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OF THE
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ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED BY
MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N.,
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., EkEcS: 2 EZ Scan aR ES:
F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E:S.
Je 2 "COLLIN, LE; E.B-E:S- ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A.,
F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

T. BETHUNE- BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus,

and

HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.HS.,
Editorial Secretary.

VOL. XLIX. (new series).
JANUARY to DECEMBER 1937.

PRICE 12s 6d.

Special Index (with every reference) 1s 6d.

This, to us, eventful year has passed, and we can truly say that we
have maintained our position. The completely unforeseen and unex-
pected decision of our printers to retire from business at very short
notice was a shock, which appeared to portend disastrous eventualities
for our continuation. However, all is well that ends well, and we have
apparently regained our steady pace, after the inevitable period of ir-
regular appearance. We hope that in the coming year we shall be able
to publish quite regularly and that we shall be able to continue the Notes
on Collecting from our various correspondents. We have been pro-
mised some very special information for dealing with micro larvae by
our contributor, L.T.F. We wish to thank all our contributors for
their help in sending us matter, but we ask for more and more short
notes on special points, and would lke our attention to be called to
interesting items affecting entomology for our Current Notes. With
best wishes for the coming season.—Hy. J. T.

ae Pans for Vol. 49 (1937) are now que. |

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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD |
AND

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Hprrep Matcoum Bor, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BaInpRicGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.8.,
Miththe BK. A. Cockaynn, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.B.E.S.
F.R.C.P. H. E. Paags, F.R.@.s.
assistance of J. K. Connin, J.P., F-R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.
H. DonIstHoRPE, F.2Z.8., F.R.1.8. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8.

Editor Emeritus.—G. T. Brraunt-Bakmr, F.Z.S8., F.R.E.8.
By Henry J. TURNER, F.2.4.8., F.B.H.8., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.
An unusual Freak of Lycaena bellargus, Rott. 1775 erate I.), T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.L.S. as a ie 1
Orthoptera in Britain in 1936, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., FRB. ‘
BKuplecti as Myrmecophiles, H. Donisthorpe, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., etc. a 4
Random Notes on Argentine Collecting. 3. The Riverain Forests of the
Chaco-santafecino, Kenneth J. Hayward, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. 5
An Extract, Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. .. ae ay 8
Notes on Conttectine.—Does Myrmecozela ochraceella, ee occur in
England? 7. Bainbrigge Fletcher ote ue : a ae 9
Current Notes .. as ee ae Ar pe = af rs 10
REVIEWS .. = fe ss se se oe ae ae Oe 11

SupeLEMENTS: British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. II (73)-(76)
Butterfly Races of Macedonia, Roger Verity, M.D.,F.R.E.S. (9)-(12)
Sprcran INDEx.

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Vol. XLIX. Plate I.

The Entomologist’s Record.

LYCAENA BELLARGUS
1, 3. Freak, upper and underside.

2, 4. Normal, upper and underside.

gwmologists 2,

JOURNAL OF VARIATION.

AND

WGines 20h IDSee Sia.» Ns JANUARY 15tH, 1937.

An unusual Freak of Lycaena bellargus, Rott. 1775. (Plate I.)
By T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.L.S.

On 24th June, 1936, I found at Rodborough, Glos., a very unusual
freak of Lycaena bellargus, male, shown on Plate I., figures 1 (upper-
side) and 3 (underside). Both upper- and undersides are abnormal.
On the upperside the blue colour appears darker than usual, this effect
being produced by a sprinkling of black scales over the whole surface.
On the forewing on the exterior fourth of the costa these black scales
wholly replace the normal blue and the whole of the terminal area_is
similarly black over a variable distance, towards tornus about as broad
as length of cilia and increasing irregularly towards apex, where the
black margin is abou’ twice as broad as length of cilia. On the hind-
wing the black edging is broader than normal but not developed: to
such an extent as on the forewing.

On the underside the normal ground-colour (grey on forewing,
grey-brown on hindwing) is replaced by chalky-white and on both
wings the basal spots are completely absent. On the forewing the
discoidal spot is conspicuous, semilunar and black, without any trace
of the normal white edging; the normal series of seven submedian
spots is represented by elongated patches of brownish scaling and the
normal series of subterminal ocellations by pale smoky-brown streaks
along the veins: cilia with reduced patches of darker shading on tips
of scales. On the hindwing the discoidal spot is represented by a
narrow transverse streak of brown and black scales across the cell ;
between veins 7 and 8 is a conspicuous elongated black streak, not
reaching base of wing, and between veins 6 and 7 is a shorter similar
streak, these two streaks being apparently produced by a fusion of the
ocelli (three between veins 7 and 8 and two between 6 and 7) normally
found in these positions; the other normal submedian spots are absent
except the last (ninth), which has become a short black streak followed
by an elongate patch of brownish scales extending to dorsum ; but
the subterminal ocellations are represented by small patches of orange
scales edged anteriorly with blackish brown and throwing out short
pale smoky-brown streaks to termen.

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S REVORD. 15.1.1937

This specimen seems to represent a curious combination of
characters. On the lower side in some respects it recalls ab. striata, of
which Tutt (V.H. Brit. Butt. IL]. 851: 1909) wrote that the finest
specimen was that figured in Hntom. XX XIII. 281 (1900) (reproduced
in Tutt, t.c., t. 42 f.16), but in that form the streaks are well-developed
on the basal half of the wing, whereas in my specimen the streaks are
well-developed on the outer half of the wing and all markings unusually
obsolete on the basal half, in the latter respect recalling ab. obsoleta,
Tutt, but it is very distinct by its chalky-white ground colour. As
regards its upperside 1 have never seen any specimen with such well-
developed black marginal markings. It seems to be an unique freak
and as such I do not give it a name or consider that such a purely
individual form should be named. My specimen, so far as the under-
side markings are concerned, is more like the ab. of semiargus figured
by Tutt (¢.c., t. 42, f. 26) but in that the streaks are more produced
towards base, reaching the discoidal spot on forewing. The figures of
underside aberrations of L. icarus in Tutt, Vol. LV., t. 11, ff. 18, 14, 17,
may also be compared, but all these have the basal spots more or less
developed on at least one wing. The general similarity of these forms
in different species, however, is noteworthy and suggestive of a cause
in common to all of them.

The Plate gives a very good idea of my specimen. Iam indebted
to Dr. H. Eltringham for his excellent photographs, which have been
well reproduced by Messrs. Siviter-Smith.

This freak was found on a stony hill-side in a place fully exposed
to the sun all day except in the very early morning. ‘This same spot
also yielded several examples of the ab. ovbsoleta, Tutt, on the same day
and on the next day. I suppose that these unusual forms are produced
directly by a high temperature, probably from pupae which are formed
under or near stones which become greatly heated by the sun’s rays.
A good proportion of the obsolete specimens have the wings more or
less crumpled, a fact which Tutt also noted in the case of L. coridon
(V.H. Brit. Butt. LV. 4: 1910): “ one often finds that a very slight
amount of crippling is accompanied by loss of spotting on the under-
side, or by change in the normal spotting,’ and Tutt suggested that
‘“‘ the obsolete markings have, in some manner, a causation in physical
weakness’ (p. 7). As these obsolete forms, both of bellargus and
cortdon, 10 both of which they occur here not infrequently, are found
during or just after hot spells, it seems permissible to suggest that they
are caused in the manner indicated above. ‘The freak, described here,
had only a very slight crumpling of one forewing (flattened out in
setting) but was otherwise in perfect condition, but I doubt whether it
’ would have flown naturally, as it seemed decidedly weak when found
about noon and was moribund by the evening. I have heard it stated
that these extreme forms are boycotted on the wing by normal indiv-
iduals, but it would seem that any apparent boycotting is more probably
due to the physical weakness of the aberrant individuals rendering
them unable to compete with the normal ones.

ORTHOPTERA IN BRITAIN IN 1936. 3

Orthoptera in Britain in 1936.
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.

The past year, in spite of the execrable weather, has been an eventful
one for Orthopterists in Britain, asit has seen the addition of one very
distinctive species to our list, an isolated occurrence of another most
surprising one, and the confirmation of one of our greatest rarities.

The addition is, of course, Conocephalus fuscus, Latr., which Dr.
Blair recognized among material taken five years ago in the Isle of
Wight. It will probably be found in many other suitable localities.
Collectors should keep their eyes open for this, and for the macropterous
var. burri of the better known C. dorsalis.

The surprise is Caloptenus italicus, L., a female of which was
recently reported from Ballard Down in Dorsetshire by Mr. J. D.
Cowper. This is so unexpected that special effort should be made next
August to find if this species is really established there.

The rarity confirmed is Acrydium bipunctatum, L., the northern form
of our familiar A. vittatum, Zett., which has been for so long known
under the name kiefferi and bipunctatum. This northern form, the one
described originally by Linnaeus, and later by de Sauley as krausst,
has much shorter antennal sezments than the central form, and once
seen is unmistakable. It was on our list on the strength of a specimen
without data in the British Museum and two from Abernethy in the
Cambridge Museum. Now I have pleasure in recording that Mr. Roger
Waterston has taken a series at Clackmannan Forest, in south
Perthshire, which is not far from Abernethy. In reply to my 8.0.8.
of a year ago, I have received specimens of Acrydium from the Outer
Hebrides (Barra), from Argyll and Invernessshire, but they are all A.
vittatum, as are all English specimens that I have seen. ;

No other occurrences of special interest. Mr. F. H. Lancum, in
‘The Shooting Times,” records in Devonshire a blindworm eating
Tettigonia viridissima, which is reported by Mr. Kimmins to have been
vociferous along the coast from Herne Bay to Reculver in the summer.
Mr. Paul Freeman has taken Metrioptera brachyptera, L., in Burnham
Beeches and M. roeselii, Hag., at Billericay. This was on hilly
country, about sixteen miles from Southend, the furthest record from
the coast that I have heard of.

I have had little chance of field work myself, but managed to find
a sinele male Ph. cinerea, L., and Lept. punctatissima in oak in a hedge
near Dorney. Grasshoppers were few and far between, and it was only
by hard work that I was able to find a few odd individuals of the
commonest species, Ch. bicolor and Ch. parallelus, near Dorney.

In August I spent a day collecting in Donnington Park, in
Leicestershire, where I hoped to find something interesting, but all I
came across was about three Ch. parallelus and swarms of common
earwigs on the trees.

On 14th August I was able to steal an hour on Rushmere Common,
near Ipswich, where I found a few straggling M. maculatus and one or
two Ch. bicolor.

A great adventure for me was an hour or two with sweep-net and
bottle, under brilliant sunshine, on 27th August, at Aberlady, in
Haddingtonshire, my first day out in Scotland, I was directed to the

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19387

place by Dr. Stephens of the Royal Scottish Museum, and it certainly
looks splendid collecting ground. It is the mouth of a burn, which
runs out into flats through sand dunes, on the coast. It is particularly
rich in birds. There were plenty of redshank, and green, ringed and
golden plover. There were terns about, though I did not see the
roseate, which occurs there. But I did see three ravens out for a stroll
on Gullane golf-links. I was puzzled for a time by small flocks of
birds that looked the size of starlings with the same flight, until I
realized that they really were starlings. What had puzzled me was
their note, for these feathered monkeys were imitating the melancholy
whistle of the Redshank, which is numerous along the burn. There
was a small camp of boy scouts, whose latrines provided immense
flocks of flies, but of other insects there were few. Of Orthoptera, by
dint of patient search, I was able to find about half a dozen specimens
each of Chorthippus bicolor, Charp., and Myrmeleotettia maculatus, Thunb.

Some interesting new localities have been noted for common species
by the expedition to Barra, in the outer Hebrides, organized in 1935
by the Biological Society of the University of Edinburgh. The results
of the expedition are very interesting and well worth reading (Proc. R.
Phys. Soc. XXII. Part 5). The common earwig was found abundantly
all over the island, Acrydium vittatum, Zett., two females, and Omocestus
viridulus, L., was generally distributed through the island, but not
so common as Myrmeleotettia maculatus, Thunb., which is abundant.

Iam hoping that my little book will fulfil its purpose, which is to
stimulate interest and work. It has begun its function by producing
the record of C. ttadicus. I hope orthopterists will crop up all over the
country, especially in outlying districts, and send in their notes to The
Entomologist’s Record.

Euplecti as Myrmecophiles.

By H. DONISTHORPEH, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., ete.
(Department of Entomology, British Museum, Natural History).

Although the species of Huplectus in general are not considered to
be regular Myrmecophiles, or, as Wasmann puts it, they appear to be
only accidental ant guests, still, I think, as the evidence below will
show, they are rather more than that. They belong to the Pselaphidae
of which many species in the World are regular guests and, indeed, only
found with ants. Moreover, as so many of them are frequently found
in company with ants, and occasionally in large numbers, it is evident
that they have gone a little further along the road towards becoming
regular guests than just, what I have ealled. experimenting with the
myrmecophilous habit. I find I have taken some ten species in
Windsor Forest alone in company with ants, and in some cases in
considerable numbers. The following is a list of the records I am
aware of where species of Huplectus have occurred with ants :—
Euplectus punctatus, Muls., with A. (D.) brunneus in ash trees, Windsor

Forest 9.vii.26.
Huplectus tomlini, Joy, with A. (D.). brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest 15.1x.36.

RANDOM NOTES ON ARGENTINE COLLECTING. 5

Euplectus karsteni, Reich., 8 with A. (D.) brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest 28.vili.36, 2 ditto 1.1x.86.

With A. (D.) fuliginosus (Waterhouse) Fowler.
With Ce Ase ie He (Rouget) André.
With Formica rufa von Hagens, and Kraatz.

Euplectus nanus, Reich. With A. (D.) brunneus in oak tree, Windsor

Forest 1.ix.26, ditto 15.1x.36.

With Tpaiee rufa, von Hagens, and Kraatz.

With A. (D.) brunneus in company with Huryusa sinuata and
Batrisodes schwabti, Reitt. Paskau, Reitter. .

With A. (D.) eee and Ff. rufa (Markel) André.

Euplectus sanguineus, Denny, with A. (D.) brunneus in ash tree,
Windsor Forest 25.vi.25.

Kuplectus piceus, Mots., with A. (D.) brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest 15.11.28; with A. (D.) fuliginosus in hawthorn, Windsor
Forest, 24.ix.30; several with brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest, 28.viii.36. |
With Formica rufa, Parkhurst Forest, Fowler.

With Leptothorax acervorum, F. in oak branches, Wytham Park
(Collins), Walker.
With A. (D.) emarginatus (Markel) André.

Euplectus nitidus, Fair., with A. (D.) brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest, 11.vi.30.

Euplectus brunneus, Aubé, with a Myrmica in elm stump, Wytham
Park (Collins), Walker.

Euplectus afer, Reitt., v. infirmus, Raff., with A. (D.) brunneus in ash
tree, Windsor Forest, 25.11.25, 29.vi.25; ditto in considerable
numbers, 9.vil.26, and 9.vil.27.

Euplectus signatus, Reich. In ants’ nests, Fowler.

In hundreds in a small F’.. rufa hillock, Dutch Limburg, Wasmann.
With A. (D.) fuliginosus and F. rufa (Markel), Aubé.

Huplectus acanthifer, Reitt., 3 3 g¢ and 4 9 @ with A. (D.) brunneus, |
Corfu, Reitter. Reitter and Wasmann consider it to be a regular
brunneus guest.

Euplectus fischeri, Aubé. Only with Formica rufa, von Hagens and
Kraatz.

Euplectus ambiguus, Reich., with F. rufa, Dutch Limburg, Wasmann.
With F. rufa (Markel) André.

Euplectus tuberculosus, Tourn., with small red ants.

Euplectus sikorae, Wasm., with Ponera johannae, Forel, Madagascar
(Sikora), Wasmann.

Bibloporus bicolor, Denny, with A. (D.) brunneus in oak tree, Windsor
Forest, 4.v.24.

With small ants, André.

Random Notes on Argentine Collecting.

3.—The Riverain Forests of the Chaco-santafecino.
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.
To the north of the Province of Santa Fé, along the western bank
of the great river Parana, lies a stretch of low ground some twenty-

five miles wide, that for want of a better term I always nen to as the
river forest.

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.19387

Forest in the accepted sense of the word it is not, but rather a wild
waste of low ground, intersected by many streams and backwaters,
and studded with innumerable lagunas, the dry land everywhere
covered with the tall sword-grass and dotted with clumps of forest or
creeper-covered cane-breaks, liable to inundation when the rivers run
in flood.

To me, whilst I lived in that part of the country, this region was
the most interesting of my hunting grounds. Rich beyond dreams
with bird life of every kind, the rivers and lagunas teemed with fish,
their placid surfaces covered with floating camalote and water hyacinth
and the great Victoria lilies on whose leaves the Boa curuyt basked in
the sun. Here too were many strange insects, and at night myriads
of fireflies lit up the weed-covered waters like a fairy Venice, The
portion that I knew best lay between the Rio Paranamini and a more
stagnant backwater known as the Pindé at a point where these two
streams formed an island some two miles wide and two or three
leagues in length, where one could zig-zac amongst the lagunas or
follow the streams as one pleased.

As it meant a journey of some thirty miles to reach this spot, I
was accustomed to spend long days there, when I had the chance to
visit it, arriving soon after sunrise and leaving only when nightfall
was approaching and on many occasions I camped along the rivers for
shorter or longer periods.

I am afraid its greatest attraction was the magnificent wild
shooting and the extraordinary mixed bag that at times fell to one’s
sun. Amongst the long rough grass one found both the large and
small tinamous and an occasional hare and in the woodland wild
turkey, charata (Ortalis canicollis) and at least six species of pigeon.
But undoubtedly the greatest interest lay in the lagunas with their
population of water loving birds that swam on the surface or fed
along the muddy flats. How great was their variety may be guaged
from the fact that no less than sixteen species of duck and teal
and about an equal number of the snipe family, Scolopacidae, are
mentioned in my notebooks. To these one must add the numerous
brightly coloured kingfishers, the storks, cranes and ibis, whilst in the
forest belts one found bright plumaged parrots of several species and
hundreds of lesser birds whose colours ranged from black to pure white,
from yellows and vivid reds to the more sombre browns. It will be
long before the beauty of a flight of pink-breasted flamingos as they
flew leisurely across the reddening sky of an early dawn, fades from
my memory, nor once heard, can one ever forget the long drawn out
“‘ chah-hah”’ of the “ crested screamer ” that floating down from the
blue vault of heaven reaches one with such purity of tone and seems
symbolic of great open spaces and of days, when only the Indian
roamed the forests and pampas of this land.

In the spring the sunlit forest glades and river banks became a
coloured carpet of purple petunias, of pink and scarlet verbenas, golden-
yellow daisies, the white flowers of the wild tobacco plant, and a host
of other wild blossoms, whilst the trees and bushes were covered with
trailing mauve and pink convolvuli.

At this period the dark Papilio perrhebus mingled with the yellow
Catopsilias and common Vanessids, Colias lesbia, the common Hrynnis
species of the Hesperiids with many of the long tailed Goniurus and

RANDOM NOTES ON ARGENTINE COLLECTING. 7

Chioides catillus and Codatractus aminias. Terias deva flew amongst
the bushes intermingling with the shade loving Huptychia of which at
least four species abounded. On rare occasions a flash of brilliant
metallic blue would disclose the magnificient Pseudolycaena marsyas,
but I searched in vain for the common Heliconiids of which at least
H. erato {. phyllis might have been expected.

Later in the season with the increasing heat the flowers in great
part disappeared and the vegetation became dry and burnt up and
fewer butterflies were to be found. Collecting amongst the tall sword
grass and in the little open spaces that one found amongst it, where
the turf was short and where a beautiful dwarf yellow iris flowered, one
found Hamearis chilensis and H'pulus signata and occasional specimens
of the very local Riodiniid Hmaturgina bifasciata, the typical lightly
marked form, that differs so greatly from the form I have since taken
in Entre Rios and from the specimens I know from Cordoba, where
the markings are so expanded that they almost cover the wing to the
exclusion of the ground colour.

In mid-summer when the Ubajay trees shed their soft yellow fruits
and they lay fermenting on the ground, it was worth while paying a
visit to these trees since a great number of fruit-loving beetles,
especially Cerambycidae and the small Nitidulidae were always to be
had, and many wasps and flies.

Another fruit that attracted an enormous number of flies was that
of a bush called locally arichi-chu. The fruit is small and when ripe
the husk-like covering splits exposing the bright carmine flesh and flat
black seeds. Birds soon clean out the flesh, but the husk with its
brilliant interior colouring continues to attract insects for several days.
Many beetles also frequented the ripe fruits of certain large Opuntia
that one occasionally came across on the higher ground.

On one occasion, whilst exploring a very dark patch of forest,
I startled a large insect of some six-inch wing span, but was unable to
capture it, nor did I get a long enough view of it to be able to say for
certain what it was, and whilst it was probably only the common
Hrebus odora, or another of the very similar large black moths that
one finds commonly in the darker Misiones forests, yet there always
remained the hope in the back of my mind that it might have been a
Caligo, a genus of which I never took a representative in the Chaco-
santafecino. In this same tract of woodland one sometimes found
Ageronia februa, and on certain days I have heard their “ clicking” at
a distance of over forty yards. They delighted to rest on the rough
bark of a certain fallen and decayed tree from which they would rise a
dozen at a time as one approached.

Precis lavinia was generally very common in the district and at
times little less than a plague, nevertheless the dark infuscata form
was always very rare. In May of 1928 after an extremely wet late
summer and fall I was collecting between the Pindé and the Para-
namini one day and was surprised to find that out of some twenty
eight specimens of lavina taken, practically every one I saw, no less
than twenty five were of the infuscata form, whilst a fortnight later
the same experience was repeated though only very few of the insects
remained on the wing. This fact coupled with later observations
seems to indicate some connection between excessive dampness during
the early stages and a preponderance of the suffused form.

8 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.1937

In the forest hereabouts ane used to find a great number of the
giant webs of a social spider, probably Aranea socialis. During the
daytime the spiders, which often numbered many hundreds in a single
colony, formed themselves into a living ball, which varied in size
according to the number of spiders present till at times it was nearly
as large as a football. When I first saw these balls of spiders in the
trees | mistook them for the nests of the camuati wasp (Polybia sp.).
On close examination one finds what at first sight had appeared one
gigantic web is in reality composed of many hundreds of individual
spider’s webs all depending from a series of main threads. So large
are the combined webs that they often completely block a forest path
or stretch for several yards across the forest glades. Each individual
web is owned by a single pair of spiders, and at dusk they may be
seen hurrying to take up their positions for the night’s hunting. At
first there is great activity whilst the day’s damage is repaired, after
which they remain quiet until some unfortunate insect blunders into
their section of the web. Just before daylight they retire once more
to the shade and ‘‘ ball up” for the day. To see these huge webs at
dawn when the dew-drops on them glisten like gold in the soft rosy
half-light that, as the first rays of the sun top the horizon, changes

~ for a few moments the whole aspect of the forest till even the waters

of the lagunas appear flushed with pink, is a sight worth going far to
see. But to walk into one of these webs in the darkness is quite
another story, for in a few seconds one is covered from head to foot
with hundreds of startled angry black and red spiders that take no
little time and patience to remove.

But apart from the birds and insects, this riverain’ forest contained
many species of water snails, fresh water mussels and razor-shells,
some of extraordinary size, that could be picked up along the vivers
and by side of the permanent lagunas. ‘There were gaily coloured
frogs and ugly toads, snakes and small mammals and iguana. Along
the rivers and in the lakes the Caiman sclerops abounded sometimes
reaching a length of nine or ten feet. Nor was it impossible that one
might come suddenly on the little ‘‘guasuncho”’ deer or the larger
‘‘ ciervo’’’ or even the shy “‘ carpincho,”’ largest of the rodents, and on
one memorable occasion { chanced to see a troupe of black monkeys
that screamed at me from the tree tops.

Thus as one returned after the day’s outing and saw dimly the
cattle huddled closely around the flickering smudge fires highted to keep
off the hordes of mosquitos, when all the grassland and forest seemed
alive with twinkling fireflies, there was always much food for thought
and fresh memories to be pigeon-holed away or later writtten up in
one’s notebooks.

An Extract.
By HORACE DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete.

My colleague, Dr. Malcolm Burr, bas lent me the book ‘ An
Almanac for Moderns’’ by Donald Culross Peattie: George Allen and
Unwin Litd., London, as there are various short chapters on ants to be
found init. This note is not in any way a criticism on the book,
which appears to me to be written in a very pleasant style, but to call

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 9

attention for the following passage on page 45. It is very nice to find
someone, who appreciates Lubbock at his true value. Tomy mind the
one blot on the History of the Entomological Society of London, 1833-
1938 is that no mention is made of Lubbock, one of its greatest men,
if not even its greatest man :—

‘ Aprin TorrtietH.—On this day in 1834, was born in London Sir
John Lubbock, first Baron Avebury, one of the most delightful souls
who ever ornamented science. He came out of the class out of which
naturalists beyond the purely amateur and personal sort are least to be
expected—the English gentleman who is trained at Eton and makes
his way in the City, the banker, peer, chairman of committees on
coinage, monetary reform, shop hour regulations, open spaces, public
libraries aad bank holidays.

It is not surprising that such a man should be the author of The
Pleasures of Life, The Uses of Life, The Beauties of Nature. But his
Ants, Bees and Wasps, which seems to be no more than a notebook
kept wisile observing these social insects in the artificial observation
nest which he invented, is, in reality, the very stuff of science. It is
builé up page by page of the intensive watching, often minute by
minute, the ingenious and controlled experimentation by which alone
true knowledge may progress. We see him experimenting on the
color sensitivity of bees; we find him in an Italian railway carriage
with a tame, educated wasp! And it in no way detracts from the
charm of his book to have him break off sometimes with a notation
that he was called to London at this point, and we imagine him
journeying to some philanthropic public undertaking.

Lubbock was also an excellent botanist, with an instinct for picking
up the pieces that purely systematic and formal botanists often neglect,
such as seeds and seedlings, and making first class biology out of them.
But it is his book on ants that I read repeatedly, and each time with
an increasing fondness for the kindly old man behind it all.”

J OTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Dots MyrmecozELa OCHRACEELLA, TENGSTR., occUR IN HiNGLAND ?—
Apparently it does not, but perhaps some of our readers can give
definite information. Meyrick (Rev. Handb., p. 820: 1928) states :—
‘Hants, Perth, local, perhaps overlooked.” Stainton (N.H. Tin, XIII.
50: 1873) wrote:—‘‘I believe it has also occurred in the New Forest
in Hampshire,’ and this is presumably the origin of Mr. Meyrick’s
statement. It is of course well-known from Rannoch, where it has
been recorded by Stainton, Barrett (H.M.M. I. 46: 1864), Blackburn
(H'.M.M. III. 117: 1866: and IV. 1389; 1867), and Metcalfe (Hntom.
LI. 222-226: 1918), and from Rothiemurchus Forest, Inverness-shire,
by Woodbridge (Hntom. LILI. 286-237: 1920). Donisthorpe (Guests
of Brit. Ants, pp. 108-109: 1927) gives further records from Rannoch
and says definitely that ‘in Britain itis only foundin Scotland”. The
Wood-ant is common in this district and I have often made myself
unpopular with its colonies by scratching the nest gently with a stick
in the approved manner, but hitherto with no result as regards J.
ochraceella, and it seems rather more than doubtful whether this moth
really occurs in England at all.—T. Bainpricer Fietcuer, Rodborough,
Glos. 11th December, 1986. .

10 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1.1987.

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

Some use For ‘“ Jazz’’!— According to a telegraphic message in The
Times of 28th October, Jazz music can save the Japanese Silkworm
Industry from the great damage done by a parasitical maggot, as jazz
music played on a gramophone drives the maggot deep into the
body of the silkworm, where it dies of asphyxiation in less than half-an-
hour. Se non é vero, é ben trovato. We do not blame the maggot for
trying to escape from jazz even at the cost of suicide! But, prevention
being better than cure, the next step apparently is for a Japanese
musician to compose jazz music which will keep the parent fly too busy
dancing to have time or energy left to lay its eggs.

A Meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Friary Hill,
Weybridge, on 8th October, 1936, Mr. H. Willoughby Ellis in the Chair.
Members present in addition to the Chairman—Mr. H. Donisthorpe,
Mr. Jas. E. Collin, Dr. Harry Eltringham, Mr. W. J. Kaye, and Mr.
R. W. Lloyd. Visitors present—Dr. K. G. Blair, Dr Karl Jordan, Mr.
W. Rait Smith, Mr. E. C. Bedwell, Capt. N. D. Riley, and Mr. W. H. T.
Tams. The Members and Visitors arrived in the early part of the
afternoon and were received by Mr. and Mrs. Willoughby Ellis. The
party divided between the House, Garden and Museum, where, in
addition to the collections of British Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, a
practically complete collection of British Hemiptera-Heteroptera was
on view. ‘Tea was served in the Lounge at 4.30, after which the
company again interested themselves in the Library and Museum.
Supper was served at 6.80 and after an interesting day the company
dispersed about 11 o’clock.

The most important work upon the Dermaptera that has appeared
for many years is the volume on the earwigs in the ‘‘Faune de
PU.R.S.S.” In other words, the earwigs of Russia, by G. J. Bey-
Bienko. The author, who has long since won his spurs by first rate
work in Orthoptera and Dermaptera, gives a monograph of the
Dermaptera of one sixth of the earth’s surface. And he does it well.
We may congratulate this brilliant disciple of our Hon. I. R. Ent. $.,
A. P. Semenoy-Tian Shansky.

Including kinds recorded from the adjoining frontier districts, he
lists 76 species. He gives detailed keys for determining genera,
species and subspecies, and adopts the general scheme of classification
which I outlined many years ago. He rejects the Hemimerina but
admits the Arivenina, and brings forward a new suborder, the
Archidermaptera, for the fossil species Protodiplatys fortis, described by
Martynoy from the Jurassic deposits of southern Kazakstan, which
has 4-5-segmented tarsi, apparently rudiments of venation in the
elytra, and segmented cerci, like the larvae of Diplatys and the
Karschiellinae.

The author gives a detailed account of the structure and habits of
earwigs, with an interesting speculative discussion on their origin
and geographical distribution. It is noticeable that there are very few
Protodermaptera in the Palaearctic Region, and that the dominant
genera are Forficula, with 24 species in the U.S.S.R., and the related
Anechura, with 14. The latter has had specially brisk evolution in
the mountain-formation of central Asia, and has been subdivided
into four subgenera.

REVIEWS. iat

The author points out that there have been two centres of evolution
with maximum number of species, the Western, with 28 endemic
species, and the Hastern with 80. In both the genera Forficula and
Anechura are dominant, and there is a marked parallelism between
the two areas. The author develops a theory of their origin, but it is
difficult to accept his view that the Forficula-Ancchura, or indeed, any
earwig, group, evolvedin the Angara region. That is all verv well for
the grasshoppers, with an immensely long history of steppe conditions,
but the earwigs are sylvicolous and hygrophilous. They must have
worked their way northwards. We may notice two significant facts,
that the cosmopolitan Labidura riparia, which lives in trees in India,
in the northern latitudes is found only on banks of water; while in
arid districts of central Asia, earwigs are found exclusively in the
immediate neighbourhood of moisture.

It is interesting to note that the common §. Russian earwig,
I’, tomts, has the same domestic habits as our own.

It is an important and useful book. Fortunately there is a good
resumé in English which I recommend all interested to read.

L’Amatenr de Papillons is another magazine, which British
entomologists, above all, those who work the micros, should consult.
The current numbers, June-October contain a carefully worked out
table of the French species of Lithocolletis with short descriptions and
an illustration of the fore-wing of every species found in France, 84
in number. ‘This analysis includes most of our British species and

maybe a close study of it will find another one or more to add to our
List.

WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS.

The plate in the present number is from the firm of Messrs.
Siviter-Smith (see advert.). As Mr. P. Siviter-Smith is an active
practical entomologist, readers of our magazine may rest assured that
adequate skilled care will be used in handling specimens sent to this
firm for reproduction purposes.

In No. XLII of the Memoires Soc. des Scetences Nat. du Maroc Dr.
Hans Zerny has described the ‘‘ Lepidopterous Fauna of the Great
Atlasin Morocco and its District.” This work of more than 150 large
quarto pages with 2 plates of over 80 new species (including micros)
and forms and a few text figures is a further contribution to a long series
of important summaries of the Fauna and Flora of definite areas emanat-
ing from the official naturalists of Vienna of which Dr. Rebel and Dr.
Zerny are eminent representatives. Chapter 2 describes the Geograph-
ical area. Chapter 8 an account of the various expeditions made by
lepidopterists from the year 1900 to date and a short account of the
results of these journies. Chapter 4 contains Lists of the endemic
species and the proportions of species of surrounding fauna areas found.
Chapter 5 a List of the new species and forms described in the volume,
more than one hundred. Chapter 6, the titles of the various works
consulted for the information. Chapter 7 list of the localities whence
collections have been made. Chapter 8, names, references and details
of the 684 species recorded from the area, filling the remainder of the
work. This isa wonderful compilation, filled with ascertained, reliable
facts and information, and brought as nearly up to date as possible.

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1937

The display of the matter, differentiation of type, and _ scientific
arrangement render the volume easy of reference, and the matter
selected is just that of use to future workers in Moroccan investigation.
Dr. Gerny has added another to his long list of valuable contributions
to the literatures of entomological science.

A very pretentious work, Handbuch der Zoologie, is being published
in Berlin in sections, of which that on Lepidoptera hes before us. It
consists of over 160 large quarto pages of matter on all phases of the
study of the Lepidoptera. The authors, again from Vienna, are Dr.
Zerny and Dr. Beier. The name of Zerny. ensures reliability that the
best in all portions has been got together, and arranged in a manner
economical to the time of the student. There are 194 figures largely
diagrammatic with a good proportion of microscopical preparations.
The Morphology of the four Stages is fully detailed with figures.
Colour is considered at length in all its lepidopterous aspects, and no
small portion of the matter is devoted to the structure and functional
actions of the body. Attention is paid to the more abnormal develop-
ments in some groups, such as the porrect palpi in the Pyrales, the
curious brushes connected with scent organs, the structure, activities
and significance of the varied and striking developments of the genera-
tive organs. The ethology of the Lepidoptera deals with the many
characteristics of life leading up to protective resemblance, the so-called
Mimicry, warning colours and so forth. But little is said of the
economic side but more space is devoted to geographical distribution
its causes and limitations. The above takes about 120 pages. The
remainder of the section gives a detailed classification of the Order.
Throughout, all statements are enforced by ample specific examples
and there is a long list of titles of reference works.

Tre Proceepines & Transactions oF THE SoutH Lonpon Entomoto-
eicaL & Naturat Hisrory Society ror 1935-1986 is well up to the usual
high standard, and leaves the reader with one complaint only, that the
title is so unwieldy. Is there no word to convey both ‘‘ Transactions ”’
and ‘‘Proceedings’’?: “Report”? ‘“ Publications”? Does not
Natural History embrace Entomology? It opens with a speaking
portrait of that grand old friend of Entomology and entomologists, the
lamented Robert Adkin, with a sympathetic account of his life and
work. The Proceedings contain much interesting matter, and the
President’s address is an account of the biology of Chrysopa septem-
punctata. The lacewing flies are such friends of the horticulturalist
that it is good to see them receiving some share of the attention that
is usually lavished on the more popular orders. There is plenty of
scope for work in these ‘“ neglected’’ groups. But the outstanding
feature of the volume is the account of an entomological journey to the
Alto Parana of the Argentine, by a well known contributor to the
Entomologist’s Record, Capt. K. J. Hayward. The interest is exceptional,
and not confined to any one group. The snapshots of the falls of
Ieuaztt show that these magnificent cascades rival the Victoria Falls
themselves in splendour. Mr. Hayward’s experiences will be read with
envy by those who have collected only at home as well as by those who
have been in the tropics. A highly important feature of the Society’s
work is the very full reports of the Field Meetings. These, so useful
in stimulating research and recording the occurrence of local and
hitherto unrecorded species, deserve much commendation, and are
evidence that the organization is alive.—M.B.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER shouid be sent and all PROOFS returned toe
Hy. J. ‘Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We musi earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communtcations IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the Aurne
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subseribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Desiderata.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies nof in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates. —Albimacula* , Sparganii*,

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,’’
Bromyields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A.
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates.—Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata.—Rare British and European Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. EH. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, ete., during the year.

Duplicatee.—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata.—R. B. Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.1.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

CuancE or Appress.—H. B. D. Kettlewell, to Homefield, The Common, Cranleigh,
Surrey.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIKS.

The Royal Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensing-
ton, 8.W.7.,8 p.m. Jan. 20th (Ann.), Feb. 3rd.

The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
Jan. 28th (Ann.), Feb. 11th.—Jwion. Secretary, 8S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.,—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Essex.

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical
Society.— Evening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month; 7.45 p.m., at 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. Those who would like to attend or
exhibit please apply to—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon.

WANTED for Gash or in Exchange for Insects, any volumes
complete with index of the Review of Applied Entomology. Particulars to K. J.
Hayward, Experiment Station, Concordia, H.R. Argentine.

FOWLER’S GOLEGPTERA. Six vols. Five bound in leathér, one in cloth.
£18 or near offer.
RicHarD Brcx, Westaway, 54, Durleigh Road, Bridgwater.

‘ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD” Publications.
List of British Geometers: with named varieties andsynonyms. By

Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S. Sig Price, one copy, 1s. Od. ; two, Is. 6d.
Supplement to Tutt’s British Noctuae, Vol. I. By Hy. J. Turner,

FE.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Vol. II in course). so LOS 6d:
Butterflies of the Upper Rhone Valley. By Roger Verity, is R. E.S. 3s. 6d.
British Dipterological Literature. An annotated list. By H. w. 6d.

Anprews, F.R.E.S. -. With Supplement 9d.
Back Volumes, Nos. 37-47 of Ent. Record, new series; including Special

Index . a Price, per vol. 12s. 6d.

To be obienen post free froin Hi. W. oa. 6, Hearse Road, Eltham, §.E.9.

Communications have been’ received from or have been promised by
Capt. K. J. Hayward, (the late) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J.
Turner, D. G. Sevastopulo, A. J. Wightman, T. Greer, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher,
Dr. Maleolm Burr, E.P. Wiltshire, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, Rev. R. EH. E. Frampton, Orazio
Querci, Dr. Verity, L. T. Ford, H. Donisthorpe, C. Nicholson, J. H. Collin, H. W.
Andrews, Capt. C. Q. Parsons, G. Heslop Harrison, B. C. Warren, Wm. Fassnidge, and
Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,
‘¢ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BAGK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVL.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies. —Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a L epidopterist
for 1890—ULifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispiduse—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Meanism and Menanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 8S. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, §.E. 3.
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

Archer & Co., Printers, 835, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1

Subscriptions for Vol. 49 (1937) are now due.

No. 2

FEBRUARY, 1937

Epirzp Matcoitm Burr, D.SC., F.B.E.S. T. BainpricGe FLETCHER, B.N., F.L.S.,
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Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BrerHune-BakER, F.Z.8., F.R.E.8.
By Hzewry J. TURNER, F.2.4.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.

Notes on Staudinger’s ‘‘ Erebia aethiops var. aethiopella’’ and a recently

discovered analogous form, B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. ae os 13
Cornish Notes, 1936, Charies Nicholson oe ae oe Se Wri 15
Norss on Cotzzecting.— Unusual larval habit of Stenoptilia zophodactyla,

Dup., Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S. ; Lampronia (Incurvaria) tenui-

cornis, Stt., in Hampshire, Id. ; Eucosma cirsiana, Zell., R.H.H.F. .. 16
Current Notes .. ae as LE a a Bc es we 18
REVIEWS .. . 0 Bie 2s Sie uk es 4: ce 20
Osrruary.—Reyv. C. R. N. Burrows, F.R.H.S. (Plate II.) .. te Bs 22

Suprrements: British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. II (77)-(80)
: Butterfly Races of Macedonia, Roger Verity, M.D., F.R.E.S. (13)-(16)

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NOTES ON EREBIA AETHIOPS VAR. AETHIOPELLA. 13

Notes on Staudinger’s “‘ Erebia aethiops var. aethiopella ”’
and a recently discovered analogous Form.

By B. C. 8. WARREN, F.R.E.S.

Just forty years ago Staudinger described his var. aethiopella from
asingle g from the Kentei mountains. This insect has since remained
a somewhat unknown quantity. In my monograph of the genus, pub-
lished last year, I retained it as an aberration of FE’. aethiops, in accord
with Staudinger’s view. I had been able to examine his type specimen
(and figured it loc. cit. pl. 102, figs. 1622, 1627) and felt from its
superficial features that it was quite likely to be an aberration of that
species, though the possibility that it might be an aberration of F.
neriene, Bob. (=sedakovit, Evers.) suggested itself, but from an exam-
ination of the superficial characters alone it was not possible to come
to any certain conclusion. There was therefore nothing to gain in
changing it from H. aethiops so long as there was no definite reason
for doing so.

In 1980 Higgins renamed it Mrebia ignota, Staudinger’s name being
a secondary homonym of Hrebia aethiopellus, Hoffmsg. I adopted
this change in my monograph because Staudinger’s use of the term
“var.” agreed with what we call a subspecies.

A few months ago I was informed by Herr Bang-Haas of Dresden
that he had received 11 3s of an Hrebia from Li-hsien in 8.K. Kansu
which for the greater part agreed very closely with Staudinger’s type
of aethiopella. Some of these specimens had rudiments of the bands
visible on both upper and underside, but a number were practically
without rusty-red colour on the upperside, and just showed a slight
wash of if on the underside of the forewings, the underside of the
hindwings being absolutely without markings except for three very
small, white points, the pupils of the black spots, the latter being lost
on the underside but present on the upperside of the hindwings, and
well-developed on the forewings on both sides. The actual colour of
the underside of the hindwings is a greyish or blackish brown. These
features, it will be seen, correspond very: closely with the features of
Staudinger’s aethiopella. I now possess six of these specimens, three
of the extreme dark form, and three transitional ones with rudiments
of bands, also some fully banded specimens from the same locality. Of
these I have dissected four, selected from each form, which demonstrates
that all are a race of M. alemena. The question naturally arose then,
whether Staudinger’s aethiopella was perhaps also an aberration of that
species. Should this be the case considerable changes in nomenclature
would be necessary. I informed Bang-Haas of these facts, and pointed
out that it was impossible to solve this interesting question by super-
ficial examination; until the anatomical characteristics of Staudinger’s
type were known, one could only guess at its affinities. On realizing
this fact, he most kindly offered to lend me the type again with
permission to dissect it, and I am glad to take this opportunity of
expressing my thanks to him for his generous action, which at last
enables the true affinities of this remarkable insect to be established.

The mount of the genitalia has since been completed, and it shows
that aethiopella is an aberration of F’. neriene, Bober.

14 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 15.11.1937

The newly discovered dark aberrations of H. alemena, and Staud-
inger’s specimen constitute, therefore, a remarkable case of analogous
aberrations in two closely related species, and I do not think the two
could be distinguished by superficial characters. The only difference
that I can note is that aethiopelia is larger, and that the white pupils
are more pronounced, but in such a variable species it is improbable
that these characters would hold if a second aberration of this type
were to occur.

I have already mentioned that normally marked specimens (i.e.,
examples with complete or fragmentary bands on the upperside, ana
sometimes with traces of the bands normal to H. alemena on the under-
side of the hindwings) occurred a Li-hsien with these dark aberrations.
These better-marked specimens are referable to the f. szetschwana,
Goltz, of the ssp. minschani, B.-H. In his description of this form
(which is given in my monograph p. 152) Goltz notes that the band
on the upperside of the forewings is greatly restricted below the apical
spots and often actually broken, and that the underside of the hind-
wings is almost unicolorous ; specimens with the band broken or just
united by a very narrow line of colour must therefore be taken as typical
ofthe form. Others in which the band is continuous and less restricted
on the forewings, and with a more or less marked antemarginal band
on the underside of the hindwings are typical minschani. The opposite
extreme, in which the only colour visible is in the form of minute and
very indistinct rings, of a very dark mahogany-red, encircling the black -
spots on the upperside, and a very slight wash on the central area of the
underside of the forewings, constitutes a hitherto unrecognised aber-
ration analogous to the ab. aethiopella. All these forms fly together at
Li-hsien, the f. szetschwana being, apparently, far the most abundant,
but it is connected by many transitions to the extreme dark aberrational
forms.

Other slight differences, besides those already mentioned, exist in
~ both aethiopella and the extreme, dark aberrations of f. szetschwana the
most striking of which are the loss of the black spots on the hindwings
in aethiopella and its almost white fringe. Some g's in E. alcmena
can also have a white fringe, as can be seen in the specimen figured in
my monograph (pl. 102, fig. 1609) a g of the ssp. veldmani. The black
spots, especially on the hindwings, are very variable in size in both KL.
neriene and H. alcmena, and their presence or absence in either species
could not be accepted as of any value as a character for identification.
The general similarity of these aberrations remains unaffected by such
differences, and as I have said already, identification by their super-
ficial features is probably impossible, unless a series of the race with
which a given specimen was captured, was available for comparison.
On account of this similarity it seems desirable to mark the existence of
this aethiopella-like form of f. szetschwana by giving it a name, and I
therefore designate it ab. ignotoides nov. (Type and two paratypes in
my collection).

The correct names of these analogous aberrations therefore are: LH:
neriene, Bober ab. ignota, Higgins (=aethiopella, Stg.), and LH. alemena,
Gr.-Gr. ssp. minschant, B.-H. f. szetschwana, Goltz ab. ignotoides, Wrn.

The ab. ignotoides is evidently not very rare at Li-hsien, both it and
the ab. ignota are, 30 far, only known in the ¢ sex.

CORNISH NOTES. 15

Cornish Notes 1936.
By CHARLES NICHOLSON.
(Continued from Vol. XLVIII., p. 132.)

‘Danaus plexippus.*—One seen on 4th Sept. near Church Cove, The
Lizard. Two reported for Devon and 8 in Hants.

Polygonia c-album.—Decidedly commoner in the county than
previously and reported from various parts, mostly single specimens.
First seen (?) on a Buddleia in a neighbouring garden, 23rd Aug.: a
male boxed off Scabiosa succisa in my own garden, 2nd Sept. : several
seen on Michaelmas Daisies afterwards and last appearance noted on
11th Oct. The Rev. Alfred Thornley, of Carbis Bay, saw one flying
amongst Michaelmas Daisies at Marazion on 22nd Sept. which is the
furthest west so far for the county, in which about 20 specimens have
been reported this year.

Fugonia polychloros._-Lord Rendlesham saw a specimen on 13th
Aug. on the same window of the same room in his house at Mawgen-
in-Meneage, as he saw one on at the end of September last year !

Aglais urticae.—Mr. Thornley reports it very scarce this year at
Carbis Bay, where it is usually common; but here and in other
localities it seems to have been much commoner than usual, after
several seasons of scarcity in the county. First seen 18th March;
last 10th Oct.

Nymphalis io.—First seen 10th May; last 22nd Sept. Very scarce
generally—usually the commonest Vanessid in the county—and
mostly seen as single specimens ; but more common in some localities.

Vanessa cardui.—Scarce, but rather more seen than usual. First
seen, Perranporth, 28th Aug.; last Tresillian, 4th Oct.

V. atalanta.—In about its normal numbers. First seen, 26th July
(2 worn); last 18th Oct. (in gardens) perfect. Larvae of all sizes
found on 8rd Aug. and one nearly full grown on 6th Sept. Two
were killed by Braconids from very pale fawn cocoons; species not yet

determined.
All these Vanessids, except polychloros, were strongly attracted by
Unwin’s Dwarf Bedding Dahlias, until the Michaelmas Daisies came
out, and almost monopolised their attentions, the usual proportions
being, on a good patch of daisies, about 20 wrticae, 10 atalanta, 1 or 2
cardui, 1 to, 1 c-album occasionally, and frequently 1 or 2 croceus joined
them, with a ‘‘ white’”’ or two.

Dryas (Argynnis) paphia.—Two reported as seen at Ladock by a
correspondent on 21st May (!). I naturally questioned this record,
but as my correspondent knows our butterflies well, says they
were not polychloros and sticks to his identification, I think it will have
to pass. After all it is little more remarkable than the capture of
Argynnis cydippe at Lyndhurst on 21st May, 1893, reported in The
Entomologist for that year, p. 231.

A. aglaia.—A worn specimen boxed on Perranporth Sandhills on
4th Aug.

Pararge aegeria.—Not as common as generally usual. First seen
26th April (in garden) ; last 18th Oct. (in neighbourhood),

* The true plexippus, L. has a ‘“‘ white fascia like chrysippus’’ (Sys. Nat.
of Linné) which this American insect does not have.—Eb.

16 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 15.11.1987 |

P. megera.—Less frequent than usual. First seen 17th May ; last
a wing left by a bat in our verandah 10th August.

FE. jurtina and F. tithonus.—Both very common, as usual.

Aphantopus hyperantus.— Usually uncommon, but rather more seen
this year; first seen (about 6) 28th June, last (a few) 3rd Aug.

C. pamphilus.—Not seen this year ; very uncommon hereabouts !

Callophrys rubi.—Five specimens seen by a correspondent at 5 p.m.
on 24th June near Bodmin. These are the first Ive heard of in
Cornwall.

Heodes phlaeas.—Very scarce this year. First seen 23rd Aug.; last,
30th Sept., on Hupatorium weinmannianum in garden.

Polyommatus icarus.—Rather uncommon. |

Lycaenopsis argiolus.—Not so plentiful as last year. First seen 18th
April; last, 9th August.

Nisoniades (Krynnis) tages.—Not common hereabouts. One perfect
specimen seen in a rushy place near Tresillian Village on 9th August.
No doubt a second brood specimen.

Adopoea lineola.x—Uncommon hereabouts. One in a cornfield 26th
July.

Augiades sylvanus (Ochlodes venata).—Not common here. A few
seen 5th July in neighbouring fields, and 1 in garden, 20th July.

Macroglossum stellatarum.—Very scarce in Cornwall this year. One
at Howey over a rose in a pot, 22nd July; one flying over red valerian
about 2.15 p.m. in showery weather at Launceston, 23rd July; one at
Carbis Bay (where it is usually common) 12th Sept.; one at pink and
scarlet geraniums in a neighbouriug garden here on lith Oct.—a sunny
morning after a cold night.

Spilosoma urticae.-—One boxed off herbage on Goss Moor near
Bodmin, 28rd May, a dull day.

Arctia villica.—1 male and 2 females sent to me from Probus for
identification, 10th Jnne. Many eggs laid, from which I have about a
score of larvae about two-thirds grown, feeding on bramble in a cold
room and more or less hibernating.

Cerura vinula.—A fine male emerged, 30th May, from a larva sent
for identification last year. I offered it to our tamest wild thrush,
who accepted it with pleasure and was not at all disconcerted by its
large size and woolliness !

(Zo be concluded.)

J OTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

UnvsuAL LARVAL HABIT OF STENOPTILIA ZOPHODACTYLA, Dur.— While
seeking Jarvae of this ‘‘plume” on seeds of Hrythraea centaurium, Pers.
at Farley Mount near Winchester on 12th September, 1936, Mr. 8. C.
Scarsdale Brown drew my attention to one plant, whose every leaf
contained a mining lepidopterous larva. Greatly puzzled as to what
these larvae could possibly be, we sought for more without great success,
for we only found one other affected plant with two more larvae. How-
ever the problem was soon solved, for by 24th September the larvae had
left their mines, and were then seen to be those of S. zophodactyla.
Pupation took place three dayslater, and moths emerged during the latter
half of September. A search through the literature yielded a reference

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 17

to this habit in Barrett’s British Lepidoptera, Vol. IX, page 879; ‘‘ Mr.
W. H. B. Fletcher finds the young larvae till the second moult, mining
the leaves.” The larvae found appeared to have maintained the habit
throughout the larval stage, and though seeds were present, they were
not eaten.—Wwm. Tassniper (M.A., F.R.E.S.), 47, Tennyson Road,
Southampton.

Lampronia (INcurvaria) TenuIcorNIs, Sr. 1v Hampsuire.— Beyond
the chance capture of a pair of this species, beaten together from a large
birch on the outskirts of Baddesley Great Cover, near Sonthampton on
12th June, 1932, and records of single captures in the New Forest and
the Southampton district by Mr. J. W. Corder, nothing seems to be
known of this species in Hampshire, and repeated search for the larval
galls failed completely until 1936, for not even an old gall rewarded
my long and patient seeking. Only good luck and an acquired habit
of looking at young birches yielded at long last, on 20th Dec., 1936,
the coveted gall on an isolated young tree about six feet in height, at
Chilworth near Southampton, where I found a side shoot of two year’s
growth that showed swellings at adjacent nodes about two inches apart.
Even then, so accustomed had I become to finding only a swelling of
the woody growth, I investigated so carelessly that my penknife just
damaged the larva in the first gall opened which considerably damped
my elation. Knowing now exactly what to look for, I carefully hunted
through the birches scattered around, but quite unsuccessfully, though
plenty of the different galls of Hucosma tetraquetrana, Haw. were found.

For the benefit of others who may feel disposed to spend a few
winter afternoons in the search, at a time of year when there is
not much outdoor work to be done, I add here in translation the remarks
of some continental observers. Meess. Die cecidogenen und cecidocolen
Lepidopteren, 1928, gives two good coloured figures of the gall on
Plate 32, and on page 566 says: ‘At the junction of a twig ; a roundish
swelling, the bark strongly thickened. Larva whitish with a black head
and small brown plate on second segment. ‘The larva often leaves the
gall in the late Autumn.’ He gives Betula verrucosa, Khrl. as the
foodplant. Spuler gives the same word-for-word description of the
larva, and then says: ‘In the winter in swellings in twigs of Betula.”
Schatze: Die Biologie der Kleinschmetterlinge, 1981, says “ In twigs, in
conspicuous round swellings, usually shining red-brown, in the previous
year’s or older twigs. It seems to me that the larva does not itself cause
this swelling, but makes use of the abandoned youthful abode of
tetraquetrana, which it enlarges. The galls should be collected at the
end of the winter. The larva pupates in the gall.” De Joannis:
Révision critique des espéces de lépidoptéres cécidogénes d’ Kurope, ete.,
published in Annales de la Société Hntomologique de France. 1922, gives
on pages 134 and/135 an account of what had been published concerning
this species before that date, but adds nothing new. The only comment
I can make on my slender experience is that the galls I found are neither |
conspicuous nor shining red-brown, that they are abundantly distinct
from the galls of H. tetraquetrana, that both galls contained larvae appar-
ently full-fed, and that | have spent three more afternoons in the search
without success, not even finding an old gall. Perhaps somewhere in
Britain the gall will be found as described by Amerling, in Lotos, X,
Prague, 1860, ‘so abundant and so numerous that the birches attacked

18 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.11.1987

conld be recognised from afar by the bushy appearance of their smaller
branches.” —Ib.

[Since this note was written, three old galls from which the moths
had emerged were found in Lordswood, not far from the fiirst locality.
Two of them were on one twig, at nodes four inches apart, and all
three were on young birches at about five feet from the ground.—_W.F.|

Kvucosma crrstana, Zell.—The pink larva of this species is best taken
from February to early April. It is then full fed but not yet pupating,
and if the domicile is broken, it readily repairs it and takes no harm.
Soon after this date the larva is preparing for pupation, and at this
stage disturbance is fatal. The imago usually appears about 25th
May. The process of splitting the thistle stems is tedious, and needs
care; and although the species is widely distributed, it is (in my
experience) most abundant. Open ground is more profitable than
woods ; and in a suitable spot about four larvae to an hour’s stem-
splitting are as much as can be expected.

In size the species is very uniform, g and @ alike measuring 17-
18mm. though occasionally-individuals of 15mm. are bred from thistles.
- The allied species, Hucosma pflugiana, Haw.—or form for Meyrick’s
Revised Handbook combines them—is larger, with a § of 22mm. and
a 9? of 19-20 mm. The markings of the g, chiefly the pale blotch
at the f.w. anal angle, distinguish it from the @ and from both sexes
of ctrstana. Apparently HL. pflugiana is confined to low-lying and more
or less swampy ground.

The larva of /. cirsiana also feeds in the stems of knapweed; the
resulting imago is usually smaller and sometimes much smaller. I
have never found the larva in the stems of the smaller knapweed,
Centaurea nigra ; and I have never had an opportunity of examining
the large, C. scabiosa, at the right time of year.

A closely related species is Hucosma enicicolana, Zell.* which in spite
of its name feeds in the root crowns of Inula dysenterica. Very few
localities seem to be known at present for this species; but alike in
size, colouring and habit, it is inconspicuous, and may well have been
overlooked.—R.K.E.F.

@(URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

A note from Mr. G. A. Brett, of the Wellcome Entomological
Field Laboratories, Claremont, Esher, has been overlooked. He
reports as follows.

I have this year (1936) been marking V. atalanta in this locality
with green cellulose paint (both hindwings being marked) in the hope
that :—

1. Some may be recorded in other localities, thus giving some
information on their habits of migration.

2. They may be recovered where they were marked, next spring,
thus showing that they are at least partial residents.

A total of 47 specimens has been marked, a few only on the under-
side. If anyone should see or capture any of them either this year or
next, will they kindly let me know at the above address.

* EH. littoralana, Pierce:

CURRENT NOTES. 19

Dr. E. Scott of Ashford has just published a local List of Butterflies
and Moths (Macro-Lepidoptera) occurring in the neighbourhood of
Ashford, Kent. This is another of those handy books of reference for
the use of naturalists interested in the local fauna, as well as furnishing
a record of what has been already done in the district, and as a basis
for further research. A valuable feature is a map of the area
concerned, extending around Ashford for about 8 miles. The limita-
tions of the district are stated in the Foreword; the restricted heather
area, absence of coastal influence, the extended woodland areas, the
chalk area, hills and river valleys. The printer has hidden a well-
known denizen of Kent as Linea scoriata: decidedly funny! The
nomenclature is mixed. The butterflies are the List of the Royal
Entomological Society with its Ochlodes venata, a name quite undis-
coverable in all text-books likely to be in the hands of most
collectors. The Moths are the Lists in South’s famous books of 30
years ago, regardless of the work of Prout in Seitz as summarised in
our pages ten years ago, which includes corrections as to the concept
of various species given in South. We note a few spelling errors
like gooseniata, hyperanthus, octogessima, leucophoea. Such books are
useful as bases for all future local work.

Five parts of the Main Volumes of Seitz have just come to hand,
all of the American Fauna. Four of these deal with the American
Bombycids, etc., and one with the Noctuids. The former, Volume VI.,
is nearing completion now, having reached to p. 1216 and plt. 176,
which deal with the Aegeriidae. The plate illustrates 57 species and
forms of the last and its near allies. There are 4 other plates in these
parts. The volume on the Noctuidae has reached the Catocala of
which there are two plates containing 68 figures of “red underwings.’’

The Supplement to the Palaearctic Noctuidae of Seitz has reached
sheets 28, 29, 80, and the volume remains to be completed by the short
summary of those additions made during the progress of the volume,
ahd the Index. The Deltoids are included. This part 63 is rather an
important one to British lepidopterists, as additional forms to over 380
species found in Great Britain are described in the 24 pages of the part.
This work is very comprehensive in its endeavour to include all noted
aberrations and is absolutely indispensable to all students of the British
Lepidoptera. It is useful to note that each species mentioned has the
reference page to the main volume appended and, if figured, that figure
also. The species here are those from the rare immigrant Ophiussa
stolida to Hypena obsitalis of the list. The Corrections and Additions
included are from Arsilonche to Muxoa.

A. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, in spite of the handicap of failing
eyesight, has been able to complete two more important papers of his
beloved subject of zoogeography during the past year. One, on the
‘Principal Features of Alpine Faunas ”’ will appear in the Bulletin of
the Academy of Science of the U.S.S.R. The other will appear later in
the Russian periodical Priroda (Nature), on ‘‘ New Information on the
Origin of Desert Faunas.” We may be perfectly certain they will both
be extremely interesting.—M.B.

20 ENTOMOLOGIS? S§ RECORD. 15ALE 1987,

WEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS...

Faune pdE 1’U.R.§8.8., Insectes Dermaptires. par G. J. Bey-
Bienko. (Ac. Sci. Leningrad, 19386.)—As it is twenty years since any
comprehensive work on the earwigs has appeared, this production of the
active Russian school of entomologists is very welcome. G. J. Bey-
Bienko has been doing first rate work in Dermaptera and Orthoptera,
under the inspiration of A. P. Semenoy-Tian-Shansky. That accounts
for the fact that his is far more than a merely faunistic work. Itis rich
also on the philosophical side, and the author develops at considerable
length his theory on the origin and history of the Dermaptera of the
Palaearctic Region. The book is in Russian, but there are plenty of
illustrations, and a very good abstract, giving all the essentials, in
English. Pages 1-72 deal with general aspects, structure, life-history,
ecology, classification, geographical distribution and origins, economic
importance, and literature. Pages 77-207 are the systematic part, with
full tables.

The classification adopted is that proposed by me many years ago,
with but slight modifications. The author rejects the Hemimerina,
accepts the Arixenina, and adds a new suborder, the Archidermaptera,
for a fossil species, Protodiplatys fortis, Martynov, a remarkable fossil
from the Jurassic beds of Kazakstan. It is unmistakably an earwig,
in spite of the 4-5 segments of the tarsi, and femora, at least the
hinder pair, are keeled. and the forceps represented by segmented cerci,
as in immature Diplatyidae and Karschiellidae.

Of the true earwigs, there are known actually in the territories of
the Russian limpire, which is to-day known officially as the 8.8.S.R.
in Russian, U.S.8.R. in English, and U.R.S.S. in French,* 26 species
out of the 106 known in the Palaearctic Region, but in this work deals
with 87 species, as the author wisely includes those known from the
neighbouring districts, which makes it a very useful and complete
work.

At the first glance at the mere list of species a few points strike the
eye. Of the Pygidicranidae, so numerous in the tropics, and appparently
occurring in Europe in the Oligocene, there is a single Palaearctic
representative, the curious subfamily with one species, Challia fletcheri,
Burr, from Korea, whose nearest relative is the single subfamily also
with only one species, known from a single locality in Tenerife ;
evidently remnants of an ancient wide-spread group. Of the Labidur-
idae, there are 12 species, but it is really doubtful if any of them are
naturally native, even the cosmopolitan L. riparia. Of the Labiidae,
of which 270 species are known, there are 8 on the list, almost all
introduced, and it is to be noted that the author questions the natural-
ness of the occurrence of Labia minor in the Palaearctic Region. The
two characteristic genera of the region are Forficula and Anechura,
with 24 and 14 species included respectively.

The geographical distribution of the earwigs in central Asia is very
instructive, and its study leads to conclusions that will be accepted, at

1.e., initials of the ‘‘ Union of Socialistic Soviet Republics ’’ in the respective
languages.

REYIEWS. 91

least in the main lines, I think, by students of other orders, conclusions
elaborated by Semenov-Tian-Shansky and Uvarov.

The picture begins in early Tertiary times, when southern and
central Kurasia was covered with a deciduous forest enjoying a warm,
moist climate. Here lived the somewhat more primitive ancestors of
the two characteristic genera Forficula and Anechura, ranging right
across the continent. Then late in the Miocene when the great.
mountain-building movement set in, and the old peneplain was bodily
raised to a great altitude, the earwigs gradually adapted themselves to
the slowly changing conditions, or else were exterminated. When the
mountains reached sufficient height to act as a curtain and shut off the
moisture coming from the south, the central part became drier, and
vast areas of mid-Asia were converted into desert and semi-desert
before the close of the Tertiary Period. Harwigs are hygrophilous and
the aridity was fatal to them, but they survived in the still warm, and
above all moist, eastern and western portions, until the glaciers came
and did havoc in the west, though their moisture was less formidable to
them than the aridity. Consequently, a number survived even in the
glaciated parts of the west, and evolution proceeded in the non-
glaciated portions, as it did with the isolated groups on the new
mountains.

The result is that we have a very impoverished earwig fauna in
Central Asia, with only 8-9 species, but a relatively rich one at each
end, especially of the related genera Forficula and Anechura, which are
overwhelmingly Palaearctic.

In Europe we are so accustomed to the abundance of F’. auricularia
that we are apt to regard it as typical, but it is not really widely
distributed, for its eastern limit is Kopet Dagh in Transcaspia. But
in the Far Hast we have an analogous fauna, with species curiously
corresponding to our western ones, but not one incommon. Semenoy-
Tian-Shansky, calls these vicarious species, the ‘‘geminate species ”’
of D. 8S. Jordan, and thus our F’. auricularia 1s represented there by
three closely allied, but more primitive, forms, and there are several
other pairs and groups.

The eastern centre of evolution is richer than the western. Of the
dominant palaearctic genera Forficula and Anechura, we in the west
have 14 and 6 species, but the Far East has 20 and 12 respectively.
But the most striking fact is that recent discoveries have revealed
unexpected wealth in the interior of China, particularly in the province
of Szechuan, whence Bey-Bienko has described a series of extremely
interesting earwigs. Relatively little as that country has been explored
entomologically, still it is well enough known to enable Semenov-Tian-
Shansky to say that in those mountains and valleys, and in Han Su
and eastern Tibet we have a survival of the old Miocene fauna
unparelleled in the Palaearctic Region. ‘There has recently been a
striking reminder of this by the giant panda, now in the news, which
is to-day confined to Szechuan, but must once have had a very wide
distribution, as its near relative and possible ancestor, Ailurus anglicus
left its bones in our Red Crag.

Meanwhile, those earwigs which found their homes being gradually
raised into the cooler climates of higher altitudes were being either
exterminated or adapted to their changing environment. In the
mountains of Semirechie there is a remarkable creature, to which

92, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1987

Semenov-Tian-Shansky, with his deft scholarship, has given a neatly
descriptive name, that is almost a diagnosis, Mesasiobia hemixanthocera,
the half-yellow-headed dweller in Central Asia, which is probably the
modified descendant of some early Forficula; the processes on the last
tergite are certainly reminiscent of the primitive Chinese F’. davidi,
Burr. In the Himalayas at altitudes of 3500 metres and even over
there is a plain black earwig, F’. schlagintweiti, Burr, which may well
represent the ancestral form of Oreasiobia, with two species in the
mountains of Central Asia and Kashmir. The author confirms the
suggestion I made in 1910, that it is a link between VForficula and
Anechura.

Mesasiobia and Oreasobia are intermediate between Forficula and
Anechura, which is associated with mountains. ‘The latter has fewer
species but greater diversity, so much so that Bey-Bienko divides it
into 4 subgenera, some of which have the curious tendency to sinuosity
of the forceps in a vertical plane. Several Anechurines and related
genera show a broadening and flattening of the body, which is an
adaptation to life under stones, in the absence of trees, which is
so strongly marked in the Tibetan subgenus /urriola, the Caucasian
Borelliola, Eumegalura from Szechuan, and our Alpine and west
European Chelidurines. Parallel development occurs in other genera
remote from Anechura, such as some Psalidae and the Andean /sphal-
meninae, both of which are members of the Protodermaptera, contrasted
with the Hudermaptera, to which Forficula and Anechura belong. All
these mountain genera are also subject to a darkening of the body and
to brachypterism, phenomena seen also in the grasshoppers.

Neither Semenov-Tian-Shansky nor Bey-Bienko attach extreme
importance to the destructive effect of glaciation, for that would imply
that the differentiation into species, and even into subgenera, as in the
case of Burriola and Borelliola, had been effected since the glaciation,
which in such a conservative group is hardly admissible.

It is interesting to learn that the common Russian earwig, I. toniis,
has the same domestic habits as our own, but lays its eggs in the spring,
and is sometimes numerous enough to do damage in gardens, VF.
auricularta is common in Russia too, and does damage to gardens and
crops, mainly by eating the half-ripe seeds. A curiosity is the central
Asian Oreasiobia fedtchenkoi, which is a nuisance to tobacco-growers in
the mountains of Turkestan. —Matcotm Burr.

@ BITUARY.

Rey. Charles Rich Nelson Burrows, F.R.E.S. (Plate I/.)

The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, one of the staunch supporters of the
Entomologist’s Record since its commencement in 1890 under the editor-
ship of the late J. W. Tutt, has passed on at the ripe oldage of 85. For
the last few years he had suffered from severe arthritis, which rendered
him a helpless cripple. Until a few years ago he was always ready to
contribute some of his valuable notes and articles to our pages, and
during the last 20 or 80 years, until his powers of concentration failed,
on the subject in which he was particularly interested, the generative
structures of the Lepidoptera. In this study he was one of the insistent

OBITUARY. 23

advocates that these organs are of great definite value in classification.

He came of a family possessed of considerable property, his share
of which he was unable to enjoy until a few years ago, owing to legal
disputes. Asa child he had extremely bad health and was unable to
take the education of the time and in fact was for a while blind. His
memory was very clear until the last and he at times spoke of himself
as a little child helping his aunts to prepare lint for the Florence
Nightingale efforts to aid the wounded in the Crimean War. When
about of age he persuaded an uncle to supply funds for him to go to
the Cape. And against the wish of his parents, who never expected to
see him again, this frail sickly lad went out to Natal. He had early
taken an interest in natural history and was a frequenter of the British
Museum and well remembered Walker, Butler and others of that time.
When he was a boy, he lived near F. Walker’s home and often saw
Walker, who used to take boxes of specimens home with him from the
Museum to work at, slip on the road and drop the boxes all over the
place—whence perhaps the present condition of some of Walker’s types!
He was in Natal during the period 1873-1875 collecting for the British
Museum, spending an active open air life, and before he returned became
robust and well. About that time Natal was founded as a colony and
he flattered himself that he was one of the founders. It was in Natal
that he met Baines who had been the early companion of Livingstone,
and was a strong critic of the action of Livingstone in dismissing Baines
on the lying statement of his brother, whom later he (Livingstone) also
discarded for his conduct. with natives. Many were the tales of
adventure he (Burrows) told to us of his intimates. On one occasion
he went to visit a Kaffir chief. He had to creep into the kraal; the
inside was quite dark, and on standing up he hit his head and pitched
forward across the chief, a very obese man.

On his return from §. Africa in vigorous health he read for the
ministry and was curate for some time in North Kast London. About
this period he went out to Manitoba and was subsequently appointed to
the vicarage of Rainham in Essex. While in London he became
acquainted with the late Rev. G. Raynor, who afterwards was a life-long
friend. Subsequently he was offered a transfer to Mucking where he
remained until he was compelled by his health to resign 2 years ago.
Over 50 years he spent in Essex of which the last 837 were at Mucking.
During all this long period he interested himself in Lepidoptera,
collecting and observing in his spare hours and keeping copious notes.
The duties in these parishes gave ample opportunities for the scientific
studies which he loved so well. And they were varied. He was no
mean practical chemist, interested in the rarer metals, besides being an
expert microscopist following out the work of Michael, who wrote the
Ray Society volumes on the Oribatidae. As an entomologist we all
knew of his association with the works of F. N. Pierce to whom he
furnished much of the material and preparations for comparison, We
remember too his masterly proving that Hydroecia nictitans as then
treated was a multiple species, and clearly showing the specific distinction
of the fine forms, which we now know as H. crinanensis. Subsequently
this separation by genitalic characters was confirmed by breeding. This
was considered a fine confirmation of she practical use of these structures
as reliable specific characters.

His skill in portraying with his pencil the indications given by his

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1937

wonderful microscopic slides was amazing. Literally he made thousands
of sketches especially for the use of F. N. Pierce in his studies and
classical works on our British Lepidoptera, for articles for various friends
and workers, J. W. Tutt, L. B. Prout, Col. Swinhoe, myself, etc. But
his entomological work was not confined to his indoor study. While
able he was an active collector in the marshes of his neighbourhood in
and around Tilbury and Thames Haven, at the same time using in his
large, rather wild overgrown garden, both light and sugar. The results
reported time after time many local species often in numbers. These
efforts were continued for many years until infirmity grew on him,
when he freely disposed of his apparatus to younger men, whom he _
thought showed aptitude for future study. On the death of the late
Dr. Chapman he received the material amassed by him for his study
of that mysterious group the Psychidae and set to work in earnest,
corresponding with those interested in them both in EKurope and
America. He finally amassed a fine collection and made extensive
notes, but expressed dissatisfaction with all he had done owing to
insufficiency of literature on the subject. Recently the whole of this
collection and the notes concerning it were passed on to our colleague
T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher as the only available entomologist to carry
on the investigation. His collection of British Lepidoptera was quite
representative and had been used to furnish specimens for his own and
others’ investigations on their structural characters.

In spite of all these scientific activities his life’s duties stood first
and were never neglected. His parish duties were carried on well and
attracted many, who were not parishioners, to his little church. A few
years ago, when his infirmity was growing upon him, the Bishop of
Chelmsford visited him and was extremely kind with his sympathetic
remarks and commendations on Burrows’ labours. Locally his worth
has been expressed in a long notice in the ‘“‘Grays and Tilbury Gazette.”
Although the weather was extreme at his funeral, the church was filled
by many who had known him, or were interested in the church work
he initiated, or had sat under him inany years, even long ago.

He was never married, but still had a great love for older children,
and many are the lads in difficult home associations, whom he has
influenced to become useful men and citizens. In appearance he had
a striking resemblance to the famous Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace. For
many years he had been a Fellow of the Entomological Society of
London and in 1920 with the writer became a Life Member of the
Entomological Society of France.—Hy.J.T.

[In A.M.N.H. (4) XIV. 394-420 (December, 1875), A. G. Butler
described a Collection of Lepidoptera from Southern Africa by which
the collection of the B.M. had “lately been enriched, through the
liberality of C. R. N. Burrows, Esq.,” by whom the insects had been
collected or bred, ‘chiefly at (sic!) Natal.’ Amongst these is
Tatorinia burrowstt, n.sp. (pp. 408-409).—T.B.-F.]

In the Review on p. 11 (ante) it should have been stated that the
work mentioned could be obtained from Messrs. R. B. Janson & Son,
44, Gt. Russel St., W.C.1, who are the agents for the Mem. Ins. Sci.
Cherif. du Moroe.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATFER should be sent and all PROOFS returned te
Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents Nov to send wa communtcations IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to otber magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRaTIonsS are inserted on condition that the AurHo
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EACHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They shoulda
pe sent to Mr, Hy. J, Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ Wesi Drive, Cheam,

Desideruta.—Species of Dolerine and Nematine sawflies not in my collection ; list
sent.—R. C. L. Perkins, 4, Thurlestone Road, Newton Abbot.

Duplicates. —Albimacula* , Sparganii*,

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* 4urago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, lanthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—_Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Negiecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putresceus. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila ubruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A.
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates.—Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

; Desiderata.—Rare British and Huropean Macro-lepidopiera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. H. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc.. during the year.

Duplicates.—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata.—R. B. Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.L.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotie Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red.
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Cuancr or Appress.—H. B. D. Kettlewell, to Homefield, The Common, Cranleigh,
Surrey.

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Cornish Notes, 1936, Charles Nicholson a 25
Macrolepidoptera. Collecting Notes for 1936 in Seth Hevea fa elsewhere
Capt. C. Q. Parsons .. : 27
A coniribution to our Knowledge of the netics of the Pia of Bi
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A. B. SHELKOVNIKOV.

CORNISH NOTES. 25

Cornish Notes 1936.
By CHARLES NICHOLSON.
(Concluded from page 16.)

Miana latruncula, Schiff. (determined by W. H. T. Tams) was the
first specimen I have met with and was represented by 2 wings left by
a bat in our verandah on 25th June.

Agrotis tritici, a small dark specimen (vouched for by Miss Annie
Prout), wings in verandah 9th Sept.

Agrotis segetum, var. nigricornis, Villers. One wing in verandah on
24th Oct. This was the only seyetwm wing in the verandah this year.

Noctua glareosa, 1 wing in verandah, 22nd Sept.

N. plecta seems to have been exceptionally common in the county
this year. Usually | find a few wings in the verandah and an odd
Specimen or two otherwise, but this year 18 specimens were represented,
of which 8 came on the night of 21st Aug. which was rather cooler than
those on either side of it. Mr. b. A. Cooper of Willesden, Secretary of
the Amateur Entomologist’s Society, spent a fortnight’s holiday near
Falmouth in July and August and reports that on 6th Aug. ‘a warm
dark wet night with bright moon later, | took at sugar about 40 N.
plecta, though during the previous 10 days I had only taken 4 in all
and thesein the last 3 days. ‘his, of course, may have been due to
weather, but other species did not correspondingly increase. I also took
5 plecta flying along hedges on this night, which I had not done
previously. Many specimens appeared quite fresh, but it hardly seems
likely that such a large number would emerge at once.” This experience
seems to suggest that plecta may sometimes be an immigrant, but I am
not aware of any evidence in favour of that idea. Has any other reader
had a similar experience this year ?

Erunda nigra, one wing in verandah 28th Sept. ; there were several
last year.

Plusia gamma. In scores at flowers of ragwort, which is very
plentiful, on the sand dunes (locally known as ‘‘towans’’) at
Perranporth on 28th Aug., often 4,5, or 6at the same plant. Not much
in evidence elsewhere, from all accounts, but many wings left by bats
in our verandah, representing about 59 specimens, between 26th June
and 14th Noy.

Nomophila noctuella. The only specimen seen this year was a very
worn one in an upland field on 5th July. I feel sure that this species,
as well as the next, live and breed in the gardens hereabouts and that
knotgrass is not the only foodplant of noctuella, because there is none
in the garden and the places where one finds the moth are nos usually
likely habitats for the plant.

Phlyctaenia ferrugalis. I usually see a few specimens of this flying
in the verandah, or on the windows attracted by light, but it was
represented by wings only between 81st Aug. and 27th Sept.—seven
specimens on 7 days.

Chlorissa viridata. On 16th June I was at the Lizard for the day
and was fortunate enough to see and box a very faded female of this
httle Emerald on a Common there. She laid a good many eggs on
heather (ling) and a few on hawthorn, but the larvae did not appreciate
the former and I lost a good many. ‘The survivors fed better on

26 ; ENTOMOLOGISE’S RECORD. 15.111.19387

hawthorn but I have only 6 pupae. Whether they are cannibalistic or
simply born escapers, I don’t know.

Acasis viretata. A single moth in the usual worn condition of
captured specimens was seen here on 25th Aug.—only the second one
in 8 years in spite of the privet hedge on one side of the garden and
plenty elsewhere.

Kuphyia bilineata. ‘This species is very rare here (!) but 3 specimens
have been seen this year—one disturbed from a hedge on 7th June and
the others represented by wings in the verandah on 4nd Aug. Only 1
seen 1n previous years.

E. silaceata. I have always wondered why I have never seen this
here ; but this year a living one was seen on a window on 20th Aug., a
dead one on the verandah floor on 26th Aug. and wings of 3 others on
21st, 30th Aug. and 8th Sept. respectively.

A grey Geometer with 2 very zigzag transverse lines and some other
indistinct markings, boxed in the verandah on 18th Aug. was determined
by Mr. L. B. Prout as Hydriomena obeliscata and wings of three others
appeared on 9th, 19th and 27th Sept. respectively. On 25th Sept. a
wing of the brown form with darker central fascia appeared in the
verandah. This isthe form with which I am well acquainted, and have
seen in the New Forest, Surrey, and other pinewoods. ‘he sudden
appearance of these two forms here is extremely interesting, because I
have not seen them before. With the exception of larch plantations
and various other conifers on Pencalenick estate half a mile away and
3 pines in my own garden 2 of which were grown from seed and the
other dug up as a small seedling about 5 years ago at Parkstone,
Dorset, there have been no conifers here until 3 years ago when a belt
of young larches was established in a meadow across the road but not
opposite the house. ‘lhe moths may have existed before in the
plantations and spread to the young larch belt and thence to my pines ;
if so, an interesting instance of extension of area,

Dysstroma truncata. The first brood of this was not seen, the first
appearance —wings in the verandah—being on 17th Aug.; after that
just 100 specimens were recorded, either living or wings only, in the
verandah from 30th Aug. to 18th Oct., the last specimen, at rest on the
house wall, being the blackest [have seen sofar. Several centwm-notata
and 1 comma-notata were amongst them, but most were perfuscata
forms.

Not quite so many species (55) were represented by wings in the
verandah as last year (59); they consisted of Butterflies 1 (megera),
Noctuae 31, Geometrae 18, Pyrales 5. 1 may add that there were about
half adozen slight frosts between 28th Sept. and 15th Oct., the only ones
worth noticing being on the nights of 6th and 7th Oct., which seem to
have driven most of the butterflies into hibernation and of course
reduced the dahlias and nasturtiums to ruins. Nevertheless 2 croceus,
1 c-album, 2 atalanta, and | or 2 urticae and the stellatarum were seen
on various dates up to 9th Nov., and wings of gamma continued to be
found in the verandah at intervals up to 14th Nov.—(Tresmuian, Truro,
CorNWALL.)

MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN SOUTH DEVON. 27

Macrolepidoptera. Collecting notes for 1936 in South Devon
and elsewhere.

By Carr. C. Q. PARSONS.

The larvae of Agrotis lucernea were scarcer than in 1935, those of
H. oditis (hispidus)* still survive, though, I think, the insect will soon
be exterminated in Torquay by the trampling of the annually increasing
number of summer visitors. |

A 2 Dasycampa rubiginea came to sallow on 28th March, laying
16 fertile ova and no others, though she survived another 10 days, when
I liberated her.

Larvae of Agrotis tritici and A. vestiyialis were dug out from under
chickweed on the sand-hills early in May, still quite small. Kept in
an open tin half-filled with saud and fed on cabbage and lettuce, they
were very shy, dragging the foodplant below the level of the sand to
feed in the daytime and at night, producing only their heads which
they rapidly withdrew at the slightest siga of illumination. When
apparently quite full grown they seemed to throw discretion to the winds,
racing round and round the tin in spite of the glare of an electric terch,
possibly searching for a better place in which to pupate.

Even at that stage there seemed no very striking difference in the
two species by their speed or markings.

Agrotis ripae, which were reared on the same diet in Sept., 1935,
have till now, Jan., 1937, shown no sign of grease and when fed’on
carrot have invariably been discoloured before being removed from the
setting board.

Drepana lacertinaria appeared at light on 10th May, Hphyra porata
on the 15th, Drymonia trimacula (dodonea) and Notodonta trepida the
19th, the last insect in some numbers: Palimpsestis duplaris, 10th June.
On the 19th of May Hetropis punctulata appeared with Hydriomena
ruberata, which flew rather locally on a heathy bit of ground: a @ of
the latter species obliged with a good batch of ova; unfortunately the
larvae proved cannibalistic to the extent that they showed a liking for
the hind claspers of their neighbours. They were not sleeved on a
growing bough; but fed on Salix caprea in rather close quarters,
whenever their food was changed quickly spinning the leaves to the
bottom of the tin, starting this habit at a very early stage. J have no
other species of sallow or willow in the garden and thought they would
find the leaves of S. caprea rather too spacious to cope with when
growing on the tree, unless of course they had made the best of
circumstances by folding over the edges of the leaves to form a retreat.

Dyschorista fissipuneta (upsilon), in company with Amathes lota
nearly fullfed, on 1st June were found in the chinks of willow bark.

I visited a locality near Chagford on 7th June with a friend,
where the slug-like caterpillar Ruralis (T’hecla) betulae was fairly plenti-
ful. Unfortunately only two Nola cucullatella appeared in the beating
tray ; an insect which has so far practically avoided me. Broom was
more productive yielding Chesias legatella (spartiata).

During an unsuccessful search for the larvae of Ayrotis obelisca
some miles west of Paignton, I was surprised to find two larvae of
Callimorpha quadripunctaria (hera), almost fullgrown feeding on salad

** hispidus is not a British species.

28 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1987

burnet. Erastria fasciana* was dislodged fairly plentifully while beating
oak trees on the 10th. [While having a picnic lunch on the 11th by
the side of the road on the high ground between South Brent and
Gidley Bridge I was pleased to see Hpirrhoé tristata. At one time
there must have been quite ten apparently assembling in a small group.
South mentions Dartmoor as a locality, but so far 1 have not seen it
here in 14 years. | :

The night of 19th June was very hot and thundery inland in
S. Devon, though I’m sure the Rev. T. G. Edwards had more variety
at his single coast lamp-post (Vol. XLVIII. No. 9) than I had in my
haste. The night was so good that I had not the patience to remain
in one locality, but sampled three, several miles from each other.
Hadena (Mamestra) contigua and H. (M.) genistae ignored my patrol lamp
and just sat on the grasses, the former in fair numbers. Those
which came to light included D. dodonea, D. lacertinaria, D. falca-
taria, Acronieta leporina, Diacrisia sannio, Pseudoterpna pruinata, and
Chlorissa (Nemoria) viridata, the last mentioned in profusion, mostly
faded.

On the 20th June Neuria reticulata appeared at valerian blossom,
Stauropus fagi came to light on the 23rd, and two Senta maritima in
different surroundings on the 24th.

In the woods again on the 27th the males of Comibaena pustulata
arrived unfaded.

-Ina belated attempt to catch Hupithecia pini (togata) on Tth July
in a locality where it occurred some years ago, 1 found Calocalpe
undulata fairly common, only having seen it here once before.

I stopped at Grange-over-Sands from the 11th to the 21st,{during
which time the weather was mostly rainy and cold with the exception
of one night when the rain was accompanied by thunder and lightning ;
then everything was perfect.

The species taken, mostly at light near Holker Moss, included
Noctua primulae (festiva), N. baja, N. brunnea, N. ditrapezium, Cleoceris
viminalis, Dyschorista suspecta, Hipparchus papilionaria, Xanthorrhoe
munitata, and Venusta cambrica in small numbers, and Hydriomena
furcata (sordidata) in great profusion and variety. Abrostola tripartita,
Plusia iota, P. moneta, and Mamestra furva, the last named somewhat
worn, were attracted by valerian blossom.

A fresh ¢ D. suspecta, which I provided with a tempting piece of
Cocksfoot grass, sugar and alcohol, perished miserably; it was only
on my return home that I discovered in “ Barrett’’ that she would
have much preferred a birch trunk.

On the 22nd I moved on to Ainsdale till the 29th. Ayrotis praecox,
A. vestigialis and A. tritici appeared at ragwort blossom, some of the
last species, or possibly A. niyricans, were sooty black.

The poplars in places harboured hosts of the empty cocoons of
Leucoma salicis. he larva of Dicranura vinula was common; but I saw
no signs of D. bifida. On one of two birch trees I found 5 4. leporina
and 2. N. dromedarius, the other birches in natural surroundings between
Southport and Formby appeared to grow on Formby golf course. In

* This is not fasciana, LL, which is Pammene fasciana, Ll. (=juliana, Curtis).
The Noctuid here referred to is pygarga, Hufn. 1766 (See Durrant, Ent, Record,
XXXII, 35-36, 1920)—T. B.-F.

LEPIDOPTERA OF EIGG, CANNA AND SANDAY. 29

the same district on both public and private land I saw only one oak tree
and that of an uncommon kind, well pruned, in Lord Street, Southport.
consequently some well fed D. binaria, which I was rearing died from
want of better occupation.

Hpunda lutulenta and one var. consimilis, Stph. appeared at sugar
on 17th Sept. I managed to get the resultant larvae as far as the 2nd
instar for the second time; when they died about mid December from
no apparent ailment. They were kept in a room with a minimum
temperature of about 45°. Last Autumn they were provided with a
piece of damp blotting-paper in the bottom of the air-tight tin, though
none appeared to have any difficulty in changing their skins on either
occasion. In 1935 I placed some larvae on a growing clump of grass In a
flowerpot covered with fine muslin placed in an open window ; but they
fared no better than the other half of the batch fed on cut grass in
close confinemeht. I should be most grateful for any advice on the
subject.

There was a complete absence of Agrotis segetum at the Autumn
sugar; the species swarmed in 1935. A pair of Leucania l-album
I enclosed in a 2lb. jam jar for 3 nights, and provided with slight
nourishment, finally resulted in some 50 infertile ova. There could
have been no mistake about the sex of the male with his black basal
tuft.

A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Lepidoptera of the
Islands of Eigg, Canna, and Sanday.
By GEORGE HESLOP HARRISON, B.Sc., Ph.D.

The present paper results from two visits paid to Canna and Sanday
in November, 1935, and August, 1936, and two to Kigg in April, August,
and September, 1986. It does not by any means purport to be a full
account of the Lepidoptera of these islands, as that group was collected
more or less casually as a relaxation from more intensive work in other
directions.

On Canna and Sanday, except for the plantations near the houses
of the owner, Mrs. Thom, where ash, elm, conifers, etc. grow, only wild
roses, Salia aurita, S. repens, and similar shrubs are encountered. I
therefore restricted my energies on this island, except by day, to
sugaring near the plantations, and to working the ragwort flowers.

As for EKigg, the natural vegetation is much richer than that of
Canna, birch, willows, alders, hawthorns occurring in the gorges and
sheltered valleys. Moreover, many of the slopes up the ridges bear
hazel, whilst higher still, holly and scrub oaks are to be found
frequently in the rock clefts.

On all three islands, throughout my stays, heavy rain and wind
impeded the work, which was further affected by the fact that, from
previous experience, I knew the dangers of working in the dark alone ;
thus much of the more promising ground remained unexplored.

Pieris napi, L.—Common, and especially the females, quite dark ;
_ everywhere on the three islands.

P. rapae, L.—Sparingly on Higeg.

Vanessa atalanta, L.——Common enough, as a result of the 1936
immigrations, everywhere.

V. urticae, .—Also plentiful, and much the same as North of
England specimeus; on all the islands.

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1937

Maniola jurtina, L.—Very fine, especially on Canna and Sanday,
in the form of var. splendida, B. W.

Polycommatus tcarus, l4.—On Canna not rare, with large, very
blue females.

Smerinthus populi, L.—Larvae quite common on various ees
Higeg, and on S. repens, Canna.

Dicranura vinula, L.—Also as larvae on Salices, Kigg.

Pheosia tremula, Cl. —Beaten, although sparingly, from willow on
Higg.

Lastocampa quercus, L.—Larvae common on all the moors of Canna
and Higg.

Macrothylacia rubi, L.—Sparingly on the moors of Kigg.

Saturnia pavonia, L.—Larvae on Calluna on Higg.

Aylophila prasinana, L.—Beaten from oak, Higg.

Spilosoma menthastri, Esp. and S. lubricipeda, L.—-Both found as
larvae on Higg.

Arctia caja, L.—Young larvae on Kigg.

Acronicta rumicis, Li.—Larvae found on various low plants, HKigg.

A. psi, L.—Larvae beaten from birch on Kigg; a curious fact, as
I have not seen this common species on any other island of the Inner
Hebrides.

Noctua glareosa, Hisp.—On ragwort flowers, and quite typical.

Noctua brunnea, Fab.—Not common on Higg.

N. wanthographa, Fab.—Common enough and, except for var. rufa,
Tutt, and var. observa, Tutt, showing but little of its usual variability ;
Liee, Canna, and Sanday.

Ayrotis e-nigrum, L.—Also found on Higg, and not on Raasay,
Rona, Scalpay, or Canna.

Triphaena comes, Hb.—Common on Canna and lige, but no
curtisit Or nigrescens forms were captured.

T. orbona, Hufn.—Very rare, Higg only.

Te ionic L.—Common enough on all the islands.

Mamestra oleracea, L.—Larvae common on low plants on Higg.

Charaeas yraminis, L.—Abundant on flowers on all the islands.

Luperina testacea, Hb.—Found on Canna and Eigg, but not on
Rona or Scalpay.

Miana strigilis, L.— Common everywhere.

M. fasctuncula, Haw.—Common enough and well distributed.

Xylophasia monoglypha, Hutn.—Abundant and quite typical, Higg
and Canna.

Aporophyla lutulenta, Bkb.—Rare on Eigg, in form of var.
luneburgensis, Fr.

Poliasai, a. Scarce, and quite ordinary, on Higg and Canna.

Hydroecta crinanensis, Burr.—Common on Higg, Canna, and Sanday
at ragwort.

Ai. lucens, Fr.—Also of frequent occurrence.

H. paludis, Tutt.—Rare Eigg and Canna. These three species
have’ been verified by reference to preparations, which I have made of
their genitalia.

1. micacea, Ksp.—Very abundant, especially on Canna.

Caradrina Glidden cea as F.— Common enough ; Higg and Canna.

Pachnobia rubricosa, Fab.—Generally common on Higg, and prac-
tically always as var. rufa, Tutt.

LEPIDOPTERA OF EIGG, CANNA AND SANDAY. 31

P. lencoyrapha, Hb.—A single male of this unexpected insect,
which I believe is here recorded for the first time for Scotland; Hige
only.

Taeniocampa gothica, L.—Nearly always as var. pallida, Tutt, and
forms between it and rufescens, Tutt. One splendid obsoleta female,
however, was captured ; Kigg only.

T. stabilis, View.—As var. pallida, Tutt, and var. rufa, Tutt, on
Higg.

T. incerta, L.—Very pale forms on Higg; distinctly rare.

T. gracilis, L.—Not uncommon ; var. pallida, and var. rosea, Tutt,
at flowers of Salia awrita, Kigg.

Omphaloscelis lunosa, Haw.—Far from uncommon on raewort
flowers on Higg and Canna. |

Aanthia lutea, Strm.—Rare on Higg.

Calocampa exoleta, Li. and C. vetusta, Hb.—Both of these species
are not uncommon at sallow on Higg in spring.

Plusia gamma, L.—The 1936 immigration was responsible for the
abundance of this species on Higg, Canna and Sanday.

Hypena proboscidalis, L.— Common where nettles occur.

Ortholitha limitata, Scop.—Searce on Hige.

Trichopteryx carpinata, Bkh.—Not uncommon amongst birch on
Higg.

Cidaria pyraliata, Schiff.—A single specimen on Hige.

C. corylata, Thnbg.—Larvae plentiful on Kigg.

C. truncata, Hufn. ©. immanata, Haw.—The former nearly over,
and the latter at its best on Canna, Sanday, and EKigg when I was there
in August and September ; both very variable.

C. miata, L.—Quite common, Eigse.

Coremta desiynata, Hufn.—A few specimens on Higg.

Thera variata, Schiff.—Taken from spruce on Canna.

Amoebe olivata, Schiff—Past its best but still common; Higg in
September.

Malenydris multistrigaria, Haw.—Common on EHigg in April.

M. didymata, L.—Also common enough; Higg and Canna.

Camptogramma bilineata, L.—Abundant on all the islands especially
in the form of the dark-banded variety.

Kupithecia yoossensiata, Mab.—Larvae common on heather; Eige.

E. castiyata, Hb.— Larvae on various flower heads, Canna, Sanday,
and Hige.

Abraxas grossulartata, L.—Larvae very common on heather, Higg
and Canna.

Lomaspilis maryinata, L.—lLarvae on Salix aurita on Hige.

Cabera pusaria, L. and C. exanthemata, Scop.— Both of these species
are common enough in their larval stages.

Kpione apteiaria,* Schiff.— Females captured, and eggs obtained on
Hige; not seen on Raasay, Rona, ete.

Metrocampa margaritarvia, Li.lLarvae on Higg in spring.

Selenia bilunaria, Kisp.-_Larvae found on Salix aurita on Eige.

Gonodontis bidentata, Cl.—Captured as the imago in the third week
in April on Higg.

Boarmia repandata, L.—Larvae on heather, etc. on Higg.

* =repandaria, Hufn.

32 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.19387

TOTES ON COLLECTING. ete.

Micro-cottectinc. Min Marca to mip Aprit.—The larvae of
several species of the genus Hemimene feed in the roots of the common
yarrow (Achillea millefolium) during the winter months and are best
obtained in March. The larvae burrow for a short distance up the
flowering stems of the previous year and if, during mild weather, the
stems are gently pulled up with as much of the root as possible, many
will be found to contain a larva. The stems often break at the point
at which a larva is feeding. During cold weather the larvae will be
down in the root stock. Thestems should be planted in a shallow seed
box and when the imagines are due to emerge the box should be covered
with muslin or other suitable material stretched on a light wooden frame.
In this manner I have bred a number of politana, petiverella, sequana,
plumbana and plumbayana.

The larvae of H. acuwminatana feed in the root stocks of the ox-eye
daisy (CArysanthemum leucanthemwn), mining up the new flowering
stems, causing them to be shorter and thicker than normal ; the leaves
on tenanted stems are also dwarfed. If all suspicious looking stems
are opened until a larva is found, one will soon learn to recognize which
contain larvae. The stems should be gathered towards the end of
March. The larvae of H. consortana feed in a similar manner about
three weeks or a fortnight later.

The imagines of Mompha propinquella are seldom seen even in
localities where this species is plentiful; the larvae, however, can
readily be obtained by carefully searching the seedling plants of the
willow-herbs— F'pilobium hirsutum and EF montana—in the lower leaves
of which they feed towards the end of March and early in April.
Plants growing in sheltered places—e.q., around a tree stump or in a
hedge bottom—seem to be preferred by this species to plants in more
open ground. When feeding on F. hirsutum the larvae generally use
the lower part of the the leaf, mining down into the thick fleshy stalk
where they are not easily seen. When £. montana is chosen as the
food plant, the whole of the leaf is mined, three or four leaves being
used altogether: the bleached leaves, betraying the presence of a larva,
are fairly conspicuous. Plants containing a larva should be pulled up
and planted in damp sand in which they will grow sufficiently for the
larva to reach maturity.

M. miscella is another species which can more easily be obtained
in the larval stage. The Jarva mines the leaves of rockrose
(Helianthemiun) preferably of plants growing on a bank. The white
blotches on the leaves, although small, stand out in contrast with the
dark green foliage. The larva is full fed about the middle of April.—
En:

Larva or Oxypritus parvipactyius, Hw.—Oayptilus parvidactylus
is abundant at Rodborough from the last week of May onwards through-
out June and in less numbers in July and it’s foodplant, Hieracium
ptlosella, grows in quantity on the hillsides, but its larva has so far
eluded me and I shall be obliged if any reader can give any practical
hints for its discovery when about full-fed. Chapman’s account (in
Tutt’s Brit. Lep. V. 423-424 : 1906) states that the larva feeds hidden in
the centre of the plant, at the base of a young central leaf, and Meyrick

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 30

(Rev. Handb., p. 450: 1928) says “in heart of Hieracium pilosella,”
Huggins, however, states (Hntom, LXII. 138: 1929) that the larva is
found on the young leaves, sometimes penetrating very lightly into the
central rosette, killing the young shoot, but it does so externally,
burying its head and front segments only. Chapman (J.c.) states that
he found larvae at Reigate on 4th June, 1906: I imagine that this
date would be rather late to look for them here, as the moth is well out
by then (Tutt’s date, “the last fortnight of June,” is nearly a month too
late) and I should expect the end of April or early in May to be about
the right time. Huggins says, ‘the larva is at the present date

to be found feeding’’; but, as the date is not given, this is not very
helpful: presumably his note was written in May, as it was printed in
the June number of the Hntomologist. The larvae must be present here
in considerable numbers, judging by the abundance of the moth, but
none of the plants which I have examined has shown any sign of
feeding. It may be merely that there are so many Hieracium plants
that it is difficult to find an individual larva, as is the case with
Stenoptilia pterodactyla, which is common in my garden, but there are
so many thousands of Veronica plants that often a long search is
required to find a pterodactyla larva, as they are very scattered. The
larva of O. parvidactylus could doubtless be reared from the egg on
potted plants, but I should like to be able to find it under natural con-
ditions and any hints regarding this will be weleome.—T. BarnpriceE
Fuercser. Rodborough, Glos. 24th February, 1987.

Evetria PURDEYI, DurRANT, IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.— Mvetria purdeyt
was originally described by Durrant (#.M.M. XLYLII. 252-253: 1911)
from Folkestone, attached to Scotch Fir (Pinus sylvestris). In 1912 it was
recorded from Norfolk by South (Hntom. XLV. 327) and Whittingham
(t.c. 295). In 1917 Adkin (Hntom. Li. 141) recorded it from Lewisham,
where it had been found since 1907, under Austrian Pines (Pinus
laricio var. nigricans). In 1924 Huggins (Hntom. LVII. 42) noted it at
Sittingbourne, bred from old shoots of Scotch Fir. In 1926 (Hntom.
LIX. 160) Waters recorded it from Dawlish and Kingswear, 8. Devon;
among Austrian Pines. In 1927 Huggins (Hntom. LX. 232) noted it
from Freshwater I.W. In 1930 Fassnidge (Hnt. Rec. XLII. 167)
recorded it from Chilworth and noted that it was increasing in 8.
Hants. In 1932 Adkin (Hntom. LXV. 38) recorded it from Hastbourne
in 1930. On 14th August 1936 I took a specimen at light in my house
here and this had probably come from the pine-trees (Austrian Pines, I
believe) in my garden. Its occurrence in Gloucestershire, whence it
has not been recorded previously, is a noteworthy extension of its dis-
tribution in 8. England.—T. Bainsricer Fietcuer. Rodborough, Glos.
24th February, 1987.

PotyGraPuus PpoLyeraPuus, L., 1x SurFoLK anp Norrotk.—Through
the kindness of Mr. H. 8. Hanson, I have recently been able to take
examples of this very rare British beetle, near Halesworth in Suffolk.
On 3rd February I went to this locality, where I was met by the
forester in charge, who showed me a number of spruce trees (one
quite dead, others nearly so), which were being attacked by this wood-
borer. Its larvae occurred in very great numbers, the whole of the
bark of the trees being riddled by its borings. I was able to get a

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.1987

nice series of the adults for myself and the Museum, and many larvae
and sections of bark for the latter. Mr. Hanson also told me it was
equally abundant at Thetford in Norfolk.

The only other known genuine British locality is Scarborough. In
the Hntomologist’s Annual for 1872, p. 88, E, C. Rye writes, sub
Polygraphus pubescens, F,—“* A few specimens of this interesting wood-
feeder, belonging to a genus new to our lists, were taken at the end of
last summer, under fir bark near Scarborough, by Mr. R. Lawson, to
whose accustomed liberality I am indebted for this insect.’”’ Fowler’s
record [Col. Brit. Isles § 424 (1891)], of course, refers to the same
capture.

Dr. Joy recorded (Ent. Mo. Mag. 1925, p. 16) this beetle from under
the bark of a pit prop at Barry Docks, 8. Wales. These specimens were
most probably introduced from the Continent. The beetle not having,
otherwise, been taken for nearly 70 years, it was beginning to be regarded
as a non-genuine British insect (like so many of the old captures at
Windsor Forest, and elsewhere, which we have since retaken) ; but
there is now little doubt that it was a good British species, and has
occurred, perhaps sparingly, in other British localities, but has
not been found. Lieut. Colonel Graurdet in his admirable Catalogue of
the Coleoptera of the Forest of Fontainebleau, records this beetle as being
a pest in that forest. He also points out that it has destroyed a num-
ber of young spruce plantations. Personally 1 am more interested in
its distribution and occurrence as a British insect than in the question
of its being harmful or otherwise. As to how it should be dealt with
I will leave to those who study such matters.—-Horace DonistHorpr.
Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat Hist.).

“Toe Asparagus Fry’ (PuaryPaREA POECILOPTERA, SCHR.) IN
Enextanp.—The January number of the Jounal of the Ministry of
Agriculture contained an article on the appearance in England of this
fly, well known on the Continent as a ‘‘ pest” affecting asparagus. The
larvae burrow in the stems of this plant and weaken their growth.

‘The imagines appear from mid-June to mid-July. Pupation takes place
in the stems and eventually, when these decay, the pupae winter in the
earth. This fly isone of the Trypetid group and resembles the well
known “Celery Fly” (Acidia heraclei, L.) but is somewhat larger and
darker. It was first noticed in 1985 in a private garden in Hertford, -
and subsequently numerous infestations have been found in South
Herts. The article, illustrated by two plates, treats of the life-history
of the species and of various remedies, of which the most effective so
far found is to cut down and burn infected stems in the autumn, thug
preventing the pupae from escaping from the decaying stems to the
eartb. Hxperiments are now being carried out with a view to obtaining
a soil-insecticide that will destroy the over-wintering pupae.—H.W.A.

New British Locanivies ror Metrioprsra ROESELU, HaGmnBAcH,
AND Merrioprera BracHyprERa, L. (OrrHoprera, Trerriconipar).—Up
to the present, Metrioptera roeselii has been regarded as a littoral species
in Britain. It has only been recorded from around the mouth of the
Thames and from just south of the Humber (vide Lucas, British
Urthoptera, Ray Society, 1920, p. 169).

On 8rd August, 1983, I found this species quite commonly on the

COLLECTING NOTES. 35

roadside between Wickford (Essex) and Maldon (Essex), and I found it
again, on 5th August between Wickford and Burnham-on-Crouch.
The males were “singing” loudly on the grass stems about a foot from
the ground in the hot sun. They were difficult to see, aud I had to
approach with caution, for a quick movement on my part stopped them
‘‘singine”’ and sent them to the grass roots. I only managed to catch
two males, and I saw no females. The colonies spread quite a long
distance, but were sparsely populated, and all the insects were either in
or near the roadside ditch.

I have not visited the above area since 1983 and saw no more of
this species until 31st August, 1986, when I came across quite a
populous colony at Doddinghurst near Brentwood (Essex), and a small
one near Brentwood Wireless Station. Again I caught no females,
On 24th September, 1936, I found a colony in a damp meadow at
Billericay (Essex), and here I caught two females and several males.
The individuals of this colony appeared to be rather greener than
those of the others. This may be due to the unfavourable season
(Lucas, p. 168).

Dr. Burr considers rank vegetation in damp fields favourite spots
for the species (Lucas, p. 168). This agrees very well with my
observations. Thus this species does occur inland (Brentwood is
22 miles from Southend and 12 miles from Tilbury), in Essex at any
rate, and can no longer be regarded as wholly littoral in England. It
is not littoral on the continent.

On 2nd September, 1986, I found a colony of Metrioptera brachyptera
at Burnham Beeches (Bucks). Dr. Burr informs me that this is a new
locality for this species. It was a very populous colony, the insects
hopping up in numbers as I walked about. So far as I could see
females were more numerous than males. The colony was situated
in a damp, low-lying part. They were far less nimble than M. roeselii
and their song was altogether different, being a short chirp, whereas
that of M. roeselit was a very shrill, piercing, long note continuing for
perhaps a minute and a half. Ido not know whether the lack of sun
on that day had any effect on the chirping of VW. brachyptera.

Dr. Burr has very kindly confirmed my identification of the two
species.— Pau Freeman. [mperial College of Science and Technology,
S. Kensingtou, 8.W.7. January, 1937.

[Mr. Freeman’s note is very interesting. I see no reason why M.
roeselit Should not turn up in many other localities. I think Lucas is
right in attributing the green colour to teneral condition. There can
be little doubt that green was the original colour of the Decticidae, in
which it persists to the adult stage in a few species. Mr. Stainforth
found it on the Humber shore, between Easington and Skeffing (Ent.
Ree. XLVI. p. 102, 1935). In Bavaria Ramme found it swarming on
cultivated land at a good altitude, but on higher, stony ground it was
replaced by M. brachyptera. In West Prussia it was found only in wet
places, and it is rather curious that there La Baume found M. brachyp-
tera only in dry places, while with us it is associated with bogs. Ramme
states that in the Alps there is no law. In Poland he found about half
the specimens were of the macropterous form, which is surely the
original. He considers that district near its focus of distribution.
Worthington records M. roeselii ‘‘ perhaps from Cambridgeshire in

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.111.19387

Jenyn’s collection, but not in his list”? (Derm. and Orth. of Cambridge-
shire.)
Refreshing my memory by a glance at Lucas, I see that he records

M. brachyptera as taken on Kast Burnham Common by Mr. Campion.—
M.B.]

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICKS.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at “‘ Florence House,”
332, Great West Road, Heston, on Friday, 18th December, 1936, Mr.
H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. Member present in addition to the
chairman—Mr. Jas. Collin. Visitors present—Dr. K. G. Blair, Dr.
Malcolm Burr, Dr. A. D. Imms, Dr. Karl Jordan, Mr. J. Ramsbottom,
Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. W. Rait-Smith, Mr. W. H. T. Tams. The
company arrived about 6.30 and was received by the Misses Kirk and
Mr. Donisthorpe. The Chairman’s six Entomological albums were on
view, in which items relating to a large number of notable Entomologists,
past and present, are to be found. The Chairman intimated that these
will eventually become the property of the Royal Entomological Society
of London. Supper was served at 7.80, and after a very entertaining
and enjoyable evening the party dispersed about 10.80.—H.
Witiovesrsy- Eis.

A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at Tring on 21st
November, 1986, Lord Rothschild in the Chair. Members present, in
addition to the Chairman.—Mr. H. Donisthorpe, Mr. H. Willoughby
Klis, Mr. Jas. i. Collin, Mr. W. J. Kaye. Visitors present—Mr. C. M.
Collinette, Major Philip Graves, Prof. G. D. Hale-Carpenter, Dr. Karl
Jordan, Mr. John Levick, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, Sir Edward B.
Poulton, Mr. Louis B. Prout, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr. H. Stevens, Mr.
W. H. T. Tams. The members and visitors were received by Lord
Rothschild during the morning at the Museum, where a special exhibit
of the genus Charaaes wason view. The collection, consisting of 8000
specimens contained in 180 drawers was placed on tables for the
convenience of the members and guests. The collection illustrated
the advance in our knowledge of the genus since the publication of the
Monograph of Charaxes and allied genera by Rothschild and Jordan
in 1898-1900. Some 90 new species and subspecies have been dis-
covered since the beginning of the century; others known at that
time only from single specimens are now represented by good series ;
and in other cases the range of distribution has been considerably
extended. The species are arranged in the collection in two main
groups, the first group containing the stronger forms with the costal
margin of the forewing heavily serrated, and the second the smaller
species with less powerful flight and the serration of the costal margin
denser and feebler. The species of the second group, particularly the
? ¢ , frequently resemble some species of the first group, the similarity
in colour and pattern being often surprisingly close. Luncheon was
served after 1 o’clock after which the Museum was again open for
inspection and the party dispersed about 4 o’clock having spent a very
enjoyable day.—H. Wittovexsy Exus.

In a separate from Flora og Fauna (1986) of Denmark, 4 species
new to Denmark are recorded, including Acidalia herbariata, Sesia

CURRENT NOTES. 37

myopaeformis, Ephyra quercimontaria (compared with H. punctaria) and
Oatocala adultera (compared with C. nupta). We are indebted to Skat
(Dean) Hoffmeyer of Aarhus cathedral, who is an enthusiastic
entomologist.

The Cape Naturalist for 1986 devotes the greater portion of its issue
to articles on Insects: The Christmas Butterfly (Papilio demoleus) ;
Sound-producing Organs of a few Peninsula Insects‘ The Stick-insects
of the Cape; Butterflies of the Cape; Useful Books on Insects of
South Africa; ete.

The Annales F'ntomologict Fennict are published four times a year
and contain contributions on all Orders of Insects. mostly in Finnish
(with German summary) and German speech, with a few illustrations.

So few Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society took sufficient
interest in the present late hour of meeting to reply to the Council’s
circular that the matter was dropped and unfortunately one still
has to rush for train or is precluded from being present.

A Biblioyraphical and Systematic Account of the Entomological Works
of Jacob Hiibner is being published by the Royal Entomological Society.
By Francis Hemming. The basis of the work is the wonderful
collection of Huibner’s original MSS., drawings, early issues, etc., now
in the possession of the Society. Perusal of this Summary will
doubtless settle for all time the actual dates of issue, the position of
the much debated V’entamen, the position of the Verzeichniss, etc.

: In the Can. F'nt. there is an article on the genus Lycaena. Nine

out of every ten entomologists will think of ‘ blues.” But no, the
authorities say we must understand “coppers.” As most lepidopterists
are, and long will be, dependent on ordinary literature, surely it would
be advisable for writers and editors to add (‘‘coppers’”’) after Lycaena
although it savours of ‘ black”? =‘ white.”

The Jubilee Meeting of the Verrall Supper took place at the
Holborn Restaurant on 19th January, 1937, and although a record
number of tickets had been applied for, many were unable to attend
on account of the prevailing influenza epidemic, and the actual
attendance was 167.

To commemorate the fiftieth anniversary the menu was specially
prepared with a history of the event and two photographs of the late
Mr. G. H. Verrall, one taken in the year 1887 the date of his first
Entomological Club Supper, and one in 1911 the date of his death.

Sir Edward Poulton, F.R.S. was in the Chair.

After the two loyal toasts and the silent toast of Mr. Verrall the
founder, Mr. Willoughby Ellis proposed a vote of thanks to the Chairman,
during which he said the Entomological Club was instituted in 1826
by Messrs. George Samouelle, A. H. Davis, Samuel Hanson and
Edward Newman, and has remained in permanent existence ever since.

Its centenary was celebrated in 1926 its age being now 111 years,
the oldest purely Entomological Society in the world. Mr. Verrall
was elected in 1887 and gave his first Club Supper in that year, just
50 years ago, and Sir Edward Poulton being the only survivor of those
who were invited on that occasion was asked to occupy the Chair
to-night, and they were very grateful to him for consenting to do so.
The speaker referred to Sir Kdward’s leading position in the HKntomo-
logical World and last year they congratulated him on the honour
conferred on him by His Majesty the King and on this oceasion on his

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.111.1937

election as President of the British Association for the forthcoming
session.

‘The toast was received with ereat acclamation and Sir Edward in
reply thanked the company for their warm reception.

The following Overseas visitors were present—Mr. A. W. A. Brown,
Toronto; Prof. E. O. Essig, California; Mr. N. B. Tindale, S.
Australia; and Dr. Fritz van Emden, Dresden.

Mr. Jas. EK. Collin, who as Verrall Supper Member of the Entomo-
logical Club is always responsible for the organization of these
gatherings, is again to be congratulated on the excellent arrangements
made for this notable occasion, which was one of the best and most
enjoyable experienced during the long series.—H. Witutovesry Hus.

Just twelve months ago we reviewed the Catalogue of the Macro-
lepidoptera of Lreland compiled by Lt. Col. C. Donovan, 1.M.8. (ret.),
and now there has been published a six-page Supplement from further
data which have come to hand. The care with which the original
work was compiled is evidenced by the fact that only two or three
corrections have been necessary. ‘he issue of this work was evidently
wanted, for we have in these six pages short additional notes to nearly
one hundred species. This work has evidently been a great impetus
to the Irish collectors during 1936, and proves the practical use of such
summaries of what has been done, to form a basis of further research,
both in the field and in one’s records. ‘These extra pages can be
obtained from Col. Donovan, Bourton-on-the- Water, Glos.

The annual instalment of the Minen-Herbarium has come to hand
and contains examples of the leaf-mines of a further 20 species, making
a total of 420 in the whole series so far. ‘This time we have 7 mines
of Lepidoptera, 11 of Diptera, 1 of Coleoptera and 1 of Hymenoptera.
To micro-lepidopterists and to dipterists this series of admirably
mounted and labelled specimens is essential to their studies. In fact
in one’s collection might be added to the imagines an example of a
leaf or a portion of a leaf containing the creature’s larval habitation,
just as in the lepidopterous Coleophora series one usually adds an
example of the larval case. Hach example is mounted in a folded
sheet of paper labelled with generic and specific names of both species
and host plant, with the families of both added, also the locality. We
must congratulate Dr. Hering for his praiseworthy efforts in this modern
line of research.

Messrs. Batsford, Publishers, of N. Audley St., London, W.1, are
issuing a series of moderately priced works entitled “Art and Nature in
Colour.”’ As a specimen we have received 7’he Beauty of Butterflies, a
small volume of quarto size consisting of 12 plates of illustrations of
some of the most beautiful and strikingly coloured butterflies, natural
size. There is an Introduction by Julian 5. Huxley, who points out
the ‘alarming ignorance of science among most literary men and
artists’, and goes on to say that ‘‘ the realization of life’s variety, of
the existence of creatures that have their being in innumerable alien
ways from ours, is a valuable corrective to self-centredness.” He
considers ‘‘ Art, which fails to utilize the facts and ideas of science as
material for inspiration, is undeveloped and unenterprising.” Several
pages of text on “tropical butterflies’’ are well worth reading with their
references to Wallace, Bates, etc. About 40 figures excellently executed
are given on the plates and a few notes on each species are added .in

OBITUARY. 39

the list of figures. This is a very attractive publication and at the
price of 5/6 is quite reasonable. Such works as well produced as this,
are most useful as introductions to beauty in a study of natural
science.

On 17th February a rather important paper, from an economic
point of view, was read at the meeting of the Royal Society of Arts.
‘‘ Recent Research on Wood-destroying Insects,’ by Ronald C. Fisher,
B.Sc.,'Ph.D. After an introductory and brief account of the work of
the Forest Products Research Laboratory at Princes Risborough, and
some general remarks on the aim and scope of Forest Entomology, the
lecturer passed on to the consideration of the insects known as ‘‘pin-
worms,” beetles of the families Scolytidae, Platypodidae, L.yctidae, ete.
The Lyctus species was taken first, and after detailing its life-history he
surveyed the methods adopted for the prevention of the spread of this
pest, the points in the life-history more susceptible to preventive
measures, with the opinions and suggestions of various specialists in
these investigations. In a similar way the lecturer dealt with the
Xestobium beetle (‘‘death-watch’””) and noted the different method of
attack. ‘There was a very interesting tabular record of the Duration
of the Life-Cycle of the latter beetle, on different woods, temperature,
moisture content, fungus decay, life-cyele, etc., and the remarks on each
species were illustrated by cinematographic pictures.

The Memorie Soc. Ent. [t., just received published in 1985 contains
an account of the Tortrices of Piedmont by Dr. Della Beffa and
registers a number of forms hitherto unnamed; Dr. U. Roccei discusses
the possibility of Zyyaena transalpina as now understood, being a
composite species and in reality it may turn out to bea group of species.

In the Memorte Soc. Hnt. It., for 1986, Conte Turati and Sigr.
Kruger add a large number of records of hitherto unrecorded
Species, new forms, and new species to.the knowledge of the
Lepidopterous Fauna of Cirenaica, illustrated with a plate of 27 figures.

Dr. Rocci in Boll. Soc. ent. It., Oct., 1986, records and figures a
Zygaena maritima, which has the R. fore-wing duplicated in place of
R. hind-wing. The L. side is normal. The 2 wings are closely
identical. An example of Homoeosis.

@® BITUARY.

A. B. Shelkovnikov. (With Plate.)

It is with profound regret that 1 have to record the death of my old
friend. Alexander Borisovich Shelkovnikov, the news of which has only
recently reached me. It occurred on 15th May, 1938, of angina
pectoris.

Alexander Borisovich was born in 1870. His father was an artillery
officer with a fine record of service. He was on the general staff
in the Polish campaign and later received an appointment, very unusual
for an Armenian, as Chief of Military District in Daghestan just after
the pacification of the wild highlanders following the capture of Shamyl,
which brought the thirty vears war to a close. While in Daghestan
he bought an estate called Geok Tapa, the Green Hill, in the district
of Aresh on the steppes in the Transcaucasus, but never lived there,

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.11.1987

for shortly after he died of typhus during the Turkish war. Alexander
Borisovich was intended to follow his father’s profession and passed
through the Corps of Pages to the artillery of the Imperial Guard, but
his heart was rather in Nature thanin uniform. While stilla Page he
had attended meetings of the Imperial Geographical Society and was a
Corresponding Member of the Academy of Science. So he abandoned
his military career and withdrew to Geok Tapa, where he lived the
simple life of a country gentleman and devoted his time ‘to the
development of his estate, which he beautified and modernized, and
the study of the fauna and flora of the Caucasus. He took special
pleasure in the lavish entertainment of numerous guests, mostly
naturalists. He was a genial and delightful host and also a first rate
all round naturalist. In 1912 and again in 1915 I spent several weeks
of extraordinary charm at Geok Tapa, which I have described in The
Entomologists Record, 1912, p. 297, Pl. II., and 1915, p.251. It was
to me a wonderful experience, working in not only the Caucasian
province, but making the acquaintance of the strong Transeaspian
element.

During the period of trouble, his estate was raided by Tartars, his
house burnt down, and the beautiful park and splendid vineyards
destroyed, and Alexander Borisovich and his family had some difficulty
in escaping to Baku. After the revolution he received the congenial
appointment of Director of the Armenian Museum and Botanical
Garden in Krivan. In 1924 I saw him in Leningrad, when he and
A. P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky lunched with me, and again in Moscow a
little later, when he was on his way back to Armenia. He told me he
was very happy in his work, as he spent so mnch time in the field on
expeditions into the remoter parts of Armenia. Not long before his
death he wrote that he intended spending a few more years wandering
about the wilds of Armenia and after that he proposed to sit down and
write an account of the animals and plants of the Caucasus, which he
knew better than any man living. It is indeed a loss that he was not
spared tocomplete what would have been a vivid description of a part
of the world that is, even to-day, relatively little known.

Of course, he underwent the experience that so few escape in Russia,
of a spell in prison, and for seven months after his liberation he was
without employment. This undoubtedly undermined his health, but
to the very last he was busy preparing for another expedition, and to
the end his letters were full of vigour and optimism. I have known
few men with a greater jote de vivre.

His contributions to scientific literature were not very numerous,
for he was not a specialist. He produced several interesting accounts
of his numerous expeditions into such little known districts as Karabagh
-and Svanetia, on the heights of Elbruz, but his fame will rest mainly
upon the enormous number of specimens which enrich so many
museums, bearing the well-known label: “D. Aresh. Geok. Tapa.
Schelkovnikov.” and his indirect contribution, through the numerous
specialists, whom he delighted to invite to give them a glimpse of his
wonderful world, was really very great.—Maxtcotm Burr.

27

CorreEection.—p. 18, line 14, for ‘‘ most’’ read ‘‘ never.’’
b) ’

Ail MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned te
Hy. J. ‘Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications 1peNTIGAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require inLusTRaTIoNS are inserted on condition that the AurHe
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subsoribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. TurRNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Desideraia.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. giivago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Biack rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiuerata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A.
Downes, 5, Trinity Koad, Wimbledon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates.—Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata.—Rare British and EKurepean Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. H. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates. —Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata.—R. B. Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.1.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

CHANGE or AppREss.—H. B. D. Kettlewell, to Homefield, The Common, Cranleigh,
Surrey.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The Royal Entomoiogical Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensging-
ton, 8.W.7.,8 p.m. March 17th, April 7th.

The South London Entomoiogical and Natural History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m
March 25th. April 8th, 22nd.—Hon. Secretary, 8. N. A. Jacobs, ‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes
Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or irom the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Essex.

Entomological Section, Birmingham . Natural History and Philosophical
Society. Evening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month; 7.45 p.m., at 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. Those who would like to attend or
exhibit please apply to—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., M.B.O.U.,
Assisted by Sectional Editors.

Annual Subscription, 6/- post free. Single Parts 1/8.

All communications to be addressed to :—

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Communications have been received from or have been promised by ©
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Dr. Malcolm Burr, Rev. R. E. E. Frampton. L. T. Ford, H. Donisthorpe, C. Nicholson, ©
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H. B. D. Kettlewell, R. W. Attwood, and Reports of Societies.

All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER,

‘¢ Tatemar,’? 25, West Drive, Cheam.

IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Arqynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a I. epidopterist
for 1890—lLifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea. Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., ete., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. II.

Mrnanism anp Mrranocuroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on

VarraTion (many)—How to breed 4qrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys

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CONTENTS.

Supplementary Notes on the Structural Characteristics of Pyrgus sibirica,
Reverdin, and Pyrgus chapmani, ees eee Beceper dae): pee

Plate), B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. : - = : 41
Collecting Notes for late summer, 1936, H. B. D. Kettlewell, M.A., M.B. 44
Notes on Collecting at South Benfleet, Essex, 1930 to 1936, R. W. Attwood. 47
Orthoptera in 1936, (Continued), Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 38 50
Notes on ConzEctine.— Micro Collecting, L. T. F.; Yponomeuta ee

Leonard T. Ford = a oe. ees Ne re ; se 50
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Vou. XLIX.

The Entomologist’s Record.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF P. SIBIRICA AND P. CHAPMANI. 4l

Supplementary Notes on the Structural Characteristics of Pyrgus
sibirica, Reverdin, and Pyrgus chapmani, Warrei.
(Lep. Hesperiidae). (With Plate LV.)

By B. C. S. WARREN, F.R.E.S.

In the autumn of 1985 Dr. Verity sent me a few mounts of the
genitalia of Pyrgus chapmani which he had made, and some further
specimens of P. sibirica for me to dissect myself. From an examination
of his mounts Dr. Verity had been unable to decide whether his speci-
mens were referable to P. chapmani or P. sibirica, and on turning to
my work on the genus’ the illustrations there were not sufficiently
clear to enable him to solve the question.

Neither of these species is any better known now than when they
were first described, although Reverdin described P. sitbirica as long
ago as 1911. These specimens of Dr. Verity gave me the opportunity
of obtaining a set of rather better photographs of the genitalia of these
species than were formerly available; and although I cannot add any-
thing of value concerning the superficial features of either, 1 think
that these clearer photographs will simplify comparison, and are
therefore quite worth publishing. The new photographs have the
immeasurable advantage of being taken at uniform magnifications
(those in my former work were actually taken by men in different
countries) and in some cases they are more highly magnified, enabling
certain important characters to be seen clearly, which were quite
invisible in the previous photographs.

Dr. Verity possesses six fg and four 9 of P. sibirica, which he
obtained from Bang-Haas in Dresden, and which he thinks formed
part of the original series from which the specimens supplied to
Reverdin came. Dr. Verity also has a short series of P. chapmant,
these likewise came from Bang-Haas. The specimens of the latter
were labelled ‘ Transbaikalia,” ‘“‘Sayan Mountains” and ‘“ Tunkun
Mountains.” The localities from which I already knew this species
were, Munko Sardyk (Sayan mountains), the Vitim district, and one
g merely labelled «8. Siberia.’’ The species therefore is widely spread
in southern Siberia, ranging from the Vitim Plateau, Transbaikalia,
through the Kast and West Sayan Mountains; but the exact limits
east and west are quite uncertain. On the other hand P. stbirica is,
so far, known only from the Altai Mountains.

Turning to the anatomical characters which distinguish these
insects, it proves that some variation exists in the formation, or rather
one should say outline, of the cuiller, such as also exists in several
other species, of which P. alveus, P. foulquiert, P. centaureae and P.
freija are well-known examples. As in the case of these species,
however, this variation is slight, and does not prevent the two species
being identified by the features of this process, though it may produce
a sufficiently close resemblance at times to cause some uncertainty to

an observer who is not really familiar with the characteristic formation
of each species.

(1) Monograph of the Tribe Hesperiidi (Huropean species), ete. Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond. 1926, Part 1.

49, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1937

The difference, which exists in the formation of the cuiller in these
two species, is to be found in the extent to which it is curved. In P.
sibirica 1t is bent more towards the harpe, which causes (1) the proximal
edge to assume an irregular outline, (2) reduces the width of the space
between the apex of the cuiller and the base of the style, and (8) causes
the point of greatest expansion of the cuiller to lie either just above, or
in line with the summit of the stylifer.

In P. chapmani the cuiller is less bent towards the harpe, and has
more the aspect of having been taken hold of by the apex and pressed
downwards, away from the harpe. This causes (1) the proximal edge
to be regular in outline, (2) increases the width of the space between
the apex of the cuiller and the base of the style and (8) causes the
point of greatest expansion of the cuiller to lie below the line of the
summit of the stylifer. It is of course important to remember that in
comparing the formation of the cuiller between one species and
another, the clasp should in all cases be kept on one given plane. ‘The
position of the clasp in fig. 2 on the accompanying plate is the one in
which the nature of the characteristics mentioned can be most readily
observed. If the page is moved slightly when looking at the other
figures (1, 2 and 4) so as to bring the clasp in them on to a correspond-
ing horizontal plane, comparison will then be simplified and the
differences quite easy to grasp. It is not possible always to mount a
dissection in a manner to bring the ventral and dorsal processes of the
genitalia into a uniform alignment, neither is it always possible to
compensate fully for this in photographing a specimen, especially if it
is wished to keep the dorsal portions nearly horizontal to the eye also.
However, with figs. 1 and 8 only a very slight movement will be found
necessary to bring the clasps into a position similar to that in fig. 2;
but somewhat more will be required in the case of fig. 4.

The characters which have been described are not the only ones in
which the cuillers in these two species differ. In my original description
of P. chapmani I stressed the fact that the apex of the cuiller is sharply
pointed in that species, and bluntly rounded in P. sibirica. This
feature also, is affected by variation, and in some examples of P.
chapmani (like fig. 4) the sharp point seen in fig. 3 is apparently rounded
off, and consequently the specimen is suggestive of P. sibirica. But
when this specimen is more highly magnified (shown in fig. 8), one
sees the apex really terminates in a point, which is very different from
the blunt, or rounded termination in P. sibirica (shown in figs. 5 and
6). A second specimen in which this apical peak is set a little back
from the proximal edge of the cuiller is shown in fig. 9, while an equally
magnified example of the terminal peak at its utmost development is °
shown in fig 7.

Connected with the formation of the dorsal termination of the
cuiller there remains yet another very important difference between
these two species. In P. sibirica the summit is crowned with a fringe
of minute spines, seen very clearly in fig. 5 (one of Reverdin’s specimens)
less clearly in fig. 6, owing to a technical difficulty in focussing, but the
spines are just as fully developed as in the other specimen. In P.
chapmani the pointed summit of the cuiller is completely devoid of
Spines, as can be seen in figs. 7,8 and 9. Although there is variation
in the extent of the spine cap in P. sibirica, its presence or absence is
a constant characteristic in these species.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF P. SIBIRICA AND P. CHAPMANI. 43

It is interesting to recall that a somewhat similar character
distinguishes that pair of closely related species P. centaureae and P.
freija, They are, in actual fact, less closely related than might be
supposed judging by their superficial resemblance ; the totally different
development of the antistyle indicates this, for in most closely related
species in this genus, that process shows a considerable degree of
similarity. P. sibirica and P. chapmani have more in common than
the former pair of species, and in their case there is no striking difference
in formation in the antistyle. The presence and absence then, of the
terminal spine cap of the cuiller is all the more important; one may
add that this spinal armature assumes very varied appearances in many
species, and is always a character of marked constancy.

Turning to the dorsal parts of the structure, another marked feature
in which these species differ, is the restriction of the uncus at the point
of junction with the tegumen in P. sibirica; in P. chapmani at the
same point the uncus is atits greatest width (compare figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4).

I use the term “ tegumen”’ in a restricted sense, applying it to the
9th tergite only ; this corresponds with the use of the term ‘‘ tegmen”’
by Chapman, which I followed in my monograph. I have since aban-
doned the latter in favour of ‘‘tegumen,” for this term, having first
been restricted to dorsal parts only, and then further by the use of the
very essential term ‘“ uncus,” could apply to nothing other than the 9th
tergite.

The formation of the uncus itself is slightly tapering to the distal
point in P. chapmant, and more or less equal in width throughout in
P. sibirica. The proximal features of the uncus are very characteristic
in many species, and should have been given greater prominence in my
monograph, but, as in the case of the spine system of the cuiller, the
photographs illustrating that work were not taken with a view to
demonstrating these peculiarities. I may add here that the term
‘“uncus’’ as used by Reverdin, not only covers the actual uncus (10th
tergite) but also certain developments of the lateral portions of the 10th
abdominal segment, which in some cases are so enlarged as to extend
until they become dorsal and unite with each other, forming a lnk
between the true 9th and 10th tergites. To have demonstrated these
points would have necessitated replacing a large number of Reverdin’s
photographs with others, a course which was impracticable at that time.
1t would also have caused a lack of uniformity between my descriptions
and those previously published by Reverdin.

I would once again emphasize that the characteristics referred to
as distinguishing P. sibirica and P. chapniani are constant, though
subject to a certain range of variability. This of course in no way
impairs the taxonomic value of these features, and there can remain
no doubt that these two, superficially somewhat similar-looking insects,
are distinct species.

In conclusion I must express my thanks to Dr. Verity for the loan
of his material, and to Dr. Carl of the Geneva Natural History Museum
for the loan of one of Reverdin’s mounts of the genitalia of a paratype
of P. sibirica.

44 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1937 ©

EXpLaNnaTION OF PuatE.
Male armatures of I’. sibirica and P. chapmani.

1. P. sibirica, Rev.xX18. Slide No. 219 Verity/1262 Warren.
2. P. sibirica, Rev.x18. Slide No. 220 Verity/1263 Warren.
3. 1. chapmani, Wrn.x18. Slide No. 49 Verity.

4. P.chapmani, Wrn.x18. Slide No. 148 Verity.

5. P. sibirica, Rev.x 48. Slide No. 505 Reverdin.

6, LP. sibirica, Rev.x48. Siide No. 220 Verity/1263 Warren.
7. P.chapmani, Wrn.x 48. Slide No. 51 Verity.

8. P. chapman, Wrn.x48. Slide No. 148 Verity.

9. P.chapmani, Wrn.x48. Type. Slide No. 191 Warren.

Collecting Notes for late summer, 1936.
By H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B.

My wife and I arrived in the Folkestone district on 15th August,
where we remained until the 19th, four days of bad weather. Very
little was obtained by day. Half-grown larvae of Lophopterya: cuculla
were beaten from maple at the rate of about two per hour, which was
scarcer than last year.

Once again we assembled to newly hatched females of Lasiocampa
trifolti near Lydd, and for the sake of the comparison of the habits of
Romney Marsh trifolii with those in other localities, I will briefly state
the following facts :—

The females call strongly the evening of the first day of hatching,
but if prevented from pairing, will call a second night and less strongly
a third; after this they cease to call. Males commence to fly upwind
soon after 8 p.m. (summer time), they come fast and straight and
always low down and are not easily persuaded to leave. If left alone
they collect in large groups and heaps on the outside of the muslin bag
containing the female and become so closely intertwined that it is
almost impossible to collect any one wanted specimen. Very large
numbers arrive in the course of an evening, anything up to sixty or
seventy being normal. Pairing lasts for only a few minutes, after
whch they separate and the female becomes entirely refractory to males.

I here want to mention a point in connection with the variation of
this species in Kent. R. South, in his paragraph about the “ Romney
Marsh form,” states that it is yellow as distinct from the usual “‘ brown”’
form of the other localities, but that ‘‘in both forms one or both cross
markings may be faint or quite absent and even the white central dot,
which varies in size and shape, may be missing.”

Be this as it may, there still remains to describe and name (which
I hope to do in the near future) a form which, so far as I can ascertain,
is unique to the dlstrict. It is absolutely distinct from the local type
and in the hundreds of trifolii I have bred and caught, I have never
found an intermediate between it and the local type. In this form all
the wings are unicolorous having no bands whatever in either sex.

More striking still, is the entire absence of the dark iris encircling
the white central dot, and so far as I know in these forms, this is
always the case. In corresponding females the white dot itself is
generally absent. In this form the ground colour varies, as in the

COLLECTING NOTES FOR LATE SUMMER, 1936. 45

Romney type, from bright yellow to pale cloudy amber. It is always
a most beautiful form and a most striking one. In seven years of
collecting here I bave taken twelve examples—ten gs and two ?s, and
the correct proportion of variety to type is probably in the region of
1 to 200. As I have obtained pairing and ova from them I hope to
report more about this later.

On 20th August we picked up a caravan-trailer which, much to
my car’s disgust, was pulled down to Cornwall, and the following day
uncoupled on those glorious moors running close to the edge of the
cliffs between Mullion and the Lizard. We stayed here till 15th Sept.
The weather was for the most part very hot but with occasional strong
winds.

Colias croceus was exceedingly abundant by day with a proportion
of var. helice. ‘he heather was alive with countless Mantola semele
and female Argynnis aylaia were observed ovipositing on violet leaves
in sheltered places along the cliffs. We failed to meet with the
Danais archippus (plexippus), which was observed at the Lizard on 4th
Sept. [as again on 24th Sept. at Salcombe, 8. Devon, we missed this
speceis by one hour after it had been caught ‘‘on geraniums”’ and let
loose again !].

Here again we tried to assemble /.. trifolii, which occurs commonly
on the slopes around the coast. We met with complete failure to
start with, using females from Kent and Hayling Island. On 25th
Aug. my wife took two at the Lizard and reported totally different
habits from their Kentish confreéres.

On subsequent nights we found this to be absolutely true. The
males commence coming when it is much darker and they assemble for
a much shorter time. They are extremely shy and on the slightest
movement they were up and off again, and were frequently seen to
approach within ten yards and then disappear for good. We never
took more than five in one evening. Local females were found
fluttering in the long grass about midnight but none came to light.

Cornish trifolii are remarkably uniform in ground colour, which is
a rich chocolate brown in shade nearly as dark as that of male /..
quercus. I hope to be able to report later on my various pairings.

Sugared posts and straw bundles produced limited numbers of
insects — chiefly Polia niyrocincta and Lithosia cantola, and an occasional
Metachrostis muralis, Agrotis obelisca, and Stilbia anomala. We discov-
ered that, by far and away the most profitable way of collecting, was
to walk along the iron fence at the head of the cliff and between it and
the moors. From 11 p.m. onwards newly batched females—some
“calling” and others in copula or even with extra males sitting around—
were found. A. obelisca was exceedingly common, although at sugar
and light scarcely one was taken. We also noted several worn ? A.
obelisca “calling,” which suggests to me that they may require more
than one pairing.

Aporophila australis, A lutulenta, Noctua castanea f. neylecta, and
N. glareosa were frequent along with hosts of paired N. wanthographa
and J.uperina testacea. Why this cold and wind-swept iron railing
served as the courting ground for all and sundry isa mystery to me.

The beautiful Cornish form of A. ayathina was taken flying freely
between 12 and 12.30 from 12th Sept. onwards, but never on heather.

46 ‘ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1V.1987 .

Light was very disappointing and only produced a host of Neuronia
popularis, Luperina cespitis and L. caniola.

On 8th Sept. we found a small marsh full of yellow flag close to
Penzance. The following night on passing I took four Nonagria
spargantt here, all slightly smaller than the usual size. Surely the most
westerly point in England for this species ?

Having been interested in A. ripae for some time we tried to turn
up the larvae in the small sandy bays along the coast. We found the
larvae in every place we looked as far west as Penzance, but with
days of hard work secured 60 only.

On I1th Sept. we went after Dianthoecid pupae at Land’s End.
Very few were encountered until a certain silene-covered headland was
visited, which to us looked no different to the others. Here pupae
abounded, as many as 9 or 10 per root being taken. JL. andalusica
(barrettti) larvae were exceedingly common here too, and it is probable
that a large number of the pupae are of this species also, but a good
number are D. conspersa.

In about five hours we took over 150 pupae. At the same time we
found small larvae of Agrotis lunigera in the roots of silene and thrift
and one minute larva of Findrosa irrorella. Also a pupa of A. nigra.
My fiend, Mr. P. P. Demuth, who went to this same headland just after
Christmas, obtained over 60 pupae in one atternoon.

Ona 15th Sept. we went down to S. Devon, our object being Leucania
unipuncta and possibly L. l-album. Our thanks are here due to
Professor Beckwith Whitehouse, whose knowledge of the first named
species had been put at our disposal. We failed however to get this
species this time, but on the 16th took L. l-album at sugar. Subse-
quent nights were as follows :—17th Sept., 2; 18th, 10; 19th, 9; 20th,
4: 21st, 384; 22nd, 24; etc., and at a later date even greater numbers.
We gained the following facts about the species :—

It is remarkably local, being practically confined to a distance of
200 yards. It is a ‘‘first round” insect, arriving sometimes very early
and before other insects. However, odd ones appear later but the
majority have come by 9. p.m.

It frequently sits very low down at the bottom of the post and so
may be missed— often with wings quivering in Leucanid fashion and
nearly always “jumps”? when being boxed. It cannot be considered
difficult, however, as we only failed to take one in all we saw.

They were undoubtedly bred on the spot, as one was caught with
its pupa case still adhering to it and all were fresh and in perfect
condition. It is to be hoped that this beautiful insect has come to
Stay with us.

I may state here that large numbers of females were kept for eggs
and I drew upon the knowledge of all my friends on how best to obtain
ova. No fertile eggs were obtained, however, and from this I think
it is highly probable that this insect has come to the end of its run in
this locality—the result of continued inbreeding from what must have
originally been a very few females—presumably in the migration of
1933.

As the insect is double-brooded these numbers could easily be
attained since then. The climate in this sheltered bay is one which
seldom experiences freezing point, and is protected from winds on all

NOTES ON COLLECTING AT SOUTH BENFLEET, |

sides except the south, so that it is unlikely that weather alone could
exterminate the species,

In my series I find considerable variation in the length of the “J,”
being very developed in srme and obsolete in others, but in none
entirely so, although I believe this does occur. Some idea of its
numbers can be gathered from the fact that on many occasions two
were on the same post at the same time.

Other insects taken include:—KHpunda lichenea, Xylina socia,
Metachrostis muralis, Aporophyla australis, Aporophyla nigra, Polia
flavicincta, and Caradrina ambiqua—some in numbers.

With all these ana others our caravan slowly and _ carefully
returned to its home on the 24th of September.

Notes on Collecting at South Benfleet, Essex, 1930 to 1936.
By R. W. ATTWOOD.

For several years past I have made periodical visits to South
Benfleet, Essex, and from 1980 have kept records of my captures of
insects in the district. The area is very diversified, woodlands, downland,
marshes, dykes, sea walls, and even heathland, all being within a
convenient distance for collecting.

My parents’ house adjoins what is known as Shipwrights’ Wood and
I have thus had many opportunities for sugaring. The district is
rapidly being encroached upon for building purposes. When I first
knew it, it was a wonderful place for insects and although still good,
much local vegetation has been destroyed and several marshy areas
have been drained, altering the character of the ground to some extent.

My first experience of sugaring in this wood was in July 1980 and
the moths were attracted in unusual numbers, often twenty or thirty
on a small patch. In 1931, 1932, and 1933, I sugared the same group
of trees and they were still productive. In 19384 and 1935, for some
reason the numbers fell off considerably. I therefore tried a fresh
group of trees on the outskirts of the wood and found the insects as
abundant as ever, but the old sugaring area was almost useless. In
the Winter of 1935 to 1936, the woodman cut down a large strip of
saplings and undergrowth near the old trees, where | commenced
sugaring. In 1986 the old trees were as productive as ever, while the
new trees showed a considerable falling off in numbers. The cutting
of the undergrowth apparently allowed the scent of the sugar to be
more widely diffused attracting the moths over a larger area.

As in most places, the moths that monopolize the sugar in their
various seasons are Xylophasia (Hadena) monoglypha, Agrotis (Hua«oa)
exclamationis, Noctua (Graphiphora) sxanthographa and T'riphaena
(Graphiphora) pronuba, but there are several good species to be taken.
I have taken the following moths at sugar in this wood :—Acronicta
rumicis, Amphipyra pyramidea, Rusina tenebrosa, Calymnia (Caradrina)
affinis, C. (C.) trapezina, Amphipyra (Caradiina) trigrammica, Cerigo
(Caradrina) matura, Phloyophora (Hadena) meticulosa, Dipterygia
(Hadena) scabriuscula, Apamea (Hadena) yemina, Xylophasia (Hadena)
monoglypha, X. (H.) lithoxylea, X. (H.) rurea, X. (H1.) hepatica, Mamestra
(Hadena) abjecta, Apamea secalis (Hadena didyma), Miana (Hadena)
strigilis, M. (H.) fasciuneula, Agrotis (Huwoa) eaclamationis, Agrotis

48 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.1V.1937.

ipsilon (suffusa), Agrotis saucia, Noctua (Graphiphora) plecta, N. (G.)
augur, N. (G@.) e-nigrum, N.(G.) triangulum, Triphaena (Graphiphora)
pronuba, T. (G.) comes, Noctua (Graphiphora) brunnea, N. (G ;
wanthoyrapha, N. (G.) wmbrosa, N. (G.) primulae (festiva), NS (Go)

stigmatica, Triphaena fimbria, T'riphaena janthina, Noctua (T.) baja,
Aporophyla lutulenta, Orrhodia (Conistra) ligula (spadicea), O. (C.)
vaccintt, Xanthia (Orthosia) lutea (flavago), X. (Orthosia) fulvago,
Amathes (Orthosia) circellaris, A, (O.) helvola (rufina), A. (O.) lychnidis
(pistacina), A. (O.) macilenta, A. (O.) lota, Scopelosoma (Orthosia)
satellitia, Miselia owyacanthae, Hadena (Polia) protea, Leucania impura,
Leucania pallens, 1., (Aletia) litharyyria, L. (A.) conigera, L(A.) comma,
Hadena (Melanchra) trifolti, 11. (D.) nana (dentina), H. (D.) thalassina,
H.(D.) dissimilis, Scoliopterys libatria, Catocala nupta, Habrosyne derasa,
Thyatira batis, Palimpsestis duplaris, Palimpsestis or, Polyploca diluta.

D. (H.) scabriuscula—This insect comes freely to sugar at the end
of June.

M. (H.) abjecta.—I have only taken this moth once, on the 31st
July, 19385. I should imagine it would occur more frequently on the
marshes, but I have never tried sugaring there.

A. saucia.—This insect is a fairly frequent visitor to sugar in
September, but varies considerably in numbers each year. I have also
taken it in June.

N. (G.) stigmatica. —I have never taken this species elsewhere, but
it is quite common here.

A. lutulenta.—I have only taken two specimens, one in 1930 and
the other on the 18th September, 19388.

A. (M.) dissimilis.—I took this moth in fair numbers in 1983, but
have not seen it here since.

P. or.—This insect sometimes comes to sugar, but I find it is more
easily obtained in the young larval state.

Sallowing was very productive a few years ago, but now that the
wood is open to the public, the sallow is cut and taken away by visitors
before it is fully out, and the bushes are spoilt for collecting. I have
taken the following species here at sallow :—Pachnobta (Triphaena)
rubricosa, Taeniocampa (Monima) incerta, T. (M.) opima, T. (M.)
gracilis, I’. (M.) stabilis, IT’. (M.) populeti, 1’. (M.) pulverulenta, T. (M.)
munda, 1’. (M.) gothica.

T’. (ML.) opima.—]I have only taken this species once, on the 10th
April, 1980. It was on a small male flowered sallow bush, standing
isolated on the outskirts of the wood. I have made repeated searches
for this insect but have not been successful.

T. (M.) gracilis —This moth occurs in fair numbers every year.

T. (M.) populetiitt have only taken two specimens; the last in
1935. .

1. (M.) munda.—This is a fairly frequent visitor and occurs every

ear.

; The following insects J find more frequently in the larval state :—
Arctia villica, Sarrothripus revayana, Nonagria geminipucta, Chariclea
umbra, Dasychira pudibunda, HKuproctis phaeorrhoea, HKuchloris
smaragdaria, Hupithecia absinthiata, Hupithecia oblongata, Hucymatoge
scabiosata, Pygaera curtula, Odontosta camelina, Cerura vinila,
Macrothylacia rubi, Cosmotriche potatoria, Cossus cossus.

Arctia villica.—This is very common on Canvey Island in the

NOTES ON COLLECTING AT SOUTH BENFLERT. 49.

Spring. On sunny days quite a number can be collected as they
crawl along the pathway on top of the sea- wall.

Sarrothripus revayana.—This larva is beaten commonly from the
oak trees in most of the neighbouring woods.

Nonagria geminipuncta.—The best time to lock for this species is
in mid-July. The larvae inhabit the stouter reed stems growing in
the dykes, and affected stems can be detected by the ‘ window.”
This is a small brown patch from which the imago will eventually
emerge.

Chariclea (Caradrina) umbra.—I beat two larvae of this insect in
1935 from rest-harrow growing on the rough downland, only one of
which I managed to get through to the imago state.

Euproctis phacorrhoea.—This is a pest to gardeners on Canvey Island.
Nearly every sloe bush has a nest of larvae and when food is scarce
they transfer their affection to the plum trees and rose bushes. The
larvae also occur on the mainland, but not so abundantly.

Kuchloris smaragdaria.—I have only seen the imago once in a nat-
ural state. The larvae, however, are much more common than many
people believe. Some little practice is required in searching, before
the eye gets used to their appearance. I have found it as far up the
Thames as Fobbing, and right round the coast to a little west of
Creeksea on the River Crouch, and also on the opposite shore. In
some parts the sea wormwood on which the larvae feed, is covered by
the tide, and I have gone to a patch after the tide has receded and
found the larvae still on the plant. I cannot find where they go in
the winter. I think the latest date I have found the larvae is the 14th
October, but though I have made many searches for the larvae in the
winter I have never found any. I have not been much more successful
in the spring, but have found two in May. The best time to collect
the larvae is about the end of August, and sleeve them on a growing
plant of southernwood. They come through the winter very well. The
trouble in a London garden is to keep the cats away from the sleeved
plants, as the southernwood does not grow well in a pot.

Pygaera curtula.—This insect is common in Shipwrights’ Wood,
between joined leaves of aspen.

Palimpsestis 0r.—This is alsocommon in the early stages between
joined aspen leaves, but one rarely finds a full grown larva. The larvae,
however, are not difficult to rear, and grow very rapidly.

The Hawk Moths are rather scarce, but I have taken Macroglossum
stellatarum, Theretra (Deilephila) porcellus, Humorpha (Deilephila)
elpenor, and Amorpha (Smerinthus) popult.

In 1934 two Sphina convolvuli were noted. One that was found
drowned in an ornamental fish pond was too damaged to preserve. The
other was taken on the 17th September, 1984, in the roadway outside
Shipwrights’ Wood, by a cyclist, who was wheeling his cycle, when
something made two or three darts at his head. He did not know
what it was and was rather alarmed, so he hit out with a twiggy switeh
he was carrying, knocked it down, and then discovered it was a moth.
Knowing my father was interested in insects, he took it to him, and I
now have it in my collection. It is quite a good specimen in spite of
the rough treatment it received.

(To be continued.)

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.I1V.1987 °

Orthoptera in 1936. (Continued.)
By MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.

The weather characteristic of the season did its best to spoil a visit
to Stroud on 29th July, when the Entomological Club was entertained
by Dr. Eltringham. Our host lent his car to Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher
and myself for a run around, which gave me the chance of a quick visit
to Haresfield, which is a promisingspot. Itis high limestone country,
edged with woodland, and covered with low grass an herbage, about
three miles north of Stroud, at an altitude between 700-800 ft. The
wind and drizzle were very discouraging, but Stenobothrus lineatus was
there. I have never yet taken this prettiest of our grasshoppers off
the limestone, and here, as in Kast Kent, it was associated with the
‘* Marbled White” butterfly. Chorthippus bicolor, of course, was there
too, with Ch. parallelus. JI ‘have no note that we found Omocestus
viridulus, but I feel sure it was there. In a corner on the other side of
the open area were Myrmeleotettia: maculatus. 1 have always associated
this pretty little species with sandy soil, but I daresay it occurs just as
commonly on limestone, if other conditions are suitable. An immature
Pholidoptera grisea was enough to record his presence.

We then tried the slopes of Rodborough Common, on the other side
of Stroud, in the hope of hearing Gomphocerus rufus, which is abundant
there, together with St. lineatus, but a thunderstorm spoiled sport. Ol.
viridulus occurs at Rodborough Common too, but Mr. Fletcher tells
me it is by no means common. Neither has he found G. rufus
elsewhere. It is a very localized species. The only place where
I have taken it in this country is in Folkestone Warren, but not in
every year.

TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Micro Cotuectinc.—The larvae of most of the Coleophora are easily
found owing to their manner of feeding. The larva bores a hole in
the membrane of a leaf (usually the underside) and eats the green
substance of the leaf between the upper and lower membranes as far as it
can conveniently reach without leaving its portable case; it then moves
to a fresh portion or to another leaf. The eaten portions show up as
pale or white blotches or spots which are quite noticeable.

The imagines of some of the species of this genus are difficult to
identify, particularly if not in perfect condition, but the cases of all
species are characteristic and the student should have no trouble in
identifying his specimens if they are accompanied by the cases. The
spring feeding larvae can be obtained during May by searching the
various food plants—ardeipennella, lutipennella and palliatella on oak,
ibipenella on. birch, anatipennella on blackthorn and hawthorn,
hemerobiella on apple and hawthorn, viminetella on sallow, bidolonella
(binderella) on hazel and alder, fuscedinella on elm, hazel, birch and
other trees, saturatella on broom and Genista tinctoria, troylodytella,
inulae and conyzae on Inula dysenterica, the last also on J. conyea,
albitarsella on ground ivy and many others.

The larvae of ardeipennella and ibipennella are ‘reputed to feed both
on oak and birch, but so far as my experience goes the former is
confined to oak and the latter to birch. Possibly there has been some
confusion between the two species as the-imagines and the cases of

CURRENT NOTES. : Bik

each are very similar. The case of ardeipennella, however, stands erect
on a leaf; that of ibipennella is almost recumbent. Both species feed
on the upperside of a leaf and seem to prefer bushes up to 8ft. in height
rather than large trees, but perhaps this preference is only
apparent as the cases are more easily found on bushes.

The larva of hemerobiella, when feeding on hawthorn, prefers the
larger bushes aud is seldom found at a height of less than 4ft. from
the ground. It makes rather large blotches (on 4 or 5 leaves) distinctly
larger than the blotches made by fuscedinella, which is very abundant
on hawthorn. A little practice enables one to distinguish the blotches
made by hemerobiella.

The cases of viminetella are best obtained when the sallow leaves
are very small. It is an early feeder and spins up about the middle of
May.

The larva of bicolorella feeds rather high up making a number of
small round blotches on one leaf, easily distinguished from the larger
and more or less rectangular blotches made by fuscedinella. When full
fed the larva spins the case at the end of the shoot bearing the leaf on
which it has fed, where it is not at all easy to find owing to its close
resemblance to a leaf-scale.

The larva of albitarsella feeds only in very sheltered situations, e.y.,
at the bottom of a hedge, or on the sides of a ditch. I have never
found the larva in an open situation.—L.T.F.

*Hyponomeuta staneLita.—In May of last year Mr. H. W. Daliry
kindly gave me some larvae of this species. The imagines duly emerged
about the middle of June. I enclosed a male and female in a celluloid
cylinder (see my note on breeding cages Hint. Rec. Vol. 48, page 61)
placed over a plant of Sedum. telephium and hoped for the best. By
August there were a number of minute larvae feeding on the stems of
the plant at the base in slight silken tubes, spun from the stems along
the surface of the soil and into the soil. The tubes from the base of a
stem to the point at which they entered the soil were about 4 to 1 inch
in length. The larvae were very active and when disturbed moved
rapidly along the tubes into the soil. They are now (Haster) feeding
on the new shoots and the largest is nearly $ inch in length. Presum-
ably under natural conditions this species does not pass the winter in
the egg stage but hibernates as a larva.—Lronarp T. Forp. St.
Michaels, Bexley. 26th March,

* Latreille in 1796 wrote Yponomeuta.—T.B.-F.

GYURRENT NOTES AND - SHORT NOTICKS.
‘We see by the report in the Irish Nat. Jr. that our able correspondent,
Mr. Thos. Greer, J.P., has been elected President of the Tyrone Natur-
alists’ Field Club of which he has been the Hon. Secretary since the
formation of the club.
_. Messrs. Philip Allan and Co. have published a small book of 80
pages entitled “Introducing British Butterflies,’ by Harold Bastin.
It is what its title states and very good atthat. In fact rarely does one
find so much suggestive information in so small a compass. First the
butterfly is considered as an insect, ‘“‘names’’ are discussed, “‘ species ”’
and ‘ breeding””’ come next, the main groups are then defined with the

52 KNLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15AV A193 7-

species they comprise. ‘‘ When and where to look for butterflies’’
consists of a table of all the species with English and scientific names,
Time of appearance, Habitat, Food-plant, Hibernation stage. Life-
histories with illustrations of eleven species are succeeded by ‘‘ Round
the year,” ‘‘ what to do” each month with ‘‘ what to look for” at the
proper season. Ample space is reserved, both in portions of the text
and at the end of the book, for notes. An admirable little book on
quite a novel and effective plan to attract a beginner to the real study.

A few earnest students have of late taken up the study of the
very neglected group of insects, the Psocoptera, so much neglected
that entomologists generally are not acquainted with perhaps more than
an Atrops and a /’socus. A short introduction to the taxonomy of the
group by Mr. J. V. Pearman has recently been published in the
Proceedings of the Royal Hntomological Soctety.

There has recently been founded in 8. Kensington a ‘Society for
the Bibliography of Natural History.’’ A copy of the bye-laws lies
before us. It is the intention to publish a Journal at least twice a year*
and to maintain a card index catalogue of references to all published
papers on bibliographical subjects relating to natural history.

Wili readers please send ns short notes on collecting, and on any
breeding experiences which may be of use to other entomologists.
Descriptions of any special forms and local races of Noctuid species for
including in the Supplement would be very welcome. Shortly we shall
be dealing with Aygrotis lucernea, A. simulans, A. obscura, A. hyperborea,
Lycophotia strigula, Actebia praecox, and the species of the genus
Triphaena.

The Ent. Zeits. and Int. Ent. Zeits. continues its information on
the ova of the Noctuidae. The current number contains a plate
(coloured) of the side and vertical appearance and shape of 18 species.
Other articles are, the Macro-lepidoptera of the Mid-Rhine area by G.
Warnecke; O. Bang-Haas describes 8 new species of Palaearctic
Lepidoptera. :

Parts 1-2 of Vol. XII. of the Spanish Revista Mspan. de H'nt., Hos. has
-just reached us from Madrid. ‘The revision of the families of the
Orthoptera is continued ; a new Decticus (Orth.) from the Canaries is
described ; a study of the Hymenoptera of Madagascar; and a full
investigation of the various forms of the Spanish moth, Hpisema
trimacula, with a plate of 24 figures of imagines and another plate of
genitalia.

The entomological matter in the Ann. Volume of Nat. Hist. Mus. in
Vienna consists of two articles on the Coleoptera of the Argentine and
one on the sub-antarctic Diptera, with a long memoir on fossil insects
by the late Dr. Anton Handlirsch.

The well known firm of Messrs. Staudinger is issuing an important
Catalogue of Palaearctic Lepidoptera (see enclosed leaflet). Apparently
it will bring up to date in many respects the famous ‘‘ Staudinger ” of
1901, and will contain the systematic list of all the species hitherto
found in the region, and include the subspecies, geographical races,
and aberrations. The price is moderate. We have not yet seen a part
but from the leaflet announcing its appearance 1t would appear to be a
most useful addition to our reference literature.

* Two parts have already appeared.—T-B.-F.

All MS. and HDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned te
Hy. J. ‘'urner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in IS.

Articles that require InLUsrrarions are inserted on condition that the Aurue
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ‘They should
be sent to Mr. Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* durago,’”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria* , Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata——Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 36, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A.
Downes, 5, Trinity Road, Wimbledon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—_H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates. —Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata.—Rare British and European Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. EH. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc.. during the year.

Duplicates. —Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata. basis Be Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.1.

Desiderata. —Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata.—Wanted: Leech, J. H., Butterflies from China, Japan and Corea,
3 vols., Lond. 1892-94, w. map, views and 43 colour pl.—Dr. Max Cretschmar, Celle,
Germany.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

The Royal Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensing-
ton, S.W.7.,8 p.m. May 6th, June 2nd.

The South London Entomological and Naturai History Society, Hibernia
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m.
May 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘“ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley,
Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornblower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Essex.

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical
Society.—Evening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month; 7.45 p.m., at 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. Those who would like to attend or
exhibit please apply to—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MOSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record
and Journa! of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

9

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a L epidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea. Heliophobus hispidus—
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., ete., 360 pp.

GONTENTS OF VOL. If.

MenanisM AND MrnaNocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VaRIATION (many)—How to breed 4grotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwieh, Sidmouth, S. London—Generic nomen-
elature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyemna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, etc., efc., 312 pp.

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SS eel owe eee re

CONTENTS.

Dieulefit, Digne, and Beauvezer in ae and ue 1936, H. G. Harris,
M.D. (Plate V.) : 53

Notes on Collecting at South Benflese Tees 1930 to 1936, BR. W. See 56
Notrs on Coniectine.—Captures of Lepidoptera i in the Isle of Wight, S.
Wakely ; A new locality for Langelandia anophthalma, Aubé., 4. A.
Allen; Two ‘‘Northern’’ beetles in Kent, A. A. Allen; Collecting
Notes for late summer, 1936, C. Nicholson; Argynnis lathonia (?) at
Monk’s Wood, Hunts, C. Nicholson; Plusia moneta on Holker yee

Id.; Larvae of Callimorpha derla eaten by Cuckoos, Id. : 60
Ree Norres.. as a - = ae 62
OxsrruaRry.-—Hugh Parry Jo ones, F. R.E. S. Sc - ep et Oe
Supriements: British Noctuae, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E. = FR. H. s. II (93)-(96)
New Lepidoptera from Iran, Hans Bytinsky-Salz,
: PhD Hoh. fi. 9: (1)-(4)
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Entomological Congress, Reading, 1937.

POC COTOSEOTA OSH SOE HOH EE SEETED ESSE EDO E HEE EEE REEDE SEER eee ee D> Ho OEOS senso seeeeesoesrereeoeseseree ts sssceeccesees

PEySOCIh IY FOR BRMRISE” ENTOMOLOGY announce
that they have accepted an invitation from the READING
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY to hold the 1987 Congress in
READING. The dates selected are from the evening of the
9th to the 12th July, 1937, and a cordial invitation to attend
the Congress is extended to ail persons of either sex who are
interested in any aspect of British Entomology.

Dye, 1835 Ws Tnlololan7, WWivale. JD Jee, - JP IR Je ese plato ID eotss
Waiversiiy, Viuseums | Oxtord, Presidenty or the Society, tor
1937, will preside, and will deliver his Presidential Address.
A number of interesting Papers will be read and discussed;
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Visitors are invited to bring Exhibits, for the display of
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Write for particulars to :—
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nan
son

*MaZAANVA ‘aNN0uy) OIdIOS VIGHUGT "UAZAANVA CES RINGO Br | "LQ ad aADNON

“‘pLooary §.481bo,0wWoqU ay T,

"A FLVIg XTIX TOA

DIEULEFIT, DIGNE, AND BEAUVEZER. 53

Dieulefit, Digne, and Beauvezer in July and August, 1936.
: (With Plate.)

By H. G. HARRIS, M.D.
(A paper read before the Society for British Entomology.)

I feel rather diffident in referring to Digne, as this district has in
the past been so adequately discussed in the Hntomoloyist’s Record and
other periodicals, but I feit that a few notes might not be amiss.

I left London on 25th July, 1936, accompanied by my son, Mr. J. H.
Harris who although not an Entomologist is quite keen with the net,
and like many novices secured probably the best specimen of the tour,
and also provided the photographs accompanying this paper.

My objective this year was to obtain imagines of :—Melanaryia
(Satyrus) galathea var. leucomelas., M. (S.) cleanthe, Bdv., Polyyonia egea,
Cram., Pieris manni, Meyer., Satyrus fidia, L., Polyommatus ( Lycaena)
admetus var. ripartit, Hisp., larvae of Papilio alewanor, and most of all
Hrebia scipio.

Drevterit, situated in the department of Dréme is easily reached
from London in twenty hours, via Paris and Montélimar. As its name
implies it is a pleasanthy situated village, mostly flat with a gentle
incline up to the Valley of St. Maurice, which is surrounded by hills
thickly covered with scrub and trees. This district is one of the few
where Protestantism has continued to flourish since the revocation of
the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

There is only one hotel, the Hotel du Levant, an unpretentious Inn
but quite comfortable. Rain greeted us on arrival and reminded us of
home, but it soon cleared up and in three weeks we saw no more except
for a half hour’s deluge at Beauvezer.

This was my second visit to Dieulefit, having stopped there three
nights on my way to Mont Dore in 1935. On that occasion I netted
one ab. leucomelas. This year I was only able to find one other specimen
there, but I was two weeks later, and this insect was going over and
the clover and lucerne had been cut, making collecting less easy.

_ P. egea was not abundant, as only two were seen, and being in a
private garden escaped capture.

The Satyridae were well out and especially Satyrus circe, Fabr.
was seen in numbers. It was interesting to note that on the road
leading to Bordeaux where numerous Buddleia are planted, S. circe
has departed from its usual habit of settling on tree trunks and crowds
on to these bushes, a score or so at a time, but in the Valley of St.
Maurice such flowers are not available, and here S. circe has to be swept
off the tree-trunk with a sharp upward movement.

In 1935 I caught an interesting abnormality of circe in which the
apical ocellus is reproduced of similar size lower down about the centre
of the fore-wing as it isin the forms vandalusia (S. Spain) and major
(N. Africa) rather pointing to the fact that circe originally is derived
from the N. African races. Out of a large-number examined this year
I could find no more showing this extra ocellus.

Satyrus alcyone, Schiff. and S. hermione, Li.—were also found in
this valley, but alcyone was found at a higher altitude.

3 Papilio alexanor, Ksp.—tlt was of course too late to expect to come
across this insect but I was surprised at finding no larvae. I had been

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1937

successful in discovering them on 6th July the year before, but search-
ing for them on Sesile montanum here and at Digne and Beauvezer was
without result.

Pieris manni, Mayer—was found in fair numbers at only one spot—
a large lavender garden.

Leptidea sinapis, L.-—-was well out and in good condition.

Polyommatus (Lycaena) coridon.—I had in 19385 caught a very pale
male about 6th July and hoped this year to find this insect in numbers,
but not more than six males were caught, all very pale with narrow
‘black borders.

These I showed to Mr. P. M. Bright, who referred them to ab.
pallidula. Probably I was too early for its emergence in numbers, but
the date of emergence of coridon in France seems much later than in
the South of England; for at Dompierre-sur-Mer in 19385 I was told
that its flight did not occur till 15th August or even later.* On 8rd
August not one was visible there.

Burnets were practically absent, though this district usually is
noted for their abundance.

Dienz. After four days at Dieulefit we left for Digne and were
interested in finding the Graf Zeppelin circling around Montélimar
waiting to pick up mails. We found a new route for Digne, viz. train
to Avignon and thence by motor-bus. The line is run by a private
company and takes four hours.

The Hotel Mistre was of course our objective, but I was rather
disconcerted in finding that the widow of the former proprietor only ,
remembered Rowland Brown out of the numbers of Entomologists, who
have made this hotel their headquarters.

The only local collector except M. Melchior Cotte appears to be
Monsieur Coulet, but being a gendarme he naturally has but little time
for entomological pursuits.

In order to familiarize myself with them I procured two specimens
of EH. scipio and a eleanthe from him, and was offered a var. honoratit of
Zerynthia (Lhais) medesicaste in poor condition for 700 francs (about
£7) ; this specimen of course did not change hands.

During the week that I was at Digne, I paid several visits to the
Haux Thermales district, which can conveniently be reached by the Spa
‘bus, and also to the Doucwer road, but regret that 1 never got up as far
as Villard or stopped the night there, whence it is possible to reach the
mountains called Les Dourbes, where to quote Rowland Brown ‘ EL.
sctpto is fabled to fly.”

Two of the insects I wished especially to find were captured on the
Dourbes road, viz. S. fidia which is easily secured when it settles on the
hard stony road, but is a different proposition when it frequently alights
on the rocks, and also S. (M.) galathea of the leucomelas variety.

Butterflies were not in great abundance but the weather was not to
blame as there had been no rain since Ist July.

Having been advised by our Honorary Treasurer (Mr. W. Fassnidge)
to ascend the Cousons in’ search of Polyommatus (L.) admetus var.
ripartit, I toiled up a terribly rough and steep path only to find that I had
taken a direction to the left instead of the right. On finally reaching

** Possibly this was an aragonensis double-brooded colony. I gen. from about
lst June. II gen. last week of August into September.—Hy. J. T.

DIEULEFIT, DIGNE, AND BEAUVEZER. 55.

an open spot I found only one admetus, also two Thymelicus acteon and
one male Gonepteryx cleopatra.

Other specimens of admetus were later tsken near the Haux
Thermales district but in very poor condition.

Polyommatus meleager was another insect which took a lot of finding,
and I only brought back three males; no females were seen.

Here I renewed acquaintance with S. dryas which I had last taken
at Strasbourg but here it was very scattered. S. arethusa was no
uncommon,

Before leaving the subject of Digne I must refer to the Museum,
which contains the collection of Monsieur Duponchel; the late Mr.
Ashby in a paper in the Hntomologist’s Record for 1924 states that it was
in a neglected condition, and thirteen years more have not improved
matters. The drawers are displayed on the walls, exposed to the light,
and this doubtless is the cause of numerous bleached specimens of
jurtina and semele.

Another Museum, which should be visited, is in the Hotel Hermitage,
in which is housed a most interesting and comprehensive series of
Napoleonic relics. Napoleon of course marched through Digne after
escaping from Elba.

Crus. In the Entomologist’s Record of 1926, there was an excellent
paper by Mr. Haig Thomas describing his excursion to the Mont
de Lure.

Cruis is about 35 kilometres from Digne and can only be reached
by motor-car. It is off the main bus routes.

From Cruis one should be able to reach the summit of the Mont
de Lure, 5994 feet, in about 3 hours. I tried to find my way up what
Mr. Haig Thomas calls a gorge, but which I could only describe as a
ravine. Perhaps I never found the gorge, anyhow after three hours I
left the ravine, which was lined with wild lavender on both sides, and
found myself in a dense scrub with no signs of open ground where Mr.
Haig Thomas found F. scipio and M. (S.) cleanthe.

Time being of consequence I had to relinquish any idea of reaching
the ‘‘open ground’’ and on my way down had to be content with several
specimens of S. (M.) yalathea ab. leucomelas and my son captured one
galathea with the white replaced by yellow. ‘This I imagine is to be
referred to ab. flava, Tutt.

Brenthis hecate—is also found here earlier in the year and also
Melitaea dictynna.

Hipparchia briseis—at times a not uncommon insect, was only found
once.

Strymon (Thecla) spint was in good condition, S. (7’.) acaciae was
very worn. Lower down whilst sitting beside the village Inn I caught
my only P. eyea.

Limenitis rivularis (camilla) was just emerging in perfect condition,
the whole route up the mountain was lined with wild lavender and
hours could have been profitably spent in this excellent locality.

On returning home I found that another entomologist had been to
the summit of the Mont de Lure at the same date, but he had found
the easiest route was from St. Etienne les Orgues.

M. cleanthe—was found in numbers by him but F. scipio was not
seen so that the end of July and es August was in 1936 too early a
date for its emergence.

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19387

Leaving Digne on 6th August we travelled by motor bus to Beau-
vezer, alt. 4,000 ft.: about 60 kilometres from Digne.

Bwauvezer.—The Hotel Alp where we stayed is charmingly situated
amonest a forest of pine trees and the approach to it reminds one very
much of our New Forest roads.

Here we were dogged by misfortune for my son developed a gastric
attack and I just managed to ward one off.

Grand weather continued, but the nights were rather cold and very
few moths were attracted by the numerous electric lights.

Here just across the river, Hvebia neoridas was emerging in numbers,
also Melitaea phoebe past its best, 7. spint and Aporia crataeqi, a few
tattered specimens, and also Melitaea didyma with numerous ab. alpina
varieties. .

_ Erebia scipio was again my chief objective. In the last letter that
Mr. Ashby wrote to me, he said that Beauvezer was the place for find-
ing scipio, so I hoped to find it here (vide photo No. 1), and following
Mr. Haig Thomas’ description of his journey through the Gorge de St.
Pierre (vide photo No. 2) we set out and found the correct spot but no
signs of scipio.

A stiff and narrow path winds up the gorge for about two miles
till one crosses the torrent and one enters on a zigzag path with trees
on either side.

Here we met with a few specimens of E’rebia euryale, H. adyte, EH.
gorge and one freshly emerged FL. tyndarus; by one o‘clock without any
water and a fierce sun overhead we had to turn back without reaching
the snow level where #. pluto should have been captured.

I again visited the entrance of the gorge on the next day, but again
no signs of scipio.

Finally we spent two more nights at Digne on the way back. E.
neoridas was only just emerging and a second attempt for P. admetus
var. ripartit met with no success.

Conclustons.—The season in my opinion was a late one and emerg-
encies very poor. The only insects in any real abundance were F.
neoridas at Beauvezer, and M. galathea var. procida at Cruis, and S.
circe at Dieulefit,

The weather was erand, very different from that experienced in
Switzerland and northern Europe during the same period.

The nomenclature used is that by Seitz.

Notes on Collecting at South Benfleet, Essex, 1930 to 1936.
By R. W. ATTWOOD.
(Concluded, from page 49.)

In general collecting, such as searching tree trunks, plants, beating
and dusking, I have taken the following moths :—

Amphipyra tragopoginis, Hydroecia (Caradrina) micacea, H. (H.
nictitans, Miana (H.) bicoloria, Cucullia wmbratica, Xylocampa (Polta)
areola, Charaeas (Cerapteryx) yraminis, Hecatera (Melanchra) serena,
Rivula sericealis, Plusia moneta, Plusia chrysitis, Leucoma (Porthesia)
chrysorrhoea (similis), Ptychopoda fuscovenosa, Calothysanis amata,
Huehloris pustulata, Lobophora halterata, Chesias (Hucestia) legatella

NOTES ON COLLECTING AT SOUTH BENFLEEFT, 57

(spartiata), C. (E.) rufata, Calocalpe wndulata, Crdaria (Hydriomena)
fulvata, C. (H.) miata, 0. (H.) sordidata, C. (H.) immanata, C. (#.)
silaceata, C. (H.) suffumata, C. (H.) corylata, C. (H.) badiata, C. (—.)
nigrofasciaria, C. (H.) albicillata, C. (H.) affinitata, C. (H.) decolorata,
QO. (H.) bilineata, Operophtera brumata, Asthena albulata (candidata),
Oporinia dilutata, Ortholitha chenopodiata (Xanthorhée limitata), O. (X.)
bipunctaria, Cidaria (Xanthorhée) didymata, C.(X.) ferrugata, Alsophila
aescularia, Brephos parthenias, Opisthograptis luteolata, Chiasmia
(Semiothisa) clathrata, Boarmia repandata, B. gemmaria, Erannis (Hyber-
nia) leucophaearia, FE. (H.) marginaria, E. (H.) aurantiaria, E. (A.)
defoliaria, Phigalia pedaria, Biston strataria, Lomaspilis marginata,
Theria rupicapraria, Aspitates ochrearia, Cabera pusaria, C. ewanthemata,
Angerona prunaria, Selenia bilunaria, Selenia lunaria, Phalaena syrin-
garia, Colotois pennaria, Knnomos alniaria, Ennomos erosaria, Crocallis
elinguaria, Phalera bucephala, Saturnia pavonia, Drepana falcataria,
Lasiocampa quercus, Poecilocampa (Eriogaster) populi, Zygaena filipen-
dulae, Zygaena trifolit.

Plusia moneta.—I was interested in taking this moth flying around
wood sage, some Jistance in the wood, The nearest garden was some
three hundred yards away and neither monkshood nor delphinium were
growing there. I have never taken this insect away from gardens
before. |

Ptychopoda fuscovenosa.—This moth was very common along the
sea wall, last July. They were mostly on the seaward side.

Euchloris pustulata.—I had a curious experience with this insect.
On the 29th June, 1930, I was dusking alongside Shipwrights’ Wood.
It was a lovely warm still evening and quite light. I saw a number of
moths flying up and down and round ang round in a small circle, not
higher than about two feet from the ground, beneath an overhanging
oak branch. I made a sweep with my net and took about eight or nine
imagos of Huchloris pustulata. About a hundred yards further on,
beneath another oak tree I found another group of Euchloris pustulata
flymg in a similar manner. I took both males and females. When I
have taken this insect on other occasions, it has always been singly,
flying with a rather purposeful flight about eight feet from the ground.
I have not seen this insect here since, although I beat the larvae from
one of the trees, last year.

Lobophora halterata.—This moth is common among the aspen trees
in May, and seems constant from year to year.

Chesias (Kucestia) rufata.—I have taken three examples of this
species, all at light. One flying to my lantern and the other two
around a street lamp.

Calocalpe wndulata.— This insect I have only taken twice, both in
the day time, disturbed from low growing sallow bushes.

Ortholitha (Xanthorhée) bipunctaria.—lt is strange to find this insect
in the district. There is no chalk hereabouts and the ground on which
it occurs is a sandy clay. The moth is browner and the markings are
not so distinct as the usual chalk form.

Aspitates ochrearia.—This moth is common on the rough downland
and also occurs along the sea wall.

Some of the butterflies occurring in the neighbourhood are rather
local. The following is a list of those I have taken or seen :—Argynnis
(Brenthis) euphrosyne, Melitaea athalia, Vanessa c-album, Vanessa urticae,

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. : 15.V.1937

Vanessa 10, Vanessa atalanta, Vanessa cardui, Limenitis camilla (sibilla),
Melanargia (Satyrus) galathea, Pararge meyera, E'pinephele tithonus,
KH pinephele jurtina, Aphantopus hyperantus, Coenonympha pamphilus,
Thecla rubi, Aricia astrarche (medon), Heodes phlaeas, Lycaenopsis
argiolus, Polyommatus (Lycaena) icarus, Colias croceus, Gonepteryx
rhamnt, Huchlée cardamines, Pieris napt, Pieris rapae, Pieris brassicae,
Adopoea thaumas (flava), Adopoea lineola, Augiades sylvanus (venata),
Hesperia malvae, Hrynnis tages.

Melitea athalia. —This butterfly was very common in 1936 in its
restricted area. Unfortunately this ground is scheduled for building
and I understand that, in consequence, several local entomologists are
endeavouring to establish this insect elsewhere, in the hope of retaining
this species in Essex.

Vanessa c-album.—I saw this insect in Benfleet for the Arse time in
19386, settled on a michaelmas daisy bloom. I had heard of it being seen
further east, at Leigh, in 1935, but-had not observed it myself in the
district.

Vanessa cardui.—l have only once seen this speciesin August. All
other visitations have been in May.

Limenitis camilla (sibilla.)—This is a newcomer to the district. I
saw the first one in 1934 and in 1935 two more, but on the 14th July,
19386, I counted over thirty that visited a particularly fine bramble in
full bloom, just outside the garden. It was a lovely sight to watch
them floating down to the blossom, and I am hopeful that the butterfly
has now established itself here.

Satyrus (Melanargia) galathea.—This is very common on the downs
and occurs sparingly along the sea wall.

Maniola (Hpinephele) tithonus.—This insect occurs every where in the
district.

Aphantopus hyperantus.—This species frequents most of the woods
in the neighbourhood, but I have not noticed any particular variation.

Aricia astrarche.—I find this butterfly to be rather local and to be
confined to one particular part of the downs.

Lycaenopsts argiolus.—This insect varies Hoasidoe ly in numbers.
I saw very few in 1986.

Colias croceus.—I generally see one or two each year. From my
records I find I have seen it every year since 1980, with the exception
of 19382. I saw three in 1986.

Adopoea lineola.—The district is noted as being the headquarters of
this butterfly. It is still as abundant as ever along the sea wall and
marshes.

While beating rest-harrow in 1935, I took three larvae of Polyom-
matus (Lycaena) icarus. I had never seen the larva before, and on
mentioning this to several very experienced entomologists, I found
that only one of the party had seen it. He saw it for the first time in
1935 on rest harrow in the Isle of Wicht. It is curious that the larvae
of so common a butterfly should not be more frequently met with.
One larva pupated in the tin before I got back to London, the other
two died. The pupa was not attached to the leaves of the food plant,
but was loose in the box. It may possibly have become detached during
my journey back to London. The imago duly emerged.

It was at the Field Meeting of the South London Entomological
Society, at Benfleet, on the 16th July, 1933, that Dr. K. G.

NOTES ON COLLECTING AT SOUTH BENFLEET. 59

Blair captured and recorded the second appearance in England of
the macropterous form of the local grasshopper, Metrioptera roeselii
(diluta). Since then I have been interested in this species and the
following dates may be of interest to Orthopterists. In 1934 1 saw the
first specimen on the 1st July and by 15th July they were exceedingly
common, including the macropterous form. In 19385, the first two
roeselti were seen on the 14th July, both immature. I made several
searches in August but only found nine, none macropterous. The insect
was very scarce. ‘here was a particularly severe frost in May, 1935,
and this may have contributed to their scarcity. In 19386 I found four
on the 13th July and in the next few days five more, but it was not
until August they occurred in fair numbers, although not commonly as
in 1934. I have not seen the macropterous form since 1934. My
visits to Benfleet being intermittent, I can only give the latest date on
which I have met this species and that was the 8rd September, 1934.
There is no doubt that it persists for some time later, as the insects on
that date were very active.

Another local grasshopper that is sometimes very common here,
particularly on the rough fields along the top of the downs, is Phas-
gonura viridissima. It frequents the thick thistle clumps, but 1t also
has a fondness for sunning itself, in the morning, on wooden posts.
A friend was telling me about the numbers of “Green Locusts” that
she found in her garden and to my dismay told me that she made a
point of collecting them, as her ducks were so fond of them! On asking
if she took many, she said mostly only one or two, but once she took
fourteen and several times from five to ten. She collected them in
the mornings off the chestnut fencing around her land. The earliest
date on which I have seen this species is the 2nd June and the latest
18th November, 1984. This latter was sunning itself about 6 feet from
the ground on a telegraph post and although it appeared lethargic, was
quite active when [ tickled it with a grass stem.

Another local grasshopper, which is fairly frequent on the landward
side of the sea wall, is Conocephalus dorsalis. It is not so easy to
distinguish in the field as roeselii, as one is apt to confuse and lose
sight of if among the myriads of Stawroderus bicolor, that are so
abundant hereabouts.

On two occasions while sugaring, | have seen the grasshopper,
Meconema thalassinum, ovipositing on the trunks of oak trees. One
was Ovipositing when I saw it, the other | saw insert her ovipositor
into the bark. It was on the 15th September, 1935, I had
examined the patch of sugar and was looking up and down the sides
of the tree for any stray-moths, when I saw the grasshopper Meconema
thalassinum, some distance from the sugar and about six feet from
the ground. It was crawling up the tree and as I saw it, it stopped,
then using its hind legs to obtain a purchase, it forced its body
backwards against the hind legs, using the two middle legs first and
then the two front ones alternately (exactly as bicolor does on a
grass stem when it is preparingto leap). Instead of dropping off the
trunk as I expected, she bent her ovipositor downwards and by further
backward movements of the front legs, inserted it to about half its
length into the bark of the tree. She stayed in this hunched up position
for about a minute and then withdrew and crawled further up the tree.
I tried to find the crevice into which she had oviposited, but with only
the ight from my lantern was unable to find it.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.1987

TOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Caprures oF LepiporrEra In THE IsLE oF Wicat.— While on holiday
in the Island last August I discovered a fresh locality for Hvetria purdeyi,
Durr., between Cowes and Gurnard. The moths were easily disturbed
from the branches of some young firs (? species), and a series was taken
on 13th August both by Mr. H. G. Jeffery and myself, but they were
getting worn. ‘This species has been previously recorded from Fresh-
water. Pyrausta asinalis, Hubn., occurred at Ventnor, beaten out of the
hedges alony the cliff top, together with one Xanthorhée olivata, Borkh.
Stomopteryx anthyllidella, Hubn., occurred in great numbers among
Anthyllis vulneraria in the same locality and the larvae were found
among flowers and seedheads as well as between spun leaves.- Larvae
of Peronea comartana, Gell., were common on Potentilla palustris at
Appleford Wilderness, the imagines being bred from 31st August to
4th September. This species does not appear to have been previously
noted in the Isle of Wight. Peronea boscana, Fabr., was also common
in the larval state on elm growing in roadside hedges at Osborne, a
fine variable series being bred from 13th to 19th September. Other
species taken were: Cacoecta pronubana (one larvae at Ventnor) ;
Cnephasia osseana, Scop. (Appuldurcombe) ; Mndothenia oblongana, Haw.
(Gurnard) ; and Choreutis myllerana, Fabr., and pupae of Orthvtaelia
sparyanella, Thunb., in stem of Sparganium (Appleford Wilderness).—S.
Waxke«xty, 4, Auckland Road, 8.H.19. 14th April, 1987.

A NEW LocaLity FoR LanGELANDIA ANOPHTHALMA, AuBE&.—On 27th
February last I discovered this extremely local beetle in some numbers
in soft decayed wood and wood-mould in the partly hollow interior of
the trunk, almost in the roots, of an elm recently blown over, in Windsor
Forest, Berks. The only other British localities are in Kent: for many
years it was known to occur only at St. Peter’s, near Broadstairs, where
it was discovered by the Rev. Canon Theodore Wood in his garden, in
decaying seed potatoes underground (Fowler, Brit. Col. Vol. III. p. 193),
and taken there since by a few collectors: but in August 19385 it was
found by Mr. J. A. Stephens by sifting earth in his garden at Chatham,
and subsequently in numbers. The occurrence of this species at
Windsor shows that it is not confined to the extreme south-east of
Iingland, as it previously seemed: and it is the first instance of its
haying been found in rotten wood in this country.—A. A. Auten, 63,
Blackheath Park, §.E.8. 18th April, 1987.

[I was to have gone with Mr. Allen, but my unfortunate accident
prevented it. He however kindly brought me a bag of frass from the
tree, and with the little sieving I was able to do, with the help of Miss
Kirk, we managed to find 9 specimens.

Reitter says—‘“ This species lives under rotten wood buried in ihe
earth, and under large, deeply imbedded stones. Perris found the larvae
in the rotten wood of old piles sticking in the earth, and suggested that
they lived on the rejectimenta of other wood-boring larvae.’’—Horacz
DonistTHORPE. |

Two ‘“ NortHern ”
back numbers of. this journal I came across a note by Mr. Donisthorpe
on his capture of the weevil Magdalis carbonaria, L. at Crowthorne,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 61

Beds. In this connection it may be of interest to record my capture
-of this usually northern species in a still more southerly locality, viz.
Swanley Wood near Farningham, North Kent, where I beat one
example of each sex off birch in May 1933. Curiously enough in the
same locality a few weeks previously I had taken another (and much
more strictly) northern species—C7%s punctulatus, Gyll.—not recorded,
to my knowledge, from any British locality South of Cumberland.
About half a dozen specimens occurred in small dry Polypori (probably
P. abietinus) on the trunk of a dead standing pine. Though often
searched for, neither species has turned up again since.—A. A. ALLEN.

Cotiectinc Notes FoR LATE suMMER, 1936.—It is not a matter of
mueh moment. perhaps, but the specimen of Danaus archippus (pleaippus)
‘was observed at Salcombe on 16th September, not 24th as mentioned by
Dr. Kettlewell (p. 45).

I have not seen Lasiocampa trifolit from the Cornish mainland, but
I have some bred from Scilly Isles larvae and they are nothing like as
rich and dark as male quercus. The forewings are lighter outside the
band than inside and the hindwings are noticeably lighter than the
fore-wings, which are about the same shade as the more chocolate brown
males of O. potatoria,—C. Nicnoxson, Tresillian, Cornwall.

ArG@yNNIs LaTHonia (?) at Monx’s Woop, Hunts.—Seeing a note in
The Field of the observation of two brimstone butterflies, a large
fritillary and a small fritillary about the size of a tortoiseshell butterfly
on 22nd October last, I wrote to the writer, Dr. Charles Mathias, of
Romsey, Hunts, sending him good coloured plates of the large fritillaries
and lathonia and he duly replied as follows: ‘‘ The larger fritillary was
without a doubt a ‘‘high brown.”’ The smaller one certainly not a
“comma,” as I have caught specimens of them in years gone by. It
must have been a ‘‘Queen of Spain,” as it corresponds with the plate,
and I saw it quite close settled on a leaf with its wings outspread as
No. 4 on South’s plate No. 68. . . . . I regret I had not the means
of catching the specimens.” Assuming the determination of the
‘specimens to be correct, is its occurrence in Hunts a new record? It
has occurred in Cambridgeshire. and as that also is an inland county,
both are noteworthy for a butterfly the vast majority of whose represent-
atives in our islands have been taken or seen on or near the coast.—C.
Nicnoxson, Tresillian, Cornwall.

Prusia Moneta on Hoxtker Moss.—Can Captain Parsons say
whether these larvae (p. 28) feed on Monkshood in a wild state, or on
Delphinium in gardens, and was the valerian that attracted the moths
wild or cultivated ?—C. Nicuonson, Tresillian, Cornwall.

[Many English Entomologists seem to be unaware of the fact that
the larvae of Polychrysia moneta, also feed sometimes on Artemisia, from
which I have reared this species in a wild state in Switzerland and in
my garden at Rodborough.—T. Bainsricce Fuercuer.|

Larvar oF CaLLIMORPHA DOMINULA EATEN BY Cuckoos.—A paragraph
signed E.W. in the Hampshire Chronicle of 16th May last induced me to
write for further information and I received a reply from Miss Hthel
M. Williams, of Oxford, which may be summarized as follows, combined

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V.19387

with the newspaper article. ‘‘Judging by my own experience I should
say that there is no better spot in which to find cuckoos than somewhere
near a breeding place of the Scarlet Tiger moth. The larvae of this
moth are full grown in May and ready ior the cuckoo to eat before he
has any chance of finding his best loved ‘‘ Woolly Bears,” the larvae of
the Common Tiger. The best place that I know for Scarlet Tigers and
for cuckoos is a reed bed near Winchester where I have seen cuckoos
pulling up from the soft ground objects that appeared to be the larvae ;.
they were short dark objects pulled out of old damp masses of the reeds
of former years, and, seen through field glasses, appeared to be cater-
pillars. I may mention that a water-bailiff once told me that he had on
one occasion counted 23 cuckoos feeding at the same time on a reed bed,
where many Scarlet Tigers were wont to congregate. My informant’s
reed bed was some distance away from mine and he was a perfectly
truthful man, who knew what he was talking about, and I do not fora
moment doubt that his account of the cuckoo-assemblage was correct.
Scarlet Tigers were abundant in those reed beds in their season.”

This seems to be a very interesting observation and makes one
wonder whether the cuckoo may be responsible for similar depredations
in other localities, such, for instance, as in the well known Deal and
Dover district.

Are reed-beds a well-known habitat of this species? South says
in Moths of the British Isles, Series I. page 167, that it seems “‘ partial to
marshy ground,” but the food-plants he gives on p. 165 do not grow
in marshy ground, with the exception of sallow. Owen Wilson (Larvae
of the British Lepidoptera) gives a much larger list, including Comirey,
Forgetmenot, Meadowsweet and Willow, as others growing in wet
places, and I should think that forgetmenot is the most probable of
these to be found in a reed-bed, It seems difficult to believe that these
larvae would feed naturally on sallow and willow, excepting perhaps
Salix repens, which is commonest on heaths.—C. Nicuotson, lresillian,
Truro, Cornwall.

[In the Stroud District C. dominula occurs on a very dry hill-top,
the larva feeding most commonly on bramble, but it seems to be
polyphagus, occurring commonly on beech, sloe, white-beam, wild pear,
honeysuckle, Hupatorium, etc.—T. Bainsrieex FLErcHer. |

GAURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES,

Mr. W. G. Sheldon has just reminded me that the month of May
is the time to make the Annual Appeal for funds to aid the upkeep of
that portion of Wicken Fen, which is reserved as a sanctuary for
marsh-loving plants, insects, birds, ete. Some readers may not know
that permits are given to naturalists who wish to collect or observe the
wild life indigenous to that class of habitat. The care of the Fen is
under the supervision of an influential Committee for whom Mr.
Sheldon acts as Treasurer, and he would be pleased to receive sub-
scriptions and donations at ‘“‘ West Watch,” Oxted, Surrey. Last year,
he tells me, the amount collected was £120 18s. 6d.

Part 64 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Noctuidae Vol. ILI.
consists of 8 sheets of the Appendix to this Supplement, and contains
descriptions of more than 40 new forms, which have been noted to
about 80 species occurring in the British Isles. Incidentally it is pointed

CURRENT NOTES. 63:

out that the name of the genus in which strivilis, latruncula, bteoloria,
ete.. have been placed should be Procus, Oken (1815) in place of Oligia.
This action will probably be ignored by British authorities, who have
turned down Oken’s work, in spite of the fact that the work is much
more comprehensively thorough than is the work of Fabricius. The
Ayrotis groups, Hadeninae, Cucullinae, Amphipyrinae, and the Hrastriinae
in part are dealt with.

Parts 65 and 66 of the Supplement deal with further Palaearctic
Geometridae in 6 sheets and 1 plate. Mr. Prout writes of the Larentiinae
(Hydriomeninae) and in treating of the huge genus Cidaria makes the
following remark “ Concerning the genus (or rather supergenus) Cidaria,
I remain firmly convinced that many of its elements really represent
natural genera, but I have not thought it necessary to force this view
upon the reader and therefore continue to deal with them as subgenera.”
The 48 pages contain sonie 140 additional names to the 34 British
Geometers included. The one plate contains 64 figs.

Of the Main Volumes 8 parts of the American Bombyces comprising
6 sheets with 3 plates mainly of American Aegeriidue grouped as in
Junk’s Cataluyus is adopted and the figures, owing to the deterioration
of specimens, are copied from the works of Oberthiie and Beutenmiiller.
Also 2 parts of American Noctuae, one sheet and 5 plates (nearly 400
figures) have recently appeared.

Under the editorship of Prof. J. W. Heslop-Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.
an extensive survey of the Natural History of the Isle of Raasay and of
the adjoining islands has recently appeared as a part of the Proceedings
of the University of Durham Philosophical Society. A considerable
portion of the book gives a survey of the Geology and a List of the
Plants found with notes on most of the species with numerous plates
of views and several maps. The remaining pages prepared by Prof.
Harrison and his son give the results of numerous visits of groups of
students who had worked on the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, Cecido-
mylidae, Hymenoptera, Psyllidae and Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the
islands. 829 species of Lepidoptera are listed ; in the other Orders the
species observed were not numerous but no doubt further visits
and more concentrated work on them will result in many further
discoveries and will enlarge the lists. The book is a thoroughly good
record of the work which has been done and a good basis for further
survey in each department. The plates, 17 in number, and 2 maps are
a great help to the understanding of the character of the ground worked.

As one may judge, in a measure, from our supplement on the British
Noctuae, the varietal nomenclature in Lepidoptera is, to an extent, far
beyond the views of the early pioneers in the study of species variation.
But when one looks through the new Staudinger List just issued one
is appalled by the number of the form names already published to each
of the butterflies indigenous to the British Isles. P. machaon has 48.
A. crataeyt has 24. P. brassicae has 22. P. rapae bas 26. P. napi has 47.
Ei. cardamines has 19. G. rhamni has 15. C. hyale has 86. C. croceus
(electo?) has 18. L. sinapis has 80. KF’. epiphron has 23. EH. aethiops has
40. M. (S.) galathea, has 80. S. semele has 87. VP. aegeria has 25. P,
megera has 35. A. hyperantushas 18. E. tithonus has 19. HE. jurtina has
41. CU. pamphilus has 48. C.tiphon hae 138. A.irishas 24. L. camilla
has 6. V. atalanta has 138. V. cardui bas16. V.iohas19. J’. urticae has
36. V.polychloroshas 14. V.antiopabas18. P.c-albnm has22. M.
aurinia has 36. M. cinwia has 28. M.athalia bas 64. B. euphrosyne

64 KNLTOMOLOGISY S RECORD. 15.V.19387

has 21. Some of our readers will remember that in the case of E.
cardamines 19 does not include all, for one of our contributors Dr. H. B.
Williams dealt with nearly 30 forms in a paper he contributed to the
London Naturalist some years ago. In fact, the compilers of this List
say that ‘“‘ Only the best known aberrations are included.” As far as it
goes this List will be of immense use in preventing a great deal of
duplication in the re-naming of forms which have already been noted
and described. The literature from which the names have been
extracted is cited, such as Seitz, Warren, Oberthiir, etc.

@BITUARY.
Hugh Parry Jones, F.R.E.S. 1893-1937.

Mr. Hugh Parry Jones died on 7th February from pneumonia after
only a few days illness. He was in his forty-fourth year, having been
born on 11th July, 1898, at Cambridge, where his father was in practice
as a solicitor. He was educated at the Perse School, Cambridge, but
a breakdown in health stopped him from entering the University and
also prevented his serving in the war. In 1919 the family removed to
Lymington, and later to Brockenhurst; this effected a great improvement
in Mr. Jones’ health and enabled him to indulge to the full his passion
for collecting and studying insects of all orders. His favourite groups
were the Hemiptera and Aculeate Hymenoptera of which he had a very
thorough knowledge. In mounting his specimens he displayed a degree
of skill rarely equalled, and his extensive collections (which he
afterwards presented to the Nottingham Museum) are most beautifully
arranged. He was a talented artist and made a large series of coloured
drawings of Aculeates which he intended to publish in a series of
monographs on the group.

In 1923 Mr. Jones was appointed assistant-curator of the
Nottingham Natural History Museum, and here his ability in naming
and arranging the insect collections found full scope. In 1981, on the
retirement of Professor J. W. Carr, he became curator.

Mr. Jones’ published work included a guide to the Museum, a
“ist of the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of
Wight,” “An Account of the Hemiptera Heteroptera of Hampshire
and the Isle of Wight with additional Notes on British species not
recorded from the County.’’ This valuable paper, which was issued as
a Supplement to the Hntomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation,
extends to 87 octavo pages of small type and is illustrated by two
structural plates; it is really a full synopsis of the British genera and
species of the Heteroptera. As recently as January this year he
published in the E’ntomologists’ Monthly Magazine an account of a new
British species of ‘‘ Mason-Wasp ” (Microdynerus ewilis, H.-S.), which
he redescribed in great. detail. He had made extensive notes for a
monograph on the British Odyneri, and had he lived would doubtless
have made important contributions to our knowledge of the Aculeate
Hymenoptera. It is a great pity that his extensive knowledge of these
cannot be made available to his fellow workers. He was a Fellow of
the Royal Entomological Society, which he joined in 1929.

Mr. Jones married a daughter of Mr. W. A. B. Ferris of Brocken-
hurst and grand-daughter of Canon Ferris of Nottingham. She and
a son survive him, and the sympathy of all entomologists will go out
to them in their bereavement.—J. W. Carr.

Ail Ms. and HMDIVORIAL MATTHWii should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J.. ouunir, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications 1pxNTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be ubtained Ly authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the ttme of sending in MS.

Articles that require [nLUSrkavioNS are inserted on condition that the AurHo
defrays the cost of the iilustrations.

BACHANGSES.
Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr, iiy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam,

Desideruta.—Ova of D.o0. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia, A.J. Wightman, ‘* durago,”’
Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex. em

Dupticaies.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desideratuu—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychleros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diifinis, Populeti, Gethica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofuivata. Harold B. Williams, Weodcote, 36, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey. :

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Roya! College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. juscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. 4.
Downes, 5, Trinity Koad, Wimbiedon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates.—Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata.—Rare British and Huropean Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. EH. Ellison, Moccus Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, [Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, ete.. during the year.

Duplicates.—Numerous. Please send list.—B. iV. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata.—A. B. Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.1.

Desiderata.—Hxotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—EKxotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata.—Wanted: Leech, J. H., Buiterflies from China, Japan and Corea,
3 vols., Lond. 1892-94, w. map, views and 48 colour pl.—Dr. Max Cretschmar, Celle,
Germany.

CHANGE oF ADpDRESS.—J. W. Saunt, A.L.S., to Riverview, Minerva Road, Hast Uowes, >
I. of Wight.

MiRTINGs OF SUUIRTINS.

The Reyal Entemoiegical Society ef London.—4!, Queen’s Gate, South Kensing-
ton, S.W.7.,8 p.m. June 2nd.

The South London Entomologicai anc Naturai History Society, i:bernia
Chambers, Liondon Bridge. Second and Fourth Phursdays in the morth, ai 7 p.m.
May 27th, June 10th, 24th.—Hon. Secretury, 8. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes
Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Scociety.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
month at 6.30 p.m. at the London Schoo! of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel
Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through
Members, or from the Hon. Sec. A. B. Hornbiower, 91, Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill,
Hissex.

Entomological Section, Birmingham Natural History and Fhilosophical
Society.—Hvening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month; 7.45 p.m., at 55,
Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors weleomed. Those who would like to attend or
exhibit please apply to—P. Siviter Smith, Pebworth, Stratford-on-Avon.

Les A LIST OF
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS
occurring in the neighbourhood of Ashford, Kent.

By E. SCOTT, B.A., M.D.

With map of area. Price 1s. 6d. from the Publishers—
HEADLEY BROTHERS, Invicta Press, Ashford, Kent.

IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL

A MAGAZINE OF
NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY

Published every Two Months

Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.BR.1.A., M.B.O.U.,
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Capt. K. J. Hayward, (the late) Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Hy. J.
Turner, D. G. Sevastonulo, A. J. Wightman, T. Greer, T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher,
Dr. Malcolm Burr. Rev. R. E. E. Frampton, L. T. Ford, H. Donisthorpe, Wm. Fassnidge,
P.B. M. Allan, Dr. Bytinski-Salz, Dr. Verity, C. Nicholson, H. W. Andrews, Jas. EH.
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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES and MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF
The Entomologist’s Record
and Journal of Variation.

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

GONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.)

Genus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates—
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection—
Parthenogenesis— Paper on Taentocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)—
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—Retrospect of a L epidopterist
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea. Heliophobus hisptdus—
Ciptures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, ete., efc., 360 pp.

GCONTENTS OF VOL. JI.

Meianism anp Mrtanocnroism—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VaRrraTIon (many)—How to breed dgrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taentocampa opima
—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridising Amphidasys
nrodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—Differentiation of Dian-
thecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwieh, Sidmouth, 8. London—Generic nomen-
clature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Rannoch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes
on Genus Zyamna (Anthrocera)—Hybrids—Hymenoptera—Lifehistory of Gonophora
derasa, ete., etc., 312 pp.

To be obtained from—

Mr. H. E. PAGE, 9, YVanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, 8.E. 3.
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable

Archer & Co., Printers, 35, Avondale Square, London, S.E.1

% Richard Beck . 65
; Some Notes on Assembling Moths, P. B. M. Allan, M.A., F.S.A. 66
sf A few Random Thoughts on Mass Movement of Lepidoptera or “Pseudo-
we Migration, Hy. J. T. 70
ee New Finnish race of Scolitantides orion, Pall. if - compared with the others
“: of the species, Roger Verity, M.D., F.R.E.S. as 71
; Effects of Radiant Heat on the Development of some Butterflies, Or azio
Querci .. ae - ; AG . 73
at I. Papilionidae . a 77
é Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera, dD: ie Sevastopulo, F.R. E. s.. fe 80
[3 The Genetics and Status of X. ues Aberrations, EH. A. Cockayne,
= De WRC ee 3]
a Description of the Larvae of M. " deserticola (Arctiidae), K. J. Hayward,
* HORSE So. ZieS 53 Gn Se : 82

JUL 8 1937 =

Nos. 6-7

JUNE- ata 1937

ee A a

LAT sae aes is Jy

“ENTOMOLOGIST > RECORD.
AND

see

-Epirep

; Matcoutm Burr, D.Ssc., F.R.E.S. T. BainsricGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S.,
sith the H. A. Cockayne, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S.

: F.R.C.P. H. E. Paaz, F.R.4.s.

assistance of J. H. Couuin, J.P., ¥-R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.

H. DonistTHorPE, F.Z.8., F.B.E.K. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R-E.S., F.Z.8.

Editor Emeritus.—G. T. BrerHune-BakEr, F.Z.8., F.R.E.S.
By Hewry J. TURNER, F.2.2.8., F.R.H.8., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.
Mermis Thread Worm (Nematode) in Wasp (Vespa vulgaris), ee ee

| __. 2 Se RES ee ee

Cotnzctine Norss. Er Gi pale: brooded P. icarus; ‘Sheffield, T. De Fearnebough :

T. obeliscata and T. variata in Ceca - Nieholson ; Unusual

Pupation of M. tiliae, P. B. M. Allan, F.S.A.; L. signata, Stein (Dip),

H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S.; Mole- crickets a Garden Pest in eee

G. For-Wilson, F.R.H.S. .. = : ; res 83
Current Notes aND SHorT Norices. .. ae 86
Supriements: British Noctuae, Hy. J. Cores F. R. E. S. F, R. H. Ss. II (97)-(100)

New Lepidoptera from Iran, Hans Biytinialey: Salz,
PLD., FR.E.S. (5)-(9)

Srectan Notice.—See last page.

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The Entomologist’s Record.

NEMATODE WORM IN A WASP.
Actual size 10 x 5mm.

MERMIS THREAD WORM IN WASP. 65

Mermis Thread Worm (Nematode) in Wasp (Vespa vulgaris).
(With Plate.)

By RICHARD BECK.

On the 19th October, 1932, I was asked to take a wasp’s nest in a
narrow lane off Durleigh Road, Bridgwater, as the wasps were interfer-
ing with tradesmen delivering goods by horse-drawn vehicles. It was
situated in a difficult position in a bank composed of loose earth. I
gave it a good dose of petrol and covered the hole with a sod. In
removing the nest, which was ten inches in diameter and had nine
‘“‘ platforms,”’ I lost a good many of the wasps, but secured the greater
part of the nest.

In sorting out the wasps from the comb and loose earth I was
surprised to see the large number of what I thought were queens—301
altogether—but on dissecting some of them found the spermatheca
abortive, very small or entirely absent. I sent a large number to Dr.
A. D. Imms of the Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge, who replied :—
‘¢ Towards the end of the season worker wasps often become fertile and
closely resemble queens, in fact there is no way of separating very
large workers from queens other than by dissection. Workers are
therefore only able to lay unfertilized eggs and they die at the end of
the season.”

I set to work and commenced dissecting these large worker wasps
and queens, but was astonished to find Nematode worms occupying in
many instances the entire abdomen. Out of 81 dissected 8 had
Nematode worms.

With regard to the life-history of the Thread Worm, Dr. lmms
writes me :—‘‘ The Mermis ultimately leaves the wasp and makes its
way into the earth where it becomes sexually mature and lays eggs.
When the larvae hatch from the eggs they make their way into various
insects and come to live in the body cavity of the latter. Ihave never
come across such an intense parasitization of a wasp population by
Mermis before.”’

The accompanying illustration shows the worm in situ in the
abdomen. One of them I uncoiled and it measured 34 inches long. I
mounted three of these abdomens, with the worms exposed, in formalin
so as to keep a record. As the worms increased in size the tracheae
and digestive organs appear to have been squeezed against the inner
wall of the abdomen and were scarcely visible. Whether these large
wasps were able to fly | am unable to say. The nest was only three
minutes walk from my house; we had plenty of the ordinary size
worker wasps visit us during the autumn, but none of the large.
workers. —

[It is of considerable interest to note that the presence of nematode
worms in worker wasps has the same effect as in worker ants, 1.¢.,
increasing the size, etc. See Guests of British Ants, pp. 218-21.—
Horace DonistHorre. |

66) aes ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

Some Notes on Assembling Moths.
By P. B. M. ALLAN, M.A., F.S.A.

Part I.

‘‘The Aurelians,’” wrote Moses Harris in 1766, discussing ‘ The
Great Egger,’ ‘take this moth by Sembling. Their Manner is, to go
out with a live Hen in a Box, which is covered down with Gauze or
Crape; when they are come to the appointed Place, where they are
pretty certain there is a Brood, they set the Box on the Ground, and
stand ready with their Nets. THe Cocks will quickly come and attempt
to get at the Hen. . . . Not only Eggers and Vapourers, but any
Moth may be taken by Sembling. As to the other large kinds of
Moths, the usual Method is to tie the Hen to a Tree, Bush, etc., lightly
fastened round the Body with a Piece of sewing Thread, and there to
be left all Night; and in the Morning, when you return, you will
almost be certain to find Madam accompanied by her Spark, .who will
not desert his Mistress, though her Favours be ever so easily obtained.”

For many years, then, lepidopterists have made use of the attractive
powers of female moths to enrich their collections, and not a few have
recorded their experiences in print; but the scientific literature of the
subject is not large, and, so far as I am aware, no one has yet produced
what could be called a ‘standard work’ on assembling. Yet chemo-
tropism in moths is a subject of infinite interest, and apart from its
biological aspect it plays a certain part in the geographical distribution
of species. or example, in the case of those species which emerge in
the autumn and require a period of hibernation to mature their ova,
' the females may travel considerable distances from the place of their
eclosion before they are ready for pairing. They must therefore have
the power to attract males to the new locality.

In 1985 some pupae of Saturnia pavonia, collected in mid- Wales,
were brought to me in West Essex. On 380th April the following year,
a female moth (whom I will call @ No. 1) emerged, and the following
day, although she was in the shade and a cold Kast wind was blowing,
she began to ‘call’ at a little before noon. She had not moved at all
from the position she had taken up to expand her wings on emergence
from the pupa. She continued calling until dusk.

Next day, 2nd May, she was taken, in an assembling cage, by car
to a spot some miles away, where it was hoped S. pavonia occurred.
The welkin was overcast all day, and there was a very cold Hast wind.
She did not call. Nor did she call the following day, 38rd May, which
was even colder.

On 4th May the weather improved, and at 9.0 a.m. (all the times
mentioned in this paper are §.T.) I placed her in a large larva cage
beneath the eaves of a heavily thatched barn. facing Hast. 8S. pavonia
has been recorded in this district only twice in the last thirty years
(there are two entomologists who have lived here for that period), and
I did not expect that my female would attract any male. She began
calling shortly after noon, and continued calling all day. There was
a light breeze from the east.

At 5.0. p.m. a male S. pavonia (g No. 1) appeared on the ridge of
the barn and fluttered down the thatch directly above the female. The
thatch at the eaves was 24 feet thick, and the cage was on a shelf

SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS. 67

right up under the eaves, against the wall of the barn. The barn was
about 60 feet long and 18 high, and the cage containing the moth was
roughly halfway along it. The amount of scent that was blown over
the roof of the barn could not have been very great. There were a
wall, a large house, elm trees and a ridge rising some seventy feet,
behind the barn. Beyond the ridge was open rolling country (all arable)
for several miles.

The male found the cage, and, on the door being opened, entered ;
but he made no attempt to pair. An hour later the female was still
calling, the male sitting on the opposite side of the cage and paying
no attention to her.

At 9.0 p.m. the female flew about the cage and buffeted the male
vigorously, as is the custom with all the larger moths of this Group
when the males spurn their advances. The male made no reply. He
never paired, and died on the evening of 6th May.

At 8.0 a.m, on this same day (4th May) another @ S. pavonia (9
No. 2) emerged, and the following day she began to call shortly before
11.80 a.m. At noon both females were calling vigorously, their cages
being side by side under the eaves of the barn.

At noon I placed Male No. 1 in the cage containing the second
female. Again he declined to pair.

At 4.0 p.m. on 5th May a second male (g No. 2) appeared on the
roof of the barn. He was netted and placed in the cage with Female
No. 1. At 5.5 p.m. he paired with her. They remained paired until
7.0 p.m., when they separated, the feinale then dashing violently about
the cage. The second male was also placed, next day, in the cage with
the second (virgin) female (2 No. 2.) He did not pair again and died
at 5.0 p.m. on the following day, and when I removed his corpse from
the cage at 7.380 p.m. it was stiff and brittle.

At 9.0 p.m. (still 5th May), two hours after separating from the
male, Female No. 1 began to lay eggs. She laid a row about half an
inch wide, moving her abdomen from right to left, then crawled a wee
bit backwards and laid another row behind the first row, and so on,
always laying from right to left. - All this time her wings were held
upright, and quivering. At 9.15 p.m. she finished laying and dashed
violently against the cage, which she continued to do at intervals for
more than an hour. At 10.30 p.m. she settled down and began to lay
another batch of eggs. At 11.15 she was immobile, her abdomen
resting on the last laid batch of eggs. I did not visit her again that
night; but she laid no more eggs, and next morning she was still in
the same position. She never moved again and died at dusk on 9th
May.

The following day, 6th May, the second female (? No. 2) began to
call during the forenoon, and at 4.0 p.m. a third male (Jf No. 8)
appeared on the roof of the barn. He was caught and placed in the
cage containing the calling Female No. 2 and Males Nos. 1 and 2.
He at once paired.

I must here interject that the presence of the two males had caused
this virgin female to lay four eges in the course of the morning.
Sexual excitement very often has this effect on female moths. A female
Notodonta dromedarius, placed in a cage with three males, laid eggs all
over the cage floor, when none of the males would mate with her.
Eggs laid in this manner are practically always infertile. I say

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V1I.19387

‘ practically ’ because I believe that once, with a @ Amphidasys betularia,
this sexual excitement started the nuclear division which is the prelude
to parthenogenesis. ‘The male with her refused to mate, yet all her ova
hatched. And after she had laid them she ‘called’ and attracted
further males. However, I have dealt with this most interesting
problem at some length in a recent book.*

At 6.0 p.m. this second couple (¢ No. 2and g No. 3) separated,
and, like her sister, the female laid eggs that night. (The first one laid
180, the second 198). All these ova hatched—tirom noon to 2 p.m. on
8rd and 4th June, though a batch kept indoors hatched at noon and
1.45 p.m. on 26th May.

Female No. 2 died on 11th May, the Male No. 3 on 8th May.

Now, these female S. pavonia began to call in the forenoon ; yet it
was 4 p.m. before a male appeared. And my previous experience has
been that, with a light breeze, in a locality which is known to harbour
the species with which you are experimenting, male moths commonly
begin to approach the assembling cage, from across, say, 40-acre
ploughed fields, ten minutes after the moth has begun to call. And 8S.
pavonta, I have said, has been recorded here only twice in the last thirty
years. Surely, then, these three males who came to my calling females
must have travelled many miles ?

But conclusions are dangerous things, and this is not the conclusion
to which I have come. For Ido not believe the assertions of those
enthusiasts who claim that a male can be attracted from several miles,
though | think it is possible that under extremely favourable conditions
a female oak egoar, emperor moth or other large moth of the group
Bombycina (Barrett) could attract a male from the best part of one
thousand yards. When I say ‘ one thousand yards’ 1 am thinking of
the rifle ranges at Bisley, and I bear in mind what a considerable
distance a thousand yards is. A correspondent of The Vimes (8rd
June, 1936) tells us that he has assembled male pavonia—“ marked
males released’’—from a distance of two miles. I hope that his
experiments were carried out with scientific precision and that the
possibility of error was eliminated by laboratory methods. Without
such precautions one could easily be misled. On being released, the
marked males might well have begun “‘ ranging ” upwind in that search
for the female of the species which is their biological destiny ; and then,
when within half a mile or less of the caged female, have picked up
her scent and made a bee-line for her. The mere fact that the marked
males eventually reached the calling female would not constitute a proof
acceptable to science that they had picked up the scent two miles away.
On the great expanses of moorland in Scotland and mid-Wales the
male foxmoths and emperors do not confine their ranging to a few
hundred yards ; they travel miles against the wind in their search for
a female’s scent. How near they must be to a calling female before
they can become aware of her presence yet remains to be proved.

[ believe there is nothing more esoteric in the four hours’ delay of
these male pavonia to find my females than this—that the position of
the cage prevented normal diffusion of the scent. ‘The males were
searching the hedgerows within a thousand yards (or perhaps very
much less) of my barn, ana had the assembling cage been in the open,

* A Moth Hunier’s Gossip, Chap. VI.

SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS. 69

they would have found it long before 4 o’clock. The facts that this
moth is extremely rare here and that I attracted no more males when a
cage containing a fresh calling female was, later, placed in a more
propitious site, merely show, to my mind, that it is possible for a
species to maintain, unseen by entomologists, a foothold in a district
generally unfavourable to it. In this connection 1 may mention
that N. dromedarius was unknown in this district until I attracted, one
evening, three males to a calling female.

These experiments also afforded one more confirmation of a theory
which I have held, rightly or wrongly, for many years, namely that with
many species a male moth which has paired is unable to pair again,
though he is always attracted by the female’s scent. I have made
many experiments on this point, all of them confirmatory, and I shall
welcome any assertions, based on experiments conducted in a way that
will satisfy science, to the contrary. A friend once told me that he
had kept a male Amorpha populi at stud; but unfortunately he did not
record his observations and I have failed to reproduce his experiment.
I do not assert that this theory applies to all species but only to those
with which I happen to have experimented (viz. certain of the Sphingidae,
Notodontidae, Lasiocampidae, Endromidae, Saturniidae, Arctiidae, some
of the Noctuidae, and the Boarmiinae). 1 should add, in parentheses as
it were, that I have prefaced the word ‘attracted’ by ‘always’ because I
have never known a hale and hearty moth not to be stirred—if not to
dithyrambs, at least to a state of mild interest—by the scent of a female
of his species. A male betularia that has recently paired will fly into
the lee of a calling female, and, holding tightly to a leaf, use his wings
so vigorously that he raises the leaf up and down, ever and anon turning
round and bobbing just like a courting pigeon in your yard. But he
will content himself with performing these antics within three inches
of the female and will never, so far as I have observed, make any
attempt to pair.

Another conclusion, from these experiments, which it seems fairly
~ safe to draw, is that in a wild state the female S. pavonia flies some
distance between the phases of ovipositing. The first female laid two
batches of eggs, the second one five; others with which I have
experimented have iaid three and four. All the eggs were laid in one
night. The bodies of both these females were found to be empty of
egos after death.

A series of observations have shown me that the females of the
larger moths in the group Bombycina (Barrett), whether fertilised or
not, do not fly again just before dawn, as is stated in some text-books.
My experience with such species as G. quercifolia, S. pavonia, I. verst-
color, L. quercus, M. neustria, M.rubi and C. potatoria is that 11.30
p.m. is the latest hour at which the females fly. I should be glad to
hear the experience of other entomologists on this point.

(To be continued.) |

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

A few Random Thoughts on mass movement of Lepidoptera or
Pseudo=Migration.

9

The so-called ‘‘ Migration of Insects” is a subject, which occupies
a deal of valuable space in an ever increasing nnmber of our current
magazines, but, in spite of the large number of observations recorded,
our knowledge of the urge seems, as a member of the South London
Entomological and Natural History Society said to me the other week
to have “got no forruder.” Doubtless the consideration of this
biological question has been hampered from the first by the adoption
and misapplication of the term “‘ migration”’; a term which was bred
and born in association with vertebrate, sentient organisms, and
an utterly unsuitable term to use with its mass of associations, in
dealing with questions relating to the non-vertebrate Orders. The
term cannot be used without implying instruction (from parents, etc.),
cbservation, experience, reason, etc., coupled with a duration of life to
acquire such equipment necessary for true migration in the vertebrate —
sense. :

Now look at the vast majority of (I almost said all) the records.
They are bald, naked, simple facts of occurrence, unconnected observa-
tions and are practically useless. Let me give an example or two. It
has been recorded by several observers that an extremely abundant
swarm of Plusia gamma appeared at Hastings coming in from the sea.
That was the bald fact alone, except that the individuals dispersed or
disappeared in the course of some days. Whence did they come?
Whither did they go? The swarm was met on the shore of Hastings
and we have no evidence of the extent of the swarm along either the
east or west of Hastings. Did any one record them during their
journey from the French coast? Where on that coast did they breed ?
Such a huge mass if reared in a limited area should have left traces of
the larval feasts. Ordid they assemble at some suitable spot from
surrounding areas ? and what induced them to take on this conspicuous
mass movement? It could not be want of food; it could not be
parental instruction (imitation). Which way was the prevailing
current of air at that time? Insects are well known not only to be
carried by the wind but to fly against it. The lights of Hastings could
not have been an initial start of the movement at that distance, but
they may have been a secondary factor, which caused the mass of the
individuals to converge upon the shores of the town. Tor ‘‘ whence”
then we find nothing but conjecture. Whither did they go? The
report tells us that the mass of individuals more or less rapidly passed
on. But where, how and whither? Among the numbers of nature
lovers in the 8.H. Counties of England how many recorded sections of
this mass in their progress inland? I think I am correct in saying
that less than half a dozen observations of P. gamma were made in the
week or two succeeding the advent of this swarm. When organisms
have, from some cause or other, become massed, as soon as congenial
circumstances arise they proceed to separate, to disperse. That is
what took place in the case of this Hastings incursion. Dispersal pure
and simple, strongly evidenced by some going away seaward again,
which action caused the erroneous observation that it was a “ return
migration,’ implying by the use of the term ‘‘ migration’ that they
were conscious of the purpose of their effort. We get no further from

NEW FINNISH RACE OF SCOLITANIDES ORION. yi

this observation because it is not accompanied by a host of prae- and
post-observations to carry it further.

Now let us take another class of observation. A number of
examples of P. gamma are observed in a suburban garden hovering
over flowers, wind S.S.E., about midday. They pass off from W. to HK.
I take it that these P. yamma flew over to the next garden, not over
the house, that the road ran E. to W. and that the garden faced 8. ;
apparently the gamma were not all together but at times during an
hour or two. This was in Morden, Surrey, 19th June. ‘This observa-
tion is of no use unless previous and subsequent chains of records
are obtained on that and other close dates.

It is not inferred that such observations should not be recorded but
that to be of use they must be reinforced by a great many more observers
and widely spread, such as children in our schools. But do not let
our investigation be prejudiced by the use of the misnomer “* Migration.”
We are dealing with a phase of the natural dispersal of organisms just
as the student of physical phenomena deals with the massing and
dispersal of particles of inert matter under the forces of attraction
and repulsion.—Hy.J.T.

New Finnish race of Scolitantides orion, Pall., compared with
the others of the species.

By ROGER VERITY, M.D., F.R.E.S.

_ A fine series of S. orion, collected by H. W. Brandt, during the first
days of June, 1936, in the neighbourhood of Sordavala (Serdobol), in
southern Finland, affords a strikingly peculiar aspect and is by far the
most lovely race of the species known to this day. Its closest ally is
form ornata, Stdgr., but it differs from it by not being smaller than
the nominotypical orion of Russia, by the far greater extent and the
lighter tinge of the blue on upperside and by the total, or nearly total,
obliteration of the orange band on underside. It is the only race in
which the upperside can be described as entirely blue in both sexes,
with large, black marginal dots surrounded by bluish-white rings, so
that it somewhat recalls the aspect of male baton and vicrama ; its tone
is also lighter and clearer than usual, as in the two latter, but it 1s,
either very slightly or more thickly, especially in the female, suffused
with black scales (they are often dense on the hindwing) and there is
a row of faint and shaded black, praemarginal, spots before the whitish
rings, which are the remnants of the continuous black band always
present in the other races, including ornata, as figured, for instance, by
Seitz and as represented from Turkestan in my collection. It is note-
worthy that there is always a large, black, discocellular spot on the
forewing, but in none of my males are there any dots of the discal row
and a few are present only in one female out of six. ‘The other very
peculiar feature, I see in no other orion, consists, in the aforesaid
disappearance of the characteristic orange band, on the underside: in
some specimens there are no traces of it left, in others a few, pale,
russet scales are perceptible, here and there, where the band usually
is, whilst, in others still, the latter is represented by a continuous, but
narrow area, sprinkled with scales of that colour, mixed with black
ones, which give it a dull, dirty, look. I propose naming this extreme

72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

degree in the variation of orion, standing opposite metioche, Frhst. and
the entirely black form nigra, Gerh., race ultraornata, nom. noy.
As I have already remarked, the degree which comes next is ornata,
followed by telephit, Esp.=lariana, Frhst., which, in reality, is only
the ornata of Europe, already recorded by Staudinger himself as
occurring there, singly or locally, but which one might usefully
designate by another name, because it is, as a rule, less blue than the
most highly characterized ornata of Asia and it is connected by trans-
itional individuals to the further degree of melanism, one can take to be
Pallas’s nominotypieal orion, described originally as follows: “ Wings,
above, fuscous ; disc sprinkled with blue; periphery of wings blackish,
with white chequered fringes, with a chain of bluish marginal rings and
with a black lunule in the middle of the disc.” The statements that
the dise is only ‘“‘sprinkled” with blue and that the periphery of the
wing gives the impression of being, on the whole, black, serve admirably
the purpose of fixing the grade of development of the black pattern in
the nominotypical form, which is evidently greater than in telephit=
lariana, whereas, on the other hand, the well developed bluish marginal
rings place it before the more melanic metioche, Frhst., culminating in
the entirely black nigra female form. Pallas gives ‘‘ Sisranum,” in
Latin, as the locality of his orion, observed in May, and his book deals
with several provinces of the Russian Empire, but which that town is
in I am unable to find out. As to Fruhstorfer’s lariana, it seems to
me it is nothing but a synonym of telephii, Ksp. as the original figure
of the latter, pl. 41, fig. 2, clearly represents the form with most blue
ever found in Europe, both in the original edition of Eisper’s work and
in Charpentier’s later and very much rougher reproduction ; we are
informed, at page 164, that it came from the mountains of Kreuzburg
(presumably that in Saxe Weimar), collected in July; he distinguishes
it from orion and I do not see how lariana can be brought in besides
those two ancient names. Already there existed the third very ancient
name of battus in Schiffermiller, from Vienna, described as ‘“ dark
blue, chequered with black’’ and ornata-like individuals are quite
frequent in that region, whence I have some, but, in this case, the
description ig so inclusive that the name can only be done away with,
as a specific synonym of orton in general, its being impossible to apply
it to any special form.

It will be useful to conclude that facts, in connection with this
species, are simpler than might seem by the confusion which has been
created by these various synonyms. Fruhstorfer’s metioche from.
some valleys of the Alps, such as those of his original description, in the
Valais and the Upper Adige (Stidtyrol), and others, such as the Anzasca
one and Lake Magyiore, and from other regions, such as Mt. Olympus,
in Macedonia, is, in reality, a distinct, melanie, race, but lariana is not ;
even on the lake of Como, whence it was described from Bisbino, there
also exists the darker form, referable to nominotypical orton, as
described by Oberthiir, who collected it at the Villa d’Este and states
in his Ht. Lép. Comp., IV. p. 288, it is exactly similar to Htbner’s
figures 801-2, pointing out how different these figures are from those
numbered 828-30 in the same work, and that it is intermediate between
the latter and the race of the Valais; now, the latter figures represent
the much more blue telephii=lariana, so that on the lake of Como, as
in my series from Vienna and as in most regions, telephii and

EFFECTS OF RADIANT HEAT ON DEVELOPMENT, 73

nominotypical orion both exist together. The only region of a certain
extent, in which telephit seems to exclude, or nearly exclude,
the latter, seems to be the south of France, where, according to
Oberthur, both sexes are constantly broadly blue, both in the Pyrénées
Orientales and in the Alpes Maritimes. T[rihstorfer, too, includes
females from la Turbie, near Monaco, in his lariana, showing this
name is a synonym of telephii, the Como and the French form evidently
being equivalent, even to his mind, but he having overlooked the fact
that the latter is perfectly similar to the one of Central Germany, as
figured under the name of telephii by Esper and by Bergstriisser on his
plate 56 (he also figures the nominotypical or/on from the same county
of Hanau on pl. 60) and as figured by Hubner from Austria, under
Schiffermuller’s name of battus, in his figs. 828-80, included, in his
text, in the same paragraph as figures 801-2 of orion and with the same
habitat, just as specimens from Vienna do, as a matter of fact, ea
this variation from telephii to orion.

Effects of Radiant Heat on the Development of some Butterflies.
By ORAZIO QUERCI.

In the breeding experiments that we have made in these last few
years, we have inquired into the effects of temperature, humidity,
atmospheric pressure, wind and alimentation on the development of
_ some Lepidoptera. As the results of every experiment since almost
none were in accordance with those of the other trials, we suspected
that another factor was influencing the larval stages of the insects.

Last summer, while collecting on the Macedonian side of the
Olympus Mt., we rented a piece of ground with a source of water, and
several kinds or plants for larvae were planted there. By the end of
July 1936 the country was barren, while in our field the vegetation
was luxuriant; then we put on the plants many eggs of different
species of insects.

Having seen that the frail shell of the eggs and pupae preserve the
vitality of those living things even when it is hot, we built some
shelters, with different sorts of material, in order to note the behaviour
of the larvae in the shelters, while the larvae in the open were injured
by heat.

When some eges had hatched and everything was ready for experi-
ments, the Police invited us to leave Greece and to exchange some
American gold, although we had duly declared our money before
landing in this country. Besides that the Government stated that
everybody leaving Greece must pay 20,000 drachms for the visa to the
_ passport; thus we should have been obliged to pay £76 for my wife
and I.

We made a petition to H.M. the King of Greece, and we were
allowed to remain here keeping our gold ; however during that troubled
time our expensive experiment was lost. Now we must give up with
Entomology and get another job, but before doing that we will
summarize what we have observed about the influence of radiant heat
on the development of some butterflies. Recently we have learnt that
the fatal effects of these rays have been proved by experiments, as a

74 ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

strong source of radium destroyed the vitality of some caterpillars, and
they were killed.

In the Encyclopaedia Britannica we read the following words, which
have given me the idea—‘‘'The rays resemble other specifics, which
are beneficial in small, but harmful in large amount, when applied to
living things.”

Radiant Heat and K'ggs.—When heat was intense the eggs hatched
in a short time; when heat was moderate the eggs either hatched
rapidly, or delayed longer than we expected, or never hatched. At
Lisbon (Portugal) the weather was lovely by the end of December, 19382 ;
some Pieris, Pontia, Huchloe and Colias emerged in the country, and
we took a few mated females which laid many eggs that we kept in a
room where the temperature never was below 50°. In January 19338
the radiation became feeble and all those eggs dried inside. On the
other hand at Philadelphia, Pa., while the radiant heat was strong in
July 1982, some eggs of Pieris hatched after a fortnight in a refrigerator
at 45° to 50° (l/nt. Rec., XLIV. p. 170, 1932).

Radiant Heat and Larvae of Pieridae.—When the larvae hatched and
the radiant heat was very strong, they dropped on the ground and died
almost at once (Hnt. Rec., XLVII. p. 125, 1985). Sometimes the
larvae in our broods fed, moulted and pupated at a temperature of 91°
(U.c., p. 87) as radiation was moderate; on the other hand they died,
even at 89° (l.c., p. 74) if the rays were strong, and when the larvae
died at room temperature they collapsed also in the subsoil of a big
building, where the temperature never rose above 80°, and in an ice-box
at about 60°. Only below 50°, confined in an ice-box, the larvae were -
not injured by the strong rays. ~

In our broods the larvae grew well, even at a moderate cold, if
radiation was suitable, while they remained inactive until they collapsed
if, in spite of the mild weather, the rays were feeble for a long
time.

Only those larvae that met with favourable conditions of radiation,
heat and food during their short larval stage succeeded in pupating ;
otherwise they died.

I must record that at Philadelphia some larvae of Pieris rapae often
formed their pupae in a week, while at Tangier, in Portugal, Spain and
Greece they never became mature in less than a fortnight.

Having seen that the larvae of the Pieridae almost always died
above 90°, and that sometimes they were injured at 60°, we were
surprised when at Salonika we saw that in March 1936 many
caterpillars fed actively, moulted and pupated rapidly in an incubator
at 110° in spite of the little aeration, moderate light and high vapour
pressure. In such conditions the larvae rotted only when we fed them
with a poor quality of food (Ht. Rec. XLVIII. p. 110, 1936).

Last December we took a worn female of Colias croceus, which laid °
many eges upon a plant of clover. The larvae that hatched were put
into an incubator of the University of Salonika, at a temperature of
about 100°, and I daily went and set a fresh plant to replace the faded
ones. In January 1987, on account of the prevailing influenza epidemic,
J was unable to supply those larvae with food, and they remained for
ten days in that hot room with dry plants only. When I looked again
at the breeding cage I saw that some larvae were still living, and a few

EFEECTS OF RADIANT HEAT ON DEVELOPMENT. 75

had formed pupae, which produced adults in a few days, while
the sun was shining,

I believe that in both experiments, which I have recorded above,
the larvae resisted intense heat because the radiation was feeble.

Radiant Heat and Larvae of Papilio.—The larvae of a few species of
Papilio that we have reared never were injured by a strong radiation.
If radiant heat increased while they were feeding they were overcome
by stupor, but became active again if a fan was set going near them.

The larvae which started to moult with a suitable amount of
radiation succeeded in casting their skins in a short time; on the
other hand if the Millikan rays became intense, the moulting larvae
remained long dormant and they cast off their skins with difficulty,
after radiant heat decreased.

If radiation was suitable, the larvae that had finished feeding hung
up at once and in a perfect manner. At a very feeble degree of
radiation the mature larvae were overcome by stupor; ata high degree
they became excited and afterwards dormant. Often those weakened
larvae hung up imperfectly, and sometimes remained on the ground
but did not die.

The larvae which had hung up in a short time formed pupae in a
few hours, and those active pupae emerged in a few days if radiation
continued to be suitable. However if radiation either increased or
decreased considerably while the active pupae were nearing thetr
physiological change they delayed emergenee (arrested pupae) until after
the environment became settled for several days near the optimum
range for the emergence of the pupae of the Papilio.

Sometimes the arrested pupae emerged when the climate was lovely,
but at other times they did not. I must confess that I am still very
far from being able to explain what are the complex causes of the
emergence of the pupae. .

The mature larvae, that had laid dormant became feeble and even
under the most favourable conditions, needed some days to recover and
so form dormant pupae that never emerged in the same year in which
they were formed.

Records about the Emergence of a few Kinds of Pupae.—tlt is well
known that the emergences of every kind of pupa are arrested by cold
and scanty radiation. Radiation is the most important factor, as is
proved by the fact that, in winter, the pupae rarely emerge even if they
are ina hot room. We record that some pupae of Papilio machaon
and Zerynthia rmmina emerged in full winter, in our rooms warmed by
a stove, at Madrid, Tangier and Salonika. That happened with the
combined efforts of heat and radiation ; however in winter we never
succeeded in producing a premature emergence of Pieridae.

The pupae of the Pieridae are more or less active, as their larvae die
from any sensible fluctuation of the rays. The pupae of Prerts
rapae, Pontia protodice, P. daplidice, Colias eurytheme and C. croceus
(which we have handled in America, Europe and Africa) never were
arrested by strong radiations. The emergence of some pupae of Pierts
brassicae was once arrested, at Lisbon, although on that day the tem-
perature never was over 75° (Ant. Rec., XLVIII. p. 88,1986.) However,
the radiant heat was so exceptionally strong that some men and horses
were harmed in the City. Those pupae emerged three or four months
after. When at Salonika we tried to arrest by heat the pupae of P.

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

brassicae we did not succeed as those experiments were made in March
and April, and the radiation was not sufficiently strong.

The pupae of the second brood of Huchloé belemia and F. ausonia
emerged in a few days until the radiation had a moderate strength ;
otherwise they delayed emergence until the following year, or alter
two years.

At Philadelphia we reared larvae of Papilio polywenes of the third,
fourth and of the last mongrel brood. The active pupae emerged in a
few days, except those of the last brood, which were arrested when the
temperature fell, in October 1932, but they emerged, in a cabin of the
steamer at 75°, both at Boston and near the Azores Islands, while the
sun was shining. A few arrested pupae of the third brood emerged at
Philadelphia, in mid-August, after the radiant heat had decreased ; the
other arrested pupae of the third brood produced adults in September
together with those of the fourth brood. All the dormant pupae
remained. We took them with us, and they emerged in Portugal and
Spain from May to July of the following year.

The pupae of Papilio machaon, from our broods at Lisbon and
Cuenca (Spain) emerged partly ina fewdays. Some emerged in winter
in a warm room at Madrid, and the others at Tangier in the spring of
the following year.

At Tangier we reared P. machaon from May to December 1934 and
obtained pupae of the second, third and fourth brood and of the last
mongrel brood. Both active and arrested pupae produced adults in
Morocco; the dormant ones were taken with us when we came to
Greece. Most of them emerged at Salonika from May to September
1935; the others from May to October 1986.

In Greece we have not been able to rear P. machaon, as this species
is very scarce here and our African specimens never mated in our
cages.

Conciusions.—The various kinds of rays have a different influence
over living things according to their degree of intensity, and in
accordance with the climate of the place where the plants and animals
live,

Man can live in a cold environment until the rays are strong; he
does not suffer at a relatively high temperature if the rays are very
feeble ; he fits well at any intermediate temperature provided that
radiation is balanced by the other factors of the climate. x

The vital limits of the human kind are wide, and man can endure
strong deviations from its optimum range. Only when the rays are
elther very intense, or very feeble in relationship to the environment, it
seems that epidemics spread.

The fertility of the insect is formidable, and if it were not for the
“balance in nature,” most of them must die in the larval stage when
their genitalia are not yet formed. So, the limits of vitality of the
insects are reduced, and their eggs, larvae and pupae die at any slight
deviation from the suitable range.

I believe that it will be hard to state by figures in any particular
case what the suitable range is, as the combinations of the different
kinds of rays with the other climate factors are endless, and every
Species of insect has a different vital range in each of its stages.—
Satonrka, 20TH Aprin, 1937.

PAPILIONIDAE, eG

Argentine Notes. I. Papilionidae.
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.

Probably the height of every schoolboy collectors’ ambition is to
possess a “‘swallow-tail,”’ at least it was in my school days, but although
I was reputed to have more than my share of beginner’s luck, it was
never my fortune to obtain a specimen, nor in fact have I ever seen
the British insect alive.

My first introduction to the Papilios was on the southern range of
the Island of Cyprus, where a form of I’. machaon (which is I believe
known as ssp. astatica), flies sparsely over the wild country below Platres,
along the road to Trodditsa and on the bare summit of Troddos, the
reputed “Olympus of the Gods.” Its capture was more a matter of
strategy and patience than a straightforward chase, as the nature of
the ground prevented rapid movement. I[ captured a fair series, and
every capture gave me a fresh thrill, possibly because they were my
first Papilios, or it may have been their likeness to the British form
of my schoolday dreams, then not so long left behind me.

But be it what may, they are the only members of their Family,
whose capture has ever caused me the slightest elation. I suppose it
is that they are mostly large and well known and rarely difficult to catch
that this is so, but the fact remains that I get far more satisfaction out
of the successful netting of a small dingy Hesperid, or an unusual
Pieris than from the finest of Papilios.

In the only published list of the Argentine Papilionidae I have at
hand, 49 species or forms are noted as occurring in the country, but the
list must be slightiy longer since there are species not mentioned, that
I have seen or captured.

My first introduction to the Argentine species of this Family was
in the Parks and Gardens of Buenos Aires, when I first landed, and
where P. thoas ssp. brasiliensis flies commonly. This insect seems to
be common in all parts of the country north of Buenos Aires, and at
the moment of writing a pair are disporting themselves amongst the
orange trees before the window, shadows of the ‘orange dogs”’ to
follow. Some of them reach as much as 7 or 74 inches wing spread,
the males especially being generally on the large side.

From Buenos Aires 1 went almost immediately to the northern
portion of the Province of Santa Fé, a province whose area exceeds that
of Greece. Here I remained for 54 years, collecting, when time
permitted, in the vast quebracho forests that comprise the Chaco-
santafecino.

The range of Papilios found here was not great and of these, three
only were common. FP. thoas ssp. brasiliensis haunted equally our
-gardens and the forest picadas,* and floated gracefully along the forest
edge. The other two common species remained very closely in their
selected haunts. Of these, P. hellanichus, generally considered a rare
species and which is but sparsely represented in Argentine collections,
favoured the woodland edge, seldom venturing far into the forest or
straying to any great extent into the bordering cultivation. Like certain
other insects, is was wont to resent the intrusion of other species into

* Forest paths or roads.

78 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

its domain, and would fly at them and buffet them in the most approved
Charaxid-like style. As the earlier stages appeared to be unknown, I
decided to find their larvae, but although the adult was so common
and so localized that it appeared an easy task, nearly three years was
to elapse before I achieved my end and then cnly by spending many
hours watching the insects in flight till they finally betrayed their food-
plant, a not uncommon but little suspected Berberis (B. ruscifolia). I
have since learnt that Papilio aryentinus also feeds on a Berberis sp.

Papilio perrhebus, on the other hand, was always to be found in the
flower covered glades alone the rivers, especially in the spring, when
the scent of the wild petunias was almost suffocating. It is an insect
twelve years’ collecting has led me to associate with the vicinity of
rivers. It flies freely in the virgin forest at Punta Lara to the south
of the city of Buenos Aires, a stretch of woodland that has miraculously
escaped the vandal hand of man where many unusual species have been
found, brought down from Paraguay and Brazil on the floating
camalotes by the two great waterways of the country, the Parana and
the Uraguay. In Misiones and Corrientes I have only found it along
the banks of the Alto Parana or by the larger arroyos,* and in Entre
Rios the riverine forests are its home. ~

Of the remaining species that I took in the Chaco-santafecino, all
were scarce. Ido not remember taking the male of L. lycophron but it
must have been present since one or two specimens of the female forms
oebalus and pirithous were captured. The pomponius form of P. lysithous
was also found and Muryades duponcheli, the former unrecorded I believe
from this country.

Then after a short time in Buenos Aires, whose bricks and mortar
were far from my liking, | found myself in the Province of La Rioja
(equal in area to Portugal), and here I was able to collect freely without
the restraint of Office hours.

Undoubtedly the commonest of the Papilios in the north west is
the elsewhere scarce E'uryades duponcheli. It is a beautiful insect and
in the summer of 1930-31 it was excessively common both at Guayapa
(near Patquia) and in the small area of cultivation that nestles amongst
the Mogotes, those curious sandstone cliffs and canyons that form the
southern extension of the small range of sierras known as Los Colorados.
Amongst these sandstone valleys, filled with scrub and the giant cande-
labra cactus, I spent many pleasant days collecting insects and cacti,
or searching for a lost Indian burial ground. Apart from the rare
Chaco-santafecina records, | have only seen #. duponcheli (excluding
the northwestern provinces) at a spot on the Rio Lujan, an hour’s
train journey north of Buenos Aires, where I found it not uncommonly
in March of 1930, finding at the same time the damocrates form of
P. perrhebus. The foodplant of H. duponcheli is Aristolochia lingua.

Rare specimens of Muryades corethrus are sometimes taken, and in
the villages or towns, where there happen to be Citrus plants, or flowers,
one sees the ubiquitous brasiliensis. DP. polydamas is not uncommon
and I have taken it as high as 7500 feet in the Nevado de Famatina
on the Cerro Negro Oveno. Most of my collecting in La Rioja and in
the adjacent portions of the surrounding Provinces, San Juan, San
Luis, Cordoba and Cataniarca has been off the beaten track, and in the

* Small streams.

PAPILIONIDAR. 719

wilder portion, where Papilionidae are less likely to be found, and I
think the only other species I took in those parts was damocrates though
I believe that five or six other species are to be found. JDuring the
summer of 1933-34 I spent six months collecting in my old haunts of
the Chaco-santafecino, along the north of Corrientes and the Alto
Parana litoral of Misiones. It happened to be one of the worst seasons
ever recorded here, due to the excessive cold of the previous winter,
followed by prolonged drought. My stay of a month in the Chaco-
santafecino did not produce a single Papilio, though I searched
assiduously for P. hellanichus in its favourite haunts. In Corrientes
only two species were to be found, and it was not till | entered Misiones
at Posadas that the season began to wake up. Here in some woodland
bordering the river I had the pleasure of making my acquaintance in
the life with several well known butterflies and three Papilios, poly-
damas, perrhebus and lamarckei were taken, and another unknown to
me, probably P. capys, successfully evaded every attempt to capture
it, confining itself to the denser woodland, where the net could not be
used.

Later on in the more northern portions of the Territory and on the
Brazilian borders, the Papilios became some of the commonest insects.
In all 19 forms were. taken and on one occasion at Puerto Bemberg,
where the road through the villages was in places lined with beds of
zinias and other flowers, no less than ten forms were present at the
same time at one of these beds, including the rare /’. scamander, of
which I only obtained three specimens in all.

Here on these flowerbeds was variety, but on the damp sand along
the river’s bank, on the muddy patches by the arroyos, and sometimes
after rain at the puddles on the roads, was quantity. On sunny days
from about ten in the morning till late afternoon P. thoas ssp. brasiliensis,
P. lamarckei, P. lycophron and sometimes P. androgeus, clustered in
dense masses of from a few inches to several feet in diameter, differing
from the similarly grouped Catopsilias in that the species intermingled.
Sometimes odd specimens of the beautiful P. stenodesmus would appear,
or of P. capys. But whatever species were present all would be males.
They would remain quiescent for a few minutes, their bodies throbbing
as they sucked up the moisture, which was from time to time dis-
charged from the anus in large drops, their wings erect, quivering
with the slightest of movements. . Now and again an insect would
make an impatient gesture with its wings, a quick flip, withdraw its
proboscis and move to another spot, or perhaps leave its fellows and
taking to wing circle over the spot till it had spied out. some new
opening amongst the crowd, and dropping down walk around till it
found a place that pleased it.

To collect from such patches, one had only to approach quietly, sit
down, and select what was required with a pair of forceps.

I had hoped to obtain a long series of the beautiful diaphanous P.
protestlaus group, of which four species are known from Misiones, P.
protesilaus, P. autosilaus, P. telesilaus and P. stenodesmus. At times
they assemble in patches, like the species just mentioned, but it was
not my luck to see them thus. In fact only P. stenodesmus was taken,
the rest, if seen, escaped (they cannot be distinguished on the wing and
even at rest it is difficult), and I learnt from other collectors that they
were absent froin all their usual haunts that season.

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

At the foot of the Igazu falls, probably the most colourful falle in
the world, stretching in a great semicircle for 2700 metres and
falling either directly, or as a double fall for 2638 feet in a green setting
of tropical forest, the beautiful P. nephalion flew in the spray-drenched
forest, whilst in the drier forest above, the rwik form of P. lysithous
was found, and a single specimen of the form brevifasciata.

Both the female forms oebalus and pirithous of lycophron flew
together in numbers early in December, whilst probably the commonest
of the Papilios throughout the season was P. hectorides. DP. polystictus
was also not rare, but P. Jaodocus was never very plentiful except for
a few days on a flower patch on the main picada between Puerto
Aguirre and PuertolTguazt. A few P. anchisiades were also taken.

Early Stages of Indian Lepidoptera.
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S.
(Continued from Vol. XLVIII., p. 100.)
SPHINGIDAE.

Rhyncholaba acteus, Or.

Ovum.—Yellow green, ovoid and small for the size of the insect.
Hatched 25.1x.81.

1st instar.-—Head yellow-green, body blue-green. Horn thin, about
half the length of the body, black with yellow base. Moulted 27.ix.31.

2nd. instar.— Head yellow-green, body blue-green. A large white
subdorsal spot on the 4th somite and a series of smaller oval white
spots outlined in dark blue from the 5th to the 10th somite, the
posterior spots being less conspicuous than the anterior. Horn as in
previous instar. The thoracic somites begin to assume the typical
tapering Choerocampid shape. Moulted 29.ix.81.

drd instar.—Very similar to the previous one. The spot on the
4th somite develops a dark pupil. The base of the horn orange.
Moulted 1.x.31. |

4th instar.—Head bluegreen. ‘True legs orange-pink. Body
blue-grecn. Thoracic somites tapered with a dark dorsal and a pale
subdorsal line. 4th somite bearing a subdorsal ocellus consisting of a
yellow-green ring edged internally and externally with white containing
an indigo blue spot anteriorly, the posterior portion being bright green
dotted with white. A series of seven indistinct oblique white lateral
stripes. A series of six elongated yellow subdorsal spots outlined with
dark blue from the 5th to the 10ti somite. Horn about half an inch
long, the base orange followed by a narrow black, a wide white and a
wide black ring, the tip white. The whole carried erect and curved
slightly forward. Moulted 3.x.81.

Final instar.—Similar to the previous one except that the horn is
orange-pink, short, thick and curved downwards. Pupated in a slight
web among leaves on the surface of the ground 8.x.31.

Pupa.—Brown with a dark dorsal line and lateral stripes. Ventral
surface white, a black central and two dark brown lateral stripes.
Wing cases pinkish-brown the edges darker. Tongue case free and
circular. A male emerged 20.x.81.

Foodplant.—Caladium.

Described from a batch of six larvae from ova found in Calcutta.
Of these, one assumed a pinkish ground colour after the first ecdysis,

GENETICS AND STATUS. 81

anuther after the second and three after the third, these all produced
the brown form of larva described below. The sixth remained green
throughout. All wild larvae that I have seen have been of the green
form.

Final instar.—Brown form.—Head and ground colour tobacco-
brown. The subdorsal thoracic line yellow. The ring of the ocellus
on the 4th somite very dark brown edged internally with white and
externally with yellow. The spots on the 5th to 10th somites very
conspicuous the centres bright yellow-green. Other markings the
same as the green form.

Hampson describes the horn as yellow and does not mention the
brown form. He also appears to have been ignorant of the shape of the
pupa as one of the characteristics given for the Chaerocampinae is
‘‘Pupa without external sheath for proboscis.’’ Seitz’s description is
_“ Young larva green, later on often dark brown, in front very pointed ;
on the 4th ring a very large expressive fictitious eye, surrounded by
yellow and above shaded with dark; on the other rings lateral light
ovals and below them dark oblique patches. Horn very small.’

Hamps. Moths. Brit. Ind. 1.100: Moore, Lep. Ceylon, II. plt. 88.
1, la: Seitz. Indo-malay Bomby., X. 568.

LimacoD1Dask.

Natada suffusa, Moore= [Macroplectra nararia, Mr., f. cosmiana,
Swh. (=suffusa, Mr.)].

Head brown and retractile. Ground colour green. A purple-brown
dorsal stripe, broad anteriorly and narrowing to a line on the 7th
somite, from which it again broadens posteriorly. A yellow spot on
each side of the dorsal stripe on the 7th. somite. A series of 11 lateral
projections with urticating bristles, the 1st and 2nd short red and
directed forward, the 38rd long, red and directed sideways, the 4th to
10th short, green and directed sideways and the 11th long, green and
directed backwards. A double dorsal row of tufts of very short urtica-
ting bristles. In some examples the dorsal stripe is almost obsolete.

Cocoon.—Spherical, purplish brown.

Foodplant.— Laygerstroemia indica (Crape Myrtle).

Described from a full fed larvae found in Calcutta, 25.xii.81, pupated
28.xi1.81 and a male emerged 19.i.82.

Hampson describes the larva of N. nararia, Moore, which he makes
conspecific with suffusa, as ‘yellowish-green above, pink below; a
yellow or pinkish dorsal band ; a subdorsal series of red tipped spinous
tubercles ; a sublateral series of larger whitish tubercles with very short
spines, the tubercles at each end being long, those at the posterior end
longest.”’

Hamps. Moths Brit. India, I. 881-2; Moore Lep. EF. I. Co. plt. 21.
figs. 8, 8a: Hering-Stz. Ind. Mal. Bomb. X. 716.

The Genetics and Status of Xylomania (Xylomiges) conspicillaris, L.
and ab. intermedia, Tutt, and ab. melaleuca, View.
By E. A. COCKAYNE, D.M., F.R.C.P.

I was much interested to hear that in 1983 Mr. G. B. Coney bred
a large number of X. conspicillaris from a wild female taken in
Somerset and that he obtained types and intermediates as well as ab.
melaleuca, View. ‘The proportion of types and intermediates in the
Taunton district is very small, so much so, that doubts have been cast

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

on their occurrence there. In Gloucestershire, though the species is
rarer, there is a much higher percentage of these two forms.

In answer to my enquiry about his brood Mr. Coney kindly told
me that the wild female was ab. melalewca and that he had bred 107
melaleuca, 22 ab. intermedia, Tutt, and 17 types. I had been under the
impression that intermedia was the heterozygote and that melaleuca and
type were the two homozygotes. His information showed that this
could not be so, but the numbers he gave did not agree with any
simple Mendelian ratio. I noticed however that the ratio of melaleuca
to types and intermedia together was nearly three to one, and after
puzzling over it for some time | thought that possibly there was sexual
dimorphism and examined the sex of such as were available. The 7
types were all males and the 12 intermedia were all females. Mr.
Coney was good enough to examine those still in his possession and
found that his 6 types were males and his 6 intermedia were females,
and that both sexes were represented in his melaleuca. Toconfirm the
view that types are males and intermedia females I examined the
continental series in the British Museum and found that the 14 types
were inales, as I expected, and the 8 intermedia were females. Mr.
H. B. Williams examined his specimens and found that his 2 types
and 4 intermedia alleged to come from Taunton were males and females
respectively, and that his type from Worcester bred by Hancock in
May, 1908, wasa male. ‘’aking them all together the 80 types were
all males and the 30 ab. intermedia were all females, and there can be
no doubt that the species is sexually dimorphic and that ab. intermedia,
Tutt, is merely the female of the plainer grey type. Even in ab.
melaleuca there is some sexual difference, the females being more
distinctly black and white than the males.

Reverting to the brood bred by Mr. Coney, there were 107 melaleuca
to 89 type and intermedia, which is in close agreement with the ordinary
3:1 ratio, though there were three too many type and intermedia.
There can be little doubt that the wild female parent was heterozygous
for the pale sexually dimorphic form and must have paired with a male
of the same constitution, and in view of the rarity of this form in
Somerset it is probable that the male was a brother of the female
parent. The grey type form then is the male and the variegated ab.
intermedia, Tutt, is the female of the pale form, which is recessive to
the common black and white ab. melalewca, View. Ihave founda good
many records of broods of melaleuwca bred from wild females of the same
form, but I have been unable to find any record of a brood lke that of
Mr. Coney, or of one with intermedia as the female parent.

Seitz gives figures of all three, and says that melaleuca is the
commonest and that ab. intermedia is commoner than the type. It is
unlikely that there is any difference in the numbers of the two sexes,
but more females than males may be found owing to the difference in
their appearance or to some difference in their habits.

Description of the Larva of Mallocephala deserticola, Berg. (Arctiidae).
By KENNETH J. HAYWARD, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8.
Length 85-38mm.
A greyish larva with a white dorsal and a greyish lateral stripe,

ringed on each segment with tufts of short brown hairs and longer
darker hairs, the head brown.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 83

Head, argus brown (Ridgway III. 18.m), frons of the same colour,
the clypeal suture white. Antennae, mandibles and palpi white, ringed
or marked with brown. Thorax and abdomen white speckled with
black, the speckling irregular in shape and size and much reduced on
the ventral parts. A pure white doraal stripe and a greyish lateral
stripe, the latter formed by reduction of the dark speckling.

Prothoracic segment with a brown dorsal pad speckled with minute
brown warts from which rise tufts of short light brown hairs or longer
sparser darker brown hairs, all these hairs closely spined with tiny up-
pointing spines. Apart from this dorsal pad there are a pair of posterior
trapezoidal tubercles slightly posterior to the pad and laterally two
more prominent tubercles. All the tubercles carried by the larva are
covered with the minute brown setose warts. The meso- and
metathoracic segments with rings of eight similar tubercles. The 1st
and 2nd abdominal segments carry anterior and posterior trapezoidal
tubercles and in line with the latter a ring of tubercles comprising
supraspiracular, subspiracular, lateral and marginal and on the ventral
portion of the larva a pair of very small ventral tubercles and
between this pair and the marginal tubercle a somewhat larger ventral
tubercle. The leg-bearing abdominal segments are the same except for
the lack of the ventral tubercles and the 7th and 8th segments
correspond to the lst and 2nd. On the 9th abdominal segment there
is a pair of large dorsal tubercles or pads with a single lateral tubercle.
The 10th segment has two defined but smallish tubercles on the dorsum
and a posterior ridge but the whole segment is lightly covered with the
small dark brown warts. Below the anus are two very feeble tubercles.

The prolegs are externally brown, darker at the joints, internally
brown and white, the final segment dark brown. The claws are simple
but near the end of the final segments are two short bristles. The
legs have a half ring of the brown setose warts on each segment.

The abdominal and anal claspers are light brown with numerous
brown setose warts and the hooks are placed in a line with a secondary
row of very minute hooks behind.

The larva appears to be a general feeder, having been taken on
about ten different foodplants at Concordia (Entre Rios) in October
1934.

IOTES ON COLLECTING, ete.

Sinete Broopep PoLyomMatus IcARUS; SHEFFIELD.—The common
blue is by no means a common butterfly in the Sheffield area, but from
time to time, small colonies appear in new places and then disappear
again as suddenly as they came.

In South Yorkshire, about 12 miles from Sheffield, there is a belt of
Magnesian Limestone on which P. icarus is widespread and abundant.
There, two broods are produced every year, one in June and the other
in August, and occasionally a third brood occurs. A third brood, for
instance, was produced at Maltby in late October 19384. Thespecimens
were extremely small.

In North Derbyshire, there is an extensive area of Carboniferous
Limestone, the nearest point being about ten miles from Sheffield ; and
in the valleys and dales, among the Limestone hills, P. icarws is to be

84 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

found. It appears to be always double-brooded there, but I have no
record of specimens of a third brood.

Between these two Limestone areas, Sheffield is situated ; on coal-
measure shales and gritstones ; and it is on this geological area that P.
icarus 1s Scarce and erratic in appearance.

On a hillside near to Sheffield there is established a very strong
colony of P. icarus, which is remarkable for being perfectly single
brooded. This locality consists of a few acres of abandoned land on
which are outcrops of coal-shale, containing a large percentage of
sulphur and iron. On this land, the few plants which thrive include
Birds-foot Trefoil—the “ blues’”’ food plant.

The locality faces South-East and is sheltered from the Northern and
Westerly winds, and the altitude ranges from eight hundred feet, to
eicht hundred and fifty feet above sea level.

The butterflies begin to emerge about the fifth day of July and are
never early or late by more than a~few days. They are in full flight
during the second week in July and by the beginning of August, the
last few specimens are fluttering about with tattered wings.

I have never found a specimen of a second brood, though I made
many careful searches during the very fine summers of 1933 and 1984.

The specimens of this colony are very large, many of the males
reaching 1:75 inches in expanse, whilst few of the females expand
below 1:50 inches.

The underside variation is slight, but the. tendency is towards
diminution in size and number of the spots and markings. Var. icarinus
is quite common, and I have seen a few modifications with the number
and size of the spots much reduced. I found one male variety, which
had the row of markings along the edges of the underside of the fore-
wings absent, giving a peculiar streaky effect.

The females provide many fine upperside forms. Beautiful large
specimens of var. caerulea occur, and females with the veins of the hind
wings streaked with blue are common. The brown form showing no
trace of blue also occurs, but 1s always smaller in size.

The best form I have found, has the hind wings and half the fore
wings bright—but not shiny—blue, and has a conspicuous white dot in
the centre of each wing.—'T. D. I'karnezoucu, Upperthorpe, Sheffield.

Crparia (THERA) oBELiscaTa anp C. (T.) vartata In CornwaLL.—
Referring to my remarks on p. 26, I am glad to be able to add that
another wing found in our verandah was quite distinct from either the
erey or the brown form of obeliscata there recorded, and on my sending it
to Dr. Cockayne at our Editor’s suggestion, the Doctor returned it with
the welcome and unexpected information that it was the true vartata.
At the same time he very kindly sent me 8 specimens of the latter species
from the New Forest, of which the largest specimen resembles those
mentioned on p. 26 as obeliscata but is more fuzzy and none of them
resembles my single wing, which was much blotched with fuscous grey
and had the dark squarish mark in the inner marginal end of the central
fascia very black. It is thus extremely interesting to find that both
grey and brown forms of obeliscata and a dark grey form of variata
occur here. As the latter species feeds only on spruces, I conclude
that it must have come from the big spruces on Pencalenick estate, or
from young trees planted at the same time and in the same damp

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 85

meadow as the young larches already referred to on p. 26, and I hope
this year to find the respective larvae of these species, as well as the
imagines, in due season, having never paid special attention to the
obeliscata-variata group. I may add that the above notes about the
wing of true varviata are in the past tense because the wing no longer
exists having met with an accident that rendered it useless! I hope
to be able to report further developments this year.—C. Nicuouson,
Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall.

Unusuan pupation site oF Mimas (Driina) tintan.—My friend Mr.
Clifford Craufurd tells me that his son recently found a last year’s
bird’s nest against the trunk of an elm tree, some two feet from the
ground, and brought it home for identification. On pulling it to pieces
they found, in a loose cocoon underneath the nest, a pupa of 1). tiliae.
The moth is common in this town, where limes abound, but neither of
us has yet found its larva here on elm, though elm is a common food-
plant in other districts —P. B. M. Auuan, 4, Windhill, Bishop’s
Stortford.

LimnopHora sicnata, Stein :—I think it worth putting on record
the capture of a small series of this Anthomyiid fly at Mudeford, near
Christchurch, Hants, on 19th and 20th August last year. The
specimens were swept amongst marshy growth on the foreshore. I
recognized the genus at the time of capture, but failing to identify the
species by means of Mr. Collin’s monograph on the British Species of
Limnophora, in the E.M.M. Vol. LVII. (1921), I gave types to him
at the Verrall Supper this January. He subsequently wrote naming
the species as above and adding that the only previous British record
known to him was that of 2g g¢ taken at Milnthorpe, Westmoreland,
on 23rd June, 1929, by Mr. H. Britten. In his letter Mr. Collin
mentioned an amusing incident in that the day after the Verrall Supper
he met Mr. Britten (who had came to town for it) at the British
Museum and in the course of conversation asked if he had taken any
more specimens “little realizing that there were some in my hand-bag.”’

L. signata hag been described as regards the g g by Mr.
Collin in his paper “A revision of the Greenland species of the
Anthomyiid genus Limnophora” in Trans. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol.
LXXVIII. pp. 278-9. The ¢ @ have been hitherto unknown, but
Mr. Collin tells me that, like the male, they need comparison with L.
veterrima, Zett. only, to which species they would run down in his
Table of females, but may be primarily distinguished by their narrower
build and the presence of some indication of darker patches on the (not
so pale grey) abdomen; if the frontal characters are overlooked, the
biserial acrostichals in front of suture would lead one to 7’. bisertata,
Stein. which however is a darker grey insect with obvious round dark
spots on abdomen and no spines to ovipositor.—H. W. AnprREws,

(F.B.E.S.).

Monte Crickets a Garpen Pest 1s Hants.—Mole crickets are
sufficiently numerous in parts of Hampshire to be a garden pest. I
have received an account from Mr. R. A. White, of Sandhills Lodge,
Mudeford, Christchurch, who informs me that they are infesting an
area of about twelve acres, chiefly kitchen garden, but with some

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

flower borders. The soil is rather on the light side, but always wet
in winter. The plants that suffer most are the tender ones, that have
just been planted, and some potatoes have been eaten through, but the
permanent flower borders do not seem to have suffered much. Mr.
White writes that when several were kept in a tin together, they were
partially, or completely, eaten, so they do not decline animal food when
hungry. In one part, about 70 square yards which had not been dug
for two years, Mr. White took no less than 82 mole crickets and it
is to be noted that they were all in the wettest part, where some of the
ground has been under water during the past winter.—G. Fox Witson,
Royal Horticultural Society’s Laboratory, Wisley, Ripley. 8th May.
1937.

GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES.

The Transactions for the Society for British Entomology, Vol. 38,
1936, was issued a while ago.—Perhaps the best remark one can make is
that of a member of the South London Society when we met the other
evening—‘ What a fine part the Sy. Brit. Ent. has just issued.” And
it is. The first paper is the filled-in paper, which was read by Dr.
A. D. Imms, M.A., F.R.S., as the Address to the Congress of the
Society held at Cambridge in June last. An exposition of the
« Ancestry of Insects,” a very clear statement of the present position,
with references and completion of points which were so ably putin the
abbreviated delivery at Cambridge, illustrated with eleven diagrams.
Among the other eight papers included are F’. Balfour Browne on the
“Aquatic Coleoptera of Somersetshire”; G. J. Kerrich, “ The
Ichneumonidea of Wicken fen’’; Rey. A. Thornley, part III. of a
‘List of Cornish Diptera”; J. H. Cook, “A Study of Calosoma
inquisitor (Col.)’; G. A. Walton, ‘‘ Oviposition in the British species
of Notonecta (Hem.)’’; etc. There are 171 pp. and 17 plates, besides
numerous text figures. All the treatises form a very reliable addition
to our knowledge of those British insects of the so-called ‘“ neglected
orders’ and their issue amply justifies the formation of such a Society
with a definite object.

In the March number of l’ Amateur de Papillons, VIII. p. 205, Herr
Warnecke of Kiel returng to the question of the second brood of
Hylophila prasinana which had been raised on p. 67 of the same volume
a year ago by Messieurs Abbayes and Pesson. In the present article it
is Shown by breeding from the ova of H. prasinana taken in the early
part of the year that a second brood has been obtained several times
and that the resultant insects are what was described as a true species,
H. fiorti, by Costantini in 1911. It seems that this second generation
occurs only very rarely North of the Alps and even in the South is not
always produced naturally.

Month by month the interesting and useful Belgian periodical
Lambillionea adds to its store of photographic plates of aberrations of
Lepidoptera, mainly of the Rhopalocera. Recently they have illustrated
among other species named forms and ‘‘curiosities’’ (unnamed)
of P. machaon, EK. tithonus, C. dispar, H. phlaeas, L. arion, P. coridon,
A. hyperantus, P. aegeria, as well as of numerous non-British species.

Another instalment, Pt. 1V., of the wonderful store of matter on
Leaf-Mining Insects collected and arranged by Prof. Hering of the

CURRENT NOTES. 7 87

Berlin University Die Blatt-Minen Mittel-und Nord-Kuropas, has just
appeared. It consists of 112 pages, 2 plts. and deals with the mines of
over 560 species and illustrates nearly 150 mines (including Coleophorid
cases) in the text and on the plates. Based on plant names this part
treats of the tenants of from Myrica to Rubus. For instance Quercus
has no less than 64 species recorded. In this case the distinction between
the mines of the various species of Lithocolletis mining in oak leaves is
extremely uncertain, and the author has given a special analysis of the
colour, marking, etc. of the imaginal fore-wings on p. 429. Under
Pirus (Pyrus) 51 mining species are given; under Populus, 39; under
Prunus, 83; and so on. Details of the disposal of the frass, of pupation
in the mine or on the ground, of partial miners like the case-bearers,
etc. are all used in the differentiation of the various species. This
work will be a most useful book of reference and save endless research
particularly to lepidopterists, dipterists and hymenopterists so that all
our biological libraries should contain a copy and we would point out
that after completion the price will be considerably enhanced whereas
now the parts can be obtained at a discount of 25% from the publishers
Messrs. Feller, Neubrandenburg, Berlin.

Our request last month for notes on any hitherto unrecorded forms
of species of Noctuidae occurring in the British Isles with which we are
dealing in our supplement has produced a number of recently observed
new forms for which we wish to thank our correspondent. Will others
please follow his example.

The death is announced of the well known myrmecologist, Prof.
Wm. Morton Wheeler of Harvard University, Cambridge, U.S.A., on
19th April at the age of 78.

Our colleague Mr. H. Donisthorpe has not yet recovered from his
accident in February last when he was knocked down by a car near his
home. He was insensible for five hours and has since undergone
x-rays and had one or two minor operations in hospital. , For some time
he has to take things very quietly, not at all congenial to a busy man.

The London Naturalist, 1986, has just been published, recording
the activities of the various subsidiary societies or sections into which
the London Natural History Society is divided. About 16 pages are
devoted to the various reports including a sympathetic obituary of our
late colleague Rev. C. R. N. Burrows by L. P. Prout... Mr. H. Burkhill
contributes many notes on Plant Galls and writes the annual summary
of the information sent in on the butterflies. An interesting paper
was read on Predaceous Flies and a Summary of Notes on Dragonflies.
We believe that South was the authority for the name hyperanthus, not
Linné; nor was Linné the author of egeria and phloeas. This Annual
is an admirable summary of the doings of the Society’s members, is
well edited, well printed and produced and a worthy addition to a long
series of volumes.

In L’ Amateur de Papillons for April M. le Marchand gives a short
account of the family Heliodinidae of the Tineina, dealing shortly and
analytically with the genera Pancalia (lewwenhoeckella, etc.), Auyasma
(aeratellum), Heliodines (roesella), Strathmopoda (pedella), and Schrecken-
steinia (festaliella), with characters analysed and figures added. ‘The
habits of the larvae are described, and the pose of the imagines when
at rest. The larvae are for the most part miners in leaves, stems, roots
or galls, and exotic species feed on coccids. They are considered to be
very primitive forms.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1937

We have received several separates from Dr. Hans Bytinski-Salz,
including ‘‘A Contribution to the knowledge of the Lepidopterous
Fauna of Sardinia’’ with a plate; and a pamphlet dealing with the
‘¢ Nomenclature of Bastards,”’ etc.

It is with much pleasure we notice that Prof. H. Beckwith-
Whitehouse, M.Sc., F.R.1.S. has received the honour of Knighthood.

The belated volumes of the Russian Rev. d’ Ent. de VU.R.S.S. (Rev.
Russe. d’ Ent.) XX VI, for 1935 (pts 1-4) and XXVII (pts. 1-2) have
recently come to hand. They contain numerous valuable faunistic
articles, unfortunately in characters which preclude the understanding
of them, although in most cases a summary of an article is added in
English, French or German. The numerous illustrations also give
much help to the ordinary student. The special study of the influence
of food plants upon vitality in Lowostege sticticalis, a pest on various
crops and hitherto considered to be highly polyphagous. After
several years of careful experiment and under varied controls the group
of most favoured host plants was found to be actually small and chiefly
of the order Chenopodiaceae. The summary of this article isin Hnglish.
Perhaps the most interesting article is one describing the area of the
vast plateau in the midst of the Khibines Mts., about 67° N. and 2° E.(?)
giving the flora and fauna observed during the years 1930 to 1935,
every year under snow for eight to nine months. One of the illustra-
tions figures the chrysalis and just emerged imago in its natural
surroundings, of Argynnis polaris, the larva of which is stated to feed
exclusively on the flowers of Dryas octopetala.

Our sometime correspondent Dr. Skat Hoffmeyer, of Aarhus,
Denmark, contributed an interesting note in Lambillionea for May on
the occurrence of Heodes (Chrysophanus) dispar ssp. rutilus in Denmark,
where it has been captured recently. ‘There isa map of the distribution
area of the species showing the main habitat to be Russia from
Leningrad to the Lower Danube basin inclusive and northern Asia Minor,
with outlying small areas N. Germany (the Oder basin), the Alps,
Holland, Denmark, Belgium, near Bordeaux, ete.

The nt. Rund. of May contains a continuation of Herr Draudt’s
notes on Noctuidae. This time a capital coloured plate is given of new
Agrotidae (sens. lat.) from China.

In recent numbers of the Hnt. Zeit. (Int. Ent. Zt.) Herr Hoffmann
of St. Catharine, 8. Brazil, is giving a series of biological notes on the
lepidoptera of S. Brazil, including the life-history of species of Morpho
and other species well-known as imagines, but whose earlier stages are,
for the most part, desiderata. In the same periodical the genus Zyygaena
is one of a series of articles illustrated by no less than 21 figures mostly
of newly described forms from Western Asia areas.

Part 1 of Vol. IV of the Vrans. Socy. for British Eutomology has
recently been published. It consists of a very valuable memoir on the
‘‘ British species of Dacnusa (Hym.) Fam. Braconidae,” by G. H. J.
Nixon, B.A., dealing, in a comprehensive way, with species of which
little has hitherto been known, and of which the already known facts
are very confusedly recorded. The paper deals with some 68 species
and is illustrated with 22 plates. The dates of the works of reference
1889, 1885-9, and 1891 are sufficient evidence that this is a piece of
work which has long wanted doing.

CURRENT NOTES. 89

No. 2 of Vol. IV. of the Arbeit ii. morphol. und taxon. Ent. of Berlin-
Dahlem, which comes regularly to hand, consists of 96 pages of matter
mostly taxonomic, and is a wealth of facts necessary to all students of
a country’s fauna and to specialists working on limited genera or families.

It is announced that the VII International Entomological Congress
will be held in Berlin in the August of next year (1938).

M. Ch. Boursin of Paris is also working on the Ayrotidae (sens.
latu.). Inthe Hint. Rund. for May, he commences a study of the
species now placed in the genus Athetis, Hb. (Caradrina, Auct.) We
also here acknowledge a series of separates on the Noctuidae which he
has kindly sent.

Melanismus, Albinismus u. Rufinismus, by Herr. W. F. Reinig, 122
pp. over 80 figs. published by Messrs. G. Thieme at Leipzig, price M.
5.20 (less 25%) is an attractive work giving asummary of the theoretical
and practical problems of genetics and allied questions. Melanistic
colour is considered in three grades. 1. ‘‘ Abundismus,” perhaps best
illustrated by the examples given, viz. Spilosoma lubricipedum and its
var. walkeri or by the beetle Adalia bipunctata with 2 black spots and
its var. with increased size of the spots. 2. “ Nigrismus”’ illustrated
by Pieris brassicae and its form wollastoni from Madeira. and 3. “ Melan-
ismus’’ s. str. by Papilio machaon and its completely black form nigra.
Next the geographical distribution of the principle of Melanism is
dealt with under Island-melanism, Mountain-melanism, Moorland-
melanism, Industrial-melanism, and melanism which occurs in arctic
areas, coastal areas and in oases. Another section deals with the
genetics of melanism, summing the experiments of Federley, Tower,
etc., as far as they concern melanism ; and then considers melanism
due to the influence of breeding modification quoting from Standfuss,
Bacot, Prout, Porritt, Harrison and Main, Doncaster, Goldschmidt, etc.
This section is fully and very well illustrated by excellent figures.
Then the results of heat and cold in temperature experiments in relation
to melanism, and also the bearing of chemical influence in causing
melanism. A few words are given on hunger-melanism. Albinismus
is then treated under Total, Partial and Irregular. This is succeeded
by Geographical distribution of Albinismus, ete., and so on with
Rufinismus. The matter is very well emphasized with examples in all
Orders, but mainly with the Insecta and there is a good bibliography.

[There are some errors of nomenclature here in the examples given
by the author.—Ebs.]

Have any of our readers a light-trap? If so we should welcome
some hints on its use and the resulting captures. Our own trap is
more or less of a failure. “Tis true we have used it only on what we
have considered not unfavourable nights with results last year of odd
specimens of Hepialus lupulinus from 16th May to 17th June, 17
examples in all. The total moths for 65 nights was 53 with a few
flies of sorts.

Will subscribers please send us short notes, especially on micro-
lepidoptera as soon as possible as we now have no matter in type for
the next number. With a new printer it will be necessary to get all
matter in earlier than we have in the past.

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.V1.1987

I quote the following effusion from the Cactus and Succulent Journal
of America (from an Australian origin)— .
Chelinigea, Cactoblastis
Are the little chaps to deal
With the Prickly Pear. The last is
Also known as Cochineal. |
And tho’ pests for long have racked us—
They are the blokes to blast the Cactus.
Tho’ the Cactus crying ‘ Mea
Culpa” for compunction plead,
Savagely Cheliginea
Gobbles it with horrid greed.
Till appears a passing fair land
Where once spread a tangled pear land.
So abandoning disguises
Cactoblastis chews away,
Till another problem rises
To confront another day :
When the pear pest in the past is,
Who will blast the Cactoblastis ?

18th June.

NOTICE

Owing to the receipt of the following completely unexpected
notice from the present owner of the firm which has printed this
magazine for nearly 40 years, doubtless there will be a considerable
delay in the next few issues, until we can find a suitable firm to
carry on.

We trust our subscribers will be patient with us during the
interval, if 1t occurs.

(Copy) ARCHER & CO.
May 19th.
Dear Sirs,
The owner of the above business has definitely decided to
close down on July 31st next.
We regret that under the circumstances we shall be unable to

print the ‘ Kntomologist’s Record” after the June number... .

ArcHer & Co.

P.S.—An endeavour will be made to issue an Aug.-Sept. number
early in September.—Hy.J.T.

ah
yl

nei

Ali MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and ail PROOFS returned te
- Hy. J. ‘Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25, West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestiy request our correspondents nov to send us communications 1ipENTICAL
with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at
the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AurHo
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.
Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should
be sent to Mr, Hy. J. Turner, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam.

Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo. pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A.J. Wightman, ‘* Aurago,”’
Bromyields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina*, Salicis, Ianthina*, Orbicularia*, Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black rhomboidaria*, Black virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Leporina, Tridens
Putrescens. Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. Combusta, Gilvago, Fulvago v.
flavescens, Liturata v. nigroiulvata. Harold B. Williams, Woodcote, 86, Manorgate Road,
Kingston Surrey.

Desiderata.—Urgently wanted for research work at the Royal College of Science,
Pupae normal form of Hemerophila abruptaria.

Duplicates.—Pupae of var. fjuscata of the same species offered in exchange.—J. A,
Downes, 5, Trinity Koad, Wimbledon.

Desiderata.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larva English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, Larva, Pupa and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burniston,
Scarborough.

Duplicates.—Argynnis liauteyi, Chryscphanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and many
rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata.—Rare British and European Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygaenidae,
Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. H. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, ete., during the year.

Duplicates.—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury, Kent.

Desiderata.—Entomological Pamphlets and Separata.—RK. B. Janson, 44, Great
Russell Street, W.C.1.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotie Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The Red
House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata.— Wanted: Leech, J. H., Butterflies from China, Japan and Corea,
3 vols., Lond. 1892-94, w. map, views and 43 colour p!l.—Dr. Max Cretschmar, Celle,
Germany.

Desiderata.— Wanted :—Back Volumes of ‘‘ The Entomologist.’’ F. Gaillard, 5 Cité
du Midi, Paris, 18me, France,

Desiderata :—ova or larvae of P. hippocastanaria, T.-luridata, N. zonaria, A.
hispidaria (southern) H. autumnaria, and O. rubiginea.

Duplicates :—larvae of N. lapponaria. Dr. Edward Smith, ‘‘ Highroyds,’’ Menston,
near Leeds.

Cuanex or Appress.—Dr. E. A. Cockayne to 16, Westbourne Street, W.C.2.

CHANGE oF ADDRESS.—J. W. Saunt, A.L.S., to Kiverview, Minerva Road, Kast Cowes
I, of Wight.

CHancEe or Appress.—G. T. Bethune-Baker, F.Z.S., F.R.E.8., to 6, Compton Place
Road, Eastbourne.

MEETINGS Gi SOCIETIES.

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June 24th, July 8th, 22nd, Aug. 12th, 26th, Sept. 9th, 23rd.—Hon. Secretary, S. N. A.
Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

The London Natural History Society.—Meetings first four Tuesdays in the
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wield teers
AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN, Be PS RESIS oN Petes ckc ces va 91
NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS, Pt. II, P. B. M. Allan, M.A., F.S.A. ......... 95
VARIATIONS OF EUMENIS (Satyrus) ALLIONII = FATUA, Dr R. Verity,
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AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN. 91

AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN.

Preliminary Notes on Some Excursions in the Rowanduz Chai Valley,
Iraq.

(Plate VII.)
By E. P. WittsHtrRe.

This article deals only with lepidoptera on the wing between late
August and early October in a certain section of the Zagros range lying
between Erbil and the (Persian) Urumiyah Plain. It has no claim to
completeness, since much of the material is still undetermined. Con-
tinental collectors have been working recently in more western and
northern parts of Kurdistan and Armeniat; these notes are of interest
as being, I think, the first made in recent years about the south-easterly
section of Kurdistan, whose faunistic affinities, still predominantly
Pontic-Turanian, shew also a partial Farsi-Baluchi character: in a
word we have deserted the Taurus and Anatolia, and are concerned with
the Zagros and the edge of the great Iranian plateau.

The parallel limestone ridges, running N.W.-S.E., of the Zagros
range are often cleft by deep canyons or “‘ tangs.’’ One of the most
remarkable of these is the Rowanduz Gorge, through which flow, under
almost vertical cliffs two or three thousand feet high, the waters from
the higher mountains further east, such as Kawdo and Algurd. Above,
i.e., east of, the Gorge, the Mosul to Tabriz road follows the winding
and gradually rising course of this little river up to its source at Rayat,
the Iraqi frontier post, where the road climbs suddenly up from the
village (c. 4000 ft.) over the last ridge of mountains (the pass is 6000 ft.
at its highest point) before dropping down into the plain of Urumiyah.
The Rowanduz Gorge itself is nearly ten miles long, and the waters in
its ravine are not more than 1800 ft. above sea-level; yet the precipitous
cliffs render it far cooler and shadier than other places of this low
elevation in Kurdistan, Soon after leaving the Gorge, the Rowanduz
Chai joins the Greater Zab, a tributary of the Tigris. Diana, a village
2800 ft. high, lies, in a mountain-hemmed plain, a few miles above the
upper end of the Gorge. Berserini Gorge, less canyon-like than Rowan-
duz Gorge, but just as beautiful, is about fifteen miles upstream from
Rowanduz, and, at the most, 3000 ft. high. It does not quite helong to
the cooler upland region of Rayat. In July and August the heat at

+ Vide :
a. ‘‘ Lepidopteren-Fauna von Marasch in Turkisch Nordsyrien.”’ Osthelder
and Pfeiffer. Mitinch. Ent. Ges. XXI, 1931, Heft IT.
b. ‘‘ Weitere Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Inner-Anatoliens.’”’ Wagner,
l.c., XIX, 1929. Nummer 1.

c. ‘‘ Einige neue Arten und Rassen aus den Ausbeuten des Herrn Ernst
Pfeiffer.’’ Wehrli, l.c., XXVI, 1936, Heft I.
d. ‘‘ New Heterocera from Asia Minor.” Bytinski-Salz. Et. RCC muole

XLVIII, No. 9, September 1936.

e. ‘* Zweiter Beitrag zur Lep.-Fauna Inner-Anatoliens.”’ Wagner, Int. Ent. Z.,
23 Jahrg., No. 48 and Np. 2.
** Dritter ditto ditto.” 24 Jahrg., Nos. 46 and 47.
‘* Vierter ditto ditto.’’ 2% and 26 Jahrg., Nos. 47, 13, 14, 17, 18.

f. ‘ Beitrag zur K. der Noct.-Trif. Neue Cucullia und Athetis von Marasch.”
Boursin, Minch. Ent. Ges., XXIII, 1933, Heft I.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VIIT.1937.

these lower elevations is extreme though the air is dry and tke nights
pleasantly cool. Winters are snowy and wet, and there must be few or
no insects stirring from December to March.

Rolling hills, clad with tall, honey-coloured grass and dotted with
oak, often no more than scrub, and at its best forming woodland com-
posed of trees not more than 20 ft. high—these characterise thie scenery
of this part of Kurdistan. Chief among the trees atid shrubs are three
kinds of Quercus, Crataegus, pistaccio, Paliwrus spina-christi, and (in
the streambeds) willow, oriental plane, ash and Persian poplar. Some
conspicuous plants are hollyhock, spurge, mullein, liquorice, Prosopis
stephaniana, Aristolochia and Gypsophila.

The soil and rocks are usually of an olive or a lilac-grey hue; and
the typical colour-scheme of the moths of this area, a pale grey or white
crossed by blackish bands, may be seen in all farailies, eg.: Paedia
murina, Dichagyris singularis, EHlaphria wiltshiret, and Leptarchis
psologramma. Where local races have formed, as in Elaphria boden-
heimeri and E. zernyt, they are often characterised by pellor, smallness,
and faint marking. But this is only so in some species: this distinction,
for instance, separates the Kurdish and Mesopotamian frem the Pales-
tinian and Lebanese race of bodenheimert, but singularis is the same in
both Kurdistan and Palestine.

The following notes are the result of visits made as follows .—

28th August 1935—Rowanduz Gorge, evening.

14th September 1935—Rayat, evening.

25th September 1935—Rowanduz Gorge, evening.
26th September 19835—Rowanduz Gorge, morning.
6th October 1936—Diana, evening and daytime.

7th and 8th October 1936—Rowanduz Gorge, evening.
9th October 1936—Berserini Gorge, evening.

10th October 19836—Rowanduz Gorge, morning.

Abbreviations :
B.G.=Berserini Gorge.
det. B.=determined by Boursin (I am greatly indebted to M. Charles
Boursin, of the Paris Natural History Museum, for his assistance
in identifying my Agrotidae).

D.=Diana.
(p) (det. B.)=probably, according to Boursin.
R.=Rayat.

R.G.=Rowanduz Gorge.

Where no locality is indicated, it may be inferred that the insect occurs
throughout the river valley. Roman figures indicate the month
of the year.

RHOPALOCERA.

By the autumn, butterflies are very ragged. Satyrids, numerous in
these parts, are still to be seen, but few are worth taking; they include
S. circe ssp. asiatica, S. briseis, S. roxelana, S. anthe, S. pelopea and
S. fatua ssp. sichaea, all of which continue on the wing into October ;
so does, where the oaks grow tall, Zephyrus quercus ssp. longicauda,
Riley. Argynnis maia (=pandora) flies well into September, and Tera-
colus fausta was seen in this month in Rowanduz town. Fresh Gonep-

AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN. 93

teryxc farinosa were taken in October in R.G. In general, however, this
is not the best time for Rhopalocera.

HETEROCERA.

During the early part of August there is a lull in night-life, except
at high altitudes. At the end of this month, with the drop in the
temperature, the autumn moths suddenly appear in large numbers.
They are most easily taken at light; sugar, of no appeal earler in the
year, now also begins to attract, but never very large numbers.

Macro-Heterocera.

Marumba quercus, Schiff. 2nd brood, 28.vili, R.G. Paler, with
fainter markings than the first brood.

Dysauxes ? famula-hyalina, Frr. 2nd brood, v. common to light in
ix and x, from R. to R.G.

Drepana binaria, Hin. 9.x, B.G.
Paedia murina ssp. cinerascens, H.S. 7.x, R.G.

Aziopaena maura, Kichw. ix, x, R.G. and B.G. The range of this
magnificent black tiger-moth extends southward to Baluchistan. Three
were taken at light, and all have red collars and red anal patches in
the hindwings’ black band.

Iymantria destituta, Stgr. v, common in early summer as well as
autumn.

Iymantria lapidicola ssp. mardina, Stgr. Scarcer than the preced-
ing, 28.vill, R.G.

Thaumetopoea solitaria, Frr. R.G., ix-x. Fairly common. Leban-
ese examples are brighter and neater.

Lasiocampa eversmanm, Ev. Common to light, ix-x.

Lastocampa terreni, H.S. Less numerous than the foregoing, with
which it flies.

Bryophila ssp. diversae. This genus is richly represented in the
Kurdish mountains especially in the more craggy and precipitous
parts. R.G., shadier, moister, and rockier than other parts that I
know, is a paradise for these little moths. Unfortunately the genus
badly needs revising, and the following names, some of which cannot be
considered final, do not cover all my material: ravula, Hbn. f. (det. B.),
tabora, Stgr. (det B.) (also at Mosul), ewcta, Hamps. (p.) (det. B.) (also
at Mosul) and algae, F. (p.) (det. B.).

Euaoa vanensis, Drdt. (det. B.). R.G., 25.1x. Known from Armenia
and Marash, Taurus.

Agrotis obesa, B. ssp. scytha f. fusca, Cti. (det. B.). 9.x, B.G.

Agrotis crassa-golickei, Ersch. (det. B.). x, to light and sugar. Also
from Mosul, Bagdad, and Syria.

Agrotis radius, Haw. (puta, Hbn.) ssp.? In the males, the purple-
brown terminal shade makes a pretty contrast to the pale greyish
ground colour; this race occurs as far south as Qaraghan, Iraq, x.

Agrotis anastasia, Drdt. Paratype, R.G., 25.ix. (The type came
from Armenia).

Dichagyris singularis, Stgr. (det. B.). <a.G., and B:G. Five
examples of this rarity, to light. They do not differ from the Pales-
tinian race.

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VIIT.1937.

Rhyacia insignata, Led. (det. B.). 24.viii and 14.ix, R.; 25.ix, R.G
(Also at Shaglawa). One specimen, at B.G., 9.x, is insignata-columbina,
Drdt. (det. B.).

Rhyacia pontica, Stgr. (bona sp. teste B.) f. consenescens, Stgr.
(det. B.). R., 14.ix; R.G., 9.x. Paler ash-grey than Lebanese examples.

Rhyacia semiramis, Boursin (ined.). The three types of this new
species were taken at B.G., on 9.x, together with large numbers of
Maraschia grisescens, which it closely resembles.

Rhyacia caerulea, Wgnr. (det. B.) (bona sp. teste B.). B.G., 9.ix.
Not uncommon to light.

Rhyacia palaestinensis, Kalchb. (bona sp. teste B.). x, to sugar.
A dull, grey, large moth. Herr Grosse took the true zanthographa,
Schiff. (redder) at Sheikh Adi together with this species, and it pro-
bably also oceurs in this valley.

Miselia oleracea, L. 29.viii, Shaqlawa, to sugar; doubtless also in
this valley. .

Cirphis syriaca, Osth. (Cirphis scirpi ssp. syriaca, Osth.) (teste B.
sp. distinct from scirpit; comes near alopecuri, Brsn.). x. Common,
occurring also early in the year.

Sideridis putrescens, Hiibn.-G. x. Common.

Sideridis vitellina ssp. pallida, Warr. 1x-x.

Genera Humichtis and Dryobotodes. B.G., one species in the former,
probably muscosa; and two different species in the latter, of which
Boursin considers one (Dryob. longiclava sp. n. Brsn, imed.), and per-
haps both, to be new, adding, however, that the place that longiclava
should occupy will be discussed in the description itself.

Derthisa ledereri, Chr. A long and variable series, taken partly at
light, partly settled after dark on low herbage, at D., 6.x. Occurs in
xi also at Khanikin.

Palluperina dumerili-aequalis, Schaw. (det. B.) (=Hpisema indis-
tincta Rbl.). D. 6.x.

Stilbina hypaenides, Stgr. x. Very common, to light and at rest
after dark.

Hypeuthina fulgurita, Led. The same remarks apply as to the fore-
going.

Genus Elaphria, Hb. (Athetis, Caradrina). This genus is richly re-
presented in Kurdistan, rather more in the hills and gorges than the
plateaux and plains. My visits to the valley of the Rowanduz Chai have
already produced three new species and two new subspecies, all given
below, and other discoveries will probably reward further hunting.

Elaphria (Hymenodrina) wiltshiret, Brsn. (det. B.). R.G., late ix
and early x. Not very common: there are, I believe, only 4 examples
in existence, one taken by Herr Grosse of Prague and dd 92 by myself.
The wings are very delicate and soon become rubbed.

Elaphria (Hymenodrina) parvaspersa, Bren. (det. B.). Holo- and
allo-type, R., 14.1x, at 5000 ft.

Elaphria (Hymenodrina) surchica, Brsn. (det. B.). Holotype, R.G.,
7.x. Herr Grosse, of Prague, is the first captor of this species, of which
he obtained two in 1935.

(To be concluded.)

NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS. 95

SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS.
By P. B. M. Aran, M.A., F.S.A.
Part II.

(Continued from page 69.)

A correspondence, on this subject of assembling, in The Times last
summer elicited some remarkable information. Unhappily most of it
did not accord with my own observations. But J was particularly struck
by two assertions—one, that males usually come to the assembling cage
downwind, the other that the wing vibration frequently observable dur-
ing ‘calling ’’ is the lepidopterous method of sending out wireless
signals. I have not yet been so fortunate as to meet a male moth who
could smell, from a quarter of a mile or so, a scent that was being
blown away from him, and my experience of wing vibration is that it
is only a manifestation of sexual excitement. The pussmoth presses her
wings tightly to the roof of the assembling cage when calling, and
‘drops ’’ her body so that the scent organ is pointing to the floor of
the cage. There is then no wing vibration. And all the moths, which
I have observed, indulge in wing vibration while ovipositing—provided
they are free to fly about a cage and are not confined in a small box.
I take it, that on these occasions there is no need for them to inform
the males, by wireless, of their fecundity. Moreover, if you place a
number of freshly emerged male and (virgin) female moths of the same
species in a cage together, you will find a good deal of wing vibration
going on if you visit the cage at the customary hour of pairing. One
would have thought that the interference would have made reception
somewhat difficult.

It is stated in some books that the female exposes the scent organ
by retracting the integument of the anal segment. My own observa-
tions have shown me that although the integument is sometimes re-
tracted somewhat during ‘‘ calling,’’ the scent organ is always extruded
from inside the anal segment. I have observed no shortening or
“humping ”? of the abdominal segments during extrusion of the scent
organ. On the contrary, the abdominal segments are sometimes some-
what extended during ‘“ calling.’? It is not unreasonable to suppose
that were this scent organ merely the posterior part of the vagina, ex-
posed by retracting the integument, the length of the abdomen covered
by the integument would be shorter. This, in each instance which I
have observed, is not the case. When the scent organ of a Q A. betu-
laria registered 5 mm. on a card, the abdomen remained the same length
as it was before she began to call.

What, then, is this ‘‘ scent organ ’’ which some female moths ex-
trude from the anal segment? Is it a diverticulum of the vagina? The
histologist answers ‘‘no’’; for if you kill a virgin female moth, cut
off the anal segment and examine it by ordinary histological methods
—that is to say, stain and embed it in paraffin wax, then cut longi-
tudinal sections with a microtome—you will not discover any process
which resembles the organ so obvious to the naked eye when the moth
is ‘‘ealling.’’? And as the “‘ organ’ is extruded from the anal seg-
ment, the bursa copulatrix (which in most lepidoptera opens on the 8th
sternite) would seem to be ruled out.

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VIIT.1937.

I do not know of any book which pictures or describes these parti-
cular scent organs of our British lepidoptera, though they are distinct
in each family. For example, in some of the larger moths of the family
Boarmiinae the organ resembles in shape the beak of a chough but is
not so pointed, and when turgid measures 5 mm. in length. In Gastro-
pacha quercifolia it is like a greenish pearl. In the Prominents, again,
it is usually beak-like with a square tip.

The answer to my question would appear to be this: that the ‘‘ scent
organ ’’ which is extruded from the anal segment of certain moths is a
modified ovipositor. It is an elongation of the vaginal end of the com-
mon oviduct, and its extrusion is brought about by muscular effort.
Imms has pointed out that the vagina differs morphologically from the
common oviduct in that it is an invagination of the body wall. It is pos-
sible that the ‘‘ scent organ ”’ is an intussusception of the vagina, the
innerfold being furnished with scent producing cells. Confirmation that
the extruded scent organ is also the ovipositor in at least one species
can be obtained by watching closely the ovipositing of a Q@ A. betu-
laria—a species which deposits its ova in the slits and crevices of bark.
As when “‘ calling,’’ the scent organ ovipositor is extruded to its full
extent (a trifle over 5 mm.) and inserted into the chinks of a piece of
bark. In certain other groups and families the scent organ is plainly
visible during ovipositing, though not extruded to any extent; in the
case of some of the Prominents T found it to be extruded about half-
way. In yet other families, in which the scent organ is of appreciable
length when “‘ calling,” it is invisible during ovipositing.

In a few groups of the British lepidoptera the ovipositor has re-
tained its function of inserting the ova in crevices. In the case of
those groups which deposit their ova on foliage it has ceased to be more
than a canal. But in every group which I have observed (see page
62), it has become modified as a scent organ which is used for the
purpose of attracting the male.

In addition to its modification as a scent gland by the development
of scent producing cells, it has acquired, in a greater or lesser degree,
in most of the species which I have observed, the property of dilatation
and contraction, necessary for dispelling the scent. I have not, however,
seen any accounts of the diastole and systole of these scent organs
which take place during the excretion of the scent. These movements
are usually rhythmic, though in many cases the movements are so slight
as to be undiscernible by the unaided eye. In certain species, however
(e.g. Dasychira pudibunda), there is no perceptible systole-and-diastole,
the scent organ, which does not appear to alter in size, being bodily
extruded and withdrawn right into the anal segment. In D. pudibunda
the scent organ is remarkably small, globular and yellow, and it is ex-
truded and withdrawn with a rhythm as regular as clockwork, and
remarkably fast—120 ‘‘ beats ’’ a minute.

With some moths the rhythm is so automatic and persistent that
it continues if you handle the assembling cage roughly and swing it
about; with others, a slight vibration, or even the brief flash of an
electric torch, will alter, slow it down, or stop it. It is necessary,
therefore, to acquaint oneself with the habits of the insects with which
one experiments,

NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS. 97

Sometimes, e.g., with A. betularia, the rhythm of diastole, systole
and pause is fast—2 : 1: 4 (seconds), the organ being orange when
turgid, grey when relaxed. In other species, such as those which have
more or less globular scent organs (e.g., G. quercifolia), the rhythm is
much slower and very difficult to determine, since there is little differ-
ence in size and colour of the organ during dilatation and contraction,
the chief indication of systole being the appearance of a dent on the
posterior surface. In still other cases, e.g., N. dromedarius, diastole
lasts about 60 seconds, at the end of which period the organ is with-
drawn, bodily into the anal segment. At 18-second intervals the whole
abdomen is cocked up for 3-4 seconds; but the scent organ is not in-
creased in size during this action. There is no wing vibration, the
wings being in the penthouse position. The rhythm and the extent of
dilatation often vary with the duration or virginity. Other factors,
about the precise nature of which I am still ignorant, also cause a varia-
tion in the rhythm as well as in the extent of dilatation.

With regard to the change of colour which occurs during dilatation,
this is possibly due to the inherent colour of the chemical substance
(I deal with this in the third part of my paper) secreted by the scent-
producing cells. If this be so, it would follow either that there is a
sphincter at the distal end of the scent organ and that the secretion
of scent-producing cells is pumped into the organ, swelling it out; or
that dilatation is due merely to the accumulation of the secretion of
the scent-producing cells situated on the organ itself.

Whether this specially modified prolongation of the vagina deserves
the name ‘‘osmesome’’ (écn7 and cdpo) or ‘‘osmadene’’ (donq
and dad7v) I leave to others to decide. But I would suggest that
the term ‘‘ ovipositor ’’ is misleading in the case of a structure of which,
in spite of its evolution, the prime purpose now is chemotropic.
“Scent organ ’’ is too general a term, and it would be a convenience
for description if this organ could be denoted by a distinguishing name.

The function of the scent organs of male moths I take to be purely
excitatory. As with the scent scales on the male butterfly’s wings,
their secretion acts upon the cells of the female’s central nervous sys-
tem and in some way hastens maturation of the ova. But it probably
has other tonic effects which bring about the requisite accompaniments
of pairing. A male moth kept in a cage with a calling female, but
separated from her by gauze, will keep the integument of his anal seg-
ment retracted all day long. This J believe to be simply a reflex action.
The cage reeks with the female’s scent, and the effect of this scent on
the male is to evoke the usual automatic response.

Whether a female moth can emit scent when she is too old to pair
remains to be proved. On 15th May 1936, at about 4.30 p.m., a @ D.
vinula emerged in my cages. On the afternoon of June Ist (she being 17
days old), I placed her, together with a male which had just emerged, in
a fresh cage. The female, being feeble, lay on the floor; the male caught
hold of the side of the cage to which I apphed him, and resumed his nap.

At 9.41 p.m. the male awoke and erected his antennae, holding
them at right angles to his body and at an angle of about 45° to each
other, spreading his wings flat. At 9.49 he took wing and flew about
the cage, settling on the ceiling every now and then to vibrate his
wings. The female took no notice of him, and when, at 9,52, he found

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31.VITI.1937.

her and crawled over one of her forewings she was still motionless.
At 9.57 he settled close to her and vibrated his wings, but she gave no
sign of recognition.

At 10.0 the male settled on the ceiling and closed his wings, and _
as he did not move again till 11.0 I went to bed at that hour. The
female did not move all evening and indeed never stirred again. She
died in the afternoon of June 3rd, aged 19.

Next morning (June 2nd) I found that the male was still on the
ceiling but at a different spot; so perhaps he had flown again after 11
p.m.

This observation does not prove that an elderly female moth can
excrete scent, and indeed the scent organ of this particular female was
not visibly extruded after May 26th (aged 12), on which night, at 9.35,
she ‘‘ called’? from the position she had been in all day. It shows
rather that the scent lingers for some time after it has been expelled.
There was no question, in this experiment, of the cage being saturated
with scent, for I had placed both moths, during the afternoon, in a
fresh cage. But I think the female was scented sufficiently to attract
the male’s attention, although she had not actively excreted scent, so
far as I could see, for six days.

I have found that an unpaired female usually lives about twice as
long as one that has paired. For example, an unpaired @ A. betu-
laria (a species in which the tongue is atrophied, the perfect insect
taking no food of any kind) will live for 22 days. Calling, with this
species, continues nightly until three or two days before death. The
paired 9 A. betularia usually dies on the 8th to 10th day, sometimes
sooner. It is possible that the shorter span of life in the paired female
is due to nuclear division of the zygote. This may be accompanied by
a certain chemical change or changes, the products of which, passing
into the circulation, poison the central nervous system. By ‘‘ poison ”’
I mean cause gradual disintegration of the cells of the central nervous
system, so that the animal must, presently, die.

Some writers have asserted that certain species do not call until
midnight, or at least very late at night. The Prominents and Ceruridae
are usually mentioned. My experience in the case of all those night-
flying moths with which I have experimented (including both the above-
mentioned families) is that the females begin to call at dusk; some at
early dusk, some at late dusk. For example, on May 16th, a female
N. dromedarius began to call at 10.12 p.m. (S.T.). The following night
she began to call at 9.48 p.m. Most of them finish calling by half-
past eleven, though occasionally T find one still calling when I go to
bed at midnight. Such occasions, however, are rare. They occur
chiefly with the geometers. Those which finish early sometimes call
again an hour before dawn. The bombyces with which I have experi-
mented do not, nor do the commoner Prominents.

(To be continued.)

VARIATIONS OF EUMENIS (SATYRUS) ALLIONII=FATUA. 99

VARIATIONS OF EUMENIS ALLIONII, G.-H. = FATUA, FREYER.
By Rocer Verity, M.D., F.R.E.S.

The generic name of this species has not yet been established as
definitely as would be desirable. Since the omnibus genus Satyrus has
been split up, the group fidia, including statilinus and fatua, has been
united by some authors, such as Wheeler, as far back as 1902, to the
fagi group and in my own articles I had, till now, done so too. TI
have, however, come to the conclusion that it should be grouped with
semele, for its Jullien’s organ belongs to the same types as the latter’s:
the bunch of rods of the two sides of the abdomen are placed, close
together, near the centre of the dorsal surface and not lower down, on
the sides of the abdomen, because the tergite of the VIII segment is
quadrate and narrow and not spread out into two broad wings, as in
fagi. This difference has been illustrated by Dampf in the Entom.
Zeitschr., xxii, p. 77 (1908). Therefore, the statilinus group belongs to
the genus, now, called Humenis, whereas the fagi genus is the one called
Hipparchia; circe is an Aulocera and the actaea group remains the geno-
typical one of Satyrus, according to the resolution of the International
Committee of Zoological Nomenclature, who has examined this parti-
cular case in cne of its last meetings, at Lisbon,

The next remark to make, concerning this species, is that the specific
name of fatua, it is usually known by, cannot be used validly, accord-
ing to the definite, modern, Rules of Nomenclature. Geyer’s name of
allioni has precedence over it by several years and the reason for which
it had been discarded, during more than a century, may seem very
practical, but has no foundation in the aforesaid Rules. That reason
was that it resembled too much Fabricius’ name of allionia, given to a
variety of the closely allied species stattlinus, Hufn. Now, in the Rules
of Nomenclature, differences of spelling, which do not interfere with
the action of the Rule of homonymy, have been explicitly made out and
consist, for instance, in a y instead of an 7, or in an ae instead of an e,
or, that is to say, in recognised equivalents, whereas the difference be-
tween allioni and allionia is small, but quite definite, so that it quite
excludes the application of the aforesaid Rule, and leaves allionii per-
fectly valid.

Another fact to be noted is that Freyer’s figures do not, in the least,
represent the form of the species, which is considered nominotypical
and which is, on the contrary, exactly the one figured by Geyer. Freyer
figures a couple of large and boldly and heavily marked insects, corres-
ponding to the Syrian and Palestinian form, which Lederer named
sichaea a few years later, in 1857, so that, anyhow, some sort of cor-
rection would have been required, and we must, as things stand, make
the two together, as follows:

Race allionu, G.-H. = fatua, auct. nec Freyer.
Race fatua, Freyer = sichaea, Led. et auct.

The relationship between these two forms seems to be of a simple
racial degree, as transitional forms and local races have been noticed
and described by various authors, beginning by Staudinger in 1871, who
records some from Smyrna and from the Taurus, mixed with a majority

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VITI.1937.

of nominotypical allionz, or fatua, as. he calls them, in the Horae Soc.
Ent. Ross., vii (1870), p. 73.

That author also mentions, there, that the fatua of Amasia exhibit
the peculiarity of a more or less pronounced obliteration of the three
transverse dark streaks, which cross the hindwing, respectively, near
the base, beyond the end of the cell, and along the external margin on
the underside; in some individuals there is no trace of them left at all,
and the only fatua females he has seen entirely devoid of pattern on the
underside are from this locality, whereas in statilinus such a form often
oceurs in the south; he also adds that this race is not as large and strik-
ing as the examples from Greece. No other author since those days
seems to have noticed that local form, but specimens from Amasia in my
collection agree perfectly with his remarks and suggest that, nowadays,
when local forms are worked out and compared, this one is well worthy
of being defined and named race elineata, nom. nov. According to
Staudinger, it is the extreme northern form of the species, correspond-
ing to nominotypical statilinus, whereas sichaea is the southern calori-
petal one, corresponding to what was, in those days, called, in a general
way, allionia, F.

Another still more distinct and striking race is the most eastern
one, which had been noticed since last century at Askhabad, in the
Achal-Tekke region, as being of a clearer and lighter grey on the under-
side. The series brought back by Brandt from above Keredj, in the
Elburz mountains, at m. 1500 to 1600 (end of August), exhibit this fea-
ture to its highest degree, and, furthermore, exhibit others which strongly
recall the pisidice, Klug, described from high altitudes on Mt. Sinai
and usually accepted as a distinct species, proper, besides this mountain,
to the Lebanon and other mountains of Syria. The underside pale
colours and effaced patterns of pisidice are certainly very different look-
ing from the more usual ones of allionu = fatua, and, still more so,
from those of fatua = sichaea, and stand to them exactly as those of
stulta, Stdgr. stand to parisatis, Koll., but the race of the Elburz men-
tioned above raises serious doubts as to the reality of that specific dis-
tinction, for it seems to constitute a very complete transition from
allionu to pisidice, which one would be at a loss to have to refer to
either one or the other exclusively, so that the latter appears to be an
extreme eastern form of nominotypical allioni, standing opposite to
fatua = sichaea. Of pisidice all my specimens from the Elburz moun-
tains have, in fact, the characteristic, entirely white, fringes, on both
fore- and hind-wing, and the basal and discal black streaks of the under-
side of both wings, much straighter than in alliont = fatwa, owing to
their much smaller sinuosities. Apart from the pisidice features, this
race is, on an average, smaller than any other allionii one and especi-
ally striking by the amount of white on the underside, which is very
pure and broadly uncovered, on account of the particular minuteness,
paleness and partial effacement of the capillary grey streaks; also on
the upperside the black tends to be greyish and, between the submar-
ginal streak and the outer margin of the hind-wings, it is still lighter,
and, in some examples, even decidedly white, somewhat recalling th.
aspect of EH. stulta. I name it persiscana, nom. nov.

Finally, I must mention that Turati, in the Archivio Zoologico
Italiano, xiii (1929), p. 180, has named insularis specimens of allionit =

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 101

fatua collected in the Italian islands of the Greek Archipelago, buu
neither his description nor his figure seem to indicate any peculiarity
by which to distinguish it from the widespread race of Asia Minor, to
which belongs the form figured by Geyer. I am sorry to have to note
that Turati is very much mistaken in stating again, in that article,
as Curo and the old authors used to do, that allionii = fatua exists in
Central Italy. No specimen, or authentic record, of it exists at all,
although it has been looked out for, particularly during the last fifty
years, in all sorts of localities of Peninsular Italy and in Sicily.

——_

NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c.

Tue SEason.—It was a bad Spring here (Newton Abbot, Devon), and
hibernated 10 and c-album in a very battered condition were still seen
right into the early days of July, but some produced young earlier than
these could, as I saw freshly emerged c-album and io about a week ago
here in Newton. Larvae of the latter taken from a large brood nearly
full grown were 50 per cent. diseased—bacteria not hymenoptera.—
R. C. L. Perxins, 23.vii.37.

Karty Staces oF [np1aAN LEPIpoPTERA (ante, pp. 80-81).—The larva
and pupa of Rhyncolaba acteus were also described by Dudgeon (Bombay
N.H.S. Journal, XJ. 414-415: 1898), who gave the foodplant as
Colocasia. At Pusa the larva was found on Pythonessa wallichii and
the larva and pupa were described and figured in Pusa Bulletin, No. 89,
pp. 67-68, fig. 39 (1919). The life-history of Natada nararia was described
and figured by E. Ballard and Rao Sahib Y. Ramachandra Rao in
Proc. Fourth Entl. Meeting, Pusa, pp. 153-156, tab. 26 (1921); the larva
occurred on Puithecolobium dulce at Coimbatore.—T. BartnpriccE
FietcHer, Rodborough, 27th July, 1937.

CacoECIA PODANA ON LaurEL —A larva found rolling Laurel-leaves
in my garden at the beginning of June emerged on 29th June as Cacoecia
podana. This species has a very wide range of food-plants but, so far as
T know, is an addition to the list of species whose larvae feed on Laurel
with impunity.—T. Bainsricese FLetcHEeR, Rodborough, 27th July, 1937.

LOZOPERA BEATRICELLA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—On 22nd June I bred a
specimen of Lozopera beatricella from -a pupa found at Rodborough on
23rd May in a stem of hemlock (Conium maculatum). This interesting
extension of its known range in England is due to Mr S. Wakely, who
noticed the affected stem whilst on a brief visit here. It has been
recorded from Somersetshire by Hayward (Entom. LXVIITI. 30: 1935)
and should be looked for in other counties where, as Mr Meyrick
observes, it is ‘‘ probably overlooked.’’—T. Batnsprigcr FiLEetcHER, Rod-
borough, 27th July, 1937.

Record oF MAcCROLEPIDOPTERA FOUND IN A LONDON GARDEN.—F rom
time to time lists have appeared in these pages of species taken in
various localities. For the greater part of the last 25 years my duties
have kept me within the Metropolitan Borough of Lambeth. I have

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VITI.1937.

held two Benefices at different times in this area, and in each case the
Vicarage was situated in a district which is almost entirely built up with
small houses. The garden in each case was larger than those of my
immediate neighbours; in the present instance it comprises nearly half-
an-acre and contains several old trees (lime, hawthorn, apple, pear, and
plum). There is also an adjacent garden which has been allowed io
run to waste and igs overgrown with weeds of all kinds. Some of this
property was once a part of the former estate of Brockwell Manor.
During the four years I have been here I have kept a careful record
of every new species I observed in and around the garden itself. .On a
very few occasions I have used ‘‘ sugar.’’ Many of the species recorded
below have come to light at my study window. All cases named have
been observed by me, except where otherwise stated, and with one or
two exceptions, also noted, all have been recorded since September 1933.

Two of the most noteworthy records are the taking of a specimen of
H. abruptaria, var. brunneata, Tutt, on the fence in May 1935, and the
occurrence of a fine S. vespiformis on an American Pillar Rose on 5th
July of this year. I believe the former is the first recorded instance
south of the Thames. S. myopaeformis breeds regularly in both apple
and pear in this garden. I have never taken it elsewhere. It is
perhaps worth noting that two specimens of A. atropos were taken dur-
ing the last week of June this year in this immediate neighbourhood ;
one within a hundred yards of this door.

As an example of peculiar times of emergence, it is perhaps worthy of
record that I took a male C. quadripunctata at my window on 10th
February of the present year.

List of Species recorded :—

RuHopaLoceRA.—Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi, Euchloé
cardamines, Gonepteryx rhamni, Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae,
(Nymphalis (V.) antiopa was observed by a neighbour in a garden half-
a-mile distant, in August, 1935), Vanessa 10, V. cardw, V. atalanta,
Maniola jurtina (janira), Pararge megera, Heodes phlaeas, Polyommatus
icarus, Lycaenopsis argiolus, Augiades sylvanus (Ochlodes venata).

Hererocera. SpHinces.—Mimas tiliae, Smerinthus ocellata*, Amor-
pha populi, Humorpha elpenor. (One specimen of Herse convolvuli was
taken by me in a garden in this district some years before I came to
reside here.)

BompByces.—Dicranura vinula, Pterostoma palpina* (a pair in cop,),
Lophopteryz camelina*, Phalera bucephala. Orgyia antiqua, Porthesia
chrysorrhoea (similis), Spilosoma menthastri, Diacrisia lutea (lubrici-
peda), Hipocrita jacobaeae, Habrosyne derasa*, Cilix glaucata.

Nocruan.—Acronicta aceris, A. megacephala, A. psi, Metachrostis
(B.) perla, Agrotis segetum, A. puta, A. nigricans, A. exclamationis,
Noctua c-nigrum, N. xanthographa, N. rubi, N. plecta, Triphaena
pronuba, T. comes (orbona), T. fimbria (this was bred from a pupa dug
up in the garden), 7. janthina, Barathra brassicae, Mamestra persicariae,
Mamestra oleracea, M. trifolii, Xylophasia. monoglypha, Dipterygia
scabriuscula, Euplexia lucipara, Leucania lithargyria, Leucania pallens.
Phlogophora meticulosa, Mania maura, Hecatera serena, Apamea
secalis, A. ophiogramma, Miana strigilis, M. bicoloria, M. fasciuncula,
Naenia typica, Helotropha leucostigma, Caradrina morpheus, C. quadrt-
punctata, Rusina tenebrosa, Taeniocampa stabilis, Orrhodia vaccinit,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 103

Cucullia wmbratica, Plusia moneta, P. chrysitis, P. iota, P. gamma,
Abrostola triplasia, A. tripartita, Catocala nupta (often common),
Zanclognatha grisealis, Hypena proboscidalis.

GromeETRAE.—Acidalia (Sterrha) seriata = virgularia, A. (S.)
fuscovenosa = interjectaria, A. (S.) aversata, Anaitis plagiata, Operoph-
tera (Cheimatobia) brumata, Euphyia silaceata, Thera obeliscata (the
nearest firs are in Brockwell Park close by), Xanthorhoé ferrugata, X.
fluctuata, Ochyria designata, Calostigia (M.) didymata, Gonodontis
bidentata, Eupithecia oblongata, E. pulchellata, HE. linariata, E. assima-
lata, E. vulgata, E. subfulvata, E. swecenturiata, E. pumilata, Chloro-
clystis rectangulata, Pelurga comitata, Abraxas grossulariata, Metro-
campa (Campaea) margaritata, Deuteronomos alniaria, Selenia
bilunaria, Crocallis elinguaria, Euphyia bilineata, Ourapteryx sambu-
caria, Opisthograptis luteolata, Lycia hirtaria, Biston (P.) betularia
and form carbonaria (doubledayaria), Hemerophila abruptaria and f.
brunneata, Tutt, Boarmia rhomboidaria (gemmaria), B. repandata,
Itame wauaria.

Cossus cossus, Zeuzera pyrina, Synanthedon (Sesia) vespiformis =
cynipiformis, S. myopaeformis, Hepialus humuli, H. lupulinus, Hemi-
thea aestivaria (strigata).—(Canon) T. G. Edwards (M.A., F.Z.S.).
*Those marked were taken in W. Norwood between 1925 and 1929. The

garden has since been covered with a block of flats.

‘‘CornisH Nores.’’—Re Mr Nicholson’s note on p. 61, P. moneta
was attracted by presumably cultivated valerian, as it was in a cottage
garden and there was no other sign of it that I noticed within miles
around. JI have no knowledge of the natural habits of the larva as I
have only met it once, received through the post.

I should be interested to know if Mr Nicholson has taken Lurois
prasina in Cornwall, as I found the larvae common at Mawgen, N. Corn-
wall, this spring, where Mr Siviter Smith records he took them in
1932.

If there is in existence a fairly up-to-date list of Lepidoptera for
Cornwall I should be grateful if someone would enlighten me.—(Captain)
C. Q. Parsons, Alma Marceau, Seaway Lane, Torquay.

LEUCOPTERA LOTELLA, STAINT. IN HampsHiRE.——Mines of this species
were found in leaves of Lotus major at Cracknore Hard during the fourth
week of June 1937. The foodplant grows luxuriantly among huge clumps
of sedge and the mines occur chiefly on the lower leaves in very secluded
situations. Lotus corniculatus occurs on the same ground more spar-
ingly, but only a few mines were found on this plant. The tiny white
cocoons were found at the end of the month on the underside of the
leaves of Lotus. The first moths emerged on the 18th July. Although
this is the first time that I have found this insect it is probably wide-
spread wherever the foodplant occurs, for I found mines on the occa-
sior of the visit to Pamber Forest on the 11th of July arranged by the
Society for British Entomology at its third Annual Congress at Reading
this year —Wm. FassNIDGE.

MoMPHA OcHRACEELLA, Curt. NEAR SourHaMpTon.—Imagines of this
species are fairly common most years in large clumps of Epilobium hir-
sutum, but are always difficult to obtain in good condition. I have

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31.VIT1.1937.

frequently sought for the larvae, which feed in the roots, but without |
success. This year, on 5th May, at Bitterne Park, near Southampton,
I found the cocoons plentiful, spun up on the mid-rib of the lower leaves
of the foodplant in very sheltered situations, especially where stinging-
nettle grows mixed with the Hpilobium. In less sheltered situations
the vast majority of these pupae were found to be picked out by birds.
From a considerable number of pupae brought home not a single para-
site was bred; every pupa produced a moth. The proper time to seek
these pupae is the first fortnight in May. A slight pucker is visible
normally on the upper side of the leaf, especially where the larvae have
mined along the mid-rib to near the end; but, if well-grown plants of
Epilobium in very sheltcred situations are cut close to the ground, then
every leaf can be examined and the pupae easily seen if present.—Wm.
FASSNIDGE.

EPICHNOPTERYX RETIELLA, NEWM. IN HampsHtrE.—Males of this
Psychid occurred in fair numbers on the sait marsh at Cracknore Hard
on the 29th of May this year. The weather was calm and sunny, and
the moths flew freely from 3 p.m. till 6 p.m., and settled with out-
spread wings on many species of grasses where they could be easily seen

and captured. Large numbers were noted floating with out-spread
wings on the surface of salt water pools, and this would betray the
presence of the insect. Cracknore Hard is situated on Southampton

Water, opposite the new docks. When I visited this locality again on
Ist June I could not find a single specimen, though crowds of Buccu-
latriz maritima, Staint. were flying among Sea Aster and some Aristo-
telia brizella, Treits. were taken by sweeping the flower heads of Thrift.
—Wwm. FASSNIDGE.

PLATYPTILIA TESSERADACTYLA, L. In East TrroneE.—On 23rd June
1937 several colonies of this very local Plume were discovered on an
area of rocky moorland, north-west of Cookstown; the imagos resting
and feeding on the flower-heads of Antennaria dioica, the mountain
Cudweed, growing in sheltered spots amid the rocks. The moth is very
sluggish, keeping close to the foodplant, and not flying far when dis-
turbed, except when carried by the wind. Another colony was found
late in the evening many miles away to the west, where the foodplant
grows abundantly on high ‘‘ eskers’’ (gravel ridges), accompanied by
stunted Hrica cinerea and Calluna. Barrett writes ‘‘ That the moth
flies in the late afternoon and evening among Gnaphaliwm (Cudweed)
at road sides and dry banks at the edges of bogs. It was first met
with in these islands in June 1895 at Clonbrock, Co. Galway, by the
Hon. R. E. Dillon and Mr W. F. de V. Kane.’’ In the west of Ireland
the moth occurs on the limestone; in East Tyrone the localities are all
on Metamorphic rock.—THomas GreEr, ‘‘ The Bungalow,’’ Sandholes,
Dungannon, 26th June 1937.

‘¢ RoBBER FLIES ’’ ATTACKING TORTRIX vIRTDANA.—At the South Lon-
don Entomological Society’s Field Meeting at Ashtead on the 12th June
last a number of ‘‘ Robber Flies ’’ (Neoitanus cyanurus) were noted prey-
ing on the hordes of Tortrix viridana imagos which infested a section
of the Oak woods. ‘The flies were carrying their victims upside down,
head foremost, the wings clasped between the legs of the flies and held

CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 105

in position by the natural out-thrust of the moth’s wings. The green of
the viridana moths made the flies conspicuous and gave a curious glid-
ing effect to their flight.

On netting a fly the moth was immediately dropped and the fly made
determined efforts to escape. In each case examined the viridana moth
was dead and did not appear to be crushed in any way.

From the curious position in which the moth is carried it would
seem as though the moth is killed or numbed first and then arranged by
the fly in the most convenient way for carrying.

It would be interesting to know whether the fly sucks the juices
from the body of the viridana moth whilst carrying it, or whether the
moths are carried off for the fly to deposit near its ova for the purpose
of supplying food for the resulting larvae.

I am indebted to Mr H. W. Andrews for the name of the fly. T had
not a specimen for him to examine but from my description he was able
to trace the fly and show me the specimens in the South London Society’s
collection.—R. W. Arrwoop, 36 Tannsfield Road, Sydenham, S.H.26.

CURRENT NOTES.

We have received, from Herr Fritz Hoffmann, of Sta. Catharina, S.
Brazil, a series of about 30 separates on Brazilian Lepidoptera, which
he has written for various entomological periodicals during the past few
years. These papers record his observations on the life history of many
species, giving both interesting biological facts and scientific details of
all four stages of each, ascertained by his breeding experiences. He
has also listed and noted on the species of the different lepidopterous
families in the area he has worked. At the same time he has added
much detail as to distribution as given by Seitz’s work, extending and
criticizing the areas of occurrence given in that work. No doubt Herr
Hoffmann would be pleased to hear from anyone interested in the Lepi-
doptera of S. America; at present we know of no one in this country
who has more than a passing interest in the S. American faunal area.

In a recent number (Fasc., 4, 1936) of the Mémoires du Muséum royal
d Histoire naturelle de Belgique, Professor F. Carpentier describes an
elaborate examination of the thorax and its appendages and of the wings
and leg of the mole crickets and certain creatures considered to be re-
lated to them, and assesses the mutual affinities of Gryllotalpa, Tridacty-
lus, and Cylindrogaster. He finds that the curious Australian Cylin-
droachetidae are not connected with the mole crickets, the outward re-
semblance being due to convergence. He connects them rather with the
Tridactylidae, the small, very active little crickets that are found in
swarms on wet mud in the tropics and subtropics, and allots to both a
common origin neither with the Gryllotalpidae nor with the Gryllidae,
that is the true crickets, but near that of the Tetrigidae, which have
been removed by Zeuner away from the Acrididae.—M.B.

Pests oF ORNAMENTAL GARDEN Pants, by G. Fox-Wilson, N.D.H.,
F.R.E.S., F.L.S. (Bull. 97. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.)
Published by H.M. Stationery Office, S.W.1. Price, 3/6 (postage extra).

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31.VII1.1937.

—The wonderful spread of the cuit of the home garden during the past
twenty years has called for a comprehensive book, such as the present,
treating of the sources of the various troubles, which we garden lovers
are continually meeting more or less. Books and pamphlets dealing
with particular pests with which the commercial grower has to contend
exist in plenty, but the home gardener’s problem of control will be
hardly the same, and in some neighbourhoods neglect in a small garden
may spread, to the commercial grower near-by. Prevention as well as
cure is considered by the author. The book commences with ‘‘ Control
Measures ’?: 1. Cultural including Drainage, Cultivation, Weeds, Rub-
bish, Manure and Prevention of Pest Introduction; 2. Mechanical in-
cluding Handpicking, Trapping, Shaking, Pruning; 3. Chemical
methods, ete. The next portion, which is very fully illustrated, deals
with the ‘‘ General Pests,’’? Slugs, Snails, Woodlice, Millepedes, Aphides,
Cutworms (caterpillars), Chafers (beetles), Wireworms, Leatherjackets,
and the ubiquitous Ant. Finally these pests are dealt with from other
aspects, viz., the Lawn, the Rose Border, the Herbaceous Border, the
Annual Border, the Rock Garden, Bulbs and Corms, Trees and Shrubs,
the Glasshouse. There are 120 illustrations, some with multiple figures,
and the book concludes with an adequate Index. That the author is
the talented expert of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wis-
ley may be taken as a guarantee that the matter and advice are the best
that can be given at the moment. The binding is strong and service-
able and the work should be of more real and helpful value than some
of the existing compilations by non-practical writers.

A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at 1/5 Albany, Pic-
cadilly, on 21st April, 1937, Mr R. W. Lloyd in the chair. Members
present, in addition the Chairman, were Mr H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr
Jas. E. Collin, and Dr Harry Eltringham. Visitors present were Major
EK. E. Austen, Dr A. D. Imms, Dr Karl Jordan, Dr S. A. Neave, Dr
Hugh Scott, and Mr W. H. T. Tams. The members and guests arrived
soon after 6.30, and after preliminary refreshment were entertained
in the various rooms of the Chairman’s enlarged house, which is full
of works of art of absorbing interest, including a unique collection of
Turner’s drawings, a further addition to which has recently been made;
a large collection of prints and Oriental Objets d’Art. Dinner was
served at 7.30, after which the Chairman’s collection of British
Beetles and Lepidoptera was inspected, and provided reminiscences
of the earlier collecting days, where the originals of many interesting
records were to be found. The company remained until a late hour,
after having spent a most delightful evening.—H.W.-E.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam.

“We must earnestly request our correspondents NoT to send us communications

IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.
Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if
- ordered at the time of sending in MS.
Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR -
; defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge.
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, *“‘ Latemar,”’ West Drive, Cheam.
Desiderata.—Ova of D.o0., pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A. J. Wighiman,

* Aurago,’ Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

- Duplicates.—Pyralina,* Salicis, Ianthina,* Orbicularia,* Repandata in variety,

Doubledayaria, Black Rhomboidaria,* Black Virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh Aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon, Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Lepo-
rina, Tridens, Putrescens, Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. com-
busta, Gilvago, Fulvago vy. filavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B.
Williams, Woodcote, 36 Manorgate Road, Kingston, Surrey.

Desiderata—_M. aurinia (artemis) Larvae, English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates —Numerous, Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burnis-
ton, Scarborough.

Duplicates —Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and
many rare species from Syria and Morocco.

Desiderata—Rare British and European Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygae-

nidae, Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. FE. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.

Desideraia.Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury,
Kent.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The
Red House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata—Wanted: Leech, 2. H., Butterflies from China, Japan and Corea,
3 vols., Lond., 1892-94, w. map, views. and 43 colour pl. —Dr Max Cretschmar,
Celle, Germany.

Desiderata:-—Wanted : Back Volumes of ‘“‘ The Entomologist.”—F. Gaillard, 5
Cité du Midi, Paris, 18me, France.

Desiderata.—Ova or larvae of P. hippocastanaria, T. luridata, N. zonaria, A.
hispidaria (southern), Z. autumnaria, and O. rubiginea.

Duplicates.—Larvae of N. lapponaria.—Dr Edward Smith, ‘‘ Highroyds,’ Men-
ston, near Leeds._.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

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THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. —Meetings first four Tuesdays
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ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND .
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IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL.
A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY
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CONTENTS.

AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN, E. P. Wiltshire 107
RECORDS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FEW PAPILIO, Orazio Querci 109

- LIMONISCUS VIOLACEUS, MULL. (ELATERIDAE), a Genus and Species of

Coleoptera new to Britain, A; A. Allen Hp ats Oye BER iat a eC apa a ee aS 110
peas Shin GSECIN FG (6 2! ONS IRS Aaa yt ORS Sena ee ae cry ait mere hae coe ee a ee ee Ero 444

NOTES ON COLLECTING :—Coleoptera, etc., at Heston, Horace Donisthorpe;

A Small Captive Strongylognathus-Tetramorium Colony, id.; Methy-
lated Spirit as a Relaxing Agent; D. G. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S.; A Preser-
vative Fluid for Metallic Pupae, Id.; Emigrant Butterflies, C. P. Wilt-
shire; Euchelia jacobaeae and Ragwort, P. B. M. Allan; Partheno-
~ genesis in Callimorpha dominula, Jd.; Periplaneta orientalis, L., in the
Open, Malcolm Burr; Observations on the Feeding of Meconema thalas-

SEPIREIN SONG ADEE YS PUe FTCCUL IE cose kL wings hatte tap cabo an cb Cana dp desde ve 112

CURRENT NOTES occ: BIR Sat ins ten meres Bea a oe 116

SOCTETRIBS 5c earners rene een A Re ae Nae 2 rep oamereses seed eT 417

FENG WV oy 5s ices us pomreeas oe sap ac eNS BAP a een ey Saagd abs cons cu'dedscoen’ Scvius hoes 118
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British NocMme Hye do LUI Ne. On PSS. BR HG Soke esc. eo scodibestsee (105)-(108) _

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AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN. 107

AUTUMNAL LEPIDOPTERA IN KURDISTAN.

Preliminary Notes on Some Excursions in the Rowanduz Chai Valiey,
Iraq.

By E. P. WittsuHiee.

(Concluded from p. 94.)

Elaphria (Hymenodrina) sp.? 2°92, R., 14.ix, at 5000 ft. No males
have yet been taken of this boldly banded species, which Boursin thinks
may be a form of rjabovt.

Elaphria (Caradrina) clavipalpis, Scop. 1x-x.

Elaphria (Eremodrina) salzi, Brsn. (det. B.). B.G., 9.x.

Elaphria (Eremodrina) belucha, Swinh. (bona sp.) (det. B.). B.G.,
9.x. Also at Mosul, and Palmyra (Syrian desert).

Elaphria (Eremodrina) zernyi ssp. debilis, Brsn. (det. B.). R.G.
and B.G., 1x-x.

Hlaphria (Kremodrina) bodenheimeri, Drdt. ssp. chlorotica, Brsn.
(det, B.). The nomino-typical (Palestino-Lebanese) race is redder than
this form which occurs in the upland semi-desert plain of Iraq as far
south as Khanikin, and extends into the Kurdish hills certainly as far
as R.G., perhaps further. The species is represented by yet a third
race (ssp. plesiarchia, Brsn.) in the mountains of Northern Iraq (Persia).
The autumnal brood flies from ix to x, and I have taken it at Khanikin
in xi and 11.

Crymodes bischofii, H.S. (=Antitype apora, Stgr.). R.G., 7.x.
Occurs also in the Lebanon in ix.

Enargia regina, Ster. Kz Varies somewhat, though I have no
Kurdish examples quite so vividly coloured as the vividest of my
Lebanese examples.

Maraschia grisescens, Osth. Previously only known from Mavash
(Taurus). <A long series of females and one male came to light in B.G.,
9.x. Among them, almost indistinguishable, were a few Rhyacia sem.-
ramis, Brsn. of both sexes.

Polyphaents subsericata, H.S. R.G., 25.ix. One, to sugar. Much
commoner in the Lebanon.

Mama maura, L. ix, to sugar, Shaqlawa; doubtless also occurs in
this valley. |

Amphipyra pyramidea, L. The same remarks apply as to the fore-
going.

Porphyrinia ostrina, f. aestivalis, Guen. ix-x.

Porphyrinia parva, Hbn. ix-x.

Tephrochares inquinata, Led. R.G., 1x-x. Commoner in the
Lebanon.

Cortyta vetusta, Walk. D., x.

Autophila ligaminosa-subligaminosa, Stgr. (det. B.). B.G., 9.x. A
transitional form to the Lebanese ssp. rhodochroa, Brsn. (ined.).

Toxocampa craccae, F. R., 14.ix (at 4000 feet).

Acantholipes regularis, Hubn. A common summer insect, still out
in late August. It occurs also at Bagdad and Marash.

Aleucanitis cailino, Lef. R.G., 7.x. Also cecurs in high summer.

Rhynchodontodes ravalis, H.S. A summer insect, liking damp spots,
and still out at the end of August.

108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

Scopula and Sterrha. Several species of these genera are not yet
named.

Scopula ochroleucaria, H.S. D., 6.x. Also from Mosul and
Bagdad.

Sterrha filicata, Hbn. R.G., x.

Somatina wiltshirei, Prt. (ined.). R.G., 28.viii, and B.G., 9.x.
Also flies in high summer.

Anaitis plagiata, L. R.G., 8.x.

Cidaria salicata, Hbn. . A small series, B.G., 9.x. TI have the spring
brood from D.

Eupithecia. I have several species from this genus, still unnamed.

Eumera hoferi, Wehrli. 14.ix at 6000 ft., R. Very common at
lower altitudes, in early x.

Nychiodes divergaria, Stgr. x. A rather small race, spanning 33
mm.

Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. x. JT have not yet compared these
with my series from the Lebanon of syritaurica, but they are probably
referable to this race.

Boarmia umbraria, Hbn. B.G., 9.x. Three fine examples.

Gnopharmia and Gnophos. These genera are richly represented.

Macaria syriacata, Stgr. Still flying in x, after successive broods
all summer.

Aspitates ochrearia, Rossi. D., x.

Pyralids and Micro-Heterocera, Until the considerable material
of my 1936 visits has been determined, it is probably wiser not to cata-
logue the few species whose identification is sure. New species from the
1935 visits were described recently by Meyrick in Exotic Microlepidop-
tera, Vol. V. It is, however, perhaps worth mentioning that a further
short series, from B.G. and R.G., was obtained in x.36 of the hand-
some and distinctive Leptarchis psologramma, Meyr., described from a
single specimen caught at R.G., 25.ix.

CORRECTION,

Instead of palaestinensis, etc., read:—‘‘ Rhyacia? sp. n. ined.
near palaestinensis, Kalchb. To) sugar, x36, D:, R.; andi...) its
‘dull, grey coloration distinguishes it from santhographa, Schiff., the
Kurdish race of which is reddish. Boursin has recently examined the
type of palaestinensis and finds that, though superficially very close,
it is distinct from the present species, which occurs in Sicily and Syria
as well as in Iraqi Kurdistan, and which, if it is not pulverea, Hamps.,
he intends to name after Grosse, who took a series of it at Sheikh Adi
together with the true xanthographa, Schiff. This latter species, no
doubt, also occurs in this valley.’’

KEY TO PLATE VII.
Figure a2:—Rowanduz Gorge, viewed from the Alana Su falls, looking
north over the lower Alana Su ravine.
Figure b:—New forms from Kurdistan:

KEYS TO MOTHS.

1. Leptarchis psologramma, Meyr.

2. Autophila ligaminosa-subligaminosa, Stgr., trans. ad_ ssp.
rhodochroa, Brsn.

RECORDS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FEW PAPILIO. 109

Elaphria salzi, Brsn.

Elaphria wiltshirei, Brsn.
Elaphria surchica, Brsn.

Elaphria zernyt, ssp. debilis, Brsn.,
Elaphria belucha, Swinh.

TD OV

RECORDS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FEW PAPILIO.
By Orazio QUERCI.

The object of the following notes is to record what we have learnt
during the rearing of Papilio polyxenes, Fab. at Philadelphia, Pa.,
and of P. machaon, Linn. in Portugal, Spain and Morocco.

Hatching.—In the hottest periods of the year the eggs hatched in
six days, but if the sky was often cloudy the hatching was delayed one
to two days longer. When the heat was moderate but the sun was
generally shining some eggs hatched in a week; however, if the solar
radiation was scarce and feeble, the hatching was sometimes delayed
for twelve days.

Feeding larvae.—The larvae hatched all together but never started
for their first moult at one and the same time. Those that took to
their food the more readily grew more rapidly than the others.

While the larvae of some Lepidoptera died on the advent of a cold
spell or a heat-wave, those of the Papilio never died in our cages. They
fed both at about 50° F. if the sun was shining, and at over 90° if the sky
was cloudy. When the heat was moderate and the radiation was not
strong the larvae were caught by a temporary stupor. If it was hot
and the rays were intense the larvae, even in the shade, ceased feeding,
but became active again if a fan was set going near them.

Moulting larvae.—When the temperature was fairly low, the larvae,
that had started to moult, were unable to throw off their skins, and
remained inactive as long as the radiation was not a little stronger than
that at which they could feed. The caterpillars that began to moult in
the morning often succeeded in casting their skins in a short time, but
those that started in the afternoon were caught by stupor when radia-
tion decreased, and delayed moulting until it was again strong enough
on the following days. Sometimes the moulting larvae became inactive,
even during the day-light, after the sky grew cloudy.

In a hot environment, while the larvae that were feeding continued
to do so, those moulting became dormant from an excess of radiation,
and delayed casting their skins until it became more feeble in the night.
On the other hand, the larvae, which started to moult at sunset, cast
their skins rapidly. Often both tlie feeding and moulting larvae were
very active while it was hot and raining, and the sky was covered by
thick clouds.

Varying rate of growth of the larvae.—Those larvae that matured,
when radiation was balanced both by temperature and other climatic fac-
tors, hung up at once and in a perfect manner. If it was rather cold
and the radiation was feeble, the mature larvae were unable to hang
up; if it was hot and the rays were strong, the larvae became excited
and afterwards dormant. In both cases they became active again after
the radio-thermic environment returned to a suitable rate. Sometimes

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

the mature larvae that had remained dormant hung up imperfectly,
while the weakest ones remained on the ground, but did not die.

Suspended larvae.—The larvae, that had hung up in a short time,
formed pupae in a few hours if the environment continued to be suit-
able after suspension. When the influences of the climatic factors were
balanced, pupae were formed in our cages at any temperature between
50° and 95°.

If the intensity of the radiation changed suddenly after suspension
even those larvae that had hung up rapidly became dormant.

The larvae that had lain in lethargy became feeble and, even under
the most favourable conditions, they needed some days to recover and
so form pupae.

Active pupae.—The pupae that were formed rapidly produced adults
in a week to a fortnight, according to their degree of activity, provided
that the weather was suitable sufficiently long.

Arrested pupae.—Neither heat above 90° with a strong radiation,
nor cold down to 45° with a feeble radiation, produced any change in
the recently formed active pupae. Instead their development was ar-
rested, either above 85°, when the sun was shining, or below 60°, when
the sky was cloudy, while the pupae were nearing their physiological
change.

The active pupae of which the development had been arrested delayed
emergence until after the temperature settled between 65° and 80°
with a moderate radiation and a big amount of sunshine. The arrested
pupae in our cages produced adults in one to four months according
to their degree of latent vitality and the fluctuations of the climate.

Dormant pupae.—None of the pupae formed by weakened larvae have
ever been seen to emerge in our cages during the same year in which
they have been formed. Most of them produced adults gradually in
the following year, but some pupae of P. machaon went over two
winters. Many dormant pupae either rotted, or dried inside, and their
shells remained empty.

Adults.—The adults mated when the combined effects of light, radia-
tion, temperature and humidity were nearing their favourable rate.
Light has a preponderant effect, radiation is beneficial in a certain
moderate amount.

LIMONISCUS VIOLACEUS, MULL, (ELATERIDAE), A GENUS AND
SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA NEW TO BRITAIN. —
By A. A. ALLEN.

The genus Limoniscus, Reitter «Bestiinmungs-Tabellen, 56, 1905, p.
12, 14) is closely related to Limonius, Esch. According to its author, it
is distinguished from the latter by having the posterior margin of the
thorax excised near the angles, which extend forward in a point beneath
(Fauna Germanica, 1911, vol. 11, p. 224). These characters, however,
do not appear very obvious, at any rate in my specimen, and at least
as far as the British fauna is concerned, the two genera may be more
readily separated as follows :—

1. Penultimate joints of antennae fully as broad as long; posterior
angles of thorax projecting slightly outwards, with a strong keel not

SCIENTIFIC NOTES. pi

parallel to the side; extreme base of thorax broader than elytra at
shoulders; scutellum extremely finely and thickly punctured, very dull.
(Hialbttatt edecaryanoay timber) peg: 200. ok sieve eciso sees ase: Timoniscus, Reitt.

2. Penultimate joints of antennae narrow, elongate ; posterior angles
of thorax not projecting outwards, not carinate, nor with a feeble keel
parallel to the side; extreme base of thorax narrower than elytra at
shoulders; scutellum not thickly punctured, shining.

(Habitat Grassy places meucs) mie. ..t eacee eee ee Timonius, Esch.
L. violaceus, Ph. W. Miller in Germar. Mag. Ent., iv, 1843, p. 184
(Elater).

Leaden-black, somewhat dull, fore parts with a feeble steely-blue
reflection, elytra dark metallic blue, or slightly violaceous in some speci-
mens and some lights, tarsal claws ferruginous; body clothed with thin
and short silvery-greyish pubescence, which is inconspicuous above but
more noticeable beneath, especially at the sides and on the abdominal
segments. Antennae stout, joint 3 a little longer than 2, 4-10 broad and
obtusely serrate. Head with the front finely bordered and obsoletely
emarginate in the middle, together with the thorax densely and strongly
punctured. Thorax longer than broad, sides slightly converging in
front and subparallel behind, indistinctly channelled. Scutellum
obscurely fusco-aeneous, very dull, appearing shagreened but under a
high magnification seen to be very thickly and finely punctured,
obsoletely carinate longitudinally. Elytra very slightly and gradually
narrowed behind, somewhat depressed on disc, apex rather bluntly
rounded; interstices closely punctured, but less strongly than the
thorax. Length, 11 mm.

The colour, combined with the general shape and puncturation, etc.,
will at once separate this from any other British Elaterid.

On 17th May, 1937, I found a single specimen of this interesting
addition to our indigenous Coleoptera in Windsor Forest, in an old
decaying beech trunk, at some depth below the surface of the wood.
No other examples of the beetle could be found, either in this tree or
in the several beech trunks in a similar condition near by. In June
another thorough search was made by Mr Donisthorpe and myself,
without success, except that Mr Donisthorpe obtained a larva, which
seems likely to belong to this species, and from which, we hope, the
perfect insect will be reared.

The few members of this genus are chiefly Asiatic, the present species
alone being an undoubted native of Europe. On the Continent L.
violaceus appears to be very rare; it is found in parts of France, Ger-
many, Italy, and perhaps more especially Austria. The four specimens
in the National Collection of Coleoptera at the British Museum are all
from the latter country.—63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3, 29th
June, 1937.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES.

INFLUENCE OF REFLECTED RapiIATION.—This summer we have resided
at Bolognola, on the Sibyllini Mountains, with our granddaughter,
Lycaena Romei, who for several years has helped us to collect. We
often spoke about radiation, trying to increase our knowledge. We

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.19387.

noted that, when the sun was shining, we could remain a long time
and without shelter either near a stream, or in a verdant meadow, or
close by a wood; on the other hand, we could endure only a short time
our stay in a stony and dry environment, although both temperature
and radiation were the same. Then my granddaughter put into two
equal boxes many larvae of Pieris brassicae. One of the boxes was set
upon a moist plot of weeds, the other on the bare soil. Both exposed
in direct sunshine. The thermometer marked about 110° F., and, after
two hours, the larvae on the weeds were not iniured, but the others on
the bare soil had died.

These simple experiments, carried out for a few days, prove that
the solar radiations are beneficial to life until the rays are absorbed by
dampness and vegetation of the ground; on the other hand, if they are
reflected by a barren environment, they become harmful. The dry soil
acts like a condenser.—O. QUERCT.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c,

COLEOPTERA, ETC., AT Hrsron.—I have never actually collected at
Heston, and the few species mentioned below have been either taken,
or seen, in the house and garden, or when out for walks.

A few insects which have occurred in the house are:—The House
Cricket (Gryllus domesticus, L.), when we first came here, which seemed
rather curious for a quite new house. Bembidiwm articulatum, Pz., in
bath. Cryptophagus acutangulus, Gyll., has put in an appearance at
intervals for over two years, always in the bath; some specimens having
a much reduced tooth to the anterior angles of the thorax. C. puncti-
pennis, Bris., in cupboard in kitchen. Throscus elateroides, Heer, in the
bath; this is probably a new record for Middlesex. I have taken it very
sparingly in Windsor Forest and not uncommonly at Mr B. §S. Wil-
hams’ locality in Herts. There are not many other localities known.

Anobium doimesticum, Fourc., occasionally on windows, etc. Bem-
bidium lampros, Hbst., in the churchyard. Carabus monilis, F. Dear
Miss Kirk used to take this species in gardens in this area, some of
the specimens being of a distinct green colour. Amara plebia, Gyll.; A.
trivialis, Gyll.; Harpalus ruficornis, F.; Pterostichus madidus, F.;
Ocypus ater, Gr. (more frequently found on the coast); O. siculws, Stierl.
(the first specimen IT have ever taken); Lucanus cervus, L.; Agriotes
obscurus, L. (very small specimens); and Nacerdes meianura, L., have
occurred on paths and pavements. The last is also much more common
on the coast. I have found it in sea-breakers in numbers at West
Worthing, etc. Inland I have taken it at Penge, in London, and in
Windsor Park and town.

In the Ent. Mo. Mag. for 1935 and 1936 a number of extra records
are given for this beetle, and in the latter year there is a note by Mr
Laing on the destructive habits of the insect.

Aphodius granarius, L., on the wing and once in the house, and
Atheta longicornis, Gr., on grass in the garden. Cis vestitus, Mell.,
one under bark of a post; and (. boleti, Scop., C. villosulus, Marsh..,
and C. micans, Hbst., were common in fungus ion posts.—HoRAcE
DonISTHORPE,

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 113

A Smati CaptivE StTRONGYLOGNATHUS-TETRAMORIUM Corony.—!
described* a new Strongylognathus species taken by Captain Diver at
Studland, Dorset, in 1935 in a nest of Tetramorium caespitum. On
23rd May, 1936, I joined Captain Diver with the intention of taking
inhabitants from this colony (or others if found) to keep alive under
observation. It was also hoped to find a female of the new species.
This was not done, though the nest was carefully dug up—some larvae
and pupae were taken, and the Strongy!ognathus % 8 were found only
to be present in the proportion of 1-2% to the Tetramorium 33. A
certain number of the latter with 6 Strongylognathus @ 8 were estab-
lished in a plaster observation nest, and were kept under observation
for a good many months. The pupae proved to be all Tetramorium 38.
The Strongylognathus % 8 moved about freely amongst their hosts, no
notice, however, being taken of them. Most of the larvae disappeared,
but a few pupated and proved to be Strongylegnathus 6S. These were
unfortunately killed and cut up before I could get at them. As there
were no more larvae and no Q present, the Ntrongylognathus $8 were
killed and set for the cabinet, and the Tetramorium 8 3 let loose in
the garden.—Horacre DoNISTHORPE.

METHYLATED SPIRIT AS A RELAXING AGENT.—Some years ago I pub-
lished a short note (Entomologist, |xii, p. 284) on the use of methylated
spirit as a relaxing agent and I mentioned it more briefly in a recent
note on the Preservation of Heterocera in India (Journ. Bomb. N.H.
Soc., Xxxvill, p. 634).

I have since found that it is not necessary to bring the insects into
actual contact with the spirit and that the action is very quick if the
’ specimens are exposed to the vapour from a mixture of spirit and water.
It is not difficult to devise some sort of stage on which papered speci-
mens can be placed, whilst pinned insects can be simply pinned to the
top of the relaxing tin above the liquid.

This method avoids any matting of the hair on the thorax and
abdomen, whilst it is almost as rapid, both in the actual relaxing and
drying off, as my old method of damping the specimens with the spirit.
Forty-eight hours is more than sufficient to relax even large insects and
they will dry in about the same time.—D. G. Srvastoputo (F.R.E.S.),
London, 3.vii1.37.

A PRESERVATIVE Fiurp For Mertatiic Pupar.—About a year ago, I
made the accidental discovery that a saturated solution of bichloride
of mercury (corrosive sublimate) in water, to which is added an equal
volume of 95% alcohol, would preserve the brilliant golden pupae of
the Danaid Euploea core, Cr., in their full beauty. I have pupae that
have been preserved in this fluid for over a year and they are almost
as bright as the day they were killed. JI have never before been able
to preserve the gold colour for even a few days.

The only other species that I have tried in this fluid is Danaus
limniace, Cr., f. mutina, Fruhs., a very beautiful green pupa with large
golden spots. This has not been a success, as the green pigment is
soluble in alcohol, but the gold colour of the spots has been preserved.

It seems probable, therefore, that this solution will prove successful

*Ent. Mo, Mag., 1xxvii, 111-16. T. figs. 1-7 (1986).

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

with all metallic pupae except those that have green or any other
alcohol soluble pigment. The English species that seems most suited
for a trial is the brilliant golden pupa of Aglais urticae, L.—Ib.

EMIGRANT ButtTEeRFLirs.—It would be interesting to know if observers
in England notice any difference in the numbers of Vanessa (Pyrameis)
cardui in 1936 and 1937. Last winter was exceptionally mild, but this
winter has been unusually severe in Iraq, and, I hear, in Egypt also.
Perhaps this will diminish the stock that usually survives the winter
in these regions, and thus diminish the number of larvae this coming
spring; this would lessen the northward urge commonly attributed to
successive broods finding, on hatching, their breeding-grounds crowded
with the offspring of the first butterflies which oviposit in February
and March. Was this species noted commonly in 1936 in England?
In the plain of Iraq, I may add, the chief foodplant is Malva parviflora,
L., on which the larva may be found in large numbers in March; it
withers in April.—C. P. Wirrsuire, Iraq. P.S.—From the English
viewpoint, ‘‘ Emigrant ”’ ought to be ‘‘ immigrant,’’ I suppose. But I
write from mine.

EUCHELIA JACOBAEAE AND RaAGwort.—Three years ago ragwort ap-
peared in a large park in this district. Last year the plant had in-
creased greatly, and this year ragwort has spread a yellow carpet over
some hundreds of acres. EH. jacobaeae, the chief natural ‘‘ control ’’ of
this weed, has been seen sporadically in the district for some years, but
usually only single specimens, and, so far as I know, it has not been
seen previously in the park in question.

This year the moth has appeared in profusion. Its larvae are .
smothering the ragwort at the east end of the park and are to be seen,
in lessening numbers, for about a mile to the west. The plants are
stripped bare of both leaves and flowers, and larvae are wandering to
various low-growing plants some yards from the natural foodplant.

Whence have these moths come? None of the local entomologists
has liberated ova or larvae, and indeed the profusion of the insect is
too great to be accounted for by any artificial introduction. Like
Calimorpha dominula the males of this species often fly in the day-
time; the females begin to fly only at late dusk, and ovipositing is per-
formed at night. Are there any records of mass movements of EF.
jacobaeae by night? It would seem that a considerable swarm of female
moths has come to the park from somewhere. Presumably when this
insect has cleared off all the ragwort in a district the emerging moths
migrate—if not to ‘‘ fresh woods ”’ at least to ‘‘ pastures new.’’ But I
should like to know if there are any records of these mass movements.
I use the term purposely because I have found twelve full-fed larvae on
a single-stemmed plant; and since with most moths in the wild state
only about one per cent. of ova laid results in an imago, and a female
E. jacobaeae does not lay 1200 eggs on a single plant; it would seem
that this one plant had been visited by several females. Trade follows
the flag; does H. jacobaeae follow the ragwort?—P. B. M. Aran.
Bishop’s Stortford.

[Huchelia, Bdv. (1829), is the generic name of years. Hypocrita, Hb.
(1806), is a Tentamen name and has been much used. And Tyria, Hb.
(1822), is the more recent old name now advocated,—Hy. J. T.]

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 15s

PARTHENOGENESIS IN CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA.—On llth July a de-
formed female of this species emerged in one of my cages. On 138th
July, there being no male to mate with her, she began, at late dusk,
to scatter ova about the floor of the cage, as is the habit of this moth.
She continued ovipositing on the 14th, and on the morning of the 15th
I removed about 140 ova from the cage and put them in a glass-topped
cardboard box.

On the afternoon of 15th July a male C. dominula emerged in the
same cage, and on the following morning he paired with the deformed
female. They were in cép. for 25 hours. When they separated I put
the deformed female in a chip box, and that night (17th July) she laid
three eggs, and on 18th July four. Thereafter she laid no more ova
and died in the night of 22nd/23rd July.

The unfertilised ova in the glass-topped box changed colour in the
afternoon of 22nd July, and at 10.30 p.m. on 28rd July larvae began
to emerge. They continued to emerge from the 24th to the 28th. Fif-
teen ova were addled.

The seven ova laid after impregnation were addled.—In.

PERIPLANETA ORIENTALIS, L., IN THE OPpEN.—On 7th August I was
busily engaged putting out a fire that had broken out in a prone dead
elm in my garden. Numbers of interesting creatures were driven out
by the heat and smoke, such as a handsome grass snake, lots of Isopoda
and a Lithobius. But what astonished me was an adult female cock-
roach. I caught her, but a smaller one escaped.

The occurrence of this cockroach in the open in England is surpris-
ing, and has never before occurred to my knowledge except in municipal
rubbish heaps, where the fermentation maintains a high temperature,
so that they are often swarming with cockroaches and crickets.

The elm was about 50 yards from my house, but there are certainly
none with me. The only other house in the neighbourhood is separated
by a spacious garden and a large meadow.—Matcozmm Burr, ‘‘ The
Hermitage,’’ Dorney, Windsor,

OBSERVATIONS ON THE FEEDING OF MECONEMA THALASSINUM, De Geer.
—W. J. Lucas in his British Orthoptera, London, 1920, on p. 192, men-
tions that Meconema thalassinuwm is sometimes carnivorous, and with
reference to this the following observations may be of interest :—

I obtained six nymphs of this Tettigoniid by sweeping young elm
trees at Brentwood, Essex, on 16th July 1937, and took them all home
in a box together. They were al! probably in the last nymphal instar,
and one, a male, had a damaged leg. Two had disappeared by the
evening, presumably eaten by the rest, and the antennae of most of
them were much shorter than when they were first caught. There were
no pieces lying about so I came to the conclusion that they had nibbled
each other’s antennae.

Having no fresh elm leaves, I gave them some lettuce leaves, which
they ate readily. They would not eat rose or apple leaves. They also
liked drinking the blood of a crushed Pieris rapae, and would nibble
the muscles. Tarsal joints disappeared from time to time, probably
through nibbling, and after a few days one became quite incapable of
climbing twigs I had put in and died of exhaustion.

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

There were now only one female and two male nymphs left, one of
the males being the one with the damaged hind leg, which it had cast.
For several days they rested under the elm leaves and showed no in-
clination to move or eat.

On the 29th July the males ecdysed. The next morning the female
nymph was found half eaten on the floor of the cage. She had appeared
to be quite healthy on the previous evening, so presumably the males
had killed and eaten her though, unfortunately, I never actually wit-
nessed the cannibalism. As J was going away for a holiday I was un-
able to watch the imagines any further.—Paun Freeman, Imperial
College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, August 1937.

CURRENT NOTES.

We have received the following notice concerning the Seventh Inter-
national Congress for Entomology which will convene in Berlin, from
August 15th to 20th, 1938. Discussions will be held in the following
sections and on the subjects indicated below :—

A. General Entomology:

(1) Systematism and Zoogeography. (2) Nomenclature and Biblio-
graphy. (8) Morphology, Physiology, Embryology and Genetics. (4)
Oecology.

B. Applied Entomology:

(1) Medical and Veterinary-medical Entomology. (2) Agriculture
and Sericulture. (3) Forest Entomology. (4) Agricultural Entomology
((a) Viticulture and Pomiculture. (b) Agriculture and Olericulture. (c)
Vermin. (d) Means and Methods for Fighting Vermin).

All entries for participation, and all inquiries, should be addressed
to the Secretary General, Professor Dr Hering, Invalidenstrasse 43,
Berlin, N.4.

Dr Hering is well known as the apostle of the study of leaf-miners.

Part 5 of Dr Martin Hering’s Die Blatt-minen has recently been
issued and contains the remainder of the ordinary text dealing with
the mines to be found on Rubus to Zinnia. It consists of 112 pp. and
includes the mines of over 500 species, of which 143 are illustrated.
These last are well chosen, for instance, the contrast between the cases
of Coleophora badiipenella and those of (. limosipenella is given.
There is one plate, vii, illustrating various mines found in oak leaves.
There are 53 mines found in Saliz, 21 in Stachys, 20 in Ulmus, and so
forth. The wealth of information condensed in the analytical tables is
most remarkable. There now remain only the various indexes, refer-
ences and addenda for the next part, the concluding one. We urge
those who wish to obtain this valuable work to do so at once, as after
publication the price will be nearly double.

The third and last part of Dr Walther Horn’s work on the History
of Entomology, Die entomologische Sammlungen, Entomologen &
HKntomo-Museologie, containing a list of all past and present entomo-
logists, dates of birth and decease, scope and present destination of

SOCIETIES. 117

their collections, has just come to hand. This compilation must have
taken many years of constant work to produce such a wonderful result.
The whole work is illustrated by a series of 38 plates on which are
reproduced copies of a sample of the labels attached to the insects in
a very large number of cases. Truly Dr Horn’s work is encyclopaedic.

Herr G. Warnecke, of Kiel, has sent us separates of his recent
articles. One in particular on the Macrolepidoptera of South-west
Arabia, with a plate of new species and forms, is a most useful pamph-
let. It records the results of the expedition of Dr v. Vissmanns to the
area in 1931. Another article discusses the Lusitanic-Atlantic element
in the Lepidopterous Fauna of the German coast of the North Sea.

The first 3 parts of the 1937 volume of Iris have been published. The
first 100 pages contain an annotated List of the Macrolepidoptera of
Aachens, by the late Herr Piingeler. There are several diagrams ex-
plaining the physical conditions of the area comprised; a map of the
district, elevations, areas of late and early frosts, the Geological for-
mation. Herr Osthelder contributes notes on the Microlepidoptera of
Hungary. There are also a contribution on the Arctudae of Shanghai
and a note on the Microlepidoptera of the Mediterranean seaboard.

Another sectron of the comprehensive Catalogues of Insects, which
Herr Dr Wm. Junk, of the Hague, is publishing, is now in hand. We
have received Pt. 3 of the Hymenopterorum Catalogus, which appears
quite as full of references as are the now famous Lepidopterorum Cata-
logus and Coleopterorum Catalogus. These Catalogues are so divided
into groups, families, ete., that a specialist can obtain only the
portion he wants. Dr Hedicke, of the Berlin Museum, is the editor.
Pt. 3 dealt with Pamphiliidae.

We regret to announce the decease of Lord Rothschild of Tring. A
memoir will appear later.

Urcent.—We must ask our contributors to send in all manuscript
not later than the 20th of the month, at least.

esses

SOCIETIES.

The 3rd Annual Congress of the Society for British Entomology was
held at Reading from July 9th-12th, under the presidency of Dr B. M.
Hobby, M.A., D.Phil., F.R.E.S., and was quite a successful meeting.
Owing to the clash of other gatherings the numbers present were less
than last year. An admirable programme was arranged, and the various
meetings were held in the spacious and well-equipped new University
Buildings. The Saturday events were, in the morning, An Address of
Welcome from Prof. W. B. Brierly; the Presidential Address by Dr
Hobby, ‘‘ Predacious Insects and their Prey,’? an admirable summary
of the results of the President’s recent investigations; from Mr J. A.
Downes, F.R.ELS., “ A Study of the Insect Fauna of the Dock,’ an
account of a very intensive investigation of the relation between a plant
and its insect dependents. The usual photographic record of those pre-
sent was taken and the members adjourned to Wantage Hall for lunch.

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. JU TX 1937:

The afternoon events were an Address by Mr R. B. Benson, of the
British Museum, ‘‘ The Present State of our Knowledge of the British
Sawflies,’’ succeeded by a paper, ‘‘ The Lepidoptera of the Reading Dis-
trict,’ by Mr C. Runge, the Vice-President of the Reading Natural His-
tory Society. Tea was then taken in the Buttery of the University
and a visit was made to the University Zoological Museum, and the in-
spection of the exhibits brought by members of the Congress. In the
evening the Conversazione and Dinner took place in Wantage Hall.
The following day was spent in a Field Meeting at Silchester and a
walk in Pamber Forest, and was quite enjoyable until the rain fell in
the afternoon. On 12th July Mr W. E. H. Hodgson gave a paper,
‘‘ The Narcissus Pests’; Dr Malcolm Burr, F.R.E.S., read ‘‘ Notes on
the Distribution of the British Orthoptera ’’; Prof. F. Balfour-Browne,
F.R.E.S., described ‘‘ The Sculpture of the Wing Cases of some Watcr-
beetles ’’?; Mrs K. J. Grant, F.R.E.S., a paper, ‘‘ Recent Migrations of
Plusia gamma in Great Britain.’? This was, so far as we experienced
and report tells us, another very successful meeting, no doubt due in
large measure to the enthusiastic organization work of the Hon. Secre-
tary, Mr E. Rivenhall Goffe. May we make a suggestion for future
Congresses, and that is to arrange a Public Lecture by some well-known
Naturalist as a piece of missionary work on behalf both of the Society
itself and of the Society under whose auspices the gathering takes place.

REVIEWS.

Insects oF THE British Woopranps, by R. Neil Chrystal, M.A.,
D.Sc.—In his preface the author refers to this book as ‘‘ an elementary
treatise on the insect life of the British Woodlands, for use in training
schools of the Forestry Commission,’’ but it deserves a much wider cir-
culation, and should find a place in the libraries of all Natural History
Societies, as well as being a most suitable gift book for a young entomo-
logist. More advanced students, who would like to refresh their know-
ledge of Orders other than their own speciality, will find in this work a
précis, as 1t were, of the larger and more expensive works on General
Entomology. It reads easily, as the author has the gift of being able
to compress a great deal of information into clear and concise para-
graphs. Technical and detailed descriptions are avoided in the body
of the book, but in two appendices brief scientific descriptions of some
of the more important Forest Species are given, and a Table gives page-
references, host-trees, and names, of some 150 species arranged by
Orders under the biological headings of ‘* Bark-feeders,’’ ‘‘ Leaf-rollers,’’
etc. There is an introductory chapter dealing with classification and
morphology, then six chapters on the different Orders treating the
various Forest species from the biological and economic, as well as from
the taxonomic, aspect, a method which makes this work fuller and more
interesting than the average text-book. Finally, an admirable chapter
on origins of insect attacks on woodlands, natural and artificial con-
trols, and collecting methods. There are 33 plates containing 205 illus-
trations, both photographs and drawings, a bibliography and index,
and, not least amongst its good points, the book is published by Messrs
F,. Warne & Co. at the very moderate price of 7/6.—H.W.A.

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents NoT to send us copcnunications
IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if
ordered at the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that es AUTHOR

eeitaNe the cost of the illustrations.
f

N 5 : ;
EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge.
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar, *” West Drive, Cheam.
Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo., pupae of X. ‘gilvago, D. caesia. A. J. Wightman,

** Aurago,”’ Bromfielas, Pulborough, Sussex.
Duplicates.—Pyralina,* Salicis, lanthina,* Orbicularia,* Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black Rhomboidaria,” Black Virgularia* and others.
Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh Aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon, Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Lepo-
rina, Tridens, Putrescens, Littoralis, Typhae v. fraterna, Rurea v. com-
busta, Gilvago, Fulvago v. flavescens, Liturata v. nigrofulvata. Harold B.
Williams, Woodcote, $6 Manorgate Road, Kingston, Surrey.

Destderato.—M. aurinia (artemis) Larvae, English, Irish and Scotch.

Duplicates-—-Numerous, Ova, Larvae, Pupae, and imagines.—H. W. Head, Burnis-
ton, Scarborough. i

‘Duplicates. —Argynnis liauteyi, Chrysophanus phoebus, Albulina ellisoni and
many Tare species from Syria and Morocco.
Desiderata.—Rare British and European Macro-lepidoptera, especially Zygae-~
nidae, Arctiidae, Agrotidae.—R. EH. Ellison, Moccas Rectory, Hereford.
Desiderata.—Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall.
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury,
Kent. :

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The
Red House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata Wanted: Leech, J. H., Butterflies from ‘China, Japan and Corea,
3 vols., Lond., 1892-94, w. map, views and 43 colour pl. —Dr Max Creischmar,
Celle, Germany.

Desiderata._Wanted : Back Volumes of. “ The Entomologist.’”—F. Gaillard, 5

Cité du Midi, Paris, 48me, France.

Desiderata.—Ova or larvae of P. hippocastanaria, T. luridata, N. zonaria, A.

— hispidaria (southern), £. autumnaria, and O. rubiginea.

Duplicates.—_Larvae of N. lapponaria.—Dr Edward Smtth, ‘‘ Highroyds,” Men-

ston, near Leeds.

MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. —4i eee Gate,
South Kensington, S.W.7, 8 p.m.~—October 6th, 20th.

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY.—Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays
in the month, at 7 p.m. September 28rd, October 14th, 28th.—Hon. Secretary,
S. N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,”’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.—Meetings first four Tuesdays
in the month at 6.30 p.m., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medi-
cine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may
be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91
Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND
PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.—Evening Meetings. On thea third Monday of each
month, 7.45 p.m., at 55 Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. Those
who would like to attend or exhibit please apply to—P. eiecrs Smith, Peb-
worth, Stratford-on-Avon.

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IMPORTANT

TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record and
Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most important only mentioned.)

GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double-
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac-
tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia
var. valesinad—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrotis pyrophila,
Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes,
etc., ete., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on
VARIATION (Many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis-

aed

ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—

Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth,
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran-
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybrids
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of Gonophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 PP. : hae

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Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath.

Vol. XLIX.

ISVAD

No. 190

ENTOMOLOGIST. Si. RECO RD
AW ac:

JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED with the assistance of

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S.,
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S.
J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. _| ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F-R.E.S., F.Z.S.

Editor Emeritus—G. T: BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary.

CONTENTS.

SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS, P. B. M. Allan, M.A., F.S.A, ......... 119
AN ENTOMOLOGICAL DICTATORSHIP, (Rev.) George Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S. 123
EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA, D. G. Sevastopulo, F.R.E.S. ... 124

NOTES ON COLLECTING :—Ovipésition of Perizoma flavofasciata (Decolor-
ata), Geo. Robertson, M.D.; Early Dates from Storrington, 7d.; Plusia
bractea and P. festucae at Whickham, Hy. J. T.; Captures in Scandi-
navia in August 1936, G. Robertson, M.D.; The End of a Captive Colony
of Myrmecina graminicola, Latr., Horace Donisthorpe; The Vanessidae
in the Present Season, H. S. Fremiin; Some Cucullia Notes, A. J. Wight-
man, F.R.E.S.; Sugar and Light in the Summer of 1937, (Canon) T. G.
Edward, M. re F.Z.S.,; Stigmella (Nepticula) suberivora, Staint., S.
Wakely; Larva of Myelois ceratoniae, Zeller, Feeding in Orange, Id.:

Lithosia griseola, B. A. Conn PR ENUF oa IS TS OS RES TE ae a EEO 125
RUINED Ee OP PB oe ee ht es ON yee Rei 128
SO TIS oe ie ae eee EE a hat eit a weeeheeeteeeeseereceesees 430

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SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS. 119
SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS.
By P. B. M. Anan, -M.A., F.S.A.
Part Lf.

(Continued from page 98.)

Very little is known about the chemistry of the scents secreted by
moths, and in this connection much work is still to be done on the
chemistry of the plants which nourish their larvae. The well-being of
a lepidopterous larva depends upon the chemical properties of its food-
plant, and the chemical substances found in a plant may be the pro-
ducts either of metabolism or katabolism. And since certain external
characteristics of a plant are transmitted by the genes of its parents,
it is possible that future research may show that the chemical charac-
teristics of that plant are evolved by a katabolic process coincident with
the breaking up of the chromosomes.

The female moth on its errand of ovipositing is attracted to a food-
plant by the odour of that foodplant. It has been asserted that the
scent of the plant acts as a stimulus to the moth’s central nervous sys-
tem, evoking the reflex actions concerned with ovipositing. A proof of
this would seem to lie in the well-known fact that a female moth disturbed
during the act of ovipositing will sometimes continue to lay her eggs
on the first object upon which she settles, be it the post of a verandah,
a tennis net, or even a garden roller. The reflex action of emitting ova,
it is suggested, continues until the stimulus has passed or the action
is complete.

For my part I doubt this stimulus of scent. I regard ovipositing as
a tropism, not as a reflex action. It is an abstract response to a stimu-
lus that may come from within no less than from without—an “ instinc-
tive’ action by the whole animal, not merely by a part of it. And in
my opinion the stimulus is a chemical one and comes from within. It
arises from maturation of the ova. Just as in nest-building by birds (a
tropism), the stimulus is provided by the genital organs themselves.
The ‘‘urge’’ to oviposit in larva-cage or pill-box is not usually initiated
by the scent of a foodplant. But that it is the odour of a foodplant
which attracts an egg-laying moth to it there can be no doubt at all.
This has been shown by several observers.

The larvae resulting from ova laid on a foodplant are provided by
the plant, by means of one of its chemical constituents, with a pro-
tective colouring which ensures them a considerable degree of immunity
from their enemies. Thus the plant doubly ensures the destruction of
its own leaves: it attracts the imago and it protects the larvae. Pre-
sumably the price paid in damage to its foliage is worth while when
set against the advantages of cross-fertilisation to the race. At all
events, the balance is maintained. There appears to be little or no
correlation between the two; that is to say, the imaginal form of the
insect whose larva feeds on a particular plant is seldom the one which
fertilises the flowers of that plant. The foods in the two cycles of the
insect are different: the imago needs and is attracted to the flowers
by honey, and it is this cycle only of the lepidopteron in which the
plant is interested, so to speak. The other aspect is harmful to the
plant but unavoidable and part of Nature’s plan.

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1937.

With regard to polyphagy, there would seem to be three ways in
which we can account for it :—

(a) In the case of Argynnis paphia, Linn. (which will eat Viola
canina, V. odorata, V. tricolor, and garden pansy), and other lepidop-
tera which are polyphagous within a definite Family of plants, one
would suppose that insect and plant were evolved side by side.
Lepidoptera for the most part are dependent on flowering plants
and did not evolve until these were to be found. It is pos-
sible that ‘‘ in the beginning ’’ the only species of Viola in existence
was V. canina. The Violaceae are a primitive Natural Order, and V.
canina is an old type, as witness its dependence on cleistogamous flowers
for seed production: it has only recently begun to develop the habit
of cross-fertilisation. The Natural Order is pollinated by the aid of
bees. It may be, therefore, that Argynnits paphia and Viola canina
evolved side by side, and that now, though other species of Viola will
serve equally well as foodplants for the larvae, the imago, being con-
trolled by blind instinct, is unaware of this fact, though the larvae are
not, and so still will only (normally) oviposit on V. canina.

(b) In the case of those insects, such as Triphaena fimbria, Linn.,
whose larvae eat, for example, sallow in early spring and low-growing
herbaceous plants at a later stage of their growth, these may be stages
in the evolution of a polyphagous type as a survival factor. The essen-
tial food body needed for the full development of the insect (pigmen-
tation of the imago, for instance) is only to be found in plants which
appear later in the spring; so the larva, awakened from hibernation by
the temperature factor, has to start on some other plant and wait till
the ‘‘ normal ’’ food appears. When the converse is the case (1.e. feed-
ing on low-growing plants first and finishing on shrubs), the reason
probably is that under natural conditions the original ‘‘ normal ”’ food
tends to become smothered by over-growing vegetation. Thus are pro-
duced changed conditions of light, moisture, heat, etc., inimical to the
larval development, before the larva is full grown.

One must never lose sight of the enormous age of insects. The
formation of continents and oceans are novelties compared with the
age of our Lepidoptera. The earth’s changes have forced them to
‘‘ adapt and adopt.’’

(c) In the case of those Lepidoptera which are widely polyphagous,
these may or may not be high in evolutionary development. Species
such as Callimorpha dominula, Linn. (which Meyrick regards as the
most ancestral form of the Arctiidae) are polyphagous probably be-
cause, since the female imago scatters her ova on the herbage, the
larvae must, within limits, eat the plant upon which, or at least close
to which, the ova fall. On the other hand the female imagos of certain
species have ‘‘ learnt’’ by evolutionary processes that many plants will
suffice for their larvae’s nourishment. They have adopted a good sur-
vival factor as compared with those in Class (a). For the insects in
Class (a) run the risk of extinction should anything happen to their
one and only foodplant (e.g. Calymnia diffins, Linn., and elm disease).
I do not put it more strongly than ‘‘ run the risk’’ because of the
adaptability which Instinct so often displays.

In an article on the pigments of butterflies’ wings, published in
The Biochemical Journal in 1926, D. L. Thompson showed that flavone

SOME NOTES ON ASSEMBLING MOTHS, te

is present in the wings of Satyrus galathea, Linn., and that flavone
occurs in its larva’s foodplant. Flavone is a carotenoid—a group of
pigments which are intimately associated with chlorophyll—and it is
the ‘‘ parent’’ of a group of pigments (anthoxanthins) which occur
largely in plants and in lepidopterous larvae. For example, chrysin
(dihydroxyflavone) is found in the buds of poplar; luteolin (tetrahy-
droxyflavone) in mignonette; quercetin (pentahydroxyflavone) in the
flowers of horse-chestnut. It is likely that these anthoxanthins could
be shown to be present in larvae which feed on poplar, mignonette and
horse-chestnut. There is no reason to suppose that this is not the case.

Therefore there are two qualities in every plant nourishing a lepi-
dopteron which are essential to that lepidopteron: a pigment-forming
body and an aromatic body. And it is possible that both these bodies
are the products of katabolism of a common body. For acetic acid
and acetaldehyde—hydrocarbon groups found in all botanical perfumes
—are oxydation products of carotene.

Incidentally I would remark here that £-carotene exhibits the same
physiological activity as Vitamin A, and it has been proved that caro-
tene yields Vitamin A in the animal body. If you watch Hyloicus
pinastri, Hb. emerging you will notice that the ‘‘horn’’ on the
8th abdominal segment remains semi-transparent until the larva
has eaten a part of its eggshell, when the ‘‘ horn’’ begins to turn
black. If the larva is deprived of its eggshell the ‘‘ horn ’’ remains
greenish-brown for some time and the young larva does not ‘‘ do
so well’’ nor grow so quickly. It would seem, therefore, that this
colour change in the ‘‘ horn ”’ is due to an active body contained in the
eggshell, and it is possible that this active body is 8-carotene. The
black pigmentation of the ‘‘ horn ’’ is interesting (cf. the black rings
on the larva of the Cinnabar Moth); but that is outside the scope of
this paper.

It would appear, then, that the chemical constituents of the scent
secreted by the female moth are derived from the plant upon which its
larva fed. This, of course, is what we should expect. But the task of
the chemist who sets out to isolate these scents is a big one: there are
many thousands of species of moths on this Earth, and each species has
its own particular scent. A female can attract males of her own species
only.

Moreover, a great many perfumes are isomeric, that is to say they
are composed of the same elements in the same proportions and having
the same molecular weight, but with the molecules differently grouped.
Thus zingiberine, C,, H,,, which is the main component of ginger oil,
smells quite different from bisabolene (in oil of bergamot) and selinene
(in celery), both of which also contain fifteen molecules of carbon and
twenty-four of hydrogen. In another chemical group (the cycloparaffins)
those substances containing 12 carben atoms to the molecule smell of
camphor; those with 13, of cedar; those with 14, of musk; with 16, of
civet; and so on. So a different grouping of the molecules, as well as
the addition of one carbon atom, can alter a scent so radically that
even our imperfect olfactory organs can readily discern it.

The scents secreted by moths are infinitely more diffusible than any
which can be smelt by man. Our noses can appreciate three one-hundred-
millionth parts of one grain of musk; but I have not yet obtained the

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1937.

faintest whiff when my nose has been within an inch of a vigorously
calling female lappet. Perhaps other entomologists endowed with a
keener sense of smell have been more fortunate. The scents emitted by
certain butterflies are readily perceptible by the human nose (Dr G. B.
Longstaff has much to say about this in his book, Butterfly-Hunting in
Many Lands); but I am inclined to believe that these particular scents
are repugnatorial. It would seem to be impossible to obtain a sufficient
quantity of one of these moth scents for analysis, since their instability
is such that death may bring about a change in the arrangement of
their molecules.

Certain insects are attracted by scents which the females of their
species do not, so far as we can tell, secrete. In some cases the odour
is associated with the insect’s food; in others, with its customary site
for ovipositing. In others, again, we can assign no reason for the at-
traction. J. Dewitz showed that ‘‘ it is the scent of the nectaries of
the vine flowers that attracts the vine moths and induces them to ovi-
posit on the unopened buds.” (Imms.). But no one has yet suggested
why the odour of boiling cocoa should attract Hemalus fusconebulosa
(velleda, Hb.). The attraction which a decomposing animal has for
Apatura iris, Linn., is known to all entomologists; but the significance
of the butterfly’s response to this smell is not yet understood. Experi-
ments, in this instance, with decomposition products, e.g. putrescine
(tetramethylene diamine) or cadaverine (pentamethylene diamine),
would be interesting ; but unfortunately on account of their instability it
is a matter of the greatest difficulty to separate these complex substances
in a condition even approaching purity. Being non-volatile and non-
crystalline, the ordinary methods of purification cannot be applied to
them.

The experiments of F. M. Howlett (a brilliant Cambridge biologist
who died young) with fruit flies were spectacular. On one occasion he
arrived at a big lecture hall with a gauze cage full of blue, green and
red Trypaneids. As soon as everyone was seated he opened the cage
and let the flies loose. They flew all over the hall. Presently he said:
‘T will show you how I get my flies back,’’ and proceeded to place
three saucers on the table, into one of which he poured a few drops of
isoeugenol, into another methyl-eugenol, and into the third a mixture
of each. As he went on with his lecture the audience noticed that the
flies (they were Dacus diversus, D. zonatus and D. ferruginews) were
coming to the lecturer’s table from all parts of the hall, and that each
species was settling on a particular saucer, the blue at one, the green
at another, the red at the third. By the end of the lecture the flies
had all collected on the saucers, and the lecturer was able not only to
cage them again but to report that all had been recaptured.

All these flies were males: the females are not attracted by these
substances. Neither food nor oviposition is therefore concerned. Un-
fortunately Howlett does not appear to have carried his experiments
further by treating a female Dacus with these allyl-derivatives of ben-
zene and observing the reactions of a male insect placed with her in an
observation cage. Perhaps some of my readers will undertake this.

I am indebted to my friend, Mr R. D. Anstead, M.A., C.I.E., for
some suggestions, for the account of Howlett’s lecture, and for much
stimulating talk on the subject of this part of my paper.

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL DICTATORSHIP. 123

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL DICTATORSHIP.
By (Rev.) Gror@re WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S.

The well-timed complaint of Brigadier-General Cooke in the July
number of the Entomologist with regard to the recent flood of changes
in entomological nomenclature has aroused me to look carefully into
the matter and to write further in the same strain.

Common sense would surely consider that the chief reason for any-
thing having a name at all is that other people many know what one
is talking about, and the principal result of all these changes is that
nobody any longer does know in the case of many insects. The ab-
surdity of any rule which enables a name well-known as that of one
insect to be transferred to another, for whatever reason, is so obvious
as to need no comment; such cases for example as camilla-sibylla and
pheretes-orbitulus can do nothing but create chaos. Changes between
names all of which have always referred to the same insect, as for
instance medon, agestis and astrarche, are tiresome but not confusing,
whereas these cross-references which can serve no useful purpose should
always be absolutely forbidden.

But I want to go much deeper than this. Why are we to accept
these changes? In any case, where a change is made the full reasons
for the change should be clearly set out, so that the matter can be
fairly argued out. This was always done, for example, in Tutt’s great
work, which the Committee seems to ignore, but now it appears that
we are expected to accept all this on the ipse dixit of a committee which
has evidently adopted the dictatorial methods now so fashionable else-
where. Unless, or until, such complete reasons are published in every
instance, it is futile to expect these changes to be accepted—outside
the pages of the Entomologist, which seems to have swallowed them
wholesale (v. page 164), with accompanying indigestion on the part of
its readers.

It is true that a book was published some few years ago by the
British Museum authorities giving reasons for the changes in generic
names, but this takes in no names later than 1865, and takes no ac-
count of the far more important specific names at all, and these are
apparently arbitrarily changed in the list published by the Royal Ent.
Soc., no reason (so far as I can make out) having ever been published.
Moreover, the British Museum never seems to advertise its publica-
tions, so how is anyone expected to know of their existence?

Furthermore, I am quite sure that some of the deductions from the
facts given in the published book are definitely wrong, and many more
are strongly suspect.

I should like here to draw attention to Mr Turner’s weighty com-
ments in Vol. xlvi of this magazine, especially those on pp. 36, 46, 92,
and 108, but the whole series deserves the closest attention. At the
moment I wish particularly to mention the use of Lycaena for the
‘‘ coppers.’ The whole question was argued out in Tutt’s great work
on the British butterflies, Vol. i, p. 303, ete., and again in Vol. xiv,
p. 302. The ‘‘ argument ” by which the List comes to the conclusion
that Oken did not restrict the name to the ‘‘ blues ’’ in 1815 is perfectly
unintelligible, and the correct use of Lycaena would involve other al-
terations in the list. ; ;

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Iso. GIB

Then, again, why are we to accept on the ipse dizit of the Commit-
tee the suppression of generic names which are generally accepted ?
For instance, the ‘‘ lumping ’’ together of Dryas, Argynnis and
Brenthis. There is no doubt much to be said for the amalgamation of
the first two, but the reasons should have been stated. Again, only
complete ignorance of the early stages of some of the ‘‘ hairstreaks ”’
could excuse the extended use of a single generic name. Again, Why?
I do hope that all entomologists who feel as I do in this matter will
combine in asking for the precise reason for all changes made, and will
refuse to be put off by mere references to a code of regulations. I may
add that in the first British Committee on Nomenclature (1912), of
which I was a member, there was a strong inclination to ignore the
rules of the Zoologists altogether, as being unsuitable in the case of
Entomology. Indeed, so strong was the consensus of opinion in the
International Congress in 1912 that I was quite under the impression
that the rules of the Zoological Congress had been definitely discarded
for Entomology. It would certainly be the best solution of the present
muddle, especially in view of present interpretations of some of the
rules, e.g., those relating to what are and what are not to be considered
synonyms, which appear to have been constructed with a view to pro-
ducing as much confusion as possible.

EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA,
By D. G. Srvastoruto, F.R.E.S.

(Continued from p. 81.)

Polytela gloriosae, F. (Noctuidae).

Head brown. Legs brown with black tarsi. Prolegs orange. Ground
colour purplish black. 1st somite with an orange dorsal blotch edged
anteriorly with six black and posteriorly with two white spots. 2nd
and 3rd somites each with an ovate orange subdorsal blotch containing
a black dot and with a white spot on the outer edge. Ist to 12th somites
with a white dorsal spot on the posterior edge of each somite, the 6th
to 12th somites with a smaller white spot on the anterior edge as well.
Ath to 9th somites each with two subdorsal white spots. 10th to 12th
somites each with an orange subdorsal blotch. A lateral white spot be-
tween each somite from the lst to the 11th. 3rd to 11th somites with a
sublateral white spot on the anterior portion of each somite. The dor-
sal and lateral spots largest.

Pupa reddish brown, subterranean.

Foodplant.—Various species of Lily, particularly Gloriosa superba
and Amaryllis.

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 31.vi1.32, buried
itself 2.vi1i.82, and a male emerged 14.vi1i.32.

Seitz gives the ground colour as ‘‘ purplish brown irrorated with
silvery blue ’’ and describes the white spots as yellow. Hampson de-
scribes the larva as ‘‘ smooth; purple black with dorsal, lateral and
sublateral series of white spots; purplish lateral blotches on thoracic
and two terminal somites; head, legs and a dorsal spot on Ist somite
red.”’

Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, plt. 145, figs. 1, la.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 125

Ophiusa coronata, F. (Noctuidae).

Head brown, a yellow stripe along the median suture, a submedian
yellow line and a pink stripe edged anteriorly with yellow and pos-
teriorly with black. Body sienna brown, a double dorsal, a double sub-
dorsal and a lateral line of somewhat paler brown. The dorsal lines
touch twice on the 8th somite enclosing a dark spot. A pair of sub-
dorsal yellow tubercles on the 11th somite. Ventral surface light brown
with darker specks. Claspers externally very dark brown with a trans-
verse yellow stripe, internally orange. A velvety black spot between
the first and another anterior to the second pair of prolegs. I found
one example in which the ground colour was flesh pink.

Pupa dark purple and enclosed in a slight cocoon of gummy silk
spun, in captivity, between leaves.

Foodplant.—Japanese Honeysuckle.

Described from a full fed larva found in Calcutta 19.x.31, pupated
26.x.31, and a male emerged 9.x1.81.

Hampson’s description appears to have been made from an im-
mature preserved specimen. The yellow edged lateral spot on the 5th
somite is only present in immature examples. The brown stripes of the
head darken to black in preserved specimens. The mention of paired
black tubercles on the 10th and 11th somites must be a mistake, the
pair on the 11th somite is the only one present and that is yellow.

Moore, Lep. Ceylon, III, plt. 166, fig. 5.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c.

OviIPosITION OF PERIZOMA FLAVOFASCIATA (DECOLORATA).—At Storring-
ton, Sussex, on 7th June 1936, at 9.40 p.m., I saw a female of P. flavo-
fasciata deposit an ovum on the flower stem of red campion just below
the calyx. The vegetation was difficult to work in and I only saw her
actually do this once, although she appeared to do the same again.—
Gro. Rozpertson, M.D., Storrington.

Karty Dates From Storrincton.—The first dates I have this year
are Hectropis listortata (crepuscularia), dark form, 14th February;
Erannis marginaria, 15th February; Taeniocampa pulverulenta
(cruda), 15th March.—Ib.

The Rev. M. H. Huthwaite reports the occurrence of Plusia bractea
and of P. festucae on valerian bloom in his garden at Whickham, New-
castle-on-Tyne. These species were reported more than thirty years
ago from this area by the late J. E. Robson as being ‘‘ decidedly rare *'
and ‘‘ a scarce insect ’’ respectively (Cat. of Lep. of North. Durh. and
Newc., Vol. J, p. 185). It is interesting to find that these species still
occur near the famous and beautiful locality of Gibside.—Hy. J. T.

CAPTURES IN SCANDINAVIA IN Aveust 1936.--My nephew collected
some butterflies for me in Norway (Tellemarken area) last August and
the Rev. G. Wheeler, of Worthing, has kindly named them for me. Un-
fortunately, many are in poor condition. There were three examples
of Brenthis euphrosyne, two of which so much resembled B. selene that

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ILS) GIS 37/5

they were at first placed with the single specimen of that species. Four
examples of Hrebia ligea were of the typical form which is Scandinavian ;
another example is the form dovrensis, and is exactly like that figured
in Warren’s work on the genus Hrebia. There is a pale Heodes phlaeas,
which is the form schmidti, and not alba, which is quite white. The
‘blues’? are Polyommatus icarus and Plebejus aegon, but their con-
dition is not sufficiently good to show minute peculiarities. Brenthis
arsilache varies very little except in size. Hipparchia semele is pro-
bably the pallida form, and quite unlike the examples found in Fin-
land. The Urbicola comma are quite typical; the catena form is gener-
ally said to be commoner in Scandinavia. Aglais urticae, though rather
dark, are not the polaris form. There is one each of Argynnis adippe and
A. niobe. The Vanessa antiopa were mostly in splendid condition and
of quite the typical form.—G. RorEertson, M.D., Storrington.

THe Enp or A Captive CoLony or MyRMECINA GRAMINICOLA, LATR.—
On lst May 1910 I took a small colony of Myrmecina graminicola, Latr.,
consisting of a dealated’ female, a certain number of workers, eggs, and
young larvae, situated in a hollow flint at Box Hill. These were taken
home and established in a plaster observation-nest. A full account of
the doings of these ants up to the end of June 1926 can be found in
my book [British Ants, 2nd Edtn., pp. 85-88 (1927)]. From that date
until 1935 the colony carried on as usual. In April 1935 the ants were
brought down to Heston and in August and September many of them
died. On Ist October there were only 20 (del. 92, and 3 9) present
with a number of small and medium larvae. The colony never did well
again. On Ist January 1936 only 13 ants were left, and a certain num-
ber of larvae; 25th March only 11; Ist April only 10, and the larvae
had not grown, though the nest was well fed. 10th May—Eggs were
laid and the larvae a little larger. 28th June—Only 8 ants. During
the summer a number of 6d. emerged and died off; eggs and larvae
disappeared. 16th August—Only 1 del. ©, 5 8%, and 8-10 larvae.
On 3rd January 1937 only 1 del. @, 4 3%, and a few small larvae.
In March the ants attacked each other (as they did when much more
numenous in 1919). The 83 @ died or were killed off; only two were
present in April, and on 7th May these were dead. The solitary re-
maining Q settled down with the 5 larvae then present. I gave her
honey and dead flies and she fed the larvae. One of the larvae became
of a blackish colour and the Q removed it. Two of the larvae were
69 and2 3d. In June the Q laid eggs. One J larva pupated on
12th June. On 18th June one of the 3 larvae died. On 24th June,
after wandering about the nest, the Q died, and thus ended this not-
able colony. It had been in my possession for just over twenty-seven
years. The most remarkable feature was the production of winged
females after the colony had been in my possession for over five years.
These, therefcre, were produced from eggs laid in captivity. Copula-
tion took place in the nest; the young females later removing their
own wings. The males sometimes endeavoured to copulate with wor-
kers, and even dead ants. As I have pointed out (l.c.) it is much to
be regretted that I did not think of marking the original queen in
some way as, after winged females had been reared for several years,
and having removed their wings had joined the other ants, it was im-
possible to recognise her again with certainty._-Horace DonisTHoRPE.

“NOTES ON COLLECTING. Dex

THe VANESSIDAE IN THE Present Season.—I do not know if the
Vanessidae have been rather less abundant than usual this year? With
me there have been very few of any of them. I have a Buddleia that
has been full of bloom and have only seen 2 Aglais urticue and 2 Vanessa
io on it at any time. Last-year I have seen 4 species-—A. urticae, V. 10,
V. atalanta, and Polygonia c-album—all at one time and always 2 or
3 of these species in number. As to P. c-album I have never seen it in
Kent before 1935; in that year I caught 2 here at Ryarsh and last year
I saw 4 or 5. There were two broods of A. urticae on the nettles grow-
ing close to the house, of which one brood disappeared after a few days;
the other brood were also entirely destroyed when nearly full fed.

The other point of interest to me was the occurrence of Catocala
nupta, of which I saw a pair on a ledge, the moths being only a few
inches apart. A few days later I saw another pair also close together.
Although I see C. nupta every year, I have never seen a pair before
side by side and I was much interested to note the marked difference
in their colouring.—H. S. Fremum, ‘‘ Heavers,’? Ryarsh, Kent,
3.1X.37.

Some Cucuntia Notses.—In the Arundel District of Sussex three
species of Mullein occur—Verbascum nigrum, in great quantity; V.
lychnitis, very local, but plentiful in a few spots; and V. thapsus, the
hardest of the three to find, vet not really scarce. In the early part of
the summer (late May-early July) the larvae of Cucullia verbasci are
plentiful on all three species of mullein and occasionally occur on Sero-
phularia. Later (mid July-mid September) the larvae of Cucullia lych-
mitis occur on the same plants. No matter how much the larvae of (/.
verbasci have damaged the flowering stems, the plants send up fresh
shoots in time for the (. lychnitis larvae. But whereas C. verbasci ap-
pears to have no preference for any particular species of Verbascum,
C. lychnitis prefers V. nigrum, and is rarely found on the other Verbas-
cum species or on Scrophularia. This is rather curious, since its name
suggests V. lychnitis as the food, and on the Continent this is said to
be the case, but in this district a single V. nigrum or V. thapsus in a
group of V. lychnitis is the most likely plant on which to find the larvae
of C. lychnitis. In some districts these larvae are little ‘‘ stung,’’ while
in others they are very heavily ‘‘ stung ’’ indeed, principally by Diptera.
—A. J. WicutTman, F.R.E.S., Pulborough.

SucarR AND LigHT IN THE SUMMER oF 1937.—The recent summer has
provided comparatively few opportunities for successful night work. For
the greater part of early June, whilst I was staying in South Cornwall,
the nights were cold and clear, and the prevailing wind was in the
North. Sugar proved to be useless and very few insects came to light.
On one such evening after putting a lamp on the lawn for an hour and
a half, I was on the point of retiring when a small Geometer settled
on the sheet. This appeared at first to be a small specimen of Lam-
propteryx suffumata, but on closer observation I detected something un-
usual in its markings. Further investigation proved it to be the newly-
discovered species L. otregiata—and from a fresh locality. Mr Prout,
of the British Museum, subsequently confirmed the identification. The
only other capture of interest in this locality was a fine series of Theclx
betulae larvae on the Sloe, which ultimately emerged in good condition.

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. IS CIEE

A night spent on Wicken Fen in early August yielded a few Arsilonche
albovenosa (second emergence) and also a second brood of Phragmatobia
fuliginosa, together with a few of the rarer ‘‘ wainscots,’’ including
Phragmataecia castaneae.

During a week spent in Dorset during the first week in September,
I tried sugar every night, but the only insect of interest that I took in
this way was Leucania albipuncta. I also took a specimen of Heliothis
peltigera flying in the bright sunshine, and a female Selidosema erice-
taria whilst dusking, on the valerian.—(Canon) T. G. Epwarp, M.A.
E:Z:S.

Stig¢MELLA (NEPTICULA) SUBERIVORA, Statn7t.—On 2nd September |
bred a specimen of this moth from mined leaves of Quercus ilex, taken
on 10th August at Freshwater, Isle of Wight. I see that May is given
in Meyrick’s Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera as the month for
the imago. It would be interesting to know if specimens of a second
brood had been noted previously. Similar mined leaves were also taken
at Osborne, East Cowes.—S. Waxety, 4 Auckland Road, Upper Nor-
wood, S.E.19, 16th September 1937.

LARVA OF MYELOIS CERATONIAE, ZELLER, FEEDING IN ORANcE.—On
20th March a Spanish orange was brought to me containing a lepidop-
terous larva, which was feeding in the centre of the fruit. Another
orange was procured and the larva placed therein, a small hole being
made for this purpose. After a few weeks it was found that the orange
was covered with mildew. I was surprised to find the larva still alive
and healthy inside a tubular web, and it was transferred to another
orange, this proceeding being repeated three or four times. Eventu-
ally, at the beginning of June, pupation took place, and on 29th June
a perfect specimen of Myelois ceratoniae emerged. This species is
usually found in warehouses in England, the larvae feeding on freshly-
imported dried dates, etc. JI have seen no previous record of the larvae
feeding in oranges. I understand that attempts to rear this insect from
ova in Britain have always been futile; perhaps a diet of oranges in-
stead of dried dates would enable more successful results to be obtained.
—S. Waxety, 4 Auckland Road, Upper Norwood, §.H.19, 16th Septem-
ber 1937.

LirHosIA GRISEOLA.—Of thirty-six specimens of Lithosia griseola
taken during the past July in the Weymouth, Dorset, district, nine
were of the yellow var. flava = stramineola. How does this ratio vary
in other parts of the British Isles? R. South (Moths, I, p. 182) states
that this variety is found chiefly in the Norfolk fens and the New
Forest; also, though less frequently, in Surrey (Weybridge), Berkshire
(Reading), and still more rarely elsewhere. Perhaps other readers can
give their own figures relating to the two forms of this species.—B. A.
Cooper, 61 Okehampton Road, London, N.W.10.

CURRENT NOTES.

Vol. x of the Bull. Instit. Roy. d’Hist. Nat. at Sophia, Bulgaria,
contains a continuation of ‘‘ A Study of the Horizontal Distribution

CURRENT NOTES. 123

of Lepidoptera in Bulgaria,’’ by the editor, Dr Buresch, and by Dr
Tuleschow. It consists of more than 60 pp. of records of the Geo-
metridae.

Dr C. R. L. Perkins, F.R.S., etc., has sent us a copy of his paper
read before the Torquay Nat. Hist. Socy., entitled ‘‘ Twenty-five Years
Insect-Collecting in Devon,’’ where he has resided since his return to
England in 1909. It was in 1886 that he first visited Devon and
although in Hawaii for a long period he spent his vacations there for
the most part. Although a Hymenopterist he, nevertheless, gives a
deal of information on the Lepidoptera and his remarks upon the
species which arrive on our shores from across the sea will interest
those interested in the so-called migration question.

We have received a copy of a new Journal, The Microscope, of which
the secondary title is ‘‘ The British Journal of Microscopy and Photo-
micrography.’’ The first number consists of 28 pages with over 20
illustrations, diagramatic and half-tone. It will be issued monthly and
the price is 1/- per month. Members of the Quekett Club and of the
Photomicrographic Society are at the back of the issue, and it is edited
by L. E. Brown, and the publishers are Messrs Arthur Barron, Ltd.,
of Took’s Court, London. It is well got up and the matter is interest-
ing and varied, scientific and instructive, and should prove a successful
and useful periodical. But the matter should be quite correct. We are
told that the article on The Common House-fly is an admirable one, but
that although it depicts its subject well, is absolutely incorrect in its
sub-title, Musca domestica, which it is not. The fly depicted, although
a common house-fly, is not Musca domestica.

The Society for British Entomology has most enthusiastic and effi-
cient officers, who continue to pilot their publications with persistent
regularity. No sooner have we looked into one brochure and mentioned
it in our pages, than another arrives. At the moment there lie before
us part 2 of Vol. IV of the Transactions, and part 7 of Vol. I of the
Journal. The former contains a ‘‘ Study of the British Species of the
Hymenopterous genus Epeolus,’’ by O. W. Richards, M.A., D.Sc., illus-
trated by a series of about 20 figures. The latter contains in its 28
pages more than 380 separate short notes on various interesting matters.

Parts III and IV of the Deutsche Entom. Zeitschrift contain a long
discussion on the destructive, subterranean larvae of the Agrotidae,
illustrated by a plate and 45 text figures. A short article shows con-
clusively that the inclusion of four species of ‘‘ blues’’ with phlaeas
and dispar in the genus Chrysophanus by Meyrick in his Revised Hand-
book of 1928 is completely insupportable.

Our correspondent Captain K. J. Hayward, of the Ministry of Agri-
culture in the Argentine Republic, informs us that he attended the
II Reunion of the Natural Sciences at Mendoza in March last, and
presented several papers. Recently he has written two supplementary
papers to his notes on the Argentine Hesperiidae, and has compiled a
Bibliography of over 800 papers on the Fruit-fly question and very
urgent and important matter to the fruit-growing industry in S.
America. He has received the entire Hesperiid collections from the

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. La NIST

Chilian National Museum to classify and the National Museum of
Brazil: has sent him the Pyrrhopyginae group with the rest of the
Hesperiidae to follow.

We wish to remind our readers that the South London Entomological
Society will hold its Annual Exhibition and Conversazione on October
298th at their rooms in Hibernia Chambers, adjoining the south side
of London Bridge. Visitors are welcome. A form for exhibitors can
be obtained from the Hon. Secretary of the Society, S. N. A. Jacobs,
Esq., 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

A Curious Assoctation.—One of our Editors has sent a cutting from
the ‘‘ letters ’’ columns of a Sunday paper in which the announcement
of the capture of Catocala fraxini is associated with ‘‘ Test Matches,”’
‘‘ Hollow Larva Blades,’ ‘‘ Records of the mention of the hirsute ap-
pendage of man, in the Bible and Shakespeare,”’ ete.

SOCIETIES.

A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at ‘ Friary Hill,”
Weybridge, on 28th July 1937, Mr H. Willoughby-Ellis in the Chair.
Members present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr Jas. E. Collin,
Dr Harry Eltringham. Visitors present: —Dr K. G. Blair, Mr L. F.
Barton, Mr C. L. Collenette, Mr H. M. Edelsten, Dr Karl Jordan,
Captain N. D. Riley, Mr W. Rait-Smith, Dr Hugh Scott, Mr W. H. T.
Tams.

The meeting was called for 2.30, and the guests were received by
the Chairman and Mrs Willoughby Ellis. The weather was fine and
very warm and the shade of the gardens was preferred in the early
afternoon. Large numbers of the Tingid bug Leptobursa rhododendri,
Horv. recently discovered in this country were observed on the
rhododendrons and also one specimen of the Homopteron Graptocephala
coccinea, Forst. was found later also on rhododendron, indicating that
this insect, recently introduced to the British list, has during a short
time spread from Chobham, where it originally occurred in numbers,
to Weybridge, a distance off about 7 miles. Mr Edelsten exhibited a
remarkable aberration of Spilosoma lubricipeda = lutea, almost spot-
less and with a black border around the upper wings, thickened at the
apex and outer margin and extending along three quarters of the inner
margin, the hind wings also had a black border. The specimen came to
light at Wood Walton Fen on 12th June 1937.

During dinner Dr Blair showed an old and interesting Entomological
Club invitation sent by Matthew Marshall, who became a member of
the Club in 1850. It was addressed to G. R. Waterhouse and dated
19th May 1856 for the Club Meeting to be held at the Bank of England.
The Chairman’s Museum was open for inspection, the special exhibits
being the extensive series of British Longicorina, Buprestidae, Elateri-
dae and Heteromera, all of which have recently been re-arranged.
Dinner was served at 6.45 and a long evening was spent. The mem-
bers of the Club stayed the night and the visitors dispersed between the
hours of ten and eleven.—H. Wintoucusy Enuis (Hon. Secretary).

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT to send us communications
IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if
ordered at the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that ie AUTHOR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge.
They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam.
Desiderata.—Ova of D.oo., pupae of X. gilvago, D. caesia. A. J. Wightman,

‘ Aurago,” Bromfields, Pulborough, Sussex.

Duplicates.—Pyralina,* Salicis, Ianthina,* Orbicularia,*” Repandata in variety,
Doubledayaria, Black Rhomboidaria,* Black Virgularia* and others.

Desiderata.—Hyale, Welsh Aurinia, Polychloros, Tiphon, Agathina, Lunigera,
Lucernea, Neglecta, Diffinis, Populeti, Gothica v. gothicina, White Lepo-
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Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates—Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury,
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hispidaria (southern), E. autumnaria, and O. rubiginea.

Duplicates.—Larvae of N. lapponaria.—Dr Edward Smith, ‘‘ Highroyds,’ Men-
ston, near Leeds.

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CONTENTS.

‘GENERIC “NAMES, ETC., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE, Horace Donis-

ACO LY REN 22s eke CSE eo Duals Loar 2) 1 On Re SRE Ep PAS ERE RTS Bice SiO UE RAT og ee eR PEE TE 131
NOTES ON LOCAL GRASSHOPPERS FROM SOUTH BENFLEET, ESSEX,

R. W. Attwood. ..... PAE OAS ce Ce Re OLE RANE ORE i a dalaeai Ae cite Lanta aie Os a a AR 132
NOMENCLATURE RUN WILD, Brigadier-Gener al B. H. Cooke, C.M.G., C.B.E.,

1 BASE OS PEERS ABUT i CHRIS SA ALIN BAS US Sov PAPO CORN ACER Nea OP NEG tas HA tre a RR sear 134
. NOMENCLATURE Reese pe skve akectev oh pee EI RRRRM Coat hace Moa E Ls ESF SSR Ty gece Sap Be 134

NOTES ON COLLECTING : ee ere orientalis, L., in the Open, Horace
Donisthorpe; Aleuonota aurantiaca, Fauv., and Other Beetles in the
Box Hill District, A. A. Allen; Macrolepidoptera in a London Garden,

-~.€. Nicholson; Cornish Notes, /d.; Eurois prasina, Rev. Alfred Thornley;
Tyria [Euchelia] jacobaeae ‘and Ragwort, B. A. Cooper; The Season of
(1937 at Rodborough, T. Bainbrigge Fleicher: Foodplants of Pierid Lar-

GETS SIAN 0 A RRC BS SEE DS AGENE OPE Sa Css UD gts Re rie a GUC Si MR CLS Ne TALS me AR a Reap 136
CURRENT NOTES Bese We nc ag bee anh ewan suena ak Haceh o tered ek Ue vawe sap i ylanindat One Te He ye 140
vena SUPPLEMENTS :—
British actus. Hy. Turner BRE SARAH Seo a es (413)-(116)
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GENERIC NAMES, ETC., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE. 131

GENERIC NAMES, &c., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE.

By Horace DontstHorre, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc.
(Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.)).

We have before us ‘‘ The Generic Names of British Insects. Part 5.
The generic names of the British Hymenoptera Aculeata, with a check
list of British species,’ published by the Royal Entomological Society
of London, 14th August 19387.

The part dealing with the Formicidae is, of course, that which most
concerns us personally, and about which we propose to offer the fol-
lowing remarks.

We differ from the author on various points, which are more or less
a matter of opinion, and these will be dealt with in due order. There
are, however, some actual errors in dates, quotations, etc., and it seems
necessary to point these out, as the paper in question carries the
authority of the Committee on Generic Nomenclature of the Royal En-
tomological Society of London.

When we were writing the first edition of British Ants (1915), we
actually personally verified all the bibliographic references cited in that
work, but there was not the evidence on the dates of publication of
some works dealing with Hymenoptera, etc., which has since been
brought forward—mostly due to the painstaking researches of F.
J. Griffin.

For example, under Ponera (pp. 99 and 123 in the paper under dis-
cussion) the date of the type species, Formica coarctata, Latr., is given
as 1801, whereas Dalla Torre (1893), Emery (1911) and Donisthorpe
(1915) all give 1802. The first date, however, is correct.

Latreille described his Formica coarctata in “Bull. Soc. philom. Paris,
3, No. 57, p. 63. Frimaire an 10 de la République.’ The year ten
of the first French Republic ran from 22nd September 1801 to 21st
September 1802. Frimaire was the third month of the Calendar, from
21st November to 20th December; therefore the date is 1801.*

Again the type of Solenopsis, West., Atta geminata is given (p. 124)
as 1805; Dalla Torre, Emery, and Sherborn give 1804. Griffin, however,
has shown that the date of Fabricius, Systema Piezatorum, is 1805 (see
in Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1935, p. 144). The date of Latreille’s
Hist, Nat. Orust. Ins., 13, Paris, An xiii, is not so certain. Our author
gives it as September 1804, whereas Dalla Torre, Emery and Donis-
thorpe give it as 1805. The copy of this work, both at the B.M. and
the R. Ent. Soc. Lond., is marked ‘‘1805’’ in pencil. All we know
is that it came out during Ann. xii, which ran from 22nd September
1804-21st September 1805.

We do not agree with the reasons given to show that the type of
Ponera was fixed by Westwood, nor do we understand the statement
that Wheeler (1912) avoided the difficulty by treating Latreille’s work,
September 1804 [1805?] as fixing types. Donisthorpe, however (1915),
stated the matter very clearly—‘‘ In 1810 Latreille [Cons. Gén. Crust.
Ins., 311, No. 443, 437 (1810)] cited Formica crassinoda, (Latr.) F., as
the type of Ponera, but he had already in 1805 [1804?] [H.N. Crust.

*For the benefit of future students we append a list with dates of the years and
months of the first French Republic.

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. IE OIE CB

—_—

Ins., 13, 257-8, No. 365 (1805)] cited contracta as type.’’ We still con-
sider that in the 1805 (1804?) publication Latreille does fix the type;
though he does not actually use the word type.

With regard to Wheeler, we cannot trace any 1912 paper on the
subject. In 1911 [Ann. N. York Acad. Sci., 21, 157-75 (1911)] he pub-
lished an excellent and much needed paper on the type species of the
genera and sub-genera of Formicidae. He stated that he had verified
all the references except for a few from obscure and antiquated sources,
for which he had to rely on Dalla Torre’s Catalogus Hymenoptorum.
Unfortunately Ponera was one of these; for which Dalla Torre gives
‘* Latreille Hist. Nat. Crust. and Insect., iv, 1802, p. 128.’’ Both the
title and the date are incorrect; it should be Gen. Crust. Ins., 4, 1809,
p. 128. Emery [Genera Insectorwm, 118, 88 (1911)] gives this quota-
tion correctly, but he gave the 1805 (1804?) publication for Ponera,
when, of course, it should be Nowv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., 24, 178-9 (1804),
as given by Donisthorpe (1915), Sherborn (1927), and our author (1937).

For 1913 [Ann. N. York Acad. Sci., 23, 77-83 (19138)] Wheeler pub-
lished some corrections and additions to his former list; we do not,
however, find that he mentions anywhere that the Latreille’s 1805 (1804?)
publication fixed types. He simply gives coarctata, Latr., as the type
of Ponera without any date.

The quotation for Mayr’s Formicoxenus (p.*128) is incorrect, both as
to date (this no doubt was a slip of the pen, or a printer’s error; al-
though Mayr actually continued to write on ants up to 1906!), and title
of publication. It should be Mayr, 1855 (not 1885), Verh. Zool. bot.
Ver. (not Ges.) Wien. It was not until 1858 that the title ‘‘ Kaiserlich-
Koenighiche Zoologisch-Botanische Verein’? (1851), was changed to
Gesellschaft.

This misquotation occurs again (p. 124) with Monomoriwm, Mayr,
Leptothoraz, Mayr, Strongylognathus, Mayr, and Tetramoriwm, Mayr.

The date given for Solenopsis, Westwood (pp. 100, 124) is incorrect ;
it should be 1841 (not 1840), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, 86. We do not
agree that ‘‘ the occasion is hardly one in which it is worth making an
exception ”’ (p. 124) when retaining the subgenus Mychothorax, Ruzsky,
1905. In this subgenus the antennae are 11-jointed, whereas in Lepto-
thorax proper they are all 12-jointed. Wheeler, who had given Formica
acervorum, F., as type of Leptothorax in his 1911 paper, accepted
Emery’s suggestion of ZL. clypeatus, Mayr (the latter was the first
species described by Mayr for the group with 12-jointed antennae) in
his 1918 paper. Donisthorpe also followed Emery.

(To be continued.)

NOTES ON LOCAL GRASSHOPPERS FROM SOUTH BENFLEET,
ESSEX.

By R. W. Arrwoop.

During a short visit to South Benfleet, Essex, in August a careful
search was made for the local Grasshoppers, Metrioptera roeseli1, Cono-
cephalus dorsalis, and, on the suggestion of Dr Burr, the newly-dis-
covered British species Conocephalus fuscus.

NOTES ON LOCAL GRASSHOPPERS FROM SOUTH BENFLEET, ESSEX. 1383

The latter was not found, but Conocephalus dorsalis was scattered
here and there along the sea wall, although it could not be called com-
mon. Metrioptera roeselii is much more plentiful this season, and
appears to be spreading. There are at least five distinct colonies near
South Benfleet, ranging from the sea wall to about a mile-and-a-half
inland, and from sea level to a height of about 300 feet. It also occurs
near Hockley, Essex, about two miles from the sea wall. One colony
here is very large. I took some seven or eight and saw very many
more, but none of them of the macropterous form, diluta. Thinking
that ag roeselii is a coastal insect it might be possible to find an even
larger coiony, I walked across to the sea wall at South Fambridge and
made a prolonged search, but was disappointed, only one roeselu and
one dorsalis being found. I think it probable, however, that there is
some area near South Fambridge from which 7oeselza has spread inland.

It is, of course, very difficult to prove that a local insect is spread-
ing, but the appearance of roeselii this season in a certain field, where
I have collected for several years, is possibly of interest. It may, of
course, have been there all the time, but as I have searched this area
in previous years to find such an elusive Grasshopper as Tettigonia
viridissima it seems probable that IT should have noted roeselii.

The field has not been mown for some four years, and is in a rough
condition. It is about a, mile-and-a-half from the sea wall at an eleva-
tion of about 300 feet. Assuming that roeselii is a coastal insect, as
one would infer from the records of its occurrence, it seems difficult
to account for its appearance in this field. Jtoeselii is not a very active
Grasshopper. It occurs in colonies over a restricted area. One colony
which I have known since 1934 is still in the same area, and does not
appear to be any more widely dispersed. Apart from the distance, the
insect would have to cross several dykes, a railway, a steep hill, a road-
way, and a wood to reach this particular field, which would seem a
dificult task for such a creature. In 1933 and 1934 the macropterous
form of this insect (diluta) was common along the sea wall and I am
wondering whether it was during this phase that some of the Grass-
hoppers were able to reach this field. The presumption is that insects
are more likely to disperse in the winged state, but so far, I believe,
no macropterous female has been found to contain fertile ova. Dr
Blair’s description, however (Proceedings of the South London Entomo-
logical Society, 1934/5), of the pairing of the macropterous type with
the ordinary form seems to indicate that possibly in certain stages of
development fertile ova may be produced.

In the neighbouring wood the Grasshopper Pholidoptera cinerea is
well established. The female does not leap readily, but prefers to drop
off a bramble leaf into the undergrowth. She will often hang over the
edge of a leaf head downwards, the body being quite visible, but she
is very wary and falls off at the least disturbance. Jn the open she will
often take two jumps, one about eighteen inches and the other a foot,
and then scuttle into the roots of the grass. The male, however, is
capable of prodigious leaps. One that I was endeavouring to capture
leaped so far that I was curious enough to measure the distance. It
was five feet’ eight inches. When we consider that the insect is wing-
less, comparatively heavy, and the take-off was a bramble leaf, one
appreciates the immense strength and rapidity of action of the legs

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X1.1937.

of this Grasshopper. To obtain a purchase from such a delicately poised
object as a leaf, it must have struck with extreme suddenness to take
advantage of the inertia of the air beneath.

Tettigoma viridissima does not appear to be so plentiful. 1 have
only seen six this season and two of these were immature at the end
of July. Several were heard stridulating one warm evening in August
at dusk on some isolated Hawthorn bushes, but it was too dark to
track them down.

This particular evening appeared to have some effect on the Grass-
hopper Meconema thalassina. J had been sugaring for moths the three
previous evenings with little success, nor was this evening any more
successful as regards Lepidoptera, but I counted eleven Grasshoppers
of this species on the sugared trees and posts. Meconema thalassina
frequently comes to the sugared trees but rarely in such numbers.
None were actually on the sugar but settled near. IT had run out of
Rum that evening and had added a little Amyl Acetate to the treacle
as a substitute. Possibly the Pear-like scent was the source of attrac-
tion.

NOMENCLATURE RUN WILD.
By Bricapinr-GENERAL B, H. Cooxe, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.S.O.

The remarks of the Rev. G. Wheeler in the October number of this
Journal are very much to the point, and will have many sympathisers.
It is, of course, unavoidable that as knowledge of the structure and
habits of insects progresses, re-grouping of species and splitting up of
genera become necessary from time to time. This, however, has no con-
nection with the present wholesale alteration of names which have been
known to generations of entomologists. The scientific gain from these
changes is, in a large number of cases, nil; it is merely red tape run
wild. After discussing the question with other entomologists I feel sure
that this feeling is widespread.

I can, however, discern a gleam of hope. As we all know, articles
of everyday use, such as clothes and furniture, go out of fashion. If
they are stored away for a few years it is surprising how the taste for
them revives. I have always known (and shall continue to know) the
‘“ Adonis Blue ’’ as bellargus, and I note with interest that that name
is again coming into fashion. Nor is this by any means the only in-
stance. Meanwhile it is exasperating to be compelled to waste time
in identifying insects under new, and probably temporary, names.

NOMENCLATURE.
A Correction.—In the October number, on. p. 180, line 15 from the
bottom, for ‘‘ lubricipeda = lutea’’ read lubricipeda [menthastri].
The ‘‘ = lutea’’ was the Editor’s error in an attempt to clarify the

meaning of a name used ambiguously for many years.
This is one of those cases of which the Rev. Geo. Wheeler wrote so
trenchantly in the October number. See ante, p. 124, lines 5, 6, 7, 8.
The Notes below give an example of the loose way names have been
used for several generations and of the huge and intricate task, which

NOMENCLATURE. 135

the present generation has taken in hand, to correct and to stabilise
them. It is impossible to expect every individual entomologist to fol-
low out the changes (corrections), which have to be made, and we must
emphasise that when changes are made, it is absolutely essential to the
clarity and understanding of communications, that the name, which has
to fall, should be placed with the correct name; e.g., croceus (edusa),
jurtina (janira) are recent cases in point, both of which corrections have
now become adopted. ’Tis a matter of education. But to use names
like Ochlodes venata, Lithina chlorosata, etc., etc., without their long-
used predecessors, such as occur in some recent publications, is a waste
of valuable time to a student and a deterrent to our science.

Linné in the Sys. Nat., X ed. (1758), described a species, which he
named lubricipeda, stating that there were 2 forms. This he added to
in Fn. Suec. (1761) and in Sys. Nat., XII ed., in 1767. A white-winged
form and a yellow-winged form.

In 1766 Hufnagel in the Berlin Mag. revised Linné’s work and said
that the colour and marking definitely indicated 2 species, and named
the white one (Linné’s first form) lubricipeda-alba, and the second form
of Linné lubricipeda-lutea.

Rottemberg, in the Naturforch., 1776, definitely proved that the
view of Hufnagel was correct, by gathering larvae, separating them into
2 sets and breeding the two species respectively.

Esper, in his Abbild. in 1783, named the white form of Linné men-
thastri and kept the name lubricipeda for the yellow form of Linné,
although he refers in his extended synonymy to Linné, Hufnagel and
Rottemberg, misquoting and adding misleading remarks to their in-
formation, e.g., where Linné said “ albidis’’ for lubricipeda he added
‘* luteis.”’

This incorrect action of Esper has been accepted for more than 170
years in spite of the clear revision and correction of Hufnagel and
Rottemberg, and even our bookmakers of the present century have re-
tained the same application of these names as did Esper. Staudinger,
South, Meyrick and Meyrick’s Revised copy Esper’s application of
these names.

Now since at least 99 out of every hundred British entomologists and
general naturalists refer to Newman’s, South’s and Meyrick’s books,
the bare name lubricipeda gives them a definite impression of a common
yellow or buff moth, and the name menthastri that of a common white
moth. In such a case the real way is not to thrust the bare name with
a changed significance on to the readers but to endeavour to educate
him to the fact that in this case menthastri is a name, which should
never have been introduced and must drop out of use, being replaced
by lubricipeda of which Linné said “ alis albidis,’’ and Hufnagel, lwbri-
cipeda alba. While Linné’s lubricipeda of which he had said “ alis
flavescentibus ** must be replaced by lutea, Hufnagel, and should be
written

lubricipeda [menthastri] for the white moth and
lutea [lubrictpeda] for the yellow moth,

or more fully

lubricipeda, L. [menthastri, Esp.] and

lutea, Hufn. [lubricipeda, L. in pt.]*

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X7.1937.

Strange to say Hampson in 1901, Lep. Phal., IJ, was correct in his
application of the names, while Seitz, Pal. Noct., in 1910, kept to the
erroneous use of Esper. Hampson remained unnoticed. Kirby, Cat.
Lep. Het., I, 1892, was also correct, and remained unnoticed.

Doubtless this complication was one of the disastrous results of the
use up to the seventies of the XII ed. (1767) of the Sys. Nat., and the
then change to the recognition of the X ed. (1758).

Kirby in his Synonymic Catalogue, 1871, based his work on the XII
ed., but in the Supplement to the Catalogue he based his work on the
X ed. of the Sys. Nat. (1767).—Hy. J. T. .

*[In my opinion it would be far better and simpler to scrap this
nonsense altogether and to continue to use the names menthastri and
lubricipeda in the sense they have always had. If there had been time
at the International Congress of 1912 to discuss my suggestions, I have
no doubt that this would have been settled onee and for all, as they
were most favourably received in the informal discussions in which most
of the real work of the Congress was done.—--G. WHEELER. |

NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c.

PERIPLANETA ORIENTALIS, L., IN THE OpenN.—With reference to my
friend and colleague Dr Burr’s note (ante, p. 118) on capturing an adult
female Periplaneta orientalis in the open, it may be as well to recall
the fact that I recorded a similar occurrence in 1918. T was staying
in the New Forest for a fortnight [Fnt. Record, 30, 171-72 (1918)] and
I found an adult male of this Cockroach under the bark of an oak
stump in an enclosure. In this case the locality was very far from
any houses, outbuildings, or buildings of any sort. I suggested at the
time that the insect might have been introduced in stores, etc., for the
Canadians, who had been felling trees in the New Forest about that
time.—Horacr DOoNISTHORPE. [ Blatta should replace Periplaneta.—
T.B.-F.]

ALEUONOTA AURANTIACA, Fauy., AND OTHER BEETLES IN THE Box Hity
District.—The above species (the Homalota rufotestacea of Fowler) has
occurred only twice in Britain, as far as I know; in each case to the
late Mr G. C. Champion, who took a specimen by sweeping in Headley
Lane, Mickleham, in May 1868, which remained unique as British until
he met with it again at Guildford in May 1894. It is of interest, there-
fore, to note that it still occurs in the original locality, where on 16th
April of this year I found two examples under a stone on one of the
slopes of Box Hill, only a few hundred yards from Headley Lane. This
piece of ground was scattered with smallish stones for a considerable
area, but a fairly exhaustive search of it for more specimens was un-
availing.

Of the beetles I have found in the course of occasional collecting in
this district during the past four years, in addition to a few previously
recorded, the following are perhaps worth mention :—

Homoeusa acuminata, Mark., Stronhosomus faber, Hbst., and
Tropiphorus carinatus, Miill., 1 of each on a path near Headley, 1v.35.

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 137

Scydmaenus rufus, Miill., Neuraphes elongatulus, Mull. (1), Enicmus
consimilis, Mann. (1)* E. testaceus, Steph., Cicones variegatus, Hellw.,
Endomychus coccineus, L., Aleochara moerens, Gyll. (1), Gabrius
splendidulus, Gr., Cis alni, Gyll., C. bilamellatus, Wood, Sphindus
dubius, Gyll., Hallomenus binotatus, Quens. (2), and Acalles turbatus,
Boh., at various times under bark and in decayed wood of beech on
Mickleham Downs, 1933-5. In the same locality, by sweeping, v1.35,
Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh., Cassida nobilis, L. (1), Mordella fasciata,
F., Miarus graminis, Gyll., Sibinia signata, Gyll. (1), Apion filirostre,
Kirby, Psylliodes dulcamarae, Koch (1); on flowers of Pyrus aria, Cistela
luperus, Hbst. and one example of its variety ferruginea, F. Box Hill,
by sweeping, Platystethus capito, Heer (1), Cryptocephalus bilineatus,
L., Tychius meliloti, Steph. (vii.387); Leptinus testaceus, Mill. and
Ceuthorrhynchus atomus, Boh. (1 of each, v.87); under stones, iv.37,
Stenus erichsoni, Rye (2) and Bythinus glabratus, Rye (1, with the ant
A. (D.) niger); in moss, vii.387, Cymindis axillaris, F. (2), Falagria
thoracica, Curt. (common in July), and Liodes badia, Sturm. Burford
Bridge, in flood-refuse, 111.387, MJeotica exiliformis, Joy, Atheta forci-
-pata, Rey (soror, Kr.), A. nigritula, Gr. (holetobia, Th.), A. obfuscata,
Gr., Proteinus macropterus, Gyll. (1 of each), Trogophloeus impressus,
Lac. (2; see Ent. Mo. Mag., Ixxiii, p. 191), T. rivularis, Mots., Brachy-
gluta haematica, Reich., Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Hbst., Baris
lepidit, Germ. (1). Dorking, in sand-pit (v.87), Atheta indubia, Shp.,
A. obfuscata, Gr. (2 of each), A. intermedia, Th., Amarochara umbrosa,
Er., Meligethes solidus, Sturm, Cryptophagus setulosus Sturm, Sibinia
potentillae, Germ. (1 of each), Philopedon plagiatus, Schol., Rhinoncus
castor, F., and Phloeophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh.—A. A. ALIEN, 63
Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3, 18th September 1937.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN A LONDON GARDEN.-—Canon Edwards’s list of
lepidoptera observed in his Vicarage garden near Brockwell Park is,
with one or two exceptions, characteristic of London suburban gardens,
and interesting for comparison with similar lists published in recent
years. Canon Edwards does not specify whether Boarmia gemmaria
is the type form or perfwnana. In our Clapton garden in N.E. Lon-
don we never saw anything but the latter; here in Cornwall I have seen
nothing but the type.

At Clapton we were separated from open fields and marshes by the
River Lea only, and within a mile of our house f took, about 55 years
ago, a short series of Arenostola phragmitidis, var. rufescens, Tutt, fly-
ing along a rushy ditch. In those days we were just on the edge of
London, but the latter has since spread more east and Walthamstow
more west, so that the river and marshes are now a mere dividing ribbon
between the houses. . ij

Am I right in thinking that ‘‘ the country ’’ is nearer central Lon-
don on the south than on the north, and therefore one can find better
insects without going so far out in the former?—C, NicHonson, Tresil-
han, Truro, Cornwall.

*This capture (iv.35) is apparently a new record for Surrey. The species was
reinstated in the British list on specimens taken by Mr E. C. Bedwell in
Sherwood Forest,

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.XT.1937.

‘“CornisH Norss.’’——I am obliged to Captain Parsons for his reply
(p. 103) to my query about P. moneta, and I am sending him the last
‘““separate ’? of my paper on that insect in Britain, read to the City
of London Entomological and Natural Histcry Society in December
1912. It is, of course, somewhat ancient history now and the species
has since reached Wales, Scotland and the Isle of Man, but it will give
him some hint about the early stages and I hope he will succeed in
finding it in the Torquay district. There is as yet no sign of its
occurrence in Cornwall, which is to me quite inexplicable.

Thanks also to Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher for mentioning Artemisia
as an additional food-plant quite new to me. Presumably the common
wormwood is meant (A. absinthium) but no doubt mugwort (A. vulgaris)
and sea wormwood (A. maritima) and even ‘‘ old man”’ or southern-
wood (A. abrotanum) would be accepted by moneta larvae.—Ip.

I have not yet seen Eurois prasina hereabouts, and with the excep-
tion of the list in the Victoria County History (about 20 years old) I
know of no list of Cornish lepidoptera. But the Rev. Alfred Thornley, .
‘‘ St Anael’s,’’? Carbis Bay, is listing Cornish insects and could perhaps
help Captain Parsons.—R&rv. ALFRED THORNLEY.

Tyria [HucHELIA] JACOBAEAR AND Racwort.—Whence have these
moths in the Bishop’s Stortford district come? The answer, | think,
is given by the fact that the insect has been seen sporadically in the
district for some years, kept in check, no doubt, not merely by scarcity
of foodplant, but also by parasites. Take the following case from my
own district. The species here feeds on groundsel, a weed found in
most parks and gardens but kept under fairly good contro] by the
gardeners. During the past few years I have always been able to take
a few larvae in season, although an imago is but rarely seen. This
year, I am sorry to admit, I allowed a portion of my own garden to
run wild after early June, in consequence of which groundsel sprang
up everywhere. On 2nd July I disturbed four or five newly emerged
imagines nearby. During August the plants were being devoured by
far more larvae than I have seen hereabouts for a long while. They
pupated in late August, and three out of forty were parasitised. Of
a dozen taken at Preston, near Weymouth, where the foodplant (ground-
sel) was scarce none were parasitised—they pupated at the end of July.
Near Tuddenham, Suffolk, I collected on 9th July about a hundred
fully-grown larvae from the vicinity of ragwort, which they had com-
pletely stripped—fully half of these were parasitised, the rest pupating
immediately. The species was present there last year, but less com-
mon. In the same way, large masses of ragwort on the other side of
this road in Suffolk, which for some reason or other had been scarcely
touched earlier in the season, were this autumn swarming with
Hupithecia larvae of various species, a large proportion being parasitised.
Widely spaced plants from elsewhere produced very few larvae, these
being scarcely parasitised at all.

IT think therefore that Mr Allen’s observations are equivalent to my
own, namely, that this year’s large numbers are due not so much to a
large migration as to descendants of last year’s few unnoticed indi-
viduals augmented by stray specimens from the surrounding country-

NOTES ON COLLECTING. 139

side, being, as one would expect with a species whose foodplant is apt
to change its headquarters rapidly, one which wanders long distances
in search of new feeding grounds, not however in a flock or in a single
direction as most migrants are supposed to do. Yes, T. jacobaeae un-
doubtedly follows its foodplants—but only by a very chancy manner of
dispersal.—B. A. Cooprr, 61 Okehampton Road, London, N.W.10.

Tue SEASON oF 1937 at RopBorovucH.—The season here has been dis-
tinctly below the average, many species, usually observed, having oc-
curred in reduced numbers or not being seen at all. The whole summer
has failed to produce a single really good night for sugar or lhght, the
autumnal species especially having been attracted in very small num-
bers. Dates of appearance have been erratic: thus, on 30th September
I saw a male Lycaena [Polyommatus] coridon on the wing and lght
attracted Colotois pennaria, which normally occurs here towards the
end of October or in early November, the occurrence of these two species
on the same date being quite a novelty in my experience.

Lycaena [Polyommatus] coridon has remained on the wing very late
this year, a female being seen on 4th October; as 5th October was sunny,
it was probably still flying then, but I did not visit the locality on that
date and could find none on my next visit on 9th October. TI do not
understand Mr Davis’ records of coridon in the Stroud district in Tutt’s
British Butterflies, Vol. iv, pp. 85, 86, where he gives 17.v1i1.1901 as
“the earliest date for this locality’’ and 17.vi1.1892 as “the
latest date ever noticed in the district.’’ Since I have been here
my earliest and latest dates are 20.vii and 28.vi1i.1933, 20.vii (a fresh
female, so males probably out earlier) and 5.x.1934, 11l.vii and
Zonal 935 elo val andss2o ax l936,0yand, J9vany and 14x03 7 ae his
butterfly was in smaller numbers than normal.

Both broods of Lycaena [Polyommatus] icarus and L. [P.] bellargus
were only about ten per cent. of normal; on the other hand, L. [Cupido]
minima was unusually abundant and well out on 28th May, the earliest
date I hava seen it here (4th June is about normal) and two specimens
of a second emergence occurred in August. There were third broods of
Pieris brassicae, P. rapae (but not of P. napi) and of Chrysophanus
[Heodes] phlaeas, this last on 2nd October. Coenonympha pamphilus,
which usually goes into early October, was over by middle of Sep-
tember. .

On 23rd September, about a month later than usual, a larva of
Tyria [Euchelia] jacobaeae was still feeding on groundsel and was then
not full-grown, although I did not see it later.

Several Asilus crabroniformis, (Dip.) were still on the wing on 9th
October and grasshoppers (Stenobothrus lineatus, Chortippus bicolor,
Gomphocerus rufus) were still about to-day, and Plusia gamma was fly-
ing this evening when the temperature was only 40° F.—T. BarnsriccE
FietcHer, Rodborough, Glos., 13th October 1937.

Foopruants OF PierRIp LARVvAE.—On Ist July I found a batch of
half-grown larvae of Pieris brassicae feeding in my garden on Honesty
(Lunaria annua); unfortunately, the wasps found them at about the
same time and cleared them all out. This may be a known foodplant
but I am not aware of any record. Pzeris napi often oviposits on Arabis
here.—Ib.

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. PNAS 7.

CURRENT NOTES.

Parts 67 and 68 of the Supplement to Vol. TIT of Seitz Palaearctir
Noctwidae have come to hand and contain a sheet of eight pages of
additions to the letterpress, which have accumulated while the section
was being issued, and plates 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, which contain over 300
figures, mainly of aberrations. The additions are to species occurring
in Britain, Catocala fraxini, 1; C. nupta, 2; Syngrapha interrogationis,
1; Phytometra festucae, 1; Huaoa suffusa, 1; Rhyacia baja, 1; RK.
depuncta, 1; and Athetis morpheus, 1. This volume is rapidly coming
to its conclusion and with the Main Volume wil! form a splendid intro-
duction to the Palaearctic Noctuidae for all time.

Five parts of the Main Volumes of the Exotic Sections have also
appeared. Three parts of the American Bombyces contain five sheets
(20 pages) and four plates with over 200 figures. This volume, VI, is
also nearly complete and with the Index when issued will be a valuable
source of information on the huge fauna of the Americas. The one
part of Vol. VIII contains three plates of American Geometers. Fur-
ther there is one part of the Noctuidae of the Indo-Malay Region, com-
prising three sheets, 24 pages.

The List of Free Lectures given at Horniman’s Museum, Forest
Hill, London, S.E., on Saturday afternoons this Autumn Ses-
sion contains the announcement of one on ‘“‘ Flight—from Insects to

Aeroplanes,’”’ by Dr W. E. Swinton, B.Sc., F.R.E.S., on 4th December.

Cactosiastis CuLtivation.—We shall soon be in the thick of the
Cactoblastis breeding again, and have collected over 400,000 cocoons
from the veld with which to start the ball rolling. Being able to col-
lect these in the veld makes it unnecessary to breed during the winter,
a great saving of labour, and also ensuring a healthier stock. Baboons
are giving trouble, opening infested ‘‘ leaves ’’ and removing the larvae.
I suppose this will mean the extermination of the baboons, and I wonder
with what plague we will be smitten then.--J. Sneyp-Taytor (M.A.,
F.R.E.S.), Cape Province, S. Af., 13.1x.37.

Two more parts of the Generic Names of British Insects, prepared
under the auspices of the Royal Entomological Society, have recently
appeared. The one of the ‘ British Neuroptera’”’ for which Mr F. J.
Killington is mainly responsible and the other of the ‘‘ British Hymen-
optera Aculeata,’”’ by Dr O. W. Richards. This latter is reviewed in
part on another page by our colleague Mr H. Donisthorpe. Each part
also includes a List of the recognised Species in the group dealt with.
These Lists will be of the utmost use for workers in the different Orders,
but we must protest on the hoose way of treating the priority rule.
Priority should be priority and not qualified priority. It should be the
actual spelling of the name without modification by classical monkey
tricks. In the first of these lists at least 6 names are not the precise
names given by the authors whose names are attached to them. Jn the
genus Halictus alone of the latter list there are at least 7 errors. We
are not cavilling at the excellent work done by the authors who have
used the utmost care, but are complaining of the misapplication of the
rule of Priority to which they are compelled to acquiesce. We note

CURRENT NOTES. 14}

another stupid habit which has crept in of late, with no meaning but a
negative one, and that is the enclosing the name of the author of a
specific name in brackets. Tutt’s plan was to place the name of the
author of the generic name as well, as seen in his British Noctuae, a
far more informative method. [I entirely disagree with this. Why
perpetuate misspellings any more than other misprints.—G.W. |

We have received the following from the Secretary of the Madrid
Museum, with the current copy of the Magazine referred to. ‘‘ The
editorial staff of the Revista Espafiola de Entomologia Hos takes the
pleasure of sending you Number 3-4 of Volume XII (1936) which even,
though, much delayed, has been printed in Madrid despite the difficul-
ties caused by the grave situation in which the capital of the Spanish
Republic has been for so many months, and despite which the Labora-
tory of Entomology of the Madrid Museum has been able to continue
its work and the publication of its Revue.’’ The Revista consists of pp.
193-322, 4 plts. of drawings and numerous text figures. The first
memoir is a continuation of the Revision of the Palaearctic Sphingono-
tus (Orth.) in English and the second memoir discusses the species of
the Zygaenid genus Procris, the 4 plates giving figures of the genital
structures of the ten species under consideration.

Dr Skat Hoffmeyer of Aarhus, Denmark, continues his earnest in-
terest in the Lepidoptera of his native country. Recently we have re-
ceived separates of his last writings. (1) Discusses the psi group of the
genus Acronicta: A. psi, A. tridens and A. cuspis. (2) He gives the
history of Heodes (Chrysophanus) dispar, ssp. rutilus. He designates
the English form as Heodes dispar dispar dispar. Surely the poor in-
sect should not be treated to this childish repetition comparable to an
infant’s ‘‘ Dad, dad, dad.’ (3) Is an account of a delightful three days
with the Lepidoptera of the Southern Isles of Denmark with a com-
panion, Sigfred Knudsen. Their captures included Apatura iris and
Timenitis popult.

An interesting booklet has been issued by the British Museum en-
titled ‘* Butterfly Migration in the Tropics,’”’ illustrated by 5 plates in
colour comprising 25 species, with several pages of explanatory letter-
press. A concise and well-produced little pamphlet. The price is nine-
pence.

We cull from our reading the following apt quotation :—
‘“ Vive lentomologie !
Doux charme de nos loisirs,
N’est-elle pas dans la vie
Une source de plaisir.’’

We have received an early announcement of ‘‘ A Monograph of the
British Aberrations of the Chalk-hill Blue Butterfly,” by P. M. Bright,
F.R.E.S., and H. A. Leeds. There will be 4 coloured plates and 14
black and white plates, figuring about 400 aberrations, with about 120
pages of text, quarto. Each aberration described will be designated,

142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. MS ELS

irrespective of any ‘‘ name ’’ which may have been applied previously,
by a ‘‘ descriptive term,’’? which, it is intended, may be applied to
similar aberrations occurring throughout the Lycaenidae, and will, it
is hoped, tend to discourage the multiplicity of names, mostly non-
informative and in no way indicating the particular forms to which
they are placed. Unfortunately the cost of the work has been very
heavy, and this will possibly react on individuals and societies that would
desire to subscribe. (See the advertisement on cover.)

Our Argentine friend and subscriber, Capt. Hayward, continues, in
spite of his heavy official duties, to add his quota of matter in the
advancement of entomological knowledge. There he before us (1)
Descriptions of two new species of Chilian Hesperiidac, with plate; (2)
Additions and Corrections to his previous work on the Argentine
Nymphalidae, with a plate; (3) Notes with a plate on the structures of
the Hesperiidae of the Argentine with a bibliography, 2 separates. He
has also contributed a memoir on the menacing pest of the Argentine,
the locust, Schistocerca paranensis, with diagrams and a plate, to the
publications of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Nation.

Three further volumes of Dr W. Junk’s Lepidopterorum Catalogus
have recently been published. Vol. 78 is the first portion of the Danaidae
comprising the Sub-family Danainae by F. Bryk. It consists of 432
quarto pages with Index. It appears to be very thoroughly compiled.
The true plexippus (Indo-Malay) has 15 pages of references; the archip-
pus (American wrongly called plexippus) has 6 pp. of references. The
Canadian Entomologist, 1869 et seq., consistently used the name archip-
pus. Vol. 79 contains the micro Family Gelechiidae (not adae as Meyrick
endeavoured to establish it). It consists of 680 pages with Index by M.
Gaede. So far as we have tested it seems very thoroughly done. Two
pages of references are given to our common Anacampsis populella, and
its references are to all the accredited books and magazines. Sitotroga
cercalella, the well-known pest, has two and a half pages of references.
Access to such works as these is of the utmost use to workers in the
various families and even readers of papers on particular species would
be well advised to consult the references therein.

The Monograph of the Pierine Genus Delias, by G. Talbot, F.R.E.S.,
is at last completed by the issue of part VI from the British Museum
(Natural History). It was begun some years ago in the Hill Museum,
Witley, under the auspices of the late Mr J. J. Joicey. The present
part contains 395 pages and 64 plates, of which 10 are coloured. A
large proportion of the species dealt with and figured are not contained
in the volumes of Seitz. Not only are all the species, 157 in number,
figured, but there are numerous plates of details of the genitalia, the
scent scales, and two of larvae and pupae. There are more than 400
species and forms described. The introductory matter treats of the
Geographical Distribution, Habits, Migration, Mimicry, Morphology,
Phylogeny and finally the Bibliography. The work appears to be very
well done and is a credit to the intensive energy of the author. This
final part was apparently published in January, but was not advertised,
we suppose, as our copy was obtained from a second-hand book list.

~

~All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to

Hy. J. TURNER> ‘‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam.
We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT to send us communications
IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.
Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if
ordered at the time of sending in MS, =
Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS. are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR
_defrays the cost of the illustrations.

TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please.
Early .—EDS. 4

s

errr BSE EP TS LD,

EXCHANGES. j

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Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge.
They should be sent to Mr Hy: J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam.
Duplicates.—Numerous, Ova, poe. Pupae, and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Barns:
ton, Scarborough. :

Desiderata.— —Certain common Bombyces from Scotland, Ireland and ae
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates——Numerous. Please send list.—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury,
Kent.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates._Exotie Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The
Red House, Fordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

Desiderata.—Ova or larvae of P. hippocastanaria, T. luridata, N. zonaria, A.
hispidaria (southern), E. autumnaria, and O. rubiginea.

Duplicates—Larvae of N. lapponaria.—Dr Edward Smith, “ Highroyds,” Men-
ston, near Leeds.

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: ‘MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES.

THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.—4i Queen’s Gate,
South Kensington, S.W.7, 8 p.m. November 17th, December ist.

THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY.—Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays
in the month, at 7 p.m. November 25th, December 9th.—Hon. Secretary,
S. N. A. Jacobs, “‘ Ditchling,’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent.

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CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most important only mentioned.) -

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day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac-
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MELANISM AND ide esol nibs Wales on Collecting—Articles on
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No. 12

DECEMBER 1937

ait

ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD
ANDic ik: |
JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED with the assistance of

MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. | TT. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S.,
E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., aes F.Z.S., F.R.ES.
F.R.C.P, H, E. PaGe, F.R.E.S.
J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. | ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S.
H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. | Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S.
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary,

CONTENTS.

GENERIC NAMES, ETC., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE, H. Donisthorpe,
99 2G) aS ES A ABE, ieee ces EARNS ak irs RMP 8 ROBES RNA SA, 7 RC ey IR aay re er 143

NOTES ON COLLECTING :—Larva of H. contigua on gorse, Capt. C. Q. Par-
sons; Polygonia c.-album in Cornwall, C. Nicholson, F.R.E.S.; D. archip-

pus (plexippus) in Cornwall, Id.; Some Cucullia Notes, is ISU Ap econ ee Der ee 145
RAVES eB Pa MOD Pike oe ke Sere a ter ws ers aoe eke, Sea NES tues FLEA ea giy Sats tas boewees 146
SOCIETIES—Entomological Club, H. Willowghby-Ellis ooo... cccccccccccceeceee seen ees 148
PEEVE DAAy atch Lie: Perini ite | oi rats ve cr reves gee nics sec edt somone nethe ene res See tee t48
OBITUARY—Lord ERGRPIAGIE ERG 5 cos eat OR Bee eek eee ek oer es, 597.) Ranta Fea AN 149
DA a Ss SES RS UES A oie Si et eee TRA RULE LHe Nx De ay PRS OL VR ale 151
SUPPLEMENTS.

British Noetuae By. J. Turner, FR ES oF RS occ cose teccaseceveeinecessee Ii (11'7)-(120)
Variation of some Butterflies of Anterior Asia and of Morocco, Dr Roger

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GENERIC NAMES, ETC., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE. 143

GENERIC NAMES, &c., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE.

By Horace DonistHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc.
(Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.)).

(Concluded from p. 132.)

We now come to the question of Acanthomyops and Lasius (pp. 124
125). We personally still accept the validity of the Erlangen List, and
regret to learn that a proposal that the name Lasius, Fabricius, 1805,
is to be accepted and Lasius, Panzer, 1804, is to be rejected, has
already been laid before the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature. The whole question is dealt with by Donisthorpe [ Brit.
Ants, 2nd edition, pp. 208-10 (1927)]; the full synonymy of the sub-
genera, types, etc., being given. Both Forel and Emery did accept the
Erlangen lst at first; and Chester Bradley, in a paper on certain genera
of Hymenoptera, Trans. Ent. Soc.-Lond., 1919, 50-75, under Lasius,
Jur., stated that Morice and Durrant seemed to be correct in consider-
ing Lasius, Fabr., 1804 (=1805) a homonym of Lasius, Jurine, 1801.
Should Lasius, F., be finally accepted Donisthorpea, Morice and Dur-
rant, 1914 (type Formica nigra, Linnaeus, 1758) will (as stated on p.
125) become a synonym; but it is quite inaccurate to give Acanthomyops,
Mayr, 1862 (type Formica clavigera, Roger, 1862, claviger, Mayr) as a
synonym of Lasius, F.

Mayr founded the genus Acanthomyops [Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien,
12, 699 (1862)] for the reception of the American species Formica clavi-
gera, Roger, and he compared it with Lasius, F., describing the dif-
ferences (in the latter the maxillary palpi are 6-jointed, in the former
3-jointed! the antennae are slightly clubbed, and the species possess
an aromatic scent, etc.). Acanthomyops, in the limited sense which
embraces a number of American species, is now considered to be a sub-
genus, whether of Lasius, F., or Acanthomyops, Mayr, does not alter
the case—it is certainly not a synonym of Lasius. J agree with Wheeler,
who pointed out in his 1911 paper that he was firmly convinced that
the subgenus is, at least, heuristically a useful and valid category (in
the Formicidae), and that he could not agree with those entomologists
who entirely ignored the subgeneric category, or threw them all, or
most subgenera, into the synonymy.

Much as I admire and respect the work of the late Professor Emery,
IT can not help feeling that in his fine production the Formicidae in the
Genera Insectorum he is entirely wrong in his treatment of Lasius.
He removes Formica flava, F. (1781) from the subgenus Chthonolasius,
Ruzsky [Kasani Zap. Veterin. Inst., 29, 630, 633 (1912)], for which it
wag cited as type by Ruzsky (1912), Donisthorpe [Ent. Rec., 28, 275-77
(1916)], and Wheeler [Psyche, 23, 171 (1916)], and places it in the
subgenus Lasius, F., with type Formica nigra, L. He cites as type for
Chthonolasius, Ruzsky Formica umbrata, Nylander (1846), which is
of course, quite incorrect.

Furthermore flavus differs from niger in the shape of the maxillary
palpi in the 2 and %, the much smaller eyes in the 8, and its hypo-
gaeic life, as well as in colour.

With Formica, Linnaeus (1758) Donisthorpe states (1915) that
Lamarck [Syst. An. sans. Vert., 268, No. 124 (1801)] adopts F. refa,

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. pee S 7

L. as the type of Formica, L. This, however, is considered to be invalid
under the code.

We quite fail to understand the statement (p. 125) that ‘ Myrmeco-
logists do not appear to have decided what is the next available name
for Nylander’s Formica picea (1846).’’ Donisthorpe [Ent. Rec., 30, 9
(1918)] in a paper on Dr Leach’s Ants and Gnats in 1825 makes the
matter quite clear. We will quote the passage in full: —‘‘ The most un-
fortunate point in nomenclature which arises is that concerning the name
of Formica picea. For over 50 years the species we now know as F.
picea, Nylander was confused with F. gagates, Latr., until 1909, when
Emery separated it from that species on the Continent (Deutsch. Ent.
Zeitschr., 1909, 195) and in 1912 I put the matter right for the British
species [Hnt. Rec., 24, 306 (1912]; see also [Hnt, Rec., 25, 67-8 (1913] ;
and Brit. Ants, 325-34 (1915).

There cannot, however, be two species called ‘‘ Formica picea’’ and
as Leach’s name has 21 years’ priority, Nylander’s name must fall.
This being the species described by Farren-White in 1883 as Formica
glabra, the latter name would have to be used; but, unfortunately, there
is another Formica glabra, Gmelin, Tinné Syst. Nat., ed. 13, I, v, 2804
(1790), which is fatal to the adoption of Farren-White’s name. It is
also probably not ascertainable what Gmelin’s species really is, but at
any rate it cannot be what we know as F. picea, Nyl., since the scale is
described as bidentate. The next name in order of date for this insect
is Formica transkaukasica, Nassonow, Imp. Obshch. Lyrrb. Est-Ant-
Etn. Mosc., 58 (1), 62 [= Tr. Lab. Zool.-Mus., 2 (1), 62 (1889)], and
this is what the insect we know as Formica picea, Nyl., will have to be
called.’’ The italics are now added.

Finally on page 100, under Myrmica, sabuleti, Meinert, 1861, is
given as a synonym of scabrinodis, Nylander, 1846, and on page 101,
under Formica, glebaria, Nylander, 1846, is given as a synonym of
fusca, Linnaeus, 1758. This is incorrect, as both are recognised as good
and distinct varieties. In the former the worker and female possess a
much more developed lateral tooth to the scape of the antennae than
in scabrinodis, and the longitudinal keel on its upper side is very dis-
tinct. The male is known by the longer scape, which is as long as the
first five joints of the funiculus taken together, as against the first three
in scabrinodis. In the latter the body is in part red or brown instead
of being black, and it is not so cowardly an ant as is fusca. HWmery
indeed (Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr., 1912, 672) considered glebaria to be a
sub-species of fusca as the latter will not readily bring up the pupae of
the former. The beetles Dinarda pygmaea, Wasm., and Atemeles para-
doxus, Gr., occur with this form, whereas no Dinarda occurs with fusca,
and the Atemeles found is A. emarginatus, Payk.

APPENDIX.
(a) Dates of the years of the first République Francaise.
Ann. 22nd Sept. 2ist Sept. Ann. 22nd Sept. ist Sept.
IL. 1792 1793 ivaloiele 1799 1800
ne 1793 1794 IDS 1800 1801
at. 1794 1795 48 1801 1802
IIe 1795 1796 Xue 1802 1803
We 1'796 1797 XII. 1803 1804
VI. 1797 1798 XIE. 1804 1805
VII 1798 1'799 XIV. 1805 1806

(I am indebted to Mr A. C. Townsend for the above).

GENERIC NAMES, ETC., OF THE BRITISH FORMICIDAE. 145

(b) The Months of the Calendar of the first French Republic.

Vendémiaire, the first month ............ 22nd or 2rd Sept. to ist or 22nd Oct.
Brumaire, the second month ................ 23rd Oct. to 2ist Nov.

Frimaire, the third month .................. 2ist Nov. to 20th Dec.

Nivose, the fourth month ..................... 2Qist or 22nd Dec. to 19th or 20th Jan.
Piuvioses thes hfthe month eee: 20th Jan. to 18th or 19th Feb.
WEMNICSE, WOE Sb-qiM MAINO, scooscocospcoanoceco 19th or 20th Feb. to 20th March.
Germinal, the seventh month ............ 2ist March to 19th April.

Blorealesthe. clohthe sm omntinteeeseses teense 20th April to 19th May.

IPTC TEL TEs MTTTNAOL TMOMUAD gcccocscocosgaeeeecos 20th May to 18th June.

Messidor, the tenth month .................. 19th June to 18th July.

Thermidor, the eleventh month ......... 19th July to i7th August.

Fructidor, the twelfth month .............. 18th Aug. to 16th Sept.

NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c.

LarvaE oF HADENA CONTIGUA ON GorsE.—IlLast year I took a few
imagines of H. contigua on a heath, so in the autumn J visited the spot
in the hope of finding the larvae, but after searching some stunted oak
gave it up without success. This year, on 8th September, I thought I
would try my luck with a few birch bushes, but my wife soon forestalled
me by finding the larvae by the light of my lamp on gorse flowers. The
bushes were low and compact but none the less prickly and contained
enough larvae to satisfy the most avaricious.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons,
Torquay.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM IN CorNWaLL.—I have seen more of this species
than of any other Vanessid this autumn, mostly on Michaelmas Daisies,
but one was on ivy with three Vanessa atalanta. If any reader has
seen it further west in Cornwall than Penzance, I shall be glad to
hear, as I am anxious to complete a map of its spread through the
county from 1933, in continuation of one by Mr CC. W. Bracken illus-
trating its spread across Devon from 1925.—C. Nicnozson, Tresillian,
Truro, Cornwall, October 29th.

DANAUS PLEXIPPUS.*—Will readers, who know of any specimens of
the ‘‘ Milkweed Butterfly ’’ having been captured, or merely seen, in
our islands this year, kindly report sama@ in these pages in order that
they may be added to the list of records already published.—C. NicHot-
son, Tresilian, Truro, Cornwall, October 29th. *[Archippus in Seitz
American volume.—H.J.T.]

Somes Cucuii1a Notses.—The following will be interesting to compare
with Mr Wightman’s notes on p. 127, bearing in mind that the Pul-
borough area is partly on chalk, which is absent from Cornwall and
naturally. represented, on the N.W. seaboard only, by lime from the
Atlantic shell-bed, sometimes to the extent of 60 per cent. of the sand
content.

Verbascum thapsus is the most generally distributed mullein, but
is not particularly common; V. nigrum is very local; V. virgatum and
V. blattaria are both more or less rare; V. lychnitis is very rare and
has apparently been reccrded twice only—once near Truro and once
at Falmouth, in neither of which localities is there any chalk—but,
curiously enough, its hybrid with nigrum has been found at Par, a great
locality for alien and casual plants, and the hybrid of nigrum with V.
pulverulentum at Charlestown, near St Austell, on ballast heaps, where
nigrum is plentiful and pulverulentwm occurs as a casual.

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X71.1937.

Cucullia verbasci is common as a larva on Scrophularia aquatica, pro-
bably wherever that plant grows (and it is very common), and also,
but less generally, on V. thapsus. On nigrum J have seen it only in
my garden, where this plant is of perennial duration, although classed
as biennial in the floras. I have also thapsus, blattaria, virgatum, and
a magnificent hybrid which Kew authorities consider contains speciosum
and nigrum ‘“‘ blood,’’? and possibly other strains. It grows up to seven
or eight feet high and sets millions of seeds from its two-inch (diameter)
golden-yellow flowers. If anyone would like a pinch of seed to try, I
will send some on receipt of an addressed envelope, stamped 14d, and
if Mr Wightman can send me seedlings of V. lychnitis, and anybody
else can supply me with seeds of pulverulentum, I shall be very grateful.
Both these species prefer chalk, which I can give them. So much for
C. verbasci and its food plants; see also Owen Wilson’s Larvae of the
British Lepidoptera and their Foodplants.

About twenty years ago I found several larvae of C. lychnitis on the
flowers of fine plants of S. aquutica along a stream flowing through an
open meadow in Gloucestershire and reared three moths from them.
It is very curious that the larva of this species should be so different
in some forms from those of its near relatives; those I found were
yellow with a greenish tinge and the usual black dots and not like any
of Buckler’s figures on Pl. xevii of Vol. vi in his Larvue of Brit. Butts.
and Moths, being less green than fig. 3 and with dots very distinct,
and not a bit like Owen Wilson’s figure on Pl. xxxix.—C. NicHoxson,
Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall.

re ee

CURRENT NOTES,

Lambillionea, the magazine of the Union of Belgian Entomologists,
for October, contains the conclusion of the article on the Biology of the
species of Bucculatrix (Micro.) with 18 figures of the mines made by the
larvae, by J. Klimesch, who a while ago communicated a very fine
article on the Nepticulae, which, by kind permission of the author, was
translated by Mr Jacobs, Hon. Secretary of the S. London Ent. Socy.,
and published recently in their Transactions. The monthly photographic
plate figures 20 forms of the beautiful Zygaena carniolica from Asia
Minor and Iran.

An article in the Entomological News (Philadelphia) for October,
based upon the following observation, is well worth reading. A colony
of the Notodontid moth, Datana integerrima, “consisting of about
200 individuals, was situated in a young walnut tree and the larvae
were just completing their final moult. They had congregated in a
cluster under the branch of the tree. A small amount of silk had been
spun to anchor them to the branch, and from this they depended as an
irregular globular mass. A few of the caterpillars nearest the branch
were holding on to the bark, as if to reinforce the inadequate silk
anchor. The chief number of larvae, however, reposed in the hanging
globe; this resembled an inert body measuring 8 ins. x 4 ins. x © ins.
which, when touched, transformed itself into a writhing aggregate of
furry worms. The larvae were just casting off their skins. A fly, one
of the Tachinidae, buzzed about, surveying the moult with pregnant
anticipation. As each skin was shed, the fly would promptly deposit 5

CURRENT NOTES. 147

or 6 eggs on the caterpillar’s soft head. In an hour or two the head,
red at first, became black and hard. A female Ichneumon fly ([chneu-
monoidea) also stood guard, but I did not see it use its spear-like ovi-
positor.”’

In a record of the occurrence of a Pyrameis virginiensis among a
number of P. cardw on the slopes adjoining the Bordeaux river, the
writer says that it was improbable that it came over direct from
America, but it might have migrated from the Canary Islands, where
it is occasionally met with, or it may be the result of an evolution of
card towards virginiensis, or as the two species are said to have had a
common origin it may be an example of a throw-back to the ancestral
form. There he leaves it; but it did not occur to him that the great
probability is that a few chrysalids came over with produce to the
nearby busy port of Bordeaux, escaped, and joined up with the nearest
colony of its relative P. cardut.

Three further parts, with index, of Staudinger’s Catalogus Lepi-
dopterorum Regionis Palaearcticae have been published, and comprise
the Palaearctic Bombyces covered by Seitz works. There are 48 pages
of three columns and the Index is of the genera alone. Authorities for
all names are added and each species name is followed by the names of
its sub-species, its races, and its aberrational forms. Each section has
been prepared by some specialist, and some sections follow the names
and order of the species as given in the famous Catalogus of the firm
of Messrs W. Junk. This publication will be of much help to syste-
matists as a ‘“ first-aid ’’ to references they wish to make. The pub-
lishers, Dr O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas, the well-known firm of
Dresden and Blasewitz, have added their prices to the various species,
etc., which they have for disposal. These prices will give a rough
indication of the rarity of the items and can be utilized in all ex-
changes as the firm’s lists always have been. The price of each part of
16 pp. is 1 mark (German).

)

Correction. IT.—p. 130, line 18, for ‘‘ Larva ’’ read ‘‘ Sword.’’

‘©On the Evolution of Subspecies, as demonstrated by the Alterna-
tion of Variability existing in the Subspecies of the Genus Erebia,’”’ by
B. C. S. Warren, is a paper well worth consideration. Jn his study of
the extensive genus Hrebia the author was struck by the great extent of
both structural and superficial variation. In this genus his researches
resulted in his recognising a group of 60 species and no less than 224
subspecies with 90 ‘‘ associated forms ’’ which latter he calls incipient
races. He applies the term ‘‘ subspecies ”’ to races which (so far as is
ascertainable) exclude other races of the same species from the region
of their distribution. It is at last demonstrated that all colonies of a
species may give origin to local races, all of which may become subspecies
in due course. This definitely distinguishes between the terms ‘‘ race ’’
and ‘‘ subspecies,’’ which have been up to the present to a great extent
confusingly used. We have long pointed out that where a colony of a
species developes a few individuals of a peculiar form differing from the
typical, that colony forms a race. If in due course the peculiar form pre-
dominates then the colony may be considered a subspecies.

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X17.1937.

NoMENCLATURE.—The criticism of the Rev. George Wheeler on the
Nomenclature proposals published by the Royal Entomological Society
is timely and much to the point. We must bear in mind, however, that
they—the new proposals—are not authoritative, their acceptance is
quite optional. Before their adoption can be entertained they will
have to be considered and accepted by the International Zoological Com-
mission on Nomenclature. The wholesale change of names like this is
inadvisable, whilst on some of the proposals some doubts certainly exist.
—G. T. BretHuNnE-BAKER,

The Rothschild collection of objects of natural history includes pro-
bably the finest and most extensive private collection of Lepidoptera
in the world. It comprises long or very long series of every species
it was possible to obtain with races, subspecies and aberrations (e.g.,
eight ‘‘ black ’’? machaon). Whereas the Oberthiir collection was ex-
tremely rich in Oriental, Chinese, N. African, and Palaearctic species
and the Joicey collection was rich in species from selected and special
areas only, the Tring Museum is rich in species from every corner of
the world, and particularly in types of newly described species. The
collection of British species is also remarkable for its long series of
racial and aberrational forms with many life-histories. The Library
too is a rich one, containing copies of all the rarer works on Lepidop-
tera and complete sets of most of the world entomological periodicals.
In the present building there is plenty of available space for consulting
the collection, and we hope that Treasury Funds may be forthcoming
to carry on the work at Tring, since in the National Collection the space
is so congested that one finds the utmost difficulty to work comfortably
in the very restricted space; even passages are used to store a large
number of cabinets. At present it is absolutely impossible to find room
at S. Kensington for even a tithe of the Tring Collection.

SOCIETIES.

A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Woodhouse,”’
Stroud, on 12th August 1937, Dr Harry Eltringham in the chair. Mem-
bers present in addition to the Chairman—Mr H. Willoughby-Ellis,
Mr Jas. E. Collin, and Mr R. W. Lloyd. Visitors present—Dr Malcolm
Burr, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Mr H. W. Holloway, Dr Karl Jor-
dan, and Mr Austin Richardson. The guests were received by Dr and
Miss Eltringham early in the day and were fortunate in enjoying one of
the few really fine days of an unsettled season. Before lunch the garden
provided great interest, and the phlox, dahlias, and gladioli, probably
just at their best, were much admired. Luncheon was served at 1.15
and afterwards arrangements were made for a drive through some of
the picturesque Cotswold country. Later the Laboratory and Photo-
graphic rooms were inspected. Here the chief items of interest were
the appliances for histological research, mostly of Dr Eltringham’s own
design and construction. They included a high-power photomicrogra-
phic apparatus fitted with distant control for focussing and centreing,
a vacuum-recording hydraulic air-pump, a vertical micro-projector for
making drawings at various magnifications, an automatic clockwork-
electric exposure machine for prints and lantern slides, and a new low-
power photomicrographic apparatus for producing photographs of in-
sects and insect preparations, up to about eight diameters, and adapt-

SOCIETIES. 149

able to either transmitted or reflected light, the latter, by a special
system of reflectors, providing a shadowless light. A few typical sections
and micro-preparations were demonstrated. Tea was served about five
o’clock, and the party broke up, after a delightful day, barely in time
to miss a severe thunderstorm.—H. WittoucHBy Exuis, Hon. Secretary.

REVIEWS.

‘¢ MAN AND THE TERMITE,’ by Herbert Noyes. SVO-.) PP. 929058
illus., 8/6; Messrs Peter Davies, London.—This book deals with a group
of insects (Order Isoprera) living in large communities, and building
huge pyramids in tropical or subtropical lands. We are told that, al-
though they resemble ants in structure, appearance and habits they are
in no way related to them. They are polymorphic, and the mass of
the workers are utterly blind, and shun the light, even building over-
ground tunnels rather than be exposed to sunlight. This is in no way
a systematic book, although it is replete with much biologic detail of
the lives of these social insects. It is, in fact, an idealistic account by
one who has spent a lifetime among them. Much of the information
is conveyed in animated conversation presumed to be engaged in by
various grades of the occupants of the termite dwellings.

After discussing the ‘‘ beginning’’ of the termites, possibly
300,000,000 years ago, the suggestion is broached that these blind
creatures have a sixth sense, since they can unfailingly find one another
when far apart. Their underground gardens, where crops of fungus
provender are grown, are described, and we are told how a winged
female leaves her birthplace to found a new colony, carrying a few
workers attached to the tarsal hairs of her feet. No less than eight
Castes are recognised. The King and Queen, two grades large and
small of Male and Female, two grades large and small of male and
female workers, large, medium and small male and female soldiers.

As in human society many parasites are tolerated, but many are
ruthlessly destroyed, even at some distance from the termite pyramids.
Many pages are devoted to the struggle between man and the termite,
detailing the insidious, silent, attack upon human handiworks, And
the writer foretells the end of the struggle ‘‘ that when the parasites
who rule us have sucked us dry, and faded into insignificance, and when
the fate of Sodom and Gomorrah has overtaken the Vale of the Universe,
the termites, unperturbed, will survive.”’

OBITUARY.

THe RicHt HonovrasteE Lorp Roruscuip, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
F.R.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.—By the passing of Lord Rothschild the
study of the Lepidoptera has lost a notable figure. Born in 1868 heir
of Sir N. Meyer Rothschild, Bt., and for many years known all over
the world as the Hon. Walter Rothschild, he succeeded to the title in
1915. At an early age he became attached to the study of animal life.
After being educated at home, he went to the University of Bonn
and then to Cambridge; his studies were always dominated by
natural history. Naturally his father expected his son to share in
the family financial business, but this was an uncongenial prospect to
him, and he took up in earnest the acquirement and study of objects

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1T1.1937.

of general natural history; although the Lepidoptera gradually became
the chief aim of his work, he amassed a striking collection of Vertebrates,
especially Birds, building later a museum to contain them. Various
species were kept alive in Tring Park for years, especially the emu.
About 1890 he built a small museum to contain the specimens he had
already obtained and well we remember the array of cabinets of set
insects and the huge packing cases full of papered insects, which, at
a later date, filled the building to repletion. To a second museum he
built for the vertebrates he gradually added spacious rooms, especially
for the Lepidoptera, the Bird-skins, and the rapidly-growing Library,
so that at the present time the floor area is about 60,000 square feet,
very considerably more than that of the Insect Department of the great
National Museum at South Kensington. He trained young men of the
town to assist in the work of the museum, which he personally arranged
and managed. With growth of the collections the task became too big
and in 1892 he engaged Dr Hartert as Curator of his birds and general
collection and soon after Dr Karl Jordan especially for the section
devoted to the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, which was growing by leaps

and bounds. The latter choice was a very fortunate one, for Dr
Jordan has become one of the most famous scientific entomologists we
have to-day. For lack of space the Coleoptera were given up. In

the current publications of that time it was found impossible to
adequately describe the host of new species and forms so rapidly coming
in, that in 1894 the Novitates Zoologicae was commenced and has
continued until this year to record, describe and also to figure, often
in colour, these novelties, assisted by specialists in particular sections.
Lord Rothschild had a marvellously retentive memory, practically know-
ing each specimen in his enormous collection, and it was a delightful
treat to go around an exhibit with him. He was a Fellow of the Royal
and many other Societies, in all of which at times he took an active
interest. For two periods he was on the Council of the Entomological
Society of London and its President for two years. He took part in
the International Congresses, both in Zoology in general and in Ento-
mology in particular, and but few works devoted to the objects which
he loved to study do not include references to his writings or to his col-
-lections, and officials in charge of the important museums of the whole
world constantly consult the Tring collections. Lord Rothschild was
greatly interested in the preservation of the flora and fauna threat-
ened by the advance of destructive civilisation. As a man his manner
was friendly to all; he was, as one who knew him well said, ‘‘ a nice
man,’’ and those who were with him as delegates to the Congress at
Zurich will agree. A few years ago Lord Rothschild became one of the
eight members of the famous Entomological Club, and to those of us
who were invited to the lunch at Tring each year it 1s an occasion to
be a lasting memory of a genial reception, of a pleasant reunion of
friends, of an exhibition of a splendidly displayed section of the col-
lection and an excellent luncheon in the precincts of ‘‘ entomological
sanctity.’’? He died on August 27th last after an illness, possibly the
indirect result of a serious fall in his home twelve months previously.
We understand that the whole of the collections and the Library, as
well as the buildings containing them, are left to the Nation.—Hy. J. T.

(With thanks to Dr Karl Jordan, F.R.S., Director of the Tring Museum.)

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLIX.
By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.

PAGE

“4, aurantiaca and other Beetles in
the Box Hill District,’ A. A. Allen
Aberration of P. (L.) bellargus
Abundance of N. plectd@ .................0085
“ Addition to List of British Orthop-
tera’? IM. BAIRD Je petecovacassessceeeem Sasa
“A. lathonia at Monk’s Wood,” C.
INMGMOUSGMN © Ghasascusavsosagaccagcoa.o0bsudeden
Ambiguous use of changed names 37,
123,

eee eae e eens rareceeece

American Lepidoptera
* Anthomyiid Fly (Dip.) in Hants,”
ELAM AV ANIA IR CWiSUeeeseeteeasnecrccceesesoecins
“Argentine Notes, Papilionidae,”’ K.
J. Hayward
Ashford local list
‘Asparagus Fly (P. poeciloptera) in
England,’ H. W. Andrews ..........
‘* Assembling Moths, Notes on,” P.
By OMe. (AAs occnspascecsesu see 66, 95,
Avebury, Lord, A notice of ...............
‘* Autumnal Lepidoptera in Kurdis-
tan,’ E. P. Wiltshire 91,
Bats and Lepidoptera
‘‘ pellargus, An unusual Freak of L.,”’
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher ...............
Bibliography of Jacob Hubner

eet e eee eee eee s ears ee esse eesssees

ecw ewes rece es ecessessatttone

Detar te eeeee

weet e eee rete eee c ee eenee

es eaeesece

“ Blatta (P.) orientalis,’? M. Burr ..
IBIAS abe? Oil J2/5 TORDGARUTO) Scepcoooccsaqastos
CaCtODVAStIS Hiswcceeastercecte screenees 90,

Se Gellar’? lon? IKONS, Goocacoccosoosenuqonabdee
““ Captures of Lepidoptera in the Isle
of Wight,’ S. Wakely ..................
“Colony of M. graminicola, End of
a Colony,’ H. Donisthorpe
Clicking of the Ageronia species ......
““ Coleoptera, etc., at Heston,” H.
DONISTHORDE? Giteraces eestor suet ese ame essen
Collecting Notes 9, 16, 32, 44, 50, 56, 60,
83, 101, 112, 125, 136,

‘‘ Collecting, Notes for late Summer
of 1936,” H. B. D. Kettlewell, 44;
“at S. Benfleet, 1930-1936,’ R. W.
ACE WiOOG IY): Rohan coc eeswstneensnsncce 47,

** Contribution to a knowledge of the
Lepidoptera of the Islands of
Eigg, Canna and Sanday, etc.,”

Gig IRIS Jee WABI OIA Zecuccodconosoacodsencoueste
Congress of Entomology, International
“CC, obeliscata and C. variata in
Cornwall,’’ C. Nicholson .............
““Cornish Notes, 1936,’ Charles
Nicholson, 15, 25, 45 (Dr Kettle-
well), 61, 103 (C. Q.. Parsons),

C. Nicholson) 138; Some Cucullia
INOtESaICS INIChOlSOM ee seers acseese nee
Corrections 24, 108, 134,
““Cucullia Notes,’ A. J. Wightman,
1977/8 (Ch, INMICINONEOMN Scosonscooosscoetsncccenee
Current Notes 10, 18, 36, 51, 62, 86, 105,
116, 128, 140,

Damp sand of river banks attractive
to Papilio species

Becca nsecccasscesece

136

56

145
149

145

146

PAGE

Dates, for collecting HE. smaragdaria,
49: of Rhopalocera at Rodborough,
T. Bainbrigge Fletcher
DEKGS, WAG GMOS, corccoscoocscssoss0s9000000060
Denmark Lepidoptera .....................0
““Dermaptéres, Faune de 1’U.R.S8.S.
Insectes,’’ Review, Dr M. Burr ...
Description of P. (Z.) bellargus ab., 1,

Sees ei

13; E. szetschwana ab. ignotoides,

14; “‘ larva of M. deserticola (Arc-
tiidae),’’ K. G. Hayward, 82; a
Kurdistan collecting ground, 91;
L. violaceus, a new Coleopteron ..
‘* Dieulefit, Digne and Beauvezer in
July-August, 1936,” H. G. Harris
Distribution of the Dermaptera, 20,
Gale FEs (is) OCOWTAUO Sroacoseastoosenseeso
Distance flown by Assembled Moths
* Dictatorship, An Entomological,’
Rev. G. Wheeler
LDYeKerej ashe) UNETHONS —looecasndedancesscucassouscus
“Development of a few Papilio, Re-
cord about the,’’ Orazio Quetfci ...
D. plexippus (archippus) in Cornwall
‘“ Early dates from Storrington, Sus-
Sexe pulG. WI RODERISOM fe. oecccetee ss
“ Effects of Radiant Heat on the De-
velopment of some Butterflies,”
(ON WANCG) | QDIE Wily Sauncosndostocoscb acces secdoods
Emergence from pupae at various
LAS10 OV SH Ree LALLY Koto Minneereeacescsspoqcoddsacadudrecc
‘“‘Emigrant Butterflies, Iraq,’ E. P.
WALES CRESS SBR ee Soe sehen
“ E,. purdeyi in Glos., T. Bainbrigge
EVetCheryy, Sees eae es eee
‘* Frebia aethiops v. aethiopella, Note
on Staudinger’s,’ B. C. S. War-
TETAS eas cc Re SSA SW
‘EF. retiella in Hampshire,”’’
IFaSSmid ge Wace cer sack eneceeaaeesesec ee
* Fucosma cirsiana,”’ R. E. E. Framp-
(POW sid career cedmeans sae eaeie a mae Sena asise ae
““Euplecti as Myrmecophiles,’ H.
DOMISTHORDCY Veen ecneetcor ce coeeeteeeceee
Experiments, with Radiant Heat on
Development, 73; with Insects and
SS GOTUGS ceetos rs cateee a ee actus ueenieanarie
EEX RA Cia An eee DOMTSt NORD eee
*“Food-plants of Pierid Larvae,” T.

Bainbrigge Fletcher .....................
“Garden, Macro-lepidoptera in a
London,’ Rev. T. G. Edwards,
GLE (Go IWMGNGISOIM) ~oscodsacsee Ae CE

‘Genetics and Status of X. conspicil-
laris and ab. intermedia and ab.
melaleuca,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne ...

“ Generic Names, etc., of the British
Formicidae,’’ H. Donisthorpe 131,

Generic Names of British Insects ...

Grasshoppers, at sugar, 59, 134;
“* Local, from S. Benfleet, Essex,’’
R. W. Attwood

weer sees sscssn eo cess***aeaaee

139
142
141

20

137

81

152

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

PAGE

Habits, of a social Spider, 8; of L.
l-album, 46; Curious, of Z. pustu-
lata, 57; of Larvae of a Notodontid

Heterocera in Kurdistan

SO. SUCNTRAIS © We ats lone!

Hubner, Bibliography of Jacob

Immigrant D. archippus (plexippus)

“Indian Lepidoptera, Early Stages
of,” D. G. Sevastopulo, 80, 124;
Ta Bainbrmieze Hleteherser-css. ccs:

‘“ Influence of Reflected Radiation,”
O. Querci

Jazz, Some use for

Jubilee of the Verrall Supper

‘““TLampronia tenuicornis in Hamp-
shire,’ Wm. Fassnidge

*““Larval habit, of S. zophodactyla,
Unusual,’’ Wm. Fassnidge, 16; of
A. tritici and A. vestigialis

‘*Laurel, C. podana on,’ T. Bain-
brigge Fletcher

“Larvae of, O. parvidactylus,” T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher, 32; P. mon-
eta on Holker Moss, 7d., 61; °C.
dominula eaten by Cuckoos,”’ /d.,
C. Nicholson, 61; ‘“‘ M. ceratoniae
feeding on orange,’ S. Wakely,
128: ‘‘N. contigua on gorse,” C.
Q. Parsons

Lepidopterorum Catalogus

*T. beatricella in Gloucester,” T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher

Life history of the Thread Worm
Mermis

Light, in May, 27; in June, 38; near
Grange, Lancs, in early July, 28;
trap, 89; in Kurdistan, 93; in the
Summer of 1937, Canon T. G. Ed-
wards

“TL. lotella
Fassnidge

Local List, Ashford, Dr E. Scott

“Locality, A new, for ZL. anophthal-
ma,” A. A. Allen

L. griseola, variation in, B. A. Cooper

““London Garden, Captures in a,”
Canon T. G. Edwards

Lubbock, Sir John

“L. violaceus, a genus and species
new to Britain (Col.),’’ A. A. Allen

Jy EY EOI PS Wye REN eA eS ay eae Se a eM Ce De

Male structures of P. sibirica and P.
chapmani (Hesperiidae) ..............

“Man and the Termite,’ Review ...

‘““Marking supposed immigrants,” G.
Je sl BAI RX) HB der nen ea Wee lala eng a

““Mass Movement of Lepidoptera,”
ELyaredi AUNT Dinter cere sc ccncet eee cere car

““Mermis Thread Worm in Wasp,”
TRE RBOCK? pea Behe Gk uf Me Sai tela

**Melanismus, Albinismus, und Rufi-
nismus,’”’ Review

Metalic pupaeeet ets... he eee

“Methylated Spirit, a Relaxing
Agent,’’ D. G. Sevastopulo

Behe eee wees scene

ee

eee tem wwe weer ween eesenn et tenes eone
Pe ee meee estes anne ecceseeeenes

Cry

Oe eee ecesencce

Peewee eee e wees ere e see eesateeeee

eee ecccceccre
Cece eee cc ea toeesese

Reng ene ie ia iii

in Hampshire,”

Se it iii iy

eee ee ewe ete eee asec teas anee

eae eeneeee

145
142

101

15. XIT.1937.

PAGE
** Micro-collecting,”’ L.T.F. ......... 32, 50
Minen, Herbarium, 38; Blatt-Minen 116
““ Myrmecozela ochraceella occur in
England? Does,’ T. Bainbrigge
Fletcher, 9; “‘ Mompha ochraceel-
la, near Southampton,’ Wm.
ASSN SE” Vesccesscsstsecreceereecaccseaee wer 103
“Mole crickets a Garden Pest in
lelenauisye? (Gio LEKobe VIGO! Soocoososconeoe 85
Myrmecophiles, Euplecti as ............... 4
“New British localities for Orthop-
tera species,’ Dr M. Burr ............ 34
New to Britain: ZL. violacews (Col.) .. 110
New to Science: ab. ignotoides of E.
SAGUSEMUOHUD) |» Becbaubansebnboaotcocodoosnbanen 14
“New, Finnish race of S. orion, etc,”’
Dr Roger Verity, 71; forms of E.
allionii, Dr Roger Verity ............ 100
Noctuidae Supplement to Seitz ......... 19
* Northern Beetles in Kent,’ A. A
JAIN G Ta aie convetesaeeneeceoue cone: aaer neonate 61
“ Notes on, Collecting in S. Devon,
etc., in 1936," Capt. P. Q. Par,-
sons, 27; “‘on Assembling Moths,”
IPS Ba ME GAMO neces seasenene 66, 96, 119
*“ Nomenclature run Wild,” Brig.-
Geni Be THEI COOKEGy aencncccsos-ceascreecee 134
‘“ Nomenclature, and a Correction,”
Eye, J.) Den 13455 Gs nh. Bethune=
BAKER wires ca cennecon heanoteece aeeonct ace sare 148
Obituary, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows,
F.R.E.S.—H.J.T., 22; A. B.. Shel-
kovnikov—Dr M. Burr, 29; H. P.
Jones, F.R.E.S.—J. W. Carr, 64;
Wm. Morton Wheeler, 87; Lord
Rothschild—H.J.T. ........... 0... 117, 149
“ Observations on the Feeding of
Meconema thalassinum,”’ P. Free-
10 G12 Yi OW Meee em NOP See H are Bem eEorAnaeA coapecmeconncae 115
‘“ Orthoptera, in Britain in 1936,” Dr
Malcolm Burr, 3, 50; at S. Ben-
fleet, B. W. Attwood .................... 59
** Oviposition of P. flavofasciata (de-
colorata),’? G. Robertson ............ 125
Pairing of Moths, Views on the ...... 69
Papilio, larvae feeding and growth,
109; pupae, active and dormant 110
Parthenogenesis in C. dominula, P.
BS MEST AMA ence Sonetaaere taeaeeencacenaench 115
P. c.-album in Cornwall, C. Nicholson 145
Pests, 85, 88; Ornamental Garden
Pests, Review, 105; of British
WO OdaAMds MASE jcc eee oe 118
P. festucae in Northumberland ......... 125
Pigments of butterfly wings ............ 120
‘““P. moneta, on Holker Moss,’ C.
Nicholson; larvae on Artemisia, T.
Bainbrigge Fletcher .................... 61
“ P. orientalis. in the Open,” H.
DOMSTBROT DE set OR ae lal 8 Nie 136
“ P, polygraphus in Suffolk and Nor-
folk,’ H. Donisthorpe .................. 33
“ Preservative Fluid for Metallic
Pupae, A,” D. G. Sevastopulo .... 113

CONTENTS. ; 1583

PAGE
“P. tesseradactyla in E. Tyrone,’’
FRMOSe#e GREET rated sees contaceseenteaeanees 104
‘““Pupation of M. tiliae, Unusual
SHU Oly? IPs TBs WE, ZAG cooocdeotososes 85
** Ragwort, 7. (E.) jacobaeae and,’’ P.
SES Mises Aulil airs Sp Mele 2 Bee es ete ny 114
“Random Notes on Argentine Col-
NECN? 1K. dio IEIAAWENROl Soosecccsone 5

Relaxing Agent, Methylated Spirit, .. 113
Reviews, 11, 19, 20, 37, 38, 39, 51, 62, 86,
105, 116, 118, 125, 128, 1381, 140, 149

Allan, P. B. M., M.A., F.S.A., 66,85,
95, 114, 115, 119
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.

Birr Dr Malcolmiy eh RBS.) 3) ide
20, 34, 39, 50, 115
TESTE sae Ga Ata ctpee a Seen ar soe, dec a Gem Sern A CONN. Se 18
BSC CK Re rarer men en ian hace meee snadee sean ene aeaes 65
(QRMEIE ATS WAV ae ol Deal Repl aS ama an ees ce ae 64

Cockayne, Dr E. A., M.D., F.R.C.P.,
EERE ABTS Suara seep cias Ser. oi Pha aya a ta 81

Cooke, Brig.-Gen. B. H., C.M.G.,
(Cyl Bal DYE SIDS Os eel Ed BIE HAS a ere ae 134
COOMERA WE SEEN ehiveersss rel, as MER ate ans 1388

PAGE
“ Single-brooded P. icarus at Shef-
Held D> hearmehbougihes.scss 83
Societies: Entomological Club, 10,
36, 37 (Verrall Supper), 106, 130,
148; for British Entomology, 86;
38rd Congress of the Society for
IBIENTUGIA BINEOCWNOWOEAT cccosacossoscoododor 117
Spider, Habits of a social Argentine 8
Staudinger’s New Catalogue 34, 63, 147
‘“ Structural Characteristics of P.
sibirica and P. chapmani (Hes-

Rhopalocera in Kurdistan ................ 92 Dern): 1B: Oo Bo NEESER cocuonca: aL
Aten ; SUNOS OCCHES GUNG! IREVCCE) ooagossosnasonscadsucece 147
Riverain Forests of the Chaco- ! ; :
nea Sugar, in September 1936, 29; in S.
santafecino,’’ K. J. Hayward ...... 5 Fane
- i : me Benfleet, 47; “‘in the Summer of
Acooe! Bliss auacems 2. Ue 1937,” Canon T. G. Edwards ...... 197
dana, R. W. Attwood SUNG clan aden 104 “Thread Worm in Wasp, Mermis,”
“Scandinavia, Captures in, August FRY MBG CEE ARS Sa UGDER 6 cs ahie un a nie aan 65
AGB? Eis, IRCOSLWSOIM gaccosnosssoccnsoosede 125 ““T. jacobaeae and Ragwort,” B. A.
“ Scent,” organs, etc., at assembling, Cooperd ts. Aes eG TIS ee Pees 138
97; chemistry Of .............. ee HPAL NS Gea AES INTIS ENT, HNIC perenne pacoesoccaceeses 148
SGHEIMNTIC” INOUSS © scooddoscosascadbacbasuodoousbosss ala <e Vanessidae in the present season,”
Season, The, 101; at Rodborough, T. Ha Se ETON | Meise nee 127
IBM OTEIGERS, IMIIEHELNETO: SoocaooocscoseccoHced 139 Variation, in S. orion, 72; ‘‘ of E. al-
Semi, JEOUOIIWERNNOIONS! Goococesoseononeee 19,, 63, 140 lionii = fatua,’’ Dr Roger Verity 99
“Second brood ? of S. suberivora,” NAS TEL ce UL ASIII 6) OXETP - te snnonepacaucosanconescsvatocesoges 57
SHAVVaKe livene yt: cose acee aca ee oe seen eee 128 “ Wood-destroying Insects,’ Review 39
LOCALITIES.
PAGE s PAGE
ANIPEYSTALETE VEY) SagoonoseeaccienuacobbeD AS danseancens Sy ‘ee LEMON CSS O) OVS" wc eengntcicbemaeiceronn sabadcece econ: 44
CIM CC tea Sumer tstenece cee enese is coneeane 47, 56, 132 TSTONOLONV AO at ec eee ener ener eee Ne 60
IBC AUIVCZC Ree seteccs aaa coucneseone aa necuelcoeoncdes 53 Iran (Sup.).

1 BO XG ETI G pam tee ae see Late Cauca ste eal vateee Ue A367 | eRCUr TS Lally ecnee ae An eiee Snona net s 91, 107
Chacozsanitahe Cum Om meters eaeceen ee eee 5 EO TNC O TNE Space eterna eee rata pes cae aera HSL, SLY
Commiwally eee eisai concen haere ily, Ora), LAK, slOc7/ MORO CC Ong ey ates ae eM satya es nie Sa La 11
Canna wlslexo tern ns shee ceeeen seca eas 29 Macedonia (Sup.).

MS VOMEM Sa a aeeteeascek soaneae ee eee eae eee Ot, AG JEASI OAR NCE tee ade e GR en oa ee mala He Cats ee 46
TDCI AY Se PRR Re tee Parana nN ean ST a i A a 53 IRON OXON OOD VaR eRe UO INE ia ee 1, 139
JODIVERDU IRD Te a aac eats SEM parser nnsncia rece ing an sas 53 RUUUS Sarah sey sca Hemme ra alicia hs Oct ae ap LON 20
IDYOWASKEN EY Gay Hear AE RMSE inten Bec oh eran 5a) neni aaa 128 poe BOW Ke Wayne d US Le) ML Yh aR reat gene AMET 29
TETAS Shas Mae ier Geode h BRAG Sima aane mee BoGeaneeneE Rene 29 S Calin cla aval Qi aseecen nahin ane ee as 125
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS.

PAGE PAGE
Andrews, H. W., FR.E.S. ............ 34, 85 Donisthorpe, H., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 4, 8,
Gi mOO CME NVA Aen on. RS TES ce ee ie 60, on 131, 136, 143
PMI CT AMPA GALINN Set og Maca iniece sy iA ek 60, 136 AA Be LENE SO Baa

10, 36, 37, 106, 130, 148

Edwards, Canon T. G., M.A., F.Z.S.
101, 127

Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge, F.R.E.S.,
HE Z.S., E.Les. 1, 9; 32, 33), 61, 101, 139

Fassnidge, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.S. 16,
17, 103, 104

T EROW CO bes st Sar a a a ee ee en Ae 82, 50, 54
TERED IAMSIOOWSIN, “PS ID. socsccovoasdacocnoasescooss 83
Veto WalllS@im, Gin IPSIRSILSS ceccooncococoseces 86
JPIRSSTaMENO, IPEVBI. -eccoscoudsoaosobosbenecnodonoaoase 115
Imeeiiouliin, ID TEL, So IMDRIBYS, ssoccoscosocee 127
AY Wacd Weeding) RES.) eZee
PERG Sue Meera ee nt ole Dee Sa Ze

SprectaL Notice.—May we ask all readers who wish to have their
communications published in a forthcoming number at any time to send
early. We now have to assemble the whole of the matter for the next
number immediately after the publication of a number, in order to
assure the early issue of proofs. All proofs were in our hands this
month on 27th of November and some had been delivered a week before
that.

RetuRN oF Proors.—May we urge the return of proofs as soon as
possible after recerpt.

Our especial thanks are due to the printers and publishers, Messrs
T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., for the keen interest they have taken in the
production of the magazine.

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X17T.1937.
PAGE PAGE
Harrisons (Gy He. BSG. PhD? ERAS. 729 Sevastopulo, D. G., F.R.E.S. 80, 113, 124
lene, Jel, (Cieg IoD) caoonaooons AonicaaNBACuBAO 53 AMbhoMeray Ihye Ajay LIRA D Sis, Bolles: (0),
Kettlewell, H. B. D., M.A., M.B. ...... 44 11, 19, 22, 36, 51, 64, 70, 86, 89, 105,
Nicholson, C., F.R.E.S. 15, 25, 64, 84, 116, 118, 128, 134, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151
137, 138, 145 Veritive DreROSeR eee secu eens 71, 99
Parsons, Captain C. Q. ......... 27, 103, 145 WWeleidteial, Bis Oo Sh, IRLIRGIONS. coadosose 18, At
Perkins ha 1h ela) DSC. MARS. Wakely, gS. tien ea. ae eee 10, 128
TALUS AG Samet e cee cck Caceme een te ren seen 101 Wiltshire, E. P., F-R.E:S. ...... 91, 107, 114
QUCECL Wi OLAZION cece ster sp ocncusesesceenece: 73, 109 Wivlavetelben es REA S. (Ce IRON CIDRISS, op oosccadecodns 123
RSYGXOY Fred BG Peele co OPN et eee Bei eh ee 19 VWVIIMOMEHO, ANS Als, TOGIRGIBLISS santonosocsocese 127
SUPPLEMENTS.
PAGE
British eNoctwacs chhyen Jee hUrENene BER GH ese. eh See Hillis seeeeaas ieee see nema ('73)-(120)
Butterfly Races of Macedonia, Dr Roger Verity, F.R.E.S. ..................c00008 (9)-(22)
Trypeta vectensis and other new or little known British species of
Trypetldacc(Dips sed te. Colin HARES Mel Gsue sce coeceenencen ae tence teeeane eae (1)-(7)
New Lepidoptera from Iran, H. Bytinski-Salz, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., and
Wee BIB PAINT A ihe hostess aracctic dn ere MERI ces coh eke ae Pa ORR Oot CREE RE ak Goes (1)-(15)
Variation of some Butterflies in Anterior Asia and in Morocco, Roger
ACE) Ol Race pelt Ds! BD Yer aie GN 8 2] Dh aS ane iar con aR MP RE RRS Men gn theo. nik Soe ne ba ARHbSCHECOSOGaBEOO (1)-(8)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Plate Le VEY COCKE TOCCULAON GUS. IMEC alk HUOm RaG Caress cannoncceeceteee eee eee ee ee eeee ee il
A Il. Portrait. Rev. Charles Rich Nelson Burrows, F.R.E.S., to face 23
cm IDOL, JRorucaity, AN, 1B6 SIMNGUKOG MIKO, UO WACO cocccrsccosnsaodsaonacdudooaboqusdeansuosSnso 39
a IV. Male structures of P. sibirica and P. chapmani to face ............... 4A
HA V. Gorge de St Pierre, Beauvezer: Erebia scipio, Ground Beauvezer,
LON LAC Oo Rees don eaoee dias sacten cee ognse uoiaigns bimabatesak use Ueeleuaeneeneca eae atinnc kaaeateiee 53
8 Wil, INGHNATOCK WOT TW 2 \WVESIO; WO WAYS soccosgensccsccosadonosesoaancgeocsoondodoacddue 65
oF VII. a. Rowanduz Gorge, Kurdistan. b. New Forms of Lepidoptera
fLOTAMICUE OTS ta yb OW PAGE) las ca cose cus clan eer meeren alscr emacs aaa cease eee 91

All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to
Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam.

We must earnestly request our correspondents NoT to send us communications
IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines.

Reprints of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if

ordered at the time of sending in MS.

Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR
defrays the cost of the illustrations.

TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting ’ Notes and Current Notes. Please.
Barly, —EDS.

ee EXCHANGES.

Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charges.
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Duplicates Numerous, Ova, Larvae, Puuac, and Imagines.—H. W. Head, Burnis-
d ton, Scarborough.

Desiderata.—Certain common moinuy ces from Scotland, Ireland and Cornwall:
Sanio, Rubi, Trifolii, Potatoria, etc., during the year.

Duplicates.—Numerous. Please send list—B. W. Adkin, Highfield, Pembury,
Kent.

Desiderata.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.

Duplicates.—Exotic Lepidoptera in papers.—Capt. J. C. Woodward, R.N., The
Red House, Bordyke, Tonbridge, Kent.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS :

Harold B. Williams, Esq., LL.D., F.R.E.S., to:—Croft Point, Bramley, Surrey.
Wm. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S., to 4 Bassett Crescent, W. Southampton.

Orazio Querci, Via Settembre 28, Formia (Littoria), Italy.

BRITISH GRASSHOPPERS AND THEIR ALLIES.

A STIMULUS TO THEIR STUDY.
By Dr MALCOLM BURR, D:Sc., F.R.E.S.

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IMPORTANT
TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND MUSEUMS.

BACK VOLUMES OF

The Entomologist’s Record and
Journal of Variation

(Vols. I-XXXVI.)

CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most important only mentioned.)

GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Double
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac-
tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia
var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrotis pyrophila,
Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes,
etc., etc., 360 pp.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles on

VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taenio-
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis-
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature—
Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth,
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran-
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybrids
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of GOnophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. :
To be obtained from :—

Mr H. E. PAGE, 9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.3,
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable.

Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath.

ol Ber

By Hy. J. TURNER,

INDEX.

F.R.E.S. FR HLS.

VOL. XLIX. (mew series) (1937).

~The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation.

Coleopteru arranged in order of Genera.
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain
to Science with two asterisks.

COLEOPTERA.
PAGE
ANGIEMOIGY LOM OU BVO IE. Be oaqeonaeosccsseactoeaseenee 99
INGEPIOLES ONS CUMS ener se seseee ee ce eecceeces eee 112
ATECUONOtA AWEAMTTA GAY = .cse-2e5s sesso ecko 136
PSTOOVZ I 29g OMS] Ones He ee eee ane ae ee nt nc 112
(UsTeTiVAl AMISH gees cones secon acm aseseneoceeee ae aoe 112
Anobium QGoOmMeStiCUM ......2..........cc000. 112
ANOIMOYGTIS: (REBUN Y SUIS) Soesnsquasdoansdecseeudsen 112
Atemeles emarginatus ..............cees.eee. 144
TORHESIOWOD.AUISe | Byancnsocenesas acceso mn cocree asc 144
ANNU). UIOINGETIOOIE MIS, LaapssancadocansconsnuceaaseS 112
Barrisodes (sch wabiic <......<sccccasccesssoeees 5
Bembidion(ium) articulatum ............ 112
LEWD OS KOSS mee a eS as 5a aoe eee 112
DLO PORWS DIC OLOMsecescee ces se cece seeeee- eee ane
BUSS GUC el Cpe ee ae wos lata toncteaceadeecestcciae 130
CAMOSOMIAL VVWISHUOT faces scesscecsdesseosseeers 86
CA AWS aN OMEIS Pee Sree e ec ecewcete ce 112
(COSTER NOON ONUCCI(OIGYe)a Nee APR ee Dh nsnnr asaccenceanticd vi
GIS PD OLS Re. oss ee ace eee teas 112
AAW CAV S pNP - Re, oN a noes As osjota Seine dot eo sae ee es 112
TONDUGYC LOU GVA IS) teas Se a peoaearecooncE Gender naeicnecnas 61
SEE UL Shieh RB Ge NE cme ts 112 |
ALTOS UU Speen s een pie sae mates a aoe toe ere 112
Cryptophagus acutangulus ............... i516,
) WA OVUM CXei 0D DIG) ean Gas Sadnas an eare ceacntadacbor 112
DIN AaTGay HO VTMACAY on cee est one sacs ee cnacks 144
Blatter (dae) ic eisscssacshos tenes 110, 111, 130
BUNT SG CWS gees see msslsection caxaeaneseataseees 4
NGAI TED oer geet sec rs ea bs ov cele asoreaes 5
PENIGT 7 ia gale to tenn rca ea ana ea a Sn aa 5
RMP OMUL UTS seen ook ae RE, anne 8 5 |
BIS WIEN E WS aR ne ee ree ek aati Boze c eR pwaenls S|
RISERS TTS OF Sek oe eR en 5 |
OVINE T lay ge ceed eee re erect ace ences cotecasuadass 5
EUAN s (AT ECT) <enceneniacecssccesaeckeete |
LER TRSISLOU LS Spe Rice iy cae en ce al
TMG OUI Sones RR a ee eee eens 5
TOW RI DIGS So eee re ee One on oe car Serre 5
ULI NGAUS eae ane eeeee eee eee saa sen oases ec cecses cues 4
SAC UULTL CUS eee eere es aero eee aacssann ceases D
SL OMMAGUS Meme ne eee acer eaecu coca oanen oacedmegas D
STK OR AC Mamie eer terres e seem ans SoS ce icles cers 5 |
UO TATA eae re rerio ay acces guncls Set aa hi cacie aes 4 |
VIO CE CUMOS IS earner ct eae oe acd se cece ceene |
OE GS Ay SOA ye gs, moet ocree sects oe tea cnsne 3 |
JEISIE CAV RDIS TEU ANDO OMI A ionassanechor noc AeeanBee TEI
CLOT GINO T Bis ees. ee eters a oenae de oe 130
Homaiota rufotestacea ...........-.c..:-++... 136
Langelandia anophthalma ................ 60
PLN OMS CUS era o eee cs see seas 110, i141
MELMOMISCUS= VAIOlACCUS) 25.0, ..se5.c85- 0. sen 110
HT OTIS jie tees are sea cc cosas ews 110, 111
MEOW GTC OPIN Bie re siete ae naa es aceon) oe aeas 130

The other Orders arranged by Species.
are marked with an asterisk, those new

PAGE
FU CATUUS so COTVAIS py eeccecae see acca i192
TV CUUISs: (1 OAC) seen sca gah Ne 39
MasdalismCarboOnaiicucs eee 60
INAICER GES e anni: ee eee 112
INGOT AGS eee. tees ee eee Ae nae a
OCGViMUSMAL CTS aie cs ccccnes.Bas seen ee 112
EVOL UT DISS: SR eee he emt ee Ua Meee, 112
LRM a ay ON CHICO EYES «eta ett en date eaten S/O he gd el 117
AU VMOOLOAAC pe siete eee 3 oe ed ee ee 39
Polygraphus polygraphus ...............- 33
| PASE ES TOLINIIEG GS IR aR or eae ie ea ee Sie oe 4
IPUCINO SUNG NUIG) TOOEIG NORUIS) she5-cocanonsassccoetocn 112
SCO hi GAC aes kc aec ay seoee co a eee ee 39
MMROSGUS melaterOldesm asses eee eee 112
DCPS ON ON TO NATH Se oe ae Rae ee ee a 39
List of Coleoptera taken in the last 4
VEaEssat Box (AM ee se eres 136
DIPTERA.
lONGETe A), IGMTTOTG DINO, Sossosussensuonsoeshoc 85
CLAHLOMTMORMTSS) ASTINIS See eee 139
GAVENMDUAWIS INKOMEE TO QUIS) oooncanaobnesenccodsosecr 104
NDS) CUS ete areas sos ect ase ee sak occa eee eee 122
GUVEESUS ID ACUS ii ae atees hee a cea cee 122
GOMVESTICA sa MIUIS Caley ne eee cree eee ee 129
ISICON TSWIS, IDEIGWIRY « sazsdecccdnensecacostascoos 122
WERACICIPSVACIGNAL, ekeet oosace eens ee oe 34
TGIUNIO MON Agere ce', scr cet eee act ee nee §5
DOSCMIO OUCH. IEUIBHAYOENRER) Soxccucesosdsaseor 34
SWSIME NE), MAUNA aXOy a) NONE), chocanecacoseesoddaccosee 85
A WENN AIG EWES Spe ian See eae ee Cree a 146
\WiSereieisaaya). JLTTAM NOONE), | cacdeacdondanéocacer 85
ZOU AUS er) cl GU Siete een. ees meme eee nee 122
HYMENOPTERA.
INGLY ON ANOIMTA MOOSE > adecerocbansesseascneenenaeeodcaee 143
BCOAVOMMUAN, ILO MO MOIEE I esSsncaqsceas- a. 16¥-
1B3 EY CCN ONII(O Be Nelo | trees ees ana eer BO ONS ete &8
brunneus, Acanthomyops (D.) ...... eS
CAVES OUND NON “ALSTON IATOROO bas ccossasomocesac 113
GMO OU AS HU Satis ee eee: sees a eee ea ee 143
CHANTS AO TM Caine ao atten nee 143
GhypeatuUSs wise pPuOUlOTax. s..scs eee eee 432
CODE CTA AS eR ORM GAs = as ca eee UL, Sy.
UOMMECA CIB JEXOIGBIEE), TR ese Bake sucaosenecchaccesce: 132
GLEASSINO Cars HO RMON Car sees ae eeeeee eee 131
DYE VeT OUD ISTE I on ulate Mec AAata Mere Mie ana eT co at 88
DomisthOny Cals eres eels. since een ah eeeemeeee 143
emarginatus, Acanthomyops (D.) ...... 5
12) OVO NDS os ea a eee ee a ces a a 129
CxahiseMiCrOGyMerUSE coos cee ee 64
JROVe TONCONOEYs) Tanne inn eae aac isi Alpe TS
ESOL COMCTIIS merase coo acest apeeereeeee 132

7 : SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
TCUISYOR),. LENOTCNICEY os scccongaasocdenccoobadaonbcsueneK 144
PRYBAUES, IEOMTONCE sescosecooussesosonbontbooeosoe 144
PATIO, UNUUB, Gooodobocoadoososudeaaaonesnseseons 131
PHENOM TENOLATINICZ) cnoscasnsqnnndboddeosoacooon6cses 144
eleb arian eH OMMNCAy peace ececeaseeeeee essere 144
ION ONCONEY, WMAyreoaKEXCME, Soacocenonsencoces 126
EV VT CUS aeons terete acs ee eno ease 140
YOMAMNMAG; JEOMEWE, Scesscoscsonsagccsd0eacaespace 5
TG ASUUIS HO racer ee tits ns emer ue mace eters 143
EE DLOUMIO MAN. = scenes seat nacteae sree nee cence: 132
WOIMNGWAOGTENGHN” . cs5aadooab0ecsuobdncsacsodasadoGEes 132
Y (\re( 8] aay el O10} Be pt a ae gaancccasteece daaaceceesraaceas 1a
IY TROD OGY Ren cde enter aaa nene Hare Manta gee terse 144
TONS JRO TOE naesasanosncbnsomadnecacenoecoogeds 143
1 OUST ee) LEON IO ONC s \Gasonqpsbeun as seasBeRHaKeoeaoueo 143
JER WCOy OF GUN DIG KS NON Bhme Se onasneanasacen toad ocadaanaon liter
J EXO OK haa Reeraariceneuaaee aonn a Been oEar Seen ena eecne S
IP OME TAR ie cere ce eon eee meee ae eee es 1B, WS
MULAN ORM Caameenig ca. cae eases ea tekece AH, WS)
SEV OWUIG UI, INAVTEMTOIIGRY soncessooscoososonconsneodone 144
SCAIOTAMIMNG CHS, MWAANMICE, cadcsnccrosnocascososane 144
SOCIO SUS pee chsh. caer ccaeke eee seus US, Wsy
SHICOMSWUOSIMANINWS sccecosoccsaccsssocnce 103, 132
ACS UIE MAN OWAUUINNS 1 ice Gat aoe nncaceisconesoscnsenmaat 132
EronshalkvasicaHOnwmniGa) see see 144
VU ASH UVES a asec cea acns a pee onsaearcinceeene 65
LOM OVENS, IEOIPIAMILCSY <_oabac wosssdocososncmeouncoee 143

LEPIDOPTERA.

A OVOQCUR, WIE TANERIERY, - csoscoccosocodesdeoboosssanse 48
abruptaria, Hemerophila .................. 102
ACACIae SuRyIMOM sWNe Clay eee eeeeee 55
JNCHGEN DEVHOOK ~ copadcasodasseeasesoocconneee 108
PNGROMMCTA rs tencncsessetesteme rac crec cena seer ames 144
EUALZI Es MSE MINALSUIG) no apagodegnddetoabenaemececnenaene 99
ACHOM, AVAKVIMMNEWNCTWIS csccseceosencoossossacsoone DD
AOVSUIS, IRIOVAMGOOIRIOR, Soscsooosoddoesconosne 80, 101
acuminatana, Hemimene .................. 32
adippe (cydippe), Argynnis ......... iD, 126)
admetus, Polyommatus ....... asi, BA BG
ACA UMITELAs (CATO Caan eer a cccan eae 37
LOVE C mT CO elikt See acce see ee ece Weck 56
AC GOT S ely AA OS re eee ae eee 1), Io)
Aegeriidae (Seslidae) ................... 19, 63
BSG (ENPAVIS)), ILUSIOONWIS ceonoscassedoenococe- 126
Aveeno, ANDEREIGTONEY aed.ssdssdoscoccontoocec 87

aestivalis (ostrina f.), Porphyrinia 107
aethiopella = ignota (aethiops var.),

1 SHRI OIE, gan oe heron Cec eeE ROR CARON nAcame 1B, — 31h
SISIONO OS, IBANSIONE)) “sadcconsconsescoouccussooec ilsy, le
VOGAL, WAEAOLIUS gana kasonascncsaaneneascoanesa 45

agnota (aethiops var.), Erebia .... 13. 14

ASOT OUUCIAIC Satter mere tena aati nc Wee tart 129
alba (phlaeas ab.), Heodes, Rumicia 126
Sullony orang. ILAIOOSWNNE, Srescqosgontosconeosusor 128
albitarsella, Coleophora .............. HO ell
albovenosa, Arsilomehe ..........:--........: 128
SCTE IDIAGOUEI Soo sacendecededredstoseee isi, 314
ALGCVONE RH SAbyLUS@ eee reece eee ee 58
Guleocaavores, JEAVOWUING so acccumanedaddodsdaacensoeoune 53
algae, Bryophila, Metachrostis ......... 93
allionia (statilinus f.), Satyrus, Eu-
MVC MS 25 oo. eee A ecie eee eee sates 99, 100
allionii, Eumenis, Satyrus ... 99, 100, 104
AMO XO OKN, » Oli NOUS Cesaccoacasqacnconsbescoooneoe 94
alpina (didyma v.), Melitaea ............ 56

PAGE
CUINENUIGR MIEATA BS DISY ancpdnade ae GodnocboscaoBesdobedonoe 41
ambigviase Cara dirinaeeeseeseeeee eee nerscee 47
SOMME, (COOIIREACHUIS coccncpecosndecoacoaones 7
ANTAMIO NI ONACIMEYS) — Soccgrcacesconcconon ORE ceeen 63
AWAStASTAL: PATO LES scene eae cameras 93
anatipennella, Coleophora ................ 50
AMCIMEMACIES,, IPATONNTO) .o.coccnsdnccscoabonssanoos 80
andalusica (barrettii), Dianthoecia .. 46
SWNGHOSSWIS ALBVOITTO) <sosessecsoucsoonessosscooded 79
BUNOMME Wy. SAN ONE), Aocooncuonscodosnsoooenooonuacoe 48
cay) GU AVS Measiee NEVA OL0 ISIE Ga anatnancigdecaeuescobnasecssenee 92
anthyllidella, Stomopteryx ............... 60
ANCIOMA:? MVAIMESS as tas cctaeie se epee ce eee 126
apiciaria=repandaria, Epione ......... 31
BDPOLA we UAIMELGYAD Chucaccte net reece ee eee 117
aragonensis, Polyommatus ................ 54
archippus (plexippus), Danaus
i, A, Gil, Wo. 4/5)
ARE CUMS Mas ieee neon eee nea 69, 82, 117,120
ardeaepennella, Coleophora ......... BO), Syl
SWOUIMVISEY,, TSEVEVAPWIS) cocaanhoaesssoncoaoadbabnoases 5D
RCC MMT AIS, IPBVOMILIG) gsccossanncansoscooescantoc 78
ACTIONS, LAVCEXEIMOMENS socosssosassoossee 16, 58
SHAG UIS) rete eNO) ON Boppagnededosuomsdanacaasdoonaasoade 126
PAG CRG IU CUTS rennean meeeren sopdcnercnacaucuce vidtnieaeees 124
RIPUGH Tees GAY OR VELL ee ree sAhel Gclenne oo Gascudoucnedt 86
BPS, >» IBIGEONHOTS — sonnesnooneosooceceasasason 126
INES TIOMCHIO. taiksacsccacnccs dock toa ee cuneate 19
asiatica (circe ssp.), Satyrus, Aulo-
(SI Ee hs Bin oats Pere ener Sonoran Co aEnn antany csdssecos 92
asiatica (machaon ssp.), Papilio ...... 77
ASMIMBWING. JPAAPENGISIES Ce novoonadcodsadcadssecedcoee 60
astrache=agestis=medon, Aricia 58
atalanta, Vanessa 15, 18, 26, 29, 127, 145
atnaliiae Mie lia Cape een ecese Merete 58, 89
ANHOGINIS, (CATV) — scccnececenoscnscacooe 89, 94
atropos, Manduca, Acherontia ......... 102
BISON. JBWICIOMIICYS “Lo soacscoacancdedonceeeconncoonc 76
australiss eAlp Oropliiyilay seesssessece sone LE LT
ZVOUOSMIEAWIS, IPSVONMMO — coscadssdosacacacaseocsocnne 79
badiipennella, Coleophora ................ 116
OBIE, INGO WUE, IRIONVEVCIE, scocoscnsoncecce 20, 140
JOR MOSH LT SACI NUWESHICR), — Sodonboacacnouebben seer 46
LOOM, ISKCON MNCL co sccanccsoesoe Th, WO. TB
battus (orion 7.), Scolitantides .... 72, 73
Heat ricellaruOZOPerawreeeeceoee eens 101
loSuSraMIe), IBWICIMIOS, scsccanesdoescoasee socosccsoaor 76
bellargus (adonis), Polyommatus
ih, 24, USS. 1a)
beluchare Ela iinilaeeecceeneer eee eee eeeeeee 107
betulae, Ruralis, Strymon, Thecla 27, 127
betularia, Amphidasys, Biston
68, 69, 95, 97, 98
Hicolorellay +oleophoray vec OR at
bicoloria, Procus, Miana, Oligia ...... 63
HCKEaneIBy, (ECMOCIOIMUB), © codscsucconcoussoasooons 31
QUNDS ONG, OMOEA FAVOR, Gosctcocossosnasouces i
Joao bey. JO NCIee Hanh YN somadecnocuasooapesaconeacect 28
bilineata, Euphyia, Camptogramma
26, 31
Hilmmaniias Selenite: os kecsesccroscemeeeeneee 31
LOM pS, IDI RSVOR HOES Saccoeosdocquooododasde 29, 93
binderella=bicolorella —..........-.......... 50
loujounavelenens), OPP R@NMAMNS, ccasccosscboncnencace 57
biSchomee CryimOdes merce ceeeeeeee eee eee 107
bistortata, Ectropis, Tephrosia ......... 125

SPECIAL INDEX. 3

PAGE
BO ALMTTMAC ee yes ceaeeae ees een aee noone te 69, 95
bodenheimeri, Elaphria .............. 92, 107
BXOMOION (UID NE), Keacgaadacasoanseces osdesesenootos 68, 69
HOSCAMAN SE CLOMCAMeeecceee cence eee eeeneee 60
HRACTC ASS PMUSITA es a seasssscceesascs aeoee ee eeeeee 125
brassicae, Pieris ..... 75, 76, 89, 112, 139
braziliensis (thoas ssp.), Papilio
Ws Us, - 72
WBE MIGMS! <= oss shersseaczeteceiee nosedouseacere cess eee 124
brevifasciatus (lysithous f.), Papilio 86
LISeISs Eppa Chilas esses eee oon 92
bprizellas Aristotelian: sec..5.cclsssccdceeesccese- 104
Drunne as -NOCtWAlee cette eseee eee 28, 30
brunneata (abruptaria /f.), Hemero-

) OG 0 bz hater eerie ss ean cRNA OR SD te 102
Bryophila=Metachrostis .................. 93
BUG GUal Gene Makes 4s ke Nee) ioe ch ae eae 146
DUGLOW SUS avORUMM AS seeeeeeonsaseee ee ease 24
CACtODIASTISWSe..o3 Beek ees ee okosee seen 140
(of Wey cbt eke Yates) ol (Are 1 0) i's ann oe 94
caerulea (icarus ab.), Polyommatus .. 84
CallinoweALeEWCA MTS eee eee cee 107
Cai aes Aur CUA rs hice ee lads So ssh eas iadeceseteee 60

c.-album, Polygonia, Vanessa
ily, P50, ire Oph, aWAsy, SI/A7/

(CAIN OCS. WKETOROIGTIZY Sa cnaccassaconcossacsooanases 28
camilla=rivularis, Limenitis ............ HY)
camilla (sibilla), Limenitis ......... 58, 123
CaAnnOlae eth OSlayeeeeee sect eeeeaceee ee 45, 46
capys, Papilio (P. anchisiades ssp.) 79
Ceresvoleiag), (UNIMEEIS)) “sycnonbcscocasescsbees 89, 94
cardui, Vanessa, Pyramelis 15, 58, 114, 147
GRIONTOMNCS,, ZAVVREVSING), .ncasacocoscaasovsanconnane 146
carpinata, Nothopteryx, Trichopteryx 31
GC@ISUANMEE) INIOGUUIE, “socodooconooddses soancenoonaaee 45
castaneae, Phragmatoecia ................. 128
CAST), LEW OUNCE), soqctcoosossodeneanaseas 31
US OT, ME ERA ite YE Ia RE Ns GUL An et 7
catena (comma f.), Urbicola ............. 126
CanAUN GIS: COICO... susdoodssocessessnodendcenoes wi
(OERHOXCR BIBT ER eee de anae Sen re Run a ean Renter aa amen eee 19
centaureae, Pyrgus, Hesperia ..... 41, 43
centum-notata (truncata ab.), Dys-
SEE OLN igi se eae eee ee A cali Rt fl 26
CEA UCINNAS, IWAVEIONS, - Socssccodoscossanoasaoesoce 128
CEMEANSIUNE). — SUOUIROYERS), Sacdecnconcocsossossbecase 142
GESIONUNS, IEDIDEIUIME, - ooancnocsoossearoseaosencsee 46
ChaecrocamPlMaCw meester tee ee 81

chapmani, Pyrgus, Hesperia 41, 42, 43, 44

CHATAKE Sing Behe sakes sete ohn ee ee 36
chenopodiatal—limoitatay 2 :-...-s--0sc-e eee 31
GING TEC) WIG ea nee eee ae ate hare Ta 36
Ghilensisy Hamear ise: sss ..98 kore ce 7
chlorosata, Lithina (Panagra pet-

TUTTI) fae Pes se hy Tansee. ie Rr GAR 135
chlorotica (bodenheimeri ssp.), Ela-

I enact a fo Re ee Sr fae chee te re 107
CMA OWS IDEWNENIS s.ccocessnonscsosossnocboset 15
CHEV SODMATMIIS ease coos ee eee eee 129
chrysorrhoea = phaeorrhoea ............. 49
Ci GMALUae Meech sasee ae eee 63

cinerascens (musina ssp.), Paedia ... 93
circe, Satyrus, Aulocera .. 53, 56, 92, 99
CHESTAM ANE EXUCOSINA Pecccoirce aren ee nee 18
Clavalpalpisy Blaphnriay cecesescsceeeee eens 107
cleanthe, Melanargia, Satyrus 53, 54, 55

PAGE
cleopatra; Goneptervex ..25..225.22.. DD
CUUCICOUEI NES “TPDKOOSIONE, scscooccadocsasdousoesec 18
Ger) MLA BED 7 Wea KO) BSy eran aenuonodedeosedoobentnes 36
Coleophora cease rsa 38, 50
(CON a Seana cries ce men ncna shy sea es bau Eee AUN Re Ray 74
COMALIan Ate CLON Cama a eee 60
COMES ee urioln a emianess-aaess- ee ee 30
(COMMTTAEY-- (ON OCONEE), cAnctockisccoddsusaoncdeccooses 126
comma-notata (truncata ab.), Dys-
SUG OMT aetarttwechecesanceeteceen acer enter 26
consenescens (pontica ssp.), Rhyacia 94
consimilis (lutulenta ab.), Aporo-
JORGE “TOWN AGIEY “oo pocodscuGsooosocenbesocc 29
consortana, Hemimene ...<...:.............. 32
GOMSIOSISE), IDEM NOYECIE) s.ccccoccacancceouccsr 76
conspicillaris, Xylomiges ............ 81, 82
contigua, Mamestra, Hadena ...... 28, 145
Convoy wilites Sp Mixes eee ee 49
Comy7aen Colkeophonay eee 50
COLCH AUP OCA crsasntesinie coe ee 113
COE EUS EB wad eSmee ee eee ee eee 78
coridon, Polyommatus, L. 2, 54, 86, 139
COLOMa tars OW Sale eaceeeeeeeeee 125
corylata, Cidaria, Huphiyia’ 22-..-.-.- 31
CLACCACMAMOXO CAN ae eeess eee ee 107
Grassa-“olickel, vAGKOtiS: Seseten ee OS
Graitaie suse vAW Oa ecco ee eee 56
crepuscularia=bistortata, Ectropis .. 125
crinanensis, Hydroecia ................ 98, Bo)
Croceuss Coliiaisma 1d. 265 455 Hoh i AniSe ioe
GiCOLE STOWUNV STATUTES), © ss cacoscoossususooosoonee 125
CUCMINEY ILGONCIOWSIEVIR cocecscnosnsosssoonseouee 44
CUCINA. INIA, ccccsccunckessucdooasconeoseos QT
CUuIGUUIINE, (CHUNEE) “Cocucoocasdspadcoseee 63, 127, 145
CULTS (COMES />))sbriphacnaless- ee 30
CUNbWTAs OPV GACT Ay cc ee soe 49
CUSDISE eAGROMIC TAM eRe eee eter Ee 141
cydippe (adippe), Argynnis ......... 15, 126

damocrates (perrhebus 7.), Papilio 78, 79

ID ei aieniG eves (GHAEYE) os desascdnsocososbsandagdoncedone 142
Gaplidicemslonitiawes eee ae eee 715
debilis (zernyi ssp.), Elaphria ... 107, 109
decolorata=flavofasciata ................. 125
TD) Wa Se anys ead ede ee he en ee ae A 142
CUEING WIS, IEBVOUNG Csoccossesceconasoossoscoowace 37
depunctay RihvaclareNOcttilaseeeeceee 140
deserticola, Mallocephala. ................. 82
designata, Coremia, Ochyria ..........:. 31
COKOSMARDIUG). “IL OMEMONIEIEY soc.cchocbosoccoonacseese 93
GEV ais MOTTA Sir Ls, eet h a Ra eel ohyc enn Rn e 7
dictynna, Melitaea (=ino, Rott.) ...... 55
OhiG lan S INTEND KEEY 2 casdocussocoacessoouescecoac 56
didymata, Malenydris, Calostygia ... 31
GinhiMT Sau ailayana ere ae ee 120
dispar, Chrysophanus .... 86, 88, 129, 141
GhissiiaaUNS, TIEWOEME), <ccssassadesncossdesoscooccse 48
Chime OevAlONON, INI@CUWIEW scosescaccndononedeossoser 28
Giver cariaw NiyCMiOUd eS sesso teers 108
dodonaea = trimacula ................ 27, 28
dominula, Callimorpha 61, 62, 114, 115, 120
dovrensis (ligea ssp.), Erebia ............ 126
dromedarius, Notodonta ... 28, 67, 69, 97
ARYASS Sa tyMUSs cee eee see eee 55
dumerili-aequalis, Palluperina ........ 94
duplaris, VPalimpsestis) occ easeee eee Q7
Guponcheli, Euryades ............-.........:. 78

4 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
COUSA—CROGCUS) “ceseescccceseseceeos-sseoesen eos: 135
lean POlUVROMIAL Rececesscsors sevens hence 53, 0D
TOW IBY Ogu Rl hae eebsheececonedatee canconceco cece econcondce 94
**elineata (allionii race), Eumenis,

SHILAVIEWIGA Geansudeecocdoqusecad cacceneSacaccoOCces 100
el pPenors SHUMMOM MM Al wae deeeeacerer ssecemesteneese 49
FANG POMIUGAC) wasssdscos sae ceeeecaseatecdecescveneee 69
ERAS AC es oseetsamas cae ome tte eee eae 63
ELratow, HelMCOMIUUSE Pesce seccsonsbavecssessesee-s 7
1 Da eel OIG Saageneetosoocddeceneennancsccnce 13), Re, alWAre
ericetaria, SelidoSema ..................008- 128
THAN ae CU IGES Wee ieraeeineccecouronnedadbererncadneontion 6
MUU CIC UA, Sess acassees san actecemeucteee scene sekitens 114
TOV NOI OH KoXe sees ee aece so BRCcon crac succor pberetaancosroacen 74
eucta, Bryophila, Metachrostis ......... 93
ES UUTMNE MUS. «(SAU VasUISt naccckcek ac otesteccestceccees 99
UT OCUe oh Hr esse aasacsncecoroncce: Hecdcneceroeccoo ad: 94
CUpPMTOSVMe yw EreMmt Mil Spesseascesctcssescsecese: 125
TBD One ae [fs Rome aetee tr coserctceraaaace ancaD 108, 138
CULV ale! PEO DIas Te ceca oasngesk oor seete ceo ewes 56
eurytieme. KCOWMAS. cscisocace cases seen ntonee ee 1B)
1 O00 0,62 I aaron Rees n ie RUGE BE nCER CORCOREGAReRCoOCenE 19
eversmanni, Lasiocampa ................... 93
exanthemata, Cabera ...........ceceeceeeeres 31
exoletars Colocamipaessepecee tee ees 31
PAT StAUNODUS. ceeseseecceccssnescoeeaeseee 28, 99
halcatanriay OLE DAW Aaes eee eee eee ceee 28
famula-hyalina, Dysauxes ................ 93
Larinosa, (GONE ple yee eee eee 93
LASCLAN A= PY LALLA Wh.cccecdeesec sence qesseees 28
fasciana (juliana), Pammene ............ 28
fasciuncula, Procus, Miana. ............... 30
fatua, Satyrus, Eumenis 92, 99, 100, 101
OIG =EV NOHO = Lonoscascondoases .-- 99, 100, 101
PAUSED.” ULETAC OMS ees Re cee st mecca 92
TROT. Ja\ieeh COTTIER BenencnococsocobcoonobeeDDocade ri
LELMUSALIGM ee hiliviCtacMilam ass eeeeeeecetee 25
festaliella, Schreckensteinia ............. 37
AESTNVAi— DRUM AC yt) ee oe scasensceseese aes 28
festucae, Plusia, Phytometra ..... 125, 140
fidia, Satyrus, Eumenis ......... 53, 54, 99
mhilicata, “Sterra lh. 5: coseneseesccssces ee cckse ses 108
HmMbriay Acriphaenay ee. -ssesesees sescecessnene 120
MOPS sEbydopiilay mesccasane ces ceceneosece sees 86
fissipuncta (upsilon), Dyschorista . 27
flava (galathea ab.), Melanargia,
SaGVRUS: abate ecteores cadens cece ene cke 55
fiava (griseola, f.). Lithosia ............... 128
HAVING we Ollay eee tereewesee eee es eee 47
NavOLaSclavasy eeeLiZON Ae sscsess eee eee 125
FOWVULGUTETIN PE VIEEIS ta-cee cece oes cescee eee 4A
fraxIniCatocalayec eee kee eee 130, 140
PNEV AR DENT IUS Piss we eae nates 41, 43
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ................. 128
fulourita, Ebypewtinima’ s2sc-.2.c.-.cc.-ececee 94
furcata (sordidata), Hydriomena ...... 28
NUT VAy IMIDIMES ENA peysenoneceeeeceaceaeeeeeeteee 28
fusca (obesa ssp.), Alerotis .....2.60..00.0::- 93
fuscedinella, Coleophora .............. 507 sot
fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus ..... 122
fuscovenosa (interjectaria), Ptycho-
DOG: Wieser deosssdscosecceh cao ceane ore ew eome eae 57
galathea, Melanargia, Satyrus
53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 121
gamma, Plusia 25, 26, 31, 70, 71, 118, 139
Goelechitdaes oc. Ase ee ee een 142

PAGE
geminipuncta, Nonagria ................... 49
gemmaria = rhomboidaria, Boarmia

108, 137
genistae, Hadena, Mamesira ............ 48
Geometrae (idae) ..................00. 26, 63, 129
eae reo” INKOLRUIG) Gonobsoocncaoossaceds 25, 30, 45
pron eloyseve. IROINAKEIIRY, Soccensccodsnsccosnaqoocens 124
(Guava OH ROI ManshaghoncotnaconsnosedtoBpooucncoogen 108
GMODNOS. ia arschasscncnecck os eeeane sores eee eee 108
GOMTUTWSS, -u'soas.ceweceace secon eee eee eae 6
coossensiata (minutata), Eupithecia .. 31
(Sag) if aus yiepe| OD 12) 0) eb Maaneeronocodcs saedobec coodaAe orocosc 56
SOMMCAn VA MIO CAMA Aye eeeeeeseeeeeeeee Sil
gracilis, Taeniocampa ................. 31, 48
Sie MIMINMNS, (CMMBWEEKERIS) soccossocobesscvsosconesce 30
Srisecolay WsitMOStayyncctcececceaece- ce sesoreeee 128
grisescens, Maraschia ............0++... 94, 107
1a Gs Koleh anh ace Vein umeranmanadseeaddacesenonc coccmacaaasecoac 63
halterata, Lobophora. .....................++- 57
necater “BrenmGhils geese wece hence eaeeee 55
MECTORIGESS Lau Ol sass ceacescesecreaeee eres 40
helice (croceus f-), Cohas ences 45
HCHMOGIMIGAES | h. ssscsthoasossneseseseeeaeeaeeseens 87
loxevienanelmbIS, IES F ENING) sccchacccsocoodea5os is 19
hemerobiella, Coleophora ............ 50, 51
PRC IITINETUC! - sain Steins swine eee eeemeene cee ee eee eee 32
hera=quadripunctaria, Callimorpha 27
herbariata, AGidailiiayy.cqscetesceeteseeceeeee 36
INETGANNCMNE, SEAGABIS Escosadccocnctocasesancennec 53
HIESPERING@aAey Gt eien.cescetone 41, 129, 130, 142
Tats ONG HOI} SSOYG HHA oscececosccossescgenoncboscsaos QT
NOferi ALUM SLAs sates eee ee 108
honoratii (medesicaste ab.), Thais,
PAV E/N) CNUs), IeminBpecapeecenoce reacarores aonsoaeeG 54
TEI CUOMONMOVSINI MENS 5 55¢accsmaoquoanocHodonandanosas 63
AMA OAOOAHCIES, SisdlorbMes scoccoosoosscdoecoocsocoss 94
hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 16, 58, 86, 114
ibipennella, Coleophora ............... Sy, Sil
icarinus (icarus f.), Polyommatus ... 34
icarus, Polyommatus
2, 16, 34, 58, 83, 84, 126, 139
ignota (aethiopiella), Erebia ....... il, aA
**ionotoides (alemena ab.), Erebia ... 14
bomen nee, (ONGIEWENE, © coconcactoseoosooasoqcoees 31
INCertaawhaAeniO Caria meee rere eae 31
TIMOR WA CUB)” TONSENTE), cososnoseonqooquoeoneoooc 94
infuscata (lavinia f.), Precis ............ 7
inguinata, Tephrochares .................. 107
ANS Matay Ruy Cla wesessnescea: sneer cee eee eee 94
insignata-columbina, Rhyacia ......... 94
insularis (allionii ab.), Eumenis,
SaiyGuSs yusssnde cose eteceea case ne nse 100
INnteLerrima. DWavanas Wee oscccenseeccee 146
interjectaria = fuscovenosa .............
intermedia (conspicillaris ab.), Xylo-
AMA SOS WES Fas b Rel Roda deetanetansestoeeen 81, 82
interrogationis, Syngrapha, Plusia .. 140
inulaew Coleophora eccncs cece 50
io, Vanessa, Nymphalis ............... 15, 127
LOta,, PWS A GAOL Fev santa eras et eeaee 28
Lis MeN PAUUN A es isacssessees senor eneaee 122, 141
ITFOPeEMa, FENGLVOSA, 6.55 s26kike se Seeee ee 46
jacobaeae, Euchelia, Hypocrita, Tyria
114, 138, 139
janira=jurtina ........ EFL Besse Ga RERS 135
juliana=fasciana, Pammene ............ 28

SPECIAL INDEX. 5
PAGE PAGE
jurtina, Epinephele .......... 18, S05 SS, 18%) INAWUE AY VATION ACM AN centers ssseccccecseeee 93
lacertinaria, Drepana ................... Dah, 23 TVD Bee MEAT A ess sctt ences os swsceseanecseenes es 107
Talus Wem amiay eeeccesseesesss ceases 29, 46 medesicaste, Zerynthia, Thais .......... 54
Tamiarcktil, (Ap WTO econ cep. cee ncetan 79 medon, agestis, astrarche, Aricia .... 123
VAGTOGUSS ela DUN Omenccsceseseeree seer eae ea 80 IPOS ET REL IEE WEE WOKS) ae shanaeordnoonononaEabe 16, 2
IRyOnGhi@Olan ILAyMneyaRmeley socogsscocun0ecsccocuce 93 melaleuca (conspicillaris f.), Xylo-
EAPO TUGUIVACHS ce pases casceeceste tac oteesmeenees 63 LNT SR SNS pe rs ald eet te a 81, 82
WEASTOCAINPIGAC) s2e.eneceeneesne ce cae eae eoeee 69 meleager, Polyomimatus: ko-2--.-- os. BY)
lathonia, Issoria, Argynmnis ............... 61 menthastri=lubricipeda ..... 30, 135, 136
latruncula, Miana, Oligia, Procus 25, 63 metioche (orion f.), Scolitantides ...... 1p
VASA APMC CUS eee osessecencceeoessees neces eeee 7 IMDM). OUWBEY) TPTOVCWIS, sscssecnesnenccncsonsee 63
lederi, Berthisa (not ledereri) ........... 94 Taal ONG ENS. ped cocoosdmadcbuccocoddadsocsuneode 31
legatella (spartiata), Chesias ............ Q7 MONCRESA IERVGIAOCCIA, Sdsadconoasdonsesedaneasode 30
WSOONeMME,. ANCIRCTONCURY “sosnncobosesseosecocanedacod 28 1OMNTATY OOF er OAUT OIG IG) o seagassacsanaeeacosuEsncossassobe 139
VeShian COMMAS pence en a arcmin eens: 6 minschani (alemene ssp.), Erebia ...... 14
NEWCOSiPA ONG), IPAGIMIMNOONES Sosesconcsccsascsac 31 MMMM AA — we OOSSCMST Ata eese eee eee 31
leucomelas (galathea f.), Melanargia, MIG CEINE IWKONOOH ONE: a-eecoaésodasnconsbaaddosear 32
SAD LWS)—. tesnscecs.covensseacentesue 53, D4, moneia, Plusia, Polychrysia 28, 57, 61, 138
leuwenhoekella, Pancalia .................. g7 | monoglypha, Xylophasia .................. 30
CHEM Cris Bs IOIPI CL Aly 2gctere sc ccotec cece oka ack 47 | morpheus, Caradrina, Athetis .......... 140
ligaminosa, Autophila ete ACA i ne 107, 108 Morpho b ieista decisis coc dietiaie nie wise cine oo els oui omann eeeee 88
ligaminosa-subligaminosa, Autophila multistrigaria, Melenydris, Calostigia 31
107, 108 MV as LACWIO CAMMY Ate ce aeree eee eee 48
Tier ayiy ol D4 2) oh Kc ee aay eee yer eater einen 196 | munitata, Xanthorrhoé ..................... 28
TERM ACOCIOAG lek ee tae nt sche Be aac: gi | muralis, Bryophila, Metachrosta 45, 47
limitata (chenopodiata), Ortholitha .. 31 TAGRUD SMOG. ol BF KOE Sad Sn dsedenesoobobboanaake 92, 93
mace DANAUS. ccs. eee 113 | Mmuscosa, Eumichtis ........................-+: 94
limosipennella, Coleophora ............... 116 mutina (limniace f.), Danaus ............ felts
fMeolas WNGODOCA Tee ee 16, 58 MOVE abe OM OT CUIUl See eeereeeee tees ee eeee 60
NE UEIMOCOWMEEIS: en a. -cem acsaseeeastee en aaeec AC Si myopaeformis, Sesia, Synodendron
MG bOnA laM ang Eu COSM1 dk ahee corer eee ee 18 37, 102
longicauda (quercus Ssp.), Zephyrus 92 MAD PCRS ae ee oer canner 29, 139
longiclava, Dryobotodes .................... 94 | nararia, Macroplectra, Natada ... 81, 101
NO fase Namie these srx tn Siow ee cece, 67 | neglecta (castanea f.), Noctua ............ 45
lotella, Leucophora Sas 2 ak. Se aa ate ra 103 TNE OTA A Stee er Wiles ee see eee eee 56
lubricepeda (menthastri), Spilosoma, IOS] OUMNEUUICONT, = IBA WONUBIOS |" Bosansecccbasnacnccasessesas 80
30, 89, 180, 134, 135, 136 ING DIGGS Hees ae ieee meet nee ee as 146
lubricipeda=lutea ........ 30, 134, 185, 136 | Meriene (sedakovii), Erebia .......... 13, 14
LUCENS = EVE OCCA ee eee 30 MCUSTETAwe Malla COSONMaesseeeeeseee ns cece 69
AUCERME AW ACT OULLSEN Ree tee ne soseeee eee: OF. || MECETCATIS = “Ely (UOC CTA NY Fcc s seee seuss Sas ca 23
luneburgensis (lutulenta f.), Epunda, nigra, Epunda, Aporophyla ... 25, 46, 47
INIORO WMA Ay ae 34 ate a s5 ees Sane ee 30 | Digra (machaon ab.), Papilio ........... 89
AIM eT AG MNCOUIS, ence tse. soa ecusdy eee 46 | nigra (orion ab.), Scolitantides ......... 12
HUMOSA- AIM NAlLOSCOIS) ..co% cosa aes ee 31 | nigrescens (comes av.), Triphaena ... 30
IU OU ANTIS,, = ISLS) OUIEMNDES sc oosncacsocsbbcegssossocbee 89 IMIGA ACB MS. ANSIROUNS | Goasaboosscdscocosecsasonenen 28
lutea (lubricipeda in pt.), Spilosoma nigricornis (segetum ab.), Agrotis ... 25
30, 134, 135, 136 TACT OYETI ONCE) TEXOIIIEY, <- ogconasdudonnosasbsboossasce 45
lutipennella, Coleophora .................. 50 TOW CsA OVNI Se tee, secre ees een atone soe 126
lutulenta, Epunda, Aporophila Noctuae (idae) 26, 52, 69, 88, 89, 124, 125, 140
29, 30, 45, 48 MoOchTella ss NOMOp Hi Ayes sees once eee 25
TeV CaAeMa (MAAC) hee seeder eeteeteece eee 120, 142 TOW, KOR NKOOCRIIRL. scpoksosotopacondecs Bt 10-7, VAD)
iychMmitise CuUculiian a: cee 127, 140, 146 INAV OY G)l as HCG IG \(ey- tee ee Renn a eee es en ae 142
ACO OIMIAOMN, IE AVONILNG: - s.dsdosodeenasoe 78, 79, 80 OWeNSCaMPASTOUS & ee reese eee sees ip
Ly StthoOus] PapuiOn es eo 78, 80 obeliscata, Cidaria, Thera .......... 84, 85
machaon, Papilio 75, 76, 77, 86, 89, 109, 110 obeliscata, Hydriomena .................... 26
maia (pandora), Argynnis ................. 92 OWES aR cA OTrOGISh ks os net assess eone aoe Pee 93
major (circe f.), Satyrus, Aulocera .. 53 oblonganas Endornenia, -. 2 ee 60
AMMAN Ue PleRiS, sees ee eee cay, 53, 54 | obscura (xanthographa ab.), Noctua 30
mardina (lapidicola ssp.), Lymantria 93 OWSICQNIST SERV CMA: wisceste eee eee 19
margaritaria, Metrocampa ............... 31 | obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 2
Marecmariay: Brannis, oes. 125 | obsoleta (gothica ab.), Taeniocampa 31
marginata. -LOmMAaSspilal mc...s-.-..5..5-55- 31 ochraceella, Myrmecozela ................ 9
MATIN As BC CU ALEX easceceeeaees nes osr - 104 ochraceella, Mompiar ci.c0..c..c- nese seense- 103
IMATIGIMA ss SCMEAY ooo ccsccs sos cce com sene-eaeenne: 28 ochrearia, Aspitates ..................0.5 57, 108
MATA ZY ACW AY \ccses.a- setae eee = Ee son | RROCHTOLCUCATIA, SCONMM dg ys. cnc ce arenes 108
marsyas, Pseudolycaena ................... Tl oditis (hispidus), Heliophobus .......... Q7

6 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
OXSIOTAZ) LBITNEVOWIES Goohoasondendoceccnscesasccped0onoce il
oebalus (lycophron 9 a@b.), Papilio 78, 80
oleracea, Mamestra, Miselia ........ 30, 94
COUMENE. IMME TNS), TEIKCKEUWIS): codocscosossosenodonseee 63
olivata, Amoebe, Xanthorhoeé ...... sil, (ao)
OyOiiaMesy, MEBIGINIMOXYCR ATM OG), eeccdacaecaocnedtoodnon 48
Die, IPEVUMMTCRNS cosocaecedosscuesunagcacnoe 48, 49
OTA OMMAVURDIS, ISIS OKeNRDIS) Gepsorooceensanoneducseonocc 123
OLhbonas eLacmlO Cama) eesesssse-- sess eee 30
OFLON SCOlMANEIGES o aceon. <sesaae “fil, 7, Te
ornata (orion ab.), Scolitantides 71, 72
OSSCAMA COMED MASA ecaseecsceaceeseeeseet seer 60
OSsimina> 2 ORD ivaMilayeeeeceateese erase sseseee 107
otregiata, LampropteryX ...............-.- 194
palaestinensis, Rhyacia ............... 94, 108
TOMI ICINE, (CONE ONAO TAS), ceecceccccnnccassoae6 50
pallida (gracilis ab.), Taeniocampa .. 31
pallida (gothica ab.), Taeniocampa .. 31
pallida (semele ab.), Hipparchia ...... 126
pallida (stabilis ab.), Taeniocampa ... 31
pallida (vitellina ssp.), Sideridis ...... 94
pallidula (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 54
ORMITCHIS., IEWVOHROECIE) socoososcosvaspbavocoseeonoc 36
pamphilus, Coenonympha ........... 16, 139
OBUNCOMGSSMENE) —_Saganndovcaacaosuscseaopasqceaens 92
OSV OMIA, ANECAVANNONIS) Goosanscascoosscaqcoaned 15, aI9X0)
IPA yoWN© (OMICS) cocsasococeaoces UD sation wos 109
ORONO ENG, IeiioyaR Claw cooccocconennonese 28
J OSMEUSE AIS,” ISBAINAEWIS) cp oseoccososqseaacoscocssenRonee 100
[GANA IODA ACU MNIEY coocosendcsconononocaassHece 107
DALVASDELSas Eula IMMA eeesasassec eee acer 94
parvidactylus, Oxyptilus .............. 20), 88
pavonia, Saturnia ........ 30, 66, 67, 68, 69
pedelas Stat him op Oday sess--ceee eee aoe 87
pelopea, SalyGUs) sssccccssseckece: osceceseset 92
DelMMeray VELCMOULMIS™ jcssseseee eee ceee ea ee 128
OeMUMENEIeY. (COMOWONS Goocsscessbscscdosaoussccooace 139
perfumaria (gemmaria f.), (rhom-

loonG Nene), jf)), IBOBNAINIG, -.ccccccossoasenes 137
perfuscata (truncata ab.), Dysstroma 26
TOSIAMEIOWIS, IPSEC) csascosncoscosesee GoiSee lO
**nersiscana (allionii race), Eumenis,

SailiygsiSin alread an ccasteanvceegeeeucied aceite 100
petiverella, Hemimeme .............2. 02.22. 32
DetLawa— CHOLOSAAL ie eesccess eset eee eee eee 107
jonalibWeneiMeh, ID WKCOSMOG, Seasecocssecccoonnaagoseaue 18
phaecorrhoea (chrysorrhoea), Nygmia,

ND HH ON MOLEC nernagedeanncnoedesesnnengacebartoces 49
DHELetESs LObyOmMmMlaiUS pee -eeeereaseee sees 123
phlaeas, Rumicia, Heodes

16, 36, 126, 129, 139
phoebe; viele) wexesscacns ise deek ec aeeencees 56
Mra MMT Ais eAT SN OSLO aves. -aee secre een: 137
phyllis (erato ssp.), Heliconius ......... 7
PICLiS ALAC) Pee eA ree access 1s, Us TA
OBE, TahWlonie bis) Sio@tinRe 46onqnosa50003 121
UMM COC At) UTE NCCIAN ass ceeoseeeetere 28
pirithous (lycophron ssp.), Papilio 78,. 80
1OHSHICG HIER SERA QUICS nonsaaanasonataseosesaoboecanoceT 100
OAH HIBL ANOBNTIG) Coonecdbsacocsssocoscupncaaceass IKUIs!
DIE CTAR ANG CUU As eee wer ae cote vax ee aero ees 25
plesiarchia (bodenheimeri race), Ela-

ODD ese acme staccdomeec cat ecw sepewes aston 107
plexippus=archippus 15, 45, 61, 142, 145
plumbagana, Hemimene .................... 32
pilumbania. ElenaMene)...seececee eee 32

PAGE
DUWUCOR CER CDLA ke cate eeccere eee roe eee 56
|DQOCIE NII), (CEYCORCNE, Sucdeoscccodussundegaosesonanee 101
jDONE HIS ANTE EATT ON OIG) \pogenancaaddocdsodsnsssdessads 88
polaris (urticae Ssp.), Aglais ............. 126
(DOMAINE, IEIGTMITTTNETNS). ocooncnboe 1doooconedHosene 32
POLY CHIOLOSH EUS OM Ameeeescse eee eee 15
DONWGIRNONRIS. IPE VOTIITO podccssoncocedosdonase 78, 79
DOMWSUNCUOIS, IPAVOUWNIO ..ccsctssaconsecasobecoseos: 80
DONWAEINES, IPAOMUO csoaccossscssocsoncneoee 76, 109
pomponius (lysithous f.), Papilio ...... 78
J 2.10) G1 hits HEWN ERE e neonate anne fo cP ae eee 74
DOMUtICA AR MiVAGlaAee scenes eoccetee saeco eee ee 94
OO OWNATAIS. INIGWIACTNNE), sacnccoocnscoconcosconsacce 46
OOOWUIGMIE,, ANMEVORITNOSMS soschooscococssdecsco: 142
populeti, Taeniocampa, Monima ...... 48
OOVOWNNL, ANIMOVIOING, ssasscocoaconconsenec 30, 49, 69
JOOVORO bis SI TAMAVEN OTE pegsoneocbuoodoaabeeSsosHoceobe 141
DOLAtAy (RAM ay se.caosateceete sooner eeeeee atl
[OOUC SUNG, AM METAET EE Go ncadosdossboosoeedemuecoed 49
potatoria, Cosmotriche, Odonestis 61, 69
DLACCOKS "ASTLOUS F osssscocsecetse eee here seen Q8
JOUASIING) IBWIROUS scscosssecosdosastoossoses 103, 130
OMASIINEIOS, IEW, seoscconctoessocee 30, 86
primulae (festiva), Noctua ................. 28
DLOCOSCUCEWHIS, IEDFOEINR scosoctoonssosnosocoese 31
procida (galathea race), Melanargia,
SILNICUISS” sésachoossonsodene Ra SAGE SE OE SSSI CaS 56
EO CIIUSS arcte tens eee ee eee eee eee 141
IPO CUS rer aenet eee ee acer een cn ne ae nee 63
JOUOMW OLE). ADIENIOIMEKSIME) sosconcodonasaceoneonsedoss 30
OIRO OBIE, (CAOCOSCHE, scacacsccscoccssconssosce 60
[OIRO FONUAO ADIELUIE), WWONTATOLNS), Sogondcooonesescoosoce 32
OMOUESIAWIS, IEATOIUNTO <ccnseosoocooscesosooedsasec 79
TDEOUOOMNGS, . EOLA, “Gacccovscoososossessecnscce 2068 75
pruinatay PsewadoterpMay sess eee 28
| Oils OIRO ANCL), Abe socaqentononopnadadseaannece 30, 141
psologramma, Leptarchis ............ 92, 108
IPSVCHUGAe. hee eset cores eee ere 24
pterodactyla, Stenoptilia ................... 33
FOWL ONENCE, IDESHVCIIRE, oconsoscasbonocndedscos 95
Pwlwerea.- NOCUUWAisccessce keene OE eee 108
pulverulenta (cruda), Taeniocampa .. 125
[DWINCHBREZ), ISTO), socondassocodoacadesobbosodbe 37
TOROUMG DUEL, IBCULEOIOMS ssoooadococncooonscsonasne Q7
jOWOROKEN ALS IDAKEUIBIG), —sadoneedaanosaoononoGenee 33, 60
PUSATAL MC AW CRAM sr. . dao cnetecocemesceeeeceess 31
pustulata, Comibaena, Euchloris 28, 57
Ui eA US esc tae sats coeceenanaaroeetear 93
PULLESCENS S SIGERIIS i. -.oceceesconece cet ee eee 94
Dycarcan(iasciana). HLasitian.-- ses 28
PVM AGS | Ue reae Sone ccs SosGaew ea sete se races ores 96
Dywaliatas -Crdariaes.corce eee 31
JONI Ke), AMANOLANOAVIEE) Godcacednoscosancacer 107
IPYVREMOPVEUNAe woes tossee ct eccoee cee eee 130
quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha 27
quadripunctata, Caradrina, Athetis
30, 102
quercifolia, Gastropacha ........ 69, 95, 97
OMUIGIVEMGMOIMENOI) IBIOIMNNAEE Counscoosdassdoosde 37
quercus, Lasiocampa ......... 30, 45, 61, 69
COROKSIROOKSS iM Ee mebhoab ofl Gascnondnésadeidadsodaceaecde 93
CORO ODIS, | ZAR OOIARBIS) Geacosdcneddocsdadousonedd 538 92
TE KOUNOUS: (FOU). INETROUIS, seqonncnoooshoosnenobodc 93
THEN ONS), ARGOS gocsceecoascoss Oat), Ths Ti, abi. als,
ravalis, Rhynchodontodes ................. 107
ravula, Bryophila, Metachrostis ...... 93

SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
KE CMHM AR TE WAL GC Ave ap cascccncsssvese es cseontceseaee 107
regularis, Acantholipes ..................... 107
repandaria (apiciaria), Epione ......... 31
THEOAIONGANE), IBORIECMIE, cacocansocosqocosossnaccuGe 31
TPAUTCGWUIE NIE, INIGWTEIEY coccccoagesspoopcecoosocubeese 28
TESUMIIUIEY 1 By ONGC] OU AVG) ONKELEND:< © So ssccoecuacusasonoce 104
REVENGINA. SEROMA G55 soccosoccoscoac 49
rhodochroa, Autophila ............... 107, 108
rhomboidaria (gemmaria), Boarmia
108, 137
PIN AC HAE LO LISE.<. ccs 6.5 sesee sec cessor ee ee ace 2 2G
ripartii (admetus ssp.), Polyommatus
a, 4, Be
rivularis (camilla), Limenitis ............ 5d
TPTANOO WAL, JEW OMTEIRY. copecodoonecacsossosooceceaeee 107
ROCSeWay HEM OGIMES cece eeeee eee eee 87
rosea (gracilis ab.), Taeniocampa ...... 31
LOD. COIA VANE amenske NENA EL Kshee aooeasaanousacuasbaceacddaue 92
TUOVSTPA EG), IBLYGEPKONINEINE), | Soscoacasconasneoenbon Q7
THON, IME YCTROWOAVIEVCNE, Gococccncoscsoe 16, 30, 69
Teulon, “CRWIKO) olan ANAS ae se asopusede sococoboaoaneneoddbe 16
TOISAS), IDAS\CAWM OB, som csoascososssansene a
TEI OVEN CORR), IPAVCIMINOIONE), adecaroncovssncsceusnccs 30
rufa (rubricosa ab.), Pachnobia ....... 30
rufa (stabilis ab.), Taeniocampa ....... 31
rufa (xanthographa ab.), Noctua ...... 30
TUL Reh el = (CIMEGHEIS » geasosocusooss cocceecucusoduaseenee 57
Tufescens (gothica ab.), Taeniocampa 31
rufescens (phragmitidis 7.), Arenostola 137
TPOMAANCS, ANGIEOMMICIB), sesccceace sesoncocconcoe a). WS
THUAN (ASTON. 7/.)), IPAVOUINO© Sosccacacconed= 80
rutilus (dispar ssp.), Chrysophanus
88, 141
SaliGaitar, Ciaran ness. secre arco anna 108
SalwaGiStee ICO WCOMNAS ence see eae 28
SEUPALS 7 TEMBY OMNES Csenqusosooees aco covacoeeue 107, 109
SAMO Ge DiAORiSiay meee etee conse aaee 28
SaunatellasnCoOlLeopMOnayee eee 0)
SS ch UITETNIHT CVE Sig aaa s ae der an erseseeen yeasts Renee 69
SEH IPICIE Or We eae see lone an sor on Rae Centr a wat eas 53
SAU GIA AGT OLS meee neaee see ana eee eee 48
SCAIONUNWIS CWI IDNOWEEVENE, Sonccccccssacsscnox 48
SCaiansoGkere., IEW ana). 4. .cadscnoovéasoonecsacuer 79
schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Heodes, Ru-
TOMEI: Weaoatareenste ec meRRB eae cbabee aaner eet kee 126
SCUOIO, IIFEONE, sccdaccoonoscasce soo OB, DA, BD, He
SCM PLae CMIEIO IS perenne tees eee oa. nal 94
SCOP UM grist decane ae eee ss RON 108
scytha (obesa ssp.), Agrotis ............... 93
sedakovii (neriene ssp.), Erebia ........ 13
SEV euuiIe, AGP OUNS: wag ce oe eee 2529
SSIGINE, IBIPSMAIDS .cocssoocasosconodoscdeowsoonoeee 126
semieles Miami Olay aasscse nee: HO, BO, 2S), dS
S CMMI: CU See Ol ayiOMNINAEUS ese eee eee 2
SSM eI, IRAE), “ogsuonsdesdaonesonas 94, 107
SEOUL, TELS NTINOSTOS, “sacascosnasnocascdanooanade oo
sibilla=camilla, Limenitis ......... 58, 123
SMOG IEATASUIS “Seacnasccsoossac High Bo. UBY WA
sichaea (fatua ssp.), Satyrus 92, 99, 100
sigmatary sei uililstes. seca tee ease ce ces ee 7
SHINZICERIE IBF NONE, “ceoncaocaccosdonuenccvoaoune 26
S SNaApISSsMentiGea. pena veer he eee eee 34
SINSUMLAIS | DT CMAS yas ee ee eee es 92, 93
SMarac@daciaes EU CMTORIS wee eee eee eee 49
EXOXCUGL.. Owl ney abe csngsoosce Se ace Neat aEn EAE = 47
solitaria, Thaumetopoea ................... 93

4
PAGE
SOMOMO NC =SIDTK CEN, cosonedbsontaaohecaotncedor 28
sparganella, Orthotaelia .............:..... 60
SOM TMINS INO EARTEY, accacdasedcosoasoscosaseaee 46
SpaAntiata— leo ate lilla meres tone ae eee eee Q7
SD MMU ACR wee ee eee ee ee 69, 80
SDM SERy NOM. wine Clan asses eeeee ats aE)
splendida (jurtina ab.), Epinephele .. 30
SUAVOMITIG, MBEYETANKOXCR NON OR: — Consscocanonccacosanee 31
stannella, Hyponomeuta ................... 51
SUAMUOTOIS, EMTMANETANG, <poscoscscsononencacoes 99, 100
stellatarum, Macroglossum ... 16, 26, 49
SUCIMNOCSaNS. IJEYIIUNO) —coscoscoscooscossconeoc 79
SUGIEEING, (VACCINE) sodsadccsnscescaocbodosceacoace 108
SHICGHCalissmwOxOSteSener eae eee 88
SUMMON TCEL, INKOEINDIE. cononogacsesncbedesecseocced 48
SUOMNG KE. OVO OURDISEY \sccocconnbaceoonoonosapeneceese 19
stramineola f.=flava ff. (griseola),
LGM OSTA: Sias acess ee Ren ea 128

striata (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus 2

strigilis, Miana, Procus, Oligia ... 30, 63
stulta (parisatis race), Eumenis ....... 100
SWVC Ones), SiNICAITSINIGY | cecccaecadenocecosoode 128
subligaminosa (ligaminosa f.), Auto-

DIDTVANS &. sTies Watges totes tees esa eee 107
subsericata, Polyphaenis ..,................ 107
suffumata, Lampropteryx .................. 127
suthusas INatadan eee eee 81
SUPLUSA of IEXOA Pace note eerns Mere 140
SWHRCINNGH),, IBNEVOINIENE, ccccocecsadcsoonessenos 94, 109
SUS OAC, ID WSCINOIEISUB, —scccsccccashosbecouecsee 28
SivalivanitS) aeAN Gila CLC Since eee eee ee 16
Syetla ca’ Cin WS sees eose eee 94
Simla Garay eNlalCarilas seen seen meee ee ee 108
SAVACMESHUNEN(CS), TBO CMON). Gatacoddhaanonsecduosooe 108
szetschwana (alcmena f.), Erebia ..... 14
tabora, Bryophila, Metachrostis ...... 93
tages, Nisoniades, Erymmis ............... 16
telephii (orion /f.), Scolitantides ... 72, 73
FeleSiAUSs ee ap TON eee eee ore 79
[FSIONUAKCONAIMNIG., ILBHOMOMACIONGY) ocosccooscececosacec fd
IGveeeIO. ILPISTIOCBINN OS, sexcostaccosaberosecasdoss 93
LESSEE WIE. IPIBHAVOUEIE, scosccouccdenone 104
HESUBVCCE.. ILABOVSIPUING)! “sconcenccdoneaoneocessen 30, 45
Letra guelLanay SE WCOSIIA tes eeees eee 17
WNOAS, IPEVOWMNG <csocodsancsccocsasoosese ts 185
Lest DES Wesel race este ae SA sa be occa 85
tithonus, Epinephele, Maniola 16, 58, 86
[NEENNSENN OWING), ZAFRENEINE), <ococdooconogesasceenes 39
(HSIANG), TEMIVEXYOBIIZY, — sachsnocnsoonaanseoneunsocobcce 30
(IPETOUCIE, “INIOUOGIOUNUEY cocdbaccsconescdcnaacenceods Q7
TENGIGTOS,, “SNCIAOINICUBY Ledesconcrspoosdussassacedecee {44
LPM. ILAISTIOCS WAN OR, © Lo ocaceddenccoc 44, 45, 614
trimacula, Drymonia, Episema 27, 28, 52
tEipantital we AbrOSbOl ay ss eee 28
[PUSH NES). 1B ON CEI AMOXE) as ees ngemindeascadouceodee 28
LELPIMIOI S| PASAROMITISS Ale ctesscdcockecebusonne 5 OT. O28
OLA) SOM, IDOI ACCNEY oo sonnonsnocestece 28
troglodytella, Coleophora ................. 50
truncata, Dysstroma, Cidaria ...... 26, 314
UNVAINCEHOUIIE IDEAS OIE)” aga adacocedaceentbacceccacnes 56
KL DNV EN US Sse ei el A bee I a ae ee Saas 114
**ultraornata (orion race), Scolitan-

LEC USSG apetnesr Ser geen ee emer are AD eee tote ee 72
Wimbrase Charicleas eoscss. sense eee eee 49
(OHOMIOIES Py, IBYORNOWINIEY Coosacoscososoacceccosesade 108
UMCulaiay Calocalipe .2.sssscssse aaa 28, 57

8 SPECIAL INDEX.

PAGE
Lbiauyowiaeyel, TEWIORN OEY “occsecoacccosc concoensce 46
TESTO —ATSSUOUINA GEA eae eee sees emcl = Q7
UI CACM SDIULOSOMMAy cones scesesaateesea saree: 16

urticae, Aglais, Vanessa
(lay, VIS), ORE aavAS 1018). 3127)

vandalusia (circe f.), Satyrus ............ 53
WETLENISIS OURO. 6.0 deactndesstenneteseenas 93
VIATUESST GAC satan: PHeA Riese netalacossciaciolsisttola 127
TIENEN I,” TUOVETCEY, | codscosacedcodoonoosqnoonoDbososoder 31
Vaniata, (‘Cidanias Whienrajerccse--e 84, 85
veldmanni (alcmena f.), Erebia ......... 14
velleda=fusconebulosa _...................- 122
venata=sylvanus, Ochlodes ... 16, 19, 135
\WSiG aR Ievorl) (OTWKEDINNIEY Sopnsccosccuoboocbocoe 127, 146
VETSICOLORS SEM OUM IS eres erp eeseeceeseee 69
vespiformis, Synodendron, Sesia ...... 102
VEStiSialiS: VAG OLIS -eatess-cee: seme -eee es 27, 28
vecustae s Calocaimpay porsscsscersaee eae 31
WOUUISI. CORUNA) scogsnososacoonocoonsconocoubo00 107
WOM NIOG),, SEOLIUEROUNGKAS ~ Cooevosocesccesdoosdac 71
Vali Gain, Ar Clie 428 ces nes eeconcmeseceaee 16, 48
WLTMMTIME VMS, (CHEK YESIAUSS Congsoceccaonconeecoquonooc 28
viminetella, Coleophora ............... 50, 51
vinula, Cerura, Dicranura .... 16, 28, 30
warmetatas -AlGaSIS: lad asecenctnmerckoasmeehssmeceses 26
VOGT, IEAAENIONETIS) “Scoccosconaepecconecec 147
VAIO Nay, MMOD EDS Spococdddeocncceonontoc 104, 105
viridata, Chlorissa, Nemoria ...... 255 128
\ ity eld itr aes oom SWCD CO DISH" Gadcidos dodaoddbenoseossebes 94
walkeri (lubricipeda ab.), Spilosoma 89
VVUSlaneey, ISV ONAN, cocunacoaeosepaadese 92, 94
Vestal. SKOMMENHIOE, Socodassosseocuscososooos 108
wollastoni (brassicae f.), Pieris ........ 89
xanthographa, Noctua ........... 30, 45, 108
FASIOTNTIS “JEIEN OMI BIE — aes casopoeedoecoda 92, 107, 109
zophodactylus, Stenoptilia ................ 16

List of Lepidoptera, S. Benfleet in
1930-36, 56, 57; at sugar, ‘S. Ben-
fleet in 1930-36, 47; at sallow, S.
Benfleet in 1930-36, 48; taken as
larva, S. Benfleet in 1930-36, 48;
taken in Lambeth in 1930-36, 102;
new forms of Lep. in Seitz Supple-

1002) ON Re eeRCERoeanee naa lk coat aeacemet et ccameree anes 63
ORTHOPTERA.

INGRUGUAAG, Pe eescc haere cc coee rete ronee 105
PNCHANYVOGUBUNGW essceoadceodapacuRones: aAbcraobAGAsaeecuseD 3
AMC CUR AN Nps eeode-aee keene iL, PAD) iL Gan?
DINOTUGUSS SATUS L288 cee csleenge se sence seeseates 21
ATCHIGERIMAP TSR Ayy One. ccss feces ceeestee 10, 20
7G FIB-Ce1 NUNS Waecunosaoe iaacse ane tobe cHaeeneaeac Hadas i, 2x0)
DULUGWALAV ee MOLMEUMA weeeeeessccss eae Bil. 9S
Hicolor Chorin pus ees By ig BO, 11S)
Dl COLOLI IS CAWLOd CLUS sees eee seen eee 59
HipunetawimM, sAGKryiGiUM yesseeeeeece see 3
IBIS IEE OMEEEL 2) Crecnoocosoeadeneadee il), 8KS
brachyptera, Metrioptera ... 3, 34, 35, 36
BOrellwOla. Ae aie tke see scnesceaasebs coe 22
burri (fuscus var.), Conocephalus ...... 3
BU RrO lay ice ea rele e ee ack coroners 92
cinerea PHoOlidopleray esc s..-s. cess eee Seatod
GyMNGrOACheuGdaer wees ees een 105
CYMMGTOPASTEIN Ga ete eos edaeee 105
GavidiT wHOrmewlay 7s. .tercscee sete eeee eee -92
Decticidae (CUS) ie. ccsec-cesccoeeeec ssn SB ae

PAGE
COURIER (Gr eoxerc(sl Oley a) eines sanenader conouctocuses 59, 133
Dol atiyiS wa(lGae)i A e.casesaeeseec see ee eee aee 10, 20
Glonmavesinveigy (Grexyilapipise ose sschescsuonscocesccor 112
dorsalis, Conocephalus ..... 3, 59, 132, 133
IDS OOWNCAIUUNENS — soneccacnbeoosansoouasoSosoSesone 22
MUGerMIADlLELAay 7 Ae esecnoassaecencueeceeeeen oo
UTI E SAUER as eee ka chews ee atone catiaceweaeceene 22
fedtchenkoi, Oreasiobia ..................... 22
Hetchert aC lalla: Meee sees oseeceeetecener 20
IOONGAVE WUE, ~ sazcopodecdooccooneen AO, al, OX), CL, 92)
HOIANS, IP-TCONOSHTCHENVS secccocseceueosacene 1020
ICUS, COMOCEOINAVWNTS sooscesccoseocasasoe 3, 132
SMISCan ee LMOMMO DLE Awe eeeee eee eee 50
GEV TITAS. eee ee roe aE eee 105
Gryllotalpar (Gaye) ieee eee ee seeeeeeee eee 105
(Fe miiiny C ria) so eaeer ee ee 10, 20
hemixanthocerca, Mesasiobia ........... 22
TNUIO WIS, (ORMOIOWEIDIS GocccooccooaccodconoscH0. 3
ICE PSCIMI@MIU ME YE, Gososannocacosneoasacsoce0200 £0; 20
SHNEWER E UD TOS Cert spon coasnssecadopcoosoces 3
1 i7fe\) Gu I(6 ROE EtI(0 (eta Aes Sener eee rnpaaiocstpoghoccosasee 20
Pal Tae se otc acs ens enone oe ebo ae areneee 20
limeatws= StenobounruUS, vesessseceese: 50, 139
maculatus, Myrmeleotettix ........ 3, 4, 50
IMESaSTODIAy Fo Syke recs ueeaacce eben aca 22
JOY AOD Chae! 672) o)i a area ner ened nan S ciduntasastaecoasde 20
OPECASIOWI A sess soss ss here hace eee eee Q2
orientalis, Periplaneta, Blatta ... 115, 136
parallelus, Chorthippus ............... Bi, il)
IPerenjOlenmeZ). IBUETHIS) sooocscosaseosonodbooodeces 136
DOMAMEMISISH aS CliiSuO Cela msceeee eee ee teen eee 142
JEFEOHOOISTATNE ONKEIORY* oon bodgaodeaoosonoeoudccHaoée 22
SAMA aseecersetk aa ewe es utes econnec eee ence eee 22
punctatissima, Leptophyes ..............:. 3
Payon@iiGramniGae ss mimeeeecona: hence eceet acne 20
leo Wes). TER WORGlONRS, ~ sosacasoacdacccassdccabe illo. Bad)

roeselii, Metrioptera 3, 34, 35, 59, 182, 133

TEUOUTUIS,, COMM OINOCETEIIS: a ncoschosbobososneoce 30, 139
SEMAINE YET INCI WUIE, — ossscconpeonceoor 22
SPINS OMOLUSi masses sesetse sees tc eee “il, aval
Ai eh i ULC Ie Weve nae oan eae tare er ert OER Ge 105
ALE IE USO OMG ele) ae Craneeaasondedeacsoudascblecdusoaodoc 34
thalassinum, Meconema ........ 59, 115; 134
UOIMONS, JEOGCWUIE, ~ sedecsoncoascncasesosondose hil, 292
GDIgiClBEYCNAbIS: ((ICIAE)) oconnaceoncencdanesecosanseae 105

viridissima, Tettigonia, Phasgonura
33, 68, igi, Is

VALCO US OM O COSTS meee eeereet eee en nena 4, 30
vittatum (kiefferi), Acrydium ............ 3
MISCELLANEOUS.
coccinea, Graptocephala (Hemiptera) 130
INIGUOIMECHS), (VBISWATHOIEE) So sconeoseecosussotoce 86
Omi atiGaegn (MULTE) eee eke cee eee eee eee 22

rhododendri, Leptobursa (Hemiptera) 130
septempunctata, Chrysopa (Neuroptera 12
socialis, Aranea (Arachnidae)

CORRECTIONS.

p. 18, line 14, for ‘‘ most ”’ read ‘“ never.’’

De 22) ine 12 = Tor OTeUsoulgd . read
“ Oreasiobia.’’

Joe Gish, Waayes Gow nitoye f VGe> adseyol Pe Pee %

De 94, line" 27- for’ ~ Wledenern mead

Leder

15.iii,37.

Trypeta vectensis sp.n. and other new or little known
British species of Trypetidae (Diptera).

By J. E. COLLIN, F.R.E.S., ete.

The generic name Trypwra, Me.

It has been suggested that Rondani’s fixation in 1870 of Musca
arctti, DeG. (=tussilayinis, F.) as the type of the genus Trypeta is
inadmissable, and that artemisiae, F. should take its place, with the
consequence that the name 7’rypeta would be transferred to a different
subfamily and applied to an entirely different group of species to that
with which it has been associated for more than 70 years. Such a
transfer in the use of a well-known generic name is one of the most
pernicious changes that can be made—a far greater cause of confusion
than the sinking of a well-known name as a synonym—so I feel certain
that the majority of working Dipterists will join with me in a request
that Rondani’s type fixation be accepted. The name 7'rypeta first
appeared in a paper in Ilhger’s Maguzin fur Insektenkunde, 1808,
which was obviously an attempt by Ilhger to advertise the great work
on HKuropean Diptera upon which Meigen was known to be engaged,
and was entitled:—‘‘ Versuch einer neuen Gattungs Hintheilung der
europaischen zweifligligen Insekten von Joh. Wilh. Meigen in Stolberg
bei Aachen.” In this paper an introductory preface by Illiger
is followed by short diagnoses of 114 genera, with, in most cases,
the names of a few species quoted as examples. It is, however,
obvious that these names were not intended as a complete list of all
the species originally included in each genus by Meigen, because the
expression “‘ete.’’ is often added. Such is the case with /rypeta where
“* Musca arnicae, cerasi, urticae, artemisiae, etc. Fabr.” are the examples
given, and as Musca tussilaginis was described by Fabricius in the same
work as the four species quoted as examples, and was included in the
genus by Meigen when he subsequently published his great work, it
might be well accepted as ‘originally included in the genus”’ under the
expression ‘‘ etc.”’ and therefore available as type.

LTrypeta vectensis sp.n.

This species belongs to the group having wing markings (often
faint) not in the form of transverse or obliquely transverse bands; a group
represented in Britain by colon, Mg., florescentiae, L., and winthemt, Mg.
The wingmarkings in colon when present (they are sometimes almost
indistinguishable), and in florescentiae, are quite distinctive ; in colon
they take the form of only a darkening of the stigmal area and about
the ends of the radial and cubital veins (sometimes spreading back-
wards along these veins or even forming a subcostal blotch); the
distinetive feature of the wing-pattern in florescentiae is the presence of
three distinct rounded dark costal patches (one at stigma, one at tip of
wing and one in between), and a smaller patch at lower outer angle of
discal cell.

(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

In winthemi, which the new species more closely resembles in
having fainter, rather indeterminate, and variable, wing-markings,
there are usually three small patches along the radial vein (one beneath
stigma, the second halfway along towards end of the vein, the third at
apex of subcostal cell) and a large patch at tip of wing; an extension
downwards of the first three patches may be traced, that of the first
patch as a faint clouding embracing the middle crossvein, of the second
patch embracing the outer crossvein, while the very faint extension of
the third patch widens out rapidly towards hindmargin of wing, and
is often only evident when the wing is viewed by reflected light; when
so viewed the lighter areas between patches have a whitish appearance and the
stigma also, though when the latter is seen by transmitted light it is
pale yellowish.

Trypeta vectensis spn. 3 9. Resembling 7’. winthemt but smaller
and otherwise differing as below :—

3. Head smaller and seen in profile with eyes occupying rather
greater area, consequently jowls below eyes narrower; the usual
stronger bristle halfway along jowls near mouthedge, pale in colour,
at most only brownish. Thorax with two narrow wedge-shaped
extensions forward of the prescutellar yellow area, the anterior pair of
dorso-central bristles placed on (or very near) the tip of each extension,
the posterior pair on prescutellar yellow area; in winthem? there is
only a wider median wedge-shaped extension forward, the anterior
dorso-centrals being well away from any yellow area, and the posterior
pair on the hindmarein of dark area, one on each side of base of median
yellow extension. In winthemi there are two yellow pleural patches
below thoracal squamae, the posterior one extending upwards to basal
corner of seutelluin; in vectensis the latter is black dusted with grey
like rest of area below scutelluin, leaving only the patch in front of
halteres yellow. General pubescence more whitish-yellow compared
with the golden-yellow of winthemi.

Abdomen more extensively darkened than in winthemi, the 2nd to
4th tergites often almost entirely black, or with only hind-margins
paler, the long 5th tergite black across base with projections at sides
and middle; in winthemi the darkening is confined to isolated patches
on base of these tergites, two on 2nd and four on 8rd to 4th, the
side patches on 5th tergite being often connected to another patch on
each hind corner.

Wing-markings more restricted, that at tip of wing much smaller
and usually consisting of a small patch about end of cubital, with some-
times a still smaller one at end of discal, vein; both crossveins, and
the end half of stigma often darkened ; there is practically no extension
downwards from the first and third small patches along radial vein, and
that from the second patch is often indistinct or even absent, and when
viewed by reflected light there is no whitish tinge to any part of wing
surface. In pale specimens there is practically no darkening at end of
stigma or about crossveins; in dark specimens in addition to the end
half (or less) of stigma, and the crossveins, there may be a dark streak
in subapical cell from the outer crossvein to apical wing patch.

@. Resembling male but abdomen less extensively darkened, hind-
margins of tergites 2-5 often broadly yellowish, but the dark markings
on these and the longer 6th tergite, even when restricted, are in the
form of three shallow segmental basal patches and not four isolated spots

TRYPETA VECTENSIS AND OTHER TRYPETIDAK. (3)

as in winthemi. Pubescence rather shorter and especially no longer
hindmarginal bristles to 5th tergite, which in winthemt are about two-
thirds length of those on hindmargin of 6th tergite. Ovipositor
narrower at base and rather longer than in winthemt.

Length about 4mm., often rather less in male and slightly more
in female.

The discovery of this new species was made by Mr. H. G. Jeffery
of Newport, Isle of Wight, in the following circumstances.

In December 1933 he collected a nnmber of seedheads of various
plants with a view to breeding Trypetids, hoping to add to the small
number of species (5) recorded in Morey’s “Guide” as occurring
in the Isle of Wight. Among these seedheads were some of Serratula
tinctoria, Tr. (Saw-wort) and from these in 1934 from 9th July
onwards about half-a-dozen specimens of a Trypetid emerged which
were set and put away with a miscellaneous lot of Diptera awaiting
identification.

In August 1935, Mr. H. W. Andrews was visiting Mr. Jeffery and
noticed these Trypetids as unlike anything known to him. Mr. Jeffery
told him their history and on August 16th Mr. Andrews swept a
fair series from heads of saw- wort on Cranmore Heath where this plant
was extremely abundant. Upon returning home an attempt to identify
the species failed and Mr. Andrews sent specimens tome. The species
was quite unknown to me and I suspected it might prove to be new to
science; this was confirmed by Dr. Hering of Berlin to whom I, in my
turn, sent specimens.

Further specimens have since been bred from seed-heads of
Serratula tinctoria collected in the I. of Wight, and Mr. Andrews has
found the species in the New Forest (Hants).

Trypeta (Ceriocera) cornuta, F., and T’. microceras, Hering.

In 1794 Fabricius described as Musca cornuta such a remarkable
Trypetid that its identity has never been questioned, and it has been
known and deseribed as Trypeta cornuta, F. since 1844. There was
however a previous Musca cornuta described by Scopoli in 1772 which
remained unrecognised until 1870 when Rondani suggested (apparently
with good reason) that it was the same as the species then known as
Spiloyrapha abrotani, Mg. The homonymy of Musca cornuta, F, was
ignored until 1913, and indeed it was certain that there was never
likely to be any confusion in retaining the same name of different
authors in two widely separated genera. Hendel, however, in 1913
(Suppl. Ent. Uf. p. 82, footnote) proposed a new name, ceratocera, Hend.,
for cornuta, F’., a proposition which I consider was entirely unnecessary
and should not be adopted.

The larva of T. cornuta, I’. has long been known to live in the flower-
heads of Centanrea scabiosa but it has recently been discovered inde-
pendently by Dr. Martin Hering of Berlin and Mr. G. C. Varley of
Cambridge that there is a closely allied species the larva of which lives
in the stem of the same plant. This was described in March 1986 by
Dr. Hering (Dents. Ent. Zeits, 1935, p. 207) as a subspecies mitcroceras
of T. cornuta, F., but it appears to be sufficiently distinct to merit
specific rank.

T’. microceras is a smaller species than cornuta with the projection

(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD.

to second antennal joint more slender and shorter so that it does not
project so far beyond end of third antennal joint; eyes larger in pro-
portion to size of head so that facial orbits and jowls are narrower ;
the small hairs on frontal orbits pale in colour and therefore less
distinct. Wings with narrower bands which are less distinct on
hinder half of wing. Last abdominal segment of male with dark side-
margins ; ovipositor of female rather narrower and with two longitudinal
dark streaks on basal half, .

I obtained four males and six females of this species by sweeping
where Centaurea scabiosa was plentiful on the Devil’s Ditch (Cambs)
in July 1985. The same locality provided Mr. Varley with his
material, in fact it was Mr. Varley’s discovery which induced me to
search for the species.

I would note here that I have never seen a British specimen of
T’. lappae, Ceder. and consider that Loew erred in attributing Walker’s
tusstlaginis to this species. It needs confirmation as a British species.

Spilographa wiedemanni, Hend.

Hendel described this species in 1913 (Deuts. Ent. Zeits. p. 397)
from one male in Wiedemann’s Collection, taken at Kiel. It is allied
to S. zoé, Mg. which, as is well known, is peculiar in having different
wingmarkings in the two sexes, the male particularly having the outer
crossvein not clouded. The male of S. wiedemanni agrees with the
female of zo¢ in having this crossvein clouded. I possess two males
from Chippenham Fen (Cambs) taken on 15.x.99 and 9.vii.28.
The question whether they represent a distinct species, or are only
aberrant males of z0é, is one to be elucidated by the capture or breeding
of further material.

Urophora, Desv.= Euribia, Latr.

A genus Huribia was validated by Latreille in 1802 (Hist. Nat. Crust.
et Ins. III. p. 458) when he associated it with his group VI of Musca and
quoted M. wnbellatarwn, F. and M. cardui, Li. as examples; the latter
has been designated as the type, and it becomes necessary to use
Euribia, Latr. in place of Urophora, Dsv.

Euribia spoliata, Hal.

This little known species was described from specimens taken in
the I. of Wight by I’. Walker, and until last year the only specimens
known to me were those in the Dale Collection at Oxford. It is therefore
particularly interesting to be able to record that Mr. H. W. Andrews
bred several specimens in June-July, 1986, from flower-heads of
Serratula tinctoria collected at Cranmore (I. of Wight) and kept for the
purpose of breeding out the new T'rypeta vectensis described above.
EK’. spoliata is easily recognised on account of its clear wings with only
the stigma darkened, and its extensively darkened legs. It is a small
species about the size of quadiifasciata with similar yellow thoracic
markings. Its wings are rather narrow with strong dark veins.

Kuribia solstitialis, L., E. cuspidata, Mg., and EH. jaceana, Hering.

These three species have usually been mixed up under the name
salstitialis; none of the three is easily identified owing to the liability

TRYPETA VECTENSIS AND OTHER TRYPETIDAE. (5)

to variations, especially in wing-markings; as a rule, however, each
exhibits a tendency to a special facies in these markings, which,
though difficult to define, when once grasped, does help in the identi-
fication. Moreover it would appear that they are each associated
with different food-plants.

E.. solstitialis was originally described as to be found ‘in Carduts
aliisque,’ and subsequently (1761) as “in floribus & follis Cardui
crispt frequens, rarior in Cerasi foliis mense junio,” and (1788) as “in
cardui floribus,’ therefore the restriction of this name to a species
associated with thistles appears to be justified; such a species is found
commonly on the Continent though apparently not so common in
Britain.

The name solstitialis has in this country been applied both to the
true solstitialis and (more usually) to F. jaceana which, with us, attacks
the flower heads of the black knapweed (Centaurea nigra) and is very
common and widely distributed, though, apparently far from common
on the Continent where it attacks Centaurea jacea. Finally we have a
third species FE’. cuspidata, Mg. associated with Centaurea scabiosa and
bred from the flower heads of that plant by Dr. Martin Hering of Berlin.

This EH. cuspidata is probably the most easily distinguished species.
It is slightly the largest and has the longest female ovipositor—much
longer than rest of abdomen. Wing markings rather like those of E.
stylata, F. (except of course for the presence of the basal ‘“‘ band” or
darkening about the basal cells), the ‘“‘ bands’ being narrow, with the
second (extending from stigma downwards) often interrupted; the
darkening at end of stigma is nearly always continued backwards
beneath costa leaving the extreme base and lower side of stigma pale.
Front femora with a dark posterodorsal streak, and hind femora often
darkened beneath about base ; prosternum and hind coxae extensively
dark. Anterior dorsocentral bristle only slightly in front of a line
connecting the supra-alar bristles, much less so than in jaceana. Last
abdominal tergite in male decidedly longer than the two preceding
ones together and the very long coiled penis when extracted noticeably
longer than that of jaceana. Hendel’s “‘ Table of species ” in Lindner’s
Die Flieyen is rather misleading inasmuch that in cusptdata the
third and fourth wing bands are more often separated than united on
the costa. if

I have taken this species by sweeping Centaurea scabiosa flowers in
July on the Devil’s Ditch (Cambs) near Newmarket, and it will probably
be found in many other districts where this plant grows.

Of HF. jaceana, Hering,* which its describer has reared from the flower
heads of Centaurea jacea (a plant not indigenous to Britain) I have
been able to compare co-types with our common /Vuribia from flower
heads of Centaurea nigra and believe them to be conspecific. It is a
rather smaller species than cuspidata with a much shorter female
ovipositor—not, or scarcely, longer than rest of abdomen while the
more slender apical part of the ovipositor merges very gradually into,
and is not longer than, the stouter basal part. Wings with rather
broader dark ‘‘ bands,”’ only the end of stigma darkened and the basal
band evident up to the costa. Front femora in male seldom, in female

* Described in 1935 Markische Tierwelt, Berlin, p. 169. Bred (Hering in lit.)
from both C. jacea and C. nigra.—J.E.C.

(6) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

often, with a dark posterodorsal streak; prosternum and hind coxae
mainly yellowish. Anterior dorsocentral bristle well in front of a line
connecting the supra-alar bristles. Last abdominal segment of male
not, or scarcely, longer than two preceding tergites together. Wing
markings variable; the third or fourth bands may be united or separated
on costa. :

Apparently an abundant species, at least in some districts, making
hard galls in the flower heads of the common black knapweed Centaurea
nigra.

The restricted HF. solstitialis in many respects combines the characters
of the two previous species, having the long last tergite in male and
long ovipositor in female, of cuspidata. Front femora usually with
a dark streak, but prosternum and hind coxae extensively pale. Anterior
dorsocentrals more in front of a line connecting the supra-alars than
in cuspidata. Wing markings rather like those of jaceana but the dark
bands somewhat narrower, two middle bands straighter, basal band very
faint towards costa and stigma brownish at tip only, so that the first
and second bands are rather more widely and distinctly separated, and
the costal area from wing base to stigma paler than usual.

I have very few British records of this species, but it has probably
been overlooked. My friend Mr. A. H. Hamm finds it not at all
uncommon near Oxford, where /. jaceana appears to be rare. Otherwise
I have only one specimen from the Devil’s Ditch (Cambs), and another
from Farley Down (Hants.)

i have seen no British specimens of EF. aprica, Fln. or EH. macrura,
Lw. and believe that records of the former have been based on specimens
of quadrifasciata, Mg., and of the latter on specimens of cuspidata, Mg.

Campiglossa grandinata, Rdi.

This Tephritinid genus has, like Oayna,a geniculate proboscis
(which however is rather stout), and two pairs of upper orbital bristles ;
it differs from the restricted genus Oayna in having two pairs of
lower orbitals and from other genera with all these characters in
having the antennae wider apart at base and a very wide frons, while
there is no large hyaline spot in subapical cell just beyond middle
crossvein such as in Paroayna completes the triangle of hyaline spots
having its base on costa. However I must say that the generic differ-
ences between (’. yrandinata and some species of Parowyna such as
aryyrocephala, Lw. appear to be very insignificant.

C. yrandinata, Rdi. is a handsome species differing from C. irrorata,
F ln. (a species which might well be found in this country) in haying
the lower orbital bristles black, and the rounded hyaline spots about
tip of wing and in the whole of the subapical (or first posterior) cell,
smaller, Thorax grey, maculated with brown, the two pairs of
dorsocentrals placed upon darker spots, anterior pair immediately
behind suture ; abdomen grey with four rows of dark paiches, those
at the sides smaller and on the actual side margins of tergites ;
ovipositor short, about length of two previous segments, shining black
or dark chestnut brown. Legs yellow with femora somewhat brownish.
Length 4-5mm.

Three females in the Verrall Collection under a label ‘‘ Oayphora
bifleza, Lw. vel Tephritis, sp.n. aff. zellerit, Lw.” Two were taken

TRYPETA VECTENSIS AND OTHER TRYPETIDAE. (7)

at ‘‘Tilgate’’ (Sussex) on 29th March, 1872, the third is labelled
“‘ Copth. 8. 72.,’’ which probably means that it was taken at Copthorne
alsoin Sussex. The larvae are said to form galls in the stem of Solidago
virgaurea, L.

Paroayna loewiana, Hend.

The genus Paroxyna with type tessellata, Lw. was established by
Hendel in 1927 (Lindner’s Die Fliegen, IT'rypetidae) for those species of
Oxyna having two pairs of lower orbital bristles, which means that all
the British species except parietina, L., proboscidea, Lw. and flavipennis,
Lw. are placed in Parowyna.

P. loewiana, Hend. is the species added by me to the British List
in 1910 under the name of Oxyna parvila, Lw. Mr. A. H. Hamm
has bred it from flower heads of Solidayo virgaurea, L. Loew in his
Monograph of 1862 figured its wing under the name of O. argyrocephala,
though the accompanying description applied to the true argyrocephala,
Lw. (1844), and I was misled in 1910 by this description. :

Paroxyna argyrocephala, Lw. (1844).

This species occurs in Scotland (Aviemore district). It differs from
P. loewiana in having a distinctly striped thorax, and apical part of wing
with more numerous and much smaller hyaline spots.

Paroxyna parvula, Lw. and P. absinthii, F.

There has been considerable confusion over the use of the name
absinthit, F. Hendel considers that elonyatula. Lw. must in future be
known as absinthii, F’. though he does not state whether he has seen
Fabricius’ type (which ought to be in the Dom Lund Collection at
Copenhagen), and that absinthii, Lw. nec. F. must be known as punctella,
Fln. Our British absinthii is however evidently parvula, Lw. of which
Hendel for the first time figures the wing of the type specimen, and P.
punctella, Fn. (absinthii, Lw. nec F.) does not appear to occur in this
country.

Tephritis praecox, Lw.

This species may be known by its small size (2.6mm.), and by the
middle crossvein of wing being practically opposite end of subcostal
vein, so that the two large central spots in the marginal cell and the
two (only) beneath them in the submarginal cell, are all beyond this
crossvein.

Icaptured a female of this distinct little species at Aldeburgh
(Suffolk) on 19th September, 1907.

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New Lepidoptera from Iran.

By HANS BYTINSKI-SALZ, Ph.D., F.R.E.S.
(Instituto di Zoologia, Anatomia e Fisiologia comparate, R. Universita Padova.)

and WILHELM BRANDT (Degero Finlandia).

Mr. Fred H. Brandt collected lepidoptera during summer and
autumim 1936 at the south western slope of the Elburs mountains in
northern Ivan, firstly in the hilly steppe at Keredj, about 40 km. west
of Teheran at an altitude from 1400-1700 m., and later in the centre
of the Klburs mountains at Nissa. This mountain village les at
about 70 km. from Keredj on the Keredj-Majanderan Road in a valley
at2100m. Thesurrounding mountains reach a height of about 3500m.

‘The extensive collections of Mr. Brandt proved to be very interesting
and two new species from this material have been already described by
Mr. O. Bang-Haas (Pheosia brandti, Rhetera brandti, in Ent. Zeitschr.
Vol. 50, p. 451, 562). We are bringing here short descriptions of a
number of new species and forms collected by Mr. Fred Brandt. An
extensive list of the whole material will be published later, where also
most of the new forms described in these pages will be figured. As
more material is continually coming in, the descriptions will not be
arranged exactly in the taxonomic order of the species, but will be
published as they come in.

We are very much indebted to Messrs. O. Bang-Haas, Ch. Boursin,
A. Draudt, A. Pictet, L. B. Prout, and R. Verity for comparing doubt-
ful specimens and for lending type material for comparison.

Pieris ergane, Hbn. ssp. elbursina, ssp. nov.

A large and heavily marked subspecies. 9 gf 43-45mm., 2 92 39-
44mm.

Male :—Ground colour pure white, near the margin with a yellow-
ish hue; grey apical spot dark and large. Distal spot very variable, in
some specimens not larger than in typical eryane, Hbn., in some speci-
mens enlarged and sometimes with traces of a connection with the
apical spot. Costa heavily powdered with grey. On the hind-wing
the spot at the anterior angle is mostly present, sometimes however
only in traces.

Underside : Costa and apex of the forewing and the entire hind-
wing bright yellow, the latter suffused with grey with the exception of
the anal part.

Female: Ground colour varying from white to yellowish ; markings
very large. In one specimen the apical spot and the two distal spots
are enlarged and connected by grey scales forming almost a transverse
band (ab. magnimaculata, Rostagno). Costa yellow. The grey suffusion
extends from the base alone the costa and reaches even the discal cross
vein. Hindwing with a large spot at the anterior angle which may
extend along vein III,. Base suffused with grey.

Underside: Costa and apex of the forewing and the entire hind-
wing bright yellow suffused with grey. The yellow runs along the
margin of the forewing reaching vein 1V,. The distal spots of the
upper side are shining through.

This new ssp., which spans 4-5mm. more than my EHuropean

(2) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

specimens of eryane, is not identical with f. detersa, Vrty. from the
Taurus, which, on the contrary, is an almost unmarked form. May be
ab. niediecki, Strd. from the Taurus is an extreme female aberration of
ssp. elbursina. One heavily marked ? , which I am inclined to consider
as ab. magnimaculata, Rost., forms » good transition to ab. niedieckt,
Strd. though it seems to be less yellowish than this form.

Cotypes: Keredj 1500m. 4.iv.-20.v.1986. 4 g 2 @ in coll.
Bytinski-Salz ; other specimens in coll. Brandt.

Chilades trochylus, Frr. ssp. persa, ssp. nov.

Span 14-17mm. Ground colour a lighter brownish grey than in
the brown trochylus, Frr. The dark veins very conspicuous. Discal
spot only faintly encircled with a lighter border. Light marginal band
double. Hindwing with the 4 black spots very large, bordered on the
outside with white. The orange diseal lunules reduced in size, 2-3
present. They are followed by a conspicuous white band. Discal spot
as in the forewing.

Underside as in trochylus, Frr. with the orange bad sometimes
pretty pale.

Cotypes: Keredj 1600m. 25.v.-9.viii.1986. 15 3 g 3 2 @ in coll.
Bytinski-Salz, other specimens in coll. Brandt.

One female lacks all silver on the under side. The marginal spots
are large and entirely black: ab. pauper, ab. nov.

Holotype: 1 2 Keredj 1600m. 25.v.1986, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Lycaena (Glaucopsyche) panagaea, H.-Sch. ssp. ahasveros ssp. nov.
Very variable in size; the 3 g§ span 18-23mm., the ? @ 18-21mm.
Male: Blue of the fore-wing lighter than in panagaea, H.-Sch. from

Anatolia and the Taurus. Black margin much narrower. Discocellular

streak straight, not semilunar as in taygetica, Rbl.

Under side in both sexes lighter grey without any brown colour.
Only one orange marginal spot between vein IV, and IV, present,
much reduced in size and of a pale yellowish-orange colour. The large
black spot in front of the orange one, small and pale, in some specimens
not more distinct than the other semilunar spots of the marginal row.

This subsp., which comes near the var. tayyetica, Rbl. agrees with
this form by its narrow black border and the greyish underside. It
differs by the presence of only one pale orange spot on the underside
and the reduction of the black spot between vein IV, and IV,.

Cotypes: Keredj 1700m. 6-10.v.1986. 103 4 6 29 in coll.
Bytinski-Salz; other specimens in coll. Brandt.

Adopaea pfeifferi, sp. nov.

Span 3lmm., length of forewing 15mm. Thorax greenish brown,
Colour of the wings a bright ‘“ marshyellow’’ (after Ridgway) not’
reddish brown as in 4A. flava. Androconial streak in the same
position as in flava, but narrower and interrupted in the lower third. A
dark border along the margin of both wings. Costal area of the hind-
wing also dark brown. Fringes white.

Underside of the hindwing a pure “pinard yellow.” Costa and
apex of the forewing of the same colour. The outer part of a bright
‘yellow ochre’’ colour. A dark grey suffusion from the base along
the lower border of the cell. A faint brown marginal line in both
wings present. Fringes white.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (3)

This species differs from the description of A. nova, Reverdin, which
measures only 25mm., by its larger size, by the lack of a grey suffusion
on the base of both wings and by the darker cinnamon area of the
forewing. Hindwing not paler than the forewing as in d. nova, Rev.

Named after Mr. Ernst Pfeiffer, Munich.

Cotypes : Keredj 1700m. 1.vii.1986. 29 g¢ incoll. Brandt, 1 g¢ in
coll. Bytinski-Salz. :

Thanaos elbursina sp. nov.

Span 26mm., length of forewing 12mm. Palpi whitish, the
tips black. Head, thorax and abdomen dark grey, the latter with light
borders at each segment. Underside whitish. Forewing with costal
fold.

Ground colour of the wings a dark ‘‘ cinnamon buff.’’ Position of
the basal and median spots as in Th. tages, L., dark brown and very
distinct. Row of postmedian spots complete, sinuate, reaching the
inner margii more to the base than in tayes, L. Spots 1-6 elongate,
7-10 circular, all spots white, encircled by dark brown. Spot 1 only
at the inner end, spots 2-6 at their inner and outer margin, spots 7-10
encircled completely (eye spots). Marginal area slightly darker with a
complete row of white marginal spots and a black termen. Fringes
chequered lighter and darker brown, blackish at their base.

Hindwing : basal and median spots confluent, forming a dark brown
field, in which a light discal spot stands out. Marginal area dark
‘cinnamon buff,” darker at its outer border. A row of whitish marginal
spots followed by a black termen. Fringes blackish at their base.

Underside ‘‘ pale pinkish buff’’ sutfused with grey at its base.
Forewing with the postmedian row of white spots very distinct, spots
1-8 very lightly encircled with brown, spots 9-10 dark, eyeless. A
complete row of white marginal spots. Termen and fringes as on the
upperside, in strong contrast against the light colour of the wing. Hind-
wing almost of uniform colour, only the discal spot and the marginal
row a little lighter.

3 Genitalia (B. C.S. Warren’s Nomenclature) ; Harpe much longer
than in tages, L., the tip reaching the serrate edge of the cuiller
(Corona). Teeth of the cuiller more numerous, shorter and evenly
distributed along the edge. Style of the left clasper short and stout,
without teeth as tayes, L. has. The field with cornuti at the 10th
sternite smaller than in tages, uncus less curved. Cornuti of the aedoeagus
more numerous, larger and longer than in tages, L.

This species differs from all other Thanaos species, besides the
genitalia, by its very light buff colour, which is much lighter than in
ab. clarus, Car. It distinguishes itself from this form (which belongs
to tages, Li.!) also by the different shape of the postmedian row of spots
and especially by the underside of the forewing with its conspicuous
markings. It has also nothing to do with my Asiatic specimens of ssp.
popoviana, Nordm. and sinina, Gr.-Grsch. which come very near to tages,
L. on the upperside, but differ by their dark brown underside and very
distinct rows of postmedian and marginal spots on both wings.

Cotypes: 23 g Keredj 1500m. 4.vii.1986, in coll. Brandt.

Cymatophora osthelderi sp. nov.
Span 41mm. Head and thorax grey, collar dark, tegulae and base

(4) THE ENTOMOT.OGIST’S RECORD.

of abdomen lighter. Ground colour of the forewing pure grey mottled
with white. Transverse lines black, less bent than in 07, F. or ocularis,
L. Sometimes a darker median shade present. Before and behind
the transverse lines a number of rather inconspicuous parallel lines.
A black apical streak followed by a row of light dots on the veins,
forming an almost straight band across the wing. Veins in the
terminal field marked with black, followed by a black terminal line.
Fringes chequered light and dark grey. Orbicular very small, circular;
reniform oblong, always near the postmedian line mostly touching it
with its upper edge. Both maculae are of a bright yellow eqlour and
surrounded by a black line.

Hindwing light grey, with a broad dark grey marginal band; a
dark discal blotch present. Fringes white.

Underside light silvery grey, crossed by 83 dark transverse bands
which do not reach the inner margin.

3 genitalia of the ocularis-type with short curved lateral appendages
of the uncus. Papillae of the clavus very small with less bristles than
in ocularis. Uncus longer, more evenly curved. Tip not tongue-shaped.
Lateral appendages longer, more slender and more curved at the base.
Aedoeagus: field of cornuti smaller than in ocularis, terminal hook
more slender.

This species resembles C. or by the smallness of the maculae which
are never centred with black as in ocularis. According to the genital
armature this species comes nearest to CU. ocularis and its ssp. sareptensis,
Spul. It differs by the pure grey colour of the wings, the shape and
position of of the maculae which are never yellow in ocularis, and by
the genitalia. Dedicated to Regierungsprasident L. Osthelder from
Munich.

Cotypes : Keredj, 1400m. 5-10.1x.1986. 4 9% g in coll. Brandt, i g
in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Cymatophora osthelderit, By.S. and Brandt, ab. farinosa ab. nov.

Two males are completely suffused with white. Both transverse lines
are lacking. Behind the place of the postmedian line a darker shade.
Apical streak well emphasized, also the black streaks along the veins.
The yellow maculae very conspicuous on the light background.

Base of the hindwing white, marginal band lighter than in osthelderi.
Fringes white.

Cotypes: Keredj, 1400m. 10.ix.1986. 1 9 in coll. Brandt, 1 9 in
coll. Bytinsky-Salz.

Bryoplhila argentacea sp. nov.

Span 27mm., length of forewing 183mm. _ Palpi, head and thorax
grey, tegulae a little lighter. Form of the forewing short and _ broad,
even more than in B. contristans, Led. Ground colour of the forewing
a pure dark silvery grey, a little lighter at the margin. All designs:
very indistinct. Black narrow basal, antemedial and postmedial lines
formed as in B. galathea, Mill. Orbicular and reniform encircled by a
faint dark line. At the costa a row of small, lighter dots and a larger
light blotch at the apex. Marginal area with a light brownish tinge
between the veins. ‘Terminal line black interrupted by the veins.
Fringes chequered brownish and grey.

Hindwing dark brownish grey, lighter at its base, darker at the
margin. Fringes light.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. 5
(15. vi.37.) F
- Underside of the forewing dark lead grey without the silvery shine
of the upper side. Costa lighter. Termen a dark line interrupted by
the veins.

Hindwing lighter, pale grey at the base. A distinet discal spot
and a postmedian line present. Marginal area a little darker followed
by a dark terminal line. Fringes hghter.

B. argentacea differs from all other Bryophila by its broad and
rounded shape of the forewing. In the shape of the markings it comes
near to B. galathea but differs by its silvery grey colour and its very
inconspicuous designs.

Holotype: 1 2 Keredj 1400m. 10.vi.1986, in coll. Brandt.

Euxoa temera, Hbn. ssp. leucotera ssp. nov.

Span 34-45mm. Ground colour of forewing a pure light grey
without any brown tinge. Only the surroundings of the reniform light
sable yellow.

Hindwing in the ¢ pure white, in the @ ? light grey, darker at
the margin, with dark veins. Underside light silky grey, discal spots
rather inconspicuous.

Mr. Boursin, who saw the specimens thinks they are a valid sub-
species of temera. ‘They differ from all other temera, Hbn. by the pure
grey colour which is best compared with pale Ll’. decora, Hbn.

Cotypes: Keredj} 1400m. 14-21.ix.1986. 1¢, 29 2 in. eoll.
Bytinski-Salz, other cotypes in coll. Brandi.

Porphyrinia draudti sp. nov.

Span 24mm., length of the forewing 1lmm. Palpi light grey,
head, thorax and abdomen pure white. Forewing narrow with rather
acute apex, costa curved as in P. lewcanides, Stgr.

Colour of the forewing chalk white. Postmedial line indicated only
by a faint yellowish spot at the costa. A black twin spot at the discal
cross-vein, another small one in the cell, nearer to the first one than to
the base of the wing. Apex with two large submarginal spots, followed
by a row of small spots between the veins. Terminal line narrow,
yellowish brown. Fringes white.

Hindwing pure chalk white.

Underside chalk white, both wings with a hue of light yellow at the
costa.

This species resembles superficially a very light P. ostrina, Hbn. v.
carthami, H.-Seh., but can be distinguished immediately by its larger
size, the narrow shape of the forewing, the pure white colour and the
spot in the cell, which in ostrina stays nearer to the base than to the
spot on the cross vein. I think P. draudti comes nearest to P. munda,
Christ. I have seen two specimens, also from Keredj, which I consider
to be very light and unmarked specimens of munda, Christ. The median
shade, so pronounced in the figure of manda in Romanoff, Vol. I. plt.
VIII. fig. 6, is only in traces present, but the position of the spot in
-the cell and the presence of marginal spots near the anal angle of the
wing agree well. P. draudti differs from these specimens and the figure
of munda, Christ. mentioned above, by its narrow shape of the forewing,
the lack of the median shade and the position of the spot in the cell,
which stands nearer to the spot on the cross vein in draudti, but nearer
to the base in munda, The hindwings are also mueb darker than in
munda and my ‘‘ munda”’’ specimens.

(6) _ THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Named after Prof. A. Draudt, Darmstadt, who saw the specimens
and agreed it to be a species unknown to him. ~

Holotype: 1 g Keredj 1400m. June, 1986, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Paratype: 1 § same date and place in coll. Brandt. This specimen
is less marked than the type. It lacks the spot in the cell; the spot on
the cross vein single and very small. ‘The two apical spots and the
marginal row of dark dots less pronounced.

Porphyrina boursini sp. nov. |

Span 22mm., length of forewing 105mm. Palpi brown, frons
white, head and tegulae yellowish. Thorax and abdomen white. Shape.
of the forewing narrow, apex very acute as in P. conistrota, Hmps.
9 @. Ground colour of the forewing whitish almost completely
suffused with dull yellow and only in the centre of the wing still
observable. A black spot in the middle of the cell nearer ¢o the eross
vein than to the base. An oval black mark on the cross vein, connected
with the postmedial band. The latter broad, yellowish, leading from
the costa outward, forming a sharp angle at vein 7 and then leading
obliquely straight inward to the inner margin. From the angle the
band has a dull brown colour. From the base of the wing another
longitudinal dull brown shade along the median fold, not reaching the
postmedial band. Marginal area brownish with a row of very small
black dots followed by a terminal dark brown line. Fringes whitish
at their base, light brownish at their outer part.

Hindwing light greyish white with a dark median shade which
forms the the continuation of the dark band on the forewing. A
darker marginal area followed by a narrow brown terminal line.
Fringes as in the forewing. :

Underside of the forewing grey, with a darker median shade: costa
and fringes lighter, Hindwing uniform light grey.

This species seems to come nearest to the P. conistrota, Hmps.
griseola, Kir. group by its narrow and acute forewing. It differs from
all Porphyrinia known to me by its very oblique postmedian line,
which ig even more oblique than in the American Hublemma
(Porphyrinia) obliqualis, Fabr. Prof. Draudt saw these specimens
and wrote they were also unknown to him.

Named after Mons. Charles Boursin, Paris, to whom J] am very
much indebted for the revision of a number of doubtful specimens.

Holotype: 1g Keredj 1400m. 24.vi.1986. in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Paratype: 1g Keredj 1600m. 24.vi.1986, in coll. Brandt.

This specimen spans 23mm., is generally of a lighter and whiter
colour and shows all markings, especially the oblique brown band,
more distinct.

Polia w-latinum, Hufnagel 1767 (syn. genistae, Borkh. I792) var.
(ssp. ?) umbrosa, var. nov.

Persian specimens give the impression of a good species somewhat
intermediate between w-latinum, Hufn. and thalassina, Rott. but the
genitalia agree with those of w-latinum.

Ground colour of forewing dark greyish black. Antemedian and
postmedian field only slightly lighter than the middle space, and not
violet grey as in typical w-latinum All designs less emphasized. The
marginal band before the w-line clear brown.

Hindwing dark fuscous grey a little lighter towards the base.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (7)

This form is even darker than thalassina ab. humeralis, Haw.
Specimens from Boli Bythinia 800m. (teste Pfeiffer) are intermediate
between typical w-latinum and var. wnbrosa, while a g from Akshehir
(teste Wagner) is typical w-latinum.

Cotypes: Keredj, 1400m. 10.v.-3.vi.1986. 2 94 1 @? in coll.
Brandt, 4 g¢ g in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Polia oleracea, L. forma pallida, f. nov. ,

Polia oleracea flies at Keredj in two generations, in May and
September. The form may be called a light variegata, Aust. One
specimen agrees well with my light specimens of variegata from Tunis.
The others form a continuous transition to the following light and pale
reddish form. Orbicular and reniform light yellowish submarginal
line broad white. Hindwing light grey only a little darker at the
margin.

Underside uniform light grey without markings, only traces of the
discal spots present.

Holotype: 1 3 Keredj, 1400m. 3.v.1986. in coll. Bytinski-Salz.
A transitional specimen also from Malatia Tecde, Kurdistan, 10.vi.

Aegle iranica sp. nov.

Span 28mm., length of the forewing 105mm. Head and collar
white, tegulae white, brownish at their base; tufts of the thorax brown
with white tips.

Forewing white with a silky shine and with a yellowish suffusion
at the base. From the costa to vein 2 a light brown postmedian band
parallel to the margin and doubled from the costa to vein 7. A dark
brown terminal line. Fringes chequered brown and white, divided by a
faint brown line. Two very light brown streaks from the base, one
crossing the discoidal cell and reaching the margin, where it ends
between veins 5 and 6 in an enlarged brown spot; the second below
the cell along vein 2 reaching the postmedian band.

Hindwing silky white, the veins brown. Fringes silky.

Underside of the forewing silky white. The brownish postmedian
band interrupted between veins 5 and 6. ‘Terminal line narrow brown.
A broad longitudinal suffusion of brown from the base to the postmedian
line, leaving the costal area white ; also not extending into the interspace
between veins 6 and 7. A dark streak along vein 2; discal spot in the
obscure discal area.

Hindwing silky white with a small discal spot.

This species comes nearest to Aegle gratiosa, Stdgr., a figure of which
is found in Iris, vol. VI. plate 1. It differs from this species by the
absence of the discal spot on the upper side of the forewing, the more
whitish ground colour, by having all brown markings more pronounced
and the presence of the brown marginal spot, which A. gratiosa, Stder.
lacks.

Holotype: 1 g Keredj, 1600m. 7.vi.1986 in coll. Brandt.

Catocala (Subgenus Blepharum, Hibner, Tentamen, 1806) fredi sp. nov.

Fore tibiae unspined, middle tibiae spined, hind tibiae spined also
above the middle spurs. Barnes and McDunnough have already
pointed out that the type species of the genus Mormonia, Hubner,
1823: M. epione, Drury, has also spined fore tibiae and so Wormonia

(8) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

must be applied to those species which till now have been placed in the
genus Catobapta, Hulst. If it seems advisable to subdivide the genus
Catocala (sensu lato) Schrank, 1802 as Hampson 1912 and Warren
1918 did, the species with ‘‘ hind tibiae spined also above the middle
spurs” till now placed into the genus Mormonia must be placed into
the genus Blepharwn, Hubner 1806 (type species: sponsa, L.), or, if
Hiibner’s Tentamen determinationis ig considered unpublished, into the
genus Astiotes, Hubner, 1816-26, (type species: dilecta, Hbn).

Span 42mm., length of the forewing 19mm. Head and thorax
olive-ochre, tegulae somewhat lighter.

Forewing: basal line indicated only by a black dentate spot at the
costa. Antemedian line black forming a sinuous row of three concave
arches. bordered inside by a faint whiteline. Upper part of the reniform
olive brown. Postmedian line beginning at the costa with an olive
brown spot just above the reniform, then bent outward leading
horizontally on vein 7 in a faint black line, then forming a black row of
interneural lunules, angled outward above vein 5 and leading straight
inward to the inner margin. Postmedian line bordered outside on the
costa by a large white spot, followed by a faint white line from vein 7
on. Basal area whitish irrorated with brown scales especially against
the antemedian border. Medial area whitish behind the antemedial
line and irrorated with brown against the postmedial line, forming
there a diffuse brown shade. Median shade indicated by the brownish
blotch which extends into the upper half of the reniform. In the Q
this median shade extends to the hindmargin as a large brown band.
Outside of the fine white line, which borders the postmedian line,
follows a broad subterminal brown band, leading almost straight across
the wing and angled only a little at vein 5. This is followed by a
whitish area, which is almost pure white, directly behind the brown
band and irrorated with brown towards the terminal line. A sinuous
terminal line bent inwards on each vein and followed by lighter
yellowish spots on the veins, which are fused together towards a larger
post-terminal spot at the apex. Termen darker; fringes chequered
with brown and yellow.

Hindwing bright yellow. Medial band narrow leading straight to
the submedian fold and then bending inwards to vein 1, not reaching
the anal margin. Terminal band broad, ending below vein 2 and
followed by a black patch at vein 1. Termen narrowly yellow towards
the apex, then with slight yellow marks in the interspaces. Cilia white
at the apex and between veins 2 and 1, chequered with brown between
vein 6 and 2. Anal fringes white.

Underside: yellow, paler than the upperside of the hindwing. An
oblique black median band from vein 9 forming a black blotch
directly behind the discal vein, followed by a bent band leading outward
to the hind-margin. Terminal area fuscous brown, its inner edge
curved towards the costa followed by yellow dots on the veins. Cilia
chequered. Hindwing with a very faint brown median band. Ter- -
minal area broad suffused with fuscous brown, its inner edge curved
at the costa and slightly interrupted between veins 2and1. Termen
with yellow dots on the veins. Cilia white on the apex and between
veins 2 and 1, chequered brown and yellow between veins 6 and 2.

This striking new species is very different from every other species
of Catocala hitherto known, especially by its non-dentate postmedian

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (9)

lines. Structurally it seems nearest to the American C’. frederici, Grote,
but differs very much by its whitish ground colour which is even whiter
than in C. messalina, Guen., by the narrow median band of the hind-
wing and by many other characters. The lines of the forewing are
somewhat similar to those in the C. abreviatella, Grote-group but even
straighter and less dentate.

Cotypes : Keredj, 1400m. 30.vi.1986. 8 g g 1 @ in coll. Brandt,
2g in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Armada tarachoides sp. nov.

Span 24mm. length of forewing 1lmm. Head process with a
cone-shaped protuberance. F rons whitish, collar, tegulae and thorax
covered with brownish scales. Abdomen brown with whitish tip.
Apex of the forewing pointed.

Ground colour of forewing chalk white. A brown basal band
constricted in the middle. ‘he dark brown median band interrupted
by the white ground colour, forming an oval blotch from the costa to
the middle of the cell and slightly interrupted by a lighter horizontal
line. The lower part of the median band reaches from the anal angle
to the median fold, forming a subquadrate brown spot, which is
bordered inside and outside by a thin dark line. The whole outer part
of the wing fuscous with greyish brown crossed by a thin hghter
postmedial line. Near the apex a darker area, which bears on its out-
side a small black spot. Below this area a lighter and greyer zone
which is traversed by darker veins. Termen white, near the apex
with 3 dark dots on the veins. Fringes white.

Hindwing dark fuscous grey, lighter towards the base. ‘Termen
and fringes white. Underside of both wings pale grey with a broad
dark outer band. 4 small dark dots on the veins near the apex.
Termen and fringes white.

- This remarkable new species belongs according to the shape of its
head process to Warren’s Section III, and is best placed near Armada
secunda, lirsch. It differs from all other species of Armada by its
pointed apex of the forewing, its pure white ground colour and the
interrupted median band. In fact this species resembles at the first
aspect very much the genus Zarache, Hbn., especially the species 1’.
biskrensts, Obth.

Cotypes: Keredj, 1600m. 4.vi.1986. 2 ¢ 9 1 ¢@ in coll. Brandt,
1g in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (9)

lines. Structurally it seems nearest to the American C. frederici, Grote,
but differs very much by its whitish ground colour which is even whiter
than in C. messalina, Guen., by the narrow median band of the hind-
wing and by many other characters. The lines of the fore-wing are
somewhat similar to those in the C. abreviatella, Grote-group but even
straighter and less dentate,

Cotypes: Keredj, 1400 m., 30.vi.19386. 3 ¢¢ 1 @ in coll. Brandt,
2 3c in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Armada tarachoides sp. nov.

Span 24 mm., length of fore-wing 11 mm. Head process with a
cone-shaped protuberance. Frons whitish, collar, tegulae and thorax
covered with brownish scales. Abdomen brown with whitish tip. Apex
of the fore-wing pointed.

Ground colour of fore-wing chalk white. A brown basal band con-
stricted in the middle. The dark brown median band interrupted by
the white ground colour, forming an oval blotch from the costa to the
middle of the cell and slightly interrupted by a lighter horizontal line.
The lower part of the median band reaches from the anal angle to the
median fold, forming a subquadrate brown spot, which is bordered
inside and outside by a thin dark line. The whole outer part of the
wing fuscous with greyish brown crossed by a thin lighter postmedial
line. Near the apex a darker area, which bears on its outside a small
black spot. Below this area a lighter and greyer zone which is traversed
by darker veins. Termen white, near the apex with 3 dark dots on
the veins. Fringes white.

Hind-wing dark fuscous grey, lighter towards the base. Termen
and fringes white. Underside of both wings pale grey with a broad
dark outer band. 4 small dark dots on the veins near the apex. Ter-
men and fringes white.

This remarkable new species belongs according to the shape of its
head process to Warren’s Section III, and is best placed near Armada
secunda, Ersch. It differs from all other species of Armada by its
pointed apex of the fore-wing, its pure white ground colour and the
interrupted median band. In fact this species resembles at the first
aspect very much the genus Tarache, Hbn., especially the species T.
biskrensis, Obth.

Cotypes: Keredj, 1600 m., 4.vi.1936. 2 ¢¢ 1 Q in coll. Brandt,
1 ¢ in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Pseudohadena banghaasi sp. nov.

Span 45-46 mm., length of fore-wing 21 mm. Palpi, head, thorax
and abdomen dull ‘‘ pale pinkish cinnamon ’’ with a rosy tinge. Tarsi
of middle and hind legs blackish ringed with light grey. Fore-wing
dull ‘‘ pinkish buff’ slightly suffused with pink. Lines as in Ps.
coluteae with 6 dark points at the costa followed by 3 light ones. Lines
very pronounced, a basal, a double antemedial and a postmedial line
present. The median shade broad and very pronounced. Marginal
line inconspicuous with arrow-shaped streaks between veins 3-7. Orbi-
cular and reniform lighter than the background, the latter completely
encircled with a dark line. Terminal line black. Fringes light at the
base and tips, darker in the middle. Hind-wing lighter than in

(10) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

coluteae. Underside pale silky grey with a brownish hue. Darker
median lines on both wings present, also a narrow dark termen.

This new species comes nearest to Ps. coluteae, Bien. As coluteae
is also described from Persia, it was at first difficult to establish the fact
what really is the true coluteae, Bien., as descriptions and figures in
Hampson, Catalogue, Vol. III, p. 464, pl. 119, fig. 13, and Warren-
Seitz, Vol. III, p. 184, pl. 43 b, can be attributed to both species. I
received through the courtesy of Mr O. Bang-Haas a specimen labelled
with the handwriting of his father, A. Bang-Haas: ‘‘ Pseudohadena
coluteae, B. . . . Hamps. hat type examiniert im Wiener Museum
(Hamps).”’ As this specimen agrees well with two other specimens of
my collection from Aksu and Kysyl-Fart, and with a specimen of
coluteae Bien. in the Museum at Vienna (which, however, is not the
type!) I think the name coluteae can be attributed to the lighter of
the two Persian species, which till now has been regarded in most col-
lections as Ps. coluteae, Bien. Ps. coluteae, Bien., is a very light and
unmarked Pseudohadena and corresponds best with the figure of Ps.
sergia, Pglr., in Hampson’s Cat., Vol. VII, pl. 99, fig. 5, but shows the
marking more pronounced and lacks, of course, the black basal streak.
On the contrary, Ps. banghaasi is much more heavily marked somewhat
as the figure of coluteae in Hampson’s Cat., Vol. VII, pl. 99, fig. 18,
but has the ante- and postmedian lines double, which in coluteae are
single and often interrupted. It differs from coluteae also by the
lighter grey colour of the hind-wing, the underside of the fore-wing,
which lacks the dark central area so conspicuous in coluteae, and also
the ringed tarsi which are uniform in coluteae.

Dr Zerny, to whom I am very much indebted for the comparison of
this new species with the material in the Vienna Museum, thinks it
may be Ps. arvicola, Christ., but I cannot agree with his opinion. Ps.
arvicola is described and figured in Romanoff, Vol. V, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 7,
and Hampson’s Cat., Vol. VII, p. 463, with a very distinct bluish suf-
fusion, which completely lacks in coluteae and in banghaasi. I have a
specimen from Aksu in my collection which shows this suffusion, as in
some Rh. renigera, Hbn., forms as var. turana, Stg., very well, and
which I am considering to be the true arvicola, Christ. Arvicola differs
from coluteae and banghaasi by its colour but also by its much broader
shape of the wings and less conspicuous designs.

Named after Mr O. Bang-Haas in recognition of his useful help
clearing up the coluteae problem.

Cotypes: 4 3S, Keredj, 1400 m., 26.iv-7.v.1936, in coll. Bytinski-
Salz, other cotypes in coll. Brandt, Bang-Haas, and Wiltshire.

Eulocastra schah sp. nov.

Span 24 mm., length of fore-wing 11 mm. Ground colour of the
fore-wing dirty white, sparingly powdered with brown scales. Median
band dark brown-black, its shape as in E. platyzona, Led., but the
tooth on the outside narrower. Costa near the apex with 3 dark dots.
Margin suffused with brown. Fringes dark, chequered with white.
Hind-wing uniform middle grey, somewhat darker at the margin;
fringes lighter. Underside of the fore-wing light grey, median band
and apex darker grey. Hind-wing light grey, powdered with dark
scales at the costal margin.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (11)

This species comes nearest to E. platyzona, Led., but differs from
the very good figure of this species in Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., Vol. XIII,
pl. 1, fig. 18, by the whitish colour of the fore-wing, the complete
absence of the white antemedial and postmedial lines as in platyzona,
the darker hind-wings and the lack of a dark marginal band on the
underside of the fore-wing, which is indicated oniy by the dark apical
blotch.

Holotype: 1 6, Keredj, 1600 m., 4.v.30, in coll. Brandt.

Brandtina gen. nov.

Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned, the second joint reaching
above the vertex of the head, the third joint short, both clothed with
hair. Eyes large, round, clothed with hair (sub-family: Mominae).
Thorax clothed with hair, abdomen with hair and scales. Thorax and
abdomen seem to be without dorsal crests though both are a little
rubbed.

Forewing long and narrow, the apex acute, termen evenly curved.
Cell long, almost of 2/3 of the wing. Veins 3 and 5 from near the
lower angle of the cell, 6 from the upper angle. 9 from 10 anastomos-
ing with 8 to form a rather long and slender areole.

Hind-wing with the cell about half of the length of the wing. Veins
3 and 4 from the lower angle of the cell. Vein 5 fully developed almost
from the middle of the cell and not near vein 4. 6 and 7 from the
upper angle of the cell.

This new genus seems to come nearest to Elydnodes, Warr. It differs
from this genus by the palpi and thorax which are covered only with
hair, by the long and narrow wings, the acute apex, which, however,
is not falcate as in Elydnodes, and the termen, which is evenly curved
and not excised and excurved at vein 4 as in Elydnodes. A unique
character of Brandtina is the position of vein 5 in the hind-wing, which
comes off from nearly the middle of the cell and which is not found in
any other Quadrifine genus of Mominae.

Named after Mr Fred Brandt, who discovered this interesting genus
high up in the Persian mountains.

Brandtina albonigra sp. nov.

Span 37 mm., length of fore-wing 17 mm. Palpi greyish white,
head, antennae, thorax and abdomen white. Fore-wing pure silky
white without any design. Hind-wing dark grey, veins 2-4 white up
to the cell. Fringes pure white. Underside of the fore-wing silky grey
about as the upperside of the hind-wing. Costa and terminal area
lighter; fringes white. Huind-wing very light silky grey with a faint
discal point. Fringes white.

Holotype: 1 3, Nissa, 2300 m., July 1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Allotype: 1 9, Nissa, 2300 m., July 1936, in coll. Brandt.

Scopula iranaria sp. nov.

Span 23-24 mm.; shape of the wings as in Sc. flaccidaria, Z., and
albidaria, Stgr. Ground colour of the wings yellowish white, sparingly
covered with dark scales. Markings as in flaccidaria, Z., but less con-
spicuous; the dots of the postmedial line very small. Discal spots also
very small; they may often be absent in the fore-wing.

(12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 21 EXC T9387.

g Genitalia: (two specimens dissected) nearest to flaccidaria, Z.
Cranial border of the chitinous plate of the 8th sternite (not the map-
pa!) with an obtuse middle lobe as in flaccidaria, and not straight as
in allidaria, Stgr. Cerata with very little asymmetry as in flaccidaria;
the shorter one about 5/6 of the longer. In albidaria the cerata are
more asymmetrical, the shorter being only 2/3 of the longer. In
iranaria, the shorter arm much stouter and more curved than in flaccid-
aria but not sigmoid as in albidaria; the longer arm also broader and
shorter than in flaccidaria and more curved. Sacculus of the valve
larger than in flaccidaria and more chitinized, but not so stout as in
albidaria. Bulb at the blind end of the aedoeagus larger than in flac-
cidaria but much smaller than in albidaria.

This new species stands between flaccidaria, Z., and albidaria, Stegr.,
which, according to the differences in the genital armature, must be
treated as a valid species. Externally 1ranaria resembles more albidaria,
Stgr., of which species I have a ¢ from Margelan (Type population),
ex coll, Staudinger for comparison. Jranaria differs from albidaria in
having all designs even less conspicuous and especially the discal spots
in the hind-wing smaller, but these differences are only slight. The
chief difference lies in the genitalia which indicate that iranaria is
nearer related to flaccidaria, Z. It is easily distinguishable from this
species by its greyish ground colour which in flaccidaria has always a
brownish or rosy tinge.

Cotypes: 4 636 2 2°@, Keredj, 1400 m., 18-21.v.1936, in coll.
Bytinski-Salz, other cotypes in coll. Brandt, Wehrli, and Wiltshire.

One ¢ has no discal points on both wings: ab. depuncta ab. nov.
Holotype: 1 g, Keredj, 1400 m., 21.v.1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Ortholitha elbursica sp. nov.

Span 30 mm., length of fore-wing 17 mm. Ground colour of the
forewing a light greyish brown. Basal band double followed inside by
a dark line. Space between basal and antemedial band whitish, crossed
by a shade of dark grey scales and followed by a yellow brown line
parallel to the latter. Antemedial band dark brown, tripled, bent out-
ward on vein IT, then leading straight across the wing. Median space
whitish. One round black discal spot present. Postmedian band dark
brown, tripled, forming an oblique sharp angle with the costa, leading
rather straight across the wing and bowed a little inside at veins III.
and IV,; no intervenal ares present. In the type the antemedial and
postmedial bands are touching each other at the inner margin. Mar-
ginal area light grey. Postmedian band followed by two parallel vellow-
brown lines. A dark brown apical streak continuing into a dark sub-
‘marginal shade. <A brownish marginal band followed by black ter-
minal intervenal dots. Fringes grey, whitish in their outer part.

Hind-wings grey at their base, lighter at the distal half, crossed by
six darker lines. One dark discal spot present. Termen with a row of
black intervenal dots. Fringes as in the fore-wing.

Underside of fore-wing light grey. The costal part suffused with
grey. Discal spot comma-shaped. A dark postmedial line followed by
a light band, which is divided by a very narrow darker line. Another
light line in the terminal area. Termen with a row of dark intervenal
dots. Fringes grey, whitish in their outer part.

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (13)

type prior name. The only figure of hyperborea is a poor, very poor,
brown form with slender indications of marking in black.

Underside of the hind-wing light grey; discal spot and postmedial
band as in the fore-wing. Terminal area crossed by a darker band.
Dark terminal dots very faint,

This new species comes nearest to O. subvicinaria, Stgr., the types
of which could be compared by one of us (W. Brandt) with this speci-
men through the courtesy of Mr O. Bang-Haas. 0. elbursica differs
from this species by the almost straight lines as in chenopodiata, L.,
which however are not curved against the costa, the lack of intervenal
ares and the different shape of the antemedial and postmedial bands.

Holotype: 1 2, Nissa, 3500 m., 10.vii.36, in coll. Brandt.

Paratype: one specimen from the same locality in coll. Prout.

Inthostege griseata, Schiff., var. gigantea, var. nov.

The Persian L, griseata differs especially by its larger size. Span:
3 32 mm., @ 29 mm., in comparison with 26-29 mm. in the dd and
24-26 mm. in the 9Q in specimens from Europe and Asia Minor.
Ground colour of the wings as in European specimens and those from
Brussa, perhaps even a little lighter. They belong therefore not to the
ab. obscurata, Stgr., which at Ankara forms a constant race. The
Persian race shows a tendency to form transversal bands, of which the
distal one is always indicated in the ¢6¢. In the 9 Q the distal band
is always well developed, the median band at least indicated. The
genitalia agree with those of L. griseata.

Cotypes: 5 3S, 3 29Y, Keredj 1400 m., 20.iv.-3.v.1935, in. coll.
Bytinski-Salz, other cotypes in coll. Brandt, Wehrli and Wiltshire.

One @ has all transversal bands well developed, the antemedial band
single, the medial band broad doubled with a continuous light inter-
space. Distal band also very broad: f. transversaria f. nov.

Holotype: 1 2, Keredj, 1400 m., 20.iv.1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Anaitis obsitaria, Led., var, (?) pseudopallidata var. nov. (?).

Ground colour of the wings a pale ‘“‘ avellaneous ”’ as in ssp. evanes-
cens, Whli. All designs of the fore-wing reduced. Only a narrow basal
band, a dark double antemedial and postmedial band present. The
latter triple at the costa, single at the inner margin. Discal spots pro-
nounced. Marginal lines indicated only by two spots at the costa.

This new form comes near to ssp. evanescens, Whili., by its colour
and the poverty of designs, but differs by its very contrasting trans-
verse bands, which give this form the aspect of a light A. efformata,
Guen. (var. pallidata, Stgr.), but the male genitalia conform with those
of A. obsitaria, Led., as figured by Wehrli in Mittl. Miinchn. Ent. Ges.,
WO, 2H jog bt, Ieee

As I have at present only this specimen, I am not sure that it is a
valid geographical race, but I do not think that it is merely an indivi-
dual aberration.

Holotype: 1 3, Nissa, 3000 m., 10.vii.1936, in coll. Brandt.

Tephroclystia prouti sp. nov.

Span of the ¢ 20 mm., of the 9 19 mm., length of fore-wing 10 mm.
Wings elongated with the apex pointed. Basal band narrow, greyish
brown, followed by a broad whitish field. Antemedial and postmedial

(14) ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 15.X.1937.

lines double, linear and angled on the subcosta, including a broad white
median field. Discal spot well developed; an angled median shade from
the costa to the discal spot. Behind the post median line a white band,
bifurcate at vein III,. The outer branch runs almost straight to the
apex, while the inner branch curves in an angle of about 120° towards
the costa. Marginal area with a row of brownish lines interrupted near
the apex by the forementioned white band. A row of intervenal dark
marginal streaks. Fringes chequered brown and white.

Hind-wing greyish white with a few faint lines at the base. Discal
spot large, followed by broad, dark postmedian and marginal bands
which enclose a lighter area. At the margin dark intervenal streaks.
Fringes chequered brown and white.

Underside with all lines paler than on the upperside. Marginal
band not interrupted; discal spots conspicuous.

This species comes nearest to T. furcata, Stgr., the types of which I
had the opportunity to compare through the kindness of Mr O. Bang-
Haas. T. prouti agrees with 7. furcata by the bifurcate white band.
The most remarkable differences between these two species are: the
larger size in prouti (19-20 mm.) against 16 and 17.5 mm. in furcata.
Prouti has all designs more contrasting; the white bands on the fore-
wing much broader; the median field, which is almost completely
covered with grey in furcata is pure white in prouti. The hind-wing
of furcata is uniform grey, shows no bands and only a very faint grey
discal spot, whereas in prouti it shows two very distinct bands and a
large discal spot. In furcata the underside of both wings is almost
uniform; only faint traces of the bands visible. In prowti all bands are
very well visible in both wings.

Named in honour of Mr L. B. Prout.

Holotype: 3, Keredj, 1800 m., 16.vi.-4.vi1.1936, in coll. Brandt.

Allotype: 9, Keredj, 1800 m., 16.vi.-4.vii.1936, in coll. Brandt.

Paratypes: some specimens from the same locality and date in coll.
te Prout.

Abraxas Wehrlii sp. nov.

Span 33-36 mm. Head, thorax and abdomen yellow. Wings white,
basal band narrow brownish; no antemedial band; postmedial band
indicated by a larger costal spot, a row of 4-5 little dots on the veins,
which, however, may be also completely absent. ‘‘ EKye-spot’’ at the
anal angle indicated by a light brown blotch, sometimes limited to the
interspace between vein 1 and 2 and not reaching the inner margin.
Hind-wing pure white, sometimes with some light dots at the anal angle.

Underside pure white with almost no markings; only the costal spot
and the anal blotch sometimes feebly visible.

3 Genitalia: similar to those of A. pantaria, L., but valva with
3 smaller claws at the anal part of the outer margin instead of 2 larger
ones as in pantaria. Toothed crest on the inner plane of the left valva
very slender in wehrlu, high and well developed in pantaria. Aedoeagus
pistillate without the strong truncate thorn near the orifice as in pan-
taria; in wehrlu only a tiny chitinized knob present.

This species comes nearest to A. pantaria, L., and especially its light
form ab. cataria, Guen. It differs from ab. cataria by the lack of the
spots in the cell which are always indicated in ab. cataria, at least on

NEW LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. (15)

the underside, by the lack of the postmedial band in the hind-wing and
especially by the underside, which in ab. cataria shows always well de-
veloped discal spots, a row of postmedial dots and a large spot at the
anal angle. The postmedial row of dots in the hindwing, which wehrli
lacks is also always present in ab. cataria. Other differences in the
genital apparatus as mentioned before.

Cotypes: 5 3d, 3 &Q, Keredj, 1600 m., 14.vi.-4.vi1.1936, in coll.
Bytinski-Salz, other Cotypes in coll. Brandt, Wehrli, Osthelder and
Wiltshire.

One © has the postmedian band much reduced, the costal spot ab-
sent, only a tiny spot at vein 1 and the anal blotch present. Hind-wing
and underside of both wings pure white without any markings: ab.
asignata ab. nov.

Holotype: 1 9, Keredj, 1600 m., 14.vi.1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Eilicrinia cordiaria, Hbn., gen. vern. roeslerstammaria, Stgr., f. astig-
maria f. nov.

The Persian EH. cordiaria, Hbn., shows a distinct tendency for the
disappearance of the discal spots and a subsequent brightening of the
apical lunules also in the spring generation (gen. vern. roeslerstam-
maria, Stgr.). But the ground colour and the other designs remain the
same as in roeslerstammaria, Stgr. Specimens, which lack the discal
spots completely and in which the apical lunules are of a light pale
brown colour may be called: f. asStigmaria f. nov.

Holotype: 1 2, Keredj, 1400 m., 17.v.1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz.

Paratype: 1 3, Keredj, 1400 m., 20.v.1936, in coll. Bytinski-Salz,
shows the apical lunule a little darker.

At the same time and at the same place also several specimens of
E. acardia, Stich., were taken which in contrast to the greyish f.
roeslerstammaria have a distinct yellow ground colour as the summer
generation cordiaria, Hbn. This seem to indicate that EK. cordiaria,
Hbn., and £, acardia, Stich. are two different species and not forms of
the same one.

et a
atx yh

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (9)

proper specimens of the latter, so that I can only say I am very
surprised at the criticism Tutt has thought it necessary to make of
them, which is entirely wrong.

Group: Hveridt.

Cupido minimus, Fuessl. race minimus, Fuessl.: Mt. Olympus, at
300m. (May).—Very local, so that it was only found in 1936.

C. (Tiora) sebrus, Hub.-Geyer race moreana, Tutt: Salonika, up to
500m. (May-June) and Mt. Olympus, at 800m. (June).—This race
agrees with Tutt’s description of moreana, which he drew out as though
it were a variety of minimus. I suggested in the Hné. Rec. of 1925, p.
76, that it was probably a sebrus and Riley, then, confirmed it by
examining the genital armature of Tutt’s “type,” in the Brit. Mus.
collection.

Group: Tarucidt.

Tarucus balkanica, Frr. race balkanica, Frr.: Salonika, up to 1500m.
(May).—All my specimens from this locality are rather smaller and
frailer than the typical figures of Freyer, but this seems often to occur
in most regions.

Syntarucus pirithous, L.=telicanus, Lang, race pirithous, L.: Mt.
Olympus, up to 1200m. (June).—It is somewhat surprising that no one
should have, once for all, revived the Linnean name of this species,
for his description unmistakably applies to it, although he does not
mention the tails, which his specimen had, presumably, lost. The
Olympus race, like that of nearly all the Kuropean localities, is quite
similar to the original one of ‘‘ Barbaria ” = Algiers.

Group: Lampididt.
Cosmolyce boeticus, Li. race boeticus, L.: Mt. Olympus, up to 1200m.

Subfam. : Theclinae. | Tribe: Strymonidi.

Callophrys rubi, Li. race rubi, L.: From sea-level to 1500m.—My
specimens of Salonika (May) are more or less similar to the nomino-
typical race of Central Kurope, but they do not quite reach the aspect
of its more highly characterized form, found chiefly in the north, as
they betray some southern features by their larger size and warmer
colours, pointing to virgatus, Vrty.

Strymon (Chattendenia) w-album, Knoch, race w-albwn, Knoch: Mt.
Olympus, at 800m. Only found in 1936.

S. (Nordmannia) tlicis, Esp. race inornata, Vrty.: From sea-level
to 1500m.—None of my numerous females from Salonika (June) and
from Mt. Olympus (June) have as broad a fulvous patch, on the fore-
wing, as Eisper’s figure and many do not have any trace of it, so that
the race corresponds exactly to inornata of Italy.

S. acaciae, F. race friyidior, Vrty.: Bermion Mts., from 850 to
1200m. and Mt. Olympus, at 300 (June).—The discovery of this race,
I had deseribed from the western Alps (Oulx and Moulinet, near
Mentone), at such a distance, in eastern Europe, reveals it as wide-
spread as the distinctly different nostras, Courv., of central Europe,
from which it dfffers by its larger size, longer tails, colder, grey,
underside, larger and much brighter orange lunules, or the equally

(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

distinct nominotypical race of anterior Asia, usually wrongly known as
abdominalis, Gerh., according to Courvoisier.

S. (Luttiola) spini, Schiff. race major, Obth.: From sea-level to
1500m., but I have received specimens, to determine the race, only
from 300m. on Mt. Olympus (June).

Tribe: Theclidi.

Thecla quercus, L. race interjecta, Vriy.: Mt. Olympus, from 850 to
1200m. (June-August).

Fam.: Hrycinidae. | Subfam. : Nemeobtinae.

Nemeobius lucina, Li. race lucina, L.: Mt. Olympus, from 800 to
1200m. (May and beginning of June).

Division : Papilionida. | Fam.: Pieridae.
Tribe: Gonepterygtdt.

Gonepterya cleopatra, .: From sea-level up to 1500m.—It would
have been interesting to find out whether the race of this region is the
usual europaeus, Vrty. or the peculiar Balkanic dalmatica, Vrty., but
Querci neglected collecting any and he has none to send me. He
informs me, in 19386, he found two couples of the very fine torm /iorti,
Turati, described from Rhodes.

G. farinosa, Z. vace farinosa, Z.: Salonika (May, very worn) and
Mt. Olympus (18th July, very fresh).—'lhese specimens are of large
size, like the one collected in Lonhaki (Greece) by Miss ountaine and
figured by me, in Rhopal. Pal, LXXII., f. 10, which was the first of
the species recorded from iMurope.

G. rhamni, Li. race transiens, Vrty.: From sea-level up to 1500m.
(my Salonika specimens of May are very worn and have evidently
hibernated, whilst the Olympus ones, of June and July, are fresh).

Tribe: Coliadidt.

Colias croceus, Fourcr.=edusa, F.: From sea-level to 1500m.—I
have received the following: I gen. vernalis, Vriy.=mediterranea,
Stauder: Salonika (April-May); IL gen. ampla-croceus, Vrty.-Fourer.,
consisting in a mixture of the two forms, of the same locality, in June.
From Mt. Olympus the I gen., of June, and the II, of August, both
are of a remarkably pale colour and respectively smaller than the
corresponding ones of Salonika, so that they very well agree with the
dwart local form of high altitudes, Grumm-Grshimailo has described
from the Pyrenees and named pyrenaica. I have seldom met with it
in any mountains, so that its frequency and apparent constancy here
is interesting, although it would, no doubt, be a mistake to call it a
real race: croceus is too much of a wanderer to produce any.

Tribe: Leptidetdt.

Leptidea duponcheli, Stdgr. race fragilis, nom. nov. I gen. frayilis,
Vrty.: Salonika (May).—The smallest and frailest form of the species,
with a slightly thinner scaling and a distinctly yellowish tinge, is
quite constant in this locality and thus gives one the impression of a
local race, worthy of a name, to record it. The same one applies well
to my series from Ak-Chehir, in Anatolia.

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (11)

L. sinapis, L.: From sea-level, up to 1500m.—The specimens I
have received exactly agree with the largest race of some localities
in Peninsular Italy and, are, more precisely: I gen. cana, Vrty.:
Salonika (April-May) and Mt. Olympus (June) ; Il gen. grandis Yrty. :
Mt. Olympus (June to August). ;

Tribe: Huchlotdt.

Anthocaris charlonia, Donz. race thessalica, Mazger, Lambillionea,
1936, p. 85 and p. 68: Mt. Olympus, between 850 and 1200m.; one
male on 3rd June 1935 and no others seen, although keenly looked out
for, neither that year nor in 1936.—The author of the racial name
states that ‘‘ thessalica exhibits a great deal of analogy with race penia,
Freyer, from Asia Minor”; considering his judgment is based on a
single specimen, which he thought was the first Kuropean one, it
seems rather a rash procedure to have, in such a case, separated it as
a distinct race and not very serious to have erected a name for it
without even mentioning what the slight distinctive features might,
to his mind, be: he simply describes what might be a penta and makes
no attempt to compare them.

A. gruneri, H.-S. race yruneri, H.-S.: Salonika, up to 500m.
(April-May).

A. cardamines, Li. race cardamines, trans. ad meridionalis, Vrty. :
Salonika (April-May).—The series | have before me stands decidedly
nearer to the nominotypical race by the extent of the orange patch and
of the black apical crescent, as well as by the extent and tone of colour
of the green pattern on the underside, not accompanied by any yellow
suffusion along the neuration, but a few individuals are, in most
respects, quite similar to meridionalis and others are an approach to it,
although they never exhibit the aforesaid yellow neuration.

Huchloé ausonia, Hub. (=belia, auct. nec L.) race originalis,
Rothseh.: Salonika, up to 500m.: early emergence originalis,
Rothsch. (April) and late emergence mazima, Vrty. (May and begin-
ning of June).—The race is quite like that of Smyrna, whence
oriyinalis was named as a substitute for belia, Cramer nec L.; the
early emergence has broader and darker black markings than yraeca,
Vrty., which is probably identical with nominotypical ausonia, as really
figured by Hubner, presumably from the Venetian province ; the latter
is, on the contrary, characterized by grey markings, rather restricted
in extent and particularly so in the case of the narrow, kidney-shaped,
discocellular spot, resembling very much that of stmplonia, for which
Rothschild and others have actually mistaken it, whereas in origtnalis
it tends to be thicker, quadrangular and blacker, so that if somewhat
reminds one of that of the western races, belonging to the cramert,
Btlr. group, as it is well shown by Cramer’s figures.

Tribe: Preridi.
Pontia daplidice, L. race eapansa, Vrty.: From sea-level up to
1500m. My specimens consist of the following :—
I. gen. bellidice, O.: Salonika (April). Similar to the true bellidice
of central Hurope, which has more pronounced and darker markings
on both surfaces than the southern zellerica, Vriy. (=miessanensis, Z.),

(12) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

in which the grey is lighter and more effaced and the green brighter,
not being as much mixed with black scales.

II gen. expansa, Vrty.: Salonika (May) and Mt. Olympus (June-
July). Very large and highly characterized at Salonika: less so on
the Olympus.

ITI gen. daplidice, L.: Mt. Olympus (August), No tendency to the
facies of subalbidice, Vrty., which constitutes this generation in Penin-
sular Italy and in Sicily, but this may be the case at the lower
elevations, where no collecting was done by Querci in August.

Pieris napt, Li. race meridionalis, Rubl.: Mt. Olympus, from 850 to
1700m. and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m.—I gen. vulgaris,
Vrty.: A few very worn individuals, similar to the form of Peninsular
Italy and most of the south of Hurops, still on the wing at the beginning
of June. II gen. meridionalis, Ruhl, in June: All the males, I have
received, are of the characteristic giant size of this form, but the
females are quite small and of the tenuitermaculosa size and pattern ;
I do not know whether the two sexes come from the same locality, but
it would not be surprising if they did, for that very contrast between
them has been observed by me in several localities of Italy and. other
countries. III gen. tenwitermaculosa, Vrty: end of July and August.

L’. rapae, L. race tertia, Vrty.: From sea-level up to 1500m.—I
gen. nominotypical rapae, L.=metra, Steph.: Salonika (April-May).
It has the darker markings of the I generation of northern and central
Kurope, rather than the lighter and more effaced ones of verna, Z. of
the southern one. II. gen. secunda, Vrty.: Salonika (end of May) and
Mt. Olympus (July). Notas large as the most highly characterized
secunda, but markings quite characteristic. III gen. tertia, Vrty.: Mt
Olympus (August). This generation fully and constantly exhibits the
features of tertia, the form peculiar to the south of Kurope, and which
chiefly characterises its race, so that the name must be applied to it as
a whole.

P. ergane, Hub.-Geyer, race ergane, H.-G.: Mt. Olympus from 850
to 1200m, and Bermion Mt. at the same altitudes. The II generation,
of June-July, and the III, of August, which is what has been sent to
me, both consist of nominotypical ergane.

P. mannt, Mayer, race manni, Mayer: Salonika, Mt. Olympus, up -
to 1200m. and Bermion Mts. at the same altitudes.—I have: I gen.
antemanni, nom. nov.: Salonika (15th May) and Mt. Olympus
(June): II generation (June) and III generation (August) manni,
Mayer: Mt. Olympus.

I must take this occasion to note that Mayer’s “‘ types”’ were “ of
the end of June and of the whole of July, on the chalk mountains
near Spalato.’’ We have just seen that in the Balkans, judging from
Macedonia, the III generation of August is not different from the II
one of June, as it isin Italy. Therefore, the name of asta given by
Fruhstorfer to the ‘summer form” of manni from the Balkans, can
be nothing else but a synonym of the nominotypical form, whereas the
spring one, which he had wrongly taken to be typical, is that which
requires to be described and named, as it differs very markedly from
the I generation of Italy, called farpa by Fribstorfer. I should, thus,
name the former antemanni, selecting as ‘-co-types” a series of May,
in my possession, collected by Griind at Spalato and distinguished as
follows: Size smaller than that of the subsequent, June, generation

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (13)

mannt: base of wings with a broader and darker black dusting ;
black markings replaced by grey, of a darker or lighter shade, according
to the individual, and less extensive, especially in the femalesex. The
underside, which is of a colder tone of colour and which is covered
by a very much thicker black dusting than in the following generations,
in farpa of Italy, distinguishing it sharply from them, can, on the con-
trary, scarcely be spoken of here, in antemanni, because nominotypical
manni is considerably colder in tone and more dusted with black than
either of the summer generations of Italy, so that, in the Balkans, the
seasonal polymorphism is much [éss also in this respect. The Italian
farpa, besides, has more reduced and often paler black markings, on the
upperside, than antemannt. It is noteworthy that a series from Attica
‘in my collection is decidedly antemanni, so that this form seems to be
that of the Balkans at all latitudes, whereas in Asia Minor one again
finds a farpa, and a May series of it, I have from the Sultan Dagh in
Anatolia, is still more extreme in character than I have seen it from
anywhere in Italy, on account of its extremely effaced and pale grey
markings above (spot of disc, in male, and lower one of the two, in
female, often entirely obliterated), corresponding in this respect to the
individual form Stauder has described from Spalato and Trieste, as
occurring occasionally amongst the antemanni, and named semipicta, but
differing from the latter by its underside black suffusion of the hind-
wings, which is still thicker than in farpa and actually renders even
the upperside rather dark, by showing through.

P. krueperi, Stdgr. race krueperi, Stdgr. with I gen. vernalis, Stdgr. :
Salonika (I generation in April) and Mt. Olympus from 850 to 1200m.
(II generation in June).

P. brassicae, Li. : from sea-level to 1500m. I have only received
specimens of the I generation of April, from Salonika. Like the spring
form of rapae and daplidice they resemble the northern and central
Kuropean chariclea, Steph., rather than verna, Z. of most of the
Mediterranean region, on account of their extensive and dark black
markings, so that I can only presume that the race, on the whole, as in
the case of the other Pieridi, produces, nevertheless, more southern forms
in the following generations and notably aestiva, Z.=catoleuca, Rober,
in the II one, so that 1t should bear this name, on the whole.

Tribe: Aporidt.

Aporia crataegi, Li. race crataeyi-augusta, L.-Trti.: From sea-level
up to 1500m.—My large series from Mt. Olympus, at 300m. (end
of May and first days of June) exhibits a curious mixture of the
-extreme northern, nominotypical, form and of the extreme southern
augusta, Trti., described from Sicily, but known from the south of
Greece and Rhodes: most males are perfectly nominotypical, having
pale and rather diffused grey nervural streaks and not the deep black
sharp ones of augusta, nor the prominent ones and the suffusion of
black scales it often has on the underside, but, on the other hand, the
females are rarely of the opaque, white form, resembling the male,
which characterizes the northern races: they are nearly all extremely
thinly scaled and translucent all over, as they are in augusta. There-
fore, I think the composite name, mentioned above, is the correct one,
by which to designate a race of this sort. It produces no meridionalis,
Vrty., entirely lacking in dark scaling up to the end of the nervures.

(14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Fam.: Papilionidae. | Tribe: Parnassiidi.

Parnassius mnemosyne, L. race bureschi, Bryk: Mt. Olympus, from
300 to 1700m. (May and June). The series of specimens I have,
apparently agrees with the one of Hudowa, in Macedonia, described
under this name.

P. apollo, Li. race olympiacus, Kol.-Rbl. (Int. Ent. Zeit., 1984, N. 29)
= thessalicus, O. B. Bang-Haas (Ent. Zeit. Frankfurt-M., 1934, N. 16):
Mt. Olympus, at Prionia, between 1200 and I700m. (June. July).—
Querci informs me that, amongst his apollo, there are very few, en
agree with the figures of the forms mentioned above. He, furthermore,
remarks that in 1936 the emergence took place from the 14th to the
21st of June and to a very slight degree in July, after a bad wave of
cold, whereas Ganatsias and Wagner both found this species on the
wing in August. These differences may have altered the look of these
insects, proving it is not constant and racial.

Tribe: Zerynthiidi. :

Zerynthia hypsipyle, Schultze = polywena, Schiff. race creusa, Meigen :
Cortiati Mts., near Salonika, from 700 to 800m. (end of April).—In
Seitz’s Supplement von Rosen refers his specimens from Macedonia to
demnosia, Freyer, on account of the marked red spots of the underside,
but in Geyer’s figure of cassandra these are quite as extensive as in that
of demnosia by Freyer, so that the latter name is nothing but a syno-
nym of the former. On the other hand, the race of Macedonia is not
cassandra at all, but is considerably darker and corresponds perfectly
to creusa, Meigen, as figured by him and as it exists in northern Italy
and in the south of France, whereas cassandra is the race of peninsular
Italy, Dalmatia (Zara, in my collection) and presumably southern
Greece.

Tribe: Papilionidt.

Papilio machaon, L.: Mt. Olympus, from 850 to 1200m.—Seen by
Querci in this locality and represented in the university collection of
Salonika, but not collected by him.

P. alewanor, Ksp.: Same as preceding, but not represented in the
aforesaid collection, so that there is no way of establishing whether
the race is the large mayna, Vrty., or the small attica, Vrty. of other
regions in the Balkans.

Iphiclides podalirius, L. race podalirius, L.: From sea-level to
1500m.—I have received the I gen. podalirius, L. of Salonika (April
to June) and the II gen. zanclaeus, Z. of the same locality (from the
end of May) and of Mt. Olympus (June to August). They both exactly
agree with the typical Italian specimens and not with the
gigantic creta, Vrty., described from more southern parts of Greece.

Division : Nymphalida. | Subfam.: Maniolinae.
Fam.: Satyridae. | Tribe: Coenonymphidi.
Coenonympha pamphilus, L. race marginata, Riihl: From sea-level
up to 1000m. I gen. australis, Vrty.: Salonika (April- nee II gen.
marginata, Ruhl: Mt. Olympus (June-August).

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (15)

C. arcania, L. race triumphans, Friihst.=amyntas, Scopoli (bhom-
onym of Poda’s): Mt. Olympus, from 850 to 1700m. (June) and
Bermion Mt., from 850 to 1200m. (on 5th July).—This very large and
handsome race, described from Carniolia is, thus, apparently, wide-
spread in the northern Balkans as far as the eastern coast.

Tribe: Maniolidt.

Hyponephele Lupinus, Costa, race lupinus, Costa: From sea-level to
1600m. My specimens are from Salonika (June), Naussa on the Ber-
minion Mts. (5th July) and Mt. Olympus (July-August).

A. lycaon, Rott. race caticta, Trti.: Mt. Olympus, from 850 to
1200m. (July) and Bermion Mts., at the same altitudes (July).—This
race seems to exactly agree with Turati’s figure from Zeitun, in the
Anti-Taurus, but, as neither he nor | have any females, this sex from
the two localities must be compared before one can be sure those races
are quite the same.

Maniola jurtina, L. race emihispulla, Vrty.: From sea-level up to
2500m. The series have from Salonika (May-June) and Mt. Olympus
(June-August) are perfectly similar to my Italian ones of that race and
there is no tendency, even individually, as one might have expected
to find it, to the production of the eastern variation | have named
telmessiacformis.

Subfam.: Hrebiinae. | Tribe: Hrebiidt.
Erebia medusa, Schiff. race euphrasia, Frhst.: Mt. Olympus, from
1200 to 2000m. (June).
FH. melas, Herbst. race schawerdae, Frhst.: Like the preceding,

Subfam.: Agapetinae.

Agapetes (syn. Melanargia) larissa, Boisduval, race salunicae, (Gibbs,
1.1.) Barraud, Hntomol., 51, p. 88 (1918): Hills of Salonika, from
200 to 400m. (May and first days of June); race salonicae trans. ad
larissa, Barr.-B.: Mt. Olympus, up to 850m.—Collected chiefly from
300 to 400, between ‘Litocoro and Scalain June, at a few miles distant
from the little town of Larissa. The latter, distinctly smaller race, is
transitional to the one figured by Hiibner-Geyer and usually considered
the nominotypical one, although the latest researches by Hemming on
the dates of publication of their great work have shown that the larissa
plate is amongst those published in 18380, whereas Boisduval’s is of
1828, so that the latter was the author of the name and his locality of
‘‘Corfu’’ is that of the nominotypical race, which consequently has
nothing to do with the town bearing the same name. The forewing of
the latter measures about 25mm. in length in both sexes, whereas the
race of Larissa measures 80 to 82, like tauwrica of Asia Minor, but much
less melanic, and that of Salonika ranges from that size to 35 in the
male and to 38 in the females and is, thus, the most gigantic one of
the species.

A. yalathea, Li. race tenebrosa, Frhst.: Mt. Olympus, from 8590 to
1200m. (June-July) and Bermion Mts. at the same altitudes (5th July).
Described from Carniolia and Croatia, this extreme, dark, race, evidently
spreads across the whole of the Northern Balkans, without changing

(16) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

aspect in the least. Lower down on the Olympus, at Scala, 300m., .
the race is larger and the white spaces are considerably broader in the ©
basal half of the wing.

Subfam.: Hipparchiinae | Tribe: Parargidt.

Pararge rowelana, Cr. race rovelana, Or.: Mt. Olympus, at about
300m. (June}, but so scarce it was only found in 1936. Quite similar
to the original figures from Constantinople.

P. aegeria, Li. race eyestas, Frhst.: From sea-level to 1500m. My
specimens fiom Salonika (April) and from Mt. Olympus (August)
show no seasonal dimorphism, as they do in most regions, and are
striking by their small size, pale, yellowish, tone of fulvous and the
limited extent of the spaces of this colour, so that they exactly correspond
to this race, described from Dalmatia.

Lasiommata megera Li. vace lyssa, Hub.-Geyer (nec Freyer, nec
Boisd., according to Higgin’s latest remarks on the subject): From
sea-level to 1500m. I gen. lyssa, H.-G.: Salonika (April-May) and
Mt. Olympus (May and June). If and III gen. emilyssa, Vrty.: Mt.
Olympus (July) and other specimens, in my possession, collected by
Montague at Kalabak, Kireckoi and Cotos, from July to October.

The latest conclusion, in connection with the author of lyssa, is
Higgins’, who seems to be right in sustaining that Hub.-Geyer have the
right of priority (1827-32), not only over Boisduval (1833), who has
been credited for it hitherto, but also over Freyer, whom Hemming had
lately taken to be the earliest. This is important, because Boisduval’s
figure, from a Dalmatian specimen, exhibits such a thin black pattern
on the upperside that it seems to belong to the summer generation
tigellyssa, Vrty. of race australis, Z., such as it exists in Sicily, whereas
Geyer’s figures represent a heavily marked form, evidently of the first
generation from the Balkans or Asia Minor. Consequently, /yssa becomes
the name for the well characterized race of these eastern regions and
precisely for its spring generation, and the one of emilyssa, I have
given to summer individuals, comes in useful for the II and IIIT gener-
ations. The materials J have obtained, since writing my little mono-
graph on this species in the Hntomol. Rec. of 19238, have cleared up the
existence of the aforesaid definite eastern race, showing that its
distinctive feature is the association of an extensive black pattern on
the upperside, similar to the one of nominotypical megera of central
and northern Europe, and of a comparatively dull tone of fulvous, with
a silvery white underside, quite equivalent, and often even more
accentuated, than in the more western races of the south: australis, Z.
and pracaustralis, Vrty. in the first generation and tigellyssa, Vrty. in the
following ones. The usual definition of lyssa, in Staudinger and in
all the text-books, which only considers the more uniform grey under-
side, does not agree entirely with the habitat they mention of
‘Balkans and Asia Minor,” because it would fully include also the
summer generations of peninsular Italy, and, as a matter of fact, till
Boisduval was taken as the author, it would have applied to the latter
rather better than to the more eastern races and my name of tigellyssa
would have been a svnonym of it.

L. maera, L. race silymbria, Frhst.: Mt. Olympus, from 300 to
1700m. (May to August) and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m.—As
rightly remarked by Friihstorfer, this is the widespread race which

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (17)
15.iii.37.
replaces, in south-eastern Europe, race adrasta, Hub. of the south-west,
At the end of August it presumably produces the II gen. poststlymbrva,
Vrty., as it does on the Adriatic coast.
L. ominata, Krul. (or petropolitana, Fabr.-Btler., according to some
opinions) =hiera, auct. nec Fabr.: Mt. Olympus, from 1200 to 1700m.
—Not having seen any, I eannot determine the race.

Tribe: Hipparchiidi (=Satyridi: later name).

Hipparchia statilinus, Hufn., probably race vettius, Frhst.: Mt.
Olympus, from sea-level up to 1200m. (August).—Extremely scarce,
so that only one female has reached me and it is impossible to judge
quite certainly from it what the race may be; it certainly is not the
one of Constantinople, I have named fatuaeformis, but it exhibits a
much whiter and less brown hindwing, suggesting vettius.

H. syriaca, Stdgr. race attikana, Frhst.: Mt. Olympus, up to 850m.
(August).

H. fagi, Scop.=hermione, L. race alcyoneformis, Vrty.: Like the
preceding (July-August).—Agrees exactly with the Italian mountain
race I have described under this name.

Aulocera circe, F.: Mt. Olympus, at about 300m.—Very local
and scarce, so that only one or two specimens were found, in 1936, and
none were sent to me. .

Enmenis anthelea, Hib. race amalthea, Friv.: Mt. Olympus, up to
850m., and Bermion Mts.

E. semele, Li. race senthes, Frhst.: From sea-level up to 1500m.—
My series from Mt. Olympus (June-August) agrees well with the
description of this race; two females from Salonika (June) seem to
indicate that, there, the race is larger and more boldly marked above
and has a more uniform underside, so that it is transitional to mersina,
Stder. of Asia Minor.

E. brisets, lu. race magna, Ruhl: Mt. Olympus, from 300 to 1700m.
(June-August):—Rwuhl credits Staudinger with this name, but it is
nowhere to be found in literature, so that the former’s description from
“ Armenia and the Kuldja district’’ and erection of it, in his Pal.
Grossschm., p. 531, are the originals. It is queer how Gaede goes on
attributing it to Staudinger quite lately, in Strand’s Lepidopt. Catal.,
as he had done in the Addenda to Seitz’s Supplement, p. 181, stating
the original description to be in the Stett. Hint. Zeit., 1886, p. 242,
where it does not exist at all, there only being that of meridionalis and
no Mention of magna.

Jachontoy, has very rightly pointed out in the Revne Russe d’ fne.,
1911, p. 419, that Seitz’s figures of feryana, on pl. 42c, do not represent
this variety in the least, but are drawn from two specimens of Ruhl’s
magna: the underside of the male shows it, more than anything, by the
prominence and coldness of its pattern, which, in fergana, "is on the
contrary, of acharacteristic light chestuut colour and very much effaced,
transitional to the still more extreme maracandica, in this respect.

Now, the race of Mt. Olympus corresponds most exactly, in size, in
shape and in every detail of colour and pattern to those two figures of
Seitz, which might be drawn from some of my specimens, except that
the underside of the latter is slightly lighter and colder in tone. It
thus corresponds to the enormous size of Ruhl’s measurements from

(18) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

tip to tip of the forewings: ‘“ male 51-62mm., female up to 72 mm.,”
far surpassing meridionalis of southern France, whose female only
occasionally gets up to about 60mm., being the largest Kuropean
race. ‘The upper-side of my males, not shown by Seitz, very much
resembles, in some individuals, his figure of hyrcana, as they have the
white band of even width across all the forewing and slanting from the
apex towards the base, which characterizes, as a rule, the African and the
Asiatic races; the underside of the Olympus females can be described
as light grey, the ground-colour being ofa cold tone of dirty white and
more or less uniformly covered over by capillary streaks of a grey colour,
so that there is nothing of the yellowish or pinkish hues one sees in
some races; all this is exactly the same as in meridionalis of southern
France and thus agrees well with Riuhl’s particular remark about the
resemblance of mayna to the latter, and with his description of the
underside as “light coloured in both sexes’; also the Olympus males,
as mentioned above, resemble meridionalis a little more than Seitz’s
figure, by being slightly less thickly suffused with capillary streaks and
having a lighter and less brown premarginal band, on hind-wings, on
the inner side of the grey, marginal one.

Fam.: Libythetdae.

Libythea celtis, Laicharting race celtis, Laich.: Salonika and Mt.
Olympus, up to 1200m. (second half of August).—Some specimens are
unusually large.

Fam.: Apaturidae. | Subfam.: Apaturinae.
Tribe: dApaturidt.
Apatura ilia, Schiff. : Represented from Macedonia in the University
collection, but not found by Querci.

Tribe: Charaaidt.
Charawes jasius, L. race septentrionalis, Vrty.: Like the preceding.

Fam.: Nymphalidae. | Subfam.: Limenitinae.
Tribe: Limenitidt.

Limenitis drusilla, Bergstr. (=camilla, auct,, nec L. =reducta,
Stder.=rivularis, Stichel, nee Scopoli) race reducta, Stdgr.: From sea-
level up to 1000m.: I gen. reducta, Stdgr.: Salonika (May) and Mt.
Olympus (at its end in June); II gen. reducta, Stdgr.: Mt. Olympus
(middle of July to beginning of August).

Subfam.: Vanessinae.
Tribe: Melitaeidt.

Melitaea trivia, Schiff.: From sea-level up to 1500m.

race trivia-fascelis, Schiff.-Kisp.: Salonika (May).—Here, as in a
great many regions, variation is enormous, individually, but the size is
never as large as on Mt. Olympus and the black markings of the
individuals referable to the fascelis form are, on an average, less heavy,
especially in the female sex, whereas the opposite variation, with a light
ochreous ground-colour and very thin black spotting and, thus, referable
to the form aabaca, Frhst., is frequent. This last form was described

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (19)

faom Spain as being a didyma, but Belter states he has examined the
holotype and found it to be a trivia.

race fascelis, Esp.: Mt. Olympus: I gen. fascelis, Esp., but often
much larger than the original figure and also darker (June); Il gen.
trivia, Schiff., of August, very much smaller than the preceding and
with smaller black markings, so that it quite resembles the nomino-
typical form of Vienna.

Melitaea didyma, Esp.: From sea-level up to 1500m.

race oreithyia, Frhst.: Salonika (June). -

race oreithyia trans. ad yraeca, Frhst.-Stdgr.: Mt. Olympus (June-
July).—Whereas the Salonika race agrees very well with my series
from Trieste, the specimens from Mt. Olympus exhibit a far greater
amount of variation and give one the impression of having been
produced by a mixture of races, rather than by one, characteristic,
strain: many males are perfect yraeca by their extensive ‘black mar-
ginal markings, but the more melanic females, entirely covered by a
grey suffusion, which are the perfectly constant form in some localities
of that race, such as Brussa, whence I have a large series, are not
produced at all, here. A considerable number of females recall more
caucasica, Stdgr., bv having large black spots standing out sharply on
a fulvous ground colour, of a lighter or darker tone; nevertheless, they
are never exactly caucasica, as they never exhibit, for instance, its
peculiar white area, near the costal margin of the forewing ; the more
varied sizes of their various black spots also reminds one very much of
some mountain races of the Alps and of the Apennines. From these
darker alpina, Stdgr. forms, variation passes, through intermediate,
oreithyia-like individuals, to the extreme, small, light ochreous forms,
with a thin black pattern, usually called quite wrongly occidentalis, Stdgr.
and figured under this name by Seitz ; my female individuals of this sort
bear the same dates of capture as the dark ones (28th June to 30th
July), so that they are not the product of any, special, late emergence.
When one compares the mountain races of the Balkans, such as this one,
or lesora, Frhst. of Carniolia, or druwentia, Frhst. of Bosnia, with those
of the Apennines, it is noteworthy one is, at once, struck by the different
shape of the wings, especially in the male sex, which are often much
more elongated and more pointed at the apex than they ever are in
Ttaly.

Melitaea cinwvia, L. race delia, Schiff.: Mt. Olympus, from 800 to
1700m. (end of May and June).—Although it exhibits considerable
individual variation, the large series before me, collected at 300m., is
perfectly similar to that of the neighbourhood of Vienna, as it is more
heavily marked than the widespread pilosellae, Rott. of Central Kurope.

Melitaea phoebe, Schiff.: From sea-level to 1500m.

race ogygia, Erhst.: Salonika (May).—The race which flies along
the path from Salonika to Asvestocori, from 100 to 400m. of altitude,
agrees with Friihstorfer’s description by its small size, pale and dull
fulvous colour and thin black markings, recalling the races of dry
localities in Anterior Asia, although it may not be as extreme in all these
as that author’s ‘‘co-types,” which were, presumably, from a much
more southern locality of Greece.

race narenta trans. ad tusca, Frhst.-Vrty : Mt. Olympus (June-July)
and II gen. emipauper, Vrty. (August).—The race of Mt. Olympus differs
most strikingly from the preceding by its variations in the extreme

(20) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

opposite direction to it. Whereas ogyya is, in all probability, a pure strain
of the Central exerge, whose largest size and whose most pronounced
black markings are exhibited by tusca, Vrty., of Italy, the Olympus race
betrays a very strong affinity with the Northern exerge and namely with
the nominotypical phvebe of Vienna, as well as Austria, in general, and
Hungary, and with the giant narenta, Frhst. of Herzegowina, Serbia
and Montenegro, by its large size, reaching even the gigantic propor-
tions of the latter in many individuals, and by the heavy black markings
in the male sex and, as in narenta, also in some females. On the other .
hand, many females exhibit, on the contrary, an effacement of those
markings, especially on the disc of the forewing, such as is never seen,
or only as a rare aberration, in the races of the Northern exerge, so that
one is justified in taking that Olympus race to be a synexerge, produced
by a mixture of the two strains, just the same as one has the impression
the race of Trieste must be, as well as voria, Erhst. of the Tessin, both
of which resemble the former considerably. This hypothesis is,
furthermore, sustained by the fact that all three of these races produce
a Il generation, and that it is, in all three, exactly the same as the one
of tusca described by me from Italy under the name of emipauper.

Melitaea athalia, Rott. race mehadiensis, Gerb.: Very local and
scarce, at Prionia, 1500m., on Mt. Olympus (14th to 18th June, 1935).

race suessila, Irhst.; At about 800m. on Mt. Olympus, more
abundant than the preceding, during the whole of June, 1936.—
The first of these two allied races is considerably larger than the second ;
it has more elongated wings and, on an average, the tone of colour is
richer, and the black pattern less variable and rather thicker ; it, there-
fore, agrees perfectly with my series from Hungary, whereas the second
one is similar to those of Vienna and of Trieste.

Tribe: Argynnidi.

Argynnis (Brenthis) euphrosyne, L. race eminens, Vrty.: Mt. Olympus,
from 800 to 2000m.—This race is perfectly similar to the large one of the
Pyrenees, the Ural Mts. and, presumably, many intermediate localities
of Central Kurope, as well figured by Hubner, fig. 28-80, which I have
described in the Aint. Rec. of 1982, p. 118, pointing out that, according
to all probabilities, it is produced by the crossings of the Northern and
of the Central exerges.

Argynnis (Brenthis) dia, L.: Cortiati Mts. from 600 to 1000m. and
Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m., but not seen by me.

Argynnis ( Brenthis) hecate, Schiff.: Mt. Olympus, from 1200 to
1700m., but same as preceding.

roto daphne, Schiff. race daphne, Schiff.; Mt. Olympus, from
850 to 1700m. (June) and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m.

Argynnis lathonia, L. race emiflorens sein: ad. florens, Vrty.: From
sea-level to 1500m.—A single, June, specimen I have from Salonika
belongs to emiflorens. A series of the Olympus, collected from
June to August (only females in the latter month) is extremely variable,
both in connection with the tone of the ground-colour, which varies
from the pale and dull one of niyroprivata of the Northern exerge, in a
few specimens, to the vivid and warm one of the Italian emiforens and
florens in all the others, and in connection with the extent of the black
markings, which keep, however, distinctly to the reduced extents and

ec

BUTTERFLY RACES OF MACEDONIA. (21)

exhibit a considerable number of individuals with the particularly
reduced patterns of nigroprivata and florens. As a few individuals
with a duller colour are found even in the typical series of florens and
emiflorens of Italy, that of the Olympus, although it does not reach the
largest size and the most vivid colouring of the most extreme florens,
quite agrees with those of emiflorens and belongs decidedly to this race.
This confirms the existence of a Central exerge in lathonia, stretching
across the Balkans to Italy, as in other widespread Argynnis and
according to the general rule. I had anticipated this fact in my little
Monograph on the geographical variations of lathonia, in the Fint. Rec.,
1938, p. 56, and, before seeing any Balkanic specimens, I had forecast
they should be similar to the Italian ones.

Argynnis aglaja, Li. race emilocuples, Vrty.: Mt. Olympus, from 850
to 1700m. and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200 (July and August),
but extremely scarce, so that only two worn males have reached me
and the judgment of the race, I draw from them, cannot be considered
quite definite, although no other known one is likely to exist in
Macedonia and this makes it about sure to be correct.

Argynnis niobe, Li. race kuhlmanni, Seitz: Mt. Olympus, from 300
to 1700m. and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m. (June-July).

Argynnis adippe, Rott. race olympena, nom. nov. : Mt. Olympus,
from 850 to 1700m. and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m. (June
to August).—The races, which this one resembles most, are those of the
S.-E. of France I have described in the Ent. Rec., 1936, p.’(85) as
presumably being synexerges produced by the crossings of the Northern
and of the Central exerges. Of the features of the latter it exhibits to
the highest degree the lack of the silver markings on the underside,
and the effacement of the black streaks that surround them, so
that the surface of the wing is of a very uniform yellow, quite devoid
also of green or russet suffusion, precisely as in the most highly
characterized clarens, Vrty., of Italy. In semiclarens, Vrty., of the
Cévennes (Hospitalet, 800m.) these features of the underside are not
as accentuated and in magnaclarens, Vrty., of the Valboune, near Pont-
St.-Hsprit, in the Gard, the silver spots exist in many individuals and
the black streaks and the rest of the pattern are much more accentuated.
On the other hand the Macedonian race resembles the French ones
more than clarens by its larger size, by the warmer tone of the fulvous
of the upperside in most individuals (some extreme ones even recall
adelassia, Frhst. of the Riviera, by the very warm, reddish, tone of that
colour, such as it is never shown by clarens) and by the much more
accentuated black markings, including the darker basal suffusion, which
are only equalled by adelassia. All the latter characteristics are quite
proper to the Northern exerge and their combination with the underside
of clarens, as described above, therefore, strongly suggests a synexerge,
which I propose to call olympena.

Argynnis (Dryas) maja, Cr.=pandora Schiff. race maja, Cr.: From

_ sea-level to 1500m.—My specimens of Salonika are of May and those

of Mt. Olympus of June-July.

Argynnis (Dryas) paphia race magnifica, Vrty.: Mt. Olympus, from
850 to 1700m. and Bermion Mts., from 850 to 1200m.—These specimens
thus establish the fact that they belong to a Central exerge, as in the
case of Jathonia and as I suspected they would, when I wrote about it
in The Entomologist of 1984.

(22) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Tribe: Vanessidt.

Vanessa cardui, L. race universa, Vrty.: From sea-level to 1500m.
The I generation emerged at Salonika in May and on the Olympus in
July.

arene atalanta, Li. race atalanta, L.: Like the preceding, but, at
300m., old, hybernated, individuals existed till May and the emergence
took place in June.—Red band narrow, but no southern features, in
general.

Aglais urticae, L. race urticae, L.: Mt. Olympus, from 300 to 2000m.
(worn in May, fresh in June).—It is somewhat surprising that no
signs of the features of the Central exerge should be detectable in this
race, as one might quite have expected it to be turetca, Stdgr. or, at least,
its preceding degree opima, Vrty., as in peninsular Italy; on the
contrary, it does not even belong to the large southern race variegata,
Querci, of the Northern exerge, but it is, like the atalanta, perfectly
similar to the nominotypical northern race.

Nymphalis io, Li. race sardoa, Stdgr.: Mt. Olympus, from 300 to
1700m. (worn till June, fresh in August)—Remarkably large.

Nymphalis antiopa, L.: A few seen on Mt. Olympus, between 850
and 1200m.

Nymphalis polychloros, Li. race pulchrior, Vrty.: Salonika and Mt.
Olympus, at about 300m. (June).—Average size larger than I have
seen it from any other region and some individuals of both sexes
unequalled anywhere else.

Nymphalis wanthomelas, Schiff. race santhomelas, Schiff.: Mt.
Olympus, at 300m. and at 2000m. (June-August).

Polygonia egea, Or. race egea, Cr.: Salonika and Mt. Olympus, up to
1200m. (June).

Polygonia c-album, Li. race c-album, L.: Mt. Olympus, from 850 to
1200m.—My specimens belong to the I gen. hutehinsoni, Robs., which
evidently emerges early in June, for they were already worn on 5th
July.

VARIATION OF SOME BUTTERFLIES iN ANTERIOR ASIA AND
IN MOROCCO.

By Roger Verity, M.D., F.R.E.S.

Carcharodus fritillarius, Poda = alceae, HEsp.:—This species ex-
hibits, in Anterior Asia, its most extreme variations, including two
features which can be considered peculiar to that region, as nothing
like the degree they attain there, even predominantly, in some locali-
ties, is ever seen, even individually, in Europe. One of these features
is the clear, tawny, colour on the upperside, which reaches a pure sand-
colour in the extreme form insolatriz, described by Le Cerf, from
fraquem the Agnee Hist Na. 0s. Hilt ones elOn sole nl Clols)- sce
possessed by me from Duktan, in the Zarafshan, collected in June.
The other feature is the extreme lightness of the underside colour,
which acquires a soft, milky and yellowish-white appearance, in that
the whitish spaces are not set off any more by the usual grey and
blackish, but only by yellowish, so that they are only faintly seen in
the mest extreme examples; these remind one, remarkably, of C.
staudert, Rev., and might very easily be mistaken for it, as, at first
sight, they look much more hke it than like the usual aspect of fritil-
larius. These two features, on broad lines, accompany each other on
the two surfaces, but their degrees may differ to some extent, so that
we will presently see that Malatia examples, in my possession, are
even of a paler yellow and whiter than the insolatrix on the under-
side, although they are not of such a light tawny on the upper one.

Pfeiffer was perfectly right in distinguishing the form of Central
Anatolia, he has named centralanatolica in the Witt. Miinch. Ent. Ges.,
xvli, p. 45, as the II generation, collected from Ist to 10th of July
1928 at Ak-Chehir by Fritz Wagner and specimens of which have been
sent to me, as well as to Pfeiffer, exhibit plainly the first grade of the
variations described above. The T generation, collected from 16th to
3lst of May, in the same locality, is, on the contrary, exactly similar
to that of Austria and Central Europe in general and typical of fritil-
larius, as well as of alceae. I also possess a little series of the second
half of September, from the coast of Anatolia, and that is identical
with the III generation fulvogrisea, Vrty. of Central Italy, with its
cold, dark grey underside.

The local name of centralanatolica, given by Pfeiffer, has been
rather unfortunate, for that form, apparently, has a broad range all
over Anterior Asia and up to Central Asia. TI see, in fact, that a
series of specimens collected by Brandt in July at Nissa, 2100 m., in
the Elburz mountains (N.E. Persia) are just the same as my Ak-Chehir
ones and I see that some from Duktan, dated July, received mixed with
the aforesaid msolatrix and with transitional forms, are like them too.

The next remark to make is that, in many localities, there exists a
form which could not be properly called either centralanatolica or
insolatrix, because the tawny of the upperside and the paleness of the
black markings are intermediate between the two, whilst the under-
side is quite as pale yellow as insolatriz, and, occasionally, even whiter;
to this is to be added that the size of the insect is, on an average, the
smallest known, and is reduced to most minute dimensions in the

(2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.1937.

most extreme individuals, such as only insolatrix ever produces.
Pfeiffer gives 29 to 82 mm. as the expanse of his centralanatolica and
I can confirm it, whereas the form I am describing now measures from
20 to 25 and the average is rather under 23. The other smallest forms
of the species are tripolina, Vrty., of Africa, and australis, Zeller, of
Sicily, both of which vary from 23 to 25 and average 24. The paleness
of the Asiatic form, on both surfaces, but more especially on the under-
side, affords another striking difference from the two latter, which are
always of a more or less rich and deep chestnut, with little white spaces
standing out on it sharply. I lay stress on these points, because there
has been a habit of naming australis, Z. all the small and warmly-
coloured southern examples, and, for instance, even as late and as accu-
rate an author as Graves states in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1925,
p. 36, that the ‘‘ Palestine II and III gen. are australis and some of
the latter from Umm el Kilab are very pale indeed.’’ I have some of
his own examples from Mt. Carmel, in Transjordania, of 4th July, and,
comparing them with my series of Sicily, whence were Zeller’s types,
T find that not one from this island or anywhere else in Italy ever
resembles them in the least, precisely on account of their peculiar
Asiatic paleness. Just as I have, for other reasons, separated from
australis the African tripolina, T now think this Asiatic form should,
therefore, be distinguished, too, by the name of claraustralis, nom. nov.,
which points out its distinctive feature and its parallelism to australis
at the same time.

According to a series of specimens J have from Limassol, in Cyprus,
this form actually replaces australis in that island in the IJ genera-
tion, or, at least, in the later part of its emergence, as my examples
are dated 8th August, whilst the two other generations do not differ
from those of Sicily, the first of March and April being praeaustralis,
Vrty., and the third fulvogrisea, Vrty., quite as dark, on both sur-
faces, as in this island. The race of Cyprus, thus, stands to that of
Anatolia exactly as australis of Sicily stands to magnaustralis, Vrty.,
of Peninsular Italy, whose I generation is nominotypical fritillarius
and whose II generation is magnaustralis, which differs from centralana-
tolica by being darker and warmer in tinge on both surfaces, but is
equal to it in size.

We must, finally, notice the peculiar I generation, of April, of
Tecde, near Malatia, in western Kurdistan, where most butterflies ex-
hibit a remarkably small form, quite constantly: the II generation, of
July and August, is a highly characterised claraustralis, with a par-
ticularly white underside, which I choose as typical of this latter form;
the I is quite as small and nearly as light in colour, contrary to what
happens in all the other localities; the upperside markings are only of
a deeper brown, mixed with a little more black; the ground-colour is
slightly colder in tone above and the underside of a distinctly colder and
distinctly darker grey, but nothing like the black of the byrne forms of
other localities: I name it claraminima, nom. nov.

Carcharodus marrubu, Ramb. = boeticus, Ramb.:—It is worthy of
record that two specimens, sent to me by W. Brandt for determination
and collected by his brother, Fred. H. Brandt, at Keredj 1425 to 1800 m.,
about 40 km. to the west of Teheran, turn out to belong to this species,

VARIATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASIA AND MOROCCO. (3)

affording unmistakable differences from the C, orientalis, Rev., found
in the same locality, on 16th June 1936, and more commonly distri-
buted in the Elburz mountains, whence I have also a series collected
by Fritz Wagner at Pelur, 2000 m., and Kendevan, 3000 m. The two
marrubu do not differ in the slightest degree, on either surface, from
the I generation of Marseilles and Albarracin I have named grisea in
the HE. Rec., 1925, p. 42. As the most eastern localities of this species,
hitherto known, were, to the best of my knowledge, in Syria and in
Transjordania, these specimens, from the Elburz, now reveal that its
area extends very much further, in that direction, into Asia. It evi-
dently does not, however, produce any geographical variation. One of
these specimens is, now, in my collection; the other I sent back to
Brandt, who may have more, as far as I know.

Lysandra (Agriades) bellargus, Rott.:—Information about this
species in Persia is nearly nil, except for a few records simply of its
existence in that region; even Tutt does not seem to have seen any
specimen of it either in the British Museum or elsewhere, as he makes
no remarks about its aspect in that country. Some years ago, Bang-
Haas sent me two males collected, on 19th May, at ‘‘ Kulisar, in North-
ern Persia,’’ and on 6th May in “‘ Northern Persia,’’ stating they were
the only specimens of the species in existence in collections. I do not
know whether this was quite correct, but, anyhow, they were not suffi-
cient to convey a proper idea of the Persian bellargus, and I was, thus,
very pleased to receive a fine series of both sexes, collected during the
first days of May in the locality of Keredj mentioned above, in connec-
tion with marrubit. It confirms my impression that, especially con-
sidering the limited extent of geographical variation in this species,
its Persian representatives must be considered as belonging to a distinct
race, proper to that region, which I, therefore, propose naming persae-
magna, nom. nov., and which can be described as follows: Size strikingly
larger than is ever produced in Kurope or in Asia Minor, except for
the remarkable local form produced in some spring individuals and in
most summer ones at Intra, on Lake Maggiore, in N. Italy, which look
like giants amongst those of every other region; the latter, however,
exhibit the colours and pattern of the bright and light etrusca, Vrty.,
or transitions to it, whereas the Persian examples are less variable and
decidedly stand nearer the nominotypical bellargus of Central Europe:
the underside of the male is, in fact, of a dull and cold light grey tone,
that of the female also very light for that sex, and only slightly warmer,
whilst in both sexes, the orange lunules, too, are of a light, dull, colour,
very different from the bright ones of etrusca, and also lesser in size,
including the upperside of the female. The two males sent by Bang-
Haas are still more closely related to the northern form by the deep
grey tone of the underside. Furthermore, a striking peculiarity of all
my examples of both sexes is the large size of all the black dots, such as
is only met with individually and rarely in Europe, and nearly exclu-
sively in the I gen. maja, Vrty., of the south. On the male upperside
the premarginal dots of the hind-wings are perceptible in most speci-
mens, but sharply marked in none; the black or grey streaks on the
fringes are very inconspicuous. The blue is of the sky-blue tinge, pre-
served even in my two first and very old specimens. The females have

(4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X1.19387.

a considerable amount of blue suffusion, thus resembling the nomino-
typical form also in this respect.

A striking contrast to the preceding form is afforded by another
of Anterior Asia, which is perfectly constant, and, therefore, probably
racial in some localities, such as Tecde, mentioned in connection with
fritillarius, where many butterflies exhibit their smallest and weakest
facies, owing to drought and heat. It is, thus, the equivalent of
lucetta, Culot of P. icarus and microsephyrus, Vrty. of P. sephyrus, and,
like them, it is remarkably peculiar to that part of Asia, as it is ex-
tremely rare one should meet in Europe even with single individuals
resembling its less highly characterised ones. The only ones of this
sort I have seen are from a locality of Tuscany, south of Leghorn,
which is well known for its persistent summer droughts, lasting from
the beginning of May to the end of October, so that its leguminous food-
plants are always parched to the highest degree. This is, no doubt,
what happens in Asia and the result is that both generations of such
localities are small in size, lightly coloured, and with very thin black
patterns. These features are conspicuous in the bellargus we are deal-
ing with: the I generation, of May, is already on the smallest side
of the species, whilst the II generation surpasses that of every other
locality in this respect, becoming, in some examples, so much as one-
third smaller than the average bellargus size; the upperside of the male
is of the clearest sky-blue, with the white fringes only: inconspicuously
and partly chequered with grey and a constant lack of the premarginal
dots of the hindwing; underside of a particularly light, white, tone of
grey, which does not vary individually, as in most other races, and
is the same on fore- and hind-wing; in the IT generation there is
only a scarcely perceptible warmer tinge on the hindwings; all the
black dots are of an unusually minute size, and so are the orange
lunules, whose colour is also very pale and yellowish or even quite
yellow; the metallic suffusion, at the base of the hind-wing, is lght,
dull, and limited in extent in both generations. In the female the
brown is dull and tends to being greyish, with a suffusion of blue, even
in the II generation, which rather surprises one, considering its usual
total absence in this generation of the other arid, southern countries,
but its tone is, in both generations, more pale and silvery than in the
IT of Southern Europe, and the orange lunules are duller and paler. I
name this form and race arentissima, nom. nov., taking the most highly
characterised II generation as typical, and I think the I should be
distinguished by the name of arens, nom. nov. My series of ‘‘ cotypes ”’
of both are from Tecde, in the Malatia region of western Kurdistan,
collected respectively from 21st July to 26th August and in May; I
also have, from there, a few specimens of 4th October, which exhibit
the arentissima facies to a still higher degree than most of the summer
ones, including a very small size, and I have similar ones, of October
1918, from the pine-woods of Yuzgat in the Angora province; I presume
all these to be a third, very partial, emergence, such as occurs in Tuscany.

My specimens of the Erjias-dagh region of Asia Minor, west of the
Antitaurus, collected by Penther in 1902, also belong to arentissima by
the underside aspect, but are of the individual size, which is to be
seen exceptionally at Tecde as the largest, and, normally, in most
regions, as the smallest.

VARIATION OF BUITERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASIA AND MOROCCO. (5)

As to the two series of bellargus in my possession, collected by F.
Wagner, during May, at Ak-Chehir and on the Sultan-dagh, in Anatolia,
they certainly resemble arens much more than they do any other form
and this name could even be applied to them, but, to be quite exact, it
must be noted that, together with some perfectly characterised indivi-
duals of the latter, there are a good many with a darker underside and
more accentuated black and orange markings on that surface, which
point to etrusca, Vrty., of Peninsular Italy, being about equivalent,
in those respects, to its high mountain form apenninigena, Vrty., ex-
cept that they are never as small. I unfortunately have no knowledge
of their II generations in those two localities of Anatolia, but there
cannot be much doubt that they belong to the same form as the one just
described from the Erjias-dagh and that the race, as a whole, is that of
Asia Minor in general. As it differs distinctly from arentissima by not
being of its dwarf size and from etrusca by exhibiting colours and pat-
tern similar to the former or transitional to it, it seems to me it can
only be designated correctly by a name of its own, which might be
arentior, nom. nov., applied typically to the II generation, as being the
most characteristic one, whilst antearentior, nom. nov., can be used for
the I generation, so as not to mistake it for the smaller and more ex-
treme arens of race arentissima.

As I am dealing with bellargus, | must take the occasion to point
out that its race punctifera, Obth., from Algeria and Morocco, affords
distinctly different facies in the spring (May) and summer (July) gener-
ations, which no author mentions; even Oberthiir, who has described in
detail many individual variations in his Etudes Lép. Comp., X, p. 387,
only mentions that the second is usually of smaller size than the first.
What seems, however, quite constant, judging both from a series, I
have, of Tingad (Constantine, in Algeria) and from some larger speci-
mens of the Middle Atlas, collected by Ellison, is that the underside
of the second has a warmer, either tawny or chocolate-coloured, ground
colour, instead of a perfectly cold grey one, like the first, and has
decidedly larger and brighter orange premarginal lunules, showing
faintly, also in the male sex, on the fore-wing, in the three hinder inter-
nervular spaces, whereas they never occur on this wing in that sex of
the spring generation; finally, the suffusion of metallic greenish-blue
scales, at the base of the hind-wing, is less extensive and of a more
green and golden colour. As Oberthiir’s original description furnishes
no special clue, in connection with either generation, but, if anything,
he mentions the existence of particularly large individuals, which are
only produced by the first, in Algeria, I restrict his name to it and I
propose calling the II gen. postpunctifera, nom. nov., taking as typical
the small specimens from Tingad, whilst the large and boldly marked
ones from Ifrane in Morocco, of Ist October, might well be distinguished
by the name of magnapunctifera, nom. nov., but they are not proper to
that country, for Oberthiir’s figure of form rubromaculata, Obth., from
Sebdou (September) is exactly like them in size and underside pattern.

Agrodiaetus [marcida, Led. ?] parameleager, Vrty.:—Herr Ernst
Pfeiffer, of Munich, informs us in the Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., XXVII,
p. 31 (1937) that he, too, has, last year, found in the Elburz moun-
tains, the hitherto unknown butterfly, which I have described, in the

(6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X11.1937.

Ent. Rec. of November 1936, from two specimens discovered by Brandt.
Pfeiffer was more fortunate and secured two specimens, including a
female, which is similar to the male, in general appearance, but lacks
its golden sheen on the uniformly brown upperside. It should be added
to my description of the male that, on the basal half of the wings, as
well as on the thorax, it exhibits some very slightly bluish-grey hair,
especially along the neuration. Although it is very inconspicuous, this
feature is worthy of notice, because in Pfeiffer’s example this colour is
more prominent and his view is that it is transitional to marcida, Led.,
so that he concludes parameleager can only be a slightly modified form
of the latter, hitherto, scarcely known species. In Lederer’s original
figure it looks like a tiny male meleager, with the blue of a much duller,
paler and more grey tone, a rather thicker marginal black streak, the
fore-wings less pointed, the hind-wings less scalloped, and, in fact,
scarcely scalloped at all, the underside of a darker, ashy grey than it
ever is in male meleager, but not of the brownish hue of its female
either. Comparing my paraméleager ‘‘ type’’ with this figure, it seems
scarcely possible that two such different looking insects should belong
to the same species: * they are somewhat parallel to, but more distinct
from each other, at least, at first sight, than dolus and admetus, in
which the two same sort of facies unquestionably accompany specific
distinction between them. Here, the marcida figured by Lederer goes
further than dolus in that its upperside exhibits no trace at all of
brown shade or hairs, the fringes are entirely pure white, the wings are
more rounded, the underside of a much colder tone. Instead, para-
meleager is decidedly larger (length of fore-wing, from base to apex,
17 mm., and expanse 36, against 12 and 25, respectively) and affords a
sharp contrast to it by being remarkably like an admetus, by its pointed
fore-wings, entirely brown fringes, uniformly brown upperside, with a
strong golden sheen in the male, and brown underside, in the stead of
grey. Compared with meleager it has exactly the same shape of wings
and scalloped hind-wing as its male, whereas the underside colour and
pattern are identical with those of its female, except that the brown
marginal dots are larger. It is of considerable interest to note, in this
connection, as Mr Stempffer of Paris has recently done, that the penis
of meleager, when set and examined in the right position to show its
dorso-ventral aspect, can be seen to belong decidedly to the Lysandra
and Agrodiaetus type rather than to the Polyommatus one, as it had
been thought for some time past. This new view falls in much better
with the general aspect of the insect, which recalls, broadly speaking,
admetus and dolus more than any Polyommatus and falls in with the
actual direct connection, which marcida and parameleager obviously
establish between them and meleager; this is, furthermore, confirmed
by the fact, found by Pfeiffer, that the genitalia of Lederer’s two speci-
mens of marcida, examined by him, in the Staudinger collection, are
exactly the same as those of meleager. Whatever the degree of relation-
ship between marcida and parameleager may be, we, anyhow, have
before us a group of several very close allies; amongst which those two
seem to repeat, on a lesser scale, the far greater differences existing
between the extreme meleager and admetus species, whilst dolus, too,

“According to Pfeiffer it is Lederer’s figure, which does not represent properly
the look of his two typical and hitherto only known specimens.

VARIATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASIA AND MOROCCO. (7)

differs from this last, in a parallel way, and mithridates, Stdgr., and
rippertii, B., are specifically distinct from it, according to the latest
views, although they scarcely differ in general aspect. In short, it is,
on the whole, a most interesting and instructive little group.

Polyommatus candalus, H.-S. II gen. postcandalus, nom. nov. :—
The specimens collected by Wagner at Ak-Chehir, in Central Anatoha,
during August, and evidently belonging to a second generation, differ
from those of the first, collected in the same locality, in May and June,
to a slight, but distinct degree, on account of the tone of colour of the
underside, which is of a lighter grey on all the wings and even exhibits
a trace of yellowish on the hind-wings, whilst their basal suffusion of
blue metallic scales is absent, or nearly so. As Herrich-Schaffer’s
original figures clearly represent the I generation and that of Freyer’s
cornelia probably does too, or, anyhow, does not convey in the least the
impression of the second in any particular way, I think the latter
should receive the new, distinctive, name mentioned above.

Polyommatus loewii, Z., race schwingenschussi, Pfeiffer., l.c., p. 34:
—The position of this race can be determined better than its author
has done by remarking that it is very closely connected to the more
extreme eastern ones. The series of specimens collected by Fritz Wag-
ner, on 18th and 19th of July 1936, at Pelur, 2000 m., in the Elburz
mountains, and a few from Rehne to Demavend, 2700 to 3600 m., are
equivalent in size to the nominotypical race of Asia Minor, but the
males are totally different from it, in connection with colour and pat-
tern, in that they are more similar to those of race sanoga, Evans, of
Chitral and Kashmir, as represented in my collection by examples col-
lected in June and July 1910 by Major F. Wall. The latter males have
a length of fore-wing of about 15 or more mm. and an expanse of 30,
whereas the Elburz ones only attain 13 in the first case and 26 or 27
in the second. In the way of colour they both exhibit the same purplish-
blue, but in sanoga the black is restricted, as a rule, to a broad band
of about even breadth on all the wings and to a series of deeper black
premarginal round dots on the hind-wing, whereas in schwingenschusst
only a few individuals have this aspect and, even in these, the band
is so dark and broad, it renders the dots nearly invisible; in most in-
dividuals the black colour expands much more, in an irregular manner,
along the nervures, forming long projections, which often reach the
cell; in extreme, melanic, examples these broaden so that they blend
together, especially in the hind part of both fore- and hind-wings, to
such an extent that the latter can better be described as being black,
with purplish-blue streaks radiating from the base in the internervular
spaces and mostly in those of the fore-part of the wings. There is,
evidently, a certain parallelism between this form and the baroghila
of Tytler, from the Baroghil Pass, in N.E. Chitral, which, no doubt,
derives from sanoga by very much the same sort of variation, but is
more local and more constant, where it occurs, besides being distinct
from the darkest Persian individuals by several other features. The
underside of schwingenschussi is, more or less, like the one of sanoga,
except, perhaps, that the premarginal lunules are sharper and of a
deeper black tone. My females all seem perfectly identical with that
of sanoga, on both surfaces.

(8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. Lo MIT. 1937.

Pieris ergane, Geyer-Hiib., race elbursina, Byt.-Salz. & Brandt. II
gen. alterelbursina, nom. nov.:—This race, collected at Keredj, at an
altitude of 1500 m., on the south-western slope of the Elburz moun-
tains, has a remarkably new aspect on account of its enormous size,
hitherto entirely unknown in any other race of this species, being
roughly describable as fully one-third larger than the average size of
nominotypical ergane, corresponding to a length of fore-wing of about
20 mm., from base to tip and to a wing expanse of 37 from apex to apex,
as I make it out in my series of the IJ, nominotypical, generation from
Spalato, in Dalmatia; one male from Ragusa, which stood out amongst
the other ergane of all sorts in my collection, measured 22 mm.; now,
the smallest of my Keredj males is just a trifle larger than this and the
largest actually reaches 25, whilst the female is 24; it need scarcely be
remarked that such a difference in the length of one wing means a very
great increase in the total wing surface.

The co-types of Bytinski-Salz and Brandt have been collected from
Ath April to 20th May, so that they must chiefly, if not entirely, belong
to the I generation and the description of their markings, of the costa
of fore-wing and of the underside of the hind-wing, ‘‘ suffused with grey
with the exception of the anal part,’’ confirms it. The specimens IL
have before me, from the same locality, but of the end of May, un-
questionably have the aspect of the II generation, which makes its ap-
pearance, precisely at that time also along the Adriatic coast, beginning
to emerge when the latest individuals of the I generation are still doing
so. It is true Keredj is at a high altitude, but, even in Italy, the II
generation of the tiny mountain race exigua, Vrty., begins to emerge
towards 10th June, although the latitude is considerably higher than
that of the Elburz mountains.

These specimens, compared with the nominotypical II generation of
Spalato and with the other races of the species, differ from them by the
development of the grey markings in the male sex and their dark,
blackish tone; in other countries one meets with a small percentage of
individuals which are an approach to it, but, here, this form is pre-
valent and reaches a greater extent in some individuals, the broad
apical patch being sharply quadrangular and lengthened out posteriorly
by a suffusion of grey scales between the second and third branch of
the median nervure, which joins it to the discal spot; the latter is not
round, as usual in the Balkans and in Italy, when it is exceptionally
large and it has a sharp outline, but it is semilunar or oblong. The
underside of the hind-wings is of the usual very pale sulphur yellow,
which scarcely varies at all in ergane, contrary to what one sees in the
other Palaearctic Pieris; in the specimens I have before me, a thin suf-
fusion of grey scales covers either the whole wing or only its basal half.
I think it is advisable to have a distinctive name for the II generation
of this newly described race, and I propose the one mentioned above,
restricting elbursina definitely to the I generation.

Mamnoola telmessia, Z., race marinigrans, nom. nov.:—Since this in-
sect has been accorded specific distinction from jurtina, one race from
northern Persia has been separated by Le Cerf, on the strength of the
even breadth of the fulvous band in the male fore-wing, which does not
form a projection towards the cell, as it does in nominotypical telmessia,

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (73)
15.i.37.

or even completely wanting. The claviform alone is always present
and very emphasized.” Pamirs.

Hamps. Cat. Lep. Ph. LV. 858 (1903), “ Paler; forewing whitish-
erey.”—Spain ; C. Asia.

ab. dufresnet, Lamb. Rev. Mens. Namur, VIL. 26 (1907).

Orie-Descrre.—‘“ A little larger than ordinary males. Ground of
forewings a yellowish grey, with the costa, nervures and a large mar-
ginal band a brownish grey as in the females. Ordinary lines absent ;
reniform half obliterated, the orbicular invisible and the claviform,
always so well marked as a sign of exclamation in the type, obliterated,
leaving scarcely any pale traces. Hindwings pure white, with nervures
scarcely deeper.”’ Frameries, Belgium.

ab. cuspidata, Culot, Noct. et G. 1(1). 70 (1909-18).

Fies.—l.c. plt. 11, fig. 8 ¢.

Orie. Descrre.—‘ With six lancet shaped jet-black marks pointing
outwardsin the centre of the wing on the outer boundary of the reni-
form stigma and below it; the bottom one representing the claviform
is the largest. Both the orbicular and reniform are visible but not
emphasized.”” St. Lothian (Jura). Coll. Oberthur. This form, extremely
curious, appears to have some analogy with ab. plaga, Steph. It seems
to me however that the original description of plaga does not describe
the present form. The description of plaga says ‘‘ Orbicular and reni-
form obliterated and replaced by an obscure spot.” Whereas, not only
is no mention made of the fascia of lancet characters, which occupy the
middle of the wing, but in the example figured (8) the orbicular and
reniform remain very distinct. :

ab. posteli, Culot. Noct. et G. 1(1). 70 (1909-18).

Fies.—l.c, plt. XI. fig. 5 g,6 9.

Orig. Descriep.— Ground of forewings very smoky, with all the
subterminal area and the reniform sooty black. The subterminal area
entirely of a uniform black.” Pas-de-Calais.

ab. conjuncta, Hirschke. Verh. z.-b. LX. 416. (1910).

Orig. Descrip.— ‘From the lower margin of the reniform runs a
black margined longitudinal streak to near the lower margin of the
orbicular without quite reaching it. A female from near Prague.”

ab. wehrlit, Vorbrdt. Schm. Schw. II. (Nacht) 622 (1914).

Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ A very striking ¢? form of picea, Haw. with
4mm. wide shining ochre-yellow base of the fore-wings and transverse
bands.” Frauenfeld, Switzerland.

ab. quadrimacula, Webrli, Schm. Schw. II. (Nacht.) 622 (1914).
Oric. Descrip.—‘ With an isolated dark brown spot between the
stigmata, lower half of the orbicular.” Frauenfeld, Switzerland.

ab. invertilinea, Le Charles, Cat. Lep. Fr. (Am. Pap.) 155 (1926).

Fie.—Am. Pap. III. 128, plt. 2, f. 5 (1926).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Generally smoky. Fore-wings a uniform deep
reddish brown. Usual lines of the type absent, leaving only a trace of

(74) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

the subterminal visible. Reniform black, enlarged by cloudy contours.
The median shade, which is absent in the type, is strongly marked in
the form of a cross below the reniform. Orbicular absent, claviform
thickened by a cloudy contour. Lower wings suffused with brown,
fringes light.” Seine-et-Oise.

Agrotis, Ochs. and Treit. (1816-25). Most authors and Corti-
Draudt-Seitz [Rhyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr.-Stz.: Lycophotia, Hb. (1822)
Hamp.j ripae, Hb. (1823).

Tutt, Brit. Noct. I]. 67 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. IJ]. 321,
plt. 128, 2 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. ILled. 148 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Ph. IV.
527 (1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 159, plt. 86, 26a-b (1905): South,
Moths. Br. Is. I. 210, plt. 106, 1-2 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III.
41, plt. 9a, b (1909): Culot, N. e¢ G. I(1), 71, plt. 11, 10-12 (1909-13):
Corti-Draudt, Pal. Noct. Supp. ILI. 50, plt. 9ab, and 6f (1983).

Hubner’s figure, Sami. Noct. 702 (1823) is a good average form
except that the sagittate marginal marks are much too strongly
expressed. It does not represent our light Sussex form in any way.

Treit. Schm. V(1). 174, 1825, says that just as he was going to
press, the portion of Hb. Noct. with figures of ripae, came to hand.
He recognized the figures as representing 10 specimens, which were in
the Vienna collection under the MS. name baltica. It was at first
thought to be one of the numerous forms of cursoria. But he (Treit.)
was satisfied that the characters of ripae were indicative of a separate
species.

Steph. 721. II. 127, plt. 22. f. 1, describes and figures a clouded
form of ripae with nebulous, indistinct marking, under the name nebulosa.
There are numerous markings additional to the usual stigmata.
There is a very dark subterminal narrow band.

Dup. Hist. Nat. Sup. III. 220. plt. 20, 8, has a good figure of a dark
variegated ripae, in which the markings are small, with the costal dots
united in pairs having a white centre. In le. 476, plt. 41, 1, is a
good figure of an ochreous form, with deeper ochreous markings.

Both Dup. and Gn. place desillii, Pierr. as a var. of ripae.

H.-8., Sys. Bearb. f. 492, gives a somewhat similar, clouded figure,
but with less cloudy markings and a partial suffusion of very light
reddish colour, under the name deserticola, Kiv., which in the index “he
gives as a var. of ripae. He says that Hb.’s figure isgood. He places
the desillii (desyllesit), Pierr. as a synonym of this form.

Frr., Beitrage, I{1. 78, plt. 116, 4 (1880), gives a figure unrecog-
nizable as vipae, in shape, colour and marking. The specimen was in
bad condition.

In his Neu. Beitr. V. 180, plt. 466, 3 (1845) Frr. gives a figure of
a very markingless form, weissenbornit, pale cream with the 3 stigmata
represented and the inner trans. line. His text does not connect it
with ripae. In VII. l.c. plt. 697, is given a figure named obstritica,
Schmdt. which appears to represent a very pale bluish white ripae
with strong sagittate marginal marks and outlines of the stigmata,
with black specks on the costa.

Newman, Brit. M. 328, 2 figs., a moderately dark form and a light
form.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (75)

Barrett, l.c. plt. 128, 7 figs. Not one shows the beautiful delicate
texture and tint of the usual British southern form, in fact only one
fig. viz., 2e, gives a semblance of a form of ripae.

Spuler, Schm. Eur. I. 159, plt. 84, figs. 26a, 26, 27, are very fair
but rather smudgy. 26a and 27 are dark, perhaps too dark, and 260
is not light enough.

South, Moths Br. Is. I. plt. 106, gives figures of g and 2, which
are not at all good as they are affected by the general brown colour of
the plate.

Warren-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 41, plt. 9 a bc, considers instructa as a
synonym of ripae, and treats deserticola and alewandrensis as synonyms
of desertorum. He figures ripae, desertorum g and 2, weissenbornit
gf and ?, and desillii § and 2.

Culot, N. et G. I(1). 71, plt. 11, figs. 10-12 (1909-138), gives three
excellent figures. 10 usual pale greyish form with slight traces of
reddish ochreous, 11 the almost unicolorous form weissenbornit, and 12
the desertorum, pale grey, indistinct markings.

Corti-Draudt-Stz. Pal. Noct. Sup. III. 50, plt. 6f (1933), correct the
illustrations in the Main Volume, 9a, ripae=desillii ; 9b, weissenborni
S =ripae 2; 9b and Ye, desillii=weissenbornit ; 9b, desertorum g and
@ , should be a shade paler. They go on to say that obotritica, Schmidt,
is weissenbornti, Frr.; desillii, Pier. (recte “desillesi”’) ; and that dusker,
Gr.-Gr. and chamyli, B.-Hs.=albovenosa, Tschtv. They figure
alboveuosa, as yellowish grey with markings darker and somewhat
diffuse, while the veins are generally evidenced by their lighter colour;
the costa is lighter, the outer margin shaded darker and the sagittate
marks still darker and longer than normal. Both duskei, Gr.-Gr. and
chamyli, B.-Hs. are marked (i./.).

Of the Variation Barrett says—‘“ This species is subject in a
remarkable degree to local variation. On our south-western coasts it
is often well, or even strongly marked, showing all the markings
distinctly; on the coasts of Hants and the Isle of Wight, and
generally in the south and south-east the tendency is often to shades
of reddish on a white ground, or to a very opaque whiteness,
the markings in both cases being often obscured ; on the coast of the
Fiastern Counties the ground colour is usually whitish, though not of
sO opaque a quality, or perhaps more of a whitish drab and the
markings are rarely very strong, usually faint or partially obsolete; on
the north-western coasts more tinged with grey. These forms melt
into each other, so that the ground colour varies from pure white
through pale reddish, reddish drab, yellowish drab, and various shades
of pale brown to brownish grey, and the markings to all degrees of
distinctness or obliteration—especially the latter.”

Barrett records a specimen ‘“ the forewings of which are of a rich,
bright, light red with the markings and nervures edged or lined with
white.”

Another ‘“‘ with thorax and wings clear, smooth white, except faint
indications of the three stigmata, and part of the first and second lines.”

Another “of whitish ground colour, but with all the markings ~
clearly shown, and all the interspaces delicately dashed and. clouded
with grey, reddish and brown.”

Another “of a creamy yellow, with the three stigmata distinctly
marked but the transverse lines totally absent.” é

(76) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Another ‘‘of a greyish-white with a reddish flush, and the stigmata
faintly indicated in reddish-brown.”

Mr, A. J. Wightman has kindly furnished me with the following
notes on the large number of forms represented in his collection. He
says—

“To my mind all Sussex »2pae have, in fact a pale ground colour,
but this is often so much obscured bv the markings that the insect
appears to have a dark ground colour.

‘There are five main groups.

A. Only occurs, as for as I am aware, in white, bluish white,
cream, and pale ochreous. No markings beyond faint outline of
stigmata. Clear and smooth in appearance.

B. Asin A. but has a rough appearance due to marking being
present in very pale shade on slightly paler ground colour, and with
the addition of pink forms.

C. Asin A. but with transverse lines as well as outlines of stigmata
clear and smooth in appearance, but with no pink forms.

D. Well marked but with ground colour showing plainly. Ground
colour always white, bluish white, cream, or pale ochreous. Markings
may be any shade of yellow to red, grey to black, and in many speci-
mens several colours are present.

E. So heavily marked that ground colour is lost except for tiny
areas. Compared with dark specimens from the Lancashire coast where
the ground colour is normally dark, it can be readily seen that the dark
Sussex forms have really a pale ground colour. These forms appear
very unicolorous and dark, except for the costal area and perhaps the
nervures. Colours as in D.

« (This dark group thus consists of a southern and a northern sub-
group. |

‘“‘ Outside these general groups, there are peculiar forms in which
some area has developed unusually intense marking—the banded form
is an example of this, but I have examples with the submarginal area
heavy and broad; again it may be the central fascia and basal area,
which are especially heavily marked. On the whole red or pink are
rare.”

Mr. Wightman has very carefully gone through his long varied
Sussex Coast series and picked the following more or less individual
forms.

1. Deep rich red, whitish nervures and costa.

2. Deep ashy grey, ditio.

on ditto , suffused with reddish ochreous, pale costa.

4. White ground colour, markings in ochreous, so pale that insect
appears unicolorous bone white.

5. Rich ochreous yellow ground colour, transverse lines brown and
stigmata even darker brown.

6. Orange suffused form, pale costa.

7. White, only markings pale outlines of reniform and orbicular ;
claviform a dark spot.

8. Ditto, but transverse lines fine and sharp.

9. As 7, bnt bluish white, and some dark shading in outer area.

10. Pale ground colour, deep colour of stigmata and basal patch.
11. Deep marking of submarginal line.
12. Dark outer band.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (77)

The Forms and Names to be considered are—

ripae, Hb. Sam. Noct. 702-3 (1823).

ab. nebulosa, Steph. JW. II. 127, plt. 22, 1 (1829).

ab. desillit, Peirr. Ann. Soc. ent. France. 95, plt. 8, 2 (1839).
(desillest) (desyllesit).

r. desertorum, Bdv. Ind, Meth. ILL. (1840).

(r. deserticola, Hversm. Bull. Mose. III. 544, plt. 5, 2 (1842).)

ab. weissenbornit, Err. Neu. Beitr. V. 140, plt. 466, 3 (1845).

instructa, Walk. Cat. Lep. B.M. Noct. X. 852 (1856). No locality.
Specimen in B.M.

r. obotrictica, Schmidt. Stett. e. Zeitg. B77 (1858).

ab. albicosta, Tutt. Brit. Noct. 70 (1892).

ab. brunnea, Tutt. l.c. 71.

ab. grisea, Tutt, le.

r. alezandriensis, B.-Baker. Tv. Ent. S. Lond. 37, plt. 1, 5 (1894).

ab. albovenosa, Tschetv. Jahr. Martjanov, Minussinsk. Bd. ILL. p. 58
(1925).

(ab. dusket, Gr.-Gr.
(ab. chlamyli, Bg.-Hs.
ssp. wagnert, Corti-Drdt. Pal. Noct. Sup. III. 50 (1988).

| only MS. names.

Tutt dealt with the forms -

1. White, with faint ochreous tint, stigma and transverse lines
distinct = obotrictica.

2. White, ete., with stigmata, etc., indistinct = wetssenbornit.

3. Pale ochreous, reddish tinge, stigmata, etc., distinct = deszllesv.

4. Ditto with white costa = albicosta.

5. Pale greyish, inner margin reddish ochreous, distinct stigmata,
etc. =rlpae-

6. Paie greyish, without reddish tinge, base and outer margin
fuscous = nebulosa.

7. Pale greyish, with indistinct stigmata, etc.=desertorum.

8. Reddish brown, distinct stigmata, etc. =brunnea.

9. Dark greyish, slightly slaty, much suffused =grisea.

The Oxre. Descrie. of desertorum, Bdv. was given in the appendix
Wal UNe pe 116.

Tutt recognized that his account was deficient for want of material
(B.N. II. 68). My own material is also extremely small, but I am
relying on the very kind help of Mr. A. G. Wightman who has had
many hundreds and has a long and very varied series, especially from
the Sussex Coast. I append his analysis of the variation with which
he has furnished me,

‘‘T have bred many hundreds of Sussex ripae, no two are quite
the same. To my mind all Sussex ripae have, in fact, a pale ground
colour, but this is often so much obscured by the markings that the
insect appears to have a dark ground colour.

“ There are five main groups.

A. No markings beyond a faint outline of stigmata; clear and smooth.
appearance. Only occurs in white, bluish white, cream and
pale ochreous yellow.

B. Ditto, but rough appearance due to markings being present in
very pale shade on slightly paler ground colour. There are
also pink forms.

(78) THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD.

©. As A. but wsth transverse lines as well as outlines of stigmata ;
clear and smooth appearance. There are no pink forms.

D. Well marked, but with ground colour showing plainly. Ground
colour always white, bluish white, cream, or pale ochreous, but
markings may be any shade of yellow to red, grey and red,
grey to black, and in many specimens several colours are
present.

EH. So heavily marked that the ground colour is lost except for tiny
areas. ‘I'hesa forms appear very unicolorous and dark, except
for costal area and perhaps the nervures. Colours as in D.

‘‘Outsile these general groups there are peculiar forms in which
some area has developed unusually intense marking. The banded form
is an example of this, but I have an example with the submarginal
area heavy and broad, or again it may be the central fascia or the basal
area which is especially heavily marked.

“ Such ripae as I have seen from other localities, as the Lancashire

coast and Dorset, are distinctly of a different facies to those from W.

Sussex and §.l. Hants (a single locality I think).”

instructa, Wlkr. Cat Lep. B.M. Noct. X. 852 (1856).

Oris. Descrie.—‘‘Cervina, subtus alba; thorax fascia antica angusta
fusca; abdomen albido-testaceum ; alae anticae fusco subconspersae,
lineis duabus transversis angulosis incompletis fusco guttatis, lunulis
marginalibus fuscis, sat magna fusco subnotata, reniformi subrotunda
obscure fusca albido marginata; posticae albae.” Locality unknown.
1 example in B.M.

f. desertorum, Bdv. Gen. Ind. Meth. UII. (no. 849) (1840).

Orie. Descrrp.—“ Alae anticae angustae, cinereae, strigis tribus pun-
bisque, marginalibus nigris; macularis ordinariis fuscis; rotunda longi-
tudinali, minuta; alae posticae niveae; omnibus subtus albis, puncto
discoidali nigro.” Found in South Russia by Kindermann.

This was subsequently named deserticola in 1842 by Eversman, Bull.
Mosc. 544, plt. 5, f. 2, which name does not stand.

race alewandriensis, Baker, Trans. Hint. Soc. 37, pl. 1, f. 5 (1894).

Wie.—l.c. plt. 1, f. 5.

Oric. Descrip.— g Primaries yellowish-grey, first transverse line
from discal cell to inner margin fawn colour, but rather indefinite,
preceding which are three small black spots—one on the costa, one on >
the median vein, and a third on the submedian, the latter being nearer
the base than the preceding ones; there is a dark dot close to the
base on the costa and median vein. The second transverse line beyond
the reniform stigma is also fawn colour, extending from sub-costal to
submedian vein, but rather broken, the area between the first and
second lines 1s tinged with fawn colour, beyond the second line is a
. curved row of dark dots from subcostal to submedian vein. Orbicular
stigma almost obsolete. Reniform stigma outlined in fawn colour,
with a similar coloured crescentic continuation below the extremity of
the discal cell; directly above this stigma the costa is darkly dotted.
Posterior margin darkly dotted; fringes yellowish grey with paler
extremities. Secondaries silvery grey. Fringes entirely snow white.

? Primaries uniform brownish grey, slightly lustrous, no marking

THE BRITISH NOCTUAEK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (79)

at all visible except a small darker spot representing the orbicular
stigma; the reniform stigma is finely outlined and pupilled with darker
grey. Posterior margin darkly dotted. Fringes whitish with dark
‘extremities. Secondaries silvery gray, brownish towards outer margin,
slightly lustrous. Fringes silvery grey.” —Alexandria.

ab ditto. ‘“‘One specimen. An uniform pale ochreous fawn colour,
the first and second line as in the type, but the former extended up to
the costa and rather broken, the latter being followed immediately by
a curved row of very fine dark minute dots, from which to the
posterior margin the ground colour is darker, interrupted only by a
doubly curved paler transverse line from the costa to the anal angle.”

This species will follow desertorum.

ssp. albovenosa, Tshtyv. Jahr. Mart.-janov. Minussinsk. Bnd. III. p. 58
(1925).

Orie. Duscrip.—Alis ant, fuscis aut brunneis saepe albovenatis strio-
lisque triquetris spatil submarginalis distinctis atro-fuscis ; posticis
($ 2) albidis, vix infuscatis, linea marginali fusca, subtus lunula
discoidali distincta ; cum trans. ad sbsp. desertorwm, B.”

r. wagnert, Corti-Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Sup. II. 50 (1938).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘I denominate a new silvery grey form from Asia
Minor (Ak-shehir) and probably from Syria which may prove to be a
genuine race.”

The darkest form so far dealt with is Tutt’s grisea ‘‘dark greyish,
slightly slaty, much suffused.’’ There occurs along our southern coasts
of Devon a dark form, which has been ealled ‘“ blackish ’’ because
of its outstanding dark coloration. My own example (bred from
Devon coast) stands out darker than it really is in a series of this
beautiful usually light coloured insect. The ground is wholly mottled
with very slightly reddish tinge, with the usual markings, stigmata,
transverse lines, etc., blurred and of little emphasis, without suspicion
of ochreous white, the dominant colour in most specimens. ‘The basal
portion of the costa is, however, slightly marked out in grey. The
hindwings are darker grey with indistinct lighter rays from the base.

It is not brunnea, which is of a beautiful rich brown, but it closely
resembles the dark grisea of Lancs. Two of this last form have just
come into my hands, one from St. Anne’s and one from Torquay (!)
Both are comparable with my dark Dawlish one.

Agrotis, Ochs. and Treit (1816-25) most authors [Huaoa, Hb. (1822)
Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Mey., (2)] puta, Hb.

Tutt, Brit. Noet. II. 72 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. III. 801, plt.
125 (1896) : Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 147 (1901): Hamp. Cat Phal. IV. 183
(1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 157, pit. 34, £.19 (1906): South, Moths
Brit. Is. 1. 204, plt. 104, f. 2, 7 (1907): Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. ILI. 28,
plt. 6a (1909): Culot, NV. et G. I(1), 18, plt. 10, figs. 17, 18 (1909-13) :
Corti-Drdt. Seitz Pal. Noct. Sup, III. 51, plt. 6d.e.f. (1938).

(80) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Hubner’s fig. 255 Sammi. (1802) is the type, but is an extremely
rare form unknown to most entomologists: Tutt saw only one example.
(numbered 55 in error on plate).

Hubner—Geyer’s figs. 715, 716, 717 (1826-8) are of the usually
met-with form in this country and is named renitens. The clear grey
gd with dark grey °.

Godt. Hist. Nat. V. plt. 67 (1824) fies. 5-6. g and @ lignosa, are
very fair, f. 7 puta g is rather extraordinary in markings. The figure
and description do not agree. The description says ‘‘grey.”’ The figure
is clear ochreous inclined to reddish. From the posterior transverse
line to the bsse is a fuscous suffusion. Anterior and posterior lines
double. Very black narrow irregular band between stigmata, not
parallel to either transverse lines. Few sagittate marks very plain
below apex. Orbicular indistinct, reniform with hght contour. Hind-
wings same ground, lighter basally.

Stephens, J//. Il. 119, fig. 1 (not 3 as printed) radiola (from Haw.
MS.) is a very dark brown grey form, with all the ordinary marking
only faintly visible.

Guen. Noct. V. 267 (1852) says that lignosa, Gdt. and renitens,
(1852) are identical.

Ernst. and Ener., Pap. d’ Hur, VII. fig. 440b. is doubtless the
ordinary dark 9°, and 449a is possibly intended for the red typical
puta, Hb. (fig. 255.)

Spuler, Schm. Hur. plt. 84, fig. 19, has a very good figure of
renitens 3.

South, Moths Br. Is. I. 204, plt. 104 (1907) gives good figures of the
ordinary British form.

Her.-Sch. Beard. Il. 352 (1846), says that fig. 255 of Hb. is useless ;
wings much too variegated. His own figure 541 has the markings
far too definite for a puta form. His figure 28 erythroaylea is undoubt-
edly a true puta form.

Barrett, /.c. III. plt. 125, gives 4 figs. g very dark, ? black, no
transverse lines, a marginal series of small square whitish spots; a
slightly darker g with dark base of fore-wings and well emphasized
lines, orbicular absent, reniform a dark irregular blotch; a 2 with -
doubled transverse lines, emphasized with dull white or grey, and
clouding of reddish brown around the reniform near the base and in
the submarginal area. Ground dark grey not black.

Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. Il}. 28, says that the type form is Italian and
very rare. He puts erythroaylea and catalaunensis as synonyms of
puta. Figs. 6a renitens are good figures of the usual British form.

Culot, N. e¢ G. I. (1) renitens and erythrowylea are treated as
synonyms of puta. On plt. 10, fig. 19, is given as a copy of Hub. type
and fig. 18 an example of the French lignosa, are two very good figures
but fig. 17 is not at all the Hub. type as the text says ; there is no trave
of red in it as in Hub. fig.

Corti, Draudt-Seitz go much into detail on this species Pal. Noct.
Sup. ITI. 51 (1938). On plt. 6, 6a is given as puta typical, which,
although of a reddish brown, is not distinctively red as Hubner’s figure.
They figure andreasi; a figure of radius said to be better than that in
the main volume; one of syricola; another of saracenica; another of
retrout, and one of silvestrii, which last is a dark coppery red. These
figures are all quite good.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (81)
15. iii.87.

Berio, Ann. Mus. Civ. dt. Stor. Nat. Genova, LIX. (1936) discusses
this species at very great length, naming no less than 26 mostly very
trivial forms, making a total, with the previous 21 named, of 47
aberrational or form names, of which he has given 88 figures in black
and white on 3 plates. Figs. 17 to 88 are notably enlarged. The first
16 figures are reproductions in black and white of the original figures
of the older denominations from Hibner onwards,

Of the Variation Barrett says—‘‘ Not very variable, but a recurrent
form of the male, in which the whole of the basal portion of the fore-
wings, to the first line, is more or less filled in with blackish, and the
transverse lines are more distinct, was formerly described as a separate
species under the name of radia [radius, Haw.] A variety of the
female in which a brown transverse stripe lies along the second line
was described as its female. The late M. Bentley, when writing upon
these varieties and showing that they were of the same species as the
typical form then known as A. radiola—also pointed out that the
variation in colour of the hindwings is very remarkable, and described
a form of the female in which they are silvery white. A very fine
male of this variety radius was taken in Devonshire.”

He describes another, a female, ‘‘of which the fore-wings are the
colour of the male, but set off by two conspicuous, straight, perpen-
dicular, blackish, transverse bars; this was taken at Portland.’’

The Forms and Names to be considered are

puta, Hb. Samml. Noct. 255 (1802).

f. radius, Haw. Lep. Brit. 119 (1808).

f. liynosa, Godt. Hist. Nat. V. 241, plt.67, 6 (1821). [= golignosa,
Berio|

f. renitens, Hb. Samml. Noct. 715, 716, 717 (1822).

f. erythrowylea, Treit. Schm. Kur. V.(8) 81 (1826).

f. radiola, Steph. [il. II. 119, plt. 20, 3 (1829).

ie cqialionemane. Mill. Rev. May. a IIIs, plt. 1, Pe 4 (1878).

ab. obscura, Tutt, leaie IN@w. Mo 7 5 (1892).

ab. ntiyra, Tutt, les

? ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Phal. IV. 184 (19038).

ssp. meridionalis, Splr. Schm. Hu. 1. 157 (1908).

ab. amartia, Schaw. Verh. z, b. Wien. LXI. 82 (1911).

ab. rostrout, Roths. Nov. Zool. XX VII. 29, plt. XVII. 11 (1920).

ab. major, Roths. lc. XXVIT. 33. (1920).

ab. silvestrit, Trti. Att. Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Milano. LXIIL. 62 pit. III.
fig. 15 (1924).

ab. minima, Trti. l.c. plt. IIL. 7-8 (1924).

ab. andreasi, Trti. l.c. 67 (1924).

ab. saracenica, Tams, Ann. May. N. H. (9) 15, p. 145, fig. (1925).

ab. nuda, Dnhl. Mitt. Munch. 19 (1929).

ssp. subrubra, Duhl. l.c.

ab. joannist, Dutfrane, Mem. ent. Belg. XXIII. 61 (19380).

ab. marianit, Berio. Boll. Soc. Ent. It. LXIV. 140 (1982).

ssp. syricola, Corti- Drdt. Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. U1. 51, plt. 6 (1988). .

ab. wnica, Berio. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor, Natur. Gen. LIX. 90, fig. 19
(1936).

ab. juncta, Berio. l.c. fig. 20 (1936).

ab. perfusa, Berio. l.c. fig 28 (1936).

(82) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ab. eremea, Berio. l.c. 91 (1936).

ab. alyerina, Berio. l.c. fig. 22 (1986).

ab. pheroa, Berio. l.c. 92, fig. 15 (1986).

ssp. toisca, Berio. l.c. fig. 17 (1986).

ab. tutti, Berio. l.c. 93, fig 21 (1986).

ab. obscurina, Berio. l.c. (1986).

ab. erythrosimilis, Berio. l.c. fig 27 (1986).

ab. agenjot, Berio. l.c. fig 31 (1936).

ab. transfixa, Berio. l.c. 94 (1936).

ab. debilis, Berio. l.c. (1936).

ab. wnbra, Berio. l.c. 94, fig. 35 (1986).

ab. tricolor, Berio. l.c.

ab. monochroma, Berio. l.c. 96 (19386).

ab. uniformis, Berio. l.c. fig 83 (1936).

ab. paupera, Berio. l.c. fig. 36 (1936).

ab. purolimbata, Berio. l.c. 97 (1936).

ab. masculina, Berio. l.c. (1986).

ab. transiens, Berio. l.c. (1986).

ab. extrena, Berio. U.c. 98 (1936.)

ab. feratra, Berio. l.c. (1986).

ab. venata, Berio. l.c. 99, fig. 87 (1936).

ab. lignosina, Berio. l.c. fig. 84 (1986).

ab, composita, Berio. l.c. fig. 88 (1936).

Tutt dealt with the typical form (1) suffused with red, (2) clear grey
with base, stigmata and outer margin darker, renitens, g , (8) Dark grey
ditto, renitens @. (4) Grey, much reticulated with faint longitudinal
lines, radius. (5) Grey, with trans. shade between orbicular and
reniform, lignosa g. (6) Blackish brown, with two black trans. bands,
lignosa 2. (7) Greyish-black much obscured markings, obscura. (8)
Entirely black, niyra. (9) Brownish grey with pale central area, radiola.

f. erythroaylea, Treit. Schm. Eur. V. (8), 31 (1826).

Fie.—H.-8.:Bearb. Il. fig. 28.

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ The size is about that of N. plecta. Head, collar
and thorax appear bone-colour. The collar has in front a wide, deep
brown border, the abdomen is somewhat whiter, flat pointed towards the
analend. Theantennaein the J arestrongly pectinated. The feet light
brown, annulated below with white. The forewings have the ground
colour agreeing with that of the thorax. The first transverse line
consists of a double row of brown crescents. The outerside from the
base is dark brown with reddish gloss. The reniform is similar in
colour. ‘The orbicular as a smaller ring lies hidden under a quantity
of fine longitudinal streaks. The costa has brown and pale yellow
dots. The second transverse line is present, but indistinct. The waved
band is expressed by brown dots and reddish arrow-streaks. The
margin next to the fringe is wide, brownish, mostly with a red gloss.
The fringes are yellow with reddish dots. ‘The hind-wings are white,
‘they have brownish veins and similar bordering of pure white fringes.”
Italy and S. France. —

Tutt says this is puta, see Brit. Noct. II. 72.

r. catalaunensis, Mill. Rev. Mag. Zool. 8a. S. (1873).
Fie.—l.c. plt. 1, fig. 4.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (83)

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The whitish ground is tinged with violet, with
the costa, the cellular area and the base of the wings violet brown.
Several elongated black spots lie, one on the costa, another at the
centre of the wing, separating the base from it and extended up to the level
of the reniform stigma. A third spot, black, elongate, abuts on the
fringe, crosses the reniform, which is large, brown at the centre and
encircled with black. A series of small sagittate black spots lie with
their points inwards. Two other small oblong spots, superimposed,
the one white and the other brown, precede the reniform. The lower
wings are whitish with the nervures brown. A series of brown lunular
dots lie at the edge of the fringe, which is entirely white. Below, the
wings are white, but the upper ones are very largely suffused smoky to
their centre. On the lower wings is shown a cellular point, very
distinct although it is scarcely visible above. The thorax is square,
hairy, and of the colour of the fore-wings. The abdomen is slender,
slightly depressed and whitish.”

? ab. Hamp. Cat. Lep. Phal. IV. 184 (1908).
Orie. Descrip.—< Forewings suffused with fuscous; hindwings
usually pale brown.”

ssp. orr. meridionalis, Splr. Schm. Europas, I. 157 (1908).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ From Andalusia a larger, darker form lies before
me, with the bright margined reniform standing out clearly and with
very strongly darkened marginal spots on the hindwings.”

ab. amartia, Schaw. Verh. z.b. Wien. LXI. 82 (1911).

Orie. Descrip.— The fore-wings are conspicuous, light brown with
whitish marginal waved line. The brown colour is only present in
the reniform and only slight in the costal portion of the base.’’ Bosnia
and Herzegowinia.

ab. retrout, Roths. Nov. Zool. XX VII. 29. (1920).

Fig.-—l.c. plt. XVII. fig. 11.

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Exactly intermediate in appearance between FL.
radius and E. trua. Antennae serrate, brown; head pale pinkish
mauve: tegulae darker with dark brown edge: patagia and rest of
thorax pinkish mauve; abdomen wood-grey. Forewing pinkish mauve,
basal one-fourth above vein 1 dark brownish mauve, an oblique trans-
verse, convex, dentate line of same colour separated from this deeper
coloured patch; a darker brown mauve patch surrounding reniform
stigma from which a shadow line runs straight to inner margin ;
postmedian, convex, dentate, blackish line; post-discal area clouded
with brownish mauve. Hindwing white with nervures, costal,
and abdominal areas suffused with mouse-grey.’’ Algeria, Oran, etc.

ab. major, Roths. Nov. Zool. XX VII. 33 (1920)

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ From Oran we have 5 ? ? of gigantic size and
of the black aberration, which for the present I will name ab. major.
Length of f.w. 20mm. Expanse 46mm. The largest erythroxylea,
17mm. and expanse 89mm. from Oran in 1913.”

(84) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

{. stlvestrit, Trti. Att. Soc. It. Sv. Nat. Milano. LXIII. p. 62 (1924).

Fie.—l.c. plt. i. f. 15.

Orie. Descrie.—“ Fore-wings fuscous red brown, largely covered
along the costa by a blackish suffusion, which does not reach to the
apex, but covers the space above the orbicular and reniform stigmata.
This termination is quite obscure. The proximal transverse line is
almost obsolete but well-marked at the lower part of the orbicular stigma;
the distal transverse line is indicated by very small black traces upon
the costa. An obscure median shade runs down from the reniform
diminishing in size to end on the dorsal margin. The antemarginal
sagittate spots are well defined in black. The limbal line very finely
expressed in black, precedes the reddish-brown fringe. The hind-
wings of a greyish, dusty ground, especially shaded along the anterior
margin. The limbal line finely dark. Fringes greyish. Below, the
four wings greyish, lustrous; the fore-wings less than the posterior,
suffused with obscure scaling. An obscure distal very small lunule on
all the wings.’’ Bengasi, Italian N. Africa. Cyrenaica. —

ab. minima, Trti, Att. Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Milano. LXIIT. 62 (1924).

Fie.—l.c. plt. iii, f. 7, 8.

Orie. Descrirp.—None. Expanse of figure 8, 25 mm. This was
placed by Turati to the species hoggari, Roths. Misurata, N. Africa.

f. andreast, Trti.-Corti. Att. Soc. It. Sc. Nat. Milano. LXIII. 67

(1924).
Fic.—Seitz. Cort.-Drdt. Pal. Noct. Sup. plt. 6.
Orre. Descrie.—‘‘ With very white ground is the example of andreast

Corti. with stigmata and strigae strong and of intense black colour,
with any suffusion of red-brown’ Venice, Bulgaria, etc.

r. saracenica, Tams, An. Mag. N.H. (9) XV. 148, fig. (1925).

Oric. Descriep.—<‘ Facies of hodnae, Obthr. but darker in colour.
Head and thorax drab, white and sepia mixed, many of the darker scales
white tipped, tegulae whiter than the rest of thorax. Pectus cartridge
buff. Abdomen above and beneath cartridge buff, irrorated with drab.
Forewing ground colour drab, the veins and pattern fuscous-black,
with white splashings on each side of the veins and in and above the
orbicular. Claviform marking outlined with fuscous-black, extending
along the anal fold to a point opposite to the junction of vein Cu2
with the cell. Orbicular elongate but not confluent with the
reniform; finely outlined with fuscous-black, with a central patch of
drab scales, surrounded by white and cream buff scales: reniform
large, filling the end of the cell, heavily outlined with fuscous black
and almost filled with fuscous black; a heavy fuscous black
shade on the costa above the reniform; an obscure fuscous-black
band from the reniform to inner margin, slightly black arrow-head
dashes below vein M1., the dash above the anal vein being less well-
defined than the others, etc. Hind-wing white, with a fine fuscous
terminal line, thickened interneurally black: fringe fuscous, with a
cream buff line at base, etc.” Jahrin, Huful, Arabia. :

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (85)
15.iv.37.

f. nuda, Dnhl. Mitt. Miinch. Hint. Ges., 19 (1929)

Orie. Descrre.— Resembling the last (andreasi), completely mack-
ingless with yellowish white-grey ground colour.”’ Messina, Palermo,
Capri, ete.

f. subrubra, Dnhl. Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges. 19 (1929)

Orie. Descrie.—< The ground colour in this is reddish-grey, the
markings like those of renitens, Hb. Transverse lines wanting. Hind-
wings pure white. In the female sex the form is nearest to the lignosa,
Godt. ; but the reddish tone is emphasized. This subrubra is found in
Central Italy everywhere: nuda appears in the higher lake region.”

ab. joannisi, Dufrane. Mem. Soc. ent. Belg. XXIII. 62 (1930).

Orta. Descrip-—“‘ Head, thorax, abdomen and fore-wings, including
the fringe, pale yellow slightly greenish. ‘The base of the wings,
especially the costa shg¢htly powdered with blackish-brown. Ordinary
lines completely wanting. ‘The three usual stigmata, of the ground
colour, and marked by very thin but sharp contours, of a blackish- brown;
the orbicular and claviform are quite evident, but the reniform is
somewhat hidden in the area of blackish-brown, separated from
the contour by a ring of the ground colour. Nervures slightly blackish
brown ; each interval between the nervures, on the outer margin, a
well marked blackish-brown point is continued by a little paler sagittate
mark, following the outer border, into the fringe. Hind-wings very
white. Underside of all the wings without any trace of marking, white
except at the costa of the fore-wings and on the nervures, where one

sees a little very pale yellow, like a very thin line terminating the outer
border.” El Golea.

f. martanti, Berio. Boll. Soc. Ent. It. uUX1V. 146 (1932).

Orig. Descriep.—< The ground of the fore-wings is of a uniform but
obscure coloration ; in this form the lines are not united together as
one; there remains in the g§ only visible the basal spot and the small
cuneiform spots on the distal margin (pure black) ; scarcely perceptible
is the white edging of the orbicular. In the ¢@ the markings are a
little more expressed, although always slightly developed. The 9 is
not actually more obscure than the g¢. This form with many little
spots is a southern one.’ Palermo.

f, syricola, Corti.-Draudt.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Il]. Sup. 51 (1988),
Germ. issue.

Fie.—l.c. plt. 6.

Orie. Descrip.—‘ While the spring generation is like that of Central
and Southern Hurope and agrees with the form renitens, Hb., the
autumn generation has a quite different appearance from all the radius-
forms (puta).”

“The specimens are, as a rule, distinctly larger; the g g grey,
without red brown, very sharply marked ; the ? @ exhibit for the most
part the usual liynosa-form, but on the hind-wings, as a rule, are
somewhat less dark and fairly well marked.” ~

{. unica, Berio. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova. LIX. 90 (1986).
Fie.—l.c. plt. iii. fig. 19.

(86) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Head thorax, antennae, fore-wings, abdomen,
clear reddish ; tegulae and patagia apically marked with testaceous.
Quadrate basal spot, costal fringes, antemarginal sagittate spots, interior
of the reniform and the orbicular, and the apex of the fore-wings with
ground colour of burnt sienna. Ante- and post-median lines absent.
Outline of claviform and of two antemarginal sagittate spots black
(those between veins 4 and 6). A continuous black edging, wider below,
encloses the reniform and the orbicular in one ring, following the
outline; the rings of these two stigmata are confluent. The hind-
wings white with antemarginal testaceous lines.” Palermo.

f. juncta, Berio. l.c.

Fie.—l.c. fig. 20.

Orie. Descrie.—(‘‘ Head, thorax, antennae, abdomen, fore-wings
and costal area of the hind-wings uniform brown. Teeulae and patagia,
margined with a darker brown. Basal, costal, sagittate, ante- and post-
median, contour of the claviform, and a contour line enclosing the
orbicular and claviform spots, black. Hind-wing white suffused slightly
with brownish. Resembles the preceding (wnica), but with the ground
much more suffused with colour and hence contrasting less with the
black of the markings. The orbicular and the reniform confluent as in
the preceding species.”’ Palermo.

f. perfusa, Berio. l.c. p. 91.

Fie.—l.c. f. 23.

Orie. Descrip.-—‘‘ Head, thorax, fore-wings and abdomen bright
cream ; face, tip of the tegulae, a line along the middle of the patagia
and the tip of the crest of the mesonotum, reddish. On the fore-wings
the veins, the basal line doubled but stopped at the cell, the
antemedian completely doubled, the posimedian formed of a series of
dots on the veins, the costa, the two cuneiform between veins 4 and 5,
a space between these and the distal margin, which extends to the
fringe, another between veins 1 and 2, a series of points on the distal
margin, which vanish in the fringe, the contour of the claviform and
the interior of the reniform, are all finely marked in black. The
white contour of the orbicular agrees with that of the reniform, also
white, therefore the two stigmata become one, very closely united,
without the black contour. Hindwings, white.’’ Palermo.

f. cremea, Berio. l.c. 91.

One. Descrre.—‘ Head, thorax, forewings and abdomen uniformly
cream, patagia with a reddish brown median line, antennae of the same
colour. On the fore-wing this coloration, much paler, forms the
basal spot, fills up the cellular space between the two typical stigmata,
and is the colour of the apex of the wing and marks the antemarginal
sagittate spots. Marked freely in black are the double subbasal line,
the antemedian, the contour of the claviform, the lower edge of the ©
orbicular and the reniform which is somewhat square in shape.

“The post median is represented by a series of points on the veins.
On the distal margin between veins 1 and 2, and 5 and 7 are two dark
spots, as dark as the interior of the reniform spot. The orbicular has
a creain coloured contour and is of an oval elongate shape. ‘The hind-
wings are white.’’ Calabria, Palermo.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (87)

f. algerina, Berio. l.c. 91.

Fie.—l.c. f. 22.

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Head, third joint of the palpi, the distal halt
of the patagia, teeulae and extremity of the abdomen of a cream colour ;
the tip of the tegulae, antennae and median area of the wings of a red-
dish ochreous colour. The basal area and that of the disc (from the
post median to the whole of the fringe) of a fuscous fulvous shade.
The basal blotch, the second joint of the palpi, the basal half of
the patagia, the reniform, the centre of the orbicular, and the costa
feebly black. The subbasal is not distinguishable, and the antemedian
is simple and imperfect. The claviform is absent. The postmedian
is marked by points on the veins. In the uniformly fulvous postmedian
area between veins | and 2, and 4 to 7, there are many little wedge-
shaped spots of an ochreous colour. The eyes doubly lined with
ochreous. Hind-wings very white including the fringes.” Algiers,
Spain.

f. pheroa, Berio. l.c. 92.

Fie.—l.c. 18.

Orie. Descrip.—< Fore-wings clear reddish ochreous (as subrubra) ;
transverse lines clearly marked; claviform contoured with brown;
orbicular little conspicuous and with a contour concolorous with the
wings; the black basal blotch and the reniform are the only
dark varts of the costal area; thus there is no black, but only brown
suffused generally, giving the scales the earth colour of burnt sienna.
The hind-wings white, slightly tinged yellowish.” Casteldaccia.

f. g toisca, Berio. l.c. 92.

Fie.—l.c. fig. 17.

Orie. Descrrep.— Ground yellowish white, straw-colour, with the
claviform, basal area, reniform, the space between that and the orbicular,
and a mark on the termen (vein 1 and internervular 5-7) marked in
black. Hind wings absolutely white, including the fringe. Abdomen
white; the form is well characterized by the size being slightly below
the average ; by the light ground and by the much obscured markings ;
by the spot on vein 1 and by the very white hind-wings.” Tripoli, Alto-
mira, Kl] Escorial, etc., Spain, Palermo, etc., etc.

1g UNNI JBCIMIOK Uxos YBh

Fie.—lL.c. fig. 21.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ This is the form said by Tutt to be the radius,
Haw. having the median shade divided from the reniform. On the
hind wings the white appearance is speckled with marginal spots
between veins 2 and 7 ; perhaps similar to meridionalis, Splr.” Madrid,
ete.

S.f. obscurina, Berio. J.c. 98.

Orig. Descrrep.—‘‘ The g has the wings of an obscure grey, just as
the females have normally, but differing from obscura in having the
hind-wings white.” Liguria, Albania, Bologna, ete.

f g.erythrosimilis, Berio. l.c. 98.
Bie.—l.c. f. 27.

(88) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

Oric. Descrie.—‘ As erythrowylea, Tr.: but the antemedian and
postmedian lines are completely marked; the lunules are simple.”
Bologna, [milia.

f. g . ayenjot, Berio. l.c. 98.

Fie.—l.c. f. 81.

Orica. Descrre.—‘ The forehead and 3rd joint of the palpi, reddish ;
2nd joint of the palpi black. Clypeus white; patagia grey with black
median line; tegulae grey dotted with violet especially at the apex ;
prothorax of the same colour; abdomen ochreous grey. Fore-wings
wine-colour with the quadrate basal area, the reniform and the points
on the costa besides those such as also the doubled ante- and post-
median, are all indicated in dark shade but notin black. The orbicular
with its ochreous contour appears slightly more white than the ground
colour. The hind wings white, with ochraceous veins and a median

shade from the costa to near the anal angle.” Spain, Jaén, Mus.
Madrid.

f. 3 transfixa, Berio. l.c. 94.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Fore-wings with white ground, and marked with
very diffuse longitudinal lines on the veins and between them. The
chief character of this form is afforded by the very conspicuous
claviform and especially by its dark brown colour, which is indeed
prolonged without interruption to the base of the wing. The dark
basal blotch is not very pronounced.” Cyprus, Limasol.

f. 9 debilis, Berio. l.c. 94.

Oric. Drscrip.—‘ Head, tegulae, hind-wing very white; patagia
with fine dark streaks and the tegulae with brown dots. The ground
of the fore-wings yellowish-rosy-white bone colour; basal blotch grey ;
distal area largely tinted with reddish. Post-median simple, apparent
on the veins which are finely marked in brown. Characterized by a
more delicate aspect than the forms radius, renitens, ete.; and by the
apex of the fore-wings, which is much more pointed. There is an
absence of longitudinal contrasting markings. Abdomen greyish. In
a series of this form from Spain there is well pronounced a dark median
shade arising on the costa, which meets and renders the reniform
indistinct. There are numerous gradations.” Belgium, El Escorial,
Oran, ete.

f-..2 aanbra Beriowl.cs Oa:

Fic.—l.c. f. 35.

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Head, antennae, with the base of the patagia, the
spots of the tegulae, the collar of the metanotum, and the ground of the
fore-wings, burnt sienna earth colour. With the upper part of the
patagia and tegulae yellowish white, as is the abdomen. On the fore-
wing the doubled and strongly angulated antemedian stand out in
black: the postmedian also double: a distal blotch from veins 5 and 7
and a decided median shade runs between the stigmata. The rim of
the orbicular, the interior of the ante- and post-median, and the points
of the cuneiform are white to the distal margin, like the fringes
which are doubly streaked with brown. MHind-wings brown with
white fringes.”” Palermo.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (89)

{. ¢ tricolor, Berio. 126.595.

Orig. Descrre.— Head, thorax, antennae, abdomen, posterior wings
milky-white ; the fore-wings divided into three areas ; one black, which
reaches from the base up to the antemedian, which is double and sparsely
developed ; a dark grey, which extends from this up to the postmedian ;
the last a black-red, which extends from this last to the fringes.
Claviform wanting; the orbicular contoured with white and produced
towards the costa by two white extensions; the reniform disappears in
the ground colour. The antemarginal sagittate marks ochraceous,
very small. The fringes are ochreous and have two wavy brown
striations ; the two joints of the palpi laterally, the lines on the middle
of the patagia and the tip of the tegulae are reddish brown. On the
hind-wings the nervures are lined in dark.” Tunisia, Madrid.

f. 2 monochroma, Berio. l.c. 96.

Orie. Descrre.—< Head, thorax, abdomen, hindwings suffused
dirty white. A very delicate brown line divides the patagia ; the point
of the tegulae, the distal area of the hind-wings of the same colour.
The fore-wings are mouse-grey, except the orbicular, the costal marks,
the contour of the reniform and the distal cunei, which are white; and
the basal area, which is black. Nevertheless black marks lie on the
costa, near to the white, and the veins are marked black. The post-
median is represented by an interruption of the colour on each vein,
while the antemedian is marked and is doubled. The claviform is
wanting; the fringes white doubly striated with brown.” Tunis.

f. 2 wniformis, Berio. l.c. 96.

Fie.—l.c. fig. 33.

Orie. Descrie.—* Head, patagia, the inner edge of the teguiae,
basal area of ihe hind-wing ochreous-white. Fringes of the fore-wings
white. The remainder unicclorous grey-brown. The basal blotch of
the fore-wings, the antemarginal (double and strongly angulated) ;
the reniform and postmedian (double), marked in very dark grey brown
(not black). Some white in the interior of the antemedian and _ post-
median, besides in the contour of the orbicular and in a costal mark
also. The sagittate marks appear perceptibly a little whiter than the
sround. ‘I'he fringes white with two brown lines.” Bologna.

f. 2. paupera, Berio. l.c. 96.

Fie.—l.c. fig. 36.

Orte, Derscrie.—‘ Head, thorax, fore-wings ochraceous-yellow
suffused with reddish brown. Lines on the patagia, tip of the tegulae,
two joints of the palpi, antennae, basal blotch of the fore-wings, ante- and
post-median, contour of the claviform, of the orbicular, of the reniform,
and the veins, all of a reddish brown colour. The orbicular is ringed
with ochraceous yellow. The predistal cunei are very conspicuous ; and
agree with the extremity towards the exterior, thus forming an
ochraceous distal band whiter, zigzag, which goes from the apex of the
wing to the tornus, and is limited proximally by reddish brown, with
which the wing is suffused, and distally by the black points between
the nervures, to the base of the fringes. These are ochreous, with a
double marking of whitish brown. Hind-wines dark brown, with
ochreous fringes separated from the wings internally by a white line
and by a dark one.” Palermo.

(90) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

f. 2 purolimbata, Berio. l.c. 97.

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Fore-wings brown, hind-wings white at the base
and slightly obscured at the margin. The fringes of the fore-wings
are ochraceous-white. Completely devoid of markings either longitud-
inal or transverse. ‘This gives the insect the appearance of having the
fore-wings fasciated by a wide white border. The remainder is much
like renitens, Hb.” Limassol, Cyprus.

f, 2 masculina, Berio. l.c. 97.

Orie. Drscrie.—‘‘ Surprisingly like the g of syricola, Corti, by
the white ground colour, the transverse markings and the robustness
of the wings. The antemarginal wedge spots are united together by
the points forming a white festooned line on the reddish distal area.
The orbicular is notably approaching the reniform at one point. In
another example and from the same locality, the last two particulars
are wanting, necessary exactly to resemble 3 syricola, Corti.” Bulgaria.

f. @ transiens, Berio. l.c. 97.

Orta. Descrip.—‘ Head, thorax, base of the hind-wing and fringes
of the same, white. Fore-wings dark ochraceous. Margin of the
tegulae and median line of the patagia brown colour. The subbasal,
the antemedian double and sharply broken off between vein 1 and
the internal margin, the contour of the claviform ; the postmedian (also
doubled), the wedges between veins 4 and 6 and the spots on the margin
before them are brown black. Contour of the orbicular and the distal
wedges white; fringes ochreous yellow-white threaded with brown.
Hind-wings brown as the abdomen, with the base a little clear.”
Palermo.

f. 2 extrema, Berio. l.c. 98.

Orie. Drscrie.—‘ Head, thorax, antennae, fore-wings, and the
end tergite of the abdomen of a dark wood-brown colour. Abdomen,
posterior wings dark brown. Tegulae and patagia variegated with
black. Basal blotch of the fore-wing, antemedian, contour of the
claviform, of the orbicular, a median shade (the much larger part of
which from the costa encloses the reniform and finishes waved at the
inner margin), the post-median lunule (simple), and a spot between
veins 5 and 7 at the distal margin, of a deep brown almost black. The
contour of the orbicular and of the antemarginal wedges white, with
the fringes of the hind-wings and the base of the abdomen. [I ringes
of the fore-wings brown with a single white line.” Palermo. Paupera,
translens, extrema, represent three gradations of colour of an identical
plan of marking.

f. 2 feratra, Berio, l.c. 98.

Orie. Descrie.—*‘ As in the f. 2? nigra, Tutt, which is wholly black
without white markings, nevertheless the orbicular is visible, because
it has the basal colour of the fore-wings a deep coal black; therefore
the orbicular is seen because of its light whitecontour. Fringes of the
four wings ochreous ; hind-wings become dark at the base.” Jandula,
Jaen, Cuenca, Spain.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (91)

f. 2 venata, Berio, l.c. 99.

iG: —1 cn. O11.

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘Is the ?° with the fore-wings dark and the
hind-wings white. On these the veins 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 are clearly marked
in black.” Bologna, Oran, etc.

f. 2? lignosina, Berio. l.c. 99.

Wie —Ic. £./34.

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Coloration identical with f. g yolignosa=lignosa,
Gdt. only a little more rush coloured ; hind-wings brown, much less in
size.” Biskra, Tripoli.

f. 2 composita, Berio. l.c. 99.

Fig.—l.c. f. 88.

Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Basal and median area deep black; postmedian
dark fuscous-maroon ending at the fringe. Hind-wings uniformly
dusky, with pale fringes. The antemedian and postmedian on the
fore-wings are marked in pure black, and the orbicular in shining
white.’ Jandula, Spain, N. Africa,

Aygrotis, Ochs. (1816-25) most authors: [Huaoa, Hb. (1822) Hamp.
Meyr. (Rev.) Warr.-Stz.] cinerea, Schiff. (1775).

Tutt, in this species, again did not take the original description, but
based his notes on the figures in the Sanml. of Hubner, 155, 156, 157,
(1802) of which he gave a description, Brit. Noct. IL. 75.

cinerea, Schiff. Verz. 80. (1775).

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Noctuae rusticae.’ Imago. ‘ With black collar.
Ashy-grey, finely marked.” This, of course, is an extremely inadequate
description, but in 1801, Illiger. Verz. new. Ausg. I. 257, certified the
identity with the reference Bork. Hur. Schm., 1V. 547 (1792) where is
found a fuller and much more adequate description of the insect we
know in this country.

Tutt, Brit, Noct. Il. 75. (1892): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is. UII. 298. plt.
126, f. 2. (1896) : Stdgr., Cat IIled. 148 (1901) : Hamp. Cat. Lep. Phal.
IV. 174 (1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 158, plt. 84, 22 (1905): South,
Moths Brit. I. I. 204, plt. 105, f. 9-10 (1907): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct.
ITI. 27, plt. 5gh (1909): Culot. N. and G. I. (1), 58, plt. 11, f. 2-4
(1910): Corti-Stz. Pal. Noct. Supp. 111. 48, plt. 6a, 7a. (1982).

Haworth, Lep. Brit. I. 183 (1803) described a species denticulata
as a Bombyx but later IT. 205 (1809) referred it to the Noctua, which
has been identified with cinerea, Hb. 3.

Hubner’s Sammi. fig. 157, obscura, is difficult to distinguish from
his figure 156 called cinerea, a 2, nor does the other fig. 490 obscura
enlighten us, for it is almost identical with the other two. The obscura
form is only slightly darker than the female, cinerea. Tutt says that
this is a form almost confined to the female. I have not seen an
obscura male.

(92) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD.

Tutt remarks that the ° fig. 156 Hb. has rather a purplish than
ashy grey tint; this is so.

Godt., Hist. Nat. IV. plt. 71, figs 5-6. The g is too dark and the
? too hght compared with Hubner. On p. 274 he says that Ernst
and Hngr. fig. ‘‘la decolore”’ is a g of cinerea, while the female is
given in fig. 887d as a variety of ferruginea. Of Godart’s figures,
Duponchel (Hist. Nat. Sup. ILI. 180) says they were copied from
Hubner so badly as to be unrecognizable, and gives two figures on plt.
XVII. fig. 1-2, both good, but the female does not agree with the text
“ orig-nolratre. ”

Curtis, Brit. Ent. [V. 165, gives a very good figure of a large g.
He identifies it with denticulata, Hb.

Herrich-Schiffer’s fig. 489, Sys. Bearb., is of the obscura form, with
somewhat narrow wing, with the paler (slight) part between the
stigmata.

Gn. Noct. 1. 282, says it is difficult to say in what obscura, Hb.
differs. He also says that Tr. in referring to Ernst and Ener. VII.
fies 447a, b, and 454d as cinerea forms is in error. To me the former
figures represent g and @ cinerea, a view strengthened by the ashy
grey, etc. of the g and the obscura-like colour of the ?. The text
referring to the plate on which these figures with those of two other
- species seems to be inverted, since figs. 445 are termed cinerea, which
they very obviously cannot be, whereas figs. 447 are labelled valligera,
which they certainly are not (Pap. d’ Hur. VII. 59.)

Barrett, l.c. Plate 126, 6 figs: colour bad, grey shading suppressed,
brown dominant. 2a 92 very dark fascia through the reniform, inner
line dark, thick waved submarginal dark band succeeding the light
edged outer line; 2c g, very uniform, only marking a central fascia,
a submarginal line, both dark, and a black reniform; 2d ¢, with 4
single dark lines, no stigmata, a dark innermarginal cloud and a small
blotch above position of reniform also dark, and trace of a basal line.

Spuler, Schm. Hur. I. plt. 84, f. 22, bas a good figure of the g.

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. II]. 27, treats the obscura, Hb. and murina,
Hv. as synonyms of the type. Warren says ‘“ Tutt, evidently with only
British specimens before him, did not notice that the British race was
per se distinct from continental forms, so that the aberrations, which he
put forward must be considered as applying solely to the British race.”
Three g examples I have from 8. Tyrol (1), Wagram, Lower Austria (1),
and near Vienna (1), are practically identical with Knelish examples; an
ab. obscura, Hb.( 2 ) from Klosterneuberg (hilly ground above the Danube
marshes N.W. of Vienna) is so obscure black brown, as not to be com-
parable with the dark @ obscura, Tutt (nec. Hb.), of our Hnelish form.
On the above evidence alone I do not agree with Warren’s suggestion
of a British race, buton the evidence of Mr. Wightman’s amazingly
beautiful specimens, which have been caught by him and others in
Sussex in hundreds, I feel that our British cinerea, while agreeing
generally with the continental cinerea, has a racial section of it in the
S. of England of amazing variation, aberration, colour and marking,
strong enough to be marked by a racial, if not a subspecific, name.
(Probably r. tephrina, Stdgr.)

Culot, NV. et G., I(1). plt. XI. 2-4, gives good figures of, g, not
quite so light dove colour as many of our English ones, @ dark but
hardly as dark brown as obscura (to which name he only refers in a

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (93)

postscript), and ewimia, Obthr. the small variegated form from England.
He expresses doubt on fusca, Bdv.

The figures in Seitz are very poor and quite unrecognizable in
colour.

Corti-Stz. Supp. IIL. 48, says alpiyena is the prevalent pale type of
Central Europe and obscura, Hb. (nec Tutt) the dark form, of which the
livonica, Teich. is only a synonym, and tephrina is the name of the
definitely British race, hitherto known only from England, to which
Tutt’s aberrations pallida, virgata, and obscurata belong.

Barrett, l.c., says of the Variation :—

’’ Rather variable in the ground colour, which in the ¢g is often
tinged with brown or with slate colour, but in the female varies from
light umbreous to smoky black, in the latter case with all the
markings obscured, or with the central shade intensified into a black
central transverse bar. In the paler forms a suffusion of smoky-brown,
or smoky-grey is not unusual, sometimes in the middle of the wing,
oftener toward the hind margin. West of England specimens are
larger than ordinary, with paler colour and less distinct markings—in
these respects drawing nearer to the much larger form found on the
~ Continent of Europe.”

Mr. Wightman says ‘‘I have never bred <dyrotis cinerea, except
oddly, but have found many females (about 150), and the variation is
amazing. I never had but three or four of any given form. The
males I have taken in great number and here again there are any
number of forms. I am satisfied that while dark females and pale
males are usual, all forms occur in both sexes. All forms occur large
and small.”

He details the following forms :—

Females from Lewes, Sussex.

1. Pale whitish grey ground; transverse lines, subterminal and some
shading in outer area are blackish brown.

2. Pale brown ground ; marking as in 1| but in darker brown.

8. Purplish grey ground; marking as in 1 but in black.

4. Dark brown ; central fascia very dark; basal area paler than rest
of wing.

5. Black ; central fascia intense black ; basal area whitish-grey ;
submarginal pale edged.

6. Unicolorous black.

Males from Lewes 7, rest Storrington.

7. Pale brownish grey; basal, inner, and outer, submarginal and
central shade all in deeper brown : also a row of dots bordering
cilia.

8. Lavender grey ground; reniform a dot, brownish grey marking.

9. Ditto; reniform a large spot; brownish grey marking.

10. Ditto ; deep brown central shade.

11. Slightly whitish grey; pale brown suffused on outer half of
forewing.

12. Ditto; basal area outer half dark; dark trans. narrow band
through reniform.

13. Lavender-grey ; trans. lighter central band ; all markings present,
clearly expressed.

14. Same form as 2 ?, very dark brown ground, still darker wide
brown band.

(94) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

15. Dark grey ground; varied amount of marking, but all more or less

} fragmentary.

16. Dark grey ground; slightly lighter central trans. band divided by
narrow darker band.

17. Dark grey ground; narrow trans. band through reniform ; other
markings slight.

18. Same form as 8 2°.

19. Same form as 12 3, but basal outer half not dark.

I have gone over these specimens of Mr. Wightman’s and quite
agree with his notes on them. They are a wonderful set of individual
forms.

The Names and Forms to be considered are—

cinerea, Schiff. Verz. 80 (1775).

cinerea, Hb. Sammi. 155, 156 (1802).

f. obscura, Hb. U.c. 157 (1802), 490 (1808-18).

denticulatus(a), Haw. Lep. Brit. J. 183 (1808) II. 205 (1809).

ab. fusca, Bdv. Ic. plt. 78, fig. 4 @ (1882).

ab. murina, Evers. Bull. Mosc. XXI. 218 (1848) ; and l.c. XXIX.
190 (1856).

r. alpigena, Trti. Bull. Soc. ent. It. XVI. 75 (1883) ; Calbr. Iris, I.
226, plt. XII. 7-8 (1888).

ssp. livonica, Teich. Stett. e. Zt. 169 (1886).

ab. turatii, Stndf. Iris, [. 216, plt. 10, f. 5 (1888).

ab. pallida, Tutt, Brit. Noct. Il. 76 (1892).

ab. virgata, Tutt, Brit. Noct. IL. 76 (1892).

ab. tephrina, Stdegr. Cat. III ed. 148 (1901).

ab. eximia, Culot (Obthr.) NV. et G. I (1), 69, plt. XI. £. 4 (1909-13).

ab, albescens, Zerny, Hos. Lep. Albarracin, 363 (1927).

ssp. aragonensis, Schaw. Int. Hint. Zt. XXVIII. 416 (1934).

ab. variegata, Schaw. l.c. 417 (1984).

denticulatus(a), Haw. Lep. Brit. 1383 (1808) Bombyx: l.c. 205 (1809)
Noctua.
3 Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Thorace antice atro, alis cinerascentibus postice
saturatioribus, strigis 2 denticulatis atris.” ‘ Antennae pectinatae rachi
grisea. Thorax cinereus antice ater. Alae anticae usque ad medium
glaucae, postice saturatiores seu cinereae, basi punctis duobus oppositis
atris, striga tenuissima ante medium denticulata atra; tunc striga
obsoletissima fuscescens, in qua macula majuscula loco stigmatis postici,
et pone hanc, striga tenuissiina atra. Alae posticae albicantes.”’
Curtis, Brit. Hntomology, IV. 165 (1827) identified this name as a
syn. of cinerea, Schiff. (Hb.)

Tutt dealt with the following forms—(1) Hubner’s figure 155 pale
ashy-grey, with an abbreviated, followed by a complete, black wavy
transverse basal line; no claviform, orbicular a tiny black dot.
(2) pallida, ashy blue grey as the type but pale, less emphasis of
markings. (8) ab. virgata, strongly marked median shade replaced by
a clear but narrower red médian shade, central band between the
stigmata. (4) obscura, Hb. 157, deep unicolorous dull brown with
2 darker trans. basal lines, darker markings.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (95)

ab. 2 fusca, Bdv. Ic. Lep. Eur. pl. 78, fig. 4 (1832).
Fie.—The figure is large and a deep black brown. There is no
description.

r. murina, Evers. Bull. Mosc., XXI. 213 (1848).

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Thorax fusco-griseus, collari atro; alae anticae

fusco-griseae, macula media obsolete fusco signato: linea transversa
basale et altera externa flexuosa dentatis nigris; postico pallide
nigricantis, puncto medio nigriore.”
“ Murina has a very great similarity with
individuals of cinerea, which have the fore-wings griseous ; it is a little
smaller, but slightly more robust, with the fore-wings somewhat
shorter ; of an ashy-grey, with the fringe separated from the ground-
colour by black dots ; the median lines have almost the same alignment
as in cinerea, are equally simple, crenulate, black and very thin; the
reniform is slightly encircled with blackish powdering and slightly
centered with the same powdering; the orbicular and claviform are not
present. The lower wings are of a uniform whitish grey. ‘The thorax
is of the ashy colour of the forewings, with the collar edged with black.
The antennae of the g are slightly pectinated or strongly ciliated.”
Oural Mts.

The above was taken from Nocet. Russ. III. ( Bull. Mosc. 1856, p. 190)
Kversmann.

race alpigena, Trti. Bull. Soc. Ent. It. XVI. 75 (1883).

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Standfuss, Calberla and Struve collected this
species in the Abruzzi (5-6000 ft.) on the 8th, 9th, and 14th of July, in
very perfect examples and of a size less than that of the typical form ;
as a local variety it may be distinguished by a name = v. alpigena,
Stndfuss.

This reference (scarcely a description) was subsequently completed
by Calberla.—

ssp. alpigena, (Turati) Calb, /ris. 1. 226 (1888).

Fie.—plt. XL. 7-8. (quite different forms).

Orie. Descrip.— Their fore-wings are whitish or violet grey, with
more or less yellowish, or brownish powdering; the first half and the
first complete transverse line are distinct, the outer not always in a
specimen wanting the latter. The reniform is distinctly produced in
black, the central shading partly indistinct, partly sharp, wide, rusty,
brown coloured. In one example the orbicular is present, in two others
it is a dark point. The waved line is unbroken towards the base and
indistinctly shaded, most distinct on the costa; the marginal line is
mostly present as sharp black dots between the veins. Head the
colour of the forewings, thorax paler, hind-wings yellowish white with
darker costa, darker marginal line, discoidal and yellowish white fringes.
Underside yellowish as usual; the hindwing from the inner margin to
the subcostal whitish and not dark powdered; discoidal not always
distinct ; fore-wings with two more or less distinctly curved streaks, of
wihch the inner is continued on the hind wing mostly up to the upper
radial; from thence up to the inner margin it is indistinct, only
marked on the veins, or it is wanting.”

This form is shortly described by Stdgr. Cat, III ed. (1901), 148.
“ Dilutior, al. ant. violaceo-cinereis minus signatis.”

(96) THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD.

ssp. livonica, Teich. St. ent. Z. (1886), 169.

Orica, Descrie.—‘‘ Two specimens of a species up to the present not
yet observed, but which diverge pretty noticeably from the usual type
of cinerea. The forewings are black brown, the marking less distinct,
the two transverse lines somewhat toothed. The hindwings are black
grey, at the base somewhat paler. The thorax is grey, with a lens one.
sees that it is furnished with black and white hairs; body and feet are
also very dark. This insect, of which Herr Bang-Haas notes that he
has not met with this form, I name var. livonica.”’

Hampson, Lep. Phal. 175 (1908) ‘‘ Much darker fuscous brown.”’

race turatii, Stndfs. Iris, 1. 216 (1888).

Fie.—l.c. plt. 10, fig. 5. ;

Orie. Duscrie.—‘ Of this species my friend Réder furnished me
with two good female examples from the South of France, which he
took in April, 1887, in the mountains near Digne about 3000 ft. up.
This species is recognized by the brown-yellow coloration, which
characterizes the whole upperside, with the exception of the antennae,
which are black brown, so that by the extaordinary simplicity of their
markings they are furthest removed from Ag. culminicola, but have
shortened, strongly rounded wings of 89-42 mm. expanse, shorter than
A. culminicola, which measures 42-45 mm. The orbicular stigma is
produced along the direction of the costal vein and occurs only in a
darker shade without linear setting, also the reniform stigma only
as a more shady reniform spot with sharp margining. The dentate
lines intersecting the fore-wings at the ends of the first and second
wing thirds are only slightly developed. The shaded bands are tolerably
parallel to the outer margin which cross the wing somewhat about
midway between the outer margin and the outer dentate line, and stand
out quite clearly from the lighter outer margin. The whole forewing
is powdered completely with fine, black-brown atoms, least thick at
the bases and on the outer margin. Fringes, head and thorax, the last
not so smooth-haired, as in other Ayrotidae, but also not so strongly
woolly as in Ay. culminicola, ave unicolorous light brown-yellow, with-
out any dark admixture.

The hind-wings are grey brown with transparent darker end of the
middle cell and yellow-brown fringes. he abdomen is grey-brown on
the upperside, but darker on the underside.

The underside of all the wings is deep grey with a streak of yellow-
ish and a darker end of the middle cell. There is a mixture of
abundant yellow grey scales towards the costal and outer margins.
The fringes are yellow-grey. The palpi are black-brown. The hairs
of the thorax below the wings grey, grey-yellow towards the legs. The
legs are dusky grey yellow, to deep brown yellow on the tarsi, and at
the end of each joint looks lighter.”’

Stdgr. in his Cat. treated this as a good species.

Ayrotis (Huaoa) cinerea, Schiff. ab. tephrina, Stdgr. Cat. Lep. Pal.
III. 148 (1901).

‘Minor, al. ant. angustioribus, distinctius signatis, al. post. in J
albidioribus.”

Hampson. Cat. Lep. Ph. 1V.175 (1903). ‘Small, the fore-wing
narrower, the markings usually very distinct; hind wings whiter; 2
sometimes with the ground colour black.”’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (97)

ab. eaimia, Culot, Noct. et G. 1 (1), 69 (1910).
Fie.—l.c. plt. XI. fig. 4.
Orie. Descrie.— With a lilac grey ground.” England.

ab. albescens, Zerny, ‘‘ Lep. of Albarracin,’’ Hos, III. 363 (1927).

Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ Specimen with white grey, very slightly marked
fore-wings, similar head and thorax and light grey hind-wings.”
Albarracin, Spain.

ab. vartegata, Schawda. Int. Hnt. Zt. XXVIII. 416 (1984).

Fie.—Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. plt. 7a (1901).

Orie. Descrip.—“ Draudt figures on plt. 7a in Seitz a g ab. which
is well marked and in which a broad dark shading hes in the middle of
the fore-wing. He says that he possesses numerous similar specimens
from Vienna, Italy, Bulgaria and from the old Austrian coast-land,
which again differ between one another. I have in my collection a
similar g¢ taken in Waldbruch (8. Tyrol) by Arno Wagner on 11th
April at ight, with the written name variegata. I now enter this name
in literature. The ground colour is pure grey on the fore-wings with
strongly developed dark transverse bands and broad dark central shade.”’

ssp. or ab. aragonensis, Schawd. Int. Ent. Zts. XXVIII. 417 (1984).

Orie. Descrrp.—‘ A small narrow winged g, which Predota
obtained in the Sierra Altain Arragon. Fore-wing very dark, but more
grey-brown than brown. The marking still visible. Hind-wings as in
the typical form.”

Agrotis, Ochs. (1816-25) most authors [Rhyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr.
Corti: E’pipsilia, Hb. (1822) Hamp. South: Lycophotia, Hb. (1822)
Hamp.: Spaelotis, Bdv. (1846) for valesiaca, Bdv.], ashworthii,
Dbldy. (1855) =? candelarum, Stdgr. 1871 (candelisequa, Hb. 1808).

There was another species in Agrotis named candelisequa and thus
it was necessary to rename this species, which Stdgr. did in 1871,
candelarum. Pierce, Genit. Noct. 51 (1909), says of candelarwn, “I
cannot distinguish between this and ashworthii.”’

Should the conflicting evidences be reconciled and it be decided
that there be only one species, the name of that species must be
ashworthii, Stain. (1855), as the prior name candelisequa is used for
another Agrotis species. If, on the other hand, it be proved that there
be two species, the name candelarum, Stdgr. (1871) will be that of the
continental species.

Tutt, Brit. Noct. II. 76 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is. Lil. 880, plt.
186, 2 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. Iled. 189 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. IV.
511 (1908): Splr. Schin. Mir. I. 148, plt. 33, 2 (1905): South, M.Br.Js.
I. 216, plt. 110 (1907): Warr. Seitz. Pal. Noct. III. 52, plt. 11f. 11g.
(1909) : Cort. Stz. Pal. Noct. Supp. III. 72, plt. 10d. 1le. (1933).

A very difficult species. Published figures and descriptions are
very confusing, as is the spelling of the names by different writers.

Hubner’s figure, the type, 397, is large, dark clouded, strong trans-
verse lines with a light edging, and a marginal light dove-coloured
band. His figure 498 he givesasa ¢ ; it is much smaller and altogether

(98) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

darker, clouded practically all over without any of the beautiful shade
of the 9°, witha blackish brown central shade enclosing a lighter reni-
form ; the basal third is also lighter (virgata? Tutt).

In his Text Htibner says p. 168: “ Whitish grey: the upper wing
slightly shiny, soft brown-grey shading, with pale central stigma and
slender black waved lines; the hind-wings pale brown-grey shaded ; the
marginal band ashy-grey.’’ Austria.

I have never seen a ¢ approaching fig. 493 of Hb. and Treit.
(1825), Schm. V. (6) 219 considered it a variety of A. aceris. Treit.
also points out that Esper had previously used the name candelisequa
for another Noctua. He refers this species to the ‘‘ Black-marked
Noctuid ”’ candelisequa of the Verz. p. 72 (1775).

Frr. l.c. thinks fig. 493 of Hb. is probably a badly drawn and
coloured figure.

Duponchel, Hist. Nat. VI. plt. 77, f. 2, has a very good figure of
a dark form of the ? with lines tending to obsolescence, and dark hind
wings He cites fig. 8343 of Ernst and Engr. Pap ad’ Hur. with reserve ;
p. 74, Freyer’s fig. 688 in Vol. VII. is slightly suffused with red scales
and the markings are sparse and not emphasized black.

Freyer, Neu. Beitr. V. (1845), plt. 472, figs. 8, 4, gives two very
good figures one with somewhat pale markings, the other with well
emphasized trans. lines and a very dark narrow band from the black
quadrate spots to the inner margin.

Her.-Sch. Sys. Bearb. II. 834, fig. 80 (1846) describes and figures
valestaca, which he ascribes to Boisduval, Icones, plt. 78, f. 8, and to
Stain. Ann. plt. (one / in his Syn. List, two in the text). Fig. 80 of
H.-S. is that of a light brown (ochreous) form with marking quite
agreeing with that of candalerum ; there is no quadrate black spot.

Gn. Hist. Nat. Noct, V. 323 (1852) says that Hb. 493 is not
candelisequa.

Stainton’s fie. Ant. Ann. 1855, vallesiaca, as he says, p. 68, is not
the vallesiaca of ‘‘ other authors.” Tutt clears this and identifies it
with the jotunensis, Schoyen, found in Sweden. (Tutt spelled it
vallesaica in error). Stainton’s fig. is a good one of large size with a
partial narrow dark band from the reniform and quadrate spot to the
inner margin. Of course Stainton’s name is not valid as there is
another Agrotid previously so named, valesiaca, Bdv. (Spaelotis, Bdv.=?
Agrotis, Och.)

We have the valesiaca, Bdv. (1838), the vaillesiaca, Stain. (1855),
the vallesiaca, Frr. (1842), and the valesiaca, H.-S. (1846).

This Stdgr. clears somewhat by putting the valesiaca, Bdv. as a
good species near Agrotis squalorum and referring to it the valesiaca,
H.-S. While he places the vallesiaca, Frr. to squalorum, Cat. I1led.
146 (1901), he places the vallesiaca, Stain. to ashworthii, Stain. l.c. 189.

Modern authors treat valesiaca, Bdv. as a true species in no way
near to ashworthiw or to candelarum. |

Mill. Zcon. III. 93, plt. 98, fig. 11 (1868) gives a good figure of a dark
g which is suffused with more than a slight ruddy colour. It was
an Hneglish specimen sent him by Doubleday.

Barrett, l.c. plt. 186, gives 2 figures, fairly good. .

Hamp., Lep. Phal. IV, 511, considered ashworthii as a good species
with Stainton’s vallesiaca (nec. Bdv.) as synonymous: the candelarum
as quite separate with jotunensis (darker) and siynata (paler) as aber-

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (99)

rations: on J.c. 568 he deals with vallesiaca, Bdv. (error for valestaca)
as a good species. The former are in his genus Hpisilia and the last
in Lycophotia.

Spuler, Schmett. Eur. I. plt. 88, figs. 2, 4 (1905) has 2 very good
figures, a large 2 of the continental typical form and a well marked
ashworthit.

South, Moths Br. Is., I. 216. plt. 110, £. 1 (1907) gives a very poor
figure of a very dark slaty grey, with too much of the prevailing brown
of the plate.

Culot, Noct. et G. 1(1). 48, plt. 6, figs. 17-18, and plt. 7, f. 1, has
excellent figures of candelaruwm, signata, and ashworthii (British).

Warr.-Stz. Pal. Noct. III. 52, plt. 11f. and 1l1g., gives very poor
figures of both ashworthii and of candelarum, which are treated as twe—
good species in the genus Rhyacia. The general brown colouring of
the plate has spoiled the beauty of the ground colour of these species.
In the text ashworthii is said to be pale slate grey and candelarum is
said to be chalk grey, with which descriptions the figures do not agree
at all. But Corti-Draudt in the Supp. III. 72, plt. 10de. give better
figures to supplant these. In spite of the statement of F. N. Pierce
that he could find no detail of the structures to differentiate the two,
Corti-Draudt still consider them to be two good species. They treat
calcinia, Sobn-Rethel, and molisana, Dnhl. as synonyms with lactescens,
Trti. These fresh figures are quite good, and a good figure of signata
with one of lactescens are added.

Comparing the figures of the larvae of ashworthti in Buckler and
Milliére with those of candelarwn in Freyer and Spuler, one finds
practical agreement. Ground colour blackish brown, more or less
greenish, with a slight double line along the back. ach side has a
row of black blotches, one on each segment, somewhat smaller in
front, but more solid in the rear on the last few segments. Spiracles
indicated by white dots. Lower side finely white dotted. Feet brown,
head red yellow. The differences are so slight as to suggest individual.

The Names and Forms to be considered are.

candelisequa, Hb. (1808) Samml. Noct. (nec Esp.)

valesiaca, Bdv. Icones, fig. 78 (18838).

ashworthii, Dbldy. (1855) Zool, 1749.

ab. vallestaca, Stain. (1855) Ann. 41, f. 2.

ssp. candelarum, Stdgr. (1871) Cat. Iled. 82.

ab. stgnata, Stdgr. (1871) Cat. Iled. 82 [Gn. Noct. V. 824A
(1852)].

ab. jotunensis, Schéyen. (1888) Norw. Lep.

ab. virgata, Tutt (1892) Brit. Lep. I. 77.

ssp. lactescens, Trti. Nat. Sicil. LV. 68, plt. III. f. 26 (1919).

ab. rubescens, Schawd. Zr. Oestr. Ver. VI. 2 (1921).

ab. calcinia, Sohn.-Rebel. vis, XLIII. 7, plt. IL. f. 11 (1929).

ab. molisana, Dnhl. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 104 (1929)
Tutt dealt with (1) Hibner’s figure of the type form candelisequa=
candelarum, Stdgr. (2) The English ashworthit of Doubleday. (38)
The vallesiaca, Stain. without the quadrate black spot which is the
same as the jotunensis, Schéyen of Lapland, ete. (4) The form
virgata with a central shade. And (5) The siynata, Stdgr. given to
Guenée’s var. A, pale with very emphasized black strigae.

(100) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD.

Tutt states, B.N. 77-78, that var. vallesiaca, Stain. which has the
ground “ dove colour ”’ of ashworthii, Dbldy. is the same as the jotunensis,
Schoyen, which is “ particularly dark,” because it has not the quadrate
black spot between the stigmata. These appear to be two forms
and certainly not identical. Stdgr. Cat. III ed. 189 (1901) says of
the latter, ‘‘obscurior.’””» See Hamps.

Barrett says of the Variation—‘‘ Hardly variable, except in the
depth of ground colour and general shading, but the soft bluish-slate
colour fades in time and becomes of a smoky-grey, or even brownish-
grey.”

He reports a specimen “ entirely suffused with blackish-grey, and
another having a broad blackish central band.”’

Rhyacia candelarum, Stdgr. f. lactescens, Trti. Nat. Sic. (68) 1919.

Fie.—-l.c. plt. LI. f. 26.

Orie. Descriep.—‘‘ In this variety the rusty colour is completely
suppressed and the glacous suffusion is replaced by a pearly colour,
which renders these examples lighter than Agrotis margaritacea, Vill.
The three costal spots from which the three sagittate lines arise, that
is to say, the basal, the proximal and the distal, as also the lines
themselves, stand out very clearly and finely in black. The orbicular
and reniform stigmata on the other hand less distinct. Head, thorax
and abdomen of a milky white. Hind-wings slightly greyish with
white fringes.” Sibillini Mts.

The figure is a very good one and on the plate are good figures of
signata, Stdgr. and of the typical candelarum.

ab. rubescens, Schawerda, Zt. dster. Hint. Ver. VI. 2 (1921).

Oric. Descrie.—‘ In this species the red-brown ground colour is
always more or less covered with white-grey. From Saxony I have
obtained a large number of freshly emerged specimens of this species,
which are quite separable from our more white-grey Lower Austrian
specimens by their clear red-brown ground and they may be differentiated
from the typical form by the name ab. rubescens.”

ab. calcinta, Sobn-Rethel, Zris, XLIII. 7 (1929).

Fig.—l.c. plt. I. fig. 11.

Orie. Descrip.— Still paler, like v. siynata Stdegr., silver-white,
slightly marked, without any brownish powdering.” Abruzzen,
Majella, and Gran Sasso.

ab. molisana, Dnhl. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 104 (1929).

Orica. Duscriep.— Large, broad-winged. Ground-colour milk-white,
in the basal area, strongly pale blue grey toned, the middle area slightly
yellowish suffused. The central shading wholly absent. The inner
transverse line is very sharp but fine, the outer transverse line more
feeble and delicately traced, also the row of fine dots behind this last
was clearly marked. Here and there are found traces of a grey sub-
marginal. Céstal spots strong, stigmata pale. Hind-wings pale milk-
grey, powdered grey towards the outer margin. Front wing-fringes
slightly chequered and lined, in the hind-wings pure white.”” Abruzzen,
Monte Agatone; Majella.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (101)

Agrotis, Ochs. (1816-25) most authors, [Ithyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr.,
Corti: Epipsilia, Hb. (1822) Hamp., South: Graphiphora, Ochs. (1816-
25) Steph. Spaelotis, Bdv. (1833)] lucernea, Linn, (1758).

Dutt, Brit. Noct. If. 79 (1892): Barr. Lep, Brit. Ts. TIT. 390, plt.
186, 3 (1896): Stdgr. Cat. IIIed. 143 (1901): Hamp. Lep. Phal. IV.
505 (1903): Splr. Schm. Eur. I. 154, plt. 31, 9 (1905): South, Moths
Bre iss E23 plus LOT figs, 92310" @907)= Warr-sez. Pal. Noct. Tilo 5st,
plt. lid. (1909): Culot. N. et G. I. G). 58, plt. 9f. 2 (1909: Cort.-Drdt.-
Stz. Pal. Noct. Supp. III. 71, plt. 10b.c. (1988).

Tutt refers to the renigera, Humph. & West. (Brit. Moths. I) as a
separate form on the evidence of the figures given by these authors.
They quote the description of Stephens, but their figures, plt. xxv, 2-3,
are absolutely different and of most inferior execution in colour, and I
think can be ignored as variant forms.

Bork ‘‘ Naturg.”’ says he knows of no description and has not seen
insect nor a figure,

Ochs. & Treit. omit mention of lwcerneu, but in vol. V (i), 197,
Hiibner’s renigera, fig. 384 (1802-8) is dealt with as a good species.

Hiibner’s fig. 44 lucernea, Scmml. Noct. (1802) is a very unsatisfac-
tory figure. The hind wings are impossible with huge discoidal blotch
and dark clear-cut bands on a bluish ground. Were it not for the
well-marked stigmata and black outer marginal area I should have said
that fig. 42 should have been named lucernea, a very dark form. Fig.
384 renigera, Hb. has nothing te do with the renigera, Stephens, as
Stephens thought.

Dup. Hist. Nat. Supp. III. plt. xix (1836) is a very fair one of cata-
leuca, but with too great emphasis and clearness in the markings; the
hindwing coloration is not dark enough for most examples.

Wood, Ind. Ent., plt. 9, 154 (1833) has a very good figure of the dark
renigera, Steph.

The two figures of cataleuca in Frr. New. Beitr. V. plt. 399, have the
marking too pronounced and the ground somewhat of too light a shade.

H.-S., Sys. Bearb. II. 377, notes that the figure of Bdv. Icon., plt.
82, is incorrect in most respects, shape, fringes, colour of transverse
lines, hind-wings and under surface. His figs. 574-5 are of a very large
cataleuca with the central shade not so emphasized in depth as the
transverse lines.

Barrett, l.c., plt. 186, gives 8 figures. The basal colour incorrect,
too brown, some of markings too definite: 3a three dark brown trans-
verse bands alternating with four lighter bands; 2nd line a crenulated
black line; a similar one succeeds the stigmata; also a shortened basal
crenulated line; 3b generally darker, black-brown with obsolescent
marking.

Spuler, Schm. Eur. I. plt. 31, gives a good figure of a dark cataleuca;
he adds on p. 154 that lucernea has been shown to be distinct from
nyctemera by its genital structure.

South, Moths Br. Is. I. 213, plt. 107, 9-10 (1907) gives two good
figures, one with very numerous markings, which he calls renigera,
Steph. Scotland, but very different from all the usual Scotch specimens

(102) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 31. VITI.1937.

I have seen, which tend to be uniformly dark with more or less sup-
pressed marking; the other figure, a 9, is the catuleuea banded form.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct. III. plt. 11d., figures a very dark renigera ¢
and @ under the name lucernea, the ¢ being an ab. cataleuca with
the central shade. There is an ochreous tinge in these figures, which
does not agree with the description on p. 51, pale grey with green flush.

Culot, N. et G. I(1). plt. 9, fig. 2 (1909) gives a good figure of what
is considered lucernea on the Continent. In his text, p. 58, he con-
siders renigera, Steph. as a Scotch sub-sp.

Cort.-Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp. III. plt. 10cd. figures cataleuca,
with weakly expressed band; renigera, Steph. (nec Hb.) too dark and
brown; arguta; insulicoia; pescona, a pale bluish grey form; and
osmana, a form extremely like the figure of cataleuca close to it on the
plate, but is slightly yellowish.

Of the Variation Barrett writes:—‘‘ Variation in this species ap-
pears to be mainly local or climatal, and exists principally in the in-
tensity of the colour. On the south coast of England, and especially
at Portland, the general tint is pale smoky-grey, much darker toward
the hind-margin, and with the markings moderately distinct; inland
mountainous districts, especially in North Wales, produce a still paler
form; coast districts in the West and North a decidedly darker; and in
the far West, as in Kerry, some specimens are actually slate-black,
without more than the faintest trace of markings. The Isle of Wight
produces deep slate-coloured specimens, darker than those from the
Isle of Man, which are brown-grey. Shetland specimens are large and
dark, even to glossy blue-black.

Names and Forms to be considered :—
lucernea, Linn. Sys. Nat. Xed. 510 (1758).
ssp. renigera, Steph. JIl. IIT. 129 (1829)
ssp. cataleuca, Bdv. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 377, plt. 14. f. 2 (18383).
ssp. dalmata, Stdgr. Cat. IIled. 148 [fig. Iris. XXXVI. (1901)].

f. dubia, Vorb. & M.D. Schm. Schw. I. 265 (1911).

ssp. insulicola, Trti. Nat. Sicil. nos. 7-12 (1919), p. 70 of sep.

ssp. osmana, Corti & Wagner. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 69 (1929).

ssp. illyrica, Reb. & Zrny. Denk, Acad. Wiss. Wien. 90, plt. fig. 20 (1932).
ssp. bureschi, Trti. Mitt. Bulg. Ent. Gesell, VII. 114. fig. (1982).

ab. pallida, Schaw. Zt. Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVIII. 70 (1988).

ab. melanophila, Schaw. l.c.

f. arguti, Corti-Drdt.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. II. 71, plt. 10c. .19°33).
f. pescona, Corti-Drdt.-Seitz. l.c.

Tutt deals with (1) the lwcernea, Linn. ‘‘ almost unicolorous whitish-
erey form,’’ with no stigmata, and three pale transverse strigae. (2)
f. cataleuca with a well-developed, dark, central, transverse shade be-
tween the positions of the stigmata. (8) ssp. renigera, the dark blackish-
grey form, varied with obsolescent darker markings, of Scotland and
the North. He refers to, but does not name, the much paler form from
the I. of Wight and S. of England.

v. dalmata, Stdgr. Cat. [IIed. 143 (1901).
Fig.—Iris, XXXVI (1901).

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (103)

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Multo pallidior, al. ant. flavescenti-cinereis, al.
post. subt. plerumque extus non late obscuro-fasciatis; trans. ad sp.
sequ. esse videtur; an sp. propria?’’ Dalmatia.

f. dubia, Vorb. & M.D. Schm. Schw. I, 265 (1911).

‘A particularly large grey-white form, with obsolescent marginal
band on the hind wing, occurs in Wallis with the typical lucernea, L.
It was originally confused by Favre & Wullschlegel with nictymera, Bdv.
and frequently labelled as such. But it is never so strongly clay-yellow
as that species and clearly differs, as in lucernea, by the very shapely
toothed inner and outer waved lines. J think that this form has been
confused most of all with nictymera, B.’’ Glacier de Trient.

f. nsulicola, Trti. Nat. Siciliana. nos. 7-12 (1919), p. 70 of sep.

Fig.—l.c. plt. III. f. 33, and Seitz. /.c. plt.-10c.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This forms a transition between nictymera and
the form dalmata, Stdgr. of lwcernea, of a size intermediate. The differ-
ence of the ochreous coloration is appreciated more easily when com-
parison is made with series of nictymera, lucernea, dalmata and reni-
gera. It has the colour of the upper side somewhat like the ochraceous
colour of nictymera; the markings and lines are analagous; but the
waved line is sparsely shaded, while on the underside of all four wings
there lies a large black fascia, which distinguishes lucernea.’’? Sardinia,
Ajaccio.

To this Corti-Draudt add, Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. III. 71. ‘‘ Fore-
wings are much darker.’’ ‘‘ Much wider central shade.’’ ‘‘ Much darker
margin ’’ than simulatna = (nictymera).

f. osmana, Corti-Wagner. Mitt. Miinch. XIX. 69 (1929).

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ It is of generally more yellow colouration, and
yellow transverse lines as in normal lucernea. The hind-wing under-
side is particularly characteristic, where the deep, almost black darken-
ing of the outer area is not present, but is clay yellow as in nyctemera
without the black outer band of lucernea and with only a curved line
on the fore-wing underside. A characteristic marking of lucernea, that
in the examples, which are not dusted with black on the margin, almost
always occurs, (that) is the black trace along vein C, (according to
Berge-Rebel) from the outer margin, is in these examples clearly pre-
sent; in Pfeiffer’s examples not always. Fringes white as in lucernea.”’
Anatolia.

ssp. ilyrica, Reb.- Zerny. Denk. Acad. Wiss. Wien. (1982), 90.

Fig.—Plt. fig. 20.

Orie. Descrip.—‘ Differs from the alpine /ucernea by much smoother
scaling, more uniform coloration, throughout lighter upper side of the
fore-wings, which want the interspersed scattered yellowish white scales.
The outer transverse line is more sharply and distinctly toothed, hind-
wings towards the base somewhat lighter. Underside of the forewings
and the marginal band of the hindwings less dark, the latter therefore
also not so strongly in contrast with the pale wing surface as in typical
lucernea.

‘‘The single 2 lying before me has the upper side of the fore-
wings very light yellow-grey with distinct transverse lines and hind-
wings towards the base strongly paled. Underside of all the wings

(104) ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 31.VII1.1937.

whitish, the forewings with outer transverse line obsolescent towards the
inner margin. The hind-wing! marking less up to a very slight discal
point.”’ May be ssp. of somulatria.

ssp. bureschi, Tuleschkow, Mitt. Bulg, Ent. Gesell. VII. 114 (1982).

Fies.—l.c. p. 114, very poor woodcuts.

Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ Upperside dark grey with slight grey suffusion.
Fringes of the same colour as the wings, somewhat paler on the hind-
wings. The whole marginal area of all the wings up to the outer trans-
verse line almost unicolorous black-grey. Central shade wide, dark-
grey, with hardly visible traces of the reniform stigma; orbicular stigma
as slightly marked.

‘“ Underside equally very dark ashy grey, grey-black in the marginal
area, paler towards the base, into dusky white. The central shade line
wide and on all the wings well emphasized; as is the discal point on the
hind-wings.’’? S.W. Bulgaria.

ab. pallida, Schaw. Zeit. Oestr. Knt. Ver. XVIII. 70 (19838).

Orie. Descrrp.—‘‘ Two 3d wholly pale, yellowish-grey colour. Only
the praemarginal narrow band and the central band are somewhat
darker grey, so that the fore-wings are actually pale. The hind-
wings are also much lighter. Both specimens are quite fresh, un-
damaged, fringes perfect.’’ Corsica. Elevations.

ab. melanophila, Schaw. Zeit. Oestr. Ent. Ver. XVIII. 70 (1933).

Orig. Descrip.—‘’ The fore-wings are in ground colour grey and not
ochre-yellow, wholly darkened, with a wide, blackish outer area. Of the
same black colour are the central transverse band and the reniform
stigma. Hind-wings blackish darkened. Fringes whitish.’ Elevated
parts of Corsica.

f. argutt, Corti-Draudt-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. III. 71 (19388).

Fieg.—l.c. plt. 10c.

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ Resembles dubia by the more diffuse markings,
but is darker; subterminal line is scareely discernible.”’ Pyrenees.
The figure is uniformly dark with sparsely emphasized marking,
scarcely above the ground depth of colour.

f. pescona, Drdt.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Supp. IIT. 71 (1988).

Fig.—l.c. plt. 10c.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Is a very pale bluish grey; a very clearly marked
form with unusually dentate subterminal line; central shade very ap-
parent but narrow; marginal band of hind-wings exceptionally wide and
deep black.’’ Abruzzi.

Agrotis, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25) most authors [Epipsilia, Hb. (1822)
Hamp. (£pisilia in error): Rhyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr., Corti: Graphi-
phora, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25) Meyr.: Spaelotis, Bdv. (1840), Dup.:
Pachnobia, Gn. (1852) South.] stmulans, Hufn. (1766).

In his consideration of pyrophila, Tutt took Hiibner’s fig. 43 as the
type. But Hiibner himself says in his text (Noctuae), ‘‘ Synon. Noct.
pyrophila d. Ther.’ i.e. of Schiffermiiller.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (105)

Orig. Drscrip.—-‘‘ Larva with waved lines; larva with a few curved
hairs and moth of a dull grey: The dark grey marked owl-moth.’’

This was recognized by contemporary authors, Goze, de Villers,
Borkhausen & Fabricius. This last in the Mantissa, Il. 170 (1787), and
in the Ent. Sys. III. 98 (1793) gave a fuller recognizable description.
and in 1801 Ilhger in his Sys. Verz. I. 204 confirms the name with the
later description.

Villers, Ent. Innn. IV. 487 calls simulans ‘‘ L’ardoisée,’’ thus
noting its slaty surface appearance.

Ernst & Enegr., Pap. d’Eur. VI. 104, fig. 342, gives 5 figures, very
clearly giving both the grey and the yellow forms, but although good,
have too much emphasis in the marking and in the yellow form of
colour. The latter is said to be the dg, the grey form the @. One
figure is described as having white hind wings: an aberration.

Tutt, Brit. Noct. II. 80 (1892): Barr, Lep. Brit. Is. UI. 377, plt.
135, 2 (1896): Stgedr. Cat. IlTed. 143 (1901): Hamps. Lep. Phal. IV.
510 (1903): Splr. Schm. Hur. I. 153, plt. 34, 11-12 (1905): South, Moths
Brit. Is, 1. 214, plt. 107, f. 7-8 (1907): Warr.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. ITI. 52,
pit site 1909)) (CuloteN. e6°Gs Ir): so7peplts Ot. 1 e(19i0) ni Corti-
Drdt.-Seitz. Pal. Noct. Sup. III. 70, plt. 10a. (1983).

Esp., Abbild. IV. 1-2 (1786) depict a yellowish ¢ and a grey brown 9
very poorly; fig. 3 is about the size of plecta and all three are named
radicea. They badly, represent this species. Gn. distinctly says (V.301)
that fig. 3 cannot be pyrophila.

Goze, Ent. Beitr., places them as separate species. III(38). 211 and
195 (1781).

Bork., ‘‘ Hur. Schm.’’? IV. 207 and 211 does the same (1792).

Hiibner’s fig, 43 (1802) is rather too yellow-grey to be the Portland
form as I have it. The examples of the latter I have before me have
possibly lost the ‘‘ deep ochreous colour tending to brown ’”’ which Tutt
(II. 80) speaks of.

Treit., Schm. V(1). 202 (1825) unites simulans, Hufn., pyrophila,
Schiff., tristis, Fb., and radicea, Esp. under the name pyrophila, and
thus does not use the prior name.

Steph., Jil. II. 130 (1826) considered his dark insect as the continen-
tal latens, Hb., which it certainly cannot be. See Hiib. Samml., figs.
419, 806-7, which cannot be confused with the very dark latens, Steph.,
found in Scotland. Gn. Hist, Nat. Noct. V. 305 places latens to
lucernea, which Tutt points out cannot be correct on account of the
marking.

Dup., Hist. Nat. VI. 35, plt. 74, 2 (1826) gives a good figure of the
yellow tinged pyrophila,

Wood, Ind., plt. 9, f. 155 (1834) gives a figure of latens (Stephens’
collection) a very dark form with suppressed marking and f. 156 shows
pyrophila, the slightly yellowish form, probably a southern one of
Stephens’ collection.

H.S., Sys. Bearb. IT. 334, considers Hb. fig. good, but too yellow
and too broad fore-wings, the orbicular too dark, and the reniform too
uniformly filled in dark.

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V. 301, quotes simulans, Hufn., but does not
adopt it as the prior name.

(106) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

South, Moths Br. Is., I., plt. 107, figs. 7 and 8, represent ¢ and 9,
the latter of an unusual pale brown instead of the usual grey-brown.

Barrett, l.c., plt. 135, 2 figs. 2a. darker and more uniform with dis-
tinetly lghter stigmata; specific basic colour not apparent in these
figures,

Comparing the simulans and the lucernea lying before me I note
that the former has the fore-wings of a slaty grey generally, the Port-
land specimens with a slight tinge of ochreous, the hind-wings neither
black nor ruddy, the fore-wings have a faint submarginal row of sagit-
tate marks, while the latter have a silky texture of fore-wing surface,
the hind-wings are dark fuscous with a ruddy suffusion. The form
latens, Steph., was formerly attributed to lucernea, but comparison of
series of the two species shows that it belongs to swmulans.

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III. 52, plt. 11f. (1909), treat tristis and
radicea as synonyms of the typical form, and latens, Steph., as ‘‘ a uni-
colorous black form, with still more intense markings ’’ and not as the
latens, Hb., which Stephens considered it was when he described it in
1829 (Jil. II. 129). They figure simulans much too brown. A curious
error arises regarding the fig. 11f. of latens, which does service for
both latens, Hb., and simulans form latens, Steph. The fig. cannot re-
fer to the latter which should be ‘‘ unicolorous black ’’ (see above).

Culot, N. et G., I1(1), plt. 9, 1 (4910), has a good figure of the con-
tinental form and lays stress on the fact that the ochreous tinge never
approaches that of nyctemera.

Corti-Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp.. III. 70 (1933), consider augu-
roides, Roth. from N. Africa as a race of simulans. ‘Tt is more
brownish with irrorations and indistinct stigmata.’’ They give a re-
vised figure, l.c., 10a, as the figure in the main volume is too brown;
it should be much greyer.

The Forms and Names to be discussed are :—
simulans, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., III. 396.
tristis, Fab. (1775), Sys. Ent., 617.
pyrophila, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 71.
radicea, Esp. (1786), Abbild., TV. 454, plt. 148, 1-2.
ab. latens, Steph. (1826), JUl., IT. 1380.
ssp. sibirica, Stdgr. (1892), Iris, V. 356.
ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., IT. 80.
ab. obscurata, Stdgr. (1901), Cat., IIled. 143.
ab. auguroides, Corti (1933), Drdt.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., III. Sup. 70.

Tutt dealt with (1) the simulans, Hufn. (2) the slightly yellow
tinged large pyrophila, Schiff. (3) the melanic form latens, Steph.
(4) and the suffused grey slaty form su/ffusa.

Barrett says of the Variation :—

‘¢ Hardly variable in any one locality but subject to regular grada-
tions of colouring in accordance with latitude. On the south coast its
colour is brownish-grey, or even pale brown; as it occurs further north
the colour becomes darker, till in the north of Scotland, the insect is
of a unicolorous grey-black.’’

ab. tristis, Fab., Sys. Ent., 617 (1775).
This name is nothing more than an alternative name for simulans.
Hampson, however, says ‘‘ Darker, fore-wings blackish grey.”’

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (107)

ab. radicea, Esp., Abbild., 1V. 454 (1786).

Fig.—l.c., plt. 143, f. 1-3.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This rare variety has shorter, smaller wings, and
a more conspicuous red-brown ground colour of fore-wings, the stig-
mata are larger and more distinct, also the band on the outer margin
is stronger, and with a paler margin. The upper side of the hind-
wings has two blackish transverse lines. On the underside of both
wings is a brown reddish colour, and the body is more blackish
coloured.’’

This figure 3 is a very small and unrecognizable form of simulans.
Figures 1 and 2 on the same plate may represent simulans, but I doubt it.

ssp. sibirica, Stdgr., Iris, V. 356 (1892).

Ortc. Drescrip.—‘' A whole row of 2 specimens, doubtfully attri-
buted to sibirica, Bdv., are most probably only a dark form of simulans
such as I possess among a somewhat varied series of specimens from
Jutland and Finland. The 34 mm. sized 2 from Kentei is smaller, has
a somewhat different general appearance, and probably belongs to an-
other species.’’

ab. obscurata, Stdgr., Cat. Lep., ed. III. 143 (1901).
Orig. Descriep.—‘‘ Obscurior; al. ant. nigricanti-griseis.”’

ab. auguroides, (Corti) Drdt.-Seitz., Pal, Noct. Supp., II. 70 (1933).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 10a.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ It is more brownish with irregular irrorations
and indistinct stigmata.’’ A N. African race; Guelt-es-stel.

Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) most authors. [Graphiphora, Ochs. &
Tr. (1816-25) Steph. Meyr.: Rhyacia, Hb. (1822) Warr., Corti: Orgygia,
Hb. (1822) Sth.] ravida, Schiff. (1775) = obscura, Brahm (1791).

Tutt, B. Noct., II. 81 (1892), used the name obscura, Brahm and
Bork., for the type description. He states in a footnote ‘‘ Brahm has
only described the earlier stages. I have therefore taken Borkhausen’s
as the type description.’’ In this statement Tutt was incorrect. The
facts are these. Brahm in 1791 described the earlier stages, and in
1792 he described the insect he bred from his larva he had named
obscura, Ins.-kal. II, p. 412. Borkhausen in the same year, 1792, also
described the same insect and in doing so quoted the description of
Brahm and used the same name for it, obscura. Curiously Tutt sub-
sequently took three earlier descriptions of Esper, 1786, as those of
aberrant forms of obscura, the form described in 1792 by Brahm.

Borkhausen’s description is almost word for word taken from Brahm,
and was quoted by Tutt, Br. Noct., II. 81.

Tutt overlooked the earlier references to Schiff. for ravida, although
a number of early writers acknowledged the reference, from Illger
(1801) onward.

Tutt, Brit. Nock, Ml 8892): Smith, Rev. of Agrotts:: sps.94
(1893): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IIT. 386, plt. 136 (1896): Stdgr., Cat., ITI
ed., 136 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV. 455 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur.,

(108) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 21.1X.1937.

I. 145, plt. 382, 18 (1905): South, M.B.I., I. 215, plt. 107 (1907): Warr.-
Seiuz.) Pal, Nocts, Til! 49) plt. 10k 14909) -Culob, WNeter Glas 36;
plt. 5, f. 8-9 (1910): Corti-Drdt.-Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II. 70, plt.
9k (1983).

Three of Esper’s figures have been identified with this species.
Abbild., IV., plt. 142, fig. 5. austera is a fairly good figure, reddish
with a dark space between the two stigmata. Fig. 4 is to me an im-
possible one for a form of this species; it is named obducta, general
shape and marking are quite different and the colour is not uniformly
grey but variegated. Tutt says that Newman’s figure is of this type;
it may be, but still one can call his (Newman’s) figure an ‘‘ obscura.”’
Esper’s, l.c., plt. 150, fig. 2, bigramma, is another fairly good figure of
a grey-brown form with the dark space between the stigmata.

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., fig. 342d (1788), probably represents
this species with a slight reddish tinge.

Hiibner’s figure, Samml., 126 (1802), has a bright red costa, not faint
as Brahm and Borkhausen both say, as also does Illiger in his Verz.
(1801). Hiibner, l.c., 600, is a much better figure, ashy-grey very
slightly tinged with red, costa paler, to which Tutt has given the aber-
rational name rufa, l.c., 83. I have never seen a specimen like Hub.,
126. H.S., Sys. Bearb., II. 339 (1845), also unfavourably criticizes
Hiibner’s figs. )

Godt., Hist. Nat., V. 234, plt. LXVI, f. 6 (1824), has a very fair
figure, with slightly reddish costa.

Freyer, New. Beitr., III. 25, plt. 208 (1839), gives a good figure of
ravida, and in the text says that the species has been described under
obducta, austera and bigramma by Esper, and as obelisca and obscura
by Borkhausen. He discards the prior names and used ravida, Hb.

Guenée, Hist. Nat, Noct:, V. 300, says, ‘‘ Specimens from N. America
are a little darker, especially on the lower wings, and often more uni-
form in colour, but this is not sufficiently marked to merit a varietal
name.’ Tutt refers to two American varieties represented in the
British Museum collection. (1) clandestina, Harr., which has sub-
sequently been determined as a good species; and (2) unicolor, Walk.,
a Canadian form.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV. 455 (1903), took ravida, Schiff., as type
name and considered obducta, austera and bigramma, of Esper, valida,
Walker, stabulorum, Bien., nipona, Feld., caliginosa, B.Hr., and glis,
Christ., as forms of the species.

Splr., Schm, Eur., plt. 32, 18 (1905), has a very good figure, with no
differentiation of costa.

South, M.B.I., I, plt. 107, figs. 5, 6 (1907), has two very good figures
of the true surface tint and no features too pronounced.

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III. 49 (1909), considers crassa, Haw., as
the same as austera, Esp., and the nipona, Fldr., and caliginosa, Btlr.,
to be the valida, Wlkr. On plt. 10k are figured the grey brown ravida,
the larger more well-marked Eastern form valida, Wlkr., and stabu-
lorum, Bien., which is considered to be a true species by its dull rufous-
ereen tint and very obscure lines (not obscure in the figure).

Culot, NV. et. G., I (1), plt. V, f. 8-9 (1910), gives 2 excellent figures ;
9 with the merest shade of red on the costa.

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (109)

Barrett speaks of the Variation as follows:—‘‘ There is some Varia-
tion in the ground colour, the red costal colouring in some specimens
suffusing the greater portion of the fore-wings, or in others becoming
hardly perceptible, leaving the whole surface dark brown, or grey-
brown, or even blackish-brown.: In some specimens in each shade of
colouring there is a darkening of the space between the orbicular and
reniform stigmata. There is nothing clearly defined in these variations ;
all melt imperceptibly into each other.’’ i

He reports a curious aberration ‘‘ remarkably resembling one of the
forms of A. nigricans and hardly larger than that species.”

The two figures on plt. 186 are both poorly coloured.
Hampson, Cat. Lep. Phal., IV, 456 (1903), records specimens from
the Punjab with hind-wings wholly brown.

List of Names and Forms to be considered :—
ravida, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 80.
f. obducta, Esp. (1786), Abbild., IV, 452, plt. 142.
f. austera, Esp., l.c.
f. bigramma, Esp., l.c., 490, plt. 150.
obscura, Brahm (1791-2), Ins. Kal., I, 191 (1790); II, 412 (1792).
obscura, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 588.
crassa, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 220.
ssp. or f, unicolor, Walk. (1856), Lep. Het., IX, 233.
ssp. or f. clandestina, Harris (1862), Injur. Ins., 448.
valida, Walk. (1865), Lep. Het., XX XIII, 711.
ssp. stabulorwm, Bien. (1870), Disc., 34.
ssp. nipona, Fldr. (1872), Reis. Nov., plt. 110, 20.
ssp. caliginea, Btlr. (1878), Ann. and Mag. N.H., (5), I, 165.
ssp. glis, Christ. (1887), Rom. Mem., II, plt. 12, 5; III, 64, plt., IIT, 10.
ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 82.
ab. sujfusa, Tutt (1892), l.c.
- f, salva, Corti-Drdt.-Seitz. (1933), Pal. Noct. Sup., II, 70, 9k.

Tutt dealt with (1) the ravida, Hb., with red costa; (2) obscura,
ashy-grey with silky shimmer; (8) obducta, Esp., grey-brown; (4)
bigramma, Esp., grey-brown with dark area between the stigmata; (5)
rufa, Hubner’s fig. 600; (6) austera, Esp., reddish with dark area be-
tween the stigmata; (7) suffusa, greyish-black, unicolorous; (8) clandes-
tina, obscure markings, grey costa, not red; (9) wnicolor, Wlkr., a
Canadian form almost typical, with only the slightest red tinge on costa.

crassa, Haw., Lep. Br., 220 (1809).

Orie. Drscrip.—‘‘ Alis fuscis nitidis atro subnebulosis, corpore
praegrosso.”’

‘¢ Antennae omnino setaceae. Thorax perfuscus antice rufescens.
Alae basi, lineol& nigra, vel atra, aliisque irregularibus inter et circa
stigmata ordinaria obsoleta. Stigma tertium imperfectum vel inter-
dum omnino obliteratum. Saepe strigae obsoletissimae pallidiores
ordinariae plurimarum Noctuarum, fusco plus minus adnatae, viz.,
una basi, altera ante, tertia pone stigmata, quartaque juxta marginem
posticum pallida absque fusco. Alae posticae albidae venis fimbriaque
fuliginosis. Exemplaria perpauca solum vidi.’? Norfolk.

(110) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.X.1937.

This description is taken as that of ravida, but Haworth called it
the crassa, Hb., 152, in error. He admits having seen very few
examples.

valida, Walker, Cat. Lep, Ins. B.M., XXXII, p. 711 (1865).

Oric. Descrip.—Foem: ‘‘ Obscure fusca, crassa; palpi oblique as-
cendentes, articulo 3 conico; alae anticae lineis quatuor cinereis angu-
losis nigricante marginatis, 3 postmedia flexa, 4 submarginali, orbicu-
lari et reniformi magnis nigro submarginatis, illa strigam nigram inter-
rumpente; posticae albido-cinereae, linea marginali fusca.”’

Female: ‘‘ Dark brown, thick. Palpi stout, obliquely ascending,
not rising so high as the vertex; third joint conical, not more than one-
fourth of the length of the second. Abdomen brownish, extending rather
beyond the hind-wings. Wings cinereous and shining beneath. Fore-
wings with four cinereous zigzag blackish-bordered lines; first line very
near the base; second emitting a black streak to the reniform mark;
this streak is interrupted by the orbicular mark; third line bent; fourth
submarginal; orbicular and reniform marks large, incompletely bor-
dered with black. Hind-wings whitish cinereous; marginal line brown.
Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 22 lines.”’

a. Shanghai. From the Entomological Society’s collection.

ssp. stabulorum, Bien., Lep. Ergebnisse. Reise, Persien, 34 (1871).

Orntc. Descrre.—‘ Alis anticis obtusis rufescentibus, strigis duabus
obsoletis, linea undulata serrata, macula reniformi et orbiculari grise-
scente obscurior cincta, posticis fuscentibus, omnibus subtus ad mar-
einem exteriorem rufo conspersis.”’ ,

‘‘In shape and size like that of A. ravida. It differs from that
species by its dusky red-green coloration, the very obscure often not
recognizable transverse lines and obsolescent waved line and the absence
of the black basal streak. The reniform and orbicular are paler, grey,
spots somewhat darker enveloped; in many examples the two stigmata
do net show as paler spots. The fringes are a little paler than the
eround colour.’? Steppe bei Schahrud.

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 456 (1903). Paler; fore-wing without the
basal black streak, the stigmata not defined.

ssp. nipona, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. 110, f. 20 (1872).

There is no text to this work of Felder. Rogenhofer edited the
volumes of plates. The figure is an obscura, with no differentiation of
costa but the area of the hind-wing inside the dark marginal area is
slightly tinted pale yellow.

ssp. caliginea, Btlr., A.M.N.H., (5), I, 165 (1878).

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Allied to Graphiphora sigma, but with narrower
and longer wings, the primaries sepia-brown, with the costal area
slightly greyer or redder, but not sharply defined as in G. sigma, the
discoidal markings less strongly defined, the angular discal stripe less
lunated in its divisions and more uniform in width; secondaries sordid
shining white instead of brown; the thorax scarcely darker than the
abdomen, the head and collar whitish instead of reddish; under surface
shining whitish; the primaries with a discal transverse line, twice as
far from the margin as in G. sigma, secondaries with the discocellular

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (111)

spot barely indicated, and the discal line only visible on the costal
area.”’ Japan.

This was also figured and described, Jll. Het., III, plt. 44, 10 (1878),
by Butler.

ssp. glis, Christ.. Rom. Mem., III, 64°(1887).

Fie.—l.c., plt. ITI, fig. 10.

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis ant. obtusis, rufobrunneis, strigis ambabus
lutescentibus, antica denticulata, postica angulosa, linea subundulata
antimarginali, stigmatibusque concoloribus vel griseis, fusco-circum-
scriptis; posticis lutescente griseis, ad limbum infuscatis.’? 17-21 mm.
N. Persia.

‘Next to A. senna, H.G., near A. erythrina, Rmbr., glis has no
row of white dots like the latter. The cross lines of erythrina are nearer
to one another on the inner margin than in glis, which also differs from
senna by the wavy line before the border being more distinct and pretty
regularly toothed. The fore-wings are wider than in senna and not
dark red brown. The front wavy cross line is of a more yellow colour
on the costa and margined on both sides by a black brown spot, here
and there darker on both sides. The basal cross-line lies almost as in
senna but is not dentate. At its origin on the costa is also a black-
brown spot. The border line, also yellowish, has a few insignificant
teeth, while in senna the teeth are deep and regular. It is dark mar-
gined on the inner side. The stigmata are distinct; they are filled in
with the wing colour or grey without dark margining.”’

f. salva, Corti (Draudt) Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 70 (1933).

Fieg.—l.c., plt. 9k.

Ortc. Descrip.---‘‘ This looks like a small narrow-winged very pale
ravida with heavy irrorations and the delicate markings are only in-
distinctly visible in the patchy ground colour. The subterminal line
with slightiy paler edge towards the darker post-median area. MHind-
wings very pale, whitish.”’ Juldus. In spite of Corti’s indication
Draudt considers it a species.

A'grotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hump., Stdgr. Sth. Splr. Cul.
[Rhyacia, Hb. (1822), Warr. Corti: Epipsilia, Hb. (1822), Sth. Corti
(subgen.): Triphaena, Hb. (1822), Meyr.: Pachnobia, Gn. (1852), Mill.
Stdgr. Newm. Weir. Barr.] alpicola, Zett. = hyperborea, Zett.

Tutt notes that alpicola, Zett., is the prior name, but that because
hyperborea ‘‘is in such general use,’’ he retains it.

Zett., Ins. Lapp., 938, quotes ‘‘ Dalm. in lit.,’’ ‘‘ Hadena, Bdv.
(Ind. Lepid., p. 71), ‘‘ Mus. Reg. Acad. Holm., etiam Schonherre, e
quo specimina typica heic descripta mihi benigne communicata.”’
From which we understand that Zett. made the description in 1840 of
hyperborea on p. 938 from specimens kindly lent him by Schonherr and
that the species was already named by Dalman from whom Bdv. had
obtained knowledge as early as 1829 since he included the name in his
Europ. Lep. Index Meth. in the genus Hadena, p. 71, eleven years
before, quoting Dalm. as the authority. We are unable to trace the

(112) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 4 15.X.1937.

name egregia, Led., which has-been mentioned by some writers as a
synonym., e.g. Hering (1846).

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 85 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., V, 231, plt.
215, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., III ed., 137-8 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal.,
IV, 468 (1908): Splr., Schm.. Eur.,;1,.147, plt. 32;, 23 (1905):,.Sth.,
Moths Br. Is., I, 215, plt. 108, 1-4 (1907): Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., III,
36, plt. 7k (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 37, plt. 5, 15-18 (1910): Corti-
Draudt-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 73, plt. 10k-11b (1933).

- Herr.-Schaff. (Sys. Bearb., IT, 198) (1846) describes continental forms
.as glacialis, figs. 421, 428, 424. Fig. 424 with a bluish outer marginal
area to the fore-wings is that which is similar to our British bred form
Tutt has called caerulescens. 423 with the cuneiform submarginal spots
is the form called carnica by Hering, while 421 is glacialis I take it.
They are all three good well-coloured figures. H.-S. was apparently
not acquainted with the work of Zetterstedt, nor with that of Humph.
& Westw.

Humph. & Westw., Brit. Moths, I, 118, plt. 23, 13 (1848), describe
and figure as alpina the example from the Scottish mountains, 3000 ft.,
taken by J. W. Douglas in Perthshire in 1839. The figure is poorly
executed, but sufficiently passable to designate the form as distinct from
the continental northern countries type. The figure in Newman,
‘* British Moths,’’ was taken from the original specimen taken by Fox-
croft in 1854.

Milliére in his Jcon. of the Linn. Soc. of Lyons, pt. XIII, p. 79, plt.
60, redescribes hyperborea, and figures the ¢ and @Q in his collection
excellently, remarking that it had never been figured before.

Both Guenée and Doubleday err in quoting the author of carnica as
Heer. Hering is the correct spelling.

Newman, Brit. Moths, 355 (1869), gives a good b. and w. figure of
the 2nd British example, taken by J. Foxcroft also in Scotland and
describes it under the name Pachnobia carnica, presumably compared
with and identified as the carnica of Hering (1846), probably following
Gn.

Weir, Ent., 290 (1880), plt. IV, figs. 14, 15, states that the Shetland
forms are not so variable as those on the Scottish mainland. He gives
two fair figures of the extreme forms found in the islands, 14 a pinkish
form with sparse blackish markings, and 15 a predominantly black form
with a few grey markings.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 801, places it in his genus Episilia, which he
ascribes to Hiibner, but misspells it. It should be Epipsilia, Hb.

Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 147, plt. 32, fig. 23, gives a fairly good figure of
a form predominantly pale slaty in colour and no black markings, the
rest of the wing being of dull brown shades, not red at all.

Scuth, M.B.J., I, 215, plt. 108, gives 4 very good figures, two of Shet-
land and two of Rannoch specimens, average forms and in no way
extreme, or of remarkable aberration.

Meyrick places it in his conception of the genus Triphaena, which
contains two species of ‘‘ yellow underwings.”’

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., III, 36, plt. 7k (1909), puts iveni, Huber,
as a synonym, and glacialis, H.-S., as the carnica, Hering, and treats
the name hyperborea as that of a form, adopting alpicola, Zett., as the

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (113)

Corti-Draudt-Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., U1, 73, plts. 10k and 11b
(1933), acknowledge the unsatisfactory figure in the main volume and
give a better figure, 1lb, more comparable with the slaty form in
Spuler’s fig. (ante) but not so much of that tint on the outer half of the
fore-wing. Three other figures on plate 10k show the riffelensis form,
the iveni form, and the more familiar form to us, viz., alpina, which is
stated to come from both Scotland and Ireland. Corti returns to the
name hyperborea in place of alpicola.

Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 37, plt. V, figs. 15-18, gives four excellent
figures, 15 a slaty grey form, hyperborea; 16, 17 two alpina forms, the
latter with scattered dark markings; 18 a much darker riffelensis form;
but none comparable with our north British forms.

Of the Variation Barrett writes:—‘‘ Variation in this beautiful
species is universal, hardly two specimens are quite alike; it shows it-
self in the tone and intensity of the warm velvety-brown of the ground
colour, and in its extent; in the degree and extent of ashy-grey cloud-
ings—which occasionally occupies the whole surface of the fore-wings
except a central red-brown band—and especially in the longitudinal
black striping. This is sometimes remarkable, and is most seen in
specimens from the Shetland Isles; the black basal streak is extended
into a deep black broad bar, right through the wing to the subterminal
line, and is sometimes supplemented by a similar but narrower broken
stripe above it, or by long black dashes from the reniform stigma to the
same line, while in other instances the centre of the wing is occupied
by a black cloud, or all the spaces between the nervures in this portion
are filled in with black, or, on the other hand, there is a total absence
of black markings. In examples from the Scottish mountains many
have large blotches of almost bluish or purplish bloom at the base and
on the costal or dorsal margin or both, and very often along the hind
margin, while some are devoid of such shading altogether or lean toward
rich dark purple-brown with the markings obscured.’’

‘‘ Abroad the range of variation does not seem to be so great; those
from the Swiss mountains are rosy-brown; from Lapland red-brown or

rosy-grey ; from Labrador dull inconspicuous brown; and from Finland
ashy-grey.’’

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
alpicola, Zett., Ins. Lap., 938 (1840).
hyperborea, Zett., l.c., 938 (1840).
aquilonaris, Zett., l.c., 940 (1840).
f. alpina, Hump. & Wstw., Brit. Moths, I, 118, plt. 23 (1843).
f. carnica, Hering, Stett. ent. Zeit., 236 (1846).
f. glacialis, H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 198, figs. 421-5 (1849).
f. went, Huber, Hor. Ross., VI, 135, pit. 3 (1869).
ab. caerulescens, Tutt, Brit, Noct., II, 85 (1892).
ssp. norvegica, Strnd., Nyt. Mag. Naturv., XLII, 134 (1904).
ab. ryjfelensis, Obthr. & Culot, Lép. comp., I, 60, plt. I, 11 (1904).

Tutt dealt with the 3 ashy forms (1) hyperborea, with more distinct
markings. (2) alpicola, with central area reddish-brown. (3) aquilonaris,
markings obsolete, clouded with reddish; and with 3 red forms (4) caeru-
lescens, with slaty lines (beautiful bred forms from Scotland) =glacialis,

(114) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X1.1937.

a somewhat similar continental form figured by H.-S. (fig. 424). (5)
carnica, with cuneiform spots, and (6) without cuneiform spots =glaci-
alis; and finally (7) buff-grey, with cuneiform spots, alpina.

Again one meets with a case of great variation, a variation which
makes it almost impossible to analyse and classify the forms or even to
identify the forms which have already been described.

ivent, Huber, Hor. Ross., VI, 135 (1869).

Fie.—l.c., plt. 3.

Orte. Derscrip.—Grisea, brunneo mixta, lineis nigris, stigmatibus
brunneis, ciliis linea dividente obscuriore, alis posterioribus griseis.

‘‘ Fore-wings grey at the base; from the costa to the middle of the
wing close to the thorax les a black streak interrupted in the middle,
to which the arrow streak running from the base of the wing puts a
stop; then follows a unicolorous grey area with a black dot. This area
is margined by a wavy line formed of half-moon shaped streaks curved
inwardly, which crosses the whole width of the wing. In the following
area are found the inner pale grey reniform stigma, and further, separ-
ated by a dark intermediate space, the outer stigma, beyond which up
to the outer margin of the wing lies a light brown band. Then follows
a strong waved line which is formed of half-moon shaped streaks curved
towards the outside. The band now following running almost parallel
with the outer margin of the wings contains two light brown, strongly
marked dart-like streaks and numerous brown streaks. The fringes are
on a wavy black line running along the outer margin of the wing. The
lower wings are dark grey and have only a very dull impression of a
discal mark. Thorax and abdomen grey as the upper wings,”’ etc.

var. ryffelensis, Obthr., Lép. comp., I, 60.

Fig.—plt. I, 11 (1904).

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The form from the Ryffelalp differs from the Lap-
land form. It is of a duller slaty grey and seems generally larger.’’

‘‘ In the north of Britain the form of hyperborea (alpina) has the
markings reddish, while in Lapland and in Switzerland, a violet grey or
slaty grey replaces this reddish colour.”’

race norvegica, Strnd., Nyct. Mag. Naturvid., XLII, 1384 (1904).

Oric. Descrip.—‘ Of the northern examples of A. hyperborea, which
have similarity to carnica, only those I have knowledge of are mentioned
—Schoyen, Tengstrém and Reuter [and his own].”’

‘‘ Schoyen describes a specimen from Vesterdalen; Tengstrom and
Reuter a Finnish example. These descriptions sufficiently show that
the captured examples belong to the same form ag my Erfjord examples.
From the description of Tengstroém I note only the absence of the dis-
tinct row of black wedge-shaped spots in the marginal area, but which
in my examples, if not also wholly wanting, are so extremely indistinct
that they cannot serve as a characteristic of this variation, in fact these
spots are often also wanting in quite typical examples of hyperborea.
The example from Vesteraalen, which I had the opportunity to examine,
as well as the description of Schéyen, agrees with my examples. The
small difference present may be described as follows. While the dark
brown colour of the Erfjord form in the disc and on the costa (which is
only slightly pallid) is extended right up to the base, so that only the

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (115)

inner marginal area retains the greyish ground colour, the basal
area of the Vesterdalen example is grey only darkened in the middle,
and on the costal margin it retains the grey ground colour right up to
the reniform stigma. And the grey colour, which predominates in the
Vesterdalen example, is only a little darker in the marginal area, than
in the basal area, and the cuneiform spots are large and distinct, not
blackish but deeper brown, or yellowish brown. In my examples the
brown colour is present over the whole marginal area, in which the
markings do not show; the rest of the outer half of the wing is strongly
reddish and suffused. In both the inner portion of the wing area with
the inner portion of the large orbicular stigma is of the grey-white
colour sharply separated from the dark area at the darkest part. The
remaining portion of the Vesterdalen example is more suffused than in
mine, so that its paler colour is more expressed; it may be not the same
sex.”’

Agrotis, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25). Most authors. [Rhyacia, Hb.
(1822) Warr.-Seitz.: Corti-Seitz.: Lycophotia, Hb. (1822) Hamp.:
Scotophila, Steph. (1829)] strgula, Thunbg. (1788) = birivia, Schiff.
(1775).

intiy Bite Noch... Wes 891892) 5 Barr: eps Brite wlss Ui 364 elt:
134, 1 (1896): Stdgr., Cat., III ed., 185 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV,
524 (1903): Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 142, plt. 32, 2 (1905): South, Moths
Brisa 210M plt 10d. (907)=" Warr-seitz., Pale wNioct. sunk At
plt. 9a (1909): Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 27, plt. 3, 4-6 (1909): Corti-Drdt.-
Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 11), 73 (933).

Tutt did not trace the name porphyrea as it was originally used in
the Verz, of Schiff., and apparently did not search for records earlier
than Hiibner’s use of it, nor did he consult the text of Hiibner, and thus
missed the first description of this species.

biminia. schaithe, Vere. (1 (iio):

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ These Noctuae have deflexed wings, mostly dust
coloured, always having the transverse waved line obsolete, glossy.’’
‘“The white marked Noctua.’’ The porphyrea, Schiff. ‘‘ The purple-
brown, dark sprinkled noctua,’’ p. 83, is not this species.

Esper’s fig. 1 on plt. 152, Abbild., IV, is recognisable ag this species
and is named concinna.

Ernst and Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VI, fig. 340 (1788), give two fairly
good figures of this species, which they call the birivia, Schiff.

Bork., Naturg. Schmett., fully describes the birivia, Schiff. ‘‘ The
white-marked owl-moth,”’ and identified the concinna, Esp., as a form
of it. He refers to the varia, de Vill., as this species.

Illiger, New Ausg. Verz., I, 203 (1801), recognises the concinna, Esp..,
as a birivia.

Hiibner gives 2 figures labelled birivia, Samml., 42 (1802), and 631
(1818), neither of which is the birivia of Schiff. which Illiger, who had
access to the collection of Schiffermueller indicated in the purplish
winged moth with ‘ whitish ’’ markings, concinna, Esp., only half the
size of wing of Hiibner’s fig. 42, which he, in his text, Noct., p. 169,

(116) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 INT.19387.

attributes to Schiff., and which Ernst and Engram. pictured in fig. 340.
Hiibner’s fig. 631 is quite another species and cannot be confused with
the birivia, Schiff., nor with his own birivia, fig. 42. Whereas Htbner’s
figs. 93 and 473, labelled porphyrea, are undoubtedly the birivia, Schiff.
under the name porphyrea, Hiibner gives two excellent figures of the
birivia, Schiff., figs. 98 and 473.

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 400, plt. 100, 4 (1825), gives an excellent figure.
He confuses his early references.

Steph., Zll., Ill, 19, considers this species sufficiently distinct to be
placed in a separate genus, which he describes under the name Scoto-
phila.

Ochs, and Treit., Schmet. d. Hur., V (1), 191, birivia, ‘‘ the white-
marked owl-moth,’’ and V (2), 73, porphyrea, ‘‘ the purple-brown, dark
sprinkled owl-moth,’’? seemed to have confused the references and the
two species, which are abundantly different in size, colour, and mark-
ing. Possibly they were influenced by the Text of Hiibner, which refers
the figures 93 and 473 to the porpihyrea, Schiff., and to the birivia de-
scribed by Borkhausen, ‘‘ the red-brown white-marked owl-moth.” No
doubt a confusion. In fact Borkhausen describes the birivia, Schiff.,
very fully and emphasises it by references to figures in Ernst and Enegr.,
Pape Gali:

Wood, Ind. Ent., 56, plt. 18, f. 286 (1834), gives a very sparsely
marked fig.

Freyer, Destr., I, 109, plt. 34 (1828), gives a good figure, with the
larva on heath.

Of Hiibner’s figures H.-S. notes, Sys. Bearb., Il, 347 (1846), that
there is often a much brighter suffusion of rosy red. He refers the
lepida, Esp., 1V, plt. 73, 2, cited to this species by Treit., to be perplexa.
He names the species porphyrea, Schiff., in error, but correctly cites
birivia of Bork. In his Syn. Inst of Noctuae, p. 46, he cites the amica,
Fab., 323, and also the artemisiae, Cram., and Donovan’s, plt. 360, 1,
a very good figure. He followed Cram. in quoting artemisiae, Cram.,
396, a Surinam species; but Gn. considered it not in any way proved.

Hamp., Lep. Phal., 1V, 524 (1903), calls it the porphyrea, Schiff., in
error, and he puts concinna, Esp., ericae, Haw., suffusa, Tutt, picta,
Fb., strigula, Thun., and marmorea, Gras., as synonyms, which action
proves that porphyrea, Schiff., the ‘‘ purple-brown, dark-sprinkled owl-
moth ’’ is not the insect intended. He places it in the genus Lycophotia,
Hb. He probably assumed that porphyrea, Hb., was the same as the
porphyrea, Schiff., and made a double error in placing it in Lycophotia.

Meyr., Hand., 95 (1895/6), uses strigula, Thun., with synonym porpliy-
rea, Hb., in the genus Agrotis, and does the same in the Revised Hand.,
99 (1928).

South’s figure, plt. 107, 1, Moths Br. Is., I, is a fairly good one of a
not very clear typical form.

Culot, V. et G., I (1), 27 (1909), places strigula, Thun., at the head
of the genus Agrotis, and on plt. III, 4-6, gives excellent figures of
strigula, typical, of marmorea with decrease in the emphasis and amount
of light markings, and of the suffusa, Tutt, with much fewer light
markings.

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., III, 41, gives the name porphyrea, Schiff.,
which it cannot be from the subsequent description, and states that the

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (117)

birivia, Bork., is not the birivia, Schiff., which is contrary to all the
evidence of early figures, the full and clear description made by Bork-
hausen and his references to Schiff., Esper, de Vill., and Ernst and Engr.
The ¢ and Q figures of Seitz. are poor for typical with all the usual
white markings dulled without any suggestion of the red-ground of the
description in the text.

Of the Variation Barrett remarks :—‘‘ Shghtly variable in the depth
of the purple ground colour, in the amount of white upon the nervures,
and in the distinctness of the white markings, most of which in some
individuals become obscured, or more rarely obliterated, except that the
orbicular stigma is constant and conspicuously white. There is, how-
ever, a strong tendency to climatic alteration in colour, which in the
south of Scotland becomes a darker purple, and in the mountain dis-
tricts dark purple-brown or purple-grey with a smoky hue. Those from
the Shetland Isles are often much suffused with dark colouring and their
markings obscured. Similar dark forms are found in mountain districts
in Germany.”’

The Forms and Names to be considered are :—
birtvia, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 71.
porphyrea, Schiff., Verz., 83.
ab. concinna, Esp. (1786), Abbild., IV, 500, plt. 152, 1.
strigula, Thunb. (1788), Mus. Nat., 72, fig.
ab. varia, Vill. (1789), Linn. S.N., II, 276.
birivia, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 206.
picta, Fb. (1794), Hnt. Sys. Emend., III (2), 91.

Parnicae, Eb. (1794), U.c., 107.

porphyrea, Hb. (1802-8), Saml. Noct., 93, 473.

ericae, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 224.

f. marmorea, Gras. (1863), Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 312, plt. 8, f. 9.
ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 89.

v. astur, Obthr.-Culot (1909), N. et G., I (1), 27, plt. 3, figs. 4-6.
v. nitescens, Dnhl. (1925), Ent. Zts., XX XIX, 120.

Tutt dealt with (1) the ‘‘ bright red form with white markings,”’
strigula, Thnbg.; (2) the similar form, porphyrea, Hb.; (8) the pale red
with paler markings, marmorea, Gras.; (4) the small dark purplish red,
with a slaty tinge, varia, de Vill.; (5) the same form concinna, Esper ;
(6) ab. suffusa, large basal part reddish black, outer dark red, pale lines
partly suppressed.

birivia, Bork., Naturg,. Schm., IV, 206 (1792).

Ornic. Descrir.—‘‘ Ground colour is a pale red-brown, which in some
examples turns to purple colour. It is crossed by two white streaks of
which the first is somewhat zig-zag, but the other is strongly bowed
outwardly and has small teeth. Both are margined dark brown on their
sides turned towards one another. Between these two are the usual
stigmata, of which the first is very small, almost a point only, round,
white and encircled by a brown line, but the other is reniform, white
with a brownish centre, and only on the costal portion margined with
brown. Below the first lies a long, narrow, white, brown edged clavi-
form, which arises from the first transverse line. Parallel with the hind
margin near this runs a white line. The fringes are brown and white

(118) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. X1T.1937.

chequered. Between the two transverse lines and the apex of the wing,
the costal margin is white dotted. The hind-wings are unicolorous ashy
coloured.”’

The figure references are to Ernst and Engr., Pap. d’Eur., fig. 340,
and to Esper’s concinna, Abbild., plt. 152 (73), 1, and to the Verz. of
Schiff., 71 (1775).

picta, Fab., Ent. Sys. Emend., III (2), 91 (1794).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ N. cristata alis deflexis purpureis; strigis punc-
tisque albis; quibusdam nigro marginatis.”’

‘“Corpus griseum abdomine purpureo segmento penultimo flavo. Alae
anticae purpureae maculis punctisque plurimis, albis, nigro marginatis.
Macula ordinaria reniformis pone medium lunula purpurea et pone
hance strigae tres albae, posticis duabus macularibus, nigro punctatis.
Posticae fuscae. Subtus cinereae, purpureo mixtae.”’

Undoubtedly the description of this species.

arnicae, Fab., Sys. Ent. Emend., III (2), 107 (1794) [quoted as amicae
in error by H.-S. ].

Orig. Drescrie.—‘‘ Alae anticae cinereo fuscae lineola baseos nigra,
tune striga undata, albida, in medio puncta duo alba, quorum alterum
orbiculatum, simplex, alterum acuminatum, nigro marginatum, pone hoc
macula reniformis,’’? etc. May be (porphyrea, strigula) birivia.

ericae, Haw., Lep. Brit., 224 (1809).

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ (The lover’s knot) . . . Alae anticae cinereo-rufes-
centes, nigro nebulosae, costa nigro alboque punctata. Striga torta,
sive lineolae albae nexae basi; tune stigma rotundo-oblongum album, et
reniforme cinereum albo-cinctum, atque teliforme cinereum; subtus haec
lineola longa alba: tunc striga arcuata et dentata alba, strigaque alia
lineolarum albarum juxta marginem posticum; ordine punctorum nigro-
rum in ipso margine, cillis rufescentibus,’’ etc. ‘‘ Habitat in Hricetis.’’
This is no doubt the species we have known as porphyrea, strigula, etc.

ab. astur, Culot, Noct. et G., I (1), 28 (1909).

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ It has the markings suppressed like suffusa, but
the ground colour is a mixture of yellowish and reddish suffusion.’’
Asturias.

v. nitescens, Danhl., Ent. Zt., XX XIX, 120 (1925).

Orie. Drescrip.—‘‘ In the upper Bavarian moorland among various
forms of the South Tyrolean alpine race there were numerous dark grey
strigula, tolerably uniform in character, in which the white markings
were curtailed and covered up, the black brown element being also re-
stricted, but in which the claviform stigma had completely disappeared.
On the otherwise dark ground colour the white, but sometimes small,
orbicular stands out bright.’’

Agrotis, Ochs.-Treit. (1816-25). Most writers. [Rhyacia, Hb. (1822)
Warr.: Lycophotia, Hb. (1822) Hamp.: Hapalia, Hb. (1822) South:
Actebia, Steph. (1829)] praecox, L. (1758).

In the short orig. descrip. of Linn., Sys. Nat., X ed., 517 (1758) no
mention is made of the typical colour (green) and there was long a doubt

THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (119)

whether this species was the praecoz of Linn. But in the reference Linn.
gives to Résel, Abbild., I, Class IT, plt. 51 (1746), an excellent figure of
this species is convincing. See [llig., Neu Verz., I, 275 (1801), who
states that the description in Rosel says “‘ ashy-grey ’’ although it is
like the Linn. description in other respects. Schiff., Verz., 82 (1775),
gave the name praeceps to a ‘‘ pale green, brown margined owl moth,”’
but as Illig. says, ‘‘ they are without doubt variant forms of the same
species.’’

Bork., Naturg., IV, 434 (1792), says that praeceps may be a species,
but probably is only a form of praecox. He describes the praecox (430)
with ground colour ‘‘ashy-grey’’ and all the markings are described in de-
tail but no mention is made of a green ground colour. The references
he gives, to de Vill., Fabricius (8), Maders, etc., all name it “‘ the red-
bordered.’ Bork., l.c., 433, then describes praeceps having exactly the
same markings, but with the ground colour green.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., IJ, 90 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., III, 365,
plt. 134 (1896); Stdgr., Cat., IIT ed., 153 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal.,
IV, 578 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 164, plt. 385 (1905: South, M.B.1.,
I, 211, plt. 107 (1907): Warr.-Seitz., Pal, Noct., III, 56, plt. 18g (1909):
Culot, N. et G., I (1), 92, plt. 15, 14 (1909): Corti-Drdt.-Seitz., Pal.
Noct. Supp., Ill, 82, plt. 12e (1933).

Hiibner’s figure, Samml. Noct., 70 (1802), is named praeceps and is
of a ‘blue-green ’’ colour. He gives no text. Most of the standard
authors give very good or excellent figures. Rosel, Abbild., Class IT,
plt. 51; Panzer, Fn. Ins., XIV, 104; Esper, Schm. Ab., IV, plt. 168;
Ernst and Engr., Pap, d’Eur., VII, 466; Hiibner, Samml., 70; Godart,
Hist. Nat., V, plt. 73; Freyer, Neu. Bettr., VII, plt. 614; Barrett, Lep.
Br. I., Til, plt. 134; Spuler, Schm. Eur., 1, plt. 35; South, M.B.I., I,
plt. 107, 4; Seitz., Pal, Noct., III, plt. 18¢ ; Culot, N. et G., I (1), plt. 15.

Of the Variation Barrett writes:—‘‘ Extremely constant in colour
and matking, but I have seen a specimen from the N. of Ireland in
which the subcostal, median and sub-dorsal nervures of the fore-wings
are darkly coloured, so that three very straight, nearly equal lines extend
almost the whole length of the wings. Mr F. N. Pierce has an ex-
quisitely lovely variety taken near Liverpool, pale green throughout, with
but faint traces of the usual markings.’’

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., I11, 56, treats praeceps, Schiff., as a syno-
nym of praecox, L.

The Names and Forms to be considered are :—
praecox, Ll. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 517.
ab. praeceps, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct., 70.
ab. flavomaculata, Graes. (1888), Berl. Ent. Zeits., 323.
ab. signata-deleta, nov. ab. [Barr., Lep. Br. Is., I, plt. 184, f. 2b.]
Tutt deals with (1) the praecox form of Linn., (2) the bluish green
praeceps of Hb.

ab. flavomaculata, Graes., Berl. Ent. Zt. (1888) 323.

Ortg. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour of the fore-wings is not so pale
a green as in praecoz, but running more bluish and darker; the stig-
mata which have, in the specimens of the typical form before me, a

(120) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 OOM N9 37.

particularly pale green coloration, are in this local form unicolorous
and an intensive ochre yellow colour and stand out much sharper from
the bluish ground colour. The hind-wings, which in praecox have a
quite pale grey coloration, are here much darker, unicolorous black
grey, and the underside is much darker ashy-grey than in the European
examples.’? Amur. 6 and @.

ab. signata-deleta, ab. n. (Barret, l.c.).

Barrett refers to a form in which the usual markings are practically
absent so that the ground colour is of a nearly uniform green. Perhaps
such may be named signata-deleta.

Triphaena, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Hb. (1822). Most authors.
[Agrotis, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Stdgr., Splr., Culot] wnterjecta, Hb.
(1808-18).

Hiibner used Ochs. generic name.

Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 91 (1892): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IV, 13, plt. 138,
2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., III ed., 135 (1901): Spl., Schm, Eur., I, 144, plt.
32, 9 (1903): Hamp., Lep. Ph., IV, 628, fig. 114 (1903): South, Moths
Br. Is., I, 234, plt. 116, 3 (1907): Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 63, plt.
15a (1909): Culot, N. et. G., I (1), 31, plt. ITT, 17 (1909): Corti-Drdt.-
Seitz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Noct. III, 90 (1983).

Tutt says, Brit. Noct., II, 91, that Hb., fig. 107, is ‘‘ of a very dull
reddish-brown colour (almost grey).’”’ In my copy of Hiibner the colour
is, as Newman, Brit. Moths, 340, says, ‘‘ rusty brown (sometimes) inclin-
ing to brick-dust red.” In looking through a large number of British
examples I find “‘ grey ’’ suffused ones are the exception and rare. This
seems to show again that the figures in copies of Hiibner’s works do
not agree with one another; possibly they were executed by Htbner’s
pupils in some copies, as no doubt the plates were issued and reissued
as demands increased. Hampson’s description, Lep. Phal., IV, 628,
‘¢ yellow-brown or reddish-brown ”’ is perhaps the more accurate.

Warr.-Seitz., Pal. Noct., III, 63, says of the typical form ‘‘ greyish
rufous,’’ which our British examples are rarely coloured.

Warr.-Stz., plt. 15a, and Splr., plt. 32, 9, are dull intermediate be-
tween the greyish and reddish forms. A specimen I have from the Alps,
although somewhat worn, is of the reddish, not greyish, colour of fore-
wing. Godart’s fig. 1, plt. 59, Hist. Nat., is a very good one, overlook-
ing the accidental colour of the hind-wings of all the Triphaena figures
on the same plate, they being pink instead of yellow. South’s fig.,
M.B.1., plt. 116, 4, is of the ‘‘ dull reddish brown ’’ and not typical of
the usual British form. Freyer’s figure, New. Beitr., IV, plt. 292, is too
large, very incorrect in the narrow black band of the hind-wings, such as
never occurs in typical interjecta, and as the text and figure indicate
red brown, it might possibly have been drawn from a southern specimen.

Of the Variation in this species Barrett says:—‘‘ Hardly variable,
except in the depth of colour of the dark brown transverse shades, which
sometimes are scarcely perceptible; and a little in intensity of the black

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