sy tyedet ete TDP OT * DUpamesst i Vids Sed ; " yey Vibes rae { 4 ' nh it lite fy 4 Wied ’ Mage mor “4 ae AR 39 ey it ¥ Ara va ets AL ; Ahtn 4 ’ {ih yehia ' ag (inet vy if ee mY “4 % {pe Ba paella 1 ty an ite ite ne m) ca ye. He Te NTE tJ } ' MBAR MICE 1gt? AWAY It viet ) a ea: 1¥ a if) ra Ly i] Hy) f Ogata de oi ; Mes et ae of Ae i ote A a4 ath oe ie sive Shs are ry ‘tm ry ah ie aa = ae oS aes eee a= << Saer se e ae = 3 4se fee ee = es pas Shetes eS RES a3 i se + 4 maedne 2 [7 ” 2S HARVARD UNIVERSITY VY Ef 1} in i i | TAS| TASH Sh \ Ww ii LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 13820 TE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD L. JOURNAL OF VARIATION E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. E.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN; J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., a F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Bo (GE tn 1B JE-BAK j it . T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, and HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. | T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., VOL. L. (new series). JANUARY to DECEMBER 1938. PRICE 12s 6d. Special Index (with every reference) 1s 6d. of COMpe RY tag a Zoology Gy ° SUAN 3 1939 LIBRARS 13 SAO NIOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED with the assistance of MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. { T,. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. BARGE 1. A. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. \ Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S.,.F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. | THE THIRD BROOD OF HEODES (LYCAENA) PHLAES, Ne 1761, S. G. POOSTEGE CERUESSELE OR Nina iad yet y aus Corea peu Some aE toate CLAM Ag GRA A Cant bh la oeeutind pene 1 * GYNANDROMORPHISM IN DIPTERA, P. A. H. Miccnune MECC ME Casa wed 2 ' CRYMODES EXULIS SSP. ASSIMILIS IN SCOTLAND, #. B. D. Kettlwellt, pe A UE By CTU Sd ee asada Noda vant ause tate sal A nutedsiendceeks han widdssie etch 2 _ NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA OBSERVED IN 1937, Paul Freeman, B.Sc., A.RC.S. 4 P PYRALIDAE AND MICROLEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN CYPRUS DURING . 1920 AND 1921, Kenneth J. Hayward, F.R.E.S:, F.R.G.S., E.Z.S. iccccsc cscs 6 ' NOTES ON COLLECTING :—The Distribution of Metrioptera roeselii, Hagenb. By in Essex in 1937, Paul Freeman; A Few Ant Records for 1937, K. M. x Guichard; Tischeria dodonaea, Stt. and T. angusticollella, Dup. in Hants, ‘g Wm. Fassnidge; Bedellia somnulentella, Zell. in Hants, Id.; Phyllocnistis y suffusella, Zell. and P. saligna, Zell, in Hants, Id.; Correction, C. Nichol- i son; Eggs of Phlogophora meticulosa in November, Jd.; Unusual Food Re. Plants, Id.; Larvae of British Macro Lepidoptera, E. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S. 7 BP OUBRENT NOTBA AW eC Cc RUT SLY Se 14 LPL TA SIDA TSG CRM aa ST A a Nt te Ma 8h Mare tae Suehgntiit ae coeaeh ics ta hl, cues 12 Sap ea a , SUPPLEMENT - one | The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., a BEER an atts ase SUB £950 ied nea ete ae MATAR CRAG) Be ale hs water eae Ue naa aeaaech « (121)-(124) SPECIAL INDEX. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free TEN SHILLINGS, . -to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). re mn Sines t Ata ba at (ESTABLISHED 1879) CAN SUPPLY EVERYTHING NEEDED cin THE COLLECTOR, At Keenest Prices. Large Stocks always maintained for quick service. Full Catalogue post free, per return. Agents for Dr Seitz | ‘*Macco-Lepidoptera of the World. 4 56 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2., ENGLAND. F.C. Box No. 126. TELEPHONE—TEMPLE BAR 9461. J. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.1o0, "Phone: Wiiespen 0309. Specialists in interchangeable unit systems. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. THE VASCULUM. THE NORTH COUNTRY oa euy OF SCIENCE AND LOCAL HISTORY. EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, M.A., D.Sc., Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assisted by A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M. Se.; Miss K. B. Blackburn, D. Sce., F.L.S.; William Carter; F. C. Garrett, D. Se.; B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S.; ai W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S.; A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G:8.;° 7: aN Smythe, D.Se.; George Ww. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its twenty-third volume. The annual subscription is five shillings and should be sent to WILLIAM CARTER, 13 Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. NOW IN THE PRESS. Monograph of the British Aberrations of the Chalk Hill Blue Butterfly, Lysandra coridon, Poda, BY P. M. BRIGHT. J.P., F.R.E.S.. AND H. A. LEEDS. lilustrated with Four Colour and Fourteen Black and White Plates, figuring about 400 illustrations of Aberrations, and 120 Pages of Text. BOUND IN LEATHER. GILT LETTERING. Price THREE GUINEAS Nett. or in Nine Monthly Parts at 7/6 per Part. Printed and Published by the RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, YeEtverton Roap, BournemoutH, to whom Orders and Remittances should be sent. — NOTE.—Subscribers who desire their names to be included in the List of Original Subscribers to be included in the book are requested to send in their names with remittance before the 15th J anuary next Prospectus with Specimen Plate can be obtained from:—S. G. Castle Russell, Springetts, -apcisei Road, Hae One on anplieation: = y i ila a atl a ~~ ee a Oe JAN 28 1938 e Che Enimnologis?s Reeorvd AND 2400 « tip. ° Journal of Paviation eOin NOE JANUARY 15, 1938 NO. 1 THE THIRD BROOD OF HEODES (LYCAENA) PHLAEAS, LINN., 1761, By S. G. Castie RussELu. It seems to be generally accepted as a fact by entomologists and text books that there is a third brood of this butterfly, one author even going as far as to claim a fourth brood. I am not convinced that a third brood does actually occur in nature in this country, i.e., in any appreciable numbers. After very long and hot summers large numbers of the insect are observed on the wing as late as September and October and it has been assumed that these are a fresh or third brood. My view is that this is merely the result of an extended emergence of the second brood. Normally the first brood is on the wing in early May and June, the product of hibernating larvae. If the season has been favourable to hibernation (and this is rarely so in my experience) the imago is on the wing for a considerable period in May and June. Large quantities of eggs are deposited, and if the weather is cold and sunless very few imagines result, but if, on the other hand, the weather is hot and sunny, as in the abnormally warm summers of 1911, 1921, and 1938, there occurs a very large emergence of butterflies in August, when the first ones emerge, and in September and October when the late or delayed ones emerge. In the above mentioned hot summers I collected from sorrel leaves very large quantities of ova in early August. These on each occasion produced several thousand larvae. Of these a very small number, not more than a score, produced imagines. The remainder of all sizes from small to full fed, insisted upon hibernating, and amongst them were a fair proportion of full-fed larvae which would not pupate. Practically the whole of these larvae died during the winter. A similar number of larvae collected in September and October followed the same pro- cedure. Now up to the present, I have not met with anyone who has suc- ceeded in breeding a large number of imagines such as occur in nature from August 9@, but merely a small number comparatively speaking. It may of course be possible to do so if artificial heat is used for forcing, but this method I have not tried. If therefore it is not possible to produce a large third brood by rear- ing in captivity under protected conditions, surely it goes a long way to prove that such brood does not occur under normal conditions in the wild! I am aware that a third brood, very limited in numbers, can be produced in captivity and in the wild, but this is also the case with other species. In an abnormally hot summer there is often a second brood of Argynnis selene, small in size and numbers. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1938. As an example of an extended brood J may instance the case of Maniola jurtina, the imagines of which emerge continuously from late June until late September. On the Downs near Winchester almost every year large numbers of freshly emerged imagines are to be found together in late September, together with Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon equally fresh, although the emergence commenced in late July. I think an endeavour should be made to settle this question of a so- called third brood of Heodes phlaeas, and I should be glad to hear of the experience of others, notably Mr L. W. Newman, who has probably had more experience than most of us. GYNANDROMORPHISM IN DIPTERA. By P. A. H. Muscuamp. I think I may say, without fear of contradiction, that cases of gynan- dromorphism are far rarer among Diptera than among any other order of insects. JI have found quite a number of Coleoptera of uncertain sex and I have in my collection of Lepidoptera some 70 gynandrous insects, mostly moths. Last summer I took for the first time Stratiomys chamae- leon, L., 20 specimens, and most of them more or less gynandrous. As they were all taken on a small cluster of Umbellifers, I conclude that they came from a single batch of eggs. S. chamaeleon is a handsome black and yellow fly; the females I took are about 3 of an inch long, with a wing expansion of an inch. There are notable structure and colour differences between the sexes. The eyes of the male are close together, whereas those of the female are broadly divided. The female has an inflated postocular rim, something like a horse-collar, and this is made even more conspicuous by being of a bright pale yellow colour. This is entirely wanting in the male. Thirdly, the genitalia of either sex are large and highly specialised; those of the male protrude and consist of a shining brown central plate, a pair of long orange lamellae, a pair of short broad lamellae, and a short transverse central piece. Two of my males are exactly alike. The genitalia and the frons are those of the normal male, the legs show too much yellow for their sex, but the great structural difference is that they have the broad postocular collar of the female, so that at first glance one would take them for females. The male genitalia are well developed and protruding. One fly (female ?) has female genitalia, eyes touching, no collar, femora 50% yellow, ab- dominal triangles brown but scutellum pale yellow. Two females have only a trace of the collar and have black femora. One male has the genitalia badly developed and hidden beneath the last tergite. Finally, one male (?) fly has protruding male genitalia, the separated eyes of the female, a very narrow brown (not yellow) collar and black femora. CRYMODES EXULIS SSP. ASSIMILIS IN SCOTLAND. By H. B. D. Kerriwett, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. I am not attempting to give a full history of this species in Scot- land but merely to record certain facts and suggestions with the hope that others will, next year, prove what I believe to be the case, namely. that this species is reasonably common where it occurs and certainly very widely distributed. CRYMODES EXULIS SSP. ASSIMILIS IN SCOTLAND. 3 Why so little has been known about this species for so long is a mystery ta me. I think I am right in saying that in the last twenty years only odd or accidental specimens have been taken in places as far apart as the Isle of Arran to Inverness-shire. Generalising, I think it is a true statement that no indigenous species can in reality be ‘‘ rare’’ or it would soon cease to exist. Extremely local, yes. But this attribute of rarity is really an admission on our part of failure to understand fully its habits. When these are learnt how often dces a species become ‘‘ common.”’ About twenty-five years ago there lived a man by the name of Clark who knew more about assimilis than anyone else before or since. He certainly took a large number during his life and took it each year regularly at sugar on birch trunks and posts. He obtained ova and in due course larvae, but these always died very soon, and he was never able to breed it, and, in the light of what little we now know about it, no wonder. He considered that this species was not “‘ freely’’ at- tracted to sugar, nevertheless, he averaged two or three per night. He never used “ light,’’ as his only means of light was a small oil lamp. After several years of local enquiry and tracing his family tree I eventually found a son in another part of Scotland who knew all about his father’s work and had even accompanied him on occasions to the locality. To him all my thanks are due for his great help. I found his original inaccessible spot and sugared there for eight nights—eight nights of the worst possible weather in a year, when prac- tically nothing came to sugar. On my last two nights J used light for the first time and took two assimilis at exactly the same time on each night, namely, 12.10 a.m., which, therefore, may be the time of flight. The object of this paper is to describe the type of country which is common throughout Scotland and quite characteristic, not only of Clark’s locality but also of those of others who have recently taken or seen the species. In Scotland there are areas, large or small, which are best described as ‘‘ peat-hagg ’’ country, where the surface of the ground is gullied by innumerable channels. In the winter these are filled with water but in the summer they dry up and leave soft staghant peat with an occa- sional stump of a primeval pine. In between these channels are islands of heather, grasses, and bosses of lichen. These areas are invariably ‘‘ watersheds,’’ so that from them there run little streams usually down a valley. The vegetation here is immediately altered and along the stream there are masses of a tufted coarse grass growing in ground which is always very wet. Clark be- lieved that the species fed on this grass. Be this as it may, if one sugars on the edge of a peat-hagg area one has every chance of finding this insect. The great difficulty is always to find suitable objects to sugar. IT do not believe that altitude has any great influence on its occur- rence; my own are taken between the 800-900 feet contours. I know that they occur up to 1600 feet and as low as 400 feet (approximately). The essential thing is the type of country. C. exrulis in Iceland is a regular day-flying insect and it is suggested that it visits the flowers of Bog Asphodel. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1938. There is only one individual in this country so far as I know, Mr H. B. Lawson, who has ever witnessed this day flight with assimilis. In 1930 he noticed a few large Noctuids about mid-day in the bright sun flying rapidly over the heather. He caught one for identification purposes and later discovered it to be this species. Clark never wit- nessed such a flight, nor did I, with the possible exception of one large Noctuid I saw but did not catch, flying very fast about 4.30 p.m. Mr R. P. Demuth tried hard to observe a day flight of erulis at Unst on ground where it was occurring commonly at night, but saw no sign . of one. Remembering that in Iceland during the summer months there is no night in the true sense of the word, it may be that in more Southern latitudes the day flying habit is less regular but at least it does take place at times. Lastly, the time of emergence must vary greatly according to the season, locality, etc., and also the hatching period may extend over several weeks. Mr Lawson’s flight was observed on 2lst June and I have seen the specimen he took, and it had obviously been out some time. My own two were taken on 20th and 21st July, one worn and one newly hatched. But Clark considered early August as the best time. At Unst C. exulis is at its height from 12th July onwards, pro- bably much earlier and later. As an additional incentive to those who search new grounds I should like to add that from other odd scraps of information and from speci- mens taken by people who did not know what the insect was, together with existing records, I feel sure that this species will be found by any who work this type of ground, particularly up the West Coast or again more centrally from Crieff to Aviemore. NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA OBSERVED IN 1937. By PauL Freeman, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. My earliest collecting this year was on the sand-dunes near Wells, Norfolk, at the end of June and beginning of July. Only two species of Orthoptera were common there in the adult stage, namely, Chorthippus albomarginatus, De Geer, and Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Thunberg. In- numerable nymphs were present but I do not know of how many species. The difference in habitat of these two species was very distinct. The dunes were hummocky, with the flat parts bare and the slopes clothed with long marram grass. Ch. albomarginatus was confined to the grass on-the slopes mainly on the land side, whilst M. maculatus was only found on the bare parts. One specimen of Ch. bicolor, Charp., was seen. Whilst at Slough, Bucks., on the 25th July, I heard some Acrididae stridulating at 11 p.m. J caught some and found them to be Ch. paral- lelus, Zett. I spent most of the rest of the summer camping and regu- larly heard this species stridulating at night. I found a colony of Metrioptera brachyptera at Woking, Surrey, on the 30th July. They were very difficult to catch as they kept to the thickest parts of the heather and disappeared as soon=as they per- ceived the shghtest movement. I caught a female nymph and put it into a large pill-box, where it immediately started to ecdyse. The long hind legs came out bent, the femora at their thinnest part and the NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA OBSERVED IN 1937. 5 tibiae bowed. The femora were soon straightened but the tibiae stayed bowed, probably because of the unnatural conditions. I caught some more M. brachyptera at Burnham Beeches, with Dr Burr, on the 25th August, and I took five females and two males home to watch. One female had a spermatophore resembling a piece of cotton wool, projecting from her genital opening. In captivity they ate grass, but were also carnivorous, as the females soon ate the males. J] eventu- ally saw a female ovipositing. She had her ovipositor thrust to its base in the soil, and when she had finished I found 9 eggs lying loosely in the soil. On the 6th August I went to the New Forest for a week-end. WM. brachyptera was common on a heath, as also was Pholidoptera cinerea, L., the latter only stridulating freely towards the evening, and was found along ditches bordering paths and in other damp places, whereas M. brachyptera loved the sun and heat. Nemobius sylvestris, Fabr. was very common locally in the woods, young nymphs as well as adults being present. Adults were caught by a friend at the end of August, which is unusually late for this species. Acrydzwm vittatum, Zett. was found along the rides, and A. subulatum, LL. on the coastal cliffs near Barton. (I took A. subulatwm at Colnbrook, Bucks., earlier in the year, which I believe to be a new record for that county.) Two species of Ectobius occurred, E. panzeri, Steph. and E. lapponicus, L., the former being the commoner. The males flew freely in the late afternoon, but the females required searching for amongst the undergrowth. Omocestus ventralis, Zett., was fairly abundant on the heath. Leptophyes punctatis- sumus, Bosc, was found in a damp meadow. Tt was best caught by sweeping the grass, and was found most abundantly near patches of Lotus, suggesting that it might feed on this. Visiting South Benfleet, Essex, on the 12th September, I found Metrioptera roeselii, Hag. to be very abundant, especially along the sea- wall, and on the hill-sides near Hadleigh. Conocephalusa dorsalis, Thunb. was quite plentiful on the sedges in the dyke behind the sea- wall. I also found a colony of Tettigonia viridissima, L., a species which I had never seen before. The males were stridulating mainly from rose- bushes, and I took one female crawling on the grass. They were very sluggish and could be picked off the bushes quite easily. IT caught a male of Leptophyes punctatissimus at Brentwood, Essex, on an apple tree on 23rd September, and I took it home to try and hear it stridulate. I let it loose in a quiet room, and watched, it. It took about five minutes to recover from the shock and then proceeded to walk very slowly around the table, stridulating as it went. The stridulation could be heard from a distance of about 10 feet, and was in the form of a series of short chirps, 10 a minute. The note was not clear and metallic but rather blurred. Obviously it could not be heard in the field. Chorthippus albomarginatus was common over most of the southern part of Essex in dry grassy places. The male has two stridulations, a normal one heard at any time and quite loud, and a much quieter one used only when the male is trying to induce the female to mate. Pholt- doptera cinerea was also very abundant over this area, occurring every- where in road-side ditches and similar places.—Imperial College, South Kensington, §.W.7., October 1937. 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1938. PYRALIDAE AND MICROLEPIDOPTERA COLLECTED IN CYPRUS DURING 1920 AND 1921, By Kennutu J. Haywarp, F.R.E.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. During two visits paid to the Island of Cyprus, the first in the autumn of 1920 and the second in the late spring and summer of 1921, a number of Pyralids and Micro-lepidoptera were collected, mainly in the neighbourhood of Platres and Troédos (5000-6000 ft.). The majority of these insects passed to the National collection at South Kensington together with the remainder of my insects in 1923. The following list includes the specimens that it was possible to identify, together with a few other records that have come to hand. The insects are named and listed in accordance with Staudinger und Rebel, Catalog. der Lepi dopteren des Palearctischen Faunengebietes, II Theil, 1901. PYRALIDAE. GALLERIINAE. Melissoblaptes unicolor, Staudinger.—Platres in July. Aphomia sociella, Linné.—Platres in July. Galleria mellonella, Linné.—Platres in August. Lamoria jordanis, Ragonot.—Platres in August. Lamoria melanophlelia, Ragonot.—Platres, 11th July. Lamoria anella, Schiffermiiller.—Very common at Platres in July and August and at Limasol in June. CRAMBINAE. Crambus desertellus, Lederer.—Limasol in February and October. Crambus craterellus, Scopoli.—Fairly common around Platres in July. Crambus sp.—An unidentified Crambus was taken in small numbers at Platres, in September (H.431). Platytes carectellus, Zeller.—Not uncommon at Platres in August. Hromene superbella, Zeller.—Cyprus, vide Staudinger, Hor. Soc, Ent. Rioss., XV, p. 188. Ancylolomia tentaculella, Hiibner.—Limasol and Platres in September. Ancylolomia contritella, Zeller.—Mr Mavromoustakis informed me that this species occurred on the island. ANERASTIINAE. Anerastia ablutella, Zeller.—A single specimen from Platres.in August 1921. Saluria maculivittella, Ragonot.—Platres in July where J found it rare. There is a specimen in the British Museum taken at Larnaca by Bainbrigge Fletcher. Ematheudes punctella, Treitschke.—Limasol in October. Also taken by Lederer, Verhand. z.-b. Wien, V, 186, 1855. Platres in July where it was uncommon. A specimen taken at Larnaca by Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher is in the British Museum collection. Polyocha venosa, Zeller.—Cyprus, Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalog., U Theil, No. 228. PHYCITINAE. Ephestia elutella, Hiibner.—Platres in July. Psorosa dahliella, Treitschke.—Cyprus, vide Lederer, Verhand. z.-b. Wien, V, 186, 1855. NOTES ON COLLECTING. 7 Euzophera umbrosella, Ragonot.—Cyprus, Staudinger and Rebel’s Catalog., II Theil, p. 24, No. 446, also Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XV, p. 215. Etiella zinckenella, Treitschke.—Limasol in March. Very common at Platres from June till September. Epischnia prodromella, Hiibner.—At Platres in June. Epischnia leucoloma, MHerrich-Schaffer.—Mentioned as Cyprian by Staudinger in Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., XV, p. 212, and by Staudin- ger and Rebel in their Catalog., II Theil, p. 30, No. 565. Alophia combustella, Herrich-Schaffer—Common at Platres in July. Salebria palumbella, Fabricius.—Platres in July. It is noticeable that these Platres specimens are all considerably smaller than the re- mainder of the series of this insect in the British Museum. Salebria brephiella, Staudinger.—Limasol in March. Salebria lepidella, Ragonot.—Common around Platres in July where it flies with Alophia combustella, from which it is not readily dis- tinguished till caught. (To be continued.) NOTES ON COLLECTING, &c. THE DistTRIBUTION OF METRIOPTERA ROESELII, HAGENB. IN ESSEX IN 1937.—In the March 1937 issue of the Hntomologist’s Record 1 recorded new localities for this species, which has previously only been found in a few localities around the mouths of the Thames and Humber. This year it is so plentiful at Brentwood, Essex (22 miles from Southend), that I decided to try to map its range. The insects are gregarious and are found in long grass in dry meadows and along the roadside. As colonies are best detected by ear, the easiest way of finding them is by bicycling along the roads, for one can cover considerable distances, and in complete silence. There were several large colonies at Brentwood and a few small ones to the north at Blackmore and Doddinghurst. I then went in a southerly direction from Brentwood, and found numerous colonies along and near the L.M.S. Railway line embank- ment. The insects were found as far west as to within a mile of Up- minster. No colonies were found more than half a mile south of the railway line until it approaches Canvey Island, where the insect is extremely numerous, especially along the sea-wall. Going to the north-east, towards Chelmsford, colonies were almost continuous along the main road between Shenfield and Ingatestone, though mostly on the south side, very few being on the north, especi- ally near Shenfield, possibly due to the difficulty of crossing a busy main road. At Chelmsford they appeared again along the by-pass and to the east towards Maldon on the mouth of the Blackwater. I was unable to explore more than 5 miles north of Maldon, but as the colonies were becoming fewer and smaller, I was probably near the northern limit. Riding inland again, towards Witham I found colonies sparingly up to two miles from there. 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.1.1938. Hence the insect can be regarded as fairly common in suitable locali- ties, in an area enclosed by a line drawn from somewhere north of Maldon, to Chelmsford, to four miles north of Brentwood, to one mile east of Upminster, and to Canvey Island. I regard it as improbable that it has been overlooked in the past by entomologists, because of its very loud stridulation, but it is difficult to understand how a wingless species can spread over a considerable area in a few years, as is apparently the case here. Mr Attwood agrees with me that the colonies are much more populous this year than in previous years. I have never seen the macropterous form ‘“‘ dtluta,’’ but I doubt whether this would cause increase in numbers and distri- bution, supposing, as Dr Blair suggests, it were fertile. I have usually found Chorthippus albomarginatus, De Geer along with M. roeselii, the former being common in suitable places in this part of Essex. 4th October was the last date on which I saw MM. roeselii.—PauL FreeMAN, Imperial College, South Kensington, S.W.7, October 1937. A Frew Ant Recorps For 1937, Compirep By Mr N. BrRANGHAM AND MYSELF. 1. Ponera punctatissima, Rog., Kew Gardens propagating pits, 9/10/37, N. Brangham. These included one ergatoid male, which is, I believe, the third British record. 2. Ponera coarctata, Lin., 25/10/36. Mill Hill rubbish dump, K. Guichard. One male only. 8. Myrmecina graminicola, Latz., 26/9/37. Allen, Mill Hill by sweeping. 4, Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., var. sabuleti, Mein., 19/9/37, near Watford, N. Brangham. New to Hertfordshire. 5. Tetramorium caespitum, Lin., Dungeness, 28/8/37, K. Guichard. Very common under stones in a small area. 6. Formica fusca, Lin., var. rubescens, For., Benfleet, 18/7/87, K. Guichard and W. O. Steel. 7. Formica rufa, Lin., var. rufo-pratensis, For., Weybridge, 12/9/37, N. Brangham. Formica rufibarbis, F., Weybridge, 12/9/37, N. Brangham. Acanthomyops umbratus, Nyl., near Watford, 19/9/37, N. Brang- ham. Apparently this is a new record for Hertfordshire. Also at Mill Hill, 24/10/37, K. Guichard. 10. Monomorium pharaenis, Lin., Watford, N. Brangham, 19/9/37. Found running about the tables in a restaurant, but a more de- tailed search was not permitted. Also in a large public building at Willesden, W. O. Steel, June 1937.—K. M. GuicHarp. <0 90 TISCHERIA DODONAFA, STT. AND ‘Tl’. ANGUSTICOLLELLA, Dur. In Hants.— For some years the mines of T. dodonaeu, Stt. were sought in vain in situations where the white mines of T. complanella, Hb. were abundant. At last in the Autumn of 1936 the species was found comparatively common on the lower leaves of bushy oaks in several localities in the Southampton district, and moths were bred the following Spring. The egg is laid always on the midrib or on a side rib, and the dark yellow larva makes a top surface mine that never reaches to the edge of the leaf, and which is easily distinguished from the mine of T. complanella NOTES ON COLLECTING. 9 by its brick red colour and concentric circles around the point of entry. The completed mine greatly resembles that of Leucoptera scitella, Zell., but is rather lighter in colour. The larva pupates in the mine and there appears to be only one brood annually. It should be added that in 1937 prolonged and diligent search only yielded three mines of this species, where in the previous year they were fairly common. This scarcity may be normal here and may account for previous failures. T. angusticollella, Dup. has already been recorded from Hampshire, to be exact, from the Balmer Lawn, in the New Forest near Brocken- hurst. Repeated search has been unsuccessful in finding mines else- where, though they surely must occur. On the more open parts of the Balmer Lawn only an occasional mine was found, but in sheltered places on the edge of the enclosures near, they occurred in September and Octo- ber 1937 in moderate numbers, sometimes many on a single favoured rosebush., The egg is laid mostly on the midrib underside, and the larva makes a dirty white bladdery mine that often occupies the whole leaf, folding it more or Jess completely longitudinally. The species is possibly double-brooded here, because a certain number of mines were found empty and looking older than those which contained larvae, Moreover, it is regularly double-brooded on the Continent, feeding in June and again in September and October. An excellent’ account by Olga Hering of the Palaearctic species of the leaf-mining genus Tischeria will be found in Krancher’s Entomolo- gisches Jahrbuch for 1926, pp. 99-106, with a plate of the genitalia of the oak-feeding species and seven text-figures of mines.—WmM. Fass- NIDGE. ’ BEDELLIA SOMNULENTELLA, ZELL. IN Hants.—In April 1937 mines of this species were found commonly in leaves of Convolvulus althaeae at Cavalaire on the Mediterranean coast, this being my first acquaintance with this mine. However, as is often the case, larvae were later found locally at Chilworth, near Southampton, mining in the leaves of Con- volvulus sepium in early July, while on 21st September, on the Bitterne marshes, practically in the town, mines were found in great protusion on the Convolvulus growing among the rank growth of reeds and willow- herb. Even as late as 3rd October many larvae were still in their mines, and pupae could be found i a loose silken web on the under- side of the leaves. So far J have never met with the moth in nature. —Ip. [B. somnulentella occurs very erratically, usually searce, but occasionally in profusion.—T. B.-F.] PHYLLOCNISTIS SUFFUSELLA, ZELL. AND P. saLIGNA, ZELL. IN Hants. —P. suffusella, Zell. is a common double-brooded insect everywhere in the Southampton district, mining in the leaves of the Lombardy poplar chiefly, though it may occasionally be found in other varieties of poplar. Even in the town it occurs freely, and imagines may sometimes be found in the late Autumn or early Spring. P. saligna on the other hand ap- pears to be decidedly rare here, though abroad the mines may be found commonly enough on Saliz incana, so abundant by the sides of moun- tain streams in the French Alps. Along the banks of the Itchen near Southampton there grows a clesely allied variety of Salix, with narrow blue green leaves, in which the under surface mine of P. saligna occurs sparingly in October. Not every mine contains a larva, for many are 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. i> 193s: parasitised, and even the tiny pupae spun up in a pucker at the edge of a leaf are very liable to the attacks of tits—Wwmo. FassnincE. Correction.—The Rev. Alfred Thornley is not responsible for the third paragraph on p. 188; it was written by myself in continuation of ‘‘ Cornish Notes,’’? of which the two previous paragraphs form part.— C. NICHOLSON. Eaecs or PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA IN NOVEMBER.-—On 6th November I received for identificaticn from Mr R. Trotter, keeper of Round Island Lighthouse, Scilly Isles, a living specimen of this moth that had come in at the lighthouse window on 2nd November. It reached me in a matchbox in which there was also a spent match. This, I surmise, had become wedged in the slit, so often present between the chip bottom of the box and the side, so that iti was not noticed when the moth was put in. During transit, however, it got loose and must have been a nuisance to the moth, which was considerably worn but quite active enough to crawl quickly out when the box was opened. I released it on the verandah, where it was pounced on by one of our pet wild robins and promptly swallowed, wings and all! On examining the box afterwards I found that the moth had taken advantage of the loose match to lay about 100 eggs on two sides of it in more or less con- tinuous lines; there were three more on the top of the case inside, two on one side, one on the paper in the slit, and 134 on the chip bottom in singles, twos, threes, and small patches consisting of from 6 to 20. Some of these eggs were pale primrose in colour without markings and were possibly infertile, as they have not changed; but the vast majority were greyish-fawn with a small light brown dot on the micropyle, sur- rounded by a crenate ring of the same colour around the upper ‘‘ edge ”’ of the egg. The crenations, are due to the ribs, which can be seen easily with a good pocket lens, and both the dot and the ring have be- come more distinct and broader, but none of the eggs have so far hatched, and as I am keeping them in a pill box in a cold room I am curious to see when they will, and to speculate as to what would have happened to them had they been laid out of doors. It seems likely that a continuous-brooded moth, like the present, would probably not be subject to quite the same conditions as most other species and that its eggs would hatch with far less provocation in the matter of warmth. At any rate, this case seems to shed some light on the origin of the small larva found in early February here and discussed in my notes on pp. 86-87 of vol. 43. Although meticulosa is one of the species re- garded as possibly augmented by immigration, I see no reason to doubt that it is a resident of Round Island. But Mr Trotter adds that he has not seen any Clouded Yellow or Silver Yellow this year. ‘‘ October is usually a good month for seeing Painted Ladies and Admirals on the move if one is on St Mary’s [where he lives], but they are absent from Round Island.’’—C. Nicnoztson, Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall, 17th November 1937. Usvsvatn Foop Puants.—On 17th August some obvious geometer eggs laid on the glass bottom of a pill box were brought to me. On the 24th some similar eggs laid on the lid of another pill box were brought. As it was uncertain what either species was, CURRENT NOTES. pal it was assumed that one lot was Abraxas grossulariata and the other Opisthograptis luteolata, because specimens of these had been re- cently in the boxes. Accordingly, when the larvae began to hatch (first lot on 22nd and second lot on 28th) I gave a selection of food plants (hawthorn, blackthorn, wild plum, American currant, bramble, sallow, hazel) and left them to choose. The first lot chose wild plum, and eventually turned out to be luteolata; the others chose hazel and proved to be grossulariata—both rather unexpected choices. The latter were eventu- ally turned out on our hazel bushes, but I kept a few luteolata to see the protective resemblance of the larvae at the bottom of the twigs in the day time and at the tops feeding at night. Neither species is specially common here, but the bats show me, by leaving wings in the verandah, that the summer brood in August is the mest abundant and sometimes extends into September.—C, Nicuor- son, Tresillian, Truro, Cornwall. Mr E. Ernest Green, F.R.E.S., has promised to send us notes each month on the habits of the larvae of British Macro Lepidoptera, taken from his recorded observations during the past 23 years. This will no doubt be both useful and interesting to our readers. Mr Green in his letter making this offer remarks: ‘‘ With reference to Captain Parsons’ note, on p. 145 of the December Number of the Ent. Record, re the larva of M. contigua, I can say that I have found it feeding repeatedly on birch (Betula alba). For its purpose it appears to prefer small, isolated bushes or trees.’’ CURRENT NOTES. We hear that the collections of M. Culot, the author of Noctuelles et Géometres d’Hurope, are now for sale. A Meeting of The Entomological Club was held at 5 Hereford Square on 9th October 1937, Major Philip P. Graves in the chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman—-Mr H. St. J. K. Donisthorpe, Mr H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr James E. Collin; Visitor present—Dr B. P. Uvarov. The meeting was called for 7 o’clock, and the guests were received by the Chairman and Mrs Philip Graves. Dinner was served at 7.30. After dinner, a reception was held, at which many friends of the Chairman were present, amongst whom were—Captain A. F. Hem- ming, Sir Guy A. K. Marshall, and Captain N. D. Riley. THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.—Hibernia Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m., January 12th, 26th (Annual Meeting)—Hon. Secretary, . N. A. Jacobs, ‘‘ Ditchling,’’ Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ees THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.—Meetings first four Tuesdays »in the month at 6.30 p.m., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medi- x ine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.1. Visitors admitted by ticket which may be obtained through Members, or from the Hon. -Sec., A. B. Hornblower, 91 Queen’ s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. ay ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.—Evening Meetings. On the third Monday of each month, 7.45 p.m., at 55 Newhall Street, Birmingham. Visitors welcomed. Those who would like to attend or exhibit please apply to—P. Siviter Smith, Peb- ; worth, Stratford-on-Avon. SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.—Meetings: September to April, third eas, in each month, at 3 p.m.; May to July, third Wednesday in each onth, at 7 p.m., at University College, Southampton, Hants. TYPICAL FLIES—A Photographic At 4 THE THREE SERIES OF THIS USEFUL INTRODUCTION TO THE BRI' DIPTERA, illustrating over 400 species, are still available. oy ee Price 10/- net each. Inquiries should be addressed to :— =a THE EDITOR, ‘‘ THE ENTOMOLOGIST,” 7 McKAY ROAD, S.W.20. — % THE VASCULUM. a THE NORTH COUNTRY QUARTERLY OF SCIENCE AND LOCAL HISTORY. EDITED BY The Rev. J. E. HULL, nae D.Sc., Belford Vicarage, Northumberland, assis ed. by A. W. Bartlett, M.A., M.Sc.; Miss K. B. Blackburn, D.Sce., F.L.S.; William” Carter; F. C. Garrett, D.Sc.; B. Millard Griffiths, D.Sc., F.L.S.; J. W. H. Harrison D.Sc., F.R.S.; A. Raistrick, M.Sc., Ph.D., F.G.S.; J. "A. Smythe, D.Sc.; Geo W. Temperley. The Vasculum is now in its twenty-fourth volume. The annual subscription five shillings and should be sent to | WILLIAM CARTER, 13 Kimberley Gardens, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Communications have been received from or have been promised by Dr E, #/ Cockayne, H. Donisthorpe, Dr M. Burr, H. Willoughby-Ellis, Dr H. G. Harris Wm. Fassnidge, E. Ernest Green, E. P. Wiltshire, W. Parkinson-Curtis, Dr Verity, Thos. Greer, L. T. Ford, F. Marriner, Dr Bytinski-Salz, S. Wakely, F. He Day, and B. Embry. ; All communications should be addressed to the Acting Editom, Hy. a TURNER, “‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. i ‘IMPORTANT | TO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES AND MUSEUMS BACK VOLUMES. OF The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation (Vols. I-XXXVI.) CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most important only mentioned.) Genus Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 colour plates—Differentiation of Mélitaea athalia, parthente, and aurelia—The Doub day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac tical Hints (many)—Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis papht var. valesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonyml notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrolis pyrophtle Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus dei iabe dae ni at light—Aberdeenshire no etc., etc., 360 pp. CONTENTS OF VOL. II. MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Collecting—Articles VARIATION (many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegtformis, Taenio campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis- ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature- Differentiation of Dtanthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmo §. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hyb —Hymenoptera—Life-history of auth derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. To be obtained from :— Mr H. E. PAGE, 9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S. E3, to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. : Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath. | % The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. VOL. L. (new series), 1938. SERCIAL INDEX. 13,326 Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with two asterisks. COLEOPTERA. PAGE AMeOCana SUCCICUNAY as.csccsaseses coccb este: 73 NICAL COMMUS:. cee cccscscuscecteeesse soe 73 Cassidapavilitiata: 5. soos tescssnsesesssesc: on ae COLMGaATria Ne pVElSMEIMMMN. soc pccececceesee sees 73 OM CLE TNC UM Aa ek salen Sadtcace sonmessaue@aaeneion: 73 DNC LW GYOUETEDIS) GNiTAMIS) Gearsnessecsoseosneane 23, 44 TUPLE CUMS) UKAESTCII s.c.o see ssalhe soess eleeawoe 73 IHLISIWETE TONGSTEC EH RIUISY “So coucescdcsocesosecnonooaaeeen 73 SUCGOLOMUNAT TOAVOMOEWHON “Cosscdssooscnccoaseonsaee 69 NEPTMDNOMTOWIS, TNDERTETIS” Sooscesoscoaceonooosecceae 73 List of Coleoptera taken at Killarney TE dye ING EBV KOs Fey pae ra ap ee ne ee 93-4 List of non-myrmecophilous Coleop- tera in a nest of the ant, A. fuli- BAITS)" SosaunbadenousmaaseoRetoraseueen en eaamee U8: DIPTERA. blotii, Myopites ....... Pe see NIG dren c a Sdn 43 chamaeleon, Stratiomys ..........-.... 2, Sil OOM WAV OUAN Ess 25 a okae conta ces eaices ooo 26 COMMONACHIA, IRIMEVROWEUNS) ~~ .cpcansoocenobooconen 27 DROS OP UMTLAR Rt a ceatakccwaccseseenoue OM, wil, als} frauenfeldi, Myopites ..............::... i, as GIN Gs eH OO SIG ieee an Seen wee ee nae en an 163 MIMO EeLRVALIS. | DeNVeURLAS. Saeco ese woes en 45 SANCHO ey a EMD INET! O}Ne2 hime ene aE Bie erie Os eee 26 HAGIUIS, (CHNIEAYSKOVOTUNOIS = (ccs asaconcosseacesoupcoaces 163 melanogaster, Drosophila .................. ll MUSA Her) AG WS ei eich esas ee cette Meanie heeace 4 owe CRE OINO LIANE), 5 .coonnedacoatacecoan 26 CMA HPS eNaie), IBUTAUOMNE) Lo. dcsscenonoosooene 26 SPOig uae» TBM ON eors seas atoceorccecbegecadnobeceane 26 STENT OXSU BING 3 NEW ric alse Sh naps Cee er em an nS de TR 26 MEGUGISIS) 5 Gey Cliais cc daeer acess dts cuiso. de 26 List of Diptera taken at Yarmouth, I. of Wight, 28.vii-1.vili (1938) ......... 43 List of Diptera taken in Somerset, SORVES AVI (OSS a eere scteeeeemtaeeet Gan ara 149 HYMENOPTERA. PAC AMMA OMA OOS ec eee eit ssaek veschuenee 35 GACSPLEUIMG MeTPAMMOLUINN Seal noses 8 BarEneas, CMPY SOMA, si fekseoes oes icc se coneseoeee 44 MOMLG CALA MONET, c.svehe cme see be sesacee ease 8 MANGAS MEN IWS T sec esse. ces seceascaceoss: 94 erraticum, Tapinoma .................. 44, 45 fAVL SSN Camb NOMI GDS) .su eee eee 35 MO RIMNCTMAS: (245. fcc hea dieseee ects leks 44, 69 fuliginosus, Acanthomyops 35, 73, 94, 95 MUS CARO RMI C Als of Leese eG. peel Sh 8 graminicola, Myrmecina .................. 8 PAGE EES OFT O CHEM OEUISH im rsa eee emia ttt thee an 97 loenvendali, Cryptophagus ..............- 94 MOUBMUIS., ANCA MTOOMONVOVOS concossconnnde 94, 9% IW ENG OUT TUCO oa ae ee ee ee Cok te Yio Boe 35 MGI. VACATMANOMOAVOIOS: - goc-ceccosusnusconoonade 30 OINATEONIS, MIOTNGMAKOTPMIGM 5 -csconesrecesceoe 8 OUINCUBIISSMTIMA TEOMEIES, coscossctcsasoonessce 8 rubescens (fusca ab.), Formica ......... 8 TU AeA OUT Gay 8 eats eee ee Saroo yee TADIT OVO OMS, IROVEMICE). a sanonoccdceeseoccosseaonc 8 rufopratense (rufa var.), Formica ... 8 Scabrinodiss NiyrmiiGal see 8, 69 PeMcMre cima, is ee ee vie umbratus, Acanthomyops .............. Saas ViGIIG RUNS OR Ee ko oo te ee Ure re A ha DR 94 List of Myrmecophiles in the nest of AN oP OMIMNOSMLSY eee. at tye eee en ee 73 List of Sawtlies taken in Somerset. SOV eS VANE (TOSS)® peek Mei Le eae ee eeaeee 149 LEPIDOPTERA. aDLU plates eeeMVe Oil as eae eee ee 112 AGHELOME TA Mig Mee aig ieee op weaeet oer eee o6 BYOWMAOIM, ANMANMNOMUICMS cocesounsoesoceoccedocmee 21 AVGIUMIETETING., TBHUNIGUNG) casonquaccousesuscasoronencoss 62 ACLS AR Mee cy ale OC nay Glass. Pees cy eee 20 CRO ML == APCS) IPIEINOIUIS) 5. osccsccos Pl, ats aeruginalis, Phiyctaenodes ........:...... 155 aestiva (culiranta. One) Drepanaweer AT aestivaria (binaria f.), Drepana .......-. 46 SHOWN OEMS. \ STEVIA oi cuossoeeactaccoccesce 38 A OCIS TIS, a8 arate Ac. Ee Ray eet Ree 2) aera 9 EVENING), VINCTHOYOURIEN XX cascccoccunscosononeccss 62 ATO UTA 1 ces cee Ret aie Res Riale oe eee 36 agrotoides (lunosa «ab.), Anchoscelis 22 SNUG AIMUIS, IBIASIOIE) coowneaootonasposueudoonsose 39 SMV ONCONOIM, MIBWIMESUIPE): onccaccaeodnosunocecosens 72 allbipumetas hkeucannian sess A 16 alciphron, Heodes, Chrysophanus 21, 39 ZNIEOIMNE, Seneayiems (NIVAWMEN) ssccsconcescoesene 20 altissima (pronoé ssp.), Erebia Be, aA Anerastiinae ....... esa ne Ue See a ee aR ene 6 angusticollella, Tischeria ......... Se Bh es BMUOMG MB). (OUARWAEh ssdecdenonsacdcoscarcodatancosose 147 SHOOMO), IPRTAMASSIUIS io osscccagdasscemocences 38, 39 SPGAUMEVCOR), ANIEWOR NAME), sconcuassbodbonecesocpeoucs 158 ENOCHOMMS,. IUACCRYEANOTOSNS 445s sesaccescsusasscosce 21 ALoUS a(aeson) = Plebeiniss eee 21 AS OSA). TROWDUIENG) secaccensoeecnaqonucopteceerc: 63 assimilis (exulis ssp.), Crymodes ...... 2 atalanta, Vanessa, Pyrameis .. 19, 61, 159 SiOWNE INE). IBIMMENNEGE 3 .5.cnscns0chococacesouee bill PAGE atram(Gispan Vs) a layMTan GCL sseemeesncess 157 atropos, Acherontia, Manduca ... 56, 159 ATURE MIMI WONG), TPR NTIS) oasdsoncopusoqqontoceseD 31 MUreliaiy Mielital@ar oscasseeesspesesssccsen sce aeee 91 aurinia, Melitaea, Euphydryas ... 20, 91 AUSULALI Sse A OTOP ivi am eeeseeseceeecerscessses 89 AVOUT TENS), IBTAIM@MAGS shoo0cedendaoacode5daos 148 ADVIS FO alVOPUMTEVSidckscaessoet seecteejosceteesseees 61 LGW BARNS ore Shonsbodsceodosenpesseosocsecososoe 61 Wasilineasy AWA ays che taacdasssseccmceecnsenies 23 AISGCMEASIATB), TWO AB), ss4ssnonn5onccoqd0nc0ds 63 LOA UON, “SOMME MINGISS © Gooccescnbodsodaeusadceoned il berberata, Coenotephrial i022. ...s.2-...-0- 156 He hwlanta eB ISUOM eemescescceeccetenceecesee Bi, 1112 bieli (dorus 7ace), Coenonympha ...... 24 Lon Mew eral ADIT eS)) evel) 0 ho aa vopoeocasoodccseocbeeucagce on 46 OTM aan S CLE An yceeemecce see c. 3s), alilil, tal; boeticus, Lampides, Cosmolyce ......... Q TEXONTAO TOYO Saat ean deeporcne sonmaccaaasdcmadncaccar 100 boreata, Operophtera (Cheimatobia) 31 IDIFASSICAE, IPICIEIS, eecoosaandsanccssu0oen 19, 42, 61 DLV OMMACT LLECIMIS) Cake. -soadonecmere ec boc aeeeets 12 britanniodactylus, Oxyptilus ............ We brumata, Operophtera (Cheimatobia) sill, Al@il brumnmichiana — amrlavae eacesscvesce aes Q5 (OBTIEIS PATA OIRIES pa sca: Menaanes Aase nae 52, 112, 156, 159 C-aulounam, IPONW OMNES, Ssescosocsenocsosoogooanoce 19 calida (medon = agestis race), Aricia 21 caniculata, Psodos 154 carbonaria (betularia a0.), Biston 58, 112 cardui, Vanessa, Pyrameis .......... 19, 158 GaSb 2 Ain GLAS aero cenoee sae accoen cen cceceunes eine 156 GAO CaMay Bae tose esas ema eer ane ot ET, 155 cenea (dardanus Q f.), Papilio ......... 152 ceto = alberganus, Erebia ................ 39 ChalwbaewissueSOMOS Merencreetes eee 154 (ORCA i eke ee haan cee cece soem ta cnectaceroae 160 @riavenesyorerey, ’ (CLUUCIHIDIIG. "Gassentondsncoosbosousossoc 1515) Cimenielilan ss aleloriaeno ns. seceseeceeeeee eee: 62 CHICS, SAUDIS UANWIOCSIEZ)) | doccnscesossadooooe 20 CINFIPICHETSSINI),. IMBVCLONS pocoscconsccoaepcegoo00c0r 49 citrina (lonicerae ab.), Zygaena ...... 32 CniTOINee) (Meyer CHO), TEATS .5-acnsoopecconcos 12 (Clleayoeniiesl, Ci OWEIPWOX socansscossooononssasta 19 GONTAS I oir Meer Er sane nee aeE eee 79, 113 COMMA, ILYOUKCZINEY. Woascdhanadecanctadeabocsedods Wi COMmplanelilay “MiScheniayeer-n-se eee 8 CXOHANY ONAN AVY. « ANIAVCA IIS). Ga angcpganesdooueoodedsanaco: 56 COMISELAyMGCUCAMMA Hae eee o sneer: 17 conspicillaris, Xylomania ............ 62, 67 COOnMAUsIe A INE MCOKESIEEE) .ceogsesssneconoubeonosodes 11 EXO HOTIEGH SETA VARIUIGH (hs sonesteunonsnonedadencenooroae 39 coridon, Polyommatus ............ 2, 38, 98 CORON ATA MMC Cla ates cereus eres ceeaen eels 44 COMMONS. TBAT OOUNE) candncesconousoponodgsoooossc 62 (OLGA ANG) OUST END. GI aeesste onco sta UAnHsartatesEadasaG 61 COSSUSs COSSUST = Ao. Aauaeateteesccee sentence scence 72 OU AMUOUMAC a ae ees ey aren eece toisie nana mate: 62 CHASSALIS a SOMOLOCI A aessteeee sete eeeee ce eence 100 GLOCEUS COlAS Meee eee nee se eee eedoe: 19, 38 SLAIN! Wek iessk She camosetwoea ene ee demesne se 6 CRATACRIS SAORI gereceeseaccesceeee em ateesacee 38 cuculipennella, Gracillaria ............... 156 CUIGTLATIA LOVE DANA An eeere et esecereta eae 46 2 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE cydamus (epiphron r.), Erebia ... 38, 39 cydippe (adippe), Argynnis ............... 19 Caving), PMO AMOS, Scconoctcascanakeosone 86 GANNON, IPCI OWIMNMNENEUIS Scononssadensencoasnones 153 daphne, Brenthis (Argynnis) ............ 39 GAaApLHAUCes OMA Aes ae cee eee eee 19 CVACENMUIS, IOSVOMING) cosscsdoscoboccaccdancbosronne 152 detoltanitay ST AanniniSe ese eee eee 31 Chenoa. IMIS Seodedonsadpocdonaaansonoscoooes 20 delicata (virgaureae 7.), Heodes, CIMCON MIDIS, Gehsoaodadodpesceceoosoondcods 38 delius = phoebus, Parnassius ... 88, 153 dentina = nana, Mamestra, Polia ... 71 GeEroGgatay SVleptay vresccceneeeoee cee 77 dictynna (diamena), Melitaea ............ 38 OlGyinnel, IMIGINNAWER) so pcansceoscobecsonaancte 20a il CUA a NOW OMIM ares eee cecenecneoaee 31 dipsacea, Heliothis, Chloridea .... 22, 23 TD TSAO MTOR AG eee eas ees i nner aN tea 98 CHIS/OAIP, ILAVIMEVONTENS),. Seccoecodaoanses doa HKG), alay7/ GhISUAOS), (OXxayTOMINOIS) csscssossdtasonosocssnsendonne 90 GOCKOIMACZ), IRISCINETMS, cnssoansasndoseodoesnoonsee 8 GOMMIMUNS,, (CAMUMMOTIOING, jooncanonscoosaacaose iD IDOUNCINATUMTENS, (SUSTAIN) soocasnsccanonaarescuse 54 COMMS, COPMOMWVNMOINA, “seogcnesnacecsanscconcose 21 CMU ONOVS ES IE METPIS) i. . weadadanooasossenopnoaananes Al adivisodea IMaSelitianey sare sceeaceaccneceee notes 156 (BEEP). IEXOMSVERONMUIZ), | G..pacdosossoaspassooanasbcode Bocas boil eleus (phlaeas 7’.), Heodes, Rumicia .. 21 elocatan CatocGalay (Ace nosso oer elpenor, Chaerocampa, Eumorpha ... 68 RONG (OLA ENCE] MIU ASN e) sen ean Ra Onan tenacbadodopasbousdes 29 CIOUOINIAOM., IBIEEIONE, 5. .canccc0nnonenoncenooos=n 38, 39 dy fed Ov Brintraae ae ohhits iain a 2 Lume iee lie AN W383. 36, 39 erosula (lacertinaria Q f.), Drepana 46 GSES, IPOMOMMMMATATIS, ~csrsscooosncnonbannasee 38 CSCW WHE Cais ckcsces st ctece SR oe are eee QH ethelda. }h} on p. 95. P. (131), Noct. Supp., line 14 from top, and p. (182), line 7 from bottom : for “4 ie 2yreade Fit? ‘ Special Correction, VARIATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASIA AND MOROCCO. (9) represented by Herrich-Schiffer’s figure, drawn from one of Zeller’s four original males. Le Cerf also takes into account the fact that in his race the eye-spot of the apex is usually accompanied by other smaller ecelli on the forewing; this, however, is of doubtful value, as a dis- tinctive feature, because the aforesaid figure exhibits a second ocellus, too, just behind the principal one, and, in fact, it exists nearly con- stantly in the male Telmessia of most regions. The female ot Le Cert’s race has no pale area on the disc. He has erected the name of oreas, but Riley has pointed out that the very much older name of pallescens, Btl. certainly applies to it. In Le Cert’s maniolides, from the same region, the apical eye-spot is twice as large as usual and the fulvous hand is so faint that it is almost imperceptible. Next to this comes kurdistana, Heyne-Rihl, which is so dark that the fulvous band 1S broken into separate spots even in the female. Gaede is, no doubt, right in attributing this form to telmessia, as the jurtina of Asia Minor belong to the hispulla form, with large and sharp fulvous patches, and Heyne’s description could not agree with any of its females, whereas I possess a single female of telmessia from Tecde, in the Malatia region of western Kurdistan, and it exactly corresponds with that descrip- tion; it, thus, seems quite true that it constitutes a racial feature in that country. To nominotypical telmessia, characterised in the male sex, accord- ing to Herrich-Schaffer’s figure, by a broad fulvous suffusion all over the disc of the forewing, which even reduces the extent of the patch. of androconial scales, so that it somewhat recalls the aspect of M/. nurag, belong all the specimens | possess, from the coast of Anatolia, whence were Zeller’s ‘‘ cotypes,’’ to Syria (Beirut) and Palestine. On the contrary, a large series of June, from Ak-Chehir, in Central Anatolia, is distinctly different in the male sex, in that the apical ocellus is invariably single and rather small and the fulvous is always very much less extensive: in about 10% of my examples there is a small and faint tawny patch, between the band and the cell; in about as many there is no trace of tawny left and not even the ring around the eye-spot, whilst the black androconial patch becomes unusually broad; finally, the remainder are transitional and exhibit either a small round fulvous area, at the back of the apical ocellus, or only a slight suffusion of scales of this colour in its place, being all that re- mains of the usual fulvous band; it need scarcely be added that there never is any trace of tawny on the hindwing, as there occasionally is, bevond the end of the cell; in nominotypical telmessia. For this darkened form and race, characterised by the male sex only, because the female is perfectly similar to that of the latter, contrary to what is found in race kurdistana, characterised by its darkened female, I suggest the name of marenigrans, nom. nov. Lasiommata maera, L.:—In all the works on localities of Anterior Asia this species is referred either to adrasta, Geyer-Hiib. or to orien- talis, Heyne-Rihl, and only quite recently have a few authors, such as Graves, in connection with Palestine and Syria, and Pfeiffer, in con- nection with Northern Syria, begun to note the differences of aspect it exhibits within that region. The name of adrasta cannot, however, be applied quite correctly to any of them, because the form and race re- (10) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ V /1938. presented by the original figure is quite peculiar to the west of Europe and notably to the south of France, so that even those of Italy and those of the Balkans cannot bear that name; the latter. must not be called orientalis either, as some writers have done, but silymbria, Friihst., for this race spreads from Dalmatia right across to Macedonia. As to the name of orientalis, Heyne’s original description (in Rihl’s Grossschinett., p. 577, published in July 1894) translates as follows :— ‘A form allied*to adrasta, in which the upper side of the forewing is strongly mixed with dark rusty-red; the underside of the hindwing is of a very light grey (silvery-grey). Inhabits Asia Minor.’’ This diagnosis certainly applies perfectly to many individuals of the region in question, but only to those of the summer generations, owing to the underside colour, it mentions particularly; besides this, it omits the two upperside features, which can, in reality, be considered peculiari- ties of the Asiatic races, although they are not present, quite con- stantly, in all the individuals: one is the total, or partial, effacement, to a higher degree than in any other race, of the transverse dark streak, across the disc of the forewing, in both sexes; the other is the still more remarkable reduction of the ocelli of the hindwing to two, usually preceded anteriorly by a third, very small, fulvous space containing only a minute and blind black dot; in all the other races this is a small, but distinct, ocellus, with a white pupil, and there is at least another, fourth, fulvous space before it, when there are not more; one can add that the apical ocellus is, in some individuals, rather larger than in most other regions. If these features are taken as the characteristics of orientalis even in the broadest sense of the term, it will be seen that this name cannot be applied to any race from outside Anterior Asia, whereas the rusty-red colour, described by Heyne, is met with quite as commonly in other regions as in this one, where it does not prevail at all. The next remark to be made is that, also inside that area, the name must be used with more precision, taking into account some per- fectly clear variations, which exist there. To begin with, it must be restricted to the II generation of Asia Minor, whose underside colour, of a clear grey, agrees with the original description, whilst the under- side of the I generation is thickly shaded with dark grey and cannot be included; I, therefore, name it anieorientalis, nom. noyv., taking as ‘“ cotypes ’’ my specimens of May from Ak-Chehir and the Sultan Dagh in Central Anatolia, collected by Wagner; others of May, from Brussa, are exactly the same. This race is of the more or less usual and normal size of the species, in those specimens as well as in my June ones, which correspond to Heyne’s description, and which I take to have been produced by the earliest emergences of the II generation. According to Pfeiffer’s observations in the Marash region of Nor- thern Syria, there exists a I gen. in April, a II gen. in June and July, a JIT in August and September, and a IV, partial one, in Novem- ber. According to Graves, in Palestine, on the Plateau, ‘‘ the II gen. appears in late May and drags on well into August, probably owing to the operation of the summer pause.’’ The latter remark is pro- bably a more correct interpretation of what Pfeiffer has taken for a IT and a IIT generation, although he states that the I has an ashy-grey underside, the II a greyish-brown, the III a whitish-grey, and the IV. VARIATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASSIA AND MOROCCO, (11) again, an ashy-grey one; I have pointed out striking differences of aspect between the early and the late emergence of the same genera- tion, for instance, in the Italian C. pamphilus and M. didyma, which have very long-drawn ones, so that it is quite natural maera, too, should look different in its Ii generation, before and after the summer pause of its emergence. To this must be added that the race of Syria and Palestine has a distinctly different aspect from the usual, widespread one, of Asia Minor, owing to its much smaller size and to its paler colouring: the brown of the upper side is often greyish in tone and the fulvous is yellowish and replaced by warm yellow in the apical region of the fore- wing around the eye-spot. The forewing of my Anatolian orientalis measures from 23 to 25 mm, in length, corresponding to an expanse of 40 to 42, whereas my examples from Beirut, in Syria, measure, respectively, 20 to 22 and 35 to 37, in both sexes. There may, of course, be larger ones in other localities, but, anyhow, the general size is dis- tinetly lesser than in Asia Minor, also according to Graves’s experi- ence. Here, too. then, it will be necessary to make a distinction be- tween these forms and the race, as a whole, on the one hand, and the race orientalis proper, of Asia Minor, on the other. I suggest parvorientalis, nom. nov. as suitable to the race, selecting as “‘ holo- type’? a male from Beirut, in my possession, which is similar to true orientalis, in having a whitish-grey underside, so that it evidently be- longs to Pfeiffer’s so-called III generation; another, with a decidedly brown underside, I should name castaneaparvorientalis, nom. nov.; the I generation: anteparvorientalis, nom. nov., and the IV: postparvorien- talis, nom. nov. (the latter has an intermediate appearance between those of the spring and of the summer emergences). Agapetes (Melanargia) of the russiae, Esp. = japygia, Cyrilli eroup:—The more one finds cut about this group of butterflies the more one realises how difficult it 1s to establish the relationships of the various forms, which compose it, and to value their degrees, according to the average standards afforded by other groups. During last cen- tury, when the most striking forms came to hand, they were described, in several cases, as distinct species, but Staudinger, in 1901, had already reduced them to four: russiae = japygia, lurissa, grumi and hylata. Seitz, in 1908, realised that grumi was co-specifie with larissa and also added very emphatically that there seems to be no way of drawing a line between russiae = japygia and larissa, because they are connected, in the most gradual way, by the forms usually collected under the some- what indefinite name cf astanda, Stdgr., from the east, and by the race Seitz has named adriatica, from the Balkans. The latter also points out that the larissa forms are more or less grouped around the Black Sea, whereas the russiae = japygia one encircle them in a broad arch; as a matter of fact, these extend from Spain, the south of France and Sicily, through Hungary, the south of Russia, and Armenia, to Persia, Turkestan and southern Siberia, where they end at the Altai moun- tains. The genitalia of these insects are not promising, as a future help, in this question, for they differ so little that Pfeiffer, who has attempted to make use of them in the titea, Klug, group, has found they are so (12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1938. invariable that they are no good even in the separation of the hght- coloured forms of this species trom the equally light grumi, Stdf, ones of larissu, which resemble each other considerably, but are certainly specifically quite distinct. All, thus, seems to indicate that the Agapetes species are, in gene- ral, not very widely distinct from each other and that russiae and larissa are, in particular, not two species, but two exerges of the same one, which have spread westwards at two different geological epochs, larissa being the remnants of the Miocene migrations by the Hyrcanian isthmus and russiae having spread into Kurope by the Siberian route, much later, after the Glacial Periods were over and the climate had permanently become sufficiently temperate for it, there. The very broad, black, upperside pattern of larissa, which chiefly distinguishes it from russiae, in which it is, on the contrary, reduced to the thinnest streaks, presumably is the most primitive form, not differentiated as much as the latter from the more usual, uniformly dark, upperside of the Satyridae, in general; it may have been preserved by the maritime climate, as in the case of many other butterflies, which passed, from the shores of the Han-Hai sea of Central Asia, when it dried up, to the shores of the Mediterranean; instead, russiae = japygia has pro- bably acquired its reduced pattern on account of the Continental cli- mate, which it underwent, during long ages, in southern Siberia, after the Han-Hai had disappeared; it has, evidently, become so fixed, here- ditarily, that it only returned to a slight increase of a different kind from the one of larissa, when it spread southward to Turkestan and Persia, around the Caspian sea, and to Italy, where it has produced its culminating melanic, medioitalica, Vrty., local mountain race. As noted above, when this second flow, from the north, met the old Mio- cene stock, which had survived the Glacial Periods in the warmer Mediterranean region, they interbred and produced such synexerges as astanda and adriatica. If we next examine series of specimens from the Elburz mountains, such as those brought back by Wagner and by Brandt, in 19386 and sent to me, another conclusion is forced upon us: hylata, Meén., different as its aspect may be from /arissa in its most highly characterised form, cannot possibly be a distinct species from it, for it is connected to it by a continuous series of transitional forms, and, what is more, these are, in the aforesaid materials, before me, much more numerous than the well characterised specimens of either. Thus, a series from Kered] consists chiefly of massageta, Stdgr., which has the broad black pattern of larissa above and the thin and faint one of grumi on the underside, mixed with a few transitions to the actual grumi, owing to the thinness of the pattern also on their upperside. Another series, from Pelur and Demavend-Tarsee, can, on the whole, be referred to iranica, Seitz, which is nearly as dark as massageta above, but has the underside pat- tern still more effaced, somewhat as in the less extreme examples of hylata, so that Seitz has described it as a variety of the latter; amongst my specimens some are transitional to massageta also on the underside and some are more an approach to grumi by their thin, but sharp, pat- terns on both surfaces. A third set of specimens, from Nissa, resemble the preceding one, but with the difference that the darker, massageta- like, individuals are scarcer and variation goes considerably further in the reduction of the pattern on both surfaces, so that it reaches the extreme degree, proper to nominotypical hylata, in which the black is practically obliterated on the underside, only leaving a pale reddish shade of the pattern. Such facts obviously prove that all the forms of larissa, grumi and hylata intermix completely and cannot even be separated into exergic groups, like russiae = japygia and larissa, taking the latter as a whole. It should be noted, in this connection, that the former exists, too, in the Elburz mountains, whence Wagner has sent me specimens from the very high altitudes of Rehne-Demavend, 2700-3600 m.; they belong to its south-eastern transcaspica, Stdgr. race and I do not detect the slightest signs of admixture with larissa in that locality; this is in- teresting, as it shows that russiae replaces larissa in the colder locali- ties of the latter’s range, just as it is able to spread much further north, and it shows that their relationship is of a different nature from that which exists between larissa, grumi and hylata, which we have seen occurring together, as individual variations, in localities situated very near the aforesaid one of russiae. Eumenis statilinus, Hiifn., race minutula, nom. nov.:—As far back as half a century ago, Staudinger had already recorded, in his paper on Asia Minor, that there exists, in some localities of that region and, for instance, at Amasia, a much smaller race of this species than in any other part of its range. Nobody has, since then, recalled this local form, but, now we are working out geographical variation as completely as possible, we cannot overlook it any longer, because it is actually a peculiarity of Asia Minor, shown by the specimens of my collection to be quite frequent and widespread, there, and because the small size is, according to all probabilities, not merely the result of starvation or other unfavourable conditions, which produce weaklings, but the result of a constant hereditary factor. This seems inferable from the fact that the average sized races of Italy and Spain never, on any account, produce weaklings, either individually or lecally, except in the small apennina, Z. of certain high localities, whilst in Morocco there exists hansit, Aust., which is as small as the statilinus in ques- tion, from Asia Minor, and which is such a chose ally of it that. for a long time, it has been considered a variety; however, lately, it has been separated specifically, so that its very small size is unquestionably a hereditary character. The length of forewmg of hansii is about 25 mm.; that or my statilinus from Ak-Chehir, in Central Anatolia, is 24 to 25 and, in a couple from the hills near Yozgat, at about 1390 m., In the province of Angora, it is actually reduced to 20 in the male and 23 in the female. These sizes afford a sharp contrast with the very constant cne of 27 mm. in both sexes of race fatuaeformis, Vriy., from Constantinople and from Brussa, although the latter is already smaller than most races of statilinus and, presumably, a transition to the dwarf one of Asia Mmor; in colour and pattern they are quite alike, in all the localities, I have just mentioned, of both races, but, for the reasons given above, I think the difference of size makes a distinctive name necessary for the small one and I propose that of minutula. (14) ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 15/VI/ 1938. Melitaea didyma, Esp. and proposed allied species of Anterior Asia:—I cannot abstain from making a few remarks, suggested by the paper on this argument, published by Belter in the Arb. morph. taxon. Ent. aus Berlin-Dahlem, I, n. 2, p. 105 (1984). It contains a study of the male genital armature of some of the most striking Asiatic didyma and of pekinensis, ala, and agar, which are dealt with as distinct species. Up to this point one feels one can follow the author, although there may be some doubt concerning the first, but where one begins to find it necessary to criticise is in connection with deserticola and with two species from Anterior Asia, which he would want recognised. His reason for it is chiefly that their genitalia are different from the varia- tions he has found in other races, which he considers as belonging to true didyma; they afford, however, no other features, visible to the naked eye, suggesting specific distinction, and the one he points out in his montiwm from the North Lebanon, at 1850 m., is quite a mis- take: it consists in the outer orange band, on the underside of the hindwing, being broken into small internervular spots, each of which is bordered internally by a crescentic streak of black scales; he states this character is never seen in any real didyma, whereas I possess several European examples, chiefly of the female sex, which exhibit it perfectly clearly and it is quite frequent in the more oriental races of Anterior Asia: araratica, Vrty., as shown in Herrich-Schaffer's figure 327, casta, Koll. = persea, auct. nec Koll. (according to Riley and others) and magnacasta, Vrty. Belter’s montium falls in with these more eastern races, not only by this particular character, but also by its general aspect, which is transitional between them and the more western races of Asia Minor, and, what is more, also its geni- talia, as illustrated by Belter, are obviously a grade of transition in the successive series, made out by him as follows: mauretanica, mon- tium, tauricus, deserticola. All of these are connected to each other by transitional forms, also in connection with other features, visible to the naked eye, and mauwretanica is closely connected to didyma races of Europe, as I have shown it in my paper on the variations of J: didyma, in the Hnt. Rec., 1929, p. 116, so that there is’ a continuous series and nothing justifies splitting the aforesaid grades into separate species. Even deserticola, Obth., which might have seemed particu- larly distinct, is closely connected to mauretanica by interposita; Rothsch. On the other hand, it is certainly very interesting to note that the four grades of genitalia variations, made out by Belter, from mauretanica to deserticola, do have, together, a rather peculiar aspect of their own, intermediate between the other didyma ones and that of M. agar, Obth. of the Far East, and to note, furthermore, that; as I had already pointed out, in the Ent, Rec., 1929, p. 127, they have other features in common, visible to the naked eye, which had. led me to suggest that, as a whole, they constitute the Southern exerge of didyma; to them I had added also the races of the Southern and Cen- tral Iberic Peninsula and it will be interesting to see if their geni- talia sustain this view. It is noteworthy, too, that Belter should have found the genitalia of the didyma from Southern Persia and from Anatolia, which he calls persea, Koll., to he different from the pre- ceding and similar to those of nominotypical didyma. His Persian specimens, no doubt, belonged to the dalmatina-like fortns, which Riley VARIATION OF BUTTERFLIES IN ANTERIOR ASIA AND MOROCCO. (15) considers should be referred to casta, Koll., and which I had included in the Central exerge of didyma, on the strength of wing characters. 1 have no doubt araratica, Vrty. belongs to this same group, too. There remains to examine the genitalia of magnacasta, Vrty. (the Persian insect figured by Seitz under the name of persea), so as to establish its proper position; I have suggested in my paper, mentioned above, that it may even be an ala, Stdgr., which is unquestionably a species distinct from didyma, for, in Central Asia, they fly together, on the same grounds, and they never interbreed, as proved by the fact all specimens can be assigned either to one or to the other, with no difficulty, when one is sufficiently acquainted with their distinctive features. On the contrary, Belter’s supposed species from Anterior Asia, namely, montium, from high altitudes on the North Lebanon, and tauricus, from Marash, on the southern slopes of the Achyr Dagh, in Northern Syria (I have a large series, I take to belong to it, from -Tecde in the Malatia region of western Kurdistan), do not fly at all with any other sharply distinct didyma, but are its only representa- tives, where they occur, and seem to be connected with its races of other localities by intermediate individuals, judging from Belter’s de- scriptions and from my own materials. All these considerations lead me to conclude montium and tauricus are, in no way, species of their own, but are distinct from didyma only | as exerges or subspecies, and both belong to its Southern one, of which they are two races, or local forms, as best one likes to call them. It is noteworthy that Warren, in his treatise on the genus Hrebia, has shown how subspecies differ genitalically, there, very much the same as here, in didyma, and to remarkable degrees, without its making it the least advisable to lower the specific standard by considering them species, when there is no proof of sterility or other particular reasons for doing so. Apart from this question of the nature, degree and rank of relation- ship, it is important to take note of the fact that the African represen- tatives of didyma and some of those of Anterior Asia constitute a transition to M. agar of the mountains of Western China and are more closely connected with it by their genitalia than are even pekinensis or other Chinese and Asiatic didyma. It is a further contribution to what has been observed in many other species and groups, sustaining the hypothesis of early, Miocene, westward migrations, by the southern route. The most ancestral living types of those species have, any- how, survived in the south of the Far East and in the south of the extreme West, whereas, in the other regions, they have, apparently, all been modified by the action of Glacial Periods and other local fac- tors and conditions. ‘* BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.” (1) SUPPLEMENT TO THE ‘‘ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.”’ By Rocrer Verity, M.D., F.R.E.S. The materials brought back by Querci last year, and which I have examined, were mostly collected during 1936 in the sunny, open neigh- bourhood of Skala, 300 m., at the foot of the Olympus, not visited dur- ing the two previous years. They have turned out more different from those of the much more Alpine surroundings of 8. Dionisio than might have been expected, considering the comparative proximity (four hours walk) of those two localities and the difference of altitude of only about 500 m., so that some species have, distinctly, another aspect, and others which are very scarce in one locality are abundant in the other. Interesting forms were also obtained by collecting in the Salonika region during the height of the summer and the second or third gene- ration of some species has, thus, been exactly determined. I, therefore, think this Supplement to my notes on Macedonia in the Entomologist’s Record of 1936, Nos. 11 and 12, and 1937, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, will be useful to record the facts IT have, since then, made out. Hrynms tages, L., race magnatages, nom. nov.:—I have stated, in my previous paper, that the race of the Olympus is subclara, Vrty. This applies to the population of S. Dionisio, 800 m., specimens of which were collected in 1935. A series of Skala, 300 m., affords, in the II generation, a decidedly distinct facies, which is all the more strik- ing that this species varies so little in the whole of its broad range. The I generation of Skala, old female individuals of which were on the wing till 20th June, is a perfectly nominotypical tages. The II ap- peared at about that time and fresh specimens were found till 25th July; it is well worth distinguishing, and J name it magnatages be- cause it is, first of all, larger than any tages I have seen, the length of the forewing being about 15 mm., against the usual average 13, and the expanse about 28, against the usual 25; the broader wings and the greater elongation of the hindwing at the tornus increase their surface still more; the tone of colour is decidedly brown and very warm, usually with a golden sheen; in about 30% of the individuals the dark spotting and the lght grey spaces are entirely lacking and the whole wing surface 1s of a uniform brown colour; in about as many they are vaguely and partly perceptible and even in the rest they rarely stand out prominently ; the underside is of a ight, warm, brown. Carcharodus lavatherae, Esp., race nigrobscurata, nom. nov.:—The capture, at Skala, 300 m., during the last days of June and the early ones of July, of several specimens of this new form has been an in- teresting addition to the little known oriental ones of this species. It seems to sustain Reverdin’s latest view that the very distinct race of the Taurus Mts. of Asia Minor, which he had illustrated, in the Bull. Soc, Lép. Genéve, iii, p. 103 (1915), under the name of tauricus, as a distinct species, fully belongs. on the contrary, to lavatherae, although it certainly is a very marked variation, entirely proper to the east of its range. In Vol. vi (1929) of the same Bulletin there is, in fact, a posthumous paper by him, in which he states the results of the examina- (2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/ 1938 tion of a specimen from Mt. Athos St.-Andrew (13th June); he had, at first sight, referred it to tauricus, but a closer inspection showed that its genitalia did not exhibit, in the least, the characteristics observed in the holotype male of the Taurus and agreed, instead, exactly with those of lavatherae; also, to the naked eye, several. features of tauricus which had heen deemed constant and specific were lacking in the Mt. Atos example, and, for instance, the extent of the translucent spaces of the forewing reduced, as compared with lavatherae. There was, therefore, obvious transition between the latter of the west and tauri- cus of the east in that form of Macedonia, but Reverdin states explicitly that it has decidedly the reddish general colouring of tauricus. The form of Mt. Olympus agrees exactly with Reverdin’s figures of tauricus by its large size and thick build and, what is more, by the smallness of the clear spaces on the hindwing, the premarginal ones being rendered nearly invisible by a grey shading, but the general colouring is of a cold, dark, grey, with perfectly black patches on the forewing and bands on the hindwing, which recall the facies of Spilo- thyrus alchymillae, Hiib. = altheae, Hiib., and differ from all the lavatherae hitherto known; also on the underside the forewings are more broadly and more deeply black and, in the male sex, the dark shades of the hindwing are dark grey, instead of pale reddish; in the females they are of an ochreous colour, similar to that of Oberthiir’s figure 607 in Ht. Lép. Comp., Vol. x, of a specimen from Akbes, in Syria, which is the nearest approach to the Olympus one, also by its dark upperside, although it is of a much more reddish tinge and smaller. I had given it the name of ambigua in the Ent. Rec, of 1925, p. 48, when I was in doubt as to what species it belonged exactly, as Oberthiir had been before me, and [ thought it probably was a Spilothyrus stauderi, but, since then, I have received from Fritz Wagner a series of Ak-Chehir, in Anatolia (18th to 26th June), which evidently agrees with it entirely and which is a lavatherae intermediate between race rufescens, Obth., of North Africa, found also in some localities of Asia Minor, and the race of Mt. Olympus I have just described and I pro- pose naming nigrobscurata. I must add that, in the latter, the trans- lucent spaces of the forewing are quite as large as in the average lava- therae of the west, so that, evidently, there is, in these various forms, a great deal of mixture cf the different characters and they can only be extreme variations of a single species; :t does not seem as though the group nigrobscurata-tauricus-ambigua could even constitute a different exerge from the group of western races, considering the geni- talia found in the tawricus of Mt. Athos and considering that in Asia Minor there are races which can well be referred to rufescens, as shown by specimens of Beirut and of Amasia in my possession; thus there evidently is actual transition from them to tauricus through ambigua, as there is to the western lavatherae through the race australissima, Vrty., Ent. Rec., 1925, p. 41, of some localities of North Africa, such as figured by Oberthiir (figs. 603-604, which I have taken as my typical couple), and of southern and central Spain. As Warren and subsequent authors have taken australissima to be synonymous with rufescens, I must again lay stress on the fact that they are perfectly distinct; my afore- said series of Asia Minor is entirely made up, in both sexes, of the yery reddish form, with ochreous bands on the underside of the hind- wings, whereas one, for instance, from Albarracin only resembles it, ‘* BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.” (3) to a moderate Gegree, in a few exceptional females, as noted by Querci, and it would be quite a mistake to apply the name to it, as a whole in the way Zerny has done in the Hos, 1927, p. 343; the usual facies is the one of Oberthiir’s figures 603-604 and the racial name, therefore, is australissima, describable as being of a slightly more reddish, general, tone of colour than nominotypical lavatherae and australior, Vrty., of Italy. It will be interesting to see if, in the Balkans, there exist tran- sitional forms and races also between the two latter, known from as far east as Carniolia and Albania, and nigrobscuratu, or whether these forms stand at the opposite ends of a single series of grades, Rebel and Zerny have noted that in Albania the underside markings are more prominent than in nominotypical lavatherae and this might be a first step towards nigrobscurata, but no other exact information seems to be available. C. orientalis, Rev.:—Having seen and obtained Skala specimens of May and June, I am now in a position to state that they can well be referred to the nominotypical.form and more exactly to the individual one, in which the grey of the upperside is pale and cold in tone; a small specimen, with the white underside spaces of the hindwing stand- ing out sharply on the grey, strongly recalls C. marrubit. The II gene- ration does not differ either from postorientalis, Vrtyv. (25th April 1928) = aestatis, Graves (May 1928), of Constantinople. Pyrgus serratulae, Ramb., race infraobscurata, nom. nov.:—A few specimens of this speceis, which had not been seen before, were col- lected in 1936, from the 15th to the 21st of June, at Skala, 300 m., and on the path to S. Dionisio, at about 800 m. They strike one at once as different from the other races hitherto known; in size they are distinctly larger than the usual ones of the species, but not as much as major, Stdgr., of Asia Minor, or magnagallica, Vrty. = occidentalis, Lucas, of France. On the upperside the white spaces are well pro- nounced on the forewing, but, on the hindwing, there is not the slightest trace of them, or even of grey shadings, in either sex, as there is in nearly all the serratulae, the rare exceptions only being individual in the other races. The chief characteristic of this one is, however, afforded by the underside of the hindwing, where the nearly absolutely constant yellow colour of the serratulae of all the other regions, ex- cept for a few aberrations, is, on the contrary, constantly and entirely replaced here, in both sexes, by cold, blackish and grey ones, whilst the narrow, clear space, which stretches along the outer margin of both fore and hindwing and is well known as a distinctive feature of this species, is of a bluish, slate grey, instead of white or dirty white, as in the other races. All my Skala specimens of both sexes also ex- hibit another very unusual peculiarity; Warren had remarked that, in serratulae, ‘‘ the rarest form of underside variation is the reduction of the white markings ’’; now, in these specimens, the white spaces are reduced to such an extent that some of the smaller ones are en- tirely missing and the central white band-like one is reduced to a row of small separate spaces; they are also partly shaded with pale grey. These Skala specimens I take as cotypes of infraobscurata. The few I have from S. Dionisio are quite as grey, but broad white spaces exist on the under surface, as in any average serratulae, and stand out (4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/ 1938 sharply, as in planorum, Vrty.; their extent is, however, distinctly not that of balcanica, Warren, from Montenegro. Spialia orbifer, Hiib., race tesselloides, H.-S., IL gen. postesselloides, nom. nov.:—The specimens collected at the end of July, in the neigh- bourhood of Skala, are very much smaller than those of the I generation, which is unusually large (18 to 20 mm. of expanse, against 22 to 25). In my previous paper on Macedonia I had apphed Rebel’s name of minor to the II generation of the Olympus, but, on second thought, it seems to me it would be more exact to restrict the latter name to the II of the nominotypical race and to distinguish, by a new one, that of tesselloides, which is quite as distinct trom it as the I, and by the same ‘ features: much lesser extent of the white spaces. ’ Gegenes pumilio, Hoffm.:—Now I am in possession of specimens col- lected in the mountains above Skala and Stavros, at about 800 m., 9% 3rd June, I can confirm Querci’s opinion that the race is quite similar to the Italian, nominotypical, one. G. nostrodamus, F., race nostrodamus, F.:—Having obtained also the specimens of this species, recorded in my previous paper, I am able to determine the race they belong to, and I see they differ in no way from those of ‘‘ Barbaria,’’ described by Fabricius originally, or from Sicily, or Asia, and they show no tendency at all to vary in the direction of race pumilio minuma, Vrty., the northern form, I have described from Tuscany, which recalls pumilio, Vrty., much by its smaller size and blacker tone of colour on both surfaces, so that the genitalia alone dis- tinguish it with certainty from the latter. The Olympus examples of the two species differ strikingly from each other. The nostrodamus collected on 8th June, at Skala, are a little larger than those found, on Ist July, lower down, at about sea-level. Scolitantides orion, Pall., race orion trans. ad metioche, Pall.- Friihst.:—The large series of specimens brought bae& by Querci, ap- parently, shows that those I had seen, when I attributed the Olympus race to metioche, Frhst., did not convey a correct idea of it. At Prionia, 1500 m., whence were my examples, this dark form, with nearly no blue above, except indistinct marginal lunules, is quite unusual in the male sex, which is, on the contrary, quite as blue, on an average, as the nominotypical orton degree of it; it is more frequent in the female sex, but far from preponderant, so that the race can nearly be referred to the nominotypical one. What had led me wrong in my previous judg- ment had been that most of the specimens sent to me were very worn and rubbed, so that they had lost a good deal of their blue scales. An- other series, obtained at the much lower level of Skala, in 1936, con- tains a slightly higher percentage of metioche and is, on the whole, rather smaller in size. Glaucopsyche cyllarus, Rott., race parvandereggi, nom. nov. :—In my paper of 1936 I have applied the name of andereggt, Riihl. to the race of Salonika and of the Olympus. Now I have before me further materials from both these regions and from the hills above that town, at about 350 m., and from the same altitude at Skala, I find it necessary to be * ‘* BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.” (5) more exact and to make the following distinction: that the females do always belong to that dark form, with no trace of blue on the upperside, the males have a thick black marginal band and the underside of both sexes is distinctly darker than in nominotypical cyllarus of the German lowlands, so that all these features agree with the typical andereggi of the Valais and the western Alps, but, on the other hand, the size is very much smaller than the one of the latter, both on an average and in that its most characteristic giant males are not produced at all, nor is its other peculiarity, consisting in the very large size of the black spots on the underside of the forewing. The wing expanse of this Macedonian race is of about 25 mm. in the male and in most females and varies from 20 to 28 in extreme indivi- duals of the latter sex. The size, therefore, agrees with that of most southern races, but is very much smaller than the usual one of the cyllarus of Central Europe, not to speak of the very large males of anderéggt mentioned above, and I conclude a distinctive name is neces- sary for this race. I select my Salonika specimens as “‘ cotypes,’’ noting, however, that it is not a purely eastern race and that the same name can be used for perfectly similar ones occurring further west, such as in the Po basin. Aricia anteros, Frr.:—The large series of specimens collected in various localities of different sorts show notable local differences in the average aspect, which are well worth recording, although it is, no doubt, more correct to call them ‘‘ forms’’ than ‘“‘ races,’’ even though one uses the latter term in a broad sense, as we have been doing in con- nection with other species. Thus :— At Salonika the I generation (the II has not been collected) is usually large, of a bright blue tinge and with large underside lunules, of a fine, rich, orange colour. This I take to be the nominotypical anteros. At the highest altitudes on Mt. Olympus, such as at Prionia, 1500 m., only one generation is produced; it is quite as large or even slightly larger than the preceding, but the colours are less intense on both sur- faces, the lunules of the underside being distinctly smaller and paler and those of the upperside of the female often entirely obliterated. It might be named modicior, nom. nov. At Stavros, 700 m., on the same mountain, but in a deep, damp, gully, the I generation is smaller and very much poorer in pigment, so that the blue of the upperside of the male has an entirely different tone from the two preceding forms, tending to lilac and strongly iridescent, and the underside lunules are very small and of a dirty, yellowish, orange: form inanis, nom. nov. At S. Dionisio, 800 m., the striking characteristic consists in the small size. The I generation is considerably below the average of all the preceding forms (length of forewing 13 mm. and expanse 23, against 15 and 26): form minorata, nom. nov. The II generation is very much smaller and even half the size of the I in many individuals, which are, thus, extremely minute. In both generations the colours are similar to those of the Prionia form, so that the II cannot be referred to altera, Ziillich, of Bulgaria, because the latter is described as having the un- derside of a deep, warm, brown, in both sexes, and the upperside of the female of a lighter brown than the I generation, whereas nothing (6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1938 of the sort is to be seen in this one, which I, consequently, propose naming minoratissima, nom. nov. A. allous, Hb. = medon, Hiifn., race macedonica, Vrty.:—To the description of my paper of 1936, I can add, on the strength of further materials seen and obtained for my own collection, that the typical generation of macedonica is the [ one, always with a cold grey under- side, whereas the II is sometimes of a bright fulvous and has no trace of blue metallic scaling at the base of the wings. I said that this insect is of a larger size than the agestis of the same region; J can now give the precise average measurements as being 15 mm. of length of fore- wing and 25 of expanse in the male; the typical female measures 15 and 28 respectively, but the wing surface is greater than the one of the male, owing to their broader shape. I can also add that this specimen has very large orange lunules on a gray underside; on the upperside their colour is of a light tone; what reminds one of icarus, as observed in my original description, is that, on the hindwing, each lunule has a large black spot, standing out on the brownish groundcolour, and nar- rowly edged, on the hind-side, by a few slightly bluish scales. In my original description of macedonica, in my previous paper on this region, I said that Querci had observed, on the Olympus, a state of things similar to that existing in the Iberic peninsula and in the Atlas, where two species (montensis, Vrty. and cramera, Ersch.) have been detected in the insects, once attributed to agestis alone. It is many years since I suspected the same thing in connection with some mountain races of Northern Italy, as distinguished from the lowland ones and from those of the mountains of peninsular Italy. Now I have seen the work of Bayard, in the Livre Jubilaire de M. E. L. Bouvier, Paris, 1936, p. 111, I find I must state, at once, to remove any misunderstanding and confusion, that, when I described macedonica as a race of montensis, I had not seen Bayard’s figures of the falees=gnathos=subunci, showing that the latter has a culminating degree of length and thinness of the free branch of that process, so that it can well be a distinct species, as suggested by that author. This feature, together with the other, still more exclusive one, J had recorded when I named montensts in 1928, consisting in the position of the premarginal orange lunules, which are nearer to the margin than in agestis on both surfaces, is, however, nearly proper to the Iberic peninsula and to Africa, so that it has now become clear that macedonica does not belong at all to montensis, as restricted by the aforesaid characters. On the other hand, there is no doubt, as stated above, that also out- side those regions there exists a specific duplicity, corresponding to montensis and to cramera, although it does not seem to be as conspicu- ous, with regard to structure and to pattern of wings. To establish the limits between those twin groups and the names they should bear it must be noted that the races, which Bayard has lumped together under the name of agestis, exhibit a remarkable range of variation, in con- nection with the falces, as shown by his own figures and as found also by me, in my own mounts of the male genital armatures from many regions. On one side those variations lead up to the extreme montensis degree: not fully in Bayard’s figures, but quite so in some of my speci- mens from very high altitudes in the Tuscan Apennines (Abetone pass, 1400 m.), and from the Maritime Alps (Valdieri, 1375 m.). On the other ‘+ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.” (7) side they reach the aspect: of the less extreme cramera, as shown by Bayard’s fig. 20 (Sicily) compared to 27. It can, next, be seen that the first kind of falces, just mentioned, is furnished by the races of Northern Europe and the northern parts of Central Kurope and by those of high mountain masses, further south, i.e., by the races which only produce one generation, or a scanty and nearly exceptional second one, and which resemble montensis by their long, pointed wings, by their, usually, deeper black colouring and by the much lesser development of the pre- marginal orange lunules, as compared with the following group. The oldest name, given to a race of this group, would be medon, Hiifn., from Berlin, but, as it is a primary homonym, the next one, allous, Hiib., must be used, to distinguish it, as a whole, from the other, ap- parently, specific entity, Hiibner and Geyer’s figures represent the widespread race of Northern Germany, parts of Northern France, and of England and the greater part of the Alpine region. In the same group are included: alpina, Stdgr. (the minute race of high altitudes), inhonora, Jach. of Russia, macedonica, Vrty., montiummagna, Vrty. of high altitudes (1400 m.) in the Apuane Alps of Tuscany, and ar- taxerxes, F., whilst salmacis, Stph. is presumably a result of inter- breeding with the next, agestis, group and, in the Maritime Alps, there seems to be genitalic evidence of interbreeding with montensis. The other group, which is an approach to cramera, both by the form of the falces it usually exhibits, by the extent of the orange lunules, by the less deep and warmer tone of colours and by the fact it pro- duces regularly either two or three generations, according to latitude and altitude, includes the nominotypical agestis, Schiff., of Vienna, which is widespread in the southern parts of Central Europe, on the west coast of France and in England, and in the mountains of the south, where the surroundings are too dry and warm for the allous. This is, therefore, the species which goes on bearing that name in this, new, restricted, sense and, in it, must also be included the following degree, gallica, Obth., and the extreme one calida, Bell., with its I gen. ornata, Stdgr., as well as other races, such as pallidefulva, Vrty., swb- calida, Vrty., infracandida, Vrty., nizra, Moore (Kashmir), according to a specimen [ have examined genitalically; I have mentioned above the race of high altitudes (1400 m.)*in northern Tuscany, in which I have found the falces to be like those of montensis; to the naked eye it looks perfectly similar to the pallidefulva, I have described from lower altitudes in that region and which, on the contrary, is a highly characterised agestis by its very large premarginal, orange, lunules. Presumably cramera and montensis have derived from migrations of the early Miocene by the African route, as they are both found in the Atlas, and the latter has spread, together with Lysandra albicans, after the Glacial Periods, through southern France, to the Maritime Alps and northern Tuscany, where it has mixed, respectively with allous, which had, then, got there by the Siberio-Russian route, and with agestis, which had derived from migrations of the later Miocene, such as the moufflon one, and got back to Northern Italy, after the Glacial Periods, from its southern refuges. Evidently, the specific distinction between montensis and the two latter is not so great as to reach total sterility and they have interbred. This hypothesis is sug- gested by the genitalia, similar to those of montensis, I have found in (8) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1IX /1938 those two cases, as stated above. It, of course, casts a doubt on the full specific distinction of montensis from allous and agestis. As there does not seem to be a very sharp distinction between the two latter, either, where they meet, in Central Europe, and the southern, calida, race of agestis is, genitalically, a near approach to cramera, at the op- posite end of variation, all the species, we have just made out, afford an interesting case of relationship, which is, apparently, best defined as one of “‘ partial ’’ specific distinction, standing just above the exer- gic distinction, in that some of their races occasionally exist on the same grounds, without interbreeding to any extent, as allous and agestis do on Mt. Olympus; this evidently happens because the race of agestis is, there, more southern and, therefore, more distinct from allous than the nominotypical one of Central Europe, which, presum- ably, does blend with it, considerably, in that region. Polyommatus chiron, Rott. = eumedon, Esp.:—I have pointed out that the series of specimens collected on Mt. Olympus, at 300 m., con- tained a large percentage of individuals exhibiting the characteristic of form fylgia, Spang (no white streak on the underside of the hind- wing). To be quite exact in this record, I must, now, add that I have seen the remainder of that series and that it consists in an intermediate form, with a streak, but short and very thin. Lysandra thersites, Cant.-Chap.:—-The examples found at Salonika in mid-summer are extremely small, smaller, in fact, than any others I have seen from Europe and similar to the form postmicrorientalis, I have described from the very arid region of Tecde, near Malatia, in western Kurdistan, in the Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1935, p. 244. Everes alcetas, Hoffm.:—The capture of a female of this species, on 15th April, above Salonika, at about 300 m., adds a species to my pre- vious list. It is somewhat larger than the usual, average, size, and it has a well marked, though very thin, as it always is in alcetas, orange lunule on the underside; the ground-colour, on this surface, is deci- dedly grey and all the black markings well marked, so that it belongs to the same race as the typical Austrian specimens and, in no way, to the small and pale diminuta, Vrty., of the I generation of the south. Tarucus balkanica, Freyer, with I gen. clorinda, nom. nov.:— No one has, to my knowledge, recorded any definite seasonal dimor- phism in this species, so that I must do so in connection with the Salonika examples, which exhibit it most distinctly, and I dedicate the spring form to the Signora Querci, whose energy and enthusiasm, in collecting, is well known. Freyer, and also Herrich-Schaffer, who gave this species the name of psittacus, very soon after the former had described it, have figured specimens, from ‘‘ Turkey,’’ of the II generation, as shown by their large size and clear ground colour, in the male sex, with a thin marginal black streak. Most of the speci- mens of that generation (mid-August) from Salonika are rather smaller and darker, but, nevertheless, the I generation of May differs from them, always very markedly, by being still smaller and darker. Freyer’s male has a forewing, which measures 10 mm. in length and an expanse of 19, at the apexes, where the fringes begin; the average expanse, at Salonika, is about 18 in the II generation, whereas in the I the length of forewing is 8 to 9, in that sex, and the expanse 16 to ‘* BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.” (9) 17. The minute size, corresponding to these measurements, 1s accom- panied by a much darker colouring of the upper surface, in that the tone of black is very much deeper and colder and the extent of the black markings is greater; the neuration is streaked with this colour, more or less thickly, and the outer margin is broadly shaded with it, so that the clear spaces, with a violet sheen, of the male, are very much broken and limited in extent, and, in the female, the white ones are, practically, abolished; in this sex, the whole wing surface is, thus, uniformly black, instead of being variegated, as it is in the II gene- ration. On the underside the black pattern is, in both sexes, usually thicker in the I than in the TI generation and the metallic premar- ginal spots of the hindwing are less coloured, in that they are more silvery and less green or blue. Syntarucus pirithous, L. ab. posticelatenigra, nom. nov.:—This species, usually known as telicanus, Lang, varies so extremely little that it is well worth recording a form, collected at Skala, on 19th June, which I have never seen before: it is a male specimen, which bears a broad black band along the whole outer margin of the hindwing; its inner outline is tolerably sharp and parallel with the margin, at a distance equivalent to the extreme inner side of the two black dots, which are rather larger than usual and just perceptible, inside the band, owing to their deeper black tone. Thecla quercus, L.:—On the strength of specimens from 850 m. to 1200, on the Olympus, [ have applied the name of interjecta, Vrty., to the race they represent, but I must, now, record the further fact that the species has been, subsequently, found also at Skala, at 300 m., and that it has another facies, there, which exactly agrees with the nominotypical form of England and Central Europe, for it is larger than interjecta, the underside is of a darker tone of grey, the black streaks are more accentuated, and the orange ones larger and of a warmer tinge; all these features are more marked in the male sex, whilst the female, as compared with it, gives the impression of being transitional to interjecta. Gonepteryx cleopatra, L.:—Having seen a considerable number of specimens, I am, now, in a position to record that the Macedonian race belongs to the dalmatica, Vrty., form, although some individuals do not have, to its fullest extent, the characteristic rounded shape of the wings, with a strongly convex outer margin and nearly no angle at apex of forewing and on hind margin of hindwing; most of them are only transitional to it. It must, furthermore, be noticed that all the females are of the entirely bright yellow fioru, Turati, form, so that the race, as a whole, must bear this name, as contrasted to the Dalmatian one, whose females are of the more usual greenish-white colour. G. rhamni, L.:—I have referred the race of Salonika and the Olympus to transiens, Vrty., but Skala specimens, of June, are so indented along the hind margin of the hindwings that they may better be looked upon as transitional from that race to the more extreme meridionalis, Rober, described from Algiers and southern Asia Minor. It is noteworthy that, at Skala, also some farinosa, Z., were found, so that the three western species of Gonepteryx fly together, there, as they do in many localities of Asia Minor. (10) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1938 Leptidea duponcheli, Stdgr.:—I have named fragilis the race of Salonika, on the strength of the small form, which constituted the I generation, in the hills above that town, in the year 1935. In 1936 Querci was quite taken aback when the species began to emerge and exhibited a strikingly different look, tor its size had increased and its structure had acquired nearly the normal nominotypical aspect. What had remained of fragilis was the yellow tinge, particularly strong at the base of the wings and evidently transitional to the entirely bright yel- low form of Syria, xanthochroa, Vrty. There are, thus, some features, which do justify a distinctive name for the race of the east, as con- trasted to the nominotypical one of Southern France and of the west, and that name will have to be fragilis, although its fragile appearance does not show constantly, to its fullest extent, either in all localities or in all years. Pieris manni, Mayer:-—It is noteworthy that two perfectly fresh males collected in the hills, above Salonika, on 16th November 1936, correspond, in aspect, to those of the IV generation, septembrina, Vrty., of September, in Peninsular Italy. There remains to be made out whether they belong to the same generation, perhaps retarded, at Salonika, by a long summer pause, due to extreme drought and heat, or whether they belong to a V generation, more frequent, there, than the rare and scarcely represented, frail form, quercii, Rostagno of Italy, in October. As far as facies goes, the two Salonika ex- amples are different from the latter and similar to the former, for they are fully of the average size and strength of June nominotypical II generation manni and only differ from it by hav- ing a broader suffusion of black scales at the base of the wings, on the upperside, and a thicker one all over the hindwings, on the underside; the black markings of the upperside are large and of a deep black, with sharp outlines, in one specimen; they are smaller and partly veiled with white scales in the other, as it often is the case in the variations of all seasons and localities. This late form must be named postmanni, nom. nov., in the Balkanic nominotypical race, just as it has been named in Italy, in the Valais, in France, etc., where the corresponding form differs, in each case, from this one by the same racial features as the other forms and generations do from their cor- responding one. Parnassius mnemosyne, .:—Prof. Kollar of Vienna, one of the specialists of the Parnassiidi, has pointed out, in Lambillionea of 1937, p. 97, and pl. VIII, some differences, he has detected, between the race of the Olympus and the Bulgarian bureschi, Bryk, to which others had referred it; he has, consequently, given it the new name of clorinda, in honour of the Signora Querci, who is the captor of the very few known specimens, from Prionia, 1500 m., and from the valley between Stavros and Skala, from 800 to 300 m. Parnassius apollo, L., race olympiacus, Kol.-Rebel = thessalicus, O. B. Bang-Haas :—I have stated, in my previous paper, that Querci had, in 1935, found, on the Olympus, the apollo to be entirely different from the descriptions and figures of the three authors just mentioned. In 1936 he was very surprised to see that, in exactly the same locality, all the apollo, had changed facies and had come to agree perfectly with the aforesaid descriptions. They were also very muck scarcer than in the ‘“ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.”’ (11) preceding year. The explanation of this phenomenon presumably rests in the very great difference of climate, between those two years, during the spring months, when the larvae were feeding: mild and clear in 1935; cold and damp in 1936. This experience is very instructive, like the Leptidea one, mentioned above, because it shows how necessary it is to make a distinction be- tween purely somatic differences, produced by deviations during the development of the individual, due to differences in the surrounding conditions, and really constant hereditary, differences. Unfortunately this distinction is, in practice, extremely difficult, not to say impos- sible, in most cases, as it could only be accomplished by breeding ex- periments, on a large scale, in various kinds of surroundings, to see if the strains, one wants to compare, vary in the same way, under the same external conditions, or keep up constant differences of aspect, which could, then, only be due to distinct hereditary factors. It is this difficulty and consequent ignorance on our part, which induce me to use the term of ‘‘ races ’’ for aggregates of individuals, all or the majority of which exhibit some features distinguishing them from those of other co-specific aggregates. The term is usually looked upon as conveying the idea of characteristic hereditary factors and, in this sense, it would not be correct, as applied to many cases in which the features are otf somatic origin, but this possibility can be borne in mind till it becomes possible to eliminate them by the aforesaid experimental proofs. It is no good trying to do so by rule of thumb or relying on some difference of structure to conclude there must be a hereditary one; the genital armature has, for instance, even been seen to vary regularly in the different generations. What, on the other hand, seems quite wrong is to use the term of ‘‘ subspecies ’’ in place of the more vague and less emphatic one of ‘‘ race,’’ as most authors are doing nowadays, because the former is recognised by the International Code of Zoological Nomen- clature, and they want their discoveries to be enforced by it. It should, instead, be reserved for unquestionable hereditary differences, well fixed in natural surroundings and, thus, superior in rank to the very variable domestic breeds, kept up by artificial selection. Finally, I do not use the term of ‘‘ local form,’’ either, because nearly all the variations in question are not local at all, as they turn up, individually, also in the regions, where another form predominates. When they don’t, one can be pretty sure one has a “‘ subspecies ’’ before one, in the true sense of the word, and ‘‘ local form’’ would be a synonym. The simple word ‘“ form ’’ would, apparently, in the present state of things, be the most correct expression, as a broad word of ignorance, like the old-fashioned ‘“‘ variety,’ but it has the defect of being rather too individual and of conveying no idea of an aggregate, such as are the entities, which I conclude had better, for the present, be called ‘‘ races,’’ till our know- ledge about them has been improved and we can start out on new lines. Let us, in the meantime, take note of the experiments, which nature itself provides, and realise, on the strength of the Olympus apollo, that nearly none of the dozens of ‘‘ subspecies,’ attributed to it in the last few years, are anything of the kind and that most of them are even scarcely ‘‘ races,” in the broadest sense of the word, as defined above. for they respond at once to external changes and alter their features to a most unusual extent. Yearly changes of this sort are, however, (12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XI / 1938 much more frequent and conspicuous in many butterflies than has, as yet, been realised. The particularly bad weather of 1937 has, for in- stance, changed the aspect of several species in the Sibillini Mts. of Central Italy: the apollo collected, there, by the Quercis are smaller, the ergane larger, the coridon larger and brighter, too, the alberganus= ceto have broad fulvous bands, the tyndarus are less silvery on the under- side, the athalia larger, to the extent that the “ racial’ names given to them, on the strength of other series, could not, strictly speaking, be applied to these series of specimens, because somatic features evi- dently prevailed amongst those described. It is no good discussing whether ‘‘ local form ’’ is preferable to ‘‘ race,’’ or not; ‘‘ yearly forms ”’ would have to be distinguished as well and this would not be fully satis- factory, yet. What one wants is to start on the new line of recognising ‘‘ somations,’’ when it is possible, and, as this term has already been erected by the students of genetics, making use of it, possibly with the indication of the external factor, which produces the form one is deal- ing with; thus, for instance, if the Olympus apollo of 1935 is more or less similar to liburnicus, Rebel & Rogenhofer, we will have: race libur- nicus, som. liburnicus, and som. olympiucus, which can be usefully de- veloped into: caloris et siccitatis somatio, or cal.-sicc. som., and frigidi et humoris somatio, or frig.-hum. som. It must, however, first of all, be made out which of the so-called subspecies are to be grouped together as somations deriving from the same hereditary factors. Here, for in- stance, another apollo has been described lately from Macedonia and named subspecies macedonicus, Ros.; the cotypes were from the Kobelija and Shar-dagh, in N.W. Macedonia, and from the Mala Rupa, in S. Macedonia, between Gjeogzeli and Monastir, at an altitude of about 1600 m. Judging by Bollow’s figure of a female in the Supplement to Seitz, it is a very white form, standing close to liburnicus, Rebel & Roeenhofer, of the Velebit Planina Mts., in Croatia, and not a dif- ferent subspecies at all. Papilio machaon, L.:—A few specimens, captured in 1936, now en- able me to determine the Macedonian forms: The | generation, of April, from Salonika, has very broad black bands and is more or less the same as the one of Sicily, which agrees with Hitibner-Geyer’s figure of sphyrus. The II generation, as found on Mt. Olympus on 20th July, in very worn conditions, both at Skala, 300 m., and at Prionia, 1500 m., belongs to the form with the most reduced black pattern: nervures on dise scarcely edged with black scales at all, premarginal band very narrow on both fore and hindwing, basal suffusion of the latter nearly entirely abolished and abdomen with only a narrow streak of black along the middle of the dorsum; by these last features they correspond to aestivus, Zeller, of Sicily, but they are of smaller size, not being, like the latter is, larger than the average one of the species; for the same reason they differ still more from gigantea, Vrty., of Dalmatia, and, in fact, they quite resemble the specimens I have collected at Portorose, in Istria, and I look upon as intermediate between the summer generation aestivoides, Vrty., of Central Europe and the more southern gigantea of the Balkans. These I found, in worn condition, on 10th September, and I have others, just like them, of 21st, collected by Montague at Kalabak (Macedonia). so that, according to all probabilities, in the Balkans, there is a III generation, in September, which has exactly the same facies as the IT ‘‘ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.”’ (13) of July and not that of tertiana, Vrty., of Northern Italy, with broader black bands. On the other hand a single, very fresh, male, caught by the Quercis at Salonika, on 16th September, shows there is no absolute rule and variations occur, according to localities, for it is considerably darker than tertiuna or sphyroides, Vrty., and it looks, by its thick black patterns, short tails and rather small size, like a reversion to the spring sphyrus, except that the frontal tuft of hair is quite short and the abdomen naked and black only on the back; in short, it exactly agrees with form revertens, Vrty., which occasionally appears, in Italy, at the end of September and in October, as a IV extraordinary genera- tion of favourable years. P. alexanor, Esp.:—A female of this extremely scarce species was, at last, captured at Skala on 9th June, in very bad conditions of old age, but sufficient to show that the race of the Olympus is decidedly attica, Vrty., for it is identical with my female ‘‘ type’’ and it has the small size and the broad black bands, which characterise 1t and are just the opposite to the features of magna, Vrty., of Dalmatia. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.:—The II generation has been collected also at Salonika in mid-August and is a highly characterised marginata, Riihl, with some examples of very large size. Hyponephele lycaon, Rott.:—Having obtained females from the Olympus and from Naussa, in the Bermion Mts., I am now able to record the facies also of this sex in the region we are dealing with; in my other paper on it I remarked that the male resembles catictera, Turati, from Zeitun, in the Anti-Taurus, but that the female of the latter is unknown, so that the actual identity of these two races can- not, yet, be considered sure. The Macedonian females belong to the southern type, with a rather pale underside: yellowish fulvous fore- wing and cold, silvery, grey hindwing; the upperside is rather boldly marked, lke quercii, Vrty., of Portugal, but with smaller ocell, as in many magnobscura, Vrty., of Central Kurope. Agapetes galathea, L.:—I have stated the race of the Olympus and of the Bermion Mts. agrees very well with the tenebrosa, Frhst., of Trieste. The materials which have come to hand, now, require fur- ther analysis: to be perfectly exact, it must be noted that the form, or somation, as it certainly can be called, according to the remarks I have made in connection with the apollo, quite similar to the Trieste one, was found along the path from the Stavros fountain to the S. Dionisio monastery, at 800 to 900 m. An interval of about 300 m., in which no galathea were to be seen, separated it from a distinctly dif- ferent one, which can well be described as gigantic, in size (male: length of forewing 30 mm. and expanse between the apexes 50; female: 33 and 55, respectively) and which is also less melanic, so that the white spaces at the base of the wings are, in particular, more exten- sive; it is worth distinguishing by the name of tenebrogigas, nom. nov. On the Bermion Mts., near the village of Seli, at about 1400 m., flies a galathea, which contrasts strongly with the preceding by its remarkably small size (male, correspondingly: about 22 and about 40; female: 25 and 43) and which is nearly as fully melanic as tenebrosa, on an average: tenebronana, nom. nov. Iasiommata ominata, Krul. (=petropolitana, Fabr.-Btl.) = hiera, auct. nec. Fabr.:—I have recorded this species on Mt. Olympus on the (14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X11 /1938. strength of information from Querci, but a confirmation of it will be a good thing, for he tells me he only found two or three specimens, which he determined rather hurriedly and, at once, sent off to America, so that he cannot be absolutely sure they were not dark examples of maera. Humenis allionti, Geyer-Hitibner = fatua, Freyer, race infracastanea, nom. novy.:—Collecting in the hills, above Salonika, at about 300 m., on 12th August has added this species to my previous list of those found by the Quercis. It was, however, still scarcer than statilinus. I should deem it a race distinct from those which have hitherto been described : on the upperside the general tone of colour is deeper than usual and there is none of the whitish suffusion on the hindwing, which exists especially in the females of the other races; there is only a row of white dots, standing out sharply; on the forewing the golden rings around the ocelli are unusually broad in the female and the hind-one extends back- wards and broadens towards the tornus into a beginning of a band; the underside of the hindwing is characteristic, because it 1s darkened by thick brown streaks, covering it uniformly, even in the female sex, whilst also the ground-colour is of a warm tone of grey; the three black streaks, which stretch across it, are well marked. This underside recalls the Syrian and Palestinian race, usually known as sichaea, Led., more than the nominotypical allionti of Greece and Asia Minor, in which the underside of the female is of a cold and pale grey, with very indefinite streaks of a shghtly darker tone of colour. E. statilinus, Hufn.:—I am glad to be able to determine the Mace- donian race with more adequate materials than I had when I, tenta- tively, referred it to vettius, Frhst. on the strength of a single female from Mt. Olympus. The specimens which have come to hand seem to show that at Salonika there exists a much smaller race, with the under- side of the hindwing’s ground-colour more uniform and more brown, transitional to my cotypes of fatuaeformis, Vrty., from Phanaraki, on the coast of the Bosphorus, whilst at Skala, 300 m., on the Olympus, the race is larger and most individuals must be referred to vettius, be- cause of the white spaces and the white suffusions on the aforesaid surface of both sexes; the female, as a matter of fact, is often nearly uniformly greyish white, all over the hindwing underside. E. fagi, Scop. = hermione, L., race alcyoneformis, Vrty.:—A speci- men from Naussa, 1200 m., in the Bermion Mts. E. alcyone, Schiff., race latevittata, Vrty.:—A series of specimens from a higher altitude on Mt. Olympus than the 850 m. given as the highest of fagi and, namely, from Prionia, at 1500 m., had been over- looked by Querci, amongst his materials of 1935. Having come into my possession, I, now, find it belongs to aleyone, which must, consequently, be added to my previous list, and it agrees exactly, as in the case of fagi, with the Italian race latevittata, Vrty. Although I have not examined its ‘organ of Jullien,’ I feel sure that a small male, col- lected at Naussa with the aforesaid fagi, belongs here. Therefore, in the Bermion Mts. these two species fly together at intermediate alti- tudes between their ranges, as in the Apennines of Italy, and on Mt. Olympus syriaca flies with fagi up to about 850 m., whilst alcyone| re- pluces them both at higher altitudes. Eumenis semele, lu. race mersina, Stdgr.:—A fine series of speci- mens from Skala decidedly belongs to mersina, as large and well charac- ‘‘ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.’’ (15) terised as it ever is in Asia Minor, in every respect; the females are very much larger than those from Salonika, which I have already recorded as transitional to mersina, but which further materials show to belong to it quite fully, too: the Skala ones have a forewing of 32 mm. in length and an expanse between the apexes of 56, whereas the Salonika ones only have 27 and 50, respectively ; besides this, the former have the fulvous of the upperside of a paler tone and partly shaded over by brown scales to a slight degree. Higher up on the Olympus, at S. Dionisio, 800 m., the race is quite different from the Skala one and belongs to senthes, Frhst., as I have stated in my previous paper. Also in the Bermion Mts., at Naussa, 1200 m., there exists a comparatively small and pale race, with a broad fulvous band on the hindwing, which can be referred to senthes, although the white space on the underside of the hindwings is not particularly broad, as it is described by Friihstorfer, and there, evidently, are, in this and other respects, signs of transition to mersina, which should, very probably, be looked upon as synexergic, for nomimotypical semele and mersina seem very much to be two dis- tinct exerges, deriving from different strains. There is no doubt that the latter, with the nearly identical subcinericea, Ribbe, of Andalusia, with algirica, Obth., with siciliana, Obth, of Sicily, and with aristaeus, Bon., of Corsica, Sardinia and Elba, have a peculiar facies, somewhat closer to that of Humenis persephone, Hiib. = anthe, O., which inhabits Asia Minor, too. It, therefore, seems very reasonable, from all stand- points, tc consider that group as the most primitive one and as directly descended from the Miocene stock of the Mediterranean region and to regard all the other races, which live further north and at higher alti- tudes in the mountains of the south, like senthes in Greece, as having acquired a different constitution by frigoripetal variation, during the subsequent cold periods, along the Northern Mediterranean route of westward migrations, so that the two have become distinct exerges, which only intercross occasionally, when they meet, on grounds inter- mediate between those better suited to each of the two. Aulocera circe, F., probably, race pannonia, Frhst.:—As far as I can judge by a few males from Skala, 300 m., the race is very similar, by its large size and by its rather broad white spaces, to the Italian itala, Vrty., so that I take it to be the same as the one of Croatia, named pannonia by Friihstorfer, who compares it precisely with it; I have, however, no actual specimens of the latter for comparison and I have no females of the Olympus, so that I cannot be sure whether it might not, instead, belong to the Hungarian illecebra, Frhst., as all these races are not very sharply distinct from each other. Anyhow, it is interesting to note that there is no tendency at all to resemble the well- characterised race ot Asia Minor, with decidedly small white spaces. Iimenitis drusilla, Bergstr = camilla, auct. nec L. = rivularis, Stichel nec Scopoli:—I have determined the race of Salonika and of the Olympus as reducta, Stdgr. A female of 26th April from the former locality is worth mentioning, on account of its gigantic size, equalling the largest herculeana, Stichel, of Dalmatia and Southern Italy (length of forewing 33 mm. and expanse between the apexeg 52); the white spaces are of average size, not having the unusually broad ones of hercu- leana nor the unusually small ones of reducta. Melitaea trivia, Schiff. :—Having had a chance to examine the whole of the extensive series of specimens brought back by the Quercis, I (16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. . 15/ XIT/1938. can give a better account of the nomenclature to be applied to their broad variations, as already described by Querci, himself, in Lambil- lionea of 1937, p. 27. The I generation of Salonika had been quite rightly diagnosed as trivia-fascelis, Schiff.-Esp. in my paper of 1937, p. (18) for these two forms are about equal in number in it. The II generation, collected in August, is very much smaller and extremely so in many individuals. One can refer its variations, in a broad way, to three of the well-known forms: 3% of both sexes belongs to the small, heavily marked post- fascelis, Vrty., 82% of the males and 60% of the females to the small nominotypical trivia known as nana, Stdgr., and the remaining 157% of the males and 37% of the females to the very small form of a very light, dull ochreous colour, with extremely thin black markings, usually known as catapelia, Stdgr., but which is also Kollar’s persea, according to Riley, so that it should bear the latter, older, name. At Skala, 300 m., on the Olympus, the I generation has been cor- rectly referred, as a whole, to fascelis, Esp., for the form with thin markings scarcely ever appears there. Also the IT generation is cor- respondingly darker, so that 50% of the males and 40% of the females belong to postfascelis, Vrty., 50% of both to the small trivia, named nana, and the remaining 10% of the females, only, to the very light form, which agrees with persea = catapelia, when very small, and with aabaca, Frhst. (described from Spain, as being a didyma!) or with robertst, Btl., when not so reduced in size. At Prionia, 1500 m., in an arid locality, the I generation is the same as at Skala and, thus, fascelis, more or less entirely. Of the II gene- ration only two individuals were found, showing, at that altitude, most strains are monogoneutic; those two had the nominotypical trivia aspect. At Stavros, 700 m., in a very damp valley, below the fountain, the I generation was always fascelis, but with a tendency to unusual melanism, due to partial blending of the extremely large black mark- ings and to a shadowing of black scales over a part of the ground colour. This melanic form is racial also in damp localities of Asia Minor, as shown by a large series from Brussa in my collection. The II genera- tion was not looked for and is, thus, unknown. M. didyma, Esp.:—I have determined the I generation of Salonika as agreeing perfectly with oreithyia, Frhst., of Trieste. I can now add that a few specimens of the IT, collected in the hills, at about 300 m., on 14th August, also agree with postoreithyia, Vrty., and precisely with the form which has a very light ochreous ground-colour and very thin black markings, including the marginal band, which is broken into separate, internevular, dots on the forewing. M. phoebe, Knoch., race ogygia, Frhst., I] gen. postogygia, nom. nov.:—I propose this name for the generation of Salonika, which was found emerging in mid-August, on the hills above that town, where the heat was scorching. It is the most minute form of the species, hitherto known, as some specimens have a length of forewing of only 15 mm. and an expanse of 25, whereas the spring generation, although it is the smallest at that season, measures 20 and 35, respectively. The colour and pattern, on both surfaces, seem to be perfectly alike in the two generations. NOMENCLATURE: THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENGLATURE VERSUS THE PRIVATE CODES. By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. The articles on nomenclature by my friends the Rev. G. Wheeler and Gen. Cooke, which have recently appeared in this Magazine, seem to omit so much that is of primary importance in the nomenclature problem that I feel some attempt should be made to fill the gaps, if only to counter-act the unfortunate impression (doubtless unintentional) that the control of nomenclature by the International Code means confusion. First, it is well to recall that the system of nomenclature in opera- tion for the past hundred and fifty years or so, is the initial cause of present difficulties. It is this that has necessitated the many changes of names which are held to be the cause of the trouble. The simplest way to make this clear is to take a few concrete examples. Nomenclature in the past has been guided by the personal opinions cf the writer of the moment. Borkhausen in 1778 changed Esper’s names just because he did not like them. In more recent times writers have done the same, but tried to conceal the fact by propounding argu- ments to support their actions. To-day Gen. Cooke writes: “TI have always known (and shall continue to know) the ‘ Adonis Blue’ as bellargus.’’ Truly the spirit of Borkhausen is with us still. Recently I was talking to another friend, Mr EH. C. Joy, a specialist in this blue. “ T have always known it as adonis,’’ he said, ‘‘ and always will.’’ So both my friends pursue their course, and if I was like-minded I should call the insect thetis! What is Gen. Cooke’s remedy? Tt is this outlook, and nothing else, which has given us the jumble of existing names; but these small examples show us something more. Gen. Cooke further writes: . . . ‘“‘the present wholesale altera- tion of names which have been known to generations of entomologists,”’ and Mr Wheeler writes of the absurdity of changes of ‘‘ well-known ”’ names. Viewed in the light of the bellargus-adonis-thetis matter, what do these expressions mean? Just a name which has been familiar to one man for a certain time. It is strange to find an opponent of changes of names championing the change of name of the Adonis blue from adonis to bellargus. The name from which the popular name had been derived might surely have been held as most known to past ‘¢ senerations,’’? but, note, adonis was not well-known to Gen. Cooke, so the change does not matter, it is not ‘‘ confusing ’’—to him. The idea of some standard of names well-known to all is, in fact, just a myth. I do not believe any writer started with the intention of changing names, but as Gen. Cooke points out, progress necessitates changes, and in most cases the existing names were soon found insufii- cient, or too inaccurately applied, to be used in connection with fuller material, so writers were forced to make changes, but as, unfortunately, there was no uniformity in their views, the result could only be disastrous. To take another example. In 1903 Mr Wheeler published his much- valued book, which has been used by every English entomologist I ever met on the Continent. Jn those days Kane’s book was, equally cer- tainly, the most used by English collectors, yet Mr Wheeler used no (2) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15.11.1988. less than 61 generic names to the 36 in use in Kane. Kirby’s book was also much used, yet in several specific names Mr Wheeler did not follow him. It must not be thought that I am criticising these changes, but in the past I have heard others complain of them. Next, an example from abroad. Fruhstorfer’s work has been very much criticised (often quite unjustly) but in nomenclature he was far ahead of many of his contemporaries. Frhr. v. d. Goltz has frequently complained of Fruh- storfer’s introducing new names in place of homonyms, with the usual emphases on confusion, etc., yet he seriously suggests in one paper, that all races of all species inhabiting one district should be known by the same name; 1.e., all races in the Pyrenees as ‘‘ pyrenaica,’’? and so on. He followed this by saying that such races as already had names should have their names changed so as to conform to his suggestion! Again, though he nearly always rejects any change of name by Fruhstorfer (and it must be remembered that Fruhstorfer’s changes were correctly made) he accepted Turati’s change of Hrebia nerine, Frr. into alecto, Hb.; a change which could not be justified under any conditions. From such examples (which could be multiplhed by dozens) we can see very plainly that the much-denounced evil of changes of name is, to a very great extent, merely a cloak for personal likes and dislikes. The plain truth is that no collector or worker has the least objection to change a name, or several names, when the reason for doing so is in accordance with his own views. Unfortunately one must add that per- sonal like or dislike of the man who makes the change also enters into the matter at times. The controlling influences then, in entomological nomenclature, for nearly one hundred and fifty years, have been personal prejudices. Many workers, of course, have tried to introduce more scientific methods, but lack of agreement has only produced a fresh multiplication of names, and as long as it is possible for an individual to make changes because he considers them good, there will be no hope of improvement. The only possible remedy is an absolute control of nomenclature by the Inter- national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The acceptance of a fixed code of rules has so many obvious advantages that they need not be mentioned, but not least among them will be that a writer will not be obliged to give lengthy explanations demonstrating why he used a certain name, and the reader will be spared wading through endless arguments, in which he is not interested, before he can understand what the writer meant. But, some reader will say, what prospect is there of any general ac- ceptance of the Zoological rules? There are two answers to this question. First: there is, never has been and never will be, the remotest chance of general acceptance of any individual opinions on the subject, not even among the entomologists of one country. For this reason alone the Zoological code has a great chance of being accepted. Second: The experts on nomenclature, of many countries, have con- tributed to the rules, and therefore the amateurs of most countries will feel that the rules carry more weight than individual opinions. I know that systematic workers in many countries have accepted the rules, while the fact that they have been accepted by the principal entomological institutions in many countries must not be overlooked : in this country by the British Museum and Royal Entomological Society. THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. A REPLY TO Mr WARREN. By (Rev.) Grorce Wueeter, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8. I am indebted to my friend Mr Warren first for having given me the opportunity of combating his views, and secondly for having made it so easy to do so; for he has missed, so far as I can see, the point of every objection that I have made. I take it as axiomatic that the reason for anything whatever having a name is that the object in question should be recognisable without a description. (Of course in any technical or scientific matter that is to say recognisable by those studying, or interested in, the particular sub- ject referred to.) There may possibly be people who do not accept this as axiomatic, but if so it is obviously quite impossible (and unnecessary) to argue with them. Two points appear to me to follow necessarily from this: (1) That no rule can be accepted that makes 1t uncertain to which of two or more objects a name is applied; and (2) that the use of two or more names for the same object is a matter of complete in- difference so long as neither name has been applied to any object but the one in question; for example, General Cooke speaks of ‘‘ bellargus ” and Mr Joy of ‘‘ adonis.”” Very well, let them; it produces no con- fusion, neither name is ever applied to any other butterfly. Mr Warren’s use of ‘‘ thetis’’ would not be so far from objection in view of its being the only name in use for one of the ‘ coppers.’’ There are numerous parallel instances, such as acis and semiargus, medon, agestis and astrarche. In all these cases the oldest name would be ‘““ sorrect,’’ but the use of the others would be pertectly intelligible to all serious entomologists. While on this part of the subject I would add that the spelling of a name is a matter of the most profound in- difference so long as no confusion exists. There is no reason why yriority ‘“‘ fans’’ should not write coridon, aegeria, and so forth while those with even some slight classical knowledge are equally at lberty to write corydon, egeria and the rest. (The absurdity of keeping to the original spelling is well exemplified by the fact that while it is “ cor- rect ’’ to write ‘“‘ aegeria’’ it is also ‘‘ correct’’ to write of the form ‘“ egerides.’’) If confusion is to be avoided one rule is obviously essen- tial, namely, that no name in general use for one insect can for any reason whatever be transferred to another—‘‘ sibylla ’’ must remain ‘ sibylla ’? and ‘‘ camilla” ‘‘ camilla.”’ As things are at present it is impossible to know to which insect ‘‘ camilla ’’ is being applied. The transference of ‘‘ orbitulus’’ to ‘‘ pheretes’”’ is perhaps even more in- excusable. Perhaps I have said enough to show that Mr Warren’s con- tempt for the ‘‘ confusion ’’ involved is quite misplaced; the confusion is very real and upsets the whole object in anything having a name at all. Just in passing I may perhaps say that Mr Warren’s suggestion that personal dislikes to individuals may influence dishkes to changes of names can certainly have no standing in this case, as Mr Warren and [I have been rather intimate friends for more than thirty years, and [I am sure he will not regard this as a case in point. Still, I am going to give two more instances from Mr Warren’s own writings, both of which may seem ungrateful, though that is far from being the (Aye ENTOMOLOGIST’ S$ RECORD. 15.17.1938. ease. At Christmas Mr Warren was kind enough to send me a little calendar to which was attached an excellent underside photograph ot an aberration of one of the ‘‘ blues’ which he called ‘‘ glandon ’’ ; not having had time to look the matter up I have still no idea to what insect it refers! Also some months ago he sent me for my collection in the Worthing Museum a beautiful and much desired series of ‘' Hrebia. claudia ’’; in this case he was good enough to explain to my ignorance that this meant HL. arete. It was quite unmistakable, and I[ have seve- ral times since been to gloat over the series of an insect I hardly hoped ever to see there; but it is still labelled ‘‘ H. arete.”’ To turn to the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature, it seems to me (and many others) that the first necessity for entomo- logists is to ignore it altogether. Considering that Insects greatly out- number all other forms of life, such a Committee to have any weight with entomologists eught to consist predominantly of students of that branch of zoology; otherwise we are asked to submit our difficulties te a body of people with no qualifications for settling them. Had it not been for the War I have no doubt that this decision would have been reached officially in the 1915 International Congress of Entomology, so strong was the feeling on the matter at the Congress of 1912. Mr Warren says that the alterations suggested are accepted by the British Museum and by the Royal Entomological Society. With re- gard to the first instance, Mr Warren’s own work at the Museum must have shown him that it was not a very reliable criterion; and indeed in the under-staffed condition of the Museum and its consequent re- liance on much amateur work, it can hardly be expected that its nomen- clature should be altogether consistent; with regard to the Society 1 suppose he means that this nomenclature is used in their official pub- lications, but from all the comments I have heard, not only from lepi- dopterists but also, for instance, from hymenopterists and orthopter- ists, I am sure that a ‘ plebiscite’ of the Fellows would result in an overwhelming majority against accepting the dictation of the Commit- tee. Mr Warren appears (perhaps only appears) to consider that the Committee need not be expected to have read magazine articles bear- ing on the question, or apparently much else beyond more or less ancient books, and presumably they have not done so; but if they have not they are certainly utterly incompetent to express a considered opinion, let alone an ultimatum. I was rather amused at Mr Warren’s con- gratulations on having Captain Hemming in his dual capacity; it ap- pears to me to be a cause for regret. The entomological work on which he is engaged is very much a whole-time occupation, and whatever Cap- tain Hemming’s qualifications it is more than absurd to expect whole- time work from anyone who is ‘engaged on political work of international importance. If blame is attached to Captain Hemming at all it is not for the mistakes of which his alterations of his former work show that he is conscious, but for having accepted a position to which it was impossible for him to give adequate time and attention. I really should like to know to what Mr Warren is referring as ‘‘ the Private Code.’’ If he refers to the ‘‘ Merton Code,’’ excellent as far as it went, I fear there are comparatively few left who even know of its existence, and so far as I am aware no other code exists which could be so described. Possibly if there were it would be founded on common THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. (5) By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. [Concluded from February, p. (2).] English entomologists are fortunate in having Captain Hemming’s book on generic names to refer to (to be completed by a second volume) in their own language; an eloquent testimony to the value of this book being the selection of its author as secretary of the Zoological Commis- sion; a selection which is an immense gain to entomology, assuring en- tomologists of a ready ear for any difficult case which it may be desir- able to submit to the Commission. I may take this opportunity of pointing out what many entomologists seem unaware of, that in any case when the application of the rules seems to act in an undesirable manner, if a full statement of the case is drawn up and sent to the International Commission they will con- sider it on its merits, and if in their opinion the case is proved they will suspend the rules in that case and give a final ruling as to the use of the names in question. Examples of this are their consideration of the data given by Capt. Hemming on the Genus Satyrus, and their fixing of the type as Papilio actaea, Esper, in 1935, and their ruling that the names used by Freyer in his Neuere Beitriige are to be taken as published in connection with the generic names of Ochsenheimer and Treitschke. In this connection I may refer to the question of the genus Lycaena and Mr Wheeler’s reference to Mr Turner’s arguments on this name, which have been published in this magazine. Mr Turner’s detailed discussion might with advantage have been submitted to the Commis- sion and would have led to a final ruling on the question, but, as it argued what might have been the case if the existing rules were other than what they are, as a magazine article it served no purpose. It is, perhaps, still not too late for the Editors to take some step in the matter, that is if the question has not been before the Commission al- ready. Mr Wheeler raises another point which rather confuses matters: i.e., the use of the generic names Dryas, Argynnis and Brenthis. This, except for the case of Dryas, is purely a question of syste- matics. It may, eventually, prove impracticable to keep nomenclature completely separate from systematics, but in the publication of a list as a general guide to nomenclature, some systematic order had to be followed, and, obviously, lengthy discussions on systematic questions would be out of place in such a list. The ultimate use of the names (if valid) must rest with the next expert in systematics, who deals with the group. Capt. Hemming recognises this, for with reference to Brenthis (and in many similar cases in his book) he mentions that the name is valid from the point of view of nomenclature, and can be used if desirable (p. 23 list). It is also pointed out in the list (p. 22) that the use of Dryas as a generic name in connection with paphia had al- ready been ruled out by the International Commission’s decision against the validity of the Tentamen. There seems no real ground for com- plaint against the list in these cases, but the use of Argynnis to include Dryas and Brenthis is nothing new, having been in practice on the Continent since the publication of Seitz’ book in 1909. This shows, however, that ‘‘ generally accepted ’’ in reference to generic names re- (6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. 111.1988. quires as much qualification as ‘‘ well known ”’ in reference to specific ones. In conclusion, there seems but little doubt that, as I have shown, changes of names are in themselves but a small matter, not really ob- jectionable to anyone who is aware of the necessity. Also we must admit that changes do not cause the confusion they are alleged to, but have only been made use of in order to defend our personal pre- dilections. So we must drop the methods of the eighteenth century, but the knowledge that a change based on the Zoological code is a step towards order, will soon be found to compensate for the slight trouble caused at the moment, and it will be surprising to many to find how little concern fresh changes will cause them, if met with a little good- will. Considering the causes which I have shown to have influenced nomenclature in the past, can any entomologist seriously question the absolute necessity for an expert control of nomenclature in the future? Many entomologists do not seem to realise that a change under the code rules is a change towards a lasting stability in nomenclature, and we even find Gen. Cooke taking comfort from the thought that fashions change. That, of course, is what has been happening, when every man had his own code; it is exactly what will not happen under the code of the Zoological Commission. I am sure my friends will forgive me this elaboration of their articles, and equally sure that with a little further consideration of the code, they will realise that in point of fact it is just what they are ask- ing for. By (Rev.) Greorce Wueetrer, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. [Concluded from February, p. (4).] sense, and be free from all the complications of the Zoological Code, which must be unintelligible to the vast majority of even scientific man- kind. I believe my intelligence is usually considered nearly up to the average, and to me the whole thing is a mere mass of unintelligible verbiage. I am keeping till last the part of my argument that will no doubt bring down a torrent of contradiction, but which I believe touches the real root of all the trouble. It is to me quite amazing that nobody seems to have seen that the law of priority, unless under very severe re- strictions, is the one thing that makes fixity of nomenclature utterly impossible. For at any time an older name may be discovered which upsets one which has had a century or more of general use, and this again may have repercussions on others in consequence of one or an- other of the ‘‘ homomym ”’ difficulties, and a new series of alterations is set on foot. Again, some one discovers (or thinks he has) that the insect to which a name has always (or very generally) been attached is not the one intended by the original describer and proposes to transfer it to something else. Obviously, if the whole reason for the existence of a name is not to be set aside, such a person should simply be told that it does not matter in the least what was originally meant, and that the name must continue to be employed for the insect which every- THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. (7) body knows under that name. All I have written above refers chiefly to specific names which are far the most important; generic names cannot be treated in exactly the same way, and it would probably take longer to bring them into a fixed condition; their present position is deplorable, but does not create the same amount of confusion as is brought about by the changes in specific names. I do not, of course, answer for General Cooke, but speaking for myself ‘‘ the impression that the control of nomenclature by the International Code means confusion ”’ was certainly not ‘‘ unintentional ’’; it is, on the contrary, my main contention, first because as an entomological tribunal it is utterly in- competent, and secondly because its rules if carried out can, at least for a few generations, produce nothing else. In reading old books, or any earlier than say 1870, such confusion would not be for a few gene- rations but for all time. No doubt the paper I read on this subject to the International Con- gress of 1912 has long ago been forgotten, and is probably even unknown to many of the present-day entomologists, but I still think that it pre- sented a solution of most of the nomenclature difficulties, and had time allowed of a discussion on the subject I believe that some at any rate of its suggestions would have met with acceptance. THE NAMES OF THE “ CLIFTON BLUE ” (ADONIS, BELLARGUS, THETIS) By Grorcre WHEELER. When Mr Warren wrote of the difficulty of determining on a well- established name, he quite misunderstood what I meant by the term. His quotation of certain books—Kane’s, Kirby’s, and my own—did not even touch the fringe of the matter; it is no question as to the extent to which any one particular book is used, for it does not in the least follow that the users accept the nomenclature, but the extent to which writers in different languages make use of a name. There is only one way in which this can be arrived at. Every available mention of an insect, under any name, must be collected and the use of the names compared.