metals Po tes 1c life Sa doensated y a Poatnat Rhine A ate atone Pt ang eNOS . ee Fab aeons ia eng ae Meee haat Ayia me nerte en hemi 7 ee me ‘ : “ hence ae Past re PMs Ram ear Bgh et te sgh eh a 9 el wae reer rapt : peanan Ph yhse Bie ae ae, perso” st a see evar: POR CH pe Pantheon im de ot ey ee a 3 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. | LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF Pee Cah ae ee ZOOLOGY ! . ; ie baa a mai Fae it Ks if Ay Lee Ny i ¥ THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD JOURNAL OF VARIATION . EpItrEp BY R. S. BAGNaLt, D.SC., F.R.S.E. T. Barnsriceze FLErcurr, Matcotm BURR, D.8C.,F.R.E.8. R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. Rev. C.R.N. Burrows, F.R.£.S. H. HE. PAaGs, F.R.2.s. H. A. CockayNnkE, A.M., D.M., ALYRED SICH, F.R.E.S. r F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., J. E. Connin, J.P., F.R.E.S. oI Soy WloMAaSe H. DonIstHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. G. T. Beruunn-BakeEr, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus. and Henry J. TURNER, v.R.£.s., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary VOL. XLVI. (new series). JANUARY to DECEMBER, 1984. * PRICE 12s. 6d. Special Index (with every reference) 1s. 6d. We wish our Readers the Compliments of the Season. This Season has not been a bad one and the energetic workers have done well on the whole. The workers are few we suppose for our magazines get only a limited number of records. In the early days of this magazine so great was the quantity of notes on Collecting that many got almost out of date before publication. We have been fortunate as regards plates this year and we have two or three already in view for 1935. Will subscribers note that not only is a subseription to our coffers needed but entomological obser- vations too are badly needed, especially Current Notes and Information. Our sub-title ‘ Journal of Variation” has been well kept in view. The first volume of the Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae and their Variation is completed all but the Appendix and Index, and Dr. Verity has continued to deal with the Butterfly races of the Rhone Valley, each month. Owing to the generous help of one of our valued contributors we were able to give our readers eight plates to his paper. We have felt obliged to take up some amount of space, much against our desire, on the question of Nomenclature, as the List of names for our British Butterflies recently issued by the Royal Ent. Soc. was thought by many to be founded on incorrect premises and thus only of temporary use.—Hy.J.T. eer for at Bat are now due. Vol. XLVI. \3GA D JANUARY, 1934 § ul ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND Le JOURNAL OF VARIATION EpitEep R. S. BaGnauu, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonisvHoren, F.Z.S., ¥.R-E.S. p Matcoum Bore, D.SC., V.R.E.S. JT. Barinpriccr FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., with the Rev. C. KR. N. Burrows, ¥.R.u.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. assistance of | H- A. Cockaynn, a.m., D.u., F.R.E.S., | H. DE. Pan, v.r.u.s. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, V.R.U.S. J. BK. Contin, J.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. \WHrithmr, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-BakeEr, V.Z.8., F.R.E.8. By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.=.8., ¥.R.u.8., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS Entomological Notes of the Season 1933 in N. Ireland, Thos. Greer sO 1 Collecting Butterflies in Orissa, India, W. MW. Crawford, F.R.E.S. ws 4 Screntiric Notrs.—T. pene in ee J.C. F. Fryer, FREES. C. pronubana, Id. .. ae u Notes oN CoLuEcrine. _ iin sL cal Notes a G0. Dublin, L. Bonaparte-Wyse: C. hyale, etc., in W. Sussex, Id.: H. convolvuli and M. atropos, G. L. Thynne: C. pronubana in die I. of Wight, H. G. Jeffreys: P. livornica in Wilts., J. B. Fragley: Collecting on the Dorset Coast, Capt. C. Q. Parsons: A. sioulans) in Berkshire, G. S. Le M.D.: Melanic var. of C. ee Id. Cans of Insects. . 50 a st a5 8 CURRENT NEE we we a a Pe os a ve Se 10 REVIEW es be we Bs aS Ae Ae A 12 Information ted Hy. 7. DS ooears a oe ag ei Sab eeee 12 Sprcrat INDEX ahs ats ee i.-x. SUPPLEMENT.—British Notas. m y. J. Dae F. Ra; E. 1S, F. 7. H.S. —(309)-(312) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. This number, Price TWO SHILLINGS (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 H ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET a IS li i Dp L & SO N, MANUFACTURERS, Have for disposal Re-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Imsect Gabinets; also Gheap Storage Gahbinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WinnespEn 0309. THE: VASCULOT A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A WV. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam. WVilliam Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WW. Temperley. The Vasculum is, now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. NOW READY BRITISH BEETLES Their Homes and Habits BY NORMAN JOY, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S., M.B.O.U. (Author of ‘‘ A Practical Handbook of British Beetles.’’) Illustrated with 4 full-page photographic plates, 27 plates of repre- sentative Species and numerous text diagrams. Size 8 in. by 5# in. Cloth Gilt, 5/- net. FREDERICK WARNE & CO, LTD., 1-4, Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kennero J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S. Is. 3d. Hiubner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) 56 -. 935. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.R.H.S. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of nt. Record, new series ; including ‘Special Index . Bre : Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be obtained post sobs i om. a, W. fea 5. 6, reste Road, Eltham, 8.E.%. gin vlogists , t wy JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Er Ong AND Warne SSENAG IN@e. ale January 1l5rx, 1934. Entomological Notes of the Season 1933 in the North of Ireland. By THOMAS GREER. The past season here has been remarkable for the long spell of fine dry weather that has prevailed from early May until well into October. In many districts there is at the present time a water famine, and many local farmers are now carting water from the nearest stream or river for their flocks. As is usual in a dry season sugar was of little use, but by working various flowers; snowberry in June; marsh grasses and ragweed in July and August; |] managed to gather a use-- ful collection of Noctuae. On 20th March Melitaea aurinia larvae had left their winter nests, in the meadow here, and were basking in the fitful sunshine; Alsophila (Anisopteryx) aescularia came to light on 22nd March. An outing toa neighbouring bog on 2nd April for Amphysa prodromana was unsuccess- ful owing to the high wind, but larvae of M. aurinia were found in a new locality. On 6th April on another bog several A. rrodromana were netted flying in the afternoon sun over a mixed growth of heather and Potentilla reptans. Xylocampa areola appeared at sallows on 4th April together with Taentocampa munda, T. gracilis, T. uothica and T’, stabilis. Pieris napi was first observed on 19th April and in both broods several completely banded (from apex of fore-wing to inner marginal spot) forms occurred. Euchloé cardamines was abundant, several nice forms were captured, including a 3 without discal spot on forewing ; g with the orange blotch edged internally with black scales, these black scales extending from the discal spot to inner margin of forewing ; form wnbresa, Culot; another g with the orange blotch extensively clouded with black seales. During the month of May the following Geometers were more or less common at dusk ; Coenotephria derivata, Xanthorhoé spadicearia, X. ferrugata, Ochyria designata, and Lamprop- teryx suffumata; X. ferrugata being in this district much less common than X. spadicearia. Bapta temerata was beaten out of black-thorn hedges in the day-time, and Chiasmia clathrata was abundant and variable, flying in the sunshine in damp meadows. In these same 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S REOCORD. 15.1.1934 meadows, towards the ond of the month M. aurinia was about in small numbers, but was much more abundant during June, when several dark forms were captured. About this time, an expedition to Slieve Gallion, a mountain some miles from here, especially for Hadena glauca, had poor results as far as glauca was concerned, only a few worn and faded examples. being ° seen at a sallow bush which was still in bloom. On the way home, in a little ravine, on the mountain side a number of Dysstroma truncata, Calostigia salicata and Hydriomena ruberata, were netted flying to the lamp. lEHarly in June Perizoma affinitata and P. flavofasciata were abundant on a high sandy bank at Killymoon where Lychnis divrna grows in great masses ; the latter species flew freely in the sun in the afternoon, but P. affinitata did not appear on the wing until dusk. A fresh looking example of Pyrameis atalanta was sunning itself on the bracken fronds ; and several Mesoleuca albicillata were observed at rest on tree trunks. About the middle of the month Adscita statices was flying in scores in damp meadows; several of the steel-bluish- -green type form were netted ; at dusk in the same meadows Miana arcuosa was common, and Dianthoecia conspersa, D. cucubali, and one Hecatera serena were captured at Lychnis ffos-cucult. On the bogs, and marshy meadows nearby in North Armagh on 18th June, M. awinia was flying in numbers and Hemaris tityus was common at the Lousewort (/’edicnlaris), but mostly in worn condition, several Aryyrolepia baumanniana were disturbed from the scabious and captured. At the edge of a small lake Hydrelia wneula occurred commonly among the sedges along with buactra furfurana; Penthina corticana, and Sericoris urticana in numbers were beaten out of birch scrub. But the best catch of the day was an example of Hipocrita (Huchelia) jacobaeae having the costal snipe on forewing joined to the apical spot. Large numbers of moths mostly common Noctuae were attracted to the snowberry flowers at dusk; the following being observed: Xylophasia rurea various forms, Apamea gemina, with f. remissa, A. basilinea, Miana fasciuncula, Grammesia trigrammica, Rusina tenebrosa, Ayrotis seyetis, A. eaclamattonis, Noctua plecta, N. festiva, N. yubi, Dianthoecia cucubali, Hadena dentina, H. thalassina, Abrostola triplasia, Plusia festucae, and P. pulchrina. Sugar was tried on several nights but produced only a few Apamea unanimis, and Miana fasciuncula. Humorpha (Chaerocampa) elpenor and D. conspersa visited the flowers of Hesperis matronalis in the garden, and a nice series of Boarmia lichenarvia was captured at dusk. In a meadow here (Milton) at the end of.this month, Hupithecia palustraria, and Heterognomon icterana, were observed, the latter in some numbers was disturbed from the coarse grass and rushes, and in the evening Campaea margaritata, Boarmia repandata, Ptychopoda - biselata, P. aversata, and Zanthognatha grisealis were taken. On 6th July at Lough Fea Orambus margaritellus was out in numbers, and sugar was fairly successful, the following being observed or taken, Noctua festiva, some nice red forms, N. brunnea, Hadena pisi, Xylophasia monoglypha, dark forms, and Hadena adusta. Semasia woebertana was common on 8th July on some apple-trees in the garden and several Zanthognatha tarsipennis were netted flying along an ivy ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES IN NORTH OF IRELAND. 3 covered wall. At grasses in wet places and ditches the following species were observed or taken, Noctua wmbrosa, N. augur, Thyatira derasa and 7. batis, Leucania comma, L. impura, L. pallens, Apamea secalis, in endless variety, A. ophiogramma, Miana literosa, and Mania typica; the Geometers were represented by Lygris testata, Dysstroma citrata, Calostigia pectinitaria, Perizoma alchemillata, and Hydriomena furcata ; Xanthorhoé munitata, which occurred in similar localities (quite lowland) near Stewartstown does not seem to be present here. On 2nd August a sandy area on the shore of Lough Neagh near Newport Trench was visited ;, Agrotis vestigialis turned up in some numbers at ragweed, a dark brown form ; the following also occurred Ayrotis tritict, abundant; Miana bicoloria, and M. literosa, were also common ; other species present were Apamea secalis, Noctua wanthoyrapha, Triphaena comes, Hydraecia crinanensis, Cerigo matura, and Amphipyra tragopogonis. A few days later A vestigialis was noted again on the sands at the mouth of the Ballinderry river. Although Kane in his ‘‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland ”’ does not mention a single inland locality, this species is found all along the western shore of Lough Neagh wherever there are sandy areas, from Washing Bay in Co. Tyrone in the south, to Toome in Co. Antrim in the north. On 4th August at Killyeolpy Wood, Lough Neagh, /’enthina marginana and Semasia populana were netted in a rough meadow. Beating mixed hedges at Milton on 8th August produced Dictyopterya ({Acalla) holmiana, Rhacodia emaryana (caudana), with forms griseana and fuscana; Peronea schalleriana, P. sparsana, P. variegana, with form argentana, P. latifasciana, in the forms comparana and perplewana, and Teras (Aleimona) contaminana. On 11th August at the Magilligan sands, Co Derry: Satyrus semele, Npinephelejurtina, ssp. termes, a small form, Polyommatus icarus, were all more or less abundant ; ‘and from Rosa spinosissima numerous examples of Spilonota incarnatana were beaten out; larvae of Homaeosoma cretacella were found in their webs on Ragweed. Pyrameis atalanta and Vanessa io first appeared at Buddleia in the garden on 14th August and 1’. cardui on the 15th at Seabious. During the month all three species were more abundant in this district than they have been for many years. P.atalanta was the most numerous, out- numbering V. io and P. cardui by about six toone. Curiously enough P. cardui did not visit the Buddleia, although it was common enough on the scabious in rough meadows close by. By the end of the month cardwi had almost vanished, but atalanta was to be seen about until the end of October at flowers in the garden, andivy bloom. At Killymoon at various times heather bloom was examined at dusk with a lamp, Ayrotis agathina and Noctua glareosa turning up in small numbers, but nothing else of note. On 29th August a single Deuteronomos alniaria was taken at rest on the frame of a street lamp at 2.80 a.m. s.t. in Cookstown; and a % Colias croceus was observed flying rapidly down the main street at 11.30 a.m. ; another ¢ was seen in a bog on the Dungannon road. About this time lst September, there was an invasion of Herse (Sphinx) convolvuli in the district; a number mostly taken at rest were brought here for identification and several were also observed flying around Nicotiana in the garden at dusk, ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19384 _ Pararge megera made a welcome appearance after an apparent absence of many years. Numbers of Nomophila noctuella, and Scopula ferrugalis in less abundance, frequented the rough meadows in which P. cardui had been so common during the preceding month. Ennomos quercinaria, a local and uncommon moth in this district was found at rest on an ivy leaf on 16th September. During October Calocampa vetusta, in the form brunnea was common at ivy bloom. Second broods of Plusia festucae in August, and P. chrysitis in September have occurred, and larvae of Pieris brassicae are (28th November) feeding in the open. Collecting Butterflies in Orissa (Bihar and Orissa), India. By W. M. CRAWFORD, F.R.E.S. Sambalpur, which was my headquarters from February, 1911, to March, 1915, is the chief town of the district of the same name. The district is the only one of the five British districts forming the Orissa division, which lies far inland. The others are either on the coast or close to it. Most of my collecting was done at Sambalpur or in the district, but in 1918 I took a long tour down the river Mahanaddi to Cuttack, visiting a number of Native States on the way. In June of that year I had visited the mountainous region of Meghasini in the Mourbhanj State, the highest point of which reaches 3823 feet above sea level. The main crop of the district is rice, which implies a damp climate. A large part of the valley of the Mahanaddi, on the banks of which the town of Sambalpur is situated, is within the 500 foot contour, but there are many small hill ranges, chiefly on the outskirts of the district, which rise to 1000 ft. or 1500 ft. The spot where some of the best and most uncommon butterflies were caught, was at the highest point of a small wooded hill within the limits of the civil station of Sambalpur. My butterfly-boy discovered the place, and there, standing on the top of a rock beside a tree on the very summit of the hill, and with a long handle fastened to his net, he caught the insects which settled on the tree or flew about it. Many of these I had never seen in my garden down by the river bank, nor anywhere else in the district. Orissa is a very interesting collecting ground, as it is the meeting place of both northern and southern forms. I have tried to indicate this division in the following list. Those butterflies which belong to a species or race chiefly found in places to the north of Sambalpur have been marked with the letter N. On the other hand those whose principal range is in South India have been given the letter S. Those without either of these letters are butterflies which extend over the whole of India, or at any rate both north and south of Orissa. In the short visit I was able to pay to Meghasini, the high mountain in Mourbhanj, I caught no less than six species which had not previously been found south of the Himalayas. These are 7roides helena, Li. ssp. cerberus, Fldr., Papilio paris, L. paris, P. chaon, Wstwd. chaon, Zetides doson, Fldr. ssp. axion, Fldr. COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES IN ORISSA, INDIA. 5 Apatura parisatis, Wstwd. parisatis and Diagora persimilis, Wstwd.. persimilis. It seems likely that a longer opportunity of exploring its possibilities would have resulted in still more Himalayan forms being found, When we consider that the Meghasini mountains are some 400 miles from the nearest point of the Himalaya range with the wide Gangetic plain lying between, it seems likely that their Himalayan butterfly fauna goes back to a far distant time and is not the result of the later migrations. I have unfortunately not enough material to show any local races. The names in the following list are as given in Brigadier W. H. Fivans’ ‘“ Identification of Indian Butterflies, ”” Second Edition. PaPILIONIDAE, 1. Trotdes helena, L. ssp. cerberus, Fldr.—lI only secured one male of this species on the top of Meghasini mountain, and later a friend sent me a female, unfortunately very damaged, from the same place. The male has a complete series of black spots on the yellow area of the hindwing and was described by Captain (now Brigadier) W. H. HKyans as an aberration (v. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society, Wolk XO:GUL, jo W7O)ja. IN 2. T'ros hector, L.—Found more commonly at Puri on the coast, but also in Sambalpur. 3. T. aristolochiae, F. aristolochiae—Common, especially in gardens. 4. Chilasa clytia, lL. clytia.—Fairly common in both the typical brown form and the dimorphic form dissimilis, L. I bred a number from larvae found on a small bush in my garden. 5. Papilio polymnestor, Cr, polymnestor..—Common both in the plains and on Meghasini mountain. N. 6. P. paris, L. parts.—I got this also on Meghasini most of these are marked rather like the southern tamana, but in size are true paris. N. 7. P.crino, F.—Common in Sambalpur. 5S. 8. P.chaon, Wstwd. chaon.—Another of the Meghasini captures. N. 9. P. polytes, Li. ssp. romulus, Cr.—Common with three forms of females. 10. P. demoleus, Li. demoleus.—Very common. 11. Pathysa nomius, Hsp. nomius.—Kairly common. Found larvae on a big Polyalthia longifolia tree in my compound and bred out several. 12. P. antiphates, Cr. ssp. pompilius, F.—F ound it very plentiful on Meghasini, swarms of them settling on a muddy swamp that probably partook of the nature of a ‘“ salt-lick,” as the butterflies seemed half intoxicated, N. 13. Zetides sarpedon, Li. sarpedon.—Also very numerous on Meghasini along with the previous butterfly. N. 14. Z. doson, Fldr. ssp. avion, Fldr.—Found both on Meghasini and Sambalpur. N. PIERIDAE. 15. Leptosia nina, F. (wiphia, F.).—Not common. 16. Detias eucharis, Drury.—Very common. 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15.11.1984 17. . Belenois mesentina, Cr. mesentina. {Sonn itin common. I got several very small specimens, both male and female. 18. Cepora (Huphina) nerissa, F. ssp. evagete, Cr.—Common. Unlike most butterflies, the females of this species, especially in the dry season form, are frequently smaller than the males. 8. 19. Appias indra, Mr. indra.—Two from Meghasini. N. 20. A. libythea, F. libythea.—I only obtained a single female—of wet season form—in Sambalpur. S. 21. Catopsilia crocale, Cr.—Very common. 22. C. pomona, F. —Also very common, likewise its female variety vcatilla, Gr. . 23. - C. pyranthe, L. minna, Herbst. HOG mom 24. C. florella, F. ssp. gnoma, F.*—Common. 25. HKurema (Terias) libythea, ¥—Common. 26. EH, laeta, Bdv. laeta.—Fairly common, both in W.S.F. venata, Mr. and D.S.F. laeta, Bdy. S. 27. EH. blanda, Bdvy. ssp. silhetana, Wall.—I got three on Meghasini. 28. HH. hecabe, Li. ssp. stmulata, Mr.—Very common everywhere. 8. . 29. Ixtas marianne, Cr.—I only got 5 gs and1 @? in the Ranpur and Nayagarh Feudatory States. 30. 1. pyrene, L. ssp. frequens, Btlr.—Also got.in the Nayagarh State. S. Bl. Hebomora glaucippe, L. ylaucippe.—Only one specimen caught, on January 27th, at Lijepur in the Sambalpur district, in the open plain west of the river. N. 32. Pareronia valeria, Cr. ssp. hippia, F.—Common. This pale blue butterfly (male) is very pretty in the sunlight, and the females are wonderful mimics of Danaid butterflies of the black and white kinds. DaANaIDAB. 83. Danais aglea, Cr. aglea.—Caught two on Meghasini and one at Tikrapara in the Angul district. 8. 34. D. limniace, Or. ssp. mutina, Fruh.—Very common. aii» JD), plexippus, L.—Also very common. 36. D. chrysippus, L.—Probably the commonest butterfly. I did not come across any specimen of the alcippoides or dorippus forms. 37. Huploea muleiber, Or. ssp. kalinga, Doh.—One male obtained in Narsinghpur State in September, but unfortunately in poor condition. WD. ‘ 38. H. core, Cr. core.—Very common. S. SATYRIDAR. 39. Mycalesis anawias, Hew. ssp. aemate, Fruh.—I caught three specimens on Meghasini. N. 40. M. perseus, Fb. ssp. typhius, Fruh.—Common in both dry and wet season forms. I got one female (dry season) with the ocelli marked on the underside by prominent white spots instead of the usual black spots. N. 41. M. mineus, L. ssp. polydecta, Cr.—Also common. N. * Seitz gives gnoma as the dry season form of pyranthe,—Hy.J.T. SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Tt 42. Lethe enropa, Fb. ssp. ragalva, Fruh.—Not uncommon. 6. . 43, L.. rohria, Fb. rohria.—Three males cane on Meghasini, one in April and two in May. N. 44. Ypthima asterope, Klug. ssp. mahratta, Mr.—Common. 45. Y. ceylonica, Hew.—These were only found in Nayagarh and Ranpur States, which | visited im September. 5S. 46. Y. hubnerti, Kirby, hubnert.—Very common. 47. Y.avanta, Mr. ssp. sinygala, Fldr.—A single male taken in Sambaipur. §. 48. Y. baldus, F. ssp. madrasa, Hvans.—Very common. S%. 49. Opncdricene medus, Kb. medus.—Very common, especially in dry season form. N. 50. Melanitis leda, L. ssp. ismene, Cr.—Also very common, and again especially in the dry season form, which shows an immense variety in the markings of the underside. 51. Mlymnias hypermnestra, Hb. ssp. undularis, Drury.—Fairly common. N. Ke he NyYMPHALIDAE. 52. Charaxes polyxena, Cr. ssp. imna, Btlr.—A large series of males - was obtained in Sambalpur, but only a single female. The wet season males have a noticeably broader black marginal band on the upper forewing and also show a definitely longer and more pointed tail to the hindwing than do the dry season specimens. I have not found in these latter the tawny markings on the border of the upper forewing, which Evans, in his “ Identification of Indian Butterflies” gives as a feature of the dry season form. My only specimen showing such markings is a very small one (span only 68mm.) caught in July, when one would naturally expect a wet season form. S. 53. OU. fabius, Fb. fabius.—Found very commonly, though females were scarce. (To be continued.) SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. Tortrrx postvitrana, WatLker, In EXnauanp.—In view of Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher's note on this species (antea p. 165) it may be of interest to recall that a previous specimen was reared in 1927 by Mr. Hodson of Reading University from a larva he had obtained in a box ° of New Zealand apples. This occurrence was recorded in a report on insect pests in 1925-1927 (Ministry of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication No. 62). The species is evidently one that would not prove a desirable addition to the British fauna but, it would seem difficult to take any steps to guard against this contingency, since larvae might be imported with almost any form of merchandise from Australia and New Zealand.—J. C. F. Fryer, F.R.E.S., Harpenden. Cacorcia pronuBana, Hs.—With reference to Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher’s note on the distribution of this species (atea p. 164), it 1s perhaps worth pointing out that the insect is a serious glasshouse pest and that its spread is likely to have been assisted by the distribu- tion of greenhouse plants. It is, moreover, possible that its establish- ment under elass has allowed the species to persist in areas in which 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1934 otherwise it could have effected but temporary settlements. Of the plants attacked, carnations suffer most seriously and in consequence the inseet is known in Germany as the ‘‘ Nelkenwickler”’; species of Cytisus are also very liable to injury, but the pest is so polyphagous that any list of its foodplants would be a long one. In spite of the ease with which the insect may be conveyed from place to place on plants, it seems doubtful whether the first invasion of the more northern countries of Kurope was due to this means. Rather, there would seem to have been a migration northwards at the beginning of the present century, somewhat of the same character as took place with Plusia moneta.—Ip. J)OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. Entomotoeica Notes From Co. Dusiin.—I spent a fortnight at Kingstown during the latter half of last August. Unfortunately I had little time for collecting. In a disused quarry at the back of Dalkey town I found a few butterflies flying such as, Pyrameis cardut, Pararge megera, P. aegeria, Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas, Polyommatus icarus, ete. A bed of Pulicaria growing in damp ground proved a great attraction to these species as well as to Pieris brassicae and P. napt. At Glenageary station, while waiting for a train, I saw a couple of Macroglossum stellatarum, one or two Pyrameis cardut, Vanessa io and several Aglais wrticae, also a few R. phlaeas and P. icarus at flowers of valerian, M. stellatarwm was also seen at Blackrock in a garden. On 29th August I went out to Howth Head which dominates Dublin Bay. It was a lovely summer’s day and there were plenty of butterflies about. 1 never remember seeing Pyrameis atalanta in such abundance anywhere and all in the pink of condition. A few Colias croceus were flying and | secured one, a female. Mr. Stelfox of the Dublin Museum told me that ‘‘ Clouded Yellows”? had been seen frequently this summer on the Dublin coast.—L. H. Bonaparte Wyss, Shoreham-by-Sea. Conias HyaLr, ETc., In West Sussex.—I captured a fine male specimen of Colias hyale on the Downs behind Shoreham on 4th August. Shortly after on the same ground I took a female C. croceus. From then onwards C. croceus occurred there but rather sparingly, until October 5th, but I did not see any more C. hyale. In 1928 C. croceus Was very abundant here and some nice specimens of var. ? helice were secured. On 21st July I collected around Lancing Clump and netted a specimen of Polygonia c-album, which was the first time I had seen it in these parts. However, on 1Jth September I met with a second near Old Shoreham on the flowers of Pulicaria, unfortunately torn though otherwise quite fresh. A third was seen on Buddleia in Shoreham town. Pyrameis atalanta and Aglais wrticae were both very common here this summer and P. cardui less so, while a large colony of the larvae of Vanessa io was located at Lancing and. one or two imagines reared. The Blues were much in evidence on the Downs, Ayriades coridon outnumbering all other species. A. bellaryus however, has become scarce in the last few years in a certain locality where it was once NOTES ON COLLECTING. 9 plentiful. Macroglossum stellatarum was observed hovering over the flowers of valerian in gardens in Bungalow Town throughout the summer and autumn until 7th November.—In. Hers convotvunr anp Manpuca atropos.—I found a larva of the convolvulus hawkmoth near Hove. It went down directly it was given a pot of earth. This was at the end of August. It emerged on the 28th September, having been kept in a warm garage. In the same district at the foot of the Downs at Hove seven “death’s heads” (1. atropos) larvae were found on potatoes. They were nearly full fed and early in September two emerged quite naturally, but one was a cripple and the other worse than that as it died half way through, and one only half pupated and also died. The remaining four I left while I went away for a fortnight and on my return forced them with damp heat with the result that three perfect specimens and one cripple emerged. This was between 28rd and 28th of October. | had a very battered specimen brought me at the end of October quite useless and was told that it flew into a cottage. It was thought to be a bat and was laid out with a piece of wood: needless to say, it was not the sort of thing to set up. A friend of mine at Basset near Southampton told me that he had seen quite a dozen “convolvulus hawks” in his garden at the tobacco plants and other flowers just before dusk, but did not take any.—G. L. Tuynnx, 34, Carlisle Rd., Hove, Sussex. _ CacokcIA PRONUBANA IN THE Isie or WieHr.—As a record of the spreading range of this Tortricid it may be interesting to note that I boxed a specimen off a shop window in Newport, Isle of Wight on 30th of September, 19383.—H. G. Jurrrays, Newport. Paryxus Livornica in WruirsHrre.—A ‘striped hawk” moth was caught in the kitchen of St. Patrick’s, Littleton Panel, nr. Devises, Wilts. at 8 p.m. on 19th Noy. It is a perfect specimen. In 1909 at Voerspoed near Kronstad in the Orange Free State, S. Africa, the vine on the house was literally stripped by the larvae of this species; I could have obtained hundreds.—J. B. Fraciny, The Rookery, Cosham, Wilts. Coniectine on THE Dorset Coast in June, 1931.—In 1981 J spent a fortnight commencing 14th June at West Bexington a small hamlet on the coast about a mile west of Abbotsbury. The coast line is devoid of marram grass and sand, but consists of deep shingle. There is a very pretty stretch of thrift and a fair smattering of Silene. There is also a small stream bordering the shore, fringed with Phragmites and a long stretch of Umbelliferae, the blossoms of which latter proved most attractive to Noetuae, which were so keen that they remained quite undisturbed by the light of the lamp. ‘The country around consists of undulating grass land devoid of trees but with an abundance of hawthorn hedges. The following are the species taken; the letter C. denotes common. Phryawus livorniea, 2.—One flying over Silene and one at rest on hawthorn, during the day, the latter much the worse for heavy rain. Theretra porcellus.—One at valerian blossom in the garden of the house where westayed. Porthesia similis (auriflua), C.—Larvae on hawthorn. 10: ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1:1984 Lachneis lanestris.— Several colonies of larvae on hawthorn. Eutricha quercifolia.—A larva found by my wife on hawthorn at Sayre, a neigh- bouring village. Diloba caeruleocephala, C.—Larvae on hawthorn. - Leucania straminea.—Larvae on Phragmites. Mamestra sordida and Apamea gemina.— Both at blossoms of Umbelliferae. Miana strigilis. Grammesia trigramamieca. Caradrina quadripunetata—One on Umbelliferae blossoms. Agrotis eaclamationis—Abundant on Umbels. Dianthoecia carpophaga.—F lying over Silene. Hupleaia lucipara.—On the Umbels. Hadena dentina. Pyrrhia wnbra (marginata).—One at flowerheads. Acontia luctuosa. C.—Along the shore to the eastward darting about in the sunshine amongst the thrift, I took some fine varieties, Hmaturga atomaria.—In company with A. luctuosa. Timandra amata. Ortholitha cervinata. C.—The larvae.—C. Q. Parsons, (Capt.), ‘‘ Alma Marceau,” Seaway Lane, Torquay. AGRoTIS sIMULANS IN Berxsarry.—I find no mention of this species occurring in Berks. in South’s Moths of the British Isles, Series IJ. Dr. J. C. Rohan kindly gave mea single specimen which came to his electric light at Cholsey near Wallineford this summer.— G. S. Roperrson, M.D., Storrington, Sussex. Menanic var. or Carpocarsa JuLIANA,—A melanic specimen was bred from acorns gathered in Dulwich Wood, 8.1i. London, amonest several of the type, none of which were darker than normal.—Ip. Mieration oF Insrcts.—The Western Morning News of 27th November contains a long and very full record of the occurrence of rare butterflies and moths in the West of England in the year 1933 by Commander 8. T. Stidston of Ashburton. It includes details of spread of Polygonia c-album in the West, more than 80 were seen as late as 15th Sept.; the repeated noting of Pyramets cardui at the lighthouses ; records of P. atalanta on 21st of Feb. and an immigration from the sea on 11th of March; Colias croceus as very plentiful; CO. hyale ; Manduca atropos as plentiful in some places ; numerous examples of Herse convolvuli; a Phryxus livornica; while Plusia gamma and Macroglossum stellatarwum were in less numbers than usual. The most notable record perhaps, was the capture of dAnosia plevippus once more in this country. Our correspondent Mr. C. Nicholson of Tresillian contributes a report on Cornwall, which includes numerous records of the occurrence of A. plexippus (seen); the abnormal number of Pieris brassicae in ~ Cornwall ; records of most species mentioned in the previous report ; and the occurrence of Leucania vitellina, L. l-album, and Laphyma (Caradrina) exiqgua. GXYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT. NOTICKS. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Junior Carlton Club, Pall Mall, London, on 31st October, 19838, Mr. H. Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Prof. HK. B. Poulton, Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, Dr. H. Hltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present:—Mr. H. EH. Andrewes, Major EK. EH. Austen, Dr. CURRENT NOTES. 11 K. G. Blair, Dr. Maleolm Burr, Prof. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Mr. H. M. Kdelsten, Brig. W. H. Evans, Mr. J..C. F. Fryer, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, Dr. S. A. Neave, Capt. N. D. Riley, Dr. Hugh Scott, Mr. W. Rait Smith, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright. ‘I'he members were received by the Chairman in the Card Room at 6.30 p.m., and during the Conversazione Prof. Poulton exhibited specimens of two Acridians from the South of France—Oedipoda germanica, Charp., taken by Mr. J. A. Simes on a country of grey rock, and O. coerulescens, L. taken by him on red porphyry. The colour and pattern exposed at rest bore a remarkable resemblance to the environment of each species. Dinner was served at 8 o'clock on the historic round table in the Parliamentary Library, and an enjoyable evening was spent. The party broke up shortly after 11 o’clock.— H.W.-E. Lambillionea continues to issue the admirable photographs of aberrations and forms of European Lepidoptera Among the species illustrated during the first half of the current year are Diacrisia sannio 2; Melitaea athalia 6 ; Colias electo-croceus-fieldit 18 ; Limenitis popult 2; Brenthis dial; B.ino2; B: pales1; B. selene3; B.euphrosyne 1 ; Pyrameis atalanta 4; Melanargia galathea 8; Epinephele jurtina 1 ; Satyrus briseis 1; and Diloba caeruleocephala 1. The matter contained in this magazine is concerned with items so closely connected with this country that most of it personally appeals to British lepidopterists. The series of plates issued monthly during the past few years are an acquisition to students interested in variation. The Nominations for the Council of the Royal Entomological Society are as follow— President, Dr. S. A. Neave, M.A. Treasurer, A. F. Hemming. Secretary, *A. W. McKenny-Hughes. Council, | Prof. Balfour-Browne; Sir T. Hudson Beare, D.Sce.; *Prof. G. D. Hale Carpenter ; *L. Collenette; Brigadier W. H. Evans; Dr. Karl Jordan, F.R.S.; R. W. Lloyd; Miss C. Longfield; Sir Guy A. K. Marshalli sh sRiSs: rot. ke Be Poulton’ pMeAG. | RRS. 3) Ne Ds ileye HEA) Soe Wei. jthorpe, MEAS oN uBalWiceleswortn. ) Mi vAN 3) Dr: C. B. Williams! M.A. Those marked with an asterisk are new members of Council. The Trans. Carlisle. N.H.S. Vol. V. referred to a short time ago has reached us and is quite as interesting as we anticipated. In fact the Short History of the Society is an admirable record of the progress in usefulness, in a peculiar locality of particular interest in the comparison of its fauna with that of other areas. The Officers and Council of the South London Entomological Society nominated for the ensuing year are:—FPresident: T. R. Kagles ; Vice- Presidents: C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., F.C.S., F.R.E.S., ete., and H. H. Syms, F.R.E.S.; Hon. Treasurer: A. EK. Tonge, F.R.E.S. ; Hon. Labravian: KH. EK. Syms, F.R.E.S.; Hon. Curator: 8. R. Ashby, P.R.E.S.; Hon. Secretaries: S. N. A. Jacobs, and Hy. J. Turner, P.R.E.S.; Hon. Lanternist: J. AH. Adkin ; Hon. Editor of Proceedings : jal, dig Abaco, Ie! Sisr, Wolelals, = Conmciie ale We Unless F.R.E.S., C. N. Hawkins, F.R.E.S., M. Niblett, S. Wakely, T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.R.E.S., R. W. Attwood, F. J. Coulson, H. G. Denvil, P. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, M.Sc., F.R.E.S., ete. and J. A. Downes. The Annual Meeting takes place on January 25th when the retiring President, Mr. C. G. M. de Worms will read the Annual Address after the Presentation of the Council’s Report of the year’s doings. 12 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.19384 The Syllabus of the London N.H.S. just to hand, for the ensuing six months, announces four indoor meetings and two field meetings of the Entomological Section and in addition two indoor meetings and five field meetings to be spent in the study of plant galls. The remaining fixtures deal with Botany, Archaeology, Rambles and Ornithology. FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. No 4. of Vol. I of the Jownal of the Entomological Society of the 8. of England recently came to hand. It consists of some 46 Notes of varying length by 22 writers in 386 pp. with one plate. 16 Notes are concerned with Diptera and 15 with Lepidoptera. The remainder deal with biological items and the records of occurrence of species in the less known and less worked Orders, Odonata, Plecoptera, Hphemerop- tera, Neuroptera, T'richoptera, etc. Many of the items would, if published in our magazines for which they are eminently suitable, certainly have a more distributed circulation, and be more useful and more readily referred to by working entomologists in all parts of the country. This leads us to another point. Among the splendid work being achieved by the trained and well experienced entomologists of the Society what is being done for the “tyros” as Stainton called the younger inexperienced followers of the net and pin? ‘There seems little educational work such as has been carried out for over 60 years by that wonderfully successful and popular body the South London Entomological and N. H. Society ; at any rate we have no record of the ‘“‘tvro”’ nor do we hear of him. It is upon the enthusiasm of the younger men and their continued support of the Society that the future can be assured. Inrormation Wanrep.—The Notes on the Noctuae will shortly deal with the species which have been kept together under the genus name Caradrina. These species are so similarly obscure, that is the five which are found in Britain, that most entomologists find considerable difficulty in distinguishing one species from the other. Guenée said of this group ‘‘ It is composed almost entirely of Kuropean species, of which the greater part have been very long, I should say, too long, known, for there exists such a confusion that their synonymy is almost inextricable. The Kneglish authors have increased this difficulty by creating a crowd of species, so badly characterised that I have not been able to classify them even as constant varieties.” Noct. V. 285 (1852). Included in the Caradrinidae so called in Tutt’s time were Grammesia trigrammica, so long known as trilinea, the ‘‘ excessively rare” Hydrilla palustris ; the extremely local Acosmetia caliginosa and the very rare with us, cosmopolitan “ army worm’’ Laphyma exigua. The first has been almost drowned with varietal names, of the other four one would be pleased to know something of the variation. Caradrina superstes was included by Tutt in his British Noctuae on the strength of Sligo specimens he judged to be that species, but subsequent examination of their genitalia has nullified this,—- Hy. J. Turner. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications iDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS.’ Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘*‘ Latemar,’”’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. ; Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.— R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuanars.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles. —C. Zacher’? Erjwit, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Iiittoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.— All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Urncrent.—Wanted English (Cumberland) Erebia epiphron. Adequate exchange will be made in Huropean Lepidoptera. B. C. S. Warren, 14, Avenue de l’Eglise Anglaise, Lausanne, Switzerland. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trawtenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. January 17th (Ann.), February 7th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. January 25th (Ann.), February 8th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.I.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— WM. GRAVY FORD, B-A., FF R/E:S. ZS) talon, seey: ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. M. Crawford, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, W. Parkinson-Curtis, Rev. Canon Foster, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. HE. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘¢ Tatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. iMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus dAcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Hetrospeet of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Mifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at lighi—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism anD Metanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VaRiATIon (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphtdasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidaec—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. HE. PAGE, 9, Yanburgh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. Wo. rn FEBRUARY, 1934 Yb ENTOMOLOGISTS. RECORD AnD 2! JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep R. S. BAGNALL, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.U.8. Fath the Matcoum Burr, D.S8C., F.R-E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, BR.N., F.1.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥.B..S. ¥.Z.8., F.R.E.S. assistance of -H- A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.R.E-S., H. E. Paan, ¥F.R.E.8. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. J. EK. Con.in, J.P., ¥.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R-E.8., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BerHune-BakER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.£.8., F.B.H.8., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS Lepidoptera at Maurin, Basses-Alpes, France, W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S. (continued) Sc oc oc oe bin AG ac 13 The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex, G. S. Robertson, MaDe ss 15 Cornish Notes, 1923, Charles Nicholson Ae ae : CURRENT NOTES. 57 them in Ireland I failed to recognise them and tried birch as a food with fatal results! Hadena pisi, L., was innumerable on all sorts of low growing vegetation as also was Acronicta psi, L., and A. rumicis, L. I had a fairly good emergence of Pyyaera pigra, Hufn., from last year and forebore to take it this past season. It was difficult to find time to tend properly the numerous larvae taken and also in a strange country to secure boxes fit to house them, then there was the trouble in getting all these boxes through the customs at the Frontier. My setting boards contained in an old arrowroot cardboard box caused much suspicion and had to be carefully opened before being passed as non-contraband. G@YURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. May we remind our readers, especially those near any of our ports: and near Tilbury in particular, to look out for the ‘“‘ Colorado Beetle,” figured in our last number (April). From that indefatigable worker Count Turati we have received several further contributions on Entomology. (1) A report on the Lepidoptera met with in the Expedition made in 1929 to the Coracorum area of the Western Himalayas, with descriptions of new forms, Palaearctic area. (2) Further Notes on particular species from the Coracorum area with a plate of new Parnassius forms; and (8) Notes on some species of Noctuidae by Dr. U. Rocci and himself. A further set of collected leaflets published by the Ministry of of Agriculture and Iisheries have reached our table. It consists of 27 pamphlets dealing with the Jnsect Pests of Fruit Trees, most of which are illustrated. As regards numbers of species Moths and Aphididae seem to predominate, seconded by Coleoptera and Sawflies ; then come the Red Spider, the Pear Midge, Mites, Scale and 2 species of Capsid bug. Details of all life-histories are given with illustrations of the- depredations, and particular reference is made to the time and appear- ance of the earlier stages when preventative measures are more effective as a rule. These leaflets are continually being revised and, supplemented as knowledge of these pests advances, and new methods. of control are advocated. Surely it is quite premature to use the suggested List of Butterflies. issued by the Royal Entomological Society without some liason between the old and new. We pick up that excellent little paper the Pasculin and we read “ Coenonympha tullia,” “ Ochlodes venata septem- trionalis,’ etc., names which convey no meaning whatever to the average lover in nature. Not one in a hundred, especially the young, have opportunities even to find out what these phrases mean if they had the time. ven specialists cannot keep all these drastic changes in mind. We ourselves are not quite sure what the latter phrase means without veference to the 3/6 pamphlet. A Nomencuature Nore.—le Satyre of Geoffroy (Hist. Ins. II., pp. 50-52) is ascribed by him to Papilio moera of Linn., Syst. Nat. (ed. X.). 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19384 Foureroy (Ent. Paris, Il., 240) quotes it as Papilio moera. Geoffroy’s species, however, is obviously really megera, Linn., as indicated by Werneburg (Beitr. Schmett. I. 299, 1864). Higgins’ statement that ‘‘maera, Linn. is Le Satyre of Geoffroy,” is therefore incorrect. Whether Satyrus was validly used in Mammalia (presumably for Simia satyrus) I do not know. Argynnis, Ib. 1807. This was dealt with by Barnes and Lindsey (Ann. Ent. Soc. America, XV., 91, 1922). As cinwia was not originally included in Argynnis by Fabricius (who quoted it under Melitaea [Illig. Mag. VI. 285]) it was not a possible type for Argynnis, of which paphia is type. Dalman (Vet. Akad. Handb. XX XVII. 57-66, 1816) cited adippe as type of Argynnis, but this was not specified by Fabricius and so was also ineligible as genotype of Argynnis. Fabricius, it may be noted, stated that Argynnis included 41 species, but actually only mentioned seven.—T.B.-F. 9.iv.34. We are very pleased to see that our good friend Dr. Walther Horn is again able to issue from the Deutsch. Kntomolog. Institut, Berlin- Dahlem, a periodical of Morphological and Taxonomic Entomology. The admirable work which has been carried on in the past had adequate publication in their Magazine for many years and it was to be regretted that it had to be relinquished. The excellent work has gone on in spite of adverse conditions and now it must be very gratifying to our friend to be able to publish the records which have been piling up meanwhile. Under the designation Arbeit iiber morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem, Band. 1, No. 1, we have a series of 10 articles with 8 plates and numerous text figures included in 90 pages. We wish it all success. Nomenclature. The List. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Hipparchia, Fab. semele, L., becomes Humenis, Hb. semele, L. Hipparchia is undoubtedly wrong and Humenis, Hb. the only avatlable name. Mpinephele, Hb. jantra, L. becomes Maniola, Schrank. jurtina, L. Epinephele, Hb. is quite in order, but being used in fishes, is discarded hy application of the Zoologists’ Rules, This unnecessary misuse is sickening. There is no chance of confusion. At last jurtina is officially established in place of janira. Epinephele, Hb. tithonus, L. becomes Maniola, Schrnk. tithonus, L. Although it is quite legitimate to use Pyronia, Hb. in this species if thought necessary. Coenonympha, Hb. pamphilus, L. remains Coenonympha, Hb. pamphilus, L. Coenonympha, Hb. tiphon, Rott. becomes Coenonympha, Hb. tullia, Muller. For some time we have been of opinion that tullia, Mull. was the prior name, but hesitated to use it. Enodia,. Hb. hyperanthus, LL. becomes Aphantopus, Wllgn. hyperanthus, L. An error which a correspondent many years ago pointed out and which we have also pointed out ad nauseam, is still repeated. Linnaeus wrote hyperantus (Sys. Nat. p. 471 Papilio Danaus hyperantus, 1758). NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 59 It would seem that Hipparchia must be the genus here. It is a simple matter. In 1807 Fab. Jil. May. VI. established Hipparchia ' naming 7 species out of 119 he had previously called Papilio Satyrus (¢), in 1815, Leach. Fdin. Ency. p. 717 as first reviser uses Hipparchia for galathea, hyperantus and tithonus adding others not mentioned by Fabricius although all included in his 1793 Hint. Syst. Of these 3 original species, tithonus was removed to another genus in 1810, and galathea to another in 1620, thus leaving hyperantus alone for Hipparchia. Scudder pointed this out as far back as 1875 showing that Wallengren’s action in 1855 was invalid. Again we have been following the multitude and used Aphantopus in an error—which the List continues. Brenthis, Hb. selene, Schiff. becomes Argynnis, Fab. selene, Schiff. Brenthis, Hb. euphrosyne, Li. becomes Argynnis, Fab. euphrosyne, L. Divergent views are acknowledged as valid as to the use of Drenthis for a section of the genus Argynnis (sensu lato). The structural differences have been well set out by Spangberg and others, which justify such a course. Previously to that Doubleday and Westwood suggested the division of the Argynnids, etc. Argynnis, Fb, lathonia, Li. remains Argynnis, Fb. lathonia, L. It is acknowledged that the use of Jssoria, Hb., is perfectly valid if thought necessary. Argynnis, Fb., aglaia, L., remains Argynnis, Fb. aglaia, L. Argynnis, Fb., adippe, L. becomes Aryynnis, Fb. cydippe, Li. This latter was accepted by the British Nomenclature Committee, but since that acceptance we seem to recall that adippe is correct, but we are unable to turn up the reference. Considerable gymnastics are displayed over the name Aryynnis, which one has no room to repeat here. Suffice to say it is proposed to beg the zoologists to give leave to retain it. Dryas, Hb. paphia, Li. becomes Aryynnis, Fb. paphia, L. Dryas, Hb., was a name in the much debated Tentamen of Hubner. In spite of the able demonstration of Mr. Bethune- Baker of the validity of this publication it was turned down by the zoologists, hence the name Dryas has been dropped. Under the Rules of Entomological Nomenclature published by the British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature all the generic names in the Tentamen would be valid as being published “‘ with an indication.”” Under the old Zoological Rules they would not be valid as there is no description accompanying them. Melitaea, Kab. anrinia, Rott. becomes Huphydryas, Scud. awrinia, Rott. It must have been apparent to British entomologists that anrinia stands quite apart from the other two species which have always been associated with it, in theseislands. To those whose knowledge extended to the N. American fauna it must often have been suggested that aurinia much more resembled the American phaeton by its variegated facies, etc., than the species athalia and cinwia. Melitaea, Fb., cinawia, Li. remains Melitaea, Fb. cinawia, L. Melitaea, Fb. athalia, Rott. remains Jfelitaea, Fb. athalia, Rott. Pyramets, Hb. atalanta, Li. becomes Vanessa, Ib. atalanta, L. Pyrameis, Hb. cardui, L. becomes Vanessa, Fb. cardui, L. Cynthia, Fb. is really the prior name but owing to the wide-spread confusion which would accrue with the change the zoologists are to be 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V.19384 asked for permission to place the name Vanessa on the conservanda basis. Pyrameis, Hb., is dropped without comment. Scudder had already (1875) pointed this out. Aglais, Hb. urticae, L. becomes Aylais, Dali. urticae, L. Apparently Hb. was placed as the author of Agla/s in error. (To be continued.) FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Creation’s Doom (a translation), by Desiderius Papp. Messrs. ~ Jarrold, Ltd., Publishers. London, 12s. 6d.—We have just read from cover to cover this most remarkable book. Init the author summarises the extraordinary advances made in our knowledge by astronomers, physicists, chemists and biologists during the present century, and develops the tendencies exhibited in the past evolutionary history to a forecast of what the future of mankind and of the earth may be in the eons of time to come. Our dependence on the sun’s power, light, heat and radio-activity for our origin and life is stressed throughout the book. ‘ By strict scientific deduction” the author ventures to show the evolutionary results on humans of the future, a million or so years hence. Titanic creatures, with organs as immeasurabiy superior to ours as we are to the so-called lower animals, which will ‘“ exploit the interior of the earth, dart into space with the force of a rocket, and with senses appreciative of delicate etherial disturbances” such as can only be dreamt of in the present age. But the author adds that. mankind’s fall and the earth’s doom must inevitably come by “inexorable natural power.” The signs of Decay and Death are apparent everywhere; in the Sky, the Drama of past Life on the Tarth, the Coal Age, the Dragon: Age, the Giant Age; in spite of the life-giving influences of the Sun. Perfected, or rather developed, man is pictured as being toothless and bald and has passed his reproduction on to the retort in the laboratory, owing to his necessity ‘‘ to succumb to the senility of his species, to the spermatic weakness of man, and to the barrenness of woman.” Thus is envisaged “the slow extinction of a senile species, the descent into death of a once virile but now feebly pulsating race,” billions of years hence. Much has been made of possible catastrophic occurrences to our Earth by scare-mongering writers. The author has exploited these to the full with harrowing details, but only to finally prove the super-extreme improbability of such eventualities. ‘The fate of the Human Race will occur in no such way, but will fade away billions of years hence, when the sun is burning out and reduced to red rays alone, under the influence of which no warm-blooded creature can live. Then will the cold-blooded Insect become dominant for long ages. An Age of Insect Life. Until the sun has burnt lower still, Colossal Insects will rule the earth, and when their reign is over, Giant Amoebae will carry on until even the influence of the sun’s red rays no longer exists and everlasting icy night prevails. More than a dozen figures illustrate the text adequately but the 8 plates are a virile expression of extreme sensational advertisement of the improbable and practically impossible catastrophes foreboded by scaremongers. The book is a wonderful exploitation of scientific facts.—Hy.J.T. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Vurnir, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor lo send ws cummnemteations IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AuTHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. T'urner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928,.well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hitt House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuancrs.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti,.Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of European and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Duchauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—liying larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Payonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuea, eriseola, adveriaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehirde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. Wanten. —Papered Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of all species wanted in exchange for papered insects, some rare, from Japan.—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-dvon. Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, ee Road, London, N.17. “MEBTING 1S OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8p.m. June 6th. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. May 24th, June 14th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’”” Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Scciety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL {) A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— W. M. 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Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of MWelitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taenitocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. MeLANISM AND Mrtanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on WanriaTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- ' thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora | i derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. | To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD | AND | JOURNAL OF VARIATION Eprrep R. S. BAaGNALL, D.SC., F-R.E.S. H. DonisrHorReX, F.Z-8., F.R.i.8. Pe. Matcoum Borg, D.SC., F.R.0-S. T. BarnsBRiGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., with the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, v.R.u.s: ¥.Z.8., F.R.E.S. sistance of EK. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S8., H. E. Paas, ©.R.@.s. w ¥F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. J. BK. Conuin, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Berahune-BakEr, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.R.u.S., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. oy CONTENTS. Lepidoptera at me Basses-Alpes, France, W. Parkinson Curtis, F.R.E.S. (with 8’ plates) concluded Si c 35 a se 61 The Geometers of Storrington, G. S. Rvhertson, M.D. (continued)... oc 64 Dutch forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland, B. J. Lempke .. ts 64 Some Notes on British Trypetidae, M. Nihlett ne oe 60 36 66 BRhopalocera in Austria, F. B. Welch and A. E. Welch 50 ae Bic 67 Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. #% ae 74 Current Notes .. ae ae we a Ae 4 a i 75 SupriemEnts.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. _(329)-(332) Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (17)-(20) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W, ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. This number, Price TWO SHILLINGS and SIXPENCE (net). «JUL 16 1934 DL Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. 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(a few copies only) bo .. 8s. Od. British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprmws, F.R.E.S 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37- A5 of Ent. Record, new series ; : including ‘Special Index . is ie Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. To be Apps post free yor H. W. Ae 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, §.H.9. ‘azIS "yeu ‘Ex adAT, ‘SIAND ‘vauompmuuts ‘qv “aIALT ‘sisUaANpOJIO DYI1IOYUQ °9 ‘sopisiopun pure roddy) “AqyI9 A ‘vyajap ‘qn yoouyy ‘aqaoyd vanqyaly °G 3 F ‘azIs “yen ‘odAq ‘stying ‘wuissasiu qn ‘dsy ‘wjofi vuavshz -¢e ‘ZX “purIIs ‘YIV]NIDMAp DUAOL “IASSIOG ‘UOWOUSOAASAD “T °Z ‘gx ‘ody ‘sizing ‘sipjnsursig vutsof “{ ‘sypynSura visnvskd ‘} PLATE I. REZ oD ie VoL. XLVI. Citic Entomologist’s Record. Vor. XLVI. PLATE IT. Males of Mesographe. Uppersides x D 1. itysalis, Wik. race maurinalis, Curtis. type. 2. itysalis, Wlk. race itysalis, W1k. 3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 4. vadiosalis, Moschler. Metatype. Entomologist’s Record. VoL. XLVI. PLATE III. Male undersides of Mesogvaphe. x2. 1. itysalis, Wilk. race maurinalis, Curtis. type. 2. itysalis, Wilk. race itysalis, W1k. 3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 4. vadiosalis, Méschler. Metatype. Entomologist’s Record. NiO Neb Wale Priate IV. Females of Mesographe. Uppersides x2. itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Gynatype. 2. itysalis, Wk. race itysalis, W1k. 3. costalis, Eversmann. Metatype. 4. costalis, Ev. var. hilavalis, Christ. Metatype. Entomolozist’s Record. Vor. XLVI. PLATE V. Female undersides of Mesographe. x2. 1. itysalis, Wk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Gynatype. 2. itysalis, W1k. race itysalis, Wlk. 3. cosialis, Eversmann. Metatype. Entomologist’s Record. me 2 ao he : bie e a tn Vow, SLWit . Pate VI. Male genitalia of Mesographe x12. itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Type compressed. itysalis, Wlk. race maurinalis, Curtis. Cotype not compressed. vadiosalis, Mosch. compressed. costalis, Ev. compressed. itysalis, W1k. race itysalis, Wlk. compressed. itysalis, Wlk. race itysalis, W1k. Lateral view uncompressed, left valve removed. SoU Oo bo Entomologist’s Record. PLaTte VIII. VoL. XLVI. "YOSOTN ‘SIVSOIpYA “TAT °% ‘CZX INUIOS OUT, MIM ‘sypsdqe VOeL * MIM ‘s2jpscqe WT Entomologist’s Record. LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 61 LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES, FRANCE. (Addenda) By W. PARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.H.S. (viii.) Mareinan Row or Poinrs—seven in number. These stand at the end of the nervures and not between them as Christoph J.c. states. Costalis : Not strongly developed, that at the end of vein 1 linear and weak. Maurinalis: Very pronounced that on the tornus at the end of vein 1 very strong. Itysalis: Similar to maurinadlis. Radiosalis: Similar to maurinalis. All four have the costa more or less darkened as far as the reniform ; this however seems to be a very variable and not very reliable feature. The darkening is produced in several ways in the costalis before me; 1b is a mixture of the half tone and full tone browns the latter predomin- ating and it hardly invades the cell. In the manrinalis it is a mixture of the half tone and full tone browns the latter usually predominating and especially so on the nervures, but it also sometimes has a generous admixture of the Russian blue, which makes it still more obscure and dark. In the étysalis it is formed in the same way but is usually devoid of the bluish intermixture. This costal suffusion is in maurinalis, sometimes also in itysalis (e.g. type of turmalis), so strongly developed that it invades the cell and obscures the stigmata, which judging by Moschler’s description was also the case with his type of hyperborealis. All four havea dark apical costal mark, and three others (besides the dark point where the post medial line rises) between that and the reniform, these marks being least well developed in costalis. The tegulae are the pale tone in radiosalis and the half tone in the other species and the thorax matches the hindwings but the patagia are the half tone in maurinalis, itysalis and mateo and white in costalis. The abdomen matches the ground of the hindwings and in the $ has the anal tuft of the half tone, in the @ of maurinalis the anal tuft is the dark toned brown, in costalis but little darker than the abdomen. In itysalis and radiosalis the half tone. In maurinalis the abdomen appears to be ringed with dark color but this is an optical illusion produced by the edges of the annuli and the dark line of the inter- seomental divisions. In itysalis and radiosalis however the distal end of each seoment is distinctly light ringed. One of the maurinalis has dorsolateral dark markings on 5, 6, and 7 of the abdomen. Oostalis and itysalis seem to have dark spiracular spots on the abdomen. Maurinalis has a spiracular line of dark brown expanded into spots on the spiracles and two strong dark brown ventral lines only broken by the white fringe of the distal edge of the annuli. The ? however has the last two segments much suffused below. Undersides of the four present just the same class of difference of degree rather than of the radical design, that the upper sides exhibit. Costalis below retains the chalky white ground but it is silky. below 62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 and not matt. It is dusted over with the halftone brown, this dusting being most pronounced in the forewing; the less there is of it the more pronouncedly it is collected on the interneural folds of the forewing and the nervures of the hindwing. The darkening of the costa is but little in evidence, being narrowly confined to the front edges; the dis- coidal and reniform are however very decidedly in evidence but suffused and are the full tone brown. The dark points on the costa and on the nervures are developed and it is possible to trace the postmedial line, with two vestigial lines each side all rising from one or other of the costal dark marks. There is no great contrast between the basal and distal halves of the wing. The hindwing coloration repeats the upperside in a shadowy fashion but the dark margin is narrower. The one g is much duskier below than two @ ?, being so generally suffused with the half tones in forewing as to render the lines but slightly traceable. The hindwing shows a very material costal darkening which is barely traceable in the ? 9°. The itysalis undersides show the postmedial line clearly and the usual dark markings (they are distinct), but the basal half of the wing and the pale praesubterminal area are unicolorous. Radiosalis is similar to itysalis. Maurinalis is very distinctly marked below but like costalis is silky below. The forewing and the hindwings as far as vein 7 are a pale tone of the half tone brown. Forewing with base of cell darkened costally with a sprinkling of dark scales stigmata well developed post medial line strong and continuous. Hindwing with dark scaling on subcostal and costal, postmedial line strongly developed the darker specimen having this carried up the dorsal fold and also having the margin darkened as well. The costal and marginal dark marks very strongly detached and conspicuous. I should therefore keep costalis apart on the ground of its white wings, small size, genital structure and number of cornuti. /tysalis with its medium size, genital structure, and number of cornuti and cold tone; making manrinalis a race distinguished by large size, warm colour and structure of cornuti. Radiosalis by itself for its grey colour and peculiar cornuti. Hapsirs. W. F. and I took 14 specimens at the lamps. They were obtained at three stations, one behind the Hotel Bertrand at, say, 5900 feet ; the second about a kilometre down the valley and a few hundred feet lower ; the third just above La Barge about another kilometre further down and probably another 100 feet lower. We did not kick any up during the day, or disturb them out of thickets as seems to have been the case with several of the known specimens of costalis. I suggested an encrusted saxifrage of the marginata type as a probable food plant. We never saw it at rest in the day time. It just arrived quietly on the sheet, neither very early nor very late, and sat down without any fuss and rarely moved. It sits flatter than Mesoyraphe forficalis. Leaving Mr. Burras out of account as he does not take Pyralis, three lamps got 15 specimens and never more than one each per night, so it is not common. It looks narrow when at rest owing to its dark LEPIDOPTERA AT MAURIN, BASSES-ALPES. 63 costa. Walker’s type and the type of varieyata are both alleged to have been bred from clover. Prof. J. MeDunnough of Ottawa in litt, tells me “as I know itysalis it occurs at moderate elevations through the Rockies and the coast ranges of British Columbia and is even found on Vancouver near sea level. At Nordegg, Alberta, where I made extensive collec- tions, I found both it and radiosalis, Mosch., occurring together and on making slides of the g¢ genitalia, I can find no distinction between these two. ‘The species seem to have a variety of food plants. In Colorado I once bred it from Lupine, and some specimens in our collection are labelled as haying been bred on Vancouver Island from Saxifrage.”’ Locatittgs. Maurinalis at Maurin, and there appear to be single specimens standing as costalis recorded, one from Mont Pelvoux and one from Madonna da Finisterre. I have given the range of costalis and its varieties above. Itysalis and radiosalis from practically the whole of North America but apparently retreating upward as one goes South. Its Northward limit unascertained. Type No. 23592. Gynatype 23593. Cotypes 23594 and 23595 in mus. Curtis. Heliothela praegalliensis, Frey. 1 am unable for want of material to deal with this fully. The French Entomologists identified the specimens we took as atralis. Hb. It is quite understandable that they do not apply Frey’s description correctly because that description fits better true atralis, Hb., than it does praegalliensis, Frey, that we took and the specimens from Larche in the British Museum. The explanation is that Frey’s type in the British Museum is an extremely dark ? with very little trace of the white patch on the costa that is present in our specimens, but a closer examination of our specimens and the specimens from Larche in con- junction with the type shows they are conspecific, whilst the shape of atralis, Hb., and its light build are decidedly different from those of our specimens. | accordingly stand by my determination, until I get a sufficiently long series of the species of this group of Pyralis to enable me to do some dissection. This is the last of our experience at Maurin, which both W. F. and I hope to visit again, and it only remains for me to perform the pleasurable duty of thanking those collaborators without whose help this part of the results must perforce have been very sketchy. I have to tender my sincerest thanks to Mr. N. Filipjev for Asiatic material compared with type and for photographs ; Herr Bang-Haas for Asiatic material comparisons with types and helpful correspondence; Mr. W.H. T. Tams for advice, assistance and valuable introductions to other workers; Professor McDunnough for authenticated specimens of itysalis and radiosalis and information and the U.S. National Museum and particularly Mr. Carl Heinrich for material and further valuable information. 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.VL.19384 The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. By G. S. ROBERTSON, M.D. (Continued from p. 16.) Eupithecia (Tephroclystia) tenniata, Hb.—Local. E. haworthiata, Dbldy. (isogrammaria, H.-S.).—Abundant on the Downs. HF. linariata, Fb.—Locally common. fF. pulchellata, Steph.—Common everywhere. E. trriguata, Hb.—Local and searce. FH. exiguata, Hb.—Fairly common. EF. valerianata, Hb.—Very local, but in plenty there. E. venosata, Fb. On the Downs. E. centanreata, Schiff. (oblongata, Thnbg.)—Common everywhere. JF. trisiynaria, H.-S—Local. EH. satyrata, Hb.—Not common. EF. tripunctaria, H.-S. (albipunctata, Haw.).—Well distri- buted; common. FE. absinthiata, Clrek.—Common. F. goossenstata, Mab. (minwtata, Dbldy.).—Loeal. #. vulgata, Haw.—Abundant. FE. castigata, Hb.—Abundant. FE. icterata, Vill. (subfulvata, Haw.).— Common. F. succenturiata, L.—Fairly common. FE. indigata, Hb.— Local; not common. F. pimpinellata, Hb.—On Downs. FE. nanata, Hb.—Common everywhere on heaths. H. abbreviata, Steph.— Common. F. sobrinata, Hb.—On the Downs. (Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hb.—Very common. Chloroclystis coronata, Hb.—Common. C. rectangulata, L4.—common. (To be continued.) Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland. By B. J. LEMPKE. Up to the present the study of the variation in Lepidoptera has been much neglected in Holland. So it is not to be wondered that the number of aberrations described in Dutch magazines. ete., is limited. Yet there are some, and as most descriptions are in Dutch and as most of our Lepidoptera are also met with in England, I think it useful to give a complete list of them. The descriptions are to be found in: 1°. Tijdschrift voor Kntomologie. 2°. Hntomologische Berichten, published by the Dutch Wntomo- logical Society. 8°. Bowwstoffen voor eene Fauna van Nederland (= Materials for a Fauna of Holland). 4°. Onze Flinders by D. ver Haar (1899-1904). This book is about the same as that of R. Sourn for England. 5°. Sepp, Nederlandsche Insecten. As most of the forms have been described more than once, [| shall at the same time discuss the synonymy of them. 1. Pieris rapae, L., ab. flara, ter Haar, Onze Flinders, p. 3, 1899 or 1900. “Only found with the ?, which has a pale butter-yellow. eround-colour.”’ This is, as far as I can trace, the oldest name for the pale yellow form of the female in Holland, and of course also in other countries. The female is clearly dimorphic. One form, the typical one, is whitish, the other, which occurs in all broods, is the pale yellow form, with underside of hindwings and tip of forewings often of a deeper yellow than the former. Synonyms: jlavicans, Kroul., 1901; favida, Petersen, 1902; flavescens, Rober, 1907; crocea, Verity, 1911. For DUTCH FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 65 the extremely rare sulphur yellow form the name novangliae, Scudder, 1872 (aurea, Rolfe, Hntom., IX. p. 199, 1876) can be used. 2. Oolias electo, Li., subsp. croceus, Fourer., ab. 2 basisuffusa, Lempke, Hnt. Ber., VIIL, p. 392, 19382. ‘Orange 2 with strongly suffused base.” A new name for ab. suffusa, Tutt, 1896, nec Cockerell, 1889. 3. Ab. rufomaculata, Lempke, l.c., p. 134, ‘‘ The double silver spot wholly suffused with carmine red.” 4. Vanessa io, lu., ab. fulva, Oudms., Tijdschr. v. Ent., Vol. 48, p- 6, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1905. “The purplish red brown ground colour is wholly replaced by a faded ruddy colour, asif the animals were strongly bleached.” The figure is a very good one. 5. Brenthis selene, Schiff., ab. thaliades, ter Haar, Onze Flinders, p. 27, 1900. ‘An aberration in which the black markings on the upper side coalesce more or less.”’ The description is insufficient. | take the ab. to be a synonym of ab. transversa, Tutt, Brit. Butt., p. 295, 1896. 6. Coenonympha pamphilus, L., ab. pallida, Oudms., Tijdschr. v. Eint., Vol. 48, p. 6, pl. 4, fig. 14, 1905. ‘The ground colour is quite another than in the type, viz., very pale yellow and this colour has replaced the normal colour everywhere.”’ As I have already stated in Lamb., 1931, p. 66, this is a synonym of pallida, Tutt, Brit. Butt., p. 422, 1896. The extreme whitish- yellow ab. is ab. albescens, Robs. and Gardner, 1886=eburnéa, Habich, 1897 =albula, Strand, 1902. (Oudemans’ figure is not very pale yellow, but only pale yellow. It represents the intermediate form, which is not at all as rare as albescens, and which is correctly described by Tutt as “ pale yellowish tawny.” 7. Chrysophanus hippothoé, L., ab. eurybina, ter Haar, Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 48, p. 204, 1905. ‘* g. ‘The transverse line on the fore- wings fails or is very indistinct. The blue reflection fails; otherwise the upper side is quite as in the type. @. The upper side is almost quite unicolorous black-brown, with the exception of the cell which is powdered with red-brown on both sides of the median point, and of the band along the hind margin on fore- and hindwings. The under- side is in both sexes as in the type.” As I have already stated in Lamb., 1931, p. 16, the g is of little importance, but the ? is a very fine suffused form, and is figured by ter Haar, op. cit., Vol. 48, pl. 14, fig. 5 and 6. 8. Chrysophanus hippothoé, L., ab. groningana, ter Haar, op. cit., Vol. 48, p. 242, 1901. ‘‘ This form is distinguished by the presence of violet-blue linear points in the cells before the antemarginal band, just as Rt. phlaeas shows this rather regularly.” Synonyms: caeruleopuncta, Trti. et Vty, 1910; cyanographa, Cabeau, 1920. 9. Loweta dorilis, Hufn., ab. crantsi, ter Haar, op. cit., Vol. 43, p- 287, pl. 14, fig. 2, 1901. ‘‘ Characterised by the presence of violet- blue points before the red marginal macules on the upper side of the hindwings.” Synonym: purpureopunctata, Wheeler, Butt. Switz., p. 17, 1908. 10. Loweia dorilis, Hufn., ab. uyeni, ter Haar, /.c., p. 287, pl. 14, fig. 83,1901. <‘‘ The red-brown ground colour on the upperside of the forewings is replaced by pale yellow, with which the rows of points 66 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 clearly contrast, whereas the bronzy-green suffusion at the base also clearly comes forth. The red-brown band along the hind margin of the posterior wings, which encloses the black points, is also pale yellow.” ' The name falls as a synonym of ab. albicans, Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver., vol. 42, p. 198, 1889. (To be concluded.) Some Notes on British Trypetidae. By M. NIBLETT. The following notes are compiled from observations made by me during the past few years, and refer mainly to Trypetids reared from the larval stage, with the addition of a few records of captured insects. The localities where both larvae and imagines were taken were nearly all in the county of Surrey, and include Ranmore Common, Boxhill, Epsom Common, Epsom Downs, Banstead, and Kingswood. The majority of the species referred to are moderately common, but I thought that perhaps some particulars of their food-plants and times of emergence might prove of some interest. Urophora cardwi, Li.—The larvae of this handsome fly inhabit the swellings to be found upon the stems of Cnicus arvensis, L. (Creeping Plume Thistle). I have found the galled stems from mid-July onwards, and have had the fly emerge during June and early July of the year following. The galls I find are usually plentiful where the thistles grow in damp situations, and much less so in drier places. The fly I have taken occasionally in July by sweeping thistles. The larvae are at times heavily parasitized by Chalcids. U. stylata, Fab.—This species is the cause of hard woody galls in the flower-heads of Carduus nutans, L. (Musk Thistle), and Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop. (Spear Plume Thistle). The larvae I have found from July onwards, the flies emerging in the following June, with occasional specimens during July. Odd specimens of the fly I have swept from thistles and mixed herbage during July. UV. solstitialis, L.—-This is another gall-causine species, the hard woody galls are to be found abundantly as a rule, in the flower-heads of Centanrea nigra, L. (Black Knapweed), wherever this plant grows. The earliest date I have found the larvae is July 6th, when the galls were beginning to form. I have had the flies emerge in May, June, July and August, the majority coming out in June. I have swept them in some numbers from C. nigra during July and August, and on a number of occasions from Achillea millefolium, L. (Yarrow). Several species of Chalcids parasitize the larvae, but the flies always seem abundant. U. quadrifasciata, Mg.—The larvae of this species feed in the flower- heads of Centaurea nigra, L. 'I'be statements made by numerous writers that it forms a hard woody gall, does not agree with my observations. I have certainly bred it trom flower-heads containing galls, but these have definitely been the galls of U. solstitialis. I have not found it occur in any numbers, having bred about 80 from several thousand flower-heads. The flies emerged chiefly in June, with occasional specimens in May and July. On only one occasion have I swept the fly, this was towards the end of July upon Epsom Common, SOME NOTES ON BRITISH TRIPETIDAE. 67 when it literally swarmed, every sweep of the net over patches of C. nigra gathering in at least half a dozen. I could have taken scores from the area in which it occurred. Anomoea (Phagocarpus) antica, Wied. (permundus, Her.).—The larvae of this species live in the fruits of Crataegus monoyyna, Jacq. (Hawthorn) ; from a number of these fruits gathered in September, the larvae emerged in early November and pupated, the flies emerging from 25th May to 8rd June of the following year. Perris stated that the larvae pupated in the fruit, while Handlirsch claimed that they pupated in the earth, the latter statement agreeing with my own observations. Trypeta (Chaetostomella) onotrophes, iaw.—The larvae of this species live in the flower-heads of various Composites. I have bred the flies from Serratula tinctoria, L. (Sawwort), an unrecorded host-plant ; Cnicus palustris, L. (Marsh Plume Thistle) ; and Centaurea nigra, L. ; the latter plant appears to be its favourite host. The larvae may be found in the heads from early autumn until some time in May; they are sometimes to be found among the pappus-hairs and sometimes below the receptacle; they pupate in the head, and I have had the flies emerge from 11th May to 5th July. I have swept this species from ©, niyra, C. palustris, Arctiwn majus, L. (Burdock), and mixed Composites in July and August. Trypeta (Lerellia) serratulae, L.—This species I have bred from the flower-heads of Carduus nutans, L., and Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop. I have not found it occur in any numbers, having bred less than a dozen from some hundreds of heads of these thistles, all these emerging in mid-June. I have also swept occasional specimens from C. nutans. Trypeta (Orellia) colon, Mg.—The larvae live in the flower-heads of Centaurea scabiosa, Li. (Large Knapweed), in which they pupate, enclosing themselves in cocoons formed of pappus-hairs. ‘The larvae seem to vary somewhat in colour, white to pinkish being most general, though with some there is a distinct yellowish tinge. Some of the larvae seem to prefer the space below the receptacle to pupate in, while others remain above it. The majority of the flies I have bred have emerged in June from flower-heads gathered in August of the preceding year, and onwards, but froma few heads gathered on 19th July with larvae in them, a ¢ of this species emerged on 10th August suggesting the possibility of two broods in a year. Tiypeta (Orellia) florescentiae, Li. (ruficauda, Fab.).—The larvae of this species judging from my own ohservations appear to be confined entirely to the flower-heads of Cnicus palustris, L. The larvae are white, pupate in the heads, the flies emerging during June. I should not say that this is an abundant species, many hundreds of thistle- heads examined by me during autumn and winter disclosing only about a dozen larvae. I have swept occasional flies from C. palustris in July and August and odd specimens from C. arvensis. Trypeta (Orellia) tussilaginis, Fab.—On 8rd March, 19382, while examining a number of flower-heads of Arctinwn majus, L., I observed that some of the seeds were rather stout. I removed the end of one and found that it contained a Trypetid larva, from a number of these seeds there emerged in the following June 6 g¢ g and 8 2 ? of tussilaginis. A. majus has been recorded as a host plant of this species, but I can find no record of the larvae living in the achenes. [| have swept a few flies of this species from mixed Composites in July. - 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1984 Lrypeta (Ceriocera) cornuta, Fab. (ceratocera, Hend.).—This species I have bred on a few occasions from flower-heads of Centaurea scabiosa, L., all the flies emerging in June. The larvae live and pupate in the heads. Tephritis (Xyphosia) miliaria, Schk.—The larvae of this species may be found chiefly in the flower-heads of Onicus arvensis, L. in which they pupate, forming a cocoon of pappus-hairs. I have found the larvae in the heads from July onwards, the flies emerging in the following June. The larvae also may be found at times in the flower- heads of C. palustris, L., and upon one occasion I had a fly emerge in September, from Arctiwn majus, L., an unrecorded host-plant, a very unusual time for this species to emerge, suggesting a second brood. The flies I have swept from C. arvensis, C. palustris, and A. majus, during July and August, it being quite a common species in the areas I have worked. Tephritis bardanae, Schk.—The larvae of this species live in the flower- heads of Arctium majus, L., not causing a gall, as bas been repeatedly stated. JI have examined numerous heads after the flies have emerged ; the black puparia appear to be either in, or between the achenes, and are Cemented together into a solid mass which has, I presume, been taken to be the gall, but I can find no signs of hypertrophy. The larvae may be found in the heads in July, August, and September, the flies emerging in the latter two months. | bave never found anything but empty puparia in the heads after the end of September. Tephritis hyoscyamt, L.—The larvae of this species live in the flower- heads of Carduus crispus, L. (Welted Thistle), in which they pupate. I have found them during July and August. The larvae are white, the puparia black, and the flies emerge during August. Tephritis vespertina, Liw.—This species is probably double-brooded. The larvae live in the flower-heads of Hypochveris radicata, L. (Long- rooted Cat’s-ear). J] have found the heads in early June with very young larvae and pupae, the flies emerging from the latter on 7th July ; in early July with larvae and pupae, the flies emerging later in the month ; at the end of July with pupae, the flies emerging from these in the first week of August. I have repeatedly examined the flower- heads in August but have never found any larvae in them. Sphenella marginata, Fall.—This species | have had emerge freely from the swollen flower-heads of Senecio vulyaris, L. (Groundsel), all the flies emerging in August. A few I have bred from 8. aquaticus, L. (Marsh Ragwort), these emerging in mid-September. I have also bred them from flower-heads of S. jacobea, L. (Common Ragwort), during September. The larvae of this species are at times heavily parasitized by a Braconid, Microbracon variator, Nees. Ensina sonchi, L.—I have bred this Trypetid from the flower-heads of Tragopoyon pratensis, L. (Goatsbeard), in August; from Leontodon hispidum, Li. (Rough Hawkbit), in July; from Hypochoeris radicata, L., an unrecorded host-plant, in August; and from Sonchus arvensis, (Corn Sow-thistle), in the same month. I have also swept 16 from mixed Composites during July. Gontoglossum wiedemanni, Mg.—The larvae of this species live singly in the berries of Bryonta dioica, L. (White Bryony) ; a number of these berries containing nearly full-fed larvae were collected on 11th August, on the following day a number of the larvae left the RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 69 fruits and pupated. The larvae are deep yellow in colour, the puparium is yellow at first, turning to red-brown within 24 hours; the last larvae left the fruits on 9th September. On 18th September, several yellow Braconids, Opius testaceus, Wesm., emerged from the pupae. ‘lhe flies emerged during June of the following year. Carphotricha (Noeéta) pupillata, Wall— The larvae of this species inhabit the flower-heads of several species of Hieracinm which swell somewhat and fail to open. ‘There appears to be a considerable variation in the times of emergence; flower-heads of H. wmbellatum, L. (Umbellate Hawkweed), taken on 16th July, with larvae in them gave the flies on 20th July; while others taken a month later did not yield the fly until mid-May of the following year, these latter heads had empty puparia in them in addition to the larvae. A few heads were found at the beginning of November with larvae in them, from which 6 ¢ f, and 8 @ 2, of pupillata emerged in early May. From another batch of the flower-heads taken on 17th August, with both larvae and pupae in them, the flies emerged as follows :—24th August, 3S 5,42 9 ; lst September, 69 9,142 2 ; Brd May,2¢ 9 ; 12th to 20th May,6¢ 9,102 @. I have swept a few specimens in July from mixed Compositae in localities, where | have never found any plants of Hieraciune. 1 should like to tender my thanks to Mr. H. W. Andrews, F’.R.E.S. for kindly identifying some of the Trypetids for me, and to Mr. G. HK. J. Nixon, B.A. for identifying the Braconids. Rhopalocera in Austria. By F. B. WELCH and A. E. WELCH. During July, 1933, we visited the following places in Southern and Western Austria :— 1. Iisenkappel, Carinthia. This village is about 20 miles south- east of Klagenfurt from which it is reached by motor-bus, and lies at a height of some 2000 feet in a valley running north out of the Karawanken Mts., which separate Austria from Yugo-Slavia. These hills are rather barren limestone towards the top, but the valleys are well watered and fertile with spruce forests above. To the south is the Seeberg Pass, 3850 ft., the Yugo-Slav frontier. Cold overcast weather had been experienced in June and this continued throughout our stay, 38rd-12th July, so that the season was backward compared with our former visit, (nt. Rec. Vol. XLV., new series, p. 1.). 2. Mallnitz, Carinthia. 18th-20th July. ‘his village lies at 3800 ft. on the southern slopes of the Héhe Tauern, the range separating the Inn and its tributaries from the Drau system. It is very easily accessible, lyimg about two hours down the main Villach line, which branches off the Innsbruck-Salzburg line at Schwarzach. Our hotel, the Drei Gemsen, was quite satisfactory and adequate Knelish is spoken there. ‘The country has the usual alpine vegetation; meadows in the bottom of the valleys, woods of spruce up to about 5200 ft., above which is moist moorland, running up to the snow and bare rock at 7000 ft. The weather during our stay was very mixed, only four days being fine. 3. Gaschurn, Vorarlberg. 22nd-31st July. ‘he Vorarlberg is 70 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15.V1.1984 cut off from the rest of Austria by the Arlberg and the north end of the Rhaetian Alps, while its streams drain into Lake Constance and thence into the Rhine. The country is therefore more akin to Northern Switzerland than to Austria, and this is also the case as regards the villagers, who are more efficient and much less attractive than typical Austrians. The country is much the same as at Mallnitz, except that it faces north-west and the valleys are more shut in. The weather was variable but predominantly bad. The localities referred to subse- quently, (Ferbellen, Ganeu Alpe, Madlener Hutte, etc.) are alpine meadows and huts up the side valleys. During our stay in these three places we saw the following :— Spilothyrus (Carcharodus) althaeae, Hbn.—OUne at Wisenkayppel. Hesperia andromedae, Wall.—Mallnitz, 6000 ft., fresh. H. cacaliae, Rmbr.—Several taken at Mallnitz and Gaschurn, 5500-6000 ft. H. alveus, Hbn.—Common at Mallnitz at about 4000 ft. in the meadows. HH. serratulae, Rmbr.—Mallnitz, 5000 ft. H, malvae, L4.—Common at all places visited. Nisontades tages, L.—-Very common everywhere. Augtades sylvanus, Hisp.—Very common everywhere. Urbicola comma, L.—In the meadows around Gaschurn. Adopaea lineola, Ochs.—A few at Gaschurn. A. flava, Brn.—Generally common. Carterocephalus palaemon, Pall.—Fairly common at all places in variable condition, 2000-4000 ft. Heodes virgaureae, L.—At Hisenkappel the males were emerging around the village on 8th July, no females appearing before we left. The males are large and golden-red in colour, with relatively narrow black margins to the uppersides. The orange-red marginal spots on the underside of the the hindwings are well developed, rather as in subsp. balcanicola. At Gaschurn the species is common and is presumably subsp. juvara, Fruh. FH. hippothoeé, L.— Common at all places, the females at Kisenkappel showing wide variation as regards the ground colour of the uppersides, which range from copper to almost entirely suffused. AH. dorilis, Hufn.—Common. Var. montana was common on the Seeberg Pass at 8550 ft. Rumicia phlaeas, Li.—One specimen seen near Hisenkappel. This conforms with our previous experience in Austria, where the species never seems to occur in any abundance, but only as isolated specimens, at very varying altitudes, certainly from 2000 to 5000 ft. Lycaena alcon, Schiff.—One fresh male at Hisenkappel, 6th July. Like specimens taken here on our previous visit, this was well above the normal size. L. arion, L.—Common at all places visited, particularly at Mallnitz, where the normal unsuffused form was abundant in the meadows around the village. At Gaschurn f. obscura, Christ., occurred only in the valley, while the unsuffused form appeared in fresh con- dition above the trees at 5600 ft. Cupido minima, Fussl.—Common at all places, rising from 2000 ft. at Hisenkappel to 5500 ft. at Mallnitz and Gaschurn. C. lorquinti, H.-Schaff.—One fresh male taken at Mallnitz on 18th RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 71 July in a path through a wood at 4000 ft. The spots on the under- side are only lightly marked, the discal spot in 6 being absent. Polyommatus semiargus, Rott.—Common at all places, those at Kisenkappel being large. P. chiron, Rott. (ewmedon, Esp.).—Common at Gaschurn between 3500 and 5400 ft. P. coridon, Poda.—Only at Gaschurn, where it was common. P. thetis, Rott. (bellaryus, Rott.) —Common at all places. P. dorylas, Schiff. (hylas, Esp.).—Fresh specimens around Hisenkappel from 5th July. P. icarus, Rott.—Common in the lower meadows everywhere. P. eros, Ochs.—Males common at Mallnitz above 3800 ft. from 14th July on. Plebeius (Arieia) medon, Esp. (astrarche, Bgstr.)—One at Mallnitz at 5200 ft. P. orbitulus, Prun—Common at Mallnitz from 20th July when they were just emerging at 5500 ft; also at similar heights above Gaschurn. P. pheretes, Hbn.—Common at Mallnitz and Gaschurn; at the latter place specimens were taken as low as 4600 ft. Scolitantides baton, Bgstr.—One male above Gaschurn at 5000 ft. From the dark blue ground colour of the upperside and the prominence of the discal spot, together with the geographical position of Gaschurn, we assume this is baton rather than vicrama. S. orion, Pall.—One male on the Seeberg Pass near Hisenkappel at 3500 ft. in moderate condition. Plebetus argus, L.—Fairly common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn and abundant at Mallnitz where they were just emerging on 13th July. Callophrys rubi, L.—Isolated worn specimens were seen at Hisen- kappel, 2750 ft, and at Gaschurn, 5500 ft. Hamearis lucina, li.—At Hisenkappel both new and very worn specimens. Papilio podalirius, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. P. machaon, Li. Common at Kisenkappel and Gaschurn. Parnassius apollo, .— Common at Gaschurn at the Ganeu Alpe. P. mnemosyne, L.—Rather worn at Kisenkappel. Aporia crataeyi, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. Pieris brassicae, 1. Common everywhere. P. rapae, L.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. At the latter place it occurred at the Madlener Hutte at 6000 ft. P. napi, L.—Everywhere the usual second brood males, with females trans ad bryoniae, Ochs.; already quite worn at Hisenkappel at 2500 ft. but quite fresh at Mallnitz at 5000 ft.; none were of a yellowish tint. Pontia callidice, Esp.—Two newly hatched females at Ferbellen near Gaschurn at about 5700 ft. Huchloe cardamines, L.— Common at Hisenkappel. Leptosia sinapis, li.—Usual summer forms at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. Colias phicomone, EKsp.—At Gaschurn the males were common from 4800 ft. to 6000 ft. ; one female was caught on 27th July. CU. palaeno, u.—At Gaschurn six males were taken 25th-27th July and three females on 26th-28th July. They were found from 5000 to 6500 ft. with C. phicomone. 72 HNTIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1934 C. hyale, 4. Common at Hisenkappel. C. croceus, Four.—Common at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. Gonepteryx rhamni, Li.—Very worn at Hisenkappel; found also at Gaschurn. Dryas paphia, L.—One newly hatched at Gaschurn at 5000 ft. on 31st July. Argynnis aglaia, L1.—Fresh at Hisenkappel, 5th July. A. niobe, ab. eris, Meig.—Males only at Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. Issoria lathonia, L.—Fresh at Hisenkappel. Common everywhere of the ‘ post-lathonia’ type. Brenthis euphrosyne, L.—Common everywhere from 3800 to 6500 ft. B. selene, Schiff.—At Gaschurn on the Ganeu Alpe at 5000 ft. and also at Ferbellen at 5700 ft. ; very local. B. amathusia, Esp—Common at Gaschurn on the lower levels, 8-5000 ft.; of both sexes. B. thore, Hb.—One from 5000 ft. at Gaschurn is very melanic with all the markings very blurred. B. pales, Schiff.—At Mallnitz we took one female at 6000 ft. and at Gaschurn females and one male at 5700 ft. Melitaea cynthia, Hb.—At Mallnitz both sexes were common at about 5500 ft. but were very local, all coming from one small area on the moors. M. merope, Prann.—Found at Mallnitz in the same area as the preceding; one was also taken at Gaschurn at Ferbellen, 6700 ft. M. athalia, Rott—From all three localities; those from Hisenkappel are somewhat different from the rest in that the central orange band, especially on the hindwings, is more strongly developed and wider than normal. M. phoebe, Knoch.—One from Gaschurn. M. dictynna, Ksp.——Common at Hisenkappel on the plains at 2000 ft. ; one specimen from Gaschurn on the plains. Araschnia levana, L.—At Hisenkappel on 7th July we took one of the spring brood in the Ebriachtal, where two years before at the same date the summer brood was weli out; this shows the lateness of the season. Pyrameis cardui, L.—At Mallnitz and Gaschurn, one at the former place being taken at 6200 ft. l’. atalanta, L.—At the same places. Huvanessa antiopa, L.—Common and worn at Hisenkappel the first week in July. Vanessa to, L.—At Kisenkappel. Aylais urticae, L.— Common everywhere up to 6200 ft. EHugonia polychloros, L.—EKisenkappel. Polyyonia c-album, L.—At Hisenkappel and Gaschurn. Limenitis populi, Li.—Fairly common at Hisenkappel. L.. camilla, Schiff.—Common at Hisenkappel. Pararye maera, Li.— Common everywhere. P. megera, L.— Common everywhere. P. aegeria, L.—Common at Hisenkappel. Epinephele jurtina; L.—Common at Gaschurn. The females have the orange brown patch on the upper side of the forewing very ill-defined inwardly and extending towards the base; they are exactly like ones we possess from Macedonia. RHOPALOCERA IN AUSTRIA. 73 Aphantopus hyperantus, 4—Common at Gaschurn. Coenonympha arcania, L.—Only at Hisenkappel from 2-3500 ft. C. satyrion, Esp.—At Mallnitz on the plains and up to 4700 ft. in the fir wood clearings both sexes. At Gaschurn both sexes were out at Ferbellen, 5200-5700 ft. an, pamphilus, L.—At Hisenkappel common at 3500 ft. and at Mallnitz on the plains at 8800 ft. Oeneis aello, Hb.—At Mallnitz the males were already worn but the females were just emerging from 5500 ft. up with Hrebia lappona and other Hrebia. At Gaschurn the males were taken very worn at the Madlener Hutte at 6200 ft. In a marsh there was a large dry stone in the middle of the water which was a favourite haunt of these insects and as soon as one was taken, another replaced it. This happened twice. Hrebia eptphron, Knoch.—Only at Gaschurn very localized on one boggy spot beyond Tavamont at 5500 ft. H. melampus, Fssl.—At Mallnitz common up to 5300 ft. where one female was taken. At Gaschurn common from 3-5300 ft. including several females. E. arete, Fabr.—At Mallnitz on 19th July at a certain spot we found this rare butterfly emerging freshly in quantities on a rough grassy slope covered with bilberries etc. amidst clumps of spruce. Two days previously there had been no trace of them. They ranged from 4750- 5500 ft. This locality is about sixty five miles west of the well known spot on the Sau Alpe and I know of no record of captures in between but no doubt it could be found all along the southern slopes of the Tauern, The specimens (all males) differed from those we took two years ago on the Zirbitz Kogel, the Northern end of the Sau Alpe, in that the silver spots on the underside of the hindwings are generally reproduced on the upperside as a row of white spots. Those from the Zirbitz usually only show these white spots in the females. EF. eriphyle, Frr.—At Mallnitz they were taken occasionally at about 5800 ft. along with pharte, yorge, and tyndarus. At Gaschurn a few were taken about 3500 ft. below the Tubinger Hutte. FE. pharte, Hb.—At both Mallnitz and Gaschurn a rather feebly marked race was seen, males only, from 4500 to 6500 ft. In one spot however at Gaschurn above Parthenen a very fine female of var. fasciata, Spul. was taken. EK. manto, Ksp.—At Mallnitz just appearing at 5500 ft. alone with yorye and tyndarus. At Gaschurn they were taken very locally at the Ganeu Alpe. all males till 30th July when the first female was taken. E. ceto, Hb.—At all three places up to 4000 ft., both sexes. H. medusa, Pabr.—At Hisenkappel they were very abundant, very worn on the plain in the first week of July, still fairly fresh higher up. FE. oeme, Hb.—At Mallnitz very common up to 5700 ft. in the firwoods. ‘Those lower down already very worn. K. styyne, Ochs.—At Gaschurn very common of both sexes very locally at one spot beyond Tavamont. EF. nevine, Krr.—At Hisenkappel we took one newly batched male on 11th July, presumably var. loiblit. BE. euryale, Yisp.—In Austria south of the Tauern the type seems to be a modification of isarica, Heyne. in the direction of ocellaris, Ster. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.19384 Thus on the hindwing of the males the brown band tends to break up on the upper surface into brown spots. This type is found every- where south of the Tauern; as one gets further west, the ocellaris element gets more predominant. At Hisenkappel real ocellaris seems unknown ; in Mallnitz and at Heiligenblut it is found quite often, while at Lienz in Ost Tirol, ocellaris forms 50% of those seen. Var. euryaloides, Tengst., is taken and aberrations are common. At Gaschurn the type is the usual adyte, Hb., though there are a few of an isarica facies, which would seem to show the boundary of adyte, on the North Hast passes somewhere along the Montafon valley. E. livea, Li.—At Hisenkappel there is a fine large but feebly marked race, presumably var. permayna, Fruhst. At Gaschurn the usual strongly marked Swiss type prevails. E.. gorge, Hsp.—At Mallnitz the males were beginning to appear about 20th July in the same locality as manto and tyndarus at 5500 ft. One is var. triopes, Splr., with white centred spots on both fore- and hindwings, the others are transitional to this, the usual Eastern type. At Gaschurn the same type was taken, newly hatching at Ferbellen. FE. tyndarus, sp.—At Mallnitz newly hatching about 20th July; at Gaschurn the same. FE. lappona, Ksp.—At Mallnitz and Gasehurn everywhere above the firwoods, of both sexes, up to 7800 ft. In conclusion our thanks are due to Brig.-Gen. B. H. Cooke for kindly identifying various insects. Nomenclature. The List. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Continued from page 60.) Kugonia, Hb., polychloros, Li. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. polychloros, Vanessa, Fb., to, L. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. io, L. Evvanessa, Scud., antiopa, L. becomes Nymphalis, Kluk. antiopa, L.. Poor old Linnaeus is gradually being ousted from his high position. Nymphalis was a Linnaean creation. ‘The “ discovery”’ of the author Kluk (1802) 4Zweerz. Hist. nat. pocz. gospod, seems to have caused a great deal of troublesome revolutionary gymnastics. It would have been far better to have cleared the way before revision by excluding any fresh authority to those which had hitherto been used in nomenclature (granted, a difficult matter). Without some such reservation we shall be liable to further ‘‘ revision’’ when fresh ‘ discoveries ”’ are made, all naturally now very obscure publications. Scudder gives more than a page in his Historical Sketch to the consideration of this name, but with, to say the least, doubtful results. In fact there always seemed a difficulty in the application of this name and for some 60 years it has been used but sparingly, if at all, by modern authors since Kirby, who used it in 1871 but abandoned it later. In 1850 Stephens Cat. Brit. Lep. 12, uses EHugonia for antiopa, polychloros and urticae, thus restricting the choice of the type, and Grote’s action in 1878 in choosing c-awrewm is incorrect and Hugonia is apparently correct for those who wish to use a genus name for polychloros. CURRENT NOTES. 15 Polugonia, Hb. c-album, Li. remains Polygonia, Hb. c-album, L. Apatura, Fb. iris, L. remains Apatura, Fb. iris, L. Limenitis, Fb. sibylla, L., becomes Limenitis, Fb. camilla, L. (The correct spelling of sibylla should be sibilla.) It was shown long ago that our British species was wrongly named and should be camilla, but, strangely, we all forebore to make the necessary change, just as we have done in other cases, e.g., jurtina, L. for janira, L.; croceus, Frr. for edusa, Kb. and possibly electo, L. for croceus, Krr. Nemeobius, St. ducina, L. becomes Hamearis, Hb. lucina, L. For some time we have used Hamearis in this magazine. Lampides, Hb. boeticus, Li. becomes Cosmolyce, Toxop. boeticus, L. The founding of a new genus for boeticus is a natural development from our increase of specific knowledge. The highly specialized scale characters of boeticus are not found in any other species, hence the adoption of Cosmolyce, Toxop. Itis a pity that Hemming’s proposal of Lampidella could not stand, as it showed a hason with the former genus Lanpides. Cupido, Schrank minima, Fuess. becomes Cupido, Schrnk. minimus, Fuess. Evveres, Hb. argiades, Pall. remains Hveres, Hb., aryiades, Pall. (Lo be continued) GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Parts 47, 48, 49, 50 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macro- lepidoptera have just come to hand. ‘The two first of these complete the Bombycid and Sphingid Section of the Supplement with the Index, Title-page, etc., and finishes the Sup. to Vol. II. Additional forms are added to the following species which occur in Britain as well as notes on other forms already dealt with in the main volume. Arctia villica, Callimorpha dominula, Oryyia antiqua, Lymantria dispar, lorthesia similis, Malacosoma naustria, Gastropacha quercifolia and Odontes carmelita. There are most interesting remarks about Nomenclature. After pointing out that the Index contains almost as many names as there are in that of the Main Volume, Dr. Seitz notes that the increase of names is due mainly, not to an increase of newly discovered species but to ‘‘ the giving of names to any slight variation from the normal type.” He further remarks that ‘“‘ This obsession of denominating such specimens and claiming the right of priority for the author of every new denomination, has become almost intolerable.” ‘The inclusion and description of all these aberrations of the one Genus Zygauena comprises 73 pages and over 300 illustrations, ¢.e., one quarter of the entire Volume.’”’ We will quote Dr. Seitz further remarks in our next number. An Unexprecrep Resutt.—The following item is culled from the Journal of the ‘‘ Cactus and Succulent Society of America,” recently issued. ‘* Cactoblastis cactorum, the little imported American grub, that has reclaimed more than 8,000,000 acres of prickly pear infested land in North-eastern Australia, by the simple process of eating down the pear and killing the roots, is winning additional fame in some 76 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. ES WAL By! districts as the slayer of the Queensland adder. The adder regarding the grub as a pest, eats* it and dies from its meal. It is passing with the pear at a surprising rate. One explanation is that the adder’s motive for eating the Cactoblastis is not hunger, but revenge. The destruction of the vrickly-pear cactus is robbing the snake of his shelter, and he regards the grub as a home wrecker.”’ EnromotocicaL Chup, Verratt Supper.—The Verrall Supper Meeting was held at the Holborn Restaurant on 16th January, 1934. A conversazione before supper was held in a large room specially provided for the purpose and gave ample opportunity for the meeting of friends and discussion of entomological and other subjects. Mr. Jas. HK. Collin as usual was responsible for the organization of the meeting and must be -heartily congratulated on the success of the gathering at which the record number of 166 attended. Supper was served at 7.30, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. After the toast of the King the Chairman made reference to the memory of the founder of this meeting, Mr. G. H. Verrall, who was elected a member of the Kntomological Club in 1887 and as time went on his meetings were so largely attended that at his death the function was continued in his memory. ‘This reference was as usual received in silence, the guests standing. After supper groups of friends again congregated and this very successful meeting terminated about 11 o’clock.—H. WitLoucHBy Exurs, Hon. Secretary. ; [The pressure on our space is so great that we are unable to give the List of those present.—H.J.T. | By chance we went into the public Insect Gallery at the Natural History Museum (B.M.) where for the most part very excellent expositions of Insect Life and Variety are presented to the general public. There we found that our colleague Mr. H. Donisthorpe had been at work putting a little neglected corner into presentable condition. A small section has now been devoted to a display of Ant-life, and with the addition of descriptions, diagrams, dissections and specimens, a really serviceable and attractive collection has been staged in two of the large table-cases. Several cabinet drawers are devoted to selected examples of notable exotic species systematically arranged, and in the wall cases one finds larger exhibits of ants’ nests, ete., now correctly named and located. The policy of the Museum authorities to get eminent specialists in the more difficult and less generally known branches of animal life to arrange and revise their treasures is very commendable and generally useful. We compliment Mr. Donisthorpe on the results of his work. We have received small separates from Dr. H. Zerny and Furst A. Caradja, also various separates from Herr M. Draudt on Noctuidae, of which he is making an intensive study for Seitz Swpplement, in place of the late Dr. A. Corti, whose death was a great loss to all who are’ interested in the Agrotidae in particular. * This reads like another case of ‘‘ Newspaper Herpertology.’’ What evidence is there that the viper eats the larvae of Cactoblastis? It seems to be unlikely.— T. B.-F. ; All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1DENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InnusrRavions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. hey should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘** Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhowse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. Excuanaes.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-sir. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa querctis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, ete.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehdrde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable.—A. Lester, 2, Pembury Road, London, N.17. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 3rd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. June 28th, July 12th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. URUGUAY. Iwant to sell Lepidop- tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from this country and am seeking connections with collectors. H. ScunempErR, Correo Libertad, depto. San José, BUsCHENTAL, Rep. Uruguay. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communieations to be addressed to :— VV, Mi GRAVVFORD; BA. :R-ES.; 25, talon. soecy. ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rey. G. Wheelar, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. P. Q. Parsons, W. D. Hincks, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epwuda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GCONTENTS OF VOL. II. Mrnanism AND Metanocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Artieles on Variation (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generi¢ nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyvemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, VYanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. Nos. 7-8 JULY-AUGUST, 1934, ENTOMOLOGISTS_ RECORD oo AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION t Eprrep R. S. BaGnatt, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DontstHoren, F.Z.8., F.R.4.S. ith the Matcoum Bore, D.Sc., F.R.#.S. T. Barnspricce FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.£.8. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. sistance of |. A. Cockaynn, a.m., p.M., F.R.E.s., | H. Ei. Pagan, v.R.E.8. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.B.1.S. J. EH. Conran, J.P., ¥.R.1.8. Rev. G. WHErLER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-BakER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S8. By Henry J. TURNER, ¥.R.£.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. Odonata [Ferangusopier#)! from Peru and Colombia, W. D. Hincks, M.P.S., F.R.E.S., ; : 17 The Cottian Alps and Turin in June- es 1933, Rev. H. B. ey HER Ss5 BL. S2= os 81 Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Se se 83 Nores on CoLLectIne. .. sh Se ‘Ss oe Ps at 5 85 Current Notes .. os ie sé ie e aie so es 85 SuPPLEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (333)-(336) Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (21)-(24) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). & * Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.0. Box. 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W. eee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.E.9. ODONATA FROM PERU AND COLOMBIA. 17 Odonata (Paraneuroptera) from Peru and Colombia. By W. D. HINCKS, M.P.S., F.R.E.S. J. A®SHNIDAR. The present note is the first of a series in which it is proposed to deal with a large collection of Odonata made in Peru and Colombia. The papers will appear in any order in which the material becomes fully worked out. The splendid Odonata fauna of Central and South America has, of course, been the subject of a number of important memoirs during the present century of which Dr. Calvert’s monumental work (1901-08) in the Biologia Centrali Americana series may be said to be the pioneer. A subsequent contribution by that author (1909) and a large paper by — the late Dr. F. Ris (1918) have added much new and important information. More recently the late Mr. EK. B. Williamson and his co-workers have published a series of very important and well written papers dealing with the region. In all of these, however, the Peruvian fauna is the least adequately treated though Ris (1918) contains a number of records from this country. As some of the species in my collection have not been recorded from Peru and as some of them are of more than ordinary interest it is hoped that a preliminary faunal list will prove useful. Ris (1918) bas dealt with a considerable number of Colombian species and gives a list of those then known to occur. My own material from Colombia is not very extensive but is derived from more southerly localities than that of Ris and contains several interesting additions to his list. The material was collected—(1) Peru: Iquitos and Mishuyacu near Iquitos. (2) S. Antonio, Yumbatos and Balsapuerto in the Huallaga region of North Peru on or near the Rio Huallaga. (3) Colombia: Umbria and Florida in §.E. Colombia in the neighbourhood of the Upper Putumayo River. All these localities are on the Atlantic watershed and the material studied may therefore be regarded as derived from the head-waters of the Amazon and offers useful data for comparison with the better known lower Amazon fauna. The present notes relate to the Aeshnidae, the first family of which my material is fully worked out. Aeshnidae. 1. Coryphaeschna adnewa, (Hagen) 1861. Calvert, (1901-08) : 188 (shna). [Mexico, Honduras, Colombia, Keuador, Brazil, West Indies.| —Martin (1908-09) : 75-76 (Aeschna). (Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador, Amazons, Brazil, Cuba, Haiti.] —Ris (1918) : 170. [Mexico, Panama, Brazil. | Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 30.x11.30; 1g, 20.1v.81. Both specimens are much discoloured. A widely distributed species but apparently never taken in numbers. This appears to be the first record of specimens from Peru. 2. Triacanthagyna ditzlert, Williamson, 1923. Williamson (E. B.) (1928): 19-21. [Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Brazil.] Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 28.x11.30. 78 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V11.1934 My single exponent of this interesting species is not in good condition but Mr. K. J, Morton inclines to the view that it is 7. ditzlert with which I agree aftera careful examination. Appears to be hitherto unrecorded from Peru. Length of abd. (excl. apps.) 40mm., hindwing 35mm. 8. Triacanthayyna satyrus, Martin, 1909. Martin (1908-10) : 177-178 (in part)—Williamson (E.B.) (1928) : 25-26. [Costa Rica, Venezuela, British Guiana. | Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 18.x1.30; 19, 14.11.81; Iquitos. 1¢, 8.vi.31. Williamson points out that Martin mixed 7. septima and T. trifida in his series of this species and in examining the type material cites the true satyrus, from Peru and Brazil. Besides Martin’s specimens Williamson had only 8 3 g and a doubtful ¢ before bim when writing (1923). The second and third of my specimens are very advanced and the wings are throughout suffused with brown. All three have the same measurements. Abd. 42mm., hindwing 42mm. 4. Gynacantha tenuis, Martin, 1909. Martin (1908-09) : 175-176 (in part ?). [Amazons, Peru, Surinam. | —Williamson (E.B.) (1923) : 28-30. (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Fr. Guiana. | Peru: Mishuyacu 1g 192, 8.viii.80; 19, 21.v.81—Yumbatos. LS elxeooe Originally described by Martin from 2g g and 39 @ in de Sélys’ collection which Williamson suggests represents more than one species. The female above recorded is probably correctly allocated to this Species. 5. Gynacantha auricularis, Martin, 1909. Martin (1908-09) : 176-177. [Surinam] —Williamson (I.B.) (1923) : 84-86. [Costa Rica, Venezuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil. ] Peru: Mishuyacu. 1¢, 28.11.31. Not, I believe, previously recorded from Peru. Closely allied to the next, G. klagesi, which is a smaller and more slender species. 6. Gynacantha klagesi, Williamson, 1923. Williamson (E.B.) (1923) : 86-37. [French Guiana. | Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 10.viu.80; 2¢ ¢, 20.vii.80; 1,4, 29.vii.80; 19, 25.vii.80; 19, 27.vii.80; 19, 8.vill.80; 19, 2.111.381 ; LA (Sl SU Ovo cy Mean. voile sme Sauna Osvecila Nemeth, 14:v.81) 29 So 28iv-31 319), 2ivi.8il- lquitos 1g 1i7iw.3. An interesting series of this little known species hitherto recorded from French Guiana and based on 2g 19. : Length abd. $,46-47mm. ?,50-51mm. Hindwing 9 ,47-48mm. ?, 51-52mm. 7. Gynacantha nervosa, (Rambur) 1842. Calvert (1901-08) : 198. [Southern U.S., Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, W. Indies.| —Martin (1908-09) : 169-170. [Sovth America, Cuba, Porto Rico.] —Williamson (E.B.) (1928) : 40-48. [California, Florida, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Canal zone, Colombia, HKcuador, Bolivia, ODONATA FROM PERU AND COLOMBIA. "9 Venezuela, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil, Trinidad, Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica. | Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 25.vi.80; 13, 20.vil.80; 13, 25.vii.30 ; La, PDAS” TB BG > WEL) Biche? LUG Frais) S'la es Gsvill- sO Zag demll.30)) 1 gd Oe Sivi1. 380 1g ol Oe 15:vii1.30); TA ZOsviInE SOR Ra gas | ZO eviblkOO lege SOsviliza Olah eAnixeoO) 52 1 gy, Gix.30 Lo 201x305 4g GaiixoOsn lig 28-v20 le This is the most abundant Aeschnid in the material before me yet it appears to be hitherto unrecorded from Peru. As indicated by the records above it is a very widely distributed species from the Southern States to Brazil. It will be noticed that almost all my specimens were taken in July, August and September, the largest number being captured in August. 8. Gynacantha litoralis, Williamson, 1928 ? Williamson (EH. B.) (1928) : 44. [Dutch Guiana and Brazil ?] Peru: Mishuyacu. 19, 27.ix.830—Yumbatos 1 9, xi.32. IT am doubtful of this determination as Williamson gives hardly any characters for the @ of his species. ‘These examples appear to be very close to G. nervosa, indeed it was to this species that I originally referred them, but they differ in having the 8rd segment of the abdomen slightly constricted, with the lateral carinae distinctly approaching the ventral carinae at the level of the transverse carina. This character brings the specimens to litovalis in Williamson’s key. The details given there were drawn from one of the aberrant specimens which Williamson doubtfully refers to this species. My examples agree with his in having two rows of cells between M, and Rs adjacent to the fork of Rs, as would specimens of nervosa. Williamson describes the wings of his Brazilian examples as uniformly brown tinged whilst mine have the subcostal space somewhat darkened basad with the costal and to a less extent the subcostal space brownish distad from the nodus. The constricted segment 3 precludes croceipennis which has been recorded from Peru and were it not for this character I would refer my specimens to nervosa. Length of abd. 9 53-54mm. MHindwings ? 54mm. 9. Gynacantha gracilis (Burmeister), 1839. Martin (1908-09) : 167-168 [S. America] —Williamson (H.B.) (1923): 47-48. [Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Dutch Guiana, Brazil. | Peru: Iquitos, 19, 8.vi.8l1—Mishuyacu, 1%, 6.vill.80; ig, Six SOs lie caves These appear to be the first Peruvian records. 10. Gynacantha membranalis, Karsch, 1891. Calvert (1901-08) : 194-195. [Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, KEecuador, Peru, Brazil.—{Martin (1908-09) : 168-169. [Panama to the Amazons.]—Ris (1918) : 155." [Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil.] —Williamson (H.B.) (1923) : 48-50 [Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil. | Cotrompia: Umbria, 1g 19, 1.xi.80; 1g, 9.xi.80; 1g, 11.xi.30; Lg, 4.xi.80; 19, 14.xi1.80; 19, 18.xi180; 19, 31.xi1.80; 32, 6.1.31; 29, 161.31. Peru: Mishuyacu, 1g, 10.11.31; 19, 8.iv.81; 19, 14.v.31. 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECOKD. 15.VII.1934 The following other Gynacanthas are recorded from Peru but are unrepresented in my material. G. adela, Martin, 1909, G. croceipennis, Martin, 1909, and G. interioris, Williamson, 1928. 11. Neuraeschna producta, Kimmins, 1933. Kimmins (1983): 226 [Peru]. Peru: Mishuyaeu. 19, 22.vii.380; 1¢, 25.1x.30; 19, 8.x.30 (paratypes) 1g, 20.1x.80; 1¢, 14.iv.31. I had separated this interesting species as new when I heard from Mr. Kimmins that he was about to describe it from material from the same source as my own. I therefore sent him what material I had available which he incorporated in the paper above referred to. It is evidently closely allied to N. harpya, but 1s at once separated by the longer inferior anal appendage. The remarks of Williamson (1980) when describing his N. mina ave of interest with regard to the habits of the genus, and his statement that all the known species are beauti- fully distinct in the form of the g appendages, still holds good. Williamson says ‘‘ very probably hardly a beginning has been made of our knowledge of the species of Newraeschna.” 12. Staurophlebia reticulata, Burmeister, 1839. Calvert (1901-08) 178-9 {Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela, Guiana, Surinam, Brazil.| Martin (1908-09): 210-211 {[5. America] —Ris (1918): 156 [Panama, Heuador, Guiana, Brazil, Argentine. | Cotompra: Umbria. 2¢ 39, 9.xi.80; 19,19.xi.80; 19, 28.xi.80; DE TOU OTERO Om alee OG leodecune ge LO snes Peru: Mishuyacu. 1¢, 18.vii.80; 2¢ 9, 30.vii.380; 13, Dex DORM Geld XPOO RMA gig hoax GOeD Suse OexroO mma He4oxeaOr Dion IBS gO) s IL G4 PAsvecleal0)2 IL ais IOS aninet), Yumbatos. 1,9, 1x.382. I cannot find this widely distributed, powerful dragonfly recorded from either Colombia or Peru. 13. Staurophlebia gigantula, Martin, 1909. Martin (1908-09) : 211. [S. America, particularly the Amazon region. | Peru: Mishuyacu. 14, 20.viii.30; 19, 8.x.80; 39 g, 21.x.30; 13, 24.x.30: 13, 18.x1.80; 19, 6.xii.30; 19,274.81; 19, 10.ii.31 ; 1g, 14.11.81. These specimens constitute the first definite Peruvian record I am able to find. The species is closely allied to the preceding but is readily distinguished on sight by its smaller size. Besides the above 138 species and the 8 additional Gynacantha mentioned, the 6 species under mentioned appear in the literature I have at hand as occurring in Peru. Aeshna peralta, Ris (1918); viyintipunctata, Ris (1918); difinis, Ramb. (1842); brevifrons, Hagen (1861); tntricata, Martin (1909), and Rhionaeschna marita, Forst, (1909). In conclusion I should like to express my thanks to Mr. K. J. Morton for valuable assistance in naming several of the species herein included. COTTIAN ALPS AND TURIN IN JUNE-JULY, 1933. 81 Literature referred to : Burmeister, 1839. Handb. Entom., Odonata, 11. Calvert, 1901-08. Biologia Canal Americana, 11. Neuroptera. ue 1909. ‘Contributions to a knowledge of the Odonata of the Neotropical Region, exclusive of Mexico and Central America.” Ann, Carnegie Mus. Pittsburgh, vi. Hagen, 1861. Synopsis Neuroptera, North America. Karsch, 1891. Kritik des Systems der Aeschniden. Hunt. Nach. Xvil. 273-290. ; Kimmins, 1938. A new Species of Neuraeschna (Odonata). Eutomologist, xvi. 226-8. Martin, 1908-09. Coll. Zool. de Sélys: Aeschnines. Rambur, 1842. Historie Naturelle des Nevropteres. Ris., 1918. Libellen (Odonata) aus der Region der amerikanischen Kordilleren von Costarica bis Catamarca. Archiv. f. Naturgesch. 1916. 1918). Hea E.B., 1928. Notes on American Species of Triacan- thagyna and Gynacantha. Univ. Michigan, Mus. Zool. Miseell, Publ., no. 9, 1923, pp. 80. Williamson, E. B. & J. H., 1980. Two new Neotropical Aeshnines (Odonata) Occ, papers Mus, Zool., Univ. Michigan, no, 218, 1980, pp. 1d. The Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1933. By Rev. E. B. ASHBY, F.B.E.S., F.Z.S. I left London the night of June 18th and arrived at Oulx the following night at 9.16 p.m. Snow was falling in the Alps of Savoie and in the Mt. Cenis district en route and I experienced very cold weather in the Oulx district until 27th June, when the weather became fine and continued so for the remainder of the three and a half weeks I was there. I stayed all the time at the Albergo Commercio, an inn immediately by Oulx station. The motor-buses for the mountain resorts start by the station entrance. I wish at the outset to express my thanks to Dr. Verity for the .very interesting series of articles he has written, from time to time, in the pages of this magazine on the ‘ Zygaenae, Grypocera and Rhopalocera of the Cottian Alps compared with other races,’ I have found these articles of immense interest, they represent an enormous amount of research, and they make our collections of infinitely greater interest. 1. Sruprinict Woop, Turin. 800 ft. I visited this old haunt of mine on June 20th and 26th. Asa result of the two visits I took the following insects. Ruopatockra.— brenthis dia; Aryynnis cydippe, var. cleodoxa, a few with the typical form; A. aglaia; Strymon ilicis var. aescult, O., fresh; S. w-albwm, abundant, but rather worn; Melitaea pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh. with transitions to melathalia, Rocei.; Plebeius argus =argyroynomon, Berg., mostly worn; Polygonia c-album, abundant ; Melanargia yalathea, race pedemontii, Vty., abundant and 82 ENTOMOLOGIS’S RECORD. 15. VI1.1934 fresh ; Rumicia phlaeas, abundant and fresh very dark and towards var. elews; Hugonia polychloros, very fresh and appeared fairly common, settling to rest on the Acacia italiana; Pieris daplidice ; Aphantopus hyperantus, race maxima, Vrty.; Lycaenopsis aryiolus. Hetwrocera.—Nemotois scabivsella, Scop.; Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis, Li., extremely abundant in both sexes; L. chrysorrhoea ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea ; Zygaena transalpina, race emendata, Vrty.; Z. stvechadis, race dubia, Stder.; Omphalophana anterrhini, Hub.; Hetropis crepus- cularia, Hub. ; Peronea boscana, Fab. _ Drietera.—Ocyptera bicolor, Oliv; Chrysops caecutiens; Pangonius haustellatus, I’. (with reference to this fine Dipteron, will collectors remember that the Brit: Museum, 8. Kensington, would be very glad of some specimens from Italy). The one specimen I caught on 26th June, was very fresh, and I found it settling on thistle blossoms in a large clearing 1n the heart of the wood, on the south side of the main road to Stupinigi mee ESauecEa. he ee elena Kvaniidae, Foenws assectator, By OxtHoptERa.— Blattella germanica, L. Neuroprera.—Chrysopa perla. Cotroptera.— Mavsoma lusitanica, 2. Lakes or Aviauiana. Above 1108 ft. On 22nd June, as the weather at Oulx was still too cold, I went down to Avigliana by train and walked out in about three quarters of an hour to the lakes of Avigliana and then taking the road which separates them and which leads to the best ground to the west of the second lake. Unfortunately there was little sun. I found the follow- ing insects. Ruopatocera.—Colias croceus, Fourc.; Coenonympha arcania; A. hyperantus, race rufilins, Frhst. CotrortEra.—Rhayonycha fulva, Scop.; Leptura melanura, L., Colaspidema atrum, Ol. ; Haosoma lusitanica ; O9edemera flavipes ; Haltica coryli, Al.; Cryptocephalus hypochaeridis, L.; and C. varieyatus, Fab. N&rUROPTERA.— Vanorpa communis. Hymenoptera.—Halictus maculatus 9 ; Prosopis confusa, 9 Nyl.; Hylotoma cyanocrocea. Herrrocera.—Pryausta sanguinalis, L. 8. CuHromente. 2525 ft. On 29th June I went by train after pranzo (déjeuner) from Oulx down the line to Chiomente. Arriving there I took the path which leads parallel to the line towards a bridge. Crossing the line under- neath this bridge a steep ascent begins, and although I did not get very far, lam told there is good collecting for a long distance by following this road. Shortly after passimg under the above bridge a path through cultivated land opens on right for some distance. Along this path I took some Burnet Moths which were flying in great number and in prime condition. ‘The insects taken at Chiomente were : — NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 83 Raopavtocera.—M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh.; MM. galathea, race pedemontit, Vrty.; Polyommatus eschert, race balestret,, Frhst.; P. (Cyaniris) semtargus, race montana, M.D. Heterocera.—Larentia dotata, L.; Amphidasis betularia, L., two specimens taken at rest on the walls of Chiomente station; Zyyaena stoechadis, Bkh., with race dubia, Stdgr.; race alpiumgigas, Vrty. (=major, Frey. nom. praeoce.) ; 7%. lonicerae, Esp., race alpiwmn-gigas, Vrty.; 2%. trifolit, Esp. Dr. Verity says this is probably alpiumnana, Vrty. resembling superficially a form of lonicerae; Z. scabtosae race orton, H.S.; 4. transalpina race alpicola, Vrty. =alpium, B.; Z. lavandulae var. consobrina, and the typical race; Syntomis phegea. Cotroptera. —Molytes glabratus, F.; Rhizotrogus vernalis, Brullé. Hymenoprera.—/lalictus laevigatus, K., 9 ; H.albipes 9 ; Andrena nigroaenea, Kirb. @ ; Psithyrus rupestris, Fab.; Acanthomyops (Chthonolasinus) wnbratus, Nyl., 2 ; Camponotus (Tanacmyrmea) aethiops, Latr. 4. JOUVENCEAU. There is an excellent collecting ground just above this village ; leaving the roadtrack, and taking a path to left which runs parallel toa stream for some distance. Jouvenceau can be reached on foot through the main village of Oulx ; ask the way and lunch should be carried if the whole day is given to this excursion. I ascended there on 30th June. After passing the first village there is a bridle-path on right, which shortens the walk and gives some shade, but is rough in places. I took the following insects. Ruopatocera.—Brenthis amathusia, Ei. race titania, Ksp.; Issoria lathonia, L., race emiflorens, Vriy.; Erebia ceto, Hub. ; Leptosia sinapis, race magna, Vrty., 1 Gen.; Pararye maera, L., race herdonia, Frhst. ; M. cinawia, race arelatia, Frhst.; P. (C.) semiargus, race montana, M.D.; M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh. M. aurelia race imitatria, Vrty. M, dictynna, race subalpina, Vrty.; Chrysophanus hippothoé, race eurybia, O.; Plebeius argus race philonomus, Bergstr ; Aricia medon, K.; Plebeius idas, L.=aryyroynomon, Bergstr.; Heodes virgaureae, race inalpinus, Yrty., one very large male amongst others. (To be concluded.) Nomenclature. The List. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.EH.S., F.R.H.S. (Continued from page 75.) Plebeius, Li. aegon, Schiff. becomes Plebezus, Kluk argus, L. We now come to the main section of the Family which hitherto has been called the Lycaenidae. Whether this family name will stand in future depends upon the Zoologists’ Code apparently. The main genera have hitherto been Plebeius, L., Polyommatus, Latr. and Lycaena, Fb. These have become in modern times very unwieldy from the number of species included in each, in fact continental authorities, following Staudinger, had come to use Lycaena alone for these three groups ; a convenient way of burking difficulties, but not at all satisfactory ; ¢.y. Seitz Palaearctic Rhopalocera. Many genera were carved out from these three by those working on special 84 HNLOMOLUGIST’S RWCORD. 15.V1II.1934 species or small groups, as did Tutt and his helpers. Then Mr. Bethune-Baker with his comprehensive knowledge of the ‘ blues” of the world, took up the task of sorting out the Palaearctic species by gaining an intimate knowledge of their genitalia. As a result he placed the following species in the genus Plebetns (sens. lat.) : aegon, (argus, Li.) Schiff:, insularis, Leech, argyrognomon, Bergstr. (argus, 1.), aegidion, Meisn., barine, Leech, tancrei, Graes., cleobis, Brem., eversmanni, Stder., grumt, Stdgr., lucifera, Stdgr., themis, Gr.- Gr., eurypilus, Err., pylaon, Fisch., zephyrus, Friv., lyctdas, Trapp., allardii, Obthr., ferghana, Stdgr., martini, All., staudingert, Christ., christophi, Stdgr., alaina, Stdegr., steversi, Christ., hyrcana, Led., bellona, Gr.-Gr., alcedo, Christ. (all the above sens. strict.) with medon, Hufn. and donzelii, Bdv. (part of the genus dricia, R.Ju. of Tutt, etc.) with orbitulus, Prun., pyrenaica, Bdy., aquilo, Auriv., elvira, Ey., aegragrus, Christ., edlist, Marsch., pheretiades, Kv. (the genus Latiorina, of Tutt, etc.) with pheretes, Hb., chrysopis, Gr.-Gr., omphisa, Mr., felicis, Obthr. (the genus Albulina of Tutt etc.). See Hnt. Record 1914, p. 138, ete. He further stated that he was unable to differentiate between the three last groups and the Plebeius (sens. strict.) group, and hence sinks them (Aricta, Albulina and Latiorina). Kirby, Hand, Ord. Lep. (1896) IL. 87, points, out that Cuvier Tab. Elém a’ Hist. Nat. (1799). 591, fixed the type of Plebetus as argus, L. (aegon) though he only used-the plural for Plebett. Our Nomenclators make a lot of capital out of this singular and plural business although there is nothingin it. The old entomologists were brought up on the Classic languages and aired their knowledge or ignorance at every OHO and those who were not so trained perforce copied them. Scudder rejects this action of Cuvier, see Hist. Sketch Pref. on quite untenable grounds. The genus name Plebeius occurs in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 1758. Plebejus is only a fancy spelling: j was often used for 7 in old literature and savours of pedantry. Such gymnastics are condemned by the zoologists’ code which is supposed to be followed. We do not agree it is generally accepted that the correct specific name of the only British species of this genus is aryus. The arqus- aegon question has sickened one by its ineffective prolixity; Rev. G. Wheeler has shown in this magazine more than once that aegon must be the name of our British “‘ silver-studded blue.” Others, particularly Courvoisier, have championed the other side. The confusion of using the one name argus for two almost identical common species causes the utmost confusion which the use of aegon avoids. Seitz bas made the best suggestion for the solution in Vol. I. p. 300, Palaearctic Rhopalocera. He says ‘‘ From a practical point of view the simplest solution would be arrived at, if the names aeyon, Schiff. (=argus, L.) and argus, Schiff. were employed for the two species.” We would add that, to settle all further confusion, these names used in this application should be submitted for preservation, to prevent the utter confusion which has arisen from the misuse of the name argus, and which will continue if argus be accepted to replace aegon. (To be continued) CURRENT NOTES. 85 J) OTES ON COLLECTING, ete. A correspondent of the Times reports the occurrence ofa ? specimen of Dicranura vinula from Barra, an island of the Outer Hebrides, which emerged there from a wild gathered cocoon, on 23rd April. I believe there are no records of this species from the Orkneys or Shet- lands, and have no definite knowledge of its previous occurrence in the Outer Hebrides. Sallow bushes grow there upon which the larvae would feed. The date of emergence is unusually early.—Hy.J.T. Disrripution or Hirgepia aRETE.—On p. 73 ante the authors state that they have met with Hrebia arete at Mallnitz about 65 miles west of its well known locality on the Sau Alp and are not aware of any record of captures between these two areas. Our correspondent Herr Warnecke very kindly refers us to an article in the Wnt. Zeit. (1920-1) pp. 77 ete. of vol, 84 where EH. arete is reported as common generally in the Turracher Alpen, the upper part of the Gurk-tal, on the western boundary of Stiermark. Burrerriies anp Eiepnants.—The following observation is worth recording. It is by my friend Lt.-Colonel L. H. Bethell, who is not an entomologist, but an observant traveller. Apropos of the ‘“ sapro- phytic tendencies of the butterfly,” he writes, ‘‘ the same thing struck me, with the same amazement, that such a delicate thing could be such a foul feeder, in the jungles of the Assam hinterland. I had charge of a battalion of Gurkhas there; and, being jungle-stationed, part of my regimental fit-out was a team of nine pack-elephants, whose job it was to connect us with our ration-boxes on the river. They tramped a narrow path which we, for lack of a better, also used, leading up to the stockades. The elephant, as you know, when he defaecates, leaves a monumental piece of work. I never saw a butterfly in all those jungles normally, but every one of those colossal heaps (over which one had to step in the narrow path; there was no way round), was literally covered with myriads of butterflies, all shapes, sizes and brilliant colours, till you simply could not see what lay beneath. Where they came from, I’ve not the least idea; but the presence of foul feeding of that sort must have attracted them, in inconspicuous ones and twos, from every direction. Has a butterfly a sense of smell? It could not have been sight. Visibility in those dense rain-forests was normally about six feet, and not always that.” —M.B. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. Four further parts of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus have recently been issued. Part 58: continues the references to the Saturniidae, of the subfamilies Saturniinae and Ludiinae; Part 59: contains the Notodontidae; Part 60: continues the Pieridae by G. Talbot ; Part 61: continues the Geometridae by L. B. Prout. As usual Mr. Prout’s work is wonderfully complete; he has carefully noted even summarized reports of the meetings of Societies as published in magazines (See page 82 fora 8. London Socy. reference). We cannot refrain from again pointing out the incorrect method of specific reference in the 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V11.19384 Pieridae part. Butler did not write vestalis vestalis but vestalis, and if the first reviser wishes to double the name it certainly should be written vestalis, Btlr. vestalis (first reviser’s name). Butler's name naturally included the species as a whole, whereas the first reviser who pointed out its comprehensiveness limited the inclusion to aspecified form. It is also a pity that the format of this section differs from the whole of the rest of the Catalogue, in empkasizing the subspecies as species by heavy type. On p. 258 of this family are two references we have been unable to verify even in the B.M., viz., aestiva and borealis forms of napt-oleracea, names said to have been described in The New Enyland Farmer by Harris in 1829, vol. VIIL? (or VII). One finds oleracea in Vol. VII. p. 402 in this newspaper. Even Kirby does not give these names in his System. Cat. nor do they occur in Sherborn. The utility of these wonderful lists of references must be unlimited. A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Caracas, Ditton Hill, on 8th March, 19384, Mr. W. J. Kaye in the Chair. Members Present in addition to the Chairman :—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. HE. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, and Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors Present :—Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. C. N. Hughes, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Maj. R. W. G. Hingston, and Mr. Frank A. Oldaker. The guests were received at 6.30 onwards by Mr., Mrs. and the Misses Kaye. The Chairman’s comprehensive collections of Rhopalocera were on view. ‘he house was decorated with some beautiful specimens of orchids of which the Chairman for many years has been a most successful grower. Supper was served at 8 o'clock and after a most enjoyable evening the guests dispersed at a late hour.—H. Wituoucuey-Euus. Herr G. Warnecke of Kiel has sent us a reprint of his articles collected from the Int. Hnt. Zeit. on the connection of Ants and Lycaentdae; in which he summarises all that is known of this curious and interesting relationship. He gives particulars of some 65 species of 24 Lycaenid genera, with 8 plates and several text figures. All references are given and Lists of the chief works on the subject. A very valuable summary. The same author has also sent us a number of separates of the articles he has contributed to various magazines on entomological subjects during the past few years, containing numerous plates and text figures. They deal with the micro-lepidoptera of the middle Rhine area, an Arctic relic of Germany, Lepidoptera of S.W. Arabia, the distribution of Lampides bveticus in mid Kurope, ete. Wherever Sig. Orazio Querci stays he does a large amount of entomological research and his results are published locally. Some while ago we referred to his work on the Rhopalocera of Spain which was published in Barcelona. Now we have to record a compilation of the Bibliography of the Rhopalocera of Portugal, which was published at Lisbon in the Arquivos do Musen Bocage. It consists of 112 small quarto pages and deals with 117 species, giving the name with reference to figures, the original description and the distribution in Portugal, with occasional notes of interest. References are added to literature before Linnaeus, e.g., Moutfet, Ray, Aldrovandus, Petiver, Wilkes, Roesel, etc. Much of the distribution notes were obtained from Wattison’s notes of 1928-9. Such a work is very useful to those who collect in Portugal. The CURRENT NOTES. 87 descriptions are all reproduced in the language in which they were originally made, often with an expanded description when the original is too brief for modern work. CommittEe For THE Prorection oF British Insecrs.—An appeal is made to all Entomologists and others interested in the Protection of our Insect Fauna to subscribe to the Protection Fund of the above Committee. It is not the object of the Committee to restrict legitimate collecting for research purposes provided that a portion of the area to be protected can be kept as a sanctuary. These sanctuaries require looking after. A certain amount of mowing and thinning must be done consistent with the interests of the species to be protected, otherwise the sanctuaries become overgrown and the food-plants choked. In some Cases it is necessary to provide a watcher during the breeding season and sometimes to contribute to the rent of the sanctuary. Donations and subscriptions should be sent to H. M. Edelsten, Hon. Secretary, Committee for the Protection of British Insects, Royal Entomological Society of London, 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. Parts 49 and 50 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Noctuae are very important for British entomologists interested in variation. In the 3 sheets (24 pages) the variation of no less than 36 species occurring in Britain is considered. The species concerned are those in the genera Polia, Harmodia, Aplecta, Tholera, Monima, Hyphilare, Sideritis, ete. (our old Dianthoecia, Hadena in part, Taeniocampa, and Leucania), and considerably over 100 variations are dealt with. Marmodia (Dianthvecia) caesia, Monima (Taeniocampa) yothica, M. stabilis, M. gracilis as well as the tangle luteayo-barrettii-andalusica are given more in detail. The result of the work of British entomologists that barrettit is a form of andalusica a separate species from luteago, is accepted. On the 3 plates there are no less than 163 figures, Three parts of the Main Volume of Seitz American Bombyces, ete., have just been issued and contain 3 sheets and 6 plates. This huge volume still wants about 200 pages and 20 plates to complete it. Nine of the seventeen volumes projected in 1906 have been completed and also two volumes of the Supplement to the Huropean portion, with 918 coloured plates and many thousand figures. We have received the Volumes containing the account of the Fifth Congress of Kntomology held in Paris in July, 1932. The Report contains the Papers received by the Congress, many of which there was no time to read and discuss. The volumes consist of some 1000 pages with 37 plates and many text figures and dealing with the various aspects and activities of the science allocated in the following Sections : General Entomology; Morphology, etce.; Ecology, ete.; Applied Entomology ; Medical Entomology ; Forest Entomology ; Apiculture ; and Nomenclature. No less than 106 papers are printed of which more than half were in French and more than a quarter were by Kinglish speaking authors ; about a dozen were German. Hconomic and applied entomology form the bulk of the subjects discussed. One of the most interesting papers is that of Dr. Pictet, A consideration of the mongrel population of the Lepidoptera in the zone of contact between the habitats. It is illustrated with four plates and numerous diagrams. The area dealt with is that of the Swiss National Park in the Engadine and the species studied Hrebia pronoe and its form pitho, Hrebia nerine 88 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15. VII.1934 and its form vreichlini, EHrebia cassiope, Argynnis (Brenthis) pales, | Nemeophila plantaginis, Hrebia gorge and its form triopes. Prof. Poulton assembles a mass of evidence to show that the attempts made during the past quarter of a century to disprove the theories of Mimicry, Warning Colours and Protective Resemblance in Insects are without foundation ; a really delightful paper. The subject of Mimicry is again discussed in a paper by Franz Heikertinger of Vienna, with three plates. Jf space permits we will mention some of the more outstanding papers in this volume later in the year. May we remind our readers of two things to keepin mind. 1. To remember what has been requested about the Colorado Beetle; 2. To keep an eye on, and to record all species suspected of immigration. We might also ask for reports of second broods this year ; as the spring and early summer have been so abnormal and vegetation has matured much earlier, the appearances of many species are sure to be affected. In some Sussex areas the oaks are very badly attacked by Tortria viridana larvae. . Dr. Seitz, in his Preface to the Supplement of the lalaearctic Bombycids-Sphingids (Supp. Vol. II.), referring to the obsession of naming says, ‘‘ Some method must be found of preventing the small number of indispensable and scientifically valuable names being sub- merged by this flood of dispensable denominations.” ‘‘ The main object of this work is to enable collectors to find a definition and description of every name that may be found in literature, in any Museum or private collection, in descriptions of fauna, etc.” ‘The editor was forced to consider the wishes of his subscribers and disregard the strictly scientific standpoint, which would have appealed to only about 5% of his readers. The other 95%, that study entomology as a matter of sport, or as a hobby, frequently take more interest in a denominated aberration of some local indigenous species than in an exotic rarity from far off lands.’ In fact the whole preface gives one much food for thought and is well worth perusing. We regret to see the announcement of the death of another of the small band of French entomologists who have for many years devoted their attention to the micro-lepidoptera, M. Chétien. It was not two years ago that M. Joannis passed away, another of those who were great students of the micros. M. Chétien was in his 88th year and with M. Joannis was one of the founders and strong supporters of the fine little paper L’ Amateur de Papillons. The Royal Entomological Society have announced that they will hold a Conversazione on Thursday, 13th September, in their rooms at. 41, Queen’s Gate, S. Kensington during the Third International Locust Conference. Corrections :—p. 76 “ herpertology ”’ should be of course ‘‘ herpeto- logy.” f p. (881) Brit. Noct. “ tarawici”’ should be ‘ taraxact.” p. 64. ‘‘ Flinders ”’ should be “ Vlinders.”’ All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTEL should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Tornin, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor lo send us communications DENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable aa if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require Innusrrarions are inserted on condition that the AurHor defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’” West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. VW’. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—h. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.—Albimacula*, sparganii*. Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘‘ dwrago,”’ Bromjields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Ditfinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desideratu.—Living larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercus. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, sriseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Soffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. Desiderata.—Living larvae: please send list of species obtainable.—d. Lester, 2, Pembury Road, London, N.17. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W. 7. 8 p.m. October 3rd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. July 12th, 26th, August 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘* Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Hssex. URUGUAY. I want to sell Lepidop- tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from this country and am seeking connections with collectors. H. ScHnrIpER, Correo Libertad, depto. San José, BuscHEnTAL, ep. Uruguay. ee IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.0O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Wecaiad Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/3. All communications to be addressed to :— VV M. CRAWFORD, BA., F-RE.S5 12's; Inonagseey. ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. P. Q. Parsons, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, “ TLatemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taenitocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrogpect of a Iepidopterist for 1890—Nifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. Il. Menanism anpD MertanocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VARIATION (many)—How to breed dAgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen- elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. {To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. fo te Sei ee SEP 28 1934 Vol. XLVI. ENTOMOLOGISTS | RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION R. S. BAGNALh, D.SC., F.R.E.S. H. DonisTHORPE, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8. Matcoum Burr, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BarnsriccE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, r.R.u.s. F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. hsistance of E. A. Cockayne, a.mM., D.M., F.R.E.S., | H. EH. Paan, F.R..S. F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. J. KH. Conn, J.P., ¥.R.1.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R-.E.S., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Breraune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.R.E.8. By Henry J. a ee ¥.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS. Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland, B. J. Lempke .. ee 89 Landscape Memories, G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.R.H.S., F.Z.8. ap oe 90 Nomenclature, The hist, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.H.S., F.R.H.S. se ats 92 Notres on Conuectinc.—D. vinula in the Outer Hebrides, R. Adkin, F.R.E.S. ; Abundance of M. vulgaris in Windsor Forest, H. Donisthorpe, F.R.E.S.; Diprion polytomum - in Windsor Forest, Id.; Further Notes from Torquay, Capt. C. Q. Parsons ; 8. Devon Notes, Td. ; Irish eee Com. Wyndham Forbes, F.R.E.S. So 94 Current Nortzes .. ‘ : ate a ae 66 of 95 Reviews.—Proce. and Take: Ss. eee Ent. SAY: as ae Sve 3¢ 99 Oxzituary.—Wm. Frederick Johnson .. ve 100 SuprLeEMENTS.—British Noctuae, Hy. J. Der F. R1 E.S., P. UR. H. 8. (337)-(340) Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (25)-(28) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). Val we Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full — Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the Wor!d.”’ ' 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., Engiand | |) BO. (Bax. \ne. APBD Fy) THLEPHCONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 . aT (ven ENTOMOLOGIGAL GABINET J. J ag Hi | LL & SO N, MANUFACTURERS, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Gabinets; also Cheap Storage Gabinets for Insects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WitumspEen 0309. PHE VASCULUM A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. VV. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. AN IMPORTANT NEW WORK BEES, WASPS, ANTS, AND ALLIED — INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. With 44 Plates in Colour showing 470 figures, and 67 half-tone Plates showing 170 photographic reproductions. Prospectus available Price ics net. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. Chandos House, Bedford Court, London, W.C. 2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. is Price, one copy, 1s. 0d. ; two, 1s. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kunnety J. Haywarp, F.R.H.S. Is. 3d. 7 Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. EB Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ss Paros: : British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. ‘ Anprews, F.R.E.S 6d. / Back Volumes, Nos. 37- -45 of Ent. Record, new series ; including ‘Special q Index . 06 an Price, per vol. 12s. 6d. ; q To be oa post free ee H, W. ae 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.9. DUTCH FORMS OF LEPIDOPTERA. 89 Dutch Forms of Lepidoptera described in Holland. By B. J. LEMPKE. (Concluded from page 66.) Correction.—On p. 64 for ‘‘ Flinders ’’ read ‘‘ Vlinders.”’ 11. Aricia medon, Hun. (astrarche, Brgstr.) ab. snelleni, ter Haar, Onze Vlinders, p. 13, 1899 (or 1900). <‘Is constituted of examples in which the black points in the middle of the forewings are wholly or partially surrounded by a white ring.” Ab. albiannulata, Harrison, Hint. Rec., xvili., p. 286, 1906, falls as a synonym. 12. Aricia medon, Hufn., ab. graafii, ter Huell, Sepp’s Nederl. Ins., vol. VIL., preface, p. i1., fig. on frontispiece, 1855. ‘ With white instead of orange marginal points.” 13. Rhyacia orbona, Hufn. (comes, Hb.) ab. pronubina, de Graaf, Sepp’s Nederl. Ins., vol. vii., p. 189, 1843-55. <‘‘ Forewings of a grey- ish olive colour, markings less clear. Hindwings without the black lunule.” In Bowwst., I. p. 250, note 1, 1858, de Graaf writes: ‘“‘connuba, Hb., 680, is, if not another species, certainly another variety.” Connuba, Hb., fig. 680, has the forewings yellowish-brown with markings, so it is impossible to treat pronubina as a synonym. 14. Cosmia (Xanthia) fulvago, Li. ab. togatoides, Snellen, Vijdschr. v. Mut., vol. 58, p. 816, Blet. Dec., 1910. ‘‘ The ground colour of the forewings is not sulphur yellow, but vividly citron yellow as in toyata (lutea, Stro6m.|. Head and collar as well as the markings are however as in the type of the species.” 15. Conistra (Orrhodia) erythrocephala, F., ab. caeca, ter Haar, Onze Vlinders, p. 215, 1902 (or 1903). “ The lower half of the reni- form stigma is usually sharply filled with black, but not always. These sub-varieties could be named caeca.” Ab. impunetata, Splr., Schm. Hur., L., p. 254, 1907, is a synonym. 16. Conistra ligula, Esp. ab. auroniyra, Heylaerts, Tijdschr. v. Hut., vol. 88, p. xxxvill, 1889. ‘‘ An example was found by me, near the Speelhuis [Breda], which had the anterior wings deep black, a basal point, the orbicular and reniform stigmata, the outer line and the fringes of a magnificent golden yellow.” 17. Constra rubiginea, F., ab. wnicolor, Heylaerts, op. cit., vol. 33, p. xxxvill, 1889. ‘‘ Among a large number of specimens of this species, reared ab ovo, I have obtained some examples without the ordinary markings and spots.” Ab. unicolor, Tutt, Brit. Noct., IIl., p 7, 1892, falls as a synonym. 18. Sarrothripus revayana, Scop. ab. grisea, ter Haar, Onze Vlinders, p. 65, 1900 (or 1901). ‘Has a grey ground-colour and is otherwise as var. V.” [=ramosana, Hb.| An example of this aberration, of which only very few have been taken in Holland, is excellently figured by Oudemans, Tijdschr. v, Hint. vol. 39, pl. 8, fig.5, 1895. Sheldon (/ntom., vol. 52, p. 101, plt. I. fig. 8, 1919) names the forms paler than the type of ramosana, Hb. : cladodes, Sh. His name can stand for all the forms paler than »amosana, but not pure grey. ‘The figure of Barrett, quoted by Sheldon, greatly differs from the one of Oudemans by its ground colour. 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.1984 Sagittata, Sh., which has a grey ground colour, differs in the form of the dark streak, which has a normal ramosana-form in grisea. 19. Cybosia mesomella, L., ab. flava, de Graaf, Bouwst., 1. p. 2384, 1853. ‘Var. fava.—Hb. 266.—Eneram. vi., fig. 304, a, b. The upper wings are instead of whitish, strong yellow ; otherwise as in the type.” Ab. flava, Preiss., Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges., Vol. 59, p. (283), 1909, is a synonym. As there is some confusion about the type form of mesomella, 1t will be well to quote Linne’s original description (Syst. Nat., X. ed., p. 535, 1758) : “ P. Tinea alis supra albis, subtus luteis, interne nigris. Habitat in Gramine.” So the form with whitish forewings is the type (=eborina, Hb., Beitr. I., 3, pl R., fig. Q, 1786, and Samml. Hur. Schm., Bombyces, fig. 104; =albida, Catherine, Amat. de Pap., I, p. 242, 1923) and not the form with yellow forewings, as Catherine and d’Aldin write. (Is this form predominant somewhere in France ?) 20. Miltochrista miniata, Forst., ab. flava, de Graaf, Bouwst., L., p. 284, 18538. ‘‘ Differs from the typical form only by the deep yellow ground-colour of the wings.” Ab. crocea, Bignault, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1880, p. 105, and flava, Meyer, Insektenbdrse, vol. 23, p. 88, 1906, are synonyms. 21. Pelosia muscerda, Hufn., ab. tmmaculata, Oudms., Vijdschr. v. Eintom., vol. 42, verslag [report] p. 20, 1899. Here Oudemans proposes to name the ab. without the points on the forewings: ab. immaculata. The form was figured op. cit., vol. 40, pl. 12, fig. 2, by Snellen (without naming it). Ab. concolor, Schultz, Mnt. Zettschr., xxii., p. 183, 1900, falls as a synonym. 22. Trochilinm crabroniformis, Lewin, ab. credanensis, Heylaerts, Tijdschr. v. Ent., vol. 26, p. CLI., 1883. ‘‘ The thorax shows a tuft of deep yellow hairs at the base of the anterior wings; the scutellum of the mesothorax has two rather large yellow lunules, the inner sides of which are turned to each other. The first abdominal ring is yellow and covered with rather long hairs of the same colour, the second is black with bronze reflection ; the third is yellow; the fourth is shining reddish orange and, as all the others, which are yellow, with a very narrow black border; the anal tuft is also of a yellow orange colour and shining. Antennae, palpi, feet, etc., are typical.” February, 1934. Amsterdam. Landscape Memories. By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Memories come and go like clouds in a summer sky, they float in the blue and disappear only to form again and soar above you. It is well over half a century ago since 1 made my first visit to Switzerland. There was then no railway up the Visp valley, and my friend and I were off at seven o’clock in the morning for Stalden, and then on to St. Nicholas, where we put up for the night. Up betimes in the morning we ascended and still ascended, then suddenly the first elimpse of the Matterhorn came in sight, and a little later the full view of that stupendous, and ever entrancing mountain, came into LANDSCAPE MEMORIES. 91 sight, a vision of snowy whiteness. Its terrible precipitous face is rarely so seen in summer, for the snow never lies there, but there happened to have been a heavy fall that had not had time to melt in those upper regions in spite of the sunshine in which we and everything were bathed. But even more beautiful still than the superb mountain ip its snowy coldness, lay a dazzling scene of exquisite blue almost at our feet, for there in front of us shone an acre or more of Gentiana verna in such profusion and brilliance as I have never again seen; a memory never to be obliterated. Apart from runs to catch, or try to eatch, Pieris callidice, the capture, that remains in my mind, is that of Naclia punetata, of which we caught several in the early morning between Visp and Stalden. Another reminiscence, again starting from the Rhone Valley, was , a tramp up the Orsiéres-Dranse valley, over the Great St. Bernard to Aosta. We took refuge at the Hospice for the night, and it was a little alarming, as we approached its hospitable doors, to be greeted by a score or more of great St. Bernard dogs, all baying around us. They were, however, quite respectful to strangers. Snow was everywhere and deep. Continuing our way the next morning, a little distance below the ridge of the pass, the snow was melting on a shoulder exposed to the full power of the sun’s rays, and here we found hundreds of the larvae of Zygaena exulans on the grassy slope. Some of these I sent to Buckler, and his figures of them were those given in his work on the Larvae of British Moths. The contrast of Aosta, with its vineyards and rather dried up vegetation—it was very hot—.compared with the luxuriant and flowery hay-fields a couple of thousand feet higher up, was very marked. It is a long cry from there to the Pyrenees, but I recall my first visit, over twenty-five years ago, to Gavarnie; Hugh Jones was with me, and my old friend Colbran Wainwright joined usa week later. It was a walk with the latter over the Vignemal Pass to the Lac de Gaube that I recall. We had been collecting too long and were beginning to push on when as we suddenly rounded a sharp mountain bend in the track, a scene of such exquisite beauty met our gaze that both of us spontaneously stood transfixed with the single, softly uttered ‘Oh!’ coming from our lips as we stood and gazed, and gazed. For there, just before us, arose two mountains side by side, separated only by a very narrow grassy valley that was thickly carpeted with rich ultramarine blue Iris, not purple but rich true blue, extending half way up the sides of both mountains; the vast mass of heavenly blue mingling with the deep green of the foliage, formed a scene of beauty that will ever remain a joy to think of. Now, the pinnacles and aiguilles and turreted embattlements of the Rosenlaui float before my eyes. ‘These seen from Weisslahnbad, bathed in the delicate early sunset rays are again a very happy memory ; as the sunset colours deepen, the silvery grey of the range with its entrancing peaks and towers becomes deep erimson in hue, and in its darker tints transform the early delicate aspect into one of rather terrible and forbidding splendour. This is a beautiful neighbourhood (and up to the Pordoi Pass and beyond) for the rocky flower denizens that love these limestone mountain crannies, and many precious specimens changed their habitat, and seemed quite happy in so doing. It is not far, comparatively speaking, from here to the Engadine, 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1984 Pontresina, the Queen of the Alps; her wonderfully varied mountain forms and scenes entrance me more, each time I revisit them. My last visit, with two old friends, was eight years ago; we arrived there on 2nd July, a very late season, for the snow had only left the valleys a few days previously, and the entire district was brilliant with all the early flowers. Here, in earlier days, I made my first acquaintance with the Nutcracker Crow, the Great Black Woodpecker and with the Black Squirrel, and they were all observed again. The fine Palu and its glacier come vividly back to memory as we gazed on them from Alp Griim, as also the sequence of blue lakes that unfold before you from Muottas Murail. But amid all the other varied beauty spots the Roseg Valley with its stream and woods and wonderful snowy back- ground must ever remain a lovely reminiscence of happy days in Europe’s playground. Nomenclature. The List. By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Continued from page 84.) In his revision of the Palaearctic “‘ Blues’? Mr. Bethune-Baker placed the following in the genus Polyommatus, Latr.— eros, Ochs., eroides, Friv., venus, Stder., stoliczkana, Eldr., superba, Stdgr., daymara, Gr.-Gr., actinides, Stdgr., candalus, H.-8., icarus, Rott., devanica, Mr., sarta, Alph., amandus, Schv., myrrha, H.-S., hylas, Esp., meleager, Esp., eschert, Hb., amor, Stdgr., and loewti, Zell. (sens. strict.), with dis, Gr.-Gr., idas, Rmbr., psylorita, Frr., chinensis, Murr., kogistana, Gr.-Gr., ewmedon, Esp., hyacinthus, H.-S., phyllides, Stdgr., anteros, Frr., isaurica, Stdgr. (part of the genus Aricia, R.L. of Tutt and others), with thetis, Rott., coridon, Poda, thersites, Cant., aragonensis, Vrty., marcida, Led., gravesi, Chap. (the genus Agriades, Hb., of Tutt, etc.), with damon, Schiff., dolus, Hb., hopfferi, H.-S., phyllis, Christ., admetus, Kisp., mithridates, Stdegr., erschofii, Led., aedon, Christ., glaucias, Led., damone, Ev., iphigenia, H.-S., actis, H.-S., poseidon, Led., dama, Stder. (the genus Hirsutina, Tutt, etc.), with optilete, Knoch., cyparissus, Hb., iris, Stder., rutilans, Stdgr. (the genus Vacciniina, Tutt, etc.), with coelestina, Hiv., persephatta, Alph., semiargus, Rott. (the genus Cyaniris, Dalm., of Tutt and others). See Hnt. Rec. 1914, p. 138, ete. He further states that he is unable to find any stable structural character to differentiate the species placed in Avicia, R.L., Agriades, Hb., Hirsutina, Tutt, Vacciniina, Tutt, and Cyaniris, Dalm. from Polyommatus, Latr. and therefore sinks all five of them. Polyommatus, Latr., astrarche, Brestr. becomes Aricia, R.L. agestis, Schiff. In his British Butterflies Tutt substituted Aricia, R.L. medon, Hutn. which we have used since that time. Aricia, R.L. as used by Tutt has long been accepted, but by the stupid misapplication of the Zoologist’s wretched homonym rule, medon, Hufn. 1766 is displaced. Another species in no way whatever liable to be confused with our species, in fact a Nymphalid, had been named medon by Linnaeus. It is simply disgusting to view the gymnastics which takes place in this way. Having brought the priority name into use for some time, someone butts in and displaces it; a nice scientifie (sic) game. NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 938 Such a rule we feel sure, was never intended to be applied in every name repetition, but only where confusion was liable to arise. Polyommatus, Latr. icarus, Rott. remains Polyommatus, Latr. icarus, Rott. Polyommatus, Latr. corydon, Poda, becomes Lysandra, Hem. coridon, Poda. Following Tutt in his Brit. Butt. for some period, Agriades, Hb. was used in this magazine. But some while after Bethune-Baker’s study of the genitalia of this group of Lycaenidae, in the main Polyom- matus has been used. A reference to Poda showed us long ago that y in coridon was an unwarrantable insertion. There appears to be no adequate and scientific reason for a new generic name here, except, perhaps that the number of species included in Polyommatus (senst lato) is inconyeniently large. A large genus is always difficult to grasp and one naturally and unconsciously divides it in one’s mind into groups, by some conven- tional character, e.g., the damon group with the vitta on the underside, the semiargus group with distinctive underside spotting, the very brillant thetis-coridon group, ete. Polyommatus, Latr., bellargus, Rott., becomes Lysandra, Hem., bellargus, Rott. It was subsequently pointed out by Tutt that this species was the thetis, Rott. (1775). Now again comes in that wretched homonym rule for it has recently been found that Drury in 1773 two years previously had used the name thetis. But it is absolutely ignored that the two species were at the time and for long subsequent years adequately separated by the systematic classification of the age. The thetis, Rott. was a “ Papilio Plebeius Ruralis,” while the thetis, Drury was a ‘ Papilio Danaus Candidus.’’ There is only page difference between thetis and bellargus in Rott., the former being No. 11 on page 24 and the latter No. 12 on page 25. These were redescribed and well figured by Esper, Abbdild. I(1). p. 332, 333, plt. XXXII., by which it is apparent that Rott. gave the name thetis to a 9, and the name bellargus to a g of one and the same species. The case is comparable to that of the Satyrid jurtina, L., 9, and janira, L. g. Nomiades, Hb., semiaryus, Rott., becomes Cyaniris, Dalm., semi- argus, Rott. Subsequently in the Hnt. Rec. XVIII. p. 1381 (1906) Tutt dropped Nomiades, Hb. and noted “1816. Cyaniris, Dalman.—Only argianus (=semiargus) cited in the generic synopsis (Vet. Ak. Hand. p. 63) therefore this is the type.” Since the Revision by Mr. Bethune-Baker this magazine has used Polyommatus. Apropos of this use we quote from the Note of the “List.” ‘The extent to which it is desirable to split up the Palaearctic and Nearctic ‘‘ Blues”’ into different yenera is a matter on which opinion may well differ.’ ‘Those who dislike the subdivision of genera, even though that sub-division is based on structural characters, will probably wish to sink the genera Aricta, R.L., Lysandra, Hem., and Cyaniris, Dalm., as synonyms of Polyommatus, Latr.” (To be continued.) 94 KNTOMOLOGISY’S REOORD. 15.1X.1984 WOTKES ON COLLECTING, ete. DickaNURA VINULA IN THE OuTER Hepripes.—Referring to the note on this species in the July-August number (ante p. 85), it may be of interest to put on record that when the late Harry McArthur spent the season of 1901 collecting in the Isle of Lewis he brought me, in the Autumn of that year, four pupae of Dicranura vinula from larvae that he had obtained in the neighbourhood of Stornoway, and that I bred moths from them between 11th and 28rd June, 1902. Stornoway, it may be noted, is not far short of a hundred miles north of Barra and probably near the northern limit of the species.—Roperr ADKIN. AsunpancE oF MetontonrHa vuuearis, F's., ry Wrixpsor Korest.— Last May the common “ Cockchafer’’ occurred in good numbers in the Windsor Forest area. It also appeared earlier in the year than usual. Up to this year I have never seen it in any numbers there; and generally only a few specimens when beating. This year, however, was quite different. Along one road, about a mile and a half long, leading to part of the Forest, these beetles were present, literally in thousands. Many lay dead on the paths, and in the gutter; others were crawling along the road; some in cop.. On one very tall oak tree, clusters of them occurred on every branch, and almost on every leaf (the centre of the cluster being a pair in cop.) as high as the eye could see.—Horace DonistHorPE. Diprion potytomum, Hre., 1n Winpsor Forest.—On 6th May, last, when beating Spruce trees, a specimen of this Sawfly was taken. There have been, I believe, only two other examples found in Britain; one of them was bred by Miss Chawner from a larva taken in the New Forest. It is a well known European species, and has recently been introduced into Canada. There if has become a pest, and is doing vast damage to the spruce forests. The Canadian Government has voted a large sum of money to be devoted to getting rid of the sawfly. They are employing an entomologist to study it on the Continent. Parasites of the sawfly larvae are collected, and sent to Farnham Royal to be tested, and reared in some numbers, and are then sent out to Canada. Fortunately it is extemely rare in this country at present.— Horack DonisTHoRPE. Furraer Nores From Torquay.- Referring to my remarks on Cerigo matura, on p. 58. I have to-day 12th June turned out the tin which has been kept in a damp cellar since last autumn when the larvae appeared to be full fed, but without supplementary damping of the earth covering the living larvae. I found about 20 larvae mostly shrivelled up; two or three when dipped in water just showed slight signs of life. There were no pupae. In the autumn I took out about a dozen larvae nearly full fed and placed them in an earthenware vessel half filled with earth and covered with perforated zine in the garden. This batch has remained there ever since. I! ceased feeding them in November, and on turning out the earth to-day found 9 healthy pupae. They had the appearance of being newly formed, being somewhat soft, though brown. In view of the remarks of CURRENT NOTES. 95 Guenée quoted by Barrett, where he says the larvae are tender and few reach the perfect state, I thought it worth mentioning.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons, ‘‘ Alma Marseau,’’ Seaway Lane, Torquay. Sours Devon Norrs.—On the night of 12th May after a thunder- storm the following species came to light :—Notodonta trepida, 1; Drymonia chaonia, 1; Demas coryli, 9; Lithosia sororeula, 2; and Cabera pusaria, 1. There were no commoner species. On 9th May I noted Leptosia sinapis and Polyyonia c-albwn.—lIp. Irtsh Nores.—On arrival at Milford, Co. Donegal, on the 9th June, I wrote to Mr. Thos. Greer asking about localities and dates of Melitaea aurinia, and on Monday morning, the 11th, got a wire from him giving the nearest place he knew and saying that the butterfly was now flying. So I went out to look at a field I had noted close to Milford, and immediately found it there. Greer says that as far as he knows it is a new locality. On the 16th I drove over to Co. Tyrone and spent a couple of very pleasant days with Greer. He took me to a Coenonympha tiphon locality 8.W. of Loch Neagh, where we spent some happy hours catching the butterfly and discussing the local flora and fauna of the deep bog lands we were on. The whole country there is being drained and the peat cut, so that I fear O. tiphon is doomed there. He showed me a patch of cranberry where the ground was pink with the flowers. I should not have expected it at such a low level, only sixty feet above the sea. We sat down there and presently found some of last year’s fruit, still quite eatable. This also was a surprise; I should have expected so delicate a fruit to have rotted long since. I have not done much entomologizing since, my time being employed in fruitless fishing and sketching. However, on the 5th July I drove up into the hills towards Gweedore to look for (. tiphon, which | found at the first spot I thought likely, and failed to find in another place which [ thought looked much more hkely. On 8th July I went to some sandhills on the Fanad peninsula to look for the blue females of Polyommatus icarus. I caught four black ones, about as much blue as Dorset chalk summer brood, and ten males five of which had black marginal spots on the upperside hindwings. On 9th July I went to Rosapenna, where | found the blue females, and six out of 17 males had the black spots above mentioned; one also on the forewings—and one a few orange scales at the anal angle, upperside.—WynpHam Fores (F.R.H.S.). 16th July, 1934. GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS. The annual volume of the London Natural History Society has recently appeared. It consists of 142 pp. with 10 plates, of which 20 pp. and L plt (including valuable notes on plant galls) are devoted to Entomology; somewhat more than usual. The members of this flourishing Society are largely devoted to the study of Birds, Botany and Archaeology. The Society is divided into sections, each with its own sectional officers, which adds to its efficiency. There is a very useful paper on the Glow-worm by R. W. Pethen, a year’s records 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1X.1934 of British Butterflies and numerous valuable notes on the occurrence of plant galls with remarks on the economy of their makers. In the Dragonfly note Aeschna should be spelt Aeshna. (See Fabricius Gen. Insectorum, p. 147.) The Southampton and Hampshire entomologists, under their new title ‘‘ The Society for British Hntomologists ” are gradually attracting members all over the country by their unbounded activities. The Society has recently issued No. 1 of Vol. I of a new issue of their Journal, a List of Members and a new set of bye-laws, together with their balance-sheet and a very valuable Part I of Vol. I of a new issue of Transactions. Let us hope that titular finality has at last been reached. The Balance-sheet is simple and most encouraging; the running expenses are at their lowest with annual commitments practically nil; the balance carried forward on a gross total of £246 being £154, a proportion which, if kept up, will enable the Society to develop its object the ““Improvement and Diffusion of Entomological Science as exemplified in the study of British Entomology.” A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Hastbourne on 16th June, 1984, Mr. Robert Adkin in the Chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman :—Prof. EH. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present:—Mr. B. W. Adkin, Mr. H. W. Andrews, Dr. R. Amstrong, Major E. Ii. Austen, Mr. KE. C. Bedwell, Dr. K. G. Blair, Mr. G. V. Bull, Dr. Malcolm Burr, Dr. EH. A. Cockayne, Prof. D. G. Hale Carpenter, Capt. Dannreuther, Mr. H. M. Edelsten, Mr. T. R. Eagles, Mr. I. W. Frohawk, Mr. J. C. F. fryer, Mr. C. N. Hawkins, Col. F. A. Labouchere, Mr. Hugh Main, Mr. A. Li. Rayward, Mr. Edwin D. Sharp, Mr. E. EK. Syms, Mr. J. R. Le B. Tomlin, Mr. C. G. M. de Worms, Rev. Geo. Wheeler. ‘The members and guests assembled at the Grand Hotel and were received by the Chairman at 12.45 for 1 o’clock luncheon which was served in a private room. In the afternoon the usual excursions were made to the Crumbles and to the Downs. ‘The weather was very fine and hot and the vegetation was badly parched by the continuous drought. The Entomological Supper was held at the Grand Hotel at 6.0 in the private room and 381 sat down. After supper Mr. Jas. Collin exhibited a rare Empid, Rhamphomyia vesiculosa, Fln., which was taken by him as new to Britain in 1912 and has never been taken since. The species is notable on account of the remarkable genitalia of the g. The species is generally found under cold conditions in the Arctic regions. The present specimens were taken at Aviemore and the Bridge of Brown. A most entertaining and very pleasant evening was spent after which many of the company took trains for London and elsewhere and the remainder of the guests who were able to accept the Chaiman’s invitation to stay over the weekend, were provided with accommodation at the Grand Hotel. On Sunday, 17th June, cars left the Hotel immediately after breakfast for a collecting trip at White- field Wood in gorgeous weather. Insects generally were not plentiful but a considerable number of species of butterflies including larvae of Limenitis camilla (sibilla) were seen, and the Coleopterists captured a large number of beetles including Pyrochroa coccinea, L., and other interesting species. Mr. Rayward also presented the writer with a beautiful @ specimen of Macrocephalus albinus, L., which has for CURRENT NOTES. Ser many years been a denizen of these woods. It was taken on birch on the 5th September, 1983. The return journey to the Grand Hotel was. made at 1 o’clock where luncheon was served and during the afternoon a visit was paid to the Chairman’s house, ‘“‘ Hodeslea,’ Meads, when Mrs. Adkin dispensed tea. The gardens were much enjoyed, the shady places offering ideal repose for pleasant converse. The Chairman gave a dinner party at the Grand Hotel in the evening and the company dispersed on Monday morning after a most successful and enjoyable weekend.—H. Wittovensy Huis. In the more recent numbers of the Hint. Zeit. is an interesting paper on the Biology of Phragmatobia fuliginosa, the writer having obtained three generations in one year. The lst generation in size and shape was normal and measured g 29mm. 2 33mm.; the 2nd gen. was considerably larger, 34-37mm., no doubt due to the larvae having fed on luscious spring vegetation; the 8rd brood was partly normal in size and partly small 27-80. Another good article is one dealing with the Rhopalocera of Central Tunis, the area lying between the wooded north-western portion, and the Steppe zone south of the Atlas Mountains, and numerous new local forms are differentiated. Another important article to British collectors is that by Herr Warnecke on Cymatophora or, with 19 figures of various forms of the species. We note that Prof. Dr. Arnold Spuler died during June. He will be remembered as responsible for that most useful work Schmetterlinye Huropas, in 4 volumes with a large number of plates on which the vast majority of the Macrolepidoptera of Europe are figured in both imaginal and larval stages and including a good proportion of the Mieros as well. In the more recent numbers of the Wnt. Rund. Prof. M. Draudt is. dealing in detail with the genus Dianthoecia, with figures of the genitalia of each species. A useful paper for our continental collectors. is that on the Macrolepidoptera of the Riesengebirge mountains. Another long article is continued on the Increase of Insects, dealing with various species and with the various factors which effect the increase or otherwise of the Lepidoptera. The current number of the Spanish entomological journal Fos is. particularly interesting to those lepidopterists who intend to visit N. Africa in the coming years. Prof. Dr. Darck and Herr Hans Reisser have commenced a very informative article on the Lepidopterous Fauna of the Rif Mountains of Spanish Morocco, consisting of a general account of the character of the country for observation and collecting with 3 plates of photos of localities; a few general remarks on the Fauna itself with a good annotated Bibliography come next, and this is succeeded by a section dealing with each indigenous species to which there are added six plates of figures of particular forms, and of their genital structure. Another article deals with the Spanish species. representative of the athalia group of the genus Melitaea comprising the four recognised species, viz., M. detone with its subsidiary forms nevadensis, hispanica, stynata, aranensis and royot (ab. nov.); Al. athalia; M. parthenie with forms codinoi and vernettensis. It is illustrated with 2 plates and a very complete bibliography. A further article deals. with the Collembola of the Republic Argentina, with 5 plates and 98 ENTOMOLOGIS‘’’S RECORD. 15.1X.1933 figures illustrating about 90 species. In fact the whole part is a very valuable contribution to entomological science. To those entomologists interested in the Melitaea species we would refer a very detailed and well illustrated article in the valuable publication produced by the Deutsches Entomologischen Institut, entitled ‘‘ New Observations on the didyma group of the genus Melitaea from the material in the Deut. Ent. Ins.,” by Herr G. Belter. It is illustrated by a number of figures of imagines and of structure, bringing our knowledge up to date, and describes a new species and three new subspecies. The immense amount of original entomological matter on all orders of insects collected in the publications of this Institut under the able initiative and continued assiduity of its Director Dr. Walther Horn and his helpers is quite phenomenal. We have received an account of the “ Material of the Micro- lepidoptera group collected in the Kwangtung Province of China by Dr. Mell from 1908 till 1921,” by A. Caradja and EK. Meyrick. Over 4000 example are dealt with and a very valuable record has been made of new material for our study of the ‘smaller fry ” of a little known area of the world. ‘I'he authors are to be congratulated for their pioneer work in this thorough investigation. We have received a reprint of an article by F. M. Jones and D. W. Farquhar on the Psychid Fumea casta as observed in N. America, near Boston in Massachusetts, where it has been introduced and apparently become well established, since it has been procured from there in large numbers for experimental purposes. ‘There are two plates and a map to illustrate the biological notes. W.S. Blatchley, who is well-known for his works on the Coleoptera and Rhynchota of parts of N. America, has sent us further notes on the species of Heteroptera taken in the winter near Los Angeles, California, between 25.vii. and 15.iii., 1927-8. It is intended as a supplement to Van Duzee’s ‘‘ Preliminary List.” In the Zeit. Oesterr. Ent. Ver. recent numbers contain contributions by Dr. H. Rebel on “‘ New Lepidoptera from Macedonia’’; by Dr. H. Zerny, “A new Zygaenid from the Atlas Mts.”; by L. Sheljuzko, ‘‘ New Lepidoptera from the North Caucasus”’; by Dr. Zerny, “‘ New Heterocera from the Atlas Mts. in Morocco.”’ Several plates are given in illustration making 8 in all for the first six months of this year. We have received a Catalogue of second-hand Kntomological works, issued recently by Messrs. Wheldon and Wesley of New Oxford Street which lists many works of interest and useful to present day entomologists, mostly at moderate prices. Some three years ago we mentioned in these pages the admirable small volumes on the Butterflies and Moths of Hastbourne written by that great friend of all entomologists Mr. Robert Adkin. Now there has appeared the 1st Supplement of about 16 pp. of Additions and Corrections (few) largely due to the continued systematic working of a light trap by the indefatigable author and supplemented by records of recent captures by Mr, A. L. Rayward. Two meetings of the Entomological Club were held at Oxford on 30th June and 1st July, 19384, Prof: EH. B. Poulton and Dr. Harry REVIEWS 99 filtringham respectively in the Chair. Members present:—Mr. Robert Adkin, Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, Prof. E. B. Poulton, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr. Jas. K. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham. Visitors present :—Dr. Malcolm Burr, Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter, Dr. F. A. Dixey, Mr. EK. B. Ford, Dr. B. M. Hobby, Mr. E. Bolton King, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. G. Talbot, Mr. W. H. T. Tams, Mr. Colbran J. Wainwright, Comm. Jas. J. Walker, Dr. C. A. Wiggins. On the afternoon of 80th June, the members and guests assembled at the Hope Department and were received by Prof. and Mrs. Poulton and Dr. Harry Eltringham; tea and light refreshments were provided and a very pleasant and instructive afternoon was spent at the Museum. This pleasant annual conversazione which is always looked forward to with much pleasure was as usual most successful. Accommodation was provided for members and visitors in Jesus College. In the evening the company assembled at Jesus College where the first Club Supper was arranged for 8 o'clock, Prof. E. B. Poulton, F.R.S. in the Chair. The reunion of old friends was as usual much enjoyed and a lengthy evening of entertaining conversation was spent, retirement being made at a late hour. On Sunday morning the guests visited friends in Oxford or made up collecting parties on their own account and returned to Jesus College at 1 o’clock for luncheon. In the afternoon an excursion was arranged in glorious weather in motor cars to Bagley Wood, and during the afternoon the company, which now included many ladies, roamed through the woods and returned to the Forest Room at 4 o'clock for tea, after which in the cooler evening the party drove back to Oxford. In the evening the second Club Supper was served at Jesus College at 8 o'clock, Dr. Harry Eltringham in the Chair. Again the members and guests were entertained in the usual Oxford manner, and the pleasure of such gatherings will be a life-time remembrance. On Monday morning, for many, the Hope Department was again the objective, and the company generally dispersed during the day.— H.W.-E. FRWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. Proceepincgs anpD Transactions oF THE SoutH Lonpon Entomo- LocicaL aANb Naturat History Soctwry, 1933-34. Pp. xx+148, 8 tabs; price 12/6.—These Proceedings record meetings from 9th February, 1933 to 25th January, 1934 together with the Field Meetings during the summer of 1933 and include the President’s Address and several papers read before the Society. The Reports of the General and Field Meetings contain numerous interesting records of Insects, mostly of Lepidoptera, amongst which we may refer to the remarks on Aphouria gularts, on the species of Yponomeuta, and on a second brood of Hnarmonia pomonella. The papers read deal with the British Mecoptera (EK. E. Syms), Beetle Larvae (K. G. Blair), Gall Midges (M. Niblett), Prothoracic Glands of Drepanid and Notodontid Larvae (K. G. Blair), a Season in Arctic Russia (HK. A. Cockayne), and the Lifehistory of the Death-Watch Beetle (D. E. Kimmins), so it is evident that, as the President put it in his Annual Address, the Society had the good fortune to listen to some exceptionally interesting papers on a variety of subjects. From the same source we learn that the 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.1X.19384 state of affairs of the Society, both as regards numbers and its financial position, has continued to be very satisfactory and that it is particularly gratifying to note that the membership is being annually swelled by an increasing contingent of the younger generation, who are taking a very live interest in all the proceedings. This is good news. Field Meetings and rather informal General Meetings, at which the younger collectors especially are welcome and meet those with more experience, should have a real educative value in training up the coming generation of British Entomologists. It is needless to say that, as usual, these Proceedings are well produced and printed and provided with an excellent Index and it would be ungracious to draw attention to a few minor misprints.—T. Bainsriccr FLETCHER. @® BITUARY. William Frederick Johnson. (1852-1934). (Special Life Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society). By the death of the Rev. W. F. Johnson, at Rostrevor, on 28th March last, the study of natural history in Ireland has lost one of its foremost followers. Born at Travancore, India, on 20th April, 1852, where his father was in the service of the Church Missionary Society, his education was mainly private—hence perhaps his love of natural history was not curbed. Johnson appears to have taken up entomology early in life and in the British Naturalist for April, 1898, we are told that he collected Lepidoptera as early as 1862, while in 1884 his atten- tion was turned towards other groups of insects, especially Coleoptera. and Hemiptera, though he retained his interest in Lepidoptera till the end. Amongst Johnson’s chief papers dealing with Coleoptera must be mentioned that published in the first volume of the Irish Naturalist, 1892, entitled ‘‘ The Coleoptera of the Armagh District,” in which are recorded many species not previously found in Ireland, including such rarities as the Jarge water-beetle Dytiscus ctreumcinctus, Pselaphus dresdensis and Hrirrhinus aethiops. In the survey of Clare Island and district, organised by the Royal Irish Academy, 1909-1911, Johnson took a leading part and besides collecting all orders of insects for other recorders, contributed the part which dealt with the Myriapods, a new line of research which he had taken up at the request of the organising committee of the survey. When it comes to be considered that Johnson worked practically alone, and far from any reference library or named collections, his work amonest the Irish insects will always stand out as a remarkable achieve- ment; nor was his study confined to insects, nor even to zoology, for there are few groups in which he has not left some records bearing his. name. He may be described as an old time naturalist, interested in all branches of natural history, but one with all the specialist’s ability to take up and to study intensively the groups in which he became most interested. Correction.—p. 88 “ Chetien”’ should be ‘“ Chretien ”’ in the second paragraph from the bottom of the page. All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IpHNTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusrRaTions are inserted on condition that the AurHoR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘I'hey should be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desideratu.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata.— Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates.— Albimacula*, sparganii*. : Desiderata.— Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D.caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, ’ Lucernea, Neglecta, Ditfinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. : Duplicates.—A large number of species of Kuropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All\ British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Liying larvae or pupae of Lasiocampa quercis. Also set specimens of same species taken before 1910 in Devon or Cornwall. Duplicates.—Pavonia, set specimens or living stock: Monacha, ova: ochroleuca, griseola, advenaria, juniperata, thetis, etc.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojfner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. Duplicates. —Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about 200 species. Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable.—dA. Lester, 2, Pembury Road, London, N.17. Cuancr or Appress.—K. J. Hayward, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. to Estacion Ex- perimenial del Ministerie de Agricultura de la Nacion, Concordia, F.C.H.R., Argentine Republic, South America. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. Entomological Society of London.—41], Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, 8.W.7. 8 p.m. October 3rd. The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. July 12th, 26th, August 9th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘' Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. URUGUAY. I want to sell Lepidop- tera, Coleoptera, and other insects from this country and am seeking connections with collectors. HH. ScHnrrmpER, Correo Libertad, depto. San José, BuscHEenTatL, Rep. Uruguay. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.J.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8. All communications to be addressed to :— VV M. CRAVV FORD, (BA. iE -R.E.S. GZ Seatlonssecy. ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Edwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. S. Robertson, Capt. P. Q. Parsons, P. Brodie, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BACK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Voli. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Gunus dAcronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a T.epidopterist for 1890 —hifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism AND Mrrnanocaroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VaniaTion (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and dA. betwlaria—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generice nomen- clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Litfehistory of Gonophora derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. fo whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 85, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. No. 10 OCTOBER, 1934 yb ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. | AND Soe JOURNAL OF VARIATION Epirep R. S. Ba@naun, D.Sc., F.B.E.S. H. Donisruore®, F.Z-8., F.R.U.8. ith the Matcotm Bore, D.SC., F-R.E.S. T. BaInpRicGrE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., ¥ : Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, ¥F.R.0.S. ¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. ee Ibsistance of HK. A. Cockaynr, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., H. Ei. Paas, F.R.£.8. ~ F.R.C.P. ALFRED SICH, F.R.1.S. | J. HK. Conuin, J5.P., F.R.E.8. Rev. G. WHEuLER, M.A., F.R.E.8., F.Z.8. Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BurHunr-BakERr, F¥.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.u.8., ¥.R.H.S., Hditorial Secretary. CONTENTS. Lepidoptera at Jaca, eee in ee 1931 and 1933, Wm. EOS: M.A., F.R.E.S. 101 The ‘Cottian Alps and Turin in ae Jay, "1933, Tee Els Be _ aby, FRE S., FiZS. os ae je 105 _ Geometers at Storrington, W. Sussex, G. S. Robertson, M.D, ae 56 107 Nomenclature, The List, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 5H ire 107 Psylla ptarmica, Kieff., as British, R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. an 109 Nortes on Contectine.—A Few Orthoptera from Stroud, @. Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.; P. viridissima in Northumberland, Id. ; Immigrant Species, P. Brodie, B.A.; P. c-album in Sutton, Zd.; An Entomological Exhibition at Rouen, J. C. Hawker ve Fs a a ae 110 Current Norrs .. 4 a 111 SUPPLEMENTS.— British Woctine “Hy. I. Tur ner, F. Ra E.S., . R. HL: S. (341)-(344) Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, Roger Verity, M.D. (29)-(32) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS. to The Hon, Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, S.H.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING and SIXPENCE (net). Watkins & Doncaster (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED by the Collector, at keenest Prices Large stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free per return Agents for Dr. Seitz ‘‘ Macro-Lepidoptera of the World.’’ 36, Strand, London, W.C.2., England P.O. Box. No. 126 THLEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9451 1) tg ENTOMOLOGICAL GABINET hs J ° (| J | H | iD & SON, MANUFACTURERS, Have for disposal Re=-conditioned Second-hand Mahogany Insect Cabinets; also Gheap Storage Gabinets for imsects. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. CABINET WORKS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone: WituEspEeNn 0309. A quarterly journal of Natural History, etc., chiefly for the Northern Counties EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, Belford Vicarage, Northumberland. assisted by R. S. Bagnall, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc., Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sc., George Bolam, William Carter, F. C. Garrett, D.Sc., B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S., J. WW. H.Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S., A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S., J. A. Smythe, D.Sc., Geo. WV. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its nineteenth volume, the annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM GARTER, 13, Kimberley Gardens, Newcastile-on-Tyne. The Wayside and Woodland Series. MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S.. late Editor of the * Entomologist.’ Cloth, gilt. In two volumes, containing altogether 1471 accurate y coloured examples, figuring every species and many varieties, also drawings of eggs caterpillars, chrysa- lides, and food-plants. Price 10/6 net per volume: FREDERICK WARNE & GO. LTD. 1-4, Bedford Gourt, London, W.GC.2. “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications. List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. .. Price, one copy, ls. Od. ; two, Is. 6d. Notes on Egyptian Lepidoptera. By Kuynery J. Haywarp, F.R.E.§. 1s. 3d. Hiibner’s Tentamen and Verzeichniss. Collated by the late J. H. Durrant, F.R.E.S. (a few copies only) ae sa Beh Ole British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. W. Anprews, F.R.E.S. 6d. Back Volumes, Nos. 37-45 of Ent. Record, new series; including ‘Special Index . ge O6 Price, per vol. 12s. 6d.. To be bene post free e om. H. W. eee 6, Footscray Road, Eltham, 8.H.%. LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 101 Lepidoptera at Jaca, Alto Aragon, Spain, in August, 1931 and 1933. By Wm. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. Jaca is a small town of some five thousand inhabitants, situated in the foothills on the southern side of the Pyrenees, on the railway from Pau via Canfrane to Zaragoza. The compact lttle town with its ancient citadel occupies a plateau overlooking the river Aragon, and commands a glorious view of the Pyrenees to the north, where the Collarado towers up into the sky, and of the isolated Pena de Oruel to the south-east, while in every direction are mountains of greater or less height. The district offers a striking contrast to the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, where water flows abundantly and all the fields are fresh and green. Here in August rain is scarce, the river is reduced to a mere trickle, and the fields are dry and brown, save where irrigation makes them unnaturally green against their arid surround- ings. The Spanish slopes seem to the traveller, as he emerges from the Somport tunnel and begins the long descent to the plains, lke a barren stony desert, cut up by torrent beds, quivering ina haze of dusty heat. Small wonder that the insect fauna is very different from that of the northern slopes where climatic conditions are in such violent contrast. So far as I can ascertain, nothing whatever has been published on the lepidoptera of this part of Aragén. Dr. H. Zerny of Vienna published in Hos in 1927 ‘* Die Lepidopteren-fauna von Albarracin in Aragonien,’ in which he includes all the published researches of his predecessors and gives a Bibliography up to that date of the literature concerning the lepidoptera of that part of Aragén. Alfred Weiss had published in 1920 his ‘‘ Contribucié al coneixement de la fauna lepi- dopterologica d’Arago,”’ in which he gives records for Panticosa, La Val d’Ordesa, and Zaragoza, all of which localities are at a greater or less distance from Jaca, although Panticosa and the valley in which it lies should produce much the same species as Jaca and the valley of the Aragon. ‘There is an interesting article by Dr. A. Seitz, ‘ Insekten- leben in den Pyrenien ” (Hntomologische Rundschau, XL., 1928), which deals chiefly with the insect fauna of the Val d’Ordesa to the north of Barbastro; and Ilitschelt, ‘‘ Sammelergebniss in den spanischen Zentralpyrenien” (Int. Hnt, Zeitschrift, Vols. XXVI. and XXVIL., 1938), gives a long list of Lepidoptera observed by him in the province of Huesca on the southern slopes of the Pyrenees from Puerto de Bujaruelo in the west to Puerto de Benasque in the east, though he seems not to have noted the ‘“‘micros.’’ Nothing further appears to have been published dealing with the north of Aragon, and the con- siderable number of species noted by Dr. Zerny as being new either for Aragon or for the [berian peninsula shows how little is yet known of the lepidopterous fauna of this region. Of course it is not to be expected that one searcher can explore a whole vast region, nor can he hope to do more in one short month than just scratch the surface. But even the scanty results obtained may be useful when the whole problem of distribution comes to be considered, and that is the excuse for this article. My first visit to Jaca lasted from 30.vii.81 to 8.1x.81, and was unfortunately rather marred from an entomological point of view by 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1984 the poorness of the season and by the fact that I spent the whole of the mornings in the study of Spanish at the Summer Course organised by the University of Zaragoza. Moreover there is no summer time in Spain and dinner is never earlier than 9 p.m., so that the nightwork was seriously hampered by the necessity of returning to dine about one hour after dark. The heat too in August, even at Jaca, can be very oppressive, and it is by no means easy to walk far by day unless one waits until about four o’elock by which time the sun is less fierce. Fortunately the butterflies continue active until the sun has actually disappeared, and some species are quite willing to fly until it is practi- cally dark. It is almost impossible to stir up many moths until quite late in the day, and there is usually a coolness round about 11 p.m. which discourages them from coming to the lamp. Sugar seems to be practically useless, as indeed it nearly always is in August among the mountains. My second visit lasted from 30.vii.83 to 5.ix.83, and was devoted more to entomology and less to linguistic study, though the polite curiosity of the Jacetanos—and more especially of the Jacetanas, many of whom remembered my previous visit, provided me with ample conversation practice. The season was rather later and infinitely better, so that I was able to gather up sufficient data for a respectable article, and also to settle a few points that had been left unsolved on my first trip to Spain. I had the advantage too of knowing the district, and therefore needed to waste no time in searching for the best localities. Nobody who has not experienced the incredibly stony muletracks that lead up to the slopes of Oruel, or the barren hillsides to the south and west of Jaca, where only a particularly spiteful gorse (Genista scorpius, well named) survives the persistent attacks of sheep and goats, can have any adequate idea of the fatigue involved in hunting in this region, so different from anything to be found in England. ‘Trees grow only where planted and not always there; huge areas of hilltop are covered almost by another pincushion-like gorse (Genista horridus, again well named): every other shrub almost seems to have developed prickles ; the sun is relentless and the roads thick with dust; and there is never a friendly café by the roadside nor even a cooling spring. Yet butterflies abound all over the hillsides and the most unlikely localities produce interesting species. Indeed, I never remember to have seen such large numbers of individuals as there were, for example, on the sloping ridge of Oruel in early August, where Satyrus actaea, Kisp., and several other species were in real abundance with numerous others quite common. And on Ist August, just below the col above the cement works on the Canfranc road there were such vast numbers of Hpinephele jurtina, L., H. lycaon, Rott., Satyrus alcyone, Schiff., S. statilinus, Hufn., Melanaryia japygia, Cyr., M. galathea, L., and of the Neuropteron Ascalaphus longicornis, that the whole hillside seemed in quivering, shimmering motion. It is a real pleasure to see such swarms of insects wherever the Spanish Govern- ment is trying to replant the mountain sides and protecting the seed- lings from the all destroying herds of sheep and goats. I hope I may be forgiven if here I record a strange observation quite foreign to entomology. On Wednesday, 5th August, 1931, 1 was walking along the canal that brings from the mountains water both for drinking purposes—after chlorination—and for irrigation. This LEPIDOPTERA AT JACA, ALTO ARAGON, SPAIN. 108 canal is about five feet wide and averages two feet deep ; it winds along the mountain side above the Canfranc road and above the railway, and is mostly open to the sky, though covered over in places especially where carried over the aqueducts that bridge the numerous gullies. It is an excellent hunting ground, for all the insects on the mountain side seem to congregate on its banks for shelter or moisture. One may see there large numbers of Coenonympha dorus, Esp., at flowers of Eryngium, Polyommatus coridon, Poda, and P. aragonensis, Gerh., P. dolus, Hb., P. admetus, isp. var. ripperti, Boisd., among swarms of the common Satyrids and a good sprinkling of less common species. Walking along beside the swiftly flowing water, I saw to my surprise on the stream bed and struggling against the current, a thin snake about twenty inches long with a writhing fish from five to six inches long crossways in its jaws. It seemed to perceive me and attempted to make headway against the stream and so escape the fancied danger ; but it soon gave up the attempt, turned with the current and disap- peared under a covered part of the canal. I do not knowif many such observations are on record and cannot say what species of snake is here referred to, but it seemed an interesting note, for which I ask the reader’s indulgence.* Naturally, it was on the ungrazed and unfrequented hillsides that the best hunting-grounds were to be found. The slopes of Oruel are clothed with a fairly thick pine forest, but the ridge itself, though grazed occasionally by a few cows and in places covered with a dense carpet of Genista horridus, 1s exceedingly rich entomologically. Parnassius apollo, Li. was quite common there, Coenonympha iphioides, Ster., occurred in moderate numbers with Coscinia striata, L., P. coridon and @ var syngrapha, Keferstein, Hrebia styyne, Ochs., Hesperia carthami, Hb. and many other species. Larvae of Anthocharis euphenoides, Ster. were found widely distributed, and in 1933 a few belated imagines of this species were captured. A most surprising capture was that of a single Libythea celtis, Fuessly, taken at flowers of Hryngium on 10th August, 1933, for I could find no trace of its foodplant anywhere in the district. Satyrus fidia, L., very large and in glorious condition, occurred freely on the hottest and stoniest slopes, and I managed at last to complete a good series of this insect, which in my experience, is always difficult to get in really good order. Along the canal P. dolus flew commonly during the first fortnight in August, and with it, though not nearly so commonly, flew P. admetus, Esp. var. ripperti, Boisd. I was always under the impression that these two insects nowhere flew together, but here they were, and the problem of separating their respective females is for me quite unsolvable. I have a lone series of var. ripperti from Digne where they flew in company with P. damon, Schiff., whose females are distinguishable easily enough, but this was the first time I had met with P. dolus. Herse convolvuli, L. flew nightly in dozens at flowers of Nicotiana in the Residencia gardens—a lovely sight in the lamplight for an English collector—with an occasional Celerio lineata, Fb. var. livornica, Esp. The larvae of Mimas tiliae, Li. simply swarmed on the elms bordering the roads, and their frass lay thick in the dust under many a favoured tree, but specimens * Not so strange, Tropidonotus natrix sometimes eats fish and so does T, --viperinus, which occurs in Spain and might be the species referred to here.—T.B.-F. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST S$ RECORD. 15.X.1934 bred-in 1982 showed no difference from English specimens. In the tunnels under the railway Catocala elocata, Hsp. and C. nupta, L. were found commonly with a few CO. puerpera, Giorna, and C. conversa, Esp. ; while Mania maura, L., often occurred in great clusters of forty or fifty individuals with overlapping wings, in the darker parts of the stone roof. Dr. Zerny (loc. cit. page 379) notes the species seen thus in a cleft in the cliff in hundreds. Very few species of Noctuae were taken, probably because few were flying at this time of the year. Sugar was found to be useless in 1931, only an odd specimen of the very common- est insects being seen. Every possible night during both visits I went out with the lamp and sheet to the western edge of the plateau over- looking the river valley and the mountains beyond, a favourite evening promenade with the Jacetanos. Unfortunately many of those nights when the moon did not make lamping impossible were rather windy or cold, so that the results were not as good as one hoped for, but fair numbers of Geometers and micros were taken in this way. A few odd Sarrothripus revayana, Scop. were beaten from oak in the middle of August, forms indistinguishable from Hampshire speci- mens, but a few days earlier on a species of narrow-leaved willow growing in the dry torrent-beds larvae were found, very small, spinning together with quite a lot of silk the leaves of the terminal shoot, especially where it trailed almost on the ground. All these larvae produced only S. degenerana, Hb., of which 1 bred fourteen during the second week of September. This insect was for long believed to be a form of S. revayana, until its specific identity was established in 1907 by Klos and Meixner (Verhandlungen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, LVIII. 1908, page 178), after examination of the genitalia. The different habitat, different foodplant, constant facies, and much lighter hindwings all support this view though | cannot find any decisive difference. The dates given above also seem to suggest that degenerana may have more than one brood in the year, and I might add that I have not yet seen this insect from any English locality. It is widely distributed in France for ] have beaten or bred it from different species of willows in the Basses-Alpes, the Gironde and Haute-Loire. One of the rarest insects taken was Apaidia mesogona, God., of which four were taken in 1931 and six in 1933. All were beaten in the late afternoon from box shrubs growing in very rocky places, and an immense amount of labour was necessary for their capture. The insect is small and very inconspicuous, and this makes its capture all the more difficult. Probably if one could set up the lamp and sheet close to its haunts it would be found to be much less rare than is generally supposed. Another interesting find was made in 1931 during a visit to the world famous monastery of St. Juan de la Pena, where, by the bye, there is a very flourishing colony of P. coridon with females almost without exception of the form syngrapha, Keferstem. There, in very old thick stems of juniper, were found galls of Synanthedon spuleri, Fuchs., from which a few moths were bred in 1932. Notes on this interesting species will be found in this Journal for 1931 page 384, and for 1982 page 58. Lepidopterous galls have always had a special interest for me, so that I was very pleased to find a curious gall on hawthorn, since kindly identified by Dr. Heslop Harrison as one stage of the juniper fungus Gymnosporangium, which alternates between COTTIAN ALPS AND TURIN IN JUNE-JULY, 1933. 105 hawthorn and juniper, in which a lepidopterous larva was feeding. Old galls were fairly common on the hawthorn bushes and easy enough to find, but this year’s galls were scarce and needed careful search. Even then only a small percentage contained a larva, and it is doubtful if I shall succeed in breeding any moths. At present I have three small reddish Tortricid larvae that have spun very slight cocoons in the folds of tissue paper and evidently intend to pass the winter without change. Of course these larvae are gall-eaters not gall-makers, but the habit is curious and interesting and deserves further attention. The complete list of captures which follows is given in the hope that it may be of use not only to future visitors to Jaca—and they are likely to be more numerous now that the summer University offers such excellent facilities—but also to those workers interested in distri- bution. The nomenclature and arrangement are those of Dr. Zerny’s work already mentioned, and species not found in that list are marked with an asterisk. (To be concluded.) The Cottian Alps and Turin in June-July, 1933. By Rev. KE. B. ASHBY, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S8. (Continued from p. 83.) Hererocera.—Zyyaena achilleae, race alpestris, Burg. (=alpina, Obth., nom. praeoce.); Z. filipendulae, exerge stoéchadis, race medica- ginis, Hb. Hymenoprera.—Ammophila hirsuta, Scop. ; Nomada lateralis, Panz.; Aylocopa violacea. 5. Crsana. 4455 feet. I made my only visit to Cesana by motor-bus on 3rd July. On arrival there I tried to find my way to the ‘‘green marble quarries,” mentioned by Dr. Verity in Hnt. Record, Vol. XX XVIII. (new series), Nos. 7 and 8, p. 101. Alas, I was told that there were 3 different marble quarries in the environs, and thus I was unable to. find the ground. Crossing the bridge over the river I ascended through the town in the direction towards Clavieres, for some distance, and then leaving the road, ascended by a steep track parallel to a rushing stream to higher levels. During a long day’s hunt after heavy rain of the previous day, I took the following insects. RuopaLocera.—Muchloé ausonia, race marchandae, H.G.=simplonia, Fr.; Anthocharis cardamines, L., race montivaga, Trti. and Vrty. ; Aporia crataegi, race basanius, Frhst.; P. apollo, race pedemontanus, Frhst.; M. pseudathalia race celaduzza, Fruh.; M. phoebe race sylleion, Frhst.; Hesperia carthami, Hb.; H. carlinae, Rmbr.; Lycaena alcon, F.; P. argus, race philonomus, Bergstr.; M. galathea, race pedemontit, Vrty.; A. amathusia, Esp.: A. aglaia, race emilocuples, Vrty.; P. mnemosyne, 1 g rather worn; M. dictynna=diamina, race alpestris, Fruh. trans. ad. magnaclara, Vrty.; Li. sinapis, race magna, I. Gen. ; M. aurelia, race imitatrix, Vrty.; C. hippothoé, race eurybia, O., and ab. 2? nigra, Fav.; C. iphis, race bertolis, de Prun.; B. ino, race adula, Fruh. 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1934 Hererocera.— Melanippe montanata, Bork. ; 7%. stoechadis, Bkh. Dierrra.—Strationys furcata, F. 6. Cravimres. 5801 ft. This mountain village close by the French frontier is reached by motor-bus from Oulx via Cesana. I was only able to visit this good locality once, on 10th July. I worked that part of Claviéres beyond the village to the left of the main road, following up the left side of the stream, passing a pond and later a marsh, below a golf course across which I wandered. I took the following insects :— RuopaLocera.—Colias phicomene, race pulverulenta, Vrty.; Huchloé ausonia, race narchandae, Hb.=simplonia, Fr.; P. apollo, race substitutus, Roth.; Hrebia tyndarus, race subcassioides, Vrty.; Hrebia eptphron, race cydamus, Frhst.; B. pales, race palustris, Frub., ab 9 napaea, Hb.; A. niobe, Li. race pinguis, Vrty.; M. dictynna=diamina, Lang., race alpestris, Fruh., on marsh; P. mnemosyne, race eacelsa, Vrty. (2), one quite fresh; H, alciphron, race ultrayordius, Vrty.; H. hippothoé, race eurybia, Och. led 7. SeEsrrizres. 6690 ft. This good locality and the Albergo di Sestriéres is reached by motor-bus from Oulx via Cesana. I visited Sestriéres on 6th, 8th, and 12th July. Dr. Higgins had kindly given me a map of the best ground, which is situated beyond the hotel, past the golf links, and bearing to the right along a pathway under trees and bordering the peaty ground on which the alpine rose was in full flower. Further on descending to the main stream, I found an excellent ground for P. delius, which was in good number and fresh, on either side of this mountain stream. The insects taken were :— RuopaLocera.— Gonepteryax rhamni, L.; C. phicomene, race pulveru- lenta, Vrty.; C. palaeno, race ewroromene, Och., with 1 yellow female ; E. ausonia, race marchandae, Hb.=simplonia, Fr.; P. delinus race serenus, Frhst.; P. apollo, race substitutus, Rothsch., on peat bog in company with P. delius, P. napi, race bryoniella, Vrty.; MH. arcanta exerge gardetta, de Prun.=philea, Hb.=satyrion, Esp. ; race yardetta, de Prun. ; C. tphis, race bertolis, de Prun.; I. epiphron, race cydamus, Frhst.; FP. euryale, race itobyma, Fruh; EH. tyndarus, race subcassoides, Vrty.; E. lappona, Ksp.; H. carthami, Hb.; H. carlinae, Rmbr.: H. viryaureae, race zermattensis, Fallou.; P. semiaryus, race montana, M.-D.; Vacciniina optilete, race cyparissus, Hb.; A. medon, Huin.; Plebeius aryyrognuomon, Bergst., race calliopides, Vrty.; 1). glandon=orbitulus, Prun.; M. cinaia, a small race; &. pales, race palustris, Fruh., and ab. 2 napaea, Hb.; P. mnemosyne, race eacelsa, Vrty. (?), 1 fresh gf ; B. amathusia, race titania, Esp.; A. niobe, L., race alpium-stricta, Vuty. ; A. ewmedon, (chiron, Rott.) ; M. varia, M.-D. Herrrocera.—Zyyaena achilleae, race alpestris, Burg., (=alpina, Obth. nom. praeoce.); L. montanata, W.V., large form; Selenia bilunaria, EKsp.; Zygaena exulans race subochracea, White; Apamea -secalis, Li. Cotroptrera.—Clythra quadripunctata, L.; Chrysomela vernatlis, ~-Brull. NOMENCLATURE. THE LIST. 107 8. Monrot. 3210 ft. I did not get to this locality, which I should think is best reached via Jouvenceau by continuing the road which skirts that village. I recommend a whole day. I understand Dr. Verity got Hrebia ligea there. | think Monfol would be even more primitive than Jouvenceau. 9. Norre Dame pes Broussarttes. 7368 ft. I did not get as far as this. There is a chapel here, and a mule track leads up to it from Jouvenceau (ask the way), and I understand there is good collecting en route. An early start, carrying lunch necessary. (To be concluded.) The Geometers of Storrington, W. Sussex. By G. S. ROBERTSON, M.D. (Continued from page 64.) Horisme (Phibalapteryx) vitalbata, Schiff—Common on the Downs. H. (P.) tersata, Schiff.—Common on the Downs. Abraaas grossulariata, L.—Common everywhere. “Lomaspilis marginata, L.—Generally dis- tributed. Common. Varies greatly. Ligdia adustata, Schiff. —Gener- ally distributed. Fairly common. Bapta tenerata, Schiff. —Common. B. bimaculata, Fb.—Not common. Cabera pusaria, L.—Very common. C. ewanthemata, Scop.—Very common. (al moevius, Taractrocera a 56, GP) moneta, Plusia ee Re Bods its) monoglypha, Xylophasia .. Seah montana (dorilis 7.), Heodes oo morei, Halpe ats .. O89 mulciber, Huploea .. se % 6 munda, Taeniocampa at arid munitata, Xanthorhoé a BA HE HO murinata, Minoa .. a Wav ad muscerda, Pelosia .. a co Old) mutina (limniace ssp.), Huploea .. 6 myrrha, Libythea .. ab so | Pal nails, Kuthalia af: a yo Xl) nandina, Neptis .. ne yeep napi, Pieris .. Mey Sp TUS, | Zl nara, Tarucus on a Sens narada, Horsfieldia. . Ae co 2) neoridas, EKrebia 126 nerine, Erebia Uy SY nerissa,, Cepora Ae as EEEIIAS neurica, Nonagria .. 43 nigerrima (fagaria = belgiaria ab.), Dyscia 50 .. 124 nigerrima (trifolii ab, rs) Zygaena Bow axl nigra, Tarucus : oe ae 24s) nigra (neurica ab.), Nonagria .. 48 nigricans (trifolii ab.), Zygaena .. 37 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE nigrobasalis (eudamippus ssp.), Eriboea 60 50 oo 24l) nina, Leptosia 5 niobe, Argynnis O00 72 noctuella, Nomophila HG 4, 19 Noctuidae ae , 76, 133 noliteia (elna ssp.), Castalius oir) ere nomius, Papilio, Pathysa .. ais 5 nora, Nacaduba .. 00 oo PR) Notodontidae oc 06 novangliae (rapae r.), Pieris 65 nupta, Catocala 104 nyseus, Talicada 50 oo Pe) Nymphalidae(is) .. Me 7, 74 obscura (arion r.), Lycaena 70 obscura (trifolii ab.), Zygaena 37 obscurus, Tagiades .. : -- O4 obsoleta (argus ab.), Plebeius .. 26 obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyom- matus O00 ie 30 opel obsoleta (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 ocellaris (euryale f.), Erebia 73, 74 ochrea (urticae ab.), See 35 ochrearia, Aspilates .. 54 octodurensis, Ortholitha PAR OY oeme, Hrebia : 86 so 8 ophiana (columella ssp. ), Nepse 50) A) or, Cymatophora 97 orbitulus: Plebeius .. : awe (all orbona, Rhyacia, Triphaena 56, 89 orion, Scolitantides. . oo ~ Ul orithya, Precis : 21 orseis (varuna ssp.), Rapala 30 ossa (maha ssp.), Zizeeria . 29 othona, Chliaria 30 otis, Zizeeria 29 palaemon, Carterocephalus 70 palaeno, Colias aye oo eal pales, Brenthis Big 42 72, 88 pallescens (rufa ab.), Coenobia 43 pallida (amen ab.), Coeno- nympha .. 6 : eel paludis, Hydroecia .. 53 palustraria, Hupithecia .. 2 pamphilus, Coenonympha. .58, 65, 73 pandava, Euchrysops 29 paphia, Dryas, Argynnis . ah 59, 72 Papilio (nidae) : we , 46 paralysos, Notocrypta 55 parisatis, Apatura .. So oo paris, Papilio 36 06 4, 5 Parnara ws 55 Parnassius 50 57 parrhasius, Eiveres .. 28 paucipuncta (argus ab.), ‘Plebeius 25, 26 pelias (agama ssp.), Caprona 55 pendularia, Cosymbia 36 54 perfusca (dahlii ab.), Noctua 56 perius, Pantoporia .. O06 20 permagna (ligea ab.), Erebia 74 perseus, Mycalesis .. D0 sa persimilis, Diagora . é 5, 20 petosiris (pheretimus ssp.), “Rapala 30 vii. PAGE phaeton, Melitaea .. ils -. 59 phalanta, Atella .. as Be al pharte, Erebia a6 fe 50 Ue} phegea, Syntomis .. “re ve, OF pheretes, Plebeius .. 30 50. Ua pheretimus, Rapala.. o0 25 30 phicomone, Colias .. 71 phlaeas, Rumicia 8, 19, 45, “46, 65, 70, 108 130 phoebe, Melitaea colbe Nay, Ye phragmitidis, Calamia 56 .. 53 Pieridae AS ie wks 5, 8d pisi, Hadena.. dc ie ao pinastri, Sphinx a0 0 plantaginis, Nemeophila .. . 88 Plebeius 46, 83, 84 plexippus, Danaus, Anosia 6, 10,19, 47 plexippus =archippus plinius, Syntarucus.. : o¢ pluviatilis (iphita ssp.), Precis Sa Gal podalirius, Papilio .. oc so Cl polychloros, Kugonia nd 72, 74 polydecta (mineus ssp.), oe 6 polymnestor, Papilio 5 Polyommatus 83, 92, 93, 8, 119 polytes, Papilio ay S polyxena, Charaxes.. 56 Ystanuit pomona, Catopsilia a yen es0 pomonella, Hnarmonia .. 50. BY) pompilius (antiphates ssp.), Papilio 5 populana, Semasia .. 50 60) 8} populi, Limenitis .. 60 50 UB porata. Cosymbia 5 131 porcellus, Theretra .. ae ee 9 postvittana, Tortrix ye oo | U potatoria, Cosmotriche .. -. 53 potosiris (pheretimus ssp.), Rapala 30 praecox, Agrotis .. oo 56) Gi) praegalliensis, Heliothela .. ee Oo procris, Limenitis .. 66 so. PA) prodromana, Amphysa_ .. Botta pronoé, Hrebia es 6 oo. teil pronubana, Cacoecia of Tesi 9 pronubina (orbona ab.), Triphaena 89 pseudomoesa, Padraona .. .. 55 puerpera, Catocala .. 56 -. 104 pulverulenta (cardamines ab.), Kuchloé .. re a0 -. 35 punctata, Naclia .. 91 punctata (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 purpureo-punctata (one ab.), Heodes.. : 36 -. 65 puspa, Lycaenopsis.. 06 on AY) putli (trochilus ssp.), Zizeeria .. 29 Pyrales(idae). . a0 as OZ Pyrameis : -- 59, 60 pyrantha, Catopsilia Be 390. pyrene, Ixias ae 06 oo, © Pyronia 46 50 55) Bs) pythias, Astycus ue a6 -- 59 quercetorum, Surendra .. 56.) OY) quercinaria, Ennomos we 4, 124 radiata (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 124 viii. SPECIAL PAGE radiosalis, Mesographa 38, 39, 40, ». 49, 50, 51, 61, 62, ragalva- (europa ssp-), Lethe Beer ramella, Hucosma > sg) ramosana (revayana ab.), * Sarro- thripus ; 89, 90 ransonnettii; Caprona 54 rapae, Pieris 18, 22, 45, 64, 71, 124, 132 ravi, Tagiades he 54, reichlini (nerine r.), Brebia repandata, Boarmia a we OF revayana, Sarrothripus 89, 104 rhamni, Gonepteryx fee ney ripae, Agrotis nS 53, 54 ripperti (admetus ssp.), Polyom- matus ee bio 103 rohria, Lethe : Zs Le an fa romulus (polytes ssp.), Papilio .. 5 rosimon, Castalius’.. fa Sis 24s) ruberata, Hydriomena re ate 2 rubi, Callophrys : level rubiginea, Conistra do), thd) rufa, Coenobia he au 43, 953 rufescens (neurica ab.), Nonagria.. 43 rufomaculata (croceus ab.), Colias 65 Rumicia ate 131 rumicis, Acronicta .- . ae seeeleyl rutilus: (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus 124 sagara (moevius ssp.), Taractrocera 55 sagittata (revayana ab.), Sarro- thripus 1S, we so SO) salicata, Calostigia:.. oe Mee eo sarpedon, Papilio °.. ae aerate) Saturniidae .. é ae oo Satyridae(us) 6, 44, 48, 58 satyrion, Coenonympha 73 schistacea, Rapala .. 30 secalis, Apamea te s2 en eS sedi (lutulenta ab.), Aporophyla 31, 32 selene, Brenthis 59565; 02, 12 selenophora, Pantoporia ee) semele, Satyrus Re dé DOS semiargus, Polyommatus ..71, 93, 119 semibrunneéa, Xylina io BiU a) sail serena, Hecatera .. Re Ay, 2 serratulae, Hesperia 0 sibilla =camilla Tg Ws Sideritis : i: gg July silhetana isisatine ssp. a EKurema .. 6 similis (auriflua), Porthesia so) simulans, Agrotis a Arey 10) simulata (hecabe ssp.), Kurema .. 6 sinapis, Leptosia Bans WAL singala (avanta ssp. ); Ypthima BEAT AT sinha, Issoria é ee OlL: snelleni (medon ab. )s Aricia 89 spadicearia (ferrugata), Xanthorhoé L 1, 124 sparganii, Nonagria: ae Bie spuleri, Synanthedon 104 stabilis, Taeniocampa ae Sea POL statices, Adscita Me As a 2 INDEX. : PAGE stellatarum, Macroglossum 8, 9, 19, rs 111, 132 sterlineata =deleta (phoebe ab.), Melitaea 13 strabo, Catachrysops Be wane) striata, Coscinia ~ Kis 108 strigilis, Miana So) OB stygne; Erebia oe 73, 103 sudica (blanka ssp.), Pratapa 29 suffumata, Lampropteryx .. Bsgppiedlt suffusa (echerius ssp.), Abisara .. 21 suffusa (croceus ab.), Colias 65 suffusa (gilvago ab.); Xanthia 44 superstes, Caradrina ave Sed 24 sura (angulata ssp.), Odontoptilum 54 swinhoei (orithya ssp.), Precis 21 sylvanus, Adopoea, Aveiades 45, 70 sylvata, Abraxas : aeuls sylvestris=flava . : .. 45 syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyom- matus Bas el Ose LOe Syntomidae.. .. An so. BS syrichtus=agama 55 syringaria, Pericallia 53 tages, Nisoniades : 6. 0 taminatus, Hasora’.. Be SO tamilana (paris ssp.), Papilio arses) tapestrina (merione ssp.), Hrgolis 21 tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha (tarsi- pennis in error) .. o'6 Sra Tarucus 28 tau, Aglia : Be .. 124 taylorii (ransonnettii ssp. ), Caprona 455 temerata, Bapta .. as aa cage tenuifasciata (ligea ab.), Hrebia 123 thaliades (selene ab.), Brenthis 65 theophrastus, Tarucus ae a6 es thetis, Curetis S62, OB, NO thetis = bellargus 71 thore, Brenthis 72 Thersamomea 131 thyrsis, Gangara ae a5 OD) thyodamas, Cyrestis a sieip ye thwaitesii (malaya ssp.), Megisbe.. 29 tiliae, Mimas 5 ie 66, i@B timoleon, Iraota .. Ka sees) tiphon = tullia 58, 95 tithonus, Epinephele 58, 124 tityus, Hemaris Ye die eis | 4 togata (Plutea), Cosmia, Orrhodia 89 togatoides (fulvago ab.), ee Cosmia é ate 89 tragopogonis, Amphipyra SS eee as transalpina, Zygaena : oe transversa (selene ab.), Brenthis .. 65 triangulum, Noctua.. 56 trifolii, Zygaena oe bo) BH triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia.. 74, 88 tripartita, Abrostola 43 tripuncta (lutulenta ab), Aporophyla 31, 32 53 tritici, Agrotis “9 6 Bi 3, trochilus, Zizeeria ae SPECIAL PAGE truncata, Dysstroma : 2 tullia (tiphon), Coenonympha 57, y 58, 95 turea (phoebe ab.), Melitaea oq, JB} turmalis, Mesographa a co (ail tyndarus, Erebia aa Vie Ue! typhlus (perseus ssp.), Mycalesis .. 6 _umbrosa (cardamines ab.), Euchloé unanimis, Apamea .. ae ae 2 uncula, Hydrelia 4 is 4 undularis (hypermnestra ssp.), Elymnias .. . oo ot unicolor (rubiginea. ab.), Conistra 89 unidentaria eae joo Xanthorhoé 124 urticae, Aglais 8, 18, 34, 35, 59, 60, 72, 74 urticae (tripartita ab.), Abrostola.. 43 urticana, Sericoris .. = 2 ugeni (dorilis ssp.), Precis . oo | (5B) vaisya (lemonias ssp.), Precis so. Al valeria, Pareronia .. a SMO Vanessa a O6 60, 74 variegata, Pyralis .. oo, OB varmona (hylas ssp.), Neptis a9 All varuna, Rapala us : ao | BD) venata, Adopoea .. : .. 45 vernalis (dispar ab.), Chrysophanus 12 vespertaria. Epione D0 so HUES) vestigialis, Agrotis .. 60 3, 53 vetusta, Calocampa oo oo vicrama, Scolitantides are oo. Yak viminalis, Cleoceris ne bo Ge) vinula, Cerura, Dicranura. . 85, 94 violae, Telchinia .. as see ti: virgaureae, Heodes 70, 130 viridana, Tortrix .. 50 oo fete) vitta, Hasora 50 -- o4 vittalis (cingulalis ab. Yh Pyrausta.. 28 vitellina, Leucania . oe oo 1K) vulcanus, Spindasis — c oo PAY) wagneri (phoebe ab.), Melitaea ls w-album, Strymon .. ae ue woeberiana, Semasia Ae Be 2) xanthographa, Noctua ot oa | B xiphia=nina O0 Br oo.) 6) Yponomeuta ee O06 oo OY) zalmora, Neopithecops as ay 328 zelleri, Baoris Be oe ag | Gi) Zephyrus .. oe 30) Zygaena Bly 16) Poleorey Xylophasia . 132 INDEX. PAGE NEUROPTERA. bicaudata, Phryganea 122 perla, Chrysopa 56 -. 82 ORTHOP’ TERA. bicolor, Chortippus. : 110 caerulescens, Oedipoda itd germanica, Blattella 82 germanica, Oedipoda 11 lineatus, Stenobothrus gg All@) parallelus, Chortippus 110, 117 rufus, Gomphocerus -. 110 thalassinum, Meconema -. 110 viridissima, Phasgonura ae 111 viridulus, Omocestus . 110 Bie nar uuye eases adela, Gynacantha, . : 56. io) adnexa, Cor yphaeschna or oo OM Aeshna (idae) oo Oty OC auricularis, Gynacantha .. LS brevifrons, Aeshna .. 80 cancellatum, Orthetrum oo wLily/ croceipennis, Gynacantha.. 49, 80 diffinis, Aeshna ‘ OO. ditzleri, Triacanthagyna 77 gigantula, Staurophlebia 80 gracilis, Gynacantha 79 Gynacantha .. : 80 harpyga, Neuraeschna 80 imperator, Anax .. ily interioris, Gynacantha 80 intricata, Aeshna 80 klagesi, Gynacantha 78 litoralis, Gynacantha 79 marita, Rhionaeschna ; 80 membranalis, Gynacantha o mina, Neuraeschna SO nervosa, Gynacantha 78, 179 Neuraeschna OO peralta, Aeshna so {kl producta, Neuraeschna : 80 quadrimaculata, Libellula.. 117 reticulata, Staurophlebia so | SD) satyrus, Triacanthagyna .. 50 Uh) septima, Triacanthagyna .. 56, UE tenuis, Gynacantha oo US trifida, Triacanthagyna oo te viginti-punctata, Aeshna 50) teil) Correction :—P. 122 for ‘‘D, Haynes” read ‘‘ H. Haynes.”? i t L | oe | i I; x THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (309) several, about 6, black spots along the costal edge. (Made from a Digne ‘ argillacea ” so-called.) The figure by Culot, N. et G. I(1). plt. 19, from a Geneva specimen, _ is somewhat darker in ground which throws out the lighter markings considerably more; the V character is very irregular and much less apparent; the lighter colour is a deeper fulvous; the claviform is present and much emphasized ; the submarginal area is divided into three, the central portion is dark, the contracted costal portion and the inner marginal portions are both of the colour of the stigmata. There is a richness about the colour which is not expressed in the Digne example. Presumably this figure represents the aryillacea, Hb. although it does not quite agree with Hubner’s type figure. Since the above was in print Mr. Tams, of the British Museum, has very kindly sent me the result of his examination of an andalusiea taken by Brig. Gen. B. H. Cooke, (C. d’Hspina, 2,600 ft. 3.vi1.27.) He writes, ‘I send you a photograph of the aedeagus of Gen. Cook’s ¢ and you can decide it for yourself where the specimen belongs.” <‘ It was coloured like barrettit but was a large, fine example.” The photo- graph was, to me, decisive. It was not duteago (long-spined) but short blunt spined as barrettii. Subsequently Mr. Tams wrote, “1 cannot see any other explanation of the facts. There must be two species. The yellow one luteayo [he includes a diagram of the long sharp spine of that species] ; the darker one [he includes a diagram of the short blunt spined species] which includes as subspecies darrettii and andalusica. But I must do a little more investigation before I can sort out the synonymy.” ‘This confirms the findings of both Kdelsten and Rayward as to two species. From the facts so far the specific name is %ndalusica, Stder. (1859) with sub.sp. barrettii, Dbldy. (1864). Luperina dumerilit is the next species dealt with by Tutt, but as there seems to be no authentic British examples recorded of late years, even if those many years ago said to be taken in Britain are accepted, it seems scarcely necessary to treat of this species. Neither Tutt nor South had ever seen a British example. For those who wish to know aught of this species the following references may be of use. Original Description Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. p. 277, plt. XC., f. 4 (1826): Stdgr. Cat. 169 (1901): Barrett Lep. Brit. I. IV. (1897): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VII. 472 (1908): Tutt Br. Noct. I. 186, IV. 110. ab. desyllest, Gn. Noct. I. 183, 1852. r. diversa, Stdgr. Iris. LV. 284 (1891). r. sancta, Stdgr. l.c. IV. 285 (1891). amentata, Germ. Fauna, XXII. 18. ab. armoricanus, Culot, N. et G. I(1). 141, plt. XXV. (1909-18). r. adriatica, Stauder Boll. Soc. Adriat, XX VII. 159 (1912). Some twenty years ago Mr. Charles Oberthiir sent me a nice series of forms of this species for comparison with our Luperina guenéei, since there was a pale form of the species, which on the continent was suspected to be the same as British L. guenéet. Dr. Chapman very (310) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. kindly examined the genitalia and found the species quite distinct. These pale forms are before me now and show not the slightest _ Similarity of texture to our beautiful British species. Luperina, Bdy. (1829) Gn. [Hadena, Schrnk. (1802) Dup.: Polia, Och. and Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Agrotis, Och. and Tr. (1816-25) Cutt., Frr.: Apamea, Och.-Tr. (1816-25) Mill.: Melanchra, Hb. (1822), Meyr.: Tholera, Hb. (1822) Sth., Hamp., Warr.-Stz.: Newronia, Hb. (1822) Sohn.: Charaeas, Steph. (1829) Steph., Wood: Heltophobus, Bdy. (1829) Barr.: EHpineuronia, Rbl. (1901) Stdgr., Splr.] cespitis, Schiff. (1775). This species has been removed from genus to genus by almost every systematist. The genus name Newronia is praeoccupied. Apparently there is no concensus of opinion as to the relationship of this species. Pierce, Genitalia Noct. Br. Is., 38, says, ‘‘ Taere is nothing in common with testacea, dumerilit, or cespitts,’ nor does he indicate the relation- ship of the last. Tutt did not take the Original Description, which was the meagre note of Schiff. in the Verz. p. 82 (1775), whose description runs ‘* Noctua venosa, the upper wings blackish with yellow toothed line ; larva on Aira cespitosa, Wasengras.”’ Fab. Mant. Il. 156 gave a fuller description which was quoted by Tutt. Fab. himself gives the Verz. as the original description (Mnt. Sys. Amend. III(3) 68). Tutt Brit. Noct. [. 186 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. LV. 189, plt. 152 (1897) ; Stdgr. Vat. 155 #1901): Hamps. Lep. Phal. V. 218, f. 32 (1905) : Splr. Schm. Hur. [. 167, plt. 86 (1905): South M. Br. I. 256, plt. 128 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. IIL. 80, plt. 19h (1909): Culot N. et G. I(1). 96, plt. 16, 9 (1909-13). Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’ Hur. (1790) VII. f. 459 give three very fair figures, a,a g ; b,a ? ; c, underside. Hub. gives a good figure of the usual form of the female, fig. 428. In his Tat, p. 187, he refers it to Ochs. and Tr. who refer it to the Verz. Schiff. Treit. Schmett. V. (2). 116, remarks that authors had placed this insect in various positions as to its relationship and notes that in Nature relationship is not expressible in rows, but as a net with connections in many directions. Wood, nd. (1888) plt. 8 gives a good fig. of cespitis, and a figure of Stephen’s confinis. (121). Dup. Hist. Nat. plt. 102. VI. (VII.) gives a good fig. of the 2° but the transverse lines are hardly sufficiently margined with lighter colour and the hind-wings not sufficiently suffused. Hump. and West. Br.M. plt. XXII. give a figure too dark and badly shaped with banded hindwings with which I have never met. Freyer’s figures, as H.-S. says, are very bad. H.-S. Beard. I. 269. says that Hubner’s fig. 428 has forewings too short, the stigmata too red; that Freyer’s fig. 111 is unrecognisable, the markings are too emphasized, and he puts the hordet, Schrnk, as a synonym. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (311) Gn. Hist. Nat. V. 164. considers hordet, Schrnk, autumnalis, Curt. and con/finis, Steph. as one and the same. Meyr. Hand. 81 (1895), classifies it with reticulata, conspicillaris, pisi, myrtilli, ete. and in the genus Melanchra, Hb. which he repeats in the Revised Hand. (1927-8). Hamps. Lep. Phal. p. 218. has a very poor b. and w. figure; he gives autumnalis, Curt. as a Synonym. Splr. Schm. Eur. I. plt. 86-7 has a good figure of the 3. South M. Bb. J., I. plt. 128 gives 2 very good figures $ and @. Warr.-Stz. places horde’, Schrnk., autiwmnnalis, Curt., confinis, Steph., and chloris, Mill., as synonyms of cespitis, and decolor, Sohn. as a synonym of ferruginea, Hofm. only recognising one aberration as did Hampson. ‘They give 2 almost unrecognisable figures on plt. 19h. Culot, N. et G. I(1). 96, plt. 16, 9, gives a very good figure. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Very rarely variable except in size.” Barrett records an example ‘“ having the subterminal line of the forewings broadened out into a white stripe.” The List of Names and Forms to be considered are— cespitis, Schiff. (1775), Verz. 82. cespitis, Fb. (1787) Mantissa, 156. hordei, Schrnk. (1802), Hn. Bota. 11(1). 351. autumnalis, Curt. (1825), Brit. Hnt. 165. non-descrip. ab. confinis, Steph. (1827), Z/. II. 109: Wood Ind, fig. 121 (1838). ab. chloris, Mill. (1883), Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons. XXIX., 172, plt. 4, 1-2. ab. ferruginea, Hoffm. (1887) Soc. Ent. II. 121. ab. decolor, Sohn. (1896) Soc. Hnt. XI., 115. Tutt dealt with (1) The cespitis of Fab. (Mant.); and (2) conjinis, the very pale form. hordei, Schrnk, Fn. Bota. [1(1) 851 (1802). Orie. Descrie.—‘ Silky brownish-black, the bordering of the orbicular, the reniform, and the four curved transverse lines ochre- yellow ; the hind-marginal fringes black and ochre-yellow chequered.” Miinehen. Schrnk quotes deaurata, Esp. as a synonym. But deaurata is a Plusia. ab. chloris, Mill. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. (1883) XXIX. 172. Fie.—l.c. pl. 4. f. 1-2. Orie. Descrip.—“ It is smaller than testacea and nickerlii and about the size of dumerilii. Yet this can never be confused with either of these species, because the forewings of the new Apamea are relatively narrower than those of its congeners. ‘“‘ Forewings, elongate, rectangular, of a clear reddish-grey, with the lines and spots badly marked. The ordinary spots are whitish with a brown centre; they stand on a reddish grey ground. The elbowed line, much turned back on the costa, alone visible, is wide, clear, toothed on both sides; it precedes a series of very small black marks. The fringe is yellow, scarcely interrupted. The lower wings, (312) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. of a fleshy white, are without lines. Below, all the wings are of a reddish white and the elbowed line is scarcely visible, yet a black discoidal spot is well marked on the lower wings.” Acqui-les-Bains, Italy. ab. ferruginea, Hofm. Soc. Ent. II. 121 (1887). Orie. Descrip.— ‘ Head, thorax and forewings red-brown ; transverse lines, waved line and stigmata sulphur yellow; hindwings of g almost wholly white, but in the 9 paler than in the type form.” Wolfsberg, Karnten. Hamip. Cat: Lep. Ph: V. 217 (1905) “much paler:”—Lyrol, Carinthia. ab. decolor, Sohn. Soc. Hnt. XI. 115 (1896). Orte. Descrire.—‘ The black-brown ground, which is usually invariable in cespitis, in var. decolor varies from a dark ochre-brown to a quite pale yellow-brown. ‘The paler the specimens are, the more obsolescent the markings so that the palest examples are almost without markings. In the last there only remains, as a single characteristic, the pale margining of the stigmata. The hindwings in these specimens are quite white as far as the very fine yellow-grey outermargin.” «« The variety occurs in both sexes and is almost as common as the typical form, which occurs with it. It seems to be generally distributed in the country south of the Brenner and Meran.” Luperina, Bdv. (1829) Gn., Newm., Meyr., Barr., Hamp., Warr.-S. [Apamea, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) H. S., Led., Stdgr., Splr., Cul. ; Trachea, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25): Polia, Tr. (1816-25) H.-S.: Hama Steph. (1829)] testacea, Schiff. (1775). Tutt took Hubner’s fig. 189 as the type, whereas early authors went back to the Verz. of Schiff. (cf. Illiger, Treit., Werneb., ete.). The Original Description, such as it is, was— testacea, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Larvae Terricolae: with pale or distinct orbicular and reniform stigmata: the sand-coloured Noctua with small stigmata.” Illiger quotes this last phrase, Verz. Iled. I. 261 (1801). Tutt, Ent. XXII. 206 (1889): Brit. Noct. J. 187 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. LV. 886, plt. 173 (1897): Stdgr. Cat. I1Ied. 168 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 186, plt. 89 (1905): South, M. Br. Is. 1. 267, plt. 128 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII. 471 (1908): Culot N. et G. I(1). 140, plt. 25 (1909-13): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. Ill. 185, plt. 48c. (1911). Ernst. and Engram. Pap. d’Hur, VII. fig. 451 bas given a very good figure of the sand-coloured form. In the text they say it is the sordida of the Verz. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (313) Hub. Saml. 189 (1802) gives a good figure, but of a darker tint than the common sand brown of our average British form. The hindwings are not sufficiently sand tinted and the wings are, if anything, somewhat too short. Haworth, Lep. Brit. 194, says that his lunato-strigata scarcely differs from his wnca, and that his a-notata is very close to lunato- strigata. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 81 has a very good somewhat dark figure. H.-S. says Hb’s. fig. has wings too short. Guenée Noet. 182 gives reference to Schiff., Verz. Newman. Brit. M. 296, fig. has much too great a contrast between central band and ground colour. I have not seen a specimen like it. Meyrick, Hand. 112 (1896) placed gueneei, Dbldy. and nickerlii, Frr., as synonyms. In the 1927-8 edition nickerlit = queneei is separated as a species. Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. gives five good figures all somewhat dark and hardly represent the forms we are accustomed to meet. They do not recognise lunatostrigata as being different from the typical form. Culot. N. et G. 1(1), plt. XXV. gives five figures: 11 a very good figure of the sand-coloured form ; 12 a pale ochreous form ab. ochreo- pallida ; 13 a dark banded form in which the band is blackish with stigmata of the ground colour ab. bicolor; 14 the dark brown form approaching Hibner’s figure, called ab. obscura; 15 ab. pallescens a very pale form with faint ochreous tint. All the figures are very good. Of the Variation Barrett says ‘‘ Not a very variable species inland, but on the coast, and especially on the western coasts it 1s quite other- wise. The range of ground colour there is from the palest drab or even brownish white marbled with pale brown, to blackish umbreous with or without central blacker markings; the central black bar above the dorsal margin is usually faint or even absent in the palest forms, yet occasionally large and strongly marked ; in the darkest it sometimes becomes a black rectangular blotch. ‘“‘In the South of Ireland a more uniformly dark race is accompanied by normal specimens and also by a curious mealy looking, grey-brown variety, and in the female by deep umbreous forms. ‘“‘Tn all the variations the colour of the thorax coincides with that of the forewings.” Stephens, Jil. III. 5, says of the Variation :—‘‘ Some examples are of a deep fuscous or rufescent tinge, clouded with black, with two strigae, and a marginal fascia dusky ; others are very pale testaceous, scarcely clouded, with a deep black mark in the centre of the wings resembling the letter X, with an arcuated striga of black lunules behind the middle :—while some are nearly immaculate.” Barrett records the following forms.— 1. On the Irish coast. ‘A smooth uniform dark brown without mottling of either paler or darker, but with the stigmata and subter- minal line tinged with yellow.” 2. From Ireland. ‘“ Two female specimens in which the forewings are singularly striped between the nervures with yellow.” 8. A male in which the forewings ‘are wholly ochreous, the (314) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. markings only faintly deeper yellow-brown ; and another of the usual pale.umbreous but with the hindmargin black brown.” 4. A female ‘of a uniform dark umbreous except that the first, second, and subterminal lines are pale yellow.” List of Names and Forms to be considered.— testacea, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775). [sordida, Schiff. Verz. 81 (1775)]. [testacea, Hb. Samml. 189 (1802)]. ab. dunato-strigata, Haw. Lep. Brit. 194 (1809). ab. wnca, Haw. l.c. ab. w-notata, Haw. L.c. ab. gueneet, Dbldy. Hint. Ann. X. 123 (1864). [ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Hunt. XXII. 206 (1889)]. ab. cinerea, Tutt. J.c. 207 (1889). ab. nigrescens, Tutt. l.c. [ab. incerta, Tutt. Brit. Noct. 189 (1891)]. ab. ochreo-pallida, Culot, N. et. G. 1(1). 140, plt. 25 (1909-13). ab. pallescens, Culot, l.c. ab. bicolor, Culot, J.c. ab. obscura, Culot, lc. ab. irritaria, Bng.-Hs. Iris. XX VI. 146 (1912). ab. scotiae, Strnd. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. 155. abt. A. Heft. 11 (1915). Tutt dealt with (1) typical testacea, Hb, (2) the ashy-grey cinerea with distinct markings. (8) the blackish grey with indistinct markings, nigrescens. (4) Greyish, tinged reddish or brown; striga beyond reniform made of lunules, dunato-strigata. (5) Greyish tinged red or brown ; with hook-mark under stigmata, unca. (6) ditto with mark X-shaped, a-notata. (7) the dark variegated form gueneei=var. A of Guenée, Noct. V. The sordida, Schiff. was early put to testacea but wrongly. The forms obsoleta, Tutt, and incerta, Tutt, belong to another species. ab. pallescens, Culot, Noct. et G. 1(1). 140 (1909-13). Fie.—l.c. plt. XXV. 15. Orie. Descrirp.< Very pale.” ab. ochreo-pallida, Culot, Noct. et G, I(1). 140 (1909-18). Fic.—l.c. plt. XXV. 12. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ A clear sandy brown.” ab. bicolor, Culot, Noct. et G. (1). 140 (1909-13). Fie.—l.c. plt. XXV. 13. Orie. Descrie.—‘ The median area of the fourwings is of a deeper ground than the basal and hind-marginal portions.” ab. obscura, Culot, Noct. et G. I(1). 140 (1909-18). Fig.—l.c., plt. XXV. 14. Oric. Desorie.—‘‘ A uniform obscure brown.” var. irritaria, Bng.-Hs. Iris. XX VI. 146 (1912). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ From Batna (Algeria) there came a number of male examples (and one female), which by their essentially lighter, THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (315) mostly yellowish white to dusty grey colour and weaker, sometimes almost wholly suppressed markings are distinguished from the stronger built dark grey-brownish coloured central European testacea.”’ ab. scotiae, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXJ. 155, abt. A. Heft. 11 (1915). Orie. Drscrrep.—‘ Much darker brown.’—Scotland, Hamp. Lep. Phal. VII, 471 (1908). Strand named Hampson’s description. Luperina nickerlii, Freyer (erroneously recorded as queneei, Dbldy.) There has been the utmost confusion over this insect form. In 1864 Doubleday described in Stainton’s Annual, p. 128, for that year a form of testacea under the name of queneei, This, Guenée him- self recognised as the same form as that described by him as var. A. of testacea in Noct. |. 182 in 1852. In 1889 South identified some specimens sent to him by Baxter of _ St. Anne’s-on-Sea, Lancashire as a form of testacea, Hnt. XXII. 271, as being intermediate between the gueneet form of Dbldy. and the nickerlit of Freyer, and named them testacea var. nickerlii. A curious intuition of a relationship which subsequently has been proved. In 1891 Tutt Hnt. Record, II. 20-1, discussed this new form and tried to prove that it could not be nickerlii. Subsequently in the same year in Brit. Noct. I. 140, Tutt gave the name incerta to the form taken at St. Annes-on-Sea, which he was unable to identify with nickerlit and included it “‘as a simple var. of testacea.” In 1909 South, Ent. XLII. 289, received further examples from Lancashire and with the aid of the examination of their genitalia by Mr. I. N. Pierce, showed that they were not testacea, but strangely, he identified them with Doubleday’s yueneei, which had always been identified as Guence’s var. A. of testacea. © In 1911 Turner, Ent. Rec. XXIV. 17 et seq. in much detail, and with the aid of Dr. Chapman and a considerable and varied series of the silvery grey forms, definitely showed that they were not testacea, and that their genitalia agreed exactly with those of nickerlii. Thus proving that this Lancashire form was a subsp. of the continental Luperina nickerlit. But, incredible as it seems, he retained the name gueneet, for which there was no evidence whatever, as gueneei had always been identified as a form of testacea, and ignored the fact that these silvery grey specimens had been named incerta by Tutt. (brit. Noct. I. 189 in 1891.) Before me lie the preparations of the genitalia by Dr. Chapman, a good and varied series of incerta, a series of nickerlii sent me by M. Chas. Oberthur, one of the actual specimens of nickerlii from the collection of Nickerl, kindly sent to me by Herr Carl Hofer, a series of the pale forms of testacea and var. A. also from M. Oberthur, all of which go to confirm the results. Thus it is seen that incerta, Tutt, is the real name of our British subsp. of nickerlii and that the name gueneei has been all along mis- (316) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. applied to it. The name gueneet, Dbldy. really applies to a pale form of testacea, which is the var. A. of Guenee. The gueneei, Dbldy. were taken in Wales. Tutt (Brit. Noct. |. 139) refers an insect beaten at Abbot’s Wood to this. In no way do the beautiful silvery grey insects resemble any form of testacea, which I have seen or of which I have seen figures. For those who wish to go over this investigation again the following ae is quoted from the Hint. Record XXIV. 87 (1912). 1845. Freyer NV. Beitr, V. 140, plt. 466.—nickerlit. (Orig. Descrip). 1845? H.-S. Bearb. IL. Addenda p. 56, plt. CX1. fig. 565.—nickerlit. 1852. Guenée Noct. V. 182, 183.—testacea var. A. and var. B. 1861. Stdgr. Cat. led. 8382.—nickerlii and testacea v. gueneet. 1868. Graslin Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 309, plt. 8—nickerlii. 1864. Dbldy. Stain. Ent. Ann. X. 123-4.—gueneei. (Orig. Descrip.) 1871. Newman N. H. Brit. Moths 297.—queneet. 1871. Stder. Cat. Iled. 98.—nickerlii and testacea var. gueneei. 1885. Hodgkinson Hnt. XVIII. 54.—gueneet. 1889. Tutt Ant. XXII. 206-7.—testacea var. gueneei. 1889. South Hnt. XXII. 271-2.—testacea var. nickerlit. 1891. Tutt Hnt. Record Il. 21-29.—testacea var. nickerlii(?). 1891. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 188-140.—testacea var. queneei and var. incerta. 1897. Barrett Brit. Lep. IV. 385, plt. 1738.—gqueneet 1901. Stdegr. Cat. IIled. pt. 1, 168.—nickerlit and var. gueneet. 1908. Obthr. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 322.—graslini. 1908. Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIL. 469.—niccerli (sic). 1909. South Ent. XLII. 269-70.—nickerli, ab. 1909. South Hnt. XLII. 289-92.—queneet ab. baxteri. 1910. Banks Hnt. XUIII. 75-8.—queneei. 1911. Turner Ent. Record. XXII. 53 :—gueneet (=incerta), 89 :-— ab. murrayt, ab. fusca, ab. minor, 171 :—ab. tota; 201, plts. IIL, VI., Wut, WI0UL 5 ID. 1911. Porritt #.M.M. XLVIL. 204, plt. I1].—gueneei. 1911. Pierce Hnt. Rec. XXIII. 269-70.—gueneei. 1912. Turner Ent. Rec. XXIV. 17-87.—nickerlii var. gueneei (= incerta) and var. graslint. 1909-13. Oberthur-Culot N. et G. I(1). 140, plt. XXV. 10.—r. powelli. The Names and Forms to be considered are :— nickerlii, Freyer (1845) Neu. Beitr. V. 140, plt. 466. ssp. incerta, Tutt (1891) Brit. Noct. I. 140. ssp. graslini, Obth. (1908) Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 322. ab. baxteri, South (1909) Hnt, XLIT. 289. ab. murrayt, Turn. (1911) Ent. Rec. XXIII. 89. ab. fusea, Turn. (1911) le. ab. minor, Turn. (1911) l.c. N05 doer Abmrans (IE LIDY eG 7b r. powelli, Obthr.-Culot. (1909-13) N. et G. 1(1). 140, plt. XXV. 10. Of these the only one Tutt dealt with was the beautiful silvery grey form of the St. Anne’s on Sea coast under the name incerta, and THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (317) 15.iii.34, subsequently inexplicably mixed, muddled and confused with the var. gueneet, Dbldy. (=var. A. of Guenée.) In this error I fear that much blame attaches to myself personally. There is a similarity of continental nickerlit with brassicae except in size, an opinion Herr.-Schif. strongly held. (See note on p. 271 in Addenda to p. 56 of Sys. Beard. vol. 11.) nickerlii, Freyer. Neu. Beitr. V. 140 (1845). Fie.—l.c. plt. 466. Orie. Duescrip.—< Of the size, shape and nearly the markings of echit. But nearest in colour and marking to testacea. ‘The thorax and the forewings are reddish grey, the latter with the usual three waved transverse lines, which on the costa terminate in triangular white spots. In the disc stands the very distinct white reniform with darker central area. ‘I'he orbicular is very small, also white, with darker centre. ‘The claviform is black-brown, and extends into a similarly coloured, shaded streak, which extends to the second waved line or band, as is the case in most of the Apamea. The last white transverse line before the fringes is darkest from the middle to the inner margin on the outer side, and it commences behind the apex of the wing. The fringes are brown in which the veins terminate in white points. The abdomen is dusky white; the hindwings are pure white with a discoidal, and dark shading on the fringes. The underside is quite white. The forewings are suffused with brown scaling from the costa to the middle of the wing. Only the reniform and the outer line come through paler. ‘The fringes are here chequered brown and white. The hindwing shows traces of a very obsolescent discal spot.” The figure is a very poor and superficial one. All the markings much too formal and of it H.-S. says “utterly useless.” His own figure he says has the wings too short. ssp. or f. graslint, Obthr. Bull. Soe. ent. Fr. (1908) p. 8238. Orie. Descrip.—‘: I distinguish it by the following characters: (1) from testacea; the upper wings are longer, and the upperside more grey, not brown; the lower wings above are of a purer white; all the four wings are whiter below; (2) from Bohemian nickerlii, by the shape of the wings being still longer, and the tint of the forewings and of the hairs on the thorax being ashy grey and not of a brown which is still warmer and deeper in mickerlii than in testacea.” Pyrenées-Orientales. “The var. gueneet of testacea (var. A. of Guenée Noct. V. 182) must not be confused with yraslini, it is a very pale form of testacea.” ab. bawtert, South, Mnt. XLII. 290 (1909). Fie.—l.c. plt. VII. figs. 3-4. Orie. Drscrie.—‘ Ground colour paler, and without the ochreous tinge of yuencet [=incerta, Tutt]. The black edging of the whitish trans- verse lines varies in intensity, but in 2of the 6 specimens this 1s inconspic- uous ; the reniform stigma is more or less outlined in white, but this character is less evident than in L. nickerlii. The fringes are pale, chequered with dark grey, their tips sometimes dotted with blackish. In two females a blackish bar extends from the claviform stigma to the (318) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. postmedial line, and in these specimens the area beyond the white submarginal line is pale, almost whitish. White dots on the costa between the post-medial line and the apex are present in some of the specimens.” St. Anne’s-on-Sea. ab. murrayi, Turn. Wnt. Rec. XXIII. 89 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. LI1., figs. 5-6. Orie. Descrie.— In texture, general depth of colour and in markings, it is quite of the typical form, except that the submarginal area, between the dark marginal lunules and the submarginal line, is much paler than any other part of the wing, by contrast throwing out the dark lunules very conspicuously.” St. Annes-on-Sea. ab. fusca, Turn. Hnt. Rec. XXIII, 89 (1911). I're.—l.c. plt. IL. f. 1-2. Oric. Descrirp.— Has all the markings exactly as in typical gueneet [=incerta, 'l'utt], except that it isa melanic form. All the markings are much intensified, and even the ground colour is darker. ‘The increased sharpness of the darker markings, in contrast with the ground colour emphasises the contrast, and tends to make the specimens appear darker when looked at with the naked eye, than when the contrast is registered by means of the photographic lens. The general colour is a very dark grey, with, in good light (day), faint flushes of a ferruginous tint in the discal area. There is no trace of the ochreous tinge apparent in many of the typical forms, nor does the pale ground colour appear.” St. Anne’s-on-Sea. ab. minor, Turn. Hnt. Rec, XXIII. 89 (1911). Fie.—tl.c, plt. II. f. 8. Orig. Descrirp.— ‘A much smaller form. Quite typical in coloration. ‘lhe one I have before me measures 29mm.” Lytham, etc. ab. iota, Turn. Mut. Rec. XXIII. 171 (1911). Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Mr. Baxter has just forwarded me an example in which this 4 mark is distinctly present, but he says it is a very rare aberration. In testacea it is practically always present.” r. powelli, (Obthr.) Culot. Noct. e¢ G. I(1). 140 (1909-13). Fie.—l.c. plt. XX VY. 10. Orie. Descrip.—‘ A rosy tint, which suffuses the whole surface of the forewings above.” §. Oran. Nore.—On plate II, #.M.M. (1911) fig. 4, p. 204, T. R. Porritt gives a coloured figure of gueneet [incerta] of a colour, which is quite erroneous. I have never seen a specimen of the rich brown ground. All those with which I bave met are shades of dove colour, even ab. fusca has no rich brown in its duskiness. In the figure brown is the dominant colour, which is never so in the average incerta. [The name incerta was still ignored. | Grammesia, Steph. (1829) Dup., H.-S., Barr., Splr., Cul. [Caradrina, Treit. (1816-25) Bdv. Mey.: Meristes, Hb. (1822) Hamp., Warr.-Stz.] trigrammica, Hufn. (1767). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (319) Tutt. Brit. Noct. I. 140 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 295, plt. 292 (1899): Stdgr. Cet. IIled. 195, (1901): Sple. Sehm. Kur. L 229, plt. 43 (1906): South Moths. Brit. Is. I. 814, plt. 151 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Phal. 1X. 152 (1909): Culot N. et G. I(2). 45, plt. 46 (1909-13) : Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. IL]. 229, plt. 461. (1911). Ernst. and Engr. Pap, d’Eur. VI. fig. 844 (1788), give two admirable figures of evidens, Thunb. each with 4 transverse lines very well expressed. The 9 has darker lower wings. ‘he authors give it as a form of triyram(m)ica. Esper, Sch. Abbild. IV. plt. CXXIII. (1786), gives a good figure of the typical form and on page 885 points out that Thunberg only with doubt considers his evidens as the quercus of Fabricius, and that Gmelin in his /nt. Linn. considered there were actually two species and renamed the quercus, Fb. as quercicola. Hiib. Sam. fig. 216, (1802), is a very good one, light ochreous with 4 transverse dark lines lying in narrow whitish bands. The basal line not quite complete to the inner margin. It is called trilinea. Fig. 217 is of darker ground with a dark fuscous discal band. There are four lines as in fig. 216, with wider narrow bands but the 8rd line across the disc is emphasised black and aoes not lie in a pale band. The basal line is curtailed similarly to that in fig. 216. It is called bilinea. Both names are quite inapplicable. They are not mentioned in the text. Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. plt. 107 (1827), gives a good figure of trilinea with hindwings rather dark. He mentions the different names which have been given to it. Wood. Ind. plt. 10 gives fig. 192 and fig. 193 (1834), trilinea and bilinea both good, the former hardly light enough generally. Freyer (1889) NV. Beitr, II. plt. 226 trilinea, has a very plainly marked figure of a very light sandy ground with the basal line only half length, but with very dark dove-coloured hindwings. It is referred to Hb. 216. 4 H.-S. Bearb. II. 194 (1846), says that fig. 216 of Hb. trilinea, is too dark, and that the dark coloured portion of fig. 217 bilinea is wholly wrong, the basal portion of the discal area is not dark. In fig. 398 bilinea, H.-S. has the discal line very distinctly black, the basal line very obscure. In his text he says ‘‘ media obsoleta.”” He treats them as separate species. Splr. Sch. Eur. plt. 48 (1906), has a very fair figure, obscured of course by the method of reproduction. South M. Brit. I. I. plt. 151 (1907) gives three good figures. 1. typical ; 2. semifuscana ; 8. bilinea. Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. II. 229, plt 46i (1911), gives six figures (1) typical, (2) eridens, (3) perrufa, (4) obscura, (5) pallidalinea, (6) semt- fuscana. He places trilinea, Schiff. and quercus, Fb. as synonyms of triyrammica ; vbscwra, Tutt as the same as bilinea, Haw. (nec. Hb.) ; eos Tutt as the pallida, Tr. (nec. Hb.). The figures are all good. Culot. N. et G. 1(2)., plt. 46 has two excellent figures, trigrammica and bilinea. He points out that in all bilinea he has met with the median line is more or less in evidence and that the name is inexact. (320) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :— triyrammica, Hufn. (1766) Berl. May. III. 408. trilinea, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 84. Syn. Hb. Saml., fig. 216. quercus, Kab. (1775) (1781) Sys. Knt. Syn. f. evidens, Thunbg. (1784) Ins. Swec. I. 2. [Dissert, Borgr.] Hrnst. and Ener. Pap. d’ Hur. V1. fig. 844. notacula, Fab. (1788) Mant. II. 188. Syn. quercicola, Gmel. (1788) Linn. Sys. Nat. 1(5). 2585, Syn. ab. bilinea, Hb. (1802) Sam. Noct. 217. al. approvimans, Haw. (1809) Lep. Brit. 249. ab. semifuscana, Haw. (1809) J.c. South M.B./. plt. 151. ab. bilinea, Haw. (1809), l.c. obscura, Tutt. : ab. bilinea, Treit. (1825) Schin, V(2). 275. =pallida-linea, Tutt. ab. obscura, Tutt (1801) Brit. Noct. I. 142. (bilinea, Haw.) Warr. Stz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 461. ab. pallida-linea, Tutt (1891) lc. (bilinea, Tr.) Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 461. ab. fringst, Schultz. (1898-9) Soc. Hnt. XIII. 1538. f. erubescens, Trti. (1909) Nat. Sictl. XXI. 1038, plt. VI. 11. ab. perrufa, Warr. Stz. (1911) Pal. Noct. ILI. 229, plt. 461. ab. convergens, Wihan. (1917) Soc. Mnt. XXXII. 4. ab. basivoluta, Wiban. (1917) Jc. ab. oculata, Wihan. (1917) l.c. ab. fasciata, Kromb. (1920) Int. ent. Zt. XIII. 180. ab. albescens, Lenz. (1927) Schm. Sud- Bay. 112. 304, plt. XV. 18. ab. brunnea, Lenz. (1927) l.c. ab. renata, Lenz. (1927) l.c. plt. XV. 20. ab. quadrigrammica, Lenz. (1927) l.c. Tutt dealt with (1) The typical grey form of Hufn. with three perfect transverse lines. (2) evidens, Thnbg. (Borg.) the ochreous form. (8) approwimans, Haw. the 2nd and 8rd lines approaching on the inner margin. (4) semifuscana, Haw. with the outer half of wing reddish and darker than the basal half. (5) bilinea, Hb. a distinctly banded form, in fact the name and figure do not agree. (6) obscura, Tutt= bilinea, Haw. the most unicolorous dark smoky-grey form, with 2 more or less distinct lines. (7) pallida-linea, Tutt=bilinea, Tr. dark ashy grey, with a broad central band and a dark shade across it. Gmelin. Linn. S. Ent. Iv. 2535 describes evidens, Borgstr. Ins. Suec. I. 2. ‘ Alis eriseis: strigis quatuor fuscis.” ‘‘'Tota flavescens, nigro irrorata, guercicolae valde affinis.”’ The author of evidens was Thunberg in Diss. Hnt.of which Borgstrom was editor. The Orie. Descrie. by Thunberg was ‘ Laevis alis incumbentibus griseis : strigis quatuor fuscis.” (It is referred to the quercus, Fb. Sp. Ins. II. 214 with a ?). ‘‘ Tota grisea seu flavescens punctis minu- tissimis, vix conspicuis nigris adspersa.” ‘‘ Supra fasciis quatuor, tenuibus, nigris, prima in ipsa basi vix observanda, secunda ante medium obliqua, tertia in medio recta, quarta pone medium extus curvata. Puncta nulla ordinariis. Subtus fascia unica et punctum nigrum.” Gmelin. l.c. describes his quercicola, “ Alis griseis; strigis tribus fuscis,’’ and refers it to Fab. Sp. Ins. and Mant. and to Schiff. Verz. trilinea. THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (321) 15.iv.34. Goeze, Beitr. ILI(3). treats yuercus, trigrammica and trilinea as three separate species (1781). Fab. Mnt. Sys. em. I11(2). 22 (1794) refers his quercus (Sys. Ent.) to trilinea, Schiff. and to evidens, Thunb. He describes it as ‘ Laevis alis incumbentibus griseis: strigis tribus fuscis.’’ ‘Alae obscure griseae strigis tribus fuscis absque maculis ordinariis.” Fab. Hint. Sys. em. l.c. described his notacula (1788) “laevis alisincum- bentibus cinereis ; stigmatibus tribus inter strigas duas flavescentes.”’ ‘‘Alae anticae cinereas striga baseas abbreviata, flavescente, ante medium striga altera et pone medium striga tertia, flavescentes. Stigmata tria in medio; posteriori majori, reniformi. Posticae supra fuscescentes.”’ No subsequent author deals with the notacula of Fab. which appears to be a form of trigrammica, possibly the evtdens of Thunberg (Borgstrom). Illiger. N. Ausg. Verz. I, 290 (1801) referred to the trilinea, Schiff., quercus, E'b., trilinea, Bork., and trigrammica, Esper. Haw., Lep. Brit. 249 (1806-10) makes four species (1) trilinea, which he refers to Hb., 216 and to the quercus, Fb. (2) approximans. (3) semitfuscana, and (4) bilinea, which he refers to Hb. 217. Treit /.c. V(2) 275, says his bilinea is the same species as Hubner’s fig. 217, which he says is unrecognisable as such, both in colour and marking. Steph. /l. Il. 152, 1829, treat it as two species, trilinea, Schiff. and bilinea, Hb. Of the former he gives (1) with the two central lines approaching on the inner margin, and (2) with the basal half pale and outer portion deep ashy or rufous brown, with central striga very stout. Most of the early authors use trilinea, Schiff. as the name but recognising it as the quercus, Fb. and trigrammica, Hufn., cf. Tr. Schn. V (2). 273 (1825). Gn. Noct. V. 285 was the first to recognise the various named forms as of one species, which he calls trilinea, Schiff., attributing trigrammica to Ksp. instead of to Hufn. Werneb. Beitr. I. 219, refers the trilinea of Tr. to the trigrammica of Hufn. ¢.e. the trilinea, Schiff. of the Verz. On p. 406 he refers quercus, Fb., Sys. Mint. (1775 etc.) to trigrammica, Hufn. Tutt, Brit. Noct., says evidens has the ‘‘ ordinary transverse lines as in type”’ but this is not so, there are four lines not three as in the type. trilinea, Schiff. Verz, 84 (1775). Orie. Drscrip.—This species is classed with acetosellae, turca, conigera and albipuncta as Noctuae which have ‘‘ smooth or only slightly crested thorax, almost unicolorous wings without the usual stigmata; some have a white dot in the disc,’ among which trilinea is distinguished as “the whitish three-lined Noctua.” Many subsequent authors unaware of Hufnagel’s name trigrammica used trilinea as the species name. ab. fringsiit, Schultz. Soc, Hnt. XIII. 153 (1899). OricinaL Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour typical. The marking is essentially different from both the typical and from the ab. bilinea, (322) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. Hb., in possessing in place of the three darker transverse lines only one, strongly curved across the middle of the forewing, from which towards the margin dark shading of a wider area extends, occupying far less of ground than is before the transverse line. This shading does not extend to the margins of the wings. ‘The rest of the forewing is without marking. ‘The hindwing is normal.” The specimen was taken by Her Karl Kuhne in Chodau on 10th June, 1898. f. erubescens, Trti, Nat. Sicil. XXI. 108 (1909). Fie.—l.c. plt. VI. f. 11. Oric. Descriep.—‘‘ Completely differing from the typical form, in fact inclining to reddish colour and not greenish.” Sicily. ab. perrufa, Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 229 (1911). Hie.—l.c. pit. 461. Orie. Descriv.— The whole wing is rufous, with the median shade absent or obscure.” [rom the description there seems no difference from the last. ab. convergens, Wihan. Soc. Hnt. XXXII. 4 (1917). Orig. Descrip.—‘ Outer and middle transverse lines united on the inner margin, therefore the middle transverse line runs out obliquely inwards.” ‘I'schaslau, Bohemia. Héaufigkeitgrad. ab. basivoluta, Wihan. Soc. Ent. XXXII. 4 (1917). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A transverse streak barely joins with the outer transverse line at the base by a bend along the outer margin.” Tschaslau, Bohemia, Hiufigkeitgrad. ab. oculata, Wihan. Soc. Hut. XXXII. 4 (1917). Orica. Descrie.— “ Middle transverse line enlarged to 3mm. length and J4mm. width; lenticular.” ‘Tschaslau, Bohemia, Hiufigkeitgrad. ab. fasciata, Krombach Int. ent. Zt. X11]. 180 (1920). Orig. Desorip.—“ An example with an extraordinarily wide band.” ab. quadrigrammica, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). Orta. Descrip.— The outer transverse line doubled.” ab. albescens, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. I1(2). 804 (1927). Fie.—l.c. plt. XV. 18. Oric. Descrip.—‘ Sutfused whitish. A darker shading hes in the marginal area of both fore- and hindwings.” ab. renata, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). Orie. Descriep.—* Reniform stigma dark margined and thus dis- tinctly emphasised.” ab. brunnea, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. 11(2). 804 (1927). Fie.—l.c. plt. XV. 20. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Darkened brown, not grey as in bilinea.” | THE BRITISH NOCTUAB AND THEIR VARIETIES. (823) Hydrilla, Bdy. (1840): Dup., H.-S., Gn,, New., Tutt, Barr., Cul. [Caradrina, Och.-'I'r. (1816-25) Frr., Meyr., Splr.: Athetis, Hb. (1822) ; Vetilampa, Auriv. (1890) Hamps., South, Warr.-Stz.] palustris, Hb. (1822) =pallustris, Hb. (1808). Hubner, Sal. fig. 8367 (1808), and Teat. 167 g (1805-18) spelled the name padlustris. Most subsequent authors spelt it with one 1, palustris. In his Verz. Hb. spelt it palustris (1822). In the Z'eat Hb. said ‘ This Geometer-like Noctua does not appear to be rightly placed here (¢.e. with pyramidea, trayopogonis, etc.), but 1 cannot find a suitable place for it.” Tutt Brit. Noct. 143 (1891): Barr. Lep Brit. Is, V. 265, plt. 219 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. led. 198 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, I. 289, plt. 44 (1907): South M.6.1. 821, plt. 158 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VILL. 415 (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noet. III. 215, plt. 45h (1911): Culot NV. et G. [(2). 57, plt. 48, 10-12 (1909-18). Tr. Schm. places it in Caradrina. Dup. Hist. Nat., Supp. ILI. plt. 48, figures both g and 9, the latter is about half the expanse of the g. Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 121 (1845), describes an insect under the name lutea, but on the plate 455 it is named luteola. He says that it is more than probably a form of palustris. On plt. 683 are two figures 3d and ? of pallustris. H.-S. Sys. Beard. II. 214 (1846), fig. 292 figures a 2. He says that Hubner’s fig. is too plainly marked. Newm. Brit. Moths. 311 (1869) gives a fig. of a ? in the B.M. Spuler Schm. Hur. 1 plt. 44 gives figures of g and ? quite good. South Moths Br. Is. 1. plt. 158, gives a good figure of a g. Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noet. III. plt. 45h, give good figures of g and @ and curiously label them padlustris but retains palustris in the Text. Culot, NV. et @. I(2). 57, plt. 48, gives 2 excellent figures, g and ? and the very pale aboleta form. Since ‘utt wrote in 1891-2 a considerable number of this species was taken in the Cambridge Fens about the end of last century. But only odd specimens at considerable intervals have occurred since. Of the Variation Barrett says.—‘'‘I'his species is so little known that we are scarely aware whether it has any degree of variation, except that the female ranges from grey-brown with two strongly marked transyerse lines to leaden black brown with the two lines thick and still blacker.” The Names and Forms to be considered are— pallustris, Hb. (1808), Samd. Noct. f. 367. palustris, Hb. (1822), Verz. p. 209. ewilis, Hv. (1842), Buil. Suc. Mosc. 848 (¢ ). ab. lutea, Frr. (1845), Neu. Beitr. V. 121, plt. 455. ab. luteola, Frr. (1845), d.c. r. aboleta, Gn. (1852), Noct. V. 238. r. melanochroa, Stdgr. (1892) Mem. Rom, VI. 488. ab. lutescens, Farren (1899), Mut. Rec. XI. 1138. (824) THE ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. ab. fusca, Farren (1899), l.c. ssp. sajana, Hamps. (1909), Lep. Phal. VIII. 416. ab. obscura, Hoffm. (1916), Mit. nat. Ver. Steier. LI. 125 (1916). ab. raebeli, Danhl. (1925) Hnt. Zt. XX XIX. 18. Tutt dealt only with palustris, Hb. lutea, Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 121 (1845). Fie.—l.c. plt. 455 as luteola. Orie. Duscrie.—‘ Thorax and forewings are brown grey. ‘The latter have in place of the usual stigmata two dark spots. Beyond the second spot, that in place of the reniform, les a dark band curved outwards across the full breadth of the wing. Between this band and the fringes is a darker shade across the whole breadth of the wing.” The author does not know palustris but thinks that it is probably that species. r. aboleta, Gn. Noct. V. 288 (1852), Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Figure and shape of palustris. Forewings of a clear ochraceous-grey, powdered with blackish, with the two median lines indistinct, the elbowed line toothed, and an indistinct discoidal darker. ‘The terminal margin and the ends of the nervures more obscure. The lower wings of a dirty white, with little grey terminal points, without a discoidal above, with a very small point below. Palpi less bristly than in palustris, with the last joint more distinct.” 8. Russia. ssp, melanochroa, Stdgr. Rom. Mém. VI. 488 (1892). Orig. Descrrep.—‘‘ These Amur specimens are particularly darker than the north European and Swiss examples, especially so in the $8, but single Huropean ¢?s are quite as dark. The hindwings are almost wholly darkened particularly on the underside, only in one lighter on the inner margin. The forewings are distinctly shorter and narrower than in typical palustris g, but far broader than in the usual form of 2. So also the hindwings are much wider, so that the apparently similarly formed abdomen does not, or scarcely, reach beyond the wing, as is usually the case very pronouncedly.” Bik. Askold. ab. lutescens, Farren Hnt. Rec. XI. 113 (1899). Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ The forewings of a clear and distinct ochreous- brown, without any of the grey of the type, having the basal transverse line beyond more or less well defined (as in the type) but always with- out a trace of the subterminal shade.” Wicken. ab. fusca, Farren Ent. Rec. XI. 118 (1899). Orie. Descrirp.—< Markings as in the type, but the basal two thirds of the anterior wings so darkly fuscous as almost to obliterate the basal transverse line and stigmata; this almost black coloration extends to, and is sharply limited by the transverse line beyond the reniform ; the terminal third of the wing is coloured as in the type, but darker, and has the subterminal shade.” Wicken. ab. sajana, Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 416 (1909). Oric. Descrir.—‘ Greyer.” Sajan. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (825) 15.v.34, ab. obscura, Hofim. Mitt. nat. Ver. Steter, LI. 125 (1916). Orie. Descrie.—‘ The dark marking as well as the marginal streaks are in this form particularly clearly developed, while in the light form they are scarcely visible.” Steiermark=Styria. r. raebelit, Danhl. Hunt. Zt. XXXIX. 13 (1925). Orica. Descriep.— Darker, more unicolorous grey-black to brown black, with no outstanding distinct markings; the females are quite black with strong gloss. These examples stand midway between the general Huropean form and the melanochroa of Kast Asia.” §. Tyrol. Acosmetia, Steph. (1830) Gn., Barr., Meyr., Stdgr., Hamp., Splr., Warr.-8., Cul. [Anthophila, Hb. (1805-6) Ochs., Tr., Dup., Ev., Frr. : Athetis, Hb. (1822) : Ophiusa, Ochs.-Tr., (1816-26) H.-S.: Caradrina, Ochs.-Tr. (1816-25) Dup.: Hydrilla, Bdv. (1829) Dup.] caliginosa, Hb. (1806-18). H.-S. places the furvula, Hb., 390, under caliginosa and if accepted as such would supplant that name; but Warr.-S. treat it as a good species in the genus Caradrina next to alsines, in which they follow Hamps., but his figures J.c., plt. 45gh are quite different in size, colour and marking from that of Hb. Description of Hb. fig. 390.—Basal and submarginal areas of a very dark blackish dove-colour, the large central area also very dark but with a brown infusion. The outer line is pronounced whitish and borders the central brown area. The elbowed line lies in the central area and is wide and black; the second line is black but not so black as the elbowed line and borders the central area on the basal side. The two stigmata stand out bordered by a slight whitish line. The basal half of the hindwing is much lighter; the marginal half is as dark as the forewing, but shades off into the basal half. This can be nothing but a melanic form of caliginosa. Tutt Brit. Noc. 1. 148 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 268, plt. 219, 2 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 199 (1901): Splr. Schm. Mur. I. 285, plt. 44, 22 (1906): South Moth. Br. Is. I. 821, plt. 153 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 418, fig. (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 214. plt. 45gh. (1911): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 58, plt. 48, 17-18 (1909-18). Ochs. Schm. LV. 95 (1816) listed infida, which Tr. says, V(8). 287 was caliginosa, Hb., in the genus Anthophila, Hb., (Lent. 1805-6) with purpurina, Schiff., ete. Hubner in the Verz. p. 256 (1825) discarded this genus name for Porphyrinia. Tr. Schm. V(8). 287 (1826) says that caliginosa, Hb., is the same as infida, Ochs., which was listed in Vol. IV. (1816) p. 95 but the name must fall. Dup. Hist. Nat. VII. p. 111 (1827), is confused, he gives himself as author of the name and description of stagnicola, while giving Tr. as the only author who has described it. His plate 107 has a figure which one does not recognise. In the Supp. 341 (1836) he deals with caliginosa, and gives a fairly good figure. In his Cat. (1844) 128, Dup. puts stagnicola in a separate genus Stilbia, and places anomala as a (826) YHE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. e synonym, with which the colour of the figure, but not the shape, more agrees. Freyer, N. Beitr. V. plt. 479 (1845), has two good figures of the form litorea; although the text says that the moths were much worn and the wings almost markingless, the lines are very clearly depicted. H.-S., Sys. Bearb. II, 411 (1846) places it in the genus Ophiusa with pastinum, craccae, viciae, tirrhaea, lunaris, illunaris, etc., an incongruous association, which no other systematist has made. Nor do I understand the association of cana, Frr. (an impossible suggestion). He also refers to the following as probably belonging to this species, infida, Ochs. (possibly) ; furvuda, H. 390 (a melanic form probably, but considered by Warr.-Seitz as a good species next to Caradrina alsines, and figured on plate 42 y and h quite differently from the figure of Hubner in shape and colour). H.-S. Sys. Beard. II. fig. 485 has a very good soft figure of the typical form. Stder. Cat. I[led. 199 (1901), says that the form of caliginosa in Evers. F'n. Volg. 889, is the aguatilis, Gn. from the Ural. South U.c. plt. 158 gives 2 figs. both of a rich brown and certainly not of the true coloration. Splr’s. fig. Schm. Hur. 1. plt. 44 is poor as to colour, but marking and size about typical. Warr.-S. Pal. Noct. [1]. 214 places litorea, Frr., stagnicol(or)a, Dup. and tristis, Teich. as synonyms of calzginosa. Warr.-Seitz, l.c. plt. 45, has two good figures. Culot, N. et G. plt. 48, has 2 excellent figures: 17 typical with subdued marking as in type; 18 pale without marking =aquatilis. Most figures of this species are inadequate except those of Culot, N, et G. I. (2), plt. 48, 17-18. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘‘ Usually not variable but in Dr. P. B. Mason’s Collection is an old specimen of an ochreous colour. This was Haworth’s type of lutescens.”’ Modern authorities put dutescens, Haw. to arcuosa [see ante p. (187)]. The Names and Forms to be dealt with are :— caliginosa, Hb, (1808-18), Saml. Noct. fig. 474. ab. furvula, Hb. (1802-8) l.c. fig. 390. (?) [ab. lutescens, Haw. (1806-10) Lep. brit. 260.] infida, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-26), Schin. V. (8), 286. ab. staynicola, Tr. (1816-25), Sclun. V(2). 259. ab. staynicola, Dup. (1827), Hist. Nat. VII. 111, plt. 107. ab. litorea, Frr. (1845), New. Beitr. V. 168, plt. 479. ssp. aguatilis, Gn. (1852), Noct. V. 240. ab. trist’s, Teich (1896), Stett. e. Zt. 29. ; Tutt deals with (1) the grey-brown type (2) the grey-white aquatilis, Gn (Bdy.), and (8) dutescens, Haw. now considered as a form of arcwosa. The infida, Ochs. and Tr., was later stated by them to be typical caliginosa. ab. stagnicola, Ochs. and Tr. Schm. V(2). 259 (1816-25). Oxic. Descrir.—‘ The forewings are brownish with a suggestion of blue coloration, and with isolated black spots. The two complete THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (827) cross lines are darker than the ground, the first is toothed, the second includes the indistinct discoidal. Along from the outermargin to below the stigmata the ground colour is almost black. The orbicular and reniform are both distinct, defined by black, inside white and brown marked. The former is very long, lying obliquely. The area between the two is the blackest so that they appear the lightest. The claviform is represented by a slight streak. The waved band has a pale-brown gloss and towards the apex of the wing are two fine arrow- streaks. The fringes are unicolorous. The wings have a strong metallic flush.” Bad Ems., etc. ab. stagnicola, Dup., Hist. Nat. VII. 111. Fie.—l.c., plt. 107. 6. Or1c. Descrie.—‘ The body much more slender than its congeners. The forewings are of a leaden-grey, with two cross bands of a slightly deeper tint, one very wide which extends from the base to the middle, and the other narrower running parallel to the hind margin. JKach wing is also crossed by two double lines of blackish points, between which one sees with difficulty the two usual stigmata, often indeed they are entirely obliterated. The hindwings of a uniform whitish- grey. The underside is also of a whitish grey, finely dusted with brown on the borders with the discal areas darkened.” The figure is not that of caliginosa in marking. ab. litorea, Frr. Neu. Beitr. V. 168. Fre.—l.c. plt. 479, 1-2, g and ¢. Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Both examples were somewhat worn and there- fore almost without clear marking. This moth in size and colour is similar to the caliginosa, Hb. 474. Thorax and forewings are of a dusky grey almost without markings. There is no trace of the stigmata. The forewings are somewhat broad, and one can only with difficulty notice any trace of the three transverse somewhat darker waved bands. The abdomen and hindwings are white-grey without bands or spots, and all the underside of the wings issimilar. The fringes are similarly coloured.” ssp. tristis, Teich., Stett. e. Zeit. 29 (1896). Orie. Descrip.— The forewings are narrower than in caliginosa, with sharper apex. Their colour is yellow-grey somewhat glossy. There is little to note of marking beyond the indistinct reniform and orbicular stigmata, which in one specimen shows only a black middle point. The marginal line is not recognisable, the fringes are unicolorous with the forewings. The hindwings are similarly coloured, very slightly darkened towards the outer margin, with whitish fringes. The under- side is somewhat paler than the upperside and the hindwings have very slight discal dots. Antennae feet and body of the same colour.”’ Caucasus, light. Laphyyma, Gn. (1852). Mill , Barr., Stdgr., Warr.-Stz. [Caradrina, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) Dup., H.-S., Splr., South, Culot: Spodoptera, Gn. (1852) Meyr.] eaigua, Hb. There seems no apparent reason for eaigua being transferred to Spodoptera by Meyrick alone. (328) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 144 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 273. plt. 220 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. I[Ted. 195 (1901): Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 280. plt. 43. 382 (1906) : South, M. Br. Is. I. 819. plt. 151 (1907.): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 265 (1909): Culot, N. et G. 1(2). 46, plt. 46, 4 (1909-13) : Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 207. plt. 48a (1911). Hub. Sami. 362 (1802-8) type figure, hardly shows the usual distinctness of the stigmata. Gey. 796, fulgens (1828-33) shows the stigmata with yellow rings. Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75 (1826) is a copy of Htbner’s fig. 362 but much darker, consisting of various sbades of black, l.c. Sup. III. 321. plt. XXIX. pymaea. This is said to be a dwarf exampls of eaigua, but it does not look much like it. The h.w. are too clearly white and the dark margin too narrow and too determinate. The two narrow submarginal bands on the f.w. are not those of eaigua. H.-S. Sys. Bearb. II. 212, says that Hb. fig. 862 has wings too pointed, stigmata not yellow enough, and their surround too dark ; Dup’s. pygmaea may be a small eaigua, which often occurs. But H.-S.’ own fig. 441 is very far from correct, the ground is utterly wrong, the stigmata defective, ete. Milhére, Icon. plt. 75 (1866) gives an excellent figure of an average marked example, Hamp., Lep. Phal. VIII. 265 (1909) has a poor b. and w. figure. Splr., Schm. Eur. I. plt. 48 (1906), has a very dark figure with average markings. South, Moths Br. Is. I. plt. 151 (1907) has a good figure of the dull grey mottled form. Culot N. et G. 1(2). plt. 46 (1909-13), has a figure of a very small specimen from Beyrout. Probably can be called the pygmaea, Ramb. Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. plt. 48a (1911) give 3 figures which show but little differentiation. Warr.-Seitz does not recognise any difference in the named forms fulgens, juncta, cycloides, caradrinoides, sebghana and venosa. Of the Variation Barrett writes.—‘ Apparently but little variable. It sometimes loses the yellow orbicular stigmata.” He describes a specimen “ Of unusual size; dark grey to the second line, stigmata very distinct and the orbicular quite light yellow.” In another “‘ The subterminal line is spread broadly into an obscure whitish rippled band.” Dr. Cockayne says (in Jit.) ‘‘ Haigua is very variable especially in the colour of the stigmata and the size and shape of the orbicular. In some specimens the last is whitish in others nearly filled with deep orange scales.”’ The Names and Forms to be dealt with are— ewiyua, Hb. (1808) Saml. Noct. 362. f. fulgens, Hb.-Gey. (1828) l.c. 796. ab. pygmaea, Rmb. (1884) Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 884, plt. 8, 2. r. cycloides, Gn. (1852) Hist. Nat. Noct. V(1). 157. ab. gunceti, Zell. (1847) Isis, 445. r. caradrinoides, Walk. (1856) Cat. b.M. IX. 190. r. sebghana, Aust. (1880) Natural. 212. ssp. venosa, Btlr. (1880) H. VM. M. 7. HE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (329) 15.vi.34. ab. cantor, Hamps.-Strnd. (1909, 1915) Lep. Phal. VIII. 265: Arch. Naturg. LXXXI. abt. A. Heft. 11. ab. albimacula, Dnhl. (1929) Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges. 118. ab. decolorata, Duhl. (1929) lc. ab. variegata, Dnhl. (1929) lc. Tutt dealt with (1) the typical exigua ; (2) fulgens with emphasized stigmata and (3) the very small form pygmaea. race cycloides, Gn. Noct. 1(5), 157 (1852). Orie. Descriep.—‘ Forewings of a clear testaceous grey, not reddish, uniform, with the design but little indicated, except the orbicular, which is small, quite round, of a clear ochraceous-yellow, pupilled with grey, and the reniform which is slightly touched with blackish in the middle. Subterminal line composed of groups of clear, separate atoms. A series of blackish terminal points, surmounted by similar groups. Fringe divided by two obscure waved lines. Hindwings of a pure white, semi-transparent, with a blackish fringe and the external angle blackish.’ Cape of Good Hope. ab. gunceti, Zell. Isis, 445 (1847). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anterioribus angustatis, griseis, annulo- flavido, obscucius expleto, renulo griseo, flavescenti submarginato ; posterioribus utrimque albis margaritaceo-micantibus superne griseo- venosis margaratisque. var. b. renulo utrimque obscurius cinereo-obumbrato. “This species which apparently is related generically with cubicularis and comes also very near it, agrees in a few respects with Caradrina exigua, but not so that it cannot be clearly separated from it. ‘‘Forewings narrow with a very flat curved hindmargin, ground colour powdered grey, as on the thorax, like the colour of cubicularis ; here and there darker; the costa has 6-7 small, obsolescent brown spots, and beyond the middle 3-4 whitish grey dots separated by darker grey. The two usual transverse lines are more or less suppressed and not at all conspicuous ; the disc also is not darkened. ‘The orbicular is small, almost circular, pale yellow with darker, sometimes red-brown centre. It stands somewhat nearer the first transverse line, than the reniform does the second line.” “This has the usual size and a narrow grey filled-in kidney shaped ring, often imperfect; above pale yellowish; it is paler than the orbicular and externally towards the transverse line dark shaded. The toothed line is obsolescent pale yellowish, strongly cut into by the longitudinal veins and outwardly margined by a dark shade. ‘The hind-margin has a row of 7-8 black dots, which inwardly are pale yellowish. Forewings grey with somewhat darker line and outwardly darker chequered. Hindwing shorter than in cubtcularis, but with a sharper apical angle, white, transparent and perceptibly with lilac sheen. ‘The veins are brownish as is the hind-marginal line, which is shaded narrowly pale grey like the costa. Fringes pure white, dusky grey at the apex. Below glossy.” race sebghana, Aust. Le Nat. 212 (1880). Orie. Descrir.—‘ I have received two specimens of a Caradrina of whose novelty there should be no doubt, in spite of the affinities (330) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. which exist between the different species of this genus. It approaches our guadripunctata (cubicularis) from which it differs in many respects. I will compare it with this last species in order the better to describe its characteristics. The size of sebghana is less than that of cubicularis. Its wings are more elongate, its forewings are relatively very narrow with the apical angle pointed. The differences are no less in regard to the markings. In sebghana the ordinary spots are much emphasized and of a fawn yellow, which runs on to the testaceous grey of the ground. ‘The orbicular is oval and in an oblique position relatively to the reniform, which is finely surrounded by a brown liséré without the accompaniment of white dots. The extra basal and the elbowed lines have very nearly the same shape as in cubicularis; they are always better expressed and appear formed of a double line; the one whitish interiorly, and the other brown on the opposite. The sub- terminal is whitish, simple, without any ferruginous suffusion. The costa wants the brown dots, which, in cubicularis indicate the origin of the lines.” “The lower wings are white, very diaphanous, with the nervules and the fringe tinged with reddish and very emphasized. The palpi are entirely grey without brown hairs at their base. The underside of the forewings is of a uniform whitish grey which however allows one to see a deeper tint in the spot, which corresponds to the reniform ; the lower wings are white without a vestage of spot, with a violet reflection as on the upperside.” N. Africa. race caradrinoides, Walk. Cat. B.M. IX. 190 (1856). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Cinereous. Forewings moderately broad, slightly oblique along the exterior border, with some paler blackish-bordered costal marks and narrow slight undulating bands; discal marks testaceous, the outer one reniform and larger than the other, which is elliptical ; a row of marginal blackish dots. Hindwings whitish with narrow brownish borders.” Natal. ssp. venosa, Btlr. Hnt. Mo. Mag. XVII. 7 (1880). Orie. Descrirp.—‘ C. cubiculari affinis; alis angustioribus, anticis supra pallide fuscis macula orbiculari indistincta, testaceo nigro partim cincta; macula reniformi argillacea lineam angulatam albam includente, marginibus nigro punctatis ; lineis ordinariis indistinctis, duplicibus, albido impletis, nigris; area externo albo sparsa; signis minutis angulatis, submarginalibus nigris: ctliis albidis fusco intersectis marginatisque alis posticis margaritaceis hyalinis, venis fuscis; mareinibus costali et externo fuscescentibus nitidis; ciliis argenteo albis, linea media indistincta cinerea; thorace fusco, abdomine albido-fusco. Subtus alba, alis nitidis, costis colore arenosa tincta ; corpore sordide albo; alar. exp. une. 1. lin. 1.” Near Honolulu. Hawaii. ab. canior, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. abt. A. Heft, 11 (1915). Orie. Drscrie.—‘‘ Much greyer; forewing with the antemedial line on outer side and postmedial line on inner side strongly defined by black on inner area.” N.S. Wales. [Hamps. Cat. Phal. VIII. 265 (1909). | THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (331) ab. albimacula, Dnhl. Mitt. Miin. Ent, Ges., 113 (1929). Orie. Descrie.—‘ The stigmata neither yellow nor yellowish red, but whitish. The orbicular especially shows prominently as a white ring. These examples are mostly very weakly marked.’ Central ltaly. ab. variegata, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges. 118 (1929). Oric. Descrie.—“ Darker, very variegated, mostly large specimens. Transverse lines sharply emphasized, blackish, distinctly outlined by © a light edging.” Central Italy. ab. decolorata, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Ges, 118 (1929). Orica. Descrip.—‘‘ The opposite extreme. Almost markingless clear erey, the stigmata showing as light spots, without their filling being clearly noticeable. Rarely is a dark spot present between the stigmata.” Central Italy. The Genus Caraprina, Ochs-Treit. (1816-25). The genus Caradrina in its restricted sense, so far as the British Isles are concerned, consists of 5 species, four of which, morpheus, alsines, taraaict, and ambiqgua, resemble each other so much, that even when in bred condition it is very difficult to separate them; to name them from figures is practically impossible. Even the beautiful figures in Culot do not convey the specifie separation which figures of most species do. The fifth species clavipalpis is sufficiently distinct to be more readily identified. The older writers, more or less, made a muddle of their accounts so that it is little good going into detail over their figures or descriptions and attempting to identify their work. Of modern figures those of Culot are perhaps the best (Noct. et G. 1(2). plt. 48). South’s figures are good, but do not convey the surface texture for very accurate determination (Moths Brit. Is. I. plt. 151). Seitz figures are much too definite in marking for this group. The surface and general colour give no help to identification of the bulk of the specimens obtained in this country. Tutt considered that superstes, a continental species, also occurred in these islands and specimens taken in Sligo, in the W. of Ireland were deemed to be of that species. Some of these actual specimens have recently come into the hands of Dr. HE. A. Cockayne, who deter- mined them by examination of their genitalia, as nothing more than ordinary tarawici. Pierce had previously examined an example sent him by L. B. Prout and described the genitalia as similar to that of tarawict the only difference being that the whole of the triangular tip of the sacculus is squamose in the former, whereas in the latter only the base of the tip is squamose, which looks like a difference, which is not a difference. At any rate we can omit superstes from our List of British Noctuae. The action of Warr.-Seitz in suppressing so many named Caradrina forms is significant of the difficulty of identification of species and forms. (332) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25). Most authors have used this. [Athetis, Hb. (1822) Warr.-S., Hamp.] morpheus, Hufn. (1766). Tutt did not treat Hufnagel as the original authority although he mentions him, as he also did Rottemburg. morpheus, Huin. Berlin. Mag. II. 302 (1766). Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ Smoky yellow with 2 grey bands and a similar spot on the upper wing.” Commenting on Hufnagel, Rottemburg, Natwrf. IX. 121 (1776) says—‘‘ The upper wings are dusky yellow-brown. Not far from the outer margin runs a dark-grey angulated somewhat wide transverse line across the wing. To this follows a longish reniform spot, and then a larger round spot, both alike dark grey. The lower wings are dusky white with a quite pale yellowish margin.” Thus the typical form has a slight yellowish flush. Tutt Brit. Noct. I]. 147 (1891): Barr. Lep. Br. Is. V. 282, plt. 220 (1899): Stdgr. Cat, I[led. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 232, plt. 43, 33 (1906) : South Moths Br. Is. I. 316, plt. 151, 5 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIII. 857 (1909): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 55, plt. 48, 1-2 (1909-13): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. II. 213, plt. 45f. (1911). Wernebg. refers fig..406 Ernst and Engr. Pap. d’ Hur. as morpheus but I cannot agree; it is in every way much too light in colour and more resembles a form of clavipalpis. The figure of sepii, Hb. 161, is a very guod one of the reddish tinged form. Dup’s. fig. Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75, 5 (1626) is particularly dark, red- brown. Wood's Indea figs. 201 and 202 are labelled morpheus and sepit. These names should be reversed, as 201 is a red brown form and 202 a grey brown form. Newman’s fig. 517 Brit. Moths. p. 312 (1869) is a good b. and w. but the hindwings are too light and do not agree with the text “ whitish grey with a dark shade at the tip.” Spuler’s fig. 38 on pl. 48 Sch. Hur. (1906) is a good one of the grey-brown form. Culot, NV. et G. plt. 48, 1-2, has two good figures of the brown form of a very slight yellow tinge, but rather small. Barrett says—‘‘ Rather variable in the ground-colour from pale yellowish-brown to very dark smoky-brown, and in the degree of dappling or mottling of dark brown, which usually is most distinet in the paler specimens.” He reports a specimen which “has the mottling on a very pale ground disposed in numerous isolated spots which have an almost ocellated appearance.” And another ‘of a pale yellowish-drab, with the stigmata, transverse stripes, and central shade all very dark and sharply defined.” Ochs. Schm. LV. 80 (1816) cites Hsp. Abbild. [V(2). 497 plt. 151, 4 (1786) radica to this species, but Treit. Uc. V(2). 250 (1825) shows that this cannot be, which consultation of the figure confirms, It is that of wanthographa, teste Werneburg. Warr.-Seitz recognises no named form as distinct but puts pulla, Bkw. and sepit, Hb. as synonyms. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (333) 15, vii.34. The Forms and Names to review are :— morpheus, Huin. Berlin Mag. III. 802 (1766). radica, Esp. Abbild. 1V(2). 497, plt. 154, 4 (1786). morpheus, View. Tabell. Il. 40 (1790). ab, palla, Beckw. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1(2). 5, plt. 1, 7-9 (1794). ssp. septi, Hb. Noct. 161 (1802). ab. obscura, Tutt Brit. Noct. I. 147 (1891). ab. minor, Tutt lc. ab. spalleki, Kitt. Ver. Gesll. Wien. LXVII. (138) (1917). Tutt dealt only with (1) typical morpheus. (2) sepit, Hb. the red brown form. (8) ab. obscura, and (4) ab. minor. ab. palla, Beckw. T'rans. Lin. Soc. 1(2). 5 (1794). Fics.—l.c. plt. I, 7-9. Orie. Descrie.— Alae superiores ex fusco dilute ferrugineae nigroque subnebulosae. In medio verso marginem crassiorem duae maculae: quarum interior subrotunda, exterior reniformis albido obsolete cinctae; linea alba undulata prope marginem exteriorem. Alae inferiore cinereae. Anus barbatus.” The figures are of a British morpheus form. ab. spalleki, Kitt. Ver. Ges. Wien. LXVII. (138) (1917). Orie. Descrie.—“ It had the normal marking and ground-colour, and the basal and marginal area of the forewings and the orbicular and reniform stigmata were filled by black-brown. ‘The waved line, of lighter shining brownish-yellow-green ground-colour, stands out distinctly.” Hombok near Olmiitz, Austria. Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) most authors [Athetis, Hb. (1822) Hamp., Warr.-Seitz.] alsines, Brahm. Agassiz “ corrected ” the genus name Caradrina to Charadrina as he thought it was derived from the Greek, but Treitschke had named the genus (Schm. V. 2. p. 246) from Caradrina, a river in Albania. Tutt gave Borkhausen as the original describer and reproduced his description (Brit. Noct. 1 147) and in a footnote, brit. Noct. I. 147, said that Brahm only describes the early stages. This is not correct, for when Brahm bred the insects from his larvae in May, he then describes the :mago, Ins. Kalend. II. 298. alsines, Brahm. Ins. Kal. IL. 298 (1791.) Ortc. Drscrie.— The forewings are shades of brownish grey, with three waved transverse lines composed of blackish lunules; but often, and especially in the male sex, these lunules are only recognisable as dots. The first line stands close to the base; but one notes only a trace of it, which is often obsolescent, and for this one must have very distinctly marked examples since in many one cannot recognise the slightest trace. The second line stands before the middle, and the third line beyond it, and between these two one finds the usual stigmata, which are somewhat darker than the ground colour, and are outlined lightly. In different examples one notices an obsolescent band, which (334) {HE ENTOMOLOGIST’S KECORD. runs from the outer margin through the reniform. Near to the lower marein also lies alight somewhat elongate cross line. The lower wings are whitish.” Treit., Sch. V(2). 267 (1825) says that Schiff. Verz. confused blanda and alsines as one species and refers to older collections as having the series mixed; also he says that Illiger in the revised Verz. (1801) was equally incorrect. Humph. and Westw. Brit. Moths, 1. 144 (1845) reduced all these forms to one omnibus species which they called plantayinis, Hb. Under this name they included sordida, Haw., laevis, Haw. (Hb.)* and Wood, inplexa, Steph. and Wood, alsines, Wood, blanda, Ochs. (nec Hb.), eyena, Haw., redacta, Haw. and Wood, ambiqua, Stephs. and Wood, and plantaginis, Hb., Dup. and Bdy. All this is based on the article by Bentley in Vol. I. of the Mntomologist (1842). Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 147 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 287, plt. 221 (1899) ; Stdgr. Cat. I[led. 197 (1901): Splr. Sch. Hur. I. 282, plt. 44 (1906) ; South, Moth Br. Is. I. 817, plt. 151 (1907): Hamp. Lep. Vhal. VILL. 319 (1909): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 208, plt. 48i (1911) : Culot, N. e¢ G. 1(2). 55, plt. 48 (1909-18). Ernst and Ener. Pap. d’Hur. fig. 406b, ¢ give two very fair figures (teste Treit. with which Werneburg agrees, beitr. II. 114). Hub. Saml. fig. 577 gives an almost uniform ground without clouding or banding ; marking too definite. Wood. Ind. (1884) plt. 11, fig. 199 impleaa and fig. 200 laevis (see Curtis’ note below) are alsines forms; fig. 198 alsines is a figure compar- able with Hubner’s 577, but darker. The figure of Dup. Hist. Nat. VI. 4 is unrecognisable as such. H.-S. Sys. Bearb. I1. fig. 8379 (1845) is a very good figure of the usual form. On p. 211 he notes that the fig. 577 Hb. is a very red example, g ; bis own fig. is a small 9. Wood’s fig. 198 he says may belong here. South, plt. 151 has a good recognisable figure. Seitz, Pal. Noct. UI. plt. 42h has 8 very fair figures of alsines of different ground shades and one of the larger and more plainly marked levis, with lighter ground. Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48 has an excellent figure. (1909-13). Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable except in a small degree in the depth of the ground colour and markings of the forewings.” Stephens, /l/. II. 156-7 gives alsimes, implewa, laevis, and sordida and says ‘‘ they do not appear to me really distinct from alsines”” and in his Cat. II. 75 (1829) indicates the same opinion. Curtis, Brit. Mnt. XLV. 651, 1837, stated that he possessed the speci- men which Haw. described under the name Jaevis, and thatit was certainly not a variety of alsines, nor was it like Wood’s figure 200, but appeared closely allied to neylecta ! Tutt Brit. Noct. 1. 147 names var. A. of Guenée Hist. Nat. V. 245 (1852) as var. sufusa. By a remarkable error Tutt translated “‘fortement saupoudrés d’écailles blanches” as ‘strongly powdered with black scales.” * Haw. l.c. refers his laevis to Hb. Noct. 163, and this latter is referred to the Noctua neglecta, Hb., by Herr.-Schiiff. Sys. Bearb. II. The hindwings of Hb’s. fig. are not those of a Caradrina. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (335) Warr.-Seitz recognises (1) sericea, Spyr. as a local form from Holland and Germany with narrower silky grey forewings. (2) levis, Stder. from W. 'lurkestan and Asia Minor in which the yellow ochreous tint is predominant with conspicuous dark markings, (8) amurensis, Stder. small dark examples. (4) ochrea, Warr., pale yellow ochreous with obsolescent markine. The Names and Forms to be discussed are as follow— alsines, Brahm, (1791), Lns. Kalend. IL. 298. alsines, Bork. (1792), Natury. IV. 607. laevis, Hb. (Haw.) (1806-10) Lep. Brit. 207. ab. implewa, Steph. (1829), dd. Il. 156. Wood. Indew. plt. II. 199. ab. sericea, Speyer. (1867), Stett. e. Zt. 73. race levis, Stdgr. (1888), J.c. 29. ab. suffusa, Tutt (1891) Brit. Noct. I. 147. Ssp. amurensis, Stdgr. (1892), Mem. Rom. VI. 486. ab. ochrea, Warr.-Seitz. (1911), Pad. Noct. ILL. 208. Of these Tutt refers to (1) Borkhausen’s alsines; (2) the powdered white form sufusa (8) Staudinger’s amurensis; and (4) the very pale levis, Stdgr. (vol. LV. 122.) ab. implewa, Steph. Ill. II. 156 (1829). Iic.— Wood, Ind. Mut. plt. 11, fig. 119 (1834). Orie. Descrre.— Paler than alsines; head, thorax and anterior wings rusty, or yellowish-griseous, with four distinct darker or fuscous strigae, the first albreviated at the base, the second rather oblique and considerably undulated, the third placed between the stigmata, broad and subrectangular; the fourth much arcuated, composed of lunules, and placed behind the posterior stigma ; between which and the hinder margin isa distinct and strongly waved pale one, edged internally with fuscous; on the margin itself is an interrupted black line; posterior wings pale ochraceous-brown, the base paler, the hinder- margin with an interrupted black line, as in the anterior wings.” ‘Known by its paler hue and the distinctness and number of the transverse strigae on the anterior wings, and especially by the greater undulations of the pale posterior strigae.”’ Darn. ab. sericea, Spey. Stett. e. Zeit. 73 (1867). Oxia. Descrip.—‘ Alis anticis apice minus dilatatis, nitidis, griseo- testaceis (gf) seu griseo-lntescentibus (¢?), maculis duabis strigisque ordinariis obscurioribus (g obsoletis) ; posticis sordide exalbidis, apice griseis (g) seu griseis totis (2? )” [compared with alsines] . “ Distinguished at first sight from tarawaci (blanda), plantayints (ambigua) and superstes by the smooth, shining not powdered surface of the forewing. The gloss is brighter looked at sideways; the hind- wings share this; duller in the 9°. “The wings widen towards the outer margin much less strongly and appear more uniformly wide and somewhat narrower than in alsimes. “The ground-colour of thorax and forewings not brownish at first, as in alsines, but ochre-yellowish-grey, in the more greyish clay- yellow, shiny and without distinctly dark powdering.” Holland. Germany. (336) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. race levis, Stdgr., Stett. ¢. Zeit. 29 (1888). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ It is of the same size as alsines (81-35mm.) but has a far lighter brownish or yellowish-grey (difficult to determine) ground colour on the forewings, which well sets off against the dark brown-grey of the typical German alsines. The two upper dark filled- in stigmata stand out particularly clear in this pale levis; only the first (orbicular) stigma is sometimes almost obsolete. Then the dark cross line before the reniform stigma stands out most distinctly, some- times sharp, almost black. The dark inner margining of the not distinctly recognisable outer light (dentate) cross line is opened up. The usual three cross lines are wholly wanting or are only rudimentary, particularly so is the third, represented by black dots on the veins. In the ? they are also darker suffused. Suggested that this pale form is a second generation.” W. Turkestan, Armenia, Asia Minor. ssp. amurensis, Stdgr. Mém. Rom. VI. 486. (1892.) Orie. Duscrip.—‘ A somewhat smaller, and especially on the under- side darker form of alsines. ‘The measure 27-31 mm. They have the distinctive, brown grey colour of forewing of German alsines and the same (strong) markings. ‘The hindwings are also, on the upper side, but particularly on the underside somewhat darker, and bear almost always in the outer part two more or less perfect, dark transverse lines. On the underside the forewings, of which the disk is quite darkened, these two outermarginal lines appear generally in the outer portion, but the outer one only very rudimentary.” Vladivostok. ab. ochrea, Warr-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 208 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 427. Orta. Descrip.— The dark markings tend to become effaced, the head, thorax and forewings being pale yellow-ochreous.”’ Caradrina, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25) most authors [Athetis, Hb. 1822) Hamp., Warr.-Stz.] ambigua, Fab. (1787). P Tutt gives the description in Fab. Hint. Sys. IIL. (8), 48 (1798) as the original, but omits to say that Fab. gives a reference to Schiff. Verz. 77 (1775), as his species. Schiff. U.c. says, ‘‘ Reddish Noctua marked with pale grey,” a des- cription hardly that of ambiyua as we know it. Fab. had already described his ambigna in the Mant. II. 148 (1787) ‘“‘ Laevis, cinerea; atomis strigaque pone medium nigris.—Larva ferrugineo fuscoque variegata: capite fusco,” which he enlarged in the Hnt. Sys., but with no mention of reddish in either place. Bork. Natury. IV. 612 (1792) Suggests that ambiyua, Schiff. is pulverulenta, on account of the character ‘“‘ reddish” and he points out that Fab. gives the larva as feeding on low plants such as Chenopodium, Dandelion, ete., whereas the foodplant of pulverulenta is oak. There is evidence here of confusion, hence it seems necessary to consider Fab. as the authority, but in the Mant. (1787) and not the Fint. Sys. Reference to Illiger N. Ausg. Verz. (1801) I. 284 does not help. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (337) In some specimens when fresh there is a slight, very slight, appearance of the red gloss about the termen such as is always present in Nonagria phragmitidis, Gn., I.-V. 247 (1852), says that plantaginis, Hb. belongs to another species and suggests blanda. Newman omits mention of ambigua. Warr.-Seitz give the auther as Schiff. and plantayinis, Hb. as a synonym and only recognises the more ochreous Syrian subspecific form uniformis, Swnh., placing hilaris, Stdgr. as a synonym to it. He notes the very slight rufous or ochreous tinge in some examples. Genus Athetis. Hamp. Lep. Phal. VIL. 321, (1909) treats Schiff. as the authority, places ambigua in Athetis, gives only ab. uniforms, Swink. the pale form, and considers both plantayinis, Hb. and hilaris, Stdgr. as synonyms. Meyrick, Rev. Hand. 77 (1928), gives Fab. as the authority. Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 148 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 288, plt. 221 (1899): Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur, 1. 288, plt. 44 (1906): South, Moths Brit. Is. I. 818 plt. 151 (1907) : Hamp. Lep. Phal, VIII. 821 (1909) : Warr.-Seitz Pal. Gr.-Schin. Noct. LI. 209, plt. 41h (1911): Culot \. et G@. 1(2). 55, plt. 48 (1909-138). Hiibner’s fig. 576 plantaginis is darkly marked, hardly comparable with our beautiful softer grey insect. Dup.’s fig., plt. 1, LXXVI. 5 Hist. Nat. VI. is unrecognisable as ambiyua, with dark hindwings and forewings of a dark chestnut. Although the almost suppressed markings agree with those of ambiyua, it is pulverulenta (cruda) in all probability and is placed in the genus Taeniocampa. Some authors put it down as plantayinis, Hb., for which however the depth of colour is too extreme. Tig. 2 on the same plate is labelled plantayinis and may represent Hubner’s form although well on the dark side. Genus Caradrina. I take it that the ambiyua, Schiff. is a form of cruda (to which it stands next after in the Verz. as considered by Dup.). Splr’s. plt. 44, 14, is unrecognisable as ambiqgua. Far too ochreous, markings rough and not defined neatly as in true ambiyua. H.-S. Sys. bearb. Il. 211, fig. 881 (1845), is dark, comparable with the dark plantaginis of Hb. fig. 576. He does not fig. ambigua, but says that his plantayinis is the ambiyua of Schiff. Warr.-Seitz figs. plt. 421 are bad in both basal colour and marking on all wings, and much too ochreous. Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48, has an excellent figure of our usual form, a pale soft texture form. Barrett says—‘‘ Hardly variable here. Continental examples are usually of a rather more ashy colour.” He reports a specimen ‘“‘ very decidedly dark,’ from Devon. The forms and names to be discussed are :— ambigua, Fb. (1787) Mant. 148. r. plantaginis, Hb., Samml., 576 (1808-18). r. plantaginis, Dup. (1826) Hist. Nat. VI. 89, plt. 76. r. uniformis, Swinh. (1885) Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 850, p. 1, plt. 9. r. hilaris, Stdgr. (1901) Cat, I[led. 197. (338) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ab. tripunetata, Strnd. (1915) Arch. Naturg. UXXXI. 154. Abt. A. Heft. 11 (1915). ab. decinerea, Strnd. (1915) l.c. ab. ambigquella, Strnd. (1915) Lc. ab. subambigua, Strnd. (1915) l.c. Tutt dealt with (1) ambiqua, the pale English form. (2) plantayinis the dark form. race uniformis, Swinh, Trans. Hint. Soc. 350, p. 1, 9, f. 6. (1885). Fie.—l.c. plt. TX., f. 6. Orie. Derscrre.—‘‘ Pale fawn-colour ; head whitish ; thorax, abdomen, and forewings uniform pale fawn-colour; unmarked ; orbicular and reniform spots large, round, very faintly indicated by whitish lines around them; hindwings white; the entire surface of both wings covered with a silvery sheen.” 8. Afghanistan. Sept. Reference to both fig. and description at once dispels this association absolutely, by shape, marking, colour, ete. Hamps. Moths of Ind. IL. 261, treats it as a separate species of Caradrina (1894), but in Lep. Phal. VIII. 321, 1909, he puts it as a form of ambigua, and deseribes it thus :—‘“‘ Paler; palpi slightly tinged with fuscous at sides ; forewing with an ochreous tinge.—Syria, W. Turkestan, Baluchistan.” race hilaris, Stdgr. Cat. Lep. pal. 197 (1901). Orie. Descrie.—‘ Multo dilutior; al. ant. flavescenti-griseis.’’— Issykul. Ferghana. Syria. ab. tripunctata, Strand. Arch. Natg. LXXXI. 154. Abt. A. Heft. IT. (1915). Oric. Desorre.—‘ Fore-wings with white spots on the reniform.” ab. decinerea, Strand. Arch, Natury. UXXXI. 154. Abt. A. Heft. 11 (1915). | ~ Orie. Descorie.—‘ Forewings more unicolorous red-brown without any suggestion of grey colour.” ab. ambiguella, Strnd. Arch. Natg. UXXXI. 154, abt. A. Heft, 11 (1915). Orig. Desorie.—‘ In the forewings the median and marginal areas red-brown, ante- and post-median areas pale; cuneate black spots on the veins 5 and 6 of the marginal area up near to post-median line.” ab. subambigua, Strnd. Arch. Naturg. UXXXI. 154 Abt. A. Heft 11 (1915). Ortc. Drscrie.—‘ Forewing more unicolorous grey with strong black streaks in'the submedial fold from the base and from the ante- medial line to the margin.” Caradrina, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) most authors. [Athetis, Hb. (1822) Hamps. and Warr.-Stz.] blanda, Schiff. 1775 =taraxaci, Hb. (1808-18). Tutt did not fully go into the identity of this species and took the taraxaci, Hb. as the original description of the species. Subsequent THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (339) authors are agreed that it is the blanda, Schiff., the identity of which, indefinite as the description is, was substantiated by Illiger, New. Ausg. Verz. (1801), who had access to the Vienna collections. Schiff. Vere. p. 77 (1775), in defining his ‘‘ Larvae albopunctatae,” ‘« Noctuae rectolineatae ’ describes blanda as having on the almost uniformly coloured reddish-grey forewings the usual two stigmata defined by a paler line, and also towards the lower (hind) margin a similarly almost straight transverse line. The thorax is rough, the antennae of the male slightly pectinated. Fab. Mant. II. 147 (1787), describes blanda as “ Laevis, alis deflexis cinereo fuseis ; strigis albidioribus,” which may be anything. Brahm, Ins. Kal. If. 114 and 300 (1791), bred his specimens from larvae which agreed with those of Group L. of the Verz. of Schiff., but they were imagines with similarity to ambigua. Bork. Naturg. IV. 610 (1792) likens it to stabilis, but says it is the blanda of the Verz. and the opaca of Ksper, which latter cannot be as Esper wrote ‘‘ Ashy-grey, white-spotted Bombyx. Alis deflexis cinereis: striga maculisque duabus albis.” Illiger New. Ausg. Verz. (1801) I. 282-3, says this is the blanda, Fb., the alsines of Bork., and of Brahm; and doubtfully the opaca of Esp. Werneb. Beitr. IL. 83 points out in detail that opaca, Esp. can- not be blanda, but in size, shape and marking can only be viminaiis. With the first opinion I agree, but only doubtfully with the latter determination. The laevis of Haw. and of Stephens is usually now ascribed to neylecta. Stephens largely copied from Haworth. Gnu., Hist. Nat. Noct. V. 246 (1852) says the tarawaci, H.-S., is a form of blanda, Schiff., with more blackish forewings with a slight reddish tint on the disc ; hindwings slightly more yellowish. Warr.-Seitz recognises only ab. centralasiae, Warr.-S., places tarawact, Hb. and guttilinea, Wlkr. as synonyms, and omits all reference to other synonyms or forms. Tutt, Brit. Noct. I. 149 (1891): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., V. 290. plt. 221. 3 (1899): Stder. Cat. IIled. 197 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hu. I. 233. plt. 44. 15 (1906) : South, Moths Br. Is. 1.317. plt. 151 (1907) : Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 821 (1909): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Gross.-Schm. Pal. Noet 111. 208. plt. 42 hi (1911): Culot. N. et. G. 1(2). 55. plt. 48. f.4 (1909-13). Hubner’s fig. 575 of taraxaci is, as Gn. says (V. 246) less rosy than blanda, slightly reddish on the disc, the hind-wings of a somewhat yellowish tone, but too pronounced. Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 75. 6 (1826), has a good figure of taraxaci (blanda), the dark reddish brown form with distinct markings. H.-S., Sys. Beard. I. 211, f. 380, is a small dark 9°, with too great emphasis to the hind-marginal dark area of the hind-wings. He says, Htibner’s fig. 575 is recognisable, but has wings too broad, the waved line too black on the basal side, and the hindwings too yellow, and suggests that the Jaevis of Wood isa 2. Newman, Brit. Moths, 314 (1870), says that blanda has a ‘‘ tendency to obscure purple and rosy,’ whereas alsines, its nearest ally, has a tendency ‘to ochreous,” but the b. and w. figs. are not conclusive as (340) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. one does not get the surface tone, and the markings are not distinctive enough to be displayed in such figs. Splr., l.c. plt. 44, f. 15, has a fig. more like alsines in marking whereas the figure of alsines, f. 12 is not sufficiently distinguishably marked, South, Moths Br. Is. I. plt. 151 (1907) gives a good figure of the dark form tarawaci, and calls attention to the silky appearance of the hindwing, p. 317. Warr.-Stz. has a good figure of the blanda form, l.c. plt. 42h, and also a figure of the ssp. centralasiae, plt. £21. Culot, N. et G. 1(2). plt. 48 has an excellent figure, showing very clearly the difference (typical) between that and alsimes. In his text p. 55 he calls attention to the fact that the reniform in alsines is larger than in taraxaci=blanda. Of the Variation Barrett says, ‘‘ Slightly variable in the depth of colour, from paler to darker brown. In Ireland there is a tendency to greyer colouring, but with the hindwings unusually white.” He reports ‘“‘ one specimen as nearly black.”’ The Names and Forms to be considered are :— blanda, Schiff. (1775) Verz. 77. ab. redacta, Haw. (1806-10), */.ep. Brit. 206-8. ab. egens, Haw. (1806-10) J.c. ab. sordida, Haw. (1806-10) J.c. f. tarawact, Hb. (1808-18) Sammdl. 575. ab. ambigua, Steph. (1829). dl. 155-7. ab. alsines, Wood. (1884), Indea Int., f. 198. ab. laevis, Wood. l.c. f. 200. ab. blanda, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat. V. 245. r. quttilinea, Walk. (1858), Cat. B.M. XV. 1709. ssp. centralasiae, Warr.-Stz. (1911), Pal. Noct. 209, plt. 421. . ssp. pseudambigua, Zerny (1927), Hos. Lep. Albarracin, 882 (1917). ab. fusca, Lenz. (1927) Sch. Sudby. 11. 2, 307. ab. pallidior, Lenz. (1927) lc. Of these Tutt dealt with (1) tarawaci, Hb. the reddish-brown form with distinct markings: (2) sordida, Haw. the reddish-brown form with indistinct markings: (3) the ashy-brown form with distinct markings, ambigua, Steph.: (4) the ashy-brown form with indistinct markings, redacta, Haw.: (5) the fuscous form, distinctly tinged with purple blanda, Gn.: (6) the fuscous form with distinct markings, egens, Haw. : (7) alsines, Wood, the fuscous form with indistinct markings, and reni- form outlined in white and (8) laevis, Wood, the fuscous form with indistinct markings. f, guttilinea, Walk, Cat. B.M. XV. 1709 (1858). Orta. Descrie.—‘‘ Cervina, subtus cinerea; antennae validae, vix crenulatae ; abdomen pallide cinereum ; pedes dense pilosi ; alae anticae cinereo-cervinae, lineis interiore et exteriore e punctis nigris, linea submarginali albida subundulata, lunulis marginalibus fuscis, fimbria latissima, orbiculari et reniformi magnis, albido marginatis; posticae albidae, margine subcinereo.”’ * teste the late J. H. Durrant in lit. The usual date is 1809.—Hy.J.T. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (341) 15.x.34. ‘“Wawn-colour, pale cinereous beneath. Antennae stout, hardly erenulate. Abdomen pale cinereous. Legs densely pilose. Fore- wings cinereous fawn-colour; basal half-line black; interior and exterior lines formed of black points ; submarginal line whitish, slightly undulating; marginal lunules brown; fringe very broad; orbicular and reniform marks large, a little darker than the ground colour, with whitish borders. Hindwings whitish, slightly cinereous about the border ; underside with a brown discal dot.” ab. centralasiae, Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 209 (1911). Fie.—l.c. plt. 421. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Very possibly a distinct species; the ground colour of the forewing is paler, tinged with pinkish-brown along the two folds, and the dark markings stand out more conspicuously ; the costal edge is pale; the hindwing, even in the ¢ is whiter, showing a distinct cell-spot.”’ Issykul, etc. pseudambigua, Zerny. Hos. ‘ Lep. Albarracin,” 382 (1917). Orig. Descrie.—‘ Some of the specimens have paler hindwings with the outer margin not darkened, like the clearer grey forewings as in our Lower Austrian examples; and the underside is distinctly paler.” ab. pallidior, Lenz. Schm. Sudbay. II. (2), 307 (1927). Orie. Descrip.—<‘ Pale grey-brown with obsolescent markings.” ab. 2 fusca, Lenz. Sch. Sudbay. I1(2). 8307 (1927). Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ Dark grey.” Caradrina, Ochs. and Tr. (1816-25) most authors. [Athetis, Hb. (1822), Hamps. and Warr.-Stz.] quadripunctata, Fb. (1775) (cubicularis, Schiff.) (1775) =clavipalpis, Scop. (1768). Until quite recently this species has been known as either cubicu- laris, Bork. (1776) or quadripunctata, Fb. (1775). Tutt, brit. Noct. J. 152, gave the name quadripunetata, Fb., with the alternative cubicularis, Bork. Borkausen was not the authority for cubicularis, but refers it to Schiff. in the Verz. (1775) and giving references to Fabricius in the Syst. Hnt., the Sp. Ins., and the Mant. as quadripunctata. Thus the latter is the prior of the two, as published just before the Verz. of Schiff. Borkhausen points out that Fab. in the Mant. refers the cubicularis of the Verz. to his name quadripunctata. Tutt did not give the original description, nor did he use the prior name. His deseription and name were those of Fab. Ent. Sys. ILI(2) 22 (1793) and quadripunctata, although there was a previous reference in the description, to Schiff. Verz. 72 (1775) eubieularis (culicularis in error), and Fabricius had already described it in the Sys. Ent. 594 (1775) ; in the Spec. Ins. II. 214 (1781) and in Mant. Ins. Il. 189 (1787) and Treitschke Schm. Hur. V(2), 251 (1825) had given the reference to Scopoli, Hut. Carn. 218 (1763), where it was first described, under the name clavipalpis. (842) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. clavipalpis, Scop. Ent. Carn. 218 (1763). Orie. Descrie.— Alae anticae cervinae ; margine crassiore punctis (4) nigris.”” “ Alae anticae subfusco leniter nebulosae, puncto nigro versus basim; subtus pallidae; margine inferiore sub-perlato; posticae utrinque albidae immaculatae’; margine obscuriore. Dorsum leve, valvis substrigonis. Palpiclavaticompressi. Tibiae supra fuscescentes, albidig annulis variegatae.” An unmistakable description, and far better than some of the subsequent descriptions. The description of cubicularis in the Verz. is quite unrecognisable but is identified by Illiger (1801) who had access to Schiffermuller’s collection. Tutt Brit. Noct. 1. 152 (1891): Barr. Lep. Brit. Is. V. 293, plt. 221, 4 (1899): Stder. Cat. I[led. 196 (1901): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 230, plt. 44 (1906): South Moths Br. Is. I. 818, plt. 151 (1907): Hamps. Lep. Phal. VIII. 821 (1909): Culot N. et G. 1(2). 47, plt. 46, f. 9-10 (1909-13): Warr.-Seitz Pal. Noct. III. 211, plt. 45e (1911). Hsp., Schm. Abbild., 1V. 492, plt. 150, 4-5 (1786) gives two figures intended to represent our clavipalpis, under the name segetnm (nec. L.). They are very bad except that the characteristic 4 costal spots are present. In his text Esp., refers his segetwm to the cubicularis, quadri- punctata of previous authors. Werneb. places them here without comment. Ernst. and Engr. Pap. d’Eur., VIL. 9, fig. 405 (1790) is a good figure, but as Werneburg, Deitr. II. 114 (1864) says, is somewhat too large, too plainly marked and too variegated. It cannot be confused with any other species. He (Wern.) says it is the clavipalpis, Scop. and the cubicularis, Tr. The fig. 162 of Hb. (blanda) is probably one of superstes, fig. 382 of — Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. 57, plt. 76 (1826), has a small good figure somewhat too variegated. The wide submarginal dark red-brown band is far from typical. This ‘“ ferruginous band’’ would appear to be an unusual feature. I know of no example like it. Wood’s fig. 208, Ind. Ent. (1834), is a bad one; both wings wrong in colour; only recognisable as probably cubicularis by the very faint 4 costal spots. Culot, NV. et G. I1(2). plt. 46, has 2 excellent figures, a light and a dark form. The latter unusually dark, characterized by its dark ground which obscures the markings. Of the Variation Barrett says—‘ Rather variable in the ground colour from pale brown to dull umbreous, and also in the distinctness of the few markings ; and more especially liable to local variation. In the N. of Ireland having the costal black spots enlarged and very distinct, and the dark stripe near the hind margin emphasized. Some of those from Aberdeen have the markings very dark, and a row of black dashes before the subterminal line; others are very small in size, not exceeding that of Miana furuncula. The variability in size is also found in other districts.” He reports specimens which ‘have both stigmata surrounded by white dots.” And “ A pale grey specimen devoid of the usual markings except the costal spots, smooth and unicolorous.” THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (343) And ‘Some Orkney examples are also nearly unicolorous smoky- grey, or have the base and hind marginal stripe still darker.” Illig., New. Ausy. Verz. 1. 204, says that there occur examples which show no trace of the four spots on the costa which are usually such an outstanding character. Tutt does not mention this form nor have I seen an example of such. The Names and Forms under consideration are :— clavipalpis, Scop. Hnt. Carn. 213 (1763). quadripunctata, Fb. Sys. Ent. 594 (1775). cubicularis, Schiff. Verz. 72 (1775). grisea, Rott. Naturf. ix. 138 (i776). segetum, Lisp, Schm. Abbild, 1V(2)., 1, 492, plt. 150, 4-5 (1786). ssp. or r. lewcoptera, Thnbg. Dissert. II. 41 (1791). blanda, Haw. Lep. Brit. 208 (1809). r. snperstes, Steph. (ll. II. 159 (1829). r. Laciniosa, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. 529, plt. 8, 4 (1847). ?r. grisea, Hvers. Bull. S. I. Mose. 215 (1848). 2sp. or ssp. albina, Evers. Bull. S. I, Mosc, 215 (1848). ?sp. or ssp. congesta, Led. Ver. z-b. Wien. V. 3872, plt. 5, 1 (1855). r. pulverosa, Walk, Cat. B.M. X. 295 (1856). ab. millert, Schultz. Stett. e. Zt. 367, plt. 1, 6 (1862). 2sp. or ssp. menetriesti, Kret. Berl. e. Zt. 432 (1868). ?r, sp. einerascens, Tengrs. Cat, Lep. F'n. Fenn. 809 (19) (1869). f. petraea, Tengstr. l.c. p. 356 (1869). ? ssp. mediterraneae, B.-B. Trans. Hint. Soc. Lond. 42, plt. I. 11 (1894). ab. nigrofasciata, Hoffm. Mitt. Nat. Ver. Stierm. Lf. 118 (1915). ab. nigromaculata, Closs. Int. Ent. Zt. XIII. 50 (1919). Tutt dealt with (1) cubrcularis, pale whitish grey with distinct markings : (2) grisea, Ky. ditto with indistinct markings: (8) conyesta, ditto, ditto with dark outer margin: (4) quadripunctata, ashy grey or greyish fuscous with distinct markings: (5) menetriest?, ditto with indistinct markings: (6) superstes, Steph., dark fuscous with indistinet markings: (7) albina, ditto with indistinct markings. In his Appendix, Brit. Noct. Vol. LV. 112 (1898), Tutt— (1) Gives the Orig. Descrip. of grisea, Hv. (2) Refers to menetriesti, Kret. as being considered by the Scandin- avian entomologists as a distinct species. See Sven Lampa, Hnt. Tidsk. 69-70 (1885). (3) Refers to albina, Kv. as being now treated by Stgr. (on a series from Saisan, Central Asia) as without doubt a distinct species, and the dark congesta, Led. as probably the first brood of it. (Stett. ent. At. XUIII. 43-44.) It is usual to ascribe the blanda, Haw., as a form of this species, although the description does not mention the four characteristic spots on the costa of thef.w. The fig. 162 blanda, Hb. is given as a synonym. This latter fig. is certainly not quadripunctata in shape, markings and colour, and is quite unlike the fig. 417 of Hb. depicting cubicularis. Haw. also gives as a reference, Fb. Hnt. Sys. II1(2) 48 blanda, the description of which is certainly not that of cubicularis but of tarawaci. Stephens, Jé/us. Il. p. 109, describes a form, which he names superstes, larger but greatly resembling this species. =Tutt’s var. superstes, Steph. (344) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. Steph., dius. I]. 158, speaks of the submarginal line as ‘usually bordered on its inner margin with triangular arrow-shaped red spots.” These spots in my series of some 70 specimens are either completely absent or so inconspicuous as only to be recognisable when examined by a glass in the sunshine, and may be represented by a few isolated reddish or brownish scales. An extreme development of these features might be the basis of the unusual form figured by Duponchel. Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. III. 215 (1848), besides recording ewbiew- laris from the Volga area‘of Russia, describes grisea as a little smaller and albina a little larger but very near to it, the last as agreeing with the variety of cubicularis figured by H.-S. no. 425. Gn. Hist. Nat. V. 251 (1852) has a var. A., which is recognised as the grisea, Kv. and is the fig. 425 of H.S., a form from Russia, sent to H.-S. as a new species, but of which he states he finds no distinctive character from cubicularis. Tutt has given Guenée’s “Indes Orientales’’ as ‘‘ West Indies,” obviously a slip. (ab. grisea, Kv.) There is confusion here. Hvers. says his albina is the cubicularis var. of H.-S. fia. 425. Gn. in quoting the albina, Kv. omits this reference, but says that his own var. A. of cubicularis agrees almost completely with the same fig. 425 of H.-S. Tutt and others identify var. A. of Gn. as the grisea, Ev. Stder., Cat. IIled. 196 (1901), omits grisea, Hv., treats albina, Kv. as a separate species, with congesta, Led. as a varietal form of it. (‘‘al. ant. dilute cinereis~’’) Hamp., Lep. Phal. VIII. 336 (1909), now accepts the name clavipalpis, Scop. in place of the quadripunctata, Fb. he had used in Moths of Ind. II. (1894), treating lewcoptera only as an aberration, and placing quadripunctata, Fb., cubicularis, Schiff., yrisea, Rott., segetum, Hsp. laciniosa, Donz., pulverosa, Walk., and willeri, Schultz. as merely synonyms, while rejecting huyeli, Fldr., belucha, Swnh., and placida, Moore, which he had included previously in 1894, in spite of the action of Cotes and Swuh. in 1888, Cat. Moths of Ind. 324, who considered them good species. Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. II]. 211, plt. 45e, ete., accepts clavipalpis, Scop. as the prior name and description, treats quadripunctata, Fb., cubicularis, Schiff., grisea, Rott., seyetum, Hsp. (nec. L.), pulverosa, Walkr. and milleri, Schultz., as synomyms, recognises as forms only the laciniosa, Donz., with subterminal of yellow spots extended to the termen, and the leucoptera, Thnbrg., a fuscous suffused form from Scandinavia; considers the grisea, Ev. as a true species and cinerascens, Tengstr. as a synonym, and menetriesii, Kret, as a good species, while the mediterraneae, B.-B. he recognises as the species atriluna, Gn. grisea, Rott. Naturf. 1X. 138 (1776). Orie. Descrirp.—‘‘ The ground colour of the fore-wings is brownish grey. Across this run three fine black unbroken and toothed lines, ‘and near to the outer margin lies a similar red brown transverse line. Between the 2nd and 3rd of these lines stands a small round spot and also near it a somewhat larger reniform spot. This latter is black- edged, and in the centre brownish and on the lower part black-grey. All these markings are indistinct. The lower wings are snow-white, also have a white fringe, which is cut by small brown streaks. On THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (845) 15.xi.34, the underside this species is wholly white.’ This appears to bea rough description of clavipalpis, as recognised by Werneb. and others. As the characteristic 4 costal spots are not mentioned, it may have been the form without them referred to by Illiger. As these spots are the emphasized terminals of the transverse lines it may be that the absence of emphasis caused them to be quite inconspicuous. segetum, Esp. Schm. Abbl. LV. 492 (1786) nec. L. Fie.—l.c. plt. 150. 4-5. This name is redundant. sper himself says in his text that segetum is the cubicularis, Kb. Illiger, New. Ausg. Verz. Wien. (1801). I. 204, says that the segetwm, Esp. is the cubicularis, Fb., Bork., and Brahm. Werneb., Beitr. II. 46, gives the determination, clavipalpis, Scop. ssp. or race leucoptera, Thnbg. Diss. Hint. II. 41 (1791). ‘Alig deflexis, anticis cinereis; fasciis tribus punctisque duobus nigris posticis niveis.” « Alae anticae utrinque cinereae, supra fasciis quatuor nigris, 1 in basi interrupta, 2 ante medium undulata, 3 pone medium curva undata, 4 intra marginem obsoleta. Inter fasciam 3 and 4 punctum anterius minutum et macula posterius oblonga. Posticae utrinque totae niveae fascia tenuissima intra marginem e punctis nigris. Alae posticae basi ciliatae.”’ Of this Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph. VIII. 337. (1909) says “ Head, thorax, and forewings suffused with fuscous.’’—Scandinavia, Finland, Urals. race laciniosa, Donz. Ann. Soc. ent. Hr. 529. (1847). Fie.—l.c. plt. 8. f. 4. Orie. Descrrep.—“ Alis anticis fuligineis ; maculis centralibus nigris ; fascia terminali, albida interstisa, posticis albidis. ‘The fore-wings are of a fuliginosous tint; the costa is marked, towards the middle, by two black points, towards the apex three or four others very small. The orbicular stigma is absent; the reniform seems to be indicated by some small white dots. The dise is occupied by a small, black, horizontal mark ; above at its end there is another placed diagonally. The transverse lines are not present; the fourth only is well developed ; it is preceded, towards its middle by three black arrow- like markings. Between it and the fringe is a series of small horizontal marks of a yellowish white, forming an interrupted band, which terminates at the inner angle as a somewhat large whitish spot. The fringe is the same as the ground colour. The lower wings are of a slightly smoky white, with a discoidal point. The fringe is the same as the ground colour. The lower wings are of a slightly smoky white with a discoidal point. The fringe white also is preceded by a very fine brownish line. Below the upper wings are smoky, with much emphasized nervures, of a reddish white. The terminal band is well indicated, as well as the reniform. The lower wings are whitish with the anterior margin smoky and a not very apparent discoidal. Abdomen of a reddish white. Head and thorax brownish.” Marseilles. (346) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. race pulverosa, Walk. Cat. B.M. X 295 (1856). Orie. Descrie.— Very pale fawn colour. Forewings with zigzag transverse brownish lines, with a submarginal transverse zigzag whitish line, with blackish costal spots, and with blackish marginal! dots; reniform spot and orbicular spot distinct, mostly brown, the former narrow, contracted in the middle; latter small, round. Hindwing white, opaline.” Caffraria. ab. milleri, Schultz. Stett. e. Zeit. 367 (1862). Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. fig. 6. Oric. Descrire.—‘‘ Alis anterioribus griseis (g) aut cinereis (?), basin versus pallidioribus, obsolete signatis, punctis costalibus nigris, linea undulata basin versus ferrugineo-terminata ; alis posterioribus albis (¢ ) aut fuscis (¢ ).” “‘ Very near in size and appearance to cubicularis.’ “ Forewing shorter and broader than in cubicularis. Upperside glossy yellowish-grey somewhat paler towards the thorax. The markings very like cubicularis, only finer with less cloudiness : the first band lies more oblique. On the hindwing the veins near the margin dull grey (but finer than in cubicularis.)” Misdroy. ? ab. cinerascens, Tengstr. Cat. Lep. Fn. Fenn. no 801. p. 309 (19) on the Ostsee (1869). Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Minor. C. kadenii, Frr., alis posticis albis exceptis non absimilis, in Kexholm medio mensis Julii saepe a me observata. Forma vulgaris jam inde a fine mensis Maii apparet. An propia species? Specimen vetustius ad Helsingfors captum, pallide griseum (verisimiliter decoloratum). Maklin sub nomine C. grisea, Kv. mecum communicavit.”’ This form Stdgr. Cat. 197 (1901) places under grisea, Hiv. f. petraea, Tengstr. Cat. Lep. Hn. Fenn. p. 3856 (1864). Tengstrém in his Appendia describes a very similar insect under the name petraca but with dark suffused “ not white” hindwings. This Stder., Cat. IIled. 197, places as a syn. of grisea, Kv. and Warr,-Stz., Pal. Noct. III. 210, as a syn. of menetriesti, Kret. Oric. Desorip.— Minor, tota pallida griseo-cinerea, atomis nigris crebrius conspersis, alis anticis latiusculis, strigis simplicibus obsoletis, macula orbiculari, punctiformi, parteque inferiori cum margine interno maculae reniformis, maculis quatuor costalibus tribusque sagittalibus ante lineam undulatam indistinctam, pallidiorem et punctis limbalibus inter costas, nigris ; alis posticis cinereis, ad basin albicantibus, ciliis albidis, lineaque, subinterrupta, limbali nigra.” He emphasizes the comparison with cubicularis by its smaller size, by its pale cinereous colour, by its broader forewings, by its cinereous hindwings, white at the base. “ C. cubiculari affinis mox dignota.”’ ssp. mediterraneae, B.-B. Trans. Hint. S. Lond. 42 (1894). Fie.—l.c. plt. I. fla Orica. Descrip.—‘ Primaries ashen fawn colour with the least trace of a greyish subterminal transverse curved line. Just in front of the posterior margin is an indistinct row of very pale ochreous-white spots, the middle spots having their inner margin dusted with golden brown. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (847) Orbicular stigma obsolete, reniform stigma small, dark brown, encircled with pale ochreous. Costa with four indistinct black spots. Fringes lustrous greyish.” ‘This species is perhaps nearest to quadripunctata, but at once separable by the almost entire absence of markings and by its much paler and cleaner appearance.” The figure and description do not agree. e.g. Costal spots very distinct and 5 in number. Secondaries are not white nor are they shaded near posterior margin. [I fail to distinguish the marginal very pale ochreous white spots, nor the golden brown of the middle ones. But the description seems to me to quite fall in line with forms of quadripunctata as classified by Tutt and others, as a very pale uni- colorous form practically devoid of all marking. ab. nigrofasciata, Hoffm. and Klos. Sch. Stierm, III. 118 (1915). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ An example in which the marginal area of the fore-wing is coloured dark brown. The area from the elbowed line up to the light fringe is black brown, the fine border line light brown and the marginal dots deep black.” ab. nigromaculata, Class. Int. Ent. Zeit. XIL1. 50 (1919). Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The reniform stigmata are filled in with deep black.” Berlin-Nordend. (848) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. APPENDIX—Corrxcrions, AppDITIONS, ETC. p- (1) line 5 after “‘ corrected ”’ add ‘to the original spelling.” p. (2) line 8 ‘‘ debateable”’ should be ‘“‘ debatable.” Footnote: read “ Ochs. and Tr. 1816-1825,” ete. p. (4) line 7 froin bottom, for ‘‘ Diphtera” read « Diphthera.” p. (6) line 28 for ‘‘ pterographa”’ read “ petrographa”’ (an error in Seitz. a lines 1 and 13 read the same. p. (10) add a description from p. 81 at bottom. p. (12) line 18 for ‘‘ albopuncta”’ read ‘‘ albopunctata.” after line 21 to List of Forms of 7. batis add ab. phaea and ab. diminuta (see pp. 81, 82) p. (15) at bottom, add descriptions of the above two forms of 7’. batis. p. (16) to List of C. ocularis forms add ab. frankii (see p. 82). (18) after line 14 add description of above form. (20) line 6 for “ robertsi”’ read “ roberti.” (20) line 14 to List of C. or forms addr. novegica, p. (27), f. clausa, ab. fasciata, ab. juncta, p. (82) and ab. tangens, p. (83). p. (28) line 3 add Coun of the first four above forms. line 4 delete [I have... known] and add description of ab. tanyens, p. (88). p. (28) line 10 from bottom to List of A. diluta forms add f. hartwiegi, p. (29). p. (29) line 88 insert the 2 species CU. duplaris, p. (83) and C. fluctuosa, p. (84) accidently omitted. p. (80) line 10 from bottom to List of P. flavicornis forms add ab. confluens, Klem., ab. confluens, Heinr., and ab. immaculata, Masl. p. (81) line 18 add descriptions of the first 2 above forms. ‘ Pp: p- ab. confluens, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Fiz. XLVI. 18 (1911-12). Orie. Drscrip.— Alae anteriores maculis ambabus magnis con- fluentibus.” ab. confluens, Heinr. Deuts. Ent. Zt. 524 (1916). Orie. Desorie.—‘‘ Specimens in which the stigmata have united together into a continuous spot very extended in length, may be called this name.’ This name falls before the conjluens of Klem. (1911) and is superfluous. p. (82) line 17 add deseription of the last of above forms. ab. unimaculata, Masl. Pols. Pis. VIII. 50 (1929). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ With only the orbicular stigma on the forewings quite normal; the reniform wholly unrecognisible.”’ p. (85) line 30 to the List of B. perla forms add the following three aioe: corsicola, ssp. abruzzensis, and ssp. benaceeusis. p. (87) line 17 add descriptions of the above three species and the opinion of Seitz work on perla forms. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (849) 15.xii.34, ssp. corsivola, Schawerd. Zeit. Oestr. Hint. Ver. XIII. 112 (1928). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A quite well characterized new form, which can. readily be distinguished by predominantly pure white ground colour and the not grey, but black, almost blue-black marking from all. the other grey-white, yellowish, or the quite darkened South Tyrol or Pyrenees examples. Both stigmata and that part below the orbicular in the central area are quite black. These black parts and the pure milk-white at the base between the stigmata and in the outer area are in very striking contrast. The hindwings with their emphasized. discal mark are brighter and darker margined.’”’ Corsica. ssp. abruzzensis, Dnhl. Mitt. Minch. Ent. Gesell. XIX. 107 (1929). Oxte. Descrie.—‘‘ Green-grey, without yellowish or reddish tinge, central area little or not at all dark. Markings extraordinarily fine, thin-lined, but mostly clear and very rarely obsolescent. Fringes brightly chequered. Very characteristic is the shape of the hindwing. White-grey, around the margin a symmetrically wide band covering at most a third of the wing in dull grey, which at the outer margin clears from the veins so that a recognisable submarginal whitish-pearl ring is formed. This grey marginal band does not extend at all beyond the centre of the wing. Thus the discoidal stands out clearly.” Central Apennines. ssp. benacensts, Dhnl., Hnt. Zeit. XLVI. 247 (19838). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Ground colour almost pure white, here and. there with very slight trace of rosy yellow. Markings extraordinarily delicate, the spots before the apex, in the reniform and the lower half of the orbicular small, well outlined, the transverse lines pictured sharp and thin. Hindwings pale grey, on the outer margin only slightly suffused with black, but sufficiently so, that usually before the marginal line there lies quite visible a row of fine greyish white dots. The cell spot well marked. The fringes broadly white, not chequered. T'his very distinct race, which is strikingly constant, is the lightest form of this species described.” Monte Baldo, Italy 1000-1900m. p. 84, Metachrostis perla, Schitt. : Draudt, in Supp. Seitz. Pal. Noct. 19, is of the opinion that perloides, Gn. and perlina, Stder. are identical, and he considers pyrenaica, Obthr. to be a genuine species. Draudt, l.c., renames the ab. grisea, Dufrane as ab. dufranet, over- looking the fact that I had already renamed it subgrisea. The name dufranei falls before subgrisea. p. (87) To the List of Forms of M. muralis add after the last line, ab. amasina and ab. viridior. p- (40) After line 14 add the Original Descriptions of the above two forms. ssp. amasina, Drdt, Seitz Supp. Pal. N. p. 19 (1981). Orie. Descrip.‘ Small and pale, of the same colour as perla with grey-brown basal, discal and marginal areas.” (850) THK ENLOMOLUGISI’S RECORD. ab. viridior, Schawerda Zt. Oestr. Fnt. Ver. XVII. 30 (1982). Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Stands out strongly by the deeper green general suffusion.” p. (41) To the List of Forms of M. alpium add ab. fasciata. p- (48) Add after line 20 the Orig. Descrip. of the above form given on B (85) below. (44) To the List of Forms of D. caeruleocephala after line 5 add ab. bani ab. confluens and race capnodes, and after line 6 ab. nigro- fasciata. p. (44) Add after line 36 the Orig. Descriptions of the ab. coalita, ab. confluens and race capnodes, on p. (85) below. p. (44) Add after line 40 the Orig. Deserip. of the ab. niyrofasciata. ab. nigrofasciata, Hackray. Lambill. XX XIII. 54 (1988). Orie. Descrie.—‘ The elbowed line is developed into a very black, swollen band, running so far as to unite with the reniform stigma. The general tone of the same forewings is of a clearer grey than normal.” Verviers, Belgium. p. (45) Add to the List of Forms of D. coryli, after line 27 ab. melanotica, after line 32 ab. grisescens, ab. ussuriensis, and ab. betulae. p. (46) Add after line 26 the Original Descrip. of ab. melanotica. ab. melanotica, Haverkampf. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 158 (1906). Orie, Descriep.—‘‘ Upper side of forewings of a uniform smoky black, with the markings more or less obscure.” Germany. [Also found in the Chilterns.—H.A.C. | This form was subsequently named weymert in error by Hold. p. (47) Add after line 32 the Original Descriptions of the POM AIMing three forms above. ab. grisescens, Kard. Hnt. Mitt. Berlin, XVII. 418 (1928). Fie.—l.c. plt. 8, f. 21. Orica. Dresorip.—‘* On the forewings, the inner and outer line dis- tinct, but thin. In the pale central part from the cell to the inner margin slightly shaded. The marginal area moderately pale with traces of a shading. Orbicular without a centre. Reniform wholly pale, with a black streak at its base on the margin. Thorax, abdomen and hindwings distinctly paler than normally.” Ussuri. ssp. ussurtensis, Kard. Hint. Mitt. Berlin XVII. 418 (1928). Fic.—l.c. plt. 8, f. 20. Orc. Descrr.— Differs distinctly from the European form. The inner line on the fore-wing is placed further from the base. The central band is narrow, black-grey, without brown-grey tone. This cross shading reaches up to the reniform. Marginal area grey, paler than in the typical form. Orbicular with a black centre, reniform pale. Hindwings and fringes of both forewings uniformly grey- brown.” Ussuri. ab. betulae, Lenz. Mitt. Munch. Ent. Gess. XIX. 104 (1929). ‘Ts an aberration of the larva not of the imago. They were found THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (851) in Upper Pomerania on birch and it is to be presumed that this form will be occasionally found elsewhere; the larva is of a violet-black colour having warts with white hairs, and a white lateral row of spots ; the lateral hair tufts on the 1st and on the 11th segments are black, the bristles on the 4th and 5th segments are rusty red.” Dr. M. Draudt in Seitz Pal. Noct. Supp. p. 6. p. (52) Add to the List of Forms of A. aceris after line 24, ssp. calceata. p. (62) Add after line 35 the above form. ssp. calceata, Dnhl. Mitt. Munch. Ent. Gess. XIX. 104 (1929). Orie. Descriep.—‘ Ground-colour white with a slight yellow-grey suffusion. Blue-grey tone not apparent. The sprinkling of dark atoms quite feeble, very fine, the markings more delicate than in the typical form, but standing outsharply. Hindwing white, very slightly powdered. The whole appearance is less robust, than the Central European form, the wing shape narrower.” Race of the Southern Abruzzi. p. (53) Add to the List of Forms of A. leporina after line 44 ab. alba, p. (56) Add after line 40 the Original Description of the above form on p. (85). p- (58) Add to the List of Forms of A. megacephala after line 5 the ssp. slumberyert, on p. (85), and the ssp. ankarensis, p. (59) Add after line 25 the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. slumbergeri on p. (85). p. (60) Add after line 18 the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. ankarensis. ssp. ankarensis, Hering, Int. Hnt. Zt. XX VI. 412 (1983). Orie. Descrip.—< It is characterized by the pure white area placed distal from the transverse line, besides from this there goes a double, white transverse cross line to the inner margin.”’ Ankara. p. (62) Add to the List of Forms of A. alni, after line 6 the ab. nigromarginata. p. (62) Add next above the bottom line the Original Descrip. of the above form on p. (86). p. (68) Add to the List of Forms of A. tridens after the last line form ssp. radoti. p. (64) Add after the last line the Orig. Descrip. of ssp. »adoti on p- (86). p. as Add to the List of Forms of A. psi after line 26 the forms ssp. batnana and ssp. tliensis. p. (66) Add after line 3 the Orig. Descriptions of the above two forms. ssp. batnana, Drdt. Seitz. Supp. Pal. Noct. 12 (1931). Fie.—l.c. plt. le. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The general impression is darker; especially the hind-wings ; the outer transverse band is uniformly thick throughout its course, whilst in psi it becomes faint between lower and upper (352) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. median nervures; basal and anal dark-shaped marks are twice as thick as in the name-form, the anterior striga is distinctly double.”’ Algeria, Batna. ssp. tliensis, Drdt. Seitz. Supp. Pal. Noct. 10 (1981). Fie.—t.c. plt. le. Oric. Drscriep.— Very large, both transverse lines are very distinctly double, especially the posterior one is distinctly more dentated and strikingly brown instead of being black, further it is not so sharply marked but more diffuse.’’ Ili, Central Asia. p. (66) Add to the List of Forms of A. auricoma after line 5 from the bottom the form ab. basistriata. p. (68) Add after the last line the Orig. Descrip. of ab. basistriuta. ab. basistriata, Warn. Verh. nat. Heimat Hamburg. 184 (1981). Orie. Desorie.— Ground colour as in the typical form, but with a deep black, long and wide basal streak, which reaches up to the dagger-like mark at the margin.” Near Hamburg. _ p. (71) Add to the List of Forms of A. euphorbiae after line 10 from the bottom the forms ab. debilis and ab. virgata, ab. wanthomista, ab. ottomana, ab. apennina, and ab. korlana. p. (74) Add after line 3 from the bottom the Orig. Deserip. of ab. debilis from page (87) and the Orig. Descriptions of the above five forms. ab. virgata, Dunhl. Mitt. Minch. XIX. 104 (1929). Orniginat Duscrip.—‘‘ Specimens with the outer marginal area darkened and quite strikingly distinguishable from the ground-colour, suggesting the tridens-virga, Tutt.” Scanno; in both generations. ab. xanthomista, Draudt. Pal. Noct. Sup. ILI. 13 (1931). Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. Orie. Descrip.—‘ A single specimen of unknown origin in the Dresden Museum showing yellow-red scales on the transverse lines in the grey-blue ground colour; its orbicular stigma is only a dot.” ab. ottomana, Drdt. l.c. Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. Oxia. Descrie.— Extraordinarily pale grey, finely marked speci- mens from Constantinople in the Pungeler Collection. Very close to these also are very pale specimens, more inclined to grey-blue which form a constant local form in the Abruzzi mountains.” ab. appenina, Drdt. l.c. Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Delicately and yet distinctly marked.” ab. korlana, Drdt. l.c. Fie.—l.c. plt. 1. Ortc. Descrip.—‘ Possibly a genuine species ; it is small, slender, margin oblique, ground colour coarsely sprinkled with black; from. Korla.” The Lowland Races of Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley. By ROGER VERITY, M.D. T had, for a long time, been wanting to make out the lowland races of the butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley, but, notwithstanding the number of collectors which visit that region, I had, curiously enough, never been able to procure the proper amount of materials and information. I was thus very glad to be able to reside there, during some months, in 1932 and in 1933, and to do the necessary collecting and field work myself. (I intend to carry it on in 1934.) My abode was the very comfortable and beautifully situated Grand Hotel des Salines et du Golf, at Bex-les-Bains, where I stayed from 27th June to Zlst August, 1932, and from 1st June to 20th August, 1933. Thence, on every favourable day, I went, either up or down the valley, by rail, or, more often, by motor, to the well known collecting grounds, lying here and there, from the Pfynwald of Sierre to the cliffs of Follaterre, Martigny, Vernayaz, Lavey, to the swampy meadows, the river banks and the lower side-gorges of the Vaud, as far as the Lake of Geneva. The favourable days were, unfortunately, very much reduced in number, as compared with most years, by the particularly cold and rainy seasons I happened to hit on, and this fact is not to be neglected in connection with the aspect of the specimens I have collected, as it may have contributed to produce it in some species. Nevertheless, with constancy and by risking many a trip under threatening storms, or by looking out for sheltered nooks, on days of strong wind, I have been able to put together a considerable amount of material from localities of all sorts, showing the local variations, within the region, in a satisfactory way. The reason which made it particularly interesting to find out exactly the aspect of the various species in the Upper Rhone valley was that it lies just on the limit between the two great zones of Central and of Southern Europe, in which the butterflies are, nearly always, distinctly different from each other. In a general way, the Alpine mass separates, sharply, the lowland races to the north and to the south of it and its waterparting can be taken as the boundary line between these two zones, but I had observed that in some species there did exist evidence of the northern strain, or exerge, having passed over into some Italian valleys and spread down, right to the plain, and I had always wondered whether the same thing had happened to the southern strain or exerge, in the opposite direction. The Rhone Valley was the very place where it would have been most likely to have happened and its climate seemed very favourable (2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. to it, considering the well-known existence, in it, of a few colonies of decidedly southern species, such as Spilothyrus marrubit, Rbr. = boeticus, Rbr., Pieris manni (Mayer) Trti., and Melitaea dejone, H.-G., not to speak of others, such as Hesperia malvoides, Klw. and Edw., H. onopordt, Rbr., Lycaeides sephyrus, Friv., ete. Some species, at least, might have been expected to exhibit characters recalling, to a certain degree, the features of their southern races, such as they do, for instance, in the neighbouring Jura and especially in the region of Geneva, whenee Fruhstorfer has described quite a number of markedly distinct ones in this sense, with clear, bright, colours and dark suffusions and patterns reduced in extent. Nothing of the sort, however, is there to be found. When I worked out my series of specimens by comparing them with those from many regions of Central Hurope, with the aforesaid Jura ones and with the various races of the different valleys on the southern watershed of the Alps, in Piedmont and Lombardy, not to speak of the Tessin, I was surprised to witness that, except for some local peculiarities, to be found in a few species, they all agreed perfectly well with the race, or one of the races, of Central Kurope, to a degree I should never have expected. The waterparting is thus, also in this part of the Alps, a sharp boundary between two perfectly distinct zones, in connection with the aspect of the butterflies. The materials I have collected during several years just across it, to the §.-K. of the Valais, with only Mount Rosa between it and my collecting grounds in the Anzasca valley, are remarkably striking in that respect, by their totally different facies from those of the Upper Rhone valley, and what surprises one is, that every single species should follow this rule: they are all larger and many are real giants, as compared with those of the northern watershed, they are more thickly scaled, richer in pigment, brighter in colour and they are also more boldly marked and variegated, in some cases. ‘To this it can be added that a certain number of species are found in far greater numbers, although some are, on the contrary, scarcer, and several, existing in the Valais, are not found at all in the Anzasca Valley. What accounts for the general aspect of the butterflies in these regions is that the latter is warmer, but particularly damp; the Geneva district is, instead, much drier. As the Upper Rhone Valley is one of the regions most frequented by lepidopterists, the following notes, on its races compared with those of the neighbouring regions, and on the names that should, as far as I can make out, apply to them, may, I trust, be of some use to those who wish to work out their specimens accurately, according to the modern method of distinguishing the races of the various regions. From this point of view it will make it clear they are not to expect anything very different from what is to be found in Central HKurope, generally, as far as the widespread species are concerned. These usually vary very little in that large zone, as compared with the amount of variation they undergo from Geneva and the Alpine waterparting southward. These remarks do not, of course, apply to the Alpine races of high altitudes, which are not intended to be included fully in the following list, although I have, in most cases, mentioned them and compared them with the lowland ones. Owing to their striking features, they LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (8) have been noticed and described ever since the early days of entomology and those of the region we are dealing with are so well known that it would be a useless repetition to include them here. Except for the races of the Hrebia and a comparatively small number of other species, which have been studied more accurately by Fruhstorfer and others, since the beginning of this century, nearly all that is known 1s to be found already collected in the Haune des Macrolépidopteres du Valais of the Chanoine EH. Favre (1899), in his Supplement of 1902, in the admirable summary of the Rev. G. Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switzerland (1908) and in K. Vorbrodt’s Schmetterlinge der Schweiz (1911). These works are as good now as they were at the time they were published and my object in the following List is only to add what 1S necessary to complete them, according to more recent methods of studying variation and views in connection with the use of names. The free and vague way in which these were applied till the early years of this century, when Friihstorfer, Oberthiir and ‘lutt began to show how necessary it was to go back to original descriptions and make use of them, according to their exact meaning, has led to dreadfully misleading statements also about the Upper Rhone Valley. Vorbrodt had got as far as eliminating J. feisthamelii, Dup. from it, and as casting a doubt, by an interrogation, on the existence of lv. semele race aristaeus, B., in the Valais; but precision has been carried considerably further since that time: for instance, the following, as well as others, must be removed too, having been erected for specimens now well known to belong to extremely distinct and highly characterised races, or even exerges, proper to other regions and mostly to the Tbero-African zone, so that even in the other southern zones, such as the Italian one, they do not exist at all, and it would be quite a mistake to speak of transitions to them in the cases of individuals which may resemble them, at first sight, by parallel variation, in certain respects, but which entirely lack their fundamental features and constitutions. Such are: lyllus, Hsp., of C. pamphilus; hispulla, Esp., of E. gurtina ; procida, Hbst., of M. galathea; adrasta, Hb., of S. maera; lyssa, Freyer, of S. megera; nominotypical aegeria, Li. (still believed by Vorbrodt to exist in the lower Valais) ; allionia, F., of N. statilinus ; meridionalts, Stdegr., graeca, Stder., and occidentalis, Stdgr., of M. didyma, occitanica, Stdgr., and aetherea, Ev. of phoebe. In the region we are dealing with there never occur even superficial resemblances, really similar to those insects, and those names have simply been introduced by entomologists, who had only read descriptions in current text-books ; this has been a very common cause of mistakes and one finds the same name applied to individual variations of every region, because the authors of local lists were only acquainted with their own fauna and the original form or race was known to very few. I must also mention the definitive exclusion of N. fagi, Scop.= hermione, Li., from the region here dealt with, on the strength of the anatomical differences in the Jullien organs, by which it has been specifically separated from alcyone, Schiff. and no more confusion or talk of transitional forms to the former can exist any more, as they still did in Wheeler’s time. It will be seen I have been able to do away also with the unsatisfactory doubt, even Vorbrodt remained 1n, concerning the legend of the capture of Melanargia lachesis, Hb., at Bex. I thus hope this List will be a useful contribution and a step (4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. further towards a more exact and complete knowledge of the subject we are concerned in. I owe a word of gratitude to Prof. Matthey of the Lausanne University for the information and the specimens, with which he has kindly furnished me, to Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher of Stroud (Glos.) for his generous contributions of specimens and accurate data, and to Mr. B. C. S. Warren for some information. Nisoniades tages, lu. race subclarus, Vrty.—The few specimens, which I found, still on the wing, in the damp meadows at Bex, till the first days of July, are of a remarkably blackish colour and nearly uniformly so, only three minute subapical white dots and a few faint marginal ones being visible. This, thus, is a perfectly characterised unicolor, Frr., perhaps due to the hot, damp, time of emergence, but, no doubt, this form is not racial even in those particular localities, as it is known to be in Greece and in Asia Minor and as a series from Gédre, in the Hautes Pyrénées, in my collection, shows it to be also there; moreover it must be noted that the uniformly blackish form is only the extreme variation even in these series, whilst the peculiar blackish tone is the constant character, and is, in most specimens, broken by grayish bands and black spots. The few individuals of the II. gen. I met with in the driest localities of the Pfynwald and on the burning rocky slopes of Follaterre on 29th July and on 7th August, did not belong to clarus, Car., as they do, in similar surroundings, in peninsular Italy, but were similar to the swb- clarus, Vrty. of the Isarco valley, in the Upper Adige. This is not surprising, since even the extremely hot and dry spots in the 8.-H. of ‘France, such as the rifle-range of Nimes, fail to produce clarus. Hrynnis alceae, Esp. race alceae, Kisp.—The race of the Alpine region, in general, belongs to the nominotypicalone. The specimens of the II. gen. I found at Bex, on 12th Aug., and at Martigny, on the 10th, in 1933 and, more commonly, in 1932, from 24th July to 31st at Bex and Follaterre, do not exhibit as markedly as my summer ones from Vienna the features Hormuzaki describes in his aestiva: they are not very large, the white spaces are not very pronounced, nor quadrate, and the underside is not as dark and uniform, so that his name can scarcely be applied to them, unless further features, such as the different shape of the scales found in other species, are discovered to distinguish the second generation from the first in a constant way. Spilothyrus altheae, Hub. race altheae, Hib.—This species did not appear suddenly, nor during a few days only, like the preceding and like altheae does, too, at Oulx, 1100m., in the Cottian Alps, on the southern watershed of the Alps. The males of the I. generation began to appear, at Bex, on 10th June in 1933. On 29th June, 1982, I had found a female at Bex, which was evidently the end of the I. gen. ; then, on 9th July, 1932, and on 10th July in 1933, males again began to emerge and a few were found, now and then, till 12th August, but I met with no females. The females of this II. generation, no doubt, emerge later, as they are apt to do in Peninsular Italy. It only differs very slightly from the first, nominotypical one, as figured by Hubner, by the smaller size of most, but not even of all, the individuals. At LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (5) 15.iii.34. Oulx the difference is, instead, quite conspicuous, owing, no doubt, to the greater aridity and heat of the Susa valley in June and July, when the second generation is developing ; in 1925 it emerged there, in a mass, from 6th to 11th August, females included. These specimens of both sexes give the impression of being not more than two thirds of the size of the average nominotypical altheae: the actual length of the forewing, from the root of the costa to the apex, is 18 to 14 mm., instead of 15 to 16; the wings are narrower and more pointed,: the colouring lighter on both surfaces, as a rule, but the white spaces, especially on hindwing, are less pronounced. I think the name of postaltheae should be erected for this summer form. Contrary to what I thought till now, I realise that the first, or, as the case may be, according to altitude and localities, the single genera- tion of some localities of the Western Alps and that of the Pyrenees differs quite distinctly from the nominotypical altheae of Central Europe, as well figured by Hiibner, and must be designated by the name of siccior, which can be applied to the race, as a whole. Its features are a lighter (more gray and less black) and a more variegated upperside, the black and the white spots standing out more sharply, but more especially the very different tone of the underside, which is usually more broadly grey and paler on the forewing and, on the hindwing of a light grey, witha pretty bluish sheen, which recalls that of the first generation of S. marrubii = boeticus, although the white spaces are quite different from - those of this species. Individuals similar to nominotypical altheae by their dusky colouring on both surfaces occur amongst the siecior, but they are exceptional, so that the latter form is quite racial. I take as typical my series of the single generation of the Baths of Valdieri, 1400m., in the Maritime Alps. A series from Porté, in the Pyrénées Orientales, is exactly similar to it. On the contrary a few specimens I have from the French watershed of those Alps (Levens) are quite nominotypical altheae, although a single specimen from Guillaume seems to be an indication that siccior does exist, in some localities, also on that side. The first generation of Peninsular Italy, from Tuscany to Calabria, must now, on the strength of the preceding remark, be more exactly determined, as being similar to floccifera, Zeller, of Sicily, but with a mixture of siccior, so that it can be considered a transitional grade of the same variation, standing between the latter and the former, most extreme one. VS. marrubit, Rbr. (=boeticus, Rbr.) race octodurensis, Obth.—I possess a few specimens, I purchased many years ago from the widow of Wullschlegel, who used to breed this species at Martigny, but I have looked out in vain for it in the likely spots of that neighbourhood and of the rest of the valley. I have asked Mr. Warren, who has collected for years in this region and who is particularly interested in the Grypocera, what he thought of my negative experience: his answer has been that he has never succeeded in finding marrubii either, although he has searched for it most diligently all around Martigny and all the way, down to the Lake, and he believes it could not have escaped him, if it existed there; he has also explored the valley thoroughly from Sierre to Visp, with the same result, so that he says he is convinced it is restricted to the region stretching from Saxon to Sion. Vorbrodt furnishes the information that Wullschlegel had (6) THH ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. found it at Saillon (opp. Saxon) and at Chiéboz, 1841m., above Branson, and quotes the old records of Christ, from Vex, and of Knecht, from Loéche. This seems to be all that is known about it and, possibly, it does not occur at all at low altitudes. Carcharodus lavatherae, Esp. race lavatherae, Hsp.—I have met with single individuals in perfectly fresh conditions from 5th June to the end of July, at intervals of a few days from each other, along the cliffs, from Martigny to Vernayaz and also at the Follaterres, 31st July, and on the Sépey road (27th), and they were all males. This agrees with the general belief that this species has only one long-drawn generation. Kitschelt, in his Siidtirol Grossschmett, p. 60, sustains there is a second one in the Upper Adige, at the end of July and in August, the first being on the wing, there, in May and June. Dannehl has actually described that second generation from Terlano, near Bolzano, and named it chlorotos. In Peninsular Italy, as far as | have made out, there is only one emergence.* is Syrichtus (Hesperia) carthamt, Hib. race valesiaca, Mab. (=valesina, Mab.).—Watrren has very rightly confirmed the race of the Valais to be perfectly distinct from nominotypical carthami and sustained that Mabille’s nameshould beapplied toit as awhole. Havingonly founda few fresh individuals in June, 1988, at Martigny, and old ones on 25th and 81st July, 1932, I cannot say whether that race is exactly the same as speciosa, Vrty. = major, Rebel (homonym) of the Upper Adige, as Warren maintains it. According to Frey, Lepid. der Schweiz, p. 50, the I gen. is “smaller and overshadowed with brown,” and he states it flies in June in the Upper Valais. Vorbrodt and Wheeler state, too, there is a second generation in July and August, but this is evidently produced only in favourable years and it certainly was not in.these two last ones. S. (H.) malvae, L. race elegantior, n. nov.—Reverdin had stated in his original paper on the specific distinction of malvae and malvoides, in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Geneve, I, p. 62 and 68 (1911) that in the Valais and particularly at Martigny he had only found malvoides, and since then, it has heen discovered that malvoides only extends down the Rhone valley as far as Vernayaz and that it is entirely replaced, further, by true malvae (Lavey, Bex, St. Triphon, Sépey), as clearly made out by Warren. Some specimens, collected by Wullschlegel, presumably in one of these localities, were sent by me to Reverdin, who did not hesitate to recognise malvae genitalically. Compared with a large series of specimens from Sweden (Dalby, in Scania) they have a very different look indeed and, if the two were not connected by transitional forms from all sorts of localities in Central Europe, one might think them different species : the Rhone race looks fully one third larger, actual measurements of the length of the forewing being 11 to 12 mw., against 9 to 10, in the * The preceding pages were in the press when the survey of the of generic names of the British butterflies was published by the Royal Entomological Society of London (The Generic Names of British Insects, Part 2: The generic names of the British Rhopalocera, with a check list of British species, 34 pp. 23 February, 1934). In connection with this genus it is stated that Syrichtus, Boisd. is the correct name to use for it, because comma, L. has been fixed as the genotype of Hesperia, Fab. ever since 1816. I will henceforth use, in this list, the names which have been given in that work, trusting it will, as far as if goes, put an end to the unceasing changes, which have hitherto been going on, owing to the lack of a settled rule of action. LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (7) male sex; the fringes are distinctly shorter as compared with the wing surface; the tone of black is not as deep and is slightly warmer; the white spaces are very much less, all being smaller in extent and those of the submarginal row particularly so; the suffusion of white hair at the base of fore and hindwing is very much less conspicuous; the underside of the hindwing is clearer and warmer in tone, the blackish suffusion being very slight and the colour more buff than olive-green, whilst the neuration stands out less and is decidedly yellow, instead of white. All these features are obviously similar to those of malvoides Igen. pseudomalvae, Vrty., with which those specimens would certainly have been confused, if slide N. 2045 of Reverdin’s files had not revealed their true nature. I name this southern race and individual form elegantior. My specimens unfortunately bear no date, but I did not meet with this species, so that they are probably of the spring, and Warren’s statement that true malvae certainly has only one generation in Switzerland is confirmed. As I am dealing with these races, I must point out that the localities, whence I possess the nominotypical one, are England, Holland, Germany, from Berlin to Franconia, and Budapest, whilst my series from several localities in both Upper and Lower Austria are a near approach to edeyantior and contain individuals quite like it ; the Geneva specimens are transitional, but nearer the latter, and a few from Sutshanski-Rudnik, near Vladivostok, in Ussuria and from the Shiotsu River, in N.-E. Corea, quite belong to it. On the contrary, a series from the Yulduz valley, at 2500m., in - the eastern Tian Shan, has a decidedly different aspect from any European one and it is well worthy of being distinguished by the name of asiaeclara: sizeof eleyantior, but with all the white spaces very large, that in the cell and the row beyond it, in particular, being broad and quadrate, to an extent never, or quite exceptionally, seen in Europe; the submarginal row is as distinct as in nominotypical malvae on both wings; the white hairs at base are variable and about inter- mediate between those of the latter and of eleyantior; the underside affords, however, the most striking feature in the pale greenish yellow colour of the hindwings, clouded with blackish scales in some cases, but usually of a pure tone, and unusually uniform, in looks, because the neuration is scarcely lighter in colour than the internervural spaces. Another large series from Chulugaisha, Mondy, 3100m. in the Sajan Mts. of the Trans-Baikal province, is much more variable and can be described as transitional between asiaeclara and elegantior. Eixerge malvoides, Klw. and Edw. race malvoides, Klw. and Kdw.— Warren lays stress on the somewhat surprising fact that this should never be found mixed with the preceding one, even in regions, like the Upper Rhone Valley, which are on the boundary between their areas and where only a few miles separate them. ‘To my mind the explan- ation of it is that this happens because they are not two distinct species, but only exerges, so that, although they could interbreed, they do not, following Himer’s rule that there usually exists strong repulsion and antagonism between very distinct varieties of the same species, which fight and exclude each other. On the other hand, their areas certainly are very different from those of the exerges of most of the wide- spread species of butterflies and, together with those of melotis and pontica, resemble more those of some closely allied, but specifically distinct, Mpinephilidi and Lycaenidi. (8) {THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. I found the males of the II. generation just emerging on 7th Aug., along the stream at the foot of the cliffs of the Follaterres. They belong to the nominotypical malroides of the Iberic peninsular and the south of France and not to the smaller and paler race modestior, Vrty., of Italy. The I. generation can only be psewdomalvae, Vrty., which is the same in all these regions and which is markedly different from the II. one, notwithstanding Warren’s unaccountable statement to the contrary. S. (H.) onopordi, Rbr. race conyzae, Guen.—A inale at Bex on 19th June; males emerging in company with the malvoides, just mentioned, at the Follaterres in 1982 and on 31st July, 1933, and a few very fresh ones also in the Pfyn Wald, near Sierre, on 29th July. ‘The features of the II. generation are not as striking in these specimens and especially in the former as they are in those of Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, which I have named postgenita in the Mnt. Rec. of 1926, p. 104, as the reddish tone of the underside, characterising the latter, is only perceptible in some individuals and not to astriking degree in any ; notwithstanding, the name can, I think, be applied to this generation, as a whole, also in the Valais, because a difference does exist between it and the very cold tone of olive green of the I. gen. What I cannot understand is how Warren can fail to see the peculiar facies of this conyzae race of the Alpine region, as compared with the others of the species. I have never sustained that.it is a-race proper to high altitudes, and not found in the lower valleys of that region, as he seems to think I did when I dealt with it in the Hunt. Rec., 1925, p. 75, but I am always more convinced it does differ, at all altitudes in the Alps, from the subconyzae, Vrty. of the plains of other regions, such as the calcareous ones of Central France, whence Oberthur figures it in his Ht. Lép. Comp., IV, figs. 521-2, and such as Peninsular Italy, whence are my “ types,” from Florence. Oberthiir figures true conyzae from Zermatt and | see no reason to cast a doubt on the origin of that specimen, as Warren does, considering Bainbrigge Fletcher has collected it on the Simplon pass road, between the Ganter Bridge and the 10th Kilometre stone, at 1850 m., on 2nd September. The example of the I. generation, which I| collected at Bex, near the gardener’s house, in the park of the Hotel des Salines, on 19th June, is perfectly identical with Oberthur’s Zermatt one and my series of Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, includes similar ones together with others exactly corresponding with his figures 580-1 of a ‘“‘ type” from La Charnée (Savoy), out of the Guenée collection. The pale and soft grey tone of the underside of the hindwing is the chief feature of conyzae and its II. gen. postyenita, Vrty., differs from it quite constantly, notwith- standing Warren’s negation of seasonal characters in Kurope, by its distinctly warmer tinge: my Follaterres specimens of 29th July, 19838, and of 7th August, 1932, are no exception although they are not as decidedly reddish as my Oulx ones. In the Upper Rhone valley the emergence of the I. generation is shifted to an enormous extent by the state of the weather: in 1933 1t was quite wintery till June and that is evidently why conyzae was still emerging on the 19th of that month, whereas, in favourable years, it emerges, according to Warren, from early April to late May. S. (H.) serratulae, Rbr. race planorwn, Vrty. :—I have not met with this species in the lowlands, but it is known to fly at Sierre and Sion in May and June and Vorbrodt says it was abundant in the Pfynwald in LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (9) 15.iv.34, June, 1910. This author makes a clear distinction between the ‘form of the plains” and the ‘‘form of the mountains,” following that which Reverdin had made in the Bull. Soc. Lép. Genéve, II. plt 4, and quoting his figures 13 and 6, respectively, and he states that his Pfynwald examples belong most exactly to the first, like others he had from Higg, near Zurich. My materials from many regions fully confirm that those two races are perfectly distinguishable, although in some localities they do intergrade, and Warren’s negation of this fact simply shows, together with other criticisms of his, of the same sort, that he is rather too hasty in denying categorically what he has, personally, not seen or failed to grasp. Iam quite of Reverdin’s and Vorbrodt’s opinion and I have named planorwm the form of the plains, in the Hnt. Record, 1925, p. 56. The few specimens | have collected at the Pont de Nant, 1870m. above Bex, on 4th and 18th July, belong to the extreme opposite, mountain, form by their very small size, their minute and less numerous white spaces on both surfaces and their more decidedly cold underside tone: they thus correspond with my examples from the eastern Alps and to [reyer’s description and figures of caecus from ‘“ the Alps of Tyrol,” which should be applied to all the Alpine mountain races of this sort, as they differ very much from the nominotypical serratulae of the Spanish mountains. [S. carlinae, Rbr. race atrata, Vrty.:—Although this is not a lowland species at all, 1 must mention it to record the fact that the race I found emerging at the Pont de Nant, 1870m., above Bex, both in 1932 and in 1933, on 11th August and again on the 13th, when the females were making their appearance, is exactly the atrata one, I had discovered in the Formazza valley, between the Rhone and the Tessin, and I have described and named in the Ent. Rec., 1925, p. 57; the only difference is that some Pont de Nant males have the white spaces of the upperside less minute and not as often nearly obliterated as the Formazza ones, but the very small size and the dirty look of the underside, owing to black scales covering the pale green or the pale yellow colour in patches, between the hehter coloured nervures, are perfectly characteristic. It thus seems to be a widespread race in the northern portion of the limited range of this species and it may be the only one there, as the male from Bérisal figured by Reverdin in the Bull. Soc. Lep. Genéve, Il., pl. 4, fig. 4, falls within the range of its individual variations, although it is not characteristic of atrata, but transitional to the more boldly spotted, on upperside, and more evenly and brightly coloured, on underside, nominotypical carlinae of the French and Piedmontese Alps.| / 8S. alveus, Hub. race scandinavicus, Strand=alticola, Rebel= ryfelensis, Obth.:— The few individuals of this species, I have met with at Bouillet, near Bex, on 24th July, at Lavey, on 9th August, at Martigny, on the 10th, and at Pont de Nant on the 11th were all rather worn, except the females of the latter locality. What is worth noticing is that they all belong most distinctly and thus, evidently, quite racially to the form which is the darkest on both surfaces and which has very small white spaces on the upperside. Warren is thus quite right in saying that this race is neither peculiar to Norway, as believed by Strand, nor to high altitudes, as believed by Rebel, so that the names they have given it are unfortunate. 1 have pointed out in the Bull, Soc, Hnt. de France, 1928, p. 140, that the specimen from (10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the Ryffelalp, in the Valais (8-15 July) figured by Oberthiir in the IV. vol. of his Htudes Lép. Comp., fig. 470-1, and to which he explicitly give: the name ryffelensis, is nothing but the race we are here dealing with, so that it was quite a mistake of his and then of Warren to use it for the peculiar little race of some very elevated localities, which Oberthiir has figured from Larche (Basses Alpes) in his Vol. VII. and which Warren has studied minutely ; | have consequently named the latter warrenensis and this author has agreed I was right in doing so. In my List of the Butterflies of the Cottian Alps (Ent. Record, 1926, p- 104) I have stated that in those Alps sceandinavicus=alticola is found alone at the very high altitudes of Clavieres 1700m., and Sestriéres 2100m., whilst lower down, at Oulx, 1100m., it becomes an individual form, mixed with grandis, Vrty. and with what I then thought was quite the nominotypical alveus. It will be interesting to ascertain whether in the low plains of the Upper Rhone valley it is the only form, as my specimens seem to indicate. Anyhow, I presume, from what I have seen, that it must, at least, be very prevalent and that the name of scandinavicus must apply to the race, as a whole, strange as it may seem that such different surroundings as the Ryffelalp, the hot cliffs of Martigny and the Follaterres and the damp meadows of the plain should produce the same one. This makes it all the more interesting to note that on the Simplon there is, instead, another race. The so-called nominotypical alveus of the French and the Piedmontese Alps, apart from the giant yrandis form peculiar to them, and from the scandinavicus one, which does not vary in the least from there to Austria and Germany, and both of which are often found mixed with it in those Alps, is not, in reality, the form figured by Hubner, but is a first step of variation in the direction of jurassica, Warren, leading, in its turn, to the still more extreme and genitalically different mecaccreta, Vrty. and accreta, Vrty., of the Pyrenees and of Spain. For some time I have been noticing that specimens of the Carnic and of the Julian Alps, of the Schneeberg and of Vienna have a deeper colouring and a deeper tone of black, which is particularly striking on the underside of the forewing, than those mentioned above ; in the latter that surface is always grey and often partly whitish, whilst the hindwings are of a greenish grey and often distinctly warm and bright, but never of the cold, saturated and some- times very dark olive green of the Austrian examples ; it must be added the hindwings have, on the upperside, white spaces which are often very pronounced, whereas in Austria they are always entirely absent or scarcely discernible. One can say that although variations are considerable and partly overlap, the lightest individuals of the Kastern Alps are similar to the darkest ones of the Western ones. If, now, we examine the typical figure 463 of the underside of alveus in Htibner’s great work, we find that, although it is a female and this sex is always of a warmer tone of colour than the male in all the races, the anterior wings are nearly entirely of a deep black one and the posterior wings exhibit bands of a cold and rather deep olive green. My copy of that book is the one Staudinger had selected for his own use and endowed with a manuscript index and both Friedlander and Junk have stated it is one of the few they have seen in which the colouring is absolutely perfect, so that we can take it to convey what the original specimen actually was. As it was German in origin, according to the habitat LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (11) given by Hiibner, its aspect is exactly what might have been expected. It is thus clear that the form and race of the Western Alps described above is decidedly different from Hiibner’s. On the other hand it would not be at all correct to lump it with that of the Jura, as it very rarely exhibits the peculiar quadrate shape of the wings, the prominent yellow neuration of the underside and the other minor features described by Warren in jurassica. I conclude it is quite necessary to have a name by which to designate it and I suggest that of claralveus n. nov., taking as cotypes my series from Cesana, 1300 m, in the Cottian Alps, which consists entirely of this form, instead of its being mixed with grandis and curiously enough, with scandinavicus, as it is lower dcwn the valley, at Oulx. The Simplon race, mentioned above, seems to belong precisely to claralveus, judging from a few females of Bérisal which are in my possession and which differ markedly from all the specimens | have spoken of before from the lower Valais and the adjacent part of the Vaud. ‘Two males, I found at Bérisal on 20th July, and some of a series sent to me by Bainbrigge-Iletcher, which includes several claralveus, are not as distinct as those females, but transitional examples of the kind exist also in my typical Cesana series. A few from the Simplon Pass are all scandinavicus. As to warrenensis, Vrty., it may actually exist on the Ryffelalp, together with scandinavicus, but the confusion which has been made between these forms and their names leaves us, for the present, without exact information about it. -y S. armoricanus, Obth. race armoricanus, Obth.:—Warren has found that this species exists, in the region we are dealing with, at the Follaterres, Branson and St. Triphon and that there is a specimen from Brig in the British Museum collection. As I have not hit upon it, I can only presume the race must be the nominotypical one and not the southern fulvoinspersa, Vrty., on the strength of onopordi and of the races of the butterflies of the Upper Rhone valley in general, which are not their southern ones. V Powellia sertorius, Hoffmans. (=sao, Hub.) race sertortus, Hoffm. :— The first generation emerged in most localities all through June and exactly resembles Hiibner’s typical figures of sertorius by its large size, deep black tone and rather restricted white space, whereas most of my German specimens are smaller, lighter and have these spaces more pronounced. ‘The II. generation emerged at Martigny and at Bouillet, near Bex, during the last days of July and worn individuals were still on the wing after the middle of August. All those I collected belong to the parvila, Vrty. form, I have described from the Upper Adige, with the white spaces of small size and the outer row quite obliterated or nearly so, none to the alioides, Vrty. form, I have described from Oulx, in the Cottian Alps, with the white space in the middle of the hindwing very large on both surfaces and prolonged on the underside into one or two long points and with the outer margin broadly whitish on the underside of the hindwings, so that it 1s evidently a transition to the African ali and it presumably only occurs in dry localities, such as only exist on the southern watershed of the Alps; also in Spain it ig not unfrequent at Albarracin, but it is never produced in the damper Catalonia. VV Carterocephalus (Pamphila) palaemon, Pall. race palaemon, Pall. :— Emerging in the first days of June at Martigny, Lavey and in other (12) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. localities of the plain and at Pont de Nant, 1370m., on 4th July. It varies so extraordinarily little, all over its Huropean range, that there is nothing to be said about its local aspect. Adopoea lineola, O. race lineola, O.:—Swarmed in certain meadows, at Bex, from the end of June to the middle of July and, in a worn condition, till the end. I think the race can decidedly be called nominotypical, but with a tendency to produce a certain percentage of strikingly darker individuals, referable to Judoviciae, Mab. by the very sombre aspect of both surfaces; the latter had already been reported from the Simplon by Tutt and from the Haut Valais by Agassiz. The size is constantly that of the small, nominotypical, race, whereas on the opposite side of Mt. Rosa, in the Anzasca Valley, it is intermediate between it and major, Tutt, and that race has been named intermedia, Tutt, from Macugnaga examples. Adopoea flava, Brinn. (=thaumas, Hifn.) race macta, Vrty. (major, Tutt, homonym) : Quite common in the neighbourhood of Bex and elsewhere, all through July, the females having appeared about the 10th. In this species the race is larger than the nominotypical northern one and corresponds to the description of Tutt’s major, also by its more accentuated black markings. ‘The Anzasca valley race is exactly like it. Thymelicus acteon, Rott., race acteon, Rott. :—I only came across it by the La Batiaz tower of Martigny, on July 10th, 1933, when just emerging, and, as a matter of fact, it is well known to be scarce and restricted to small areas, in Switzerland; Wheeler records: Sierre and several places in the Pfynwald, Brig, above Plan Cérisier, between Aigle and Sépey, Arpilles, Zermatt. The race is the nominotypical one, as it might have been expected, considering even in Peninsular Italy it predominates broadly and it only varies by producing a small percentage of individuals of the rayusai, Vrty. form, with the hindwings entirely fulvous, whereas the latter only becomes racial in Sicily. Hesperia (Urbicola) comma, L. race superalpina, Vrty. :—This species emerges so late in the season that I was not able to secure any females from the plains and I only got males emerging at Bouillet, near Bex, on 18th and 21st August of both 1932 and 1933. Although the races of comma in the Alpine region, such as | have made them out in detail in the Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1928, p. 124, are chiefly determined by the aspect of the female sex, I think it can be affirmed that those males belong to race superalpina, as distinguished from alpina, Bath, in the restricted and exact sense I have given the latter. In the Anzasca Valley this alpina extends from Vanzone, at 700m., to Macugnaga, at 1300. Instead, the aforesaid males of the Rhone Valley, although they are only from an altitude of about 500m., are distinctly more melanie, by the extent of the black pattern on the upperside and by black suffusions of scales on the underside, so that they agree most exactly with my ‘‘co-types ” of superalpina from Bormio, at 1800m., on the Stelvio road. I must mention that at Pont de Nant, 1870m., both sexes were common on 18th August and that they exhibit the next, and most extreme degree of melanism known, corresponding to my race atralpina, described from 1800 to 2800m. on the Ortler and on that road. Instead, at Evolene, at Arolla, and at 2000m. on the Simplon road the race is superalpina. Auytades sylvanus, Esp. race sylvanus, Esp. :—Quite common, more LOWLAND RAGES ‘OF UPPER! RHONH ‘VALLEY. (13), 15.v.34, or less, everywhere in the region; during July, ‘aud ‘belonging to the: usual, widespread, race, as geographical. variation is ng buen nearly nil in Hurope, except for septentrionalis, Vrty.. Since the name of sylvanus, Eisp., is.a homonym and invalid, as the Committee on Generic Nomenclature has just pointed out, it must be added that a substitute is necessary for the race figured by Esper and that it should be esperi, n. nov., whilst, according to that Com-' mittee, the Asiatic venata, Bremer and Grey, is the nominotypical one of the species, and Uchlodes is the correct generic name: | / Heodes virgaureae, Li. race zermattensis, Kallou.—A few males, at the beginning of July, along the foot of the cliffs, from Martigny to Vernayaz. ‘The.single female found, evidently just: emerged at Martigny on 25th July, is so ‘extremely. dark that.it can only be ascribed to this: race of the lower Valais, usually inhabiting high altitudes and readily: distinguishable from montana, M.-Diir, of the Simplon, and’ Brigue, as stated by Graves and Hemming in their excellent little monograph on this species in The Hntomologist, 1928, p. 58,“‘ by the blackish suffusion: at the base of the forewings : on. the "upperside, wines is Pee slightly developed in montana.’ V Palaeochrysophanus* hippothoé, Ly race minus, Vity. to) fomiulee from the golf-links of Bex, one of which:] foundion 18th June, 1933, with its wings still soft, and the other on 9th July, 1982, in-a slightly worn condition, are certainly, perfectly distinct from ¢éurybia, O., as the underside of the forewing is nearly entirely of a clear fulvous and: the hindwing has a broad orange premarginal band, and.also from ‘the nominotypical hippothoé of Sweden and the north, such as ate ‘my Belgian examples, by the lighter tone of the fulvous and of the grey on that surface, agreeing well with my typical mirus of the Pyrenees and with others from Austria, etc. lt will be imteresting to see whether the males have the bright and broad violet sheen of méris, but, queerly enough, | never saw a single one, keenly as I looked out for them all through June and July. / Lycaena (Rumicia) phlaeas, L. race nigrioreleus, Vrty.—Wheeler is right in stating this species is usually met with singly i this region. I have, actually, only found one fresh male'at the foot of the cliffs of Follaterres on ‘81st July, 1933, and one female, which had just emerged on 19th August, 1932, at Martigny. The former is an eeus, F., as restricted by Tutt and by me, but with a very slight trace of: dark suffusion on the forewings; the: female has nearly none and would correspond to! the degree of it, Tutt has called initia; but, on the other hand, it is exactly similar to most of the females of the Anzasea * The dreadful changes in the generic names of the Lycaenidae, which, have been going on for years, have been brought to the climax by Hemming’s revision in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 10, vol. I1I.,.p: 117 (March, 1929), where he concludes that the genotype of the name Lycaena is phlaeas, L., that the names of Chrysophanus and of Polyommatus can, in no way, be used. for the generic groups of ‘‘ coppers,’’ to which they have been applied, and that the name of Loweia, Tutt was not available, because it was already in use for a Rhynchota genus. As there is not much doubt that names will be necessary for these groups, it seems to me that the most practical way of erecting them, so that the new ones. recall the old ones, in future; when texts of different periods are compared, would be to simply add a prefix to the latter and I suggest it should be ‘ palaeo” (=ancient), as most of those names are Greek in origin. The following seem to be required ;—ParakocHRYsoPHANUS, with the genotype hippothoe, L.; Pawaro- LOWEIA, with the genotype tityrus, Poda. =dortlas, Htifn. : aap (14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. and other Alpine valleys, where the males belong to two (eleus, F.) and to three (nigrioreleus, Vrty.), degrees further in the amount of that suffusion, and Wheeler informs us that the form “in which the copper is entirely suffused and the hindwing distinctly tailed’ is very frequent in the Valais; this cannot be aestivus, Z., the extreme melanic form of the most southern parts of Europe and the Mediterranean islands, and it can thus only be nigrioreleus, when eleus is taken in its true restricted meaning of the form in which the copper is left entirely, or nearly entirely, quite clear on the disc. The first generation can only belong to the nominotypical phlaeas, as it does all over Europe, and the third, presumably, to initia, Tutt, as in central Europe, generally. Palaeoloweia alciphron, Rott., race ultragordius, Vrty.—In 19338 both sexes appeared on 28th June and went on emerging till about 10th July, along the foot of the cliffs, from Martigny to Vernayaz; in 1932 I founda couple, still in tolerably fresh condition, as late as 31st July by the La Batiaz tower. Next to race wltragordius, which I have described in the Ent. Rec., 1926, p. 105, from Oulx, in the hot and dry Susa valley of the Cottian Alps, that of the locality here concerned is the — most highly characterized in the same direction of gordius variation : in the male the fulvous ground-colour is of a very light, yellowish tone, which is left quite clear by the total absence of dark suffusion, and there is no, or nearly no, violet sheen; the black spots are very small indeed in that sex and smaller than in other races, except wltra- gordius, also in the female; the underside is of a light grey and the premarginal orange band is narrow and pale. ‘This race thus stands nearer to wltrayordius than to any other and must be included under the same name, although it just falls short of reaching the most extreme facies of the latter. Compared with race yaudeolus, Frhst. of the mountains of the Valais, it differs from it distinctly by its larger size (length of forewing, from base to tip, where fringes begin, 18 to 20mm. in both sexes, against 17 or less), by its more constantly clear ground-colour on upperside and very pale grey underside and by the decidedly smaller size of the black spots on both surfaces, especially in the male sex. The way Fruhstorier has erected his gaudeolus is rather queer: he states, in the original description, that there exists a light coloured female, with small black spots, from Zermatt and the northern side of the Simplon, and that there is a heavily spotted and dark reddish yellow female from Lana (8. Tyrol) and he gives ‘‘ the name of gaudeolus to that of those two races which is not Sulzer’s gordius.”” In September 1920 I wrote to him and asked him what was to be made of this; his answer, of 8rd Oct. was as follows: ‘‘ I have now discovered that the type of C. alciphron gaudeolus is, anyhow, not of the Tyrol, but of the Valais.” Vorbrodt, followed by Gaede, in the Supplement to Seitz, have, thus, rightly applied that name and, as Sulzer figures an enormous female, with very large black spots, one can consider it definitively settled. Some of the giant females of the very fine race isokrates, Frhst., described from the southern side of the Simplon (Iselle) and which I have collected in the Anzasca Valley, are those which come nearest to Sulzer’s, in my collection, but none quite reach its size and large spots. I have recalled the fact (Hnt. Rec., 1926, p. 105) that ‘‘ Bundten ” is the locality given by Sulzer; as it is very, unlikely such a race should be found on the northern watershed of the LOWLAND RAGES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (15) Alps, in the actual Grisons, the most likely one is Chiavenna, which was included with these in that ancient denomination. I possess a female ab. midas, Lowe, from the Simplon (Bérisal or Pass). V Palaeoloweia tityrus, Poda race dorilas,* Hutn., with I. gen. vernalis, Rebel.—My experience confirms Wheeler's remark that this insect is “by no means generally common.” I have only met with it in three places: at St. Triphon, on the banks of the Gryonne, below Bouillet and on the golf-links of Bex. In this last locality it was, however, very abundant. As to its time of emergence, it seems to be variable : in 1932 old individuals were still on the wing at the beginning of July and the second generation emerged in August, the first female only appearing on the 20th ; in 1988 both sexes disappeared entirely about 10th June, but the second generation was on the wing on 28rd July, a female on the next day and both sexes abundant in the following ones. I do not doubt the third generation, mentioned by Wheeler, is produced in most years, as 1938 was anything but a particularly favourable one and, yet, there was plenty of time for another life-cycle. There has been some discussion concerning the aspect of the spring generation and of the summer ones: Meyer-Dir, in his Schmett. der Schweiz, p. 60, sustained the former was larger and the males had “more prominent and sharper marginal lunules on the upperside.” Courvoisier denied this statement and Vorbrodt equally denies, quite rightly, the opposite one of Rebel, in Berge’s Schmetterlingsbuch, p. 63 (1910), that they lack those lunules. The name of vernalis, Rebel, however, must not be sunk, because its author adds, in the description, that ‘the underside is much less yellowish than in the summer generation ” and this is quite true, especially in the female sex, where the hindwing is decidedly white, or of a cold tone of pearl grey, which ig never seen in summer examples, and the whole of that surface has a softer look.. In the Rhone valley the second generation does correspond perfectly to Meyer-Diir’s description of it: ‘‘ generally smaller, ground-colour of male darker, with the marginal lunules partly or, more usually, entirely obliterated,” whereas my June examples are larger and lighter in colouring in both sexes; the lunules of the male are not, however, much more pronounced. The former is the smallest and darkest local race, ascribable to dorilas, Htifn., | have seen; all the females have a dark clouding all over the fulvous of the forewing. None belong to the very common, and often locally prevalent, form of Central Kurope, with the forewing more or less entirely of a clear and bright fulvous, for which the name of phocas, Rott., can very well be used, as its author’s description of the forewings is that they are like those of phlaeas, but of “a reddish orange, with no gloss,’ and as Esper, soon after, gives an excellent figure of that form. Taken in this sense, the name of phocas can be applied to the race of many localities in Northern France, Belgium, Germany and Austria (such are most of my examples from Vienna), whereas the name of dorilas, Hufn., becomes restricted to the darker ones, like that of the Rhone Valley and other localities in the same area, including Berlin, whence were Hufnagel’s types. * The most unfortunate misspelling of this name, which Staudinger started in his Catalogue of 1861 and did not subsequently correct, has spread to the whole of literature since then, but in Hiifnagel and in all the authors before that date the spelling is with an a in the last syllable and not with an 7. (16). _.. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.» | ' It must, of course, be remembered’ that, since Courvoisier has revived the name of tityrus for the species, the nominotypical race. is the one peculiar to Styria and Carniola, whose females are of as deep and uniform a black colouring as the male and only differ from the latter by the large fulvous lunules, which stand out sharply and boldly, as described by Poda; the forewing, thus, becomes similar to the hind- wing; in the male the lunules are either . entirely | lacking: or only faintly visible. . On the southern Watershed of the Alps the aspect of the females again is different, owing to their larger size and to their beautiful, rich and bright, orange colour on both surfaces; also a certain percentage of the males are more warmly and brightly coloured on the underside where their forewing exhibits a patch of pale fulvous, which never exists in dorilas ; this race has been (called, locarnensis by. Tutt; :it is abundant in the Anzasca Valley and contrasts very much. with the dorilas of the opposite side of. the mountains, in the Rhone Valley. = It has a wide range: a large series of specimens of the Vendée, on the. west coast of France, owing, no doubt, to the, mild .elimate of: that region, decidedly belongs to it and only differs, from my examples. of Northern Italy by its slightly duller tone of fulvous:;,,in the opposite. direction it actually reaches Asia Minor and my series, both: from high and low altitudes in Anatolia, are very much like it and do nol oes at all to orientalis, Stdgr. On the contrary, in Peninsular Italy, from Emilia aaatbenaed: race, italorum, Vrty. (1919) =reverdini, Stauder (1921), with its first gener- ation ialanenie Vrty., differs markedly from locarnensis by the ‘much greater development of the premarginal fulvous lunules on both surfaces of the male and by their brighter and reddey colour, usually. accompanied by a richer fulvous suffusion over the, disc of the fore- wing on the underside; the females, on the contrary, are rather less bright, but differ chiefly by the decidedly smaller black markings and by the lesser frequency and extent of the black suffusion over the fore- wing on the upperside, culminating in form fulvior, Stef. I must take this occasion to note that the race of southern Phone exhibits.no signs of connection with the Italian ones, as is, on the contrary, usually the case in the §.-H.; it varies in quite the opposite direction and it can be. considered a first degree of variation from race dorilas of more northern localities, towards the highly characteristic. race bleusei, Obth., of the [beric Peninsula ; what betrays this is chiefly the dull yeliowish white colour which replaces the fulvous, or orange, in both sexes and on both surfaces; the males of dry localities, such as are mine, of 15th August, from Mont Ventoux, in the Vaucluse, also show a strong tendency of the dark ground-colour to turn grey and especially whitish on the forewing, where bleusei actually has a distinct. yellowish-white patch; the premarginal black dots contained in the: lunules of the female are usually larger than in dorilas and this, too, is an Iberic character. I name this race pallidepicta, taking as typical my Ventoux specimens. Others, from Barcelona, seem similar to them. The Gironde females are like them, but the males are of a deeper tone of black. The race of Pajares, 1300m., in the Asturias, as represented by my August examples, are intermediate between the preceding and true bleusei of central Spain: they are smaller than the latter, they have no tails, but the forewing of the male is broadly of a LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONH VALLKY. (17) 15.vi.34. pale yellowish ochre all over its central portion and the female’s eround colour has an ochre tinge, richer than that of pallidepicta, I think the name of praebleusei will be useful to designate this grade. It is instructive to note how bleuser seems to be the primitive form of the species, which has survived, as in many other species, on the Iberic Atlantic coast, after having reached it during the, still subtropical, early Miocene days; the male still retains the aspect of the female. In other regions frigoripetal transformation of constitution has pre- sumably conferred the dark aspect first to the male and then, through forms similar to nominotypical tityrus, to the female, and on to the culminating, very distinct, subalpina, Spr., of very cold mountain localities, in which both sexes have lost all traces of fulvous on both surfaces ; this is perhaps an exerge, rather than a race, although the existence in Switzerland of race brunnea, Wheeler, described from Murren and which seems transitional to it, makes it more difficult to believe in a sharply distinct hereditary constitution. I have found subalpina emerging at Pont de Nant, 1370m. on 4th July, but no females were yet on the wing. Vv Lycaenopsis argiolus, li. race argiolus, L., with II. gen. parvipuncta, Fuchs.=latisquama, Ball_—aA few newly emerged individuals I found at Bex and various localities during the first days of June, and which disappeared very soon after, and others of the II. generation, which were on the wing in August, all belong to the widespread race of central Kurope. The latter have the usual summer features, which Fuchs described quite well and named parvipuncta. I cannot follow Tutt’s and Lempke’s (Lambillionea, 1931, p. 183) criticisms of his des- cription and their conclusion that his name is not to be used for that generation. Some of the minute characters he mentions may be individual, but others are perfectly true and, if the validity of names was to depend on the perfection of the original description, there would not be many left. Ball has the full credit of having discovered the best distinctive character, but, if names were allowed to be altered on this principal, the results would be disastrous for nomenclature. Scolitantes orion, Pall., race metioche, Fruibst.:—It has long been known that the usual Valaisian form is that in which the blue has almost, or often quite, disappeared, and the female is much larger than the male, as stated by Wheeler, who applies Gerhard’s name of niyra to the race as a whole. Frwthstorfer has, later, erected the name of metioche, from the Valais and 8. Tyrol, on the strength of the fact that the males and some females are not of the entirely black form named nigra. In the Anzasca valley this race exists too and it is extremely abundant in the middle of July, whilst a scarcer II. generation emerges in the first days of September. In the Rhone valley I only found a few individuals at Martigny and at Vernayaz during the first days of June. Vv Turanana baton, Bergstr. race baton, Bergstr.:—The usual race, which spreads all the way to Sicily, without affording any geographical variation. Vernayaz, Martigny and Sierre seem to be the only localities from which it is recorded, in April and May and in July. / Tolana tolas, O. race eurysthenes, Krhst.:—My series of specimens agree with the features described by Fruhstorfer from the Follaterres and §. Tyrol, bui those from the latter region are more pronounced. \¢Maculinea arion, Li. race obscura, Frey.:—A few fresh individuals, which made their appearance, in a meadow, at Bex, on 18th June, 19338, (18) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. and on 11th July, 1982, quite belong to the dark races, described by Frey “ from Zermatt to the Stelvio,” and which | possess from many high mountain localities in this region and further east. They do not exhibit the features of tainaron, Frhst. from (type) Tschieboz, 13800m. above Fully (N.E. of Martigny), from the Val d’Kntremonts and from the south side of the Simplon: very glossy blue, large black spots on both surfaces, and broad greenish suffusion at the base of the hindwings on the underside, as in lavanda. Courvoisier and Wheeler have already reported obscura as racial in the lowlands (Sierre and Martigny), whilst in other localities of the Upper Rhone the species is large and light; the latter is more likely to belong to nominotypical arion, whose “type ’’ is Roesel’s figures 8-4 of pl. 45, from ‘‘ Germany,” than to arcina, Frhst. of very dry localites further west (Geneva, Jura, Lausanne, Digne, Allevard), judging from the races of most butterflies of these regions compared with each other. Maeulinea alcon, I. race alcon, F.:—Although this species exists in the localities I have collected in, I evidently have not hit off its very restricted areas, not having seen any. ‘There can, however, be little to say about its local features, because alcon varies very much indeed, individually, everywhere, but no races have been detected, except its extreme southern ones of Italy: race turatiana, Vrty. (=ittalica, Turati, primary homonym) and peninsulae, Vrty ; even monticola, Stdgr., which has been separated racially, is, apparently, unsustainable, as Wheeler remarks very rightly. Glancopsyche cyllarus, Rott. race andereggi, Ruhl. (=alpina, Trti. and Vrty. =maritimalpium, Vrty.):—Some worn males and some perfectly fresh females were still on the wing on the 3rd of June in the park of the Hétel des Salines, at Bex, which is comparatively not far from Lavey, where Wheeler reports it as more plentiful than elsewhere in the Rhone valley. These specimens have revealed to me the unfortunate fact that the race of the Maritime Alps, on the Italian watershed, and of the rest of Piedmont (I have it from Mt. Musiné, near Turin, and from Lake Maggiore), which Turati and I had named alpina and which I had renamed, because of homonymy, should have been referred to andereggi. The cause of this not having been found out sooner is that all text-books present the latter name as applying to the female form of any locality with no blue scaling on the upperside, and Ruhl has been the first to do so in his Pal. Gross-Schmett. His long original description in Soc. Entom., VI., p. 51 (1891), although it only deals with the female, presents it quite differently, as a peculiar local form of the Valais, and includes, amongst its features, the very dark under- side and the very large spots, twice as large as usual and standing out prominently, besides the particularly deep black upperside. Vorbrodt, very rightly, lays stress on the fact that also the male of this form is different from the nominotypical one by its larger size, its broader forewing, its very marked black marginal band and the very large ocelli of the forewing on the underside. All these characters are precisely those we had described in our alpina and the specimens of Bex exactly resemble our “types” of the Baths of Valdieri. Size, however, is not a constant feature anywhere and, both here and in all my series from Piedinont, the remarkably large individuals, character- istic of andereyyi, occur with very much smaller ones, in both sexes ; one of my Bex females 1s, furthermore, quite nominotypical by its LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (19) light, pearl-grey, underside and its usual sized spotting; one or two exhibit a dash of blue scaling at the base of the wings on the upperside. This is one of the few cases in which the race of the Rhone valley is the same as that of the southern watershed; possibly the very early time of the year, in which it is on the wing, has something to do with this exception, as it shifts very much, according to localities and yearly weather, and a great deal of variation in the surrounding conditions is thus avoided, Nevertheless, the race of the Jura, Neuchatel and Geneva, is quite different and it is this one which resembles that of Central Europe, instead of its being the Rhone valley race, as in most species. ¥ Cyaniris semiargus, Rott. race semtargus-montana, Rott.-Meyer Dur, with II. gen. microconia, Ball:—It has been remarked by many that the races of this species are far from definite and sharply distinct and the way names have been erected for the various forms makes it still more difficult to describe them and to apply the latter. Tutt seems to have attained what best could be done in this respect by restricting the nominotypical form and race to that of average size, of a moderately bright and clear blue and with a well marked marginal black border in the male sex; for that with a thin border he uses the name of cmon, Lewin; the very large, clear, bright, blue one, with a thin margin, he calls acis, Schiff. ; the small, or very small, dark blue or violet one, with a broad black border, above, and a dark grey underside is montana, Meyer-Duir. Stauder has lately (Hntom. Anzeiger, 1925, p. 74) pointed out that in the Alps, a much more widespread form than the extreme montana one is what he calls a transition between it and nominotypical semiargus. This is perfectly true, but the particular form he describes in this sense and he names transiens (renamed semimontana by Bollow, on account of an homonymy) is, instead, transitional between montana and the Austrian race acis, Schiff., with which he compares it in his collection, taking the latter to be nominotypical semiaryus; he says, in fact, transiens has the same dark and saturated blue as montana, but ‘‘a very narrow black marginal band, which stands out sharply, and never any discocellular streak,” so that this marked reduction of the black pattern makes 1 the mountain variation corresponding to the large acis of the lowlands. Described in this restricted way sem/- montana is not at all predominant either in the eastern (Stauder’s materials were from the Tyrol) or in the western Alps, but occurs in both, mixea with montana and with true transitions to nominotypical semiargus: I have some from several Piedmontese localities and some of the Baths of Valdieri are so extreme that they even approach acis, although other specimens are quite montana. Following this distinction of the various forms of the species, it can be said, in a general way, that in the Upper Rhone valley semiargus varies comparatively very little, both locally and individually and that its race, there, is, on the whole, one of its smallest and darkest ones. I have found the same one at all altitudes, from that of 1400m. of Bérisal, Champéry and the Pont de Nant, where it emerges during the first half of July, to every locality of the plain, where the first genera- tion was on the wing till the middle of June and the second appeared in the last days of July and went on emerging till I left, on 22nd August. It is a known fact that well characterised montana are never found (20) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. alone below 1800m. The race just mentioned consists, everywhere, in a mixture of montana and of nominotypical semiargus or, more exactly, of its darkest individual form, pointing to montana, for I have not met with a single individual of the opposite one, pointing to cimon or to acis by a lighter and brighter blue upperside and grey underside together with a much thinner black border, such as occurs frequently and even predominantly in the lowlands of central Europe. In the Rhone valley the utmost variation in that direction can only be ascribed to the grade of semimontana, in which, as we have seen, the tone of blue and of grey are the same, or nearly the same, as in montana. The only way to denominate a race of this sort correctly is to associate the names of the two forms which are mixed together, with a large percentage of perfectly characterised individuals of each and some intermediate ones. It must, thus, be: semiargus-montana, Rott.-Meyer-Dir. A rather remarkable fact is that the individuals of the second generation from the dry and hot cliffs of Martigny. such as those I have collected on 31st July, and of the Follaterres, on 7th August, are not only small, but very dark, so that, to the naked eye, they look like well characterised montana and it is only on the strength of the micro- scopical features of the scales described by Ball in that generation that his name of microconia must be applied to them. As to the second generation of other, more usual, surroundings, | detect no difference between it and the first, except the one of the scales, and Vorbrodt’s statement that ‘‘the males are larger, with a lighter underside and paler ocelli,” is not carried out in this region, according to the materials I have put together. Y Aricia ayestis, Schiff. race allous, Hub.-Geyer. :—In all the localities of the plain the first generation emerged from the first days of June till the first days of July and then the species disappeared entirely in the Vaud till 21st August, when several males, which had evidently just emerged, were seen again on the golf-links of Bex and at Bouillet. During the interval I found a few individuals in the Valais, at Martigny (10th August) and at Sierre (29th July, fresh males). I need scarcely mention that the specific name must be agestis, Schiff. and that the one of medon, Hufn., which Tutt had revived, must be again dropped, because it is a primary homonym, very rightly discarded by early authors, owing to the previous use made of it by Clerck in 1759 in the same, inclusive, genus Papilio of those days. The nominotypical race thus becoming again that of Vienna, with quite a fair development of marginal fulvous lunules in both sexes and with quite a distinct seasonal dimorphism (the II gen. is aestivws, Stdgr. and well charac- terised), the race which is widespread further north and chiefly in Germany and in the region of the Alps and which was precisely Hufnagel’s medon, from Berlin, must now be designated by the name of allous. Geyer, in his continuation of Hibner’s great work, very judiciously figured under this same name a male with no trace of fulvous lunules on the upperside, another with these lunules, although they are smaller than in the average nominotypical ayestis, and a female with the lunules a little more pronounced. ‘I'hese figures thus exactly represent the aspect of that race, with the two forms of the male, one always finds associated, and with its sexual dimorphism. As far as individual forms are concerned, Harrison, in 1906, has restricted the name of allows to that with no lunules by erecting the name of semt- LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (21) {5.vii.34. allous for the form which is, to use his own words, “as in P. astrarche, except that the row of red spots above is becoming obsolete.” Jakontov is not justifiable in having erected, in the Revue Russe d’ EH ntomologie, of Nov. 1909, the name of inhonora for specimens from central Russia of the same size as nominotypical ayestis, but with no lunules in the male and with very small ones in the female; these are exactly allous, in its most restricted individual meaning. What led him to do this was Staudinger having identified his own alpina with allous, in the last edition of his Catalogue, and having described them, both together, as smaller than agestis=astrarche. Geyer’s allous is, on the contrary, the same size as the latter and the name of alpina can, very usefully, be kept separate ahd used to designate the very small race found in some localities of the Alps and more especially at high altitudes, where the males are, furthermore, much more frequently entirely lacking in fulvous lunules. Staudinger in his original description of alpina, in the Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, VII. p. 52 (1871) lays particular stress on the smallness of this alpine form and on the males being entirely black, whilst those of this sort, from other localities, are distinctly larger. The race of Bex corresponds exactly with Geyer’s figures in aspect and in average size. That of Sierre (Pfynwald) is smaller and thus similar to the individuals of alpina with the lunules most accentuated. I do not detect any difference between the two generations I have collected and I can only say that some females of Martigny point to aestiva, Stdgr. by a slightly warmer tone in the ground-colour of the underside, but are far from being as fulvous as are many summer examples of Vienna, not to speak of more southern regions. Wheeler’s use of the name calida, Bell. for individuals from that locality of the Valais is, needless to say, the result of the inaccurate way names were applied in those days; it is the most extreme southern form and nothing like it is found anywhere ni Central Europe. Vv Aricia* chiron, Rott. (=eumedon, Esp.) race chiron, Rott.—There is nothing particular to be said about the local aspect of this species, which scarcely varies at all, geographically, in Kurope, except for the dwarf glaciata, Vrty. of some very high Alpine localites. Kirby, Courvoisier and others have rightly established that chiron has precedence over ewmedon. The former has a primary homonym in Papilio chiron, Fabr. (an American Megalura), published in the same year 1775, but Rottemburg’s paper is dated 24th of March and the month of Fabricius’s is not known, so that, according to the Rules of Nomenclature, it is to be considered published on 31st December and it is the latter name which must be substituted by marius, Cramer. Reported from Sierre in mid-June. Lycaeides argyroynomon, Berg. race nivea, Courv., race valesiaca, Obth. [and race calliopides, Vrty., in the mountains].—Courvoisier has described and figured, from the Pfynwald, under the name of nivea, a large race, with a very white underside (J7ris, 1911, p. 103) and Chapman states, in Oberthtir’s Etudes Lép. Comp., Vol. X1V., p. 50, - that he had it also from Bex. It certainly is a striking race, but * The exact generic position of this species has not yet been definitely made out: Tutt placed it, by rule of thumb, amongst the Aricia, but Bethune-Baker has found that the alliance to icarus is evident in the pattern and also in the genitalia generally, though the aedaegus is between Plebeius and Polyommatus, so that he concludes it is best placed in Polyommatus, together with psylorita, Freyer. (22) THE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Reverdin is, no doubt, right in rejecting, at p. 27 of Oberthtir’s volume, the suggestion Courvoisier makes there, at p. 34, on the strength of the difference he has found in the androconial scales, that it is a distinct species from argyrognomon. Reverdin states, at p. 25, that the genitalia are the same as those of the latter. As to the blue female form, with prominent premarginal orange lunules, described from the Pfynwald by Courvoisier and named astragaliphaga by Vorbrodt, it can only be the individual one of race nivea corresponding to the smaller, but similar valesiaca, whose frequency is quite a feature of this region. I failed to find this species in the Pfynwald and I have met with no colony of pure nivea anywhere else, but some of the individuals of the Follaterres and of St. Triphon and Bouillet, near Bex, are a ne&r approach to it, both in size and in their underside aspect. Here they are, however, accompanied by the extreme opposite form valesiaca, Obth. and by complete series of intergrades and the race, as a whole, stands nearer the latter than the former by the small size and the thin underside markings of most individuals and by the majority of females being broadly suffused with blue on the upperside. The I. generation was emerging during the first days of June and I found it particularly, in fair numbers, along the banks of the canals and in the old stone quarry of St. Triphon. The second generation was on the wing at the foot of the cliffs of the Follaterres, by the Branson bridge, on 81st July and the females on 7th August, but, in the Bex district, it only made its appearance, at Bouillet, on 21st August. I do not detect the slightest difference of aspect between the two generations, just as I never have in the southern, Italian, races either. Above Colombey, opposite Aigle, I found a locality, in an old quarry, where, on 6th August, both sexes were just emerging of a pure valesiaca race, constantly small in size and with all the females of the extreme form, entirely covered, more or less thickly, with blue, on which the orange lunules stand out, in a lovely way. This is evidently the form Wheeler reports from ‘“‘ Branson, Sierre, Pfyn”’ under the name of argulus, rey, but such a use of the name will not do at all, for it was given to the pale race of very high and cold localities, where the females are of an entirely different, pale, silvery, blue and the underside is much duller; those he reports from ‘the road to Alpien above the Simplon Pass” may really belong to it, for even at Simplon Dorf and at the Pass many individuals ave transitional to it in colour, although they are much larger, judging from specimens sent to me by Bainbrigge- Fletcher; another little series collected by him at Arolla, 2200m., is a further approach to argulus both in colour and in size. At Bérisal the extent of variation is remarkable: on the whole that race can only be referred to alpina, Berce, but there are numerous transitions to valesiaca in both sexes, including blue females, and some individuals, of very large size, are similar to the maynalpina, Vrty., form, which is racial in some localities of the Susa valley, whence I have described it. In connection with the mountain races, I must add that the one I found at the Pont de Nant, 1400m., above Bex, is neither the true aryulus, Frey, such as it exists, for instance, on the Ortler, nor alpina, Berce, of some localities of the Western Alps; it is perfectly similar to race calliopides, Vrty., defined in the Annales Soc. Hint. France of 1926, from other localities of these same Alps. I noted, there, that it can be regarded as the high alpine race of the peculiar calliopis, B., of the LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (23) lowlands in that region (described from Grenoble) and Oberthur, in his description of valesiaca from Martigny, notes that it can be considered a calliopis with a richer blue colour in the female and a lighter and brighter underside colouring. It thus stands to reason that the race of high altitudes, in the mountains around, should be the one corres- ponding to calliopis too : calliopides is not as pale on either surface or in either sex as aryudus, the underside lunules being pale orange, but not yellow, and the grey ground-colour is darker and not as much broken by white spaces, on the disc, as in the latter. Note: It would be rather remarkable that there should notexist in the Upper Rhone Valley the local, but widespread, species, which has lately been distinguished from aryyroynomon under the names of ligurica, Courv., aeyus, Chapm., or insularis, Leech, and which will have to bear that of ismenias, Meigen, if this group of species is separated generically from arqus, L., as Hemming sustains it should be: in this case ‘smentas, Hoffmansegg, which is a synonym of argus and was described as a Papilio, would not render invalid, anymore, ismenias, Meigen, which was described as a Polyommatus. For the present there is no record of it, I know of, notwithstanding the fact that Reverdin and Chapman examined a large quantity of Lycaeides from this region. ¥ Plebejus* argus, Li. race cretaceus, Tutt.—The way this species is confined to certain spots and scarce in numbers is quite remarkable, as compared with the frequency of the preceding and to the way this one swarms on the opposite side of the mountains, in Piedmont, not to speak of a great many other regions. The only localities of the plain, where I have come across it, are the foot of the cliffs from the La Batiaz tower of Martigny to Vernayaz, where it appeared, singly, between 8rd and 25th July, in the few spots of that hitherto entomo- logically famous track, which the heaps of rock, hurled down by the construction of the new road above, have not buried for ever, and a plot on the left bank of the Rhéne, near Bouveret, where both sexes, already some days old, were on the wing on 2nd July, 1983. In neither of these localities did | meet with the particularly large individuals mentioned from the second by Wheeler, but it is not surprising they should be produced there, because the race 1s cretaceus, Tutt, which is, even prevalently, of large size in many regions; Oberthur figures a couple from Rennes in his Ht, Lép. Comp., 1V., figs. 283-4, showing well the clear blue, the extremely reduced marginal suffusion of black and the light erey underside of the male; such are all my Rhone specimens, except for their smaller size; on the other hand, none reach the minute one of cretaephilonome, Vrty., which I have described in the /ris, 1981, p. 66, from Soulac, in the Gironde. I must record the somewhat unexpected discovery that at the Pont de Nant, notwithstanding the altitude of 1400m. there exists this very race, absolutely indistinguishable from my specimens of the west coast of France and affording a strong contrast with the usual Alpine aegidion, Meisner (=alpina, Wheeler =valmasinii, Perlini) and with * The objections, lately raised by Hemming, to the use of this name in a generic way have subsequently been removed by his recent discovery (The Entomologist, 1933, p. 224) that Plebejus (spelt with a 7) had actually been erected generically, in 1802, by Kluk, with argus, l. as genotype. Hemming is of opinion that the differences between the genitalia of this species and of argyrognomon are of a generic degree. (24) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. altaeyidion, Vrty. (=alpina, Courvoisier, homonym) by its exact resemblance, on both surfaces, to cretacevs. As a matter of fact, its upperside colour and the lack of the black border give it such a different look from the usual Alpine argus that an untrained eye might easily overlook it and mistake it for the argyroqgnomon which fly with it. I have, originally (J.c., p. 59) described altaeygidion from ‘the highest altitudes along the Simplon road,” remarking the couple, figured by Oberthir (figs. 257-8) from Bérisal, are a near approach to it, but not the extreme form found racially at Zermatt, according to Vorbrodt, above 1700m. and up to 2400; the latter has precisely the opposite aspect to cretaephilonome by its deep, violet-blue colour, by its enormously broad black marginal band and by the well marked discocellular streaks on all the wings. The specimens I collected at the ‘“‘ Second Refuge,” below Bérisal, on 20th July, are not this form, but all decidedly aeyidion, Meisner and afford very little variation. Wheeler’s name of alpina can thus only be a synonym of the latter name, because he explicitly states it was extremely abundant at Bérisal, when he collected there, and he mentions no other locality in particular, so that his specimens from that one were evidently those he applied the name of alpina to, typically; although it is but a synonym, it has a nomenclatorial status, since the generic separation of argus from argyrognomon makes it possible to use it in both species, as Wheeler’s alpina was not, originally, a primary homonym of Berce’s, in argyrognomon, the first having used the generic name of Rusticus and the second of /.ycaena. What cannot stand is Courvoisier’s alpina, given to the extreme form and race of the highest altitudes, which I have mentioned above, for it is invalidated by the previous existence of Wheeler’s, and my name of altaegidion must replace it, as I based it explicitly on Courvoisier’s description; when I erected it I thought Wheeler’s alpina was this same form and race, but, now I have personal experience of the Bérisal one, I see it belongs to aegidion, Meisner, as stated above. This species is supposed to have two generations in the plains of Switzerland, in May and June and again from July to September, but I certainly should not say this can have taken place in the Rhone valley during the years I was there. Plebejus sephyrus, Friv. race lycidas, Trapp.—Although it has not been recorded from the actual plain, this species can be included here on the strength of its having been found by Wullschlegel at the Folla- terres on the 22nd of July, 1899, as well as on the little mountain above Visp, to the right of the Zermatt railway, ¢.e., at low altitudes. A List of the Butterflies of this region would, besides, seem incomplete without a mention of this peculiarity of it. I had pointed out in the Ann. Soc. Ent. France of 1927, p. 15, that a change of name seemed inevitable, according to the Rules of homonymy in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, because Meigen had used that of lycidas, before Trapp, for a race of argyrognomon, which was then considered co-generic with sephyrus. Hemming, who has made a special study of the genitalia of this group of butterflies, has, since that time, come to the conclusion that they must be separated into two genera, as I have just mentioned in con- nection with argus. He now kindly furnishes the information, I asked him for, about sephyrus and tells me he has examined its genitalia and. LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (25) 15.ix.34, found them to belong to the genus Plebejus, like argus. The very satisfactory result is that lycidas, Trapp, is no more a homonym of Meigen’s, for they belong to two distinct genera, and they are not primary homonyms either, for Trapp described his as a Lycaena and Meigen his as a Polyommatus. Therefore, if the division into two genera be accepted, the familiar name becomes perfectly valid for the Valaisian insect and trappi, Vrty. a useless synonym. Vv Polyommatus icarus, Rott. race icarus, Rott. with II. gen. ovali- squamosa, Ball.—In all the localities, where I have collected, the race is remarkably northern in aspect, most individuals exhibiting a darker underside tone of grey than many of the nominotypical ones from central Germany, in both sexes, and the II. gen. scarcely differing from the I. to the naked eye, except in that most males are of a slightly lighter grey on that surface, the females show a very slight touch of fulvous in the grey and both sexes have less metallic suffusion at the base. At Geneva and in the Jura, although the same race exists there, it is distinctly larger, brighter and lighter on the underside and the seasonal dimorphism is more conspicuous, as it often is in central Germany. At Martigny I noticed the species: became much more abundant, on the 19th of August, than it had hitherto been and the same thing happened at Bouillet, near Bex, on the 21st; here both sexes had been common till the end of June, but the males had got searce and all very worn by that time. vv Polyommatus (Meleageria, Sag., if generic peculiarities are discovered) meleager, Wisp. race alpium, Vrty.—I have pointed out in the Ent. Record of 1926, p. 120, that the name of steeveni, Treitschke, in use for the black, alpine, form of the female, can, in no way, be extended to any race of the Alps, as a whole, because it was originally given to some females from Russia and Fruhstorfer has shown in the nt. Ent. Zeit. Guben, 1910, p. 56, how different the race from there is, also in the male sex, from those of the Alps. I have thus erected the names of alptwnelara for the race of 8. Tyrol and of alpiwmn for that of the Western Alps, taking as typical some specimens collected by Wullschlegel at Martigny. I found the males emerging there on 25th July and in the Pfynwald on the 29th, those from the latter locality being smaller and of a paler blue. VY Agrodiaetus (= Hirsutina, synonym) damon, Schiff. race damon, Schiff.—At Bouillet and Bex the males began to emerge on 24th July and the females on the 27th. The race compares nearly exactly with the nominotypical one of Vienna, save that the size is slightly smaller and the tone of blue slightly darker and pointing a little more to the lavender tint, which characterises the very small race fer7eti, Favre, of the Val Ferret, which I possess also from Bonneval-sur-Arc, at 1800 to 2000m., in Savoy. - » Lysandra* thersites, Cant.—Chapm. race chapmani, Ball, with I. gen. hibernata, Vrty.—In 1914 (Ann. Soc. Hint. Belyique, p. 179) Ball named the II. gen., on the strength of Chapman’s description, and the I. gen. thereby became the nominotypical one, because Cantener’s figure and his very few words of description covered both generations, * After having replaced the name of dgriades, as wrongly used here by Tutt, because Scudder had fixed orbitulus as genotype, by that of Uranops, in 1929, Hemming has been obliged to again replace the latter by Lysandra (Entomologist, 1933, p. 277) because it already had been used for a genus. (26) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. and Ball was at liberty to restrict the name to the form he liked. Not knowing of this act, in 1919 (Hntom. Record, p. 44) I suggested the inverse restriction and named the I. gen. hibernata, on the strength of the fact that Chapman had discovered the specific features in the II. gen. and originally described the latter, in which alone theandroconial ones exist, because those of the first are exactly as in L. eschert. There is no doubt that Ball’s view is perfectly correct and that, in a general way, hibernata would be a synonym of thersites. As, however, there are, in the first generation, two very distinct extreme forms, both individually and locally, the name of hibernata can be made use of by restricting it to that which usually has the darkest grey underside in both sexes, the black dots smaller and partly obliterated and which is especially characterised by the orange lunules being dull and pale and, in the male, sometimes yellowish ; 1t predoininates in the mountains and the earliest spring individuals often belong to it, also elsewhere. As I based my name of hibernata on Chapman’s description in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, of 8th October, 1914, p. 209, and as this was drawn from specimens of the monogeneutic race of high altitudes of Le Lautaret (2300m:) and from spring ones of the high latitude of Belgium and there can be little doubt that they belonged to the forms and race described above, like my specimens of Sestrieres and the I gen. of Oulx, the use of that name, I propose making, is quite justified. The specimens known to Cantener, were, according to his statement, from ‘‘ the south of France,” and the usual form of the I gen. is, there, the brighter one, more lightly coloured on the underside, with the black dots well pronounced, as in Cantener’s original figure, and especially with vivid and warm orange lunules ; hence, this falls in well as the nominotypical form. My May specimens from as far north as the Vendée (Auzay) and the Deux Sévres (Mollet) belong, distinctly, to it, too, and so does the more southern I gen. of Italy, including the peninsular portion and the Carso, above Trieste, and that of Ak-Chehir, in Anatolia (Asia Minor). A series collected for me in May, by the late Carl Hofer, at Klosterneuburg, near Vienna, is, instead, a well characterised hibernata. If, now, we compare the I gen. of the Upper Rhone valley with the preceding races, we find it decidedly belongs to hibernata too, as its facies corresponds to that we have noted, there, in icarus, in being of a northern and mountainous kind; most of the females are suffused with blue scales to a considerable extent on the upperside, whereas those of the II gen. are not. As to the II generation, it affords the same variations of the under- side as the I, with the difference that they are broader, owing to the fact that they include the considerably warmer, fulvous, colouring of the southern race meridiana, Vrty., in which the seasonal dimorphism is very marked. The next degree of that variation is similar to the nominotypical thersites, as I have defined it above, except for the difference in the androconial scales described by Chapman and for a slightly warmer tinge on the underside, especially in the female sex. The still further degree of variation is, instead, more similar to hiber- nata, save for the usual androconial difference, and it can reach quite the same extreme amount of darkness and dullness as the latter. This last form seems to be the one which should bear more exactly the. name of chapmant, Ball, for both Chapman and Ball declare they have detected no difference, visible to the naked eye, between the generations LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (27) and we have just seen the first generation, they had before them at the time, and they compared the second too, in making this statement, was precisely Atbernata; furthermore, Chapman’s principal series of the II generation were from the French Alps and from the Valais, so that it is very likely they belonged to the darkest form, Anyhow I deem it advisable to restrict the name of chapmani, Ball to the latter, darker, form by erecting that of postthersites, n. nov. for the preceding, lighter one, which resembles nominotypical thersites and only differs from it, apart from the scales, by an average reduction of the basal suffusion of greenish-blue scales on the underside and by a lighter and usually a distinctly warmer tone of ground colour in both sexes. I select, as typical, specimens of the 20th of August from Auzay, in the Vendée, and I have others from Montignae, in the Charente, from the Plateau St. Claude in the Oise, from Paris and from the Mont Ventoux, in the Vaucluse. Some August females from Klosterneu- burg and Bisamberg, near Vienna, can be referred to the same form ; although they are slightly darker on the underside than my French ones, they contrast more with their I gen. because the latter at Vienna is hibernata, as we have already seen. Instead, in the Upper Rhone Valley the II. gen. I collected at Bouillet, near Bex, on 25th July (both sexes just emerged), at Martigny from 81st July to 10th Aug., and at the Follaterres on 31st July and on 7th August, are all rather dark on the underside and belong to chapmani, except a few individuals of a lighter tone transi- tional to postthersites. It will be remembered we have made the same remark in connection with the II. gen. of icarus. Also in the thersttes, as in the latter, a large August series | have from Dombresson, in the Jura, consists of a larger and lighter form than the Rhone one, although, not having any fulvous either, and having a considerable amount of basal, greenish-blue, scaling, it must, notwithstanding that difference, be included in the chapman. These considerations on the variations and on the nomenclature of thersites establish the following races:—(1) race hibernata, Vrty., which is monogeneutic, from high altitudes ; (2) race chapmani, Ball, with IL. g. hibernata, Vrty. and II. g. chapmani, Ball: (8) race thersites, Cant.-Chap., with I. g. thersites and I. 2. postthersites, Vrty.; (4) race meridiana, Vrty., with I. g. thersites, Cant.-Chap. and I]. g. meridiana, Vrty. Besides which there is the transitional Austrian race, between (2) and (8), with I. g. hibernata and II. postthersites, and there are some races peculiar to certain regions, such as the giant centro, Chapm., from the 'l'arentaise, josephina, Sag., from Aragon, and ferdinandi, Sag., from Catalonia. VY Lysandra eschert, Hub. race escherit, Hub.:—All the specimens I have collected in the Pfynwald, at Sierre, on 29th July, and one couple of the 22nd, 1932, and of the 26th, 1983 from the golf grounds at Bex, are, like thersites and icarus of this region, particularly dark on the underside of both sexes; the females are thus quite similar to the one figured by Hubner and resemble it, furthermore, by the unusually large size of the black spotting. According to Duponchel, in a note in Godart, Lép. France, Suppl. 1 (Diurnes), 71, Htibner’s specimens were from the Sainte Baume (Var) and I have remarked in the bull. Soe. Knt. France, 1929, p. 157, that the race from this locality is, on the whole, balestrei. Frhst., but that the dark, nominotypical form, does (28) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. occur there individually. On the contrary, it is quite racial in the localities which are not particularly cold of the Alps, but the Valaisian race of the lowlands is certainly darker than any other | have seen, and so are the specimens I have collected at Bérisal on 20th July. Oberthur has noted that some males of the Ryffelalp, above Zermatt, are quite indistinguishable from his rondowi of high altitudes in the Pyrenees, so that I presume the race, there, is microsticta, Vrty., which I have described from Cesana, in the Cottian Alps, as similar, in some ways, to rondow, but different on the whole and especially in the female, which I possess also from Annot, in the Basses Alpes, and which replaces nominotypical eschert in the colder localities of the Alps. At Sierre I found a fine aberrating female, with the discal row of spots on the underside of the forewing obliterated and those of the hindwing extended into long streaks. Lysandra amandus, Schm. race hispelis, Frhst.:—The Valaisian race of this species, which has been chiefly reported from localities around Martigny, is described as follows by Frihstorfer from “the Simplon region and Martigny’’: ‘very distinct from Vienna males by the deeper blue upperside and the very much broader marginal band of the forewing ; underside whitish and chiefly characterised by the nearly total obliteration of the pale yellowish-red sub-anal spots.” I can confirm that this is quite a distinct race from any other I have seen, characterised by its small size and dull colouring, on the strength of Specimens in the collection of the Lausanne University, which are males, in good condition, dated 26th June, but I have been unable to discover it in nature, although I looked for it in the marshes, whence it was reported by Lowe and by Wheeler thirty years ago, between Vernayaz and Martigny. Prof. Matthey of that University tells me he has done the same for years, at the end of June, quite unsuccessfully too, whereas Warren informs me he has found it near the Sion station, at the end of May, and in the meadows just to the north of the St. Triphon hill, along the foot-path to Aigle, at the beginning of June. Lysandra argester, Bergstr. (=dorylas, Schiff.=hylas, Esp., both primary homonyms) race argester, Bergstr., with II. gen. postargester, nov., and race parvaplumbea, nov., with I. gen. anteparvaplumbea, nov.:—The name of this species must be aryester, because dorylas, Schiff. is a primary homonym of dorilas, Hiifn. we have dealt with at p. 15, the difference of a y instead of an 7 being explicitely considered null by the Rules of Nomenclature, and because that of hylas, given it by Esper, is a primary homonym of Schiffermiiller’s, equivalent to vicrama, Moore, but already no more available, as it had been used by Linnaeus in 1758. Both the Central Kuropean forms and races (the large one has become the nominotypical one, since I have distinguished the smaller and paler one by the name of enervis) and Bergstrassev’s typical figure of a specimen from Hanau have the ground of the underside of a pronounced grey tinge, whereas the corresponding races of the Italian and French Alps are distinctly whiter and occasionally also slightly warmer in tone and often have larger and more vivid orange lunules (macromargarita, Vrty. and micromargarita, Vrty.), so that both of these two names, based on series of specimens from the Maritime Alps and, thus, particularly extreme and southern, can stand usefully. LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (29) 15.x.34, Now, the race of the Upper Rhone valley is constituted precisely by the darkest form of the species, as it is the case in the allied Species, we have dealt with above. There is, as in most regions, a larger form and race and a lesser one, whose forewing measures respectively 16 to 18 and 14 to 16 mm. from its base to the apex, where the fringes begin to appear. The first is nominotypical argester taking, as typical, the first generation I have collected in the damp meadows of Bex, of the Gryonne and of St. Triphon, where both sexes were on the wing till about 10th June and the second generation began to appear on 15th July and went on until I left, on 22nd August. Specimens of 12th July, I have from Celakowitz, in Bohemia, are just like them, but rather larger. The other, small, race I found on the dry and hot cliffs of Mar- tigny, where the first generation actually only emerged at the beginning of July, in 1933, because all the butterflies were extremely late there, in that year, on account of the strong cold winds, which swept that side of the mountains every day during June. Anyhow, the second “generation was not to be seen, in that locality, till the 10th of August and the females till the 19th even in 1982. The latter I select as typical of parvaplumbea. The underside is, on the whole, not quite as dark as in the preceding, but, on the other hand, it cannot be con- fused either with the frailer and paler (on both surfaces) enervis of Vienna, or with the decidedly whiter and brighter micromargarita of the southern watershed of the Alps, although the darkest individuals of the latter do overlap the brighter ones of the former. I thus think the Martigny race should be named parvaplumbea. Spiiler’s fig. 23, on pl. 16 of his Schmett. Hur., gives a fair idea of its size and underside facies. I have August specimens of it from the Grand Saléve, near Geneva, and now, with this new distinction, my Dombresson (Jura) one, which I once referred to enervis, belongs here. The race I col- lected at Opeina, on the Carso, above Trieste, on 25th Aug., is a well characterized one of it; too. The I gen. of the two races just described can be designated by the names of argester and anteparva- plumbea, their chief distinctive character being their broader androconial scales, corresponding to the seasonal difference discovered, in this respect, by Ball in bellargus but less pronunced. In the same way, it will be necessary to use the name of postargester for the II gen. of the nominotypical race, on the strength of its narrower and longer androconical scales, (holotype from Vienna), and that of postenervis for the one of the small race of that region. Vv Lysandra bellargus, Rott. race fuscescens, Tutt, with I. gen. bellargus, Rott. :—The Rule of primary homonymy does away with the change of the specific name from bellargus to thetis, which Tutt had considered it necessary to affect, according to the Rule of priority : thetis, however, is twice a homonym in the genus Papilio of the earliest writers and ‘that is why it had been disearded from the beginning and it cannot be revived here, now, for the species or for a subspecies. No one seems to have noticed, nevertheless, that Rottemburg, in his original descrip- tions, explicitly states bellargus to be on the wing “ at the beginning of June” and thetis ‘in the month of August,” in his neighbourhood, which was that of Halle, to the N.-W. of Leipzig, where the Natur- forscher was published, and not at all Landsberg-on-the-Warte, as stated by Tutt in Brit. Butt. Il1., p. 827. These exact dates, in (30) . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. connection with Rottemburg’s “types,” fix his -names definitely for the two generations of the nominotypical race, for the Rule of primary homonymy does not apply to variations inferior in rank to ‘‘ subspecies ” and thetis can and must be used for the seasonal one; fortunately no name has been erected to designate those generations, although Ball, in the Ann. Soc. Hint. Belgique, 1914, p. 179 and 180, says bellargus exhibits the same seasonal differences in the androconia as those he describes in icarus and I have just described in argesta and although there are other differences, visible to the naked eye, not in all, but in some localities and in a variable percentage of individuals; thus, in the second generation : warmer tone of the underside of the hindwings in both sexes ; lesser extent of the basal greenish-blue scaling ; females less suffused with blue on the upperside; premarginal orange lunules more accentuated. The race I have found from Bex to St. Triphon till about the 25th of June, and which appeared again at Bouillet on 21st August (both sexes emerging) and on the road to Sépey on the 17th, are not quite similar to my specimens of Central Germany and chiefly Dusseldorf, but rather to those of Vienna and of Northern France (Pont-de-]’Arche, in the Kure), in that the II generation is, in most individuals, distinctly fulvous on the underside of the hindwings of both sexes and the markings, both black and orange, are larger and more accentuated, so that they point to the southern etrusca, Vrty.; the latter spreads north- ward to the warmer valleys of the southern water-shed of the Alps, where, for instance, at Vanzone, 700m., in the Anzasca valley to the south of the Valais, I found, on 11th Aug. a little colony consisting of a mixture of perfectly characterized etrusca and of equally characteristic thetis, so that the race could be designated as thetis-etrusca, Rott.-Vrty. True etrusca does not seem ever to be produced, even individually, on the northern watershed of the Alps. The aforesaid intermediate form, pointing to it by its fulvous underside, is evidently Tutt’s fuscescens (Brit. Butt., 111, p. 386) and this is the right name for the races men- tioned above, in which it predominates. It can be taken that Tutt, by erecting this name, together with those of pallescens and atrescens for the lightest and darkest fulvous individuals, has unconsciously restricted the name of thetis to the form in which the hindwing is of the same cold tone of grey as the forewing, or, in other words, to the particular summer form, which only differs from the spring one by the androconial features. A large Aug. and Sept. series of specimens I have from Dombresson, in the Jura, all belong to this form and do not exhibit the slightest trace of fulvous in the male sex and in some females and extremely slight ones in others of the latter sex, so that the true thetis facies can evidently be quite racial in some localities. As a matter of fact, it is so also in race britannorum, Vrty. of Cuxton, in Kent: I have selected my holotype of the latter in a series of paratypes of 26th August, but they do not differ, to the naked eye, from a series of 16th June and of the same locality, which it will, notwithstanding, be more exact to call antebritannorum, owing to the androconial differences. In the same way, the lovely race caelestis, Obth., of the west coast of France, having been described from August specimens, the I gen. should be designated as antecaelestis: my May and June series from Auzay, in Vendée, differs from the August one, in this case, also in that the underside is constantly grey, whereas many specimens LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (81) of the latter are very fulvous and quite belong to pallescens and fuscescens. , In connection with the Valais I must recall the very small alpine race, with a very dark underside and small black and orange markings, surrounded by broad white rings, which I have named inalpina, in the Entom. Record of 1919, from specimens collected by Wullschlegel in the mountains near Martigny and which I possess also from Bergun, in the Grisons, and perhaps from Madonna di Campiglio, judging from a single specimen. Some, kindly sent to me by Bainbrigge Fletcher, of Les Avants, 1300m., Les Pléiades, 1500m., in the Vaud, and of the Grimmialp, 1800m., correspond to inalpina, but a series of the last days of August from Bérisal, although this is at 1700m. of altitude, are exactly like the second generation of the plains and there can be no doubt two generations are produced there. In 1934 I found, at Bex, on the outskirts of the woods, about two hundred yards south of the second tee of the golf-links, a tuft of leguminous plants, upon which I collected each day, from the 21st to the 28rd of June, a very fresh specimen of a male form of bellargus, referable, broadly, to the one named polonus by Zeller and calydonius by Lowe, in Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switz., p. 31, and usually considered a result of hybridisation with coridon. All these three examples, like the two I have from the Apuane Alps in Tuscany and | have discussed in the Hnt. Record of 1920, p. 141, and like another I have collected, since, at Sappada, in the Carnie Alps, actually only point to coridon by the meleager-tone of blue of the upperside ; otherwise, the shape of the wings, the fringe and the underside are quite those of hellaryus and the marginal pattern of the forewing, above, only differs from the one of this species in that it exhibits a series of premarginal blackish dots, either quite detached from the marginal streak or partly blent with it. Herrich Schiaffer’s figure of polonus, which is said to be from a co-type of Zeller, suggests coridon much more by having a broad, diffused, black marginal band on these wings and it thus sustains the hybrid theory, in, apparently, being a grade further in the direction of the latter species, in this respect. My Bex specimens differ from Wheeler’s description of the underside of calydonius, from Montana and the Follaterres, to the effect it is very dark and quite devoid of fulvous (as in my Sappada specimen), in having, on the contrary, a rather light grey one, with a distinct touch of fulvous on the hindwing, like the I] gen. of bellargus. As they, instead, emerged with the last females and with one laggard male of the I gen., which is much darker and has no fulvous, possibly, also that unusual underside colour is due toa coridon strain. Another remark:ible fact, in this connection, is that a few yards away from the polonus plants I found, on the 28rd, a perfectly normal-looking male eoridon, which had just emerged, whereas no other individual was seen there, or elsewhere, till a month later. It makes one wonder whether it might be a heterozygote of the same family as the polonus, the proportion of 1:8 being singularly in accordance with the Mendelian law and the coridon aspect being, if so, recessive to the bellaryus one! All the females I found with the polonus seem to be quite bellargus. V Lysandra coridon, Poda race jurae, Vrty. and race fulvescens, Tutt :— In the neighbourhood of Bex the emergence of the males began on 20th July and that of the females on the 27th. There, and at Martigny (32) {THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. the race can be said to belong to jiw'ae, I have described from Dom- bresson, in the Jura, with the difference that the tone of blue is very slightly richer, the black marginal area, on an average, a little broader and the underside more frequently and a little more warmly tinged with fulvous, forms fulvescens and fuscescens, Tutt, being more frequent ; this is still more particularly the case in the Pfynwald, whence the race can well be designated as fulvescens, Tutt. As compared with nominotypical jurae, the upperside facies of the Rhone Valley one points slightly more to that of the races of Central Europe, whereas the underside one points more to that of *wfosplendens of the particularly warm and dry localities of the southern watershed of the Alps, such as Oulx (Susa Valley), whence I have deseribed the latter. By this last character it thus differs from the Jura race in a parallel way to the second generation of bellargus from those same localities. The race of the Simplon road, at Bérisal, I have collected on 20th July, is, instead, in every way, perfectly identical with my typical series of jurae. It must also be noted that at Champéry, 1400m., at Pont de Nant, 1400m., and at Javerna, 1700m., above Bex, there is still another race, which can be referred to altica, Neustatter, with which it agrees by its small size; the upperside black band is not quite as reduced and pale as in the well characterized series of altica, of Salzburg and of Sulden, on the Ortler, but it is distinctly more so than in jurae and the same may be said of the whiteness of the underside ground- colour and of the smallness of the black markings. I must take this occasion to remark that bieneri, Stauder, is an absolute synonym of altica and entirely different from my alpiumpallida of the lowest and warmest valleys of the Upper Adige, which Bollow, in Seitz’s Supple- ment, wrongly makes out to be a synonym of bieneri. vy Cupido minimus, Fuesslin (Courvoisier has pointed out this is the right spelling of this name and not Fuessly) race minimus, Fuesslin, race alsoides [Anderegg and Boisd. nom.nuda], Gerhard, and race montana, Favre.:—The race I collected in considerable numbers, during the first days of June and then, again, during the whole of July and August, at Bex and at Bouillet cannot be called anything else but nominotypical minimus, of average size and with a fair amount of greenish-blue scaling on the upperside of the male, as one finds it to be the case in most localities. More has been said about the local variations of this species in the Valais than it deserves: a variety has been designated by Boisduval, from there, as alsoides, but not described by him, so that Gerhard furnishes its first description and figures and the information it was discovered by Anderege at Gamsen, which is between Visp and Brig; as a rule, however, it is stated to exist at high altitudes. Tutt, in Brit. Butt., III., p. 110, has made a blunder in connection with the author of alsoides, which he states is Meyer- Dur, whereas the latter actually quotes Gerhard’s figures; it has evidently come from Tutt being under the impression that Gerhard’s Monographie had been published in 1853, whereas the first part was issued in 1850, before Meyer-Duir’s Schmett. der Schweiz, which was published in 1852 (not 1851), as Tutt, himself, discovered later (vol. IV., p. 51). The character of alsoides, to be taken into account, is thus only that mentioned by Gerhard, who simply says “it chiefly consists in large size”’; his figures, in fact, represent the largest form Iam acquainted with (length of forewing 13mm., corresponding to LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (33) 15.x1,34, 25mm. of expanse), and such as I only possess from the hills around Modena, in Emilia, where it is racial and where the blue suffusion on the upperside of the male is broader than anywhere else. This character was added by Meyer-Diir to that of alsoides and was taken up by subsequent authors, but the patches of blue, roughly shown on one of Gerhard’s figures, do not justify this restriction, as their extent is not greater than in the average form of the male, found in most regions. Tutt’s names of wiridescens, violascens and caerulescens are much more to the point, when one wants to designate that form individually, and Favre, in his Lép. du Valais, p. 283 (1899) has erected the name of montana for the association of the “strongly grey-green ”’ feature with the large size of alsoides, such as is stated to be charac- teristic of the race of considerable heights by Frey and others and which Favre describes from the Simplon. According to Wheeler montana is a very usual form also in some lowland localities, such as the slopes above Lavey, in May and June, and I have, in fact, found it at the Follaterres on 31st July. No one seems to have detected any difference, anywhere, between the two generations of minimus. (Cupido (Tiora) sebrus, Hiib. race sebrus, Hiib. :—The determination of the period 1824-1826 for Hubner’s pl. 172, as made out by Hemming in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1931, p. 499, has at last definitely established the priority of sebrus, Hib. over osiris, Meigen (1829). Staudinger, in the IIled. of his Catalog, has discarded Hubner, as the author of sebrus, and credited Boisduval for it; this act is, of course, quite inadmissable: Hubner’s figure 854 is unmistakably the species known as sebrus and validates this name for it, perfectly, although his three other figures on the same plate are certainly semiargus. As stated by Hemming, one can infer it was drawn from a specimen of St. Maximin, in Provence, It represents the average female form, both as regards the tone of grey of the underside and the size of the black dots ; the race I posses from Allos, in the Basses Alpes, and those I have collected in the Rhone Valley belong, more or less, to this form, with ‘transitions to majuspunctata, as described below. In the latter region it has been reported from all sorts of localities, from the Simplon and Zermatt to the Lake. Ihave found the first generation still in perfectly fresh conditions in the earliest days of June from Bex to St. Triphon and the second generation, at the end of July, there and at the Folla- terres, near the Branson bridge. At the Pont de Nant, 1400m, it was emerging on 13th July. I must take this occasion to note that the race of central Italy, from Modena to Macerata, one specimen I have from St. Etienne de Tinée, in the Alpes Maritimes, and some from Klosterneubureer, near Vienna, have a distinctly lighter gray tone and have more minute black spots, some being even occasionally quite obliterated. Meigen’s figure, rough as it is, seems to represent this form and | suggest using his name of ostris for it ; he says he did not know its place of origin, so that we can fix, here, the race of Vienna, which is the most extreme in the sense described above, and of a light tone of blue on the upper- side, like Meigen’s figure, as typical of it. Specimens I have from Fogarasch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, and a large May series from Ak-Chehir, in Anatolia, are, instead, always quite as dark, and often distinctly darker than the nominotypical sebr1s and they are, further- more, characterized by the larger size of the black dots on the underside ; (34) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. I think the name of majuspunctata, n.nov. will be useful to designate this form and race, taking the Anatolian one as typical of it. Everes alcetas, Hoffm. (Illiger’s Mag., 1804, p. 205) =coretas, Ochs. (1808) race alcetas, Hoffm., with I gen. antealcetas,nov. :—The males of the first generation were emerging on 5th June, 1933, at the La Batiaz tower of Martigny ; fresh individuals of both sexes were again on the wing there, at the end of July; also in 1982 I had found them ‘from 25th July to 19th August, as well as at the foot of the Follaterres cliffs on 7th August. Hiibner’s figures 319-21, which Hoffmansege named alcetas, are stated to be of Austrian specimens. Mine, from the Valais, exactly agree with those I have from Vienna in the tone of blue and in the pronounced black marginal streak and dots of the male, as well as in the tone of grey and in the pronounced markings of the under- side of both sexes, but more especially of the female, which agrees perfectly also with that of the female figured by Hubner. I thus take the Valaisian race to be quite nominotypical. The first generation is very small and, in fact, not much more than half the size of the second and of Hubner’s figures, so that I deem it advisable to designate it by the name of antealcetas. The race of the Carso and of Istria, where I have collected it at Portorose, is transitional between the preceding and that of all the rest of Italy, from Piedmont and the Upper Adige, in the north, to the Mainarde Mountains, near Naples, where the species seems to end southwardly. The latter is characterized by a less saturated tone of blue, by thinner black marginal streaks and dots in the male and by a lighter grey and thinner black markings on the underside of both sexes. I propose distinguishing its second generation by the name of dilutior, selecting as typical specimens from Florence, whence I had named diminuta the first generation, which is considerably smaller and slightly darker on the underside. Note: Wheeler’s remark, in Butt. of Switz., p. 44, that the only form he has ever found in the Rhone Valley is coretas, O., males it clear that alcetas, as far as is known, exists alone, there; the nearest localities of argiades, Pall., are Geneva and the Jura. His use of the name of polysperchon, Brestr., for very small individuals of the II gen. would be a mistake even in argiades and is still more so here. Syntarucus telicanus, Lang, race telicanus, Lang:—Wheeler has collected a few records of the existence of this species from the Lake of Geneva as far up the Rhone Valley as Martigny, but, as usual, its chief time of emergence is the autumn and I did not see it, so that I can only presume its race is the widespread nominotypical one described from southern France. Cosmolyce* boeticus, Li. race boeticus, L.:—What has been said of the preceding can be repeated here, save that this species has been met with more frequently than the other, beginning in August and extending up the Rhone as far as Sierre. Callophrys rubi, L. race rubi, L. :—During the earliest June days I came across this species in most localities, but already in worn con- ditions. The race is distinctly small in size and dark in colour, of a * This name, erected by Toxopeus in 1927, is the correct one to use in the place of Lampides, which has been applied quite wrongly to this species, as its genotype is zethus, Hib. (Hemming, The Entomologist, 1933, p. 224). LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (35) deep, blackish brown above and of a dark, bluish green below, so that it exactly corresponds to the Scandinavian one and to the Linnean specimen I have examined. Some individuals have, like the latter, only one white space on the underside, others have a complete row of well marked ones on all the wings. One, I have, collected by Wullschlegel, belongs to the discoloured form piymentocarens, Vrty., which exhibits a cold tone of dark slate grey. v Strymon (Chattendenia) w-album, Knoch. race w-album, Knoch. :—A few specimens, in fresh conditions, I collected on 17th August on the road to Sépey, belong to the invariable nominotypical race found everywhere in Europe, from the most northern to the most southern limits of the species. It is reported from Sion and Sierre, but it is very local. Strymon (Nordmannia) ilicis, Esp. race inalpina, Vrty.:—Well characterized at Martigny, where both sexes emerged at the end of June. At Bex this species only emerged during the second week of July ; along the road from Aigle to Sépey both sexes still existed on the 17th of August, but they were very old. The fulvous patch on the forewing of the males was not as large and clear, in these two last localities, as in my typical series obtained many years ago from Wullschlegel and, no doubt, of Martigny, and also the females are transitional to the nominotypical ilicis of Germany, as figured by Hisper, by their smaller size and lesser fulvous space. Vv Strymon (Nordmannia) acaciae, F. race nostras, Coury. :—Reported from Charpigny and Sierre. I presume it belongs to this widespread race, otherwise the only alternative would be frigidior, Vrty., which I think is not at all likely. Strymon pruni, lu.—Reported from Aigle, St. Triphon, Martigny and Sierre. v Strymon (Tuttiola) spini, Schiff. race spint, Schiff. :—Courvoisier’s argument in the Intern. Entom. Zeit. Guben, 1913, p. 231, that spine is, in Sckiffermuller, a nomen nudum, could only be taker into con- sideration, as in other similar cases, if most of the names erected by that author and which are in the same position, were discarded. One might well ask, for instance, here, whether the biological indication of the food-plant of the larva, which has so well answered the purpose of identifying the species that no one has ever doubted which the name applied to, is not quite as valid, and even more useful, than the few inadequate words on morphological features one so often recognises as perfectly sufficient to validate a name. The race, which exists in large numbers at Martigny, where I collected some fresh individuals of both sexes on 25th July and on 10th August, at Lavey on 9th August and on the road to Sépey on the 17th, is quite similar to the Vienna one: individual size is very variable, but the very large one of race major, Obth., from the Maritime Alps, is never reached and the smallest individuals, which are like the tiny minuta, Vrty., of Peninsular Italy, differ from it by the presence of the fulvous spots on the upperside of the hindwings, which the latter lacks. Thecla (= Zephyrus= Ruralis) quercus, L, race interjecta, Vrty. :— Several very fresh females of 25th July, I found at La Batiaz, curiously enough, with no males, and several fresh males of Sth August, I found at Lavey, all belong distinctly to the race I have described from Florence, (36) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. which is that of Peninsular Italy in general and which I possess also from Ax-les Thermes, in the Pyrenees; they do not exhibit the slightest tendency to vary in the direction of the nominotypical race of England and of Central Europe, all differing from it by the pale and clear tone of grey of the undersides, the reduced black markings and the small and very yellowish orange one and thus pointing to iberica, Stder. Thecla betulae, Li. race betulae, L.:—Probably widespread in the Upper Rhone Valley and recorded particularly from Charpigny, but I did not meet with it until 18th August, at Bouillet, just before my collecting came to an end, no doubt, owing to the fact betulae is on the wing very late in the season in all its habitat. ( Nemeobius lucina, Li. race fulvior, Rocei:—This is one of the few species which does not belong, in the Upper Rhone Valley, to the darkest race of central Hurope. It is rather interesting that in this exception to the general rule, as in the one of G. cyllarus, we have mentioned, the time of emergence should be at the earliest onset of the season, so that the explanation, we have suggested for the latter, would apply to both. The fact is that the race I have found (males all worn, females partly still fresh) in the Vaud, from Bex to St. Triphon, on 2nd, 8rd and 4th June, and in the Valais, at the La Batiaz tower of Martigny, on the 5th, is the same as the one of Geneva. It is large, the black markings are thin, especialiy in the female sex, in which, they are often partly obliterated, in a conspicuous way, and the broad fulvous Spaces are of a bright tone. I have noted, in my short revision of the forms of lucina, in the Hint. Rec., 1928, p. (14), that this form has been described by Rocci, under the name of fulvior, from the Genoese Apennines and that the Geneva race belongs to it. On the contrary a series of specimens I have from Dombresson, in the Jura of Neuchatel, contrasts sharply with it and belongs to the nominotypical form by its small size, thick black markings and pale, dull, tinge of fulvous. Gonepteryx rhamni, Li. race rhamni, L. :—Racially quite invariable from Northern Europe to the whole region of the Alps and to the lowlands on the northern side of the Po Basin; on the southern side of the latter, as, for instance, in Emilia, whence I have specimens of Modena, the southern transiens, Vrty., makes its appearance. At Bex the period of emergence of the male sex began on 20th July and that of the female one on 27th July; from that time onward the species became common almost everywhere in the Vaud and in the Valais. This late time of emergence makes it quite clear that no second gener- ation exists and that the authors, who have spoken of it, have mistaken the two periods of flight (one after emergence and one in the spring, after hybernation and during reproduction) for two generations. Race transiens does have a partial second one, but the full, first one, emerges in June and begins even very early in that month, so that the second one 1s on the wing in August, together with the individuals of the first which had not reproduced in June and July, but had retired to aestivate for a few weeks, before flying for the second time, at the end of the summer, when they seek their hibernating quarters; the fol- lowing spring flight of the latter is thus their third one, whilst the second generation only has two flight-periods. Colias hyale, Li. race calida, Vrty., with I gen. vernalis, Vrty. :— During the first few days of June, 1933, both sexes were common in LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (87) 15.xii.34, the Vaud, wherever I collected, from Bex to St. Triphon, but all were quite worn and so were the few single ones, which turned up during the rest of the month, till early in July. In 19821 found a few fresh males at the end of June, on my arrival. In 1933 I visited Martigny several times in June, beginning by the 5th, but I never saw anything of the first generation and, as a matter of fact, very few individuals of the second one either. The first of the Vaud has, like the second, decidedly no resemblance to the nominotypical northern hyale; it 1s quite similar to the southern one, I have described from Italy as vernalis, or rather, as far as size goes, it is even larger than most of the latter are in Tuscany. Two females, of early July, are distinctly yellow and, although this colour is much paler than in the male, they can he referred to flava, Husz.; a male of the same time of year is a fine sieversoides, Vrty., with the black markings of the forewings reduced to a few marginal dots and to a small sub-apical crescent. At Pont de Nant, 1400m., yale was not on the wing on 4th July, but I collected some small and pale vernalis on the 13th, flying with C. phicomone race alpiumnitida, Vrty. The II gen. appeared in the Vaud at the end of July, but only became plentiful towards the 20th of August; it is distinctly calida by its brighter yellow colour than in any other hyale | have seen from the northern side of the Alps; even the race of the Anzasca Valley and of many localities on their southern watershed are not as bright and belong to the nominotypical northern one. At Bex I hit on a fine uhli, Kovats, specimen, with no trace of yellow spaces in the marginal black band of the forewings. I saw a few Ayale in all the localities, from Sépey to Sierre, I went to. ‘ Colias croceus, Fourcr.=edusa, Fabr.:—In 1932 I only saw two or three individuals in the whole of the region, from the end of June to the 20th of August; on the 21st, just before leaving, I found several males at Bouillet, but they were all quite worn, so that I presume they were immigrants, which were then spreading up the Rhone valley. These belong to the usual nominotypical form. One of the June individuals, which is the only one I was able to capture, is very much larger and suggests that the June emergence is a partial II generation, like it is in Italy, and belongs to ampla, Vrty, for that male corresponds to the fullest size of the latter ; the forewing measures 28mm. in length and the expanse between the apexes is 51 in that Bex specimen; the expanse I gave, in my original description of ampla in the Entom. Record, 1919, p. 87 (it stands in the paragraph on daplidice, by a mistake of the printer, but the correction was made at page 121), is only 49mm., but I have obtained larger specimens, since then, from Tuscany and from Sicily. In 1938 croceus was still scarcer and I only saw two or three individuals on the wing in August. In 19384, after a long spell of fine, warm, weather in May and June, it was, on the contrary, quite frequent in the Vaud at the end of the latter month, mostly in perfectly fresh condition and emerging on the spot in some places, such as the meadows north of the St. Triphon hill. At Bex I observed females ovipositing at that time. Many of these, but not the majority, were decidedly of the large ampla form and some also exhibi- ted the yellower hindwing, owing to a lighter greenish-black suffusion, which in Italy is predominant in and characteristic of the II generation and hardly ever seen in the others. A very large female, I purchased (38) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. from Wullschlegel and which must be of Martigny, is the specimen most similar to Oberthiir’s ‘‘ type”’ of helictna I have ever seen: it is like an helice, but with the white replaced by very pale sulphur or lemon yellow. Leptidea sinapis, L. race bivittata, Vrty. trans. ad sinapis, L. with I gen. lathyri, Hib. :—On the 2nd of June, when I began to collect in 1983, most individuals of both sexes were already worn, but a few went on emerging all through the month and some were still on the wing in the first days of July, more or less, everywhere at low altitudes. At Martigny, however, the emergence occurred later and mostly in the second half of June, so that on the 28th many females were quite fresh. At Champéry, 1400m., the earliest males were appearing on 8th July. The first generation consisted nearly entirely of perfectly typical lathyri, as figured by Hiibner, but I met with a few examples, which had a very light grey apical patch and which were therefore similar to cana, Vrty., described from Tuscany; I have seen no tendency to variation in the opposite, niyrescens, Vrty., direction. The mass of the second generation emerged from the 10th to the 20th of July, but a few fresh males were to be met with even in August and females as late as the 20th, both at Bex and at Martigny. The race is, quite constantly, of the usual size of nominotypieal sinapis and I did not find a single individual attaining that of magna, Vrty., which prevails broadly in the second generation of the southern, Italian, watershed of the Alps, beginning as near to the Valais as the Anzasca Valley, the mountains around Lake Maggiore and the plains of Lombardy. Individual variation is very broad and in a large series of specimens I collected at Bex these can, according to the aspect of the underside, be divided into three principal groups: One with a very extensive grey suffusion all along the sub-costal portion of the fore- wing, nearly to the apical part, with two broad grey bands across the hindwing and with suffusions of grey partly connecting them and covering the base and the inner margin; this is the nominotypical form of sinapis, such ag is prevalent in the north; on the upperside the black apical patch is very large, shaded in outline and accompanied by two or three little grey streaks, below it, on the outer margin. At Bex 80% of the males belonged to this form. Another form has much less grey on the forewing and the hindwing is crossed by two bands, or occasionally by one and a more or less incomplete second one medially, which stand out more or less sharply on a clear ground colour, whilst on the upperside the black, apical, patch is rounded and sharp in outline; this is bivittata, Vrty., quite similar to my typical specimens from damp localities in the Tuscan hills. At Bex 60% were of this form. The third form is diniensis, Boisd., with the underside of the hindwings uniformly white and no grey markings; this covered the remaining 10%. On the strength of these proportions it seems to me the correct way of designating the race is the one mentioned above ; it distinguishes it both from race bivittata of Tuscany, in which the nominotypical sinapis form does not occur, and from the nominotypical sinapis race of the north, in which bivittata, on the contrary, does not occur, or does so in a minority of individuals, and in which variation extends, rather, in the opposite, darker, direction, producing the next degree transiens, Vrty., transitional to the spring form lathyri. The few specimens I obtained in a single day’s collecting in the Pfynwald, LOWLAND RACES OF UPPER RHONE VALLEY. (39) near Sierre, on 29th July, seem to suggest a larger proportion of small diniensis, on those dry grounds, than on the damp meadows of Bex, but nominotypical stnapis existed there, quite commonly, all the same. In this connection it is noteworthy that there are quite distinct differ- ences from one year to another in the same locality: for instance, at Vanzone, in the Anzasca Valley, the mayna I collected in 1924, when the early summer was rainy there, mostly have the bivittata underside, whereas those of 1928, which was very dry, have no black markings at all on the underside (diniensis) or a single thin streak (form monovittata, Vrty., which is racial on the Tuscan coast in some localities) ; this confirms the fact that the series of various degrees in the development of the pattern from diniensis to lathyri, is entirely due to the influence of the surroundings. Anthocharis cardamines, Li. race cardamines-montivaya, Li.-Trti. and Vrty. and race ? turritis, O.:—I was rather surprised at witnessing the emergence of a few individuals of this species all through July, the last fresh male being caught on the 31st, in 1932, at Bex, where it seemed localised to the outskirts of the wood on the southern side of the golf-grounds, and the last, perfectly fresh, female at the Branson bridge, under the Follaterres on the same day in 1938. I did not see a single individual anywhere else in the Vaud or Valais localities I visited, except between Vernayaz and Martigny. Some of my speci- mens, from Bex, are quite similar to the nominotypical Scandinavian ones, which are the usual form all over Central EKurope, but more than half are transitions to, or entirely characteristic of, montivaga, Trti. and Vrty., described from Valdieri, in the Maritime Alps: they are of unusually large size, with more elongated wings; the orange patch stretches nearly to the middle of the cell and shades into a yellow zone, which, in some examples, reaches the root of the wing; on the underside this happens in most cases ; the green pattern of the hindwing has, in montivaya, a peculiar look, because it consists chiefly of rough bands on the neuration, radiating from the cell outwardly and the minute transverse streaks between them are greatly reduced. In the Bex specimens of all sorts the green has a very dark, blackish tinge. A few specimens I have, collected at Martigny, in May, by Reverdin, are quite different: they are of the smaller, usual, average size; the wings are shorter and broader; the orange patch barely surpasses the discocellular black lunule and there is no yellow beyond it medianly; it thus is a perfectly characterized turritis, O., like the topotypical ones I have from the Veneto, and not to be confused with the corresponding southern form, which is, in other ways, transitional to the more extreme phoenissa of the east and racial in some localities of Peninsular Italy, the Balkans and Asia Minor (turritiferens, Vrty.). Euchloé ausonia, Hb. exerge simplonia, Freyer, race flavidior, Wheeler :—Although I was on the look out for this species, on the 2nd of June and in the following days, in its haunts, from Bex to St. Triphon, where Wheeler says it is common in some years, at Lavey, and from Vernayaz to Martigny, I did not meet with a single specimen, so that it had evidently emerged in May, notwithstanding the excep- tionally cold weather of 1933, which had delayed most of the other early butterflies. In 1981 Ashby found it emerging along the “ grand canal’’ of St. Triphon from 21st to 24th of May. Through the generosity of Prof. Matthey I was, however, able to secure a nice series (40) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. of specimens, collected by him on Mt. Autan of Martigny on 5th May, 1915. These plainly show that flavidior is nothing else but stmplonia, Freyer=marchandae, Hiib., which spreads down to the plain in this region and gets slightly modified in aspect in some individuals and more considerably so in others by the change of surroundings. That this should happen is not at all surprising, considering the number of mountain species, which descend, in the same way, to unusually low altitudes in the Rhone valley, beginning by the quite extraordinary cases of callidice and of aello. It is particularly interesting and instructive to note that the features of /lavidior are transitional to those of the south-eastern races (graeca, romana, krueyeri) and more parti- cularly to the race of the Veneto, very similar, if not identical to graeca, with which simplonia is most directly in contact also geographically. I have pointed out, in the F'nt. Rec., 1928, p. 169, that Iam convinced Hiibner’s figures 582-3 of ausonia represent a female of the Veneto race, which Marzola of Vienna would very naturally have obtained, because the Veneto was then part of Austria. I do not believe it can represent a mountain specimen, as believed by Rothschild, who sinks simplonia and marchandae as synonyms of ausonia ; Geyer, himself, was the first to notice and illustrate the differences between them by figuring and naming marchandae soon after ausonia. According to Hemmuing’s latest researches on the dates of issue of Htbner’s plates, marchandae is, however, to be considered published in 1832, so that sinplonia, Freyer, of 1829, has precedence over it. Apart from questions of nomenclature, the transitional forms of flavidior, even resembling, to a remarkable degree, the second emer- gence of the §.-E., such as romanoides, Vrty. and trinacriae, Trti., by the thinness of the green pattern and by the prominent bright yellow nervural streaks of the underside, seem to demonstrate very clearly that simplonia cannot be considered.a distinct species in and by itself, as some -have maintained it is, but must be grouped with the south eastern races, from which it differs, at most, in being their glacial exerge: The question as to whether this group, as a whole, is specifi- callytlistinct from the south western one cramert, Btl., hitherto called belia, must be discussed from other standpoints, which I have worked out at lefioth in the Annales Soc. Hntom. France, 1929, pp. 851-5, con- cluding they are not species, but exerges. / Pontia daplidice, Li. race daplidice, L.:—I saw a few individuals on the wing, here and there, in the Vaud and several in the Pfynwald, near Sierre, on 29th July, but I was unable to secure any specimens. Anyhow, it is well known that the I gen. is constituted by bellidice, O. (certainly not found in other generations, as Wheeler states it is, evidently making a confusion with small individuals of other sorts). In the Anzasca valley, at Vanzoue, 700m., as well at at Macugnaga, 1300m., where it was worn and it must have flown up, I have found the II generation, of the middle of July, consists of a large form, refer- able to eapansa, Vrty., in colour and pattern, although not reaching the giant size of some southern localities, so that it seems extremely probable the Rhone valley race should have the same aspect. At Vanzone the III generation makes its appearance on the last days of August and the first days of September, so that the same thing can be All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents Nor to send us communtcations IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at the time of sending in MS. Articles that require InLusTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR defrays the cost of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Listy el Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr, Hy. J, Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam, Duplicates.—S. Andrenaeformis, Bred 1928, well set on black pins, with data. Desiderata.—Very numerous British Macro Lepidoptera.—J. W. Woolhouse, Hill House, Frances Street, Chesham, Bucks. Desiderata. —Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection; list sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot. Duplicates. —Albimacula*, sparganii*, Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. ExcHaners.—Living Eggs of Catocala fraxini and sponsa, exchange for butterflies of British Isles.—C. Zacher’ Erfurt, Weimar, Street 13, Germany. Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety, Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others. Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera, Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea vy. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road, Kingston Surrey. Duplicates.—A large number of species of Huropean and Palaearctic Rhopalocera and Heterocera. Desiderata.—All British species especially those illustrating characteristics of an island fauna. Dr. Lor. Kolb, Miinchen 54, Dachauer-str. 409, Germany, and Franz Daniel, Miinchen, Bayer-str. 77, Germany. Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science, Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria. Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A. Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon. Iam seeking an opportunity of exchanging Macro- and Micro-Lepidoptera with English collectors and beg to send list of duplicates.—J. Sojffner, Trautenau (Bezirksbehorde), Bohemia, Tschechoslowakische Republik. Duplicates.—Well set British Lepidoptera all in perfect condition about. 200 species. Desiderata.—Living larvae : please send list of species obtainable. —A. Lester, 2, Pembury Road, London, N.17. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. —Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.E.S., to Stanfoid-le-Hope, Essex : L. D. Wakeley, to 15, Berkeley Place, Wimbledon, S.W.19: B. C. 8S. Warren, F.R.E.S., to 3, Augusta Mansions, Folkestone, Kent. W. Parkinson- Curtis, to 17, Princess Road, Bournemouth. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS. Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7. 8 p.m. January 10th, 24th (Annual Meeting). The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. January 16th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hombiower:s 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY Published every Two Months Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/38. All communications to be addressed to :— WM CRAWFORD? BA eEAR E'S, 5.2.9.5) Mons Secy: ORISSA, MARLBOROUGH PARK SOUTH, BELFAST. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Wm. Fassnidge, Dr. Verity, Capt. K. J. Hayward, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J. Turner, A. H. Martineau, W. H. Hdwards, H. Donisthorpe, O. Querci, H. B. D. Kettlewell, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, Rev. G. Wheeler, Rev. E. B. Ashby, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher, Dr. G. 8. Robertson, Capt. C. Q. Parsons, J. C. Hawker, Rev. H. B. Ashby, and Reports of Societies. All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam. IMPORTANT TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS. BAGK VOLUMES OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. (Vols. I-XXXVI.) GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—NLifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidue— Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp. GONTENTS OF VOL. II. Menanism anp MurranocHroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on VaniaTIon (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taeniocampa opima —Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian- thaecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen- clature and the Acronyctidaec—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from— Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Yanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E. 3. to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1. = JnP Date Due 3 2044 114 198 385 = ener ESN ie yet ay a gn ae