on p. 123, l.c., deals with arcuosa, Haw. in the genus Acosmetia near rufa and caliginosa, and includes lutescens, Haw. as another species in the same genus, p. 122, /.¢. Wood, Jndea, figures all three (in the same genera as Steph.). 281 =minima, isa rather dark form with sparsely emphasised markings and unusually dark hindwings. 429=JUntescens, has all marking suppressed and neitber rufous nor ochreous, lighter than fig. 281. I should call it a representation of a markingless minima. A useless figure for lutescens and does not agree with the description. 483= arcuosa, a pretty good figure. 287 mininaisa 9 fig. hence the dark hindwings. Staudinger puts (?) to minima and “ nimis variegata”’ to airae. Hampson accepts morrisii as ab. 1 of minima “ whiter.” Although Tutt mentions airae be does not deal with it, in fact the species is scarcely more than mentioned. But in the Appendix b.N. vol. IV., he discusses the position of morristi, deletes it from minima (arcuosa) and attaches it to bondii, Knaggs=eatrema, Hb. ab. lutescens, Haw., Lep. Brit. 260 (1806). Fies.— Wood, Ind. 429; Warr. (Seitz), Pal. Noct. III. plt. 45h. Oric. Descrie.—* Alis subunicoloribus sordide rufo-lutescentibus ad marginem crassiorem rufis; posticis subfuscis. Cilia ommia rufescentia, anticarum saturiora.”’ . ‘‘ More or less strongly suffused with ochreous or rufous,” Warr. (Seitz). (ab.) duponchelii, Bdy., Ind. Meth. 82 (1829). Fie.—Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. III. plt. 28 (1836). Orig. Descrip.—* Statura cubicularis; alis anticis pallide flavo- albidis, fascia postica sub-dilutiori, strigis duabus punctorum nigrorum, macula reniformi puncto nigro, orbiculari subnulla; alis posticis obscuris; corpore graciliori; anticis subtus nigricantibus, ad apicem subravidis.” ‘«Tn nemoribus paludosis Turoniae detexit Cl. Rippert.” This is of the g only. Bdvy., Ind, Meth. 116 (1840) puts airae, Frr. as a synomym, but the above description is that of typical minima (arcuosa) g. On the other hand Duponchel’s fig. on plt. 28 is almost identical with the typical figure of airae, Freyer, and is not of the typical form. race airae, Frr., Neu. Beitr. I]. 109 (1836). Fies.—l.c. plt. 162. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (189) ¥ Orig. Descrie.— Noctua latruncula and still more eratricula comes very near to this species. The male is larger than the female - and its wings are broader. The fringes are dark. The excellent figure will spare me the trouble of a lengthy description. Fig. 3 is undoubtedly only an aberration, although Herr von Boie is inclined to consider this imago as a separate species, because he found the pupae on another food plant, viz., on Holcus lanatus. But the form and _ outline agrees wholly with airae and the ground colour only is darker. _ Since we now have the knowledge that Hiibner’s combusta belongs to : rurea, the difference of which is much more striking, so must the union _ of the three specimens figured lying before us be separated upon no resonable grounds.” The form airae is certainly a very variegated minima (arcuosa) and not typical. ; As South says “This pale whity-brown insect is often without — Markings.” The markings of the typica! form are always more or less suppressed and not as in airae variegated and clear. The form airae, as figured by Frr. and H.-S. is certainly not like typical minima (arcuosa); it is a reddish-brown insect and more variegated than the lutescens figured by Warr. (Seitz). ab. lucida, Prochaska, Verh. zoo.-bot. Ges. LXX. (97) (1920). Orig. Descrip.—‘ Obtained in Tobelbad near Graz. By its sharply marked, shining, coppery-red forewings of which the central part appeared darker coloured, it differed considerably from typical examples.” Coenobia (Steph.) Walk. (1856) [Phytometra, Haw.; Nonagria, Treit. ; Acosmetia, Steph.] rufa, Haw. Stee Lep. Cat. V. Strand has placed this species among the Ayaristidae, a family consisting of a large number of tropical species of both hemispheres with only one other European species. I can find no justification for this action in any modern author I have consulted, nor that Strand has given in his references. Coenobia of Steph. was a Cat. name only. Walker described the genus in B.M. Cat. IX., 118 (1856). Barrett says, “‘ This species stands singularly alone. So far as I am aware there is nothing allied to it in the world.’ Meyrick says, “close to Nonagria.” Hampson recognised its isolation. Warr.-Seitz classifies a species from the Amur with it in Coenobia. Treit. despecta is considered by most authors as the same species form as rufa, Haw. Haworth’s rufa is described as of a red shade and so fignred by Wood, Jndew, 481. Treitschke’s despecta is of a brown shade as figured by Hubner, but Treit says ‘‘ ferruginous towards the fringes.’ Iam inclined to consider them as two different local forms or races. Tutt is the only author who says “ very red.” (140) TH! KNLTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Tutt, Ant. XXL. 208 (1888): Br. Noct. 1. 48 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br; dips V. 98, plt. 196 (1899): Stder. Cat. Illed. 188 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 218, plt. 42 (1906) : ‘South Moths Br. Is. I. 299, plt. 145 (1907) ; Hamp. Lep. Ph. IX. 800, fig. 124 (1910): Warr.-Seitz Pal, Noct. Ii. 238, plt. 48e (1911): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 22, plt. 41, 16 (1913). Spuler’s fig. of rw/a is the rich brown (not red) despecta of Hb. Hiibner’s fig. 751 of despectu is a rich brown not red, hindwings slightly paler. Duponchel’s fig. plt. 82 of despecta is a lineola the ab. with the brown median streak ; the description also agrees. Her.-Sch’s fig. 865 of despecta is a lineola, grey tinged red or flushed pink ; hindwings v. light, tinged light brown. He says Hb’s. fig. has f.w. too short and h.w. too long and his own fig. 365 h.w. too broad. Wood's fig. 481 of Haw’s rwfa is red brown and his fig, 432 of Haw’s lineola is the despecta of H.-S. Humph. and Westw., Brit. Moths, I. have a fig. plt. LIV. 6 of lineola without the brown line at the base. Fig. 5 is a good red rufa. Culot’s fig. plt. 41, 16 is a grey form slightly tinged with rufous. Of the Variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Rather variable in the ground colour of the forewings, from yellowish-white to pale purplish-red and even to grey-brown.” l.c. 94. Culot says (1) reddish yellow (2) reddish grey (8) pale grey, J.c. Guenée says, V. 102, ‘‘lineola, Steph. does not appear to me to be a distinct race.’’ Steph. refers to one specimen only with a VY. From the fore-going notes it seems that there is much confusion among authors as to the forms of this species. The name lineola applied at first to one specimen with a V marked shade by Steph. has gradually come to be applied to the grey red tinged form with or with- out one arm of the V-shaped cloud. Neither Hamps. nor Warr.-Seitz mention the shade in lineola., The forms for consideration are :— rufa, Haw., Lep. Br. 260 (1906-10). r. despecta, Gey.-Hb., Samm. Noct. 751-2 (1828). ab. f. lineola, Steph., Zi. III. 123 (1829). ab. pallescens, Tutt, Hnt. XXI. 208 (1888). ab. fusca, Bankes, int. Rec. XXI. 4 (1909). ab. rubicundipennis, Strand, Lep. Cat. V. 45 (1912). In his Prodromus, 1808, Haw. used the name ruferculina and Stephens in his Cat. 1829 used the name rufula. Other authors used these names also, but as they were mere Catalogue names without descriptions, they have no status. Tutt dealt with (1) the red suffused form, (2) lineola the grey tinged red form, and (3) pallescens the pale grey with no red. He treated despecta as a synonym of rufa the type. Comparing the descriptions and figures illustrative, 1 am treating them as two sub- species, or at least two races, despecta being the continental form with a rich brown shade; see Hb’s. fig., while *uwfa has a red shade, see Humphrey’s and Wood’s figs. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (141) Subsp. despecta, Gey.-Hb. Samm, Noct. 751-2 (1828). — Fies.—Wood, /nd. Mint. plt. 17, fiz. 481 (1884): Humph. & Westw. Br. Moths, I. plt. LIV. 5 (1845). Orie. Descrip.— Alis anticis micantibus fusco ferrugineis, margine anteriore dilutiore, fimbriis obscurioribus.” ‘They have a strong gloss and are here and there paler and darker, towards the fringes ferruginons. The middle vein has blackish powdering, the outer margin is always the palest. Stigmata not visible. In a curve near the waved band lies a row of black dots continuing also on to the hind- wings with a considerable marginal aren. The veins from the dots to the ferruginous fringes darker powdered and form fine longitudinal streaks. The wings are so unicolorous as a whole there is no distinct character to separate them from one another except by the more grey or reddish suffusion.” This description is sufficient, as are most of the early figures, to distinguish despecta, Treit., from rufa, Haworth. The former is a glossy rich brown, not red, the latter a red-brown. ab. fusca, Bankes. //nt. Rec, XXI. 4 (1909). Oxtc. Descrir.—‘‘ Forewings dark fuscous, somewhat tinged with red. Hindwings dark grey, paler towards the base. The usual black dots on both fore- and hindwings are either visible or traceable. ‘The head, thorax, cilia, etc., are proportionately dark as compared with the type.” I. of Purbeck. Hamps. says, l.c., ‘‘ Forewings dark rufous; hindwing suffused with fuscous.” ab. rubicundipennis, Strand, Lep. Cat. V. 45 (1912). Hampson, J... quoted Bankes for his ab. 1, but refrained from quoting the varietal name fusca; Strand, jumping to the conclusion and anxyous to record his name once more and without turning to the record in the Mnt. Record, renamed ab. fusca, Bankes, as ab. rubicundi- pennis, Strand. Senta, Steph. (1854) [Nonayria, Tr. (1816-25): Chilodes, H.-5. (1845): Simyra, Tr. (1816-25)| maritina, Tausch (1806). Tutt did not give the original description, but only a summary of it, until the appendix in Vol. LV. 100 (1892). Tutt, Brit, Noct. I. 48 (1891): 1V. 101 (1892): Barrett, Lep. br. Is. V. 98, plt. 196 (1899) : Stder. Cat. [Iled. 188 (1901): Splr. Sch. Kur, I. 218, plt. 42 (1906): South, Moths Br. Is. I. 299, plt. 145 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. IX. 321 (1910): Warr.-Seitz, lal. Nuct. III. 238, plt. 48e. (1911): Culot, NV. d G. 1.(2) 22, pits. 41 and 42 (1918). Barrett says, /.c. V. 97, “ Variable and in rather more definite lines than is usual. Perhaps the most frequent of these is the form named bipunectata by Haworth. In it the longitudinal fine lines or dustings are obscured or absent, leaving the forewings pale drab or whitish drab, but both the upper stigmata are conspicuous as black spots very nearly equal in size, somewhat rounded, and without the white edging. (142) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Another form, equally or more striking, is known as wismariensis, Schmidt; it has along with these two spots, and partly enclosing them, a broad, black, ill-defined stripe from the middle of the base down the discal cell toward the hind margin. ‘Il'hese remarkable varieties occur in both sexes and appear, at first sight, quite like separate species ; intermediates between them and the type form hardly seem to occur, but the latter is sometimes exaggerated, the fine dark lines and inter-lines becoming more distinct, connected and defined.” Herrich-S. says “ very variable in size, colour and marking, either the colour of the reed-stem as Hiibner’s figures, or a brownish grey, with the stigmata marked by a few white dots, or finely and sharply defined in white.” (II. 245). The naimes to come under review are— maritima, Tausch., Mem. Mosc., I. 178 (1806), plt. XIII. 5. ab. bipunetata, Haw., T'r. Ent. S. Lond. J, 887 (1812): Seitz Pal. III. plt. 48e. subsp. ulvae, Hb., Noct. figs. 635-6 ; 666-8 (1818-22). sericea, Curt., Brit. Mnt. V. 201 (1828); Wood, Ind. fig. 1487 (18387). anella, Steph., Jll., IV. 297 (1884) : Wood, Ind. fig. 1487 (1837). ab. wismariensis, Schmidt, Stett. e. Zt, XIX. 361 (1858): South, Moths B.1, I. plt. 145. ab. nigromaculata, Schmidt, Stett. ¢. Zt., XIX. 361 (1858). ab. nivrostriata, Stdgr., Cat. led. 107 (1871): H.-S., Beard. IL. fig. 397 (1845). ab. niyricostata, Stdgr., l.c. ab. combinata, Edels., Ent. Rec. XXII. 149 (1910): Jc. plt. VI. fig. 3. ab. conjuncta, Rangn., Int. Ent. Zt. VI. 190 (1912). ab. spormanni, Heydem., l.c. XIX. 358 (1926) : l.c. fig. 19. Warr.-Seitz, l.c., treats sericea, Curt., and anella, Stepb., as typical maritima. He says that niyromaculata, Schmidt, is ab. bipunctata, Haw. Several authors wrote bipunctana. Possibly because Haw. called the species a Tortria. Tutt dealt with (1) bipunctata, with 2 black stigmata, (2) wlvae the reddish form, (3) wismariensis with black central stripe, (4) niyricostata with the costa much darkened, and (5) wigrostriata with the whole wing with dark interneural streak, but he did not give the orig. deseriptions. of maritima and bipunctata until the end of Vol. 1[V., and summarised them, from a secondary source probably ; be omitted nigromaculata altogether even in his appendix, where he gave the above two orig. descriptions he had omitted. The original description of wismariensts. he also omitted to quote. Gn.’s var. A. is wismariensis, as Tutt says. Newman’s figures are niyrostriata, bipunctata and wismariensis with the British typical form. South’s figs., 7, a dark g, and 8, a good wismariensis. Hubner’s figures 685-6 and 665-7 are a quite different form to our British form, They are distinctly red with all markings quite trace- able and not suppressed almost to obsolescence as in so many of our 4 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIKTINS. (143) + British examples. Were it not for the shape of the wings, the silky _ white hindwings and the identity of the markings, one would not - consider them to be this species. They are certainly a subspecies at least. The fig. of H.S. is a very distinct nigrostriata form of which he gives no description and no mention; the whole forewing is streaked with black. There are 4 figs. in Seitz, l.c. Vol. IIJ. plt. 48e. Two, fg and 9°, of the typical grey colour, a bipwnctata form, with the same ground and an wlvae of a dark brown but not a distinct red brown as the four figures of Hiibner. sericea, Ourt., Brit. Ent. V. 201 (1828). Fie.—Wood, /ndew, 1439 (1837). Ortc. Descrre.—‘ This insect has a silky appearance. The thorax and superior wings are dull ochreous with a carneous tinge, minutely freckled with fuscous, and a row of dots at the posterior margin of the same colour; the body is paler and the. inferior wings almost white. Forewings obtuse.” Suffolk, late at night. This is nothing but a redescription of the typical form. anella, Stepb., [llus. [V. 297 (1834). Fic.—Wood, Index. 1437 (1887). Oric. Drscrie.— Alis anticis griseis, punctis duobus centralibus nigris subocellatis, scutello albo apice fusco.” ‘‘ Anterior wings griseous, with two central subocellated black dots, and a fine streak of the same colour on the shoulder ; cilia ashy-grey, with an uninterrupted blackish streak at the base; posterior wings ochrey-white.” Stepney. Stephens says=bipunctata, Haw., but ascribes anella to the Fab. Ent. Sys. III. (2), 299. 56. He includes it in the Tineidae with sociedla in the genus Ilythia ; he also placed sericea, Curt., in the Tineidae. In fact there seems to have been great confusion of correctness and incorrectness of identification. But why the anella, Steph., is connected with maritima by Hampson and then by Warr.-Seitz, I cannot under- stand ?. (Probably Warr. copied Hamps.) Stephens says that [lythia anella, Ill. LV. 297, is the anella, Fab., F'nt. Sys. III. (2), p. 299, of which he had one specimen taken by Hatchett in the Jews’ burying- eround, Stepney. This was figured by Wood, Ind. Ent. no. 1487 in 1837, not 5 years after Stephens’ description and from the actual specimen undoubtedly. ‘The figure is that of Melissoblaptes anellus («) of the Entomologist’s List of South ; a honey moth, classified next to Aphomia sociella. Stephens was correct in putting it with sociella in the genus Ilythia. He did not connect it with maritima (ulvae). Doubleday in his Zool. Syn. List Brit. Lep., Ed. 2, did not connect anella of Steph. with maritima (ulvae). ‘The shape of Wood’s figure of anella, Steph., is not that of maritima, but closely agrees with that of sociella, and the markings are in quantity and well expressed, which is not so in maritima ; nor are they positionally in agreement with those of maritima. And yet in spite of all this Stephens says ‘“ punctis duobus centralibus nigris subocellatis,’’ whereas Fabricius says, “‘ puncta duo albida, annulo fusca cincta.”” Haworth’s Tortrix bipunctata also (144) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. has, “ punetis duobus, strigaque bumerali atris,” which also does not agree with Fabricius. Therefore Fabricius’ anella cannot be Stephens’ anel/la nor Haworth’s bipunctata, but it may be typical maritima, with the light or very ligbt stigmata. On the other hand Stephens’ anella with two black spots cannot be typical maritima as both Hampson and Wavrr.- Seitz say, but it might have been Haworth’s bipunctata. had not the figure of the actual specimen by Wood showing a ‘‘ honey” moth precluded it. Stephens identified bipunctatu, Haw., as anella, and this is copied by Wood and others, and Guenée accepts Stephens’ anella as the bipune- tata, Haw. His specimen came from Doubleday, who in his List ignores anella, Stephens, altogether. Again confusion. ab, wismaricusis, Schmidt, Stett. ent. Zeit, XTX. 361 (1858). Fres.—South, Moths Br. |. I. plt, 145, ete. Orie. Descrie.—‘* The var. wismariensis is. distinguished from v. nigromaculata by a black broad longitudinal streak lying along the middle vein of the forewing. It consists of a large pyramid.like longi- tudinal spot with its concave base outwards, beginning between veins 3 and 8 on the elbowed line, becoming black first in the neighbourhood of the vein 5 and including the two stigmata continues to the base of the wing. ‘The similarly coloured whitish margined stigmata lie in it but quite recognisable.”’ ab. niyromaculata, Schmidt., Stett. e. Zeit. XIX, 861 (1858). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Chiefly characterised by the quite black stigmata a similarly coloured longitudinal streak at the base, a few blackish cross lines in the neighbourhood of the obsolescent waved line on the forewing, by a more delicate ground colour showing reddish and on the hindwing, and by sharper discal spots both above and. below than in the typical form.” . The author remarks that his v. niyrumaculata may probably be identical with Hawortn’s bipunctata. It seems to be practically identical. ab. combinatu, Kdel., Hnt. Rec., XXII. 149 (1910). Fie.—lL.c., plt. VI., f. 3. Oxte. Descrie.—* A combination of biyunctata and nigrostriata.” ab. conjuncta, Rangn., Int. Ent. Zeit. VI. p. 190, 1912. Orie, Descrip..—‘‘ A very interesting form in which the two spots of ab. bipunctuta, Haw., are broad, black, and run into one another. It was taken at Berlin.” ab. spormanni, Heydemann, Int. Ent. 7t., XIX. 858 (1926). Fic.—l.c. fig. 29. Oxtc. Duscrip.— Besides the deep black stigmata there are the deep, black streaks between the veins of the forewing as in nigrostriata, while. the ground colour is the brownish silver-grey of typical bipunctata.” Pomerania. >i ¢HE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (145) NonaGRia DISSOLUTA, FORM ARUNDINETA, AND NEURICA. Nore I.:—In Tutt’s time there -was considerable absence of menor cdge of some of the Nonayria species and N. neurica, Hb. (381) _ was treated by him as including arundineta, Schmidt, and dissoluta, Tr. _ (Hb. 959-61) as local racial forms, an action which he more strongly emphasised in Br. N. IV. p. 101, although he was aware that continental entomologists as shown by Staudinger in his Cat. (1871) considered newrica, Hb. 881 and dissoluta, Tr. (newrica, Hb. 659-61) as two distinct species. In his IIIed. Cat. (1901) Staudinger repeated his action and also included arwndineta as a local race of the latter. But in 1907 Edelsten brought up the matter again in an exhaustive paper, Eint. Record, XIX., p. 1, ete., plt. I., and it was definitely pointed out _ that there were two clearly defined species involved, viz., newrica and dissoluta. EKdelsten concluded by showing that we did not get the true " neurica in Britain and that the arundineta of Britain and of all British. authors prior to 1908 was a form of the dissoluta, Tr. Subsequently Tutt Hnt. Record XX., p. 164, returned to the subject and persisted in his opinion that we had only one species in Britain and that was —neurica, Hb. =arundineta, Schmidt. Mr. Edelsten retorted by obtaining from Piingeler (who had received them from Stange and Schmidt) specimens of what they considered to be the true neurica, Hb. 381. ‘l'utt failed to see this and ended by naming the German species edelstenit. Later in the same year Messrs. Sharp of Hastbourne and Wightman of Lewes obtained a fine series of this newrica-edelsteni, absolutely proving that there were two species in Britain, of which the nomenclature would be according to Tutt, N. newrica, Hb. (=arundineta, Schmidt) and JN. edelsteni, Tutt (=newrica, Schmidt). In Hnt. Rec. XXI1., p. 46 (1909) L. B. Prout pointed out the inconsistences of the nomenclature thus stated and said that the correct relationships were those of Staudinger’s Catalog. with edelsteni, Tutt added as a synonym of neurica, Hb. Tutt in reply could not accept Prout’s determinations and the matter rested by his closing the discussion. Nore II. :—Staudinger’s Catalog. [[led. 188 (1901) reads N. neurica, Hb. 381: Schmidt. Stett. e. Zt., 867 (1858): Tr. Schm. Hur. V(2). 819 (1825) pro parte: [edelsteni, Tutt, nt. Rec. XX., 164.| [I have put edelstent in the synonomy.—H.J.T. | N, dissoluta, Tr. Schm. Eur., V(2)., 319 (1825) pro parte: newriea, _ Hb., 659-61 (non 381), v. arundineta, Schmidt, Stett. e. Zt., 369 (1858). Nore III. :—The Differentiation of the two species is— NV. neurica, Hb., has no dark lunule on the underside of the hind- wings; always has a transverse white thoracic (prothoracic) crest: is of slight build; is only found in Hast Sussex (and has been taken in Suffolk several times) in Britain. N. dissoluta, Tr., has a dark lunule on underside of hindwings : has a self-coloured crest, is of stoutish build: is well distributed throughout the British Isles. var. arundineta, Schmidt, is the pale form of dissoluta. Wightman says (in lit.) “‘ The larvae of dissoluta and of its form arundineta is greenish-white with pinkish dorsal area. The larva of neurica is dull white, lined and suffused with greyish brown. ‘They 7 OR Ey pew One (146) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. are not in the least alike. The genitalia of the imagines also differ greatly.” [See Pierce, (ren. Brit. Noct., p. 31, plt. VIII. (pencils of © hair present in newrica, absent in dissoluta) and Edelsten who described and figured the early stages of newrica, Hb., 881 in F.M.M., vol. XLVII. (XXII. n.s.,) Sept. 1911). Nore I[V.:—Meyrick, Ied., 1896 gives dissoluta and its var. arundineta correctly. Barrett, is hopeless, he calls our fen species newrica, and ignores arundineta, Staudinger, Cat., 1901, See above. Spuler, follows Staudinger. South, mixes all as arwndineta apparently accepting Tutt’s dictum. In recent issues of South, the matter is referred to at the end and neurica correctly given. Rebel (Berge), Hampson, Warren (Neitz), and Vorbrodt all follow Staudinger. Culot gives aruwndineta as a var. of nenrica and gives his reasons in detail. Meyrick, [led., 1928, accepts the discovery of true newrica in Britain, follows Staudinger and gives edelsteni as a synonym of newrica. Nonagria, Ochs. (1816-25) [Archanara, Walk. (1866)] dissoluta, Treit. Tutt Brit, Noct. 1. 49 (1891) as newrica var.: lic. IV. 101 (1892) : Barr. Lep. Brit. Isles, V., 91 (1899) as newrica: Stder. Cat., Iled., 188 (1901): Splr. Sehm. Hur. |. 217, plt. 42 (1906): South Moths Br. Is. I, 298, plt. 144 (1907): Hamp. ep. Phal. IX. 294 (1910): Wazrr.- Seitz, Pal. Noet. II. 237, plt. 49h (1911): Culot NV. & G. I(1). 210, plt. 88 (1912) treats arwndineta as a form of neurica. Warr.-Seitz figures are most misleading. Seitz dissoluta is the lightest figure, whereas it should be much darker than average newrica. Seitz arwndineta is a darker figure than than of dissoluta, whereas it should be lighter than average dissoluta. The forms are :— dissoluta, Tr. Schmett. V(2). 819 (1825), neurica, Hb. Noct. 659-61 (1818) [excluding Hb. 381 the true neurical . race arundineta, Schmidt, Stett. e. Zt. 369 (1858). ab. hessti, Bdv. Ind. Meth. 184 (1840). ab. rosea, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 50 (1891). ab. flava, n. ab. Ent. Ree. Supp. (1939). Tutt discussed four of these but not hessi/. Hampson emphasises that dissoluta is much more rufous than its form arundineta. Edelsten says that dissoluta varies in colour from deep black to red brown. ab. hessti, Bdv. Ind. Meth. 134 (1840). Fieg.—Warr.-Seitz /’al. Noct. IL]. plt. 49h (much larger than the type specimen is). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (147) e Oric. Desorie.—‘ Alae anticae nigrofuscae, macula reniformi albida, _intus fusca ; alae posticae pallidae,” Darmstadt. This is a very dark ~ melanie form according to Seitz figure. 4 Hess sent this form to Boisduval as a variety of newrica (about 1840 _ or earlier). - __ Stdgr. in all three editions of his Cat. puts hessii to arundineta. _ Heydenreich in his Cat. which was the fore-runner and model of - Stdgr’s Cat. in 1851, put hessti as a species with a reference to Hb. figs. 659-61. Duponchel, Cat. Meth. p. 117 (1844) put hessii as a species with _ “ (var. of nenrica ?) ” that is the newrica of Htibner’s fig. 659 [id. est. _ dissoluta| . Mr. Edelsten very kindly looked up the original type specimen of hessti, Bdv. which came to this country with the Oberthur collection, and I have since seen it and agree with him that it is undoubtedly dissoluta with the self-coloured crest and the lunule on underside of hindwings, agreeing with 659 Hb. Hence the name hessii is a synonym of dissoluta, Tr., or a name applicable to the very darkest form. Warr.-Seitz figures hessii as having very dark forewings but with grey hindwings, distinct from typical neurica, and of large size, and in the text gives it as a synonym of dissoluta the type. [This is referred to in ‘corrections ’”’ at the end as being doubtful., p. 510.] ab. flava, n. ab. Orie. Descrip.—In Mr. A. J. Wightman’s box of bred specimens before me is one from Yorkshire which he points out as a “ fine yellow form with dark markings suppressed.” The typical coloration of dissoluta is a rufous tending to pinkish and not yellow without pinkish tinge as is this specimen. He has others similar. Nonagria, Ochs. (1816-25) [Archanara, Walk. (1866).] neurica, Hb. Tutt Mnt. Record XX. 164 (1908) as edelsteni; Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 188 (1901): Splr. Schm. Kur. I. 217, plt. 42 (1906): Hamp. Lep. Ph. 1X. 295 (1910): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 287, plt. 49h (1911): Culot NV. € G. I(1). 210, plt. 38 (1912). Warr.-Seitz. figure of newrica may be nearer correct if compared with Hub. fig. 881, but the white crest is not emphasised in nature. The forms are :— [newrica, Hb. Noct. 881 (1808)] as edelstent subsequently to Brit. Noct. edelsteni, Tutt, nt. Rec. XX. 164 (1908) ab. fusca, Edlstn. Proc. Ent. S. Lond. (1909) p. Ixxi. ab. rufescens, Kdlstn. l.c. Tutt dealt with typical newrica as edelsteni. (148) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. fusca, Edlstn. Proc, Ent. Soc. Lond. p. xxi. 1909. Orta. Descrrep.—The aberration was exhibited under the name fusca but no description was then published. In the ”. M. M. XLVII. 207 (1911) Edelsten described this form as “ blackish-brown.” In addition I would add that the hindwings are also much darker than the type. ab. rufescens, Edelstn. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. p. Ixxi.. (1909). Orie. Descrie.—The aberration was exhibited under the name rufescens, but no description was then published. In the FH. M. M., l.c., Edlesten described this form as ‘‘ reddish.”” In this form too the hindwings are darker. Nonagria, Ochs. (1816-25) auct. South, Meyr. [Archanara Wlkr. (1866) Hamps., Warr.-Seitz] geminipuncta, Haw. (1809-10). This species was figured by Hub. 624 and 637, under the name paludicola and again as guttans 624, and was known for some years by these names on the continent. Treit, Schm. V(2). 828 (1825), says that Borkhausen’s fraterna, 1V. 724, which he (Bork,) ascribed to nervosa, Esper, Abbild. Noct., LXIX. 1, belongs here rather than to typhae as Ochsenheimer thought, but since the figure and description are in such disagreement he (Treit.) could not adopt the two references necessitating the alteration to one of these two names. Borkhausen says that his species fraterna is the nervosa of Esper, but that Esper’s name must be rejected, there already being a species called by that name IV. 725. The figure of Esper’s nervosa is certainly not a form of typhae, the shape of wing, size, marking, etc., give no resemblance to it, but the figure does resemble strongly that of Hub. 624. Esper’s description and his figure of nervosa are strongly at variance, as also is Borkhansen’s description of his fraterna with his reference to Esper’s figure. Tutt apparently overlooked Borkhausen’s definite statement that his fraterna was Esper’s nervosa and had he compared the original figure of Esper with Hubnetr’s figures I am quite sure that he must have come to the decision that nervosa, Esp. (fraterna, Bork.) as figured (but not as described) was geminipuncta. Hatchett, Trans. Knt. Soc. 327 (1812) is often given as the reference for the orig. descrip. This is not so, as in the article quoted Hatchett gives the reference to Haw. Lep. Brit. 176, which was made in 1809 (10). Tutt Wnt. XXI. 226 (1888): Brit. Noct. I. 50 (1891): Barr. Lep. br. Is. V. 88 (1899): Stder. Cat. [Iled. 187 (1901): Splr. Schm. Fur, I. 217 (1906) : South Moths Br. I. I. 297 (1907): Culot N. & G@. I(1). 209 (1909): Hamps. Lep. Phal. IX. 293 (1910): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. ILI. 236 (1911). The figure of Esper’s nervosa, Noct. plt. CXLVIII. (69). 1, to me seems to represent the species Hiibner’s fig. 624, paludicola, pourtrays. The special features are the dark coloration, the light marked outer a THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (149) 5 marginal portions of the veins, the presence of the reniform, traces of the elbowed line outside the reniform, the orbicular marked by a black dot, and the dark hindwings, all markings present in some form or other of gemini puncta. é Hitibner’s 628 guttans is typical geminipuncta, but the twin spots are unusually large; 624 paludicola is a subvar. of rufa, Tutt; 637 ; paludicola is geminipuncta ab. nnipuncta ‘ rather dark,”’ Hiibner’s 624 cannot be nigricans, Stdgr., because the latter is _ wholly blackish whereas Hiibner’s fig. has the outer portions of the veins light in colour. Sepp. Beschou. LV. 65, plt. 20, under the name arundinis gives two figures of yeniinipuncta, dark, somewhat crude in shape, the upper of the two white spots much too basad in position. _ -Wood’s fig. 878 shows two biack dots, not white. Gn., Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. II, 447, plt. xvi. (1832), gives 2 figs. both very dark especially the outer two thirds of the hindwings intensely ; fig. 3 has two white spots, fig. 4 the whole reniform is white (changed ?). Duponchel says that the forewing has a white spot cut into two by a black mark. ‘Two out of bis three figs., Supp. IV. plt. XXXII. la and 1b, have white reniform stigmata undivided fig. 1 has the two white dots. South’s figs. Pl. 144, figs. 6, 7 British, have the white spots very obsolescent. My own series of 23 specimens from several localities are mostly unipuucta forms; the upper white spot if present is almost microscopic. Warr. (Seitz) puts guttans and paludicola, 637 as synonyms of geminipuncta. The latter is a form of the typical form undoubtedly. He suggests exaggeration of colour in Hb. 624 and does not identify it with nigricans, Stder., which last he says is Tutt’s fusca. But this cannot be as fusca, Tutt has 2 white spots, whereas nigricans, Stder., is uniformly sooty black. Culot has an excellent figure of typical yeminipuncta, perhaps on the hght side. Barrett says, l.c. V. 88, ‘There is variation in the colour of the forewings, paler to drab, darker to black brown, always with the greasy gloss, and some males are of a soft light yellow brown with darker clouding on the nervures ; while the darker forms are often unicolorous except for the stigmatal dots, the pale shade being obliterated.” He records an example ‘“‘of a wholly unicolorous smoky-black, the spots being also absent.” Mr. Wightman says that he does not agree with Tutt in saying that geminipuncta is the most variable of the whole group. Hering, Stett. ent. Zt. [V. (1848), 345-6, says that the imago in Pomerania varies through all shades of brown and usually is devoid of the white spots on the forewings. “The ground colour may be anything from reddish ochreous through deep red brown to black ; all shades of ground colour having forms without the white dots or with only one of them present,”’ Wightman in litt. (150) THE ENTOMOLOGIS£’S RECORD. [nervosa, Esp., dbbild. IV(2). 479, plt. CXKUVITI. (69) I. (1786)]. [fraterna, Bork., Schin. Eur. TV. 724 (1792)). geminipuncta, Haw. Lep, Brit. 176 (1809-10). ab. paludicola, Hb. Noct. 624 (1818). [quttans, Hb. l.c. 628-9 (1818)] . farundinis, Sep. Beschou. IV. plt. 20 (1836)]. ab. nigricans, Stdgr. Cat. led. 46 (1861). ab. pallida, Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 50 (1891). ab. pallida-unipuncta, Tutt le. ab. pallida-ohsoleta, Tutt lc. ab. rufa, Tutt Lc. ab. rufa-unipuncta, Tutt lc. ab. rufa-obsoleta, Tutt lc. ab. wnipuncta, Tutt lc. ab, obsoleta, Tutt l.c. ab. fusca, Tutt lc. ab. fusca-nnipuncta, Tutt le. ab. nigropunctata, Kroul. Int. Ent. Zeit. X11. 180 (1920). ab. niyropunctata, Kromb. Int. Ent. Zt. XIII. 180 (1920). Orig. Descrip.—<‘ Reniform and orbicular stigmata each repre- sented by a black spot.” Nonayria, Ochs. (1816-25) [Archanara, Walk. (1866)] cannae, Ochs. and Treit (1816-25) = algae, Esp. (1786). Tutt’s treatment of this species is very meagre. He apparently, at the time, knew only of continental examples. In 1786 Esper published his Abbild. Vol. 1V(1). with a number of — plates in excess of those treated in the letterpress and on plate CXL. figs. 1-2, he gave a figure under the name algae which, although very crude, is recognisable as the insect we have long known as cannae. In 1792 Borkhausen published his Nat. Schm. Hur. vol. [V. and gave a description of this figure p. 720* as he had no example of the insect. Thus we have the prior name and description by the year 1792. In 1816 Ochsenheimer listed this species under the name cannae, Schm. Hur. TV. 82, and in 1825 'lreitschke described the species under the same name cannae, l.c. V(2). 325 [not V. 225 as printed in br. Noct.] stating that the names alyae and nervosa given in the citations were already used for other species and a new name was necessary. Present day authorities (e.y., Hampson, Warr.-Seitz, etc.,) have reverted to the prior name alyae, Hsp. Treit. put Lang’s nervosa in his synonymy. This is not supported by subsequent authors. Lang’s nervosa=nervosa, Schiff., which is taken to be the fraterna form of typhae (arundinis, Fb.). A complica- tion in nomenclature. * 721, error in pagination. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (151) Tutt, Brit. Noct. 1. 52 (1891): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is. V.79, plt. 149 (1899) : Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 187 (1901): Splr. Schin. Hur, I. 216, plt. 42 (1906) : South, Moth B.I. I. 296, plt. 144 (1907): Culot, N. et G.1(1), 208, plt. XXX VIII. 27 (1909): Hamps. Lep. Phal. IX. 299 (1910): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 238, plt. 49k (1911). Ernst. and Engram. Pap. d’Mur. VILL. f. 501 (171), figures are _ much too pink, crude but recognisable. They say distinctly that this _ Species is not the nervosa either of Schiff. or of Lang. Duponchel’s fig. 3 of plt. 106 is unrecognisable in shape, size and coloration, which he himself admits in the Supp. IJ. 361 (1836) and redescribes it and figures it on plt. XX XIII. 2-3, by quite good figures of the two sexes. H.-8.’s figures 354-5 have the hindwings much too dark. Culot’s figure, plt. XXX VIII. 27 is an excellent one, a 9°. Of the variation Barrgtt says, J.c. V. 78, ‘‘ Rather variable in colour, from pale yellow to dull red, dingy blackish-yellow, or blackish-brown, and in the female to drab. Also somewhat inconstant in size.” Mr. A. J. Wightman, who has bred this species several times, says, “ The ground colour varies greatly, but except that the two rows of dots are sometimes clear and sharp and at other times faint or lost in some deep-toned ground colour, the markings such as they are, are constant as far as I know. I have bred specimens pale ochreous grey, smoky grey, golden yellow, pale terra-cotta, deep red (Indian), and smoky brown so deep in tint as to appear almost black when freshly emerged.”’ This last has been named ab. fumata, Warr.-Seitz. The names to be discussed are :— nervosa, Schiff., Verz. 85 (1775). [typhae, Schev., Naturf. XL. 30, plt. LIL. (1777). algae, Esp., Abbild. Noct. 1V(2). 441 (1798 ?) plt. 140, 1-2 (1786). (nervosa, Lang, Verz. Iled. 142 (1789). arundinis, Hb., Samm. 886-7 (1808) nec Ib. cannae, Ochs.-Treit., Schm. Hur. V(2). 825 (1825). ab. russa, Evers., Bull. Mosc. Ill. 79 (1847). ab. bruneo-ochrascens, Hamps. (Strnd.), Lep. Phal. IX. 299 (1910). [Strand, Arch. Naty. LXXXI. 165, A. 11 (1015). | ab. fumata, Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. I1[. 238, plt. 49k (1911). ab. liturata, Warr.-Seitz, l.c. The names nervosa and typhae refer to other species ; arundinis, Hb., 1s a Synonym. algae, Ksp., Abbild, 1V(2). 441 (1790 circa). Fie.——l.c. plt. 140 (61) 1-2. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Alis deflexis ruffis (f. pallide ochraceis) venis nigricanibus, serie duplici punctorum nigrorum versus marginem posticum ; posticis supra fuscis.” (152) tHE ENTOMOLTGIST’s RECORD, Esper gives Borhausen Naty. Schm. IV. 720 published in 1792 asa reference. Borkhausen gives Hisper as a reference and says that he does not know the insect but made his description from [sper’s figure plt. 140. I surmise that the figure was issued long before the letter- press belonging to it. My copy of Esper, vol. 1V(1). with plate 140 is dated 1786. Evidently Esper’s description was not available for Borkhausen to quote, and Borkhausen’s vol. 1V. was published before Esper’s LV(2). letterpress. race russa, Kvers., Bull. Mosc, III. 79 (1847). Orie. Descrie.— Noctua sordide rufo-testacea, ciliis concoloribus, alis anticis puncto medio nigricanti.— ° . “Paulo major, quam Verastis vaccinit, L. Tr., cui tamen alarum colore et litura media nigricante primo adspectu accedit, sed ob alarum formam et seriem punctorum externam Nonagria adnumeranda est. ‘** Alae anticae, sicut thorax et antennae setaceae, cervino-testaceae, unicolores, sine umbris, excepto puncto seu macula media dilute nigricante ; ve diligentius explorata series externa e punctis minutis nigris composita, Nonagriis propria, reperitur. Alae posticae, sicut abdomin sordide rubricosae, ciliis paulo pallidioribus, immaculatae. ‘‘Subtus alae sordide rubricosae, seu testaceae ; anticae disco nigricante ; posticae serie externa e lineolis longitudinalibus seu punctis oblongis nigris composita e obsoleta.— Mas latet.”’ “ Alis anticis rutilo-hepaticis (mas.)”? Bull. Imp. Un. Cazan. 129 (1855). ab. brunneo-vehraseens, Strand. Arch. Naty. LXXXI. 165, A.11. (1915). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Pale brownish ochre with pale suffusion.”’ ab. fumata, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 238 (1911). Orie. Descrie.— A very dark form occurs in the Norfolk Fens, ‘ with the wings, especially in the g, dark brown or black brown.” Tutt quotes F. D. Wheeler in #.M.M. XXII. 170, who says that some of the Norfolk examples are getting on for black. This form has now been named ab. frmata by Warr.-Seitz. ab. liturata, le. Fieg.—l.c., 49k. Orig Descrie.—‘ Has both lines complete and dentate throughout, the median vein thickly black.’’ This is not shown in the figure, but traces of the reniform are blackish spots at top and bottom. Norfolk. Nonagria, Ochs. (1816-25) [Archanara, Walk. (1866). Hamps., Warr.-Seitz| , sparganti, Esp. Tutt Brit. Nuct. 1. 58 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. ls, V. 82 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 187 (1901): Splr. Schm. Kur. I. 216 (1906): South Moths Br. I. I. 296 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. 1X. 297 (1910): Warr.- Seitz Pal. Noct. ILI. 287 (1911): Culot N. et G. 1(1). 208 (1909-12). ' THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (153) In the Nati forscher, Stk. XI. p. 30, plt. IIT., figs. 1-4 (1777) there is a description of the life-history of this species by Pastor von Scheven. _ The figures are extremely crude, but the descriptions are unmistakable. The larvae figured are very different, fig. 1 (green) is that of sparyanii but the brown one, fig. 2 is probably that of typhae (arundinis). _ Curiously exactly similar figures are given by Ernst and Engram. figs. 501. Fig. 3, pupa, is that of typhae showing the peculiar knob for breaking the “ window ” of the burrow. Fig. 4 imago, is a non- descript mixture of the two species. Esper’s figures plt. 148 are crude but recognisable and with the characteristic marginal dots, submarginal row of dots and_ black marking at base of reniform. The dark powdering of the 3 is too rough and too dark. Hiibner’s figures 549-50, g and 9, are both too dark for average specimens, the g particularly so. It is the rufescens form of Tutt and differs from the extreme form rufa named in Wightman’s summary below, in that it is irregularly marked by lighter clouding on the forewing, and by a lighter clearly cut marginal area on the hind- wings, which area is bounded inwardly by a darker band. H.-S. says these figures are very brightly coloured (lebhaft). Treit. says that Htibner’s fig. is too deep a yellow. V(2). 328. Herrich-S. has a very good figure of the ?, obsoleta form, but the hindwings of the g¢ are much too dark basally and the darkened area covers too much instead of running with the nervures. Freyer’s plt. 88 gives two figs. which would be fairly correct if the darker shading (blackish) had been carefully and properly distributed instead of being smudged on. H.-S. says of them ‘strongly black- marked examples.” Duponchel’s fig. 6, the g is a very good rufa, a rich dark uniform red, the 2 fig. 7is too grey without ochreous tint, probably incorrectly coloured, like other figures on the same plate. Carrington gives two very fair figures in Hint. XIIL. 49 (1880) with the account of the discovery of the species in Britain. (Kent.) Barrett has very good figures, V. plt. 194. Warr.-Seitz figures a large ? rather dark, a small light obsoleta with costa too arched,a g anda 9? bipunctata and a rufescens (not rufa) on the dark side, a badly balanced fieure ; a useful series. Culot figures a typical male, but not quite so good a figure as his usual work. Barrett says, l.c., V. 81, “ Variation seems in this species to be confined to greater or lesser intensity of the red or orange clouding and of the black along the nervure.” He records examples ‘“‘ with the forewings very rich red”’ and others “in which the median nervure is deeply striped with black,” with a female ‘in which the dots along the margin are greatly enlarged.” Of the Variation Mr. A. J. Wightman, who has bred large numbers from Kent and Sussex, considers it the most variable species in the genus Nonagria. He says (in lit.), “Had Tutt had the material and dealt with it on the same lines as yeminipuncta, he would have found it necessary to name at least five forms on account of the markings differing from the type and these would be multiplied by eight or nine on account of colour. This species tends to produce local races, (154) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. but in no locality that I know of is the local facies so marked or representated in such proportion as would justify a racial name.” Mr. Wightman says, ‘The four differently marked forms, the type, ab. obsoleta, ab. bipunctata, and ab. nigrostriata occur in many shades of colour, but ab. roseoradiata is only found with the ground © colour pale, as the red suffusion is lost in the richer ground colour forms. Endless intermediate shades of colour occur, some of the reds being almost orange.” These minute shades have not been named. Unless one has the actual specimen it is often difficult or almost impossible to allocate a form to such a term as “ rufescens.” Mr. Wightman suggests the following identification of sparyanii ab. rufescens, Tutt. ‘He (Tutt) says it has the ground colour ‘much suffused with reddish ochreous’ and a few pages earlier (p. 42) he (Tutt) says of his phragmitidis ab. rufescens, Tutt, ‘anterior wings entirely suffused with rich deep red.’ It follows therefore, I think, that his (Tutt’s) form rufescens of sparganii is less red than the well known phragmitidis ab. rufescens.” The forms to be considered are :— sparganti, Esp. Schm, Abbld. TV(2). 481 (after 1792) plt. 148, 28 (1786). y obsoleta, Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 58 (1891). ab. bipwnetata, Tutt, l.c. ab, rufescens, Tutt, lc. ab. strigosa, Stdgr., Mem. Rom., VI. 468 (1892). ab. wmimaculata, Dumont, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 168 (1926). ab. clara, ab. nov. ab. impunctata, ab. nov. ab. lutea, Whtmn., in lit. ab. rosea, Whtmn., J.c. ab. rufa, Whtmn., l.c. ab. nigrostriata, Whtmn., l.c. ab. roseoradiata, Whtmn., l.c. ab. deleta, Whtmn., l.c. Of these Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form ; (2) the sparsely and faintly marked ab. obsoleta ; (3) ab. bipunctata, with a distinct flne line on the median nervure ; and (4) ab. rufescens. [ab. rufescens, Strand (Hamps.) Cat. Lep. Ph. IX. 297 (1910). “ Much more strongly suffused with rufous; hindwing suffused with black except terminal area.” Hampson noted Tutt’s ab. rufescens, but did not use his name nor any name. Strand finding a short description (Hampson’s) without a name gave it one, at the same time translating the deszription into German (Arch. Nat.-gesch. LXXXI. 165 A. 11, 1915). Strange to say he called it rufescens as Tutt had done.| race strigosa, Stdgr., Rom. Mem. VI. 468 (1892). Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ They are not light nor even reddish grey, but dusky straw yellow coloured, which colour occurs only extremely rarely in the pretty variable German specimens. All the Amur specimens show a very distinct dark longitudinal streak on the median vein of forewings, such as very rarely is distinguishable even quite faintly in .—:) . THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND ‘THEIR VARIETIES. (155) German sparganii. Further than this, just before the outer margin, ‘there exists a mostly very distinct, dark, trace of a spot, which can be considered as a continuation of this streak. In a few examples also the subcostal of the forewing is darkened in a streak-like way almost ‘up to the end of the middle cell. Further there always exist in the middle cell of this var. striyosa in the males 8 black dots behind one another, in the ? only 1, which are always wanting in sparganii.” i Amur. z r ; ab. unimaculata, Dumont., Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 168 (1926). Orie. Descrre.— Forewings uniformly dull ochraceous yellow, ‘tinted with rose; the marginal line of black points alone is well marked, less strongly, however, than in the type; the external or elbowed line is scarcely indicated by a minute point upon each nervure ; _ the reniform is only visible at its lower part where it forms a spot _ made up of four black dots; there is complete absence of the pink suggestion along the nervures. The hindwings are lighter on the _ inner two thirds, but browned on the remaining portion.” Bred near - Beauvais, Oise. aoe | ab. impunctata, ab. nov. Cat. Dobr. Coll. 21 (1909-30). Ornic. Duscrrep.—Browne reports an aberration from Hungary (Cat. Dobr. Coll.) with, ‘No trace of the row of black dots parallel to the hind margin.” I suggest the name impunctata for this form. ab. clara, ab. nov. (1980). Orig. Desorre.—Among the numerous specimens I have seen, two from N. E. Kent, one bred and the other taken by Mr. Wightman, are extremely light in ground colour and stand out quite distinctly among the thirty specimens lying before me now. The hindwings are very pale straw almost white with just a uniform slightly creamy tinge. The forewings are slightly, only slightly, darker ochreous cream, without any suggestion of rufous, brown, or pink. The marginal and antemarginal lines of black points are complete. Only _ three larger dots at the base of the reniform are present and distinct, and the positions of the two remains of the basal transverse line are indicated by a dark scale or two. These two specimens seem to stand out so clearly and have not hitherto been noted that I call them ab. clara. They are more extreme than Tutt’s obsoleta. Hamps. Cat. Lep. Phal. IX. 297 (1910) describes as ab. 1, but _ gives no name to it, a form as “ Paler, greyish-ochreous without rufous tinge.” This may possibly be classified here. Mr. Wightman, whose practical experience of this species in the field is unrivalled has submitted the following six most extreme bred forms and described them as follows :— 1. Markings on the forewings as in the type. The ground colour bright clear sulphur. Hindwings paler yellow with black suffusion at base. Hast Sussex. ab. lutea. 2. Markings on the forewings as in the type. Ground colour _ pale pink with slight orange tint, nervures in paler pink. Hindwings pale ochreous whit. ab. rosea. : (156) THE ENTOMOLTGIST’S RECORD. 3. Markings on forewings as in type. Ground colour rich, deep, coppery red. Hindwings pale reddish, with dark grey streaks from base to centre of wing. ab. rufa. 4. Colour as in the type. A black streak under the median nervure from the base to the dots representing the elbowed line. Two ~ black dots on the nervure distinct and a third dot above the outer one of the pair. A fine blackish line just inside and parallel with the — hind-margin, and another just below the costa. Hindwings pale — smoky ochreous with distinct black grey streaks from the base to the centre of the wing. EH. Sussex. ab. nigrostriata. 5. As 4, but the black lines below costa and above hind-margin replaced by a streak of purplish red colour, the dark shade under the central nervure also suffused with purplish red, which spreads out on to the adjacent areas of the wing, so that the major portion of the wings are red or red suffused, and yet the pale ground colour, quite free from scattered red scales, is present as two pale wide streaks, one just above tbe central nervure, and the other half-way between the dark shading under the median nervure and the inner margin. Hind- wings as in 4, but tinged with pink. E.Sussex. ab. roseoradiata. 6. As 5, but without the dark central nervure. ab. deleta. Nonagria, Ochs. Treit (1816-25) [Phragmatiphila, Hamps. (1910)], arundinis, Fb, (1787) =typhae, Thnbg. (1784). Hampson has divided the old genus Nonagria into Phraymatiphila, Arenostola and Nonayria. Without going into detail there seems reason for giving typhae separate generic status. It certainly stands alone among the other species which have hitherto been associated with it. Tutt gave the description of Fab. Mant. II. 141 (1787) under the name arundinis, possibly unaware that Thunberg in his Ins. Suec. I. 3 (1784) had already described it under the name typhae, which name therefore has the prior status. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 54 (1891): Barrett Lep. Brit. Is. V. 85, plt. 195 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 187 (1901): Splr. Sch. Mur. I. 216, plt. 42 (1906): South Moths. Br. Js. I. 297, plt. 144 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Phal. 1X. 271, fig. (1910): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. II. 234, plt. 49a (1911): Culot N. et G. i(1). 209, plt. 38, figs. 29-30 (1909-12). In Naturf. XI. plt. III. f. 4, Pastor v. Scheven gives a very crude figure, which may be considered as representing the dark form of typhae, bred from a larvain Typhalatifoliaandshownin fig.2. Fig.3of pupa shows the well-known ‘‘ beak”? with which the “ window ” of the burrow is broken by the emerging pupa. No name is given. Borkhausen noted the two quite different larvae figured by Scheven in Natwf. Ill. and suggested that they were of two different species, fig. 2 being that of typhae. Esper’s fig. LV(2). plt. 140, fig. 5, var. of typhae is a blackish brown form subsequently named fraterna. Ksper’s nervosa plt. 148, 1, has forewings which may be termed intermediate between type and fraterna, but the hindwings are extreme in their dark colour. Hubner’s fig. 4387 is darker but has the light hindwings of a normal example. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (157) Ernst. and Eng. Pap. d’ Eur. plt. 296, figs. 502 have figured a very dark g and a more or less typical 9, the former with too great a contrast of shades. They have copied Scheven’s figures of the (two ifferent) larvae and pupa. An underside fig. is much too dark (black). The g may represent a /raterna form. Hiibnev’s fig. 415 is rather too red for typical typhae otherwise very good; fig. 437 is not such a good figure but is the dark blackish brown form to which the name /fraterna has since been given. - Duponchel gives a very fair figure of a very dark rich brown ¢, which may be called fraterna. VII(1). plt. 106 (1827). Herr.-Schiaff, gives 3 figs., 349 3 typhae, 350 2 typhae (miscalled fraterna), 851 a large very dark 9 fraterna (riscalled typhae). They are not good; the peculiar margin and fringes of the wings are not correctly given. Herrich-Schiffer’s fig. 851 is the black fraterna, while Hubner’s fig. 487 is the brown fraterna. Hsper’s fig. plt. 148, 1, nervosa, is quite a distinct form with its deep black hindwings and its light-bordered _ veins on the forewings. But the shape and margins are in no way _ like those ot typhae, ; Freyer’s fig. plt. 89 is a good figure of an ordinary light form. z Warr.-Seitz gives a rich dark form of fraterna,and g and ? of the typical form. __ Culot, I(1). plt. 38, f. 29-80 (1909) gives excellent figures of 3 _typhae and @ fraterna. : Of the Variation Barrett says, lc. V. 85., ‘“‘ Usually only slightly variable in the depth of colour of the forewings.” ‘ Treit, V(2). 99 (1825) records, ‘‘ A very fine variety, pale brown, grey powdered, with broad dark marginal band on all wings, and especially large, I have obtained from Herr Kindermann, who took it in Syria.” ’ The forms named are :— ‘ typhae, Thnbg. Ins. Suec. (Dissert.), 1. 3 (1784). 4 arundinis, Fb. Mantis. IL. 141 (1787). . latifolia, Lang. Verz. Iled. 142 (1789). ; ab. nervosa, Kisp. Abbild. 1V(2). 479, plt. 148, f. 1 (1790 ?) ¥ ab. fraterna, Bork. Natury. Schm. LV. 724 (1792). x subsp. sulzeri, Vorbt. Mitt. Schw. ent. Gesell. XIL1. 188 (1921) [? sp.| Tutt treats of the species (typhae) under the name arundinis, and _ of the form fraterna, Tr. Of the latter he (Tutt) said, “ Under the name fraterna, Tr., Guenée, somewhat erroneously, describes an intermediate form between fraterna and the type.’”’ It should read “ Under the name nervosa,” as Guenée does not recognise true fraterna by name. As Tutt says his var. A form and his description is fraterna= H.-8’s. fig. 851 (in error called (yphae). Tutt ascribed fraterna to Tr., it should have been to Bork. Borkhausen describes a form which he says is the same as Esper’s nervosa, LV(1). plt. 148, fig. 1. He however names it fraterna as the name nervosa is preoccupied. He says it is to be distinguished from _ typhae by the untoothed hind-margin of the hindwings. : Treit, V(2). 99 (1825) said ‘‘ Under the name fraterna the variety ee Sa Sars (158) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. was established, which occurred among the usual forms, uniformly brown or blackish, almost markingless.” i.e. two forms. Borkbausen says that Isper’s fig. 5, plt. 140, p. 442, is that of a red brown variety of typhae with blackish veins and whitish reflection and exceptionally large. N. typhae, Thnbg. Ins. Suec. (Dissert Ins.) I. p. 3 (1784). Oric. Desorip.—“ Cristata alis incumbentibuscanis fusco striatis, margine postico nigro-punctato. “ Alae incumbentes, rotundatae. Antennae fusco-striatae striis obsoletis subraimosis ; intra marginem posticum ordo punctorum octo nigrorum. Subtus concolores punctis marginalibus vix conspicuis. Posticae supra immaculatae, subtus puncto in medio nigro. ‘Thorax immaculatus, hirsutus, cristatus.” Fabricius’ description (quoted by Tutt) is really a paraphrase of that of Thunberg. (latifolia, Lang. | Lang. Verz. Schm. Augs. Iled. 142, lists Noct. latifolia and gives the reference to Natwrf. XI. 30, plt. Il]. (1777), which, although no name is given, can be no other than typhae. Lang. says in a footnote that the nervosa of the Verz. of Schiff. is this species, This is not correct as the nervosa, Schiff. is a separate species allied to albovenosa. ab. nervosa, Esp. Abbild. 1V(2). 479, plt. 148, f. 1 (1790). Werneberg says this is the brown grey form of /raterna (not the black grey fraterna). Two forms of the dark examples of typhae have been noted by many including Tutt in B.N. Borkhausen’s /raterna was a black brown, this figure of nervosa is of a brown grey colour, and the name may well remain as a varietal name. Not only is the form dark brown but it is also characterised by the emphasised veins on the forewings. And we find that Warr.-Seitz takes Msper’s nervosa as the intermediate form between the type and fraterna, Pal. Noct. ILI. 234. Kretchmar, in Ber. Hnt. Zt. 441 (1863), suggested that fraterna was a good species ‘‘ Not only was its colour richer but the larva was always blue-green and the upper part of the head was yellowish ; whereas the larva of typhae never occurs of this green colour, whenever it does vary it appears always yellowish white, transparent, with whitish back and side lines.” No one has ever supported this view. Subsp. sulzeri, Vrbt. Mitt. Schw. ent. Gesell. XIII., 188. (1921.) Orie. Descrire.—‘‘ Reddish violet grey fore-wings, the fore and hind margins are strongly suffused. ‘I'he orbicular is not emphasised, the reniform is whitish margined. ‘The longitudinal shade present in dissoluta is wanting. ‘The outer transverse line forming a curve is indistinct, beyond it is an obsolescent row of black dots. The wedge- shaped deep black marginal triangles on the outer margin are separated by a pale marginal line from the unicolorous grey brown fringes. Hindwings unicolorous grey with darker discal spot. Under- side shining blue grey ; the forewings on the outer margin with traces = THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (159) _ of a dark marginal line and an indistinct discal spot. Hind-wings with - dark discal lunule and sharp marginal line.” 16 mm. This has been doubted as a typhae form. Calamia, Hb, (1818) [Nonayria, Ochs. (Gn.): Leucania, Ochs. (Dup.): Caradrina, Ocbs. (Meyr.): Arenostola, Hamps.: Rhizedra, (in lit.) Warr.-Seitz. (1911)] lutosa, Hb. (1820.). There has always seemed to be an uncertainty as to the generic position of lutosa. Hiibner placed it in the genus Leucania at first. Dr. Cockayne says that he suspects from his intimate knowledge of the earlier stages and habits of lutosa, that it should be placed near Hydroecia. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 55 (1891): Barrett Lep. Br. Is. V. 82, plt. 194, 2 (1899): Stder. Cat. IIed. 187 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 216, plt. 42, f. 12 (1906): South Moth. Br. Is. 1. 296, pli. 144 (1907): Culot. N. et G. I (1). 208, plt. 38, f. 28 (1909): Hamp. Lep. Ihal. IX. 297 (1910): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 237, plt. 491 (1911). Steph. /l/. III. 72, plt. 29, figures pilicornis, but the fig. does not agree with the description for the fuscous dots are not present on one wing and are deficient on the other. Steph. l.c., also says of crassicornis ‘‘ somewhat reddish ash,”’ where- as in the original description there is no mention of ‘ reddish.” Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. III. 348 (1836), says that vectis, Curt. is bathyerga, Frr. Wood’s figures are incomprehensible, fig. 858 cannae the ‘ spotted wainscot’””’ has no spots at all nor has either of the other figures 357 crassicornis and 356 pilicornis, 358 and 356 have dark grey hindwings ; 357 has rufous hindwings like the forewings. Freyer’s fig. II. 122, plt. 170 (1886) bathyerya is that of a crassicornis, pale ochreous with a well developed series of submarginal dots and longitudinal shades on the forewings. Humph. and Westw. Br. M. gives seven figures of the species on plt. XLVI. f. 9=lutosa, figs. 4-5=pilicornis, g and @, figs. 6-7=crassi- cornis § and @, fig. 10=cannae, fig. 8. an aberration with a broad marginal dark band on the hindwings. H.-S. uses the name bathyerya but corrects it in the index to litosa. He notes that Hiibner’s fig. 232 Jutosa has no dots and says that Freyer’s fig. 170 has forewings too broad and hindwings too white. H.-8.’s fig. 807 is a good one of pilicornis and fig. 312 1s crassicornis, with dark margined hindwings. Warr.-Seitz says that pilicornis, vectis, bathyerga are typical lutosa, that cannae, Stephs. is rufescens, Tutt. Culot gives two fine figures of the typical g and ¢. N. and G. (2). plt. 48, figs. 1-2 (1918). Barrett says, l.c., V. 117, ‘‘ Rather variable in colour from the palest drab to various shades of pale red drab; often with smoky-brown clouds along the principal nervures in lieu of the dusting ; occasionally in the more darkly shaded individuals one or two faint black dots will appear on the nervures, or one on the dorsal margin, suggesting the place of the usual first line.” “There is also a remarkable variation (160) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. in size.” He records specimens of a terra-cotta red, the colour of N. cannae, but more glossy. Gn. refers to the variation in size from that of a small pallens to that of a large typhae. The forms to pass in review are :— lutosa, Hb., Noct, 282 (1802) plt. ab. crassicornis, Haw., Lep. Brit. 178 (1809): Humph. and W. plt. 46, 6-7. ab. pilicornis, Haw., Trans. Ent. Soc. (old series) 836 (1812) : Steph., Ill. TIT. plt. 29. ab. cannae, Steph., l/. III. 72 (1829): Humph. and W. plt. 46, 10. ab. vectis, Curtis, Br. Ent. 459 (1833) plt. bathyerga, Freyer, Schm. Abb. II. 122 (1835) plt. 170, 1. ab. rufescens, Tutt, Br. Noct. I. 56 (1891). ab. rufescens-suffusa, Tutt, l.c. ab. strigata, Rbl., Berge-Schm. 226 (1910): Tijds. XLI. plt. 2. f. 2 (1898). ab. lechneri, Rbl., l.c., fig. 8. subsp. griseata, Warr-Seitz., Pal. Noct. III. 285 (1911): plt. 49e. race taurus, Strnd., Arch. Naturg. UXXXI. 1 and 2, A. 11 (1915). ab. rufovenosa, Sehille, Zt. wiss. Ins. biol. XIV. 120 (1918). Tutt deals with (1) pale typical form. (2) pilicornis, the pale form without longitudinal shades, but with a complete row of dots. (8) crassicornis, pale with longitudinal shades and row of dots. (4) rufescens, Without shades and dots. (5) cannae, reddish without shades but with dots. (6) rufescens-suffusa, reddish with both shades and dots. ab. vectis, Curtis. Brit. Ent. X. 459 (1833). Fie.—L.e. Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Pale ochreous; superior wings alternately marked with numerous longitudinal ochreous and cream-coloured lines, the nervures being pale ; the central nervure suffused with reddish ochre, as well as the one next the interior margin, which is slightly freckled with black ; at the dise is a fuscous dot and an imperfect curved line of similar dots between it and the posterior margin which bears 7 black dots, the posterior anyle emarginate; inferior wings white slightly tinted with ochre and freckled with brown below the centre, where there is a pale spot shining through from beneath, the obscure line of fuscous dots is continued across this wing, they are somewhat oval and there are a few black dots on the margin.” This does not agree with either of Tutt’s six forms but is partly ochreous and partly rufescent. Hence the name should stand for a form. ab. strigata, Rbl. Berge-Schm, 226 (1910). Fies.—Tijds. XLI. 169, plt. 2, f. 2 (1898) Orie. Descrie.—‘ With a toothed outer transverse band on all the wings, the forewings also marked with an anterior transverse band.” Co ae THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (161) The figure looks much as if caused by a deposit from a fluid which saturated the body and spread along the wings irregularly. ab. lechneri, Rbl. Berye-Schm. 226 (1910). Fies.—Tijds. XLI. 169, plt. 2, f. 3 (1898). Orie. Descriep.— Forewings powdered thickly with brown-grey, the veins, a fold-streak to the base and a longitudinal spot in the middle cell are pale.” subsp. griseata, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. LI. 285 (1911). Fie.—l.c. 49. Orie. Descrie.—“ The hindwings are dark grey beyond the middle with the fringe pale. The forewings also are greyer ochreous with the pale veins more distinctly defined by dark scaling.” Japan. eS BFC a Pe ee ee ae ee eer eee 4 subsp. tawrus, Strand., Arch. Natury. UXXXI. 102, A. 11. (1915). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Greyer, powdered and suffused with dark- _ brownish.” Taurus. ab. rufovenosa, Schille. Zt. wiss, Ins. biol. XIV. 120 (1918). Ortc, Descrip.—‘‘ Markedly smaller than the typical form, the gs somewhat larger, 15-5mm. Forewings asin the typical form ochre yellowish grey with paler veins and a posterior transverse row of black - dots on veins M, C, C, and A, yet still more grey, the males especially with dark grey suffused hind margin and similar basal streaks running out beyond the median, reaching up to the end of the cell, and hind- wings completely dark ervey with veins appearing bright reddish, and similar fringes’ Galicia. II. Sub-class. GENUINAE, Gn. (contd.) 2. Family. Apamemar, Gn. Tutt followed Guenée in the main for his Classification (Hist. Nat. V=Noct. I. 62). Neither the Leucantidae nor the Apameidae are now recognised as integral groups and the species they contained are scattered among the various sections of the more recently accepted groupings. In the attempt to obtain a “ natural classification ’’ families, etc., have been formed very loosely and often are quite incapable of distinct definition. For instance, the Apameinae as defined by Kirby, Hand. Ord. Lep. V. 22, is as follows:—‘ Small or moderately sized moths, generally of dull colours, with somewhat short, ascending, pilose palpi, and rather distinctly marked forwings, the subterminal line often forming a distinct W. The body is stout and pilose, and the thorax is often crested and the abdomen very long. ‘The larvae are stout, smooth and cylindrical, hiding themselves (1) at the roots, or (2) in the stalks of plants, or (8) under leaves. The pupae are generally subterranean, and enclosed in a casing of agelutinated earth.”’ (The italics are ours to emphasise the more indefinite characters attributed to the group.) On the other hand our classification should not be a frame in which jugglery has to be used to fit in a species, often to the detriment ¥ o (162) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. of the stability of the more or less small groups, which are apparent to all as natural, such as the Acronicta, the Metachrostis, the Caradrina, the Agrotis, etc., ete. The classification now in use is in the main mechanical. Useful to run down a species, but more or less useless to give us information on the natural relationships of groups and species and often affords suggestions of relationships which do not exist. In his little book on British Moths in 1896, Tutt adopted Chapman’s suggested Classification of the larger groups and placed his own smaller groups therein, but kept the same group of genera in the Tribe Apameidi, which he had in the brit. Noct. Vol. I. The genera dealt with in Tutt’s Apameidae have been distributed among the subfamilies Euxoinar, Hapeninak, Cucutninak and AmpHI- PyRINAE (Warr.-Seitz) and the British species are distributed as follow— The Huwoinae, have spines on the tibiae, not claws. 1 species. The Hadeninae, have hairy eyes. 11 species. The Cucullinae, have ciliated eyes. 2 species. The Amphipyrinae, absence of the above three characters. 35 species. Although Tutt’s grouping is retained for easy reference to the original work, it would be as well perhaps to give the species as they are now distributed in the above four subfamilies. I. HEuxomar.—R. (A.) putris. Il. Hapeninazr.— 2X. (X.) conspicillaris, 8. (X.) zollikofferi, T’. (M.) albicolon, B. (M.) brassicae, P. (M.) persicariae, P. leucophaea, T. (N.) popularis, H. (N.) reticulata, C. (C.) graminis, P. (L.) luteago, T. (L.) cespitis. III. Cucuruinar.—L.. (H.) oditis (hispida), A. australis. IV. Ampurpyrinan.—X. (G.) flavago, A. (H.) oculea (nictitans), A, (H.) paludis, A. (H.) crinanensis, A. (A.) lucens, H. micacea, H. petasitis, G. (H.) leucostiyma, P. (X.) monoglypha, P. (X.) lithowylea, P. (X.), rurea, P. (X.) hepatica, P. (X.) sublustris, P. (X.) scolopacina, D. scabriuscula, P. (A.) basilinea, P. (A.) pabulatricula (connewa), P. (A.) ophiogramma, P. (A.) gemina, P. (A). unanimis, P. (A.) secalis (didyma), O. (M.) strigilis, O. (M.) bicoloria, O. (M.) fasciuncula, O, (M.) Uiterosa, O. (P.) captiuneula, O. (C.) haworthii, P. (M.) oblonga (abjecta), P. (M.) sordida, C. (M.) furva, C. exulis, T. (C.) matura, L. dumerilii, L. guenect, L, testacea. Gortyna, Ochs. (1816-25) [Ochria, Hb. (1822) : Xanthoecta, Hamps. (1910)| ochracea, Hb. (1786) = flavago, Schiff. (1775). Most authors have used Gortyna, a few including Meyrick Ochria, while Warren-Seitz has followed Hampson’s Xanthoecia. One of the chief characteristics of the genus Gortyna, restricted to flavayo is that the frons of the imago is armed with a projecting spike or beak. (See Hamps. fig. IX. p. 34.) Gortyna = Nanthoecia is in the Amphipyrinae (Warr.-Seitz). Tutt took the ochracea, Hiib., Beitr. I(1). 19, plt. 2 (1786), as the original description. The species was however sufficiently indicated under the name flavago by Schiff. in the Verz. 86 (1775). isp THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (163) The Original Description is as follows :— ‘« The larvae are naked ; they have a unicolorous, generally yellowish or whitish head, otherwise a smooth and delicate colour especially on the lower half of the body. ‘I'he metamorphosis takes place under- ground in a cocoon made of earth. ‘The imago has a sharp-edged or pointed crest, dependent, bright yellow forewings, on which usually there are three oblique, red brown or dusky transverse lines. ‘The lower wings are for the most part white.” The above is the sectional general description of ten species of golden yellow Noctuae, of which No. 5 is the ‘‘ Konigskerzen Hulen,” N. flavago. A foot note says that this species feeds in the stems of plants in the pith itself. The “ Konigskerzen’”’ is Verbascum thapsus. The above description and note clearly distinguishes the species and ean be accepted as the Orig. Descrip. as is done by Warren(Seitz). Thus flavayo is the prior name. Most of the early authors used the name flavago: Esper, Bork., Fuess., H.-8., Fab., Freyer, Duponchel, Stephens, Guenée, Hampson, etc. In the Nachtrage at the end of pt. LV. Hubner himself says that his ochracea is the flavayo of Schiff, in the Sys. Verz. and of Esper in Abbl. plt. 83 (112). This note was apparently overlooked by Tutt. In his description of ochracea, Beitr. Geseh. Schm., Hubner likens it in size, shape, marking and colour to 00; hence the form was both very small and of very light coloration. Therefore as Borkhausen, Lang and others say ochracea is the varietal name for a very small and and very pale form. [Esper. 1786 refers to Hibner Beitr. 1.1786. Hubner Beitr. LY. 1789 refers to Esp. 1786, therefore Hiibner’s Beitr. I. was published before lisper’s part containing p. 213 and plt. 112 in 1786, and his Beitr. LY. after the publication of Eisper’s p. and pit. cited.| Lang, Verz. 1759 treats the ochracea of Hub. Beitr. as a different species, p. 146. Meyrick, who “ carefully revised and corrected in the light of all available information,” still uses the name ochracea, although Hubner himself rejected it in both his Beitr. and his Saml. for the prior name flavago. Tutt Ant. XXI. 271 (1888): Brit. Noct. I. 57 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 75 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. ILled. 187 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 215 (1906) : South Moths. Br, I. 1. 295 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. 1X. 88 (1910): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct, ILL, 225 (1911). The figure in Moses Harris, dur. plt. XXXYV., is very small and poorly pourtayed, there is not sufficient contrast between band and ground, the bands are much too orange and no deepening of the usual leaden tint in them, the basal band goes right to the base leaving no ground colour there, and the claviform is not recognisable as it is in almost every specimen [ have seen as an “acorn and cup.” There is no doubt that lisper’s figures plt. 112 were copied from Sepp’s beautiful work Wonderen I. plt. 3. When compared, the colour and markings are identical, of both larvae and imagines. (But fig. 1 is wrongly named flavago, and in the text (p. 218) is described and named argyritis a different species from flavago. As Werneberg says, it represents moneta, Ib. (Beitr. IL. 39). (164) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Engram., Pap d’ Europe, VIL. 158, recognises this species as the jlavayo, Schiff. ; the figures on plt. CCCIL. are too richly coloured, but otherwise correct. liub’s. fig. of ochracea is small and very pale ‘ cf, 00.” . Hiib’s. fig. of flavago 186 is also small and pale but not very so and bas white hindwings, fig. 187 is of normal size and orange yellow with dark ferruginous markings with grey hindwings. Freyer figures a female, New. Beitr. plt. 484, but the ground is no paler than that of a male and the basal fascia is very strongly expressed. Humph. and Westw., I. plt.45. The figure has an unusually dark orange-ground of forewing and there is a dark ferruginous fascia from costa to the level of the bottom of the stigmata. Newman’s, p. 279, figure does not show the acorn ‘*‘cup,’’ it has a clear band of ground colour between the submarginal band and the fringe, a rare occurrence, the reniform is almost indistinguishable, and there is a considerable confusion of the usually definite marks in the central area across the forewings between the two bands. South, I. plt. 144, figures the female as being of a paler yellow with the basal fascia scarcely perceptible, and with a faint transverse ferruginous line between the stigmata. Culot’s figure, I(1). plt. 38, f. 25, is a very good bright form with the apical ground colour mark extended complete to the inner margin, and of uniform depth of colour. Of the Variation Barrett says—“ Hardly variable, though probably the largest specimens with the deepest colouring are found on the South Coast, and those of the darker purple and paler yellow in the North. But the full richness of colourlng is rarely seen in specimens captured on the wing, since the rich orange-yellow colour fades very rapidly to pale yellow during life.” Tutt apparently found this a most difficult species, for his treatment seems confused. He did not know of Esper’s further figure on plate 176, nor did he uote Donovan’s fig. plt. 340 named lappae nor Goetze’s aurea-maculata, Beitr. III. 8. On pages 57-6 of brit. Noct. I. he speaks of (1) Hiibner’s fig. in the Beitrage, small, pale yellow, hindwing pure white ; (2) the small pale form from Ulverston ; (8) the ochracea- like somewhat larger form from Hull; (4) Hibner’s fig. 186, pale yellow, hindwing pure white; (5) Hiibner’s fig. 187, orange yellow, hindwing grey. Later he emphasises his remarks (2) and (8) and yet finally diagnoses and recognises only one form besides ochracea of Hub. viz. the flavago of Esper. There are one or two phases of variation not yet noted. The outer dark band may be (1) complete up to the dark fringe ; (2) have an apical wedge of ground colour; (8) separated from the fringe by a complete narrow band of the ground colour ; (4) instead of the last a more or less complete narrow band of mottling. The claviform nearly always appears as an acorn and cup, a feature occurring in the closely allied species mentioned below. A dark line between stigmata from costa to inner margin may be well developed, traceable or absent. Sub-basal band on outer side (1) throws out a projection to the orbicular ; (%) very uneven in width; (3) diffuse on inner margin; (4) often contains a light dot towards the costa. in ath ie, ae etd An Account of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight; with Additional Notes on British Species not recorded for the County. (=A Synopsis of the British Fauna.) PREPARED BY Fi ban OMe oe FES. FOR The Entomological Society of Hampshire and the South of England. WITH TWO PLATES Reprinted from Ihe Entomologist’s Record, Vols. XL.-XLI. ERRATA. Pages 17, 18.—Under Fremovoris, and genera immediately following, read “1st (basal)”’ for ‘‘2nd antennal”’ joint in the descriptions of the antennae respectively. Page 83.—Guossary. Delete the term “ clypeus ” and its definition, and substitute “labrum (or mouth).”’ Were ents Aes Ze: Saasite Sehirtasae: « Sees nae Sisk Peat toate Tana pte a meckecee scammer its BAe were Lo noarhe ipa ag 7 < Bios en ae feasg diac GAs Sh Pokh ee" Soury Sis wiih Be kok hatiaaions ee deals he ae seulacanieaan, Akad . ; spre ae ake grades . apis ite ber bag t 5 CRA Res SA Nie i eee rs eee ee areata, ef thie eae; the Tey ie es Ct Sicha TP Reese (Sin a Be ay hain nada eX af DS ite yp aN sf teuntni Bole, ty ABR acy ens fe 13a ae sees be 7 = = a), GAR Si +s iS Hits: Cant dees i MME 3 Apter oe 40;) t Son ‘cise. oad: Sia. vet’ zeke ge a SS tie ip PREG Re te ve ee ; Sie Peeeee. : fede Sat cape LSP as 3758 4 a eo Rhict Sefer voaeetvie 3d blat?: ti Res toa igs) Lia teh bes Mies Kee ehh i Sn aie aa Ge 42 RE St PEE Vai e LOGE I: sete eoltires ; Sain sige! ahead ° ae: Biss ras ae ra te = aha ooh oe a « aera Ean ccateiihs | Bees sitha om Figs he a Boies peta wheres ; ras) bes oe EN Alben: pate pe Stas liiaitioas: waka So i ie Tt. eet oe ; at ttsat g obey a” a aeCe Up, ty hes 7 a , % mee Hs ig } pie oe Seth | . ee al d Pa LF is ‘ ein” FS a SEPT (ae s) a ak re 3 e. viMacre baivAieh ‘ Dank “Sr ; ' ‘ ps" ¥ Mae Sc Se P - $7 ht) te et ae et 4 w “ 7 rt pgs A ek arey, ~ 5 Re ane es at . ; , — ral att eee ‘ ’ : J . wt a Pe = a 4 . 7 . pen a pe , co Prae® oyh ak e ’ ‘ “~ e-- oF ty . - _ bo - | ws Sth ‘ + . x 4 ' 4 1 ; + x. “Taos ? ~~ ‘ a el ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (69) It is desirable that Notonecti be mounted with the wings and both surfaces of the abdomen exposed. Habitat: ponds or nearly stagnant waters. [N. halophila, Hdw.—Front angles of pronotum in lateral aspect acute and projecting. Hlytra sordid greenish-white, inclining to yellowish in 2, with a row of irregular blackish spots running from the costa ; a few other dark markings usually present on inner angles of corium and cuneus. Wing narrowly fuscous at apex, otherwise clear, usually with a white reflection ; strong vein along front margin of wing brown, black-brown towards the point where it combines with the other frontal veins ; these and,the strong basal vein also dark (see plate Il). Abdomen beneath with the long hairs on the middle keel, and on inner edge of connexivum, black in g, dark brown in ¢. Expanse 25-26-5mm. Sp. nov. On or near the coast, perhaps chiefly in brackish water. ] N. glauca, L.—Front angles of pronotum in lateral aspect right angles or obtuse. Llytra brownish-yellow, with more or less of blackish mottling, which originates next the costa, and exceptionally extends over the disc; the majority of specimens have little more than the costa spotted, as in halophila. Apex of wing, and adjoining portions of frontal veins, faintly yellowish or dusky; wing otherwise (including veins) almost clear, with a white reflection, Abdomen: beneath with the hairs on the middle keel, and on inner edge of connexivum, pale brown in both sexes, Expanse 26-27mm. Var. marmorea, Fab., is characterised by an excess of dark mottling on the elytra. In all forms the strong vein along the front margin of the Wing seems practically colourless. Stoneham (Killington) ; N. Forest (Ryles: Nottm. Mus. Coll.). Probably the commonest species in Hants as usually elsewhere. N. furcata, F.—Elytra black or bluish-black, corium with an elongate ochreous spot at base, and clavus pale except narrowly along inner margin. Wing fuscous at apex, otherwise largely clear, with a purplish-blue reflection; strong veins brown to dark brown, others brownish. Abdomen beneath with the hairs on the central carina, and on inner edge of connexivum, brownish-yellow in 3, pale brown in 2. EHxpanse 31-83mm. New Forest and Southampton (Ff. J. Killington). N. maculata, ¥'.—Metanotum orange-yellow, with a black spot on each side at base; sides of abdomen yellow. Elytra brownish-yellow, inclining to orange, closely mottled at least inwardly with blackish- brown ; wing more or less smoky yellow, darker at apex, with a bright yellow-orange streak running centrally from the base; strong vein bordering front edge of wing yellow, veins otherwise yellowish-brown to brown. Abdomen beneath with long hairs on the middle keel, and, On inner edge of connexivum, black in g , pale brown in 2. Expanse. 27-28mm. Broader than any of the foregoing, with shorter elytra; the yellow metanotum renders it remarkably distinct. In many examples the dark spots show a tendency to disappear from the lateral margin of the corium, particularly at the base, and where. this is carried toextremes we have perbaps forms leading up to the immaculate var. fulva, Fuente, of S. Europe and N. Africa. The tendency to the production of a spotless costal region in N. maculata is interesting, as the lateral margin of the corium in N. glauca and N. halophila is the (70) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. one portion of the hemi-elytron that is invariably strongly spotted. New Forest (Piffard: Nottm. Mus. Coll.). Plea, Leach. minutissima, Fuessl.—Comparatively minute, short, very convex, not twice as long as broad. L. 24mm. Head and pronotum very wide (about equally so) the last convex, with sides short, and base largely produced and arcuate; face rounded, vertical ; eyes remote, vertex of head between twice as wide as each eye; elytra short, very declivous posteriorly, without a distinct membrane; hind legs not very long, ambulatory, tarsi of all legs with claws. Pale ochreous, shiny, strongly punctured, head with a smooth reddish central line. Has only a very distant relationship with Notonecta, and should, I think, constitute a distinct family. In ponds and dykes, crawling about the weed. New Forest and elsewhere, by various collectors; no doubt common in Hants. I. of Wight: generally distributed. Fam 4. Corixidae.—Prosternum short, legs inserted as in Notonectidae: rostrum concealed, apparently unjointed; vertex of head free from pronotum. Scutellum lacking; antenna four-jointed. Other important characters are as follows: Sub-elongate or elongate- ovate, only slightly eonvex; elytra strongly sulcate laterally, placed horizontally : head very concave posteriorly so as to cover and embrace the prothorax, wider than the last, only narrowly attached, and capable of great rotation ; face elongate, rounded, inflexed, its apex transversely striated ; eyes large, triangular, Pronotum extremely short at sides, at base usually somewhat angularly produced, with a more or less distinct dorsal carina ; scutellum imperceptible. Front tarsi or palae longer and often much wider than tibiae (the latter very short) variable in form, single-jointed, fringed inwardly with long bristle-like hairs; middle legs elongate, tarsi single-jointed, ending in narrow claws; hind legs elongate, their tarsi flattened, oar-shaped, two-jointed, equipped with long swimming hairs. Abdomen in @° strangely distorted on one side, producing a want of symmetry in the segments; 6th dorsal segment with a curious asymmetrical organ consisting of rows of closely set comb-like plates of chitin, usually dead black in colour (=“ strigil”’ of the descriptions). This structure is attached to the segment by a short pedicel, and appears always to be on the distorted side, hence may be either to the right or left of the abdomen (see under genera), Face in 3 usually more or less widely excavated, in @ sometimes flattened. jg pala generally with a line or two of opposing lines of stridulatory teeth or pegs, situated on the 2nd, counting from the outer edge, of four more or less distinct ridges running the length of the pala. Ochreous, thorax and elytra (including membrane) with numerous black or dark brown transverse markings, or almost entirely dark brown except for delicate cross-pencillings of paler colour; markings on elytra frequently much broken up or irregular in outline, on pronotum usually continuous, sub-parallel. Entirely smooth, shiny, or with the surface above more or less rastrate —i.e., striated very minutely in a fashion reminiscent of a file. Habitat: ponds and streams, generally the former. Pal. (including Micronecta) 100, Nore :—The curious red globular or pear-shaped objects found —— } ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (71) attached to the legs or even bodies of Coriwidae, and other aquatic bugs, are the parasitic larvae of Hydrachnidae (‘‘ Water-mites ”’) Sub-Fam. 1. Corrxiwar.—Pronotum with transverse lines; head short, rarely much wider than pronotum, eyes extending back to hind margin. Corixa, Geoff, (= Macrocorixa, Thoms.).—Large species, 8-14mm., without rastration; asymmetry to left in ¢. Strigil long-oval (see plate IT.). C. geoffroyi, Leach.—L. 13-14mm, Pronotum with 16-20 pale lines (irregular, and difficult to trace). Insect entirely smooth and shiny; pronotum and elytra greenish-black, the former marked as stated, the latter with numerous short, close, vermiculate pale markings ; front tibia in ¢ spined at apex, pala elongate, parallel-sided, curved on upper margin close to apex; palain ¢? elongate, curved, pointed. Almost indistineuishable from the next species except as follows: Intermediate tibia in both sexes more or less parallel-sided, the inner side towards the apex not cut away in a broad curve; intermediate femur in g without a large dentiform bundle of strong bristles on the posterior side towards the apex; pala four times as long as wide, provided with a single row of 28-31 stridulatory teeth or pegs; strigil shorter, with 9 to 10 regular, parallel, combs; left paramere (genital forceps) widened at apex, its inner side more or less gradually narrowed. A common pond insect in most parts of Hants and I. of Wight; possibly the allied species may occur locally with it. [*C. dentipes, Thoms.—Practically identical with yeoffroyi in size and colour, but rather easily known by the following characters : Intermediate tibia in both sexes, particularly in ¢g, thickened towards base, the inner side below the articulation with the femur cut away ina more or less broad curve; intermediate femurin 3 witha large bundle of strong bristles, more or less fused together in a dentiform mass, placed towards apex on posterior side; pala rather more than three times as long as wide, provided with a single row of 24-28 teeeth ; strigil longer, with 12-14 combs, of which the inner examples are regular, parallel, the outer broken up and confused; left paramere widened towards apex, then on inner side suddenly constricted and narrowed. Has so far been noticed in this country only in Lincs., Norfolk, and Cumberland.] The two undermentioned species differ so slightly from each other that they have for long been united in British and Continental lists under the name C. affinis, Leach (=C. atomaria, Illg.) Although admittedly very fine the points of difference, except in very old faded specimens, are sufficiently appreciable in every case, and seem constant. From C. dentipes and C. geoffroyi these two forms may be known collectivelly as under : Smaller, 8-10imm. Pronotum shorter, hence with only 12-14 lines; strigil with 6 broad combs. g pala outwardly more curved, thus becoming broader at the apex instead of nearly parallel-sided ; Pals in ? shorter, more curved. Colour in one species always much paler. *For fuller information concerning this fine insect cf. Mr. W. EK. China’s paper on C, dentipes and C. geoffroyi in ‘‘E.M.M.’’ vol. 64 (H.P.J.). (72) THE #NLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. [C. panzeri, Fieb. (C. affinis pars O.C.)—L. 103mm. Colour usually darker, black lines in general thicker than yellow; pronotum shorter, lines fewer; g pala with outer margin more curved, its apex broader, and surface more hollow and scoop-like; g genital capsule larger, broader ; intermediate tarsi longer as compared with tibiae; face in g with a larger and deeper impression. Said to be partial to ponds in chalk-pits or gypsum pits—i.e., to water containing salts in solution. Such is certainly the ease in Notts., where the insect, morever, frequents the smallest pools. | C. affinis, Leach. (C. affinis pars O.C.)—With characters of panzeri, but smaller, 8-9mm. Colour usually paler, black lines in general thinner than yellow ; pronotum longer, lmes more numerous; 3 pala with outer margin straighter, apex narrower, surface less hollow; ¢ genital capsule considerably smaller and paler, the appendages (forceps) of different shape ; intermediate tarsi shorter as compared with tibiae; face in g with smaller and shallower impression. ‘Teeth of strigil finer. The smaller size and paler colour are considered to be sufficient to distinguish it in the field. Has occurred to Butler in ponds chiefly near the sea, often in brackish water. ‘“ Hants” (B.Br.H.-H.). Sigara, F. (= Arctocorisa, Wall., O.C.=Coriva, Br. Cat.)—Smaller species, more or less rastrate; asymmetry to rightin gf. Hyes not very large and projecting. Grovr I.—Corium not rastrate, and pronotum and clavus nearly smooth. Strigil minute, consisting of only a single comb-like plate. [S. lugubris, Fieb.—Dark lines of pronotum as broad as pale lines ; markings at base of clavus broader, towards apex narrower, fragmentary ; markings of corium transverse, short, arranged rather in longitudinal series. g with a feeble transverse keel on frons on a level with the lower margin of the eye (viewed from in front) bounded above by a large shallow impression ; the characteristic excavation on frons feeble. g pala with outer of the usual four ridges abruptly arched near base’; line of pegs on 2nd ridge commencing at extreme base, rising thence in a high arch near centre, then declining again, and joining outer margin near apex. @ with pronotal keel not more than } as long as pronotum. lL. 6-64mm. In ponds, often when these are very foul; also in stagnant brackish water on saltmarshes. | S. selecta, Fieb.— Slightly smaller than the last species, otherwise differing perhaps only as follows: g with a strong transverse keel on forehead at about 4 the height of inner margin of eye (viewed from in front) bounded above by a rather deep impression ; entire frons below keel excavated, the excavation reaching from eye to eye. g/ pala smaller, outer edge more evenly curved; line of pegs on 2nd ridge running nearly straight from base to a little beyond the middle of the outer edge, then curving slightly before joining the margin at some little distance from the apex. Pronotal carina in 9 nearly 4 as long as pronotum. With similar babits to lugubris, but, according to Butler, rarely found in the same ponds, although frequently in the same localities. “Hants” (B.Br.H.-H.). S. lieroglyphica, Duf.—Pronotum paler than in the two preceding species, with narrower dark lines. Pale greenish ochreous, with 8-10 narrow black lines. on pronotum ; clavus entirely pale at extreme base, otherwise crossed by short irregular black lines ; corium with transverse, fragmentary, dark markings arranged in three or four series. : 3 pala evenly curved outwardly, line of pegs nearly straight for about of its length, then curving somewhat abruptly downwards to meet the outer margin near the tip. L.54-64mm. On saltmarshes. ‘ Hants”’ (B.Br.H.-H.) Lymington (H.P.J.) IL of Wight: Nettlestone (C. Morley). ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (73) elto Group II.—Corium, clavus, and pronotum deeply rastrate, dull. Larger species 7-8mm. Transverse pale lines very narrow, nearly entire. 3 pala with a triangular process at base towards outer margin ; strigil large, elongate, with rounded ends. S. sahlbergi, Fieb.—Pronotum with 7 to 8 rather irregular pale lines ; apex of corium widely pale. g pala truncate at apex, and gradually increasing in width from the base outwards; row of pegs running in a perfectly straight line to the bend in the margin that forms the truncation—i.e., the widest part of pala—then turning abruptly, and running almost concurrently with the margin itself to very near the tip. Facial impression of g distinct. Pronotum and elytra dark brown, deeply rastrate, dull, with very narrow nearly entire paler cross-bands. A somewhat local species, but abundant where it occurs, inhabiting usually, in my experience, rather deep clear ponds or dykes in low pastures, particularly near woods. 8. Hants and I. of Wight: locally common. S. linnaei, Fieb.— Resembles sahlbergi, but pronotum crossed by 5 or 6 pale lines, and apex of corium not pale. On the average a distinctly smaller species, with basal pale lines of clavus often dilated inwardly. ¢ pala very similar, but with pegs slightly larger, and truncation more abrupt. g facial impression very indistinct. Rather similar in its habits to the last, but scarce in comparison. ‘“ Hants” (B.Br. H.-H.). I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest (Ff. Morey). Group III.— Insect less deeply rastrate, surface less dull ; transverse pale lines wider, much abbreviated, interrupted; g pala without a subtriangular process or ridge at base. Pronotal central carina visible only in front; hind tarsi unspotted. Section A.—Larger species, 64-7mm. g pala with two opposing lines of stridulatory pegs; facial impression shallow, extending between the eyes ; strigil variable in shape and size. S. striata, Fieb,— Pronotum with 6 pale lines; basal pale lines of clavus much dilated inwardly (this character is often visible to the naked eye). g pala strong, stout, gently convex outwardly, almost straight inwardly ; rows of pegs running from near base and apex respectively, and nearly meeting on disc. Rather elongate, somewhat shiny, discal markings of corium separated by a broad dark line both from the claval and lateral margins. Intermediate claws shorter than the tarsi. Strigil large, elongate, subreniform, sinuate, with about 15 irregular and greatly overlapping rows of teeth. Very common in ponds and slow-running streams almost everywhere in Hants and I. of Wigbt. S. distincta, Fieb.—Pronotum with 8 to 9 pale lines; pale lines of clavus scarcely if at all dilated. Pronotal angles normal—‘.e., obtuse. Pala of g¢ thin and slightiy concave on upper and inner surface, with a more strongly curved outer margin, which is highest very near the base; rows of pegs running very similarly but not nearly meeting, (74) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. leaving disc perfectly clear. Strigil small, subquadrate, with only 5 rows of teeth. Insect with finer yellow markings, thus appearing darker than striata; corium usually witha dark line only towards apex of claval suture. Intermediate claws not shorter than tarsi. More local than striata, although often commor with it in ponds. Lyming- ton and N. Forest (H.P.J.). S. fallenti, Fieb.—Resembles the last, but with the pronotum shorter, its side angles acute. g pala thin, concave above, but larger, and abruptly truncate at base, where its diameter greatly exceeds that of the tibia. 1st row of pegs consisting of only about 6 projections, and situated close to the margin beyond the middle; 2nd row of about 30 pegs commencing from very near the base, and running diagonally across the disc to within a short distance of the lst row. Strigil minute, narrowly pyriform, with four combs. Insect usually paler, basal pale lines of clavus sometimes dilated inwardly. In ponds, common in §. Hants and I. of W. Section B.—Much smaller, about 5mm. Intermediate tibiae scarcely longer than intermediate tarsi; tarsi subequal in length to claws. S. moesta, Fieb.—More or less dark brown, paler transverse mark- ings usually very indistinct. About 6 pale lines, however, can generally be traced on the pronotum. Strigil oval, much larger shan in the three preceding species, with 5 or 6 combs. @ pala like thisin S. linnaei, but smaller. A very common species in ponds, etc., almost throughout $8. Hants and I. of Wight; asa rule easily detected in the net by its colour. Section C.—Small, 5-6mm. Intermediate tibiae much longer than tarsi, tarsi much shorter than claws; pale transverse markings very distinct. Pronotum much longer than vertex of head, crossed by 7-10 pale lines ; strigil short, variable in form, with about 5 rather irregular rows of teeth. S. limitata, Fieb.—With two black longitudinal lines,on corium. g witb excavation on frons large, continued upwards between eyes ; very deep, strongly margined, terminating superiorly in a deep rounded arch. g pala short, anterior margin very convex, inner margin very concave; row of teeth in two parts, one of which originates near base, and extends in a straight line down disc of pala for about 2 the length of the surface; the other row runs along outer margin from the tip for about + the length ; between the two rows exists a scattered group of very minute pegs. Anterior tibiae in g much swollen. Strigil small, triangular, sides slightly rounded. Black markings narrower than in next species, hence insect appears pale in comparison. L. 6mm. “ Hants” (B.Br.H.H.) Lymington (Blatch). I. of Wight: Parkhurst Forest (Power). S. semistriata, Fieb.— With three or four longitudinal black lines on corium (pale markings on last very short, fine). g facial impression large, very deep, concave, continuing between eyes, but subtruncate superiorly ; g anterior tibia swollen, and pala formed much as in limitata, but with line of pegs continuous, the part occupied by the very minute pegs in limitata being here represented by a continuous curved line of pegs of the normal size joining the basal with the apical part of the line; there are a few scattered pegs below apical portion. Insect darker and rather shorter than limitata, very rastrate. ‘‘ Hants”’ (5. Br. A... ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE, (75) S. venusta, D. & S.—Corium with three or four longitudinal dark lines: ¢ facial impression large, extending between eyes, but not very _ deep, and more parallel-sided ; anterior tibiae not or scarcely swollen. g pala with outer margin arcuate, but Ipgss so than in the three _ preceding species; a row of pegs runs from about the middle of the base of pala in a straight line to the middle of the disc, and then curves _ towards the inner margin for about half of the remaining space; here _ it breaks, and is continued at a higher level, just within the anterior margin, almost to the tip. Strigil subquadrate. @ broader, shorter, its pala longer, more than twice as long as wide. Pronotum and elytra very rastrate; pronotum slightly shorter than in semistriata, - with not more than 7 pale lines. L. 54-6mm. Inhabits streams, but _ said by Butler to keep near the banks. <‘ Hants” (B.Br.H.H.) I. of _ Wight: Rookley Wilderness and Brading (Butler). S. fabricii, Pieb. (= CU. nigrolineata, Br. Cat.)—Markings of corium not divided into series by dark longitudinal lines. Pale lines of pronotum and elytra usually much broader than dark lines. ¢ facial impression very shallow, not reaching upwards between the eyes. Pala of g very simple, only slightly arcuate on outer margin, and almost straight on inner; a single row of pegs runs almost straight from a point near the base to the outer margin near the apex, when it suddenly bends, and joins with the margin itself. Strigil subquadrate. L.54-6mm. In ponds. Common in 8. Hants and I. of Wight; _ perhaps after S. moesta the most frequently taken of all the smaller Sigari. Section D.—Small species, with a general resemblance to those in the preceding section. Pronotum scarcely as long as vertex of head, crossed by 5 or 6 distinct, nearly parallel pale lines. S. fossarum, Leach.—Larger, pronotum with 6 pale lines. Facial impression of 3 shallow but distinct, abruptly terminated superiorly ; pala semi-oval, slightly truncate at base, with a row of about 16 pegs running diagonally along 2nd ridge from nearly the middle of the base of the pala to slightly beyond middle of outer margin; strigil minute, pyriform, with 6 combs (dorsal surface of abdominal segment preceding it also strongly transversely striate). Pale markings of corium separated by two dark longitudinal lines, bands of clavus often indistinct near middle. L.6mm. Ponds in 8S. Hants, locally common. I. of Wight; several localities. S. scotti, Fieb.—Rather like the last but smaller, pronotum with 5 pale lines (sometimes also with a pale transverse spot in the basal angle). Pronotum distinctly shorter than in fossarwm, hence the fewer lines; g without a distinct facial impression. g pala semi- oval, its base slightly truncate, its outer margin at first abruptly curved, then straight for a space, afterwards slightly arcuate to apex ; line of pegs situated a little below the middle of the disc, running nearly straight at first, then, after a slight break near its centre, gently arcuate to outer margin. Strigil minute, pyriform, with 5 rows of teeth. L.5 mm. Ponds and dykes. ‘“ Hants” (B.Br.H.-H.) Group IV. (Subg. Aretocorisa auct.).—Pronotal central carina visible nearly throughout, very pronounced anteriorly; hind tarsi unspotted. ‘T’bis small group is at least of sub-generic value, the ¢ palae especially beimg very aberrant. Our two species have the (76) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. following characters in common: Rather large, about the size and shape of S. distincta; pronotum with 9-12 pale lines, but with these broken up, particularly in middle; markings of clavus and corium very fragmentary, rather vermiculate; corium rastrate only at base, surface with long remote hairs. jg pala more or less cultrate, with a curious twist or bend; a line of strong pegs runs from the base diagonally almost to the apex. 9 pala resembling this in S. concinna. Strigil somewhat circular (see plate II.). S. carinata, Shlb. (Corixa, subg. Glaenovorisa id. Br. Cat.).—L. 84-9mm. Colour usually darker, markings indistinct; pronotum shorter, central carina practically complete ; frontal fovea of g extend- ing in a high arch between the eyes. Pala of 3 thin, usually pale in colour, and twisted near base; line of pegs more regular, slightly sinuate. Strigil small, with 8 regular consecutive combs, and perhaps two others much broken. Mainly a northern insect in Br. but recorded for Hants by Butler. |S. germart, Fieb.—Much like carinata but smaller, 74-8mm. Colour paler, markings distinct ; pronotum longer, central carina less strong and complete; facial impression in g scarcely extending between eyes. ¢ pala stouter, usually darker, slightly twisted or incurved towards middle; pegs larger, irregular beyond middle, those running from the base somewhat cramped together. Strigil large, with about 16 narrow and irregular combs. Chiefly a northern insect in Br.] Group V. (Subg. Callicoriva, B. White).—Basal joint of bind tarsus with a large black spot at apex; pronotal central carina very indistinct, even in front. Strigil absent. L. 63-7mm. S. praeusta, Fieb.—Corium rastrate, its markings transverse but. narrow, not much broken ; pronotum with 9 to 10 irregular lines, its lateral angles obtuse. g pala elongate, suddenly dilated at about balf its length from the base, then boldly arcuate (down) to the tip; with a dark spot on outer margin at the point of dilatation. Anterior tibia strongly curved or twisted, the upper surface with a distinct ridge, and largely black in colour. Claws of middle legs about as Jong as tarsi. L. 7mm. In var. wollastoni, D. & §., the markings are very obscure and fragmentary. The type, apart from its black spotted hind tarsi and fore tibiae, has more than a little resemblance to S. linnaet ; as in the last insect it has often the basal pale lines of the Glavus dilated inwardly. ‘ Hants” (B.Br.H.-H.) I. of Wight: Heytesbury Farm, 9.x.07 (F. Morey). [S. sodalis, D. & S.—Resembles praeusta, but has the claws of the middle legs only about 2 as long as the tarsi. Inner apical angle only of hind tarsal joint black. fla: 64mm. Has occurred in Northumberland. | [S. caledonica, Kirk. (=C. cognata, D. & §.)—Corium rastrate, its. markings transverse but broader, clearer, more yellow and broken than in the allied species ; pronotal lateral angles obtuse. Pronotum with 7 wide, very distinct, yellow lines; g pala less suddenly dilated, and unicolorous, otherwise much like that of S. praeusta; anterior tibia almost simple, its outer edge not widely black. L. 64mm. Unknown in Europe outside Scotland. | [S. concinna, Fieb.— Corium rastrate only at base, markings guttulate or vermiculate ; pronotal lateral angles sub-acute. Pala of 9 simple, PRATER = ET. 1.—Elytron of ¢ Mecomma anbulans, Fall. (Capsidae) S.=Scutellum (position of). 2.—Elytron of @? (brach.) Mecomma ambulans. The dotted line indicates the extent of abdomen exposed. 38.—Antenna of Mecomina ambulans @,. 4.— ,, 5, Halticus luteicollis, Pz. (Capsidae). 5.— 4, » Byrsoptera rufifrons, Fall. 9 (Capsidae). 6.—Head and pronotum of Plea minutissima, Fssl. (Notonectidae). 7.— Wing of Notonecta sp. Fr.=frontal vein. 8.—Abdomen (separated from metanotum) of ¢ Coriwa panzeri, Fieb., Str.=Strigil. Diagram from a dried example. 9.— Apex of intermediate femur and base of tibia of g Corixa dentipes, Thoms. (Incidental pubescence not shown). 10.—The same in 2 Corixa dentipes. 11.—-The same in § Coriwa geoffroyi, Leh. 12.—K ace of $ Styara limitata, Fieb. 13.— ,, ,, g S. semistriata, Fieb. (Fovea only). fea ed S. venusta'D. &.S. Dp e.g SO. fabricu, Wieb. iii—i4, > ,,. 6. S.\fossarum)Lch. Showing in each case the approximate form and extent of the impression. 17.— Outline of pronotum of S. distineta, Fieb. 18.— » o- fallenii, Fieb. 19. —_Strigil (outline only) of g S. yermari, Fieb. P.= Pedicel. 20.—Strigil of 3 S. carinata, Shib., to same scale, showing ‘‘ combs.” 21.—Pala of 9 S. lugubris, Fieb. a2. 4; 6S. selecta, Fieb: oe yy gt Os, sahlbergi, Fieb: 4, ;, & S. distineta, Fieb. ae | dS. fallenit, Pieb: 26. sect ee dS., moesta, EF ieb. 27.— ,, 3, & S. timitata, Fieb. 28.— ,, ,, od S. praeusta, Fieb. 3 29.— ,, ,, S. carinata, Shlb. (Showing terminal spine.) 30.— ,, ,, & S. germari, Fieb. (Not showing terminal spine.) Diagrams 19-30 drawn to a different scale. J*igs.°19 and 20 represent a higher magnification than 21-30. +) pal et) rahe i, CGS at baht i a.) ahha eg ¥ : : ¢ f Pr an ds PLS 3 iso kt ye 4 Af ted LP, i¢ eh Ae pa bee > hy? sab aes: } OAL po ashe eas, Fh leet tree eat thigh ¢ ae yaploacd Re WSS Spee she ates seearatil ae at HLA fro Lb ia COP, CER OR RUE YS A CU ee Cae OSS ey Lies! jake pore Cue He 09 Sheets ONES Ft pV AES Oy Bo, congo ts Sais “ar CSO tne 7 Prate III. (1.) ~ ee o29°0, ov? 2 oOo goG0uWaeR *_ 29 26 27 5) se: es: 9009 2209, 0 29900077 The Entomologist’s Rreord, 1930. PLATE II. (DiaGRAMS FROM ACTUAL SPECIMENS.) 1.—Head of Henestaris laticeps, Curt. (Lyyaeidae). Pr.=Pronotum (Front). 2.—Head of Aphanus lyncens, F. (Lygaeidae). 3.—Head of Aphanus pint, L. (Lygaeidae). 4.—Head of Gastrodes ferruyinens, L. (Lygaeidae). A’. Antennary tubercles ; A*. 1st antennal joint. 5.—Head of Aradus betulae, L. (Aradidae). A. 1st ant. joint. 6.—Head of Anthocoris, sp. (Cimicidae). A. Ocelli (two). 7.—Head and pronotum (entire) of Lygus pratensis, L. (Capsidae) ; Ta. Carinated vertex of head; 7s. Pronotal collar or ring. 8.—Antenna of Notostira (Megaloceraea) erratica, L. (Capsidae). 9.—Antenna of Capsus ater, L. (Capsidae). 10.—Elytron of Orthostira sp. (Tingididae). A. Sutural area; B. Discoidal area; C. Lateral area; D. Marginal area. (Diagram). 10a.—-Portion of marginal membrane of Tingis (Monanthia) ciliata, Fieb., showing ‘‘ meshes” and hairs (V'ingididae). 11.—Elytron of Gastrodes ferrugineus, L. (Lygaeidae). A. Clavus ; B. Corium ; C. Membrane. 12.—Elytron of Anthocoris sp. (Cimicidae). A. Clavus; B. Corium; C. Embolium; D. Cuneus; E. Membrane; E?. Cell. Se.= Scutellum (position of). 13.—Elytron of Calocoris ochromelas, Gml. (Capsidae). A. Clavus ; B. Corium; C. Cuneus; D. Membrane; D’. Cells of last. 14.—Wing of a sp. of Capsidae. 14a. Hamus of cell. 15.-_Upperside of Palomena prasina, lL. (Pentatomidae) :—A. Antennae; A? *. Antennal joints (1st joint often termed the basal, terminal the apical); B. Head; Bt. Central ‘“ lobe ’’; B*. Eye; B*. Ocelli (two in number); C. Pronotum; C’. Posterior or lateral angle; D. Scutellum; Et. Clavus; EH. Corium; E*. Membrane of elytron; F. Connexivum of abdomen (flattened extensions of abdominal segments); Gt. Femur; G*®. Tibia; G*. Tarsus of leg. 16.—Underside of Palomena prasina, L. (Pentatomidae) :—A. Antenna ; At. 1st. or basal joint; B. Head; Bt. Rostrum (jointed) in repose; C. Prosternum; C1. Acetabulum; D. Mesosternum ; E. Metasternum; Et. Orifice, with channel, of odoriferous sac; F. Abdomen; F?. 1st or basal segment; FE’. Genitals; F*. Stigmata; G1. Coxa; G?. Trochanter; G*. Femur; G*. Tibia ; G*. Tarsus of leg; H. Membrane (tip). Diagram from a dried example. nanos t y mop cet « SREARIS Prats LY. (II.) The Entomologist’s Record, 1930. ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPIERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (77) cultrate, with a line of about 40 pegs; pala of 2 long and narrow, terminating in a long pointed claw. Pronotum with about 9 irregular pale lines. L.7mm. In certain of its characters shows some approach to 8. varinata and S. germari. Mainly in ponds and dykes on salt- marshes, or otherwise near the coast. | Glaenocorisa, Thoms., G. cavifrons, Thoms., (Oreinocoriva id. B. White.)—Eyes very large and rounded, projecting much beyond pronotum ; pronotal central carina very distinct, especially in front; hind tarsi unspotted. Strigil present. Asymmetry to right in g. L. 7-9mm. Nearly black, even to the legs, with only very obscure and fragmentary yellow markings on the elytra, running through forms little darker than the average Sigara distineta to those in which the yellow colour actually predominates. The very pale form (?=G. propinqua, Fieb.) is distinctly smaller than the dark varieties, the more extreme of which seem confined in Br. to Scotland. Pronotum in all forms very rastrate, with a strong central carina; lateral angles sub-acute. Clavus of elytra very rastrate, corium nearly smooth except at base. Sides of head behind eyes each with a very short, minute, spine-like process. Outer margin of g pala at base with a marginated concave enlargement; margin of enlargement darkened in Scottish var., and perhaps certain intermediate forms. Pala of 9 resembling that of the same sex in S. concinna, but longer and narrower, with a longer terminal claw. Strigil small, subquadrate, with 4 or 5 combs, one of which is irregular. The small pale race is recorded for Hants by Butler (cf. B.Br.H.-H.) Sub-Fam. 2. Cymatinan.—Pronotum without transverse lines. Head very large, roundedly produced in front, much wider than pronotum ; eyes remote from hind margin of head. Cymatia, Flor.—Brown, without rastration, elytra with either transverse or longitudinal dark markings; pronotum with lateral angles very obtuse, disc with a well-marked frontal carina or tubercle. Pala elongate, pointed. g apparently without a strigil, and with no teeth to pala; face excavated in 3, flattened in ?. C. bonsdor ffi, Shlb.—L. 6mm. Pronotum nearly ag long as head, somewhat angularly produced posteriorly; elytra with very delicate, fragmentary, transverse markings. Insect robust in appearance, brown or ochreous-brown, elytra prettily marked with black in the manner stated; lateral sulcus of corium not very wide, membrane distinct. g with the pala subcylindric, terminating in a powerful curved claw. Local, occurring in my experience only in large ponds, particularly those that are well stocked with fish; in such waters, however, it usually frequents the shallows or wired-off drains. * Hants ” (B.Br.H.-H.). C. coleoptrata, F.—Much smaller, 3mm. Pronotum 2} as long as head, slightly arcuate behind; elytra without transverse markings. Brownish-testaceous, corium with two dark longitudinal stripes, and clavus darkened; lateral sulcus of corium yery wide, membrane indistinct. The large size of the head is particularly noticeable in this little species. In weedy ponds. Common in Hants and I. of Wight. Fam. 5. Micronectidae.— With principal characters of Coriaidae, but showing a distinct scutellum, and with 8-jointed antenna (see also under the genus). (78) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Micronecta, Kirk.—Very small, sub-oval. Head short, not wider — than pronotum; scutellum small, triangular. Greyish-testaceous, with longitudinal brown spots; lateral margins of elytra sulcate. Face in g not excavated; strigil present. Ponds or a eregarious in habit. M. minutissima, L.—Pronotum nearly as long as vertex of head. L. 2mm. Pronotum greyish-brown, margins and a central line paler ; elytra greyish-testaceous, base of clavus and corium, apex of first, a band across the corium beyond the middle, and apex of membrane, darker (brown). Clavus sometimes entirely dark. Surface dull. Var.-power?, D. & §., is larger, dull ochreous, with well-defined black- brown markings. Inhabits weedy streams; locally abundant in 8. Hants. Var. poweri was, I believe, first taken by its discoverer, Dr. Power, in the New Forest. M. scholtzii, Fieb. (= M. meridionalis, Cost., Br. Cat.).—Pronotum much shorter than vertex of head. Insect slightly larger than typical form of minutissima, 24mm. Paler, surface shiny; elytra marked very similarly, but with spots smaller, more numerous. In ponds, particularly at the margins about the roots of rushes; very common where it occurs. ‘ Hants” (B.Br.H.-H.). Nors on tHE Lasr Two Famiuirs: ‘The elevation of Micronecta to family rank is open to objection, but follows naturally on the intro- duction of subfamilies in Corividae. Some such scheme seems the most fitting alternative to the “ betwixt and between” method of classification at present in use. The arrangement of certain of the Sigara divisions in Corixidae is hardly ideal, but may stand for the time being. Except that the three species of the S. limitata group should rather precede than follow the group of S. striata, the sequence of the species is practically the same as in Oshanin’s Catalogue (now, however, considerably out of date). For two species at present on the British list Sigara saundersi, Kirk., and S. boldi, D.& §., | am unable to find a place, the specific distinctness of both, S. boldi in particular, being highly questionable. In collecting Coriwidae (especially in new localities) the student should always endeavour to obtain a good proportion of the males ; these may usually be recognised in the field by the hollowed form of the face, and should subsequently (except perhaps in the case of the very commonest and distinct species) be mounted with the wings spread, and the peculiar ‘‘ palae”’ arranged at a convenient angle for examination. ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. Foreword : For plate now read plates. Introduction: The description on page (2) “‘cuneus and embolium, small divisions of the elytra bordering the membrane ’’ is infelicitous, and hardly accurate as applied to the embolium; read simply for these two parts “divisions of the corium”’ (cf. plate I.). Page (2), line 7 from bottom (Introduction): Delete the comma following the word base. Measurements may usefully be added to the descriptions of the following genera, viz. :— ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTHRA OF HAMPSHIRE. (79) Pages (4)-(6).—Long. Nuryyaster,8-12mm. Podops, 54-6mm. Thyreocoris, 83-4mm. Geotomus, 84-4mm. Sehirus, 6-9mm. Gnathoconus, 3-4mm. ~Neotiylossa, 4-44min. KHusarcoris, 44-6mm. Pages (8)-(10).—Syromastes, 14-l5mm. — Verlusta, 10mm. Gonocerus, 11-12mm. Bathysolen, 6-7mm. Ceraleptus, 8-10mm. Corens, 7-8irm. TVherapha, 9mm. Stictoplewrus, &-10mm. Corizus, 5-7mm. P. (6).—In the description of Musarcoris aeneus read “ patch” for “ patches.” _ P. (6).—? Chlorochroa confined to juniper. P. (7).— Under Troilus. Correct misprint in “ carnivorous.” P. (10).—line 9 from top. For ‘‘ hyoscami”’ read “ hyosceyami.” P. (12).—Add to characters given for Sub-Fam. Cymina ‘ mem- brane perfectly transparent.”’ P. (18).—Place bracket before line 9 from top. P. (18).—line 16 from top. Insert comma between the words ‘““narrow ochreous.” P. (15).—Delete “ dull” from the description of Styqnocoris genus, two Br. species of which, 8. rusticus and S. pedestris, are somewhat shiny. P. (16).—line 7 from top. Read “ larger” instead of “large.” P. (16}.—Bracket line commencing “ A. alboacnminatus.” P. (16).—The colour of the antenna in Beosus is so variable that it may be best described in detail, viz. :—I1st joint either black or yellow ; 2nd yellow, often black at apex ; 3rd yellow, black at apex; 4th black, yellow usually at extreme base. P. (17).—Under Drymus genus read “1st” for ‘‘2nd”’ joint in the description of the antenna. P. (20).—The characier, ‘“‘ marginal membrane of elytra with only one row of meshes,” serving to distinguish Acalypta nigrina, A. marginata (macropthalma) and A. parvula from their immediate allies was unfortunately given as if peculiar to A. parviuda, and tbe characters separating the two first-named from A. parvula accidently omitted from the descriptions (mea culpa), Apart from this serious slip the definitions are correct. The following table should correct the error : — A. Marans membrane of elytra with only one row of meshes (=brach. orm). (2) 1. Eade dorsal carinae (3) touching the hood . . . A. PARVULA. (1) 2. Lateral dorsal carinae (3) abbreviated, not touching the hood. (4) 3. Sutural area of elytra (cf. Pl. I. ‘ RAY. with 3 rows of meshes; 1st ant. joint red . . A. NIGRINA. (3) 4. Sutural area of elytra ‘with 2 rows of ‘meshes; Ist ant. joint black A. MARGINATA. P. (23).—The statement under Mesovelia “ . . . with darker transverse markings ”’ is not intended to apply to macropterous forms. P. (24).—Bracket line commencing “ (. asper,”’ P. (26).—To characters of Sub-Fam. Nabidina add ‘“ widest posteriorly.” P. (29).—The deseription under Salda setulosa “* Face darker, yellow markings characteristic of opacula much obscured with black’’ is meant to apply solely to the face, which is compared in colour with this part in opacula. The face in most Salda spp. is more or less pale. (80) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. P. (38).-—line 4 from bottom. ‘‘ Distinctly shorter” should not. have been italicised. P. (35).—line 24 from bottom. ‘‘ Hallet’’ should be “ Hallett.” P. (43).—line 4 from bottom. Delete ‘* D. rufipennis” (cf. P. 44, line 1). Pas) Aine 4 from top. “ Lygus pastinacae” should read ‘‘Lyyus kalmii.” P. (49).—Boruynotina represents, of course, Sub-Fam. “ II.” not. « TTT.” as printed. P. (63).—The brownish-red colour of the body in Psallus quercus is dull (sordid) and very unlike the reds met with in the allied Ps. variabilis, In fresh examples the coarse whitish pubescence is very characteristic. P. (65).—Add to characters of Psallus luridis:—‘ Pronotum with brown atom-like spots ; head and scutellum usually more or less brown. This species may be regarded as following Ps. fallenti in our lists.” P. (71).—line 6 from bottom. Correct misprint in the word collectively. P. (74).—line 22 from bottom. For ‘“‘frons”’ read more accurately ‘ face.” «Prare LV. (II).” should have been headed ‘ Plate III. (1).” to. correspond with the text, and vice versa. The lettering of the anterior leg in fig. 15 of Plate I. (corrected as above) has been accidentally reversed. BreuiograpHy.—lIn addition to the works mentioned in the text. the student of the British fauna should consult ‘“ The Br. H.-Heterop- tera,’ by J. W. Douglas and J. Scott (Ray Society, 1865). Although naturally out of date—the nomenclature in certain parts is almost unintelligible to-day—it contains much valuable information on the Br. species as then known, together with exquisite black and white plates (Dels. E. W. Robinson.) SuppLEMENTARY Hampsuire aNnp I. or Wicur Recorps oF H.-Herrroprera. (* Indicates new to county.) Sehirus luctuosus,—Sandown, I. of Wight (Jas. M. Brown). P. (5). Eusarcoris aeneus.—Nr. Ringwood, hibernating in moss (F. H. Haines). P. (6). *Ohorosoma schillingi—St. Helens, I. of W. (J.M. Brown). P. (41). * Berytus siynoretimVery plentiful at grass roots, Brading Down, I. of Wight (J.M.B.). P. (11). B. montivagus.—Shanklin Down, I. of W. (J.M.B.). P. (11). Metatropis rufescens.—Plentiful in various stages on Circaea, Haven. St., I. of Wight (J.M.B.). P. (11). * Nysius thymi.—Sandown (J.M.B.). P. (12). Piesma maculata.-—Bembridge, I. of Wight (J.M.B.). P. (19). Dictyonota strichnocera—Sandown (J.M.B.). P. (20). Coranus subapterus.—Plentiful on St. George’s Down, I. of W.., 5.1x.23 (J.M.B.). P. (26). 2950 Boosa2 * Nabis lineatus.—St. Helens, I. of W. (J.M.B.). P. (27). Lopus suleatus.—Lymington, 20.vil.29 (H.P.J.). ae ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (81) Summary.—The total number of species recorded for Hants and I. of Wight is 350 as against *477 Brit. species. A comparison is here made with three other county lists—-kindly supplemented to date by FAMILY Brit. HAntTs. Norrs, SvuFFOLK. GLAMORGAN. Pentatomidae ss se Beh babtel 30 9 22 15 Coreidae and Berytidae .. 4. ol 24 3 18 14 Lygaeidae and Pyrrhocoridae .. 67 45 15 37 35 Tingididae and Aradidae DAA3SO 20 7 16 15 Hebridae and Gerridae .. Reaval bY) 13 7 2 10 Reduviidae and Saldidae Halt Reif 27 15 24 20 Cimicidae (=Br. list) .. Eco? 27 16 24 16 Capsidae .. ae Sie aad ki) 134 106 131 117 436 320 178 284 242 Cryptocerata x Se jae EL 30 18 21 26 Torats 477 350 196 305 268 The list for Notts. is by Prof. J. W. Carr, forming part of the same authors Invertebrate Hauna of Notts (J. and H. Bell Ltd, Nottm.) ; for Suffolk by Mr. Claude Morley; for Glamorgan, S. Wales, by Mr. H. M. Hallett in Trans. Cardiff Nats. Soc. Nottinghamshire covers too small an area to represent adequately the N. Midland fauna, whilst the Hants records are almost entirely derived from captures made in the extreme south of the county, and in I. of Wight. Considerable additions will probably yet be made to the Glamorgan list, and possibly that of Suffolk. I believe over 360 species are recorded from the well worked county of Surrey, the soil and climate of which are practically identical with that of Hampshire. Appendix to Lygaeidae, Sub-fam. Apwanina.—Although it is impossible to produce any hard and fast divisions in this extensive sub-family, the under-mentioned definitions will be found useful in conjunction with the text (pp. 13-19). Genera in natural order :— Sub-fam (7) ApHanina.—Stigmata of all or at least the last three abdominal segments ventral; cheeks much shorter than central lobe: membrane without basal cells. Div. I.—With 1st. antennal joint, except in the aberrant genus. Pamera, short; basal tarsal joint not twice as long as the other two together. Baer a— T Rape nnn ye Div. I.—Ist. ant. joint usually short (Beosus is an exception) ; basal tarsal joint very long, twice as long as the other two together. : ; Calyptonotus— Fi mblethis Div. IIL. —Ist. ant. joint, especially in Hremocoris, long, or insect very wide and flat; basal tarsal joint not twice as long as other two together (Head long, eyes, except in some Drymus species, remote from pronotum). . ° ‘ : : , Hremocoris—Gastrodes. Divs. II and III are natural ; the somewhat diverse genera in Div. I. may be most conveniently separated as follows (Pamera is without very close allies in this country) :— * Two spp. of Corixidae on the Brit. list are not regarded in the present paper (H.P.J.). (82) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, A.—Pronotum in front without distinct foliaceous lateral margins, convex ; pronotum strongly constricted beyond middle. . . . . . Pamera. B.—Pronotum in front with distinct foliaceous Jateral margins, not strongly constricted beyond middle (Characters common also to all genera in Divs. II and III). (4) 1.—Pronotum constricted at base, usually very wide anteriorly, entirely black in colour, (3) 2. —Insect comparatively large. ; J p : Rhyparochromus. (2) 3.—Insect very small. : Tropistethus. (1) 4.—If at all constricted at base pronotum ‘never entirely black. (16) 5.—Foliaceous lateral margins of pronotum not entirely yellow; species very small, or with eyes produced prominently beyond pronotum. (11) 6.—Insect very small (2-3mm.) eyes not or scarcely produced. (8) 7.—Sub-elongate ; glabrous, pronotum dull. i : : Ischnocoris. (7) 8.—Sub-elongate; glabrous, pronotum shiny . i : Macrodema. (10) 9.—Oval, with erect hairs, and spotted elytra; pronotum not very wide in front. : . Pionosomus. (9) 10.—Oblong, glabrous, unicolorous ; pronotum very wide in front, sub- parallel sided. : . Plinthisus, (6) 11.—Eyes projecting beyond anterior angles of pronotum. (15) 12.—Smaller, 2-4mm. Eyes smaller, more produced ; act gt shorter (Insect dull or not very shiny). (14) 13.—Insect glabrous. ; ‘ } ‘ , . P ‘ Acompus. (13) 14.—Insect pilose. : P Stygnocoris. (12) 15.—Larger, 4-5mm. Eyes lar ger, slightly less produced ; 3 pronotum longer Peritrechus. (5) 16.— Foliaceous lateral margins of pronotum yellow throughout ; eyes not produced, insect not very small (common generic characters in Div. 1I.). (18) 17.—Pronotum very shiny, smooth, punctuation fine and remote (Face widely yellow) . : ; * Lasiosomus. (17) 18.—Pronotum not Ke smooth and shiny, punctuation coarser, not remote ~~ : : ; ! Trapezonotus. Norr.—In the text the primary sharatiog of the various species of Lygaeidae are invariably presented in the form of tables; where the same treatment has not been accorded to the genera the more peculiar differences in each are made to head the descriptions. A similar plan has been followed in all the other families. GLOSSARY. (See also Introduction and Plates.) Abbreviations used.—L.=Long (or length); mm.=millimetres. (25=1 inch) ; id.=idem (the same). Apex.— Point furthest from the base ; the tip. Arcuate.— In the form of a bow; curved. Areola.— A small sunken area. Articulated. Jointed. Base.— As applied to any part of an insect signifies the portion of the member nearest the central point of juncture of the pronotum with the scutellum (hence the bases of the elytra in repose may be said to adjoin the base of the pronotum). BuNypberous, —Short-winged. In Heteroptera species coming under this heading (more usually 9 ¢) may either have tbe hemi-elytra so abbreviated as to entirely expose the abdomen, or sufficiently extended to cover all but the apical segments of the last. * The position of the genus is unnatural (cf. text). The single Br. species. somewhat resembles Stygocoris pedestris in colour. (H.P.J.) : ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. (83) Callosity.— Callus.— Carina.— Cell-nerve(s).— Ciliate.— Clavate.— Clypeus.— Contiguous.— Coriaceous.— Costa.— Deciduous.— Dimorphous.— Disc. -— Elongate.— Emarginate.— Face. — Ferruginous.— Filiform.— Flavous.-— Foliaceous.— Forceps.— Fovea.— Frous.— Fuscous.— Glabrous.— Hyaline.— Immaculate,— Impressed ,.— Impunctate.— Incrassate,— Insertion.— Macropterous.— Membranous,— Metanotum.— Micropterous.— Obtuse.— Ocelli.— Ochreous.— Piceous.— Convex prominence ; hump. Small, usually transverse, callosity. A keel or sharp ridge. Basal vein(s) of membrane. Cell=area defined by vein. Fringed with hairs. Clubbed. Portion of head between face and mouth. Adjacent. Leathery. As here used (rarely) the front edge of either hemi- elytron or wing. When an elytron is closed the outer margin is usually termed the lateral margin. Liable to fall; exceptionally fragile (as applied to pubescence). Indicating that two very different forms of a species occur (e.y., brach. and macv.) Central region (¢.y., of pronotum). Drawn out; any especially long or narrow form. Margin not continuous, broken by a notch or seg- ment of a circle. Area between antennae and clypeus, bounded laterally by the eyes. ° ; Rust-red. Thread-like, or at least of uniform thickness through- out (as applied to antennae). Bright yellow. . Applied to any flattened extended surface. & genital appendages, claspers. A pit or circular impression of some size. Region of head between vertex and face (frequently held to include the last in a general description). Brown, cloudy. Without hairs. Glassy ; applied often to membrane when this is especially clear, Without spots. unicolorous. A strongly flattened portion—e.y., ‘ transversely im pressed.”’ Without punctures. Thickened. Point of attachment of a moveable part. Long-winged—/.e., with elytra covering apex of abdomen. Of a thin semi-transparent nature (cf. ‘“ marginal membrane ”’ of Tinyididae). Basal section of thorax above (concealed by bases of elytra in repose). See brachypterous and undeveloped. Blunt or shortly rounded. Simple eyes (2) on vertex of head. Ochre-yellow ; clear straw-colour. Pitchy, brownish-black. The opposite of testaceous. (84) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Pilose.— Finely hairy. Porrect.— Extended forward. Prothorax.— Anterior portion of thorax (frequently constricted on front margin into a narrow collar: or “ ring’’). Pubescent.— Hairy; with recumbent hairs. Punctured.— — With small circular pits or impressions, Pyriform.— -Pear-shaped. Remote.— Distant, isolated (as applied to hairs). Reniform.— Kidney-shaped. Rugose.— Irregularly or roughly wrinkled. Serrate.— With saw-like teeth ; jagged. Setae.— Bristly hairs. Signs used.— fg =male, 9 =female. Square brackets prefacing the name of a species indicate that it is unrecorded for Hants. Simple.— Not especially modified. Sinuate.— Presenting a waved undulating surface; curved. Sordid.— Dirty, dingy, indefinite (when prefacing a colour). Spiracles.— Respiratory orifices (=stigmata). Sternum.— Underside of the three thoracic segments combined. Striate.— Bearing distinct impressed lines. Strigose.— Striated, usually irregularly so, presenting a scored appearance. ; Sulcus.— An impressed longitudinal furrow. Suture.— Point of juncture of inner margins of elytra in repose. Teneral.— Freshly disclosed, having the integument soft, and the colours faint. Testaceous.— Used much too loosely in Entomology to express a clear yellowish or pale reddish shade. The opposite of piceous. Often used in combination, viz.—Clear- testaceous, pale-testaceous, or (L.) flavo-testaceus, rufo-testaceus, lurido-testaceus. Truncate. Cut off rather abruptly at base or apex—i.e., not terminating gradually in a point or largely rounded. Undeveloped. Applied more especially to a brachypterous form of a normally macropterous species; must not be confused with nymph or larva—i.e., an immature form. Vertex.— Hinder, highest, portion of head—.e., the part nearest the pronotum. Wing-cell.— Vein of hindwing, and area defined by vein. Wings.— In a detailed description applied only to the membranous hind-pair. Xyphus,— Prolongation of the middle of the hind margin of each segment of the sternum. Appenpa (Supplementary) :—Mr. W. E. China adds, tentatively (E.M.M., May, 19380), Dicyphis stotti, China (Capsidae) to the Br. list. ‘« Notonecta halophila, Edwards.” The specific name viridis, Delcourt, must now be used. ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA OF HAMPSHIRE. InDEXx OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. Acalypta, Wstw. Acanthia, Fab. Acanthosoma, Curt. Acetropis, Heb. Acompocoris, Reut. Acompus, Lieb. Adelphocoris, Rewt. Aelia, Fab.. Aépophilus, Sign. Aétorhinus, Feb. Aynocoris, Reut. Alcletha, Kirk. Allodapus, Fieb. Alydus, Fab. aN Amblytylus, Fieb. . Aneurus, Curt. Anthocoris, Fall. Aphanus, Lap. ... Aphelochirus, Wstw. Aptus, Stal. Aradus, Fab. 43 Arctocorisa, Wall. ... Asciodema, Reut. Atractotomus, Feb. Bathysolen, Feb. ... Beosus, Am.S. Berytus, Fab. Blepharidopterus, ‘Kilt, Bothynotus, F'ieb. . Brachyaathrum, Fieb. Brachysteles, M. ¢ R. Brachytropis, Fieb. Bryocoris, Fall. . Byrsoptera, Spin. .. Callicoriva, White Calocoris, Bich 2 Calyptonotus, Did-8: Camptobrochis, Fieb. Camptozygum, Reut. Campyloneura, Hieb. Campylosteira, F'ieb. Capsus, Fab. : Cardiastethus, D. re ‘Ss. Carpocoris, Kit. .. Catoplatus, Spin. .. Ceraleptus, Cost. ... Ceratocombus, Sqn. Charagochilus, Feb. Chartoscirta, Stl. .. Chilacis, Fieb. Chilowanthus, Reut. Chlamydatus, Curt. Chlorochroa, Stal... Chorosoma, Curt. ... Cimex, Lin. Clinocoris, Hahn. . Conostethus, Fieb. Coranus, (Curt. Coreus, F'ab. Coriomeris, Wstw.... Corixa, G7. Corizus, Fall. a. Cryptostemma, H.-S. Cydnus, Fab. ; Cyllocoris, Hhn. Cymatia, Flor. Cymus, Hhn. ; Cyphostethus, Fieb. Cyrtorrhinus, [ieb. Deraeocoris, Kb. Derephysia, Spin. ... Dichrooscytus, Feb. Dictyonota, Curt. ... Dicyphus, I'ieb. Dipsocoris, Halid.... Dolichonabis, Reut. Dolycoris, M. & fh. Drymus, Hieb. .. Elasmostethus, Reut. Elatophilus, Reut.... Emblethis, Fieb. ... Enoplops, Am.S. ... Eremocoris, Hied. ... Burydema, Lap. Kurygaster, Lap. .. Eusarcoris, Hhn. ... Gastrodes, Wstw. Geotomus, M. d R. Gerris, Fab. Fe Glaenocorisa, Jims. Globiceps, Ltr. Gnathoconus, Fieb. Gonocerus, Ltr. ... Graptopeltus, Stl. ... Halosalda, Reut. Halticus, Brm. Harpocera, Curt. . Hebrus, Curt. (85) (86) Henestaris, Spin. ... Heterocordylus, fied. Heterogaster, Schill. Heterotoma, Ltr. ... Homodemus, F’teb. Hoplomachus, Feb. Hydrometra, Ltr. ... Hypsitylus, Hieb. .. Ischnocoris, Feb. ... Ischnodemus, Feb. Ischnorynchus, Feb. Jalla, Hhn. Lasiacantha, Stal.... Lasiotropis, Stal. Leptopterna, b'ieb. Limnoporus, Stal. ... Liocoris, Lieb. Liorhyssus, Stal. ., Lopus, Hhn. Lyctocoris, Hin. ... Lygaeus, Fab. Lygocoris, Reut. Lygus, Hhn. Macrocorixa, T’hms. Macrodema, ied. .. Macrolophus, Feb. Macrotylus, Fveb. ... Malacocoris, Fieb. ... Mecomma, Heb. Megacoelum, feb. Megaloceraea, Hieb. Megalocoleus, Reut. Mesovelia, M. & R. Metacanthus, Cost. Metatropis, Feb. Micracanthia, Reut. Micronecta, Kirk. ... Microphysa, Wstw. Microsynamma, Heb, Microvelia, Wstw. ... Miridius, Fieb. Miris, Fab.. Monalocoris, Mie Monanthia, Lep. Myrmecoris, Gorski, Myrmedobia, Baer. Myrmus, Hhn, Nabis, Ltr.... Naucoris, Gj’. Neides, Ltr. Neocoris, D. & Su Neotiglossa, Cwt.. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Nepa, Lin. . Notochilus, Fieb. Notonecta, Lin. Notostira, Feb. Nysius, Dall. Oéciacus, Stal. Odontoscelis, Lap. Oncochila, Stal. Oncotylus, Feb. Onychumenus, Reut. Oreinocorixa, White. Orthocephalus, Fieb. Orthops, Fieb. ; Orthotylus, Fieb. .. Pachycoleus, F'ieb. Palomena, M. ¢ R. Pamera, Say. Pantilius, Curt. Pentatoma, Ol. ... Peribalus, M. ¢ R. Peritrechus, Hieb. ... Phylus, Hahn. aR Physatochila, Hieb. Phytocoris, Fall. . Picromerus, Am, S. Piesma, Lap. Piezodorus Feb. Piezostethus, Feb. Pilophorus, Hin. ... Pionosomus, Fieb.... Pithanus, Pied. Plagiognathus, Fieb Plea, Leach. Plesiocoris, Fieb. ... Plesiodema, Reut. ... Plinthisus, Feb. ... Ploiaria, Scop. Podops, Lap. Podisus, H.-S. — .28) Poeciloscytus, Hieb. Polymerus, Wstw.... Prostemma, Lap.... Psallus Fieb. Pseudophloeus, Bris Pycnopterna, Mieb. Pygolampis, Grm.... Pyrrhocoris, Fall... Ranatra, Hab. Reduviolus, Stal. Reduvius, Fab. Rhacognathus, Fieb. Rhopalotomus, Feb. er | d Rhyparochromus, Curt. ... Salda, Fab. Sciocoris, Fall. Sciodopterus, Reut, Scolopostethus, Fieb. Sehirus, Am. S. Serenthia, Spin. Sigara, Fab. Spathocera, Stn. Stalia, Reut. , Stenocephalus, Ltr. Stenodema, Lap. ... Stenotus, Jak. Sthenarus, Mieb. . Stictopleurus, Stal. Strongylocoris, Cost. Stygnocoris, Fieb.... Syromastes, Ltr. ... Systellonotus, /ieb. Taphropeltus, Stal. ACCOUNT OF HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA Teloleuca, Reut. Temnostethus, Feb. Teratocoris, Fieb. ... Tetraphleps, Fveb.... Therapha, Am. S.... Thyreocoris, Schr.... Tingis, Fab. Sat Tinicephalus, Hieb. Trapezonotus, H'ieb. Trigonotylus, H%eb. Triphleps, Fiveb. Troilus, Stal. Tropistethus, Fie. Velia, Ltr.... Verlusia, Spin. Xanthochilus, Stal... Xylocoridea, Reut. Xylocoris, Duf. Aicrona, Am. S. OF HAMPSHIRE, yg Bowie i ? Gi, tat rr i nN aGs j 4. aie a — F% ‘i Bids: j “ dN}, aby /ocom at res Ne | uy abdul Re Pri c ; Ge adae\ auhraraig ie? PRT ee Ie) Ad allay Bg Rea ner tng? tim Ni We fe) he Wao avd dT Aad yuoal ié ‘ tt) MV aye, “ists ‘y" Sey The Ants (Formicidae) and Guests (Myrmecophiles) of Windsor Forest and District. Be iiomACe: DONIS THORPE, F.Z.S: F.E.S., “ete. [Reprinted from The Eutomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation, Nos.6, ‘7-8: 0,10; 11." 1930;] NovemBeEr, 1930. WOVE tt tes Lastest, bats Waotaek Systindinae eh ae aon | PORRDe EL OL 6 Bt teak > ae aoe bin ek pumber pis De Haste: Sree suk bicat tee tL ie Solanhy - a aes OE peat. ibs “ah ag FS ee Sein et Big Bch Bre oe The Ants (Formicidae) and Guests (Myrmecophiles) of Windsor Forest and District. By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.H.S., etc. Having made an intensive study of the beetles (Coleoptera*) of Windsor Forest during the last seven years, as might be supposed the inhabitants of ants’s nests (beetles and other myrmecophiles) have been strenuously searched for. The result being that not only a number of species have been added to the British list, but the majority of the known British myrmecophilous Coleoptera have been taken in the district. This is what one would expect, as Acanthomyops (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus, Latr., A. (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr., and Formica rufa, L., all occur; the three ants, with which the greatest number of ants’ guests are found in Britain. Of the ants themselves, 18 out of the 35 known indigenous species occur. Several more (probably very few) species may turn up, including the common and widely distributed Myrmica laevinodis, Nyl., which is almost certain to be present ; though we have not come across it so far. The occurrence of the two species, fuliyinosus, and brunneus, chiefly associated with trees is natural in this ancient forest land. It is a fact. however, that they are not found in the same areas; and we believe that if they were, the brunneus would be wiped out by the fuliginosus. A certain number of the beetles and parasitica recorded here from ants’ nests may be only chance guests, just sheltering, or hybernating, in suitable or convenient habitats. On the other hand they may represent cases where a species is experimenting in a myrmecophilous life. Such cases are called attention to (especially when they have occurred with ants on several occasions, and in different localities) and are not printed in italics. As pointed out in the ‘Guests of British Ants” (1927), a number of species of Coleoptera live with ants, and also in birds’ nests. It cannot be the same individuals which are found in ants’ nests and birds’ nests, as the species are found to be present at the same time in both. It seems probable that at some distant period two sets of their ancestors had branched off into different modes of life ; it might be that a bird’s nest containing these ancestors was in the tree inhabited by ants, and the beetles found the nest of the latter *On January Ist, 1930, the Coleoptera of Windsor Forest had reached the respectable total of 1339; more than one third of the whole of the British list. (2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. a congenial atmosphere, and then continued the myrmecophilous habit, others remaining birds’ nest frequenters. With the exception of two species taken by Blatcht; all the rest of the species mentioned have been taken by us. I must thank Mr. Lloyd, the Chief of the Crown Estate Office, for his kindness in rendering us every facility to enable us to carry out our investigations with ants’ nests in this productive district; and also Miss Kirk for her assistance in this work, entailing as it does both patience and often considerable strenuous labour. A short account of the ants of Windsor Forest, together with the myrmecophiles found with them, is now given. MyrMecInar. Myrmecina graminicola, Latr. This little species, though not rare, is decidedly local in this country ; its most northern record being from Staffordshire. It lives in small communities, under stones, in stumps, ete.; individual workers being often found in the nests of other ants. I have kept a colony under observation in my study, which has been in my possession now for twenty years. The males and winged females may pe swept off rushes, and other herbage, from August to October, the time of the marriage flight. A male of this ant was swept off grass near Windsor at 2 p.m. (summer time) on September 11th, 1926. Formicoxenus nitidulus, Nyl. This small shining reddish-yellow ant is a myrmecophilous species dwelling in the nests of the ‘“ wood ant’? Formica rufa. Its colonies are not large, and it constructs its nests of the finer materials of which its hosts’ nests are constructed. The male is wingless, and very worker-like in appearance. It is very widely distributed, having been taken in Invernessshire and in the Isle of Wight. We have found it in the nests of Formica rufa in Windsor Forest in September and October, 1927 ; October, 1929; ete. Monomorium pharaonis, Li. The little “ house ant’ has been spread by commerce all over the world ; it lives in houses, bakers’ shops, etc., and even on board ships. It may be looked upon as a British species now, as it has been known to occur in this country for over a hundred years. Workers were observed running on the tea table in a Restaurant. at Windsor on July 24th, 1925. Myrmica ruginodis, Nyl. This very common species, the most widely distributed in our islands, and our only ant found in the Shetlands, nests under stones, in rotten stumps, at the edges of woods, etc.; under which cirecum- stances it occurs in Windsor Forest. Marriage flights have been observed there at 5 o’clock (summer time) on September 5th, 1928 = and 12.30 p.m. (summer time) on August 21st, 1929. +The late W. G. Blatch collected Coleoptera in the Windsor district in September 1887. THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (3) On July 7th, 1924, a colony was discovered in the stump of a birch tree, and as soon as the ants were disturbed, a number of a small fly put in an appearance, hovering over the ants. Several were captured, and subsequently proved to be Psendacteon brevicauda, Schmitz, a species of Diptera new to the British list. The females of these flies possess a sharp pointed ovipositor with which they lay their eggs between the free segments of the ants’ gasters. They are attracted first by the sense of smell, given off by the ants, and subsequently by sight, when near enough to see the ants. Other myrmecophiles found with this ant at Windsor are the ‘“‘ wood-louse” Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi, Brdt., and the Collembolid, Cyphodeirus albinos, Nic., both of which occur with all our species of ants; and the beetle, Drusilla canaliculata, F., which was taken running in a sandpit with workers of the Myrmica on August 27th, 1929. The food of this beetle consists of ants which it kills and devours. Myrmica sulcinodis, Nyl. Though widely distributed, this ant is more or less rare. It nests under stones, and timber, in stumps, etc., and is fond of heaths and commons. It is also found on mountains. On May 25th, 1927, a colony was found in Windsor Forest nesting in a Scot’s pine stump. Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl. A very common and widely distributed species occurring in both damp and dry districts. It nests under stones on heaths, and in banks in sandy areas, and also in sphagnum swamps and bogs. It is a thieving ant robbing other ants of their prey and brood: its colonies being often situated near those of other species, individuals entering their nests. On June 29th, 1924, a deiilated female was found in a mixed colony of Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) wmbratus, Nyl., and A. (Donistherpea) brunneus, Latr., (to be referred to later) situated in an ash tree. On September 8rd, 1924, a female was captured on the wing. On October 11th, 1927, a small colony was observed under the same stone as a large colony of A. (C.) flavus, F., apparently living in harmony: Platyarthrus hofmauseggi was present. On April 10th, 1929, this ant was nesting in sphagnum in a swamp. On June 11th, 1929, a worker was present in a nest of A. ((’.) flavus in a mole-hill. Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., var. sabuleti, Mein. On June 25th, 1924, a deiilated female of this variety was taken in the wnbratus—brunnens nest mentioned above. Stenamma westwoodi, West. This is a rare ant, its most northern range with us being the Midlands and Norfolk. It also occurs in the south-east, and south- west of Ireland. Its habits are obscure and it is only comparatively recently that independent colonies have been found in the British Isles. I possess a small colony sent to me from Ireland by Messrs. Philips and Stelfox, in 1921. The original queen is still alive—she must be over nine years old to-day! The winged sexes are sometimes (1) THE KENTOMOLOGISE S RECORD. swept in September and October; and individual workers have been frequently taken in the nests of other ants. A male was taken by evening sweeping in Windsor Forest on September 21st, 1926; and several workers occcurred in a colony of A. (C.) flavus situated in a rotten stump, covered by a mole-hill, on June 11th, 1929. A single worker was found in a mole’s nest, which was full of A. (D). brunneus workers, at the foot of a tree, on August 2nd, 1929. Leptothorax acervorum, F. Though these ants sometimes nest under stones, and in the cracks of rocks, etc. ; they are mostly found in stumps and under the bark of trees. They also make use of the burrows of other insects in bark, galls, ‘“‘oak-apples,’ and the like, in which to found their small colonies. This species is very widely distributed in Britain and Treland. In Windsor Forest a small colony was observed nesting under the bark of an oak tree, infested by A. ().) brunneus, on June 2th, 1925 ; and a few workers were seen in an oak stump on August 14th, 1929. Females were swept up in the evening in a plantation on September 17th, 1926. Leptuthorax nylandert, Forst. This Leptothorax is a much scarcer and more local ant than the preceding. Shropshire is its most northern range in England, and it has not been found in Scotland, nor Ireland. It nests in woods and parks in the bark of trees, and fallen boughs, etc., and will also make use of the borings of other insects. It occurs not infrequently, in company with other ants. It was found in several oak trees infested by A. (D.) brunneus in Windsor Forest in 1924. Its nests consist of little cells in and under the bark, and the workers run about freely in company with the brunneus in their “ runs.’’ One colony had its nest in the rather brittle wood of a rotten beech tree. A colony. consisting of a queen, many workers, and larvae, inhabiting a poplar tree infested with brunneus, was taken home on April 22nd, 1924, and fixed up in a small plaster observation nest. On May 27th, another queen, and a few workers and larvae were brought home and introduced into this observation nest. A certain amount of fighting took place between the workers of the different colonies, but eventually they settled down, the new larvae being collected with the old, the new queen joining them. This compound colony was kept under observation for several years. On September 17th, 1926, some females were taken by “evening sweeping’’ in a plantation. A worker was found in a fungus inside a hollow beech tree on June 15th, 1928. ForMICINAE. Acanthomyops (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus, Latr. This is a shining black ant which generally dwells in trees, but it will also build its carton nests in the earth, at the roots of trees and away from them, or even in houses and ceilars. Its most northern locality in the British Isles is the Isle of Man, where we discovered it in 1923. It possesses an aromatic smell which is unlike that of any other ant. It may be seen walking in files along regular tracks for long distances, and the nest can often be traced by following up these ee ’ j j THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (5) tracks. On the other hand it is sometimes very difficult to locate. The nest is constructed of carton which the ants manufacture by chewing up fragments of wood and bark mixed with earth and cemented together with the secretion from the mandibulary glands, which are greatly developed in this species. These carton nests, which are often very large, have the appearance of a huge sponge, and consist of a number of irregular cells, separated from each other by thin walls which are rather brittle. These nests were formerly believed, by Huber and other early writers, to be excavated out of wood (and they certainly look like it) which was stained black by the ants’ acid. The carton is usually black, but sometimes light brown, or reddish-brown according to the colour of the soil used in its construction. In one case to be mentioned later, it was entirely yellow. In Windsor Forest we have found this ant nesting in an old rabbit burrow in a bank; in oak trees ; in the stools of Scots’ pine, and larch trees; in a partly hollow hawthorn tree which was cracked, and the carton nest could be seen through the crack high up in the tree; etc. The nest made of yellow carton referred to above was originally situated in the base of a standing larch, but when the tree was cut down some five years ago the ants deserted the stool, and took possession of the trunk of the tree lying on the ground. The trunk was twelve feet long and the ants were using both ends to enter and leave the nest. The yellow carton filled up the whole of the broader end, and was present in strips among the perforated wood reaching to the other end. This tree was cut up in sections for me on September 18th, 1929, and a fine sample was selected for the Oxford Museum. We have taken a considerable number of Myrmecophiles with this ant in Windsor Forest, as the following list will show. Those species not printed in italics may be only chance guests, and, at any rate, have not been recognised as true myrmecophilous species here-to-fore. CoLEopTERA. Microylossa gentilis. Mark. ; Oxypoda vittata. Mark. ; O. recondita, Kr. (several 10.v.28 ; first record with this ant); O. annularis, Sahl. (10.v.28, 18.ix.29, 24.ix.29) ; Vhiasophila inguilina, Mark. ; Myrmedonia funesta, Gr.; M. humeralis, Gr.; M. cogynata, Mark.; M. luyens, Gr. ; M. laticollis, Mirk. ; Notothecta confusa, Mairk.; Atheta circellaris, Gr. (10.v.28, 24.1x.29 also taken with this ant by Allen in Devonshire in 1918) ; A. sodalis, Er. (eight 28.i11.28, several 10.v.28. I have taken this beetle with five species of ants, in various localities, on different occasions). A. palustris, Kies., A. sericea, Muls., A. inquinula, [r., A. germana, Shp., A. celata, Er., A. aterrima, Gr., A. parva, Shp., A. muscorum, Bris., Falagria sulcatula, Gr., F. obscura, Gr., and Placusa pumilio, Gr., were all taken in the ‘“‘runs’”’ of this ant and in refuse beneath the larch trunk with the yellow carton, in September and October, 1929. Quedius maurus, Sahl. (28.11.28); Q. puncticollis, mayen 4x27, 1x. 27. Walker has taken this beetle with fuliginosus at Cothill, in 1914, on several occasions and _ he writes ‘“ under conditions which led me to suppose that it is a true inmate of the nest of this ant’; Collins has also taken it with this ant in the Oxford district. | Walker again found it with this ant at Tubney in 1920); Q. brevis, Er., in March, May, and June in 1928 and 1929; Othius melanocephalus, Gr. (several (6) THE HNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 4.x.27) ; O. myrmecophilus, Kies. ; Cepbennium thoracium, Mill., (six 10.v.28. This species has been found in other localities with different kinds of ants). Trichopteryx thoracica, Walk. . (28.111.28, 10.v.28) ; 7. montandoni, All. (1.x.29); Ptilium kunzei, Heer., P. rugulosum, All., P.n-sp., and Ptenidium nitidum, Heer., in the ‘‘ runs” and refuse from the larch tree nest, September and October, 1929. Amphotis marginata, F., Coninomus constrictus, Gyll. (14.x.29. Walker has taken this species with the same ant at Tubney, in 1920, and I have done so, at Woking, in 1921). HymeEnoprEraA— Draconidae. Paxylomma fuliginosi, Wilkinson. On September 18th, 1929 we observed several specimens of a large Paaylomma in Windsor Forest. Two of these were captured and proved to be a fine new species which Wilkinson has described, in a paper read by that author and myself before the Entomological Society of London, under the above name. The Braconids were hovering over the ants from the colony of fuliginosus inhabiting the large felled larch tree described above. On a subsequent visit, on October 1st, another specimen was secured. Cobelli has shown that another species, P. cremieri, de Romand, found on the Continent with fuliginosus, lays its eggs in the ants’ larvae, when they are being carried by their nurses. It is very probable that the same habits are common to P. fuliginost, as it was not until the tree which housed the ants was being cut up that the Braconids put in an appearance. They were probably attracted by the odour given off by the ants when agitated, as well as by the presence of the larvae which they were carrying. HymeEnoprrera—Chaleididae. Spalangia erythromera, Forst. This shining black Chalcid is only to be found in the nests of fuliginosus and I have proved by experiment that it is partly on friendly terms witb its hosts, and is parasitic on the larvae of various small flies which live in their nests. We have found it with fuliginosus in Windsor Forest, and have bred it from the pupae of Milichia ludens and Neophyllomyza fagicola taken in the nests of that ant. HymernoprEra— Proctotrupidae. Platygaster sp.? Several examples of a very small species of this genus were taken with fuliginosus on September 3rd, 1929. , Amblyaspis scutellaris, Kief. A specimen was taken in the nest in the cracked hawthorn on June 14th, 1929. Other species of this genus, and varieties of this and other species have been captured with this same ant in other localities. Dretera. Apiochaeta aequalis, Wood. Several specimens were taken with fuliginosus' in Windsor Forest on October 11th, 1927. This fly has been found in numbers with the same ant on various occasions and in different localities. THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (7) Limosina claviveniris, Strob. (=curtiventris, Stnh.). Several _ specimens occurred in a fuliginosus nest in Windsor Forest on September 20th, 1927. This fly has been recorded in some numbers from nests of the same ant in other localities. Milichia ludens, Wahl. The larvae of this fly, which is only found with fuliginosus, and is very rare in Britain, were present in some numbers in a nest of this ant situated in the base of an oak tree on September 3rd, 1929, and also in the nest in the larch tree on September 18th, 1929. Neophyllozoma fayicola, Hend. This species was described by Hendel, in 1929, from Austria. We took it (an addition to the British list) in Windsor Forest, in a nest of fuliginosus in the stool of a Scots pine on September 9th, 1925, and again in a nest situated in a bank on September 28th, 1926. Scatopse transversalis, Lw. Specimens of this fly, the regular associate of fuliginosus, were taken in Windsor Forest, in the nest situated in a bank, on October 4th, 1926. APHIDIDAE, Stomaphis quercus, L. On September 4th, 1929, fuliginosws was found to be attending a colony of this aphis on an oak tree situated near their nest. This was the first time I had found quercus with this ant at Windsor. This species was first taken in Britain many years ago by the late F. Walker at Dulwich, and nothing was known about its connection with ants. It was not found again until September 22nd, 1921, when I discovered specimens on an oak tree at Woking. My attention was called to these insects by the clusters of ants which were attending them. I found it again at Woking on October 7th, 1921, at Wimbledon Common, on July 18th, 1923, at Tubney, on July 16th, 1924, and at Woking on July 29th, 1925, on oak trees, in every case attended by workers of fuliginosus. On October 1st and 14th, 1929, the colony at Windsor was still being attended by these ants. On the latter date my attention was specially attracted to several specimens which were coloured differently and were smaller and more slender than the others. When submitted to my friend Mr. F. Laing of the British Museum, he pronounced them to be apterous ¢ g. This sex has very seldom been observed before. The following other species of myrmecophiles have been found with this ant at Windsor :—the Collembolid Cyphodeirus albinos, Nic.; the Acarus Urodiscella ricasoliana, Berl. (on the bodies of the ants on September 14th, 1926) and Laelaps cuneifer, Mich. ; and the ‘ wood- louse” Platyarthrus hofimanseggi, Brat. Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niger, L. This ant is very abundant and widely distributed in the British Isles, nesting in the earth, under stones, in tree stumps, and even in towns, under the pavements, and in houses, etc. It is not, however, very abundant in Windsor Forest and very few myrmecophiles have been found in company with it. One very large colony was found under the bark of a large beech tree on August 26th, 1925, many males, as also ege masses, and cocoons of the ants being present. An example (8) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. of Atheta sodalis, Kr., was captured in this nest, as also Atheta analis, Er. In another colony under the bark of a beech tree an individual of Euryusa optabilis, Heer. (the usual guest of 4. (D.) brunneus) was taken on July 80th, 1926. We have also found it nesting in Scots pine stumps, in sphagnum, and under boards; in the last two cases Cyphodetrus albinos and Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi being present. A marriage flight was noticed on July 24th, 1925, extending over a large area. Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) alienus, Forst. This species is not nearly so widely distributed nor so common as. niger, and it lives a more subterranean life. The only example we have met with so far in Windsor Forest was a single male taken sheltering under the bark of a felled beech on August 14th, 1929. Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr. This very local species has only occurred in Oxfordshire and Berk- shire in this country, and Windsor Forest is its headquarters. Here we have worked out its life-history, and many happy hours have been spent investigating its nests. It is a regular dweller in trees and we have found it nesting in oak, elm, ash, beech, poplar, willow, chestnut, hawthorn and maple. On August 8th, 1928, however, a colony was. inspected inhabiting the timbers of the roof of ‘‘ Ranger’s Lodge.’” The beams were riddled by the ants, which had been present in con- siderable numbers. The nests are situated inside the trees, and may be in the roots, the centre of the tree, or in one of the main branches, and quite high up. The marriage flights take place in Juneand July, and the winged sexes are found present in numbers in the nests in those months, and, preparatory to a flight, running on the outer surface of the tree. After this flight, the young females enter holes or crevices in trees, boughs, etc., and found.a new colony. Solitary young queens are found in such situations; and young colonies, con- sisting of a few small workers, with their galleries extending only a. short distance into the wood. As the colony grows the galleries extend, until the greater part of the branch, or inside of the tree, is riddled with them. Some of the borings are as fine as lacework, and others. much coarser, with much larger passages. In course of time vast. quantities of frass accumulates, caused by the ants continually excavating chambers, galleries, and passages in the hard wood. The. ants themselves run on the surface of the tree in tracks, under and in the crevices of the bark, and are not conspicuous ; disappearing when disturbed. A considerable portion of the food of this ant consists of the excreta. of large grey plant lice (mentioned later) which they rear. I have also. seen them carrying Psocids, and other small insects ; and in captivity they will devour dead flies, honey, etc. In observation nests without a queen the workers lay partheno- genetic eggs which produce very small workers. Very many insects have been taken with brunneuws at Windsor, but as before only the true, or known, myrmecophiles are printed in. italics. THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (9) CoLEOPTERA. | Aleochara sanguinea, Li. in company with brunneus on June 7th, 1924. (I have taken this species in birds’ nests in Richmond Park). ~ Mieroglossa gentilis, Mirk., has occurred with this ant on July 9th and 24th, 1925, and June 30th, 1926. (It is found usually with fuliginosus and also in birds’ nest). M. pulla, Gyll. July 81st, 1925 (also usually with fuliginosus and in birds’ nests). Oaypoda recondita, Kr., often abundant with brunneus at Windsor. Llyobates propinguus, Aubé, June 19th, 1924—*‘ the behaviour of this individual in the presence of the brunneus workers was exactly that of an ants’ nest beetle.” (It has been taken with rufa in France and Germany, and the late H. Dollman found it with favus and Myrmica sp. at Ditchling). Myrmedonia limbata, Pk. June 6th, 1924. Drusilla canaliculata, F. June 29th, 1924. Callicerus rigidicornis, Er., in a mole’s nest, at the foot of a “ brunneus”’ tree, full of the ants August 2nd, 1929. (This beetle has been taken with fuliginosus at Chobham by the late EH. Saunders, and Wellington College, Joy; twice at Woking with rufa by the late G. C. Champion ; and we have taken it with iver in the New Forest). Atheta nitidula, Th., sometimes not uncommonly (generally recorded with fuliyinosus). A. vicina, Steph., some seven specimens were taken with brunnews on October 12th, 1926. (Harwood took 20 specimens with rufa in the Limpsfield Woods, Kent; Walker found it with fuliginosus at Tubney, and I captured it with the same ant at Oxshott). A. analis, Hr. August 5th, 1925, etc. A.sodalis, Hr. June 19th and 25th, September 3rd. 1924. Huryusa optabilis, Heer, frequently. F. sinuata, Er., generally present and often in numbers. Tachyusida gracilis, Kr., nine specimens of this beetle were taken by me in a nest of brunneus in an old oak in October, 1926, the only time it has ever occurred in Britain. Quedius ventralis, Ahr., March 28th, 1928 (recorded with fuliginosus by Rouget in France; Crotch took it with the same ant at Weston and Champion at Woking). Q. aetolicus, Kr. (subapicalis, Joy) October 16th, 1926 (usually found in birds’ nests, fungi, etc.). Q. scitus, Gr., June 29th, 1924, August 31st, 1926, four September 16th, 1927, February 15th, 1928 (Crotch recorded it with fuliginosus at Cambridge). Xantholinus glaber, Nord., Juna 29th, 1924. (Often found in birds’ nests. Rouget took it with fuliyinosus in France, and Wasmann regards it as the regular guest of that ant; Schmitz found it with brunnews in Holland. In England Fowler records it often in company with ants, and Crotch with fuliginosus at Cambridge). Leptacinus formicetorum, Mirk., one specimen October 16th, 1926 (this is the regular guest of KF’. rufa). Othius myrmecophilus, Kies., August 26th, 1925, August 31st, 1926. Medon propinquus, Bris., several May 5th, 1924. Leptinus testaceus, Miill., one November 26th, 1924. (This little blind beetle is parasitic on field mice and also occurs in the nests of Bombi; it has been recorded with fuliginosus by Rye at Mickleham, Champion at Tilgate Forest and Guestling by Collett). | Calyptomerus dubius, Marsh., December 11th. 1924 in the wood-frass from the centre of the nest. Stenichnus godarti, Latr., August 81st, 1926, several February 15th, 1928. S. ewilis, Hr., May 4th, 1924. Huconus claviger, Mull, nine specimens in October, 1926; its only record for Britain. Huthia schaumi, Kies., June 25th, 1925. FE. formicetorum, Reitt., August 12th, (10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 1924; Batrisodes venustus, Reich., not uncommon. 8B. delaportei, Aubé., abundant, first British capture June 14th, 1924. B. adnexus, Hampe, very rare June 6th, 1924 first British capture, one June 30th, 1926. Euplectus punctatus, Muls., July 9th, 1926; EL. afer, Reit. var. infirmus, Raff. June 25th, 1925 first British record, June 29th, 1925, and in numbers July 9th, 1926, always in company with brunneus. E. sanguineus, Den., June 26th, 1925. E. piceus, Mots., February 15th, 1928 (Mikel records it with A. (D.) emarginatus in Germany. Fowler gives I’, rufa Parkhurst Forest, and Collins took it with Leptothoraa acervorum at Wytham Park. André notes seven species of Huplectus. with ants). T'richopterya montandoni, All., on -various occasions, and sometimes abundant. Ptenidium keraatzi August 12th, 1924, Sep- tember 16th, 1924, July 17th, 1925 in some numbers. P. turgidum, Th., scarce October 12th, 1925, May 5th, 1925, July 9th, 1926. Symbiotes latus, Redt. In the tracks of the ants, June 29th, 1925, June 80th, 1926 (Wasmann gives brinneus, Redtenbacher 1858 says. «this species lives with ants; the late E. W. Janson recorded it, in 1859, “ moving about amongst the ants” in a strong colony of A. (U.) wnbra- tus inhabiting an old tree. Dendrophilus punctatus, Hbst; July 9th and 17th 1925. Plegaderus dissectus, Er. September 3rd, 1924, June 25th, 1925, Febuary 15th, 1928, and September 6th, 1928, occasionally abundant mixed with the ants and in their frass (it is, however, more usually found under beech and other bark away from ants), Abraeus: globosus, Hoff; very frequently with brunneus, and sometimes common (Perris described the larva from a fuliginosus nest, Wasmann gives. brunneus, fuliginosus and rufa, Rouget fuliginosus, and André mentions: F. rufibarbis also. Fowler records it from Mickleham with tuliginosus, and Crotch with the same ant at Weston, and remarks ‘‘{ have no doubt this species is a truly mymecophilous insect.” Walker also took it with fuliginosus at Tubney. Although often found in rotten wood and under bark away from ants, there can be no doubt this beetle shows a great liking for the company of ants). A. granulum, Er., literally in hundreds in the frass of an ash tree in company with brunneus, February 15th and 22nd, 1928. (Markel recorded it with F’. rufibarbis in Germany. Crotch with fuliginosus at Cambridge). Corticaria serrata, Pk., June 8th, 1926 (Fowler records it with rufa at Weybridge and fuliginosus at Horsell). C. elongata, Gyll., September 3rd, 1924. Cryptophagus pilosus, Gyll., December 11th, 1924. C. umbratus, Er., January 15th, 1925 (this fand the proceeding] species is generally found in haystack refuse, etc. I have taken it deep down in the bed of a badger at Windsor). Ptinus subpilosus, Strm., April 22nd, 1924, August 12th, 1924, August. 17th, 1925 (it has been found with fuliginosus in other localities: I regard this beetle as a regular myrmecophile). Cryptocephalus pusillus. F., larva in larval case 29.vii.29 (Weise showed that it was probable. that all the species of Cryptocephalus change to pupae in ant’s nests. I reared a specimen of C. fulvus, Goez., from a larya taken in a fuliginosus nest at Wellington College in April 1910). Scraptia fuscula, Miill., in wood of ash trees bored by, and full of, workers of brunnens June 80th, 1926, July 9th, 1926, July 4th, 1927, several specimens on each occasion (Fowler remarks, “. . .. the larva and the perfect insect appear to be, at all events to a certain extent. myrmecophilous’’) Dryophthorus corticalis, Pk., in the utmost pro- THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (11) fusion and only in “ brunneus”” trees; first record for Britain July 9th, 1925. Its larvae and pupae are often present in the galleries side by side with the ant’s brood. Stereocorynes truncorum, Germ. This species has occurred very frequently in oak trees inhabited by brunnens and sometimes in abundance in their galleries, but never in trees unin- habited by the ants. HYMENOPTERA. ; Pteromalus deplanatus, Nees., Sept. 16th, 1926, July 29th and - October 28rd, 1919, etc., sometimes in abundance (It is probable that the insect is only hibernating in the nests; Mr. Waterston told me _ this is the same species one finds in houses, behind pictures, etc.). Proctotrupidae. The following species of Proctotrupidae have been taken in brunneus nests at Windsor. It is impossible to say if they have any real connection with the ants. In certain genera a number of species in each have been found with ants, and it is possible they are parasitic on the ants, or some of the guests; but in the present state of our knowledge, a bare list must suffice :—Trichacis didas, Walk. (abundant) ; Aphanogmus tenuicornis, Th. (twice) ; Aclista scotica, Keif.; Belyta nigriceps, Cam. (three times, once in numbers) ; Conostigmus lucidus, Kief. (twice); C. alutaceus, Th.; C. leptothorax, Keif. (twice); C. innotatus, Kief. ; C. dubiosus, Kief. (twice) ; C.sp.? near wasmanni, Kief. _ (several times, both sexes) ; Ceraphron scoticus, Kief.; C. terminalis, Forst., g (July 29th, 1929, 1st record for Britain), Ceraphron sp. ? ¢? ; Synacra brachialis, Nees.; Acropiesta rufiventris, Kief., and A. striolata, Th. : Chalcididae. Aq ¢ ; Diptera. Apiochaeta aequalis, Wood, many imagos and puparia in two brunneus nests September 3rd 1924 (I have found it in numbers on various occasions with fuliginosus, in other localities). Atrichopogon lucorum, Mg. It is perhaps uncertain if the fly has any real connection with this ant; never the less its larvae were found in numbers in the cells of the ant in wood in the centre of the tree among the ants (and their brood) of a very populous colony in January, 1925. Many male and female imagos emerged in April. HeEMIPTERA. Pilophorus perplecus, D. & S. On June 25th, 1924 young larvae of this bug were observed running about on the trunks and dodging in and out of the cracks in the bark, among the ants, of oak trees inhabited by brunneus. Later in July perfect insects were obtained by beating the branches of these trees. This insect is frequently to be found on brunneus trees. APHIDIDAE Stomaphis quercus, L.—On October 1st, 1925 specimens of this Aphid were observed to be attended by workers of brunneus. As we have seen this species is usually attended by fuliginosus. Stomaphis longirostris, '.—This species was new to Britian when I first discovered — {12) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. it in Windsor Forest in 1924. On April 24th a number of very young green Stomaphis were found under the bark of an oak tree in the “‘runs”’ of brunneus, and a cluster of large egg-like cases, from which young plant lice hatched later. The ants were carrying some of the aphids about, and when disturbed they hurried off with them into safety. These insects were continually met with under the bark of various trees inhabited by brunneus, and on June 6th, I found many very fat, large examples, grey in colour and swollen with young. My friend Mr. Laing identified these as the above species. These plant- lice generally have the end of their very long proboscis buried in the wood of the tree, and however large they may be the ants drag and jerk at them unmercifully to make them leave go, so as to carry them into safety when danger threatens. Dievopopa. Proterojulus fuscus, Am. Stein, often occurs in great profusion among the ants in the frass and in the wood of trees inhabited by brunneus. PsEUDOSCORPIONINA. Chelifer wideri, C.L.K. occurs in the same situations and under the same condition, often in numbers, as the last mentioned creature. ARANEINA. Tetrilus arietinus, Thor.—The egg-sacs, young and adults of this myrmecophilous spider are frequently met with in brunneus nests. The egg-sacs are fastened to the walls of the galleries and passages of the nest. Harpactes hombergi, Sep. This spider preys on ants and I have frequently met with it in, and in the neighbourhood of, brunneus nests. Microneta ‘viaria, Bl.—October 16th, 1926. (I have taken this spider with other species of ants on many occasions and in different localities). AcaRINA. Antennophorus, sp ? On June 25th, 1925, many of the ants in a brunneus colony were found to have a mite of this genus fastened on their chins. -Some of these mites were sent to Father Wasmann who considered them to belong to an undescribed species. These interesting creatures are partly true guests being fed by the ants, and partly ecto-parasites being always attached to the ants bodies. Sometimes two, or more, will be found resting on a single ant. There are four other British species of Antennophorus, each being found with a different species of ant. Laelaps (Cosmolaelaps) cuneifer, Mich, On July 20th, 1926, examples of this species were found in the brunneus nest mentioned above. ‘This mite is found with a” number of species of ants; it is a scavenger in their nests, feeding on the dead bodies of ants, etc. THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST, (13) DipbLopopa. The millepede Proterojulus fuscus, Am. Stein, sometimes occurs in great numbers in brunneus nests in Windsor Forest. Both the Collembolid Cyphoideirus albinos and the Isopod _ Platyarthrus hoffmanseggi are found with this ant. _ Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) flavus, F. 5 The little yellow turf ant is very widely distributed, it chiefly 4 nests in fields, under stones, etc., and raises the well known earth- - mounds which resemble mole-hills covered with grass. On August 12th, 1926, males were present in some numbers, and also the - Collembolid C. albinos and the aphid Forda formicaria, C. Heyd, in a colony situated under a large flat stone. ‘The Collembolid also occurred and the millipede Polyxenus lagurus, L., in a large colony nesting in _ the centre of an old hawthorn tree. Most of the workers in this nest _ were very small and pale in colour. On August 14th, 1980, winged - females were swept off grass in the evening. Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) umbratus, Nyl. ; This is a larger, more brightly coloured, ant than flavus and its workers are more uniform in size. It is widely distributed in Britain, but always uncommon, with usually isolated colonies, It nests in the earth, and also in trees and stumps, and under stones, etc., and often its Colonies are very large. I have demonstrated that it constructs carton, though in a much less degree than fuliyinosus. The newly fertilized females found their colonies in nests of A. (D.) niger. I have found wubratus nesting at the foot of, but also in, various trees in Windsor Forest. I know of a very large colony in a large oak tree, the ants entirely occupying the wood mould with which the lower half of the tree is filled. In this nest the curious round yellow mite Sphaerolaelaps holothyroides, Leon., was found to be in abundance on June 13th, 1928. Another strong colony was found in the stub of a felled poplar on October 26th, 1927. Themite Antennophorus uhlmanni, Hall., occurred in some abundance in this nest, as many as 38 or 4 specimens being found on many single workers. Uropolyaspis humeratus also occurred on the femora of various workers, its usual situation. A round red mite (unidentified) was found on the gasters and tarsi of some of the workers, and one example was observed fastened to the foreleg of an Atennophorus! Another small mite (also unidentified) was crawling free about the nest, and Cyphodetrus albinos, Nic., was present in numbers. On August 4th, 1926, in a strong colony nesting in the root of an oak tree, workers of A. (V.) niger were found to be present, thus proving that an wmbratus female had originally founded her colony in a niyer nest, and most of the original niger workers had died off. Many males of wmbratus occurred in this | colony. - Perhaps the most interesting discovery made in connection with this ant at Windsor was the finding of a joint colony of uwmbratus and brunneus (referred to above under brunneus) in an ash tree on June 25th, 1924. Workers of both species were placed in a small tube together and were found to be quite friendly. It was evident that an wubratus - queen had founded her colony in a brwnneus nest. This, as far as I am aware, had never been observed before. This tree was felled a year later when the brunneus workers were (14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. found to be in smaller numbers, but the wmbratus were in greater numbers in cells with their larvae in the soft wood and frass at the base of the tree. On August Ist. 1930,* at about 10 a.m. (summer time) umbratus females both winged and deilated, were observed in the town of Windsor, and later further afield, crawling about hunting for niger nests, etc., in which to found their colonies. This showed that a marriage flight had taken place in the afternoon and evening of the day before. Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) miatus, Nyl. This species, which is slightly more widely distributed, though somewhat rarer than wmbratus, is intermediate between flavus and unbratus. Its habits are similar to those of the latter species. Ihave demonstrated that the females found their colonies in nests of A. (D.) alienus. On April 10th, 1928, a young dedlated female miatus was taken in a sandpit in Windsor Forest. In my book on British Ants (2nd Edtn. p. 279) I record finding a number of young freshly very active dedlated females (together with males and winged females) in a miatus nest situated in a juniper root at Box Hill in September, 1913, and I suggested that such young females may have already been fertilized in the nest, and as the females of this species do not lay till the following year, and as only one queen occurs in a nest, these young queens may leave the nests in the spring, which would account for the isolated females found on roads, etc., at that time of the year. Formica rufa, L. This species is known as the ‘“‘ Horse Ant,” ‘‘ Wood Ant,” etc., and it constructs the well known hillocks of pine needles in fir woods, and also of other materials according to its surroundings. It is widely distributed in England, but its range is peculiar in Scotland, and it is scarce in Ireland. Its range at Windsor is considerably less than it was formerly. When the late W. G. Blateh collected Coleoptera in rufa nests at Windsor in September, 1887, he found their hillocks in the Great Park ; now one has to go much further afield in the Forest to find rufa nests. A winged female was taken in a sand pit on May 28th, 1930. We have taken a number of myrmecophiles with this ant in this locality :— CoLEoPTERA. Oaypoda formiceticola, Méark., O. haemorrhoa, Sahl., Thiasophila angulata, Er., Dinarda markeli, Kies., Notothecta flavipes, Gr., N. anceps, Kr,, Atheta analis, Gr., Atbeta sodalis, Er. (on several occasions), Quedius brevis, Kr., Xantholinus atratus, Gr., Leptacinus formicetorum, Mark., Othius myrmecophilus, Kies., Phloeocharis subtillisima, Mann. (on several occasions), Pteryx suturalis, Heer. (in numbers on several occasions), Zrichopteryx montandoni, All., Ptilium myrmecophilum, All. (Blatch 1X. 87), Cephenium thoracicum, Mill. (on several occasions, I have also taken it with this ant at Weybridge, etc.), Dendrophilus * On the same day males and winged females of brunneus were swept off grass, and winged and deilated females were observed crawling about in Windsor Forest. , : THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST. (15) 4 pygmaeus, L., (Blateh 1X. 87), Myrmetes piceus, Pk., Monotoma conici- collis, Aub., M. formicetorum, Th. (this species was abundant in a rufa nest on September 17th, 1926, but has not turned up again since then). Hymenoprrra— Proctotrupidae. Tropidopria fuliginosa, Wasm., Dietera. Scatopse transversalis, Lw. Coccrpar. Newsteadia floccosa, Westw. CoLLuMBOLA. Cyphodeirus albinos, Nic. Diptopropa. Proterojulus fuscus, Am. Stein, in considerable numbers, several of the extremely rare male on two occasions. Polyxenus lagurus, L., often abundant. ARANEINA, Thyreosthenius biovatus, Camb.—always present. Formica sanguinea, Latr. The blood-red ‘‘ Robber ant”’ is the only slave-making species in this country. Its distribution is scattered stretching from Dorset to Worcester, and reappearing in Westmoreland, and in the Highlands of Scotland where I discovered it in several localities. It nests in the ground and also in stumps, and it covers its nests in the summer with a low layer of vegetable débris. This is not the place to deal with the slave-making habits of F’. sanguinea, but a full account of this interesting instinct will be found in British Ants (2nd Edtn., p. 323). It occurs in several areas in Windsor lorest chiefly occupying the stumps of the Scots pine, but we have found it nesting in banks on several occasions. On May 81st, 1927, Miss Kirk captured a fine male of the spider Linyphia furtiva, Camb., which was running in company with and very closely resembling, the workers from a colony of sanguinea situated in a large Scots’ pine stump. ‘The little ant Leptothorax acervorum, F'., was living in this nest, and the millepede Polyxenus lagurus, L., occurred in the débris of the nest. On May 27th, 1929, the day after a heavy thunderstorm which had extinguished a forest fire in this area, a number of sanguinea workers was observed in a sand pit. They were toiling up the steep side of the pit, carrying their fellows, their slaves, and their prey. Two examples of the beetle Dinarda dentata, Gr. (the regular guest of this ant) were captured, when climbing up the side of the pit in company with the sanguineas. A newly constructed sanguinea nest was found situated in the ground at the top of the sand pit. It was evident that the ants had moved their nest to this spot, either on account of the fire, or the thunderstorm. This nest was dug up on (16) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the 29th, but the only insect found other than ants, their slaves, and brood, were one example of Atemeles emarginatus, F. (rather a surprise as it is the regular guest of Formica fusea, L., and Myrmica species), and one example of Atheta linearis, Grav. Formica fusea, L. This species is widely distributed in the British Isles and is a common species ; but it is not abundant in Windsor Forest, where we have found it nesting under bark, in stumps, and in banks, ete. It is a cowardly ant, and is the species upon which F’. sanguinea most frequently makes slave raids. Males were taken in a sandpit on July 29th, 1930, and by evening sweeping on August 13th. On May 19th, 1927, a female of the Myrmecophilous fly Microdon eggert, Mik., was captured in Windsor Forest, which was depositing eggs in a Scots pine stump inhabited by this ant. InrRopUCED SPECIES. Myrmicinar. Monomorium pharaonis, L. This species has already been dealt with (see p. 2). DoLicHODERINAE. Iridomyrmex humilis, Mayr. This is the well-known ‘‘ Argentine Ant,” which is rapidly becoming cosmopolitan. Its natural habitat is the Argentine and Brazil, whence it has been transported by commerce, ete., to New Orleans (extending to the Gulf of Mexico, over five thousand square miles); California, Louisiana, Cape Colony and Basutoland. It now occurs in the Canary Islands and Madeira, and has been observed in Portugal, Guernsey, the centre of France, Belgium, Hamburg, and I discovered it at Palermo in Sicily in 1926. In Britain it has been recorded from, Exeter, Plymouth, Devon ; Eastbourne, Sussex ; Enfield, Middlesex; Tring, Herts; Manchester, Lancashire ; Broidbotters, Gheshira ; Edinburgh and Belfast. On August 17th, 1927, this species was observed running about on the dinner table at my house at Putney on the evening of my Entomo- logical Club supper. I naturally concluded that they had been brought up from Windsor with the flowers and grapes, which had been so kindly given to me. Consequently on August 30th a visit was paid to the Royal gardens, and the Argentine ant was found to be present in profusion in all hot-houses. J was informed that it had occurred there for many years. Though a nuisance in many ways, at Windsor at any rate it does not hurt the flowers, fruit, cucumbers, etc., etc., which are all exceptionally fine; and it has at least killed off all other ants and insect pests. ADDENDA. To page 8. Myrmica lobicornis, Nyl. This ant, though by no means common, is widely distributed: in Britain. Its colonies are usually small, and it nests under stones, in banks, ete., and is fond of sandy districts. A deilated female was taken in a sand pit in Windsor Forest on May 6th, 1980. _ , ¥ THE ANTS AND GUESTS OF WINDSOR FOREST, (17) To page 4. A. (D.) fuliginosus, Latr. _ On May 28th, 1980, a dealated female was found in a sand pit in Windsor Forest. The insect no doubt was hunting for an wmbratus nest in which to found her colony, but the date is rather early for a female which had presumably only recently been winged. On May 14th, 1930, a Chrysopid larva with its body covered with the remains of its prey was taken with fuliyinosus in Windsor Forest. In my book “ Guests of British Ants,” I record taking the same larva with this ant at Oxshott, but unfortunately I stated it was a Hemerobius species. In that genus the larvae do not possess the habit of covering their bodies with the remains of their prey. _ ‘Two specimens of the Coleopteron Cephenium thoracicum, Mill., were taken with this ant on May 14th, 1930. A Xenotoma species occurred with fuliyinosus on October 11th, 1927. Mr. Nixon (to whom I am indebted for the name of the genus of this Proctotrupid and other species mentioned later) tells me that it is not in the British Museum collection, and may be new. Exallonyx ligatus, Ners., was found with fuliginosus on June 14th, 1929. To page 8. Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr. The beetles Euplectus nitidus, Fair., and Microglossa gentilus, Miark., were taken in nests of this ant on June 11th, 1980. Rhyncolus truncorum, Germ., this rather rare weevil occurred in some numbers in a brunneus nest on July 15th, 19380, and subsequent dates. The beetles were in the cells with the ants and their brood; some even resting on the ants’ larvae. I find that on every occasion when [ have taken this beetle in Windsor Forest it has always been in company with this ant—such dates are July 31st, 1925, October 14th, 1925, July 14th, 1926, June 27th, 1927, and subsequent dates, in some numbers in a nest in an ash tree; February 16th, 1920. Sir Guy Marshall tells me that the species of an exotic genus allied to Rhyncolus always live with ants. Teredus nitidus, F., is parasitic on wood boring beetles and has never, as far as | am aware, been recorded with ants before; neverthe- less as 1t occurred in such numbers in the workings of, and with, this ant in Windsor Forest this year, the fact must be put on record. The other beetles which had, or were inhabiting the oak tree in which this nest occurred were Anitys rubens, Dorcatoma chrysomelina, Stn., Rhyncolus truncorum, Germ., Atomaria pulchra, Er., Huryusa sinuata, Er., and Batrisodes delaporteit, Aubé. The Dipteron Apiochaeta brevicostalis, Wood, occurred in the galleries of the above mentioned nest. The Proctotrupid Conostiymus lucidus, Kieff., wasfound in a brunneus nest on November 16th, 1927, February 1st and 15th, 1928. I have recorded this species with brunneus before and it is evidently associated with it. Caliceras reitteri, Kieff. A 2 of this little Proctotrupid, which is new to Britain, which Mr. Nixon tells me is a very distinct but rare species was taken in a brunneus nest on June 8th, 1929. A swuall Cynipid Allowysta ullricki, Giraud, which Mr. Ferriere has kindly named for me, was taken with brunneus on July 8th, 1980. This belongs to a section which does not make galls but is parasitic on Aphidae. Hence no doubt its presence in a brunneus nest. (18) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The small moth Borkhausenia pseudospretella, Steph. ? wasobserved in some numbers in a tree inhabited by brunneus. The tree was apparently solid, but when cut down it was found to be hollow in the lower portion. The moths were with the ants in this hollow, and as it seemed entirely shut in, and must have been living on the débris, etc., of the nest for some time, possibly for years. This brings these short notes on the ants and myrmecophiles of Windsor Forest to a close. Of course space has not permitted much description of the habits of these interesting insects and their association together, but anyone who wishes to go more fully into the subject will find it dealt with in all its details in my British Ants, 2nd edition, 1927, and Guests of British Ants, 1927. NOTES 33 ar ; ye dinesaly Oe Sages oi ia ae = Ba Bot Vitae «we & ; ~~ eee Ot er INDEX. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. VOL. XLII. (new series) (1930.) The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. Genera, Species, etc., to Beichec with two asier "isks. The other orders COLEOPTERA. PAGE Adalia bipunctata . 04, 59, ; 56 ab. perforata . 04, 55, 56 Apoderus coryli “re .. 125 Vartodere elongata .. yp lae *separanda .. 148, 149 - Cebrio lepturoides 10, 38 Cetonia flavicola : eee 10) Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis 23, 24 melanarius 4 BEE **nalustre 5 23, 24 Chalcopbora mariana A aN) Chrysomela hyperici 11, 38 sanguinolenta eee Cionus : . 157 Clytra quadripunetuta reac Coccinella distincta. 131 hierogiyphica 11 septempunctata 51 variabilis .. 51 Coeliodes cardui 7 : 142 Cryptocephalus bipanetatus 131 sexmaculatus : 38 Cucurlionidae . 158 Dascillus cervinus , 125 Dermestidae .. aa) Dinarda dentata - 131 Kuryusa sinuata siepelicnl Exosoma lusitanica.. specie Geotrupes spiniger .. 51 stercorarius 51 sylvaticus .. 50 typhaeus 51 Grammoptera ruficornis 125 tabicolor 125 Halticinae 158 Hylesinus fraxini 157 Labidostomis tridentata 130 Lachnaea pubescens 38 Leptura bipunctata.. 38 livida : Aa 125 Lixus iridis .. : 39 Lomechusa strumosa 131 Ludius ferrugineus .. 131 Macrolenes dentipes 38 Melasoma populi .. 52 Brey) Melolontha .. an fe eo arranged by Species. new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new PAGE Metoecus paradoxus we . 130 | Mylabris hieracii Seats! variabilis .. Bild t | Oedemera flavipes Jae LO lurida “uc ae Sa Oxythyrea stictica Supers) Pelophila borealis . 154 Phyllobius argentatus Ae oy Pimelia bipunctata .. mated sd! Platyrrhinus latirostris 4 Lina Prionocyphon serraticornis - 130 Protaetia morio il Psilothrix cyanea 10 Pyrochroa coccinea .. 125 Quedius brevis 131 kraatzii 130 talparum ara 153 Saperda populnea .. 125 Smicronyx reichi an 158 subsp, championonis .. 158 Stenopterus rufus 9 Strangalia armata .. 125 aurulenta .. fc . .. 155 Synharmonia conglobata . ars 24 Telephorus fuscus é 10 literatus -. 125 Temnochila caerulea 38 Tiresias serra 129, 180, 131 Trichius fasciatus é 10 Trinodes hirtus ore fe 139) 130 **List of aberrations of Coccinella hierogly phica 11 **List of aberrations of "Synhar- monia conglobata ie sie apo DIPTERA. arcuatum, Caraep Ore 9 ater, Tabanus Sf hen Eo *calceata, aniconae 117, 156, 157 Calobata i ee LNG conspicuus, Rhagio.. kt) crabroniformis, Asilus nn oO) cyrtoneurina, Hydrotaea eneolk dorsalis, Myopa .. aS Bchthistus BPs ey) festivum, Chrysotoxum = ee matt grandis, Machaerocera .. Gaia ii. PAGE lurida, Servillia : we 2D marshalli, Sericophoromyia 122 micans, Pangonius ay 39 Micropezidae.. 117 ornata, Odontomyia 125 ornatus, Xanthogramma 10 Rhagionidae .. 5. 47 rostralis, Dohrniphora 153 rufinervis, Echthistus 39 Sarcophagidae 5 122 stigmaticalis, Microsania .. 125 Stratiomyidae 47 Tabanidae 47 Tachinidae : 122 teutonus, Dasypogon 11 venosus, Bombylius.. 9 vespiformis, Cerioides 39 zugmayeriae, Pipunculus .. 125 HYMENOPTERA. acervorum, Anthopbora 38 albicans, Andrena new B) Andrena : Peet!) argentata, Andrena.. 123, 139 armatorius, Amblyteles Ppp ay |) australis, Amblypone anal barbarus, Messor te Ik pag ts! bizonula (zonula ab.), Allantus .. 38 Bombus f .. 153 Bremus ; se 140 brunneus, Acanthomyops ay 131 callosus, Odynerus .. itera NO Camponotinae (tus). . 64, 77 Cerapachyinae Pe coeca, Mutilla 10 conifer, Iridomyrmex 77 cruentatus, Camponotus ll eyanescens, Xylocopa 38 dahlii, Allantus 10 dubius, Lissonotus .. 10 dubius, Odynerus 10 flavifrons, Discolia .. 38 folii, Dryophanta 51 Formicinae .. : 64 fuliginosus, Xanthomyops. : 149 fulva, Andrena A 50 gallica, Polistes Gad germanica, Vespa 9,10, 50 gibbus, Sphecodes fs wl glutinans, Colletes .. . 139 Halictus 158 hattorfiana, Andrena Bec) hessae, Andrena 1Osp = hortorum, Bombus . aero kollari, Cynips 51 labialis, Andrena 38 laevipes, Odynerus . 38 lapidarius, Bombus.. 153 laterale (4-lobum), Proanthidium. . 11 Leptanillinae $0 aos: limbata, Andrena 38 lineator, Coelichneumon 10 morio, Anthidium AA 10 nobilis; Nomada .. a 10 SPECIAL INDEX. ; PAGE perezi, Halictus vse SL pomiformis, KEumenes 105 Pseudomyrminae = aoe rustica, Macrophya. . 10 Scolia.. : 158 sabulosa, Ammopbhila 38 singulatus, Strongygaster .. 10 sticticum, Anthidium 10 succincta, Colletes .. 139 tarsata, Anthophora 10 ursinus, Panurgus .. 10 zonula, Allantus 38 LEPIDOPTERA. abietella, Dioryctria .. 166 abruzzensis (aegon r.), Plebeius .. 61 acastus, Phyciodes .. “oe acedia (aurinia subsp.), Melitaea .. 98 achilleae, Zygaena .. “ep 14 Acidalia 138 Acrava : fs 9 acraeina, Melitaea ce 4d acteon, Thymelicus. . 38 adippe =cydippe 78, 149, 150, 151, 157 adusta, Hadena 75 advena, Aplecta .. 91 adyte, (euryale subsp.), Brebia 145, 146, 147 aega, Morpho 3% Sees aegeria, Pararge 10, 49, 99, 143 aegon, Plebeius 11, 37, 58, 61, 97 aéllo, Oeneis. . 104 aestiva (brassicae IL. gen. 4, Pieris 6 aetherie, Melitaea 134 aethiops, Erebia 37, 58, 126, 150 afer, Erebia .. hs 7. 106 Agrotidae SP = 1h OD agar, Melitaea be x 44, 52 aglaia, Argynni Mie DO, Og te Agrotidae 45 ve SOD ala, Melitaea.. ; as Pi yey! 33: alatauica, Melitaea .. te Tae cto. alba-effusa (citrata ab.), Dysstroma 167 albidaria (fagaria ab.), Scodiona .. 168 albimacula, Dianthoecia GS albovenosa, Arsilonche SA ee ae ee alceae, Krynnis 10eS Or alciphron, Heodes .. ye OS alcon, Lycaena 37, 141 aleyone, Satyrus SP pli, alecto, Hrebia 58 alecto, Theretra 126 alismana, Phalonia.. 2s 164 alligata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 20 alpestrana, Dichrorhampa, Hemi- mene Ad: nt Aseaoge es il ih lise kz, alternata (sociata), Cidaria, Epirrhoé J Behe Sem |i byl tf amanda, Polyommatus : resect |i) ambigua (athalia ab.), Melitaea 1, 82, 83, 120 ambiguella, Clysia .. .. 165 annada, Callerebia .. =o LUD anicia, Phyciodes, Euphydryas peeve 4 SPECIAL PAGE Anthocharidae re .. | 85, 134 **anthrax (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 2 | antiopa, Euvanessa.. ae 59, 92 Apatura (idae) aA ae 41, 96 _ Aphantopus .. é gle 2. 148 _ aphirape, Brenthis . F 113, 114 _ apiformis, Trochilium Aegeria .. 157 ; approximata (theano 7.), Hrebia .. 56 apollo, Parnassius 15, 37, 48, 58, 63, 80, 119 arcania, Coenonympha .. 36, 61 arcesia = baicalensis 30, 52, 53, 54, 71, 72, 73 archippus, Limenitis 41 arduinna, Melitaea 29, 30, 52, 53, 54 areola, Xylocampa 3, : 60 arete, Hrebia.. 36 argiolus, Lycaenopais 37, 39, 49, 58, 125 argus=aegon 97, 133 argyrognomon =argus ; 150 Argynnis.. ae 78, 137, 138 aristaeus(semelesubsp.), Hipparchia 99 armeniaca sais Sty Antho- charis me y sia0d4 arsilache, Brenthis . 59, a 169 arthemis, Limenitis Ae 139 ashworthii, Agrotis .. 60 asteria, Melitaea 53, 71, 72, “73; 74, 75, 110, 111, 120 astrarche=medon .. wIBTs 58, 150 atalanta, Pyrameis .. 49, 77, 99, 119 athalia, Melitaea 29, 30, 36, 41, 43, 5200, 54,71, 72, 73; 74,. 76,81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 97,108, 109, 110, LAL 116; 1.1.7; 118} 120; 138), 5132} 135 atomaria, Ematurga .45, 92, 158 atrolimbata (eaphorbiae a), Celerio 121 atriplicis, Hadena .. : G6 augur, Noctua a0 ae PETS augusta, Phyciodes .. An [eiv4o aulloi, Dioryctria .. Bi «. 125 auragoides, Cosmophila .. -. 122 - aurea (brassicae ab.), Pieris oe 2 aurelia, Melitaea 45, 75, 83, 84, 85, 109, 111 aureliaeformis (athaliar.), Melitaea 83, 84, 108, 109, 132 aurelita=wheeleri .. 115 aurinia, Melitaea 30, 31, 40, 41, 42, 46, 52, 54, 73, 81, 98, 113, 114, 132, 134 Aurotis ze ve on LES ausonia (crameri subsp.), Antho- charis ae We ap 10, 62 autumnalis (brassicae ta TV.), Pieris : Goo 7 autumnalis (postwheeleri gen. TT, )s Melitaea .. = 5 azaleella, Gracilaria, K Peds azorensis (brassicae r.), Pieris .. 18 baicalensis (arcesia), Melitaea 30, 52, 53, 54, 71, 72, 73, 110, 111, 117, 118 baiuvarica (cydippe ab.), Argynnis 151 —_— cardamines, Euchloé 13, 49, 79, 92, INDEX. iil. PAGE baja, Noctua.. ag a -- 100 baleanicus, Tarucus 4 37j/138 balcanicus (tyndarus subsp. ) Erebia 37 ballus, Thestor oF Lu barnesi, Phyciodes... 29, 52 basilis, (lonicerae ab.), Zygaena .. 128 **basi-nigrescens (brassicae ab.), Pieris ; a ae sey bathilda, Melitaea Se Sheree baton =hylas, Polyommatus .. 150 beckeri (iberica), Melitaea . ot40 Bedellia AF af eee) Pt) bejarensis (argus subsp. ), Plebeius 133 belgiaria=fagaria .. ve .. 168 bellargus=thetis .. 9:998196,22750 bellidice (daplidice f.), Pontia .. 10 belia = crameri ae Fs eeid® berisalensis = berisali ay PDS berisali (berisalensis) (deione ‘.), Melitaea .. ac 116, 133, 134 betulae, Ruralis a8 He 3/060 bicolorana, Hylophila xs a3/860 bicoloria, Leucodonta rhe Rea OH bifasciana, Spatalistis, Chrosis .. 165 bifida, Cerura fs a e.ivi90 biligata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 7, 18,19, 20 binaria, Drepana .. 32 ~. 164 bipunctata (maritima ab.), Senta 75, 76 blackburni, (Lycaena) ae .. 168 boetica, Lampides Er .. 123 ¥ *bohmerwaldensis (eur yale T:); Erebia ae i .. 147, 148 borealis (antiopa subsp.), Kuvanessa 92 boscana, Peronea, Leptogramma 166, 167 bosniensis (apollo .), Parnassius.. 37 brachyonia, Eublemma .. e222 bractea, Plusia as ap Ric 9L Brahmaeidae 79 brassicae, Pieris 1, a 4, 5, 6, a7, 18, 19, 20, 49, 50, 6%, 78, 96, 98 brassicoides (brassicae subsp.), Pieris a: ; ga -. 20 bremeri, Parnassius re Ft EAE Brenthis ia ie ei ST 138 briantea, Melitaea .. Rig pala hapa Ke, briseis, Satyrus pe Stl _SSyaros brisottii, Caratocampa re .. 136 britannica (napi subsp.), Pieris .. 98 britanniae (tithonus subsp.), Epinephele 99 britomartis, Melitaea 71, 72, (Se 74, 84, 85, 108, 109, 110,.111, 115, 118 brunnea, Bhyacia, Noctua. . 100 brunnea (lutulenta ab.), Aporophyla 45 calabraria, Rhodostrophia.. 1l c-album, Polygonia 59, 60, 77, 90, 140, 155 Callerebia .. i 103, 105, 106 Caloptilia .. 79 candida (cribrum ab.), Coscinia .. W153, 96, 113 iv. SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE eardui, Pyrameis .. 90, 99 carlinae, Hesperia .. Ap se 116 **carnea (brassicae ab.), Pieris 3 carpophaga, Dianthoecia 76 carthami, Hesperia.. 154 cassandra (polyxena subsp. : " Zeryn- thia 10 cassiope (epiphron “subsp. " ‘Exebia Fe 3) castaneae, ng eee ahs 93 Catocala . Soheelg) catoleuca (brassicae gen. IL), Pieris sail caucasica (athalia r.), Melitaea .. 134 **caucasogenita (athalia —_r.), Melitaea ma ae 134 celtis, Libythea 5 aai nb Cethosia 55 ri 78, 150 ceto, Erebia .. 275028 Celerio aie lio centralasiae (crataegi subsp.), Aporia 14 centralanatolica (aleeae7.), Erinnys 61 centralitalica piste 7.), Polyomm- atus Praniod cerrita (wrightii jf) Phyciodes 41 chalcedona, Phyciodes, Euphydryas 30,40, 41 chara, Phyciodes .. : 43 chariclea (brassicae gen. I. ), Pieris Apgar pen ty cheiranthi (brassicae subsp.), Pieris nd 18 chinensis, Plebeius . 133 chlorea, Sphingomorpha 122 cbryseis, Heodes ae 81 cibiniaca (lappona r.), Erebia 61 cinerea, Agrotis Se 75 cinerea (aurelia 7.), Melitaea 45 cinxia, Melitaea 43, 44, 51. 52, 53, 54, 113 ciree, Satyrus 39, 58 circellaris, Amathes 61 citratra (immanata), Dysstroma 141, 167 citrina (cleopatra ab.), Gonepteryx 14 clanis (euryale r.), Erebia 146, 147, 148 clara (icarus subsp.), Polyommatus 99, 100 claudia, Brenthis 137, 138 claudia, Euptoieta .. ot 600489 cleodoxa (cydippe ab.), Argynnis .. 78 cleopatra, Gonepteryx we clotho, Theretra .. si s/e70 26 Coenonympha . 104, 105, 106, 143 Coleophora .. at ae » £016 collina, Melitaea 43, 44 comma, Augiades oe (59 complana, Lithosia. 100 convolvuli, Herse, Agrius 140, acs, 156, 168 **confusa (dabanensis ab.), Erebia 27 coniferana, Laspeyresia .. 165 conjuncta (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 20 **connexa (pawloskii subsp.), Hrebia 56 ’ PAGE conspersa, Dianthoecia .. 76 **coreae (athalia 7.), Melitaea 53, ht coreana (argus r.), Plebeius 133 coridon, Polyommatus 58, 97 Coriscium : ee Us) corsica (corticea r. 3: Agrotis 121 corticea, Agrotis 121 cosmophorana, Laspeyr esia. 165 costella, Cerostoma.. 97 cnicana, Phalonia . 112 cramera, Plebeius 133 crameri (belia), Anthocharis = LO crataegi, Aporia 10, 13, 79, 118 creusa, Anthocharis : 134 cribrum, Emydia, Coscinia 11, 38, 39, 153 croceago, Oporina 60 croceus (edusa), Colias 49, 78, 90, 98, 121, 140, 155 crombruggheella (salicis ab.), Neptis 95 cultrarioides (binaria ab.), Drepana 154 Cyaniris of! BS Fe ete SL cybele, Argynnis a .w 138 cydippe (adippe), Argynnis 78, 149, 150, 151, 157 eyllarus, Glaucopsyche + LO cymothoé, Melitaea.. sital20 cyneas, Phyciodes oh 41, 42 cyniphia (brassicae av.), Pieris 3, 17 cynthia, Melilaea “4 tile. cypria (brassicae r.) Pieris.. hh dabanensis, Erebia . 262027 dahlii, Noctua, 200 damon, Polyommatus edt 61 damone, Anthocharis 14 Danaidae : Bato daphne, Brenthis 38, 39, 137 daplidice, Pontia .. ths 10, 62 davidis, Aporia it ewer 20 dealbata =lineata % 76 debilis (aurinia 7.), Melitaea . 132 decolor (griineri ab.) eer Anthocharis : shasta deione, Melitaea 30, 40, At 72, 118, 120, 133 **dejonella (deione gen. gs Meli- taea se 134 delius = phoebe ‘ 119 desfontainii, Melitaea 40, “41, 133, 134 dewitziella, Neptis ¢ : 95 diamina=diclynna.. 149, 152 diana, Argynnis ope itass| Dicbrorampha “a sedgl6 dictynna (diamina), Melitaea 29, 30, 36, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 72, 73, 85, 108, 109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 137, 149, 151, 152, 169 dictynnoides (britomartis 7.), Meli- taea 109, 110 didyma, Melitaea 10, 29, 31, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 61, 72593, 4219, 120, 132, 134, 135 diniensis (sinapis 7.), Leptosia .. 92 SPECIAL INDEX. v. PAGE discalis, Paralasa .. ic -- 106 disippe=archippus . é 41 dispar, Lymantria 15 dissoluta, Nonagria.. of Ba 2hO divisa (cardamines ab.), Huchloé.. 13 dolus, Polyommatus 61 dominula, Callimorpha 153 dorilis, Heodes 43 eee lO dotata=pyraliata .. ie genase dovrensis (ligea swbsp.), Erebia 147 dryas, Satyrus : a 58, 61 dryope (villica ab.), Arctia.. 44 dubernardi, Bees ie o. 20 Dubierebia .. t: . 106 Dysstroma .. 141 editha, Phyciodes, Euphydryas 30, 31, 40 edusa =croceus 6a BY ne ec) effusa (alternata ab.), Epirrhoé 167 effusa (silaceata ab.), Huphyia 167 egea, Polygonia ed Se eo egerides (aegeria subsp.), Pararge.. 99 elachista (dolus ab.), Polyommatus 61 elada, Phycoides 43 elongata (brassicae ab.), Pieris .. 4 elpenor, Eumorpha.. Spray Vai. ell epilobii, Celerio hyb. stuslo Kpinephele .. .., 104, 143 epiphron, Hrebia ..36, 58, 59 Hrebia 26, 27, 59, 71, 96, 103, 105, 105, 106, 115, 146 Krebomorpha 103, 104, 106 Hresia é Ao Ci Bouigal ergane, Pieris 38, 458 eriphyle, Erebia SE 36, 145 eriphyle=tristis ..386, 57, 145 erycina (dictynna 7.), Melitaea 85, 108 Iirycinidae .. x ai ei GS ethela (sofia), Erebia 282956 etobyma (euryale 7.), Hrebia 147 euphenoides, Huchloé, Anthocharis 154 euphorbiae, Celerio .. 4a 155121 euphorbiella, Celerio hyb. .. Sete euphrosyne, Brenthis 125,137; 138 Kuphydryas 30, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,54, 71 europome (palaeno7’.), Colias 45, 114 Europteridae : 79 euryale, Hrebia 36, 37, 56, 57, 61, 145, 146, 147, 148 eurytheme, Colias 140 euthymia (arecania r)y “Coeno- nympha .. A Entae a eviades (medusa ab.), Erebia 114 exanthemata, Cabera 14 exulans, Zygaena 14 exorista, Xanthorhoé 123 extrema (pales ab.), Brenthis 61 fagaria (belgiaria), Scodiona 168 fagi, Stauropus obs i 154 falleri (tritici ab.), Agrotis . Ag lail fascelina, Dasychira 76, 154 fasciata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 7, 17, 18, 19, PAGE favillacearia Unease subsp.), Scodiona .. .. 168 februella (salicis ab. ), " Nepticula sheet go fenestrella, Thyris .. 142 filigrammaria, Opoinia .. 60 filipendulae, Zygaena 14, 60, 97, 102, 128, 143 fimbria, Triphaena .. ole fixa, Synthymia Beds) flammea, Meliana Tone MAS) flava, Adopaea tals flava =aurea (brassicae ab, ) Banko flavescens (japygia ab.), BbIngaEe 61 flavicincta, Polia .- ety OO flaviventris, Synanthedon .. 62, 164 flavopicta (damone ab.), “Antho- charis ae As ce idnadt fletcheri, Erebia 265.27 forficellus, Schoenobius an LOG formosa, Salebria .. 2 166 fossilis, Nepticula 95 freija, Brenthis 61 fritillum, Hesperia .. re pelle fuciformis, Hemaris 11, 76 furcata (elutata), Hydriomena 61 furcifera, Xylina ia 60 furfurana, Bactra 165 fusca, Sibine. . gaillardi (lachesis ab.), Melanargia galathea, Melanargia ..36, 48, galliphorbiae, Celerio hyb.. 15 gallii, Celerio : 15 garumna (didyma gen. TV Melitaea 132 Geometridae. . : aapide, dow geminipuncta, Nonagria 76 generator (pales subsp.), Brenthis.. 61 genistae, Mamestra.. 75 glacialis (alecto swhsp.), Erebia 58, 104 glyphica, Euclidia tf up gO gillettii, Euphydryas 30, 31,40, 42 gilvago, Xanthia : 60, 61 gothica, Taeniocampa is stare) OO gracilis, Taeniocampa mh oth) Gracillaria (idae) ai VG; 589 grisea (perla ab.), Metachrostis 121 griseata, Lithostege. . ; Aen |\s) grisea-suffusa (citrata ab. ), Dyss- troma : auf LOZ grisescens (perla av. ), Metacbrostis 121 grineri, Anthocharis 14 haberhaueri, Erebia 28 hades, Paralasa 106 halflantsi (selene ab.), Brenthis .. 122 hamadryas (dryas ab.), Satyrus harrisii, Phyciodes, Melitaea 29, 30, 42, 52, 72 harmuthi, Celerio hyb. tet Ake hecate, Brenthis 3 BAe yy helice (croceus ab.), Colias.. 49, 140 Heliconius : a at AU helle (dorilis), Heodes : 81 helvetica (pseudathalia), Melitaea 14, 38, 39, 41, 72, 109, 118, 131, 132, 133, 134 vi. SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE helvetica (euryale .), Erebia 147 Heodes : Soule teil hepatica, Xylophasia be 227290 Hepialidae .. 126 herculeana (rubi r.), Callopbrys 92 hero, Coenonympha ‘ 113 herse, Erebia 106 herta (larissa ab.), Melanargia 58 Hesperia 115 hibernica (aurinia subsp. ), Melitaea 98 himalayensis, Parnassius .. oh, Hipparchia 2 145 hippocrates, Papilio 119 hippophaés, Deilephila .. .. 154 hippothoé, Heodes .. 59, 81, 113, 114 hispana, Polyommatus } 9, 10 hispulla (jurtina 7.), Epinephele11, 38 hoffmanni, Phyciodes a 53, 72 hyale, Colias. . : 80 hyperantus, Aphantopus 49, 99, 120, 143, 157 iago (fimbria ab.), Triphaena dd **iberagigas =iberica, Melitaea 134 iberica (athalia 7.), Melitaea 40, 134, 135 **iberanana (athalia gen. II.), Melitaea 135 icarus, Polyommatus 37, 49, 97, 99, 100, 113, 125 ichnea, Melitaea 24 I ANGS idas=? Ae By 150 iduna, Melitaea ‘ie : «ft 30 iernes (jurtina subsp.), Epinephele 99 ilia, Apatura. . 96, 154 illustris (optilete ab. ), Polyommatus 61 illustris (fagi ab.), Stauropus 154 **imitans (athalia 7.), Melitaea .. 83 immanata=citrata .. 2 167 incerta, Taeniocampa Lf F 60 incipiens (pulchrina ab.), Plusia .. 45 indica, Pyrameis 119 infrafasciata (brassicae ab. ), Pieris 17,2 *18 ino, Brenthis 59, 113, 151, 152, 158 interfracta (ilia ab.), Apatura 154 interligata (lathonia ab.), Issoria.. 45 intimella, Nepticula ee .. 95 io, Vanessa . : 11, 49,90, 99 iphis, Coenonympha A oot St OL iris, Apatura.. 36, 61, 78, 96, 126 irregularis, Dianthoecia Saks isarica (euryale r.), Erebia 145, 146 isis (pales subsp.), Brenthis Sue ko5) ismeria, Melitaea, Phyciodes 29,43, 52 italorum (brassicae subsp.), Pieris 7 italorum (euphenoides fe)» Anthocharis : .. 154 jacobaeae, Hipocrita 100 jakutensis (freija 7.), Brenthis 61 jania=jurtina 49 janthina, Triphaena 100 japygia, Melanargia 61 jarbas, Heodes 81 jaspidea, Valeria 95 jeniseiensis, Erebia. . > jurtina, Epinephele 11, 38, ‘49, 59, 99, 126, 143, kalinda, Paralasa ay ae kenteana, Melitaea 82, 83, 84, kindevateri (atomaria ab. ) Ema. turga kozhantschikovi, Erebia as 26, lachesis, Melanargia Po a lacteella, Endrosis .. “hs é8 lacunana, Argyroploce on l-album, Polygonia .. 37, l-album, Leucania .. ax lanceolana, Bractra Se a lapponaria, Nyssia .. Be lappona, Erebia .. 36, lapponica (montanata r.), ‘Cidaria, Xanthorhoé Me 44, larissa, Melanargia .. latefascia (athalia 7.), Melitaea 52, 53, 82, 83, lathonia, Issoria 38, 45, 113, lathyri (sinapis gen. vern.), ee tosia lavaterae, Carcharodus, Erinnys .. Laverna : leanira, Melitaea, Euphydryas 41, lefebvrei, Erebia 57, lepidii (brassicae gen. I.), Pieris 5, Leucania leucogonia, Heteromiza leucographa, Pachnobia leucophaea, Pachetra 75, Jeucosticha, Cirphis. . “2 levana, Araschnia 37, libatrix, Gonoptera .. ae lichenaria, Boarmia. . ligea, Erebia 36, 37, 56, 517, 59, 146, lignata, Cidaria .. ligustri, Sphinx ae # lineata (dealbata), Siona .. 55 Lithocolletis oF 79, **loibli (nerine ab.), Erebia lonicerae, Zygaena .. 14, 128, lorquinii, Limenitis.. #3 AS Loxerebia % rea] lubricipeda=lutea . PFOMEOOS lucasi (carthami 7.), Hesperia lucernea, Agrotis .. own luciani, Pergesa hyb. 4 lucilla, Neptis ae Efe #8 luridata, Boarmia 30 : lutarella, Lithosia .. 3 lutea = aurea (brassicae ab. ) lutea (lubricipeda), Bier 100. lutosa, Calamia lutulenta, Aporophyla Lycaena (idae) 81, 96, 123, lycaon, Epinephele .. 61, 104, 154, machaon, Papilio 37, 48, 109, magna (deione 7.), Melitaea majellensis (aegon 7.), Plebeius majellensis (didyma r.), Melitaea.. 61 61 . ; y , SPECIAL majellica (dominula sets ), Callimorpha : malvae, Hesperia .. ae 49, mandschurica, Melitaea ..82, 83, mani, Paralasa i wa manni, Pieris manto, Hrebia maracandica, Paralasa marginata, Abraxas ae nS marginata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 18, marginestixis (napi 7.), Pieris maritima, Senta nd er marmolata (lappona 7.), Erebia .. marmorea, Eurhodope ... maturna, Melitaea 30, 31, 40, 52, maurisius, Erebia mayi, Melitaea we a 53, medionigrans (selene ab.), Brenthis medon (astrarche), Plebeius 37, 58, medusa, Erebia : Mtg abs} megera, Pararge 49, 90, 99, 120, melaina (castaneae ab.), Phrag- mataecia - : ut Melampias Melanargia be melas, Erebia 3 meleager, Polyommatus .. Melitaea a: 29, 30, 31, 42, 43, 44, 52, 64, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 108, 109, a, Vie 113, 117, 120, 131, meliloti, Zygaena a menapis, Pieris mendica, Diacrisia .. i mendolana (euryale r.), Erebia menetriesi, Melitaea menthastri, Spilosoma meridionalis (napi 7.), Pieris mesentina, Pieris aN milberti, Vanessa minervya, Melitaea 29, 30, 43° 52, 53, 54, 73, minima, Cupido .. minor (brassicae ab.), Pieris minor (suwarovius ab.), Melanargia minuta, Melitaea, Phyciodes 30, 41, 42, 44, 51, 52, minuta (atomaria subsp.), Ema- turga : ae mnemosyne, Parnassius 37, mnestra, Hrebia ai monacha, Lymantria mongolica = =mongolida **mongolicola (aurelia .), Melitaea montanata, Cidaria, Xanthorhoé.. Morpho ou “a vs BL morula (nerine ab.), Hrebia aie mylitta, Phyciodes .. hoe oe myops, Dubierebia .. myrina, Brenthis ae naieri (croceus r.), Colias .. napaeae (napif.), Pieris .. napi, Pieris 11, 12, 37, 59, 60, 62, 79, 80, ‘99, 96, 98, 109, 114, 137, PAGE 153 113 INDEX. vii. PAGE narica, Epinephele .. “15 . 104 naryna (crataegi subsp.), Aporia .. 14 navarina (athalia 7.), Melitaea .. 120 nelamus (epiphron ab.), Krebia 36 nepalensis (brassicae subsp.), Pieris 4, 19 Nepticula ae ae .. 16, 95, 158 nerine, Krebia ..96, 58, 59 nevadensis (deione r.), Melitaea .. 135 nigrescens (brassicae ab.), Pieris 1, 20 nigronotata (brassicae ab.), Pieris LUG ites 3S, nigrostriata (maritima ab.), Senta 76 nigrotecta (fascelinaab.), Dasychira 154 niobe, Argynnis .. 382, 78, 150, 151 niphona, Melitaea 72, 82, 110, 117, 118, 120 nirmala, Callerebia .. ee 20106 Nisoniades .. ns ht no wal nitidula, Tarache .. ti ey 22 Noctuidae ... és 95, 122 nomion, Parnassius wa LAY, nupta, Catocala ap ies! nycteis, Phyciodes .. 43, 52 nyctymos (lycaon r.), Epinephele.. 61 nympha (minuta 7.), Melitaea 41 Nymphalidae eff 41, 168 nympheata, Hydrocampa .. 166 obliguella, Nepticula : 95 obscura (gemina), Apamea Sr bea 0) rps aca nigrescens aac b.), Pieris : ih increta (hippopbaés ab. ), "Celerio 154 obscurior (suwarovius ab, ) Melan- argia : 2 see GH obseurior (triangulum ab. ‘ Noctua 93 obsoleta, Leucania .. 2 75, 76 obtecta (binaria ab.), Drepana 154 occupata (tiphon ab.), ena 37 ochrearia, Napuca .. a -. 38 ochrostigma (optilete ab. ), Poly- ommatus .. = Ie 61 oeme, Hrebia we é 36, 37 Oeneis 5 104, 105, 143 oikeia (iphis r. ’, Coenonympha 61 oleagina, Valeria 95 optilete, Polyommatus 61 orbona, Rhyacia, a 100 Oreina ae -. 106 orientalis, Melitaes . (4,75, 81,. 82 orientalis (tagis r.), Anthocharis .. 134 orion, Moma.. 3e : 76 Ornix.. kt ai 16, (@ oronama (lycaon eae ‘- “Epine- phele on . 154 ottonis (brassicae r. ), ‘Pieris 19 palaeno, Colias ae 45, 114 palaemon, Carterocephalus - .. 114 pales, Brenthis 59, 61, 114, 169 palla, Melitaea »230,52,. 63 pallida (aegeria ab.), Pararge 99 **nallida (brassicae ab.), Pieris 3 pallida (celtis ab.), Libythea S061 pallida (corticea ab.), Agrotis ven Lau vili. SPECIAL PAGE pallifrons, Lithosia.. 96 paludum, Trichoptilus .. 166 palustris, Hydrilla .. 75, 158 pamphilus, Coenonympha 49, 58, 5 SRG Sits: pandora, Dryas 3 ic Sge till paphia, Dryas 49, 59, 93, 99, 157 Papilio 48, 78, 150, 151, 152 paradisi (stygne subsp.), Krebia 154 paralellaria=vespertaria .. Sra Paralasa S: 103, 105, 106 Pararge : ah .. 143 parmenio, Erebomorpha 104, 106 Parnassius .. -. 48, 68, 119, 120 parthenie, Melitaea 30, 71; 73, 74, 81, 82, 83, 111, 116, 117 pasiphaé, Epinephele 11 payonia, Saturnia .. 158 pawloskii, Erebia ve 28, 56, 145 peltigera, Heliothis 161, 162, 163, 164 pennaria, Himera .. oe jt aD0 Pergesa a 15 perla, Metachrostis . 121 persona (dominula f.), Callimorpha phaeton, Kuphydryas oe 30, 41 phegea, Callerebia .. - 105, 106 philenor, Papilio .. 139 phlaeas, Heodes, Rumicia 48, 49, 81, 90, 9921 phoebe, Melitaea 29, 30, 52, 53, 54, 73, 134 phoebus (delius), Parnassius 119 phragmitellus, Chilo SEU phryxa (adippe), Argynnis.. 78, 151 Phyciodes 29, 30, 41, 42, 43, 52, 53, 62, 137, 157 Pieris (idae) .. nic seed Adele pinastri, Hyloicus ae «00°93 pinguis, Huzophera. . .. 166 pitho (pronoé f.), Erebia 58, 59 plasschaerti= venata (brassicae ab, iy Pieris ve 2 plotina, Melitaea .. 109, 110, 118 podalirius, Papilio .. ; 16 polonus (thetis ab.), Polyommatus 96 polyphemus, Teleia.. , euavO polyxena, Zerynthia 10 popularis, Neuronia Ae) populi, Limenitis . -- 386, 126 porcellus, Pergesa, Theretra 15, 76, 90 **postclara (icarus var.), Polyom. matus ss es ae sk) posteromaculata Doapcre ab.), Pieris : Ras) **postvividior " (didyma gen. 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As all the records are my own, and as I _ have confined my attention, so far as the particular work is concerned, _ to the Northern portion of the County, the list cannot be looked upon as complete for the whole area. Again, my interest has been rather in the insects themselves and their “Nite Histories than in their distri- bution, and once having obtained the necessary material, I noted the locality, but did not make a point of seeking out further localities. Until quite recently all the species were classed under the one genus Aleurodes, and no little confusion has resulted from their _ separation into other genera. I have followed here a List very kindly supplied to me by Mr. Laing of the Natural History Museum, London. ALEFURODES. A. brassicae, (\Walker).—Fairly common in some years in gardens around Carlisle, but I have never known it to be so common as to be regarded seriously as a pest. ; A. fragaria, (Walker).—Found a small colony of this on an old _ strawberry bed at Heads Nook, near Carlisle, in 1921, but have not - come across if since. A. lonicera, (Walker).—Although I found this on honeysuckle just north of the Scottish Border line some years ago, it was only during this last summer, June, 1930, that I came across it on the same pliant just within the Cumberland border near Longtown. A. proletella, (Linné).—The imago is very similar to that of A. brassicae but there are great differences in the earlier stages. Itis found _ on the greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). With me it has proved to be somewhat spasmodic in appearance, though when it does occur if seems usually to be in very big numbers. In 1927 it was very abundant wherever the plant occurred around Rockcliffe and Todhills, some three miles north of Carlisle, but in 1928, when wanting more life-history material, I could find no trace of it in either locality though I came across it at Burgh-on-Sands to the west of Carlisle, and at Wetheral to the east. A, quereus, (Signoret).—This was first introduced to the British List by Dr, Harrison of Newcastle in 1918. I have records of it from Brampton, Naworth, Gilsland, and Corby; and there are Northumber- land records from Corbridge and Hexham. One might almost conclude that the insect has spread from west to east, or from east to west via the Tyne Gap. (I have recorded migrations of Coccinellidue from east to west in this way). A. ribium, (Douglas),—I got sufficient material from some ancient - currant bushes in a garden at Cumwhitten, near Carlisle, to identify this species, but have not come across it since 1925. A. rubi, (Signoret).—This is one of the species found on bramble. _ It is not in the list sent me by Mr. Laing, but is so markedly different _ from the other species that one is not likely to mistake it. I have 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1981 taken it twice, 1921, and 1923, in each case at the same spot near Wetheral. A. rubicola: (Douglas).—This is probably the most widely distributed species in the County. S. sptraeae, (Douglas)—Not uncommon on the meadow-sweet (Spiraea ulmaria). At present no two authorities seem agreed as to the placing of the next two species, and | give them under Aleurodes. A. carpini, (Koch.)—Douglas places this under genus Aleurodes ; the standard work, Quintance and Baker, does not classify it at all. Dr. Harrison of Newcastle, in the Vasculum, 1920, puts it under Alewrodes and then, in the same Journal, in 1921, he puts it under a genus Astervchiton. This last is probably a slip, as this is a South European genus, no species of which, so far as I can learn, has been recorded north of the Riviera area, and, except in the very mildest parts of the south country, it is not likely to be found out of doors in these Islands. A. avellanae, (Signoret).—In the Vasculiwm, 1920, Dr. Harrison places this species-under genus Alewrodes, and one month later in the Hntomologist he gives it under Asterochiton. (See note above). This is the smallest of the known British species. The imago is a very pretty little insect. The larva and pupa are very difficult to detect on the leaves of the hazel, its foodplant. There is a lane some five miles south of Carlisle with almost a full hedge of hazel along both sides of it. It is one of the all too few remaining lanes not spoiled for the naturalist and the artist by the mutilations, which seem to be the hobby of road surveyors, who cater for the speeding motorist. Here I have found this pretty little aleurode quite plentiful whenever I have looked for it. The next two species on my list have been placed in genus Siphon- inus by Mr. Laing. Others class them under Aleurodes. I follow Mr. Laing’s classification. S. immaculatus, (Heegen).—Is associated with ivy, and I have two records of it, one from Tarn Lodge, near Castle Carrock, and the other from the ivy covering of an old church wall in Carlisle. S. phillyreae, (Halliday).—This will probably be our commonest species, for, except for life history material, | have never gone out to look for it specially, and have had no difficulty in finding it when wanted. I hope later to publish some notes on the life-history of this species. The next genus on the list is represented by one species, and this and A. brassicae are the only two species which have claimed much attention in this country until quite recent years. This prominence was due to the fact that they forced themselves into notice as pests. Trialeurodes vaporariorum, (Westwood).—This is a pest in the tomato house. Its sudden appearance in any place is probably due to its introduction on plants brought from other areas. I have had experience of this. I have several records of its occurrence around Carlisle. It is sometimes found on cucumber. Tetralicia ericae, (Harrison).—I haye some material got from cross- leaved heather near Croglin, at the foot of the Pennines, in 1926, which will probably turn out to be this species, but as no description has, so far as I know, been published, I cannot yet say. ae NOTES ON ZYGAENA CLORINDA. 23 Aleurochiton acerum, (Kirk). aceris: (Geoffrey).—This was fairly common on sycamore in three localities in 1928. This list must only be regarded as tentative. I have material as yet unidentified, but which does not agree with any species description I have been able to find. There is a species I have found on the fig- wort (Scrophularia aquatica), This was very common in a locality near Carlisle in 1921, but as is, I think, often the case with the Aleurodes I could not find it there again until 1925, when it was again quite common. Before venturing upon a description of this species, I prefer to have fresh material, but venture to give the name Alewrodes scrophu- lariae forit. The same remarks apply toa species I havefound abundant on elm (Ulmus campestris), both to the east and the north of Carlisle. On my first acquaintance I took it to be A. avellanae: (Signoret), but a later examination showed distinct specific differences, and the name Aleurodes ulmi will probably be found most suitable for it. Notes on Zygaena clorinda. By T. H. L. GROSVENOR and H. R. HEWER, M.Sc. During a visit to Spain in June, 1927, Mr. Hugh Main collected some Zyyaena in fields close to the railway station at Blanes, a small town about half-way between Barcelona and Palamos. He very kindly brought back and handed to the senior author (T.H.L.G.) two females and three males, which having been kept for breeding, were in a very dilapidated condition. Although many of the larvae were dead, sufficient numbers remained for breeding purposes. They were first thought to be Z%. trifolii in one of its southern forms, but the peculiar behaviour of the larvae led to doubt as to its real identity. In the late autumn of 1925, Sr. Querci took some Zygaena at a locality referred to as Llobregat. These were described by Mr. Bethune-Baker (Ent. Rec. Vol. XX XVIII. 1926, p. 84.) as Z. clorinda, n.sp. Comparisons between the original specimens handed to Mr. Bethune-Baker and those bred from Mr. Hugh Main’s specimens have led us to the conclusion that they are one and the same insect. The information derived in the course of this work adds considerably to the knowledge of this species and is detailed below under the appropriate headings. Description oF Larva (T.H.L.G.). The larva is pale green generally, with a pale yellow dorsal stripe. A row of large double black spots is present dorso-laterally on each side with a tuft of black hairs between them on each segment. Just ventral and touching these spots runs a yellow lateral stripe, the colour much accentuated intersegmentally. Ventro-laterally there are a further row of double black spots and another row of black lines just above the legs. Thoracic legs, brownish; prolegs, green; anal pair, yellow. A black ventral line between the legs runs the whole length of the body. 24 KNIOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.11.1931 Diary oF Breepinc Exereriments, 1927-28. P. (wild from Spain) | F.1 June 21 (circa) 68 larvae hatched | dor tae Aug. 8 48 pupae 20 hibernating Aug. 30 Emergence (pairings Sept. 29 } Sept 1 & 2) | F.2 | Sept. 14-15. Hatched | | Sept. 30 1st ecdysis 1 changed | skin and Oct. 11 2nd ecdysis started feeding Oct. 29 } 3rd eedysis stopped Nov. 5 } feeding & | remained 36 feeding 132 hibernating green | [ | Nov. 25 1 feeding & 35 stopped remained feeding & green became | drab Mar. 4 started started feeding feeding rapidly | Mar. 18 feeding feeding 19 feeding without with with | ecdysis ecdysis ecdysis | | April 27 pupated | | | | May 6 pupation started May 11 | o's pupation pupation started started May 28 emerged | F.3 June 6 emergence started | 12 June 13 emergence emergence started started” I.3 BS a NOTES ON ZYGAENA CLORINDA. 25 Breepine Resuurs (T.H.L.G.). The accompanying diary gives the main outlines of the breeding experiments. Several points are worthy of comment. 1. The high percentage of F. 1 larvae pupating and emerging the same season is very unusual in this genus. It is true that 7%. stoechadis from §. France frequently gives rise to second-brood individuals, but these rarely exceed 5 per cent. of the total number of larvae. 2. Although 182 larvae of F'.2 hibernated, some 86 continued to feed and as shown by one individual this must be interpreted as an effort to feed rapidly and produce a third brood within the season. It was probably individuals of this last brood (which occurs in nature) that were taken by Sr. Querci in October, 1925. 8. There was a general resumption of feeding about the middle of March by all larvae of F.1 and I'.2. Measurements of the various groups on March 4th are: F.1 (bibernated from August) 85mm. x 38:Omm. F.2 ( De » October) 68mm. x 2.0mm. A me », November) 49mm. x 2°Omm. ,», (no hibernation) 14-Omm. x 4:Omm. Full-fed larvae and the pupae of all four groups were all more or less of the same size: LARVAE PUPAE F.1 (bibernated from August) 20mm. x 4mm. 20mm. F.2 ( ¥e 55 October) 19mm. x 4mm. 21mm. a | if » November) 18mm. 4mm. 25mm. ,, (no hibernation) 18mm. x 4mm. 20mm. Efforts to cross Z. clorinda and Z. trifolii were abortive, although pairing took place readily inter se under similar conditions. Tue Geniratia (H.R.H.) Mr. Bethune-Baker in his description of this new species makes reference only to the male genitalia. In unpublished work | have shown that the female genitalia may be used in this genus for specific differentiation, and sometimes appear to be more reliable than the male. This point aside however, Mr. Bethune-Baker compares the male genitalia of 7%. clorinda with those of 7%. meliloti. The only points in common between these two species as regards their external features are their size and the fact that there are five spots on the forewings, although some continental 7%. meliloti have six. In their genitalia the two species are very distinct and the description given by Mr. Bethune- Baker for 7%. clorinda actually applies equally well to 4. trifold: and Z. lonicerae. In fact Z. trifolii, Z. lonicerae and Z. clorinda are very similar and in the male grade into one another. Mare Oreans. Except for one character apart from absolute size, these are identical with the male organs of Z. trifolii and Z. lonicerae (as found in Great Britain). The uneus consists of two triangular flaps armed with bristles with no trace of the horns found in Z. meliloti, Z. filipendulae, Z. achilleae, 26 WNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1981 Z. rhadamanthus, Z. fausta’ and Z. carniolica. J have found the truncated form in Z. trifolii, Z. lonicerae, Z. transalpina, 4%. scabiosae and Z. hilavis as well as in elorinda. Similarly the dorsal and ventral rasps are identical with those found in Z. trifolii and 4%, lonicerae except for minute individual variations which occur in all three species. In the penis and oedeagal duct, however, J find more or less diagnostic characters if sufficient specimens be examined. ‘This duct is armed with spines in the more posterior part and with a peculiar pad of hairs in the anterior region. Im all three species the spines are three in number; one long stout spine with 4-6 points on its sub-terminal edge; one long slender spine with 1-4 points at the tip; and one small spine consisting of one point only and no shaft. The first two spines vary to the same extent in all three species as regards the number of points. The single spine in 7%, trifolii (British) is circular or oval in section, smooth and in all respects “ thorn-like.” In Z. lonicerae (British) it is laterally flattened and “ blade-like,” the tip being curved over and the concave edge, so produced, heavily serrated. In Z. clorinda I have found five specimens with a “ thorn-like”’ spine and four specimens with a “ blade like ’ spine. This is not diagnostic for Z. clorinda as I have found a similar variation in Z. lonicerae taken at Digne, Basses-Alpes, France. The pad of hairs in the duct is poorly developed or entirely absent in Z. trifolii (British) but is fairly well developed and always present in Z. lonicerae. Z. clorinda agrees with Z. trifolii in having no pad (3 specimens) or only a poorly developed one (6 specimens). There is no high correlation between spine and pad as shown below, although this may be due to the small numbers available. Pap SPINE THORN-LIKE BLADE-LIKE Present 4 2 Absent 1 2 The claspers of all three species appear identical within fairly narrow limits and conform to the description given by Mr. Bethune- Baker for Z. clorinda. FemaLe OrGans. A full description of the female genitalia in this genus is in the course of preparation and will appear elsewhere, but sufficient can be said here to show that Z. clorinda is distinct from Z. trifolii and Z. lonicerae. All three species have a broad but dorso-ventrally flattened ductus bursae. The ostium or external opening is also broad but slit-like. In Z. clorinda the ostium is particularly broad and straight; in both the others it is considerably curved. In the posterior part of the ductus bursae, that is close to the ostium, there are pockets on each side into which fit the oedeagal spines of the male during copulation. These pockets are well marked in Z. trifolit andin Z.clorinda. A diagnostic feature of Z. clorinda is found in the length of the ductus bursae separating the ostium from the pockets. This is long (up to a quarter of the length of the ductus bursae) in 7%. clorinda, but quite short in the other two species. NOTES ON ZYGAENA CLORINDA. 27 The outside of the chitinised wall of the ductus bursae also shows specific differentiation. In Z. lonicerae it is quite smooth; in Z, trifolii, rough with chitinised ridges and peaks on it; while in 4, clorinda this roughness is grossly exaggerated particularly in the region of the pockets. Both Z. trifolii and Z. clorinda have a dorsal ridge on the ductus bursae running longitudinally, but it is more marked in Z. clorinda, The spermiduct connecting the ductus bursae and the oviduct is visible only in 7. lonicerae where its origin from the ductus bursae is almost lateral. In 4%. trifolii and 7%. clorinda its attachment is dorsal and so thinly chitinised as to be practically invisible among the ridges and waves of the wall of the ductus bursae. The bursa offers characters only in connection with the spines on its wall. In Z. lonicerae there appear to be usually more than forty spines ; in 7%. trifolii there may be as many as in Z%. lonicerae, but many specimens I have examined have none at all. 2. clorinda resembles Z. trifolii ; five specimens have no spine but the other four specimens examined have 14, 20, 37 and 40 respectively. A summary of the female characters is given below: | SPINES IN | SURFACE OF | . DORSAL OSTIUM TO SPERMIDUCT POCKETS BURSA DUCTUS RIDGE POCKETS clorinda 0-40 very dorsal & present strong long rough invisible trifolii 0-40+ rough A, Pr short lonicerae 40+ | smooth | latero- absent dorsal & visible 99 Wines. (H.R.H.) Mr. Bethune-Baker in his original description says that 7. clorinda is ‘‘ rather more densely scaled’ than %. meliloti. This is true, but he does not compare 7%. clorinda with 4%. trifolii, and although he mentions the dull black appearance and faint bluish tone in very fresh specimens he does not state how the estimate of freshness is made. I have examined the specimens in the British Museum and they do not appear to be very fresh. The specimens bred from Mr. Hugh Main’s material exhibit the blue tone to a high degree and this was at first responsible for our regarding the moths as Spanish Z. trifolii, The difference between our specimens and those in the British Museum is somewhat marked but we do not regard this as significant owing to the different methods of obtaining the specimens. Tue Posirion or Z. cuormpa (T.H.L.G. & H.R.H.). Owing to the vagueness of the original description of Z. clorinda it was difficult to be certain that we were dealing with the same species. One of us (H.R.H.) has examined the specimens deposited in the British Museum and there is no doubt that they are the same. By the courtesy of Mr. Tams, a preparation of the genitalia of one of the 28 ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 15.11.1931 females was made and this showed the distinctive characters outlined above. As far as we can estimate at present the species is very close to Z. trifolii. The strong resemblances found between them in the female genitalia leave no doubt that they must be nearly related. The male genitalia are also very similar to those of Z. trifolii and Z. lonicerae. Wing-form and pattern also suggest Z. trifolii rather than Z. lonicerae. The only fact against this conclusion is in connection with the larva. ‘The black ventral line found in Z. clorinda is present only in Z, filipendulae among the Zyyaenae. ‘This however must not be too much stressed, as larval characters (particularly colour) are commonly subject to ‘‘ discontinuous’”’ variation, Clear-cut structural features occurring in a number of species are often no indication of close relationship but rather of ‘‘ parallel mutation.’’ A reference to the two groups of Zygaenae separated on the character of the uncus shows that this method of classification may lead to anomalies, (K.g., Z. hilaris and Z. fausta). We therefore conclude that Zygaena clorinda is closely related to Z. trifolii, and is a distinct and true species. Two Months in North Africa. By Comm. WYNDHAM FORBES, RB.N., D.S.O., F.E.S. March 2nd, 1980, was too early for Ain Draham (800 m. above sea level); there were only a few hybernated large tortoiseshells and brimstones and an odd large white to be seen. Moreover it rained— it did vain. When the sun showed the woods were a delight of white heath, rejoicing both the eyes and the nose; and a few flowers of Tris stylosa and violet crocus, daisies, and a little Cytisus. There is a pleasant inn there, not too luxurious or expensive, which I marked for a future visit, and took the bus for La Calle, on the coast. The road is interesting, cork forests, sprinkled with other sorts of oak, alternating with cultivated land and a village or two; but the wild predominating; the distant hills partly hidden in fog and rain. Ain Draham is said to boast of a rainfall of about 90 inches a year, most of which falls in November, February and March, very little or none in the late spring and summer months. The coast, though rainy,’ does not have nearly as much. At La Calle we found sufficiently comfortable, though not luxurious, quarters. It is a pleasant little town, with a past, but I doubt if it has much future. There is a boat harbour, well protected, but closed by a bar in bad weather, and a certain amount of fishing goes on. Some cork is also sent away by rail, and a little wine grown, but that is about its limit. Thereis a cinema where we saw a film of unknown antiquity ; I am not sure that the audience, who were enthusiastic did not interest me more than the film. I spent a very pleasant quiet fortnight there. There are several places where the cork woods are within easy reach ; I found Callophrys rubi race fervida, Steger. in some numbers. The males are not brighter than those I have from Spain, southern France, and Sicily, all of which are markedly brighter than my Greek examples, which latter are much the same as the English. The females are . | TWO MONTHS IN NORTH AFRICA. 29 however, notably paler and more brilliant than my Huropeun specimens. All these southern forms, except the Greek, seem to be a trifle larger than the English, but the material at my disposal is insufficient to draw a definite conclusion. Dieris rapae, Pararye aeyeria, lLycaenopsis argiolus, Gonepteryx rhamni £. meridionalis, and Anthocharis belia, Lin, (=eupheno, Auct.) were also flying. Rumicia phlaeas and Coenonympha pamphilus very worn. On March 15th I took one Zerynthia (Thais) runina and three more during the following week ; they are all pale yellow in ground colour, and have all a red spot at the base of the hindwing, which is not always developed in Spanish specimens. Polyommatus icarus race celina, Austaut, also appeared about this time, the female blue to the margin. On the 17th I began to find Thestor ballus; they were never numerous ; I took four of each sex, and saw no others. I paid another short visit to Ain Draham, where winter still reigned and thence west to EK] Kantara on the 1st of April and stayed till the 13th. The hotel there is good and comfortable but the food monotonous and inclined to be overcooked. It is chiefly used as a luncheon halt for tourists between Biskra and Constantine, few stay more than one night. There could be no greater contrast than between the forest- land of the north and the dry hills of 1 Kantara, which have a few bushes along the water-courses, and on their northern slopes, varied by tracts of halfa grass, and bare cliffs to which the caper plant clings in places. Butterflies are not numerous and require searching for. I found Glaucopsyche melanops race alyerica, Rubl., A. belia, Lin., A. crameri, Syntarucus theophrastus, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Lt. phlaeas, P. aegeria, P. icarus, P. astrarche and one ('. rubi [which may be C. avis, I am not quite sure which, not having yet dissected it. But I am inclined to think it the latter]. In the valley south of the gorge Anthocharis charlonia was flying, but was bard to catch in the strong wind which often prevailed. Scolitantides abencerrayus was common there too, and S. theophrastus mixed with a proportion of S., mediterraneae. S. abencerragus varies a good deal as to the amount of blue on the upperside, the presence or otherwise of a row of almost white lunules at the margin, especially of the hindwings upper- side (in one the discoidal spot up. s. f.w. is edged with white) and on the underside forewings the fifth spot of the median row, counting from the costa, is sometimes in a line joining the sixth with the fourth, sometimes in a line joining the sixth with the discoidal spot, or else in an intermediate position. The size varies from 17 to 22-5mm., the average of 19 specimens being 19:7mm. On April 10th Melanargia ines was seen in the halfa grass, and on the 12th I took nine, all males. Their black markings are narrower than in those from Albarracin. I stayed three days at Biskra, where I took nothing but a worn Papilio machaon, and then took a motor ’bus to Mtounes, about 2 hours distant to the east, an oasis and village where a stream breaks through a fine gorge in the hills, and where there is a rest house at which I stayed. In this gorge I caught ten Zeracolus nouna, mostly worn but four of them good specimens. A hunt in the caper bushes produced a number of green caterpillars, one of which was ready to 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1981 pupate. I kept it in a matchbox; it pupated on the 18th, and on the _ 5th of May a fine specimen of Pieris rapae emerged. I got back to Ain Draham on April 25th, but the weather there was still wet, or cloudy, for the most part. I went to a place I had noted as likely for Calophrys avis, and sure enough it was there. I took three on the 26th, four on the 29th, four on May 1st, the intervening days being cloudy or raining. They were all taken feeding on a sort of wild lavender, and all at the same spot: four of them are females. On May 2nd I went to Tabarca, on the coast below Ain Draham ; it is not nearly so good a place as La Calle. And on the 7th I left Africa for Palermo on my way north. I took a day out in the Roman Campagna on May 16th where I caught Chrysophanus thersamon, Melitaea didyma, Melitaea phoebe and some others, but was chiefly charmed by the wild roses and nightingales, and the scent of the white clover in the hay. On May 19th I arrived at Locarno and on the 20th went to Reazzino to look for Melitaea wheeleri, which I found to be just hatching out. On this day and the 25th, the intermediate days being wet or cloudy, I took 21 males and one female. What seemed to me to be the noticeable difference between it and Melitaea dictynna is that in the darker specimens of J/. dictynna it is usually the submarginal row of spots on the upper side of the hindwings which remains longest visible, the marginal and central rows, which are sometimes buff, fading into the dark ground colour, while the submarginal row, which is more orange, is more persistent. In M. wheeleri, however, the central row is the one that lasts longest. I have since been comparing the specimens of M. dietynna at the South Kensington museum. The Pyrenean specimens from Cauterets are like the Rhone valley M. dictynna—tbose from Gavarnie more like M. wheeleriwhile the Vernet race has the characteristics of M. wheelert still more marked than in M. wheeleri itself. All these, however, seem to be July. Looking further east the M. dictynna from Dervend and Maglaj, both in Bosnia, appear to be M. wheeleri, and were caught in June whereas those from Yaitze (Jaice), both at the museum and in my own collection, are like the Rhone valley M. dictynna and were caught in July. J. wheeleri does not seem to have been found further north, if one rejects the ambiguous label “ Austria.” One specimen from Rilo Dagh and a small group from the Rosengarten near Bolzano in what was the Austrian Tirol may, however, belong to this race. The generic names used in the Neuere Beitrage. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. Mr. Higgins mistakes my meaning if he thinks I was in any way questioning the validity of the generic names in the Neuere Beitrdge. In the article he referred to I was merely correcting a slip I had made previously (nt. Rec. p. 59, 1980) when I stated er~phyle, Frr. would fall as a primary homonym. ‘This mistake was the result of a faulty copy of the original description 1 was then working from. As to ‘ ¥ ‘ én a ee ; a THE ROSE-COLOURED PASTOR AND LOCUSTS. : Freyer’s work, he included all the butterflies in Papilio, as Mr. - Higgins notes, and then divides the latter into genera according to a _ then recognised system. As there is not the least indication to show that he intended in any way to to change the order of the system, I - do not see how we can question the fact that he adopted these names and inserted them with the intention of dividing the Papilio into genera. Had this not been the case, it is, to me, impossible to account i for his including them at all. I understand that this view is accepted by many better qualified to judge than myself; and these genera are included as such by Sherborn in his great Indea, [I do not think that Freyer entered into the question of nomen- clature at all. He merely took the thing as it stood in his time. Adopting Ochs. and Treit. nomenclature for his own work, and bowing to the conservation of the time he used the old generic names as class names for ‘‘ the man in the street’’ so to say. In the preface to vol. I. of his Beitrage he speaks of Ochs. and Treits.’ work as “ above all other works up to our present time it is the most perfect,”’ after stating that he has arranged his insects under their genera. With regard to eriphyle he placed his newly described species with its congeners, as he judged, in Genus VIII. Hipparchia of Och. and Treit. with melampus, casstope, pyrrha and pharte. (This was “Fam. E of Hipparchia.”)— Hy.J.T.] The Rose-coloured Pastor and Locusts. By P. S. NAZAROFF. In a recent important work on destructive locusts (Locusts and Grasshoppers, A Handbook for their Study and Control, Moscow, 1927, in Russian), B. P. Uvarov refers to the services rendered by certain birds in the struggle with this pest, and in particular to the Rose- coloured Pastor (Pastor roseus), which is wel) known for its fondness for these insects. The author considers that we have little real basis for and estimate of the amount of help which these birds afford mankind in this respect and recommends a census of the contents of the stomachs. This, it is true, would enable us to form an idea of the quantities killed and eaten by these birds under given conditions, but the figures would be misleading, for such a census would take no account of the much greater quantity undoubtedly killed but not actually eaten. I have often observed the destruction of locusts by these handsome starlings in the Kirghiz Steppes and in Turkestan. I use the word ‘destroy ’’ with intent, because it is not only a case of the birds feeding on the locusts but of a strange instinct on their part to continue to kill them off when their appetite is sated. This fact is not generally known either to. ornithologists or to entomologists although it is perfectly familiar to the natives of Turkestan and to people engaged there in the struggle with locusts, the worst offender among which is the so-called Maroccan Locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus, Thunb.). In years when this insect swarms the rose-coloured pastor appears in immense flocks, no one knows whence. As a general rule this bird 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1931 4 nests in small colonies in stony places and is met with in the cultivated belt of Turkestan in small flocks. Clouds of them fly into the valleys of Turkestan, where locusts appear and energetically set to work to exterminate them. Locusts have plenty of enemies among birds, and one of the chief is the domestic fowl, which the natives often mobilise to give battle with the insects. But whereas other birds devour locusts only as a dainty, the rose-coloured pastor carries on the good work and continues to kill even when it can eat no more. We may safely say that places where this bird comes to the rescue in force will be rid of the locusts. The pastor is in fact such an efficient ally of man in this struggle with these destructive creatures that when they appear all other measures against the insects are stopped. There is, however, a limit to tbeir capacity for usefulness. A necessary condition for the success of their operations is the presence of water. This is indispensable for them, not merely to drink, but periodically to wash their beaks. For as a result of their vigorous pecking at the creatures their beaks become covered with a pasty mass and stick together. The birds then fly off to the nearest water, wash their beaks thoroughly and then return to the fray. When it happens, as it often enough does, that the locusts appear in waterless places, the pastors are handicapped seriously in their work. In this case, if it is possible, the natives dig special canals to bring water for them to wash their beaks, sometimes over a distance of several miles. There are two surprising things in the behaviour of these birds. First, the intense eagerness to destroy the locusts, apparently without any need, for the sheer love of killing, even when their hunger is satisfied, and, secondly, their concentration in enormous flocks at the scene of action not at the time of their migration. ‘T'he rose-coloured pastor is by no means commonly met in Turkestan at ordinary times. Many inhabitants of the country have never seen one. The concentration therefore of small isolated flocks into enormous masses must take place over an area of many hundreds, and indeed, thousands of square kilometres. In the Orenburg district, for instance, — the pastor is quite a rare bird in normal times, but in locust years great flocks of them fly as far north as the 51st parallel. Such a phenomenon would be comprehensible if the birds followed flights of locusts on the wing, but the most important part of the work is done at the time when the locusts are not yet capable of flight and move on the ground, which is just the period when they are most damaging to agriculture. When the pastors have done with the locusts, flocks of them make devastating attacks on cherry orchards and so arouse the wrath of Russian gardeners. But the natives of Turkestan regard this more philosophically and reasonably, for they think that the damage they thus do to the fruit is insignificant compared with the benefit which they confer by the destruction of the locusts, and by no means grudge a little payment in the form of fruit to these beautiful and useful allies of mankind. SPERMOPHAGUS SERICEUS, FOUCR. 33 Hydnobius spinipes, Gyll., a species of Coleoptera new to the British List. By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. ** Anisotoma spinipes : oblongo-ovatum, rufo-brunneum, anteunarum clava 5-articulata nigricante, elytris punctato-striatis, interstitiis transversim rugosis, femoribus postitiis dente valido acuto armatis,” " Gyllenbal Ins. Snec. 3 709 (1813). : Reddish brown, labrum, antennae and legs yellow, eyes and club black Head transverse, sparsely but distinctly punctured; mandibles _ powerful, sharply pointed, labrum slightly emarginate anteriorly, strongly semicircular posteriorly. Thorax transverse, considerably narrowed in front, broadest before base, then narrowed to posterior _ angles, which are rounded forming an acute angle with base of elytra, distinctly punctured throughout, surface smooth between the punctures. Klytra oblong rounded to a blunt point at apex, side margins distinct, strongly punctured in regular rows and with very distinct cross striation throughout. Scutellum with a few small punctures at base. h Tibiae very spinose, explanate at apex. g witha large sharp tooth en posterior femora, broad at base, very slightly curved inwards at apex Long—1°8-2°5mm. Taken at Cannock Chase by Mr. 8. O. Taylor of Leicester on August 24th, 1930, by evening sweeping. This insect can be separated from H. strigosus, Schmdt., by its stronger punctuation, larger size, and black club to the antennae of which the last joint is distinctly narrower than the penultimate; from A. punetatissimus, Steph., by its light brown colour, and from the latter and 4. punctatus, Strm., by its stronger punctuation, and especially by the very distinct cross striation all over the elytra. Fowler stated that spinipes had been considered by some authors to be the female of punctatus, but as will be seen by Gyllenhal’s | description his insect was a male. Reitter gives spinipes as a variety, and punctatissinus as a dark abberration of punctatus. He also gives two aberrations to spinipes— ab. striyosus, Th., with a large hooked tooth in the 9, and ab. intermedius, Th., with a small triangular tooth in the g. I prefer to treat H. spinipes, Gyll., as a distinct species; there being good characters to separate it by. - Spermophagus sericeus, Foucr., Ent. Paris, 1 112 Mgt a British Insect. By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. This species was first recorded as British in the Handbook of the British Association at Leeds in 1927 ; it was also mentioned in the Hunt. Mo. Mag. for 1927, but only by name in both cases. Mr. W. D. Hincks has now sent the specimen to me, and has asked me to bring it forward correctly. I may mention that I have compared it with the specimens in the 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ae rather long series in the general collection of Coleoptera at the British Museum, with which it agrees in every way. . , As the descriptions in the literature are neither very full, nor accurate, | have drawn up the following careful description :— Head round, deflexed, finely punctured; eyes oblong oval, not prominent ; antennae narrow at base, thickened towards apex, broadest in middle, joints 6-10 serrate. Thoraw arcuately narrowed to apex, broadest at base with acute posterior angles, base considerably produced towards scutellum, closely punctured with larger and smaller punctures, the larger punctures distinctly longer than broad. Flytra rounded, about as broad as together long, widely separately, rounded at apex, with shallowly engraved punctured striae, interstices finely punctured. Pygidiwn with double puncturation, the larger punctures round shallow but more deeply impressed in front than behind. Leys fairly stout; posterior femora curved, not toothed behind ; posterior tibiae armed with two nearly equal, movable black spurs. Long, 1°5-3-2mm. The genus Spermophagus [(Steven in litt?) Schénh. Gen. Spee. . Cure. 1 102 (1838)] differs from -Laria, Scop. (= Bruchus, L.) and allied genera in that the head is deflexed and not constricted behind the eyes into a neck, and the spurs to the hind tibiae are movable. A specimen of this beetle was taken by Mr. J. R. Dibb, when in company with Mr. W. D. Hincks, by shaking leaves from a hedge bottom at Blackmoor, near Shadwell, Leeds, in April, 1924. The insect is found on the Continent on Cisti, Convolvulus septum, etc., and Crataegus. The Kuropean Catalogue gives ‘“ Kurope”’ as its distribution, and Reitter says it is widely distributed in Central Europe. Notes on three insects bred from Galls on Juniper. By Wa. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.E.S. I spent the Easter holidays of 1930 in France, in the Department of the Dréme, at Dieulefit, a small town some fifteen miles east of the Rhone at Montélimart. As the season was a late one and the weather not always very favourable for collecting by day, I gave a certain amount of attention to searching for the larvae of several species of Aegeriadae, with quite gratifying success. | found without great difficulty larvae, and pupae too, of Aeyeria sphegiformis, Gern., in young alders, larvae of A. vespiformis, L., in stumps of evergreen oak, of A. ichnewmoniformis, Fb., in roots of Anthyllis vulneraria, and capped mines of A. andrenaeformis, Lasp., in stems of Viburnum lantana. None of these species was new to me in the larval stage so that I was pleased to discover signs of the presence of larvae in swellings in twigs and stems of the stunted juniper bushes that grew so abundantly all over the barren dry slopes of the arid hills and mountains all around the town. From a little distance one could see quite easily the withered brown branches and twigs that betrayed the presence of some insect or fungoid enemy, and closer examination revealed lower in the stem the damage that at last had killed the branch and caused the juniper needles to turn a lighter or darker brown according to the age of the injury. I examined a large number of swellings, and cut open a great many in an attempt to satisfy myself as to the cause of the NOTES ON THREE INSECTS BRED FROM GALLS. 35 ‘galls. In many cases, where the dead twigs and leaves were one or more years old and of a very dark brown, | found only the old traces of larval borings, mostly just under the bark and rarely going into the middle of the stem; and often, owing to the shelter afforded by a thicker bush than usual, there would still be abundant ‘frass to prove that the borings were the work of larvae. Where the ‘leaves were lighter brown in colour I usually found a rough knotty Ealing not very far down the stem, a gall of variable size and shape, “just a thickening of the stem for an inch or two of its length. Inside ‘these galls were at least three different species of larvae feeding in tunnels and borings of varying size and depth. ‘Two or three larvae, sometimes more, were present in each gall, but so far as I could see ‘no two different species lived together in same gall. The first larva found was that of an Aegeriid and I at once jumped to the erroneous conclusion that this larva was the cause of all the swellings and was therefore fairly common in this locality. When however I began to ‘search more patiently and systematically, I soon discovered my mistake, for I found that a coleopterous larva was far more often present than that of the clearwing. Lastly I discovered that some of the swellings contained larvae and occasionally pupae of a Tortrix. I ought to add here that I found also numerous galls on the juniper in which there were no traces of larval borings, but these galls were more regularly spindle shaped, and I decided that they were caused by some species of Gymnosporangium. ’ Tam not in a position to state definitely that the larvae found in the swellings were the sole cause of the galls, though I consider this to be highly probable. When however such a great authority as the Abbé de Joannis in his ‘“Révision critique des espéces de Lépidoptéres cécidogéenes d’Kurope et du Bassin de la Méditerranée,” published in the Ann. Soc. nt. de France, XCI., 1922, gives it as his opinion, on the evidence available, that we have here gall-eaters and not gall- makers, it behoves a modest field-worker like myself to be excessively careful. Of course I brought home a certain number of tenanted galls, in spite of the fact that I destroyed many larvae by opening up their borings during my investigations. I forced these larvae as is my usual custom with wood-boring insects, and bred out during May a dozen specimens of the clearwing, five of the Tortrix, and five of the Coleopteron. It remained now to identify these insects. The beetle proved to be Poecilonota festiva, L., a beautiful green Buprestid, which is said to be rather rare. The Tortrixis probably Grapholitha duplicana, Zett., or a closely allied species—I hope the question will soon be settled by the experts. The clearwing | assumed to be deyeria spuleri, Fuchs, a species very close to our own common 4. tipuliformis, Cl. ; but I am informed that Monsieur Le Cerf, who is a very great authority on the group, is unable to find any constant difference between the two species and therefore considers A. spuleri to be a form of A. tipuliformis. Fuchs’ account of his new Aegeriid bred from swellings in juniper is to be found in the Jnt. Hnt. Zeitschr, 11, 1908, pp. 38, 89, and though it seems at first sight very improbable that this clearwing should be A. tipuliformis, considering the great difference of habitat and foodplant, yet it is perhaps best to leave the question to those qualified to deal with it. Is it too much to hope that some 36 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1921 reader with opportunities for investigation and study will devote some time during 1931 to this problem of the galls to be found on juniper in France? It is even possible that they may turn up somewhere in England. Early Stages of Eudamus undulatus, Hew. By Carr. K. J. HAYWARD, F.E.S., F.R.G.S. On March 27th (1926) during the early afternoon, I had the pleasure of watching a specimen of the above butterfly ovipositing on a bush of Cassia corymbosa, Law. (locally known as “‘ Sen del Campo” or “Rama Negra’’). I at first supposed I had found Hudamus catillus, Cr., laying on a fresh foodplant (having but recently identified the same as Ithynchosia senna, Gill.—locally ‘* Sen del zorro’’). However, even a cursory glance at the eggs showed this was not the case as they differed materially in colour if in nothing else. I was able to collect a great number, many of which were obligingly laid whilst I waited. I regret that few of these were brought through, many proving sterile, and the difficulty of obtaining sufficient fresh foodplant due to the bushes shedding their leaves, and to their scarcity, accounted for several larvae. The operation of laying was in no way specialised, the imago fluttering quickly from leaf to leaf to deposit with a bend of the abdomen an egg here and there on the upper side of the leaves and in no particular position. The eggs are in appearance at first hedge-sparrow blue and some- what transparent, rapidly becoming greyish and more opaque, being smooth and round of 0‘8mm. diameter. About the fourth to fifth day the egg becomes much whiter and the larval -head appears as a black spot, the young larva hatching out sbortly afterwards. On emergence the young larva is 1:2mm. in length with a deep brownish black head and a thick saddle of this same colour across the dorsum on the 1st thoracie segment, the remainder of the body being transparent yellowish with the alimentary canal showing darker greenish, and with a few short grey hairs, especially along the margin. The life stages of this larva correspond very closely to those of Hudamus catillus, Cr., Which have already figured in these notes. ‘The larva immediately on emergence fornis for itself a tent, not as in the case just cited by turning down a leaf corner, but by drawing two leaves together, edge to edge, and fastening them in this position. As to whether the larva leaves this tent for feeding or other purposes I cannot say as I have always failed to find the larva outside, and although the bushes on which larvae are found always appear clean and uneaten, whilst the inner cuticle of the “ tent’’ leaf is eaten away when the larva moves to fresh quarters, yet the “ flitting” is so infrequent as to make it seem impossible for other to be the case. In its final stages the larva is some 23mm. in length, of 6mm. height, and in breadth at the first abdominal segment 7mm. Head rough, very deep brown, with a small chestnut spot on either side just above the mouth parts. Body greenish appearing grey, being closely speckled with this colour, alimentary canal darker. Lower lateral area yellowish on a lighter greenish ground with a yellow marginal stripe, oblique downwards posteriorly on each segment. Beneath greenish. eu j : SCIENTIFIC NOTES. 37 . : Spiracles khaki, that on the first thoracic segment larger. Tubercles almost indistinguishable, but X20 magnification shows posterior and anterior trapezoidals and two larger laterals on each segment. The body is freely sprinkled with whitish hairs that under the magnification mentioned appeared cone like with the apex at the body. Greater magnification that I cannot at present obtain is required to clear up the number and position of the tubercles and form of the setae. Larva remained in the pupal state 18 days. This brood was certainly the third, if not the fourth of the season, the first appearing in September, another in February, and several fresh specimens being seen between these broods that may have been either late spring or early summer strays, or a separate brood. Imagines, pupae cases, etc. have been sent to the South Kensington Nat. Hist. Museum in accordance with my usual practice. Pupa, 15 to 16mm. in length spun up amongst loose earth and leaves at the foot of the food-plant. Deep dark brown on a lighter ground of dark khaki, the latter showing at all segmental folds, etc. The whole with a somewhat lustrous appearance. Head darker, eyes and mouth parts black, shiny. Wing cases showing two light spots corresponding to white markings on forewing. Described from a pupa that emerged August 4th after having been 128 days in the pupal state. SSCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. INSECTS AND THEIR Sensipitiry to Parn.—-To what degree are insects susceptible to pain? This question was brought vividly to my mind in June last on my vacation at Cortina in the case of an unfortunate cockchafer. I was lazying on the grassy slopes bebind the hotel, whiling away the idle hours very pleasantly, when my eye caught sight of what appeared to be the head and thorax of one of these beetles lying at the foot of an outjutting rock, which appeared to have met the common fate of this species. This fragment, however seemed to me to move, but as there were some small ants running about I thought they might be the cause of such movement, as | could hardly credit that this unfortunate and truncated specimen, minus body from the thorax downwards could possibly be still alive. I continued, however, my observation and, as the movement seemed due to something more than disturbance by ants, I picked it up and placed it in a glass topped box to examine it more closely and I was satisfied that the unfortunate beetle was not only still alive, but able to prop itself up momentarily upon its two remaining anterior legs. To verify this however from an independent source, I took it back to the hotel and showed it to my wife and sister-in-law and they also saw it make the same movements with its two legs. This covered a period of over two hours since I captured this unfortunate beetle and then uncertain in my mind whether it might be suffering pain I put it in the laurel bottle. I brought the mangled remains back to England.— G. C. Leman (F.E.S.). 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1981 TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. A Locatiry For PurBEtus AEGON (ARGUS) NEAR GuILDFoRD.— It may be of interest to entomologists in the South of England to know that the blue Plebeins aegon (argus) occurs over a large tract of ground between Brookwood and Farnborough near Guildford, Surrey. T found it there some 15 years ago in abundance in the summers of 1915-16, at end of June and early July. The locality is not far from Brookwood Station, near some golf links—I used to cycle there from Guildford passing through Stoke. Lycaenopsis (Cyaniris) argiolus was common also in many of the chalk pits at Guildford and Polyommatus coridon swarmed on the Hogsback in August. It would be of interest to know how the spread of house building of recent years has affected these butterflies. I should like to know if these species are equally abundant in these localities to-day as they were then. Pieris rapae and P. napi each produced a variable race along the banks of the Wey.—(Miss) L. M. Frison, Hotel du Djinjura, Michelet, Algeria. SYNANTHEDON FLAVIVENTRIS IN Kent.—While collecting in a wood near Ashford in August last, I spent a short time examining sallows for traces of this species. Although the sallows were in leaf I had no diffi- culty in finding a gall, from which the moth had hatched, on the first bush examined, and a little search soon revealed others. In Ent. Rec. XXV. p. 30, we learn that Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited at the South London Society, on November 14th 1912, twigs of sallows extensively attacked by Tits for the larvae of beetles and mites in the nodules caused by those larvae. Saperda populnea does of course, sometimes feed in sallow, forming a gall usually, but not always, to be distinguished with ease from that of S. flaviventris. Certain flies also form galls on the twigs. In a certain place Dr. Cockayne and [, last Easter found galls of S. flaviventris in great abundance, but at that date very large numbers of them had been attacked by Tits and the larvae destroyed. I believe Mr. Newman’s galls of 1912 came from Kent and although that should have been an “ off”’ year for S. faviventris I think that a search for the species in Kent next winter will probably prove very remunerative to anyone who wants the species.—Harotp B. Wirxrams (LL.D., F.E.S.), Esher, Surrey. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Our Hon. Treasurer is anxious to call attention to the fact that ‘« Subscriptions are now due ”’ and that new subscribers would be most welcome to which the Acting Editor adds “ especially if they will contribute notes of their doings, interesting items of news and other entomological matters.”’ It has been noticed of late that the “‘ Honeysuckle and Bee ”’ design on the cover has been getting very mixed, and the editors have decided to return to a cover somewhat resembling that which was used eight or ten years ago. The paper of the cover will also be improved and its colour will be an easily recognisable blue. Atthe same time it is intended to have a better paper for the matter of the magazine. These changes will of course mean extra expense, and we trust that the suggestions made in the previous paragraph will not have been made in vain. ' REVIEWS 39 In the preface to A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera { Moths) compiled by the late W. F. Kirby, one finds the following paragraph. ‘‘The M.S. of the whole of tne remainder of the present work has been in an advanced state for some years ; and it is proposed to issue it as follows:—Vol. I., Sphinges and Bombyces (now published) ; Vol. II., Noctuae; Vol. IIl. Geometrae and Pyrales; Vol. IV., Micro-Lepidoptera ; Vol. V., Appendix and complete Indices to both Generic and Specific Names to the whole.” Of this Vol. I. is the only one published. Does anyone know what became of the MS. “‘in an advanced stage’’ which is referred to above? It would be of great use if it were obtainable and some workers could continue it on Kirby’s lines with thorough research in the older literature. Much of Kirby’s work done over 50 years ago, which our innate conservatism prevented adoption at the time, is being justified at the present time. For instance he pointed out in 1871 that we should read Parnassius phoebus, Fabr. and not P. delius, Esp. By still more references Bryk in Lepidopterorum Catalogus has supported this action of Kirby’s. It was Kirby who called attention to the priority of thetis, Rott. over bellargus and over adonis. FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, The Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Butterflies:—This has now reached parts 17 and 18 in the English edition concluding the additions to the Nymphalidae, giving the additions to the Hrycinidae and commencing those to the Lycaenidae. Argynnis adippe is dealt with at length and the large accession to its varietal names suggests that there can be very few if any further additions. It is pointed out that the name cydippe has now practically replaced adippe. The additions to the Nymphalidae are enormous, when one sees that the mere list of references occupies no less than 7 pages. In the introductory note to the Lycaenidae the late M. Courvoisier comes in for a share of commendation in that ‘“ without encroaching on denominations already given, created an orderly classification by giving the same name for similar forms of aberration in all species. Further he has utilised names that are comprehensible without special eluci- dation.” Tutt, our revered late editor, who through this magazine and elsewhere began the modern method of studying and registering variation in the Lepidoptera, also comes in for remark. ‘‘ Tutt has also made a systematic study of the aberrations, but has gone so far in subdivision that even specialists will find their requirements supplied by an excessive number of names.’”’ Callophrys rubi is considered as well as Chapman’s new C. avis. In Chrysophanus (Heodes) virgaureae the very recent work of P. P. Graves is included. C. dispar, of which there seems to be ‘‘much ado about nothing’’ in Britain, receives rather scant notice. C.(H.) alciphron and Rumicia phlaeas are dealt with at great length; and in the latter species the aberrational names of Tutt are classified ‘‘as systematically as possible.’ Under Zizera (Cupido) minima is the curious remark: ‘The name noguerae established by Verity is a nomen nudum. Verity indicates that Se a Se ol a a tee eres s oe et 3 4 40 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.11.1931 minima is very rare in Spain, he has seen a specimen marked ‘ Sierra Nevada’ in South Kensington Museum and he has named the race noyuerae. This procedure designates better than any words what, one must think of Mr. Verity and his new ‘ races.’”” The omnibus genus J/ycaena, as Staudinger conceived it some decades ago, is commenced with L, (Plebeius) aeyon (argus). Surely some of the great advance in our knowledge should be indicated in whatever treatment is accorded to the ‘“ blues,” and the existence of the great. sections which are so obvious to many of us, mentioned, if not further dealt with. Commendation is due to the compilers of these two. parts, M. Gaede (Nymphalidae and Chrysophanus) and Chr. Bollow (Lycaena) on the success they have attained in the arduous task of welding so much detailed and often conflicting and uncertain material into a whole for the digestion of the future students of the Palaearctic Rhopalocera. ‘The matter fills 832 pages and with it are two plates: plt. 10 has 380 figures of Satyrid forms and plt. 14 has 35 figures of Brenthid and Argynnid species, all being extremely well pourtrayed.— Hy.J.T. Three further parts 4, 5, 6, of the Minen- Herbarium by Dr. Hering have just been received from the publishers, Messrs. Weigel of Leipzig, In them are specimens of the mines of 43 species of Lepidoptera, 15 of Diptera and 2 of Hymenoptera. No microlepidopterist, who is at all keen on getting a knowledge of the habits of the smaller fry, can make satisfactory progress without these splendid aids. He may have figures of the mines and depredations, but no illustration can give such valuable information as the actual things. We know that these are what they are labelled, for none would dispute the judgment of such a talented entomologist as Dr. Hering. With infinite pains he has gathered these mines and with equal skill mounted, named, dated, and localised them. In many instances the specimen does not consist of a single example, but several leaves each with mines at different. stages are given. One might suggest that these species which do their feeding or spend a portion of their feeding-life in a case, might have. a case included even if it be pressed flat. With the naturally flat cases like those of the Nepticula species this would be particularly easy. The micro-student has to breed most of his examples and here on these sheets he has exactly the information he wants to get forward. Each part contains 20 double sheets, of 20 species. And each folded sheet has on the outside particulars such as that of sheet 101—Corylus. avellana, L. Betulaceae. Nepticula microtheriella, Staint. Lepidoptera. Berlin-Finkenkrug. VIII., 1930, and inside is a beautifully mounted. leaf showing a perfect characteristic mine. Where possible mines on the leaves of the same tree or plant are placed on neighbouring sheets, ey. sheets 101-105 contain examples. of five different species on the leaves of the hazel, Corylus avellana. Each part of 20 sheets is enclosed in a small cardboard portfolio with a printed list of the contents on the outside, of which there is a duplicate- inside. At the price of four shillings and sixpence each part, the publication is exceedingly low-priced and ought not to deter students. from obtaining it.—Hy.J.T. Tnnstnantons | are ‘inserted | oh. rupaditeac that the Renee ‘illustrations. é EXCHANGES. Pavicn ribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘Lhey a Ne re Hx. J. TurNER, *‘ BANE West Drive, Cheam. th 4 Eiterash: a Oe numerous British Macro Lepidoptera. —d. Wr, Woothouse, Hill Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. siderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; 3 fie ona R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. plicates.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Seotch ae | Nat aa forms of gothica and elected upneusl forms of bag gracilis ang sf 6 Chien Palveptard, especially Carabus, sps. , for cil canaidans from all sey of Vorl ] xcHANGES.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of itish Isles.— C. Zacher’ erika, Weimar, Street 13, parang MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. iS Eotomological Society of London.—41, Queen's Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 1 8p.m. January 21st. February 4th. i The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia abers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. ary . 22nd (Ann). February, oe Noa —Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, 15, The Tiydsa Natural History Se Melpy © wasting ist and 3rd Tuesdays in the aonth at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel | treet, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through embers or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, "A FEW SPECIMENS OF TRUE . -AGROTIS LOREZI | ‘ee FOR SALE, Oa ly Sit i t ey A. SIEBENHUNER, a Sola Dubendorf, Switzerland. : ts Ora The Guiiberiand? Aleurodes, 7’. F, Meprenca : E. 5 Sp hoten aly a. Notes‘on Z. clorinda, 7. H. L. Grosvenor and H. R. Hewer, M. Se. ane Ke me ~ Two Months in North Africa, Comm. Wyndham Forbes, R.N., D.S. 0., F.E. NS fag * ay The Generic Names used in the Neuere Beitrige, B. C. S. Warren, F, E.S. ; Be B: is i The Rose-coloured Pa&tor and Locusts, P. S. Nazaroff. ey Rt : ye, es AL. Spinipes, a species of Coleoptera new to Britain, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F. ES. = ~~ §, Sericeus, a species of Coleoptera new to Britain, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S. - Notes on three insects bred from Galls on Juniper, Wm, Fassnidge, M.A., F.E.S. ee Early Stages of Eudamus undulatus, Capt. K. J. Hayward, F.Z.S8., F.E.S., F.R.G.S. A tomulitag Norrs.—Insects and Sensibility to Pain, G. C. Leman, F.E.S. Nores on Cotiectinc.—A Loeality for P. aegon near Guildford, Miss L. M. Fison. ‘Current Norges ann Snort Novices . a as St aS “7 ah Se) eenvrews 6). ; is : sR aes oy rN Oi Sureiemenr: _British Nodes, H, J. Tur ner, P-E.S. anes se wae (GB) ~ Communications have been received from or have been promised by T. F. Marri wm, Fassnidge, Lt. E. B. Ashby, B. ©. 8. Warren, H. B, D. Kettlewell, Capt. K. J.” J Hayward, H. W. Andrews, H. Willoughby-Hllis, W. H. Edwards, P. Haig- Thoma W. 4H. T. Tams, E. Russell, A. J. Wightman, J. Sneyd Taylor, Hy. J. ‘Turner, A. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, Dr. E. A, Cockayne, P. P. Graves, Dr. F. Santse ace H. B. Williams, Dr. Burr, 15 Tie SB Page, Dr. Verity, Miss M. F. Fison, and Repo ocieties. ¢ All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, a ; “ Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. , IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. mt $ > 7; Ph: a tes / BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Records - 4 - and Journal of Variation (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) ! ; Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— _. Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera —Practical Hints (many)— - arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the inter—Temperature and Vege Otc eet le notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist ; or 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Hpunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—~ B Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. a CONTENTS OF VOL. II. Mernanism ann Menanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting ieesanibs on AarraTion (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa o —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Ampht asys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian. thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8S. 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Consult us on the problem of housing your Collection economically. Write for particulars of cur various Unit Systems CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W. 10. Prone: Willesden O309. THE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for — the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, K. B. Blackburn, George Bolam, E. Ernest Green, J. W. H. Harrison, J. L. Morrison, A. D. Peacock, W. Raw, J. A. Smythe, H.S. Wallace, and F. C. Garrett. The Vasculum is now in its fourteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to Dr. F. C. Garrett, West Croft. Hexham. The Wayside and Woodland Series. Pesan, MOTHS | THE MOTHS | es" | pRITISH ISLES 2 ' OF THE BRITISH ISLES | a les we By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. | late Editor of the‘ Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and many varieties, also drawings of eges caterpillars, chryse- lides. and food-plants. Price 10/6 net per volume. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.C.2. ‘“ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Dorner; WES: ose .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennetu J. Haywarp, F.E.S. .. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.E.S. (afew copies only) .. fd 3 a .. 3s. Od. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-42 of Ent. Record, new series; including Special Index .. ae ia at ae # is Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post free from H. W. Anvrews, 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. JUST PUBLISHED > DEMONS OF THE DUST By W. M. WHEELER Professor of Entomology in Harvard University. With 49 Illustrations. 241s. net. ‘the world over. In this book he deals with the remarkable turns into a two-winged fly, and the ant-lion, which eventually _ | becomes a lace-winged Neuropter. Two Books by H. St. J. K. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S. BRITISH ANTS Their Life-History and Classification 18 Plates and 92 text-illustrations. 25s. net. ‘© A model scientific treatise of its kind.’’—Field. _ | THE GUESTS OF BRITISH ANTS ey, Their Habits and Life-Histories ay 16 Plates and 55 Text-illustrations. 18s, net. ‘This book will add a new pleasure to the delights of the field naturalist.’”— Limes Literary Supplement. INSECT SINGERS es A Natural History of the Cicadas a. Rather By J. G. MYERS, Sc.D., M.Sc., F.E.S. Se a M With 7 Plates and 116 Text-figures. 21s. net. a _ “Tbe Author hag done for the solitary Cicada what Wheeler bas done for the ant.’’— Entomologist’s Record. a ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS a A Record of Observations on the Habits of the Social By Hymenoptera. By Sir Jonn Lussock. New Edition a i edited and annotated by J. G. Myzrs. 4 Col. Plates and numerous Illustrations. 10s. 6d. net. 3 ys ” «Ag fresh and fascinating as ever.’’—Sunday Times. ‘< Of this new edition we can say with confidence that there is no better ‘book for the beginner in the study of insect life.’’— Spectator. Broadway House, Garter Lane, London, E.6. - Professor Wheeler’s reputation as a Naturalist is fully established fs Pir habits of two unrelated insect larvae, the worm-lion, which — ie es ee ee eee ee a hs os NX - ‘ds'u ‘SENVQ ‘IMOUAV VNAVYONT ph Tel Peel : “mosuMg ‘qT ud 19 “‘pLooary #,qabojomojury ay “THTX “LOA + ee ee —~ _ ~- Pe A NOTE ON THE FAUNA OF MANGROVE. 41 A Note on the Fauna of Mangrove. (With Plate.) By JOHN SNEYD TAYLOR, M.A., D.1.C. Mangrove trees occur commonly in the bays and estuaries of the East African coast, growing on the shore, often just below high tide mark. On the seaward side numerous, erect, aerial roots project through the muddy sand for a considerable distance from the trees. These, especially at high tide, remind one of Fquisetum growing in a bog bole at home. On the island of Inhacea, at the entrance to Delagoa Bay, where the writer spent a camping holiday in the winter of 1929, a species of mangrove, probably Cerivps candolliana, Arn., is to be found in considerable numbers, lining the shores of the bays, or inlets, of the island. The bark of the trees, which grow to a considerable height, is used by the fishermen and natives for dyeing their nets. During the intervals between fishing expeditions, some litile time was spent in searching the mangroves for any creatures that could be found. Although not the best time of year for collecting quite an interesting mixture of marine and terrestial forms was obtained. Of the latter, insects predominated, and of these, ants comprised the large majority. In the dead branches and stumps, four species of ants, all of which occurred in large numbers, were taken, viz., Camponotus maculatus, Fab. race liengmei, Forel, C. grandidieri, Forel, race mendax, Emery, Crematogaster (Acrocoelia) gerstaeckeri, D. T. var. pudica, Sants., and Hngramma taylori, Sants. n. sp. Four species of Coleoptera were also found in the dead wood, none of which were represented in the British Museum collections. They were as follows :—/J'rypopitys sp. (Anobiidae) ; Gyponya sp. (Cleridae) ; and two species of Pentarthrum (Curculionidae). The Curculionids were fairly numerous, boring in the dead wood, but only one individual of the Clerid, and two individuals of the Anobiid, were found. A species ot Termite, which occurred in some numbers, was likewise obtained in the dead wood. One Lepidop- terous larva was found feeding upon the leaves, but unfortunately escaped from the matchbox in which it was placed. In addition to the insects, a species of Centipede, and a species of Isopod, were also obtained in the dead wood. Two species of spider were taken, one of which, a sluggish species, occurred in the galleries of Camponotus grandidieri. Mention should also be made of a species of lizard belonging to the Geckonidae, two individuals of which were found hiding under loose bark. The marine portion of the mangrove fauna consisted in the main of molluscs belonging to the Gasteropod class. Pyrazus sulcatus, Bon., a fairly large species with a spiral shell some 14 inches in length, was found in large numbers on the muddy sand among the aerial roots ; Cerithidea decollata, Linn., another species with a spiral shell, slightly over an inch in length and with the apex of the spiral flattened, was found clinging to the trunks; and a species of Planawxis, with a shell resembling that of the familiar periwinkle, only somewhat smaller, which was found on the trunks and branches to a height of seven feet, and also crawling upon the leaves. It seemed rather incongruous to find a marine mollusc and a caterpillar upon the same branch. On the bases of the trunks, and on the aerial roots, acorn barnacles were numerous. 42, KNIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1931 From the foregoing it will have been seen what a varied and abundant fauna these mangrove trees support. During the summer months a more extensive fauna would probably be found, but one should have to put up with sweltering heat, and myriads of mosquitoes. For the collector seeking new species, particularly insects, Inhaca should be a fruitful field. In conclusion the writer would like to express his indebtedness to Drs. Santschi and Arnold for determining the ants, and to the former for describing the new species, and also to Mr. G. J. Arrow for determining the beetles. Transuation By Mrs. H. Howarp, Barserton. Engramma taylori, n.sp. O. Long: 3:5 to 4mm. Of a chestnut brown, more or less deep. Gaster blackish brown. Funiculi, end of the scapes and tarsi russet. The remainder of the appendices of a russet brown. Somewhat shining or submate. Very finely reticulated, with a short pubescence extended and adpressed, not turned back on the scapes. Some long hairs towards the mouth, on the face of the declivity of the épinotum and on the end of the abdomen. The head is as long as broad, the two posterior thirds of the sides are subparallel, the anterior thirds converge somewhat, the posterior edge straight or slightly concave. Eyes in the middle of the sides. A rounded impression in place of the frontal ocellus. Depression of the epistome deep, curved at the bottom. The mandibles of 12 or 138 teeth, the first, second and fourth apical ones longest. The scape extends beyond the posterior border of the head by one and a half times its breadth Joints two to five of the funiculus a little longer than broad, the others scarcely so. Promesonotal suture feebly imprinted on the profile. Posterior third of the mesonotum descending somewhat abruptly. The epinotum much lower than the promesonotum. The lower face is more convex than that of /’. ily7, For., and the thorax more elongated than that of this species to which F. taylort most nearly approaches. F. ilyi has also a larger head. Mozambique, Isle of Inhaca in Delagoa Bay. In decaying branches of mangrove trees (J. 8. Taylor).—Dr. I*. Sanrscut. Ten Years in North East Surrey. By HAROLD B. WILLIAMS, LL.D., F.E.S. I came to live in North Kast Surrey at the end of the war, and it has been suggested to me that some notes on the Lepidoptera of the district may be of general interest. I lived for 3 years at Croydon and since then at Claygate and Esher, in what is generally known to entomologists as the Oxshott district. The whole area is very well known to the Entomologists of South London and many notes on its entomological fauna have been published. The occurrence of chalk downs, extensive woodlands, heaths and marshes, all readily accessible, provides a wide range of collecting grounds suitable for a great variety of species. I do not TEN YEARS IN NORTH KAST SURREY 43 propose at present to attempt a list of the Lepidoptera of North Kast Surrey, but simply to give a few notes on such matters as come under the notice of a resident. RHOPALOCERA. Euchloé cardamines formerly abounded. In May, 1923, for example, it was very common in my garden at Claygate, where abs. citronea and minora were taken. May, 1924, was uniformly cold and dull. I saw the first specimen, a g¢, on the 17th, and few appeared. Since then the species has been rare at Oxshott, though it is increasing in ‘numbers again in the Dorking district and elsewhere. I have little doubt that the cold dull spring of 1924 was very unfavourable to the species. Melitaea aurinia is generally supposed to have been extinct in N.E. Surrey for many years. Indeed I suppose it is not widely known that it occurred there in modern times. However, Dr. KE. A. Cockayne once saw a specimen taken at Oxshott and I think it possible that a colony still exists somewhere in the valley of the Mole, though I have been unable to findit. There is no lack of suitable places. Limenitis sibilla. I first saw this species in Surrey in 1917, at Holmwood. It is now well established in many of our larger woods and [ think is increasing both in range and in numbers. Polygonia (Grapta) c-album. The spread of this species has been commented on by many observers and I only add that it has been noticed this summer in the typically suburban locality of Surbiton. Eugonia polychloros 1s a regular spring insect in the Oxshott district, where it may be found in two or three places almost every spring on the first warm and sunny days towards the end of March. I have only once, in 1927, seen freshly emerged specimens in summer, and those were flying high around elm trees late in the afternoon. I have failed to find larvae and they probably feed high on elm. Rumicia phlaeas occurs generally, and I have taken ab. radiata in two places in the district. Plebeius aegon is an insect to which I have not devoted sufficient attention. A very fine, large and dark form occurs at Byfleet, and I have met with ab. inaequalis, Cockayne, at Esher. Hesperia malvae. On June 6th, 1930, about 6 p.m., a little butterfly flew across the road just in front of me. It seemed unfamiliar, and investigation revealed a fresh ab. taras, which was successfully boxed. I have not been able to find others, but the species was not common at the particular place this year. SPHINGIDAR. Mimas tiliae is omitted from many Oxshott lists and it may be as well to note its occurrence at Claygate and Esher. Hemaris fuciformis. A moribund specimen at rest on nettles at Oxshott, in a place where scabious grows freely. AEGERUDAE (SESIIDAE). Synanthedon spheciformis, On June 9th, 1919, I took a specimen on flowers of guelder rose near Oxshott. Workings of the larvae in alder have since been found rather freely. 44. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1931 S. tipuliformis, S. vespiformis (asiliformis), and S. culiciformis appear to be quite common in all suitable places. ZYGAENIDAR. Zygaena trifolii occurs in suitable places quite freely. At Fetcham and Dorking good confluent forms occur. Z. trifolii subsp. palustris occurs in most marshes and in one locality also produces good confluent forms, though less commonly. Bompycss. Sarrothripus revayana. In August, 1923, Dr. Cockayne and I met with the interesting larva of this insect. In subsequent years larvae have been taken more freely in June. Almost all the imagines bred have been black. I have two which have a costal blotch but the insects are so nearly black that this is only just distinguishable. J find the larvae most commonly on the smaller oaks, and they must be sleeved if not full-fed. Lithosta deplana, L. lurideola, L. complana and L. griseola occur in suitable places. LL. griseola I have met with in marshy places, with a good proportion of ab. stramineola. Lriehiura crataegi is a regular species in the Oxshott district, and larvae are to be beaten from hawthorn, birch and aspen. A very pretty banded form of the larva occurs. Cosmotriche (Odonestis) potatoria is common in all marshy places. Breeding this species from larvae obtained in a very restricted area has given remarkable results. I obtained some 50 larvae in 1929 and 200 in 1930, in each case from an area of only a few square yards. These have given me 3 yellow males, 4 entirely brown females, one female without markings and a large number of pale buff females, with other interesting forms. Pygaera curtula is not common, but is worth attention; the local . form being a fine dark and well-marked one. Nooruak. Leucania conigera, L. lithargyria, L. comma, L. impura and L. pallens are garden insects, apart from their usual haunts. L. turca occurs in at least two localities. L. straminea has J fear been exterminated by an act of vandalism, the burning of the entire reed bed on which it, with Senta maritima and Nonagria geminipuncta, used to occur., Nonayria typhae was discovered in September, 1928, in a very small pond, completely overgrown with Vypha latifolia, on one of the Commons, and has occurred there very commonly since. No ab. fraterna have appeared among the large numbers bred. In this pond there is now no open water, and the pupae are not dug out by moor- hens(?) which appear to destroy numbers in the more open ponds. AXylophasia monoglypha, Deep brown forms have appeared during the last three summers in my garden at Esher, those taken this summer being darker than any previous captures. Dipterygia scabriuscula appears to be a moth of very uneven dis- tribution. It abounds in my garden at Esher, but I had not previously met with it for many years. TEN YEARS IN NORTH EAST SURREY. 45 Apamea leucostiyma. Both the type and ab. lunina have occurred in marshy spots at suger. Jam not aware of previous records in this part of Surrey, and am glad to have taken the species in two localities, miles apart, in two distinct river valleys. Miana literosa. It may be worth while to record the capture of this species in my garden at Esher and at Wisley. Ayrotis vestiyialis. The fine dark form of this species recorded from Aldershot (Fntom., XLI. 275) by Col. Tulloch, is also found in at least one spot in N.E. Surrey, and will, I think, be found to have a wide distribution on the older heaths. Noctua augur was a common garden species until a few years ago, but has completely disappeared for the iast three or four years. Dyschorista suspecta occurred in some numbers at Ksher in 1928. It was recorded from Effingham in Mntom. XLII. 66. Tethea retusa is not uncommon in one or two localities. Xanthia fulvago ab. flavescens has occurred in two localities, the specimens being of a deeper colour than Scotch examples. Calymnia pyralina, I have devoted some attention to this species almost every year. I recorded (Hint. Rec. XXXVIII. 110) the capture of a larva on hawthorn and to this record I have to add that in 1929 and 1980 I bave taken » number on blackthorn, in the latter year the larvae being quite small. The normal pabulum is undoubtedly the common elm and I am quite satisfied that the larva is not to be found, otherwise than quite exceptionally, on large trees. I take it most commonly on a row of small bushes which consist of a few strong shoots from old stools, and in this restricted locality I have found the larva abundantly for some years. This year some friends astonished me by taking 40 larvae from one branch and four of us took nearly 300 in some two hours. When its habits are known this species is very easy to obtain and J am satisfied that it is an abundant species, far commoner than any of its congeners, in the whole of North-east Surrey. By breeding and at sugar I have obtained an interesting series, and a few notes on the variation may be of interest. The most noticeable point is the occurrence, in very limited numbers of the true pyralina, View., which is a deep brown insect. ‘Tbe majority of the specimens, and almost all those I have seen from elsewhere, are the reddish ab. corusca, Esp. There is a most noticeable divergence in size in both bred and captured specimens. Variation in marking occurs both in pyralina and ab. corusca. The most interesting forms in a picked series are perhaps the following :— (a) Typical ground colour with the outer line clearly Siitfindal 4 in bluish white, by an extension from the normal costal spot. The whitish marking in this case is continued across the wing to the inner margin. I have ab. corusca in which this line is outlined, but not to the same degree. (b) Examples of both forms with a well developed dark spot on the inner margin, between the first line and the base, and all the normal markings intensified, giving the insects a mottled appearance. (c) Two examples of ab. corusca with the whitish markings near the apex practically obsolete. C. affinis is quite common, though less so than CU. pyralina, and 0. 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. L5.1TE- 1981 diffinis is certainly rare. Both these species appear to me to frequent the larger elms, on which C. pyralina is so rarely to be met with. Miselia oxyacanthae is of course common, but I have noticed that wherever I have collected the ab. capucina occurs only in the proportion of about 5% of the total number. In Epping I think the numbers of the typical form and the aberration are about equal. Aplecta nebulosa is common, of a blue-grey, rather dark form, which I have not met with elsewhere. Hydrelia uncila is found in at least three of the marshes of the district, and I think has a wide distribution in Surrey. GEOMETRAE. Ptychopoda sylvestraria (straminata) occurs at Oxshott. I do not recollect seeing this species recorded for the district. P. trigeminata (scutularia) occurs as a common garden insect in Claygate and Esher, in both of which places I have found it to be attached to privet hedges. Acasis viretata also occurs freely in privet hedges. Lobophora halterata occurs singly all over the district where aspen grows. In 1927, however, in one clump of aspens, it appeared in great numbers and | took a long series. In this year on every visit while the species was out, 6 or 8 specimens were found on every tree ; since then single specimens only have been found, as elsewhere. Mysticoptera sewalata occurs rather freely on sallows in one very restricted locality. I have not met with it elsewhere. Operophtera brumata. A very dark form occurred in my garden at Claygate. I have met with this form also in Epping Forest, from which place I have obtained ova this winter. Calocalpe undulata is a species well-known in the district, but which I am unable to find there. Jt has certainly vanished from some of its known haunts. Angerona prunaria. Both plain and banded forms occur. I have bred the species on several occasions, but have never succeeded in obtaining a fertile pairing between examples of the same brood. Krannis marginaria is of course common. I have bred very beautiful series from ova supplied by my friend Mr. J. C. Haggart of Glasgow some of which are very dark indeed. In the case of this species and Asphalia flavicornis | have found no difficulty, but with other species I have met with trouble. Acronicta menyanthidis from Scotland, for example, I can do nothing with, or with Spilosoma menthastri, and with Boarmia rhomboidaria I have very great difficulty in getting good imagines from Scotch ova, bred side by side with southern forms which thrive amazingly. Mr. Haggart, who is an expert at rearing larvae, which I am not, meets with similar difficulties with some of the species I send him and with which I have no difficulty, for example with A. prunaria and O. sambucaria, the larvae of which | have sent after hibernation. It appears that the conditions of climate, which govern the distri- bution of a species in nature, are not to be trifled with when the species is In captivity. Boarmia rhomboidaria. I have devoted a great deal of attention to the genus and to this species in particular and have reared from ova broods of what I am compelled in the present state of my ignorance TEN YEARS IN NORTH EAST SURREY. 47 . to call the type and ab. perfwnaria, Newm. I have no idea what _ perfumaria really is, though I possess dark forms of the species from _ London, Kent, Surrey and many other places. The very beautiful deep grey North Kent form (quite similar to some of my Claygate series) is however the form, so far as I can ascertain, which has been used in the experiments of Adkin and Newman to show that the black ab. rebeli, Aign., is a recessive, a conclusion with which my only experiment with these two forms inclines me to agree. I find it convenient to call this grey Kent form ‘‘ perfumaria”’ whatever it may really be. Few entomologists, I find, realise that this species is as variable as repandata in its habit of developing a distinct facies in almost every locality. In 1927 Mr. Haggart sent me two ? 9? of a very distinct pale dirty yellow form of rhomboidaria and later in the year very kindly obtained ova forme. This form is found ina locality, to the best of our know- ledge very restricted, on the Ayrshire coast. I ought to say that the species occurs in Glasgow, a magnificent very dark form, and that a more ordinary form occurs at Forres, quite like many London and Surrey specimens. A form not unlike perfumaria is also found in the Ayrshire locality. I found Mr. Haggart’s form difficult to rear but in July, 1928, I bred four small light ¢ 3, one of which I paired with a ? ab. rebeli from North Kent. My hope was that this very vigorous strain would enable me to breed a series of the Ayrshire form in 1929 and recover the black form in the F,, generation. From this pairing [ reared in 1929, 85 g g and 27 ? 9, all black, a completely surprising result. 1 had, however, seen the parents in cop. and I decided to carry on. Several pairings were obtained, of which I kept 3 broods and sent others away. On July 11th, 1929, a wild Esher g flew into my room (‘sembled’”’?) and by a lucky inspiration I paired this with one of my I’, black ? @. One of my F, broods was a complete, and one a partial, failure. The third was a complete success. I bred the following ;— ist brood, .'17 light: ds). gne6 17 light ¢ 4 ane GE blackiig's ii. Beye, J) 68 black 9? st pws Until near the end the proportion of light forms was exactly 25%. 2nd F,, brood. 1 light 9 =16-65%. 2 black gs me 3 black ? if TES) The light 2 in the second brood, and some half dozen (certainly no more) of the females of the first, were like my original Ayrshire specimens. Ali the males, and most of the Ist brood females, were light typical rhomboidaria, in no way resembling either the very light Ayrshire forms or perfumaria. From the black F, 9 x Wild Esher g I bred 9 light gs. 5 light ?s. 8 black gs. 7 black 2s. or as nearly as possible 50% of each form. The light specimens are all of the ordinary Esher form and do not resemble either of the light 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. 111.1931 forms obtained in the F’, broods, or perfumaria. The proportion is that to be expected from a pairing of a recessive (light Esher 3) with a heterozygous dominant (black Kent @¢ ). This puzzle in genetics calls for further experiment. But for my fortunate pairing of F, black 9 with a wild Esher g I fear I should have fallen into the trap of describing the Ayrshire form, accepting the experiments of Adkin and Newman, together with my own, as con- clusive evidence of its genetic distinctness. I believe it is a distinet form. Others more expert than myself in irregular Mendelian inheritance may perhaps explain the results. I prefer to give no publicity to my own ideas, such as they are, until | can pursue my experiments. It is reasonably clear, however, that the black ab. rebeli is dominant to a form or forms of rhomboidaria and recessive to another form or other forms. May I add that I shall be glad to hear from any entomologist interested in the species who is willing to help with some experimental breeding with the various forms. Boarmia roboraria. A magnificent melanie form of this species has a wide distribution in Surrey. From a few larvae beaten in the autumn of 1923 I succeeded in rearing a dark 9 on June 17th, 1924. Then on July 12th, 1926, I had the good fortune to find a 2 at rest and I obtained ova, from which 24 larvae were successfully hibernated. I bred from these 8g g and 92 ¢ of various forms, all very dark. One g and two ? @ are really magnificent. A pairing was obtained, and a melanic § appeared as a second generation on Sept. 10th, 1927. I had to hibernate the remainder on birch in a pot, owing to 4 household move, and only two eventually emerged. Boarmia punctinalis (consortaria). A melanic form, also occurs, I have bred this on numerous occasions and it clearly behaves as a simple dominant to the somewhat dark form which represents the type. We do not get the lovely whitish forms which I used to receive from Kent and the New Forest. Iam convinced that in the Oxshott district this melanic form is increasing in numbers and there is a long fence on which I can be reasonably sure of finding it on any dull morning while the species is out. Boarmia bistortata and B. crepuscularia. Both these species occur, erepuscularia widely spread over the district but never abundant; bistortata commonly in most years in a number of rather restricted localities. Both species have melanic forms, which are very different, that of bistortata being produced by a general darkening of the ground colour, that of crepuscularia by a close dusting of black scales or groups of scales on the normal light ground. Boarmia punctulata. A dark form of this species is, | think, beginning to appear in a wood near Oxshott, where I have also obtained specimens with well-marked cross-lines. Ematurga atomaria. This seems to be a convenient opportunity to record the capture, at Oxshott, on July 16th, 1911, ofa ? with the wing coloration of the 3. Bupalus piniaria. Many years ago this was one of the most abundant moths at Oxshott. During the last few years it has become comparatively scarce there, though it seems to be holding its own in other parts of the district. To bring these rather rambling notes to a close with a change of scene | may perhaps place on record the capture at Dungeness on STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES. 49 August 26th, 1980, of a 2 Papilio machaon, flying over clover in quite fresh condition. | understand other captures have been made in this corner of Kent in recent years, and that a colony existed many years ago at Dover. The specimen does not differ markedly from any Wicken specimens and is quite unlike the French ones | have had, but of course it is quite impossible to say what its origin may have been. Stray notes on Erebiid species. By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. (1) A new race of F. ligea. It would have scarcely occurred to one in view of the long list of names already attaching to this species, that there still existed, in a European country, an unnamed race, and that one of the finest of the western forms of the species. Such however is the case. Thanks to the great kindness of Dr. A. Schmidt of Budapest, | have been, recently, able to examine a considerable number of HMrebias from the Hungarian National collection. Among much of interest, was a nice series of livea from Herkulesfiird6, a locality known to many English collectors. Dr. Schmidt thought that these specimens represented an unrecognised form, and asked me, if this was so, to describe it. His surmise proved correct, and the only reference to this race in literature that [| have been able to find; is a comment by O. Didszeghy in his work on the fauna of the Retyezat Mts.; where he states that a form transitional to the eastern ajanensis is not rare in various localities. He is perfectly accurate in this observation, for the new race has one or two features in common with ajanensis, which are not to be found in other western forms. I). ligea race herculeana nov. A large form; g 52-56mm, 9° 52-58mm. (Centre of thorax to tip of forewing x 2). On the upperside the bands of colour are practically the same width throughout, while they extend right to the inner margin of the forewing, starting on the hindwing from the costa, instead of a little below it, as is so often the case. The bands are, further, in most of the specimens, broader than usual, and the inner edge on that of the forewings is nearly straight, and not slightly concave. On the forewings there are three large elliptical black spots, and one very small black dot just below the two apical spots. Spots on the hindwings variable ; considerably reduced in size, two to four in number, occasionally quite absent, even in the 9. In the ¢ there are usually no white pupils in any of the spots, though these may some- times be present on the hindwing as tiny points. In the ? the white pupils may be absent, or present in the two apical spots on the forewings. On the underside of the forewings the bands are even broader than on the upperside, the two apical spots have distinct white pupils, even in the g. The hindwings are most remarkable, being absolutely unicolorous, instead of being more or less marked with a series of bands. On this absolutely plain ground colour, the white streak, so familiar in this species, stands out with vivid intensity, being extremely broad at the costa, and continuing right across the wing in an unbroken line, thus resembling ajanensis, though of course the streak is not so 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11L.1981 broad as in the latter. In all other western forms of the species the streak is broken, and more often than not does not extend beyond the middle of the wing. The antimarginal band which usually lies just outside the streak, is scarcely visible, faint and narrow, indeed when looked at casually it is not seen at all. The spots usually situated in this band are, on the contrary, very prominent, the red rings very sharply marked of a dark mahogany colour, the black centres small but distinct, and no white pupils. These spots number three to five, the latter number being very rare in other forms of the species where as the rule there are only three or four. In the ? the white streak does not seem to be quite so continuous, but the ground colour is just as unicolorous, which is the greatest contrast to the usual very variegated underside of the ? hindwing. ‘The spots also, in this sex, are smaller, and the rings less sharply marked and more yellowish in colour. There are no basal markings inside the white streak in either sex, though one or two specimens‘show a trace of a second white line, marking off the area where normally the basal band would be. The chief characteristics of herculeana are :—its large size and very fully developed bands coinciding with the loss of the white pupils on the upperside of both wings as well as on the underside of the hind- wings ; the other races in which there are no pupils usually have the bands reduced in width or even broken, with a strong tendency to a smaller size. Added to this are the unicolorous underside of the hind- wings, the continuous white streak and very prominent spots, in the oS. It is quite possible that the @s may show these last characteristics more than I suppose, for there were only three in the series, and unfortunately none of these were from Herkulesfiird6. One g (Herkulesfiird6) and one ? (Retyezat Mts.) are especially characterised by the enormous development of the bands, which are double the width they are in some specimens; these fine specimens are referable to ab. borsa, Strand. Herculeana is widely distributed in the western Transylvanian Mts., occurring (according to Didészeghy) in many localities in the Retyezat Mts., from where there are also several specimens in the Hungarian collection. In these localities other forms of the species are plentiful also; while, so far, from Herkulesfiirdé I have only seen specimens of herculeana. In view, however, of the fact that none of the western races known, have developed anything like complete dominance in any locality, 1 feel more or less certain that herculeana is no exception, and will be found in the future not to be the only form of liyea in the Herkulesfurdé district. Such variation as the present specimens show, further supports this supposition. It is a difficult insect to describe, but is nevertheless very striking to the eye. (2) MH. epiphron ssp. transsylvanica, Rbl. Another feature of great interest in the Hungarian collection was a series of epiphron from various localities in the Carpathians and Transylvanian Alps, referred (doubtfully) to transsylvanica by Dr. Schmidt. - Among others, were a series from the Retyezat Mis., and two gs and one 2 from Buesecs; the latter the locality from which Rebel’s types of transsylvanica came. These specimens differed so much from each other, that Dr. STRAY NOTES ON EREBIID SPECIES 51 Schmidt, who thought the Retyezat specimens agreed with the description of transsylvanica felt doubtful if the others (in spite of the locality) could be Rebel’s insect. Thanks to Prof. Rebel I have been able to establish the identity of these very interesting races, for he most kindly lent me his type specimens and another specimen for dissection. The types agreed exactly with the specimens in the Hungarian collection from Bucsecs (eastern Transylvanian Mts.) and they were of course equally distinct from the Retyezat (western Transylvanian Mts.) specimens. The latter are a highly specialised form of transylvanica, and may be described as :— i, epiphron ssp. transsylvanica race retyezatensis nov. This form shows all the characteristics of transsylvanica, but developed to such an exaggerated extent that at first sight it appears to be a totally different insect. It is, however, beyond all question a development of the latter. The whole coloration, in both sexes, is much more brilliant upper and underside, the bands being of a golden, rather than reddish shade of colour. On the upperside of the forewings the band contrasts with the ground colour much more sharply, is often much broader, and extends at the apex of the wing more deeply and markedly towards the base than is the case in transsylvanica, while the black spots are usually larger and elliptical, instead of round. On the upperside of the hindwings, in contradistinction to the great development of the bands on the forewings, there are only. four, sharply outlined, oval spots, standing well apart from each other and containing black spots of varying size. In transsylvanica these spots are round, with a soft hazy outline, and are often so extended as nearly to touch each other. In retyezatensis the form of the hindwing spots is similar to those seen in FE. christi; another feature being that the second from the costa is always much the largest, asin KH. eriphyle. The development of the forewing band attains the maximum ever found in any form of epiphron, equalling, and even passing the width shown by silesiana 2. The latter also has, not infrequently, the inward extension of the spots of the forewing band, but not any more marked than in transsylvanica, and it also differs from retyezatensis in having round spots in the bands, and a broad continuous band on the hindwings, while of course all the bands are of the red shade of colouring. Another characteristic of retyezatensis is that the forewing bands are sharply outlined on the inner edge in the gs, while being almost entirely undefined in the ?, they are also much wider in the latter. On occasions however, specimens of the gs do occur which, so far as the bands are concerned, are identical with the ?s. These extreme gs have been described as ab. latefasciata by Didszeghy. The reverse form of variation also occurs in the gs, specimens being found without the baseward extension of the band at the apex of the forewing. On the underside retyezatensis is somewhat similar to transsylvanica, but the markings are brighter and clearer, as on the upperside, and contrast with the ground colour rather than merge into it, as in the latter. As already stated, retyezatensis is really a highly developed form of transsylvanica, but both seem constant in their respective habitats ; it is only to be expected, however, that each may produce the other 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, 15.11.1931 ‘aberrationally, on occasions. Retyezatensis has only been recorded from the Retyezat Mts., where it is widely distributed ; transsylvanica flies in the eastern Transylvanian Mts. and extends far north up the Carpathians, ultimately gaining its most northerly habitat in the Tatra. (3) A dwarf race of FH. sedakovii. I have received a minute form of this species from Bang-Haas, both in 1929 and 1980. Measures give 88-40mm. for both sexes, as compared with 48-54mim. of ordinary specimens, A better idea of the size can be obtained from the fact that these little sedakovii are slightly smaller than /. tyndarus ssp. murina at the largest; i.e., as it is found in its Swiss localities in the Cantons of Vaud and Valais. This remarkable little race may be known as :— race sajanensis nov. (=sajana, Bang-Haas, i.l.). A dwarf race, 38-40mm. in size (centre of thorax to tip of forewing x 2), otherwise exactly as the type. Habitat; Sajan Mts. A change in the name used by Bang-Haes was necessary, sajana having been used more than once in Frebia before. (4) Correction. /. euryale race isarica, Heyne (=béhmerwaldensis, Warren). I am greatly indebted to Herr J. Soffner for calling my attention to a mistake of considerable importance in my notes on this race of euryale (Hint, Rec. 1980, p. 147). Thanks to him I am now in a position to establish finally, the correct use of this very troublesome name. In my previous article I stated that Heyne gave the name isarica to the insect of the /sergebirye, whereas the locality he actually gives is the Isargebirge. I was led into this mistake by the fact that, in reality, there is no mountain range of this name; I| therefore took it as a misprint for Jseryebirge. In point of fact Heyne intended his name to apply to the insect occurring in the mountains of southern Bavaria, naming them after the rirer Isar, thus using “ Isargebirge ” in the sense of the mountains appertaining to the river Isar. This of course makes a great difference in the correct use of the name. Since my last article, I find that my béhmerwaldensis is by no means confined to the Béhmer Wald, as I then supposed, but that it extends much further south right into the Bavarian Highlands. In this district, the inevitable blending of races, which I drew attention to before, takes place, and both clanis and béhmerwaidensis occur, though probably keeping to separate localities, and only occurring as aberrations together ; é.., single specimens of clanis with béhmerwaldensis and vice versa. J have not as many data on this point as I would like, but this is what normally occurs where two races of this species are located in close proximity. From this it is evident that isarica must be used for my recently described race. There can be no doubt that Heyne did not distinguish between clanis and béhmerwaldensis, and that both occur in the district he indicates, and that therefore the two are covered by the one name. Failmg an actual type specimen one cannot say which race he was describing, and J doubt if such a type exists; even if there is the series of specimens he used, in any collection, it is more than likely it CURRENT NOTES. 53 would contain the two. In this case Frubstorfer’s action in describing clanis, automatically restricted Heyne’s isarica to the other race; te., béhmerwaldensis, for which it will stand. As a matter of fact, Heyne’s description is a little more in accord with béhmerwaldensis than clanis, though not enough to be accepted as a proof by itself. This change does not in any way alter the actual facts detailed in my last article, itis only necessary to use isarica instead of béhmerwaldensis and, of course, to note that the former does not apply to the ? ab. of typical ewryale asI stated. The latter aberration had best be included under pleniocellata, Hartig, although that name was described asa 3 ab. Otherwise all I wrote concerning enryale, adyte, clanis and tramelana remains unatfected. It is quite possible that isarica will be found in the Salzburg Alps too, some specimens of clanis from Styria are very close to it, in their unusually bright colour, but they still are clearly elanis in their other characteristics. JTOTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Prerosrichus cuprEus, L., aB. cAgsiIcIUS N.aB.—In 1908 I[ recorded [Irish Nat. 12 61 (1903)] a violet blue aberration of Pterostichus cupreus, L., taken near Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, on June 17th, 1902. under the name of coernlescens. This name, however, cannot stand as our nearly allied species, which we used to call P. versievlor, Stm., is’ considered to be a synonym of P. coerulescens,.L., and the Irish aberration in question is an ab, of /’. cupreus, L. In the European Catalogue Edtn. I (1891) coerulescens was given as an ab. of cupreus ; hence the error. I therefore propose the name caesicius n.ab. for this insect. The head, thorax, and elytra are dark violet blue, the antennae and legs black, except the first two joints of the former, the spurs, and tarsal claws, which are red. I have selected this name to avoid confusion, as there are already insects named— Pterostichus coerulescens, P. violaceus, and P. cyaneus.—Horace DonistHorer (F.Z.8., F.1E.S.). GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. In recent numbers of Lambill. B.-J.Lemphe of Amsterdam has been looking up the nomenclature of the numerous aberrations of the Rhopalocera which have been brought forward more or less recently, particularly those which have been published in the above magazine. Possibly we may give a summary of these when the articles with the discussions are completed. Does anyone at the present time obtain dpamea yuenéet which used to be obtained in large numbers near St. Anne’s-on-Sea? ‘here are other Noctuids which one hears nothing about of late years. Does anyone get Heliophobus hispidus (or oditis as we are told it should be called) 2? Or Agrotis lunigera (trux) which was formerly so abundant at Freshwater? Or Callimorpha hera the Devonshire Tiger which was for years considered as without a British character? Finally does any one sugar? The magazines give us no reports of such doing nowadays. Is the summer time all to blame? Surely some provincial collectors live near available spots for such work. In the Bull. Soc. Lep. Genéve 1980, there is recorded a.rare mon- strosity, an example of T’hestor ballus with five wings, the right upper 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.1931 wing being much atrophied. We much regret that the veteran and illustrious artist M. Culot bas by reason of his age had to give up his work on the plates, which we all used to appreciate so well. Mr. N. D. Riley, of the Brit. Museum, describes a new species of Mylothris (Pieridae) from Madagascar, M. audeoudi with two forms bicolor, and unicolor, illustrated by a coloured plate pourtraying g, 92, and the two forms. Throughout 1930 Lamb. bas been issuing each month admirable photographic reproductions of aberrations of Rhopalocera which have occurred in Belgium, mostly from the actual examples from which the original descriptions were made. An admirable record is thus being obtained of the actual things of which the descriptions are the word pictures. The concluding part of vol. VI. of the Spanish Revista E'spanola de Kutomologia, Hos, was published in December and contains 114 pages with many illustrations. Three articles deal with Orthoptera of which one is by B.P. Uvarov, one on Coleoptera (Cerambycidae), one on Hymenoptera (Chalcididae), one on Pseudoscorpions, and one on Diptera (Culicidae). There are 3 plates illustrating the article on the curious genus Systella (Orthop.) from the Malay region. How soon shall we in this country get a full Annual Report of our ereat National Museum comparable with the Report published of the American National Museum. The Report of the United States National Museum for 1980 of more than 200 pages closely printed is just to hand. It contains a short summary of the work of the year in connection with the museum, the growth of the collections (355,308 biological specimens were added), the field work and exploration carried on by various members of the staff (Dr. Aldrich was in Norway and subsequently went to California), the educational work of the museum (publications and lectures), statistics of the visitors to the museum, publications apart from educational pamphlets, the library, buildings and equipments of the year and details of organization and staff. Then follow long reports of the various departments by their curators, nearly 60 pages of a List of Accessions and a list of the publications and papers issued during the year. A worthy Report, of a great work. The Annals. Nat. Hist. Mus. in Wien for 1930 has just been pub- lished and contains among other matter :—(1) Reports of the Diptera and Mantodea collected by Dr. H. Zerny on the Amazon in 1927. (2) The 2nd part of the Revision of the Gryllacridae in the Vienna Museum by H. H. Karney. (8) Reports of the Micro-lepidoptera (2 plates) and of the Megalopyyidae collected by Dr. Zerny on the Amazon in 1927. (4) On the species of oneilella (Hym. Paras.) in the Vienna Museum by the late Dr. Waterston. The volume is amply illustrated with 5 plates and 157 figures in the text of 450 large quarto pages. We note that in the collection of S. American Micros collected by Dr. Zerny there were 9 new genera and 69 new species out of the 300 species sent, according to the determination of Edw. Meyrick. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. “A CaTALOGUE OF THE RECORDED CoLEOPTERA OF THE Britisa Isuxs,” By Sie T. Hunson Bearw, B.A., B.Se., F.E.S., etc. VII.4+55 pp., Janson and Sons, London (1930).—This work is a considerable advance on all previous lists, and was badly wanted, bringing, as it REVIEWS iy, does, the British list up to date, giving many necessary changes in synonymy, and supplying labels for the cabinet. We must heartily coneratulate our esteemed colleague on what must be considered, on _ the whole a very excellent piece of work. The order followed is [as in the last catalogue by Beare and Donisthorpe (1904)] that of the late Canon Fowler’s Coleoptera of the British Isles ; except in the genus Atheta, where all the names of the subgenera and allied genera are used; a great improvement, which makes this unwieldy and difficult group easier to deal with. The lists of doubtful and introduced species have been left out and many of these names brought into the body of the catalogue. This has its advantages, though in some cases the names are lost to us altogether, and others assume a too important status. The total number of species listed is 3566, but with the addition of two published lists of addenda, together with some in the text, it reaches the considerable figure of 3590. The printing, paper and general get up is good, but the printing of a name in smaller type when it is too long to get into the same line with the author’s name is a defect. : The curtailment of the abbreviations for the author’s names is perhaps too extreme. The chief criticism we have to make is that the author has followed Winkler and the European Catalogues too closely, and consistently. In noting a few of the cases where we disagree we are therefore finding fault with his source of information, and not with the author him- self :— It is very doubtful if Amarochara bonnairet, Fauvel, has priority over A. ylabriventris, Rye. Both names were published in 1865, but it is certain Rye’s name was published in February of that year, and judging by the pagination of the two papers, Rye’s would appear to be the first published. Atheta (Atheta) ignobilis, Sharp and A. (A.) nitidicollis, Fair., as proved to us by Mr. Williams, are good and distinct species, and not synonymous. We have taken both species in Windsor Forest. Batrisodes “ laportei”’ is incorrect; C. Aubé, who described the species in 1888, wrote Batrisodes delaportet and so it must remain. “¢ Myrmecoxenus’’ should be written Myrmechivenus as we have shown elsewhere [Hnt. Mo. Mag. 66 154 (1930)]. Aug. Chevrolat founded the genus in 1835, and spelt it Myrmechixenus. As pointed out by us | Hnt. Rec. 25 92 (1913)], our myrmecophilous and northern ‘“‘ Cetonia”’ is the var. metallica, Hbst., and, of course, is a subspecies not an aberration. Potosia cuprea, I’. var. floricola auct.= metallica, Hbst. Elater praeustus, F., and [. coccinatus, Rye, are quite distinct species, and. not synonymous; they differ from each other in shape, colour, pubescence, puncturation, etc. The author has paved the way for what is really wanted now—a British Catalogue, not simply a list of names. At least all the names that have been used in British lists and literature should be given, with the synonymy, references to and dates of the original descriptions, ete. This is, of course, a task which no one man, or even two or more, could hope to undertake with success unless with the help of all our specialists 56 ' /NTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1981 in Coleoptera, with a committee of British Coleopterists to organize, direct, and superintend the publication.—Hoxacr DonisrHorpE. Parts 19 and 20 of the Supplement to Seitz’ Palaearctic Butterflies have just been published, and contain the continuation of the additions to the Lycaenidae. The particulars as to Plebeius aegon (argus auct.) are completed. In dealing with these well distributed species it has been found convenient to consider the geographical sections more or less separately. For example, in the present species the individual aberration which may reasonably be expected to occur in all races and subspecies is dealt with first; colour aberration, aberration in size, and shape and arrangement of marking, suppression and super- abundance of dots, eyespots, ete. The British, Central Swiss, Alpine, Tyrol, Dalmatian and Balkan, Pyrenean, Spanish, Italian (Apennine) Asia Minor, Turkestan, Altai, Japanese, etc., localities are all separately grouped, and the prevailing forms are the better contrasted and understood. The species which Chapman and Verity separated from aegon, viz., insularis distributed from N. Italy and 8S. France to Japan | is adequately dealt with. The consideration of aryus=aryyrognomon is taken as an opportunity to emphasise the confusion of using the name aryus for two nearly allied species, and to condemn the introduction of the name idas. The erratic use of the name argus in the past ‘* has made it difficult to classify correctly to each species the various forms that should belong to them.” This species is dealt with in the same way as aeyon, Courvoisier’s terms being largely used for the aberrations. In treating of sephyrus (spelt correctly) the opportunity has been taken to point ont that the name lycidas, Trapp nec Meigen, must be replaced by trappii, Vrty. The compiler has recognised abencerragus as a true species from baton, and allocated the previously named forms to their proper species ; vicrama, Moore, is similarly dealt with. Concerning the widely distributed and by no means common phere¢tes there is room for much more research before it can be adequately understood. Medon=astrarche is treated separately from cramera, Krsch., and an attempt made to correctly allocate the recorded forms. Particularly interesting and useful will the account of icarus be found by our British entomologists, and an attempt has been made to collate the various aberrational names with the result of considerable suppression and substitution in nomenclature. Of course it is dealt with geographically as with other wide-spread common species. ‘To continental collectors the paragraph on thersites will be found very useful. The beautiful hylas, meleayer, escheri, and thetis=bellarqgus, and coridon are fully dealt with. From the last albicans has been separated as a true species and the named forms allocated. Of course it is quite impossible to give figures of all but very few of the forms referred to, although 50 to 80 figures are on each plate. The matter is quite up to date for the recent researches of Hemming, Verity and others are here faithfully recorded and assimilated. In the two parts are 82 pages and two plates, both of which are well executed, that of the ‘‘ Lycaenids”’ extremely so. Of this supplementary volume up to the present there have been issued 288 pages and 15 coloured plates.— Hy.J.T. i. All MS. and EDITORJAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to y. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. 3 We must earnestly request our correspondents nov to send us communications iunrieaL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at _ the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrRavions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ''hey should _be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. IW. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list _ sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thirlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Many species of Noctuae and selected forms. Desiderata.—Early stages preferred. Opima, populeti, gracilis (Irish and Scotch and _ Manx), gothicina forms of gothica and selected unusual forms of incerta, gracilis and _ munda.—A. J. Wightman, ‘* durago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ‘ Signor Aurrepo Faz, Calle Bandera 714, Santiago, Chili, is willing to exchange first _ Class Chilean Coleoptera, especially Carabus, sps., for striking Coleoptera from all parts of the World. Excuaners.— Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Durexicatrs.—Indian Butterflies —A. F. Rosa, M.D., 4, Bellevue Crest, Edinburgh. Wantep.—Seitz Macrolepidoptera, Vol. 5, Text only.—Rev. T. W. Adam, Riddlesworth _ Rectory, Diss. Cuance or Appress.—J. F. Bird, ‘‘ Eastholm,’’ Churchdown, Glos. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7. 8p.m. March 18th, April Ist. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. March 26th, April 9th, 23rd.—Hon. Secretary, Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German's Place. Blackheath, 8.1.3. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings lst and 3rd Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through ener or from the Hon. See. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, SSeX. A FEW SPECIMENS OF TRUE AGROTIS LOREZI FOR SALE. Apply to :— vt A. SIEBENHUNER, Dibendorf, Switzerland. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Kidited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. CRAWFORD, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Hon. Secy., ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by T. F. Marriner, — Wm. Fassnidge, Lt. E. B. Ashby, B. C. S. Warren, H. B. D. Kettlewell, Capt. K. J. Hayward, H. Willoughby-Ellis, W. H. Edwards, P. Haig-Thomas, W. H. T. Tams, — E. Russell, A. J. Wightman, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, P. P. Graves, Dr. Burr, Dr. Verity, Miss M. F. Fison, C. Nicholson, H. Donisthorpe, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER ‘« Latemar,’? West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. — BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) bs. CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus dcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— — Differentiation of Aelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Praetical Hints (many) —_ arallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the — inter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymie notes—-Retrospect of a Tepidopterist — or 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— — Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MunanismM AND Mutanocurotsm—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VarIATIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima — —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys _ prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-— thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- — elature and the Acronyctidaec—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora — derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H..E. PAGE, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.E. 14 to whom Oheques and Postal Orders should be made. payable i te eel =e ee “—— ITED G. T. Beruone-Baxker, F.z.8., F.e.8., | J. HE. Conuin, F.E.S> , i the Chairman. H. DonISTHORPE, F.Z.8 EES. 4 R. 8S. BAGNALL, D.8C., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. Major P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S.~ «. tance of | Maxcoum Burr, p.8c., F.E.s. H. E. Paar, F.x.s. 3: Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.4.s. ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. E. A. Cocokaynr, M.A., M.D., F.E.S., Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.E.8., F.Z.S. F.R.C.P. By Henry J. TURNER, F.5.8., F.R.H.S., Editorial Seeretary. CONTENTS June in the Balkans, P. Haig-Thomas, E.E.S. a aa 4: Ey BT Notes on Heliothis peltigera, H. B. D. Kettlewell_ .. au Ks Ar 62 ~ Notes from Morocco, Harold Powell, Hon. F.E.S... at a Be 65 - Geographical Variations of M. diamina (dictynna), Dr. R. Verity .. ae 66 . Nores on Coxnnrcrine.—T. miser, a Chalcid Parasite on Caesida, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E.S.; Abundance of Larvae of M. rubi, T. Greer; Aberration in P. brassicae, F. W. Frohawk, F.E.S. .. ig 70 Current Notes... Dy =f iy ee te as A ae ral Revirws.—‘‘ Demons of the Dust.’ W. I!. Wheeler, H. Donisthorpe ; Seitz Supplement, H.J.T., ‘‘ Migration of Butterfles,’’ C. B. Williams, H.E.P. - ie oe Pa am ‘i 71 Osrrvaris.—Major C. E. Liles; Eric Wasmann, 8. J., Hon. F.E.S... 75 Suprrement.—British Noctuae, H. J. 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