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A . rn ; . : ry ; . . . - : . . a + . ; . ; - ' ' - . : : ; Hes ’ 1 “ . id “Ps . : * 6 s iY - ’ 7 : ’ 7 . 7 ; : - - $.fay — - . : f . : . i * re ‘ he : F : wy . ns : ‘ ~" 7 : : : 5, ot #; ee ‘i bs - : * : : 7 Aa - . - 7 ® te. o - : : . 7. . - . . Mee SP 4 Ss 6 Ot ae BF! eee Te eee a Ae x. ~ “ a hes w= fe ote Te * ~"e se i e+ e* 7 aehen 4 * er we + ee roe os i etter? eaves emeren er ee i . oe ats . ih wes : = hee = eile — rep gto een fie i pane apes «* ne ee 7 ohne e's 0 be a _ : ~ 2% oan pig cohort mn ge jab wh wihae os ‘e ee ee oS on aa 4 . - ee - . . * a « ¢ Par oy e a « ° we * *,i@ . . a . ot 4% an nab ‘ > we Res peas te 4 ti fe tae 4 : : ee 8 Ap x 7 ‘ “i ‘ “4 7 y ** ‘ bl e - bd 7 MW rl oo as wort r 7<’ 2 7 : ome hs ots “ ack " * a. J ’ ~* . * us 1 : ya : 8 rae : 7 é >, ’ mo « ‘ 7 . bd r S, - Sere? 7 7 7 7 + ‘ a . a ePae - T56. a] ‘ ~ 7 < ' Bovond 1o4b HARVARD UNIVERSITY IAs SE TB RAY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 13820 hy Sy Pgh WS: THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD | AND EDITED BY MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M. F.L.S., .F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. and HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. VOL. LVII (New Series). JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1945. PRICE 12s 6d. Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. Z asa Of Com Sa Zealogy 2%) WAN 24) ste’) hice SPECIAI INDE. tke a By By. ds TURNER,’ PRES. REGS. VOL. LVII. (New Series), 1945. The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. ; PAGE COLEOPTERA. OleAbiee ERORMIA Ly. Sesh icteeror eee sos easn tee 3% 136 dxesdensis, Doreatoma «..::5:54...002 60 ephippiim, Diasprlus: <..0005.4.80 es. 60 RET CUS MG UGEUS) 40-5. arb ecedacsoeceoeec 97 investigator, Necrophorus ................ 8 MCC OMMGMACNODCUS. o2. 2.225... c=---8 see 108 MATS SAD EIMNUS cc. .che desi icneweccte oe 130 occitanicus (ferrugineus ab.), Ludius 97 COM OAS US HA as. «da deeeth i Goede sceaeesacece PylsO punctata, Gmnathoncus .................60.. 108 KAVIErAM eDeNOTOPNIUUS: v...ei sii. see 108 DERMAPTERA. Aamplepes» Amisolabis. ...0.00.00.000.0..0: 18 auricularia; Forficula ........6............. 19 BY AneR Se OUT C WL Ay 8.220020. sence cons onesceencee 20 bipumetata.* ANCCHUTA | ...25.2...).....5-.0..- 18 decipiens, Forficula ...................... 18, 19 WRCAISHR MOTMCUNAS 222i fic. Si ect ees sececees 20 Ria MOrnCUl ar: 6 ....2.252.cs.se8e02 ++ 18, 19 TAMU CES LUT OG ae ey ee eee 18, 37 Ea WIS CES VaAGGAN Sein sk.esetesteecesscueees 28 OnIembahis. CMOTMCULA: oie olic ceekeccc dee es 19 pomerantsevi, Forficula .................... 20 HEI Aan eEMClE A TOUT A: ole ie cid ek ecvecestoenosous 18 Sie PH OUR CUNA | io y.0....022..0----2enec serene 19 Simynnensise WOPHCULA, 25. .).....0sc..c0+2+ >= 20 DIPTERA. "Su SIL ESN Per I 1 pe 118 UNG AIS 2) GCOMMYZ AY A 2. ceekties. aoe aeeeshe= AAs) argentata, Odontomyia .................... 91 balackowskyi, GeoMyza ................... 15 GAO WA Rein ssa OE coe cane aaenys Rose eae 4115 cibaria (cothurnata), Calobata 117, 118, 119 Cnodacophora Fin EON RPS eee Byes 118 Gommutata.,Calohbata.) cos cciei asc. csbs acces 118 combinata, Geomyza .................. iiss ills COWMPSOW AA | Ae ise scec encase cease Wh 08s byte 117 corrimiolata.. Calobata:, t.c..enceektos es 116 Cothurnmatas => CIDaAVia ...2..6...cseddeesees 118 cothurnata = commutata ................ 118 distinctissimus, Cylindrotoma ......... 46 Gare’: ’ TL ity 0d: ae oe eee RNR A 70 ephippium, Calobatar on... .cc...cetsecesee 117 equestris, Merodon .................. rege 70 erythrocephala, Caliphora ............... 49 PAGE HOLUM:, ODOM ZA wean cee oe see ee 13, 14 Geomyza (Balioptera) ....2.0.c5--ccc-eee seo 14 GeonmyZellarr jas ss. svete sito me aa ets een 15 germinationis, Opomyza ............... Ua AWA SroeMlangdica. NOMI Ree 49 ELC LOM AE popu ietes eee eta. Sa eee eatery 33 hemdehike: GeOMiyi Zales n-. ae ees seen Av AS PNAS . VONIC Ca pees eRe oe ees 33 lateralis: SMilGropeZalee<.es. nese 116, 117 lineato-punctata, Opomyza .............. 14 HOT Siang. sha VIVeZA. «a. ekoe een oe 119 lugubris, Gnophomyza. ..................... 73 WGN EVA ip aoate San onee Sook anh a oe gah s oaUES aL 70 majuscula, Geomyza. ....................- 15, 16 INEEG@RODEZAN 4 sisere cs eat eaese cee A AAG, ANT Miurtiilop tena inp eco. cecks cae Sac sae eee 15 ING RTA OU fate see natrsenar Pia. ecm e eencee 115 OnpomiyZiGae(a) peas wae ees ee 13 petronella, Calobata «.......:........ 115, 118 PEtrel, .OPOMiyzay loot ase eee saab iota punctata (nathaliae), Opomyza ... 13, 14 punchellas Opomiy7ai, \oea eee ab RATT OETAGA 5 oo Sei ols 5 ERE a Oa ee OA 116 sellata (adusta), Calobata ......... 118, 119 SQUUGAUA aig EAC IN aie aaa ese sa ey ot ee 49 Straviomyidac) :\ Weer 2 eee 91 Styliteras aloha tae. sa sees te. esceee 119 PRBS ia aera) ener ty, AGA 9 INT GTEy OTIC Fe W BL es tanec ter An SG at See CA dep 115 PE Op WAOW Aas RAs ee Mie ae Ee) Ae 117 tripunctata, Geomyza .................. ASG iiveata. “Catobaitia: » sew 2s eee 118 variegata, Heteromyza. .................. 32, 33 VeERUSIAG GEOMYZay 252.) eee oe. TAA vitripennis, Mormoniella .................. 49 List of Diptera to be taken in No- NST OAT VES Oy san eR rahe re eye 4 aR LBS EN 120 List of Diptera to be swept from MCCS ae) sche ot LL Oe ey 3 List of Helomyza (Dip.) found in Kent 33 HEMIPTERA (RHYNCOTA). ; AMAT PO DORA eed ie Oe ee 73 CULES 2 Velie) cares ts ested eaten tee 73 TACUSURIS:- 4 GE TIIS) 4 oy 22 oss sbvavensyrscdoe eee 73 montandoni, Hallodapus ......... 34, 43, 44 ODUNhAe oe Dac ylODMISEr eee sok een eee Q4 subapierus, COLbamuse iis. Lisk.s.. scree 33 2 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE HYMENOPTERA. ACSYPUACUS. SIMESSOR: 42.2222. baccseeee ene 100 amphygea (dertzeni), Messor ............ 132 barbarus, | -MessOR oo. ioe ee eee 100 CLabroniformiS, -ASiUS= s,s Q1 CELE ZEMTS NLCSS OT reenact 132 SAVE Le aS UU S toes Sine ee eee on tae een eee 44 MAVUS A CAML ONUV ODS yee ee ee 86 HOEMNICIIACH: Soin aces ee we ene ee 97 HIS CAtE OLIN Gay teen estes | eee 85 HUMID CULTS ee AMO IGUS) so cee eee 137 SMT Se CNATEUS Tae dee oa ca. - oes ok keh ae 126 UAVS ATA CUS, -se.s5- eee 137 SLOSSAt CL CHTN OMNYTAy Slane gece teen eee 137 ATV OUT ) EEXOEIS (al. eee eee 137 Toba. SCH VATIT A) <5. sik eee ae ee 137 BVECSS OR mane ec odes bo ee Ree ee oe 100 minor (barbarus ssp.), Messor .......... 100 meridionalis (barbarus ssp.), Messor 100 1AM Fan iT WI Ge Wie stare Ne aR oa CD a 86 MISEL= ACANENONUVOPS ee-se eee 86 NCS SVEN) Lapin OMiay ee ee eee 98 Sa eS ee y Cl ela: ee ee eee ene 137 MUSES, nel ama 2.) Bem eats 137 Polhidiilas se herdoler se eee 97, 98 pompiliformis, Tachysphex ............... 9 puNnciatissima, Pomwera, ps... 28 AA CUMNE E IVCS il Aree tence neice ene ee een 137 ScabrEModisy Miyrmicay ee 33, 44 schenki, Myrmica .... Poon. ceste sy Cote 85 structor (barbarus ssp.), Messor ...... 100 mibiaus Trichiesonia =: /0 ue 100 AAS: oP VEXReY eo ioe ee re ae LEY vulpinus, *Micropalpus ...................... 137 LEPIDOPTERA. acanthodactyla, Platyptilia ........,... 134 achine. ‘Parareer 2: is 2/00 Baie 137 SeMMIeAe: ZMOACIO A 2...) ole ae eee ee Q7 adacquatal — PerzOnmiay ie) wee eee 3 SGU Oy OES ee ONVTNIY OF LE Sse h es scp ee se 4 adara. (hylas ssp.) NeptYs ~2)20 ies) 105 PAL OD OCA \i- cs amaticencncce. oA Ce eee 137 edoratrix. ((Ratelia lca cee 83 aeletia. (PALAT Sewn. eee 4, 54, 90 aeron’ (arcus), Plebeius eee 125 Biiapiata. Uehaloniag eee we ee 32 acai: Aimaihes aes teen ies 2, LG BP ests, Arita 7.3: per anne elie 4, 90 aglaia, Argynnis ............... 1a O bow 110 aedea. Danas, fcc ete ae 23 NOT OUTDAG) = 6.053 29. See ae ee 62, 63 aibipuncia::.,Leucanian 202 tea 10 BIEXANOP, - (Pa pisaG a. ae pp etatbed ei ses 79 algae (cannae), Archanara. ............ 83, 89 alpherakyi (repanda ssp.), Lasiocampa 80 amanensis (oribraria ssp.), Orthostixis 83 amoenata, Lithostege .................. 7, 8, 838 amoenata (aversata ab.), Sterrha 41, 42, 43 anceps (trepida), Notodonta ............. 94 anomatlellas: Nepiitcula wee 3 EXP DIAS | sop aN ie Se eau amend itera 105 applana, Depressaria © .0.......::.005....0... EIS arduinna, Melitaea hee. edtndeis 3 79 argiolus, LycaenopSis: <.3..::.:...... 4, 80, 90 PAGE armeniaca (gruneri_ ssp.), Antho- CHARIS TH Ais ke Ree noe ee Dea ie 108 asiatica (circe ab.), Satyrus ............. 79 ASDASI Ay ee DAM AUS were erie. canst oe 22 atalanta, Vanessa, Pyrameis ... 4, 5, athaiia: “Melita a Set. nts ee. coke 4 atLomaitiay. CEM atiiees = ese 104 atropos, Acherontia, Manduca ...... 8, 101 HULA TA eV AUS tal aes-e crac a canes ee eee 104 aurata (aversata ab.), Sterrha ...... 42, 43 aurinia, Euphydryas :............-. 22, 79, 90 aurivillii, Chondrostaga ............... 25, 80 australis, Aporophiyia, eee 82 aVe’Sald., StCLr Na pao eee 41, 42, 43 barthae: \Cuculiiaii se ee eons 82 Datis, “Tay atira LAs eee 126 bellargus, Polyommatus ...... 4, 4, 22, 90 herytaria, ... eee 21 betulae, Theclay Ruralis... By ob. oy BilOR1a: onc eee eee 12 boreata..= fagaia 2 eee. ee 17 brassicae. Pieris eee..cssssee 54, 99, 123, 128 DLECOwiALIMVTEMTbIS Tae een eee eee 74 brevilimeéa, --Aremostolau if-2-.eeecee ee 89 brunnichana, Epiblemanc.e a 137 brumata, Operophtera, Cheimatobia 16,51 HucephalawesPyecAera, see ee 23 BuUCCOLAtTIX Ghee RE Ae eee: 32 caeca (parva ab.), Eublemma ............ 121 Calas aac ceeck vas 121 bea SP OSOMIA,\|....2.2desstaeteeaSeene. hrccccssereesccecsesssssese 83 maMibatal, MAMTMOFNOE j2yiic..siseces ese -s 3 moyverama. \CHOREULIS, Vere acscces-sceceree=s 137 PNTSTIICO ULI ET She, BORG. Scat sae reer ear roi a ni ape ey fe 74 nana, Hadena, Dianthoecia ............. 2 UNIMON VETS te. cess ret ceca ekerasaaee Ld OO SNS TOUT CLOT LICG TV pete pra Spm a ie eel eh 80 MeLMen DOLE DMNA ee dce.sccsseckeveetenssceee 80 HNETEO MEAS OO NAS A DPster Ose Neccel ome e tac ect acascehens 45 TON PRRIUTE SA reece ns cce teen tame me liteedcs tre se aero: 121 MG AIG SURO 2). Je oc atee ect eceoeee von ccna Q nigricata (repandata ab.), Cleora ... 103 nigromaculata (icarus ab.), Polyom- TARE) EUISS auteet aaron ese eaSeeseraeucraced eaaeeaeeras 10 MAMAN PU OIIAS, ¢ 1. oo nce canaceceatedcres nace sages: 45 MUU Sa. A CEMEEODUS! Josey sncacecs ce tesasese. 127 moctueHia, Nomopbila :...0220........c.2.-.- 123 MUO MAIS. = Py VAWSbA. 2. pcsesct-sccccseenect ets. 50 TST SVSSTIG a Minas ACCOM salam eie arse Ise kts AN a 3 BR ee NOUNS F incon aces meceens Sone omnenas cree ol 81 minowea. TUpIbMeCla, foe. ol lec neces 3 MESH ANS MO OSIMTA’ Toa uclen eaasateecnoetceee cee 82 GoeMata LVN COMetLA | cassssseecneteesses sees 126 acellatus, Smerinthus: <......2-..-c%.....- beds) DIE... TMSULITEY: hale ge Beas eee sects aR RE eH BB Br 10 orientis, Agrotis, Ogygia ............:..... 81 RTO OPES) NOV DIMGL 1 Se Tie ene ee et 5 oOnonariat Aplastay 2c peerworsee scan eueceee see 83 OSpeiMas Pa lemMMa ihc eneeecensesneecesesee 121 oxyacambihae, ‘Miseliia 20) cs.cccssccesecs. 3 palaestinensis, Rhyacia .............0...... 81 Walerceds: MAL ola .e.cccccsnesscces-ceses esse 124 pales, Brenthis, Boloria ................... if palleago (ocellaris f.), Cosmia .......... 82 INDEX. pallida (ziczac ab.), Notodonta paludata, Carsia 2 pamphilus, Coenonympha ............ 1, 90 pap hia sVATe vais. see ee Any NOE PAreronial poe a ee ee 45, 105 Panchenias eB cephosmieeeet eae 4 DALVaA Lae hemi ameseaistos eee aes sae 4121 DAVONLAa Ay Sa TUM Teal eereee sete neste eee eres 91, 129 PeloiceraSs HELOUMISM rs ieee eee ce ceee 121 PEnMAriaMe COLOTOTS Baer seer sae ee 84 persica (podalirius ssp.), Iphiclides, IPapiiOe. 285. ee ee 78 persicariae, Melanchra, Mamestra .. 104 petasites,: Hydraccia™ eee ee 47 phaeorrho& (chrysorrhoé), Euproctis 121 pheretimus, Rapala _philometa (valeria ab.), Pareronia ... 22 phlaeas, Heodes .................. 5 oOo eEOs phoebe, Melitaea Wi tasceacecs see eee eee 79 Pieridae (is) \ccisesessscssestete eee ee 9, 45 pimplaeformis, Eusphecia ................ 81 DINASti Eby TOUGUS ieee sence eee {OOF pini’ Dendrelimus: {222 ao Spiniariay. Bupahis eso ease eee 104 plaga (exclamationis ab.), Agrotis ... 104 podalirius, Iphiclides, Papilio ......... 1 polychloros, Nymphalis .................2. 414 POLVIMNESTORS VLA DMTON eee eae sense 105 polyxena, Charaxes ............ 105, 109, 116 Dolyiess = Papoibror ete. eee ee ee ae 23 pomonella, “CarpoGapsay \.2522220.-.-4-e ee 56 populi, Laothoé, Smerinthus ............ 9 POPUP OeGllocamapayserepes-cectee este eee 95 porcellws:) Deitephilaris eee eee 104 porrittii (suffumata ab.), Lamprop- HET VIS geese cee eS ae Stes dawatattad ame ate Aaa Wirt prokear, Wry CbOLOMES exes eee eee 82 Pudica, “HUPLepld. fic.-cte pee ee adem ace punctidactyla, Platyptilia ............... 134 PDUNCLOSAr ChHOLrEUILISi aera seeeecen eee eee 137 DUE DUA ALIS ya aS Gal eeseee ee aoe cess see eeee 104 purpuralis, Zygaena ............... 2A | LON Dae DY TINAEEZEUZO LA eee ee cla eee na 32 quercifolia, Gastropacha .................. 87 quercus, Lasiocampa ..................... 27, 50 quercus, Thecla ............ 4, 5, 54, 56, 106 radiata (phlaeas ab.), Heodes .......... 103 Tapac~ Pieers sis. cco eee eee 54, 90, 99 PEC SASUZELA hose) eh eee eee sees 81 remutata (aversata ab.), Sterrha 41, 43 repanda, Lasiocampa ................. 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An Announcement will be made in due course of the date of the Sale of the remainder of the WILLOUGHBY- ELLIS COLLECTIONS. EVERYTHING FOR NATURALISTS. ON THE BOOK BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1 LARGE LENDING LIBRARY | SELECTION AVAILABLE | Annual Subscription from 1 GUINEA. Please state interests. ’ Prospectus post free. Telephone: EUSton 4282 (5 lines.) BEES, WASPS, ANTS, & ALLIED INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. Illustrated with 44 Plates in Colour, showing 470 Figures, and 67 Plates showing 170 Photographic Reproductions and Text Dlustrations. Also Illustrated Index to Vein Classification of the different Species. Published price, 12/6. By post, 13/-. All Orders to be placed through a Bookseller. { FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 © J.J.HILL& SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.1I10. "Phone: WILLESDEN 0309. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. —_* Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. we! ee ee en yA ee a ee ee, ee. ee ee a eye _—— _ a ee ee a eee . a + Permgaaner and Ay PLATE I. POL. LVit- “ST dovd o0Vy OF AT LOULLO J posn ‘ Lod ‘udssUNp UlISG AVJord e@ Se MOL WOVTEA OU) “WINM VUVM SI PUNOLsyorg oy} UT TOMO} OL ‘SOUOHdSOU AHL NO LYVSIHNVIANOY FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS ZYGAENA. 25 FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS ZYGAENA ne INNER AND OUTER HEBRIDES. ae ae By J. W. Hestop-Harrison, D.Sc., F.R.S. . #8 9 1945 Goat time ago, in December 1940 ‘not December 1944 as imeoukeutly stated by J. L. Campbell in the eeeeinee number of the Entomologist), there appeared in this Magazine an article from my pen supplying dis- tributional and other information concerning the genus Zygaena in the Scottish Western Islands. Since those notes were written, our re- searches have proceeded, with the result that considerable additions lhave been made to our knowledge; these it is proposed to place on record now. Zygaena eae. L.—In dealing with this species in our original article, attention was drawn to the fact that everywhere in the Wes- tern Isles this species appears much earlier than in Great Britain, even in southern English localities, as a comparison’ of the following dates with those supplied by Tutt (British Lepidoptera, Vol. 1, pp. 528-530) will demonstrate: Isle of Coll, May 27th; Isle of Gunna, June 6th; Isle of Muck and the adjacent Eilean nan, Each, May 29th-June 2nd; Isle of Kigg, June 4th; Isle of Raasay, first week in June. There can be no doubt but that the earliness of these dates depends upon the positions of the winter isotherms in the islands involved, which are of the same order as those of the south-west of England. However, it should be made clear that the species lingers toward the end of July, but disappears before its maximum numbers are flying on the easé coast and elsewhere on the mainland. Notwithstanding these observa- tions, emphasis should be laid on the fact that, precisely as Tutt (l.c.) indicates, the average period of emergence of Z. jilipendulae, whilst overlapping that of Z. purpuralis, is undoubtedly much more prolonged. In all cases, except in the Isle of Berneray (Harris, Outer Hebrides), the forms ceed no special comment except that the heavy percentage of captures of ab. cytist, Hb., everywhere seems worthy of mention. We hope to give the Berneray colony special study; later. In our filipendulae studies, advantage was taken of our material to fill one blank in cur knowledge. In no instance, apparently, in Zygaena species is the chromoscme number known. To fill the gap, full-grown larvae were collected and the gonads dissected out. From these suit- able microscope preparations were made which provided large numbers of excellent equatorial plates. These supplied critical counts which demonstrated that the chromosome complement of Z. filipendulae was based on a haploid number of n = caus, a figure characteristic of so many species of Lepidoptera. Zygaena purpuralis, L.—Although repeated investigations have been undertaken, we have been unable to extend the known range of this species on Rhum; this, as far as we are aware,. covers by far the greater part of all ecologically satisfactory areas on the igneous rocks, but fails to reach the Torridonean strata represented by red sandstones and shales lying north of the lines marked off by the Kilmory and Kin- loch Burns. . Campbell (/.c.) purports to supply a new Rhum station, Sgorr Reidh, 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TI1/1945 but only manages to do so by applying a long-disused Gaelic name to one of our original habitats. Our earliest dates for the emergence of Z. purpuralis in the Heb- rides are June 6th on the Isle of Gunna, and the second week in June for the Isles of Eigg and Rhum; these are in complete agreement with the dates June 8th given by Tutt for Abersoch, North Wales, and the middle of June supplied by the same writer for western Irish locali- ties. It continues to fly until well into July, and vanishes for the season long before its congener, Z. filipendulae. Meyrick gives the wing expanse of Z. purpuralis as 29-34 mm.; against this, my series of Abersoch insects, which comprises 14 indi- viduals, yields a range of 27-30 mm., but these measurements, in view of the small number ef individuals concerned, may not be significant. Sets from Rhum and Eigg, which agree in variation spread, exhibit a range of 27-34 mm. in their wing expanse. Further, Rhum and Eigg specimens fall in line in respect to their general facies, and differ as a group from Abersoch insects in having the red streaks on the forewings less in area, more sharply de- fined in outline, and the middle blotch displaying less tendency to ‘‘ overflow '’ terminally. In my Abersoch specimens, too, although the difference may be more apparent than real, the wings appear more diaphanous and the colour not so bright. As a result of the variation just noted, quite a number of Rhum and Ejigg origin fall within the limits of the ab. interrupta of Staudinger. In our original publication, referring to this species, and basing our prediction on well-recognized zoogeographical principles, we stated that we felt ‘‘ reasonably certain that, if we could get to Muck, Canna, and the southern members of the Outer Island chain in late June, we could demonstrate its presence there.’’ In spite of Campbell’s recent pro- nouncement that ‘‘ there is no reason for supposing that this species occurs on Barra,’’ we see not the slightest reason for withdrawing our forecast; the basis of his remarks is quite inadequate. He simply makes the ex parte statement that despite this island’s having been well searched for several years, no Zygaenid other than fiipendulae has been found there. In a letter (3/3/41) addressed to us, he becomes more explicit and informs us that, in search of Zygaenids, he ‘‘ made a very careful examination of Barra in 1936 and 1937.’’ In other words, the ‘‘ several years ’’ boils down to two only, and these two prior to the date of the discovery of Z. purpuralis in the Hebrides. Moreover, we venture to doubt the ‘‘ very careful ’’ nature of the ‘‘ examina- tion ’’; it only resulted in Campbell’s being able (Scott. Nat., November- December 1938) to give one locality, Ben Erival (July and August, 1936), for Zygaena filipendulae on Barra! In contrast to this, we can supply over a dozen Barra stations, with the addition of many others on Fuday, Fiaray, Vatersay, Sandray, Flodday (off Sandray), and Muldoanich. If he missed all these filipendulae colonies, then any chance of his detect-. ing the earlier Z. purpuralis must indeed be remote. Furthermore, he appears to be quite oblivious of the fact that the ecological require- ments of the two insects are very far from identical. Again, in the Entomologist note, he refers to his having liberated couples from the Rhum colony on Canna, and makes the remark that LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, L. G, AB. FEMINICOLORATA, AB. NOV. 27 although the has never seen Z. purpuralis on Canna, it may occur there in future. Against this extremely reprehensible action of transplanting critical insects: we wish to enter a vigorous protest. On account of the remarkable distribution of Z. purpuralis it has been used as a zoogeo- graphical indicator of the greatest» possible value. Now, not only has Campbell destroyed any possibility of our testing out our prediction, but, in addition, he has completely invalidated zoogeographical deduc- tions derived from any future occurrence of Z. purpuralis on the Isle of Canna. In giving details of his transplantation ‘‘ experiments,’’ Campbell mentions that the foodplants of Z. purpuralis are plentiful on Canna. The importance of this statement may easily escape notice. Every- where on Rhum the foodplant of the larva is invariably thyme. Are we to understand that he thas experimented with Rhum larvae and dis- covered that they will eat the various reputed foodplants to which re- ference is made in the literature? His note would seem to indicate that he has done so. Against this, we can assert emphatically that we have placed purpuralis larvae on Lotus, ‘Trifolium, Pimpinella, etc., and never at any time has one of them accepted these plants. Our only suecess in providing a substitute foodplant was secured when we man- aged to get wild larvae to take garden mint. As we have provided the chromosome number of Z. filipendulae, we must point out that suitable preparations made from the testes of wild male larvae of Z. purpuralis have yielded a chromosome number of n = 30. The discrepancy between the figures given for Z. purpuralis and Z. filipendulae is worthy of special emphasis. Z. achilleae, Esp.—In this case we have little to augment our former notes, for we have not taken the insect during the last five years. How- ever, aS we are in a position to give its chromosome complement, we do so. The number in question is n = 3], and this coincides with that of Z. filipendulae. . (73 LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, L. § AB. FEMINICOLORATA, AB. NOV. By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Wilhelm Niepelt (Hnt. Z., 1907, 21, 107) gave the name feminicolo- rata to a male form of Lasiocampa quercus, which resembles the female in colour, founding it on four males from North Bohemia. He referred to a male with female coloration recorded by Frings (Soc. Ent, 1907, 21, 180), which was taken in July 1906 at Fiirth in Bavaria, and to several isolated specimens which he (Niepelt) had received during the preceding 25 years. He also said that M. Wiskott, of Breslau, had told him that in Breslau similar specimens had been bred from larvae fed on sloe and cherry blossom. Later Niepelt withdrew the name (Int. Ent. Z., 1911, 5, 186), having . discovered that his moths had heen produced artificially by Tschinkel, of Steinschénau, North Bohemia, from whom the had received them all together in October 1906. I asked Fleet Paymaster T. Bainbrigge Fletcher for his opinion on the nomenclature, He says that the name feminicolorata is invalid, 238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /III/1945 having heen based on factitious material. The fact that Niepelt with- drew it is beside the point, because an author thas no more right to withdraw a name than anyone else, subject to the ordinary etiquette cf calling a living author’s attention to an error (e.g., a praeoccupied name). Niepelt’s name, being invalid, has no standing whatever, and hence no power of praeoccupation. He cites Banks and Caudell, The Entomological Code (1912) § 7. ‘‘ Names based on hypothetical insects or on a composite specimen are invalid,’ and says that, although Nie- pelt’s name does not fulfii either of these conditions, the case is very similar, Genuine males of LD. quercus with female coloration do occur, and it is probable that the specimen recorded by Frings and those mentioned by Wiskott were not artefacts. I asked what effect this would have on the validity of Niepelt’s name and received the following answer. The case of Wiskott’s speci- mens does not arise. Niepelt’s name was made definitely from ‘‘ 4 go. Coll. Niepelt. Patria: Nord-Béhmen.,’’ which were four of the six bleached specimens received from Tschinkel. The genuine specimens are still unnamed, and to avotd confusion I propose to follow Fleet Paymaster Bainbrigge Fletcher’s advice and name them ab. feminicolo- rata. Lasiocampa quercus L. ¢ ab. feminicolorata, ab. nov. The wings and all other parts, which in the normal male are dark brown, are ochreous as in the normal female; the transverse bands are paler and vellower, the discal spot is white, and the antennae are brown. Type. Male. Carnforth, Lancashire. Bred 1896.. H. Murray, ex Massey collection. I have a second male in my collection from the same: source with the same data. Both helong to the race callunae, Palmer. In the British Museum, Tring, there is a bred specimen from the New Forest, and a damaged one, paler and less ochreous, labelled ‘‘ Figured Private Draw- ings,’”’? which I believe indicates that it came from the Capper collec- tion. COLEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX. By Horace DonistHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., ete. Within three minutes’ walk from my house there is an uncultivated patch of ground, some three to four acres in extent, which has proved to be a first-class place for collecting. Many wild flowers, plants and grasses grow there, and all sorts of trees and bushes. It is surrounded by hawthorn and other hedges, and part of it is used as a “‘ dump ” by the Local Borough Council. The people from the gardens and allot- ments nearby also dump their vegetable refuse there. The sweeping is very good, especially in the grassy hollows In the town dump house- crickets (Gryllulus domesticus) are abundant, and the cockroach (Blatta orientalis) is also present. The little ant (Ponera punciatissima, usually - found indoors) is to be found both in the dump and the vegetable refuse heaps, being plentiful in the latter, as is also the beetle Anthicus tobias, Mars. Several specimens of a large woodlouse (Porcellio dila- tatus, Brandt, kindly named for me by Dr Gordon) have occurred in MOTHS AT A SEARCHLIGHT. 29 the vegetable heaps. I have never seen it alive before, and Middlesex is a new county record. Of the more notable beetles one must mention Amara anthobia, Vilna, not a new county record, however. Amara nitida, Strm., a very pleasing capture. There is an old record from Bath, and Blatch took a certain number of specimens at Knowle, near Birmingham. Aleochara crassicornis, Boisd.; the only other British record, I believe, is my own, in fungus in Windsor Forest. A. crassicornis is very like a small A. fuscipes, F., but the antennae are not so transverse, the puncturation is not so strong, and the sides of the red elytra are blackish. Falagria concinna, Er.: this species was, of course, new to Britain; I have already recorded it elsewhere, Scopaeus abbreviatus, Rey et Muls.: this was first taken in Britain by the late Miss F. J. Kirk, T. H. Edmonds, and the writer at Hallsands, S. Devon. The Lampton specimen agrees exactly with the Devonshire ones. Atomaria lewisit, Reitt.: as far as I know, this Japanese species has only been taken before by Mr A. A. Allen in a rubbish heap in his garden at Blackheath. Atcmaria cognata, Er.? A small species of an Atomaria was very common in the vegetable refuse heaps. I took it to be A. rufi- cornis, Marsh. [I only set a couple of specimens (¢ and 2). On com- parison it proved not to be ruficornis, and I ran it down in Ganglbauer as cognata, Er. I hope to take it again next year and definitely bring it forward as British. PhyWotreta hintoni, Donis,: a scarce species new to science. Aphthona aeneomicans, Allard, also scarce and new to the British list. Magdalis carbonaria, L.: this species is a new county record; it probably came off one 6 the small scattered birch trees. The only other southern record I know of is Crowthorne, Berks., where I beat a specimen off birch years ago. The complete list is as follows, and is practically the result of twelve months’ collecting (the nomenclature is that of the Beare and Donis- thorpe Catalogue) :—CarasipaE—-—Bradycellus verbasci, Duft., B. har- palinus, Dj., both evening sweeping; Harpalus puncticollis, Pk., sweep- ing umbels, ete.; H. ruficorms, F., H. aeneus, F., H. rubripes, Duft., Pterostichus madidus, F., all under stones; Amara anthobia, Vilna., under stones and in vegetable refuse; A. convexiuscula, Marsh., sweep- ing; A. nitida, Strm., A. familiaris, Duft., A. trivialis, Gyll., all three in vegetable refuse; Calathus melanocephalus, L., Olisthopus retun- datus, Pk., both under stones; Dromius linearis, Ol., D. melanocephalus, Dj., both sweeping; Blechrus maurus, Strm., Metabletus foveola, Gyll., both in vegetable refuse. ‘(To be continued.) MOTHS AT A SEARCHLIGHT. By CrirFoRD CRAUFURD. On the night of Sunday, 17th September, when leaving my house on the Herts-Essex border, I noticed a large number of objects flying in the beam of a searchlight stationed some three hundred yards away. Several people were standing in the road watching the lght, and various © opinions were expressed about the objects I had noticed, some asserting that they were birds, others being of opinion that oe were bats, ov 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT / 1945 I suspected they were moths, but they seemed so large and were so high up that at first I was doubtful. Accordingly, I went up to the search- light (I was in uniform) and soon discovered that the objects were in- deed moths and in enormous quantity. The crew of the searchlight told me that the beam had a range of several miles and that moths were flying about three-quarters of the way up what they called the ‘‘ apparent length of the beam.”’ I estimated that some of the moths were flying between 2000 and 3000 feet up. The only species that could be identified with any cer- tainty at that height was Phloguphora meticulosa, as their yellow under- sides were very conspicuous. One would naturally have thought that so small a moth would have been invisible at such a heignt; but although the moths within about 30 feet of one’s head, when standing immediately below the light, appeared to be of normal size, as the distance increased they also appeared to increase in size until, at the maximum height I have indicated, P. meticulosa seemed to have about three times its usual span. A quarter of a mile away from the beam the sight was very beautiful, the moths dancing in and out and up and down the beam. They were ‘easily visible more than half a mile away, and I have no doubt that on that Sunday night other searchlight units were having a similar experience. I went home and collected all the boxes I could lay my thands on, and then went back to the searchlight. Soon my boxes were full, and, being more anxious to identify species than to secure cabinet speci- mens, I crammed as many into each box as I could. A list of these is given -at the end cf this article. P. metieulosa was easily the most abundant species; Plusia gamma came next (about 30% I should esti- mate), and then Amathes c-nigrum (about 5%). The ‘t Sallow ’’? moths made up a good proportion of the remainder, which were chiefly Trifinae. Very few Geometridae were seen. The height at which the three above-mentioned species, P. meticu- losa, P. gamma, and A. c-nigrum, were flying seems to me to be of considerable interest, as we know so little about the height at which migrating moths travel. In his book, Talking of Moths (p. 26), Mr Allan remarks: ‘f A great many of the Noctuae which we find at our sugar have crossed the sea,’’? and in this district P. meticulosa and A. c-nigrum in some years occur in such profusion as can only be ac- counted for by an influx from the Continent, The moths were not only flying in the beam; they covered the glass and were dancing about on it in hundreds. Some winged their way slowly to and fro; others flew at a great pace, settling on one’s hhead or face or clothes as well as on the metalwork, canvas, and woodwork on or about the apparatus. 'They were on the cinders under the light and on the surrounding grass in immense numbers. Next morning [ visited the searchlight again and received from its erew a large boxful of moths, mostly dead or burnt. The soldier clean- ing the lens toid me that he had taken two large moths, and presently produced an empty salmon tin containing a male and female Herse convolvult, both unhappily somewhat the worse for wear—and salmon débris. However, one must not look a gift moth in the mouth. The female was kept for eggs, but although provided with palatial quarters MOTHS AT A SEARCHLIGHT. 31 containing honey and fresh leaves and flowers of Convolvulus arvensis, she refused to oblige me. A search on the grass surrounding the light produced two Arenostola lutosa. I visited the searchlight again on Tuesday, the 19th, when a few moths only appeared, among them more A. lutosa; on Wednesday, 20th, there was a light drizzle and again only a few moths. On Thursday, 21st, the light was working for only a short time, and nothing was bagged. On Friday, 22nd, thin rain was falling while the light was on, but it was a good night for moths. On this evening a female Z. convolvult was taken on the glass, and later a visiting officer handed me a very good male of this species, also taken off the glass. Next morning, the 23rd, the soldier cleaning the apparatus produced a box containing another male in fine condition. I also obtained several more A. lutosa. This was the last opportunity I had of visiting the search- light. J noticed that if the light was on early in the evening and for only about 20 minutes very few moths were found next morning; but if the light was working for some hours a very large number could be found on the grass and on the apparatus the following morning. The various species each seemed to have their particular spells of flight, and if the spell was exceeded while the light was on they settled and remained where they settled until the following evening. When it was raining a great many of the moths settled on the glass and woodwork, often on their backs, when they would slew round and round on the wet sur- face, to the damage of. wings and thoraces, thereby sometimes making identification difficult. Large numbers of hornets (Vespa crabro, L.) came to the light each night, especially on Friday, the 22nd. I counted about 200 dead, dying or comatose on Saturday morning, the 23rd, which was rather chilly. Ichneumon flies, Tipulae and many other Hymenoptera and Diptera were at the light each night; one evening two bats came to the feast, and once a Little Owl settled on the framework and sat there for some time. It remains to add that the second female H. convolvuli taken laid 48 eggs, some of which have already hatched. From a Lampra fimbria 250 eggs were obtained, and eleven from a battered Deuteronomos fuscantaria. SPECIES TAKEN. Herse convolvuli (5). Trichiwra crataegi (1). Phragmatobia fuli- ginosa (a few). Agrotis ipsilon (5). Peridroma saucia (1). Amathes c-nigrum (a few hundreds). Triphaena comes (several). T. pronuba (several). Lampra fimbria (several). Eumichtis protea (several). Aporophyla lutulenta (1). Antitype flavicincta (4). Phlogephora meti- culosa (a few thousands). Hydraecia micacea (2). Arenostola lutosa (10). Leucania pallens (many). | Amphipyra tragopogonis (many). Atethmia xerampelina (1). Omphaloscelis lunosa (a few). Agrochola _ lychnidis (several). | Anchoscelis litura (several). Tiliacea aurago (4). Cirrhia icteritia (several). C. gilvago (several). Conistra vaccinii (several). C. ligula (several). Scoliopteryx libatrix (a few). Plusia gamma (many hundreds). Catocala nupta (a few). Deuteronomos fus- cantar (several). Chiasmia clathrata (1). 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TL/1945 COLLECTING NOTES. ~*~ ZEUZERA PYRINA IN 8S. WaLes.—I saw in South’s Moths of the British Isles, that the ‘‘Leopard Moth” (Z. pyrina) had been recorded from Cardiff, S. Wales. Js it unusual or worth recording that I took one in 1938 (2) at Pontypool, Monmouthshire, in my garden? Unfortunately, that was‘at the beginning of my interest in Lepidoptera, and the speci- men was destroyed. I also took a female freshly emerged at Newnham, Gloucestershire, in 1940, which I still have. If either of these facts is worth recording, could you put it in the Entomologist’s Record? I am very sorry to have written so late, but perhaps it will be in time for the March issue.—M. P. Srppons, Oldham’s Hall, The Schools, Shrews- bury. [The late C. G. Barrett, whose business peregrinations took him to all parts of the country, where he got in touch with the local collectors, described the distribution of Z. pyrina as follows:—‘‘ It seems to be found occasionally in all the southern counties, though recorded as rare in Devon and Somerset and even in Sussex. Also found in Norfolk and Suffolk, Staffordshire, Leicestershire and Herefordshire; more com- monly in Cambridgeshire ; uncommon in Gloucestershire, scarce in York- shire and recorded but once in Cheshire. It seems to have been met with from time to time in every square and park in London and prob- ably every garden in the suburbs and occasionally becomes abundant.’’ —Hy. J. T. HELOMYZA VARIEGATA, Lw. (DiprerA), BREEDING IN Roots or SEas- ASTER ?—Among the contents of a box of Diptera collected by Mr S. Wakely, and given to me for identification were four 2° 2 of a Helomy- zid that I ran down as slightly immature specimens of H. variegata, Lw., as they agreed well with the description given in Collin’s synopsis of ‘‘ The British Species of Helomyzidae’’ [H.M.M., Vol. Ixxix, pp. 234-251, October-November 1943]. In that synopsis, however, variegata is said to have been bred from ‘‘a tree fungus,’’ whereas Wakely’s specimens were labelled ‘‘ South Benfleet: Bred: Aster tripolium, L.’’ I wrote to Mr Wakely asking for further details and he replied that the roots were collected on 19th March 1944; the dead portions cut off; and the living portions, in which lepidopterous larvae were feeding— and which were showing tiny sprouts, planted in a flower pot, sunk several inches in the soil and left uncovered till early June. Several dozen larvae of a Bucculatrix appeared in the leaves and spun up, pro- ducing eventually a good series of specimens, also a number of Phalonia afinitana presumably from the root-feeding larvae. The flies appeared on 16th June. I sent the flies and Mr Wakely’s letter to Mr Collin, who confirmed my identification, and suggested that the facts be put on re- cord; hence this note. - As Mr Wakely also said in his letter that he did not notice any signs of dipterous larvae or pupae in the roots, and as any subsequent inves- tigation was not possible owing to a ‘‘ bombing incident ’”’ on 2nd July, which unfortunately involved Mr Wakely’s house as well as the flower pot, it will be seen that there is no actual proof that the flies were bred: from these roots, but the circumstantial evidence strongly points to that being the case. On the other hand, there is the previous record of this species having been bred from a tree-fungus, and the fact that some i COLLECTING NOTES. 33 other species of Helomyza are known to be fungus feeders in their larval stages. It is to be hoped that during the coming season such dipterists as have access to localities where the sea-aster occurs should endeavour to confirm the breeding habits of this species—H. W. ANDREWS. _VOLUCELLA INANIS, L., IN THE LoNDON District.—Another fly in Mr Wakely’s box was a 2 specimen of this handsome Syrphid, taken on 23rd August 1943, in his garden at South Norwood, S.E.25. Although this species seems to be extending its range, I do not think it has been pre- viously taken inside the London Postal area.—H. W. A. N. Kent Recorvs or Hetomyza, FLN. (SENSU sTRICTO).—When look- ing up Mr Wakely’s specimen of H. variegata, referred to above, I took occasion to revise my own series of the species of this genus with the aid of Collin’s synopsis and can add North Kent, as a locality for the following species :—variegata, Lw.; notata var. hilaris, Ztt.; inornata, Lw.; affinis, Mg.; ustulata, Mg.; bicolor, Ztt.,,-and fuscicornis, Ztt.— eS WEA: CoRANUS SUBAPTERUS, Dr GEER, IN Gios.—It was only in 1944 that this Reduviad Bug was eee’ as an addition to the List of Glouces- tershire Hemiptera-Heteroptera by Mr Airy Shaw (H.M.M., |xxx, 18: 22.1.1944)—-which is one more proof of the paucity of collecting in this County. In 1944, when searching for other insects, I found that C. sub- apterus 1s quite common on Rodborough Hill. In mid-June many nymphs, in the prae-imaginal instar, were found moving about in the open quite actively in full sunshine, and on 27.v11.44 I noticed the first adults, a pair in cop., and thereafter to the end of August adults were found quite commonly, in September in smaller numbers, the last (a male) being noted on 2.x. All the males seen were brachyptorous. al- though in a very few cases the wings were a little longer than normal. On 17.viii I came across a female which had a Myrmica scabrinodis worker so firmly affixed on its rostrum that the Ant-prey was not dropped when the bug was boxed, although it was detached later on when in the box: that was the only occasion on which JI saw a Coranus feeding natur- ally. In confinement, the nymphs and adults will feed readily on almost any suitable food that is given to them—freshly-killed Flies and Spiders, small Lepidopterous larvae, Ants’ larvae and pupae, etc. Kirby and Spence (Introd. Ent., 11, 387) state that this bug ‘‘when taken, emits a sharp sound, probably with its rostrum, by moving its head up and down ’’ and quote ‘‘ De Geer, iii, 289.’’ I have seen cap- tive nymphs move the trp of the rostrum up and down in a groove below the thorax, but no noise was audible to me, nor have I ever heard a sound emitted by any of the numerous adults which I have handled. Some individuals, of either sex, when first picked up, emit a very dis- tinct, but evanescent, scent. Douglas and Scott (Brit. Hemipt., p. 542) say that :—‘‘ The insects, if handled, give out a delicate odour like that ‘of ripe pears.’’ In my experience only about one-half of the individuals handled emit any odour at all and the smell reminded me of a rather coarse and unripe pineapple and in the case of the male found on 2.x I noted the smell as being rather rancid. Douglas and Scott say that this bug is found ‘‘ under the shelter er heather, furze and other bushes,’’? but at Rodborough I find it running 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1945 about fully exposed on the small bare stony patches between the sparse low-growing hillside plant-carpet—in fact, Coranus and Hallodapus montandont occur in precisely the same situations.—T. BAINBRIGGE FretcHeR, Rodborough, Glos., 10.xi1.1944. A Latrh GrassHopPER.—lIn his little book Malcolm Burr says (p. 68) that he has ‘‘ never found Acridinae in this country later than the last week of September.’’ Here several species occur well into October in most: years. This morning, being sunny albeit with a Northerly breeze and a shade temperature of 34° F. after an earlier ground-frost, I went out onto the Common to see if any Grasshoppers were still to be found and soon came across a fairly active female of Gomphocerus rufus.—T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, Rodborouzh, Glos., 15.xi.1944. A NoMEN NuDUM? (Lep.: GELECHIADAE).—In Ent. Rec., xlviii, 95 (ix.1936), in a paper on Lepidoptera from Skye, the late W. S. Gilles stated that ‘‘ Telphusa triparella r[ace] myricae has been bred commonly from bog-myrtle,’’ but I do not trace any description of the name myri- cae, so presume that it is an undescribed nomen nudum. Can any reader refer me to any description? Meyrick’s Revised Handbook quotes only Oak as the foodplant of this species, but Myrica gale is recorded also by Continental authors (e.g., Hering, Benander, Miiller-Rutz, and Meess in Spuler) although I do not know that any difference has been noted between forms reared from oak and from Myrica, other than Gilles’ non- descript ‘‘race.’? This species has already many names, those known to me being :—Tinea paripunctella, Thunberg, Diss. Ins. Suec., vii, p. 96, No. 43 (1794). =Recurvaria dodecea, Haworth, Lep. Brit., [iv], pp. 549-550, No. 12 (1828). =Anacampsis dodecella [nec Linn.], Steph., Cat. Brit. Ins., 11, p. 196, No. 7191 (1829). =Gelechia (Gelechia) tripar- ella, Zeller, Isis, xxxii, p. 200, No. 47 (iii.1839). =Oecophora tigratella, Costa, Fauna Regno Napoli, Lepidott., Oecoph., p. 2, t. 2, f. 3 [ ?1836- 1840]. Velphusa triparella var. sultanella, Caradja, Iris, xxxii, p. 104 (30.vi.1930). Teleia triparella ab. griseélla, Preissecker, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, Ixxxi, p. (18), (1931). | If, therefore, the name'*‘ myricae ’’ has any validity (as being based on a description), it may fall to one of these previous names.—T. Bain- BRIGGE FLetcHeR, Rodborough, 24.x11.1944. CURRENT NOTES. Mice Eattne Exectrocutep Hornets.—A friend of mine living at Rumalihisari, near Istanbul, was annoyed by a hornet’s nest under the eave of his loft, so he worked out a very ingenious dodge. He:found the entrance was through a herizontal slit between two boards, just above a sheet of lead. He placed-a coil alongside this slit, through - which he passed a current. Every hornet that came to the slit settled on the gutter which was quickly clogged by the dead insects. It was uncanny to watch them as the death was so silent and so inevitable. I filled a match-box with dead hornets, which I placed in a drawer in my room. . OBITUARY. 30D A few days later my wife called me toi the rescue as there was a wild mouse in the room. Moreover, it was behaving in a strange manner. It seemed undecided in its movements, was very tame, and allowed me to pick it up. Then it quietly expired in my hand. Shortly after that, when I had occasion to look at the hornets, I found them in fragments. The most likely explanation -of the incident is that the mouse had eaten their poison bags and died of hornet poison, posthumously.—M. Burr. ¢ Witt all those readers who have Lepidoptera from the Shetland Islands look up their species and note the variation. Dr Bryan P. Beirne has written us-an article on ‘‘ The Lepidoptera of Shetland ”’ with a List of Species and wishes to know more about some of them. It will appear in the April number. OBITUARY. G. T. BETBUNE-BAKHR, Y-R.ES., .2Z.8., FS. Mr G. T. Bethune-Baker was a native of Birmingham, where his father was in practice as a doctor. He had a knowledge of natural history, and possessed a collection of British Lepidoptera. The son thus started life with an incentive for the same study. This influence was increased by his father’s friends, one of whom was Dr Jordan, a doctor in the same city and a well-known entomologist. It was the daughter of this friend of his father’s that the young Bethune-Baker subsequently married. Another early influence was that he was brought up as a strict churchman and as he got older he took part in local and ’ diocesan matters. The influence of his father gave him an opportunity for business, and we find, in after life, he was actively connected with several firms in the city of Birmingham. It was with interest in these three directions that this life was spent from his birth in 1856 until his decease in December last (1944) at the ripe old age of 88. At the earliest he joined the Birmingham Natural History Society and later was one of the strong supporters of the Birmingham Entomo- logical Society, of which he was for several years President and to which he informed me (when I was paying him a visit) that he intended to present the collection of the famous Richard South, acquired when the latter felt he must part with it. His business training led him to take an interest in local matters and this, with his activity in church matters, led him to accept. a seat on the City Education Committee. Here he came in contact with an active member of the City Council, Sir George Kenrick, who also was an entomologist. Later they were associated in various entomological ‘matters. His diocesan connection brought Bethune-Baker to meetings in London, and this gave him opportunities still further to increase his activity in his life’s hobby, already shown by his observations in the entomological journals of the day. In London, he visited the British 36 . ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/T11 / 1945 Museum of Nat. History: he saw many whose names he had seen in entomological literature; he went to Tring and to meetings of the learned Societies, as opportunities occurred. Later he joined the three Societies that dealt with his beloved Lepidoptera and contributed to their Publications some of his own work. He was elected on the Coun- cil of the Entomological Society of London for some years and became in due course President for two years, 1913-1914. Early in his visits to London he was attracted to the work of the founder of this maga- zine, the late J. W. Tutt, whose energy seemed unbounded. Influenced by his new acquaintance, he was led to share the visits of other entomo- logists to the continent of Europe which the pioneer reports in Tutt’s writings made so attractive to many of us. His observations are re- corded in our magazine on many occasions. He visited the Pyrenees, the Mts. of Central France, the Swiss Alps with his friends or his wife. It was shortly after one .of these visits to the Alps that his wife died from cancer. His early work was observational and descriptive of new material. For Tring he described and illustrated discoveries in the New Guinea area, but he became particularly attracted to the ‘‘ Blues ”’ of the Indo- Malayan Region. For this work he acquired a knowledge of microscopy to depict the genitalia of each species, of which the value for taxonomic purposes was becoming recognized (at that time) in the Lepidoptera. This principle he employed in his work on the Classification of the Palaearctic Blues. Regretfully to those who knew him, there is no doubt that the long continued intensive work with the microscope was the cause of his total blindness in the last few years of his life. On the death of Tutt in 1911, Bethune-Baker did all he could to aid the continuation of his (Tutt’s) work in entomology, which went on until his end; even when his sight failed he carried on, for his name was still on the panel as ‘‘ Editor-Emeritus,’’ and all matter published was sent to him in proof for his experienced suggestion. He gave great attention to Nomenclature in the Lepidoptera and . was Chairman of the Entomological Society’s Committee on this subject. Unfortunately, the Report of this Committee was ignored. As soon as it was found that his sight was never likely toi recover, he arranged that his Library and Collections shou!d go to Cambridge, where his brother held a post in the University. The essential material in the collection was subsequently passed to the British Museum. He went to live with a friend at Eastbourne, a doctor and his wife. On the death of the latter the arrangement was broken up and he married Miss Bertha Nice, a lady who had nursed him during a severe illness at Eastbourne, and was very happily settled in a small house he had acquired. There he died peacefully of old age in. his 88th year.-— fix. 1, Se ee Se Ut Vil am Pataa oe Zootoa *t. APR 9 1945, mpm (177) a '3,82O cue wrrmsh Nocruan AND THE equally wherever the species exist. ‘The green ground is usually either of a rather dark green or some shade between this and greenish-white or pale reddish-green ; but also more rarely reddish-white, or white clouded with light red or purplish pink; the black marbling also varies greatly in intensity and extent, in some specimens presenting delicate pale markings, grey rather than black; in others close and abundant, yet definite marbling, in some cases with the stigmata and pale spots much obscured, in others with all these very strongly defined; others again have strong and very heavy blotching of the darker surfaces, either dark brown or black, with stigmata and central blotches white or tinged with pink or light red. One specimen before me is greenish-white, with the faintest possible marblings, merely a black loop with some purplish- pink around it in the middle of the wing and some black dots along the” costa; another has the dorsal margin, apex, stigmata and usual round blotches white, the rest of the wings marbled with red and deep black; a third even blacker, has all the pale markings light purplish-pink ; and a fourth is dark green, with but faint indications of paler spots. Dr Mason has a specimen of a clear pale green, with an irregular light red shade through the middle, and branching to the anal angle, with only a few dark dots and streaks. These are perhaps the more extreme forms, but some of them are not infrequent, and every possible grade and com- bination of intermediate variation is found. In Scotland there is a tendency to somewhat deeper blackness of colour and marking, some examples being very nearly black.’’ The Forms and Names to be considered :— protea, Schiff., Verz., 84, p. 7 (1775). Invalid. protea, Esp. (1790+ ?), Abbild. Noct., IV, 494, plt. 150, 6. protea, Bork. (1792), Naturg. Noct., IV, 386. Syn. seladonia, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., If, 199. [Syn. ?] ab. variegata, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 78. ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), l.c. ssp. corsica, Splr. (1905), Schm. Eur., I, 206, plt. 39, 3. ab. grisea, Warr.-Stz. (1910), Pal. Noct., III, 134, plt. 32h, 1, 33a. ab. dejecta, Warr.-Stz. (1910), l.c. ab. wncolorata, Warr.-Stz. (1910), l.c. Tutt dealt with (1) protea, Bork., pale green, tinted reddish; (2) sela- donia, Haw., dark green, tinted red;:(3) variegata, black and reddish, whitish inner margin, stigmata and submarginal areas; (4) suffusa, black and reddish, pale inner margin stigmata unicolorous. | f. corsica, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 206 (1905). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ A very rough olive-brown-green form.”’ . ab. grisea, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 134 (1910). Fig.—l.c., 321. Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ In which the tints are dark and light grey, with only the least touch of green or brown; hindwing whitish.’’ Amasia. ab. dejecta, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 184 (1910). Fie.—l.c., 33a. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Decidedly smaller, and uniformly dark grey, with (178) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /III/ 1945 the markings all more or less obscured, and the hindwing darker.’’ Amasia. ab. incolorata, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 134 (1910). Fie.—l.c., 321. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Has the ground colour pale or dark grey, without coloured tints, except a faint rufous flush along the two folds and the course of the submarginal line.’’ Amasia. Hadena, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Frr., Gn., Tutt, Barr. [Melan- chra, Hb. (1820), Meyr., Meyr.: Mamestra, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot: Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Warr., Drdt.] glauca, Hb. (1808-9) [Kleem. 1792?]. Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 78 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 82 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. I., 1V, 193, plt. 155, 8 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I1Ted., 158 (190J) : Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 140 (1905): Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 173, plt. 37, 1 (1905): South, M.B.I., 245, plt. 122, '5-6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., If], 74, plt. 17d (1909); Calot, W.. et @> 1-1), 107; plt-“13, 7 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 153 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101, plt. 14g (19381). Hb., Samml. Noct., 410 (1808-9), figured the more bluish-grey form, the type, and Geyer-Hb. figured the darker form 800 (1828-32) aperta; both good figures. The type was previously known from the figure in Kleeman, Beitrage Ins., I, plt. 48, f. 7 (1792). Treit., Schmett., V (1), 322 (1825), suggested that stichica, Bork., IV, 415, was probably glauca, and described from Fb., Mant., I, 173 (‘alis deflexis albo fuscoque variis, apice nigro striatis: stigmatibus subocellatis; posteriori reniformi.’’). [veniformi ?] Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 322, plt. 92, f. 7 (1826), gave a poor figure, hard and no softness of texture. In vol. VII, 255, plt. 116, 3 (1827), Dup. gave a good figure of the boreal form, lappo, Dalm. Frr., New. Beitr., Il, 14, plt. 104, 1 (1836), gave a very good figure of the blue-grey form but still a very dark one. In vol. IV, 133, plt. 364, 2 (1842), Frr. gave another figure of a still darker form bred in Hanover, glauca var., in which the stigmata are light grey and similar uncon- nected patches lie in the submarginal area inside the well-marked mar- ginal line. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI (2), 94 (1852), gave Kleem., Beitr. Ins., I, plt. 48, 1-7 (1792), as the author, and recognised the lappo, Dup. Gn. in 1852 pointed out that Kleeman in 1792 gave a very good figure of glauca in his Beitr.; that the f. 410 of Hb. was ‘“‘ too blue,’’ that the figure by Geyer-Hb. 800 aperta was ‘ too black;’’ that sub- sequent authors gave most unreliable figures often taken for varieties, or even new species; and that lappo was nothing more than a dark glauca-aperta. There was no description with Kleeman’s figure. Barrett, l.c., plt. 158, gave three figures: 3a, a 2 has a considerable amount of whitish markings compared with the: ¢; 3b, has no whitish markings and is one of the darker forms. All three figures are too dark, with no appearance of the glaucous coloration typical of the species. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (179) Meyr. used the genus Melanchra, Hb., in both editions of his Hand- book. Stder., Cat., IIled., 158 (1901), gave aperta, lappo, quadriposita, taunensis, and farkasii as forms: aperta, obscura; lappo, obscura; quadriposita, magis cinerascens; tawnensis, al. ant. infuscatis; farkasit, diluta? (sp. aberrans sine var. const.). Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 141 (1905), gave Kleem., Beitr. Ins., I, plt. 48 (43), 1-7 (1792). He recognised the forms aperta, tawnensis and quadriposita. Split: Schmett. Hur., 1, 173, plt. 37, 1 (1905), gave the forms lappo, aperta, and tawnensis the more ashy-grey, the especially dark, and the dark reddish-grey uniform forms respectively. He gave a Gate in which the claviform stigma was far from being a prominent feature as Culot said. South, M.B.I., I, 245, plt. 122, 5-6 (1907), gave two very good figures : 5, with lighter markings, more glaucous; 6, a generally darker blackish form. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., Ill, 74, plt. 17d (1909), gave three good figures, typical ¢ and @Q and f. aperta; the claviform quite strong in the former but obscured in aperta. The bluish grey is mostly wanting. Ab. poliostigma, Hamps., is treated as a synonym of the typical form; ab. quadriposita is treated as a syn. of oppo. Thus lappo, aperta and taunensis are the only forms given. Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 107, plt. 18, f. 7 (1911), gave a good figure and ballad abteadian to the epoch Pheeieron a white claviform, and refused to work out the synonymy of any named forms. Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101, plt. 14g (1931), added the ssp. frigida, Zett.; with the ssp. pawpercula, Pnglr., from Aksu, Mon- golia, and the ssp. Piingeleri, Drdt., from Issyk-kul, both of which are figured. They pointed out that lappo is very small. Of the Variation Barrett said :— ‘Variable in the ground colour from pale silvery-grey or dusky- white, to purple-grey or slate-grey; still more variable in the intensity and distinctness of the dark markings and cloudings, which frequently extend themselves over almost the whole forewings; all three stigmata usually conspicuous, but the claviform is sometimes reduced to a mere white dot, and more rarely the orbicular is obscured by dark clouding ; sometimes the yellow subterminal line becomes distinct and continuous throughout, in others reduced to three or four dots, and in some cases it is white; while in some individuals the nervures are dotted and streaked with white, and more rarely the dark markings are tinged with purple. Very dark forms are obtained from the North of Ireland and the West of Scotland, those from Arran being curiously dark with the stigmata also suffused and indistinct, but the transverse lines con- spicuously black.’’ The Names and Forms to be Gonsiderca :— glauca, Hb. (1808-9), Samml. Noct., 410. ab. lappo, Dup. (Dalm.) (1827), Hist. Nat., VII (1), 255, plt. exvi, 3. f. aperta, Hb.-Gey. (1828-32), Samml. Noct., 800. r. quadriposita, Zett. (1840), Ins. Lappon., 939. ab. farkasit, H.-S. (1850), Sys. Bearb., II, 254, f. 390. (180) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TI1/ 1945 r. poliostigma, Hamps. (1894), Moths of India, IT, 201, f. r. tuunensis, Fuchs. (1899), Jahrb. Nass., UVIT, 133. r. paupercula, Pnglr. (1902) (1934), Iris, XV, 148 [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101, plt..14¢]. r. piingelert, Drdt.. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., ITI, 101, plt. 14¢. Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical form glauca, Hb. 410, the more bluish form and not so uniform as the blacker form (subsequently named aperta, Hb.-G. 800); (2) f. lappo, Dup., smaller, more ashy, edging pale; (3) ab. quadriposita, Zett., ‘‘ the glaucous tint reduced to a minimum and replaced by fuscous.’’ f. aperta, Hb.-Gey., Samml. Noct., 800 (1828-32). Ficg.—l.c., 800. A very’ good figure of the darker form, with the blue and grey suppressed in the general blackish ground. Descrip.—‘‘ Much less slaty-grey on forewings, a very slight bluish- tinge, the stigmata the lightest features even with small traces of pure white. Transverse lines black. Traces of cuneiform markings, very inconspicuous. Generally characters obscure.”’ f., ab. farkasti, H.-S. (nec Tr.), Sys. Bearb., II, p. 254.(1850). Fie.—l.c., 390. The figure is certainly not a chenopodi var. Under this name Frivaldsky had sent H.-S. a Noctuid, which he cqnsidered was a form of chenopodii, Fb., but undoubtedly a form of glauca and the reference to that species (chenopodii) is in error. Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, placed it among his references to glauca. The figure in H.-S. 390 is a very pretty banded form. The band is very distinctive. Its confining lines are deep black emphasized by light grey margins outside; the black of these lines extending considerably along each of the veins. The band filling is only slightly darker than the general grey of the ground. race poliostigma, Hamp., Moths of Ind., I1, 201 (1894). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ 2 fuscous, suffused with grey. Forewing with traces of subbasal and antemedial lines; the orbicular and reniform large and whitish; a black streak. below the cell; indistinct postmedial and submarginal lines, the former excurved around the reniform, the latter with a series of dentate marks on it. Hindwing brownish fuscous; the cilia white.’’ ‘‘ Sind Valley, Kashmir.’’ race taunensis, Fuchs., Jhrb. Nass., LVII, 133 (1899). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The darkest of all glauca forms, a transitional form to var. lappo and probably a product of the rough mountain climate.”’ Tt differs from all glawca specimens by the uniform sooty-grey colour of its forewings. The bluish-white emphasis of the three stigmata and the border areas on both sides of the waved line (by which glauca ap- pears variegated) so characteristic and bright in glawca are wholly want- ing in our Taunus form; thesé wing-markings are also covered by the above-mentioned sooty-grey, so that the species presents a quite uni- colorous appearance to the variegated glauca. My female comes next to lappo, Stdgr., whose border area is dark suffused but that has light stigmata and its fore-wings are less marbled.’’ Taunus. a 0 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (181) ab. paupercula, Pnglr., Iris, XV, 148 (1902) [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101 (1934)]. Ficg.—Stz., Supp., l.c., 149. Descrip.—‘‘ A large sleek, very pale olive-brownish form.’’ Mon- golia, Aksu. f. piingelzri, Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101 (1934). Pie.—t.c., plt. 142. Orntc. Descrip.—‘‘ Larger but with remarkably wide wings, paler and duller grey, in consequence of which the subterminal area and two stigmata appear more unicolorous.’’ Issyk-kul. Hadena, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Gn., Barr. [Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Melanchra, Hb. (1820), Meyr. (2): Mamestra, Hb. (1822), Meyr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot] nana, Hufn. (1766) = dentina, Schiff. (1775) [Fab. (1787) ]. Puts, Brit. "Noct., 111, 80 (4892): Meyr., Handb., 82 (1895): Barr., Lep Bret 1V, 197; plt. 159, 1 897): Stder., Cat., [1led., 159 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 174, plt. 37, 2 (1905): Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 140 (1905): South, M.B.I., I, 246, plt. 122, 7-9 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 73, plt. 17c, d (1909): Culot, N. ef G., I (1), 108, plt. 18, 8-9 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 153 (1928): Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., THT, 101, plt. 14g (1931). Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur.,. VI, p. 121, fig. 356 (1789), gave a fine series of forms a, b, c, d, e, f, g, well exhibiting among other points of variation the variable dentate central marking. Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, 398, No. 71 (1766). Orte. Descrre.—‘ Anterior wings whitish-grey shading into dark grey, with a whitish-grey dentate spot in the middle of the forewings. On tree trunks: common.’’ Hufn., Berlin Mag., III, No. 74 (1766), described a species of Noctuae under the name nana, which description in 1776 was amplified and re- described by Rottemberg. This latter description is that of conspersa with many white features, while Hufn.’s description is definitely grey, whitish-grey and dark grey. But Rott. took the name nana for his species hence the next available name must be used, viz., dentina, Esp., a very suitable one because of the whitish-grey dentate blotch below the orbicular stigma; and the name nana becomes a Syn. Schiff., Verz., P.O. 82. ‘‘ The brownish-grey tooth-spotted Noctua,”’ 1775. Whger, New Ausg. Verz., I, 272, gave Fabricius, Bork. and Esper as references, the last, IV, plt. i49, f. 4, nana, as a variety. _ Esp., Abbild., IV, p. 380, plt. 127 (48), 2-3, gave two quite recog-- nizable figures, which he named dentina, and p. 486, plt. 149 (70), 4-5, which he named nana. All four are certainly the same species. The latter are apparently aberrational forms. Werneb., Beitr., II, 42, said the former were nana, Hufn. (dentina, Tr.), and the latter (p. 46) were the species marmorosa, Bork. But Borkhausen’s description does not. agree with the figures of Esper. The ‘‘tooth’’ spot is the transformed claviform, and in the second pair of Esper’s figures is extended, not to join the orbicular, but lengthwise below towards the base of the wing. (182) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TIT /1945 Marmorosa, Bork., is treated by Seitz in the genus Scotogramma close to chenopodu (trifolit), IV, 83. Bork., Naturg., IV, 415 (1792), gave as synonyms Schiff., Verz.,. p. 82, dentina; Esper, Abbild. Noct., IV, plt. 48, 2-3, dentina, plt. 70, 4-5, nana?; Fab., Mant., II, 156, dentina; and de Vill., Linn. Ent., II, p. 279 (1789), triquetra, corrected in IV, p. 468, to dentina. He stated that nana, Hufn., is none other than conspersa, Schiff. : Hb., Samml. Noct., 408 (1808-9), gave an excellent figure of dentina, and Geyer 874 in 1838 as latenai, a beautiful figure with an almost pure white tooth-mark. Hb., Text, p. 192, No. 56, gave nana, Schiff., as a synonym. Duponchel, Hist. Nat., VI, 266, plt. 89, 6 (1826), gave an excellent figure of the usually occurring form. He placed it in the genus Hadena. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI (2), 95 (1852), gave plebeja, Haw, and leuco- stigma, Haw., as synonyms. He gave the nana, Esp., as a separate species with the synonyms marmorosa, Bork., and odontites, Bdv. He gave no reference to Hufn. Barrett, l.c., plt. 159, has five figures all too dark generally and not giving the impression of the species intended. The “ pale grey or pale brownish-grey ’’ of the text is absent. 1d, is a curious yellow suffused specimen. Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 159 (1901), gave hilaris, Zett., as a Syn. (ab. dilutior), and nana, Hufn.? a Syn.; he recognized ab. latenai, Pier. (and gave ? proxima, Frr. ‘‘ multo obscurior’’) as a Syn. of latenai. Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 140 (1905), gave ab. latenai, Pierret, and as synonyms plebeia, Haw., lewcostigma, Haw., proxima, Frr., and hilaris, Zett. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 174, plt. 37, 2 (1905), gave a good figure under the name nana and recognized the forms ochrea, Tutt, hilaris, Zett., and latenai, Pierr. South, M.B.I., I, 246, plt. 122, f. 7-9 (1907), gave three useful figures under the name dentina. The Siberian form-is latenai, Pierret. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 73, plt. 17c, d (1909), gave five figures too much alike in distinctive shades, 17c nana typical and a quite dis- tinctive lewcostigma whiter or fulvous; 17d ochrea, g and Q latenai. He said it was the dentina, Schiff., and the plebeia of Haw. synonyms. He put proxima, Frr., as a syn. of latenai. Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 108, plt. 18, 8-9 (1911), gave two very good figures under the names dentina and latenai (this appears to be the form called proxima by Frr.). Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 101, 14g (19381), gave a new and better figure of form leucostigma, Haw., too reddish-yellow in the former illus- tration. They gave two new forms, the variegata, Vorbr., and schultzi, Rebel., a red-brown form and a dark form with grey-white outer band. Barrett’s comment on the Variation was :— ‘‘ Variable in the general colour through almost all shades of grey, greyish-white, grey-brown, and bluish-grey; and in the distinctness of the dark markings from black to brown of all shades of umbreous. The pale markings also are often clouded and sometimes almost completely obscured. In the collection of Mr S. J. Capper are forms ranging from the palest grey-brown, almost devoid of markings, to the darkest smoky- grey, or to those which have all the darker markings black; and {HE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (183) one specimen of a pale grey has a broad dirty-white blotch where the dark markings are usually situated. Dr Mason has one in which the reniform stigma and a large portion of the adjoining usually dark area - are occupied by a large white blotch extending to the costa. Another form has a large ovate white blotch near the anal angle. One obtained at Ipswich, by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield is so filled up with black that the usually distinct central bar is obscured. Another taken at Armagh by the Rev. W. F. Johnson is so curiously mottled with grey as to bear a considerable resemblance to H. glauca.’’ This species must be considered in conjunction with Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 34 (conspersa = nana and Turner, l.c. Supp., p. 93, bearing in mind that Hufnagel’s original description fitted two species. The Names and Forms to be considered are :— nana, Hufn., Berl. Mag. (1766), 3, No. 71. dentina, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 82, Syn. dentina, Fab. (1787), Mamnt., II, 157. Wontina, Esp. (1789+ ?), ona Auba: IV, 380, plt. 127, 3, Syn. ab. leucostigma, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brak. 198. ab. plebeia, Haw. (1809), l.c. (Syn. ?). ab. proxima, Frr. (1831), New. Beitr., IT, 15, plt. 104, 2. i. batenat, Pierr. (1837), Ann. Soc. e. Fr., 177, plt. 8, 3. ssp. hilaris, Zett.? (1840), Ins. Lapp., 938. ab. obsoleta, Tutt. (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 81. ab. ochrea, Tutt (1892), l.c. ab. ochrea-obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c. ‘ab. schiultz1, Rbl. (1899), Bert. e. Zt., XLIV, 159; fig. . ab. variegata, Vorbrodt (1917), Mitt. Schw. Ges., XII, 457. ssp. reducta, Rbl. & Zrny. (1931-2), Lep. Fn. Albaniens, p. 92, fig. 18. ab. brunmescens, Schwd. (1938), Zts. Oest. Ent. Ver., XXIII, 26 (1988). ab. canescens, Schwd. (1938), l.c. race hawelkae, Schwd. (1938), l.c., p. 41. ab. littoralis, Schwd. (1938), l.c. race gredensis, Schwd. (1938), l.c., 42. race nevadensis, Schwd. (1938), l.c. ssp. sultania, Swing. (1938), Ent. Rund., LV, 224. Tutt dealt with: 1, nana, whitish-grey shading to dark grey; 2, leucostigma, whitish-grey; 3, ashy-grey dentina; 4, ochrea, ochreous- grey; 5, latenai, brownish-black; 6, obsoleta, darker markings obsoles- cent, almost unicolorous; 7, ochrea-obsoleta. plebeia, Haw., Lep. Brit., 198 (1809). Orig. Descrip.—Haw. gave this as the dentina, Hb., 87, 408, and his own dentina as of Fab. and expressed the opinion of their close similarity. In this he gave the ‘‘ stigmatibus tribus cinereis,’’ while in his dentina he gave ‘‘ macula basi, strigaque dentata flavis.”’ prozima, Frr., Neu. Beitr., II, 15, plt. 104, 2 (1831), gave a very good figure of this form, which had been in his collection for a long time as an aberration of dentina. ab. prozima, Frr., New. Beitr., I, 15, plt. 104, 2 (1831). Orig. Duscrip.—‘‘ I attribute the male of this species to Hb.; ac- cording to the description of Treit. a very exact figure of the female. (184) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1945 It comes nearest to dentina. This example has stood a long time in my collection as an ab. of dentina, for I trusted in Herr Treit. description, according to which N. proxima had the tooth-like marking under the orbicular and close to the claviform, which should be wanting, while in my example this marking is very distinct. Closer examination and the opinion of many of my friends determines that this example is actually proxima. The probability is, that the whitish examples in nature are unknown to me, but this dentata-marking is more dusky, or probably mixed, as Herr Treit. noted. ssp. hilaris, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 938 (1840). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis anticis cano fuscoque variis, macula bifida cum macula ordinaria interiori subtus confluenta strigaque postica den- tata albis.’’ Similar to dentina, but a little smaller and more whitish. Markings pale in the forewings as in dentina, but the bifid spot wholly confluent with the anterior stigma, both forming one larger angulated spot with a bifid extention. ab. schultzi, Rbl., Berge, 9ed, 183 (1909). Fic.—Berl. ent. Zeit., XLIV, 159 (1899), Schultz. Orig. Dascrip.—‘‘ Darkened as in latenai, but with more indistinct stigmata, a prominent whitish-grey outer band and blackish darkened marginal area beyond the waved line.’’? (Berge.) ‘‘ Between the margin of the forewing and the distinctly prominent yellowish powdered waved line the marginal area is filled in with deep black, but the wing veins crossing it are powdered whitish-yellow and show sharp on the dark ground. Before the waved line on the basal side there lies a wide area which stands out strongly from the rest of colour of the forewings by its grey-white suffusion. In its lower part this pale area near the inner margin is bordered by a deep black dark ‘streak which reaches almost up to the only very indistinctly developed stigmata. Two parallel lines, of which that lying nearest to the discal area is strongly emphasized, separate the basal area of the wing. The whole wing from the base to the pale band is of a grey-brown colour, here and there, particularly in the basal area along the inner margin, suffused with a yellowish tinge. The costa of the forewing has a num-_ ber of darker dots on the grey-brown ground.’’ Near Berlin (Berl. é. Zt.). ab. variegata, Vorb., Mitt. Schw. Gess., XII, 457 (1917) [Zts. Oest. Ent. Ver., XXIII, 27 (1915)]. Descrip.—Schawerda: ‘‘ Is a striking individual form from Biren, in which the discal area (with the exception of the orbicular) and the outer area are suffused red-brown. The yellow basal spot is coloured deep orange.’’ Switzerland. ssp. reducta, Reb. & Zerny., Lep. Fn. Albaniens, p. 92, fig. 18 (1931). Oric. Dmscrre.—‘‘ Obviously definitely smaller than the specimens from central Europe. (Wing expanse 14-16 mm.) Forewings much less clearly marked, often strongly blue-grey in tone; above all the orbicular and the spot which is attached to the end of it below the cell is not so light whitish-grey as in typical examples, and is thus very little different from the rest of the wing surface. The 92 are mostly darker than a All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned ‘to Hy. J. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,”’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. _ We must earnestiy request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- 4 TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. * pa g = EXCHANGES. 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FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. __ H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. _ Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. _ By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. | S LABIA MINOR DOUBLE-BROODED ? Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.... ... 37 _ THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SHETLAND, Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.D., M.R.1.A., F.R.E.S. 37 COLEOPTERA OF LAMPTON, Middlesex, Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 40 % THE GENETICS OF STERRHA AVERSATA, L., AB. AMOENATA, FUCHS, E. 4. = Cockayne, D M., F.R.C.P. oa AEs 4 So <6 oa ae rep te _ REDISCOVERY OF HALLODAPUS Ne REUTER, 1895 (HEM. : vel _MIRIDAE), T. Bainbrigge Fletcher . aoe ee Sif ae ANS aed ee A | COLLECTING NOTES: The Foodplants of Pheosia tremula, Cl., J. W. Heslop : _ Harrison; Oviposition of Achlya avicornis, L., P. B. M. Allan: Reputed : Mimicry in Pareronia valeria, Cr. : Considered with reference to other Indo-Australian Pieridae, L. Richmond Wheeler, Ph.D.; Cylindrotoma dis- _tinctissima, Meigen, bred (Dipt.: Tipulidae), T. 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Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. = + a a, a ew eS a ca i all nae —_s eS ee ee . 13840 gan 0f Compan; @" Zoology 5) } MAY 15 4 | It is always stated in the books that the Lesser Earwig is most frequently observed flying on hot June days in the neighbourhood of - manure heaps. I remember how in my cricketing days I often used to catch Labia minor flying past me when out in the deep field. The fact that it flies so freely in the sunshine and that it is mature in June distinguish it sharply from the Common Earwig. Also, while the genus Forficula is dominantly Palaearctic, the genus Labia is tropi- cal in distribution. ZL. minor ranges right through Africa, and across THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SHETLAND, BY YN. “) 1S LABIA MINOR DOUBLE-BROODED? By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. from England to Vladivostok. It is the only species of the family Labiidae, of which there are several dozen species, that occurs in Europe. Yet, with all these distinctions, it is a neglected insect, and, so far as I am aware, practically nothing is really known of its life history. Professor Kosswig has brought me a tube containing three males, three females and three larvae, which he found in a rotten palm trunk in the garden at Balta Liman, on the shore of the Bosphorus, in November. . Now the larvae of the Common Earwig become mature in August, after which date larvae are not to be found. Although the early summer has been so far regarded as the normal season for the adult L. minor, their occurrence in the late autumn is not unknown. JI remember one October about thirty years ago, when there was a spell of very warm, muggy weather, L. minor turned up in con- spicuous numbers. I cannot now recall the year, but Mr Donisthorpe may remember. He noticed the occurrence, and found them flying to street lamposts. It seems to me that the explanation may be that the Lesser Earwig is double-brooded. There is scope here for some interesting observation. If any reader comes across a colony of Labia minor, will he please start some breed- ing experiments? [My only Glos. record of LZ. minor is one at Darlingworth, 3.iv.43 (Shaw): this may indicate a hibernated adult.—T. B. F.] THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SHETLAND. By Bryan P. Berane, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. The following list of the species of Lepidoptera occurring in Shetland was compiled when studying the distribution of the British Lepidoptera recently (see Proc. R. Irish Acad., 47B: 91-101). It is probably not complete but includes all the species recorded in the British entomological periodicals I had available, and, as no reasonably complete list of the Shetlandic Lepidoptera has been published previously, it may be of some use to future collectors in those islands, particularly in drawing attention to the many species requiring confirmation, until such time as a full list is published by someone with personal experience of collecting in Shet- 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1945 . land. It is hoped that some readers of the Entomologist’s Record will be able to publish additional information concerning some of these doubt- ful species, while confirmation of many of the reliably-recorded species is also desirable, as in a relatively large proportion of cases only single records exist; this applies particularly to the Microlepidoptera. The Shetlandic Lepidoptera will repay further study, as a greater proportion of the species exhibit local variation than do the species in any other area of the British Isles. I have been unable to find the original records, if any, for the follow: ing species, stated to occur in Shetland by South (Moths Brit. Is.): Tethea or, T. duplaris, Euxoa tritici, Apamea oblonga (abjecta), A. anceps (sordida), Rhizedra lutosa, Xylina vetusta, Scoliopteryz libatrix, Thera juniperata and Epirrhoé tristata. Meyrick (Rev. Handb. Brit. Lep.) includes in addition: Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Coenonympha pamphilus, Agrochola circellaris, Colostygia salicata, Operophtera brumata, Phile- ‘done prodromana, Epiblema semifuscana, Hemimene acuminatana, Eupista crocogramma and Eriocrania semipurpurella. Most of the above species are also included by Barrett (Lep. Brit. Is.), who also gives Bom- bycia viminalis and-Eupithecia pulchellata. The records for B. viminalis, T. juniperata and E. tristata are almost certainly correct, as Batrets mentions that these species are represented by local forms in Shetland, but confirmation of the remaining species is desirable. Wolff (Zoology of the Faroes, II) gives a list of the Shetlandic species and includes the following for which I can find no other records: Diarsia brunnea, Meristis trigrammica, Poecilopsis lapponaria, Hydriomena furcata (sordidata), Crambus furcatellus, Cnephasia bellana (penziana) and Agonopteryz (Depressaria) applana. Confirmation of P. lapponaria is particularly desirable. The following are some other species requiring confirmation :— Polyommatus agestis race artaxerxes: According to Walker (Ent. Mo. Mag., LVIII: I) this was taken on Unst by W. Claridge Druce, a botanist. Lasiocampa quercus: Not previously recorded from Shetland. There is a male labelled ‘‘ Unst, 14.vii1.89 ”’ in the collection of Mr M. S Westropp, of Dublin, but with no indication of the captor’s name. The specimen is a variety in which the yellow of the hindwings does not form a narrow band but extends to the edge of the wing; the forewings are similar but somewhat darkened towards the edge and tip. Is the Spee men a representative of a Shetlandic local race ? Parasemia plantaginis: According to Newman (Proc. S. Lond. N.H.~ Soc., 1912: 100) this species died out in Shetland some time prior to 1912 owing to attacks by ichneumons. Has it been seen since? Eulype hastata: Recorded by Tugwell (Ent. Mo. Mag., XXVII: 83), and probably correct, but is it hastata or subhastata? Agonopteryx (Depressaria) badiella: recorded by King, Bright and Reid (Ent. Mo. Mag., XXXII: 5), but the record is queried by Mey- rick. Is this the species Wolff records as applana? Aegeria muscaeformis: Briggs (Entom., XVII: 200) records finding a large mine in the roots of Thrift such as is made by the larva of this species. Has the adult ever been taken? Records almost certainly incorrect are: Eupithecia nanata, which has been recorded by several of the older collectors, but there seems to be — THE LEPIDOPTERA OF SHETLAND. 39 little doubt that the specimens were the local forms of HL. venosata or of E. satyrata, and Zygaena exulans, stated to occur in Shetland by Rowland-Brown (Entom., LIT: 217), but Curwen (ibid., LIII: 17) is of the opinion that the specimens were incorrectly labelled. All the following species are apparently reliably recorded from Shet- land, but it is possible, however, that there has been some confusion between the species of Scoparia, Cnephasia and Hemimene. Only single records exist for many of the species, and in all cases confirmation would be useful. Thus, Shetland is apparently the only known British locality for Cataplectica auromaculata, hut I can find no records for this species during the past sixty years. In all cases further information on the variation exhibited by Shetlandic specimens is desirable. Species known to exhibit local variation in Shetland are marked with an asterisk. Aglais urticae. Nymphatis antiopa. Vanessa cardui. V. atlanta. Coenonympha tullia. Acherontia atropos. Herse convolvuli. Celerio galii. Macroglossum stellatarum. Leucoma salicis. Parasemia plantaginis.* Apatele euphorbiae.* Agrotis ipsilon (suffusa). Euxoa cursoria.* E. nigricans.* Lycophotia varia (strigula).* Peridroma porphyrea. Ammogrotis lucernea.* Rhyacia simulans.* Amathes alpicola {alpina).* A. glareosa.* A. c-nigrum. A. xanthographa.* Diarsia festiva.* Triphaena orbona. T. pronuba. Eurois occulta.* Polia tincta.* Mamestra brassicae. Diataraxia oleracea. Hadena nana (dentina).* H. conspersa.* Cerapteryx graminis.* Dasypolia templi.* Eumichtis adusta.* Phlogophora meticulosa. Apamea exulis.* A. furva. A. obscura (gemina). A. sordens (basilinea). A. monoglypha. A. secalis (didyma). Procus fasciuncula. Celaena haworthii.* C. leucostigma. Hydraecia micacea. Leucania pallens. Caradrina clavipalpis (quadripunctata). Orthosia gothica. Anarta melanopa.* Plusia gamma. Carsia paludata. Eulypé hastata (see above). Lygris testata.* Dysstroma citrata (immanata).* Chloroclysta miata. Xanthorhoé munitata.* X. montanata.* X. fluctuata.* Colostygia didymata.* Entephria caesiata.* Euphyia bilineata.* Perizoma albulata.* P. blandiata.* Eupithecia venosata.* E. satyrata.* Hepialus humuli.* H. fusconebulosa (velleda).* A. lupulina. Crambus pascuellus. C. pratellus. C. culmellus. C. hortuellus. C. perlellus. Nomophila noctuella. Pyrausta cespitalis.* Scoparia alpina.* S. angustea. S. mercurea (frequentella). S. ambigualis (atomalis). Phalonia cnicana. P. ciliella. Philedone gerningana. Euganthis angustana.* Tortrix rusticana. T. musculana.* Cnephasia osseana.* C. colquhounana.* C. octomaculana.* Peronea aspersanda. Ancylis unguicella. Eucosma murcuriana (mercurinana). Bactra lanceolanda. Endothenia antiquana. Polychrosis dubitana (littoralis).* Argyroploce schulziana.* A. lacunana. Hemimene plumbagana. 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1945 H. tanaceti.* ; A. fabriciana.* H. consortana. Glyphipterix thrasonella. Laspeyresia succedana (ulicetana).* Elachista eleochariella. Aristotelia tenebrella. : E. rhynchosporella. Bryotropha terrella.* . Caloptilia (Gracilaria) syringella. Gelechia betulea (ericetella). C. tringipennella. Phthorimaea plantaginella.* Cataplectica auromaculata. Mompha locupletella. Plutella maculipennis. Endrosis lactella. P. annulatella. Borkhausenia pseudospretella. P. senilella (dalella). Agonopteryx (Depressaria) badiella (see Monopis rusticella. above). Tinea ganomella (lapella). Anthophila parianda. Ochsenheimeria bisontella. COLEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX. By Horace DonistHorve, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. (Continued from page 29.) HypropuHitipaE—Helophorus rugosus, Ol., Sphaeridium bipustu- latum, F., Cercyon lateralis, Marsh., C. terminatus, Marsh., Megaster- num boletophagum, Marsh., Cryptopleurum atomarium, Ol., all in vege- table refuse. | 7 STAPHYLINIDAE—A leochara fuscipes, F., under dead rat; A. bipunctata, Ol., A. crasicornis, Bois., in vegetable refuse & (Carrion), A. crassiuscula, Sahlb., A. nitida, Gr., Oxypoda haemorrhoa, Staph., Atheta analis, Gr., A. indubia, Shp., A. longicornis, Gr., all in vegetable refuse; Atheta sor- dida, Marsh., A. nigra, Shr., A. laticollis, Steph., A. fungi, Gr., A. sericea, Muls., A. aterrima, Gr., A. palustris, Kies., A. orbata, Er., all in vegetable refuse; Falagria concinna, Er., evening sweeping; F. sulcata, Pk. (all black specimens), both in vegetable refuse; Ff’. obscura, Gr., Oligota parva, Kr. (abundant), O. pusillima, Gr., all in vegetable refuse; Hypocyptus longicornis, Pk., sweeping; Conosoma immaculatum, Steph., Tachyporus chrysomelinus, L., T. hypnorum, F., T. pusillus, Gr., T. brunneus, F., all in vegetable refuse; Cilea silphoides, L., Quedius mesomelinus, Marsh., Q. cruentus, Ol., beating hawthorn blossoms, and in vegetable refuse; @Q. cinctus, Pk., Q. tristis, Gr., V. obliteratus, Er., Q. rufipes, Gr., all in vegetable refuse; Ocypus olens, Mill., under stones; O. ater, Gr., O. compressus, Marsh., Philonthus aeneus, Ross., P. politus, F., P. varius, Gyll., P. fimetarius, Gr., P. cephalotes, Gr., P. sordidus, Gr., P. concinnus, Gr., all in vegetable refuse ; Philonthus longicornis, Steph., P. jurgans, Tott., P. debilis, Gr., P. discoideus, Gr., Gabrius nigritulus, Gr., G. stipes, Sharp, G. bishopi, Sharp, Xantholinus glabratus, Gr., X. punctulatus, Pk., X. longiventris, Heer, Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll., DL. betychrus, Gyll., Z. linearis, Gr., Stilicus affinis, Er., Scopaeus abbreviatus, Dej. & Muls., Swnius diversus, Aub., Stenus rogeri, Kr., all in vege- table refuse; S. similis, Hbst., S. paganus, Er., both sweeping; Platy- stethus arenarius, Fourc., Oxytelus rugosus, F., O. imustus, Gr., O. nitidulus, Gr., O. complanatus, Er., Homaliuwm excavatum, Steph., H. caesum, Gr., all in vegetable refuse; H. .rufipes, Fource., beating blos- soms; Megarthrus denticollis, Beck, in vegetable refuse. SILPHIDAE—-Silpha sinuata, F., under dead rat. i “THE GENETICS OF STERRHA AVERSATA, L., AB. AMOENATA, FUCHS. 41 ScYDMAENIDAE—Hwumicrus tarsatus, Miill., in vegetable refuse. TRICHOPTERYGIDAE—Trichopteryx brevipennis, Er., in vegetable refuse. CoRYLOPHIDAE—Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll., in vegetable refuse. PHALACRIDAE—Phalacrus corruscus, Pk., P. hybridus, Flack., both sweeping grass; Ulibrus aeneus, F., O. liquidus, Er., O. corticalis, Pz., Stilbus testaceus, Pz., all sweeping. CoccInELLIDAE—Hippodamia_ variegata, Goey., sweeping; Adalia bipunctata, L., Coccinella 10-punctata, L., C. 11-punctata, L., all three sweeping and beating; and ab. confluens, Haw., sweeping; C. 7-punctata, L., Halyzia conglobata, L., H. 22-punctata, L., Micraspis 16-punctata, L., Scymnus minimus, Rott., Rhizobius litura, F., Coccidula rufa, Hbst., all sweeping. | Hisrertpar—Hister unicolor, L., H. 14-striatus, Gyll., H. bimacu- latus, L., Carcinops 14-striatus, Steph., all in vegetable refuse; Saprinus nitidulus, Pk., under dead rat. (To be continued.) THE GENETICS OF STERRHA AVERSATA, L., AB. AMOENATA, FUCHS. By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Karly in July 1942 Mr J. C. L. Phillips caught a rather worn female of Sterrha aversata in the garden of Merstone, Tring. Thinking it was an unusual example of ab. awrata, Fuchs, I decided to breed from it. It laid only 40 eggs, from which 16 imagines were bred between 15th Decem- ber 1942 and 29th April 1943. Six were of a salmon hue like the female parent, 3 g¢ and 3 Q, and 10 were grey, ab. remutata, L. (spoliata, Stdgr.), 3 g and 7 2. Only two opportunities of obtaining pairings occurred, the first between a grey male, which emerged on 6th January and a grey female, which emerged on 7th January, the second between a salmon male, which emerged on 15th January and a salmon female, which emerged on 14th January. No eggs were obtained from the grey moths; the salmon female laid eggs on 16th January, but the number was small. Some were infertile, others failed to hatch, and of the larvae, which did hatch, only a dozen took to their food. These all survived until April, but after that some of the smaller ones died and three large ones died pupating. Ultimately only three moths emerged, a male on 14th June, and two females on 16th and 19th June, but they were all grey. A. Bergmann (Ent. Zz. 1938, 52, 45) has done some work on the genetics of S. aversata. Bear a al grey female he bred 40 imagines, 10 ab. aurata, 30 grey, and from a.wild female ab. awrata he got 21 aurata and 19 grey. From F, parents, both grey, he obtained a few -aurata, but failed to get a pairing between two aurata. His F, brood proves Cert ab. aurata is recessive, and this is confirmed by the broods obtained from wild females. Remembering his results I expected that all the moths from my wild female would be grey. When some were salmon and some grey I thought ‘she had paired with a heterozygous male, probably a member of the 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV/1945 same brood. If my female had really been ab. aurata, from the F, pair- ing, both parents salmon, all the progeny should have been salmon, but actually all were grey. I can have made no mistake, because I was not breeding any other aversata, and the larvae were counted each time they were fed, and the numbers were always those expected. The only ex- planation is that salmon is dominant to grey. The original female must have been heterozygous and had paired with a homozygous grey male, a pairing from which one expects a ratio of 1:1, salmon: grey. The actual result, 6 salmon: 10 grey is not far from that expected consider- ing the small size of the brood. The F, pairing, salmon x salmon, should have produced 3 salmon: 1 grey, for both parents must have been heterozygous for salmon. Since only three moths were bred, it is not very surprising that all were the grey recessive. The fact that any were grey is sufficient proof that salmon is dominant to grey. I showed these moths to Mr L. B. Prout and he thought they might be examples of ab. amoenata, Fuchs (ab. suaveolaria, Fuchs). Fuchs — (Ent. Zeitung, Stettin, 1901, 62, 121) describes Acidalia mornata ab. amoenata from Sicily as ‘‘ Sehr ticht ockergelblich, roétlich getént, Saum und Franzen lebhafter, fein ockerbraunlich bestaiubt, mit undeutlichen Querlinien, aber deutlich schwarzem Mittelpunkte aller Fliigel.’’ Ab . Sw a e THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (187) Haw., Lep. Brit., 192 (1806), in his treatment of chenopodi, Fb., gave two aberrations: (1) pallidior, ‘‘ stigmata claviformi multo minore;”’ (2) Alis saturatioribus, striga postica obsoletiore. . Dapeetast. Nat., Vi, pit: 102, f. 3 (1826): VII, p. 3l (1827), gave an excellent figure of the typical form under the name chenopodi. He referred to the trifolzi, Hufn. In l.c., VII, 40, he dealt with treitschkez, of which he gave a good figure on plt. 103, f. 1 (1827). He expressed the fact that it was very close to chenopodit. Treit., Schmett., V (2), 144 (1827), dealt with this species under the name chenopodii; he recognized it as the trifolii of Hufn. and of Rott., and the verna and saucia of Esper. He gave an excellent life-history of the species, and stressed its close affinity to oleracea. Steph., Jllus., II, 195 (1829), treated this species under the name chenopodi. ° H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., Il, 254 (1846), treated of chenopodii, and of farkasi as a separate species. He gave a figure, 390 (1849), which has a strong band across the disc of the forewing, of which in the typi- cal form there is no indication. Gn., Hist. Nat.,-VI, 97 (1852), treated verna, Esp., and saucia, Esp., as one and the same and as synonyms of chenopodii, Albin. He con- sidered farkasu, Tr., and treitschkei as two good species. Newman, Brit. Moths, 416 (1869+), described this species under the name chenopodi. He gave a figure not of the typical, but of a banded form with the stigmata unusually large. Meyrick, Handbook, 82 (1895), called this species trifolii, Rott., and used the genus Melanchra; in the Revised Hundb. (1928) he used the same genus. Barrett, l.c., V, p. 199, plt. 159 (1897), gave four figures, none of which have the general colour and appearance of typical chenopodii (trifolii). The ‘ dull brown ”’ is much too dark, in which the yellow in- fusion dominates the grey completely. 2c, depicts an extreme yellowish form. Stdgr., Hnt., [Iled., 158 (1901), used the name trifolii, Rott., with chenopodu as a Syn. as well as treitschkei. He took farkasti as an ab. ‘‘ obscurior, medis variegata.’’ Hamp., Phalaena Noct., V, 28 (1905), used the name trifolii, Rott. (=Hufn.), treated chenopodii, Schiff. as a synonym, with four abs., and eight other names as synonyms. His abs. were farkasti, oregonica, treit- schkei and albifusa. Of the eight syns. saucia was treated as an ab. by Tutt; pugnaz, a sp. in Seitz; intermissa, also a sp.; inquieta, a sp.; glaucovaria, an American sp.; canescens, a form of brassicae; oregonica, a Syn. or asp. Amer. He ignored the indistincta, Tutt. s ab. farkasiu, Tr., and gave a good figure of typical trifolit. Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 173, plt. 37, 8 (1905), noted ab. saucia, Esp., South, M.BI., I, 245, plt. 122, 3-4 (1907), gave two very good figures of the typical form. There is no indication of a band in either figure. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 68, plt. 15g, h (1909), gave chenopodii, Schiff., verna, Esp., and treitschkei, Hb., as Synonyms. The treitschkei, Bdv., they placed to pugnax, Hb. (a species), as a syn., and canescens as a form of brassicae, only to be found in S. France. The only forms recognized by them were albifusa, Walk., and the four forms they figured, typical 15g, sawcia 15g, farkasu 15h, and indistincta 15g. (188) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. | 15/IV /1945 Culot, N. ef G., 1); 104, ple d7, £2 17,’ ply 1S) t) on) eased very good figure of a typical form on plt. 17; and on plt. 18a figure of the small form of N. Africa, turati, which he discussed at some length; at first he had treated it as a species, but on the advent of intermediates he subsequently treated it as a race of trifoli1. The treitschkei, Bdv., he treated as a good species. Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 96 (1931), described zermattensis, nov. f., gave a better figure of farkasw, 14a, described f. brunnescens, Heyden, a dark coastal form, and cinnamomeana, Roth, the less grey Algerian form, 14b, and perhaps fruticosae, Dumont, from Tunis. l.c., p. 252 (1937), and lodbjergensis, Hoffmeyer ‘and Knud., from Jutland. Of the Variation Barrett writes :— ‘‘ Shghtly variable in the tone of colour of the forewings, from yel- lowish-brown to dull umbreous, and in the degree of dark marbling and marking; occasional specimens having them almost or quite suffused with dark umbreous till hardly any markings are visible and even the subterminal line is obscured. On the other hand those possessing the paler ground colour frequently have the reniform stigma very dark, or else there is a broad shaded darker central band, broad at the costa, tapering off to the middle of the wing, and thence to the dorsal margin very narrow. Dr Mason has a specimen very curiously smeared with dark brown and having the markings almost obliterated; in the collec- tion of Mr Sydney Webb is one of the smooth rich’ yellowish-fawn colour seen in Apamea basilinea. But probably the most interesting form yet met with here is a specimen taken by Colonel Partridge, at the Isle of Portland, on the night of 15th August 1888. It was recognized as a form known in N. America as H. albifusa, Grote; and was supposed to be a distinct species. Information received from Prof. T. B. Smith, of Washington, and subsequent examination of long series in the National Collection, has dispelled this idea and proved the specimen in question to belong to the present species; but with the exception of this single specimen, this peculiar variety does not seem to have been observed in the Eastern Hemisphere. The orbicular stigma in it is large and whit- ish, the reniform also large, dark grey, with a perpendicular pale shade down its middle; the claviform very broad, almost lunate, grey-edged with black; from the whitish orbicular stigma a pale oblique stripe meets, near the anal angle, another broad pale stripe from the apex of the wing. These pale bands give it a very singular appearance. In the United States this form appears to be common, becoming even more strongly marked than the Portland specimen, while all the intermediate shades of colour and marking between these and the ordinary typical examples are found.”’ ‘‘ Since writing the above I have received fee my sister, sad cap- tured by her, at Annshaw, S. Africa, examples of this species, having the middle area of the forewings Hatehed and clouded with pale ochreous, ‘and with a blotch of the same outside the reniform stigma.’’—C. G. B. j The Forms and Names to be considered :— trifolii, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., IIT. chenopodii, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 82. Syn. trifolii, Rott. (1776), Naturf., IX, 131. chenopodu, Fb. (1787), Mant., II, 186. Syn. an MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to _ Hy, J. TURNER, “ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- | TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. ; REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reer. cost if | ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Atticles that ‘require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR. DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. ae EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. _ They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘“‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. _Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the 2 _Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. 4 Write K. J. Hayward, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo 905, Tucuman, ‘% Republica Argentina. _ Duplicates—Rhopalocera trom China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, with data. - Desideraia—Similar material except from North America.— 4 John W. eoone: 151 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. _ Destderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, m Somerset. “Wantea —Lycaena (Heodes) phiaeas from all regions including British Isles. 4 Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or a -purchase — considered. Duplicates—Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, _ Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smiin, 66 Stirling Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 46. " Desiderate._Frohawk, F. W. “ Varieties of British Butterflies ” (1938). Buck- - ler’s British Larvae (’86-’01). For disposal, ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record,’ com- plete, Vols. 1-28 hif. cf., 29-55 Weer —A. F. L, Bacon, The Bite House, Burghclere, Newbury. - Wanted for cash or exchange many species of ova, larvae and pupae, including A. grossulariata larvae in large numbers. Offers also Tutt’s British Lepidop- tera, vols. 1, 2 and 3; Barrett (small edition), vols. 3, 4, 5 and 6; Tutt’s British Noctua and their Varieties, vols. .2, 3 and 4.—Pickard, 36 Storeys Way, Cam- bridge. Wanted. =Various monthly parts of Entomologist’s Record for 1914, 1915, 1916, 191'7, q 1919, and 1920. Please report any odd monthly parts (in wrappers as issued) prior to these years.—P. B. M. Allan, Aberhafesp, Newtown, Montgomeryshire. is Wanted.—Pieris napi, varieties, local races, or any unusual forms. Also draw- ings on loan, or particulars of same, for figuring. Will exchange or pur- fl chase.—J. Antony Thompson, Bishopswood, Prestatyn, Flintshire. ei >. ‘Wanted. —Aberrational forms of Maniola tithonus. Purchase or exchange con- . sidered.—S. G. Castle Russell, Springetts, Seaview Road, Highcliffe-on-Sea. : ‘Wanted —Males of Morpha menelaus, M. didius, M. rhetenor in papers. Leonard ‘Tatchell, 121 King’s Road W., Swanage, Dorset. | Wanted. —Binocular Microscope, second-hand, for entomological purposes.—E. -S. _ 8srown, Hailey Lodge, Hertford Heath, Hertford. Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, pupae of betularia, porcellus _ elephanor.—Dr H. B. D. Ketilewell, Homefield, Cranleigh, Surrey. Wantea for purchase or exchange, pupae of Smerinthus populi, even a few would _ be welcome.—Capt. E. S. A. Baynes, F.R.E.S., Monkshatch Cottage, Compton, Guildford, Surrey. ; Wanted. —Buckler’s Larvae (9 Vols. Ray Society), Frohawk’s Nat. Hist. of Brit. _ Butterflies. Cash.—C. Bignell Pratt, 1 West Ham Lane, Stratford, E.15. Wanted. —Geometres de Europe, by Jules Culot (2 Vols.), bound or in parts.— : fo: -Genl. B. H. Cooke, C.M.G., CHES D.S.O,, F.R.E.S., 86 Osborne Road, ~-Windsor. 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Wiltshire, F.R.E.S., .. 49 TRISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944, Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.d., - 51 58 58 Cc EEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX, Horace Danatierde: F.Z.S., -R.E.S., etc., ia a eect 2 Some eae Beemer aif Se”: Sb eer yeck Wark eae seh LLECTING NOTES: Phryxus livornica at Swanage, Dorset, Leonard adichell; Diospilus ephippium, Nees (Hym. Braconidae), a Species New to sritain, Horace Donisthorpe; Occurrence of Acrydium subulatum in Bed- reine te. PANE es eo 2 eS en SUPPLEMENT. (189)-(192) Subscription for Complete Volume, Bast free, Hier. TEN SHILLINGS, ice: of Back Volumes (Second Series), XXXVII (1925) to LVI (1944), apply to i _ The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. is Number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). Established 1879. Telephone: Temple Bar 9451. WATKINS & DONCASTER CR. L. E. FORD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.), PROPRIETOR OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL CO., 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). 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FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, Bee STREET, STRAND, W.C.2. J. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.!1o. . "Phone: WILLESDEN 0309. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. ee Ee ge ee es a Re eS es a a, ke Sy ae ae ee es ee tes a a ee ae ~ aie es eee 7) SS ee —— Is THE DIAPAUSE IN INSECTS ERADICABLE ? 49 — IS THE DIAPAUSE IN INSECTS ERADICABLE? 42" yooicay 13 Zo By E. P. Wittsuire, F.R.E.S. JUN 15 194: Cousin’s experimental study on the diapause in insects is the : work on this subject. It deals principally with Diptera. Experiments by others on Lepidoptera are also quoted in it, and Cousin -reconciles these with the conclusiong he forms from his own experiments. He is doubtless right in regarding the diapause as a phenomenon equally de- veloped and equally capable of study in different Orders of Insects. Cousin’s experiments showed that the diapause, as ubserved by him —whether hibernation or aestivation—is the consequence of unfavour- able external conditions rather than heredity; and he concluded that a diapause can be eliminated by rearing several generations in optimum conditions, each species having its own optiinum, to which, he states, natural conditions rarely if ever approximate. He expressly warns us against judging a species by its natural behaviour. There are innumerable Lepidoptera, with a long strong diapause in a state of nature which might be cited as warranting objection to Cousin’s conclusions, but his warning against argument from natural behaviour (a warning which is perhaps not admissible) requires us to experiment with breeding these species over several generations and trying to find their optimum conditions. The warning, in effect, obliges any prospec- tive opponent to his views to contest them with weapons of Cousin’s own choosing; it imposes inevitably a considerable delay on the prospective opponent, if it does not actually prevent him altogether from venturing on to the field. Meanwhile, until the necessary protracted experiments can be made and published, the fallacy in Cousin’s conclusions needs pointing out, to prevent the other side’s case going by default. The fallacy lies in the fact that Cousin selected his subjects. He selected them for their- suitability for experimental breeding. For this purpose the most suitable subjects are continuously-brooded species with a short life cycle; and Cousin’s selections are indeed all continuously- brooded species (e.g., Lucilia sericata, Meig., Calliphora erythrocephala, Meig., Phormia groenlandica, Zett., and Mormoniella vitripennis, Walk.). Cousin uses the term ‘‘ poly-voltine’’ for this type of phenology; to a purist, ‘‘ multi-voltine ’’ would be a preferable word. Yet the multi-voltine or continuously-brooded species are those in which the diapause is weakest; small wonder that a study of the diapause in these insects should lead the author to conclude that it is a reaction to external circumstances rather than a fixed inherited factor. The longest diapause he succeeded in producing in L. sericata, his main sub- ject, was of less than a month. The extreme cases in nature, however (to omit mention of cases of ‘‘ overlying ’’ for more than a year), have a diapause lasting nine or ten months (e.g., Simyra dentinosa, Stgr., Cucullia strigicosta, Bours., Cucullia faucicola, Wilts., Epitherina rhodopoleos, Wehrli, Itame berytaria, Stgr., etc.). These extreme cases, and the cases of pupal rest prolonged over a year or more, are of ‘‘ uni- voltine ’’ or single-brooded species. A study of the diapause in insects should surely concentrate on univoltine species. Jarvis’ study, there- fore, though less thorough-going, is superior to that of Cousin because it distinguishes better between species with different phenologies, and also, of course, because of its bio-chemical approach, 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1945 I have found that the diapause is strongest in species restricted to the more arid parts of the world, i.e. the Southern Palaearctic or Sub- Tropical rather than the Northern-Palaearctic or Euro-Siberian, and presumably also in the Tropical (i.e. regions within the Tropics with a distinct dry season) rather than the Equatorial (i.e. regions close to the Equator with a more distributed rainfall) climatic regions. The extreme cases are mostly desert or steppe species. In these areas a strong dia- pause (aestivation) occurs in many insects with more than one annual generation, but is longest and most obstinate in the single-brooded (uni- voltine), i.e. I have found that the diapause in some bi-voltine (two- brooded) species is broken down to some extent by breeding conditions differing from the natural. The phenomenon of hibernation, on the other hand, which is so marked in the Euro-Siberian Zone, and may occur twice or even more often in one life-cycle in Sub-Arctic climates, may be of a different bio-chemical character from the diapause produced by heat and aridity. The very fact that the species with the strong diapause are restricted to regions with a generally unfavourable climate points to the probability that their diapause is inherited and uneradicable, otherwise we would expect to find them also inhabiting the more favourable climates. Alter- native possible reasons for their limited range are foodplant-specializa- tion (extreme monophagy) or one of those mysterious biological condi- tions to which we refer when we say that a species is past its climax or no longer has the impulse to extend its range. Without going here into cases and details, I consider both these alternatives less hkely as explana- tions of the restricted range of these species than a rigid life-cycle (i.e. imter alia an obstinate diapause) combined with stenoecism (no tendency to migrate) and a lack of ecological tolerance. The following. Lepidoptera are quoted by Cousin :—Carpocapsa pomonella, L., Lasiocampa quercus, L., Dendrolimus pim, and Pyrausta nubilalis. For these he quotes the conclusions reached by Pictet and Babcock. Pictet states that after six generations bred at 22° C., quercus loses its diapause entirely; pini is said to react simi- larly. Whether this experiment proved lethal to any number of larvae is not stated. Quercus is the only univoltine species mentioned in. the whole of Cousin’s article with any details of experimental results. Yet it is not a good example for studying the diapause, for its hibernation seems to be a mere retardation by cold, and not a true diapause such as Jarvis designated as ‘‘ true hibernation ’’ (Jarvis found that ‘‘ true hibernators ’’ when hibernating did not react to heat by resuming their vital process). The choice of a uni-voltine species with a more rapid rate of growth than pini or quercus and a ‘ true hibernation ’’ might have produced different results from those reported by Pictet. Babcock’s re- sults with nubilalis, as given by Cousin, are of considerable interest. This species, of considerable economic importance, seems to be what in previous articles on phenology I have classified as ‘‘ partly two-brooded.”’ I gave as a type of this class Notodonta ziczac, L. Babcock found that ‘“under normal conditions’’ 14% nubilalis larvae were univoltine, and that under hot dry conditions this proportion increased to 72%. This showed that heat and aridity strengthened the diapause, but that the diapause was still ‘‘ normal ’’ under more favourable conditions. Cousin’s experiments themselves cannot be contested; the general conclusions he draws from them are probably valid for all insects with | dt ———— IRISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944. 5l phenologies similar to those on which he experiments ; the experiments reveal the probable way in which the diapause has evolved from the most primitive multivoltine phenologies, parallel with the evolution of the biological alternative, migration; but the general conclusions cannot, in my view, be applied generally to all insects, and especially not to those in which the diapause has developed most strongly. Indeed, I also doubt whether a marked diapause can be artificially produced in multivoltine species which have evolved, as an alternative, the migratory tendency in response to unfavourable environments. In fact, I consider Cousin’s conclusions more applicable to the evolving species, those whose pheno- logies are still rather fluid, than to the fully-evolved species. In all my ten years of breeding Lepidoptera in the Middle East, only once did a single-brooded species with a long diapause emerge out of season; that was when a pupa of Cucullia lychnitis, Ramb., produced an adult one month after pupation instead of waiting till the following Spring. Individual exceptions ‘ike this admittedly occur, but are not evidence that lychnitis would, if experimented on, cease to be univoltine. I believe that the question could be settled in Britain without recourse to experiments on the extreme cases, which, being Sub-Tropical, are difficult for British entomologists to obtain. I appeal therefore to British breeders of Lepidoptera to make experiments on Anthocharis cardamines, Thera rupicapraria, Cheimatobia brumata, Amathes lychnidis, Brachionycha sphinz, and other species with similar phenologies. I believe that it will prove impossible to eradicate the diapause of these species in the way Cousin thought possible. I should also like to see confirmation of Pictet’s experiments with quercus. And if any breeder has already made observations relevant to this discussion, I hope he will report them at once without waiting to make elaborate and protracted experiments. REFERENCES. Cousin, G. 1932. Etude expérimentale sur la diapause des insectes. (Suppts. aw Bull. Biol. de France & Belg. Suppt., xv.) Jarvis, F. V. L. 1941. The nature of hibernation in Lepidoptera. (Proc. and Trans. 8S. Lond. Ent. and N.H. Soc., Part 1, ’41-’42.) Wiltshire, E. P. 1941. The phenological classification of Palaearctic Lepidoptera, a preliminary essay. (Ent. Rec., October.) IRISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944, By Bryan P. Berrne, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. 1944 was a bad year for Lepidoptera in Ireland. There was a de- plorable scarcity of even the commonest species, and this was particu- larly noticeable amongst the Geometers. For example, ten hours’ col- lecting in a good locality in Abbeyleix on 22nd July produced only six species. However, the marsh Lepidoptera were at least as numerous as usual, some species, for example Aphantopus hyperantus, being, excep- tionally common. Nevertheless, the season’s collecting produced at least two species new to the Irish list and 119 new county records. The latter figure is not as impressive as it sounds, as the majority of these records are from Co. Leix, from which virtually no previous records 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1945 exist. The new county records are marked with asterisks in the follow- ing list. Collecting was carried out in Dublin and Wicklow, and, as most of the records are new localities for the species, they are listed in full below. During July a visit was paid to Co. Leix, where many interesting species were discovered, and to Co. Tipperary to discover if the colony of Chrysophanus (Lycaena) dispar, established there by Capt. Bagwell Purefoy in 1914, still survived. is) ' The identifications of the species of Hydraecia and of the majority of the Microlepidoptera were confirmed by examination of the genitalia. I am grateful to Mr T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher for his opinion on some of the species. . A visit to Calary Bog, Co. Wicklow, on 29th May produced only Eucosma pflugiana and Enarmonia succedana, but owing to the high. wind collecting was difficult. On the evening of 30th May I visited a locality at Foxrock, Co. Dublin, where some interesting species were found during the summer. The locality is an area of waste land, be side the golf course, with large clumps of Blackthorn and Gorse and numerous small ponds. The evening was dull and windless and good for collecting. Nine specimens of rush-feeding Hupista taken at random turned out on examination of the genitalia to comprise three caespiti- tiella and six *agrammella. Another interesting species taken was Cataplectica auromaculata, the third Irish record and the first from Co. Dublin since Shield found it at Howth in 1858. Other species noted were Epirrhoé alternata, Ancylis badiana, Argyroploce pruniana, Enar- monia succedana, Glyphipteriz thrasoniella, Eupista albicosta, Monopis rusticella, Tinea cloacella and T. ganomella (lapella). A further visit - on 11th June produced no additional species but on the evening of 20th June the following additional species were noted: Colostygia pectina- taria, Crambus hortuellus, Scoparia dubitalis, Euxanthis zoegana, Noto- celia suffusana, Argyroploce aemulana, Eucosma pflugiana, Bryotropha terrella, Elachista cygnipennella, Swammerdammia caesiella, Hupista glaucicolella and Tischeria marginea. On 29th June Blastodacna atra, Cnephasia incertana, *Argyresthia retinella, A. nitidella and Eupista albicosta occurred in the same locality. 17th June was sunny but very windy and a visit to Kilmacanogue’ Marsh, Co. Wicklow, produced only common species. Several Leptidea sinapis were taken, and Procris statices was very common around the edges of the marsh. Callimorpha jacobaeae, Procus fascvuncula, Euphyia bilineata, *Crambus hortuellus, Cnephasia virgaureana, C. incertana, Eucosma pflugiana, E. subocellana, Argyroploce nubiferana, *A. lacunana, Glyphipterix thrasoniella, G. cramerella, Muicropterix aruncella and M. calthella were also noted. On 22nd June I visited Dalkey Island, a small island off the south- east corner of Dublin Bay, from which no previous records for Lepi- doptera thave been published. The day was sunny but very windy, and most of the species taken were found in the crevices of the cliffs on the sheltered side. The best capture was *Aristotelia tenebrella, previously - recorded only from Wexford and Kerry. Polychrosis dubitana (litto- ralis) was common among the rocks on the shore of the northern end of the island and Plutella annulatella frequent along the cliffs. Other species taken were Zygaena filipendulae, Polyommatus icarus, Crambus hortuellus, Scoparia dubitalis, Tortriz paleana, Hemimene petiverella, BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. 53 H. plumbagana, Bryotropha terrella, Elachista cygnipennella, Eupista spissicornis and E. apicella. On the evening of the same day some collecting was done along a lane and in the fields between Ballybrack and Cabinteely, Co. Dublin. Here Eupista agramella was taken, and Borkhausenia minutella, the fourth Irish record for the latter species. Other species were Sterrha aversata, a strongly-marked form of Euphyia bilineata, Crambus pratellus, Scoparia dubitalis, Tortriz consimilana, Cnephasia virgaureana, Eucosma cana, Argyroploce lacunana, Bryo- tropha domestica, Plutella maculipennis and Tinea cloacella, all common Irish species. Additional species noted in the same locality on Ist July were Rivula sericealis, Aphomia sociella, Euzanthis humana, Telphusa vulgella, Glyphipteriz thrasoniella, Elachista cygnipennelia, Eupista glaucicolella and E. yryphipennella, the third Irish record for the last species, and on 13th July Argyresthia nitidella. In the fields at Finglas, Co. Dublin, on 8rd July Tortrix consimilana, Cnephasia virgaureana, Bryotropha terrella, Blastodacna atra, Argyresthia niti- della and Swammerdammia lutarea were taken. A further visit to Fox- rock on 7th July produced the following species not previously found — there: Aphantopus hyperantus, Rivula sericealis, Eupithecia centaureata, Alcis repandata, Phlyctaenia lutealhs, Agonopteriz costosa, Argyresthia albistria, and-Parorniz scoticella. The A. repandata was a dull blackish form, approaching the ab. nigricata, Fuchs. Paltodora cytisella, *Phthorimaea artemisiella and *Stomopteryz vorticella were taken on the cliffs of Bray Head, Co. Wicklow, on 15th July. The last species has been recorded previously only from Kerry. On the heaths of Bray Head several Alcis repanduta were seen flying slowly and heavily. When captured they were found to have several red mites fastened on to the thorax. A similar infestation of Eupista glaucicolella was noted later in the month at Abbeyleix. Newly-emerged Luncometra ocellata and a few Lampronia luzella were also taken on Bray Head. Later in the evening of 15th July several interesting species were taken along the disused stretch of railway-bed on the coast about a mile south of Killiney Station, Co. Dublin. These included Zygaena filipendulae, Scoparia dubitalis, Ancylis badiana, HEucosma cana, Argyrotoxa conwayana, Elachista consortella, Argyresthia albi- stria, Eupista discordella, Lithocolletis nigrescentella and Tischeria marginea. (To be continued.) BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA DURING 1944, By H. A. Leeps. The winter was generally breezy and cool, but prolonged frosts were absent and snowfall very slight, only once covering the ground for a few hours during winter, and again in the early morning of 31st March. Between 23rd and 28th March the weather was warm and hibernated rhamni, io and urticae were flying. April commenced with frost and _ fog and was mainly dull, cool and dry, but 25th-27th were hot and sunny. On 6th a few blackthorns were beginning to blossom and the leaves of 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. ~15/V/1945 high whitethorn trees showing well and contrasting with only slight leafing in the hedges. By the 19th blackthorns were well in flower and on 25th extensively leafed. May commenced with very little whitethorn blossom and provided gales on 4th and 5th, and sharp frosts on 7th, 8th and 15th; on the last date the horse-chestnut trees were in full bloom (compared with 19th April in 1943). The frosts blackened the leaves of ash trees, and in Monks’ Wood all the lower branches of oaks were de- nuded of leaves; testing them in various places with a beating tray no T. quercus and only one moth larva was found. For the fourth successive year pruni larvae suffered mortality as on 8th May; two out of three were frost-bitten and died quickly. Another severe frost occurred on 24th June, damaging potato tops. Hot days or periods were limited and sunshine deficient, rainfall was much below average until 19th August when dull and cool weather with excessive rainfall ensued up to the end of October, almost preventing observations except in gardens near home during rare intervals of sun- shine. This long and fruitless backend made the butterfly season remark- ably short, for it barely commenced in April when of fresh imagines I only saw six, viz., one male rapae 15th, one male cardamines 22nd, and four on the 30th. The next rapae, a male, was seen on 3rd May, also the first napi, a female; whilst brassicae, a male, on 7th May, was the first noticed. These two pests in both broods were so limited that their larvae did insignificant damage to cabbages; napi was fairly plentiful, but cardamines below usual quantity. All four species were of very ordinary quality. Appended are dates of other species when first seen, together with some remarks regarding ensuing quantities, etc.; where no number is given only one was seen on that date. llth May, two aegeria, worn; 12th, argiolus and two megera, all males; 13th, malvae and tages, both very limited; 22nd, pamphilus female, remaining scarce; 24th, icarus and two phlaeas, all males; 26th, C. rubt, worn, and only odd ones later, none had been seen previously on May blossoms; 27th, several agestis; 31st, venata (sylvanus), common. 6th June, lucina male, and one other afterwards; 12th, jurtina male, plentiful and several more or less bleached; 18th, five pruni males, no fresh ones after 20th, only about 30 seen and the four females netted were released; after their first appearance Monks’ Wood was extensively toured for a week; 24th, cydippe male, urticae and male galathea: the last species occurred most abundantly locally and several paired when the wings of the female were wet and unexpanded; they were low down in the grass; a most strongly black-patterned female was seen on a black knap-weed flower just before the roadside grass was cut; it disappeared until the hay was carted and then returned and was seen near the same place for some days; it was not taken in the first instance, as the left frontwing was badly rubbed. 5th July, P. quercus male; scarce ; 6th, few sylvestris (flava), plentiful ; 7th, lineola, abundant and spreading; 8th, few hyperantus; llth, w- album male and only another later, no larvae of this or P. quercus could be found; 12th, tithonus male, others emerged until 20th when first two females were seen, after this both sexes were plentiful and to my surprise several were partly bleached and I retained two males and nine females of these ‘‘ partim transformis ’? among which 1, 2, 3 and 4 wings were affected with bleached streaks or patches. 15th, five paphia males; 18th, one camilla, no others seen in Monks’ Wood, but four or five were seen BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. 55 one afternoon by a collector in Upton Wood, which is not far distant from Monks’ Wood and on the opposite side of the Great North Road; 20th, c-album male, no others seen in this first brood although a few after hibernation were seen in the spring; second broods of three species were observed on this date, viz., five argiolus, nine phlaeas and a few agestis; 24th, io, and several next day; 25th, two rhamni males, few of both megera and icarus second broods. 7th August, croceus male in my garden but no others could be found in clover fields, and none of the more attractive lucerne was grown near here; 12th, one female and quite thirty males of betulae; 26th, atalanta. 19th September, phlaeas female, the only imago of third brood seen; 26th, c-albwm, a large female of second brood; it was not taken as this species is ily diminishing in numbers arand this area, an odd one was now and again seen in gardens during October, three at these were differently damaged, whilst three or four others were noticed somewhat widely apart, the flowers of single dahlias were especially attractive and in addition to odd c-album and a few atalanta many urticae visited them. I have not included aglaza in the list as they were much worn when found on 12th July and they, as well as other Argynnis, were scarce, but this is explained by the larval food of wild-violets being destroyed by ploughing in fields, and by overgrowth of bushes in woods. I saw no cardut, semele or iris, but in the latter part of July the keeper in Monks’ Wood saw what he described as ‘‘ a large dark-blue butterfly with some white on it;’’ probably this was a male iris. Apart from deepening the ditches adjoining the two previous clearings of about 30 acres of Monks’ Wood, there is no material alteration; chalk has been added to the soil and ploughed in, but the clearing has not been cropped this year. A fair number of aberrations were obtained and among them the following :—P.icarus. Male undersides alba; antialbescens ; apicojuncta ; obsoleta; anticaeca ; obsolescens ; female uppersides anti-post and radiosa these three occurred among four consecutive icarus of first brood, which were picked up when settled down one evening; opposita; syngrapha; transformis all wings; metallica all wings peppered with lavender-blue scaling; and a fine postradiosa-signata-major. A. agestis. Male under- sides infra albescens; brunnescens ; female underside antitransiens-major. L. phlaeas. Male uppersides pallidula; ignita; antipallidula-partim- auroradiata; auroradiata; female upperside dexpartimalbodescens. S. galathea female upperside postobsoleta, all three of the lower spots being absent. P. megera male upperside antiparvipuncta-obsoleta, this has only a very tiny submedian spot on frontwings and two spots (one tiny) on hindwings, and in addition the last fulvous division is obliter- ated by the dark-brown ground. WM. tithonus female underside with two fair sized additional spots below the submedian on both frontwings, the lower being in the form of a joined twinspot but connected side by side on the right wing, it is situated above what in some species is a twin- spot division, each spot has a white pupil. P. malvae male upperside frontwings very strongly spotted with white. S. pruni, a male upper- side progressa with three fulvous patches on anna such do occa- sionally occur, but Tutt probably had not seen one as he only included progressa for ane somewhat common female form, viz., ‘‘ Forewings with 2 or 3 fulvous patches,” this, however, was far eiled by an outstand- ing.and probably unique ate sapare le ab. aurosa, the frontwings 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1945 having fulvous extending diffusedly from the border to the discoidal spot, and below this three long fulvous patches, two of which ray in- wards as far as the branches of the main veins, and the lowest one ex- tends diffusedly almost to the base, both hindwings have five fulvous patches and on the left hindwing the third one is well elongated inwardly, unfortunately below this a portion was torn away, but another male caught the same day, 19th June, repaired it and a small portion of the other hindwing, the important frontwings were not torn. It was a very windy day and as the insect was blown downwards towards me I saw the fulvous raying in the sunshine and thought it was a well rayed ab. aurosa female, as such do occur rarely, but later at home was agreeably astonished to find that a male could produce such an aberration. T. betulae male underside postsinis-partimlutescens with more than half of the lower part of the band and its extension into the tail orange instead of red. On 11th June twenty-three betulae larvae were beaten from blackthorns which were being destroyed, and as usual were fed in the dark in metal boxes glass downwards, but always away from sun- shine, which heats the tins, one larva died and one pupated dull black instead of brown, and when opened was found to be dry and solid inside, the remainder produced eight males and thirteen females, without any deformity, and among the female uppersides two were restricta-lineata, Tutt, one of which just reached his expanse for major ‘‘ more than 40 mm.,’’ whilst another major measured 42 mm. Except where Tutt is named, all the aberrational descriptive terms are from the Monograph of coridon, Bright and Leeds, and do not come into Nomenclature, and can be used and applied to describe any species of butterfly. Near their haunts I have several times come across betulae feeding and flying in fairly considerable numbers, each time it has been during the morning not long after breakfast; their time for collective feeding has been short and thistle flowers were favoured and always the weather has been hot. In 1933 at the end of July and beginning of August for a few mornings in succession several males and females were visiting thistles in a field adjoining the southern face of Monks’ Wood, but prior to that year in a portion of wide droveway, between Abbots’ Ripton and Alconbury, scores were feeding one August Bank Holiday Monday ; in that case no wood was near, but the hedges and droveway contained plenty of blackthorns. On 12th August 1944, directly after breakfast, I noticed that a large bank of cloud was clearing across the sky and decided to visit a suitable coppice, where thistles and other flowers bordered the sunny side; in about ten minutes the sun shone warmly and about twenty minutes javer the flowers were reached, betulae had nearly finished their repast and soon all of them were settling on the high whitethorn and young ash in the hedge; curiously, none settled on the interspersed blackthorns. They were very restless and gambolled with each other and also with tithonus and about eight worn JT. quercus which apparently emanated from a solitary oak about fifty yards distant. The sun shone hotly and after about an hour betulae gradually flew higher and less frequently, ulti- mately resting in a background of somewhat high elms. It was difficult to count them, but fully thirty males of betulae were seen, but only one female, which endeavoured to settle on a thistle flower and was immedi- ately pursued by a male and not seen again. Most of them were worn but a perfect male upperside, and the male underside postsinis-partim- wo ee ee ff eS ee BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA. a7 lutescens were retained. It is possible that betulae after a long spell of dull weather might be disposed to feed collectively other than in the morning, but only odd ones have been noticed feeding at any other time and apart from thistles they have been seen on bramble and snowberry flowers. No wild betulae’ had been seen prior to the 12th August, but the next morning two worn males were settled on onion seed heads in my garden. Those which I bred indoors had.no artificial heat and 21 emerged in July, one male, 5th; five males, 13th-15th ; one female, 15th; two males and four females, 16th-18th; eight females, 19th-28th. This larva will wander from the foodplant, either narrow or broad leaved blackthorn; if sleeved or in a cage, they starve, and in metal boxes many do not obtain full nutrition owing to a lethargic tendency to remain for lengthy periods on the glass if exposed to light; they sometimes rest on the glass, perhaps for moulting, and need not be disturbed as they will readily find fresh food in the dark, especially if two or three leaves are allowed to touch the glass, but not pressing on them; if the lid is taken off upside down the frass can be brushed off it daily with a camel-hair or soft brush, such can also be used for transferring the larvae, but, if they hold tight, cut the leaf off, or if on a stem remove any leaf and place it among fresh food; when obtaining the latter it is best to put a reserve in a close fitting tin in case a wet period ensues, this reserve to be renewed and not used if weather is fine. Rearing them in the dark, even in shallow tins without glass lids (but not hinged lids) has been always successful even from the earliest stages, and commencement has been made with up to fifteen in a small sized tin not overcrowded with foodplant and transfer made to a suitable larger box. The quantity should be decreased and larger boxes used as they progress. [I finish the feeding with not more than four or five in a tin, and when well pupated put a little sticking solution from a tube on the bottom of the tin, steer the pad end of the pupa on it with the brush and allow to dry; then the boxes are kept glass upwards in a drawer; they may emerge at any time during the day and require watching ie a net and killing bottles handy; the light when opening the drawer may cause any well-developed to dask about; if so, quickly place the palm of a hand over the glass and open it inside the net for bottling. The drawer should have been closed quickly in case any more had emerged, but of course they should not be killed until well out. If very fresh fie species when pricked with a setting needle is apt to bleed from the wings; those which commence dashing about are less troublesome in this respect, and if the upperside in some is scratched such can be set for their handsome underside. After about nine or ten days in pupa I brush them over lightly with water if weather is hot. I have stuck betulae pupae on the bottom of a cage and more damage has resulted after emergence than with the use of metal boxes. This larva is naturally camouflaged on the foodplant, and it is best to attach a piece of paper to each box denoting the quantity it contains. I have never previously seen the second brood of phlaeas in such abun- dance as occurred in Walton Lane this year and in an adjoining bean field. For several years the most prolific place for phlaeas was on the west side of the railway embankment towards the fen; visiting this long flat stretch after tea on 26th July when it was warm but dull, I found two fresh male phlaeas and examined dozens of agestis resting collec- tively on the lower slopes of the embankment; some female galathea were still emerging whilst many fresh jurtina, mostly females, were about. 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V / 1945 The next day, to my regret, the whole area was destroyed by fire, pro- bably caused by red-hot cinders from an engine. The cuttings escaped any material fires this season and zcarus locally on them were more plen- tiful than for several years, but hot days suitable for flight were very limited, and during the intervening cold spells they almost entirely dis- appeared. NOCTUAE CAPTURES IN MID-SUSSEX FROM THE YEW HEDGES. By T. A. Dancy and L. E. Savage. During the summer of 1942 it was repeatedly noticed that many hundreds of wasps and flies were to be seen flying about the cultivated Yew hedges, and, upon examination, a Scale Insect was found on the small twigs, and a sugary excretion was noticed on the leaves. An idea then came, ‘‘ Honeydew!’ with all its potentialities. At night, a further examination by subdued torchlight gave astounding results. The following list shows captures over the past three seasons. Owing to Double Summer Time, particularly in June and July, it has not been possible to work at the Yews later than midnight, and there is no doubt, that if this had been done, a eo larger number. of insects would have been taken. The various text books do not give this method of attraction, and it would be very interesting to learn if any other collectors have dis- covered this very easy way of collecting Noctuae. Tutt, in his ‘‘ Prac- tical Hints for the Field Entomologist,’’ Vol. 1, page 80, states that ‘‘ ripe yew-berries sometimes attract the autumnal moths in large num- bers,’ and other authors have stated the same, but it is being sug- gested that where moths have been taken from the Yews, the collec- tors were ‘under a misapprehension as to the actual attraction. The fruit of the Yew in Sussex is ripe from the end of September or Octo- ber and has a fairly thick skin and does not appear to get into that over-ripe state such as the fruit of the blackberry, therefore it is diffi- cult to see how the proboscis of a moth could imbibe the juice of the fruit. [Most Noctuids have well-developed teeth on the tip of the tongue, so are well able to penetrate into soft fruit.—T.B.-F.] An- other factor is that the missel thrush and the song thrush take a very heavy toll of the fruit, and, further, moths have never been observed feeding from it. ‘‘ Sugar ’’ has been put up and results have been almost negligible, whereas the Yew hedges have been full, and ivy blossom, which is in profusion about 30 yards away, also has proved unfruitful. Sixty-six Species taken at the Yew Hedge (Nochaagy 1942-1944. Names taken from main edition of South’s Moths. Those marked * denote common :—A. segetum*, A. corticea, A. puta*, A. exclamationas*, A. ypsilon*, A. saucia*, N. c-nigrum*, N. festiva* (primulae), N. rubi*, : N. umbrosa*, N. xanthographa*, N. plecta*, N. putris*, T. comes, T. pronuba*, T. fimbria(ta), T. ianthina, C. prasina, M. oleracea, M. genistae, M. dentina*, E. protea*, A. basilinea*, A. didyma (secalis), X. rurea, X. lithoxrylea, X. monoglypha*, X. hepatica, A. lutulenta, M. oxyacanthae*, A. aprilina*, E. lucipara*, P. meticulosa*, H. nicti- tans*, H. micacea, L. pallens*, L. impura*, L. comma, L. vitellina (1), COLEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX. 59 L. albipuncta (1), L. lithargyria*, L. conigera*, G. trigrammica*, C. morpheus*, C. taraxaci*, C. quadripunctata*, A. pyramidea*, O. lumosa*, A. lota*, A. macilenta*, A. circellaris*, A. helvola, A. lych- nidis*, A. litura*, O. citrago*, UO. aurago, X. lutea*, X. fulvago*, OV. vaccinit*, O. ligula, E. satellitia*, L. semibrunnea, L. socia, G. orni- thopus, OC. exsoleta (8), P. gamma*. COLEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX. ; By Horace Donisruorre, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., Etc. (Continued from page 41.) Nitiputipar.—Brachypterus gravidus, Ill., B. pubescens, Er., sweep- ing Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris); B. urticae, F., sweeping nettles; Epuraea aestiva, L., beating blossoms; Omosita colon, L., in vegetable refuse; Meligethes aeneus, F., sweeping and beating; M. memnonius, Er., and M. flavipes, Strm., sweeping Ballota nigra. . MonotomipaE.—Monotoma spinicollis, Aub., M. brevicollis, Aub., M. picipes, Hbst., M. quadricollis, Aub., M. rufa, Redt., and M. longicollis, Gyll., all in vegetable refuse. LatHRIDIIDAE.—Coninomus nodifer, West., Enicmus a A paid at transversus, Ol., Corticaria denticulata, Gyll., Melanophthalma. ee bosa, Hbst., and M. fuscula, Hum., all in vegetable refuse. CRYPTOPHAGIDAE.—Cryptophagus pilosus, Gyll., C. punctipennis, Bris., C. dentatus, Hbst., ab. major, Donis., and C. affinis, Strm., all in vegetable refuse; Atomaria fimetaru, Hbst., sweeping; A. lewisi, Reitt., A. cognata, Er.,? and Hphistemus yyrinoides, Marsh., all in vegetable refuse. _CucusIpse. Lai ee advena, Walt., in vegetable refuse. MycerorHacipaE.—Typhaea ee L., Mycetophagus quadripustu- latus, L., both in vegetable refuse. DerMeEstTIpaE.—Megatoma undata, L., sweeping; Florilinus musa- corum, L., sweeping umbels. scybalarius, F., A. fimetarius, L., A. granarius, L., all in vegetable refuse; A. contaminatus, L., in numbers flying over refuse dumps. EvcnemMipaE.—Throscus elateroides, Heer., in vegetable refuse. Eratertpae.—Athous niger, L., A. longicollis, Ol., both sweeping and on the wing; Limonius minutus, L., sweeping sine beating hawthorn blossoms; Agriotes sobrinus, Thies., in vegetable refuse. TELEPHORIDAE.—T elephorus Hans. Fall., Rhagonycha fulva, Scop., Malachius vividis, F., M. marginellus, Ol., all sweeping. CrramBycipaE.—Leptura livida, F., abundant, sweeping umbels, etc.; Grammoptera holomelina, Pool, beating hawthorn blossoms, and sweeping umbels. Lamupar.—Tetrops praeusta, L., beating hawthorn blossoms. CHRYSOMELIDAE.—Zeugophora subspinosa, F., common, beating poplars; Crioceris asparagi, L., Cryptocephalus fulvus, Goez., Longi- - tarsus luridus, Scop., L. flavicornis, Steph., DL. pusillus, Gyll., all sweep- ing; L. pellucidus, Foud., sweeping Convolvulus sepium; Phyllotreta nodicornis, Marsh., sweeping Wild Mignonette (Reseda lutea); P. con- 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1945 sobrina, Curt., abundant sweeping Lepidivm and Horse Radish; P. punctulata, Marsh., sweeping Lepidiwm and Sisymbrium, scarce; P. hintont, Donis., P. atra, Pk., both sweeping Sisymbrium; Phyllotreta vittula, Redt.,.P. undulata, Kuts., Aphthona aeneomicans, Allard, Sphaeroderma testacea, F., S. cardui, Gyll., all sweeping; Podagrica fuscicornis, L., sweeping common Mallows (Malva sylvestris); Crepido- clera ferruginea, Scop., Chaetocnema hortensis, Fourc., Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh., Psylliodes chrysocephala, L., all fe Cassida vibex, L., C. des L., sweeping thistles. qT ennentoNen ee Une eee bifasciatus, Say., Alphitobius piceus, Ol., in vegetable refuse. PyruipsaE.—Lissodema 4-pustulata, Marsh., sweeping. COLLECTING NOTES. PHRYXUS LIVORNICA AT SwANAGE, DorsET.—A © specimen of P. livor- nica was brought to me to identify to-day. It was in excellent condition, and was netted while hovering over the blossom of aubretia in a garden. Another specimen was seen at the same time. Does this portend awivor- mica year? The last good year here for this species was 1930 when over a dozen were captured.—LEONARD TATCHELL, Swanage, 17th April 1945. DiosPILus EPHIPPIUM, NEES (Hym. BraconiDAs£), A Species NEW TO Britain.—In 1942 (Ent. Record, 54, 105 (1942)) I recorded that Dr H. E. Hinton had bred Dorcatoma dresdensis, Hbst., out of the ‘‘ Tinder Bracket ’? fungus, Fomes pomaceus, from an apple tree at Linton, Cam- bridgeshire, in May and June 1942. In 1943 Dr Hinton kindly gave me some of the fungus from an apple tree from the same locality. I also bred Dorcatoma dresdensis from it. In 1944, when turning out the jar which contained the fungus, I found several specimens of a Braconid, which were unfortunately dead and not in the best condition. Mr Nixon tells me the insects are a species of Diospilus, and that the two specimens I had set were both males. I find that Morley recorded in 1907 (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1907, plt. 1, p. 22) that Nees had bred Diospilus ephip- — pium, Nees, from larvae of Dorcatoma dresdensis in ‘‘ boleti.’? This re- cord is also quoted by Kirchner and by Marshall in his Braconidae of Europe. As it seems most probable that the Braconids in question are Diospilus ephippium (the thorax is partly red), and as Nixon also thinks the same, I feel justified in bringing it forward as a British species.— HORACE =D pone ce . British Museum ue Hist.), Entomological De- partment, 20.111.45. OccURRENCE OF ACRYDIUM SUBULATUM IN BEDFORDSHIRE.—Since the publication of my note on this species (ante, p. 106, 1944) I caught one or two specimens, including males, later in the season from widely separ- ated localities in the south of the country :— Leighton Buzzard (sandpit, filled with water), 24/8/44. Bramingham, near Luton (pond on boulder-clay), 28/7/44. Totternhoe (marshy grassland on gault), 29/7/44. (For further information and a complete list of species, see B. Verd- court, H.M.M., 81, 8.).—B. R. Laurence, 31 Sherwood Road, Luton, Beds, 12/3/45. : THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (189) verna, Esp. (1788-7), Abbild. Noct., IV (1), 272, plt. 117, 5-6. Syn. ab. saucia, Esp., l.c., (2), 505, plt. 182, 5. chenopodi, Esp., l.c., plt. 181, 2-3. Syn. treitschke1, Bdv. (1827), Ann. Sci. Linn. Paris, p. 111, pit. 6, f. 2= pugnax, n.sp. . treitschkei, Hb.-Gey. (1834-5), Samml. Noct., 850. Syn: oregonica, Grote. (1881), Can. Ent., XIII, 230. (America Sp. or Syn.) f. farkasu, Tr. (1835), Schmett, X (2), 74. ab. albifusa, Walk. (1857), Cat., XII, 757. Amer.? glaucovaria, Walk. (1860), Can. Nat. and Geol., V, 255. (Am. Sp.) canescens, Moore (1878), A..N.H., V (1), 233. f. of brassicae. ab. indistincta, Tutt (1892), Br. Noct., III, 82. ab. turati, Culot (1909), N. ef G., I (1), 105, plt. 17, f. 17: plt. 18, f. 4. T. emmnamomeana, Roths. (1913), Nov. Zool., XX, 121 [Drdt.-Stz., l.c.]. ab. brunnescens, Heyd. (1933), Int. Ent. Zeit., X XVII, 330. r. zermattensis, Drdt.-Stz. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 96. ab. fruticosa, Dumont (1934) [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., UI, 97.] Doubtful. ab. lodbjargensis, Hoffm. & Knud. (1937), Flora and Fauna, 59 ‘([Drdt.- Stz. (1937), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 252]. 5 Tutt dealt with the typical form: (1) trifolii, he discussed the typical form at some length; (2) var. saucia, a pale ochreous form; (8) var. indistincta, unicolorous dark grey with obsolete markings; (4) ab. farkasw, ground dark brown-ochreous and darkening of ground colour; 45) albifusa, an American form; (6) oregonica, another American form. (a) subsp. farkasu, Tr., Schm., X (2), 74 (1835). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ This is the Algerian good subspecies, while in Europe it is an aberration ’’ (Roth, Nov. Zool., X XI, 321 (1914)). (b) r. farkasi, Tr., Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 96, plt. 14a (1934). Descrip.—‘ Paler sabterminal area, light see camneitorh between orbicular and claviform. Syrmia, Irkutsk, Ussuri.’ ab. twrati, Culot, Noct. et G., I (1), 105 (1909). Fie.—l.c. aie 18, fig. 4. Orie. Te ee Absence of the median line on the underside of all the wings. The elbowed line and ie extrabasal line often very close together. No trace of the claviform.’’ Saxony. f. brunnescens, Heydm., Int. Ent. Zt., XXVII, 330 (1938). Orie. Descrie.—‘‘ In addition to the pale grey-yellowish typical form there is found here a somewhat different form, which inclines to a darkening of the forewings which is caused by the cloudy thicker in- fusion of grey and grey-brown scales, particularly in the marginal area before the waved line and in the middle of the wing. Particularly ex- _ treme are two dd from Amrun, which with their strong grey-brown forewings and sharp yellow-white with which the waved line is suffused - show quite like the Latin W..of a dissimilis. Before this clear brown marginal area, out beyond to the margin is powdered with very dark slate-grey, like the lower half of the reniform stigma. Orbicular pale margined. The costa dotted with white-yellow. This dark costal form (190) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V /1945 is doubtfully another dark type of aberrational form to which Warnecke refers in the ‘‘ Grossschmetterlinge of the environs of Hamburg-Altona.’’ Schleswig-Holstein. (a) ssp. cinnamoneana, Roths, Nov. Zool., XX, 121 (1918). Onic. Duscrip.—‘‘ The Mauritanian examples are all more rosy- cinnamon, less grey, in tint than European ones.’’ Mauritania. (b) ssp. cinnamomeana, Roths, Now. Zool., XX, 121 (1913) [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 97 (1934) ]. Descrir.—‘‘ All specimens from Algeria incline to cinnamon-rose and are less grey than European specimens. Generally, however, they are also very variable in size as well as in the distinctness of the mark- ings. The larvae feed on Peganum harmala, burying themselves in the sand by day.’’ Cyrenaica and Sardinia as well. ab. fruticosus, Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 97 (1934). Ornic. Descrip.—aAll specimens from Algeria incline to cinnamon-rose, less grey than European specimens.’’ Cyrenaica, Sardinia. (Doubtful sp ?) (b) ab. fruticosa, Dumont [Pal. Noct. Supp., Drdt.-Stz., III, 97 (1934) ]. Ornic. Desorip.—‘‘ One specimen. Smaller; coloration more inclined to ochreous rose.. Lines are more delicate and a purer brown-black with wide brown marginal band. Tunisia.’’ [Doubtful.] (a) f. zermattensis, Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 96 (1934). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A somewhat more elongate build, more oblique outer margin, a softer grey ground colour, smoother scaling, and not so irregularly coarse-grained. Transverse lines almost obsolescent.’’ Com- pared with specimens from Central Germany, I.c. (b) r. zermattensis, Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 96 (1934). Ornic. Drescrip.—‘‘ More elongate, more oblique outer margin, softer grey ground, smooth scaling.’’ Algerian race. ab. lodbjergensis, Hoffm. & Knudsen, Flora and Fauna, 59 (1935) [Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 252 (1937)]. Descrie.—[A very peculiar dark grey-black form in which the pale yellow-brown fasciae contrast strongly.’’] West coast of Jutland. DEsORIPTION of figure 19 on pit. in Flora and Fauna (Denmark) (1935) —‘‘ A very dark blackish form, with markings of light brown on fore- wings. Sub-terminal and waved lines, chequered fringes, surround of black reniform, surround of orbicular and other usual markings towards base, all of them fairly conspicuous dull red-brown. Reniform nearly full black and from this a narrow band of the same black to the inner margin, lining the waved line on the inner side. Rosel, Ins. Belust., I, plt. 48, f. 6 (1746+), is the only figure with which it has any resemblance. Werneb. agreed that this latter was chenopodii, but the latter has the markings poorly depicted and placed.”’ Hadena, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Tutt, Barr., Meyr. [Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S.: Trachea, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S., Stdgr., Hamp., Splr., Sth., Warr.-Stz., Culot, Drdt.-Stz.] atriplicis, L. (1758). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (191) Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 86 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 128 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. I., V, 43, pit. 189, f. 3 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., ITIed., 184 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 210, plt. 51, 2 (1906): South, M.B.I., I, 264, plt. 126, 5 (1907): Hamps., Lep. Phal., VII, 150, f. 29 (1908); Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 187, plt. 43g (1911): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 201, plt. 36, 17 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 81 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169 (1934). Rosel, Belustig., I (2), 177, plt. 31 (1746+), gave a good figure which served early writers as a figure of the species they had described. Schiff., Verz., p. 82, Noct. O. 10 (1775). The Melden Eule (an Atri- plex sp.). Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV, 605, plt. 168, 1-3 (1790+), gave a recognizable figure of atriplicis. Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 81, f. 464c, d, e, f (1790), gave four good figures of this insect, but only said that it is attached to sp. of Atriplex. Donovan, Nat. Hist. of Brit. Ins., VIII, plt. 262 (1800), gave an excel- lent figure with larva and foodplant. Hb., Samll. Noct., 85 (1802), is a very good figure but should be brighter and fresher. Illig., Neu. Ausg. Verz. Wien, I, 273 (1801), identified this as the atriplicis, L., and of other authors. Dup., Hist. Nat. Lep. Fr., V1, 482, plt. 100, 1 (1826), gave a very good figure of a form marked with an unusually light green verging on whitish-green. The genus Hadena (1846 Cat.). Dup., l.c., p. 485, noted of the curious errors made by Geoffroy in his ‘* Hist. of Insects,’’ II, 159, in confusing this species with chrysitis. “‘ This is the opportunity to remark on the confusion, which exists in Geofffoy, as to this species. In calling it Volant doré it is clear that his intention was to deal with N. chrysitis, because of the phrase from Linné, which he cited in reference to this Noctua. But, on the other hand, the description, which he gave of it, agreed only with N. atriplicis, and the figure of Roésel to which he referred represented quite truly the latter. Then he described one species in giving it the name which he had reserved for another.”’ 4 Steph., Jll., IIT, 22 (1829), gave a good description of this then rare species under the genus name Trachea, Ochs. & Tr., and Wood, Indez, p. 57, ‘plt. 13, f. 289, gave a good figure of a British example. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 263 (1850), said that the insect was often fresher than that depicted by Hb. 83. He used the genus Polia, but in his copy of Gn. (which I have) he put Trachea as a note in pencil. Barrett, [.c., plt. 189, gave two figures showing the delicate green coloration, which fades almost at once when the insect is killed. Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 184 (1901), gave gnoma, Btlr., and his own - similis, which was deseribad and figured in Rom. M., VI, 456, plt. 9, 1 (1892), ‘‘ al. ant. olivaceo-inspersis, iiraccat@aculatia 2 Splr., Schmett. Eur., I, 210, plt. 41, 2 (1906), included abs. Giiilis, gnoma and diffusa, and Rearcd a typical ‘dak green form. South, Moths Brit. Is., I, 246, plt. 126, 5, gave a figure on which the green had become shades of brown and yellow, otherwise it was very good. (192) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1945 Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 187, plt. 48g (1911), gave figures of atri- plicis, typical, and of gnoma, Btlr. They included abs. stmilis and suffusa. Said that gnoma (from Japan) was larger, deeper purple, green shading less developed, the white blotch larger and more conspicuous. © Hamp., Lep. Phal. Noct., VII, p. 150, fig. 29 (1908), gave a good b. and w. figure. Included two abs., similis, Stdgr., and the form without any green markings, which Strand in 1915 named deviridella. He treated gnoma, Btlr., as a Syn. Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 201, plt. 36, f. 17 (1913), gave only ab. similis. He gave a good figure of a typical form. Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 169 (1934), pointed out that the complete absence of green colour, which Hampson had noted in 1908, but did not name, was subsequently named by Alph. mornata in 1908 and that deviridata, Klem. (1908), and deviridella, Strand (1915) were pro- bably both synonyms. They also pointed out that the absence of the usually prominent white blotch on the forewings was first named immacu- lata, by Slevogt. [No references to this are obtainable at the present time | and that the enarismene, Slasts. (1910) is probably a synonym of it, although no mention is made of the stigmata being absent as in immacu- lata. They also include the Belgian specimen, which on emergence had yellow coloration in place of green, epixanthana, Mazger. Of the Variation Barrett said :— Not very variable, though there is some diversity in the extent of the green blotches and the pale margins of the reniform stigma, but unfor- tunately the brighter colours fade; the green becomes yellow, the purple shades less distinct, and the central blotch yellower, so that the most perfectly coloured specimen becomes in a few years of quite different appearance. The Names and Forms to be considered : — atriplicis, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 517. race gnoma, Btlr. (1878), A.M.N.H., (5)i, 195. (A sp.)?P race similis, Stdgr. (1892), Mem. Rom., VI, 456, plt. ix, 1. ab. immaculata, Slevogt. ( ab. diffusa, Splr. (1905), Schm. Eur., I, 210. ab. znornata, Alph. (1908), Hor. Ross., XXXVIII, 593 [actually named Hamp.’s note VII, 130]. ab. enarismene, Slsts. (1910), Hor. Ross., XL, I, p. 79 [Syn. ? of amma- culata]. ab. deviridata, Klem. (1912), Spraw. Kom. Krak., XLVI, 11. Syn. ab. deviridella, Strnd. (1915), Arch. Naturg., 5, UX XXI, A, 11, 182. Syn. ab. epizanthana, Mazger (1928), Lamb., XXVIII, 59. ab. olbreusei, D. Luc. (1932), Bull. S. ent. Fr., XXXVII, 169. Syn.? Tutt dealt only with the typical form insufficiently described by Linné in the Sys. Nat. He also discussed the better description in the Fn. suecica. : ‘Lhe variation in this species is small, but seems to have been named In a’very confusing manner. race gnoma, Btlr., A.M.N.H., (5)i, 195 (1878). Orie. Descrip.—‘ Close to atriplicis, but much larger and darker, the primaries of a slaty-grey colour, varied with black and brown, with f 5 4 X an MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to ; Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. _ We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- ey TIONS!) IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. _ REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if _ ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS: ; | Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on eonatrton:, that the - AUTHOR DEFRAYS ‘THE COST of the illustrations. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should*be sent to Mr Hy. J. TuRNeER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. _ Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the je Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. e Write K. J. Hayward, Instituto Miguel Lillo, Calle Miguel Lillo 205, Tucuman, ie Republica Argentina. _ Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect -condition, : with data. Desiderata—Similar material except -from North America.— te John W. Moore, 154 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 80. _. 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IV, V, VI; or cash —A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,” Pulborough, Sussex. - Wanted.—Brady or Gurney Cabinet, 12 or 20 drawers. For Disposal—Crouch Binocular Microscope with full accessories, Micro Slides in Cabinets, Books on Microscopy, etc. For particulars, apply to G. A. Smee, Esq., 60 Main Street, pe eton, Es Riot VAS ar ee i oe ress : 4 f uy 5 MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. “t WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. ; Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7: First Wed-— nesday in the month at 3.30 p.m. South London Entomological and Natural — History Society, Chapter House Hall, St Thomas’ Street, S.E.1: 2nd and 4th Thurs-— days in the month, 6.0 for 6.30 p.m. London Naturalist History Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.i: — Indoor Meetings, ‘Third Tuesday in the month. is Communications promised :—T. B. Fletcher, Dr E. A. Cockayne, J. E. Collin, — H. Donisthorpe, Dr Malcolm Burr, Wm. Fassnidge, H. A. Leeds, Prof. J: W. 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B Derr rants | RRS chess cee a eis an ea’ anes hn gu alec tuo de anulegh henan wo) cetera aan tea tee 3s 0d BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL LITERATURE. An annotated list. By H. % W. Andrews, F.R.E.S., with Two Supplements ............cccccccsssssessereeee 2s 6d THE BRITISH SPECIES OF OPOMYZIDAE (DIPTERA). By J. E. Collin, : BG ec ee hea sac pol er gy Gale ued Ceuta ela dase ee dae I es MANOR Cav ae Ceegay seh ael ys Ge estan is 0d FOR PRICES OF BACK VOLUMES OF NEW SERIES from Vol. XXXVII a (1925) onwards, apply to the Hon. Treasurer. H. W. ANDREWS. - To be obtained post free from the Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Footscray — Road, Eltham, London, S.E.9. / IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY. Published Half-Yearly. Edited by J. A. 8S. STENDALL, M.R.1.A., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. Price List No 33: 5000 Species. Post Free on Application. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. No, 6 (JUNE 1945 NTOMOLOGISTS RECORD aa AND He ek 1940 } JOURNAL OF VARIATION. ) EDITED with the assistance of ‘OLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E-S. [ T. BAINRRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., . COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. R.C.P. = e: COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., F.R.E.S. _ DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rey. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.ES., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. * CONTENTS. "SENSES Rae Gens Way ck ek ee RISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944, Bryan P. Beirne, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. LEOPTERA AT LAMPTON, MIDDLESEX, THES. WaWincene FLS., F.R.E.S. es at ot: oe ISLAND OF PLATY, Matcoum. hie D. a6) F. ie E. s. seat a ae Oe ECTING NOTES: Parasitism of a Merodon Larva by the Tachinid, pha dubia, Fin., J. Z. Collin; Breeding of Polygonia c-album, R. W. Adams; The Habitats of Chorthippus bicolor, Charpentier, and of C. paral- lelus, Zett., B. R. Laurence; Spring Migrants and Early Butterflies near Deal, Kent, C. M. Gummer; A Dragonfly Record, E. Johnson Taylor; Dwarf chloé cardamines, M. P. Siddons; Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg.: A irther Note, Ernest Taylor; King George Butterfly, Horace Donisthorpe; iptera, etc., swept from a Reed Bed (Sparganium ramosum, Huds.), B. R. zurence; Light Stimulus to Stridulation of a ie cee a vee udica. Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. ae ie see hak SPIDER ESSN nS 60) ee ge en Lipa m h soe Noes ee Te UARY : Ferdinand le Cerf... : RE we a Ae is, epee (© SUPPLEMENT. ” (493)-(198) Subscription for Complete ae post free, TEN STE EEN ES: The Hon, Treasurer, EE: Ww. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, §.E.9. This Number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). 7 Established 1879. Telephone: Temple Bar 9451, WATKINS & DONCASTER (R. L. E. 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With, ‘48 illustrations; “6 ‘of which are in full colour from draw- ings by J.C. Delman, R W, Ss. ‘Included in the special. articles by. Dr ‘Stovin: as . one giving hints: and. ‘instructions on™ the rearing ot ‘Datterfiles fo. ‘captivity. This Dew. _ work: iE be added to” the* WAYSIDE AND | WOODLAND ‘SERIE! “Price 10/8 nets (enon Booksellers Only) Me a amar spre oles bs ye en bige: “ON ae VOL. LVII. PLATE III. SOME CAPTURES OF NOTABLE ABERRATIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA. ~ rs ° | AUG 1 1945 | y, Ni Lipp PAR — | 3 S hy SEVENTY NEW RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. 77 SOME CAPTURES OF NOTABLE ABERRATIONS OF LEPIDOPTERA Recorded recently by Members of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society. -Plate LI. Fig. (a). A gynandrous Pieris napi, ab. citronea, bred by L. G. Wad- dington, August 1943. Fig. (b). A partially melanic example of Polygonia c-album taken by R. S. Ferry, Wellwyn, Herts, 3.viii.43. Fig. (c). A Inamenitis camilla with asymmetrical white bands taken by L. B. Clarke in Glos., 2.vii.1944 (photo. E. G. Neal). Fig. (d). X. zollikoferi, taken by A. Kennedy, at sugar, Kirkstall, Leeds, 29.vi11.39. Fig. (e). A Noctuid taken near York by William Hewitt, about 1900. Now in the collection of A. Smith. Mr Tams (Brit. Mus.) has been unable to determine it. Fig. (f). Xanthorrhoé montanata, a new aberration taken by A. Ken- nedy at Kirkstall, Leeas, vi.1942. See ‘Dr E. A. Cockayne (Ent. Record.) Fig. (g). Lampropteryx suffumata, ab. porrittu, taken by A. Smith, Bishop’s Wood, Selby, Yorks, April 1942. The Plate and accompanying letterpress were very kindly lent to us by - the Society: a useful item on the ‘‘ Journal of Variation ”’ side of our Magazine. 70 NEW RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN AND A FEW OTHER NOTES ON PERSIAN RHOPALOCERA. By E. P. Wivtsuire, F.R.E.S The Lepidoptera of Iran (Persia) have, within the last decade, been intensively collected and studied, but the war has intervened to prevent consultation between the scattered students and to delay even the piece- meal publication of their results. If all their material survives the present world conflagration, it will make possible a very comprehensive Faunal List for Persia. At present anything so ambitious is not to be attempted. Yet it is desirable, for the sake of zoogeographers and others, to report fairly promptly the discovery in Persia of species not previously known to occur there, and this is the primary object of the present short paper. It reports my capture there of 70 Macro-Lepidoptera new to Persia, which is of course a very. small fraction of the total species I have observed there. Several of those included have already been mentioned as occurring in Persia in articles by me on Syria or Iraq or on general insect phenology and ecology, but a student compiling a Persian faunal list might not think of referring to those articles and would find it help-. ful to have those records collected here in one article; he would, how- ever, also have to refer to the ‘‘A’’ works listed in the bibliography at the end of this article, if his list was to be complete, for the species listed in those works are omitted here, except for a few Rhopalocera, included -here in order to correct mistakes recently published about them or, in -one case (e.g. lowristana, Le Cerf) to report the rediscovery of a rare 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII /1945 race in a new locality ; these exceptions are in brackets and not num- bered below. Detailed discussion of the prevailing form or range of variation is deliberately avoided, though the race-name is given where it could be ascertained in my preliminary study of the material. Ecolo- gical details are also omitted, but the bibliography mentions some works in which Persian biotopes are described. The locality of each record is however given, with its province or location in Persia, and a brief in- dication of the habitat of the species. Of these new records, the most surprising are perhaps those of species previously considered purely European. Less surprising are the North- erly species such as M. aurinia, already known from further East. These two categories of Northerly species occur in Persia mostly on peaks or in cool oases in the North. It is also less surprising to discover in Persia the more Southerly species, especially since some of these were already known to occur both to the West and the North-East (e.g. Agrotis lasser- ret (Pan-Eremic) and Lithophane lapidea (Mediterranean)). The dis- covery of species known previously only from Turkey (e.g. E. theresiae) or Turkestan (L. amoenata) is also less surprising, though interesting. The discovery in S. Persia, of Middle-East Eremic species such as C. aurivillii, was also not unexpected. ANNOTATED LIST. RHOPALOCERA. (Iphiclides podalirius, L., ssp. persica, Verity. Common in gardens and oases at Tehran and up to 8000 ft. in mountain-oases on the S. side of the Elburz range; also in gardens at Hamadan. Foodplant at Tehran, apparently a wild Prunws common in gardens there. Absent from S. Persia, even at heights. In 1931 Pfeiffer wrote in his Marash Fauna (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., e.V, XXI, Jahrg., Heft II) as follows (my translation) :—‘‘ The locality Gulheck (Gulhack) mentioned by Verity in this work must be identical with Gulek in the Taurus and cannot be situated in Persia; therefore the race here under consideration must be called persica, Vty. ” Perhaps when Herr Pfeiffer himself visited Tehran in 1936 he rea- lised his mistake, but if he ever published a correction I have not seen it. Gulheck is of course one of a group of villages to the North of Tehran, sometimes collectively referred to as Shrimran; these villages contain the summer gardens and residences of the people of Tehran city, and are situated about 1000 ft. higher, half-way up the long gravel slopes which link Tehran with the more precipitous slopes of To-Chal, the Elburz peak dominating the city. Many records from ‘‘ Tehran ”’ undoubtedly refer to these villages rather than the city itself. Pfeiffer’s determination of the Marash race of podalirius is thus seen to be based on a gratuitous false assumption, though perhaps the Marash race is identical with the Persian. The Turkish name Gulek means ‘little lake,’’. whereas the Persian ‘‘ Gulheck ’? means flowery. Even ‘without a knowledge of these languages, a little more caution might have been observed in a part of the world so full of places with identical names as the Middle East, and the existence of a Persian locality should not have been denied just because its name is, not iden- tical, but, to a foreigner, similar to the name of a place in Turkey | SEVENTY NEW RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. 79 [ Papilio Hipcwcan Esp. ssp. Kuh Barfi and Kuh Bamu, 8000- 9000 ae Shiraz, Fars, one br dou inv. At Upper Heights only. This species was recorded about 100 years ago from S.W. Persia by Koilar among the 49 species of Lepidoptera taken by Kotschy in 1942 around Shiraz (Akad. Math.-Nat. Wien Denkschr., 1). Since Dr A. | Seitz gives for alexanor ‘‘ eastward to E. Persia and Turkestan,”’ per- haps he doubted Kollar’s identification or overlooked the record, which the above two records now confirm. Some of Kollar’s identifications were certainly doubtful (e.g. Gonepteryx rhamm, L., probably should be farinosa, Z.), but on the whole that first work on Fars Lepidoptera and geography still holds good, considering its age. | (Thais cerysyi, God., ssp. lowristana, Le C. Ardekan, 4.v, Fars, at 7000 ft. The first rediscovery since the types of the race were caught further North-west along the Zagros. Bare slopes, but not peaks. This appears to be the southernmost locality of this species, whether on the Zagros Range or in Palestine and Transjordan, where the race-form is less aberrant than in S.W. Persia.) 1. Huchloé cardamines, L. ssp. To-Chal (S. side of Elburz), 8-10,000 ft., ll.vi. Upper Heights. Pireh-Zan Pass, among oaks, 7000 ft., Fars, 7.iv. Kuh Barfi, Shiraz, Fars, 9000 ft., early v. Upper Heights. The Fars race is larger than the Elburz, otherwise similar. 2. Satyrus circe, L., ssp. asiatica, Seitz. Hamadan, 6000 ft., early vii. Oasis. The easternmost known locality. 3. Pararge menava, Moore ssp. Kuh Alvand, near Hamadan, Central Iran, 9000-11, 000 ft. Upper Heights. 4, ahydnyas aurinia, L. To-Chal (S. side Elburz) 10,000 ft., 11.vi. Moist ground near spring at Upper Heights, one specimen only. (Melitaea arduinna, Esp. ssp. Lar valley (S. side Elburz), 9000 it., early vil. A large dull 9. Shiraz, Fars, 5500 ft., at a spring; a vivid red series. Very local, and not found the next year, despite assiduous search.) (Melitaea sarvistana, Wilts. Described in Wiltshire, 194la (and illustrated), as a subspecies of phoebe, this race is closer to sibina, Alph., than phoebe, Knoch, and might be a distinct-new species.) (Melitaea casta, Koll. There are two easily differentiated races in Persia :—(1) ssp. wiltshirei, Higg. Higgins’ types were taken on Mt Alvand, near Hamadan, at 7500 and 9000 ft., on 27.vii. The same form occurs on the high mountains near Ardekan, being re- corded thence by Brandt under the name ‘‘ casta, Koll.’’, and taken there myself at 11,000 ft. on 29.vi. It haunts steep screes at Upper Heights. (2) Presumably typical casta, Koll. This form, with the underside hindwing less clearly marked and suffused with cinnamon, flies on mountain-tops at 9000 and 10,000 ft. nearer Shiraz.) (Melitaea gina, Higg. This species, which Higgins distinguished from true didyma, Ochs., was taken by Brandt above Sineh-Safid, and recorded as ‘‘ didyma.’’ Brandt informed me, in litt., that he took the same species in the Elburz at Nissa, but since he said it was a different race, this Elburz race might be true didyma.) HETEROCERA—ARCTIIDAE. 5. Ocnogyna loewi, Z. Kermanshah, W. Persia, c. 5000 ft., 18.xi. The larvae do not hatch at this altitude and latitude until early iii. 10. 1s 12. 13. 14. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/ 1945 Deforested hillside. Sineh Safid, Fars, 6000 ft., 25.xi. A full- grown larva was seen there on 28.iv. Scrub-clad hillside. Pul-i- Fasa and west shores of Salt Lake, near Shiraz, 5000 ft., larvae common in li. Steppe. Bushire, Fars, S.W. Iran, sea-level, larvae full-grown in late ii. Desert. Cletis maculosa, Guen., ssp. dahurica, Boisd. To-Chal (S. side El- burz), 10,000 ft., 23.vii. Upper Heights. LASIOCAMPIDAE. Chondrostega aurivillii, Piing. ssp. Bushire, Fars (sea-level), larvae full-grown in il. Shiraz, Fars, plain and low hills, 5000 ft., larvae full-grown in late ii and early iv. These conspicuous red-and- yellow and velvety black-banded, silky-haired caterpillars are called by the Persians of Fars ‘‘ Gurbeh-i-No-Rooz’’ (=Pussies of New Year’s Day) (Persian New Year begins March 21st), a most apt name. The race is probably feisali, Wilts., but I have been unable to verify this yet, not having obtained the imago, which flies in autumn. J am very familiar with this larva and moth from Iraq, and base my identification for Persia on the larvae. Habitat:—Desert and steppe. Lasiocampa grandis, Rog. Khan-i-Zinian, 6000 ft., 20.ix. Salt Lake shores, near Shiraz, 5000 ft., 29.1x. Both localities in Fars; both scrub-clad hills. Lasiocampa terreni, H.S. Luristan, 3500 ft., 29.x. Scrub-clad hills. Taragama siva, Lef. Bushire, Fars, sea-level. I have seen larvae here feeding on Zizyphus spina-christi which I am sure are this species, having found it and bred it on this foodplant at Basra (Iraq). However; Brandt has reported a Taragama at Mian-Kotal (4000 ft., Fars) as repanda, Hbn., ssp. alpherakyi, Chr. Alphera- kyi, Chr., was‘already known from N. Iran, being originally de- scribed as distinct from repanda, a N. African species. T. siva, both in its Iraqian and Indian form, differs from repanda and alpherakyi most noticeably in its whitish hindwings. Since Zizyphus also grows at Mian Kotal, perhaps Brandt’s record is really siva. DREPANIDAE. Cilix glaucata, Scop. Tehran, 5000 ft., 17 and 30.vii; 4.ix. Wild- growing gardens. | SPHINGIDAE. Deilephila nerti, L. Tehran and Shiraz (N. Iran and S.W. Iran) gardens, 1lix ahd 23 and 24.iv respectively. Dolbina elegans, A. B. Haas. . Gulhek, Tehran (5000 ft.), a single specimen taken at light on 29.viii in the British Legation garden by Mr Barnett. Evidently rare there. This seems to be the first re- capture since the two types described in 1912 from Iskanderun (Alexandretta), Syria. NOTODONTIDAE. Notodonta zezac, L. ssp. pallida, Grnb.. Pasqaleh, 7000 ft., near Tehran, larvae fora on willows by a mountain stream, ul. vi.39. Tans hatched 20 and 25.vii.389 and 24.vi.40. 15. 16. EG iS: ty: 23. 24. 28. 30. SEVENTY NEW RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. 81 CYMATOPHORIDAE. . Epimicelia theresiae, Korb. Mt. Alvand, 9-10,000 ft., near Hama- dan, 29.vi. Upper Heights. AEGERIIDAE. Eusphecia pimplaeformis, Obthr. Hamadan and Shiraz. Empty pupa cases found protruding from willows or poplars could only be this species, well-known to me from Iraq. COSSIDAE. Zeuzera regia, Stgr. Derband (S. side Elburz, 6000 ft.), near Teh- ran, 17.vi. Oasis. Hamadan, 7000 ft., 25.vi, 4.vii. Oasis. Pireh- Zan, Fars, 7000 ft., 15.vii. Oak-woods. Phragmatoecia castaneae, Hbn. Ahwaz, Khuzistan, 8.W. Iran, 250 ft., iv. Desert-oasis. AGROTIDAE—MELICLEPTRIINAE. Melicleptria scutosa, Schiff. Two specimens taken by Mr Barnett in N. Iran in viii, either in Tehran (oasis) or Chalus (forest land, Caspian coast); possibly from both. AGROTINAE. Agrotis obesa, Boisd., ssp. fusca, Corti Luristan, 29.x. Scrub woods, Middle Heights. . Agrotis (Powellinia) lasserrei, Obthr. Shiraz, shores of Salt Lake, x. Also on steppe, 2.xi. . Agrotis (Ogygia) gracilis, Wagn. (det. Boursin). Kuh Alvand, 7000- 7500 ft., near Hamadan, Central Iran. Upper Heights. Agrotis (Ogygia) orientis, Alph. Tehran, v-vi. Oasis, 4000 ft. Hamadan, vi. Oasis, 6000 ft. Yezd, Barfkhaneh, vi. 9000 ft., mountain-oasis. Shiraz, Fars, v. 5000 ft., oasis. Rhyacia xcanthographa, Schiff. Kermanshah, W. Iran, 14.x. Oasis, 5000 ft. Shiraz, Fars, 16.x. Oasis, 5000 ft. Pireh-Zan, Fars, S.W. Iran, ix, x. Oak woods. . Rhyacia palaestinensis, Kalchb. Kermanshah, 20.x. Oasis, 5000 ft. . Triphaena orbona, Hufn. N. Iran (probably Tehran), viii. . Blepharita trisignata, Men. Gulhek, Tehran, 5000 ft., larva seen in v in oasis. Kermanshah, W. Persia, 5000 ft., 31.x and 16.xi. Oasis. Luristan, 3500 ft., 29.x. Scrub-woods or oases at Middle Heights. HADENINAE., Scotogramma trifolii, Rott. Tehran, N. Iran, 13.vi. Oasis, 5000 ft. Hamadan, Central Iran, 23.vi. Oasis, 6000 ft. ; . Polia thalassina, Rott. Derband, near Tehran, 16.vi. Oasis, 6000 ft. Hamadan, Central Iran, 19.vi. Oasis, 7000 ft. Xylomania conspicillaris, L. Derband (S. side Elburz), near Teh- ran, 6000 ft., 6.iv. Oasis. Sineh Safid, Fars, 6000 ft., to maple bloom, 15.iv; scrub, Upper Middle Heights. This specimen was f. melaleuca, View. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 4]. 42. 44. 45. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1945 Sideridis zeae, Dup. Near Ahwaz, Khuzistan, 14.x. Rank riverside vegetation at about 200 ft. (hot desert oasis). CUCULLIINAE. Cucullia barthae, Bours. Lar valley, S. side Elburz, 9000 ft. Larvae found on a dry-growing species of Scrophularia on calcareous ground, but not on neighbouring water-figwort in river-meadow, in early vii. Hatched in iv next year. So far only known at Upper Heights in Persia. Cucullia verbasci, L. Lar valley, S. side Elburz, 9000 ft. Larva found in vii produced imago next 19.iv. Foodplant: Verbascum, growing on calcareous shingle-bed above flood-level in valley. Cucullia lychnitis, Ramb. Tehran, 5000 ft. A larva found 24.vi produced adult next 8.v. Kuh Alvand, 7500 ft. (Asadabad pass), near Hamadan. Larvae common on 20.vii on Verbascum. Ardekan, Fars, 7000 ft., larvae seen on Verbascum at end of vi; apparently its southernmost limit. (Mulleins were searched further south in Fars.) Ulochlaena hirta, Hbn. Hamadan, 6000 ft., 11.x and 30.x. Oasis. Kermanshah, common from 15.x to 25.xi. Oasis, but perhaps breed- ing on unirrigated ground. I presume this species also occurs along the Caspian coast of Persia, since I took a specimen in the Intourist Hotel, Baku (U.S.S.R.), on 8.xi.38. Aporophyla australis, Boisd. ssp. Kermanshah, 23 and 28.x. Lithophane lapidea, Hbn. At 8000 ft. above Lashkarek (S. side Elburz), larvae were beaten from Juniperus oxycedrus, L. I beat the junipers at Upper Heights in the S. Zagros in vain for this species. Xylina exsoleta, L. Shiraz gardens, Fars, 5000 ft. ; larvae full-grown in iv, adults in xi. : Dryobotodes protea, Esp., ssp. mcolorata, Warr. Chihar Zibar Pass, near Kermanshah, H. Iran, 6.xi, 6000 ft. Oak scrub. Pireh-Zan,. Fars, S.W. Iran, 20.x, 7000 ft. Oak woods. Antitype serpentina, Tr. Shiraz Salt Lake, 29.x, 5000 ft. Steppe (Fars, S.W. Iran). Shapur, Fars, 20.xi. River-gorge, with scrub- clad sides. Cosmia ocellaris, Bork., f. palleago, Hbn. Isfahan, Central Iran, 6000 ft., xi (f. palleago, Hbn., and a more orange form). Shiraz, S.W. Iran, 5000 ft., xii. ACRONYCTINAE. Simyra dentinosa, Frey. Barfkhaneh, near Yezd, Central Iran, 5.vi. Upper Heights, 11,000 ft. Pireh-Zan, Fars, S.W. Iran, 7.iv. Oak woods. ZENOBIINAE. Mama maura, L. Shiraz, S.W. Iran, 6.vi. Oasis, 5000 ft. Parastichtis rurea, F. Gulhek, Tehran, 13.v, 5000 ft. Oasis. Stilbina hypaenides, Stgr. Luristan, 3000 ft. 29.x. Semi-de- forested woodland. Shapur, S.W. Iran, 3000 ft., 19.xi. Intermedi- ate biotope between oak scrub zone and plain with Zizyphus and date-palms. 46. A7. 51. 52. 53. - 54. 58. 59. GI. 62. 63. SEVENTY NEW RECORDS OF LEPIDOPTERA FROM IRAN. 83 Phragmitiphila typhae, Thnbg. Shiraz, S.W. Iran, 5500 ft., 12.vi ‘to 15.vili. Marshy stream. Arenostola sohn-retheli, Piingl. Shiraz, 5500 ft., 19.vi. Marshy stream. Archanara algae, Esp. (cannae, O.), ssp. Shiraz, 5500 ft., 12-19.vi. A rather constant, rosy race, with pale hindwings. . Porphyrinia conistrota, Hamps., and . Porphyrinia suppuncta, Stgr. Both at Hamadan, Central Iran, 20.vii. 7000 ft., mountainside with stream. EUTELIANAE. Eutelia adoratrix, Stgr. Derband, near Tehran, 6000 ft., oasis, 13.vi and 10.viil. . CATOCALINAE. Anua tirhaea, C. Kuh Sivand, Fars, S.W. Iran, 8000 ft. Larvae seen on Pistacia, Upper Heights (wooded). ' PHY TOMETRINAE. Phytometra deawrata, Esp. Hamadan, Central Iran, 7000 ft., 1.viii. Oasis. Phytometra chrysitis, L. Tehran, N. Iran, 5000 ft., 9.vili. Oasis (ab. disyuncta, Schultz). HYPENINAE. Syneda herzi, Alph. Derband, near Tehran, 6000 ft., 16.vi. Oasis. . Hypena munitalis, Mann. War valley, vii, 9000 ft. tapes Heights. GEOMETRIDAE—OENOCHROMINAE. . Aplasta ononaria, Fuessl. Kuh-i-Chavireh Shah, 7000 ft. ; Luristan, Upper Middle Heights; 12.vi. Orthostixis cribraria, Hbn., ssp. amanensis, Wehrli. Chalus woods, Mazanderan, N. Persia, 10.viii (leg. Barnett). Sea-level, forest- clad shores of Caspian. STERRHINAE. Sterrha consanguinaria, Boisd. Gulhek, Tehran, N. Iran, 16.vi. Oasis. Hamadan, Central Iran, 6000 ft., 19 and 25.vi. Oasis (det. Prout). Kuh-i-Chavireh Shah, 7000 ft.; Luristan, W. Iran, 12.vi. Uppe- Middle Heights (det. Prout). . Sterrha trigeminata, Haw., ssp. Gulhek, Tehran, 5000 ft., 15.viii. Oasis LARENTIINAE. lithostege amoenata, Christ. (det. Prout). Kuh Alvand, Hamadan, - Central Iran, 29.vi, 9000 ft. Upper Heights. Xanthorhoé fluctuata, L. Hamadan, 6000 ft., 4.vii. Oasis. Khor- ramabad, Luristan, W. Iran, 4000 ft., 3.iv.. Deforested Middle Heights with gardens (oasis). Aanthorhoé designata, Hufn. Gulhek, Tehran, 5000 ft., 15.vi. Oasis. 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/1945 GEOMETRINAE. 64. Ennomos fuscantaria, Steph. Derband, near Tehran, N. Iran, 6000 ft., 16.viii. Oasis. Gulhek, Tehran, 5000 ft., 25.vi. Oasis (ab. effuscaria, Reb.). 65. Ennomos erosaria, Schiff. Shiraz, S.W. Iran, 5000 ft., 25.vii. Oasis. 66. Colotois pennaria, L. Gulhek, Tehran, 5000 ft. Oasis. Larvae mature in v. 67. Dasycorsa modesta, Stgr. Khorramabad, Luristan, 4000 ft. De- forested Middle Heights. 68. LHilicrinia trinotata, Metzn. Gulhek, Tehran, N. Iran, 5000 ft., v, vi, Vii, vili. Oasis. The grey typical form in v; the yellow f. aestiva, Reb., from vi onwards. 69. Zamacra flabellaria, Heeg. Bushire, Fars, sea-level. Found dead in spider’s web in ii. Hot desert (maritime), with a few gardens. Persian Gulf. 70. Gnopharmia irakensis, Wehrli. Kuh Alvand, near Hamadan, 9090 ft., 20.vii. Upper Heights (det. Wehrli). I have similar specimens from many Iranian localities but their genitalia have not yet been examined. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A.—Works giving records of Macrolepidoptera from Iran (Persia). Boursin, Charles. 1937. ‘‘ Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Agrotidae-Trifinae,’ xx (Ent. Rundsch. 54). 22) 4939) Foe scxil (F056). —— 1940. Id., xxiii (Witt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxx, Heft 2). Brandt, Wilhelm. 19388. ‘“‘ Beitrage zur Lepidopteren-fauna von Iran” (Ent. Rundsch., 55). —— 1939. Id. (Id., 56). (N.B.—A further work by this author appeared in Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges. in 1941, but the present author has not seen a copy of this yet.) Bytinski-Salz & Brandt. 1937. ‘‘ New Lepidoptera from Iran” (Ent. Rec., xlix, No. 5 ff). Bang-Haas, O. (Ent. Zeitschr., 50, p. 451, p. 562). 5 Daniel, F. 1937. ‘‘ Lacydes elbursi n. sp.’ (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxvii, Heft 1). — 1937. Zwei neue “ Cossiden aus Persien ’’ (Jd., xxvii, Heft 2). —— 1939. “ Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Gattung Lithosia’”’ (Id., xxix, Heft 1). —— 1939. ‘“ Gedanken zu einigen Actiidenformen ” (Jd., xxix, Heft 2/3). Draudt. 1938. ‘‘ Neue Noctuidenrassen und Arten aus dem Elbursgebirge’”’ (Id., XXviii, Heft 1). Higgins, L. 1941. ‘‘ An illustrated catalogue of the Palearctic Melitaea’’ (Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, 91, Part 7). Peile, H. D. 1921. ‘‘ Butterflies of Mesopotamia ’’ ‘Journ. Bombay N.H.S.). Pfeiffer, Ernst. 1937. ‘‘ Notizen uber persische Lycaenidae ’”’ (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxvii, Heft 1). (This work includes mention of Verity’s 1936 de- scriptions from N. Iran.) 5 Prout. L. 1921. ‘* Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia,’ Part III (1d.). Reiss, Hugo. 1937. ‘‘ Weiterer Ausschnitt uber die Zygaenenfauna des Elbursge- birges ’ (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxvii, Heft 3). Rothschild. 1921. ‘‘ Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia,’’ Part I (Journ. Bombay N.H.S., December 30). Schwingenschuss, Leo. 1940. ‘‘ Beitrage zur Lepidopteren-fauna von Iran ”’ (Ent. Zeitsch., 52/53). : Seitz, Adalbert. The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vols. 1-4. with Supplements. Watkins & Buxton. 1921. ‘“ Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia,’’ Part II (Journ. Bombay N.H.S., December 20). Wehrli, Eugen 1939. ‘‘ Einige neue arten and rassen, etc.’’ (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., XXix, Heft 1). A FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE RANGE OF MYRMICA SCHENKI, EMERY. 85 Wiltshire, E. P. 1939. “ Barly stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera,” ITI (Mitt. Muench. Ent. Ges., xxix, Heft 1). —— 1941. ‘‘ New Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran” (Journ. Bombay N.H.S., xiii, 3). —— 1941. ‘‘ Mesopotamian Desert Lepidoptera ’”’ (Id., xlii, 4). —— 1943.“ Early stages of Palearctic Lepidoptera ” v (Id., xliii, 4). —— 1943. ‘‘ Some more new Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran’’ (Id., xliv, 2). —— 1944. ‘‘ Middle East Lepidoptera, new forms and species” (Ent. Rec., Octo- ber 1944). B.—Works giving Ecological details of Localities mentioned above. Wiltshire, E. P 1940. ‘‘ Insect biotopes in Syria, Iraq and Iran” (Ent. Rec., April 1940). —— 1941. ‘‘ New Lepidoptera from S.W. Iran ’”’ (see above, under A.). — (ined) ‘‘ Studies in the geography of Lepidoptera,’ III:—‘‘ Some Middle East migrants, their ecology and phenology.” A FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE RANGE OF MYRMICA SCHENKI, EMERY. By Frerevus J. O’Rovurke, F.R.E.S. D. P. Walls (6) recently recorded the occurrence of the rare ant Myrmica schenki, Emery, at Portmarnock, Co. Dublin. This species, which is found locally throughout the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions north of 40° North Latitude, had previously been recorded from only four stations in these islands; of these, three are located in Ireland—viz., Maherabeg, Co. Wicklow (4), Kilcarry Bridge and by the River Slaney near Kildavin, Co. Carlow (5)—the fourth station, the only British one, is at Sully, Glamorgan (1). Another hitherto unrecorded station is in the demesne at Glengarriff, West Cork, where A. W. Stelfox, to whom I am indebted for permission to publish it, swept a female in July 1935. Thus all the stations in this country occurred in the South and East, it was therefore of interest to find that the ant occurred also in the West of Ireland at Roundstone, Co. Galway, which is the most westerly re- cord for Europe (9° 50’ W. long.) and also together with the Portmar- nock one appears to be the most northerly (I have however been unable to check some references). In 1944 on 14th July at Roundstone I found a worker schenki foraging on the surface of a narrow road, but despite a careful search the location of the rest could not be found. I was greatly surprised when a few minutes later my brother Angus handed me another worker of this species picked up running about among worker Formica fusca, L., on bare rock in damp peaty ground some 200 yards away. A search here also failed to locate the nest. Thenceforth a care- ful search was made for nests in the area around Roundstone and later some workers were seen foraging at an altitude of 200 feet on Errisbeg Mountain. A diligent search revealed a nest about 100 yards away. It is of course extremely unlikely that the workers seen came from this nest for the maximum foraging distance for the allied species Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., is 20 feet, giving a feeding territory of 140 square yards [W. Pickles (2)]; were the foraging distance 100 yards the feed- ing territory would exceed 7 acres, which seems hardly likely since the population would not be more than three or four thousand (2). The nest was quite different from that at Portmarnock which Mr Walls kindly showed me-on 3rd September 1942, and which fitted the 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VIT/1945 description of those at Kildavin and at Sully. The colonies in the latter locality were described as being ‘all situated in the slope of a small bank and not under stones . . . the entrance being a small round hole, much as is made by the smaller bees (Halictus, etc.).’? The Roundstone nest was beneath a flat stone bedded in moist peaty soil and under which there was also a colony of Acanthomyops (Chtonolasius) flavus, F., whose members attacked the schenki when I lifted the stone. Present in the nest were numbers of workers and larvae of all sizes as well as some worker pupae. No queen was seen nor were there any winged forms although most Myrmica colonies in the neighbourhood had numbers of them on that date. A specimen has been donated to the National Museum in Dublin. Some weeks later on 4th August, at Lough Ine, West Cork, some 15 miles from Glengarriff, I picked a winged female of this species off Pro- fessor L. P. Renouf’s arm. This specimen was taking part in the ‘‘swarm- ing’’ of ants which took place on several different days in that locality, for during the previous days a number of flights of various ants were seen. This represents tke first published swarming date for the species in these islands. [A. W. Stelfox, however, took males and winged females at the entrance to a subterranean nest at Kildavin on 9th August 1929 (5).] Another female was taken flying in the same area on 15th August. Despite a vigorous search no nests were found but workers were found at the water’s edge at the point marked S15 on Professor Renouf’s Map III (3). It is hoped to revisit both localities this season. See British Ants, 1927, 2nd Edition, pp. 150-152. REFERENCES. (1) Donisthorpe, H. St J. ‘‘ Myrmica schenki.’? Ent. Rec., 1915, Xxviil, . 265. i (2) Pickles, Walter. ‘‘ Populations, Territory, and Inter-relation of the ants Formica fusca, Acanthomyops niger and Myrmica scabri- nodis at Garforth, Yorkshire.”’ Journ. Anim. Ecol., 1935, 22. (3) Renouf, Louis. ‘‘ Preliminary Work of a New Biological Station (Lough Ine, Co. Cork, I.F.S.).”? Jowrn. Ecol., 1931, xix, 410. (4) Stelfox, A. W. ‘‘ A List of the Hymenoptera Aculeata (Sensw lato) of Ireland.’”’ Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 1927, xxxvii, 341. ‘‘ Some Recent Records for Irish Aculeate Hymenoptera.’’ , Ent. Mon. Mag., 19338, |xix, 52. (6) Walls, Desmond P. ‘“ Notes on Discoveries of Species in New Localities.”? Ent. Rec., 1943, lv, 50. (9) IRISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944. By Bryan P. Brrene, Ph.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.E.S. (Concluded from p. 66.) *Kupithecia tripunctaria, Hemimene petiverella, Borkhausenia fus- cescens, and a melanic form of Argyroploce lacunana occurred in the fields at Finglas, Co. Dublin, on 29th July. Near Ballybrack on the evening of the same day Ancylis badiana, Argyresthia goedartella, Zel- leria hepariella and Tischeria marginea were taken. On the evening of IRISH LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING IN 1944. 87 30th July a further visit was made to the disused railway-bed near Kil- liney. Here a species of Hupista occurred which could not be identified either from the external characters or the genitalia. Other species were Pararge aegeria, Procus furuncula, Peronea aspersana, Eucosma cana, Ancylis badiana, Bryotropha desertella, Brachmia rufescens, Blastobasis lignea, Eupista discordella and *E. galactaula. Crambus culmellus, C. hortuellus, Peronea holmiana, Spilonota ocellana, *Endothenia oblon- gana, Blastobasis lignea, Eupista galactaula, Lithocolletis messaniella, L. quercifoliella, and L. spinicolella (the second Irish record) occurred at Foxrock on the evening of Ist August. The occurrence of messanella and quercifoliella is curious as there is no oak of any sort nearby. The occurrence of B. lignea supports the view that the species feeds on Jun- cus. There are no conifers at the localities in Killiney, Foxrock, Kil- macanogue Marsh and Howth, where the species was taken commonly, but Juncus is abundant in the first three localities and at Howth the species was found resting on Gorse on the cliffs.. It seems likely that the species is polyphagous, and perhaps feeds on dead leaves and seeds of all types. Meyrick states that it feeds on dead leaf-refuse, Mr A. E. Wright has bred it from conifers, and I have bred it from the heads of Juncus. It seems to be more common in Ireland than in England, and was taken in Antrim in 1902 and in Wicklow in 1911, but was not found in England until 1917. On 3rd August the weather started off fine and sunny but later a cold mist appeared, after which few Lepidoptera could be found. The area worked was a marshy valley at Kilruddery, Co. Wicklow, behind Bray Head. Species taken included Sterrha biselata, Xanthorhoé desig- nata, Plemyria bicolorata, Epirrhoé alternata, Aphomia sociella, Cram- bus geniculeus, Ditula angustiorana, Tortriz loeflingiana, Cnephasia vir- gaureana, Argyrotoxa conwayana, Peronea latifasciana, Eucosma penk- leriana, Bactra lanceolana, Platodora cytisella, Telphusa humeralis, *Mompha locupletella, Blastobasis lignea (amongst Larch), Argyresthia brockeella, A. goedartella, Hupista lutipennella, Ochsenheimeria birdella (bisontella), Prays curtisellus (fuscous form), Lithocolletis quercifoliella, Tinea cloacella and Nepticula aurella. Argynnis paphia was just out, judging from its appearance, although it was well out more than a fort- night earlier at Tipperary. The Quill, a small wood above Kilmacanogue, Co. Wicklow, was visited on 5th August. This formerly excellent locality is now almost completely destroyed All the large oaks and birches have been cut and the formerly rich ground vegetation has become overgrown with Bracken. Matters were not helped by the presence of a number of goats. The day was sunny but there was a stroag gusty wind, and only common species were taken. These included Sarrothripus revayana, Sterrha aversata, Crambus tristellus, Peronea emargana (caudana), Eucosma ramella, Paltodora cytisella, Chelaria (Hypatima) conscrip- tella, Zelleria heparietla (yellow form), Eupista fuscedinella and Litho- colletis cramerella. The wind had dropped by the evening and some in- teresting species were taken at Kilmacanogue marsh, but later a cold mist appeared, after which nothing could be found flying. *Mompha pro- pinquella, previously recorded only from Kerry, and *Aristotelia wum- briferella (atrella) were the most important captures. Other species in- cluded Ancylis badiana, Blastobasis lignea, Borkhausenia fuscescens, Eupista galactaula, EL. glaucicolella, Prays curtisellus (fuscous form), 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/VII/1945 Cataplectica auroguttella (not recorded from Wicklow since 1855) and Tinea cloacella. The North Bull Island, an extensive area of sand-dunes on the north side of Dublin Bay was visited on 8th August. The day was sunny and windy but a number of species were taken at the eastern tip of the Island, the western end being occupied by a large proportion of the population of Dublin. Satyrus semele and Zygaena filipendulae were abundant and several female Lasiocampa quercws were seen. Argynnis aglaia, Heodes phlaeas, Polyommatus icavus and Ewxoa tritici were com- mon on Ragwort. Actebia praecox is known to occur there, but no specimens were found. However Epirrhoé galiata, Crambus perlellus, C. geniculeus, C. tristellus, Phthorimaea marmorea and Bryotropha. de- sertella were common on the sandhills. On the golf course Cnephasia conspersana and a small and brightly-marked form of Enarmonia suc- cedana, evidently not feeding on Gorse, occurred. The following day larvae and pupae of Callimorpha jacobaeae were found in great abun- dance on the sandhills at Portmarnock, Co. Dublin. Spilonota iear- natana and Argyroploce rosaceana were common in the hollows of the sand-dunes. There are only two previous Irish records for the latter species. A curious capture was Leucoptera laburnella, as there is no Laburnum for miles. The identification was confirmed by examination of the genitalia. Other species taken were Euzxoa tritici, Apamea secalis and Hydroecia nictitans, on Ragwort, and Crambus geniculeus, Hucosma. cruciana, Argyroploce cespitana, Bryotropha desertella, Phthorimaea marmorea and Acompsia cinerella. On 12th August a visit was paid to Newcastle Strand, Co. Wicklow. The vegetation had suffered from fires started by sparks from the pass- ing trains but Lepidoptera were common. Two *Bucculatrix cristatella were taken, the first Irish record for the species. Other species were Satyrus semele, Maniola jurtina, Euxoa tritici, Hydroecia crinanensis, Crambus tristellus, Pyrausta purpuralis, *Hemimeme petiverella, *Bryo- tropha desertella, *Hupista discordella, EHlachista atrifrontella and Plu- tella maculipennis. Lepidoptera were very common in Newcastle Marsh, the species taken including Leucania impura, Epione repandaria, Epir- rhoé alternata, Crambus geniculews, Peronea enargana, Kucosma ramel- la, HE. nisella, H. penkleriana, Bactra lanceolana, Endothenia oblongana, Pammene populana, Enarmonia succedana, Batrachedra praeangusta, Carcina quercana, Glyphipterix cramerella, Argyresthia goedartella, A. albistria, Inthocolletis alnifoliella and Tischeria marginea. No species new to the locality were found at Foxrock on 7th August, but near Ballybrack on 14th August Hilema lurideola, Cilix glaucata, Argyresthia nitidella, Caloptilia tringipennella and *Jathocolletis alni- foliella occurred. Little was taken on the south cliffs of Howth on 15th August, owing to the high wind. The species noted were Satyrus semele, Anaitis plagiata, Epirrhoé galiata, Zygaena filipendulae, Enarmoma succedana, Blastobasis lignea and a species of Hupista, probably therin- ella, a species not previously recorded from Ireland. There was still a wind on the following day when a visit was paid to the Glen of the Downs, Co. Wicklow. The only interesting species taken was * Lithocol- letis spartifoliella, previously recorded only from Kerry and Tyrone. A feature of the locality was the enormous numbers of Neuroptera and Syrphidae on the oaks. Other Lepidoptera noted were Triphaena comes, COLLECTING NOTES. 89 T. janthina, Oidaematophorus monodactylus, Nomophila noctuella, Pan- demis corylana, Eucosma ramella, Telphusa humeralis, Elachista magni- ficella, Zelleria hepariella, Lithocolletis quercifoliella, Ypsolophus radia- tella, Gelechia mulinella and Acrolema granitella. *Inthocolletis scopa- riella was taken at Ballybetagh Bog, Co. Dublin, on 26th August. This is the second Irish record, but the locality in which I took it previously is only a mile or two away. Owing to the high wind Heodes phlaeas, Arenostola pygmina, Epirrhoé alternata and Eucosma penkleriana were the only other Lepidoptera found. Several Epunda lichenea came to light at Seapoint, Co. Dublin, in September, and Teichobia filicivora was common in the same locality dur- ing the summer. A specimen of *Daphnis nerii found at Sandymount, Dublin, was brought to me. This is the first Irish record for the species. Owing to the severe cold spell early in 1945 it seems probable that the summer of 1945 will be a good season for Lepidoptera, certainly better than 1944 and perhaps very good. There were severe cold spells in the winters of 1878-9, 1880-1, 1894-5, 1916-7, 1928-9, and 1939-40 and,. except in 1929, Lepidoptera were far more numerous in the following as com- pared with the previous seasons, judging from the published records, and sometimes, as in 1917 and 1918 and in 1940, were very abundant. Dept. of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, 26th March 1945. COLLECTING NOTES. SPRING EMERGENCE or A. aTROPOS.—A specimen of this species was brought to the Museum here on 16th May, found the previous evening. Tt was dead but not yet stiff. The occurrence, though known, seems sufficiently unusual to be worth publishing.—(Rev.) GzorcGz WHEELER, - Worthing. Wine Rance ABRoaD or BREVILINEA, FenN.—Once we Norfolk men thought we had a real endemic in Arenostola brevilinea, Fenn. Then we had to admit it also inhabited neighbouring parts cf Europe. Now it seems to afford a parallel to that other Norfolk ‘‘ speciality ’’? which I recently found in S.W. Iran, Archanara algae, Esp. (=cannae). In an article in the Revue Francaise d’Entomologie, Tome X, Fasc. 3-4, April 1944, Charles Boursin not only records Arenostola brevilinea, Fenn., from Northern Daghestan (Caucasus), but states that the species impudica, Stgr., is nought but a blackish race of this species; and he proves his point with photographs of the genitalia of a Norfolk and en Amur specimen. The Caucasus specimen belongs, however, to the Euro- pean, rather than the Asiatic, race.—EK. P. Wittsuirt, One Fifth Avenue, New York 3, U.S.A. SUBSTITUTE FoopPLants (VERBASCUM GRovup).—In my article with this title (Ent. Rec., LV, September 1943), I gave Verbascum and Scro- phularia as a group of plant genera preferred by certain oligophagous lepidopterous larvae. It is now interesting to know that a third genus can be added to this group, namely Celsia, L. This genus is also in the Scrophulariaceae and indeed is placed next to Verbascum, so there 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VI1/1945 is nothing really surprising in the discovery for which we are indebted to the famous entomologist resident in Morocco, Mr H. Powell. . Full details will be found in Charles Boursin’s ‘‘ Contributions a l’Etude des Agrotidae—Trifinae, XXVII[:—Nouveaux Agrotidae Palearctiques ” in the Memoires du Museum National d’Hist. Naturelle, Paris, 1940, Tome XIII, Fasc. 4. The larvae discovered by Mr Powell at Sidi Sli- mane, Morocco, were feeding on a Celsia in a state of nature, but in captivity ate Scrophularia sambucifolia, completing their growth on it. From them hatched the types of Cucullia celsiphaga, Bours.—K. P. WixtsnirE, One Fifth Avenue, New York 3, U.S.A. SzasonaL Notes (Harty 1945) in Dorset.—Following my note on Dor- set butterflies in 1944 (Z.R., p. 21, February 1945), as this is an abnormal season I append a short note on some of the emergencies in this district up to the end of May. G. rhamni 6 was first seen on the wing on the 24th February, and both urticae and io in early March. A solitary P. rapae was seen on 7th — April, but I am unable to give a date for P. napi as I was breeding a large number and released unwanted specimens a week or so before any were seen elsewhere in the neighbourhood. P. aegeria 6d were well out on the 8th April, followed by cardamines G2 on the 10th April. On 19th April a solitary ¢ argiolws was seen and several V. atalanta were flying in the sunny lanes. On 23rd April three phlaeas were seen, to be followed in early May by a very strong batch. On the night of 30th April- Ist May, there was a disastrous frost and all butterflies disappeared for several days, but later the hatch of EH. aurinia did not seem to have been affected. On.the 13th May I made a visit to Holcombe Wood and found E. aurinia well on the wing. P. icarus, A. agestis and C. pamphilus were all flying in good strength and cardui were everywhere, a number being seen. On 15th April ewphrosyne was on the wing at Hill Wood, being followed at this locality by selene, rubi and sylvanus (venata) 3 2 on the 24th. On 21st May one ¢ bellargus was seen where I made a fruitless excur- sion to a wood, not two years previously, in search of euphrosyne. On the whole in spite of the cold spell at the end of April the season was some ten days early as compared with recent years in this district.— Rosert D. R. TROUPE. Note on EvrpHyDRYAS AURINIA.—Having bred awrinia in the spring of 1944 I mated two pairs and carried one nest safely through the winter. There were nearly 200 larvae in the early year and most of these pupated but a number failed to hatch. However, I succeeded in hatching a 9 -almost identical with the specimen shown as fig. 22, plt. 20, in Frohawk’s Natural History of British Butterflies, and a ¢ still more extreme with no spotting at all on the under hindwing, the upper surface being con- siderably melanic. I mated the 2 to an ordinary ¢ from the same batch and hope for further abs. next season.—Rosert D. R. TROUPE. A Qupry.—I have recently come across a feature in several Lepidop- tera which I have hatched. It is a collection of liquid between the two layers of skin on the wings, like a blister. Sometimes this occurs on the fore and sometimes on the hindwings. This has either to be let out by puncturing and soaking up with blotting-paper or set without punctur- ing when the wing generally dries with a crumpled appearance. / CURRENT NOTES. 91 I would be interested to know if this is a common occurrence, or whether it is due to some fault in the hatching conditions. Some of those affected (ZL. filipendulae) were hatched from wild cocoons placed in a muslin-covered box in a fairly warm living room, while others were hatched (E. satellitia and T. incerta) in a wire gauze cage in a cool cellar from bred pupae. If you have any information at your disposal which might throw light on this trouble I would be very interested to hear of it as it might help in future breeding.—ALan M. Macraurin, Suilvenbeg, Kilmacolm. OBSERVATIONS ON SATURNIA PAVONIA, Linn.—Referring to my notes on this species in Entom. Rec., Vol. liv, p. 87, I see a note in Entom., lxxvii, p- 180, that the flight was always down, or slightly across wind, with the query, When does the return flight take place? The answer is, of course, as I observed then, and have since, that the flight is to and fro, and in all directions, and you often see two crossing each other in opposite directions. This, I may add, was never given.—(Capt.) A. F. L. Bacon, Burghclere, Hants (N.), 24th March 1945. OccURRENCE OF ODONTOMYIA ARGENTATA, Fapr. (Diprt.-STRATIOMYIDAE) IN BEDFORDSHIRE AND NortH Herts.—On lst May 1943 I caught a soli- tary male of this species basking in the sun on a grassy path at Oughton Head, near Hitchin, a well-known collecting ground to local enthusiasts. The whole area is very marshy and the river is stagnant in places, where willows and reeds grow in the water. A photograph of this locality is given in the ‘‘ Natural History of the Hitchin Region,’’ 1934, p. 78. In 1944 I caught several males, on the 24th and 26th April, in the sandpit referred to in my note on Acrydium subulatum (ante p. 106, 1944), and saw several flying about here later in May. The sexes differ in colour, the male having a silvery pubescence and the female a golden pubescence on the abdomen. So far I have not caught or seen a female of this species. Odontomyia argentata is a rather local and uncommon insect, but as Verrall suggests (Brit. Flies, Vol. v (1909)), it may be overlooked by: collectors, most of whom start later in the season. Mr J. E. Collin (who kindly identified the specimens for me) says that he has knowledge of it being recorded in most of the eastern counties and also in Sussex, Hamp- shire, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and Oxfordshire—B. R. Laurence, 31 Sherwood Road, Luton, Beds. CURRENT NOTE, AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGISTS AND THE War.—For the following particu- lars of the activities of American entomologists in the war I am indebted to my old friend, Mr J. A. G. Rehn, Curator of Insects of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Roberts, of the staff of the Academy, who has done good work on the internal genitalia of the Acridids, is a lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps 92 | ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/ 1945 in Malaria Survey. Dr Helwig, Assistant Professor in Cytology and Genetics at the University of Pennsylvania, is in the same’ unit, which is a stroke of luck for both, as they are great friends. Dr Helwig is a voluntary part-time worker in the Academy. Another voluntary worker in the Academy, by name Cadbury, came to England on civilian relief at the beginning of the war; while with us, not inappropriately, he mar- ried a Miss Rowntree. ‘ Mr Rehn’s son, John Rehn, had been engaged on teaching work on Medical Entomology and Parasitology at Cornell University; he has since gone overseas as Senior Entomologist on a large Transport and Bomber Base. After some service overseas he was appointed lieutenant in the Army Sanitary Corps attached to a Malaria Survey unit, where he spent much time training recruits. From his service overseas he came back with some valuable practical and scientific experience, and he did not forget the grasshoppers. Gurney, the Academy’s orthopterist, has been in the Pacific with the rank of Captain, in charge of a Malaria Survey. Tinkham is also a Sanitary Corps officer. My friend continues: ‘‘ Our entomologists are almost entirely being poured in to fight disease; malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and a thousand and one other things, and men are not being exempted for purely agricul- tural control work to-day; there are virtually no exceptions. We are first and foremost throwing every available younger penglee into saving the lives of Allied soldiers by keeping down insect-borne dis- ease. With the entomologists go the parasitologists and Sanitary en- Pineers, it). ‘ . Further: ‘‘ The American Entomological Society has completed three really important war-time auxiliary tasks. These were Mosquito Atlases I-II, the first made up of the more important malaria vectors of the New World, the second the same of the Old World. Each species was treated on a single sheet, with the more important structural characters of the adult figured on one side, with a summary in text below, and on the other page structural features of the larvae, with habitat, notes and distribu- tion below, the whole with three punch-holes, so that the sheets can be cut apart and used in a loose-leaf folder if desired; they are printed on an 80-pound Ledger paper stock for strength and durability. ‘The other, by three authors, one of whom is Colonel Russell, Chief Malaria Control Officer of the U.S. Army, is a key to the identification of adults and larvae of all known Anophelines, with references, type locali- ties, figure references, distribution, general habits and known relation to malaria for each. ‘‘ All had to be driven through the press at high speed.... All the illustrations are new and made by the Army just for this work. Of the authors of the atlases, one was from the Academy, the other two from the California Academy of Sciences, both in the Army now; of the key the other two authors were Dr Roseboom, head of the Department of Public Health at John Hopkins University, Baltimore, and Dr Alan Stone, the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture’s mosquito man.’’ I received this letter about 18 months ago, but pressure of work has prevented me forwarding this interesting news sooner. Some of it may be out of date by now.—M. Burr. < Pe fs Latemar, fs =~ West. Drive, Oheam. 3 = ui t earnestly request. our. correspondents. NOT TO. SEND os COMMUNICA: TIONS. IDENTICAL with. ‘those they aré sending to other. magazines, ( Se ‘REPRINTS ‘of. articles. may- be ‘gbtained - by: “authors 3 at very reasonable cost He * ee ordered: at THE: ‘TIME. OF. SENDING. IN. MS,’ BREE eS, : Articles ‘that ‘Tequire. ILLUSTRATIONS : are, Sider ton: on. condition that the AUTHOR . DEERANS: ABE Ost. of! the illustrations. heh Sitar taper nnt aK “gunsenbers may have fis ot Duplicates and Desiderata inserted ee ot Ghee “They should’ be sent to. Mr Hy. J: TURNER, “ -Latemar, e West “Drive, “Cheam, . | Wanted—American~Hesperiidae, especially. from Costa Rica, “West “Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemale, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. ~~ ; Write EJ, ‘ Hayward, deta ad ‘Miguel Tilo, Calle Miguel tae 205; Tucuman, ie - © Republica: Argentina.- ; cs. aS “ Duplicates—Rhopatocera’ ok “China. ana pare ee papers, - Sorieck: ‘condition, } “with data. _ Desiderata—Similar material except: from. North © ‘America.— : Jonn, We ‘Moore. 45, Middleton, Hall Road, King’s. -Nerton,. Birmingham, $0, Abad tajeaena: (Hodes) phiieee trom: a regions. tmeludtog: ‘British’ ‘Isles. Charaxes,. Papilios;- and others; full: lists: sent Re Siviter: Satin: 86 Stbling i Road, Fdgbaston,. Birmingham, thee as % x _Destderata.—Frohawk, a Le tidy. ‘Varieties: “at British “Butterflies” (1988). % ‘Buck- as plete, Vols, -4-98 hit. ct: 20-55: aia nae Sis ee Bacon, le Malt House, BS oe Burghclere, ‘Newbury... ; aa) Wanted for ash or eeehanse many ‘species of ova; ee and co: including eee Ce ‘grossulariata larvae in’ large-numbers. © - Offers also ‘Tutt’s® British Lepidop- 5 Aera, vols, ‘t,-2 and. 3: ‘Barrett (small. edition),. ¥Ols. 2, 4.5 and 6; Tutt’s British. - Bs ig. ge ther: Varieties, vols. 2, cs aad oe Peahard, $6 loreus Way, Cam-. je pitas Pies nents (sees locak Faces, or any: mise forms, “Also draw “ings on: Joan, “or particulars of same, for figuring. Will exchange or pur: : - chase.— PS. Antony Thompson, Bishopswood. Prestaiyn, Riinishire: 2 SS. inte .Aberrational: forms of Maniota tithonus.. Purchase or exchange. con- es “See taags ne oo. egos ee ee Road, S eapebiagy | Le en ee B.D. ee. on Geanieido. ois at Aes Wa Mise for cme capt eS Baltes. P2 - peach onl poral: even a tow yeould | Dest devata—Dinterous ‘parasites bred from epidopterous larvae, or pupae, Or | aoe any other: “animal. He, Auacent, Soa. digiise Rida ea Clevedon, He ‘Also’ “wanted. other. See of Chrysophanids from alt areas. Exchange or - be “purchase — ‘considered. . Duplicates.—Yoretgn- ‘Lepidoptera, “8.8. Satyrids,. © - der's S$: British: Larvae. (8601). Por: ‘disposal,- *-Entomologist’s Record,’ aan “COM. Re Be alae Con OW: abr oes ‘ian, M. ‘Maclauiin Capt. A, a Soon =: Au Poumnanieations should he addressed. ate the Acting Paitor, ae PURER: sf Latemar, hey 3 pds Drive: Cheam. as oe Monk Eg ty meres sy TO OUR READERS. ‘Short ‘Collecting: Notes and Gurrent: Notes. “OJ HILL & ee ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET. panne icdetnu eae Puhaisieg alieg fied Sy a; A. Ss ‘STENDALL, WRLAS ie ae by, ewOREL: Pe? ; Se, eA “Me. 9 SEPT. 1945, a BE Bt nee * EDITED with the aaesistance. of “MAICOLM BURR, D.Sc, F. RES. T, Bainskicos Furrcuer, BLN. F.US., /B. As COCKAXNE, A.M. D.Ms ER E.S: P.ZS8.2 EF RB:S!' ROP 3 W, hee MAL PRES: cat f 'B Couin, FP. ERES. y en DONIsTHORPE, P2S., PRES. > Revi G. Wuerrer, MA. ERE.S; #2. 5; «BY HENRY. J. TURNER, E.R, ES, PRES. Paditoriat Secretary. CONTENTS, : es aowaenee, An Old Moth: Hunter, i _Luprus FERRUGINEUS, TAB: OCCITANICUS. NILLERS- ‘COL. ELATERL a DAE), AN ABERRATION NEW. , FO} THE ‘BRITISH LISP. Hordée Donis- Morie, BLS PRES s, STUDY OF feat BXCAVATION OF MOUNDS: RY THE ANT PHBIDOLE ae Se - (AYM>FORMICIDAB)*.ON” ‘Av SMALT, AREA. OF Fe OND. W. ites FARES:, Se & cr STING NOTES: Pieris brassicas swarming ork Hh Dorset ‘Coast, 335 oi eonard Tatchell: Colias yale in Dorset Id.; Aberration of Vanessa-car- = Gul, Miss M. Foote;, Synipeirum faveolun, re im, Surrey, He. Burkitl; < “Abundance: of Pieris brassicae, 1d.; A Note concerning Dr Malcolm Burr’s ‘article on the Istand of Platy, W. Pickies; Trichiosoma /tibialis (Haw? “thorn Sawiy), J; Fincham. Turner. Hyloicus: pinastri; Lat Southamp- & ahs Wm, Passnidge; Notes Trou the, Porismouth Area, Ao Sperring; = 2 oe age Pmergence of A} atvopos; George Wheeler: Papilio machaon in ? whe -Swanaee District “Leonard. Lotchelt: Butterflies at Swanaee, Id.: 1A Local ‘List.-J. Heath; Migrant Butterflies in/S.8. Kent, Cecil My: ume Cr A ‘Kew. Notes fron) Sovfierset—Lepidoptera: in. 1944, Jo F.° Rivas D2 PES..= Phe Diapawse in ‘Calcutta Lepidoptera, .B. G. ‘Sedastoputa,. ae Bd RE-S.;, Reputed: Mimicry™ in. Pareronia; valeria, Cr... considered with . Bet t6cother Indo-Australian Pieridae. Tas ‘Prevaidnes: Of. some ; hopelocera, in. First. Hale Of 1943: in. Bristol District, CROSBY Antiramy, ~ ing George Butterfly,” Dy Neville Le Birkett: The Wing als Butier-— oS Hamyn;. King: George hig os Walter £. ee a $7 ater F BIN. SHILLINGS. tack Yobnes Second Series) XXXVI (1025) 40 LYT (ou, apply t eS om Fhe: iss Bile clea. “HL AW lene ‘ foaee ss) i aor’ 2. “WATKINS. & DONCAS 1 tee [= FORD, wR. KS; 28), one ‘PROPRIETORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAT, 00, 36 STRAND, LONDON, WG. (Adjacent be perio: Cross Station). -ENTOMOLOGISTS. pee teas TAXIDERMISTS. ‘BOOKSELLERS. FUST PUALISUEDI Sols re = Check List of the British Lepiaowians: gee -. WITH THE ENGLISH NAME OF EACH OF "THE 2009 SPECIES. so 5 . : By 1. RP. MESLOP, MA RRES >> oe _ Phis is! a Caniblete Check List including © all -recent: additions, in the priser se - » Zooicay ;\ HONEY-DEW. OCT i5 1940 / By An Otp Morxu-Honter. LIBRARY —~ IZ 840 Leporina the Miller is a pleasing insect to rear. I find the full-grown larva, occasionally, curled up asleep on the underside of a birch leaf, a grass-green larva with long white silky hair, reminding one of a green Persian cat—or, as some say, an Angora rabbit. And J have found the moth at rest on an elderly birch, a striking testimony to the advantage of procrypsis. But I never find more than two or three, four at most, larvae in a year, no matter how industriously I search. Tutt recorded that the eggs of this moth, though laid separately, ‘‘ are usually placed to the number of a score or thereabouts, in close proximity ; consequently, wheu young, the larvae are usually to be found, several near together, on adjacent leaves or branches, so that one being found, others should be searched for ’’ (Practical Hints, I, 47). This has never been my experi- ence, probably because I have never lived in a locality where Leporina was common. A correspondent tells me that in the ’nineties, in north Hampshire, one could always find as many as one wanted in an hour or so ‘‘ on the young trees in newly-made roads.’’ Perhaps some day I may live in some such place—and then, I suppose, Leporina’s charm for me will vanish. If you have but a nodding acquaintance with the species it is worth while searching for the infant larvae early in July. In the first instar he follows the family rule of having some of his somites brown and some of his somites white. His head is black; his prothorax pale; mesothorax white; metathorax and first abdominal somite burnt Siena (or yellow- umber, whichever you prefer); 6th and 7th white; and the rest of his anatomy the yellow named after some conflagration which happened in the archiepiscopal see of Tuscany. So that when you see him curled up. on the underside of a leaf, head to tail in the usual Acronycta way, you cannot possibly mistake him for anything but what he is; for of all the birch-eaters only the Apatele genus have some of their somites white and some of their somites Siena in the first instar. In 1944 I found four young !arvae, and they all died at the end of their second stadium. This puzzled me for some time and even now I don’t know what caused their demise; but J thought for a time it was honey-dew. For this reason. J found the first one right under a seven- foot birch bush on a hillside. Evidently the parent moth had flown under the bush and laid an egg, perhaps two, on the underside of a leaf on a twig within six inches of the ground and within the same distance of the main stem. I have found young larvae on several occasions before this; but always about three feet from the ground, or halfway up a smaller bush, usually I think on the east or west sides and not very near the extremity of a branch. A day or two later J revisited the spot, and sitting down beside an adjacent bush I stuck my head among the lowest branches, turned over the leaves near the main stem, close to the ground, and found two more larvae, both in the first stadium. Next day I found the fourth, on the same hillside and in an exactly similar situation. That year (1944) was the worst for green fly that ever I remember. Beating was so unpleasant that I gave it up: dense clouds of aphides arese from every bush, from every branch, and settled on my face and in 94 | ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1945 my ears and nose, and crawled about behind my spectacles. At every whack the beating-tray was carpeted with green fly. Day after day, week after week, month after month, every leaf on every birch bush shone from afar as though after a heavy rainstorm. Every twig was sticky to the touch. I reared broods of D. trimacula (dodonaea) and D. ruficornis (chaonia) that year, and having read somewhere—I think it was in a book called Talking of Moths—that honey-dew was harmful to them I decided that this was a good opportunity to put the matter to the proof. So in each stadium of each species I gave some of my larvae leaves coated with honey-dew. They ate the leaves as usual and displayed the utmost non- chalance. Not a single larva died nor even suffered, so far as I could see, from a stomach-ache, and after the second moult I did not lose one of these pioneers. Why several of them died in infancy I do not know; but then, I very much doubt whether anybody ever has reared every single larva of a brood hatching from eggs laid by either of these species. Deaths occur from reasons unknown to us, though we hold the most ex- haustive of inquests. Perhaps some die because they have received in- jury during a fight in the dark, as must sometimes happen when we keep a number of larvae together in one receptacle. Maybe the result of eating a tough piece of stale leaf caused constipation—for in hot weather a percentage of the juices of a sprig evaporate before the state of the foliage warns us to give fresh food at once. There are changes and chances in the mortal life of a caterpillar which not even the most skilled. rearer can avoid. But I was unable to attribute any death to honey-dew because all the deaths were sudden and occurred either some days after the last meal of honey-dew or else in those larvae which had never had any honey-dew at all. At the same time I was rearing a brood of N. anceps (trepida). Hav- ing found a year or two previously that sticky leaves were not harmful to this species I took no precautions with them; but this cannot ve advanced as «vidence one way or the other because, knowing that rain- water is essential to this species, I swished their food under the rain- water tap till it was thoroughly wet ere ever I put it in their cages. Thus doubtless most of the honey-dew was washed off. Four of these anceps died in their fourth stadium from a cause that I could not deter- mine but suspect to have been that loathsome small Tachinid which glues its microscopic eggs to the very edge of a leaf, so that wash you the leaf never so carefully it is odds on that the eggs will remain im situ and that one of your larvae will, presently, eat them. The eggs hatch in the larva’s intestine, through which the grubs bore and slowly eat their way towards the head. No wonder Please eee any. oak ie paris: ae anes as erat . “to these years,—P. BLM Allan, Aberhatesp, Newtoun,: ‘Montgomery snirg. : Aberrational forms of Maniola fithonus:- Purchase or ‘exchange con <5: eee Feel gas Ngee seatete: Road: dene for a ear hay paxpoders Soupas. os pela ‘parcels. es D, ats OCR pitta Jd Sere: z 4 Yor. Ray Seu “Prohawk’s Nat, “Wist- Les Brit ee Pralt,4 West Bem Lane, Stratford, Bib. Ses by: gules: Calét. Vols. Jy: bound “OF in. “parts Ce eee! aces BLOF RE, . ( sel _ MEETIN Nas OF day, October 107 “6.0. for. $0. pm. as ama Natura igi *s School “ot Hygiene: ‘and Tropical “Medicine, ate 5 1 ‘Indoor Mestings, “Third ‘Tuesday in- the, 4) Society; Last Fridays in motith, 7.6 p16. at Birw Robms, ‘York so an Great Chas Street, ie sina Hy. 3. ToRNe, ¢ Latemar,": 5. Hae Drive, cna Sees ows Wo inust earnestly “Pequest our gorrespondenis.NOT TO SEND ‘US ¢ | TIONS IDENTICAL with ‘those they are sending to: iD om cae Bi hihe “REPRINTS of atticles may be’ obfained - “by gathers: bags wear a asongh Ae it 5 ‘ ‘ordered at THE TIME OF. SENDING IN -MS.° Pes Fas at cae Lite se fae =~? Articles” that - require ILLUSTRATIONS | Are. “qnierted- on Or AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST ot the Silustrations, a -_ Cammitnications promised oT. BS “Fieicher, Dr E ‘A Cockayn 1 FE H. Donisthorpe, Dr. Malcolm ‘Burr, Wm. pu ieee en ‘A. Leeds, Prot. 5 ae : rison, Hy. J. Turner, P. Siviter, Smith, T. Greer, E,P) Wiltshire, Fag Ww \B.°R. Laurente, Com. G. W..Harper, Alan M.. MacLaurin, Capt. A, F. All Communications ‘should be addressed” wo. aes Acting. ae | te Sr aes x | Seas Ses . teephanee ‘Temple Bat win, 3 2 WATKINS & DONCASTER (R. LE. FORD, FE, F.28.), 00 9 PROPRIETORS: ‘OF THE Sess basa eae ae S - Ls 86 STRAND, LONDON, W.0.2, Se een “(Adjacent to, Ad Cross StaaLOD Sie : 3 oe ‘ENTOMOLOGISTS. _TAXIDERMISTS. “ Peg Ne “BOOKSELLERS, eee NEW STOCK Now AVAIL ABLE. oe ‘tO. Glass CHLOROFORM BOTTLES. Ground Glass: Stoppers, 419 ¢ each; Postage Loy “and packing, 6d. epee GLASS TUBES FOR COLEOPTERISTS, 44 x 3 ins ‘(These | nave eovae with giparer™ ee plastic eave: wha is enable the cork.to be removed ahaete one: eis > sing ue Nee 3 = ei _ dozen, postage: extra. % : _ APLANATIC LENSES, Folding, x 8, 6/8r x8, es pg eS New NET FRAMES ow available, prices: on ‘application. ate: bee. MATERTAL FOR LARVAE. ‘SLEEVES. COUPON FREE. “white, “width. 39. anes aes ‘sold in’odd lengths at 1/6, 2/-, 2/6. and 8/€ per piece, . ‘This is already Cut and cannot be sold by the yard. Very strong and of’ excelient- wee Merch: oar ¥s CS rombb chtena caceat for’ further: ERS a % EVERYTHING FOR NATURALISTS, - Poe's, OF THE BRITISH Agen Nee sala oo ee ‘MA “Dept. at mney gas of sonorg + pis wilt prey es aoieah, strongly. to Entomologists. and to. lovers ‘of nature = Eutomologists’ Weekly. AUK veritable amine. of information “On. Ansett” ‘life. in S; ye sonare! "Journal, Of RH: Sootety,. “AE This nook combines an. excellent. introduc. ee tion to Entomology with the. application of science, to eae 7 ural _ PRICE es NET: By. post, 8/0) OKs VOL. LVI, PEALE Ve PERONEURAL DEFECT IN BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE L. PERONEURAL DEFECT IN BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE, L. 109 PERONEURAL DEFECT IN BRENTHIS “abet sdb beghil 3 Lo fig (Plate IV.) 128 As 2pelog By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. . In 1941 I described and figured a Papilio machaon, L., with abnormal neuration and referred to the peroneural defect first described by Spengel, a conditicn, in which there is a failure of the whole system of neuration. Near the end of my paper I said that, unless my memory was at fault, two specimens of brenthis selene, Schiff., with this defect had been taken at Market Rasen by Captain Crocker. My memory was unreliable, for one of these has come into my possession and proves to be a Brenthis ewphrosyne, L., captured at Market Rasen, North Lincolnshire, by C. W. Sperring. This insect, of which I give a photo- graph and a diagram of neuration, is a male and shows a greater degree of peroneural defect than any example previously described. The alter- ation of pattern, due to absence of nervures, especially those of the marginal area, closely resembles that in other species. There is a com- plete absence of marginal lunules on the upper surface and an almost unbroken silver band near the margin on the under. surface. The fol- lowing is a description of the neuration. Forewing—the costal, sub- costal, median, and discocellular nervures are present on both sides; nervure 1 is present on both sides, 2 is also present on both sides, but does not arise from the median; 3 is present on the right side, but does not arise from the cell and is broken into two parts; 4 arises from the cell on the right side, but runs a very short distance, and there is a small detached piece near the margin, on the left side there is only a small detached piece of 4 near the cell; there are very short pieces of nervures at or near the margin of the apex of the right forewing, ap- parently parts of 7, 8, and 9, and at the left apex there is a fragment of 8. Hindwing—the subcostal, median, and discocellular nervures are present on both sides; 1 is present on both sides, 2 is also present, but not attached at either end; parts of 3 are present on the left side, one part half-way between the disc and the margin and the other at the margin ; 7 is present on both sides, but ends about half-way to the margin, and 8 is also present on both sides. As in other examples the unsupported wing membrane shows transverse folds where it is stretched between the ends of two incomplete nervures. The left hindwing has been broken and repaired by means of two patches on the under surface, which make it impossible to be sure that bits of the nervures between 2 and 7 are not present, but examination under a microscope after the application of wood naphtha did not reveal any. A second euphrosyne with the same defect, but very worn and damaged was taken at Market Rasen at about ee same time by Mr Sperring.: Four examples of peroneural defect in Papilio machaon have been recorded, one by Ahrens, captured in the Duchy of Brunswick, one by Spengel, bred from a larva found at Langgons, Hesse, and two bred by Zimmermann v.1927 with a number of normal specimens in the same brood from Honnef on the Rhine. The one taken by Ahrens is figured both by Germar and by Meigen. A fine example in Thais polyzena, Schiff. and Denis was depicted by Herrich-Schaeffer and another by Mil- 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 liére. Miulliére says that M. Lederer bred four, all exactly alike, from pupae collected in Dalmatia. Thierry-Mieg named the aberration ab. linda in 1910, taking Milleére’s figure as the type, so that Bryk’s ab. neurochola, named and figured in 1914, is a synonym. Harting gives a text figure of another example in polyxena. Frings says that there is a specimen of Thais rumina, f. medesicaste, ili., in the Werner-Céln col- lection with a complete error of development of the nervures like that in Papilio machaon, ab. elunata, Spengel. The Argynnis aglaia caught at Eastbourne by Inman, now in the Tring Museum, is another good example. In addition to these I have seen a Lysandra coridon, Poda, with an alteration of pattern almost certainly due to peroneural defect. The cause of this rare defect is uncertain, but there are two things in favour of it being determined genetically. The first is that most of the specimens recorded belong to two species, Thais polyxena and Papilio machaon, and the second is that W. Zimmermann bred two machaon from the same brood of larvae. It is also suggestive that Lederer bred four polyxena in the same year from Dalmatian pupae, and that two euphrosyne, the only two recorded, were taken at Market Rasen in the same year. ’ REFERENCES. Ahrens, A. ‘‘ Fauna Insectorum Europae.’”’ KE. F. Germar. 1812. Fasc. 4; Tab. 15. Bryk, F. Ent. Rundschau, 1929. 46,1, 5. Figs. Mitt. Minch Eint, Ges. 1914." 5. 26... ot. hy tig d Cockayne, E. A. Ent. Record. 1941. 53, 88. ; Frings, C. F. Soc. Ent. 1911. 26, 11. Harting) M. (Hunt. Z. 1912. 26, 111. Text fig. Herrich-Schaeffer. ‘‘ Schmett. von Europa.’’ 1843... Vol. 1. Figs. 557, 558. Inman, M. N. Entomologist. 1871. 5, 447. Meigen. ‘‘ Kuropaische Schmetterlinge.’’ 1827-1829. Vol. 1, p. 3. Tab. 1) figs; da,3b. Milliere. ‘‘ Iconographie.’’ 1868. 2, 418. Pl. 94, figs. 1, 2. Seitz, A. ‘‘ Macrolepidoptera of the World.’’ Supplement Vol. 1. Pl. 3a. . Spengel, J. W. Zool. Jahrb. Abbt. f. Syst. 1899. 12, 337.. Thierry-Mieg. Ann. Soc. ent. Belge. 1910. 54, 386. — +e A MARCH AFTERNOON’S COLLECTING IN CALCUTTA. By D. G. Srvastoruto, F.R.E.S., Most accounts of collecting in India deal with the Hills, and it may, therefore, be of interest to describe an afternoon’s collecting on a small piece of waste ground in the middle of one of Calcutta’s residential areas. The general locality is a residential district with biggish houses, mostly occupied by Europeans or Europeanized Indians, and standing in fair-sized gardens. The actual collecting ground is a patch of waste ground between houses, about a hundred yards square, in the middle of which is a fifty yards square patch of Clerodendron infortunatum (Ver- A MARCH AFTERNOON’S COLLECTING IN CALCUTTA. 111 benaceae), which is covered with flowers in February/March and which is then a great attraction for butterflies. The collecting ground contains a fair number of trees and bushes—Mangoes, mostly covered with Loran- thus, Litchis, Ficus spp., Carissa carandas, Polyalthia longifolia, Cassia fistula, Alseodaphne semicarpifolia, Flacourtia, Bael and a Solanum sp. Round the edges of the Clerodendron patch is a sparse growth of grass, Oxalis corniculata, Calotropis procera, Heliotropium indicum, an As- clepiad creeper and a number of other unidentified plants. Later in the year, particularly after the rains have broken, there is a considerable growth of Arums of various species and of Ampelopsis, the food-plants of several of the Sphingidae. On this particular afternoon, in early March last year, I cycled around at about 3 p.m. The sun was shining brightly and the tempera- ture was about equivalent to a hot summer day in England. The first butterflies to be seen were the four common Calcutta Danaids, D. chrysippus, D. plexippus, D. limniace and E. core, flying with their slow, sailing flight over the area surrounding the flowering Clerodendron. Many of the #. core were flying with the anal-brushes of the males pro- truded, carrying the body curved downwards and forwards, the brushes showing up clearly because of their pale colour. I saw no D. lhmniace, the males of which also possess large anal brushes, flying in this way. A number of pairs in cop. of all four species were disturbed and I noticed that in all cases it was the male that flew, the female being carried hang- ing immobile. As a matter of interest I noted the flying position of all the pairs I came across in cop.: in G. doson, HE. hecabe, Y. hiibneri and R. amor it was the female that flew, in Z. maha it was the male. It is easy to determine which sex flies, if a flying pair is followed until it set- tles it is invariably the flying insect that actually grips and takes the uppermost position. | Coming closer, the whole of the flowering patch was seen to be a mass of butterflies. C. pomona and C. crocale were flying about in their usual hurrying manner and occasionally dropping down to a flower for a second or two; a number of D. eucharis were flying slowly in the sun and others were settled on the flowers, with crowds of the common P. polytes, the females f. stichws—I saw no f. romulus and did not catch any . f. cyrus; P. demoleus and G. doson were also feeding, on the flowers. An ocasional G. nominus visited a flower and then flew on, and there were a fair number of P. aristolochiae, which I had no difficulty in distinguish- ing from the f. stichius of P. polytes, of which it is supposed to be the model. A few C. clytia, both of the dark Huploea and the striped Danaus form, f. dissimallima, were flying and were almost indistinguishable from their models when on the wing, but quite easy to detect when settled. Pushing through the growth of Clerodendron disturbed numbers of M. visala, M. perseus and M. leda, all, of course, of the dry season, unocellated form and all very difficult to spot when settled with their brown, dead-leaf-like underside. The M. leda undersides were very varied, as is usual in this species, but with no outstanding forms. M. leda is an evening flyer, and both M. visala and M. perseus appear to _ prefer shade to sunshine. A break searching for early stages produced a good variety. A large bush of Carissa carandas yielded ova, larvae and pupae of H. core, ova and young larvae of N. didyma, and larvae of H#. pardalis, T. loesa, this 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 latter a surprise as I had only found it on Palms before; E. lunata, T. semihyalina, A. laetata and a single B. suppressaria. Ficus sp. bushes yielded more Jarvae and pupae of EH. core, and both larvae and imagines of O. varians. A patch of Heliotropiwm indicum produced a large batch of young larvae of D. obliqua and a number of single larvae of U. lotriz and U. pulchelloides, imagines of both the latter being kicked out at the same time. . A large dark butterfly, which, when caught, turned out to be P. polymnestor—the only one seen, turned my attention back to the butter- flies. Pushing through the Clerodendron again I disturbed a couple of specimens of T. atticus. This has the unusual habit for a Skipper of resting on the undersides of leaves with its wings outspread like a Geo- meter. A single female H. bolina was seen, and a couple of males, which were probably this species but which may have been H. misippus, were seen but not caught. Flying and feeding over the flowers, among the larger insects, were numbers of C. nerissa, P. almana and P. atlites, all, of course, of the dry season form. One or two P. orithyia and several P. lemonias were basking on patches of sun-baked ground. A single L. procris was seen and kept on settling just out of reach, finally flying up into a tree, where it disappeared. Several N. hylas and N. jumbah were sailing slowly backwards and forwards, usually just out of reach of my net, and settling high up in the Litchi trees with outspread wings. Per- severence, and several carefully aimed stones, resulted in a short series of both species. One attempt ended with a small branch breaking off in my net, and on it I discovered a small larva of R. amor. A further search produced a number more and I also found a half-grown Geometer larva that eventually produced a female of P. ruginaria. Another search for larvae among the shrubs and small trees produced a single larva of S. alternus and a number of ova of C. pomona and C. crocale on Cassia fistula. The one Alseodaphne semicarpifolia gave half- a-dozen small larvae of C. clytia, and a Bael the same number of P. - polytes and P. demoleus. Glancing over a bush that I now know to be a Flacourtia, my eye was caught by the shine of a speck of metallic silver, and a search provided me with several of the beautiful silver-spotted, green pupae of A. phalanta and a number of larvae of varying sizes. Back to the flowers again with the intention of checking up on the smaller fry, I found numbers of R. amor, S. vulcanus and S. ictis feed- ing and sunning themselves, the underside ground colour of the latter varying from a pale cream to a deep buff. Numbers of other Lycaenids were flying over the flowers, occasionally settling for a minute or two, and I took specimens of the following: —C. rosimon, T. nara, S. plimius, N. zalmora, A. uwranus, C. laius, E. cnejus, E. pandava, C. strabo, C. boeticus, J. bochus, J. celeno and N. nora. Except for the two Jamides, celeno with its almost white upperside and bochus with its dark, shining blue, all these Lycaenids are difficult to identify without catching them, and it is quite possible that some species have not been recorded. The Hesperiids were represented by I. salsala, S. gremius, U. folus, H. adras- tus, A. pythias and a single example of O. gola. Single specimens of A. echerius, S. epius, L. lycaenina and R. schistacea were also caught and a fair number of T. semihyalina were feeding and flying in the sun. A single A. libythea flew past strongly and then settled on a flower just in front of me and was caught, and several of the beautiful pale blue males * A MARCH AFTERNOON’S COLLECTING IN CALCUTTA. 113 of V. valeria flew in and out among the stems. I saw no female of this species. A small dark butterfly, flying with a short zigzag flight in the sunshine, proved to be S. vulcanus. Until it was in the net I was almost certain that it was a Skipper of some sort. A flash of brilliant dark blue on a flower a few yards away turned out to be a male of P. cleobis and I soon caught some half-dozen specimens, both male and female; this is normally a rare species in Calcutta and the plentiful growth of Loranthus, its foodplant, on the Mango trees probably explains its comparative abundance. Single specimens of two other rare Lycaenids, C. jalindra and C. othona, were also secured. Another threshing through the thicker growth disturbed a single E. garuda, that flew up into a tree, and several specimens of C. indramni, another Skipper that rests with outspread wings but, unlike T. atticus, on the upperside of leaves in the sun. A pupa of D. eucharis was found attached to an upright twig of Clerodendron; presumably the larva had fed up on the Loranthus high above in the Mango trees. Strangely enough I have never found a larva of Delias, although I have found pupae of three species, one in Calcutta and two in the Hills. Several species of moths were also disturbed: A. caricae, F. pallula, whose larva I have found here commonly in September; B. chrysolineata and the beautiful green G. vertumnalis. On the outskirts of the patch a number of £. hecabe and Y. hiibneri were flying with an occasional H. laeta and Y. baldus, and over a patch of Oxalis corniculata growing in the open several Z. maha were flying, a search in the Ozalis yielding both ova and young larvae of this species. It was now getting late, the sun was going down behind the trees, and the butterflies had thinned considerably. Another last look around for larvae produced single larvae of P. scintillans and D. mendosa off the Clerodendron, a number of D. chrysip- pus off Calotropis procera, and of D. limniace off an Asclepiad creeper. A few half-grown larvae of G. doson were found on the young growth of Polyalthia longifolia, the velvety black larvae showing up conspicuously against the vivid green of the new leaves. I still had an empty box, so filled it with berries off the Solanwm, a number of which had small holes encrusted with frass at the side. These on examination at home proved to be inhabited by larvae of L. orbonalis. So ended one of the best afternoon’s collecting that I have ever had in Calcutta, or anywhere else for that matter. The following is a complete list of the species met with : — . RHOPALOCERA. PAPILIONIDAE.—Polydorus aristolochiae, F., aristolochiae: Chilasa clytia, L., clytia, also f. dissimillima, Evans: Papilio polymnestor, Cr., polymnestor: P. polytes, L., romulus, Cr.: P. demoleus, L., demoleus: Graphiwm nomius, Esp., nomius: G. doson, Feld., eleius, Fruh. PreRIpaE.—Delias eucharis, Drury: Cepora (Huphina) nerissa, F., phryne, F.: Appias libythea, F., olferna, Swinh.: Valeria (Pareronia) valeria, Cr., hippia, F.: Catopsilia crocale, Cr., crocale: C. pomona, F.: Eurema (Terias) laeta, Bsd., laeta: E. hecabe, L., contubernalis, Moore. DanatpaE.—Danaus limniace, Cr., mutina, Fruh.: D. chrysippus, L. : D. plexippus, L. (genutia, Cr.): Euploea core, Cr., core. SATYRIDAE.—Mycalesis perseus, F., typhlus, Fruh.: M. visala, Moore, 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 visala: Ypthima hiibneri, Kirby, hiibneri: Y. baldus, F., baldus: Mela- nitis leda, L., ismene, Cr. ‘ NympHALipaE.—Huthaha garuda, Moore, suddhodana, Fruh.: Dim- enitis procris, Cr., procris: Neptis jwmbah, Moore, jumbah: N. hylas, L., varmona, Moore: Hypolimnas bolina, L.: Precis orithya, L., swinhoei, Btlr.: P. lemonias, L., vaisya, Fruh.: P. almana, L., almana: P. atlites, L.: Atella phalanta, Drury. ERYOINIDAE.—A bisara echerius, Stoll., suffwsa, Moore. LycaENIDAE.—Spalgis epius, Westw., epius: Castalius rosimon, F.., rosimon: Tarucus nara, Koll.: Syntarucus plinius, F.: Azanus uranus, Btlr.: Neopithecops zalmora, Btlr.: Chilades laius, Cr., laius: Zizeeria maha, Koll., maha: Euchrysops cnejus, F.: E. pandava, Hors., pan- dava: Lycaenesthes lycaenina, Feld., lycaenina: Cosmolyce (Lampides) boeticus, L.: Jamides bochus, Cr., bochus: J. celeno, Cr., celeno: Naca- duba nora, Feld., nora: Spindasis vulcanus, F., vulcanus: S. ictis, Hew., ictis: Pratapa cleobis, Godt.: Charana jalindra, Hors., indra, Moore: Rathinda amor, F.: Chliaria othona, Hew.: Rapala schistacea, Moore. HeEsPerimDAn.—Tagiades atticus, F., khasiana, Moore: Coladenia in- drani, Moore, indra, Evans: Jambriz salsala, Moore, salsala: Suastus gremius, F., gremius: Udaspes folus, Cr.: Hyarotis adrastus, Cr., praba, Moore: Oriens gola, Moore, gola: Astycus pythias, Mab., bambusae, Moore. HETEROCERA. BompycipaE.—Ocinara varians, Wk. SpHINGIDAE.—Nephele didyma, F. NoToponTIDAE.—Stauropus alternus, Wk. ZYGAENIDAE.—Trypanophora semihyalina, Koll. Limacop1paE.—Thosea loesa, Moore. LaASIOcAMPIDAE.—Estigena pardalis, Wlk. LyMANTRIIDAE.—Dasychira mendosa, Hbn.: Ewuproctis lunata, Wlk.: Porthesia (Euproctis) scintillans, Wlk. ARcTIIDAE.—Asota caricae, Bsd (Hypsa alciphron, Cr.): Diacrisia obliqua, Wlk.: Utetheisa lotrix, Cr.: U. pulchelloides, Hamps., vaga, Jord. NocturpaE.—Fodina pallula, Guen. GEOMETRIDAE.—Buzura suppressaria, Guen.: Pingasa ruginaria, Guen.: Agathia laetata, F.: Berta chrysolineata, Wlk. PYRALIDAE.—Glyphodes vertumnalis, Guen.: Lewcinodes orbonalis, Guen. This makes a total of 65 species of Rhopalocera. De Nicéville, in a list published in 1885, recorded 135 species as occurring in Calcutta, whilst Saunders (1944) records a total of 120, excluding the Hesperiidae. For the sake of comparison the following figures may be interesting. Fairly systematic collecting at Tukdah, a small place in the Darjeeling Hills at an altitude of 5000 feet, produced 94 species of butterflies during May and June 1944. A fortnight’s collecting at Peshoke, also near Dar- jeeling but only about 2500 feet high, at the end of December 1936 pro- duced 71 species only. It will be s¢en from this that Calcutta, at the proper season and in the proper locality, can be as productive as any- where. ; Calcutta, 12.iv.45. BRITISH MICROPEZIDAE (DIPTERA). 115 BRITISH MICROPEZIDAE (DIPTERA). By J. E. Conun, F.R.E.S. In the following account the genus Tanypeza, Fln., originally in- cluded in this family, but subsequently removed by Hendel, first to the Ortalidae (as a distinct subfamily), and then considered to represent a distinct family near the Micropezidae, is replaced in the Micropezidae, as representing a subfamily. I agree with Hennig (1936, Deuts. Ent. Zeitschr., 28-31) that the male genitalia do not conform to the very distinctive genital characters of the group of families in which the Ortalidae are included, but show a marked agreement with the Micro- pezid type of genitalia, especially with some Neriinae and Taentap- terinae. In view of this and other marked resemblances to the Micro- pezidae, it appears-a more natural arrangement to include Tanypeza as representing a subfamily of the Micropezidae. Flies of this family may be recognized by their narrow shape, and often very elongate, slender, legs. There is no ‘‘ break ’’ in costa of wings either near humeral cross-vein, or at end of first (mediastinal) vein, and the subapical cell is narrowed at tip of wing. Face without vibrissae, and occiput often strongly projecting backwards behind eyes. Tibiae without preapical bristles. The species are to be found among herbage, and on leaves of bushes, occasionally on fallen tree-trunks. They seldom fly and many have a peculiar way of walking described by Fallén as ‘‘ arroganter ambulare solent.’? Nothing is known of the life-history of any British species, . but there are records of exotic eveciee breeding in decaying vegetable matter and rotten wood. There are four British genera, so very distinct that they are con- sidered to represent four different subfamilies, while the six British species of one genus (Calobata) have been divided among five separate subgeneric names. When it is found, however, that some characters used for these proposed subgenera are variable (e.g., number of dorso- central bristles in petronella), or are those of varying degrees of length (palpi and wing ‘‘ stigma ’’), or are confined to one sex, or occur in other (so-called) subgenera in different combinations, it is very doubtful whether they are of greater than specific value. - The proposed sub- genera are therefore indicated (in brackets) but not adopted. The generic names T'ylos, Mg. (1800), and Trepidaria, Mg. (1800), have recently been suggested as earlier names for Micropeza and Calo- bata respectively, but the fact that it is impossible to recognize any one of the four originaly included un-named species (stated by Meigen to have been Kuropean species known to him in nature) was accepted by all Dipterists for more than 100 years, and is still entirely correct. Under Opinion 46 when such recognition is impossible the generic names represent genera dubia and cannot be used. The following tables and notes should make the identification of the ten British species possible. Table of Subfamilies and Genera. 1 (6). Upper half of occiput prominent and never decidedly concave. Vein closing anal cell not semicircularly convex exteriorly. S 116 2 (8). 3 (2). 4 (5). 5 (4). 6 (1). ra 4 ahi): ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 Pteropleurae bare. Only one postalar bristle. Only lwo scutellar bristles. No crossvein separating second basal and discal cells of wing. Costa practically bare from base to end of subcustal vein, this subcostal vein (R,) with small bristles on upper surface. One distinct, strong, sternopleural bristle. Occiput very prominent and postvertical bristles present. No ventral pregenital lobes in males of British species aud no thoracic dorgso-central bristles. At least four posterior tibiae with small bristles. MicropezinaE—Microrrza, Me. Crossvein present between second basal and diseal ceils. Costa setulose to base. One—two (or even three) pairs of dorso-cen- tral bristles. Usually no single strong sternopieural bristle though often a fan of finer bristly hairs. Males with ventral abdominal lobes. Postvertical bristles present. Clypeus strongly developed and — projecting, shining black. Arista bare. Subcostal vein with a few tiny bristles on upper surface about base. Tibiae with small bristles. Remarkably distinct, large, black, species, with dark bands on wings, and legs mainly black, with (in strong contrast) first 2-3 joints of front, and first joint of hind, tarsi, whitish-yellow. TAENIAPTERINAE—RAINERIA, Radi. Postvertical bristles absent. Clypeus almost hidden in mouth- opening. Arista distinctly pubescent or subplumose. Sub- costal vein bare. Tuibiae without small bristles, clothed only with fine hairs. Usually greyish species with yellow legs and no bands on wings. CaLOBATINAE—Ca.Losata, Mg. Upper half of occiput very concave, with narrow postocular orbits. Vein closing anal cell strongly convex exteriorly. Ptero- pleurae hairy. Subcostal vein obviously setose. Postvertical and humeral bristles present. Two postalar bristles. Four scutellar bristles. TANYPEZINAE—TANYPEZA, F ln. Micropeza, Meigen. Table of British Species. Smaller, mainly black species. Vertex and occiput black. Thorax practically entirely black. Male hypopygium mainly black. 5-6.5 mm. (Female the larger.) Hindmargin of abdominal segments only obscurely yellowish. Venter darkened. Four posterior coxae somewhat darkened. Hind femora with only a few minute hairs behind about base. Widely distributed but not common. corrigiolata, L. Larger, black and yellow species. Vertex and occiput streaked and spotted with yellow. Sidemargins of thoracic disc, and lower part of pleurae, yellow. Male hypopygium mainly yellow. 6-8.5 mm. (Female the larger.) Disc of thorax with three broad (confluent or almost confluent) dark stripes, side ones abbreviated in front. Venter and thindmargin of abdominal tergites obviously yellow. All coxae yellow. Hind femora of male distinctly hairy behind about base. R. BRITISH MICROPEZIDAE (DIPTERA). TET : Locally common. I have records from Surrey, Suffolk. and Culbin Sands near Forres (Scotland), where it was common in July 1933 and August 1935. lateralis, Mg. Rartneria, Rendani. calceata, Fln., is a very distinct species first captured in this country by Mr H. Donisthorpe in Windsor Forest in June and July 1930, when specimens were found on a large felled beech- “TEE (v. Ent. Month. 1 (6). 2 (8). 3 (2). A (5). Mag., |xvi, 260). Catopata, Meigen. Table of British Species. Mediastinal and subcostal veins (first two veins in wing) ending very close together in costa (as in Micropeza), or distance along ~ lower margin of costa between ends of these veins, at most, very little longer than middle crossvein. Mediastinal and subcostal veins as in-Micropeza. Small species with short and narrcw wings, mainly yellow thorax (black on front margin and scutellum) and often two dark annulations on hind femora Whole of prothoracic episterna with hairs as well as pile. Paipi not quite extending to front of mouth open- ing (Paracalobata, Hend.). 45mm. Arista only slightly pubescent about base. Whole of occiput, and frons except in front, black. Prothorax, and lower and posterior part of pleurae, black. Male ventral lobes consisting of a tubular projection from each side of fourth sternite, pointing towards rear, and sharply bent towards each other at their tips, which are dilated into rounded knobs. I have found this species in damp ditches in marshy places in Suffolk, Cambs., and Oxfordshire, in May and June. ephipmuni, F. Mediastinal and subcostal veins ending, slightly further apart. Much larger species with longer and rather broader wings, and thorax dark but dusted greyish. Palpi very short. Prothoracic episterna with a few hairs only on lower margin above front coxae. Only one pair of dorsocentral bristles on thorax. (Compsobata, Cz., and Trilophyrobata, Hennig). Arista entirely pale yellow. Upper half of frons at least some- what darkened. Male ventral lobes of fifth sternite curved towards each other and semitubular but dilated knob-like at tip, they are preceded by a median flat ventral projection.* Anal “ cerci ’?? with not very long hairs. Female ovipositor without a transverse row of long hairs at tip beneath. 5-7 mm. Very much like the next species but apparently less common. ; *Trilophyrobata, Hennig, of which C. commutata, Cz., was designated as type, was stated to be founded upon this character, and the presence of a more or less evident thorn-like projection on each side of base of female ovipositor. The second character is quite indistinguishable in British specimens, and appears to apply chiefly to the American species, C. pallipes, Say. 118 5 (4). che elue €fBN. Qe (7). 9 (10). ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 Has been taken in Brecknockshire, Suffolk, Westmor- land, and various localities in Perthshire, in May and June. commutata, Cz. (cothurnata, Auct. nec Pnz.). Arista darkened about base. Upper half of frons yellow even on each side of ocellar triangle. Male ventral lobes similarly curved towards each other as in commutata, but each one much wider, especially about base, though abruptly narrowed near tip, where they are flattened out into an anterior rounded dila- tion and a smaller more pointed posterior tooth; they are not preceded by a median ventral projection. Anal cerci with much longer hairs, longer than cerci. Female ovipositor with a transverse row of long pale hairs at tip beneath. 5-7.5 mm. One of the commonest British species from Sussex and Devon in the South to Edinburgh in the North. Loew described this species under the name trivialis. cibaria, L. (cothurnata, Pnz.). Ends of mediastinal and subcostal veins separated on costa by a space several times (at least more than twice) the length of middle crossvein. Palpi always visible, as long as mouth opening. Usually two pairs of dorsocentral bristles on thorax. Humeri and female ovipositor yellowish. Arista with very short pubes- cence. Thorax without shining black stripes. | Prothoracic © episterna bare except on ridge above front coxae. Anal vein extended to wing margin. Male without a ventral projection between hind coxae. (Calobata, sensu stricto.) 5-7.5 mm. Each lobe of fifth abdominal sternite in male bidentate, with a short inner, and long tubular outer, pro- jection, curving towards base of abdomen; there is also a — smaller tubular projection from each side margin of fourth sternite, and a still smalier one from each side margin of third sternite, all of which curve towards the rear. This species is not uncommon in Scotland as far north as Goispie (Sutherland), but I can also record it from Hampshire and Suffolk. petronella, L. Only one pair of dorsocentral bristles. If humeri and female ovipositor yellowish, arista bearing long pubescence, and whole of prothoracic episterna bearing hairs as well as microscopic pile. Analvein abbreviated. Male witha projection of metaster- num towards the rear, between hind coxae. (Cnodacophora, Cz.) Thorax entirely covered with greyish dust. Larger species. Second antennal joint blackish. | Prothoracic episterna hairy. 6-8 mm. In mature specimens the costal area from end of radial vein to tip of wing is.infuscated. Ventral lobes of male abdomen curving forwards towards base of abdomen somewhat as those on fifth sternite in petronella, but simple not bidentate: they appear to arise from beneath sides of fourth tergite, but are really part of fifth sternite. This species is not uncommon in the South (Brecknock- shire, Herefordshire, Cambs., and Suffolk) but I have no records north of Derbyshire. sellata, Mg. (adusta, Lw.) BRITISH MICROPEZIDAE (DIPTERA). Hg NoTEe.—C. sellata was described from an English female. Becker reported in 1902 that the type in Meigen’s Collection was in poor condition, without ab- domen or tarsi, and stated that he considered it to be a light coloured specimen of cibaria, L. This identification has always appeared doubtful owing to Meigen’s description of ‘‘ Taster weiszgelb; Fiihler gelb mit schwarzer Wurzel’”’ coupled with dark humeri. The only British species with these characters is that hitherto known as adusta, Lw. Our British cibaria has yellow palpi, which are short and usually so concealed that it is most improbable Meigen would have described them, and though the — second antennal joint may sometimes be a darker yellow than the third it is never blackish. Thanks to the kind co-operation of Mons. E. Seguy of the Paris Museum I have learned that the venation of the type speci- men agrees with the couplet 6 (1) above, and as the humeri of sellata were described as “‘ schwarz ’’ there can be little doubt that the above synonymy is correct. 10 (9). Thorax with polished black stripes or patches. Smaller species. Second antennal joint yellow. Prothoracic episterna without hairs except on ridge above base of front coxae. 4.5-6 mm. An easily recognized species. Frons with upper half black. Shining black areas on,thorax include a patch at middle in front, and two side stripes abbreviated both in front and behind. A broad grey-dusted middle stripe divides into two diverging narrow stripes in front which extend to each humerus, and widens out behind te cover the postalar calli and scutellum. The abdominal lobes in male arising from fifth sternite are similar to those of sellata and are situated at about half way down abdomen. Female ovipositor also resembling that of sellata in being more tapering in outline than in cibaria or cothurnata. Known only from Scotland where it is not uncommon in the Spey Valley (Inverness-shire) in June and July. stylifera, Lw. TANYPEZA, Fallén. T. longimana, Fln. A black species with a silvery patch on vertex and each side of front of frons. Thorax with notopleural depression silvery, and pleurae with silvery patches. Palpi black, prominent and flat. Ocellar bristles small; two pairs of front-orbital bristles; only one (outer) pair of vertical bristles. Frons slightly narrower in male than in female, but not with eyes almost touching as stated by Hendel. Four scutellar, no sternopleural, two postalar, and one supra-alar, bristles; the anterior supra-alar bristle mentioned by Hendel not present. Wings with upcurved discal vein as in other members of the family. About 6 mm. Apparently rare. I possess two specimens, both from Suffolk, the male recorded by Bloomfield (Ent. Mo. Mag., 1904, p- 60), and a female taken by Col. C. G. Nurse at West Stow on 26th July 1913. The AnNuaL Exursition of the S. London Entomological Society will be held at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.1., on October 27, from 1.30 to & p.m. 120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1945 COLLECTING NOTE. Diptera IN NovemsBer.—It is seldom that captures of Diptera are recorded beyond September or October, but the unexpected results of a day’s collecting in November, although most of the species were common ones, has shown me that, given favourable weather conditions, quite a number of species can still be taken after the close of what may be termed the normat out-of-doors collecting season. The 4th November 1944 was one of the few really fine Saturdays cf that year: warm, sunny, and windless, and I went to Farmingham Woods (Kent) to see if the usual hybernating Trypetids were present, especially Tephritis hyoscyami, L., one specimen of which I had swept in the same locality some years back, in March. Actuaily I did not get that fly, but kept on picking up other Diptera, by sweeping the heather, of which there is a fair-sized patch inside the woods; examining tree trunks; and sweeping the lower branches of the scattered yew trees that are to be found in these woods. Wher I got home I found that I had taken 21 different species, as shown in the following list :— Trichocera saltator, Harr.; Mycetophila fungorum, Deg.; Campsic- nemus curvipes, Fall.; Bucentes maculata, Staeg.; Calliphora vomitoria, L.; Cryptolucilia caesarion, Mg.; Enoplopteryz ciliatocosta, Ztt.; Scato- phaga decipiens, Hal.; Helomyza humilis, Mg.; H. variegata, Lw.; H. notata, Mg., var. hilaris, Ztt.; H. affinis, Mg.; Tephrochlamys laeta, Mg.; Neoleria ruficanda, Ztt.; Dryomyza flaveola, Fab.; Elgiva dor- salis, Fab.; Tephritis bardanae, Schr.; T. conjuncta, Lw.; T. vesper- tina, Lw.; Sepsis cynipsea, L.; Copromyza hirtipes, R.D.—H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S. : CURRENT NOTE. Tur American magazine, Entomological News, each month, has a _“ Current Entomological Literature ’’ column, which usually contains something off the general lines of biological record. In March, the sub- ject discussed was the ‘‘ dependence of colour changes, moulting and metamorphosis on the hormones.’’ In April the subject was a considera- tion of the bacterial symbionts, which live inside the cells of the bodies of insects. In May the subject was a book on Evolution, looked at from a fresh point of view and dealing with population genetics. In June the account is given of the action of DDT. in the eradication of the ereat vector of typhus in Naples, the louse. ‘‘ The white DDT. powder was applied directly by compressed air guns, which swashed it up trousers and shirts, down sleeves, into collars, seams, tucks and folds wherever the insect or its eggs might cling. More than 1,300,000 were treated.’’ The epidemic collapsed with astonishing rapidity. In the July number notes are given of the results of a census of the years of life of entomologists, 2187 in number born between the years 372 B.c. and 1920. The average age for the entire number was 65.48. The largest number of deaths occurred in the age group 70 to 74. Only 30 per cent. died under 60; 23 per cent. between 60 and 69; 29 per cent. between 70 and 79; 18 per cent. between 80 and 94. Other interesting statistics are given in the Note. Karl Pearson’s opinion was that longevity was a matter of heredity. [It is so in my case for three gene- rations. Males.—Hy. J. T.] | i agile tie Heo Lamb. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (201) race variegata, Aust., Le Nat., VII, 142 (1885). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ They resemble splendens in the neatness of all the lines which cross the forewings; but while splendens is of a somewhat bright reddish-brown, my Moroccan specimens, on the contrary are of a pale chocolate brown. This same tint also separates them from oleracea which is always of a ferruginous brown. This last species has also the usual lines always: obliterated, except the terminal one, which is white, straight except for a letter M in its middle. This species [ variegata] has this line which is also common to splendens; but instead of being quite straight it is a little sinuate in its lower portion. The lower wings are clearer than 1n the two species mentioned, and the brown marginal band which runs around them is narrower and better defined.” Morocco. Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 136 (1905). ‘‘ Much paler.’’—Morocco. var. variegata, Aust., Obthr., Lép. comp., XVI, 154 (1920). ‘* Seitz is far from giving an exact idea of this Noctuid.’’ ‘‘ Instead of being coloured a vinous red tint characteristic of the African variegata, the figure of Seitz is of a yellow ochre.’’ But the description says the Morocco form “is a brighter reddish-yellow.”’ subsp. variegata, Aust. [Roth., Now. Zool., XXVIT, 58 (1920)}. ‘‘ The Mauretanian race is vinous maroon rather than reddish-ochraceous.’’ ab. obscura, Splr., Schmet. Eur., I, 170 (1907). Orig. Drescrrp.—‘‘ The ground tone of colour is in the type deep red- brown (as are the Scandinavian examples which Linné of a certainty had before him) and varies from this to blackish red-brown.’’ ab. obscura, m. ab. brunneomaculata, Heinz., Deut. ent. Zt. (1916), 515? ‘“The yellow centre of the reniform forewing upperside is suffused with brown.”’ Papenberge near Berlin. ab. minor, Cabeau, Lamb, XXXII, 81 (1932). Ortc. Drescrie.—‘’ Typical but very small, 32 mm.’ gium. 3 Framieres, Bel- ab. nana, Cabeau, l.c. Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Similar in size to ab. minor, but with the colora- tion of ab. obscura, Spul.’’ Framieres, Belgium. ab. minuscula, Cabeau, ee: . OrIc. Desens —' oe to ab. minor, but in coloration as in obso- ~ Framieres. ab. obsoleta, Lamb. [Reference not given. | Descrir.—[ See Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 100 (1931)]. ‘* Denotes specimens with extinct reniform stigma.’’ f. pallida, B. Salz., Ent. Record (1937), Supp. (6). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ It may be called a light variegata, Aust. One specimen agrees well with my light variegata from Tunis. The others form a continuous transition to the following lghter pale reddish (202) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 form. Orbicular and reniform light yellowish submarginal line broad white. H.w. light grey only a little darker at the margin. Underside uniform light grey without markings, only traces of the discal spot present.’’ Keredj. 1400 m. Hadena, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Gn., Tutt: [Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr.: Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drt.-Stz.: Melanchra, Hb. (1820), Meyr.: Mamestra, Hb. (1821), Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot] pisi, L. (1758). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 89 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 88 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. I., IV, 183, plt. 152, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., [[led., 157 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 172, plt. 56, 17 (1905): Hamp., Lep. Phal., V, 136, f. 25 (1905): South, M.B.I., I, 244, plt. 127, 1-2 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 73, plt. 17b, c (1909): Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 103, plt. 17, 11-12 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 156 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 100, plt. 14f (1931). Esper, Abbild. Schm. Noct., IV, 600, 4-6 (1788+ ?) gave two fairly good figures. 4a ¢ a uniform dark colour, with a very distinct submar- ginal; fig. 5 a much variegated form with whitish marking, @ ; fig. 6 named tricomma is probably an abberation of pist. Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, .98, f. 477c, d, e, f, g (1791), gave 5 very good figures, comprising the range of usual variation. Hb., Samml. Noct., 429 (1808-9), gave an excellent figure of a typical form. Haw., Lep. Brit., 193 (1809), cited Hb. 429. He reported a single example of a variety, ‘‘ Alis anticis fuscis striga postica interrupta alba: posticis cinereis puncto lunari medio fimbriaque fuscis, et in fimbria fascia abbreviata albicante.’’ Dup., Hist. Nat. Noct., VII (1), 17, plt. 101, 5 (1827), gave an excel- lent figure of the plainer form. Steph., Jll., II, 192 (1829), described a single specimen from Cumber- land as agreeing with the splendens, Tr. Tutt said that it was the var. A. of Haw. . : Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 102 (1852), dealt with 3 forms. A. has oblitera- tion of the lines and spots more or less complete except that the subter- © minal remains almost perfect. He indicates an example from N. America and refers to Esp., Abbild. l.c., 107, fig. 4. B. has its ground colour ochraceous white, the subterminal white, markings present but very light, and hindwings very pale. C. he called splendens, for which he cited Stephens, Jil., III, p. 192. It has a red-brown ground with markings very dull and with the subterminal line almost effaced except at the anal angle. England. Barrett, l.c. (1897), plt. 157, gave five figures of average examples. 2c, has the submarginal line very strongly developed and has a similarly well-marked submarginal line on the hindwings; 2d, is described as ‘‘a very pretty pale purple-grey mottled with brown and black markings,’’ but the figure hardly satisfies the description. Stder., Cat., IlIed., 159 (1901), recorded rukavaarae and pallens forms. pF on eat Re en ar THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (203) Hamp., Lep. Ph., V, 136, f. 25 (1905), cited splendens, Steph., Eng- land; pallens, Stdgr., iceland, Turkestan; and ruk(c)avaarae, Hoffm., Finland, EK. Siberia. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 172, plt. 36, 17 (1905), gave a very good figure of a typical form. He recorded ab. splendens, Steph., ab. pallens, Stder., ab. rukavaarae, Hoffm., and f. hormuzaki, Rothke, for a second generation (August). [I cannot trace this last form (Hy. J. T.)] South, M.B.I., I,-244, plt. 122, 1-2 (1907), gave 2 good figures, a variegated form and a darker more obscurely marked form. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 73, plt. 17b, c (1909), gave 5 figures rather poor in colour and not variegated sufficiently to bring out the characters of the insect.. They recognize ab. splendens, Steph., ab. rufa, Tutt, ab. pallens, Stdgr. (pallida, Tutt)?, ab. scotica, Tutt, and ab. suffusa, Tutt. Culot, N. ef G., V (1), 203, plt..17, 11-12 (1911), gave 2 very good figures; a very idl form and another more uniform specimen with the yellow outer marginal line well emphasized. Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 100 (1931), record f. aestiva, darker brown-red, saltdalensis, monotonously marked, from Norway, and ssp. »yiwonis, Mats., from Saghalin. They also say that rukavaarae is not identical with scotica, and on plt 14f a cotype is figured. Of the Variation Barrett wrote :— ‘Very variable in tone of colouring, from the brightest -richest purple-red, to dull clay colour and very much paler shades, or tinged with brown or yellow or even with dark grey; also quite uncertain in the . degree of mottling, which indeed sometimes wholly disappears, leaving the forewings of a smooth even purple-brown or purple-red, darker or paler when also all the markings are even less distinct, except the sub- terminal line which is nearly always conspicuous and usually of a lovely yellow. A series of such specimens of unusual richness is in the collection of Mr W. H. B. Fletcher. In Mr F. J. Hanbury’s collection is a speci- men of a dull dark purplish-red without a trace of any of the pale mark- ings. In Ireland the range of colouring appears to be even greater than with us—red, red-brown, purple-red, even brown and ashy-brown in various tones, purple-grey, or purple-slate; and Mr Kane records one specimen from the bog of Allan having the dark red-brown colour of Eurois adusta. In the West of Scotland many specimens are tinged with greyish-blue. Mr P. M. Bright has one from the east of that country of a very pretty pale purple-grey mottled with brown and black mark- ings; and two others of a bright clay-red totally devoid of markings, except the subterminal line, which is very broad and conspicuous.”’ The Names and Species to be considered : — pisi, L. (1758), Syst. Nat., Xed., 517, cf. F'n. S. (1761). ab. tricomma, Esp., Abbild. Noct., IV (1), 600, plt. 167, 4-6 (Syn.?)_ (1794). / ab. splendens, Steph. (1829), JIl., PLL 192. ab. pallens, Stdgr. (1882), Stett. é. Heat , 43589. (ab. pallida, Tutt. (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 91). Syn.? ab. rua, Vuth,-tc., OL. ab. scotica, Tutt, ie eon. ab. J sees, Moth: es OD: (204) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1945 ab. distincta-scotica, Tutt, l.c., 92. ab. suffusa, Tutt, l.c., 92. . r. rukavaarae, Hoffm. (1893), Stett. e. Ztg., 127. f. aestiva, Rothke (1902), Insect. Bérse., 19, 164. r. saltdalensis, Strand. (1903), Arch. Math. Natur., V, 25, No. 9, p. 11. ab. nyiwonis, Mats. (1924-5), Jnrl. Coll. Agri. Supporo., XV, ITI, 133. ab. striata, Cockayne (1939), Ent. Rec., 51, 8. Tutt dealt with: (1) The typical form red-brown, mottled with grey, markings distinct. (2) Red-brown, almost unicolorous except the sub- terminal, ab. splendens, Steph. (3) Bright red markings obsolete, except subterminal; ab. rufa. (4) Bright red, sometimes strongly tinged with ochreous, markings distinct; ab. distincta-rufa. (5) Pale grey, with a reddish tinge, markings distinct; ab. pallida. (6) Purplish-red or -brown, markings distinct; ab. distincta-scotica. (7) Purplish-red or -brown, markings obsolete, except subterminal; subsp. scotica. (8) Suffused blackish ; ab. suffusa. ab. tricomma, Esp., Abbild., IV, 1 (2), 600 (1791+). Fies.—Plt. 167, £: 6 Descrir.—All trace of the light white or whitish markings completely absent, even a trace of the submarginal is absent. Wernebg. said it was baia. race pallens, Stdgr., Stett. e. Zeitg., 43, 35 (1882). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ From Lepsa, Central Asia, I obtained 22 examples, _ almost quite alike, and yet so very different isin M. pisi, that I at first took them for another species. The forewings are almost uniform pale yellow-brown (rarely with a trace of reddish); only the white outer mar- ginal line with the large white spot on the inner angle stands out very strongly. The transverse lines are almost wholly wanting; the stigmata are very faintly marked; on the other hand the veins towards the ex- terior are often suffused with black. But the hindwing and undersides are lighter, the latter towards the costa are faintly tinged with reddish. Head and thorax are also pale yellow-brown, not red-brown. The Ice- land pisi comes very near this var. pallens and forms an intergrade to it; one Iceland example agrees almost exactly with the central Asian one. It is remarkable to find a form in Central Asia and a local form as from Iceland so much alike.’? Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 136 (1905), said: ‘‘ Forewing pale brown with a gallowish tinge, ihe markings less pro- minent.’’—Iceland; W. Turkestan. race rukavaarae, Hoffm., Stett. e. Zg., p. 127 (1893). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The small strongly aberrant form of M. pisi, which I caught at sugar in the beginning of July appears to be very constant in North Finland; the smallest I obtained from a‘larva which I met with in S. Finland, an insect not aberrant from the usual form, only some- what darker. Var. rukavaarae has an expanse of only 25-33 mm., compared with 35-40 mm. of my collection specimens of M. pisi. The dark red-brown ground colour becomes almost completely obscured by a blackish and pale grey suffusion. All the markings: indistinct and obsolescent, the other- wise so sharply prominent yellowish-white waved line is mostly obsolete, right up to the spot on the inner angle of the cell 1b, which stands out - fg = = a a Sa See ile — = Subsertbers ine tines u is ot Duplicates Ay pee Giaswten. tree’ a ctarae: : _ They should ber sent. to, ‘Mr Hy. a. TURNER, = ‘Latemar,’ s West. Drive, Oheatn, . wanted ~, eas —Guyanas, “Guatemala, Honduras; Nicaragua; ‘Venezuela; Colombia- and Bolivia, .-*, ie Both tae 8 Hayward, Ingtttuto has betes eins Lillo 205, Pucwnan, ae a “Republica Argentina.» tes. : Dup. jcates—Rhopalovera: Sta China, “and: park: oe paper: Alettek Londigon: i | * Jonn W, “Moore, #8 54 Middleton. Hall Road, King's Norton, Birmingham, 80. — Bett erst elas parasites bred irom ° ‘Lepidopterous. Jarvas or: ‘pupae,: or Z “trom any: other FOMESSS 5 Audcent, Selwood House, Bay Road, ‘Clevedon, Serene ~ Somerset. Beggs - : Wanted. —JLyeaena: ears. Pgs ios al heaton siieigane “British Isles. ee ~~ ode = Road, | Eagvaston, Birmingham, 16. ‘ed Pee Uo een Soe ; ee oe 1,2 peer 3. Barrett (agi edition), yols. 3, 4,5 ae 6: “Paths British wi ‘anied: :aaeine “montiily Gaon ‘ot Hitediobeataes oP eae for 1914, 1915. ‘916, (ot \mertcan. Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica. West Indies; the with ° “data: ‘Desiderata—Simiiar ‘Material except from North: “America. — "Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids: from all aréas.’ Exchange eae Z » purchase considered.: — Duplicates.—Foreign Lepideptera, e.g., Satyrids, _ Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent. —P. Swvtter ‘Smithy 66 ee Destderata—Frohawk, ee WwW. ay Varieties. ae “British ee he: 8, vie See - -ler’s British Larvae (’86-01), For disposal, “* Entomologist’s Record,” com- 2 © plete, Wols, 1-28 hit. seh: bea wrappers: ee ey (ghee Fr RACOR cree Malt ahr eee Noctua BA. bic tet cues sites: 2,3 and apiekards Aes Storeys pee, co am ee =. 4919, and=1920, “Please report any odd mionthiy. parts (in wrappers as issued). ~ ee to these — Py LR mM: Bt tan, Sok ek het secede’ begs hi aah Ee @ : nile. B Russell, ‘Springetts, Malés ot Morpha. menelaus, Me ‘aidius, ae rhotenor ne pn et y Rockieign - Cottage;: Swanage, Dorset. pablo ia ¥ for “experimental “purposes, - _pnpaé ye pea _poreetins ae Re B. us dd olen Be itor Cranielgh, Se Meee Sedvieiy. Road,” " Hlgheliffe-on- Sea. Hy ae Oneal tencéonbtonidan’ Society. of eS Beehive in. the month at, 330 pth. F' History Society, C/o Royal” Society, J ut day, Dotober ewes 30 pm.—Annual Eantdition. ‘Tropical: Medicine, Keppel Street, ‘Gower, Street W.Ce ~ Muesddys in thé qnonth, Birmingham Natural History ° : ib oe x =H, ee Dr. pee Burt: Win: panetiaae: H. ee TL o6ds, Prk a; W : “vison; Hy: J. Tarner, P.Siviter Smith, Ty Greer, E.°B. Wilishire, A.W, Adams, Be ‘Rebaurente; Com: G7 W. Harper, Alan’ M- MacLaurin; Oapt- A. FL. < AIL Communitations “should “be. addressed e athe. peter Editor, TURNER, i ape te, AC 8: Kuhio Drive; Cheam. - se . aie . a ; To. OUR: REAOERS:. « ‘short. Gollecting. Notes anid: Current: Notes. = a “J. J. HILL & SON, _EmTomocoateal CABINET MANUFACTURERS: = pe 2 — encgiatiae in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT 8) St aM Se ~ nesoaitonea SECOND: HAND: INSECT CABINETS; “STORD BOXES, “ete ‘= available from time to time; - 7 = : bea “Specifications and: Prices: sent Poet, Erte. ‘on Application, *r. YEWFIELD. Road NW 0 is nea be FASS. ‘STENDAEL, aes SoBe favs pc Pe Secunia, ee : | M o1oGist 3 : AND Cetus) OF VARIATION eee ee “SDITED with ine assistance oe eee ee ee DsSe.. RES - T) BAINBRIGGE ee RN, PLS, = Ess PZS RES. ae We ‘PASSNIDGE, MLA., ¥. RES. . ie 4 Rey, G.. WHESEER, M.A. ERE, Se FZ. ce 7 eae Re PURSE, PRE, Se ERE, Le Eaitoriat Be dae A a KE, AM. SM PRES. ee ES ess “CONTENTS. = aed ae BevoN capaees 11045, Frank H. bees, . es ce © colias 1 boats s aye B croceus, td i Calor: vane = 26; E. Monica Gibson; Honéy-dew, Frank He bees. * George: Butterflies, JW. Saunt: Unuseal Obser- res, A. H--Sperring? The Foodplants. of Coenotympha= = < Wi Hestop Rarrison> AmMathes-castanea, ESD., in the Isle > is mstabtished 1879. oe 2 pelephscin’ ‘Temple Bat “WATKINS & DONCASTER ee : | CR. Lx &. FORD, FES, FZ.8.);. : re hala PROPRIETORS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL €0., oe 2 i : ae _ | 86 STRAND, LONDON; W.0.2, | 5 | eee e Adjacent: to reek D ‘Cross siiseaicet Lee i | -ENTOMOLOGISTS. TAXIDERMI BOOKSELLERS, es “NEW STOCK NOW: AVAILABLE. { of, Glass CHLOROFORM BOTTLES, Ground Glass ‘Stoppers, 4/9 each; Pos “and packing, 6d. © os as GLASS TUBES FOR COLEOPTERISTS, is x Fins. These have corks with ou OF: plastic capa which enable the cork to be removed" with ang: sansa ed, 4/9 per. : _ dozen, ‘postage extra. ake ic ; APLANATIO. LENSES, Folding, x 8, ‘Bie: x 9, 9/8 New NET: FRAMES now’ ‘available, prices on Application. MATERIAL FOR LARVAE SLEEVES. COUPON FREE. White; width - 30 ee sold in odd Jengths at 1/6, 9/-; 9/6. and, 8/6 per piece. This is already. cut cannot be sold by the yard: Very strong and of exéellent Sharm aiid advertisements for further offers. EVERYTHING FOR NATU RALISTS. = ae > THE OBSERVER'S BOOK OF > aes | FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE BRIT! HH CP ABLES, 5 By AL LAGRENOE WELLS. “are: “BRITISH BIRDS; “BRITISH WILD ‘FLOWERS, - “BRITISH BUTTER] Fi CE any ipa ku ‘BRITISH. WILD ANIMALS, es “SED@] po tee ‘> RUSHES. ee aes : Pe rea Bike PRICE 4/- NET.) (BY post, 4/3) eer . eens bart au Orders torve placed Soroutn a a poowselter, oo Bee. Price List No‘ 33: J gees 4 3ZERO om of Compa . - SOUTH DEVON CAPTURES IN 1945. 1 A Zostogy Pe — me TS é pec 7 4ya5°) SOUTH DEVON CAPTURES IN 1945. piel / fo By ee H. Less. As you must be inundated with reports on the many migrants, etc., seen and taken this year, I will confine this note I am giving you to those captures I have made that I think really must be put ‘‘on record.”’ On 10th May I saw Celerio livornica over the valerian in my garden, but did not capture it; a second one on 14th May I netted and, as it was a 92, kept it. Some twenty odd eggs were laid after nearly a week. These were infertile, a very different experience to 1943. (Heliothis peltigeru and Leucania l-album figure frequently in my notes, but can be dealt with in another communication if of sufficient interest.) Passing on to July, it was then that, after six years in en- forced retirement, my moth-trap came into action. On the night of 14th-15th July the capture of Euproctis phaeorrhoea (chrysorrhoea) was interesting, as larvae of this species were fouid at Paignton last year, I believe. There may be a colony in Devon, though we usually regard this insect as a migrant. For 25th July I have a moth-trap record of Laphygma exigua (which I had not seen since 1938). A second came on 7th August, and a third (very worn) on 9th August. Up to the present, 30th September, I’ve seen nothing of an anticipated autumn brood. In the trap on the morning of 26th July, among some eighty other ““ macros ’’ and an amazing array of ‘‘ Pyrales ’’ and ‘“ small-fry,”’ one very tiny but unusual looking moth caught my eye. Both upper and lower wings on the right side were rather ragged and the pattern on the nearly white wings appeared to have faded. considerably but somehow it made me think of Hublemma ostrina in miniature. When Mr P. P. Milman and Mr G. P. Sutton were here together on 3rd September I submitted the insect to their scrutiny. Their opinion was much the same as my own and as there was still a doubt about it I packed the moth up and sent it to Dr Cockayne for his verdict. On the 20th inst. he wrote, ‘‘ the little moth is Hublemma parva, Hb. . . . there is no doubt about it . . . It is rather a pale one.’’ Passing over sundry notes regarding the abundance of Herse convolvuli, Macro- glossum stellatarum, etc., I will come at once to my next capture of more than usual interest. On 22nd August I went out a little after 9 o’clock, in light rain and fitful moonlight, and very soon afterwards hhad netted over the valerian a Plusia. JI was very sure it must be ni from the moment I looked at it in the net. Its flight and attitude on the flower had seemed quite different to that of gamma (or, so I, most fortunately, had imagined), and I was glad to find that the difficulty I had sup- posed there would be to distinguish between the two species just does not exist, provided one of the insects really is ni. Both Mr P. P. Mil- man and Mr G. P. Sutton confirm my identification—a very nearly per- fect male Plusia ni. Late on the evening of 5th September I had a look inside the moth- trap (through a side door provided) and saw, resting at the bottom of the compartment below the glass partition, a moth I couldn’t name— a Luperina seemed to be suggested, but I could not see a var. of testaceu being the answer to my query. | went downstairs and looked, up South 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1945 and, a little wiser, returned to make sure of the prize I felt certain I had taken by getting it safely boxed. As soon as I heard Mr Sutton about the following morning [I confronted him with my capture, which he said at once he felt sure was Luperina dumerilii, Dup. Since his return to Birmingham he has compared my capture with the insect in ‘the collection of the late Mr G. W. Wynn (whose identification was confirmed by Mr Tams in 1936) and, as anticipated, found them prac- tically identical. I looked up both Seitz and Barrett at the Torquay Museum and found nothing to suggest the possibility of any mistake. Dr Cockayne and Mr P. P. Milman, to both of whom I sent a rough sketch of the upper wing enlarged to show all details, are also sure we are right. It is a good specimen, resembling the figure in Seitz rather than that in Newman’s Moths. The reniform shown as such by the latter gives place to a roughly rectangular area almost uniformly. light straw colour, appearing nearly white against the adjacent dark areas which, to me, give a banded) appearance to the wings in spite of the very Reece nearly white ‘‘ rays ’ that pass across them. My specimen is a male. I think it will suffice for the present announcement if I just add that after L. dumerilii the best migrant September has brought to Maidencombe has been Leucania vitellina (one at sugar, two in the moth-trap) and that there is a not BnESCne story of Herse convolvuli yet to be told. ‘“ The Gables,’’ Maidencombe, 8. Devon. NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. By J. W. Saunt, aoe Hytoicus prnastri, L., at East Danes. I was greatly surprised to receive an example of this species from Mr Cannon on 17th July, taken on a neighbouring house; so far | have been unable to trace any’ pre- vious record for the island. Morey, Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight, makes no mention of this species. Mr Jeffery tells me he has not heard of it being taken on the island before. HeErRse (SPHINX) coNvoLtvuu, L. On 30th August Mr Woodford brought me an example of this species from Ryde; curiously enough, he did the same last year. On 4th September Mr Landon brought one from Northwood, which hhis cat had caught the night before about 10 p.m.; unfortunately, it had hardly a scale left on its body. Two days later the same thing occurred, and the same afternoon one was taken at rest in the shipyard and brought to me. Five days later that feline entomologist did the same thing again; not content with that, in the next few evenings it caught two more, making five in all. Here are definitely seven records for 1945 and I suspect from what I have heard that another was taken iu a greenhouse in E. Cowes. It 1s dis- appointing to add that among all these examples there was not one really good cabinet specimen. Only one ovum was produced, and this — appears to be unfertile. In the autumn of 1941 a gardener brought me a full-grown larva. This soon pupated, but unfortunately in tha blitz the following May it, along with many other things, vanished. COLLECTING NOTES. 3 PapiILio MACHAON, L. Considering the comparatively few recent records of this species in the island I think it desirable to place on record that Mr Wakely of Gurnard brought me a larva found feeding on the tops of garden carrot, and about the same time five examples were recorded inthe I.0.W. County Press from two other districts on the island ; tae also were feeding on garden carrots. My example pupated three days afterwards. I have only seen one Colias croceus, Frery. (edusa, F.) and two Vanessa cardwi, L., this year, but Plusia gamma, 1.., and Nomophila noctuella, Sch., have been about in their usual numbers. There was a huge immigration of Pieris brassicae, L..; I don’t remember ever see- ing such destruction to cabbages by their larvae as in the present year. Sravuropus Fact, L. The peculiar-looking larva of the ‘‘ Lobster Moth ”’ was brought in to me from Totland by Mrs Toogood, on whose hat it fell while passing beneath an Elm tree on 10th September. Draconriies. Although Anax imperator has been recorded in Morey’s Guide as “‘ rare,’’? I had never seen it myself until this year, when it occurred about twenty times at E. Cowes and Kingston, but in spite of much patient waiting it always kept well over the pocls out of reach and most diligent search in the evenings failed to locate its resting place. One was picked up dead in the shipyard, another caused some excitement in Cowes main street and was promptly arrested outside the police station. Aeshna cyanea seems to take the place of A. imperator in the late summer here. Libellula depressu has been fairly common and in late April I saw two companies of eight, and six, at rest. I suspect they were immigrants; they were in fair numbers throughout the summer, but not in abundance as in 1934. I had a close view of Cordulia aenea, the first I had seen for twenty years or more. Morey has no record of this species in his Guide, but thought it a probable resident. Another stranger was Sympetrum sanguinea, one example; several S. striolata were also seen. COLLECTING NOTES. CoLIAS HYALE AND C. crocEus.—Since my previous notes were sent you, the weather has been very broken and sunny days few and far be- tween. I have occasionally seen one or two C. hyale, and have taken three males, but have not noticed any more females. Ld On 2nd September I visited another field of lucerne, quite near home, and found . croceus in considerable numbers, and in the freshest condition; evidence of 2 new brood having emerged. The last. time I went there, on 12th September, the crop was being cut, and I captured a very fresh and beautiful specimen of Colias hyale (a ¢) which could not have been long out of the chrysalis, from which it appears that an autumn brood of that species may be expected. Tt was a revelation to see croceus in really new condition, the colour- ing being marvellous. When I first found them in early August a large proportion were worn.—Crciz M. Gummer, 14 Manor Road, Deal. 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1945 VARIATION IN MIMAS TILIAE.—With reference to Mr Sperring’s description of a specimen of Mimas tiliae bred from a pupa found. in the Portsmouth area, it may be of interest to record my experience of this insect in the same area. In May 1943 I found a pair of. tilae on a pavement in Portsmouth. I picked them up and dropped them into an open leather bag I was carrying. In the dim light of the train, cn my journey; home, the male decided that it was time to fly, and after buzzing around all the occupants of the carriage, it finally dropped down between the door and the window. The female sat still, and the following night she Jaid about 60 eggs. From these I obtained about 50 pupae, of which some dozen hatched out in 1944. The last of these, a female, had only a single spot on the forewings. This year about two dozen have hatched, and of these one female has the lower spot miss- ing, and in one male it is represented by a tiny wedge-shaped spot. I have still about a dozen pupae, which I hope may emerge next year. I have had no success in persuading the moths to pair.—E. Monica Grs- son, Ashcroft, Station Road, Petersfield, Hants, 8th October 1945. Honry-pew.—Years ago, when I had many hundreds of larvae sleeved on Birch at my old home in the Midlands, I observed that aphides present on the leaves flourished exceedingly inside the sleeves, but outside, the foliage as a rule gradually became relatively clear. The idea occurred to me to maintain a balance by putting larvae of the Ladybird beetle inside the sleeves, and I found it quite effective. T am sure too that larvae fared hetter on the cleaner foliage. I was very successful with Enargia paleacea, for instance, after losing a young brood in a sleeve not so treated. It would be foolish to ‘‘ dog- matise ’’ on the subject, and I do not say I was ever wholly convinced by my own experiences, but as a ‘‘ rule o’ thumb ” precaution I should always like to have a ‘ sanitary squad ”’ at work in any sleeve of larvae I had on Birch or other aphis-affected foliage. Granted that honey-dew is similar in its main chemical constituents to that of the foliage itself, we may be pretty sure that minute amounts of more cr less toxic substances derived from the aphides are also present after the manner of eliminated or exuded material from other living organisms from dung to honey from the hive, to which they tell me the bee adds ‘‘ a preservative.’? Further, we may surely suppose that having derived their vital sustenance from it in transit, the aphides have also subtracted something from the original whole—possibly vita- mins that the chemist’s analysis ignored—and so depreciated the food value of the leaf plus honey-dew. Such deficiency might make larvae eventually less resistant to disease, for I doubt if they could make it up by an increased bulk in- take. On the other hand, although I can well believe that by the absorp- tion of gradually increasing quantities of a toxic substance, chemical or bacterial, in the honey-dew, many larvae build up an immunity to it (and so appear to thrive normally on the honey-dewed food), I should not expect to find young larvae inheriting such immunity.—F Rank H. Lees, The Gables, Maidencombe, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. Locan Names—Ture Kine Georce Burterrirs.—l have been in- terested in the correspondence on the King George Butterflies in the last few issues of the Ent. Record. When a boy in Nottingham it was COLLECTING NOTES. 125 the universal rule to refer to all coloured butterflies as ‘‘ Frenchies,”’ due, I suspect, to having a hazy knowledge of Colias croceus and Vanessa cardwi coming over from France. A young man I knew from Gainsborough always referred to coloured butterflies as ‘‘ Jaspars ’’; it was quite common for Birmingham residents to refer to moths as ‘‘ Bob owlers ’?; in Coventry, whatever living creature brought to me was referred to as a ‘‘ Rhinocerpig ”’; here in the Isle of Wight for some obscure reason caterpillars are known as ‘‘ Mallyshags,’? and gypsies as ‘‘ Diddycoys ’’; but I have still to learn why the Cormorant is known as the “‘ Isle of Wight Parson.’’—J. W. Saunt. UnvusvuaL OBSERVATIONS AND CaprurEs.—Tha following immigrant notes from the Portsmouth area may be of interest. P. machaon.—On. 14th September a larva of this species was found in a street in Portsmouth. It has pupated, and it seems a probability that it was the progeny of an immigrant, in view of the fact that others of this species have been taken. P. daplidice.—One specimen taken on the southern slope of Ports- down Hill. ! C. croceus.—Three taken in streets of Portsmouth. V. cardwi.i—Very common in the district in May and June, but only cone specimen seen since. I have heard of others, but cannot verify them. — V. atalanta.—Larvae in dozens in the Havant district—about 50 %/ parasitized. I have 40 pupae, but they are emerging very slowly. P. aegon.—Two taken to the north of Portsmouth. This can hardly be regarded as a migrant, but I have worked the district since a boy and. it ‘has certainly never been seen there before. H. convolwuli.—I took one specimen from a lady’s wrist after dark. It obligingly remained there while she sent a friend to my house for a cyanide bottle. D. galii.—With reference to my previous note (Ent. Rec., Vol. LVII, p. 101), as far as I can estimate, various collectors, mainly boys, have taken about 200 larvae. One has thad 12 emergences, another 1, a third 6, and I have had 7. Two of mine hatched while I was away from home, and are useless. A number of pupae are lying over, and it is to be hoped they will survive the winter. M. stellatarum.—Common everywhere, in my garden especially at -flowers of pink and white phlox.—A. H. Sperrine, Slindon, Fifth Avenue, Warblington, Hants. . | THe Fooprrants oF CoENONYMPHA TULLIA, Mtii.—The foodplant of this species of butterfly is almost always recorded in British textbooks as Rhynchospora alba, although Meyrick adds ‘‘ Carex.’’ On the Con- tinent, in Spuler and Hofmann the list of plants chosen appears as ‘* Carex, Eriophorum, also Rhynchospora and Festuca species.’’ I have always doubted the usual British statement as I have captured the insect freely in areas in the Hebrides where Rhynchosporea failed. In particular, I have put on record the view that, as I have observed the species flying freely in a Molinia slack on the Isle of Scalpay where the Blue Moor grass grew in almost pure culture, one of its foodplants was the grass, Molinia caerulea. This view is now confirmed by the 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. _ 15/X1/1945 fact that I observed a female drying its wings on a patch of Molinia in Glen Shellesder, Isle of Rhum, where Rhynchospora and other re- puted foodplants were absent.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s Col- lege, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. AMATHES CASTANEA, Esp., IN THR [ste or RuoumM.—During one of my early morning searches in the verandah of Kinloch Castle, I captured two examples of what I supposed, from a very cursory inspection, to be the red form var. rufa of Triphaena comes. However, as I was caging them for eggs, I perceived that one of them was an example of the typical form of Amathes castanea, Esp. I may add-that inv Triphaena comes produced large numbers of eggs from which now (3rd October) I have fully-grown larvae.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. THE GaLt-cnat PerRRisia cat, H. Low., on Coratac.—Coralag is a tiny islet lving to the north of the Isle of Muck. For its size it car- ries a fairly heavy flora, of which Galiwm verum (Ladigs’ Bedstraw) is a member. That plant supports a strong colony of Perrisia galii.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. LEPIDOPTERA IN SprpERS’ Wess.—On the Isle of Rhum, one can usually help to pass a wet day by examining spiders’ webs for Lepidop- tera. This season, although very dry, the examinations were continued, with the result that specimens of Thyatira batis, Plusia interrogationis, Alcis repandata, Lyncometra ocellata, and Leucania impura were ob- tained.—J. W. Hestorp Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. LARVAE OF THE CuRRANT Motu (ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA) ON HAZEL. Whilst I was beating hazels along the north shores of Loch Eynort, Isle of South Uist, I noted that in every case the stool shoots at the bases of the trees were finely fretted. This I assumed to be the work of weevils which were producing similar damage on Salix aurita. How- ever, as I had to crawl under some of the trees, I turned over some of the affected leaves. To my surprise, I found that they were covered with swarms of tiny larvae of Abraxas grossulariata. This observa- tion is not unique, for I had seen hazels defoliated by adult larvae on a hill slope north of Lochboisdale on the same island. In the Heb- rides, Inner and Outer, the usual foodplants are Calluna vulgaris (Common Heather) and, less frequently, various Salix species. In the latter case, if any species is preferred it is S. atrocinerea—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. THe RANGE OF THE Srx-svot BURNET IN THE ISLE oF SoutH UIst.— We have always looked upon the area covered by this species on South Uist as very restricted. However, its detection north of Lochboisdale a few years ago gave an east coast station fer it. Now, in August 1945, cocoons were discovered at the base of a little aspen thicket grow- ing .on a low cliff facing south on the south shore of Loch Eynort. Similarly, a colony was examined on a loch side on the transition zones setween the moorland and machair between Bornish and Ormaclett on the same island.—Pror. J. W. Hrstorp Harrison, King’s College, New- castle-upon-Tyne. ry COLLECTING NOTES. 127 SPILOSOMA LUTEA, HvFN., AND S. LUBRICIPEDA, L., IN THE ScoTTisH WeEsTERN IsLtEs.—-Last year I was able to add the Buff Ermine (S. lutea) to the Outer Hebridean list on the strength of larvae beaten from. nettles at Arinambane, on Loch Hynort, Isle of South Uist. Imagines have now been bred, and it can be said that they are characterized by the almost complete lack of the usual black markings proper to the species. This season, larvae were taken once again at Arinambane from burdock. In addition, others were beaten from Salix atrocinerea, hazel and bramble along the Alit Volagir, a mountain burn flowing from, Beinn Mbhor into Loch Eynort. S. lutea was also procured from bracken on the north shore of Loch Scresort, Isle of Rhum, and later, in August, crowds of larvae were observed on the same plant. It oc- curred also on the Isle of Kigg. The White Ermine (S. lubricipeda) was noted much more rarely on the Isle of Rhum on the stream which links the Long Loch with the Kilmory Burn. The species has likewise been captured on the Isles of Eigg, Muck, and Coll.—J. W. HEs.op Harrison, King’s College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. ACENTROPUS NIVEUS, OL., at SourHaMPrTon.—This elusive species has been one of my special wants for many years, and [I have given much time and trouble to the search in many spots that seemed likely to yield it. However, in the end it was quite by chance that I turned it up in numbers on a lake on Southampton Common, not ten minutes’ walk from home. Walking at dusk by the pondside, I saw a whitish insect buzzing along on the surface of the water. The resemblance to a caddisfly was remarkable, as was also the late date—l5th September 1945. Further search yielded many corpses floating about among the scattered sedges by the water’s edge. The next day in the afternoon I took numbers of 3S in perfect condition, sitting close to the surface on the stems of sedge. They were difficult to box without wetting the pillbox. Three specimens were seen being carried about by Gerrids, and one predator was caught still firmly grasping its prey. This Gerrid was immature, the other two being full grown and too nimble to catch. Patient search gave me no © 9: and I went next day towards dusk to make a special search for them. Only one 2 was found, wriggling along on the surface of a small patch of open water among the sedge. It was quite wingless and had to be scooped up, water and all. Bad weather prevented any further search, and no more specimens, ¢ or @, were seen. A look through the literature is interesting. The usual dates of appearance are given as’ May, June, and August, September, in two generations. The @Q are normally semi-apterous, rarely with wings completely developed (form hansoni, Steph.), and there seem to be fewer records of 992 completely apterous. The ¢ Kiso wanted other species “of. Chrysephantds from all areas. . ‘Exchange- or : “ purchase . considered: , ‘Duplicates. —Forsign “Lepidoptera, + eg, Satyrids, : -/Charaxes, ‘Papilios, and others?= ta at Sent. mene stutter. Stilts a oe ; ~ Road, Edgbaston, ‘Birmingham, #6. fe - Desigeraia. —Frohawk; .F. W. satiesios of pelish Buttersies ” I: “{a938). “Buck: ‘Jer’ s -British Larvae (786-01). “For. disposal, .*' Entomologist’s ‘Record; \com-*- Nes ~ plete; Vols, 4:28 hit. he, fhe MEADDEES: A. as OO: tie Matt, House, : . Burghelere, Newbury. ie wantea for cash.or’ fac etintigs | many. species of ova, eis ana pupae, ‘pean | poe: eat grossulartata laryae in large numbers. ' Offers also Tutt’s” ‘British pest te : “tera, vols..1, 2 and 3; Barrett (small edition), vols.-3,.4, 5 and 6; Tutt’s. British’) Noctua: and shot Varieties, vols, 2,3 be Reicher, 86. ‘Stores bate Cam-) =) < Dridge. 2a, Wanted. Various monthly: parts ot Enianologtet ae; ‘Record for 1914, 4915, 4916, i917, 1919, and 1920. Please report any. odd monthtiy- parts fin: wrappers as issued} — “prior to, these years.

be welcome. —Cap?, B.S. A. ae ERES., ae, cottage, VA es Ne Guildford, Surrey ~ Wantes. —Geometres. de ‘Rurope, by. ‘Jules. Gilet (Q ‘Vols, henna or in ‘parts.— - Brig.-Genl, Be A. Cooke, CALG,,- CBE, D.S. Ge fee Sales 86. Pen: ‘Road, = "Windsor, . ae a Desideraia—A.’ Bite. tatpina), de. ‘ernanensis. Vaipientek Way. spécies Noe 430 iuae and abs,; or cash. A. FL Wightman, is “Aurago,”” Pulborough, Susser. Book Wanted:—A Moth Hunter's Gossip, ae B bo ge aaa. A. sme; cad main Street, Branston, Burton-on-Trent: PEN reecy ve Wanted —Brady. or Gurney. ‘Cabinet; 12. or 0. sree: poe ‘ileposal Crone - — : ees “Microscope with tall. ‘accessories, Micro: > Sides in. am Mie tine ae —Other than the very ‘common ‘Butterflies of ae British sles ee or se ibly in papers), in exchange for other British species or Indian, Australian . ~~ x and American: ditto. July bred specimens of Vanessa to, in papers, offered in - ee xchange for other British Goes Lge the: ol common: ioe or in s Baperd, River Aniram, “poyat Entomological’ “Society of of ti nesday.: in the month at-o30 Dims. 1 ‘History -Soclety. cto Royal. Society, © ugton “=p ~ Wednesday; November 28; December 12> 6.0: for:6.30 py History Society, London School of Hygiene ‘and nese ; Gower Street, WiC.1"; Indoor Meetings, pie ies Naturalist History Societys ee Hy. J. TURNER. ptemar,* 96 Wrest Drive, Pouace Beers aed We THHSt Bia a est our correspondents NOT TO SEND. ice ‘CO TIONS” IDENTICAL with those they are’ sénding- to" other: Magazines. Peete x REPRINTS. ef articles may> be chtained hy authors al. Very reasonable. cost t ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING: EN MN eos rae ~ Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS" Bre inserted / on- condition SUAS: AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of: “the Ae Pe atl Gree es H- Donisthorpe, Dp: Malcolm Burr, Win. peeiien Ht. AS taeds: aR Fe ves . 2 vison, Hy. J, Turner, P; Sipiter Smith, T. Greer, E. P> Wiltshire, A. we ‘Adams,’ t -BAR Laurence, Com. G, W. Harper, Alan M. MacLaurin, Capt, “A. : ae ofa ae All. Communications should. se» addressed to the. pet Baetiyt TURNER; + Latemar, 25; West “Drive, Cheam. Tusianbul. ee : . To OUR READERS, Short colleting Notes and Current Notes. : ‘J. J. HILL & SON, - ENTOMOLOGICAL ceria MANUFACTURER, - 8 _Recondisioned SHCOND-HAND INSEOT CABINETS, STORE > BORE available from time: to time; jos | _ Specifications and Prices s as Post. Free on Application Be. Hy: J; Tener, FR: 5. te "SUPPLEMENT TO-TUTT’S BRITISH. ‘NOGTUAE: er = ‘ERE... s eageua te ANOL, -ii1 oe ate Vol. SME Saabentarigs 4) ares: tie hake pretensions wits cit RAMA Ts ROr mae ey REN e e BUTTERPEIES OP. THE UPPER, RHONE: VALLEY, ‘ eat “3 bo RES “Ras pan oe ie AS eae STG aaa | POA Oe ““HUBNER’S TENTAMEN AND oe a pene CE es BS ak ERIS: StS aie : 2 2) aN oAnGrews. RES, >with: ne cea THE BRITISH SPE OF OPOMYZIDAR SpE weft the ace af ote iu BURR, ; D. Sc., PRES | 7P BAINERIGGE PirtoHen, RN, PES. aa ee AXNY, pM DM, BR ee SRE. | ERS ease W: PASSNIDGE, - MA, PRES. ee ore Ber. €. WERELER; WA. PRES, P28. . r NOTES Lina Blccomioridae 3 East: Tyrone, 49; Bhomas:: Herse: At Swan es iptio a et Nelians, pon ‘tres, ‘ , LeepeF.. caps which ‘Cannot: be ying by the yard, Very” strong. and: of, excellent : A Varrnee wet ch ee) . complete 1 in ‘one volume. of 960: ‘pag eS, witht 4. coloured: eee and. over A. Weatabifehad 899 so 3 8 Sag) ati WATKINS S & 2. ONG CA Be Ss = FORD, PRES, enable the Sotk to) be: reniaved. with one hand ene | ite i eee Home postage extra. eas ae ta ; ‘: Ges - APLANATIC LENSES, Folding, x3. See 9, 3/6... Be ee ad New NET “FRAMES | ROW ‘Bvallable, ‘prices, on. application. as Si MATERIAL. FOR LARVA® SLEEVES. COUPON FREE. White, width ‘a9’ inches, Tea ay a a? at Jin ox Bi ag > sold in’odd lengths at 4/6, 2/-; 2/6, and. 3/6 per piece. This: 1s. already: ut an - advertisements ‘tor further. offers.” Me tas os EVERYTHING | FOR NATURALISTS. THE, STANDARD NATURAL sony. 12) > 2 PROM AMOBBA TO MAN, > 0 ie ae ia — - Batten wy, W. es PICRAFE Fa. S “manent Stat of the ‘British; ‘Museum {Satnral ree Ar LS . of Com,. KP restos ’ Rep, QD JAN 241 946 TURNIA PAVONIA, L., AB. MELANOMMATUS. 129 an wh? Ds \ SATURNIA PAVONIA, L., AB. MELANOMMATUS. By EK. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Saturnia pavonia, L., ab. melanommatus, ab. nov. On _ both sur- faces of the fore and hindwings the yellow ring around the central part of the ocellus is replaced by black; the pale semilunar mark in the central part and the bluish crescent are present but indistinct, the _ seales of the carmine crescent are so mixed with black ones that it can only be seen with a lens. In other respects the markings and coloration are normal. Type. @. Ashdown Forest, Sussex, iv.1944. Bred by J. Wright. Paratypes. 4 66, 4 2@ in my colJection and 1 ¢ and 1 @ in the collection of H. B. Williams, all with the same data. Aberrational specimens together with normal ones appeared in the same brood from inbred stock originating from Ashdown Forest, but no record of the numbers was kept. There was also a gynandromorph with normal ocelli in the same brood, of which I give the following description. Right antenna male, except that there are no pectinations on the anterior surface of the distal half, left antenna female; both wings larger on the right side, the forewing especially being both longer and broader; on the upper surface the ocellus of the right forewing is larger and different in shape from that of the left; there is a white patch of female colour just ex- ternal to the right ocellus between 4 and 5, and 5 and 6, a streak of grey female colour between 6 and 7, and a much longer streak running parallel with the costa; the apex is largely. female; on the right hhind- wing the ocellus is broader than on the left. On the under surface most of the right forewing in front of nervure 5 is female, but there is a patch of orange, male coloration, just in front of nervure 5, and a longer one in front of 6, the rest of the wing is of male coloration; in the hindwing the anterior half of the ocellus and white patch just ex- ternal to it are female, but the rest of the wing is male. The thorax and abdomen appear to be male. The fact that several specimens of this aberration appeared in one . brood obtained by mating a brother and sister suggests that it is re- cessive. It differs from ab. melanopis, Stattermayer, in which the carmine and pale bluish crescents are replaced by black, but the yellow ring re- mains, and from ab. caeca, Stattermayer, in which the central part of the ocellus is completely filled with black, but the yellow ring and. the carmine and bluish crescents remain (Z. Oest. Ent. Ver., 1920, 4, 60). - Although it is a minor aberration the blackness of the ocellus makes it conspicuous. The loss of the yellow ring, which is a very constant character in pavonia, and the fact that it has a genetic basis, entitle it to a name. 130 _ >= ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1945 THE FOETID ARUM. AND INSECTS. By Matcotm Bore, D.Se., F.R.E.S. Early in the summer a friend brought me a remarkable flower from the island of Buyukada or Prinkipo. It was a large Arum, twice the size of our ‘‘ lords and ladies,’’ of a deep purple colour, with a iong, pointed spadix prominently protruding. The edges of the spathe are sinuate, and the green colour of the back is visible. It is a handsome, very striking plant. The lady told me she had seen it growing in her garden only once before, last year, and now a second one was appear- ing. The local folk look upon it with aversion, saying that it grows only near dead bodies. The reason is, of course, the cadaverous smell, which is notorious. For that reason, I kept the specimen in a back room, and so did not notice the smell. Perhaps it comes on only in| the evening. . When I came to examine the plant, I found several beetles in it. As they seemed to be all one species, their presence was probably not accidental, so I sent them to Mr Arrow, who has given me the follow- ing very interesting report on them: ‘‘ The beetles you have sent me are Saprinus nitidulus (Histeridac.) This has a range from Britain to Japan. The larvae feed upon Dip- terous larvae and the beetles were no doubt in search of carrion for oviposition. I believe the ‘ cadaverous ’ odour of Aroid flowers is a very general characteristic, but the native statement is probably an embellishment of the facts. In my volume on Indian Coprophagous beetles I quote a paper in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, X, 1914, p. 421, on the association between an Aroid and a beetle (Onthophagus): ‘ About sundown the freshly opened flowers emit a strong carrion-like odour, which has a marked attraction for the beetle; this is therefore presumably a carrion-feeder. A few hours later the lobes of the spathe begin to wrap around the spadix at the contracted part, the odour ceases, and the beetles are completely imprisoned until the next night . . . the strong carrion-like odour is given off from the pistillate flowers, “but the staminate flowers will be found to be still immature... It is clear that the floral mechanism is of the nature of a trap and by this ingenious method the plant ensures cross-pollination.’ ‘* As Saprinus nitidulus is so particularly smooth it would not be a good pollen-carrier and Arum orientale is probably trying to attract Diptera.”’ ‘ The flower was named for me by Dr Post, the authority on the flora of the Bosphorus, who tells me that it occurs sparingly on the Asiatic shore, but he has not seen it on the European side, and I have not either. HERSE CONVOLVULI AT MAIDENCOMBE, 1945. By Frank H. LE&Es. ¢ At about 5 a.m. on the morning of 9th August I discovered a 2 H. convolvuli resting just outside the entrance of my moth-trap and on the evening of the 10th I captured a fine ¢ over Nicotiana affinis in the garden. On 11th, 12th, and 13th August I made further captures (2 dd and 3 Q9Q). Then, after two blank evenings, I took a rather worn Se HERSE CONVOLVULI AT MAIDENCOMBE, 1945. 131 2 on the 16th, saw 2 or 3 on the 17th which I did not capture, and netted a ¢ in fair condition on the 18th. I did not visit my Nicotiana plants again till 21st, when I captured one out of at least three flying around. On the 22nd I took one out of two seen, and saw several on the 23rd, capturing one rather worn ©. 24th August gave me another worn @, so that I inferred that no fresh emergences had taken place, which was confirmed by the worn condition of a ¢ netted on the 27th and released. JI saw one CG on the 28th and then captured a nearly perfect 2 on the 29th. Three blank nights followed chiefly on account of the weather. On 2nd September Mr G. P. Sutton took over my evening patrol of the Nicotiana bed and saw 5 convolvuli flying in spite of the rain. Three out of four he netted were 22 in guite good con- dition. He saw several more on 3rd September, capturing 2 very nice 3d. The same evening a neighbour brought me a newly emerged ¢ taken at rest on the wall of his house—-a very striking semi-banded insect. On 4th September Mr-Sutton’s bag was 3 5d; he took 2 more on 5th September and another 2 on 6th September. Left to carry on alone, I gave the Nicotiana a miss till the 8th, when I netted a very perfect ¢ out of 3 seen. A fairly good Q on 9th Sep- tember, followed by 3 very perfect insects on 10th September out of at least 5 seen, made it evident that more than one brood had probably bred in our vicinity from unobserved May-June migrants. Convolvuli was over the Nicotiana again on 11th September and that was the night when my moth-trap once more took a hand in the business. Occupied with sitting in my room behind the trap at about 11 p.m., I heard a crashing noise that suggested that a bat was trying conclusions with the glass front. Investigating, I found resting outside the trap a d convolvuli on one side and a 2-on the other. In less than ‘half an hour another crash brought me again to the scene—this time a ¢ convolvuli had gone right through the aperture (a bare 3 in. wide). There were so many other insects inside with it (the trap took 218 ‘‘ macros ’’ that night, including 71 Plusia gamma!) that I thought it wiser to let convolvuli take its chance (it had already knocked the tip off one wing) and remain till morning. On the 13th I again had a look over the Nicotiana in passing and saw one convolvuli. From the 14th to 17th I saw 12 more. Of 4 captured I kept 1 good ¢, reserved 2 rather poor 20° for ova and released an imperfect ¢. On 20th September I saw only one and again on the 21st. Netting the latter, it proved to he a fairly good 2. 23rd September saw convolvuli’s final appearance for 1945—it was a very worn 9, which I kept for ova. Altogether we cap- tured 23 3¢ and 20 2° out of at least 73 observed. Dve never taken more than three in a season before. . The disappointing way no fewer than nine 2 9’ kept for ova failed to produce more than 2 or 3 infertile eggs, I cannot understand. I tried every way to persuade them to lay. Five I dissected after they had died of old age contained apparently undeveloped ova, but surely all, both fresh and worn when captured, could not have been unpaired? Was it just bad luck, or do the May-June imagines arise from pupae that have passed the winter at that stage instead of emerging in the autumn ? After all, any intermediate brood would have a perilous journey, as even continental winters provide rigours of a discouraging nature. 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1T/1945 ANTS AND SPIDERS. By Matcotm Burr, D.Sce., F.R.E.S. On the rolling moors on the European shores »f the Bosphorus, on dry open ground, there are numerous nests of harvesting ants. Mr Donisthorpe informs me that the specimens I sent him were of Messor dertzeni, Forel, var. amphigea, Forel. Their middens are well marked by the pale green tender young blades of grass that shoot up out of them. Their well-beaten tracks can be traced for many yards into the scrub. One evening, while I was watching them, I noticed that one looked ill. It was standing alone, quivering, and, as I watched, it collapsed. Then I noticed that a small spider was sucking it. The spider was light tawny in colour, with blackish abdomen. I watched again and presently saw another of the little spiders make a lightning dash at an ant, and instantly withdraw. The ant at once stood still, quivered, and, in less than a minute, collapsed. Then the spider, which had been standing by, came and fastened on to it and dragged it away. There were several ants dead and dying on the midden. The spiders seemed very nervous and wary; they attacked only the biggest ants; they often failed to take advantage of many opportunities to attack, that to my human eyes seemed most desirable. Their movements are very rapid. The ants seemed to pay no attention to the spiders, except once, when a big one made a savage assault at a spider, which at once bolted. It looked absurdly like a dog bluffing. While watching the ants, I noticed that they were taking bits of dry grass, seeds, etc., down into their holes, but afterwards they were bringing heen out again and rejecting them on to a heap of refuse, a regular kitchen midden. Is it possible that inexperienced ants were taking down useless stuff that had to be brought up again? They closed up their holes at dusk, at which I gave them a helping hand. I noticed several sitting motionless on thistles, their heads buried in the down, while others were lazily chewing dry sheatlhis of suc- cory and thistle, as though without any conviction. Once I noticed one of the big ones dragging a Chrysomelid larva, three or four times as big as itself, but sluggisly and unresisting; the ant had gripped it by the snout. Another time I found one dragging a nearly empty carcass of the little grasshopper Pezotettix giornae, Rossi. On 12th October 1940 I found a big ant-midden a good metre across, with only one noticeable hole, about an inch in diameter, closed wit a pellet of earth. Near it was sitting a rather large specimen of those ant-hunting spiders, moving restlessly, as though it could scent the ants. When I made a movement, it flashed away. There were several more of the spiders lurking nearby. On the same date this year } found the spider hunting round among them. [The spider thas been identified by Mr E. Browning, of the Natural History Museum, as Zodarion simida, Simon. Other species of the genus are also myrmecophagous, preying on Messor sps.—H. J. D.]|_ ENTOMOLOGY IN HOLLAND DURING THE WAR. 133 ENTOMOLOGY IN HOLLAND DURING THE WAR. By B. J. LEMPKE. Tt was of course inevitable that the war influenced the.study of En- tomology rather unfavourably. Working with light was out of the question. This was a-great pity, as some of the war years must have been very particular. 1940 for instance presented us an early summer of such fine weather as I do not remember having ever witnessed. Treacling was continued by a few enthusiastic lepidopterists who were happy enough to possess the materials for this method of catching, but the great majority had to give up catching at night. The result was that those who had still enough energy, or were not obliged to hide them- selves, had to content themselves with the Rhopalocera. It is, however, not an easy matter, to collect sufficient material of this group in Holland. Clouds of butterflies, as are reported from more favoured countries, are quite unknown with us. Yet we are not discontented about the results obtained. — -The damage directly caused to collections, ete., by the war, is happily rather limited. Most collectors lived outside the actual grounds of action, but even the few collections which happened to be there, almost all won- derfully escaped destruction. For instance, the library and collections of the University for Agriculture at Wageningen, a small town on the Rhine west of Arnhem, which was evacuated for months, have hardly any damage. The severest case I know of is the pretty little museum at Velp, a beautiful village on the Ysel, north-east of Arnhem. This is completely destroyed, and with it the collection of De Roo van Westmaas, whose name is often to be met with in the older volumes of the second series of Sepp. It was a fine old collection which J examined some years ago. The data of it are not lost, however, as I made extensive notes. The famous collections of the Amsterdam and Leiden Museums are in excellent condition and so is the Library of the Netherl. Entom. Soc., which is, after Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, doubtless the best on the Continent. | Cases of robbery by the Germans are very few, a rather surprising fact, if one considers the enormous quantities of all kinds of goods which disappeared from our country, especially after September 1944. The explanation lies, perhaps, in the fact, that none of the higher occupants of Holland had any interest for Entomology. The only severe case hap- pened at Maastricht, where the world-famed ant collection of Father Wasmann was ‘‘ summoned ”’ by the Berlin Prof. Bischoff, together with the very important standard collection of Phorides of Father Schmitz. They disappeared from the Maastricht Museum of Natural History and went to the German capital. One can only hope that they have survived the severe allied bombardments and that they return to Holland one day. But things are more quickly stolen than brought back in our experience. It is, however, simply incredible that an authority lke Bischoff, who has a name to lose in the scientific world, degrades himself to such things. The other losses are restricted to a moderate collection of Dutch and tropical Lepidoptera at Arnhem, and to a few microscopes of those who had to leave their home. Numbers are, however, not known, so that the owners have to reckon on a definite loss of their instruments. 134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1945 We intend, of course, to continue cur entomological work with new energy. Our Entomological Society celebrated its centenary at Amster- dam on 12th October 1945, and, though the ceremony was not as we had imagined through the inevitable complete absence of foreign guests, a very successful meeting was held to commemorate the enjoyable event. Even from the eastern and northern parts of our country members were present, who were not intimidated by travelling for hours in goods vans or in mail vans like herrings in a barrel. One severe difficulty, however, arises: our pins are almost exhausted, and ether is not to be had. And as permits for paying in foreign coin are not obtainable for us, collecting becomes for many entomologists in the long run impossible. I therefore venture to ask: Would it not be possible to find a means to help us? JI think, for instance, of the pos- sibility of exchanging Dutch insects, which are hardly present in any foreign museum or collection, against the desiderata mentioned. Amsterdam—Z., Oude Yselstraat 193. , Postscript.—The day after I had sent in the above article, I received the new no. of the Natuwurhist. Maandblad of Maastricht (by the way, this magazine contains many articles of Schmitz on Phoridae and of Roepke on new Heterocera from Java) in which is stated what nobody had dared to expect: the two collections are back in the capital of Dutch Limburg. They were found by an American officer, Prof. Dr J. W. Bailey, in a Berlin ‘‘ hunker,’’ and the German Professor, Bischoff him- self, was obliged to give them back. The allied officer, a man with a keen interest for Entomology, brought them back to the Museum of Maastricht. They were, of course, received with great enthusiasm. COLLECTING NOTES. LocaL PrrEROPHORIDAE IN East Tyrone, 1945.—Platyptilia acantho- dactyla was first observed on 14th May in fresh condition among mixed herbage, a very early date for this species, as Barrett gives June and Meyrick states that it appears in July P. isodactyla was abundant flying in the late afternoon in a marshy meadow over Senecio aquaticus, on 4th June. There was no appearance of an autumn emergence in this locality. P. tesseradactyla was out in small numbers on 14th June, as the heather had been burnt off the previous autumn in its special locality N.W. of Cookstown, the moth at rest or feeding on the flowers of An- tennaria. P. punctidactyla (not previously recorded from Tyrone) was sitting at rest on ragweed blossom in the sunshine on 29th September, and was observed in some numbers almost every day when the sun was out, on ragweed or Hawk-bit, Leontodon autumnale. The imago is still about, 17th October, and in the year 1943 it was observed in very good condi- tion on 12th November. : Its mode of life in this locality is very different to that quoted by Barrett, who states ‘‘ that the moth is rather secret in its habits, hiding in dense hedges or among thick herbage in the day time but not easily disturbed and not often seen. It flies at night and will come to flowers of ragweed.’’ CURRENT NOTES. 135 Perhaps some other observers will give some account of the habits of this species in their locality. (The italics in the last paragraph are mine.) —TuHomas GREER, The Bungalow, Cookstown, Co. Tyrone. HERSE CONVOLVULI IN SWANAGE DistRict.—F rom early September to mid October H. convolvuli has turned up in considerable numbers, mostly in fine condition. Also M. stellatarwm was very common and P. gamma a real pest, both by day and night.—LEonaRD TATCHELL. P. ATALANTA AT SwWANAGE.-—For the past three weeks this species has come over in scores, all flying in from the S.E., settling on the Ivy blossom and Veronica and then moving off inland.—LEonaRD TATCHELL, 19.x.45, RHODOMETRA SACRARIA RECORDED IN 8. DEvon.—I have one more un- expected capture to announce. Almost the first thing I saw in my moth-trap when I looked in on the morning of 10th October was Rhodo- metra sacraria, an absolutely perfect ¢. The.crimson stripe is wider and much less tapered than in the fig. of sacraria in South or in Culot’s Géométres, though not quite so extreme as the latter’s fig. of sanguin- aria. The red costal streak is strongly marked but extends for only about a third of the distance from thorax to tip. One can just detect shadowy pink tinted areas between the nervures at the base and between the band and the outer margin, but they are not noticeable at first glance. There is, however, a very distinct pinkish spot about midway between the upper central portion of the stripe and the terminating point of the costal streak. None of the figs. referred to show this spot. I have not yet had time to go to Torquay Museum to consult Barrett and Seitz on this matter; we can look into that later on, but if you have the books at hand perhaps you wouldn’t mind seeing if either authority refers to ‘‘ the spot ’’ I’ve described. Since I sent in my last communication in, which I said J had seen no late LI. exigua, one specimen has turned up. It came into the moth- trap on the night of 10th October.—F Rank H. LEzs, The Gables, Maiden- combe, Newton Abbot, 8S. Devon. CURRENT NOTES. Tue Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological and N.H. Society on the afternoon of 27th October, added one more most successful gathering to a long long list of successful events. The attend- ance was quite good and the exhibits were illustrative of the curious and unusual season, productive of so many wanderers from other countries. Amone the personal reprints we have received are:—Mr T. Bain- -brigge Fletcher, the concluding pages of his ‘‘ Micro-Lepidoptera of Gloucestershire ’?; a most useful local, up-to-date List with correct nomenclature. Also by the same author, ‘‘ A Rough List of the Aculeate Hymenoptera of Gloucestershire.’’ Both these Lists were published in 136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XII/ 1945 the Proceedings of the Cotteswold Club. Our contributor, Rev. Des- mond Murray, sends us a reprint of his article in the Journ. of the Knt. Soc. of S. Africa, ‘* The Genus Cupido (Lepidoptera-Lycaenidae) in South Africa,’ with 2 plates of structures; @ useful record of in- vestigation for studeuts interested in the Lycaenidae. Captain Dann- reuther has sent us his article reprinted from the Proceedings of the Littlehampton Nat. Science, etc., Soc., “‘ The Dragonflies of West Sussex.’? This is a very complete summary of all the records of cap- tures and all areas from which each species has been obtained; as might be expected from the very thorough energy this author usually puts into whatever he does. This study is based on the numerous river valleys which are found along a iong seaside county. That ceaseless worker, Capt. Kenneth J. Hayward, so long resident in the Argentine, with the aid of B. C. Williams (U.S.A.), sent us the ‘‘ Catalogue of the Hes- periidae of the Republic of Ecuador,”’ published at Tucuman in the Act. Zoot. Lillo. Inst. Miguel Lillo.; a well-printed book of 250 pp. with an excellent Index. Very full references are given and notes are added to many species. Prof. Bryan P. Beirne has sent us a reprint of his article in The Irish Naturalists’ Journal, ‘‘ New Records for Irish Lepi- doptera ’’? not included in the Catalogues of either Donovan or Beirne; also from the Proc. Royal Irish Acad. a reprint of his paper, ‘‘ The Male Genitalia of the British Nepticulidae (Stigmellidae),’’ a section of the Tineina not covered by the works of Pierce. Seven plates and a number of text-figures are added, all diagrammatic. Let us hope this matter of genitalia will soon fall into its place with nervures, mouth parts, etc., and not further divert our attention from the biological study of these fascinating creatures. Amone the foreign magazines recently to hand, the Revista Soc. Ent. Argentina, vol. IV, no. 4, contains 16 articles, 10 of which deal with Lepidoptera, all but two Lists illustrated with plates and text- figures. Two plates are coloured. The Lepidoptera are:—-A new var. of Callicore candrena; the metamorphoses of a little known Pyrale; Melanism in Argentine Lepidoptera; Notes on a Notodontid, Neobowr- quia bifasciata; The genus Rothschildia in Tucuman (2 notes with illustrations); Notes on Automeris species; Lists of Lepidoptera col- lected in Salta and in Catamarea. Other articles treat of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, and an Ecological, Zoogeographical and Syste- matic paper on the Acridiidae of the Argentine with 6 figures of species and 20 of the habitats of various species.. Altogether this is one of the most interesting and valuable series of Memoirs advancing our know- ledge of the Argentine Insect Fauna. There is also the Obituary of the famous Spanish entomologist, Ignacio Bolivar, who died in 1944 at the age of 94. It will be remembered he was driven from his native land after the Revolution. Tue Pan-Pacific Entomologist for July contains a record of the ‘‘ Longevity of a fifth-instar Larva’’ (Hornia boharti, Lusly., Col.); An account of the Migration of Vanessa cardui in California; numerous notes on Diptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, etc., and descriptions of new species. CURRENT NOTES. 137 ReEcENTLY among the exhibits at the London Natural History Society were a specimen of Herse convolvult, L., taken in Hammersmith, and shown by Mr L. G. Payne, and a case of Tachinid flies shown by Lt. L. Parmenter, of parasitic species, whose larvae feed on the larvae of the Sphingidae, viz.:—Phryze vulgaris, Fln., Exorista larvorum, L., Thela- via nigripes, Fab., Servillia lurida, Fab., Echinomyia grossa, L., Micro- palpus vulpinus, Fln., Ernestia radicum; Fab., Lydella nigripes, Fin. Mr J. Ross read a paper on the species of Cynipid Flies inducing galls on oaks, and drew attention to the work done by various Members of the Boeiaiy in confirming the investigations of Dr H. Adler in Ger- many into the question of Alternation of Generation. Several of these alternate forms had been confirmed and others added to the list, includ- ing Andricus furunculus, Bjck., linked with A. ostreus, Gir., A. xan- thopsis, Schl., with A.-glandulae, Schenck, and A. occultus, Tschek, with A. solitarius, Seese Ese J. BURKILL. Volumes V, VI, VII, VIII and IX (1940-1944) of the Proceedings of the Swedish ‘‘ Societas Entomologica Lundensis,’’? Opuscula HEntomo- logica has recently come to hand. This Society carries’ on its activities under the auspices of the University of Lund, and publishes very valu- able papers on all orders of Insects. In Vol. V. Benander contributes a ‘‘ Revision of the work of Zetterstedt on the Microlepidoptera of Lap- land ’’ (1840). Reference is made to the connection of Zetterstedt with our British H. T. Stainton. Vol. VII contains a paper on ‘‘ The Varia- bility of Papilio machaon by Wahlgren, and a memoir giving the details and results of three cross pairings of Micro-Lepidoptera, viz., Choreutis myllorana x CO. punctosa; Epiblema solandriana x E. brunnichana, and Epiblema expallidana x E. scorzonerana, illustrated with figures of the genitalia; the latter article by Benander. In Vol. VIII Wahlgren continues his Notes of P. machaon; Kjellander discusses the history of Pararge achine, its relationship and distribution including its accom- panying variation: A portion of the ‘‘Catalogue of Insects of Sweden”’’ is given: and Wahlgren goes further in his consideration of P. machaon, this time treating of larva and pupa. In Vol. IX Ander gives notes on ‘the distribution of the genus Adopoea, Billberg., with a map of the dis- tribution of A. lineolea in Sweden. Perhaps the most interesting article to our British collectors is that of Benander, ‘‘ A Memoir of the Intho- colletis (Gracillariidae). The writer gives a summary of the works of the various authors of the past, who have especially considered this Family. The foodplants of the larvae, with the species attacking each, are given. Tables for the identification of the species are given for each section or genus and each species is considered apart with its life- ‘history. About 80 species are illustrated by b. and w. figures of wing- . marking. Altogether this memoir is of great use to those who wish to know these small but interesting and beautiful of our Lepidoptera. In 1941 a Supplement (III) was published by the Society, on the ‘‘ Ecology of the Collembola in Swedish Lapland.’’ These volumes also contain many articles on other Orders of Insects indigenous in Northern Sweden, Lapland, etc., Notes of captures, new species, experimental work, etc., of which we have not room to mention, evidence of most useful work done under very especial climatic conditions. CONTENTS*@F) VOLUME LYE By HY. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. e PAGE Aberration of V. cardui, Miss M. OO 74 ie cack ee aes eee en ES cee ce 99 Aberrations, Notable, Some captures Of ATID Ee SOG eee tee ease 77 Abnormal Weather, Effect of, on In- sect Life, 1944, Dr L. Richmond Wheeler Abundance of P. brassicae, Local, Rev. -George Wheeler ......c:........... 128 Acentropus niveus at Southampton, IW) SBASSMIM Ge: ae, cee see eee ese cone 127 Amathes agathina, ab. virgata, ab. NOV2 RAL Ie WISI AT Heese ee eo 47 Amathes castanea in the Isle of Rha: WJ: W. 2H... Harrisons 222.4... 126 American Entomologists and _ the Vives ESUNIE ee dt Pal ans ae 92 Annotated List of Persian Lepidop- tera, (Ba:P /Waltshinei:i....3cu22 78 Ants, and Spiders, Dr M.. Burr 2.45... 132 Breeding of Polygonia c-album, R. Vee eAN CLDIIR Serie cn 2 5 oye nconcmen nee ice tence Fah British Micropezidae (Dipt.), J. E. Collin: Acta 2Po en So WOR 115 British Species of Opomyzidae (Dip- eta) Gas, Bex COMI «ee co is 13 Butterflies at Swanage, L. Tatchell .. 102 Butterfly Collecting in Wood Walton, Hunts: 61944. 395 As Weeeds 22.23.2502. 53 Calcutta, A March afternoon’s col- lecting in, D. G. Sevastopulo ...... 110 Cavernicolous Earwig, A, Malcolm SULT, fh ene Metro tebe a gae nee sees tea. eae an 11 C. hyale in Dorset, L. Tatchell ......... 99 C. hyale and C. croceus, C. M. Gum- AMCT RE ck cA ee Reach Beene es decnct sveueer 123 Coleoptera at Lampton, Middlesex, Hey DONISTMOEDE! c.2ce-e- 2... 28, 40, 59, 66 Collecting, in 1944, near Canterbury, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 10: Notes, 8, 21, 45, 60, 70, 89, 120, 123, 134 Colour Changes of Lepidopterous Ness. sR a .. WesA ll amc caeeses en. soot 414 Continental Correspondent, Old ....... 105 Convolvuli in Scotland, A. M. Mac- LECH DE Ut peeuerdeen See ct Sega we ee AARC ES a er gee 128 Coranus subapterus in Glos., T. Bain- brigge ww lCLCWEI cee rancse esate nee ee 33 COFTECTION A Nee). oeee eco ease ce 48, 106 . Current Notes ......... 11, 48, 74, 91, 120, 135 Cylindrotoma_ distinctissima (Dip., Tipul.) bred, T. B. Fletcher, 46; Be APY LOR scene ee eee ees SCR SAE 72 DAE WATTSIR [e520 yaceeeee ee eee eee 12 Diapause, in Insects, Is the, eradic- able?, E. P. Wiltshire, 49; in Cal- cutta Lepidoptera, D. G. Sevasto- TOKO U OP ones: Past Ge ete a) AM py) Load bY Neda: 104 ig PAGE Diptera, swept from a Reed-bed, B. R. Lawrence, 73; in November, He We ANGTEWS Wes cee. ok. ee 120 Dragonfiy Record, A, E. J. Taylor ... 72 Dwarf E£. cardamines, M. P. Siddons 72 Early, emergence of A. atropos, Rev. G. Wheeler, 89; Seasonal Notes in Dorset, 1945, R. D. R. Troup 90 Entomology in Holland during the Wart, Borde Kempke. <2 2e.<.e ee 133 Euphydryas aurinia, Note on, R. D. 1 8 ded bg 0.2 i Rs Oe RE Pe a 90 Excavation of Mounds of the Ant P. pallidula, Study on, W. Pickles 97 ' Foetid Arum and Insects, The, Dr Malcolm: “Burren Ne oe ce eee 130 Foodplants, of Pheosia tremula, J. W. H. Harrison, 45; of C. tullia, pc Eb, FEARS Mia occ es eee QW Further Extension of the Range of MyTrmica, Schenkiz | As on see OAR OUrke! © RLCLe Sts Sa eee an eee 85 Gall-gnat Perrisia galii, J. W. H. HarrisOm ,.\. 4a.suck.. casted ee eee 126 Genetics of Sterrha aversata, ab. amoenata, Dr E. A. Cockayne ... 41 Genus Zygaena, Further Observations on the, in the Hebrides, Prof. J. Wi. Hes Barrison: Vy.2. 22 secce eee 25 Grasshopper, A Late, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher Grasshoppers in 1944, T. B. Fletcher 21 Gynandromorph of Operophtera brumata, L., Dr E. A. Cockayne 16 Habitats of Chorthippus bicolor and C. paralellus, B. R. Laurence ..... 71 Helomyza variegata (Dip.) breeding in roots of Sea Aster, H. W. An- drews Heredity; and OlgdyA sey. ve ese eee tee 120 Herse convolvuli, at Maidencombe, 1945, Frank H. Lees, 130; in Swan- age, L. Tatchell, 135: in Scot- land, A. M. Maclaurin ............... 128 Heterocera of Persia, Notes on, E. P. Wiltshire : Holland, Entomology in, during the War, Bow lMempkery. 2:25 133 Honey-dew, An Old Moth-hunter ... 93 H. pinastri in Southampton, Wm. Fassnidge, 100; F. H. Lees ......... 124 Immature Grasshoppers, Tachysphex pompiliformis attacking, T. Bain- brigee } Bleteher | 2.02... 23 2 ee ‘29 Irish Lepidoptera, Collecting, in 1944, Bryan P. ‘Beirne s2icee2-8-.eeee 51, 63, 86. Is Labia minor MDouble-brooded ?, du! Nepteel B10 6 OF Gere eee 8 Se SNE A cc 37 Isle of Wight, Note from the, J. W. SAU) Occ wccgend bps ccesscceernemenetan ener pay ab INDEX. 139 PAGE PAGE Island of Platy, The, Malcolm Burr, Noctuae Captures in Mid-Sussex from Pre VW GE TET VelCIGS: 3. Hee eec ene 100 Yew Hedges, T. A. Dancy and L. Jeannel, Great Work by, Malcolm ESA Va Gere ieee: tunis ewe TN a be IB 2 A... ee 41 Nomen Nudum, A (Gelechiidae) ...... Kent Recordings of Helomyza, H. W. Notes from the N. of Ireland, 1943 (RTT SIGE TS ae ly ie ne 33 (concluded), Thomas Greer, 9; King George Butterfly, H. Donis- on Odonata, 1942-3, T. A. Whel- thorpe, 72; Dr N. Birkett, 104; A. lan, B.Sc., 17; Turkish Dermap- H.. Hamm, 105; Rev. W. L. Freer 105 tera, Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., 18; Larvae of the Currant Moth (A. gros- from Dorset, R. D. R. Troup, 21; sulariata) on hazel, J. W. H. Har- Portsmouth Area, A. H. Sperring, TEISOTT, oF PaaS ee a Re Re ee 126 101; from Somerset in 1944, J. F. Lasiocampa quercus, ab. feminicolor- TBE GE cis ee a ee eee CG Dr WevAs- CockayNe..........05.<- Q7 Obituary: G. T. Bethune-Baker, Lepidoptera new to, or rare in, the IR hel dapsened e/Ays slo basin lelyieedia aban Outer Hebrides, Prof. J. W. H. 35; Ferdinand le Cerf, T. B.-F., TELZUET ONO ee 1 Hee Ee KPa loved hier is! eee Lepidoptera of Sussex and W. Hants, Observations, on British Orthoptera, 1944, Com. G. W. Harper, R.N. ... 3 1944, J. A. Whellan, 6; on Satur- Lepidoptera of Shetland, The, B. P. nia pavonia, Capt. A. F. L. Bacon BES CGE CMe eect os A clsnis oleae vine odes se ties dias 37 Occurrence of, Acridium subulatum Light Stimulus to Stridulation of a in Bedfordshire, B. R. Laurence, Lepidopteron, E. pudica, Com. 60; O. argentata, Dip., in Bedford Gis Vive LE IGT 01S) Ghia ass aen See near eee ees 73 and: Herts,:Bs Ro: Laurence) x2. List of captures in March in Calcut- Oviposition of Achlya flavicornis, P. te eG. Sevastopulo .2:.2000..0.0565.: 113 | Boab 7 es 0 a ere GS Sa Local, List, A, J. Heath, 102; Names, Parasitism of a Merodon larva by J. W. Saunt, 124; Pterophoridae, the Tachinid, Typha dubii, J. E. in E. Tyrone, MUn(GPeCrr oe ee 134 © LI ty Fee ee ie Ce IR aR Localities: Abbeyleix, 65; America, P. atalanta in Swanage, L. Tatchell S., 61; Bedfordshire, 73, 91: Bris- P. brassicae swarming on the Dorset tol, 106: Buckland Newton, 21; Coast, L. Tatchell, 99; at Fet- Calcutta, 23, 104, 110: Canterbury, Chianmes Eis Gea Ss Wield eee aie Nr., 10; Dalkey Is., 52: Deal, 71, Phryxus livornica at Swanage, Leo- 123; Devon, S., 121; Dorset, 90, 99: Nave TL aie We Le eee eee ese se eo eee a eae Hants, W., 3, 124; Hebrides, Outer, P. machaon at Swanage, L. Tatchell 1, 45, 125; Iran (Persia), 77, 87: Peroneural Defect in Brenthis ew- Treland, N., 9, 51, 63, 85; Isle of phrosyne, Dr E. A. Cockayne ... Wight, 122; Kent, S.E., 102; Lamp- Prevalence of Some Rhopalocera in ton, Mdlsx., 28, 40, 58, 66; Persia, Bristol .G., ee VAT ee ceeetensseacs 77; Polegate, etc., 9; Portsmouth, Query, A, (blister like swellings in 101, 125; Shetland, 37; Somerset, wings of newly hatched Lepidop- 102; Swanage, 102; Sussex, 3, 58; tera), A. M. Maclaurin ............:4. Tetbury, Glos., 46; Tipperary, 64; Range, abroad of A. brevilinia, E. Turkey, 18, 37, 67; Wicklow, 52; P. Wiltshire, 89; of the 6-spot NCOP ON DELON: .. .2cc ces. spsconteschugeees ca D3 burnet in S. Uist, J. W. H. Har- Lond. Nat. Hist. Soc., H. J. Burkill THES OTN ce a ae ee ea ine chon REE, «ose cen Z 716, 137 R. sacraria in 8S. Devon, F. H. Lees Ludius ferrugineus, ab. occitanicus, Rediscovery of Hallodapus montan- new to Brit. List, H. Donisthorpe 97 doni (Hemip.), T. B. Fletcher ... Mice Eating Electrocuted Hornets, Review, “‘ Bird Mysteries,” P. Siviter Ki TER OSU Se a ee 35 Smith, 23; ‘“ The Histeridae asso- Migrant Butterflies in S.E. Kent, C. ciated with Stores Products,” H. IVI G REMUS 000 ec.tenctess sos sedseoeenes 102 DOMIStMOYPe —...sseeseeeeeteer ce reese Migrants and Early Butterflies near Reviews, Short eeclaiste 12 69 74, 91 120 Deal, Early, C. M. Gummer ...... 71 S. Devon captures in 1945, F. H. Lees Mimicry, Reputed in Pareronia val- Saturnia pavonia, ab. melanomma- eria, D. G. Sevastopulo ... 22, 45, 104 tus, ab. nov., Dr E. A. Cockayne Necrophorus, Remarkable Occurrence Searchlight, Moths at a, Clifford Ole MAT COMM UIT | ees seuss caecscete 8 (CEA UES y5,s ose ee neeescan net pese es uce Sesce oe New to Britain, Diospilus ephippium Seasonal Notes, Early 1945, Dorset, (Enya), Hi Donisthorpe 2.0.00)... 60 JB emabel 0 Vmeid Bichon Li cla) 0 ij Ovur gap Sey Or abate ee ie New Records of Lepidoptera from Senses of Moths, The, Rev. Desmond E. P. Wiltshire ... 77 MUI Atos os steeac kee neecer se cases caeecnies ses Iran (Persia), 102 48 91 91 45 70 135 99 60 102 109 104 90 126 135 43 108 , 135 121 129 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. II. inne Some Sense-organs of Moths. Rumelihisari on the Bosphorus, to face page 18. Agrotidae, to face page 61. Some Captures of Notable Aberrations of Lepidoptera, to face page 77. (By kind permission of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society.) IV. Peroneural Defect in Brenthis euphrosyne, to face page 109. ’ we 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1IT/1945 @ PAGE PAGE { Some Captures of Notable Aberrations Tetbury (Glos.) Notes, J. Newton ...... 46 (Arr eB CHE SOG) vost scot eee deta case ae Thi T. tibialis (Hawthorn sawfly), J. F. : Spiders Webs, Lepidoptera in, J. W. TUM Ee..... ccce cope 100 Ee!) EEATP ISOM: oe chatbameatoss cheeees 126 Tidusual OLeeeeatianeand Gagne Spilosoma lutea and S. lubricipeda oa ae DURES ie in the Western Isles, J. W. H. A AS) OS DG THANG orem. | elec 9125 HarPison) Ps. Ne ate) 497 | Variation in Mimas tiliae, Miss E. Spring Emergence of A. atropos, Rev. WES eg GUTS OM 2, 255, ee eee eS RE 124 G). Witeelen (O08 in ae ee 104 Volucella inanis, in the London Dis- : Siridulatian < aio ce et eee Eee 73 trict, H.W) Amarews Oee sos. 329 Substitute Foodplants (Verbascum | Weather Influence Oviposition, Does ? Grp.), E. P. Wiltshire ................ 89 Po BM) Aliana) oo see 128 Sympetrum flaveolum in Surrey, H. Z. pyrina in 8S. Wales, M. P. Siddons 32 ‘ oF, POBAUEITAG SET e nda. eels Dee ee 99 ; : % LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. . PAGE PAGE ACaARMIS AWRY, Weel conti ccbSadence ne ac dens nee 71 amb dis |: Mi... Gorm. 3iSiascss eoeeaee Retr ee eens 10 Allan) Be ML SNe iene. 44,60 7e8:)| deawrence, BR, 2. ...sceeden 60, 71, 72, 91 Andrews, go-5 W..;. FUR BS.) Sac. seecece 33, 120 Leedssi Hp Aji; .ct neers eee ated cedsaneneed teaes 53 9 AVERT | Co ees coos eae ees ogee aE 106 Lees ,, 2s Eh ic sce See se 121, 124, 135 Beimmes Be PP eye si. 3, oho doe 37, 50, 63, 86 LeMpDRG; Bs i Jie. tn oasccee aces ce sve este geonceee oe 133 Boy. iss TA eae cas Rae ee seta one ehode os bees 104 Maciaprine A. Moe ne abeee 90, 128 PEGE, DT DW ii gcc. sveceteent hs epg eipets 106 Murray, Revi. Diieccas: eta apa deve arnt Ace 61 Burr, Malcolm, Dr, F.R.E.S. ... 8, 11, NG WLOMe (Ds. ccnssetaseeeee ene geeteee oreo eee 47 ; 18, 384370671. 130.0 132 O7ROULKE: Re ics RES aaeeccte eee teen 85 Cockayne WOryh: A. seDuMc, ROP Parsons, Cant Qe. ccce-nceeteneee aaa eee 9 IP AEUSED SS): Sean 16, 27, 41, 109, 129 PICKICS |W. BER Bs. Oe anes eee eceee nae 97, 100 CGoltiniwwasi, d.Poy PABUE Sarees) (0s blo SAWOEC sy Tes es case tose ck seu os eae ee 58 Oraviur ds Chord: Leer aed. sescsdaae sce 29 PSI2 DFTA Teme MM Yea OS HR a he 122, 124 DanGye yi Asy tice eee i eee 58 Sevastopulo, D. G., F.R.E.S. .. 22, 105, 110 © Donisthorpe, H., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc., SIGGONS, M. Pz ......essesseeeesessseeeeesensenenee 32 28, 40, 48, 59, 66, 72, 97, 108 Siviner Smith. “P.. BOR Soe ee 23 Donovan. Lt.-Col el WC OV). nn s.as- 008 21 SCETUE oA nas cen cc weet. Se ods sone 104. Fassnidge, Wm., M.A., F.R.E.S. 101, 127 Rate ey | Pay oye sesaseeone 11, €0, 99, 102, 135 Fletcher, T. B., BLLS., F.Z:S.,..R.E.S., PAV 1OR. Bie diss iA ca HR By. oten tee 72 9 PRG Soka QO0 "Sa" Bil" 285 Ae ee Ob Wri ke. De Bee aren asia ae a 21,90 — VOCE: REVO Sees ites onion add fice ereenges 107 | Turner, Hy. J., F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., F (Go S OT UIVINISS MAB aie cttec eco a nee cided cnManians heetae.s 124 i I Dh EOL ES ene ais emis riey “ile > ; GUC Wee ners Meee tect dat. 3c cc Cen e sdenudn esas 9 PE ANT Wh 0 TS gape JOM Chara sl Bee See pai 2 ee LED 100 GUAT Meee io 53 5Us get ane 71, 102, 124 Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.R.E.S., / EAA TAIN Wie EL ects occtten ay ommes saneetuce 107 : 89, 101, 128 Mar per: Goma iO W).; RING erveake age 3, 73 | Wheeler, Dr L. R. 0.0.0... 9, 4659 Harrisons Prot We bl gabe. sc.0d, Wihetian, AL BSG yarecetcs serena ae 6, 17 93° OF Beds, Agen 27)" |). NAiaesiagea tenes ACY of fo ea cee weer eee 41 LE Let Wile po Url Peel Seek A Sriae OMA, S-Di eaen ene Obe 102 WHEE HBy PS ne canara eee 49, 77, 89, 108 ee ee ee ee a “JAN 24 1946 Lie RA AL Fie, Dup. (1844), H.-S., Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot: [ Inthomoia, Hb. (1821), Hamp., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.; Hadena, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Gn., Meyr., Meyr.: Xylina, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25, Frr. ] rectilinea, Esp. (1789). °° THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (213) Tutt, Brit. Noct., 95 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 129 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., V, 35, plt. 159, 1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 182 (1901): Splr., Schmet. Eur., I, 207, plt. 41, 12 (1905): South, M.BJ., I, 265, pli. 126, 6-7 (1907): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VIII, 209, fig. 41 (1909): Warr.- Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 208, plt. 42d (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 197, plt. 36, 9 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 82 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Sup., ITI, 172 (1934). Esp. pee. AV; 379, pit: 127, 1 Gass ?), gave a poor figure of this species with tie linhter ee ‘quel suffused. Ernst & Ener., Pap. d’Eur., V1, 163, f. 385a (1791): Wernbg. identi- fied the figure as rectilinea. Hb., Samml. Noct., 248 (1802), gave a very. good figure with outer marginal area lighter than is usual. Dup., Hist. Nat. Noct., VII (1), 231, plt. 114, 6 (1827), gave a very good figure of a well-marked example. Xylina. Steph., Zll., Ii, 179, placed rectilinea in the genus ree He said it was bet the rectilinea, Haw. Treit., Schm., V (3), 61 (1826), said that the fig. of Htib. was gener- ally ee. but aor in size and colouring. Frr., Beitr., I, 18, plt. IV, 1 (1827), gave a very incorrect ee in fact, eos hisable. In his N ew. Beitr., I, 101, plt. 51, he gave two other figures, by no means good, but Peseniaatie by some of the correct and usual markings. H.-S., Syst. Bearb., II, 289 (1850), said that the first fig. of Frr. was very crude, but his later figs. were good. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 105 (1852), noted that the rectilinea, Haw., was not this species but the u-latinum. He also recorded a form in which the median area: was wholly maroon-brown which’ restricts the black, © only clear in the upper part of the basal half. Spots are almost absorbed by the brown. Scotland. Barrett, /.c., plt. 189, gave ¢ and @ figures, the 2 having more lighter areas than the ¢. . Stdgr., Cat., I[Ied., 182 (1901), gave one f. xylenoides, Gn., and its syn. xyliniformis, Gr. Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 207, plt. 41, 12 (1905), gave a very good figure of a typical form and included three forms: ab. virgata, Tutt, ab. eylinoides, Gn., and described ab. grisea without brown marking on fore- wing. South, M. B. I., I, 265, plt. 126, 6-7 (1907), gave two varied examples. Hamp., Lep. ial: VTE. 209, . 41 (1909), used the genus Lithomoia, Eb; ae placed it nm the eh eran Acronyctinae. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 203, plt. 42d (1911), gave a figure of the typical form. Culot, N. et G., I (1), 197, plt. 36, 9 (1913), gave a good figure. It varies by the more or less emphasis of marking. (214) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI1/ 1945 Drdt.-Stz., Pai. Noct. Supp., II, 172 (1934), recorded ab. virgata and figured it plt. 20b, and ab. grisea, Splr., greyer. Of the Variation Barrett wrote :— There is local variation in the colouring of this species, specimens from the East of Scotland having the chocolate-brown band and cloud- ing less bright and more shaded with slate-grey. In the collection of the late Mr H. Doubleday at Bethnal Green, are specimens (unfortunately not labelled) which show scarcely any of the red-brown colouring, their ground colour being greyish-white, the clouding darker grey, and the central band olive-brown. Occasionally the space around the reniform stigma is conspicuously pale, forming a large rounded grey section scooped out of the broad red-brown band. On the other hand a specimen in the collection of Mr W. H. B. Fletcher is banded with very rich dark _ brown; while others have the central band broken up by white clouds. The Names and Forms to be considered :— rectilinea, Esp. (1789+ ?), IV, 379, plt. 127, 1. cylinoides, Gn. (1852), Hist. Nat. Noct., VI, 105. Syn.? Amer. f. ab. semivirgata, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 95. ab. virgata, Tutt, l.c. ab. grisea, Splr. (1905), Schmet. Hur., I, 207, plt. 41, 12. Tutt dealt with: (1) the type form as illustrated by Esp. & Newman; (2) ab. semivirgata, with a band below the stigmata to inner margin: (3) ab. virgata with a complete central band. ab. xylanoides, Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., VI (2), 106. Ortc. Drescrre.—‘ It resembles rectilinea extremely, from which it does not appear to differ at the first except by its antennae, which are strongly pectinated. However, on close investigation one sees that its upper wings are more elongate; the extra-basal line forms very sharp teeth ; on the contrary, the elbowed line is straighter and does not form a tooth opposite to the black feature; the median spots are less detached and more finely circled with black; the lower wings are more uniform and lighter; the abdomen less rosy at the extremity.’’ North America. ab. grisea, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 207 (1905), called specimens without brown colour ab. grisea. (His note said that Tutt considered the ‘‘ fusco- cinereus ’’ of Esper’s diagnosis, and H.-S., it was not the typical form, but semivirgata.) Xylocampa, Gn. (1841)-(1852), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot: [Dichonia, Hb. (1821), Hamps., Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Xylina, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25)] areola, Esp. (1791+). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 97 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 52 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., VI, 48, plt. 236, 2 (1900): Stdegr., Cat., IIled., 212 (1901): Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 263, plt. 41, 21.(1907):. Hamps., Lep. Phal., Vi, 294, f. 88 (1906): South, M.B.I., II, 33, plt. 12, 7 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 128, plt. 31f (1910): Culot, Noct. et G., I (2), 97, pit. 57, 9 (1918): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 1382 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Supp. Pal. Noct., ITT, 137 (1934). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (215) Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VI, 12, f. 29a, b (1788), gave two figures much too dark. Bork., Naturg., IV, 340 (1792), redescribed the species and cited Esper’s areola with a ?. He himself called it lithorhiza. He also cited Far a tHur., V1, fic. 290 (1788). ! Esper, Noct., IV, 448, plt. 141, 4 (1788+ ?), gave a crude and hard figure with contrast of ground and marking much exaggerated, under the name areola, Hb., Samml. Noct., 398 (1803-8), gave the figure of a form under the name operosa (but under the name lithorhiza in his Text, p. 188). Geyer, l.c., 764, gave another figure much more normal. up. ast. Nat. Noct.; ‘VIL GQ); 191, pli. 12; 4.0827), ‘save an excellent figure. : Frey., Beitr., II, 75, plt. 70, 2 (1829), gave a very dark figure, black- grey with a few white conspicuous small spots not characteristic of the species, and the black basal line continued with intervals to the outer margin. Not a good figure, under the name lithorhiza. H.-S. used the name lithorhiza, Bork., although he cited areola, Esp., and operosa, Hb. | Sys. Bearb., II, p. 289 (1850). Of Hb. 398 (operosa) he said the fore- wing was much too wide behind and the hght markings.too sharp. Hb.-Gey. 764-5 were good. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 110 (1852), used the name lithorhiza, Bork., and cited areola, Esp., and operosa, Hb. Stdgr., Cat., [[Ied., 212 (1901), cited operosa and lithorhiza as Syns. Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 294, f. 88 (1906), described a much greyer form from Hyeres, which Strand subsequently named hyerensis. He cited lithorhiza, Bork., and operosa, Hb. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 261, plt. 47, 21 (1907), gave a very good figure and included the ab. suffusa, Tutt. South, M.B.I., II, 33, plt. 12, 7 (1908), gave a very good figure typi- cal and reported two forms, ab. suffusa, Tutt, and ab. rosea, Tutt; a dark and a rosy form. He also gave a beautiful figure of an example on the bark of a tree. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 128, plt. 31f (1910), gave two figures, 3 and 2 of a typical form. They recognised a dark form suffusa, Tutt. The figures are bad for colour, a rich brown instead of a pale grey ground. They considered lithorhiza, Bork., and operosa, Hb., as Syns. Culot., N. et G., I (2), 97, plt. 57, 9 (1915), gave a very good figure which varies only very slightly in lighter or darker scaling. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 1387 (1934), recorded ab. rosea, Tutt, ab. kanei, Rbl., ab. hyerensis, Strnd. (=modesta, Warn.) and illus- trated it on plt. 17h, and ab. mustapha, Obthr. In the opinion of Drdt.-Stz. (1934) modesta, Warn., is the same as hyerensis, Strnd, and mustapha, Obthr., is ‘‘ approximately the same.’* & Barrett remarked on the Variation that :— ‘“ Only a little variable in the intensity of the dusting of black, and of the flush of purple, or of grey, in the ground colour, but in some specimens the stigmata are tinged with purplish-red rather than grey, or the longitudinal stripe of black atoms partially disappears.” (216) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1945 The Names and Forms to be considered : — areola, Esp. (1791+ ?), Abbild. Noct., IV, 448, plt. 141, 4. lithorhiza, Bork. (1792), Naturg. Noct., IV, 3389. (Syn.) operosa, Hb. (1803-8), Samll. Noct., f. 398. Text, p. 188, No. 41, as lithorhiza. (Syn.) ; ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 97. ab. rosea, Tutt (1892), l.c. [ab. kanei] Kane (1896), Hnt., X XIX, 160 (no name). [ab. hyerensis] Hampson (1906), Lep. Phal. Noct., VI, 295 (no name). ab. kanei, Rbl. (1909), Berge Schm., TXed., 254. ab. hyerensis, Strand (1915), Arch. Naturg., A., LXXXI, 12, 148. ab. mustapha, Obthr. (1918), Lep. Comp., XVI, 164, plt. 496, f. 4124. ab. rhodana, Derenne (1919), Rev. Mens., XIX, 38. ab. modesta, Warnk. (1934), New. Beitr. Sys. Ins., II, 93. (Syn.) of hyerensis. ab. pediculata, Hy. J. T., nov. ab. ab. deficiens, Hy. J. T., nov. ab. Tutt dealt with: (1) Esper’s type, the pale ashy-grey, slightly fuscous ; (2) suffusa, with a blackish-grey ground with distinct marking, and (3) rosea, with ground colour suffused with rose. [ab. kanei], Ent., XXIX, 160 (1896). Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ A strikingly pale aberration, freshly emerged, was taken by me (Kane) at Arklow, having no trace of black dashes or lines. The pale blotches and antemarginal band are of dirty white, . showing upon a uniform pale yellow ground.”’ Ireland (not named). ab. kanei, Rbl., Berge, [Xed., p. 254 (1909) :—Drscrie.—‘‘ Forewings with dusky-white ground colour and brown-yellow in place of blackish marking.’’ Ireland. ab. [hyerensis, Strnd.], Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 295 (1906). Orntc. Descrip.—‘‘ Much greyer.’’ Hyeéres, Andalusia. ab. hyerensis, Strand, Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), LXXXI, A. 12, 148. ‘“ Ts of a more grey tint than the typical form.’’ Provence. Hyeres, Andalusia. var. mustapha, Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 164. Fig.—plt. 496, fig. 4124 (1918). Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ The markings largely obliterated and the ground colour of the wings is deep grey.’’ Algeria. Said by Drdt.-Stz. to be much like hyerensis, Strnd., as is modesta, Wrnk., Neu. Beitr. Sys. Ins., IT, 93. ab. rhodana, Derenne, Rev. Mens., XIX, 38 (1919). Orig. Descrie.— La teinte du fond des ailes antérieures est rosée ainsi que la bordure marginale des postérieures. Le duvet couvrant le corps est également rosé. | ‘ Cette teinte rosée donne aux papillons un aspect remarquable, se trouve assez communément chaque année avec le type fort abondant a la promenade de la citadelle de Namur, bois de la Vesquée en mars-avril.”’ ab: pediculata, nov. ab. Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Occasionally on the middle of the inner margin of the f.w. a square black blotch is found joining up with the conspicuous THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (217) black mass below the stigmata as a pedicel supporting it. This is some- times imperfectly marked out but not filled. We note those with the perfect marking ab. pediculata.’’ ab. deficiens, nov. Orie. Descrip.—l have two Bulgarian examples with the whole of the usual white or whitish ground very pale grey in one and darker grey in the other. In both the deep black bar is absent from the base, but its continuation remains and bends upward to the costa forming the darker two ‘‘bags’’ in which the orbicular and reniform stigmata are sus- pended, respectively. The latter has a somewhat similar development, but with the orbicular only in a ‘‘ bag.’’ This developed marking is deep black in both. The rest of the black markings in both examples are two blotches on outer margin. In fact the black area gives the appearance of a fascia extending only half across the wing with the lighter orbicular and reniform lying in it. Scoliopteryz, Germ. (1811), H.-S., Myr., Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Warr.- Stz., Culot, Meyr., Drdt.-Stz. [Gonoptera, Latr. (1825), Dup., Gn.] libatriz, L. (1788). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 97 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 186 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., VI, 239, plt. 252 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., ITI, 234 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 297, plt. 47, 4 (1907): South, M.B.I., II, 68, plt. 22, 1 (1908): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., TII, 361, plt, 52n (1913): Culot, NV. et G., I (2),.163, plt. 70, 3 (1916); Meyr., Rev. Hand., 169 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., TI, 223 (19386). Early Entomologists classed Jibatriz as a Bombyx. It was so placed by Lin. in Sys. Nat. (1758). Résel., Belust. Ins., IV, plt. 20 (1760+). A very fair figure, appear- ance too heavy. Esper, Noct., III, 357, plt. 69, 4-7 (1782+ ?), gave a good figure. Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., V, 95, 258b, c, d (1788), gave three rather -miss-shapen figures. Bork.,: Naturg., III, 428 (1790), Ph. Bombyz. Cited all earlier authors. Hb., Samml. Noct., 436. (1808-9), gave a by no means good figure. Dup., Hist. Nat. Noct., VII (4), 478, plt. 131, 1 (1827), gave a very good figure. . Steph., Jil., III, 50 (1829), used the genus name Calyptra, Ochs. Curtis, who was bitterly opposed to Steph., remarked that it should be Scoliopteryx, Germ. Treit., Schmett. Noct., V (2), 173 (1825), cited no less than 36 refer- ences in older literature, and said that it occurred all over Europe and at first had been classified with the Bombyces near thalictri but that. Fab. placed it in the Noctuae (Kulen); while Ochs. put both species with the Noctuae. Treit. considered it modesta of Mill. and of Gotze. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 319, said that Hb. fig. 436 was too roughly toothed and hindwings too dusky. Meyr., Handb., 184 (1895), used the genus Scoliopteryz. Stder., Cat., III, 234 (1901), used the genus name Scoliopteryx, Germ. (218) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 | XII /1945 Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 297, plt. 47, 4 (1907), gave a very fair figure - and included the form ab. suffusa, Tutt. South, M.B.I., II, 63, plt. 22, 1 (1908), gave a very good figure of a red form. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 361, plt. 52n (1913), gave a good figure of a typical form. They included the three aberrations, ab. suffusa, a scarce dark form; ab. pallidior, pale whitish-grey, and ab. pallida, Splr., the pale more yellowish specimens from Turkestan. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 163, plt. 70, 3 (1916), gave an excellent figure. Meyr., Rev. Handb., 169 (1928). Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 223 (1936), illustrated the form pallida, Splr., plt. 231, and recorded ab. besti, Osth. Of the Variation C. G. Barrett said :— Hardly variable, or only so in the general tone of colour, darker or paler, and in some degree in the extent of orange-red clouding. The Names and Forms to be considered : — libatriz, L. (1758), Sys. Nat., Xed., 507. Bombyz. ab. suffusa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 97. ab. pallidior, Splr. (1907), Schmett. Eur., I, 297. ab. pallida, Splr. (1907), l.c. ab. besti, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schmett. Sudbay, II (2), 349 (1927). Tutt dealt with the two Linn. descriptions, Sys. Nat., 507, and Fn. Suec., 304, and he named the dull greyish-fuscous form with no red on the outer margin of the forewings. ab. pallidior, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 297 (1907). Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Pale whitish shining grey.’’ N.. Mediterranean area and Asia Minor. ab. pallida, Splr., l.c. Orte. Descrip.—‘‘ A very clear coloured and sharply marked form, paler yellowish specimens ’’ from Turkistan. ab. 2 besti, Lenz., Osth. Schm. Sudbay, II (2), 349 (1927). Ortc. Descrir.—‘‘ Forewing of a uniform dark violet-grey ground colour with reddish suffusion. Whitish markings strongly reduced and with grey suffusion. Both transverse lines of the forewings much ap- proached and anastomosed on the inner margin.’’ Xylina, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., Steph., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Culot [Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr. (1), Meyr. (2): Litho- phane, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.: Graptolitha, Hb. (1821), Hamps., South] ornitopus, Hufn. (1766) (ornithopus rect. Stdgr.). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 99 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 52 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., V1, 39, plt. 236, 1 (1900): Stdgr., Cat., I1led., 211 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 258 (1906): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 260, plt. 47, 10: (1907): South, M.B.I., If, 31, plt. 12, 6 (1908): Warr.-Sta., Pal. Noct., ILI, 128, plt. 30h (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 94, plt. 56, 16 (1914): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 1387 (1934). THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (219) In the Berl. Mag., III, 309 (1766), Hufnagel described a Noctua under the name ornitopus. The description was short but recognizable as agreeing with the figures in later authors. In (1775) Schiff. in his Verz., 75, named the same species he had bred from oak without adequate description with the name rhizolitha. Subsequently Fab., Mamntissa, p. 182 787), somewhat more fully de- scribed it and used the name brought forward by Schiff. in the Verz. Esper, about (1788-?) more fully described the species in Abbild., IV, 317, and on plate 121 gave a very good figure of a light whitish-grey marked male under the name rhizolitha, under which it went for many years. Now it is known by the original name ornitopus, often spelt with an h, ornithopus. Why the change is used I have been unable to trace. Thus rhizolitha becomes a Synonym. Tutt gave the original description from Hufnagel ornitopus and also the somewhat longer subsequent description given by Fab., Mantissa, 182 (rhizolitha). Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VI, 4, £. 284a, b, c, d (1788), gave quite good figures, 2 upper and 2 under. Ksper., Noct., IV, 317, plt. 121, 6 (1789+), gave a passable figure as rhizolitha. (Also p. 358, plt. 125B.) Hb., Samml. Noct., 242 (1800-3), gave a very good figure under the name rhizolitha. a Steph., J/l., II, 170 (1829), described it under the name rhizolitha. He put lambda, ? as a Syn. Dupe, Hist. Nat. Noct., VIL (1), 187, pit: 1142, 3:-(1827), gave an-ex- cellent figure under the name rhizolitha. Treit., Schmett., V (8), 21 (1826), named and described this species as rhizolitha. Gn., Hist. Nat., VI, 119 (1852), said it was the lambda, Haw. Lep. Brit. (61), p. 181 (1809). H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 305 (1850), gave the Verz., Schiff., as the authority for rhizolitha. Authors refer rhizolitha to diverse authors —KEsp., Fab., Tr., Borz., etc. Meyr., Handbk., 52 (1895), used the genus Polia and the Hufn. name ornitopus with h inserted. In his Revised Hbk., 132 (1928), he gave the same nomenclature. Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 211 (1901), treated rhizolitha, Tr., Esp., and pruinosa, Butlr., as Syns. Stdgr., Cat., I[led. (1901), 211, used the correct spelling of the name ornitopus, Hufn., gave the Syn. rhizolitha, Tr. & Esp., and pruinosa, Btlr. (now considered a species). Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 258 (196), cited rhizolitha, Schiff. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 260, plt. 47, 10 (1907), gave a good figure of a typical form, and included a form ab. pallida. South, M.B.I., II, 31, plt. 12, 6 (1908), gave a very good figure of the typical form. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 128, plt. 30h (1910), gave two figures, a typical form and ab. pallida. Good figures generally, but the grey was too dark; pallida is a white-grey. (220) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIT/1945 Culot, N. et G., I (2), 94, plt. 56, 16 (1914), gave a very good figure of the typical form. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 187 (1934), ornitopus with genus name Jithophane, Hb. Three fresh forms are reported duebenia, Strand comparable to the banded P. serena; lactipennis, Dadd., and race japonica, Neuberger. Barrett remarked on the Variation: ‘“ Hardly variable, though occasionally the ground colour is a little tinged with smoky-grey, in which case the stigmata usually remain pale.’’ The Names and Forms to be considered : ornitopus, Hufn. (1766), Berlin Mag., III, 309. rhizolitha, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 75. Syn. rhizolitha, Fab. (1787), Mant., 182. Syn. rhizolitha, Esp. (1788+ ?), Abbild., IV, 317, plt. 121, 6. Syn. r. japonica, Neubgr. (193), Soc. Ent., XVIII, 113 (1908). ab. pallida, Splr. (1907), Schm. Eur., I, 260. r. or spp. lactipennis, Dadd. (1911), Ent. Record, XXIII, 97. ab. duebenia, Strnd. (1912), Hnt. Zeit., XXV, 258. ab. reducta, ab nov. Tutt dealt with the typical form very briefly, stating that British examples are of a purer white, quoting Hufn. and Fab. (rhizolitha). (Dadd. named the British form ssp. lactipennis in 1911.) var. japonica, Neuber., Soc. Ent., XVIII, 113 (1903). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The Japanese specimens are quite dark grey, whereas European examples appear to be pale grey or brownish-grey coloured. In addition the Japanese specimens want any suggestion of a red-brown or rusty-brown colour of the reniform, so that the forewings and thorax are uniformly dark grey (mouse-grey) coloured. Butler has described a closely allied species from Japan as X. pruinosa. The species appears to be very rare in Japan, in contrast with Europe, and is quite absent on the Amur, where Graeser has not yet found it.”’ The pruinosa, Btlr., from Japan, was at first considered to be a form of ornitopus, Hufn. var. lactipennis, Dadd., Ent. Rec., XXIII, 97 (1911). Orie. Drscrip.—‘ I possess a fairly long series of this species from the New Forest and have taken it in large numbers in various localities in Germany. The English series show up very prominently. on account of their conspicuous whiteness, and one would have no difficulty in pick- ing them out at a considerable distance. As the whole of my English specimens are of this form. . . . I therefore propose to christen it as X. ornitopus var. lactipennis.’’ . ab. pallida, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 260 (1907). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Hither purer grey-white, thin black-grey and black marked, or paler yellowish-grey-white with at most brown-grey, little of the usual marking and paler brownish hindwings.’? The first Erlangen, the other Karlsruhe. Subsert éTs | ma: heise of £ Dupileates ted anit ene ine ited free. of ‘enarge. i They should: i Be sent to Mr. HY. JC TURNER, Latemar,’ a West Drive: ‘Cheam, eee Hesperiidae, “especially: 4°03 ont Costa’ Rica, West” Indies,’ the. 4; Honduras Micaragua, Venezuela, ‘Colombia and. Holivia, Ingittuto, Miguel Litto, Calle bas & Lae. 408, Tucuman, és Hayward, Sy tein ae WA AGY Paonia Aitnacecas mom China and Perit; in papers, alee. eenanion 7 a: with data. _ Hegectaumssimtae material except trom North: pmeeae e) . . patiderate pint ero sot eanien bred from - ‘Lepidopterous: gens or “pupae, cor? ceeane any 3 ther. nimal, He Aten, See: Le Bape oo pieces asia “purchase a 3 8G LE ee bi hae and ss ae ese Smtih 8) | “Wanted for cash or. a species of ova, 1: pupae, : ~~ AS Grossulartita larvae in large numbers, | Gneie also: Dutt S British ‘Lepttiog - tera, vols; 2 and: 3: Barrett. (small: edition), vols. $°4,'5 and 8} tts: British: ‘Noctua: and their. Varieties, sae 3. ann. 4 Piotr, “96. ‘Stoney s: Way, Com a Various monthiy hee ot. ndomeregtst't Record. for 1914, 1915, 1916, 4001 919, and 1920, Please. report. any odd monthly ‘parts: (in. wrappers” as Seenadt — eee ar aes Bs ee. cAUUr, cb taates A Newtown, ‘Montgomeryshire. ' aS Purchase ‘OF exchange oot Pel ag x Ye se ales ‘ot Si Sara aed aidnis: a ‘mhietenor in VapbrsLeonard ratenel, , Roe ee eee fy coe Dorset. . See ool es popith, even a oo. wonla _ Ee Ce Satie CUE Or, oe $5) As Wart ted. ears Brig Be B. cA e vith to Ue accessories, ar m particulars, , apply to G. 4 er roedage ink the aianth ae oe ‘pan:< Fong History oper, “RN De Nea Birkett; the ate: Dr H<-G:, Harris, TBainbrigge: Fletch OMAzIG Querci, Dr Maltohm ‘Burr, Hy. 3. Turner, Bs. Lempke, 2. By M. Ane R. Mi-Payte “H. A. Leeds, W. Fassindge, 8G. Caste BOS: AS We Be: od; B;. Collin, Dr B. Av Cockayne, Rer-G. Wheeler? a AH. Communications Shotid “he: addressed to 3 Acting: saute TURNER, Latemar,’? 2 wee ‘Drive, Cheam. tO OUR READERS. j. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET oct Te ae “Speciatists: in. INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT. Sys ay ee pe. - Reconditioned naib ieee INSECT: CABINETS, : eae | a LEER vayailable from. time to time. ~ <> a = “ Sy 48t OF PRITISH Spo MERERS SiO eae Apne Pee ae By By. J. Turmer, ERS BRE Price, one COpy,.: 48-6 225 SUPPLEMENT @o. PUTTS: BRITISH: NOOTUAE.~ FB Ay od Pie Mets oes ERE.S, ERES, {You TR An course.) Nols ay 10/6; Vols a ai pa ntey or “boib segs kage s gees Paes 1A ey Ee fide wn reek, tee re Se oS BUTTERFUES- OF HE UEPER. RHONE VALLEY. BY. ‘Roger Wer a z Saree kt 2 ES: Beng has wh hope tpaeeee ten Moe Re worn aeuete ore ga Se EO Be TENTAMEN: ‘ABD. VERZEICHNISS. Collated bi rae 2-3 Durant EBS ae ion oe “BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL, LITE Pee Wa Andréws, ERE S:, With: ments: Been Coste BRITISH: SPECIES. ee: OPOMTZIDAE (DIPTERA) ae “EFGESS ie : a eee SPECIES on MICRO at ZAD f ‘Daun 4 O72 176 431