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Pith Th aaa ‘ i an’ * : A 1 ew ° ‘ ; : oe y i ; : . - ! : . - Py : ¥ ‘ : . a \ . a n : ' 7 ‘ ' y itt ' - bd ‘ 6 . ‘ ‘ 7 c “ . . ’ ‘ ; t oa ~ . - ‘ : ae ' oy “ : iam! 7 . a i tf \ ; 7 an \ z ‘ . ns \ Paes 7 ; ., : we 7 Fy 7 ' ] . ss ' > . , ; ’ 7 . = : 7 * . : 7 : . ‘ : : . + - - ‘ i 2 . N + . . ’ S 5 A ‘ : : : . ar : . 2 ‘ . ‘ : . . ’ ‘ F ‘ A . ' i . 7 - > : ‘ + . . : - _ . Roan . : 7 7 z ts ‘ : . . 4 : . ‘ . b {a t A © ha wa “456 HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology Ep Ahi ks Entomologist s Record AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY E. A. COCKAYNE M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R-ES. BARVARD UAMOESIIG3 | 1951 Price 2ls. net: Printed in Great Britain by T. Buncrze & Co. Lrv., Arbroath, Angus. INDEX TO V LU r Aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata. PEA mCOCKOYUNEe, A02: “ditto By J. Lempke, 178; of British Arctiidae. E. A. Cockayne, 262; of British Macro- lepidoptera. E. A. Cockayne, 30, 158, 229. Abraxas grossulariata, aberrations of. te Aes Cockayne; 102: ditto. B. J. Lempke, 178. Acasis viretata near Birmingham. G. B. Manly, 174; Note on, 138. Acronicta leporina in Derbyshire. T. D. Fearnehough, 223; foodplants of. dH. A. Buckler, 298. ; Adoxophyes orana in Britain, 248. Aegeria spheciformis, rearing Larvae of. A. C. R. Redgrave, 48. Aglais urticae in Fleet Street. JL. Tat- chell, 48. Agrotis ipsilon in Fair Isle. E. A. Cockayne, 177. Agrotis ripae, note on. L. E. Savage, 302. Allophyes oxyacanthae, procryptic larva Of, 171, 245. Alsophila aescularia, pairing position of. S. Hoffmeyer, 82. Anania nubilalis in Hampshire. A. C. R. Redgrave, 53; in London, T. G. Edwards, 223. Anatolia, Field Notes from. M. Burr, 14. Andrinde: a comedy of errors. E. A. Cockayne, 18. Anholt, Island of, 244. Anthomyia albicincta occurring in swarms. E. C. M. @d’ASsis-Fonseca, 226. Antigastra catalaunalis. J. S. Taylor, 12. Ants in Scotland. C. A. Collingwood, 306. Apamea connexa, a Note on. W. Reid, 140. Arctiidae, Aberrations of. E. A. Coc- kayne, 262. Argynnis aglaia attracted by carrion. G. B. Manly, 179. Argynnis paphia, pupating site of. A. L. Goodson, 141; ditto. C. Craufurd, 175: ditto. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 175: Scarcity in New Forest. A. C. R. Redgrave, 52. Artemisia absinthium, Larvae on. F. H. Latham, 254. Artificial Introduction of Lepidoptera. C. B. Antram, 8. Asilus crabroniformis in Dorset. chell, 256. Atomaria zetterstedti in the Reading district. A. A. Allen, 154. Aulonium trisulcum in South London. A. A. Allen, 97. Aviemore, Lepidoptera at. C. Craufurd, * 12, 214; ditto. W. Reid, 119. L. Tat- ~LUBRARY OVA 5) A is" melanic men of. A. A. Allen, 98. Bad Year, The. An Old Moth-Hunter. os Faris scolopacea, foodplant of. S. Wake- ly, 97; habitat of. A. A. Allen, 154. Bats and Moths. P. B. M. Allan, 116. Bedfordshire, Diptera in. B. R. Laur- ence, 95d. Bishop’s Stortford, doptera at, 196. British Hawkmoths in East Africa. D. G. Sevastopulo, 211. British Guiana, Collecting in. Shaw, 165. British Sphingidae in South Africa. J. Seenaylor A168 Burlington House, At, 289. speci- List of macrolepi- Dey Eee Butterflies at Hong Kong. V. R. Burk- harat, 109. Cabinets, Proper Care of. P. Siviter Smith, 286. Callimorpha dominula, aberration of. H. B. Williams, 13; in Cardiganshire. G. B. Manly, 119. Camel Cricket, Notes on the. McIntyre, 191. Cantharis species, Observations on. A. A. Allen, 152. Carpe Diem. An Old Moth-Hunter, 5. Catabomba pyrastri, egg-laying of. L. Parmenter, 255. Celluloid cages and Camphor fumes. P. B. M. Allan, 145; ditto. W. A. C. Car- ter, 174. Chiddingfold, Trimium brevicorne at. H. Donisthorpe, 123. CRSP: Chrysomela menthastri at Virginia Water. A. A. Allen, 153. Cleora cinctaria, genetics of. Ee AR Cockayne, 126: in Perthshire. A. Richardson, 303. Cleora repandata, genetics of. Es cA: Cockayne, 233. Coenonympha tullia in the Solway area. D. F. Owen, 219. Coleoptera of a Suburban Garden. A. A. Allen, 61, 187, 256. Coleoptera, Trichoptera, etc., in Somer- Seta AL He LUrner 259: Colias australis, foodplant of. s Cockayne, 177. we Colias croceus in Bucks. C. E. Spittles, 177; in E. Dorset. L. Tatchell, 217; on Breeding. R. Everett Warrier, 198. Colias croceus ab. cinerascens, genetics of. FE. A. Cockayne, 199. Colias croceus ab. helice, colour forms of. A. L. Goodson, 47. KA: Colias hyale in East Dorset. L. Tat- chell, 298. Collecting Notes, 1951. W. Reid, 267. lv INDEX. Colouration of Grasshoppers. M. Burr, 54. Colouration of Larvae and ‘crowding’, 88, 173; ditto. D. G. Sevastopulo, 298. Cornwall and N. Devon, Collecting in. S. Wakely, 36. Coscinia cribrum, Observations on. JH. Symes,. 203. Cranborne Chase, Collecting larvae in. EES TIVES. eal. Crowding and larval Colouration, 88; by D. G. Sevastopulo, 173, 298. Cucullia verbasci, on breeding. A. C. R. Redgrave, 84; in Birmingham. G. 8B. Manly, 174; Note on, 139. Cumberland Lepidoptera Notes. D. F. Owen, 10. Cupido minimus, unusual PB. M_, Allan, 12. Current Literature, 66, 123, 155, 193. Current Notes, 28, 40, 79, 137, 168, 244, 294. Cynomya mortuorum in the Midlands. Cartwright Timms, 97. Danaus plexippus at Birmingham. F. H. Latham, 254. Deilephila elpenor in- Renfrewshire. A. M. Maclaurin, 182. Derbyshire, Acronicta leporina in. of D. Fearnehough, 223; Smerinthus ocellatus’ in. J. H. Johnson, 218: Notes from. J. H. Johnson, 301. Dermaptera from Cyprus. M. Burr, 192: of Palestine. M. Burr, 121. Detergent, a New Larval. H. S. Robin- Son, 218. Devon, butterflies of S. .R. J. R. Levett, 182; Lasiocampa callunae in North. E. Barton White, 234; Lepidoptera in South. F. C. Woodforde, 193: Pieris brassicae in North. W. J. Finnigan, 217; and Cornwall, Collecting in. S. Wakely, 36; see also Torquay. Diacrisia sannio, pink appearance of. P. B. M. Allan, 299. Diptera in Bedfordshire. B. R. Laur- ence, 95; at Meriden. Cartwright Timms, 187; Collected in 1950. E. C. M. @Assis-Fonseca, 55; Notes on some bred. M. Niblett, 150: Resist- ance to Killing Agents. E. C. M. ad’ Assis-Fonseca, 120. Dorset Coast, Lepidoptera near the. P. H. Holloway, 205. Dorset, Notes from. 2AlTE Daas, DINGS 210 heh Drosophila repleta, Note on. C. N. Col- yer, 306. Dutch Lepidoptera, Lempke’s Catalogue of, 295. Early spring moths at Aviemore and Struan. W. Reid, 119: at Weston- super-Mare. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 52: in Hampshire. A. C. R. Redgrave, 93: in Somerset. A. H. Turner, 94; at Bishop’s Stortford. C. Craufurd, 82. pairing of. L. Tatchell, 58, 149, Earwig, the Common, double-brooded. M. Burr, 54; mite infestation of. M. BUTTS 5S. East Africa, British Hawkmoths in. D. G. Sevastopulo, 211. Electric ‘live’ wire attracting moths. A. C. R. Redgrave, 246. Epitrix spp. in Kent. A. A. Allen, 259. Essex, Notes from East. A. J. Dewick, 148, 280: Rarities in. Idem, 253. Euclidimera mi, abundance of. Js MM. Chalmers-Hunt, 144; variety of. Neville L. Birkett, 246. Euphydryas aurinia at Birmingham. F. H. Latham, 254. Eupista erigerella in Surrey. S. Wake- ly, 248. Eupithecia millefoliata, distribution of. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 217; Further Notes on. Jdemn, 299. Euproctis chrysorrhoea ab. fumosa, de- scribed. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 145; in N.-E. Norfolk. S. Wakely, 178. Evan John of Llantrissant. £. Barton White, 113; H. M. Edelsten, 143. Experiments with Light in Yorkshire. W. Reid, 108. Fair Isle, A. ipsilon at. Til: Field Notes, 24, 89, 112; 138, 170, 296. Field Notes from Anatolia. M. Burr, 14. Field Studies, Council for the Promotion Of 124 Fifty Years Ago, 65, 98, 123, 154, 193, 227, 260, 308. Flies on the Stinkhorn Fungus. L. Par- menter, 59; taken by a Spider in Surrey. Jdem, 254. Flying Butterflies. An Old Moth-Hunter, 212. Gelechia hippophaella in Norfolk. Se Wakely, 248, 297; in Yorkshire. H. N. Michaelis, 219. Glanvile, Mrs. Elizabeth, 41; and her Fritilary.. P. B. M. Allan, 292. Graptolitha furcifera and Evan John, 25; ditto. E. Barton White, 113. Grasshoppers, Colouration of. M. Burr, 54. 5 Greenhouse Camel Cricket, Notes on the. C. T. McIntyre, 191. Gymnoscelis pumilata feeding on budd- leia. F. H. Latham, 115. E. A. Cockayne, Hadena andalusica, Note on. Ey Savage, 302. Haematopota bigoti, Note on. EL. Par- menter, 186. Hampshire. See pp. 51, 52, 53, 98, 142, 299° Qh, 352. 953) Hawkmoths in East Africa. British. D. G. Sevastonulo, 211: in South Africa. J: Ss Faylor: 16% Heliothis dipsacea in Bucks. son, 182. A, L. Gooa- INDEX. Vv Helophorus brevipalpis, ieee rnowp, 308: Hepialus sylvinus, dates of appearance. R. #F. Birchenough, 12. Hera’s Shrines, At. H. M. Darlow, 71. Here and There in 1951. K. C. Green- wood, 278. Herse convolvuli, Notes on Rearing. FV. W. Philpot, 235. Herts., Moths in East. C. Craufurd, 26. Hong Kong, Butterflies at. V. R. Burk- hardat, 109. Hover Fly, number of eggs laid by. L. Parmenter, 255. Hydraecia species from various locali- ties. A. Richardson, 304. Swalrming of. Hydrous piceus, Diet of adult. B. R. Stallwood, 307. Hyloicus pinastri, Note on. PAB» Me: Allan, 86; increase in range of. H. B. Williams, 26. Hyponomeuta rorella in N.-E. Norfolk. S. Wakely, 179. Immigration of Pieridae into Norfolk. P. G. Baker, 174; into Purbeck. 1B Tatchell, 149. Inevitable Matchbox, The. Timms, 41. : International Rules of Nomenclature. F. Balfour-Browne, 28; T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, 28; EH. A. Cockayne, 38. Introduction of Lepidoptera, Artificial. C. B. Antram, 8. Ivy-bloom, Insects and. P. H. Holloway, Q75. John, Evan, of Liantrissant, 25; HE. Bar- ton White, 118; H. M. Edelsten, 1438. Kent, L. quadra in. J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 246; Notes from S.-W. G. V. Balls AsG. 1252: Epitrix spp. in: A. A. Allen, 259; Adoxophyes oranda in, 248. KilitinewAsents: Wi A. ¢. Carter, 114; R. F. Birchenough, 249; Resistance of Cartwright insects to, 145; of Diptera to. E. C. M. d Assis-Fonseca, 120. Laothoe populi, stridulation of. EH. M. Cowl, 99. Larval Detergent, a New. dG. S. Robin- son, 218. - Lasiocampa quercus attacked by a beetle. A. M.-~Maclaurin, 84; the Genetics of. B. J. Lempke, 200; var. ~callunae in N. Devon. E. Barton White, 234. haiti. “Ssearcity Of Inseets (in; 0. Querci, 167. Legs of Insects. G. H. Verrall, 123. Leicestershire, Acronicta leporina in. H. A. Buckler, 298. Leptidia sinapis ab. ganarew. [Re MWe Byers 176. Leucania vitellina in S. Devon. F. H. GEES, “SBE Life-histories, Notes on, 113, 169, 216, 295. Light in Yorkshire, Experiments with. W. Reid, 108. Light in a London house. P. A. D. Lank- tree, 237. Lithina chlorosata, Larva of. BY, A: Cockayne, 116. Lithocolletis mining Alnus and Acer. S. NEtASS ACOUS:) 45 Lithophane semibrunnea, note on, 295. Lithosia deplana in Kent. J. M. Chal- mers-Hunt, 299. Lithosia quadra, immigration of. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 246; in Kent. C. A. W. Duffield, 179. Lithosiinae, on Rearing the. Philip Murray, 28d. London house, Moths at Light in a. P. AM De hanktree, 230% Longicorns, Notes on Collecting. Hunter, 224. Loxostege palealis in Cambridgeshire. C. Craufurd, 183; in Yorkshire. d. N. Michaelis, 219; Note on. H. C. Hug- gins, 301. Luceria virens, Notes on the Larva of. Eo ANCOCEAYNES Qik Lymantria monacha, Flight of female, 170; W. Bowater, 245. Lymantriid females, sluggishness of. D. G. Sevastopulo, 298. Lycaena phlaeas, pupae in winter. T. D. Fearnehough, 47; Variation in. F. H. Edwards, 84; on Breeding. Idem, 141. Lytta vesicatoria, a hunt for. H. Donis- thorpe, 155; notes on. S. Wakely, 190. Macrothylacia rubi, mortality in Larvae of. T. D. Fearnehough, 115. Maniola jurtina, aberration of. Fearnehough, 176. Mantids aware of their background. M. BCA. i D2 Burr, 54. Matchbox, the Inevitable. Cartwrighi Timms, 41. Melanthia procellata, gynandromorph of. EH. A. Cockayne, 46. Meriden, Diptera at. Cartwright Timms, 187. Merioneth, Tabanus sudeticus in. Cart- wright Timms, 254. Microlepidoptera, Notes on. H. C. Hug- gins, 181, 221, 250, 300; taken at Sway. S.C. S. Brown, 119; in Yorkshire. dH. N. Michaelis, 219; at Monks Wood. S. Wakely, 302. Migration of Vanessa atalanta, 245; of Pieridae, 149, 174. Mompha nodicolella in Surrey. S: Wake- ly, 49, 81, 116; Some Observations on. S. Wakely, 274. Monks Wood, microlepidoptera at. S. Wakely, 302. ; Moss-pick, 284. vl INDEX. Moths and Bats. P. B. M. Allan, 116; at- tracted by ‘live’ electric wire. A. C. R. Redgrave, 246. Mud, attraction of, for Pieris napi. £. Barton White, 247. Mushrooms attacked by a Fly, 255. Myelois cribrella, a new name for. E. P. Wiltshire, 138. Myrmecozela ochraceella, Hampshire re- COLUMOI tS) GeS= BROWN. -QA7. Nola albula in Hampshire. ALG ony Redgrave, 53; in S. Wales. Neville L. Birkett, 302. Nomenclature, see International Rules of. Nonagria dissoluta in Hampshire. R. Redgrave, 22. Nonagria sparganii and N. typhae in Hampshire. A. C. R. Redgrave, 51. Norfolk, Notes from. T. G. Edwards, 222: Gelechia hippophaella in. Se Wakely, 248; Hyponomeuta rorella in. Jdem, 179; Ewproctis chrysor- rhoea in. Idem, 178. Northamptonshire, the M.V. Lamp in. W. Reid, 183. Nymphalis antiopa and Climate. B. J. Lempke, 177. Oak Prominents, The. Hunter, 282. Obituaries: H. Audcent, 29, 99; H. St. J. Donisthorpe, 228. Old Wives’ Tale, The. Hunter, 134. Oria musculosa in Hampshire. C. B. Antram, 222. Orthosia advena at Sheffield. 141. Orthosia gracilis, larval habit of. E. A. Cockayne, 142; ditto. P. B. M. Allan, hide Palestine, Dermaptera of. M. Burr,. 121. Pallopteridae, Notes on Distribution of. L. Parmenter, 304. Z Panaxia dominula in Cardiganshire. G. B. Manly, 119; curious aberration of. H. B. Williams, 18. Papilio machaon, History of in Britain. R. F. Bretherton, 206. Pararge aeqgeria in Birmingham. Cart- wright Timms, 84: a Note on. A C. R. Redgrave, 142. Pegomyia nigritarsis, Broods of. Wallace Pugh, 256. Pegomyia sauamifera attacking mush- rooms. C. H. Wallace Pugh, 255. Pericoma, two spp. of, at Bristol. L. ' Parmenter, 185. Phaonia laetabilis sp.n. with Notes on Anthomytidae. J. E. Collin, 1. Philudoria potatoria f. burdigalensis. B. J. Lempke. 177. Phragmatobia fuliginosa in Derbyshire. T. D. Fearnehough, 115. Boe, An Old Moth- An Old Moth- WwW. Reid, Ce Tk Pieris brassicae in N. Nevon. W. J. Fin- nigan, 217. (See also Migration.) Pieris napi on wet mud. £. Barton White, 247. ‘Pink’ moths on Dartmoor. ‘Allan, 299. Platypes aipinellus in Yorkshire, Michaelis, 219. Poecilopsis lapponaria at Rannoch. E£. A. Cockayne, 133. Practical Hints, 44, 92, 118, 146, 180, 220, Q49. Procryptic Larvae, 171, 245. P. BEM: HN. Prominents, the Oak. An Old Moth- Hunter, 282. Protection of British Insects. WN. D. Riley, 75. ; Ptychoptera lacustris in Wales. L. Par- menter, 255. Purbeck, Notes from. 149° 217, 2532 2oG> 298: LE. Patenel ss" Pycnocryptus director in Lancashire. W. Ritson, 9%. Questions without Answers. P. B. M. Allan, 42. Renfrewshire, Lepidoptera of. A. M. Maclaurin, 180. ; Resistance of Diptera to Killing Agents. E. C. M. @Assis-Fonseca, 120. Reviews, 194, 195, 196. Rhagio scolopacea, Note on. A. H. Tur- ner, 186. Saturnia carpini (pavonia), delayed emergence. HAH. B. Williams, 116; ditto. F. Hewson, 144; Larvae on Alder-Buckthorn. W. J. Finnigan, 83. Saturniidae, Foodplants of Exotic. D. G. Sevastopulo, 298. Selenia bilunaria, new aberrations of. E. A. Cockayne, 294. * Selidosema brunnearia, Larva of. E. A. Cockayne, 172. Sheffield, Collecting at. 184. Smerinthus ocellatus in Derbyshire. J. H. Johnson, 218. Societies, 68, 100, 196, 204. Solway area, Coenonympha tullia in. D. F. Owen, 219. Somerset, Early Lepidoptera in. A. dH. Turner, 94; Coleoptera and Trichop- tera in. Jdem, 259. Somerset (see also Weston-super-Mare), FANT OAT ASD) 95 DOO! Sphingidae in S. Africa. J. S. Taylor, 16: in E. Africa. D. G. Sevastopulo, Galil: : Spider, Flies taken by a. L. Parmenter. Q54. Spilosoma lutea ab. totiniagra. an Eng- lish specimen of. E. A. Cockayne. 266. Stauropus fagi, feeding habit of. Finnigan, 50. W. Reid, 148, Wd: INDEX. vli Stinkhorn Fungus, Flies on. L. Purmen- ter, 59. Strepsiptera, two Genera and their Hosts. £. A. Cockayne, 80. Struan, Early Lepidoptera at. W. Reid, 119. Sugar, Visitors to. A. H. Turner, 50. surrey, Notes from. W. J. Finnigan, 48, 83, 93, 149; Eupista erigerella in. S. Wakely, 248. Swallow-tail sutterfly in Britain. R. F. Bretherton, 206. Swarming of Anthomyia albicincta. E. C. M. @Assis-Fonseca, 226; of Helo- phorus brevipalpis. R. D. R. Troup, 308. i Sway, microlepidoptera at. S. C. §. Brown, 119. Syrphis nitidicollis, number of eggs laid by. L. Parmenter, 255. T.C.P. as a Larval Detergent. dH. S: Robinson, 218. Tabanus sudeticus in Merioneth. Cart- wright Timms, 4. Tachycines asynamorus, Notes on. C. T. McIntyre, 191. Tenby, Lepidoptera at. Kett, 242. Tetbury (Glos.) area, Notes on. J. New- ton, 52, 251; Sphingidae in. Idem, 182. Thais rumina f. medesicaste, local race daluisensis, 245. Tholomiges turfosalis, Note on. 114; dit- to. Vera M. Muspratt, 141. Thymelicus acteon in the New Forest. S.C. S. Brown, 141. Torquay, Notes from. F. H. Lees, 147, 293, 303. Neville L. Bir- Tortricina and Tinaeina in Cheshire. H. N. Michaelis, 107. Tortrix New to Britain, A, 248. Trichoptera in Somerset. A. H. Turner, 299. Trimium brevicorne at Chiddingfold. H. Donisthorpe, 123. Triphaena pronuba, Scarcity of. T. D. Fearnehough, 175; ditto. D. F. Owen, 297. Unusual Pairing of Cupido minimus. P. B. M. Allan, 12. Vanessa dtalanta in March. W. J. Fin- nigan, 48; migration of, 245. Velleius dilatatus in the New Forest. H Donisthorpe, 308. Verrall, G. H., on Legs of Insects, 123. Wales, Ptychoptera lacustris in. L. Par- menter, 255; Tabanus sudeticus in. Cartwright Timms, 254. Weston-super-Mare, moths at sadlows at. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 94; Lepidoptera at. Idem, 147, 182, 252; Early Spring Moths at. Idem, 52. Why? H. B. Williams, 69. Wishful Thinking. An Old Moth-Hun- HELPS TRS Xylena vetusta, Larval habit of. E. A. Cockayne, 142; ditto. P. B. M. Allan, 178. Yorkshire, experiments with Light in. W. Reid, 108 (see also Sheffield); microlepidoptera in. H. N. Michaelis, 219. Zygaena achillae ssp. scotica. E.- A. Cockayne, 148. Zygaena filipendulae and Z. hybrid. ££. A. Cockayne, 81. lonicerae LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. allan, PB: M., 12, 27, 42, 86, 88, 116, 145, 173, 292, 300. Allen, A. A., 61, 97, 98, 152, 153, 154, 187, 256, 259. Antram, C. B., 8, 222. Bakers iP. (G., 174 Balfour-Browne, F., 28. Birchenough, R. F., 12, 249. Birkett, N. L., 242, -246, 302. Blathwayt, C. S. H., 52, 94, 147, 182, 252. Bowater, W., 246. Bretherton, R. F., 206. Brown, S. C. S., 119, 141; 247. Buckler, H. A., 298. Bull, G. V., 149, 252. Burkhardt, V. R., 109. - Burr, Mie, 14, 54, 55, 121, 192 Byers, F. W., 176. Carter, W. A. C., 174. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 144, 145, 175, 217. 246, 299. Cockayne, E. A., 18, 30, 38, 46, 47, 80, 81, 102, 116, 126, 133, 142, 143, 158, 172, 177, 199, 229, 233, 262, 266, 271 Collimigde-Byd Collingwood, C. A., 307. Colyer, C. N.; 306. Crautuncel aes Al OG SON Avoe tare 21 Darlow, H. M., 71. Dewick, A. J., 148, 253, 280. Duffield, C. A. W., 179. Edelsten, H. M., 143. Edwards, F. H., 84, 141. Edwards, T. G., 222, 223. Fearnehough, T. D., 47, 115, 175, 176, 218, 223. Finnigan, W. J., 48, 50, 83, 93, 149, 217. Fonseca, E. C. M. d’Assis-, 55, 120, 226. Goodson, A. L., 47, 141, 182. Greenwood, K. C., 278. Hewson, F., 144. Hoffmeyer, Skat, 82. Holloway, P. H., 205, 275. Huggins, H. C., 181, 221, 250, 300. Hunter, F. A., 224. Jacobs, S. N. A., 45, 183. Johnson, J. H., 218, 301. Lanktree, P. A. D., 287. Vill INDEX. Latham, F. H., 145, 254. Reid,- W., 19, 33, 77, 108, 119, 140, 141, 148, Laurence, B. R., 95. _ 188, 184, 267. Richardson, A., 303, 304. Lees, F. H., 147, 253, 303. Hiloye ND 75 Lempke, B. J., 177, 178, 200. Ritson, W.. 95. Mevietion Rare Re, (Si 5 132) Robinson, H. S8., 218. Lavon Ie lela pay Satchell, G. H., 185. McIntyre, C. T., 191. Savage, L. E., 302. Maclaurin, A. M., 84, 130, 182. Sevastopulo, D. G., 173, 211, 298. Manly, G. B., 119, 174, 179. Shaw, J. P., 165. Michaelis, H. N., 107, 219. Smith, P. Siviter, 85, 286. Murray, D. P., 144. Spittles, ©. E:, 177. Murray, Philip, 285. Stallwood, B. R., 307. Muspratt, Vera M., 141. Symes, H., 203, 277. Newton, J., 52, 132, 201. Tatchell, L. H., 48, 53, 149, 217, 253, 256, Niblett, M., 150. 298. Old Moth-Hunter, An, 5, 22, 73, 134, 212, Taylor, J. S:, 16 | 982, Timms, Cartwright, 41, 84, 89, 97, 187, 254. Owen, D. F., 10, 219, 297. Turner, A. H., 51, 94, 186, 259. Parmenter, L., 59, 185, 186, 254, 255, 304. Wakely, S., 36, 49, 97, 116, 178, 179, 248, Philpott, V. W., 235. Qi4, 297, 302. Pugh, C. H. W., 255, 256. Warrier, R. E., 198. Querci, O., 167. White, E. Barton, 113, 234, 247. Redgrave, A. C. R., 48, 51, 52, 53, 84, 93, Williams, H. B., 13, 26, 69, 116. TAD QUuGs Qs : Wiltshire, E. P., 138. SUPPLEMENTS. The British Species of the Genus Palloptera Fall. (Diptera). J. E. Collin No. 5 Further New Records of Lepidoptera from Cyprus, Iraq and Persia (Iran). Be Py Wiltshire a Bot te see if ae nae ob oF: 2. | NOP PLATES. No. I. Views of Anatolia wat a aoe oe aCe! DAG m4 Il. Aberrations of British Macrolepidoptera 53 ae 30 Ill. Aberrations of Abraxas grossulariata Linn. se ie 102 Iv. Forms of Cleora cinctaria Schiff. ab. submarmoraria Fuchs and ab. schulzei Heinrich ... = ee ee = rif 126 Vy. Aberrations of British Macrolepidoptera af fe ee % Le 158 VI. Aberrations of Colias croceus Fourcroy aus oa ae a oS 198 VII. Aberrations of British Macrolepidoptera ‘ 3 230 VIII. Aberrations of British Arctiidae 3 262 ERRATA. 21, line 9, for Colostygia read Calostigia. 35, line 13, for Itame read Itama. 35, line 35, for lithoxylaea vead lithoxylea. 77, line 34, for tragopogonis read tragopoginis. 78, line 30, for Anchocelis read Anchoscelis. 89, line 26, for Iodis reud Jodis. , 108, line 40, for Colostygia read Calostigia. 119, line 32, for Colostygia read Calostigia. 126-129, for submarmorinaria read submarmoraria throughout this paper. 131, line 8, for lithoxylaea read lithoxylea. 131, line 27, for tragopogonis read tragopoginis. 131, line 2 from foot, for caerulata read coerulata. 149, line 8 from foot should read: cardamines and a solitary Ectypa glyphica. 150, line 7, for Colostygia read Calostigia. 177, line 29, for PVILUDORIA read PHILUDORIA. 186, line 7 from foot, for Rhagioned read Rhagionid. 223, line 20, for NUBILIALIS read NUBILALIS. 228, line 25, for Island read Ireland. 230, line 6, for absynthii read absinthii. 232, line 25. Mr. E. J. Hare informs me that the type specimen e Agrochola lychnidis ab. nigribasalis was captured at Ham _ Street, 30.ix.1935, in his presence. The date on the label, ix.1931, is incorrect. [E.A.C.] SUSUUUD UU UUDUUDUUU UD GO; 6/45 The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of SPECIAL INDEX. VOL. 63, 1951. ana te. 7001. LIBRARY An HARVARD PAGE \GI. COLEOPTERA flavilabris (Cantharis) .).......a582, aeuy ppt } flavipes (Asaphidion) f, 35a ass BS q ANUS MIGNON TUS)). ete A, 225 flavipes (Cercyon) —coccscccssieccescceeeseeess 188 acuminata (AMALA) eee Ss. 1 AGralise CATER ICUS)§ 4 oidnnn ne 8soose lees Q57 ACMMUM ATMS (AGIOS) Ul .iiiirdccccc8 ess 189 foliorum (Rhynchaenus) — ..........00.0.--. A5ny aenea (AMATA) oo... eee G3. | Fossor CMivina)) Juke nena aril seen ats 63 aeneus (Harpalus) — .................. 63 | foveatus (Metabletus) ......ccccccccccceees 64 aerea (Phyllotreta) oo... 290'¢ > foveola \(Metablatas)! « c.ceeenith. eee 64 affinis (Psylliodes) ............ poretetene tere: 259 EROMEAIS® (ANASDIS wri ieke. tise rtehy oo orev tes 256 PS (EP OGABEUS) Oe. else 153 fulva (Rhagonycha) ceccccccccccceese 153, 199 AMANIS MER EVOM). VE Mises Al ees 188 fulvibarbis (Leistus) .....cccccccccccccccsees 62 antherinus (Anthicus) 0.0.0... 207 fulvicollis® (Camtharis) J.) acs. c-dsecatcas 153 ampnomians(Amiara.)) ie obit itll 63 fusca (Cantharis) ......cc.cccesc0- 152, 153 Zyquen(eayieray = (Vs\i0 03 2) eee a eee ae ae 64 fuscicornis (Rhagonycha) _ ..:........... 153 arietis (CLYtUS) eee 225, 257 fIseipes (Calas yoetecc pee hs os 64 PS Para C im CHOCETIS) 6) (esis h. noe R 257 gabriele (Tetropium) — .cccc..ccccecee-eeee- 295 atomarium (Cryptopleurum) _......... 1885) Geottroyl (ANGSpIs) > oe yc see eee eee 256 atricapillus (Cercyon) .....-.... ee 188 | pracilis (Longitarsus) ..........00...- 2 258 atricillus (Longitarsus) ...............+.. 258 | oranarius (Aphodius) — ........c.....-4 Rate PPELOPACWUESWIMIOGES)) 2622s sian. Beck 259 euttula (Bembidion) .....ccccccccceceeee. 64 bicolor (Cantharis) .................. 153, 199 | haemorrhoidalis (Coercyon) ...........- 188 bicolor (Hypophloeus) — .....-...-. 98 | haemorrhoidalis (Athous) — .............-- 189 bidentatus (Meligethes) ................-.. 6) “nederae (Ochinay oo ee 190 bifasciatum (Rhagium) —........... 225 | nholomelina (Grammoptera) ............ Q57 biguttatus (Notiophilus) ................ 62 | hortensis (Chaetocnema) .....-......-+-- 258 bipustulatum (Sphaeridiuni) — .......... 188 | humeralis (ANASPIS) —....-ccccccccecccecseoee 256 bipustulatus (Agabus) ......... 65 | impressus (CercyOn) — ....cccccececeeeeeeeee 188 bipustulatus: (Badister) © ee.i..i2..6 4.0. 63 interruptus (Necrophorus) _............. 259 boletophagum (Megasternum) _ ......... 188 | jacobaeae (Longitarsus) .............0. 258 brevicollis (Nebria) oo... 62 |: Ynevis (Longitarsus) () 0 258 brevipalpis (Helophorus) .................. 308 | Jampros (Bembidion) — ......-..cc:cec0--+- 64 HEUMNeUS—“syElUS)) LA k whe 190 lateralis (Cantharis) ......-.ccccccccsccees 453 SEND SEC VEL) ee 225 laterals (GEECyouy ee ea 188 Barigiirons (Trixagus) ..........:.......... 188s) Fieniosa (RDALOUYCNA) jcc. ee. 153 DEICIDE 9( LOT G2 i110) ee een oe 188 limbata (Rhagonycha) _............. 153, 190 chrysanthemi (Ceuthorhynchus) .... 154 lineatus (Agriotes) .....: paaone:< deacwceitn ss 189 BbseclOMmes (CALALNUS) on cece vocserees tees: Gal Tigtoralis «(NeCEOUeS) 4... oes hee 259 elypedia (Cantharis) )° -/'2....-2..--.-+3--.-- Tosuahrtivudae. (CAMMEALIS|. stn ae 152, 190 elypeata (Rhagonycha) | ...)............. Tate olivida,. (seperate ea te ae 225 concinna (Chaetocnema) —................ 258 MOSEL ESE TICMIS coor cosas eee res a7, conmnis >) (Philonthus)) ~../..........+...-.--. CSiah rewbris (CereyvOny sre eae ea 188 consobrina (Phyllotreta) ................ 257 lunrcollis’ (Amara). 00 ee eee 3 ENE WAMIIAEA) 2 oe... 2s. .nnesseos%= Gara luvida, (AMAS—IS) ce ee oe 256 Grataest (Lechmia) —............. eae ce oe 224 Wcida, (Ocdemecay ee tee es ee 256 penenerdc. (Phyllotretay ..:..........2.... Scie Tardis, (LONE tbARSUIS) 0 tr geen 258 eryptica (Cantharis) ................ tose LOomat titted | (RMA ONY Clad). ee eee an 153 cylindrica (Phytoecia) ...................-- 224 Dybliae CEVA LGNCa hie. een eee ree A 224 cylindricum (Sinodendron) _............. Sipe nats . (WELONIA | eet ce 64 WeshiMetOry (SCOLYtUS) oo... i eee... US maculata. (AMaSDIS) «ere i cccee a 256 baracs (VEMEIUS) Lo. coe coecceneneen cannes 308 PUVCA ees (SUCAM alee teers oye eee 225 dorsalis, (Anchomenus),. ........3--+.00--+- heh cmarrinatus (PAlOpiUs) 5.0. «sc, 5--0-s 189 elonecaty (Rharonycha)™*-0.............- 153 TRUS RD MU ES AAC Y= 5 HITT) Yom iP ahem me ts 98 Ssuphorbiae,(Aphthona) 0) .Wo...s:....0... 258 melamarin, (Peronta) ” .2....cc.--/-senec ese 64 eunynota: (Amara): 2s Pechla.! 63 melanocephalus (Calathus) ............. 64 eMIMNM APES CAMA )F Ts Aiken. eee. ses een oe 3 melanocephalus (Cercyon) _............. 188 heommeMrata (OMCOMETA) 2... 2.26.66. 25 -c2 259 melanocephalus (Longitarsus) _......... 258 ferruginea (Crepidodera) _............... Q57 melanura (Strangalia) ............ 224, 225 ferrugineus (Laemophloeus) _.......... 98 melolontha (Melolontha) _................ 189 moira (GaMmeNarys) eek. slo. ans 153 menthastri (Chrysomela) ................ 153 Zz SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE meridianus (Acupalpus) _.................. 63 SCOlLOMAGCEAr (BALIS) © os. odcceweecesc secede 97, 154 Mmeridianus (Stenocorus) _ ................. 925 SCOUTS A SCOUVUUIS) Fos oecc dsc seine 98 ANTS Tet CAS OMT eee oe 64 Sscutellataw (Liepiiray f6.6..c..s-c4eecc ae 225 MUNA OTe MOTO COIS) eee se tee 224 scybalarius (Aphodius) ~ 2...2..5.5-.s0e 189 minutum (Cryptopleurum) _............. 188 SETA OhESTAS)) me tesetcc ta se tele, seas Soe 98 TULOL EN Ton wy (INET BY 2! 1 C0) Meee ne ee 256 SRO ULM G VALS emONTS)) ya ee eee 190 TODO TE C2 b.Gy (9) Rl OWN EA UY) ahs ud reper Q24 stmiala tar. (Amara h) a0 2 ew eee 63 murraca (Cassida)y) VPs oe 38 sobrinus (A griotes)- ...22)ARe ee ee 189 Moy Shicus: (Amaelyptws) v2 s.-.. 225 Spimibarbis \(eistys) 4 eseg.e): ee 62, 64 MMOL LIS (CAPADIS) tice .sh, cee cnsce- eee 62 | spinicer: (Geotrupes)s idee... even 188 mietay (Siransa liye Te oie Stents: 225 | ‘sputator \(Agriotes) ........denkeene 189 nigricans (Cantharis) ............... 152, 153 stercorarius (Geotrupes) .............08. 188 MISTS (CELCYON) eee sk... neat 188 } striatum (Asentum) | ¢.2ck.ceeee ee 225 mericeps {Perigana) i 63 | substriatus (Notiophilus) ................ 62 niericeps )(Phyllotretay 204....25.. 207 | subtestacea. (AN@SpiS) is,agihv ute ee 256 Laas’: (Sy MME US). cos.) cse cece thc 64 succineus (Longitarsus) |, sic: cu’p---20t 258 OU E LUCA {LOW UWSA) 29) esc ccen: vad -csene dence 68 sylvestris (Oxyomus)i))i!22.,. 2 189 obscurum (Megasternum) _............... 188 | tabacicolor (Alosterna) ............ 224, 225 USenTHs 1 (ANSTIOLES) So v.10 Oe vevartear inate 189: | tectus (Ptinws),\ ion) eee ee 190 OlisMberus (Gere ye)” choos nsec cers 188 | terminatus (Cereyon) ~ 2ehei.. es 188 obtusum (Bembidion) 7.0 o se ecouc 64 testacea (Phloeopora)ii) 224011)... es 98 ochroleucus (Longitarsus) — ............... 208 | . cues 38 EM SSn CAD MOMS) Sy eases scencanucarcen eens 189 albicincta (Anthomyia)............ 226, 227 HIRES > NOLOPMILIS) 4 2 cinerea 63 | albipennis (Pericoma) . ....................- 186 Tiifipes |(PSCUGODNOWUS) je cesn cova scasane 631) -albitarsis: (Chilomayia). 7. sateen eee 187 mushica. (Cantharis) 7... coe ee 152 }| alma <(Lispocephaliis),. 1s yon ees 55 Salicetir (OTCHEStES) y cehietsenccsqueoereeesens io4'- ampullacea (hme) j24.6.0-c. see eee 60 . - SPECIAL INDEX, 3 PAGE EEE S Ta OVRAVIGOD CD)” Vigne gacc? shes 6 92d o94¥ sting tee ee 96 PAIS (INGUEOCTCIUAD) sb. beck tigacenssuodied ant 60 MOTD eh (MANET ENV) ee eee a 57 MMU IT AL CAO OMINZE)| ihc ba..cc5 aie esece 151 Smiiiracimare (MEGOTVA) ))ccce.esceues os tens 58 ALOUStORUMM: (CEUDICTA) os) cc. .ckic... esses 187 ALGAE AMOMTCEA) ~ s..05.2-225.:scecseecs +> 304 argentata (Odontomyia) ............ 58, 96 ZTAIMBV IAL. (0 DEM TNO SY) eee ee eee 59, 226 STEED (TERLCL TAHA IT REE) he se arma ein en Ge 96 dtkamentaria, \(Ptilocerima) —<.2.......02.. 59 STENTS OVS) VLAN GE) ee a ae ee 56 AMC MAA Ue eELCOMA) Hi Levee. 185 aunnmnalis, (Mahanus) tae... Asks 186 DricoloratBrachyopa) (222s. aka 57 Meow. (Maematopota): iri) i.e 186 Pb ereaT GE resale)... cd). 56 bimaculata (Dictenidia) .................. 97 bimaculatus (Brachypalpus) _.......... 57 bipunctatus (Hydrophorus) _............ BM) homipyad ans (VOCE A) osc. ceeeeceedeo ens 187 brachialis (Lispocephala) _............... 5D buceata (Ocdoparea) _............4.:... 57, 120 AULA IS COLOMIVAG A) ooo ccccne sous crocuses 120 CAP NGA (GONG Nios. htc. esate ccbsndee suc 58 PSTD IG NiG Sol tee 102 (6) ea 66 Ganbomantian (WaARMCTIA). bios cccendee sac 57 Carimimroms: (MSVOCECEA) — oo cs.cccceccccccneees 59 CMC A ODECMACGA) 9 ccscescsessoasjsinseuae se op 58 CIVAVANC Aa ESETUS PE cae ss cesentpe cece n sada 95 chalybeus (Gymnopternus) _............ 58 MGM AT MGMIVOWTA) esccickcloc sd eseemic ab saigeuss Ces 96 DIE TRE © TOC TI SUE Se) i are 227 Cmctaa(Piaonia) 4.7.8. ee SAL ad Ginereus (ACHAIGUS) bi Medindia 55 GHAVIpPESsmUBerIS) ith SPE Ae eS 95 Shmmmes W(Brachyopa) 40.0. 57 COMPid CEIMNAenay 1a) © AA AIA: 58 conmnis (Aplomiryia)))) )fi).).... 202A: 59 contusus (Chaetomus)!) \il000...0.0.40.54 57 mica wophixpata) 26) Uikit.).. 2 5 CoOnjunetan (Mephritis) PAs). Awe) Meh 38 consobrina (Porphyrops) _.................. 57 GOLraciman(Bammia) twee eels. 59, 226 Grabronitormisy(ASilMS)!) aitss nieve: 256 WEASSIGORMAISNCNGCHNA)) Uiikc.s.dccassathptete dea 3 erassipenmis, (Melieria).) ....s:26.:.cc. eee eens Bestar 97 hamercita, (PRaAoWiay Wes oe ek 4 Nps: (elonry za) ES a) A 60 ry brida..(Phaoniayey Gees Be br oases 4 Wlustrata: (Chilomyia) “Wi ei) an 38 immaculate. -(Pedicia)(!ti tes" eis 96 interruptella (Pegomyia) .................. 56 mirigaria ot{hubiwterg) Hiss, Tay ats 187 musta. (Minettia): Leura), eel elie 254 iridatus (GeOSargus) .o.ee.eeeececceecceeee 96 jacobaeae (Pegohylemyia) .............. 151 juncorum (Chamaemyia) _............... o7 kimakowieze (Sphesimna) 7 59 lacustre (Orthoceratium)~ *)).0 o7 lacusiris’ (Pinychopierady nthe. oye 255 Ta Gta. (Ph aoa tant ye hme eit i Canenee 1 Pactaburs ehaoniay: ee esl lappae (Melanagromyza) _............... 305 lateralis \(Gonemylaye 96, 97 laderalis n(iipula yy 7 eee Se eee tit 96 latifrons )(Sarcophilia)) 22s. 57 leachit’ (Paehy faster). See es 96 Lepidus (DoliGhOpUS) 2 coe 08 linéola: (Rimmophiitiay 9 ey ee 96 litereus: (Hydrophorus). ..226..2......50... 57 Tivvaickao (EAS) } ag see ee eee aed 38 longicauda (Pseudocoenosia) .......... 28 longitarsis (Mydaea) ...........e ce eececc sees 3 lrnvxoretntays (ISVS ME Ne ames fa eed 226 CORUM) (Sivas p MUS) Mie tee ee ee eee 187 LUCTUCSAMORVE MIA) NY oases ee 120 lugubris (Gnophomyia) ............ 96, 97 honatarn(G@ipulay) ees tet): Sa aren 96 lutea var. taenionota (Erioptera) 96 macrocephala (Rhingiay eee. 187 MACwAa | (Sy MlOrMVO MM) aces ce ee ey 56 maculata’ (MMO PTErAy i itch. heeds feet: 96 ANAC AA CUNTO MLA) eee c na ie wk tl 96 4 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE maculata (Parafeburia) —.................. 59 macwiipenmis (aimonia) vis... ee . 96 magnicornis (Wahlgrenia) ............... 5 majuscula (Mystacella) .................. 58 TAMA TAN me BITTE) ee Pee he 59, 226 IMAM tS Oli Merca)em a wesc enc os ee ee 58 TTA: CTNR (ES TOTO) gins Wee nme ee eee ee ae 187 TMA OMIM (SOLVE) oe ne ten Sota sooner ys 96 MNAASOM I ee THaAMMOTINAD) oy ee eee ceases areas cence 97 TVA OWMTLOMVAA) le" me aeseonsneds sesso. acne 151 UMAR A a CEMTO UIE) MN: oe eee see ebeeeae es case 96 meigeni (Limnophila) .................... 97 melanoceros (Tipwla) — .o...ci.. ose bse 96 meridiana (Mesembrina) _.......... Sales tter7/ MNCS (a OMTA)) ode. cess as eee cae 3 ATNOMGUOs 1 (NAOMI) P ayes. se Ve See ae ee ee 4 THAW GEL CHESS 1 ( (1 BE 1a Es) NaN eR ee LE I 3 mortuorum (Cynomya) _............. 56, 97 muliebris (Palloptera) ............. 304, 305 MMM UASM (IVI CROGCOM) - sossussearcssers-ace 58 MALT UCe TUBE V MANE ee eee eee 59, 226 NEMOoralis: CHimINODWIWA) | ces. rese eer. -nt 96 NMEMOTPUY KALIEOUOTA), | ss nsnsueenesce. seus 187 NESU(MEDMPLGIS) ic. otace ance ddee Poss doas 38 MewEraea(allopuera) | Pease cesseoes le 56, 304 TAU OV ICE aT PO UA) es Ree eee, agi as G7 migrinus (Nemotelus) .....::....:.c: cs cate sctates. 38, 96 PEWTER Gi Wn (BA A111 cs 9 eae a 57 papa, <(MCTIAMNIA) strc. ~:cpsexcreecinncage 56 pyrastia (CatabOmBa) oi iscccepep apie sacenee 255 DVCAStLI (SCACVA), «6 .ca-nsneeonne se 57, 187, 255 pyrastri var. unicolor (Scaeva) ... 57, 58 quadrifaria (Nephrotoma) _............... 96 PAGE quadritasciatian (Gonops) © 22.) sts-c... ee 260 quadrifasciata (Neurigonia) .......... 254 querceti (Dendrophaonia) —............... 5 quingquemaculata (Palloptera) ... 304, 305 Lamas sOxamphoGamace). Gs. sscs-c. cence 57 Fepleta “COEOSOPNINAN IT | .s.cssesewe-eeoseeess 306 rhynchops insularis (Wiedemannia) 59 LMGIS a (PENEStTHIA ” Yel... cueacre ewes eee ee 38 Lohcormis: (CAMOpHTNUS) yy en-- neces BY] TUM Ag UPOMOMITA) enc aeceast ate tee eee 56 Eiatina: CPiup ula) | 2.25..5.. see eee ee eee 97 Futipes., (Mefaselia) cise see eect 4151 saliva (Palloptera) nies see 305 Scolopacea. (Rhagio)! | tee oe 186 seutellata (Palloptera) ese eee 304 Selene: (Eipula)) 2 hese ee eee 96 Serena. (Manna, ise eee ee. eee 226 sericata. (Miimvomalal) ee Ae. ices Saseeeee 96 Sericata.. (Laelia) Ose eh eee 38 servaeformis (Phaonia) .................. 57 setifemur (Dendrophaonia) _............ 4 simplex (Teuchophorus) ......<.........-- 59 spinipennis (Bigonicheta) _............... 59 SUUTIA CBICEIT Aria ccoeenoee cdacesceceeeeeee Q54 Squamubera, (PES OMla) )....:-s 5.5: ose Q55 Stem (PEMOmMiya)™, s-eess.. ok ste ts oc caster 150 SUGEHICUS = (PAbDAMUS) | oie es cee ore 254 SULCOUn "IEGRICOMMA)) | ceecuces) nee 186 SM EVaurca: (UMass cae aie . cc065.0..cecee eee e- 307 nigricornis (Blaptocampus) _........... 38 PichIsS! CAMCISEFOCETUS) \..oc.sac.cse0s-c00ees 38 TEU OTE Kt (AY Ere STO) | ee 307 Saloni s (NENEPTMINGE) ) OOS os ossaansentietaeses 307 Scabrmimodisy (MiyeMlCa)) ©. ......0c.2.-se.s- es 307 SOME (IMEVFINNICA)) ici obec ccscdeceees 306 smeathmanellus (Halictus) ............. 38 SuUCIMO GIS (NEYMMAT CA) . cisccesb0c00-s0ces 307 Svilvesumis (VieESpUla) * 9.2.05 008....c. 0c. cee 51 LEPIDOPTERA abbreviata (Eupithecia) _.................. 45 abretella (DIOFYCLTIA) , .......0a.2-0.6 119, 274 absinthiata (Eupithecia) _......... 132, 254 SMG EE OULGIEULID) oy sccces eo gees er 230, 254 abyssinia (Spodoptera) — .................... 89 acerifoliella (Lithocolletis) ............. 46 aceris (Apatele) .......... 196, 237, 238, 241 acernella (Lithocolletis) ........000000... 46 ACHMUCAC UAV GACIA) sc. desaicecseus 143, 167 ACIS AC MPORPNO) css cocegescncua cee ceie 165 AGS (Ca SSOMAREUS SSP.) che seceoe scence cease 124 actaeon (Thymelicus) (Adopoea) ... d3, 141, 149, 205, 206 NCUCHNONMGRCESIA) Ss. cns case uaoane nagempis dacisdeneract 165 acuminatana (Hemimene) _............... 38 AGI TONS (MIO TE 011 G0) Pee aR tee er 165 adusta (Eumichtis) ... 21, 22, 130, 185, 215, 216 SVONDISTE NIE {CAVERNS LZ) )ie Oe eee 89, 277 advena (Orthosia) ... 20, 113, 141, 229, 268, 271, 279 aegeria (Pararge) ... 84, 142, 149, 196, DUS O56 9.38 BECO (ELECTUS) 9 oc. coca esadee dassencen as gues 149 ETO 2 MALOMITA)) | cs cyano. geeaaqcagere ons 300 aescularia (Alsophila) 207 265552. 82, 83, 93, 94, 132, 168 aeoons (Weebia) 20 Mla eigalisceayeen es 12 EMM S ee (GOSMMMA) | o. celcrescsasusaeerncene 91, 252 affinitata (Perizoma) _................- 37, 185 MOUS ta es (TCLS) yo desde cabdeesssaaee neck eas 167 NCOP ME | CAMIALHECS)) occ .csecaeeseeess 21, 271 agestis (Aricia) ... 27, 77, 148, 149, 215, 244 afiaia (Aresynmis) ... 12, 175, 179, 206, 294 Aearippimnad CEWOYSAMIA) 0.52... s.5-0 yeonse ee 167 an O lo GROCEUS, POND.) Wy ass. docageainise one gcs 47 fabs (bP .famima ab. NOV.) ........--. 164 *alba (O. gracilis ab. nov.) ......... 229, 230 albicolon (Heliophobus) ............ 229, 230 *albida (D. fascelina ab. nov.) ......... ae *albida (H. maritima ab. nov.)........ 160 PAGE *albescens (C. absinthii ab. nov) 230 *albilinea (P. strigilis ab. nov.) ...... 4159 albipalliata (A. grossulariata ab.) ... 105 albipunecta,(Leucaniia) ) oo \.4.cecc. a 280, 281 AMDUSSinas (\OnuGrOCEUS Nally)! tence aeser se eae AT *albomarginata (A. grossulariata ab. TVW} od: athe eke ter eee AOE: Bice RR Bai 194 eM ove (UNCLE) | i eset ea eR eo rsnunerT Aine erdaro by utes Ue Dalit VA SUN C Ma) ial senate. he cee sees 34 WOU eY (TELE CNY AOLMME) LO Ne opeadelssemeree oe 131, 244 TUCETASW AAV GAMA) Pitter ata sch sas «gt ae hee acer 168 alchemillata (Perizoma) ... 35, 37, 131, 243 ALGO Me Eva GUT A) Min memes stews eases 114 BUCS ys (MG ViGAlGINA): Peas seek se oe leche kee eto nes 168 NTNU Ms, [ISIC Ee eseacgeeamaates cane eae eae aes 411 almetelitay. (uiGhOGOMETIS)s 4 fea asaeen pecs A6 alni (Apatele) (Acronicta), ... 33, 113, 182, 184, 185, 218, 269, 278 alniaria (Deuteronomos) ...... 78, 270, 271 ainifoliella (EAtHOCOUMETIS) iy. 20-55-5542 46 alr Golam (AIM ab MS) ip Basse ccs csetcec nee Q1 alpina. “(Erthocolietis) ——=-2....1 c-:-) tos: .aei...cen. 132 castrensis (Malacosoma) _.................. 93 catalaunalis. (Antigastma)) .)...25...0sess.c8 {1 celerio (Chaerocampa) (Hippotion), Whe QIQ gcombrace (scoparia) — ....siin kee 37 centaureata (Eupithecia) ... 34, 132, 185, 2438 centrilineata (S. bilunaria ab.) ...... 295 (STHISST IN” (CIUINANIE) io eae eee Re ee eee) eer Fil PESTO TIS T3070 Fee: Se ers 37 cespitis (Tholera) ......... 1S.) le, 28ee Sao chaerophylli (Depressaria) _............. 38 chamomillae (Cucullia) ._............ 21, 279 characterea, [APAMeAa) —— ....c.ccsccesesearees 26 chenopodiata (Orthotaelia) ... 35, 131, WO daaudlios chi (Antitype) ...... TET IE TORU Oa a GMIMENSIS (E), DALIS. VAT.) cc 5.cecesoaesseree 110 chlorosata (Lithina) ... 10, 44, 47, 116, 4132, 148; 150, 237, 238, 241 chrysidiformis (Aegeria) _..............«- 76 chrysitis (Plusia) ......... 117, 131, 185, 243 chrysolepidella (Eriocrania) ............ 66 chrysorrhoea (Euproctis) ...... 92, 145, 178 Cirusocond. (HACE A) LL e 296 Ciidtics Kehlyetacniay iii... 223 Cinctaria, (Cleora) © ....2355 4126, 127, 129, 303 cinerascems (C. croceus ab.) ............. 200 CUVEE MINELOTIS). CRs ee. 149, 182, 268 Rie misga. Gey rasta)! 1 5..8... AAA 37 cinxia (Melitaea) ... 8. 41, 76, 169, 174, 292, 293 circellaris (Agrochola) ... 79, 92, 131, Q49, 251, 271, W76, 296 *circumpunctata (C. mendica ab. iP EET RA ee ee 262, 263 CAPMACOWMMITACCA)» /locicacrnsacenbeneeszs 90, 252 Pia OY SSLLOIMNA), © -2.....0s.c0e2ecke0s 78, 131 *citrina (E. paleacea ab. nov.) ...... 161 Pe late WB shea: AD). NOV.) ssacdehecpetecd 233 Gia hhucates (CMTASIMNTA)) «5. w.8ees vena denis 150, 244 *clausa (N. anceps ab. nov.) ............ 32 RIAUICGIE. (NEGISUS) — socccczisedacEieanss i seth 184 clavipalpis (Caradrina) ... 33, 131, 237, 238, 243, 249, 276 GLA VASE (NE TOUS)) eiicnc.casteeecst es A182. cleopatra (Gonepteryx) 73 eee eee eee er eeees Byatt APIO)! esd bene ented died sala danieeae 14 emiceila (DEPEESSAFIA) « -\.45c0508 5-- essed 251 enicicolana)(GW@COSMA):) | .iseth...ceecssons 300 e-nigrum (Amathes) _......... 130, 271, 276 coerulata (Hydriomena) ....... PLO S87 aati CAM ATA RETRO) oo) oc: sd adayitentelwcin nee seweaeice 79 *combinata (S. revayana ab. nov.) .. 162 comes (Triphaena) ... 22, 36, 130, 243, 270 comuibtata, (RelUrea) pe siiste- dea. 36, '78, 244 comma (Hesperia) (Augiades) Belle 53. Ti, 90 comma (Leucania) ... 34, 184, 216, 229, 281 Panamanian (BALCIIA)) 20) «cree necerascetenien2 252 ermapta:: (HACIA) |i canesuiees nonmenansns 101 7 PAGE Gonformis) (GrapLtolitha) Eee 25 confucius (M. mineus var.) ............. 411 contusa: (Phytometrayi oi ei eee 253 congelatella (Exapate) 9 ...............0. 94 conigera (Leucania) ............. Bi Bal Oye coutusalisy (Celamia)))) (Aes. ee ey 147 *conjuncta (A. circellaris ab. nov.) .. 232 Con junctia (Ay Mitumea: Jabs) eee eee 232 *conjuncta (A. lychnidis ab. nov.) .. 232 *conjuncta (C. trapezina ab. nov.) .. 161 *conjuncta (S. revayana ab. nov.) ... 162 Gonnexan Apannes) |) Leeeasein ee aesee ae 140 *connexa (S. bilunaria ab. nov.) ...... Q94 consimilaria (C. cinctaria ab.) ......... 126 consociella (Euzophera) _.................. 26 consonaria, (Ectropis)ia | 2iSn....msteee 93 conspersa (Hadena) ... 34, 37, 243, 269, 279 conspersana (Cnephasia) .................. 37 contiona, (Hadenal)) ..fetence SD 216 CONMGUGHIGS (Stecrina) | Rye e.. By. see 269 conversaria (C. repandata ab.) ... 233, 234 convolvuli (Herse) ... 17, 26, 130, 173, Dail. Gain OSS Dany Ozsil}, Pell Goracinase (IPSOMOS)S. ~ 2. .oasscessce oc eneeee Q1 coridon (Lysandra) ... 23, 27, 77, 90, 168, 205, 206, 217 cordigcra, (Anarta), nse eas 241 coronata (Chloroclystis) ...... 78, 147, 248 corsica (Ee. 1das Ssp.) sree eee 123 COTELCEG, USETOUUS)), ose eee eee 182 corylata (Electrophaés) \\( ..2...4..00-28. 131 éoryli, (Colocasia), >. /.:..: Lees... AGS corylifoliella (Lithocolletis) ............ 45 COSSUS. (COSSTIS). 0 ov ncnin deh eee Sak ee 182 *costimacula (E. mi ab. nov.) ... 162, 246 costipunctana, (Eucosma)................ 38 costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ...... 37, 114 costovata (X. fluctuata ab.) ............ 279 trataes! €Aporia) Upeioi ees. sae 9 crataegi (Trichiura) ........ 78, 91, 270, 283 crenata (Apamea) ... 12, 33, 131, 185, 215, 216 crepuscularia (Tephrosia) —.............. 260 cretacella (Homoeosoma) © .............5. 119 cribraria (Coscinia) ......... 203, 262, 266 eribeella, (Myelois) 2 ii.iic2ccsccssseeneneneee 138 eribrianmt {(Coscinia) (is eee 2. .ceereerreee 203 crinanensis (Hydraecia) © ............... 304 erisiana (PCLONECA) —- seeyerweseeeceecaesceeee 94 eroceago (JOM) |) an kee. ee 25, 231 croceus (Colias) ... 11, 15, 27, 39, 47, 52, 67, 130, 160, 177, 179, 198, 199, 200, 917, Mi, 252, 253, 280, 281 cruda (Orthosia) ... 82, 83, 93, 94, 108, QT, 296 cubieularis. (Caradrina). © ...2:.22-22..-5.55 Q49 Cuewbaliy (HAGEMA) 9 ii5.2.2 seks -2ee- <---> 21, 130 cucullatediay (Nola) 22.2 eceeeessoss By TH ecucullina (LophopteryX) — ..........se.- 184 cultvarias (Drepana) -2osst.cc85s «<2: 77, 150 *cuneigera (A. chi ab. nov.) ...... 230, 234 cupido (Helicopis) —........c:::seesseeeeee ees 166 cursoria (Euxoa) (Agrotis) ... 77, 248, 269 @urtula (ClOSsteray 0) 4 eis.csaso osrte. 32, 75 EA aes eaes 181 curvistrigana (Phalonia) 8 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE eyvdippe (Are ynnis\ elie wel). Ae 1735 COUMGTUES (Vay CACNA eib atte. os eee cae 168 cytherea. (Ehalophila)matice.e eee 146 aahili sears). 16a eee eae a cee eke 130, 271 daluisensis (T. rumina race) .......... 245 Gdaplidice (Poniia) Tete}. .Atiare 15 *decolorata (D. sannio ab. nov.) ...... 262 decorella (Mompha) ............. 49, 116, 275 defoliaria (Erannis) ... 79, 82. 83, 94, 132, 279, 280 Wer eNneraria (Sterrinayy o2...% J... ccte 144 merdamnian. (WOO). Gerei a aeen cer. cee 165 2 deleta 1 CanCOtmll, Vals TOV)” Lode. eee 163 *delimbata (C. cribraria ab. nov.) ... 266 delphinii.. (PEriphames)s hiss. .Lecncee 43 demolens CPADiIO) Steet ee fh: eal eee 411 GENO SRA eNa) ... [ease ee ee 22 *denudata (P. pulchrina ab. nov.) .. 163 Geplanagaiathosia). cates. eee 299 depuncta (Noctua) (Amathes) ...... 5, 143 derasa (Habrosyne) ...... Ti, AVGH224e BD VDT IZTO derivata (Anticlea) (Coenotephria) 44, 108, 147 *derufata (J. croceago ab. nov.) ...... 231 designata (Xanthorhoe) — ..........--....- 131 actaca. (Notodonta)).| Sette. eee eee 220 dictaeoides (Pheosia) + .........4...0...c00- 182 Grado Metamonpino) ass. 0.he cee ace feces 165 GiayamMayn (ATS WMMIS)O- .. AIA eens eee eoen 168 didymata(Calostigia)s) 7.22.iive.. 36, 131 uMitiAAS: ACOSTA). . -o..5..0 dee theceee ee etd ee oe G1 uulucidana (mozopera)ys) 2... 42s eae 250 Mulan ASplaal ia) seccqcee -.. oo 30, 79, 91. 270 *diluta (H. micacea ab. nov.) ~%......:. 160 *diluta (S. ypsillon ab. nov.) ........... 159 A@iulmia CN. ZiICZACs aD: NOV.) lsen beaters 31 Grunidiatae (Sterriva) igen. we.e..deoce 12, 243 Aipolieilas(PHaAlomia) ee ewe ease eee eeee 119 dipsacea (Heliothis) _.................. 182, 281 dispar (ycaenaye «...,eee Ae 8 aissoluta (Nonaeria) 2.28.05. an Da: aistans(Oxypiilas) We hc ee See 223 aistinctarian( Bap) eae. 45, 148 ditrapezium (Amathes) 351 WSL ole 269, 279 adnversana, (ROriiiux)) (ieee coke eee ok 302 dodonaea (Drymonia) ... 31, 220, 282, 283, 284. 285 dodoneata (Eupithecia) ............ 147, 249 dolabraria (Plagodis) . .ekhin fae pal dominula {Callimorpha) (Panaxia) iP GVA GS), sie) doubledayaria (A. betularia ab.) ..... 260 araconus A Preretla). ois osscteonsoevestee eae 165 dromedarius (Notodonta) ... 21. 74, 75. 4148, 130, 277 (GUTTUT Way (O16 ate ereereneme nee Ae A NESS i ea 194 cubitana:-( Poly Chrosis) Yes... fee 38 duplaris (Tethea) .......... Ti ABOs 12152416 yc (Bethe): 2). St otek aero eee 110 dysodea=(Hadena): 221i eeeset. eee 295 ebulle*(Catopsilia). 2. eee ee 165 eburnata (Sterrha). <\- ae eee eee 269 eccentrica (M. trigrammica ab.) 160 PAGE eferial (Pararee) Pessina. ce 84, 142 elinguaria (Crocallis) ......... 36, 132, 244 *elongata (O. incerta ab. nov.) ........ 229 elpenor (Deilephila) ... 11, 34, 35, 133, 182, 184. 244, 258, 269, 301 eMMatarian «(SCOP Ula) ae sete: osc.s eee eee 114 epicles (Ueerta) "PE Oe pecs 110 PTICCtaTIC .(SCliGOSEMAa) ese. -c eae ee 172 Crt ane (PILI) 0.) ta eee eee 168 ericerella(Eapista) | 25 Aan. eee Q48 erosaria (Deuteronomos) 79, 252, 270, 279 escherl {iycaena)™ 0 '— sh. meee 168 euphorbiae (Apatiele)”” 4c. 42..000e. seers 21 euphorbiae (Deilephila) _................... 178 euphrosyne (Argynnis) ... 27, 149, 150, 196 exanthemata. (Gabeta)* c.5:.-222- 132, 244 exclamationis (Agrotis) ... 33, 117, 130, 15/6, 184, 215; 216. 237. 238, 244" 243" 296 exempta, (Lapin UMN: see essen 89 exigua (Laphygma) ....... 89, 253, 279, 280 *expallescens (H. jacobaeae ab. nov.) 263 expallidata “(Miupritinecia) “oo n--)-.| .2.0).:. 42a eee 131 hac {Stauropus)! fete 50. 182. 268 fagcella (Dirurnea). . ....:4a0008 2. ee 94 falcataria (Drepana) ... 10. 33, 118, 130, 277 fascelina (Dasychira) ............ 32, 149, 278 fascelinellus \(Crambus)) ©: 45... 22452 223 fasciariay(Bllopia).9 223 als Peay. 13 fasGiavar (Ss Mates, "ably lal. .s. «eee 265 fasciuncula.(Procus)) te: 34, tad, 269 ferrugalis’(PHlyctaenia). ~ .......:2...8e 119 ferrugimea*(Aerochola) eee ee Q49 festiva. (Diarsia)\.e2-.. ee 26, 34, 130, 184 festucae (Plusia) ..... Soe pos ode Silas 185, 243, 252 filigramimaria (Oporinia) ......... 131. 270 filipendulae xX lonicerae (Zygaena) .. 81 filipendulae (Zygaena) ...... 143, 167, 205, 206, 244 Ambra. (eampral)). | Aen aeee | Seen 297 fhimbrialis” haleray VAs eee 76 hmbriawa™ (PamMmeme) | ase anas 222, 278 fimbriata (Lampra) ... 35. 130, 252, 267, 297 fissipuncta (‘Apamea) _........... 36. 159 252 Hhumella (hithocolletis) Ways A6 Alammies). (Mei ana) eee ree 993 flammea (Panolis) .... 20. 45, 93. 108, alee aVAT EL oral *flava (L. lythargyria ab. nov.) <.... 229 flavago (Gortyna) ............ 37, 78, 140, 276 flavescens (6F ictertitas abs) Sie eer 276 flavicincia, (Aniiiiwpe) i ee. ee 252 filavicornis (Achlya) ... 25, 31, 88. 93. 119, 130, 271 flavipalliata (A. grossulariata ab.) .. 103 flavofasciata (Perizoma) ...... a, mode 244 fiavomarginata (S. bilunaria = ab. NOV, =): shoved aechatedaicns SAR ee ee Q9/ SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE Aorella. (Catopsiia) csc ..9.2.5.. 600 eeek 213 YOTENE LG EMC DIET ES! (21) |S ene 68 Hoslacha tan (SCOPULA)), vitesse. dee 185, 271 fluctuata (Xanthorhoe) ... 21, 134, 185, DiaT ls Wests, WILT ROCMoNan (BM GOSTMA) Loci. c.biwieleseseccense- *formosa (A. grossulariata ab. nov.) HOMISS (BOMOlOGHA) yy &ifeoo Kies evedes 36, LIMOS A MO DVORVIGETUA)) 6. ccc ek el acd Sencbeee forsterana (Tortrix) MEAN CM AM Aa (LOZOPCTA) > ge Sele see ros fraterna (N. typhae var.) fraxini (Catocala) froelichiella (Lithocolletis) fuciformis (Hemaris) MUCOSA (ELVOTaAeCIAa) IRA Aee las fulvopicata (A. grossulariata ab.) . fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) LOR ate cy OCG OmMGHEROT A) A. ei eee fulvata (Cidaria) ... 118, 131, 243, 269, fumosa (E. chrysorrhoea ab.) .......... *fumosa (A. lychnidis ab. nov.) *fumosa (P. meticulosa ab. nov.) .... *funesta (E. coeruleocephala ab. LOO AY A) LPs 58. Ne OS ee A ee on ee furcata (Hydriomena) Mh ation alae furcifera (Graptolitha) .............. 25), furcula (Cerura) (Harpyia) ...... 130, 146, 195, furuncula {Procus) ....... Dore niote 18a. furva {Apamea) (Xylophasia) ...... 1102 216, 243, huiSscake (Mromyciriay. .... ie hie. ehused (Niwanceps ab. NOV.) -........:.06 HOSCUS si OMA VieMa, .aAls)iiei08 fbn SAO fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) .. 79. 146, fuscata (E. marginaria var.) ........... *fuscofasciata (A. diluta ab. nov.) ... *fuscomarginata TRO AVA)) "55d SA ee SRR eR ne ES SPE, fusconebulosa (Hepialus) fuscovenosa (Sterrha) galactodactyla (Alucita) ............00.... galathea (Melanargia) 27, 41, 90, 149, 168, 183, 205, (H. hermelina ah. galiata (Epirrhoe) galii (Deilephila) (Celerio) gallicolana (Pammene) _.................. gamma (Plusia) ... 10, 33, 48, 89, 131, 14S 164, 1820 185,243, 251), 253, 276, eanerew (I. simapsis ab:)os.62...0.0/..5. geniculella (Lithocolletis) .......... 46 Hensides (Hagens), ..... RAR kk Pali Ou (OUPPMTA) <2... t508. bee 92, 271, glareosa (Amathes) ............000.0.. 718, GOUCO. (IRAGEIIA) MAS OC Bee Slaweana, (Cilix), - Laie. Soe ee *eloriosa (P. pulchrina ab. nov.) ... gnoma (Pheosia) .. 21, 35, 118, 130, 182, goossensiata (Eupithecia) ............... gothica (Orthosia) 208726) 83i! | 93; 108, 131, 147, LOS) 1Aze 3) 229, gracilis (Orthosia) ... 94. Hallaipeltey Cs 40, 240/02 269 37 32 229 252 278 30 3 132 114 302 206 243 180 222 280 176 , 108 182 276 130 215 Q77 163 184 132 9 PAGE graminis (Cerapteryx) ............ 12, 36, 130 Srqandipennise(Scythris) Veal. ae 38 grisealis (Zanclognatha) ......... 131, 164 emiseolay | (Ealemia) sm) a2 ee eee, Q43 grossulariata (Abraxas) ...... 36, 102, 132, 178, 194, 244 orth CLUS A) Ce ee Pel Pas 253, 281 hanno (Henares) eae Lee 165 hastiana, (2eromed)) 42s.-ces ee 94, 119, 182 hauderiella (Lithocolletis) .............. AG haworthii (Celama) (Celaena) 12. 130, 270, 271, 281 WE Cuan (SPINS) PS saisee.c.nas saasesoes 132, 243 necuban(Morphoymiey oer. ae 165 helenus, (Papillio)e rh). See: 110 helianthemella (Lithocolletis) ......... 16 helice (C. croceus ab.) ... 39, 47, 198, 199 helicimal (Cy crocews abs) es. .te 47, 199 helvola (Anchoscelis) — ............... 270, 276 hepatica (Apamea) ............. 237, 238, 240 hepatica (Polia) ......... ADE OR OI OT OIG hera (Euplagia) (Callimorpha) ... 71, 7025-73, 1h: hermelina (Harpyia) ...... 31, 182, 195, 220 hermione cypriaca (Satyrus) ....<..... 74 heroldella (Swammerdamia) _............ 280 hexadactyla (Orneodes) _............ 94, 222 hippophaella (Gelechia) ..... 219, 245, 297 Michariae (Tey Cia Meee iis. 94, 133, 277 hispidaria (Apocheima) © ............ 25, 168 lavonaneul (GEV WNDIS)) ececrneneocane sooer 41, 269 hy ale ((Colias)! eee 280, 281, 297 hy Dricetla::. Pina loniiays (see eo et 119 hyperantus (Aphantopus) {GER O-7h) 90, 169, 183, 244 ianthina (Triphaena) ... 35, 130, 237, 239, 240, 243 icarus (Polyommatus) ... 11, 90, 130, 148, 150, 183, 205, 215, 244, 260, 281 1eteratan (EAIpItWecia) 9.2552: 35, 132, 220 TE Waren) (CATE NES!) 5c saeeencdseopecer 78, 131, 276 UGLAS jy CACLCSS) et ewes: 52-2 cere eee 123 *ionita (P. festucae ab. nov.) ......... 163 tlicus, \((GbyGaena)y Hwee. .6 3. eee eee 168 TMNT IETSh AISOOI OWING) bachadodosoucceoncner 37, 243 immaculata (Hemistola) —................ 243 THTOAMOIF NII (S(O) OLUUIEN)" = Enc boe cha ctoneneeeccdaue 76 TTAAUOANDIIEMIE), » (SVC) OLWIEZ))) © SindeaessMeneos-uanssouoe Q43 Tem ollivenirenares (Rare Konarey) 7 15 o.5-sens-codeonos 181 impluviata (Hydriomena) ............... 20 iaayoronesh (UL enKeenaule ny): © ca eneenes AGH S tbr) O28) incerta (Orthosia) ... 20, 22, 26, 34, 93, 94, 108, 119, 131, 149, 229, 267 ALG Ayen (VAL CSSA) antes c ence eat antcccieena. 111 TIdicava (Up CT A) wees tee 132, 147 TIMES Hag CAD AINEA))) ieee eens ceseeek dase se es 3 insicniata (Eupithecia) wri s))..22. cee 44 interjecta (Triphaena) _............... 12, 146 PNterMMe diay (GC. pW Teo) pee ssseees eee 124 intermedia (P. octavia form) _.......... 100 itenmediaw(S: luitearaby)iny...02e See 266 interrogationis (Plusia) ............ 2s, TU io (Nymphalis) (Vanessa) ... 11, 27, 9, 130, 147, 148, 149, 169, 215, 217, 245, 251, 252, 281 10 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE 30, 538, 117, 131, 185 78, 130, 177, 280 Lota MP wESIa). 0. ae ipsilon (Agrotis) ETS AVAWDE EUG) teeth ae ere okt fre es 27, 179, 196 irriguata (Eupithecia) ............... 35, 89 jacobaeae (Callimorpha) (Hipocrita) 10. 33. 205, 242, 243, 263 jatiraphae (Amartiay’ 7 72...ccesekeo te. bee 165 TOA MISH “(iG hOCOlMehiS) ru Mises. cee 46 HUA (COVVenis). Ate eres eee 165 uiienoeh NO a enoranmnverale))(. eee bates sons de ner ee 222 jurtina (Maniola) {Hipparchia) ... 11, dis oy 27, 90. 130; 169; 176, 183; 205, 206. 244 kaltenbachii (Eriocrania) — ................ 66 kleemannella (Lithocolletis) ........... A5 lacertinaria (Drepana) _............... 11, 146 lactiearian(sOdiS)) ~ ei wieeies.. ce: 10, 89 lamibadella (Battal seen. rr. ees 38 lancealis (Perinephele) — ................... 119 lanestris (Eriogaster) (Iachneis) 21, 154 lapiata: (Coenocalpe) .. tech is. :es 133 lapponaria (Poecilopsis) AIOse1SSe 134, 267 Lariveiatas (Ep iheCianh wale eee. Leet 268 eat orniian (USS@rAal eet | eee aeeee nee es cee 178, 245 *latilimbata (A. grossulariata ab. TACO ed ONE r e GARS Sete ERM Te Seamer Ear 106 *latilinea (A. pyramidea ab. nov.) ... 158 *lativittata (O. advena ab. nov.) ...... 229 Latromcwlal |(PTrO CUS) i Wer satsele. cescesen toad oe Hava. (PAVECTS) Io: a: eee ieee NL Snes 165 Tleeatella(Chesias), 2. :....... 088i feet who as bot Nesters (eiamaian)), Ea ee re is, eee ate, 166 eyoie ley MQ BIB WOKE TAKS) SSS ue hee eee on ee tae 33 leporina (Apatele) ... 35, 42, 78, 148, HBAS QC O98 QOL OO ii herGree tea. leucographa (Gypsitea) ............ 108, 267 *leucomelania (A. grossulariata ab. TY OVC sha setae chee ee RE. OMNES SNe 105 leucophaearia (Erannis) ...... 20, 26, 52, 82, 83, 168 leucostigma (A. secalis ab.) ........:.... 26 leucostigma (Celaena) _......... 78, 196, 280 *leucozona (B. fagana ab. nov.) ...... 161 evianas (AgaS Ginnie) eeeeeaceneee baa beer 9 libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ... 78. 79, 94, : '131, 216 lichenaria (Cleorodes) (Cleora) 172, 244 Hechenea, (HUM CHtIS)\ eee eee Dailey Bas yJ ied airs (OME UTE) eS sos Bonbaanccubdnacee 148 MMe Maia) A Oru Omens) apse e eens 132 Tieuillays(Comistira) We... we ligustri (Craniophora) ... 79, 249, 251, 276 65, 132, 196, 277, 278 61, .132; 196, 244, 253,267, 277 ligustri (Sphinx) ... limbaria (Isturgia) ............ Hae ae} aby) imbirena, “(Pliursia\ie Wisse Peas ee 253, 281 lamitata, (Ortholithia) 7. 2. eee 35, 244 linariata (Eupithecia) ......... 89, 132, 271 *lineata (C. mendica ab. nov.) ... 262, 263 lineata (Deilephila) (Celerio) ... 17, 173, 212, 298 literosa (Procus) (Miana) ......... 159, 243 lithargyria (Leucania) ... 35, 181, 184, 243 PAGE lithoxylea (Apamea) (Xylophasia) .. 35, 131, 243 intoralis, ((hewcania) eee Le 243, 269 iitoralise(Polychrosis)* eis... 119 litura (Anchoscelis) ... 20. 78. 131, 230, - Q32F 211 liturata (Semiothisa) ......... 132, 180, 271 livornica {Celerio) (Deilephila) ... 132, 173, 212 lonicerae (Anthrocera) © ..........0......... 260 lonicerae. (Zygeaenay' se eee ee 269 lota (Agrochola) ..... 49; 118, 1315-2715 276 lotellas (Anerastia)y) ..2et ae eee 223 lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ... 10, 21, 130, 184, 241, 262, 264, 265 lucens i(Hiydraecia): (i.e 304 lucernea (Ammogrotis) ... 21, 78, 243, 269, 270 lucina (Hamearis) ...... VB OIE OT Spe SRD InctuosastAcon tia) 0 eee eee 164 lucipara (Euplexia) ... 26, 34, 185, 215, 216, 237, 238, 241, 277 huidificaalPhalena)s yi eee 195 IUMATIa, y(Selenta)ws vyee.veie: cee eee 268 Lunaris. GMaMUCIA) we. ..2.08 - 76, 148, 291 *hunata (N. ziczaG ab. ToOy:) . ieee BB. haniseraw(A Crux TSSpy) eee bibs eee 269 lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ... 78, 276, 281, 297 lunula (Calophasia) ............ 74, 253, 280 lupwhinaw(Hepialws)) 72a 34 lurideola (Eilema) _............... 36, 77, 243 *lutea (A. pygmina ab. nov.) ....:..... 161 lutea (Citria) ...... 87, 885 1310 232m lutea (Spilosoma) ... 33, 184, 243, 262, ' 265, 266, 269 luteata (Asthenaliel. .Aee lie. 260 luteolata (Opisthograptis) 105335 132, 149, 185, 244, 245, 260, 277 *lutescens (D. rubiginea ab. nov.) ... 232 luticomella (Elachista) 9 ..........0....... 38 lutosa (Rhizedra) ... 26, 78, '79, 252, 270, 280 lutulenta (Aporophyla) ... 53, 78, 270, 271 huzella (amp rOniia)) iat s.r eeeeeee 38 lychnidis (Agrochola) ... 78, 230, 232, . 251, 271, 276, 280, 297, 303 iytharey tia, aLewe@aliia) nk cee 229 machaon (Papilio) ... '70, 76, 169, 206, 207, 222, 245, 294 macilenta (Agrochola) ......... 79, 1381, 276 macularia (Pseudopanthera) ... 11, 92, 150, 279 maeccemas) (Treotal) ney aia sees) per ase eet. alla magnificella (Elachista) ............ 36, 38 Tinbebifeves (PAVIA) 5 5- ssecsoosce Q7, 148, 149 MAMI MPLETIS) 2 scene eee eee 168. margaritaria (Campaea). /.4..ccn.t. 132% margaritata (Campaea) ............ 36, 171 marginaria (Erannis) ... 20, 52, 82, 83, 98, 108, 132, 168, 278, 279 marginata (Lomaspilis) .. 33, 171, 185, 244 *marginata (S. lutea ab. nov.) 262, 265 marginepunctata (Scopula) ........... Q48 | Maritinal {CMiuIOdES)) chien eee 253 Mmanritinas, «(Hel lOniiS) oy Wetewcsce see eeese 160 Maritimana: (Phalomia)\\) Asse SPECIAL INDEX. 11 PAGE marmorea (Eurhodope) _................... 4119 marmorinaria (E. leucophaearia ab.) 278 matura (Thalpophila) ..... WY, aS WAG NQ45 MAMAS (METI ACA) ir kun SL Oe 73 HiMaiieads |NTORIMO)) \..e3 8... 5.23. ASI 18 07a: medesicaste (T. rumina fm.) .......... Q45 megacephala (Apatele) ... 33, 75, 147, 149, 185, 237, 238, 241, 270 megera (Pararge) (Dira) ... 10. 90, 148, 149, 244 melanocephala (A. leporina var.) 42 *melanoneura (A. grossulariata ab. TIO 2) in ge Se RRO PA BO 104 AGIA TAT OR NCA AE NGL) Ns eae ee Q1 melanozona (A. grossulariata ab.) ... 102 melinata. (ly Sris)) 1..0.004.... 36,7 1318) 243 mendeli (C. repandata ab.) ........ 21, 262 HMEGMANG A. (CVC) Mes. bbheeces 21, 262 menelaus (Morpho) _..............c.cc.ce 165 menyanthidis (Apatele) (Cuspidia) 21, 99, 130, 216, 268 MeErcuUrianad (MUCOSMaA)) kA 107 mesomella (Cybosia) ..........00...... 44,262 meticulosa (Phlogophora) .... 11, 21, thi dale. 215. 216) 2435 949., O51)) 276 mi (Euclidimera) ... 10, 131, 144, 145, 150, 162, 246 micacea (Hydraecia) ..... 78, 131, 160, 276 Matar (CHLOLOGIYStA). ..ccc....ccvve0des 78, 131 *micropthalma (T. ocularis ab. nov.) 30 THI GAMUS: ) (HMIPLOCA) 6 ces scl eke Hosea 110 MUA TSCA ETO UIGIS) |) (ysrets...0 2d.cagdexe fs: 114 millefoliata (Eupithecia) 217, 218, 299 HPMMETIS MT EALCSIS) oc .....cccenccdssemacnd- 111 miniata (Miltochrysta) ............ 184, 279 minima (Petilampa)........... 35) 31485 minimus (Cupido) ... 12, 27. 149, 205, 273 miniosa (Orthosia) ............... 92. 93, 94 *mixta. (S. bilunaria ab. nov.) ......... 294 monacha (Lymantria) ... 170, 171, 245, 246, 283, 298 moneta (Polychrisia) — ................ 3H, Bi monoglypha (Apamea) (Xylophasia) A eth iGrn Coun. 2oo.nerO. Q41, 252, 273, 296, 298 monspessulanella (Lithocolletis) ...... 46 montana (Mesocelis) .................. 193, 194 montanata (Xanthorhoe) 10 es 131, 244 TAVOMMELS GEN a(2TEIUS)/) | HELE ein a. 165 morpheus (Caradrina) ......... 34, 185, 243 morpheus (Heteropterus) © ................ 167 mucronata (Ortholitha) ... 31, 37, 1381, 244 multistrigaria (Calostigia) ... 21, 94, 119, 131, 267 TAUNUT ANG Fey MCh i0 Fe a ci 21) Uae ee 130, 243 munda (Orthosia) .......... 93, 94, 108, 27t MMMiaba .(XaAmMtHOENOE) © sess alice eee! 131 muralis (Bryophila) (Cryphia) ... 193, 243, 252, 260, 279 MRE ATA. (SUEPPH A) coisa Ok RA! 269 muscaeformis {Aegeria) ............ Sto, 5 ail TMUSOULOSA (OMAP DIEY Ah ATR ene 292 myricae (A. euphorbiae ssp.) .......... 21 myrtilli (Anarta) ... 10, 11. 34, 139, 150, 279 PAGE mry riillatar: (GNophos) \ eee ee 132 nana (Hadena) (Hada) ... 22, 117, 130, 216 mManieaitay «(Up Lee Gia) kee eee, 132 napi (Pieris) ... 111, 180, 148, 149, 168, 169, 170, 215, 244 natalensis (P. octavia fm.) neander (Andronymus) © ................... nebulosa (Polia) ... 7, 26, 34. 52, 176, 184, 196, 279 nemoralis (Zanclognatha) nerii (Daphnis) (Deilephila) ... 18, 211, 212 MELISSA (PICTUS) hr be ASL a Re 111 neustria (Malacosoma) _.................. Q44 MCtAns) (Hy adraecia) ee ee eee 78 nigra (Aporophyla) ......... 20, 78, 131, 252 BRigGTa AC. Mupta, aADAMNONE) Yess eee 162 *nigra (D. protea ab. nov.) ...... 230, 231 Snigra (Ss bikunaria alo, WOV:) -..0.%.. 294 *nigralbata (A. grossulariata ab. 111634) A AE Seton eine Ud Sac OR SP Ee 106 *nigrata (S. bilunaria ab. nov.) ...... 294 *nigribasalis (A. lychnidis ab. nov.) 230, 232 MIS KICAN Sy (EUR OA) eee ae es eeee 36, 130 *nigrilinea (A. oxyacanthae ab. nov.) 230 *nigricosta (D. fascelina ab. nov.) ... 32 *nigricosta (P. plantaginis ab. nov.) *nigricosta (S. lubricipeda ab. nov.) 264 *nigristriata (L. comma ab. nov.) ... *nigrociliata (C. mendica ab. nov.) 262, 263 nigrofasciaria (Coenotephria) nigrolineata (A. grossulariata ab.) .. 106 *nigropalliata (A. grossulariata ab. TVOWV A) Geos eye Toc ROR ROL oR ne es 105 *nigrovanellata (S. bilunaria_ ab. TVON2) I chee SPs ERT Nae ane fe Seta tee ee 294 nigrovelata (A. grossulariata ab.) ... 102 TULOW) Cl (CAG AVANT SP ek ess cee cnen sees selector Q45 MigensS. (POUWMA) ses ose eet ee 26, 53, 251 THINS (ONCSTMTEO NUS)» Gatoccedacnscocensanee ce 66 noctuella (Nomophila) _............. 148, 280 nodicolella ‘Mompha) ...... 49. 81, 82, 116, 274. 290 notata: CEapltheera yy ees. ssn mouse 36 Nota: (ATCHVCATIS) YALA NENS Cea uss scat 26 nubeculosa (Brachionycha) ...... 119, 267 TRU TLAS (Aaa eee eee = 5S), Gan. GPE nupta (Catocala).... 7, 26,78; 79, 137, 162, 270, 271, 281, 302 Typ hiaia «(hay ermal Ace... wus sseatee 166 obeliscata (THETA)! “Pe Meek ee odes ss 185 oberthurii (C.-croceus ab.) © ......./.00.. 47 oOblonoar’ (Apamied) UP Wee ts ds aas etn ect teen 269 obscura’ (Apamea) "Nii i.2. 34, 131, 185 *obscura (L. pastinum ab. nov.) ...... 164 obscurata (Gnophos) ...............4.. Q1, 244 obsoletella (Phthorimaea) — ............... 97 obstipata (Nycterosia) ... 77. 79, 148, 253, 281 OCGULTAS (UROIS)s Te ea ares. ten 19). 9 ocellaris! (Cereliva) ic (Vee eeeeh anaes 92 ocellata (Lyncometra) ........ 1ST IAs Ot ocellatus(a) (Smerinthus) .... 14, 132. 147, 218. 271, 280 12 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE een accaw(Ochria) taessiwiinis.aelitis 140 pectinataria (Calostigia) 131, 150, 271 ochraceella (Myrmecozela) (Tinea) peltigera (Heliothis) ................. 253, 280 Q47, 248 pendularia (Zonosoma) | 9)..2..00....2.20: Q27 ochgaceelia, (Mompha);| ...../2iee0.5.1% Q48 penkleriana (Eucosma) © ................... 38 Zochrea WD: protea! abs NOVA) <5. 2222 231 pennarian(GOlOOIS), .2 eee... 79, 132 ochreojunctella (Lithocolletis) ......... 46 perla (Cryphia) ...... 34, 130, 158, 185, ochroleuca (Eremobia) _.............. ile Ls (7h 237,238, 243 ochroleucana (Argyroploce) ............ 119 DECSEHS MOTE PNO) RT eee Aes bees 165 Dcuawael MEsPCGCIS)) "2-0. oc2c2.c.ccenesnssanstecdsente 100 persicariae (Melanchra) ...... 34, 184, octogesima (Cymatophora) ............... 98 237, 238. 2205 2435 oi ocilaris (Tethea)s meee aM Rian iepe petasitis \(Hydraccia) 4......neeeeee 79 oculea (Hydraecia) ........ 78, 131, 176, 304 petrarian (iatminay rs. 5A eee 4h oditis (Leucochlaena) — .............. 229. 230 petwwarvia, (PaAnagevia)) |).550..e eee AT oleracea (Diataraxia) .... 34, 130, 184, philea)(Gatopsilia)) Sele eee 165 215, 216, 241, 243 philoxenuss(Ch hillia)m 26... 169 olivacea (D: (chivabs))..0.2321272...2).. 231, 270 phlaeas (Lycaena) (Heodes) ... 27, 47, Olivaceo-fasciata (L. quercus fm.) 48, 84, 85, 86, 130, 141, 142, 148, 286 200, 201. 202, 203 phragmitidis (Arenostola) ....... QOS *omicron (A. diluta ab. nov.) .......... 3 piciaria (Bapta)*| -).wAsers.. eee 45 MHMOMaALa MA DIASTA) ! f ccccc eect eeu od. eee. 76 picraA(Glostera) Wie. cae 118 OOm DIGy Cla) yes eet 88, 91, 184 PidOsSarian (PTS ATA). oO) Ase. Le ww ere scc ences 279 ophiogramma (Apamea) ............ 26, 3d pinaster (Erylovews) jie. seeeece 26, 81, 86 : opima (Orthosia) ... 20, 113, 141, 268. 279 | pinguis (Euzophera) ........c.ceeee ee 119 Grana(Adoxophyes): (204187:)..286313 48 4 pint (Dendrolimps) 022/00)! Seow 245 Gebiinnlus i (yearn), 2. ..£2. ela. 73 piniarius (Bupalus) ........ 11, 34, 132, 150 prbona t(Sriphaena) ©6333: Ae eA 12 piniperda (Panolis) .........:c0ecec00 20, 45 proatan(Sctopmiays c004. 28). eee 34 pirithous (Lycaena) ....ccccccceceeeseeeeee- 168 ornitopus (Graptolitha) ............ 7, 2%, 94 pisi (Ceramica) ... 12, 26, 33. 130, 184, osteodactylus (Oedimatophorus) _...... 181 216, 243 *ovalidisca (A. grossulariata ab. plariata (Anaitisy™ 7.) Soe) eee 131 TEFEN AD) a 5p Seg caa eae ened ee snes sae sae 104 plantaginis (Parasemia) .. 11, 130, 215, 262 oxyacanthae (Allophyes) (Megan- *plebeia (C. dominula ab. nov.) ...... 14 ephria) ... 78, 131, 171, 172, 230, 245, plecta (Ochropleura) ...... 34, 35, 130, 251, 276, 280 184, 215, 216, 243 oxytropis (ZySaena) ©... 167 | plexippus. (Danaus): pifisacil eee 24 pabulatricula (Apamea) aoe eals ese seer sane 140 podalirius (Papilio) Legeeepess 9. 10, 16, 73 palaemon (Carterocephalus) _............ 112 polychloros (Nymphalis) 148, 196, 245 paleacea (Enargia) ... 77, 78, 140, 161, polydamas (Papilio) .............cccccee 165 268, 269, 270, 271 | polytes (Papilio) —....c...cccccccseeeeeeseees 110 palealis (Loxostege) 119, 183, 219, pomedax (Argyroploce) —.........00.....0 302 220, 301 | porphyrea (Peridroma) (Lycophotia) MANGA. O (MOR TEIK) WE to ees. ast bcos dae Oo 53, 79, 130, 243 pallens {Leucania) ... 34, 131, 184, 243, 276 *postfimbriata (A. grossulariata ab. pallida KC: croceus ab.) ..60c.2........ AT. nev je he ae were eee 106 pallida. (BP. “bicoloria ab) 54 ij.12-4.-.08.5. 159 | popularis(Tholera). © ...::.00-05.40.0.500 270 *pallida (P. literosa ab. nov.) ......... 159 |} pepiiata Mibyeris) (ee eal 77, 131 palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 15. is. ALS: populi (Laothoe) (Smerinthus) ... 33, 146, 220 99, 130, 132, 184, 237, 238, 280 Daluidartiae (Garsua) Gee 6. ce8 2 coco cees hate ses 12 populi (Poecilocampa) ................ 719, 94 paludis (Hydraecia) _.................. 279, 304 porcellus (Deilephila) 34, 53, 133, pamphilus (Coenonympha) ... 10, 27, 182, 184, 244, 251, 304 70, 90, 130, 148, 149, 150, 183, 214, 215, 244 | *postlactea (C. sponsa ab. nov.) ...... 162 paphia (Argynnis) 27, 52, 141, 175, 245 | *postmagnipuncta (S. lubricipeda ab. papilionaria (Geometra) ... 12, 35, 131, 243 OV) 6 Se eee ee eae ee 264 *paradoxa (A. litura ab. nov.) ... 230, 282 | *postnigra (C. trapezina ab. nov.) ... 161 *paradoxa (Z. tarsipennalis ab. nov.) 164 | *postpallida (C. mesomella ab. nov.), 262 pariana (Acanthophila) _................... 222 potatoria (Philudoria) ... 11, 77, 149, PDAS (HEAT UNTO) eee epee se ease AOS pled! 244, 261 partenenias. (BLrEphOS) > .2..! 294 rubricollis: (Atolmis)~ os 8 ee 285 rubicosa (Cerastis) ............ 20, 94, 108, 131 EELS COGMOD IA): sh AAe cies these eee ee Q43 Beata HC RESTOS IY | ee tle eet ene 22 *rufescens (A. sublustris ab. nov.)... 159 ruficornis (Drymonia) ... 148, 147, 282, 283, 296 Tumicis (Apatele) ............... 130, 185, 243 EUV ATS) gee ers gss tas ce eee ee QA5 rupicapraria (Theria) (Hybernia) 65, 82, 83, 93, 168, 278 UE (ADOT A kee es eee a en en os 215 sacraria (Rhodometra) ...... 179, 244, 253 Salicalice (COlObOehiylay 4 scares. dees < 76 SaliGatars(CalOStieia)) ster eee 131 SaliCism (MECUCGOMIA ie .na-4: ehees sees eee 33 sambucaria (Ourapteryx) ... 35, 132, 185, 241, 244, 260, 276 SAMMLON DEA CRISTA) Oe neice fade 262, 299, 300 Saponariae, (Helignphobus)) , j..275) 528 113 SAPS UdOMen (Ea DIO) ha eee eee 4110, 141 SACEULITIGC (EAMDSVTA) ee cect ecse sees ee. Q49 SOUCLG, EP CraidGONMa a epee ee ee 79, 276 saxicola: (HOMOCSOMVA) \. ...5..diceee eo 37 Schailertanay (PerOnea)) meee eee 9h sehibemt (C.. Croceus saby)kessae ee 200 schulzei (C. cinctaria ab.) ... 126, 127, 128, 129, 303, 304 scolopacina (Apameéa) 9 ..3i..:...c.e00c0-: 36 Sconca (Cs. Gulia os TAC eC) mepseree: as -ceccen 219 scotica (Z. achilleae ssp.) ......0.:..... 143 *sebaria (A. grossulariata ab. nov.) ... 103, 178. secalis (Apamea) (Celaena) ... 26, 35, Si 23 238s 2405 Qs O77, sedi (A. lutulentula var.) ......... DOC QE segetum (Agrotis) ... 34, 130, 184, 243, 251, 276 selene (Argynnis) ...... 10, 27, 149, 214, 215 semele (Satyrus) (Eumenis) ...... 27, 90, 182, 244, 269 semiargus (Cyaniris) ............ Tex, 1933}. aye semibrunnea (Lithophane) O25), BB 148, 220, 249, 251, 276, 295, 296 278 14 SPECIAL INDEX, PAGE *semibrunnea (S. lubricipeda ab. TEE) 9/00) Ranke ay a a A 262, 264 SGHEMalensiso(herias): sighs ee 213 SENOxeMCOnTAGH A eRe eos, Bie eee 243 Sennade. (Caropsilia) oie 22 ae 213 septentrionalis (H. maritima ssp.) ... 160 serena t(Madema): «ca... 34, 130 SERIA TAM SLEPT AN Meech. 0 ee En Q271 sesamus (P. octavia form) ............... 100 SEVEGIIVA ei BCLEM OVS) wraccennc: cs: ergnacbaaee see 213 *sexstrigata (A. grossulariata ab. ENON iy labo ica dt Scenes ae eine MS ate 105 SORSERIS AGA. (AMALNES), i: sencs 3% ital eat Saat CUES) (01 2: -aeeereses hese cg 54 sienacaiM. procellata abs) .-4::.2<-- 46 Sims. (RAEPEOGUIS) .....cs0ccc500 cgeens 35, 281 simplicinana (Hemimene) ................ 300 SImulans (RDY aAGLA) 2..)5.c520-24- 53, 251, 269 Siferaa (CnlOrOchysta) Jb. .ceecseesch-oce 131 SObrIMa (ETP MACIA) ¢ vrc- varescace ees enaeeb we 143 Socia (Eathophamne)), .22.-.2.c.22- 25, 147, 296 solandriana, (MUCOSMa)) .f :2..4--222c--- 38 solidaginis (Lithomoia) ......... BB ITI ies lol. Bol. a0 sordens (Apamea) 26,-34, 131, 147, 185, 216 SOLON OTH Ie yas C Dirt VET CTE 0 VAN Me pes a roe aE Re 285 spadicearia (Xanthorhoe) _............... Qhh sparganella (Orthotaenia) _............... 38 SOACSAM (INOMABTIA): \ici..scices.ogeosteeae 51 SHE CCHOTMIS (ACECIVA)® \lacescee cee ce eee 48 splendana (Laspeyresia) _................-- 222 splendidulana (Pammene) _............. 222 Sponsas(CatOCala)) "..-tonc-sscc-s case 162, 281 stabilis (Orthosia) ... 20, 26, 83, 93, 94, 108, 131, 147 stachyaalise (Amana) “io... suc. cs sceteehens 181 Sib CeS i POCTIG)!* Utes notin. seceraen cneoes reee 41 SPALL a CADMESTAS) Sin cocot case. sev cee tetas 181 Staura, (Carepsmiall — ets aseece 165, 213 stellatarum (Macroglossum) ... 26, 37, 132. AAS OA Oh 252, 23 stettinensis (Lithocolletis) .......... een AS SEROUULIVGEO SUCEITVA) seca are cher oes os Sone 114 Siraminea (Meucanmia) ~ -e.-..--..--- 252, 279 stratarius {Biston) ... 24, 26, 82, 93, 94, 108, 168 zstriata (Gy aprilina ab. nove)...01 230 SELimatar Teemathea: ieee chests Q43 strigilis (Procus) (Miana) ...... SaSSs 131, 159, 176, 216, 237, 238, 240, 243 Simisilarias (Perconra) | £iin.s.es. eee 132 Strigosal (Apatele) it keel ae eee 112 strigulatella (Lithocolletis) _............ 46 Suasa "CERAd Cima) mrs ot ee eres 24 aoe 26, 269 subbistrigella (Mompha) ... 49, 82, 116, : Q75 subdivisella (Mompha) ..................55. Q75 subfulvata (BE. icterata ssp.) ... 35, 218, 220, 243 sublustris (Apamea) _............... 159, 268 submarmoraria (C. cinctaria ab.) 126, 127, 128, 129, 303, 304 *substriata (C. mendica ab. nov.) ... 263 *substriata (H. albicolon ab. nov.) ... 229, 230 Sib bua (Ze Ol a) 22 eee. tee ecccemeenee ce 78 PAGE succenturiata (Eupithecia) ... 35, 248, 220, 254, 271 sufiumata (Lampropteryx) —............ 131 Susi (Aeros) Se Ske Me 177 suffusa (A. menyantidis var.) ......... 268 *suffusa (S. lutea ab. nov.) ...... 262, 265 Subiuseila, (Aristotelia) 2... eee 107 *superba (S. bilunaria ab. nov.) ...... 294 suspecta (Parastichtis) ...... 19°. 36. 714270 syloonus «<(Augiades),... ei iia 169 sylvata (Abraxas) ............ 34, 35, 193, 295 sylvata’. (Astihena): 2y..22 Se eee 260 SULDEUE: (Lit ROCOMETIS) > 2 eee 46 sylvestraria. (Sterrha)ili vse) pee 114 sylvestris (Thymelicus) ... 27, 90, 149, 183, 205, 206 SVIVINUS Ae DIOS), a eee ee 12 syringaria (Apeira) (Pericallia) ... 45, 260 tiges (Erynnas) \f........ 820! 27, 149, 150 tarquunmia, \(Dirphig) wees. eee 166 tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) 164, 185, 271 telicanus (Liyeaenayid ts uy nhs 168 temerata.(Bapta). see oe. ee aoe 26 tenebrella (Aristotelia) 9 ............0..... 38 tenebrosa: (Rusina) ot mayo yer Al terrealis (Perinephela) (104), 238 37 temsata \(HOFISMEC) Me Deas eee 36, 277 testacea (Luperina) ............... 78, 158. 270 testata. “(Lyesris) FA See ee 78, 131 tetradactyla (Alucita):. 22.4) See 37 *tetrafasciaria (S. bilunaria ab. TOV.) PRS ea. tebe Mans tae hee 294 tetralunaria (Selenia) ............... 44, 174 tetrio (Pseudosphinx)*! .2/..0.52,.4048 166 thalassina (Hadena) ... 33, 130, 184, 215, 216 thersamon. (Lycaena) 000... 20 168 Lhersites '(Lycaena) (OA. Saaee 168 thoas iPaApii@)"o) 4 eo 165 trae (MAMI AS) So ceeteee e 132, 147 timoleon: (Tracta) Omani ee) eae 111 LENGCIG (Otay We eee ee 22.194) D5; 79: tipuliformis (Aeferia))) 90) yee 13 tithonus (Maniola) ......... 27, 90, 183, 206 fityus: (Hemayris)! ODS sets Saree 132 tortricellay (Tortricodes)\1:. o.1 aes 94 *totinigra (S. lutea ab. nov.) ... 262, 266 tragopoginis (Amphipyra) ... 77, 131, 243 iransalpina -(Zyeaena)! weet eee 167 Lransiens '(P) ectavia form) eee e 100 transversa (Eupsilia) ...... 20, 249, 251, 276 trapezina (Cosmia) ... 36, 91, 131, 161, 237, 238, 241, 243, 265 tremula (Pheosia) ...... Fae vy alabeisass), 182, 184, 220 triangulum (Amathes) ......... 35, 130, 243 tridens (Apatele) .......... 53, 220, 277, 278 trifolii (Hademna) ............. 33, 35, 147, 269 trifolii (Lasiocampa) ............. Bookie Ale fifo. (Zy aes), ee eee ee 150, 205 {rigeminana: (BircOSma))) sees 300 *irilnea, (Bo fabaria abs noyje. 161 trigrammica (Meristis) ... 26, 34, 160, ~ 185, 215 inilopiuUs. (NOtOdOmMia) — 9 ee eens 74 trimacula (Drymonia) _...... 221. 249, 282 SPECIAL INDEX, PAGE tripartita (Abrostola) . 35, 131, 185, triplasia (Abrostola) ......:..... 35, 185, tripunctaria (Eupithecia) ............... tripunctaria (Eupithecia) _......... 132 trisignaria (Eupithecia) tristrigella (Lithocolletis) (PTS Tes niay (D4 OU Gl ol A COle) pt wee eee Peet, (TNEKOA)) (0260.2 Ba Tie Tse tritophus (Notodonta) truncata (Dysstroma) 34, 131, 185, Pali ay ia TERT) WA\ATH(O}UE TIS) [Se eee en tullia (Coenolyinpha) ..... At AQ OO: 130, 169, Tir OLGAmMay \(CEUCOSIMA) ? — se..scd bcd canoes. UPC (A Ean Tae) a re Se ene turfosalis (Tholomiges) _............ 114, HILEMMISHeE. Gardamines ab.) ..:..0..... OMA CNOMAGTTA)) © egccleel ede ceesodi ose. AIPONCS) “(BISCO ) ea Tlbaneiae) (C0 HD ener TREAT LTE. (UNL OTS 1 umbratica (Cucullia) ......... 131, 180, umbratica (Rusina) es G8 S35 Gt 134, 185, 215, PUMCUM Ae REMISEEOUIA): \...5.0-.00cec.ceee~e 269, unidentaria (Xanthorhoe) — .........:...: MMA Maha CUP V IA)! ec eckes. 36, unanimis (Apamea) Bie by, Vea *unicolor (C. curtula ab. nov.) Funeoior (FP. ridens; ab. nov.) ........; *unilinearia (S. bilunaria ab. nov.) urticae (Vanessa) (Aglais) (hen 7h 48, 94, 130, 147, 148, 149, 168, 169, 183, Qi, 244) 254, 252. vaccinii (Conistra) 20, ‘79, 93, 94, 108, 131, 249, 251, valezina (A. paphia var.) vanillae (Dione) varia (Lycophotia) 12, 34, 35, 130, 184, 215, 230, *variegata (A. chi ab. nov.) *variegata (A. oxyacanthae ab. nov.) $ varleyata (A. grossulariata ab.) vanadis (Z. exulans form) venata (Ochlodes) venosa (C. mendica ab.) *venosa (S. lubricipeda ab. nov.) .... { evenosa (S. lutea ab. Nov.) «.:c....:.:-...- venosata (Eupithecia) 34, *venusta (A. grossulariata ab. nov.) verbasci (Cucullia) ... 84, 139, 147, 174, Q42, verbascalis (Pyrausta) verhelulella (Teichobia) versicolora (Endromis) ... vespertaria (Epione) vestigialis (Agrotis) ... 12,. 22, 214, Ligaen aesesznners 76, AD. 225 da, 3s 77, ‘78, 243, 22, %, 131, 142, vetusta (Xylina) viburna (Tortrix) viminalis (Bombycia) _......... 36, 118, vinula (Cerura) ... 21, 75, 81, 130, 146, MEBEMS: (PAICETIA), «\.2.ceis.sccseess +0 68, 271, viretata (Lobophora) _......... 138, 147, 251 ol 180 , 147 180 46 131 , 269 7d 276 243 219 107 77 141 19 ot 39 37 294 185 216 281 131 243 280 32 3l 294 15 PAGE *virgata (H. fucosa ab. nov.) ............ 160 BET GOLIST (Ooo FIDE, LOLI) 5-2 8 ae 124 virgaureae> (Lycaenays 0 Ve eae 7B viridaria (Phytometra) (Prothyimnia) 92, 206 ULECOLM MORGNOMAIIE)! ee eee 223 Vibe MaMa (CUI GAMA ie wee ase: 281, 303 *vittata (L. testacea ab. nov.) .......... 159 vulgata (Eupithecia) _.......... 33, 185, 243 w-album (Thecla) (Strymonidia) ... 10, atl MBA GI, walker ((Aumphimoealy = 25 ey eee 166 Walaria:s (bari) Mites. coe. ee 35, 1382, 244 We-latimumie = (rad ema))) We see e.n ee 182, 268 xanthographa (Amathes) ...... 195. Vik 1D ORW/ aE Cae OPS Darts pelo xXanthographa (Z. transalpina form) 167 VV LOSUGA Tam (GAGOCCIA) me eessc sence ease Q48 xerampelina (Atethmia) ..... MUP, 25 ; 270, 271, 280 yeatiana (Depressaria) _..................66 94 ypsillon (Sidemia) {Apamea) ...... 36, 159, 252 V DSULOMe CASEOUIS) m leeieee eo ere eens 951, 276 Fata (SUA mat | © oP cqduvacebtenogs 265, 266 zephyrand )(PHalonia). o0P se 250 ziczac (Notodonta) ... 21, 31, 33, 74, 75, 81, 118, 147, 220, 244 FOUL AS CNGVSSTAN el Cocetaat renee cteececetnee MM), 22 NEUROPTERA fulvicephalus (Osmylus) _...............055 38 ODONATA annulatus (Cordulegaster) ............... 14 Capit <(SCMAzGlomia) Toe sc. eee 38 ORTHOPTERA anatolicus. (NOtOSstalrus)) Fe s-c-cr-eee 15 SCIAP VL EOGEUA iin iia. -chaarage tes ent 15 asynamorus (Tachycines) _............... 191 AULEA (OCEIPOGA)> see eee an teeaeee ede bicutiulus: (Chorthippus) ) 22.024... 14 brevicollis (Dociostaurus) _............... 15 bucephalal G2we)s Wesses cee ese A 8 WA aS caelosyrensis (Metromerus) ............... 15 caerulescens (Oedipoda) ............ 14215 depressum (Acrydium) _................... fy GESERCUS AG TY LUIS) eee Seen teas 15 TASCUS > (CONOCEPMalUs) i ate cee ee ee BY PTAtiOsas COCEIPOGA) kere e ne loess 45 griseoaptera (Philidoptera) _...... 51, 260 helorerehite (RmMetns) | Weceeeea ewe een sc 15 meridionalis (Paratettix) ............5.. 14 monspelliensis (Decticus) _............... 415 mioesta, (Baborellvann oes asesse oes aes 121 parallelus (Chorthippus) ............... 15 FEL SIOSA AMA GIS) rie scone eek ee 14 tahtalica (Pholidoptera) _............ (Wee ils thalassina (Meconema) ...................5 260 thalassinus (Avol@ptms)) oos2e ee eececs een 415 theodori (Sphingonotus) _.................. 15 truchmana (Ramburiella) _............... 45 THE IGA CACC A meena natasene am eceaers 5A viridissima (Tettigonia) _.................. 51 16 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE STREPSIPTERA Gisitatus “Balesus): /dkatliei.i/.... Se 260 Gaenorholanremger ree. AS 80 instabilis (Hydropsyche) ................ 38 Myrimenmia are we ecleeriy.. le so | Junatus (Limnephilus) ......0.0.0...0.. 260 montanus (Philopotamus) ............... 260 pellucidus (Glyphotaelius) ............... 260 TRICHOPTERA permistus (Stenophylax) .............. 260 ANS UAMAVEPNINUS), | ieee desd0558 50.c0see 260 Sparsus (Limnephilus) .....8.........08 260 conspersa (Plectrocnemia) ............... 260 stellatius =(Stenophyvlax) {2:23 ee 260 Gecumens ALimmnephilus) «6 j..cc.cees. deoes 260 Vittatus « (Limnephilus) 282s ee 260 Further New Records of Lepidoptera from Cyprus, Iraq and Persia (Iran). By E. P. Wuactsutre, F.R.E.S. Species PAGE PAGE Albina, (Op MMISA) + =. ::.ceseesateete one 4 obliterata (Phyllometra) ...........c.-.... 4 Aleinvmaasta:, (Gabepliay Vo.) .c..-fa.s.c pees 3 onsgleta (LEUCGANIA) iic.seisas cot sccosoe ones 4 STA KODIMTS A), cee. 5. enor cece eis aniap ap 4, 9 Palaestinensis (AMathes), . ....... 3 pulverea (AMatnes), ..cc-ccsnsesne se ene 3 COStALIS (EDyPSOD Va) e veve ssc cc caescmace 6 DUNCHINANS (Boar) 9... 3 crassicornis (Meganephria) ............... 4 quercus ssp. longicauda (Thecla) ... 2 cribrumaiis, (Herminia)) ..-2.2:..95..2. 5 PEISSETI © CRAV ISA) Fis ce cose aco ne oe eee Q daraba (Gymamuiayhite67.....200...20 2 renalis (Meganephria) _................:0 4 CUSPUpP TA a(S rOCWONA) Ooh: iiateie ts .. coe eee Dy reticulata "(Madea 9) seces-sccaccseeeeee 4 expansa(iriphnosa) tess hese tees. ueee 5 Tusticata; (Stervna)) s \. csces sess seen eee 5 PTAs SALAMIS) | eee Pen an an ssavnoaeyeods 6 Sarvistara (Meltaed) (5.0)... 1 feshivay (DiarSiayyg wees be oe 8 2k 5 4 scrophilariae (Sidemya) © 8s Q fuliginosa pulverulenta (Phragma- serratilines. (Polia)) (lic 2 eecre ace 4 ROWER) coceesinemeiie eere cetera tation of Animals, 1940, and the single part of the Ent. Mon. Mag. for April 1938 Kenneth G. V. Smith, 38 Barrow’ Street, Much Wenlock, Salop. ‘i Wanted—Species ot genus Zygaena from any part of Europe, set or in papers, with full data. Will exchange for cash, or for literature, or lepidoptera of ‘India, Africa or Europe. I have a number of pupae of P. machaon and ND euphorbiae from Malta, which will emerge in May and in March respec-: i ‘tively, for exchange also. —RH, ae Darlow, 120 ree Brook Road, eit Re Rise, Sheffield. ; Se tae | eee PGiae or Tenet: of any British Butterflies, except ie _ Common Whites for research into breeding. Hibernating forms especially — by welcome at present. Recompense sladly, made.—R. Leeda Rater etd, Pe ; laneasndey 13. ie x ee a ae: ana with full data, as a whole or in part, in two store-boxes. would ex- 2 change: for British Bombyces, Noctuids and Geometrids. bie +h RB, Noel FR. ne S., ie Copse, Sway, CF esa Hants. ‘ : A . M ginauia, ‘The Heath Friary, to put out in two suitable localities here in d the New Forest, with a view to. establishing. new colonies of the insect which pt becoming scarce in its old haunts in Kent, Sussex and Essex. For cash - or exchange. Will someone very kindly help ?—Chas. B. Bin Auge FR ES., < ey head SHEE Boal, rveatOn, ‘Hants. Ww a ia ‘of the i houldwind Butterflies ena the New ‘potpsis. crataegi, ACD =: _sinapis, tris, e-album, polychloros, cinzia, aurinea, galatea, detulae, semi- argus, lucina, Moco _ actaeon. —S. Cc. §. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, — Ph 1 pole the ‘magazine should be | seu “until further ‘notice, to. ‘The. ‘Hon, \ | urer, Spe Foes, Peaks oa Lane, oun aaiy Christchurch, ‘Hants. Q ant fc well Road, S.W.7 ‘Birmingham Natural History and ‘Philosophicat — s cle _ Particulars from Hon. Sans i Ae al A. B.: Stanton, 86 Bs eceetng eee OF “PHLAEAS, you can be interested for Ufe in their British c} Lo Royal Bociets® ne A eeey House, piceaditiy, « w. 4. Sth, 60 for 630 p.m. London — Natural History Rookery p.m., at London School of Hygiene or Art-Workers’ Guild Hall. Meetings from General Secretary, H, A. Toombs, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist), Cc Entomological Section. Monthly Meetings are held at Museum and Art Galle W. _ saul, Staffs... age : a “a Be “To OUR READERS, ie ae oe ce Short Oolleeting Notes and taeda Notes. - 3 ordered. at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles” that require ILLUSTRATIONS are “inserted on condition that _ AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the ilustrations, ‘ wy ¢ & at you collect coninon, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MININUS, 4 G ‘obtaining “THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADE! ? PRICE £2 108, ‘post od ak Hu oe ae direct from : genes Bournemouth, ‘Hampsnire. Ne. 5 MAY 1951 ITOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND | OF VARIATION Sr. J. es ‘DonisrHorre, ERS, JAS E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. . ALLEN, B.Sc. — E. C. M. d’ASSIS FONSECA, ; E.RES. | §. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.ES. - COCKAYNE, MA. ns Ward a H. B. WILLIAMS, K.C., LL,D., F.R.E. S. ; H. W. ANDREWS, FRES. : oe t. “BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.B.ES. (Acting Editor). F; > a A . 4 rhe. ‘ . t CONTENTS. HEPES CEE sae Ns a, Dariow, R. LN. LW. haat 4 “SHILLINGS. To be sent to DRAGONFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES” Ses “By, CYNTHIA LONGFIELD, FRES. Bae vA descriptive: dicgory of all. the British species, with. SRidstentindc from | graphs and drawings, and sizteen colour plates. A special feature is a detai but perfectly simple key to both colour and pattern. or external structure. 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This is as it should be; fol BST SAY as were, a fiduciary position as regards his contributors. 1s Is y to secure for them as wide a circle of readers as possible. So that pregnant word circulation must ever be to the torefront of his mind. At the moment, there is an additional reason why the circulation of the Record ought to be very much larger. Im these unhappy times through which we are passing there is always a spectre in the back- ground: the matter of pounds, shillings and pence. None of us wishes to see the annual subscription raised. Yet costs of production are con- stantly rising, and both ends must be made to meet. If the Record is to be kept up to the standard of this present issue the only alterna- tive to an increased subscription is an increased circulation. It would be tragic if, having recovered some of the lost ground, we were to lose it once more. pet, How can we increase our circulation’ In this way. If every one who reads these lines will secure one new subscriber the thing will be done. There must be many good and keen entomologists who would take in the Tecord if their attention were drawn to it. Although practically every magazine in this country has gone up in price the Annual Subscription to the Record still remains at its pre-war figure—Zen Shillings. Will you help to make the Record known among your friends and corres- pondents ? A certain number of ‘* overs’”’ of each issue are usually available. If you will send us—a postcard will do—the name and address of some friend or acyuaintance to whom you have recommended the Record and who would like to see a specimen copy, one shall be despatched to him by return of post. ) EDITOR. WHY? By Haroip B. Wiwiiams, K.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S. During recent reflection on the experiences of fitty years as a collector and student of lepidoptera I have remembered many problems, so few of them answered, and have wondered whether the word ‘“‘why’’, so much discouraged in early youth, ought not to be more in our thoughts. Perhaps it may help, or at least interest or amuse, younger entomologists if I try to pass to them some of the questions I have not been able to answer. Wifty years ago one turned to books. In truth, to very few books, to Newman, to Tutt, especially if the problem was associated with varia-. tion, and after a time to South’s three helpful volumes. And to tie. Magazines, not then too numerous for study. We now have many books and long series of magazines, but it is doubtful whether knowledge has been advanced in proportion to the number. We know more than we knew in 1901, but how much more? Books are now read and ac- cepted by thousands, but for that very reason authors and editors ought to spare no pains to ensure accuracy. I read and enjoy the ‘‘ New 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 Naturalist ’’ series, and I think of the joy, and of the help, those books would have given me fifty years ago. Problems of variation, heredity and distribution are explained in a way which would have seemed, and, indeed, was, beyond possibility fifty years ago. Yet I open ‘‘ Mountains and Moorlands ’’ and find that Plate 29, with the title ‘“‘ Northern eggar moth (Lasiocampa callunae), caterpillar ’? portrays a caterpillar which no entomologist of two years’ experience could possibly mistake for that of callunae or any other form of Lasiocampa quercus whether ele- vated to the rank of a species or not. Why? Imagine the beginner with a large haul of Fox Moth caterpillars from some southern down or moor identifying them from Plate 29 and subsequently attempting to rear the moths. To become more serious, how much better-informed we are! We know quite a lot about genetics, a little about distribution (though I some- times wonder why more is not published), something about gynandrom- orphism and hybridity and a little about a number of curious structural and developmental abnormalities which we might have passed over not so long ago. But a real understanding of these things eludes us. For example, Bateson, in ‘‘ Materials for the Study of Variation ’’ (1894) introduced us to the study of Homoeosis and gave a few examples in insects. Dr Cockayne subsequently described numerous examples in in- sects, and particularly referred to lepidoptera in which a part of one or more wings presents markings appropriate to the corresponding member of the other pair. Very many of these forms are now known, but we do not yet understand the phenomenon. There is good reason to believe that the condition is hereditary, but why is its manifestation so varied ? Why have nearly all the known examples in Welitaea athalia small patches of the pattern of the underside of the hind wing reproduced on the fore wing’ Why is the condition (apparently) so much more fre- quent in some species (e.g., WM. athalia, Coenonympha pamphilus) than in others, and yet known to occur in so many species of lepidoptera 2 Why is it only in the ‘ Blues’ (apparently) that examples are found with the markings appropriate to one surface of the wings reproduced on the other surface? Why in British examples in Papilio machaon do we find the markings of one or both fore wings reproduced on the cor- responding hind wing or wings (I have seven, and have seen others) while the only example so far recorded from the continent (Ugrjumow} has hind wing markings on the right fore wing? Only by the accumula- tion of a considerable mass of material and records can we hope to advance towards a solution of such problems, and it is not easy in the lifetime of one entomologist to accumulate such a mass of material. One human lifetime is, we may hope, of little account in the lifetime of a museum, and it may be that if material could be accumulated in, for example, the National Collection, a useful review could be achieved in time. These fifty years have seen the birth and rapid growth of the science of genetics. Knowledge expands so rapidly that questions are being answered almost as soon as they can be formulated. But have we exhausted the problems which first exercised our minds when we watched the members of an F2 generation segregate into 1 DD, 2 DR and 1 RR? Why do we sometimes find that we have too many heterozygous insects ? I remember breeding Boarmia rhomboidaria for thirteen consecutive ~ AT HERA’S SHRINES. 1 years, during which [ reared a uumber of broods annnually, crossing light forms with the melanic ab. rebel: Aign., and endeavouring to dis- tinguish the homozygous and heterozygous melanics, only to find, at the end of the experiment that I possessed one single very worn femaie (the parent of a brood) which I could assert to be proved to be homo- zygous. Over and over again did | select the very darkest melanics, almost without markings, and breed from two of these, only to find light forms segregating in the progeny. I am conscious that I have not recorded these occurrences with sufficient regularity and that they ought to be recorded systematically and as a matter of routine, if later entomologists are to be assisted to discover why such things happen. There exist, unrecorded, in British collections, very numerous gynandromorphs, lepidoptera showing major or minor peroneural defects (sometimes lmited to one wing or even part of a wing) examples oi homoeosis and very many other structural abnormalities, a more detailed knowledge of which would be of advantage. | May they be recorded, so that our successors may try to know why they occur? AT HERA’S SHRINES. By Surgeon Lieutenant Commander H. M. Dariow, F.R.E.S., RN. O Hera! Goddess of marriage and children, wife of the omnipotent Zeus! Sacrilege, indeed, is it that the unlovely name quadripunctaria should have been foisted upon you and your enchanting descendants who still haunt those cool Grecian glades where once you were worshipped by a noble race. The Greeks gave you a fitting name, and in honour of your divinity you shall be hera throughout this brief paper. Kyrenia is the gem of the north coast of Cyprus and looks enchanting from the sea with its little white churches and mosque and magnificent background of precipitous mountains topped by the castle of Saint Hilarion. It is pleasant ashore, too, and the choicest spot of all is a little valley which I discovered in the Spring of 1948 and in which I spent several enchanted days catching Thais cerisyi. [I earmarked it for a future visit, which came to pass on the last day of June. It was very hot. Gone was the Spring freshness and the stream- bed was as dry as a bone. A score of cicadas screeched from every olive tree as I made my way to my valley with many a wistful backward glance at the cool sea, where shipmates were enjoying the temperate breezes, unfettered by that strange madness which we entomologists consider our duty to science. The cicadas were everywhere. My satchel felt very heavy, so I sat down under a Carob tree and felt for my flask. And I was not the only thirsty individual under that tree, for, as I ap- proached, a rustling swarm of Satyrus hermione cypriaca took off from the trunk and flew rather jerkily to the next tree. They sat in great profusion on every tree-trunk in that valley, but their astonishing agility defeated exhausting efforts at capture. So I left them and advanced up the valley. At one point there is a sandy precipice which has to be negotiated to avoid a long detour. I was half way along the face of this when another insect got the better (2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 of me. My foothold gave way, and to save myself from a tumble If erabbed a tuft of grass, all unaware that Vespa craubro was enjoying a_ mid-day siesta in the middle of it. . . It was at this moment that Hera came to my rescue. ‘There in a little glade ahead of me fluttered a large and vividly coloured moth. My heart jumped, and so did 1: oblivious of pain and precipice I landed in a heap of brambles. The moth led me a dance round the bushes, but I caught it in the end at the bottom of the stream-bed, and there were all the tribe, heru everywhere. The bushes were full of them, but although I captured and released about three score I found no sign of variation. I spent the rest of that day and both the next two afternoons worship- ping at this shrine of Hera; but she vouchsafed me nothing more than a series of normal specimens. And so | departed, little knowing that we were to meet again in no uncertain way a year later. Early in June the following year my ship visited Rhodes. The local authorities were hospitable and otiered a variety of amusements. Would I like to visit the Valley of Butterflies? Yes, I would, indeed. Se on the fourth of the mouth a car duly arrived on the jetty and things began to look interesting as we spun through the countryside towards the moun- tains past rows of little Turkish windmills with their white sails flashing ‘in the sunshine. At mid-day we stopped at a small inn where the driver parked the car and went to sleep. It was whilst: I was taking in the he of the land that I saw them, a hundred and fifty of them and all sittiig on the same tree-trunk. But this was nothing. Behind the inn stood a little gate through which 1 passed into an enchanting hidden ravine arched over by magnificent trees and filled with lush vegetation in vivid contrast to the arid hili- sides on either hand. A clear stream babbled amongst the tree-roots and in the cooler air of that ravine flew thousands of heru. They were almost as thick as snowflakes, and every one of them had red hind-wings. They were not even taking any interest in each other, but just flapping about looking incredibly beautiful. Afterwards the innkeeper, typically anxious to please the visitor and make sure of a return visit, said that this was nothing and that at the end of July there would be many times more. . A week later I met Hera for the third time at Navarin in the extreme south-west corner of Greece. It was very hot and dusty as I sauntered up towards the old Turkish fortress that stands on a hill overlooking the entrance to the Bay. Along the lane came a local youth, keen to practise his English. He said it ail im one breath: “ Cigarette Cap-- tain.’ Feeling flattered at my unexpected promotion I made the fatal mistake of offering him one. Alas! a cigarette in Navarin is like a virgin female Oak Eggar. Greeks popped up on every side and were not to be satisfied until I had been persuaded to photograph them sinck- ing my cigarettes, after which they vanished as mysteriously as they had arrived. To avoid any further inroads on my tobacco ration I left the road and wandered into a dismal little pinewood, stripped of under- growth by the village goats. But dismal and goat-ridden though it was that wood was another sacred grove, for hera was congregated in swarms in the darker cooler corners. They were slightly larger than those in either Rhodes or Cyprus, but otherwise exactly similar and again showed no tendency to vary. WISHFUL THINKING. 73 And now to make an end of this odyssey. It would appear that hera times things badly and emerges during the hottest and driest parts of the year. In order to survive, the moth seeks out the shadiest spots and there congregates in fantastic numbers, good shady spots being hard to come by. Once congregated it can afford to sit exposed in serried ranks on the tree-trunks, safe from the attacks of predators, who must surely be deterred by the massed warning colouration. Pre- sumably the swarms break up and disperse when the autumn rains ar- rive, for the local vegetation could not possibly support the larvae of so many moths. Indeed, the absence of local variation between the colonies at Cyprus, which is three hundred miles east of Rhodes, and Navarin, which is three hundred miles in the opposite direction, almost suggests that the species migrates, though for various reasons [ do not think this is so. But why that lamentable absence of those colour forms which are a feature of our own local race? WISHFUL THINKING, By An Oty MornH-Hunter. If anybody were to say to me ‘‘What do you consider to be the com- monest form of frailty manifested by lepidopterists?’’? I should answer at once ‘‘Credulity’’. And I should add, immediately, ‘‘But so far from credulity—in a lepidopterist—hbeing a fault I consider it to be a virtue. For a readiness to believe postulates singlemindedness and enthusiasm’’. And when you come to think it over it is plain that our credulity arises, simply and solely, from wishful thinking. We have a specimen of Per- adventure in our cabinet which we believe—for it has no label—was caught by our grandfather. Surely we are justified in considering it an Undoubtedly ?—’ Tis true that Grandfather must have made at least one trip to the Continent, for his collection contained specimens of orbitulus, belemia, cleopatra, maturna, and two Apollos. But Peradventure has been caught in Sussex several times, and Grandfather always spent his holidays at Brighton .... Surely And so, egged on by Wishful Thinking, our credulity becomes a con- crete thing, and Grandfather’s Peradventure is accorded an honoured place in the cabinet, being duly adorned with a label ‘‘ From the Coll. of B. Hunter-Bugge’’. These reflections have been prompted by a Clifden Nonpareil, an aged dis-antenna’d fraxini. Recently I was given a cabinet which con- tains a mite-infested collection of butterflies and moths formed by a dilettante lepidopterist a hundred and more years ago. There are In- dian species and Continental species and English species. There are two boeticus, a brace of semiargus, a ditto of podalirius, two Queen of Spain fritillaries, three Lycaena virgaureae, and a Clifden Nonpareil. The only label in the collection is worn by a seedy-looking atropos, an- nouncing its capture ‘‘among the bee-hives’’. What shall I do with the Clifden Nonpareil? It might quite well have been caught in England (Wishful Thinking rearing its head). In fact it probably was (W.T. getting down to it). All the other Continen- tal species in the cabinet are butterflies, so apparently the Old Fellow never spread sugar in France or Switzerland or wherever he went; 74. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOT. LXIIT. 15/V /1951 therefore the odds are greatly in favour of this fraxini being English (W.T. well under way). JT don’t think there can be any possible doubt that it was caught in England, probably in Sussex (W.T. winning hands- down). I shall therefore label it ‘‘From the Coll. of W. Thinker’’ (triumph of W.T.). And then when [ die and my cabinet comes into the auction-room ? ... “Catocala frarim. From the collection of W. Thinker. Probably caught in Sussex. An early English specimen of this fine moth, in fair condition. Shall we start at One Pound? ... .” IT never bungle an unrecognized Noctua at my sugar but I brood over it for days. Without a doubt it was a var. of something quite common: but—‘‘I’m as certain as one can be of anything that it was Calophasia lunula, or some very similar Central European species’’. I go through the coloured plates of European, even North African, Noctuae in my books, egged on by W.T., doing my level best to second, and confirm, that deceiving and insidious phantom. Oh, I’m not the only one, not by a long chalk. Even Reverend lepidopterists, the most holy of lepid- opterists, have been, and probably still are, beset by W.T. Recently, browsing on old issues of our trade journals, J came across the following in the Ent. mon. Mag. for 1870:—‘‘Suspected occurrence of Notodonta trilophus near Exeter.—On August 25th, I was beating some alder bushes... . for larvae, when amongst several common things the larva of a Notodonta fell into my umbrella. At first I took it for dromedarius, but, after looking at it again when I got home, I fancied it zic-zac, but could not quite make it out; and, as it was but small, I put it in a tin box, and fed it for a day or two to see what it would prove to be. Unfortunately, however, before long it got itself into such a position, that in opening the box I injured one of its legs, and it bled to death. It would have been well for my peace of mind, could I have forgotten all about it; but its figure would stick in my memory, and at last I was forced to the conclusion that it must have been trilophus; the colour was a light tint of reddish-brown, and on one side there was a patch of light green near the tail, but the point most to be observed was the row of three dorsal humps. Since the discovery of my misfor- tune, I have thrashed every alder I can get at, and have taken many larvae that at other times I should have prized ... . but not another trilophus ....J. HELIUNs.”’ What a magnificent specimen of W.T.! Absolutely unrubbed, fringes perfect, in mint condition! How well I know that ‘‘figure’’? which ‘‘would stick in my memory’’ so that ‘‘at last I was forced to the con- CIVISTON eqs. fetes on What a fellow-feeling I have for that admirable lepidopterist to whom we owe so much! And yet— From 1936 to 1945 I bred N. dromedarius every year (see a Note by me in this JouRNAL, vol. 55, p. 102), and whether they arose from eggs laid in my cages or from eggs or caterpillars found in the wild, from Essex to Cardigan Bay, every blessed larva had three humps. Most of them had four; but the fourth hump (counting from the head) is usually small and sometimes, especially in a very young larva, it is little more than a tubercle. And the colour of the vast majority has been ‘‘a light tint of reddish-brown’’ with a ‘‘patch of light green near the tail’’. This young Devonshire larva beaten from alder was, without any doubt or shadow of doubt, N. dromedarius, the Iron Prominent. There are THE PROTECTION OF BRITISH INSECTS. 7) one or two assertions, at second ocr third hand and probably copying from each other, that N. tritophus has been found in Europe, on birch; but no one has ever reported it as feeding on alder. Populus is its foodplant wherever the larva occurs. J have never reared it, and since it is an extremely rare event—I might even say an excessively rare event—for a species whose foodplants are normally confined to Populus and Salix (for instance A. megacephala, C. fraxini, C. vinula, P. tremula, N. ziczac, P. palpina, C. curtula, and many others) to eat alder I very much doubt if it could be reared on Alnus glutinosa. Now mark the sequel. W.T. not only followed Mr. Hellins to his grave but afflicted those who came after him. Said Barrett (1896), deal- ing with tritophus, ‘‘The Rev. J. Hellins beat out a larva from an alder near Exeter in August 1870, which he was convinced belonged to this species, but unfortunately it died; and another recorded by the Rev. J. Greene as beaten out of hazel in Gloucestershire proved to be ichneu- moned’’.- (Greene’s larva also of course was dromedarius—hazel is a foodplant upon which I myself have found that species, and a great pupa-digger must needs be a great optimist). Barrett’s words are the more surprising because William Buckler had bred tritophus in 1882 and painted the larva’s portrait, which shows that its ground-colour was not ‘‘a light tint of reddish-brown’’ but lavender and Barrett him- self gives the ground-colour as ‘‘pale grey or brownish-grey”’. Was that the end of the matter? By no means. Both Hellins’s and Greene’s Wishful Thoughts are given in the latest edition of South’s Moths of the British Isles as genuine British records of Notodonta tritophus ! Wishful Thinking is a charming and romantic thing, and I am as chronic a victim of it as anyone ever was. But it ought not to be al- lowed to become coin of the entomological realm—at least not in books. —— THE PROTECTION OF BRITISH INSECTS. The Protection Committee of the Royal Entomological Society of London was instituted in 1925, as a result of many complaints in the entomological journals of that time, concerning the wanton damage that was being caused by a certain number of unscrupulous collectors, which was actually threatening the very existence of particular species. Since its institution the Committee has met with considerable success, and those insects most threatened in 1925 are now considered to he firmly established in their particular habitats. At the end of the war the Committee was able to resume its full activities, which had been curtailed during hostilities, and in 1947 it was decided to emphasise the importance and representative character of the Committee by inviting the principal entomological societies to nominate one of their members to serve thereon. Modern agricultural practices, the heavy programme of forestry now in being, and sometimes the generally well intended activities of local authorities often involve threats to rare or local species through the alteration and sometimes the destruction of existing conditions. The Committee has taken an active part In endeavouring to mini- mise the risks that have arisen from such causes, and has been careful 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 to co-ordinate its activities with other organisations interested in the preservation of the fauna and flora of the country. With the advent of the Nature Conservancy, with which the Committee has established close relations, and of the International Union for the Protection of Nature, to which the Committee is linked, it may prove possible to do even more in the future to preserve those natural conditions essential to the existence of particular insects. . The success of these endeavours should be sufficient to oad rare or local insects of the lesser known Orders, but in the case of the Lepi- doptera it is also necessary to guard them from extinction at the hands of avaricious collectors. It is with great regret that the Committee must record that from time to time reports are still received of most reprehensible activities by collectors, which may well cause the extermination of rare and local species. The following is a list of the species in which the Committee is at, the moment particularly interested : Swallow Tail Papilio machaon. Linné Glanville Fritillary Melitaea cinxia Linné Heath Fritillary Melitaea athalia Rottenhbure Large Blue ; Maculinea arion Linné Blair’s Wainscot Sedina buettneri Hering Clifden Nonpareil Catocala fraxini Linné Lunar Double-stripe Minucia lunaris: Schiffermueller Lesser Belle Colobochyla salicalis Schiffermueller Rest Harrow Aplasta ononaria Fuessly Sussex Emerald Thalera fimbrialis Scopoli Lewes Wave Scopula 7mmorata Linné Netted Carpet Eustroma. reticulata Schiffermueller Dark Bordered-Beauty Epione vespertaria Thunberg Rose Plume EHuenaemidophorus rhododactylus Schiffermueller Fiery Clearwing Aegeria chrysidiformis Esper All collectors are most earnestly requested, therefore, to use the utmost restraint at all times in taking any of the above species, in any of their stages, and particularly when adverse factors have reduced their numbers. The indiscriminate capture of large numbers of these species not only may endanger their existence in this country, but also renders more difficult any negotiations being carried out by the Committee in the endeavour to preserve them and their natural habitats. After mature consideration and full realisation of what it entails, the Committee would heg entomologists to report direct and at once to its Honorary Secretary any thoughtless collecting of this kind, which may come to their personal notice, giving the fullest particulars. The Committee is glad to report that one well known dealer has already given an undertaking to have no dealings whatever in a number of the insects on the Committee’s list in any living stage. It is hoped that similar co-operative undertakings may he secured from other dealers, who are hereby invited to communicate with the Honorary Secretary. The Committee would be glad at all times to receive practical sug- gestions from entomologists. In particular it would urge entomologists to notify the Committee at the earliest possible moment of any observed ee a LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING NOTES, 1950. ni threat to a rare or local species or to its habitat, giving all the informa- tion obtainable, so that its support and experience may be made avail- able in framing measures necessary for their protection. N. D. Ritry, Hon. Secretary, Committee for the Protection of British Insects. Royal Entomological Society of London, 41 Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7, 30th March 1951. LEPIDOPTERA COLLECTING NOTES, 1950. By W. Rep. (Continued from page 36.) On 29th July, in company with Mr. G. Hyde, I made an evening trip to Sandburn Wood, near York, hoping to find Enargia paleacea Esp. Although conditions were apparently favourable on leaving Sheffield, during the early part of the night conditions changed, skies cleared with a bright nearly full moon, shining unobscured. We only saw one paleacea, a very worn specimen, which must have been out for a considerable time, but prior to the clouds clearing, the sugar patches were covered with very fresh P. suspecta. We also took a fresh male Epione vespertaria Fab. at light, together with one Habrosyne pyri- toides Hufn. (derasa L.). By midnight, even the pronuba had disap- peared, so we packed up and came home. July 30th. Amathes ranthographa Schf. (common); Lygris populata L.. (common). On August Ist we left for Minar otal where we spent two days. Lysandra coridon Poda and Hesperia comma t.. were flying at Ivinghoe, and Mr. Fraser took a very fine Aricia agestis Schf. with the black spots on the underside merged into heavy radial streaks. At sugar and light near Tring we took Mythimna turca L., Eremobia ochroleuca Schf., Drepana binaria Hufn. and Drepana cultraria Fab., but here again the moon was bright and atmosphere clear and cold. A trip to a wood near Northampton on the Wednesday was spoiled by rain, but we saw Lim- enitis camilla L. flying in the short bursts of sunshine. On that even- ing H. pyritoides and Amphipyra pyramidea L. were taken at sugar. Aug. 8rd. Plusia interrogationis I. (scarce); Amathes sexstrigata Haw. (common). Aug. 4th. Hydriomena furcata Thun. (common), Amphipyra tragopo- gonis Cl. (common), Phragmatobia fuliginosa Li. (not common), Eilema lurideola Zk. (only one), Tethea duplaris Lh. (black forms - common). August 5th and 6th were again spent with the Frasers at Freshfield. Amongst other things at light were L. trifolii, Philudoria potatoria L., A. praecox, A. vestigialis, EF. tritici, Agrotis puta Hb., T. duplaris, Thalpophila matura Hufn.. Nycterosea obstipata Fab. and HK cursoria Hufn. Back at Sheffield on the 7th August. 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOT. LXIIT. 15/V /1951 Aug. 7th. Luperina testacea Schf. (common), Hydraecia micacea Ksp., Celuena leucostigma Hb. (one only). Aug. 9th. Alcis rhomboidaria Schf. (common), Calothysanis amata Ju. (common). Another trip to Sandburn on the 12th, where conditions turned out to be worse than before! But soon after dusk two Catocala nupta L. and one Scoliopteryx libatrix I.. were taken at sugar. We also took a series of very fine freshly emerged Dysstroma citrata L. sitting on posts, and amongst the very few insects at ight was an Amathes castanea Esp. of the light grey form. The only other item of interest was a very fine display of the Aurora Borealis, which commenced at about 11.30 and continued until our patience gave out at 12.45 a.m. Aug. 10th. Deuteronomos alniaria Ty. (common), Hydraecia oculea li. (nictitans L.) (common, in great variation). Aug. 12th. Antitype chi L. (common on walls), A. ditrapezium Schf. (very worn and uncommon), Chloroclystis coronata Hb. (not com- mon), Lygris testata LL. (common). On August 14th, a trip with Mr. Hyde of Doncaster, to Laughton Wood, near Gainsborough, produced the following at light and sugar: E. puleacea Esp. (only one, but very fresh, in contrast to the one taken earlier at Sandburn), C. nupta, Amphipyra pyramidea IL., A. ipsilon, Pterostoma palpina Cl., A. leporina, FE. tritici, A. puta, A. vestigialis and T. matura. Aug. 18th. Amathes glareosa Esp. (common and many var. rosea Tutt), Tholera cespitis Schf. (uncommon). At this date Antitype chi and Lithomoia solidaginis Hb. were com- mon on the walls on the moor, and the latter was taken at heather bloom. H. furcata and P. comitata were also present in abundance. Aug. 22nd. Zenobia subtusa Schf. (one only, very worn). Aug. 28rd. Anchocelis litura L. (common). Aug. 24th. Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. (fulvago LL.) (common). On August 26th, a grey A. castanea Esp. was taken on the moor, but the red form predominates. Sept. 4th. Arenostola pygmina Haw. (not common). On the afternoon of Sept. 8th, we made a trip to Holyhead, and fortunately the gales which had been blowing endlessly ceased for the two days we were there. The following were taken at light:—Aporo- © phyla lutulenta Schf. (common and about half of them taken were var. sedi, the others being of the black form), Aporophyla nigra Haw., Om- phaloscelis lunosa Haw. (in great variety), Stilbia anomala Haw. (com- mon but mostly worn), Gortyna flavago Schf., Rhizedra lutosa Hb., Trichiura crataegi L. (one only); T. cespitis and L. testacea were both abundant. At the Sychnant Pass, on the evening of Sept. 9th, Ammogrotis lucernea L., A. nigra, S. anomala and Chloroclysta miata L. were taken at the Tilley Lamp, with many other common species present. Sept. 9th. (Sheffield) G. flavago Schf. (not common). Sept. 14th. Alluphyes oxyacanthae I.. (common), Agrochola lychnidis Schf. (common in great variety). CURRENT NOTES. 79 Another night trip Laughton Wood, in company with Dr. Birkett and Mr. Hyde, was made on Sept. 15th. Here 7’. cespitis was abundant at light, and we also took Deuteronomos erosaria Schf., C. nupta, Peri- droma porphyrea Schf. (saucia Hb., very fresh), A. pyramidea and Asphalia diluta Schf. Sept. 19th. N. obstipata Fab. (rare, evidently 2nd or 3rd brood). Sept. 2ist (1949). Hydraecia petasitis Dbld. (rare) not taken in 1950. Sept. 22nd. S. libatriz L. Sept. 23rd. Thera cognata T. (not common). Sept. 29th. Oporinia dilutata Schf. (common). Sept. 30th. Conistra ligula Esp. (not common), Colotois pennaria Ih. (common). Oct. 5th. Conistra vaceinti Li. (v. common), Agrochola lota Cl. (com- mon). On October 7th, a last trip was made to Laughton Wood; nothing came to sugar, but the following appeared at light, amongst the more common species:—. lutosa, C. nupta, Episema caeruleocephala L., Chesias legatella Schf., Dryobotodes protea Scht., Erannis defoliaria Cl. Oct. 12th. Agrochola macilenta Hb. (not common this year), Agrochola circellaris Hufn. (not common this year). Oct. 13th. Eupsilia transversa Hufn. (very common, mostly very. dark brown). Oct. 15th. P. porphyrea Schf. (only three in Sheffield). Oct. 18th. C. legatella Schf., HE. defoliaria Cl. Oct. 19th. Deuteronomos fuscantaria Haw. (only one). Oct. 20th. EHrannis aurantiarta Hb. (common). Nov. 7th. Operophtera brumata L. Nov. 11th. Oporinia christyi Prout. Nov. 28th. Poecilocampa populi L. (rare, only one and very late). Entries in my diary show that we had our first heavy frost on 26th October. Thereafter frost at night was almost continual until Christ- mas, with the exception of three or four days, of which November 28th was one. The trap was not much in use during this period, and was only used in the hope of recording P. populi, which eventually appeared, although fully a month later than it did in Kendal, Westmorland. In considering these notes, it should be appreciated that the light trap is at a height of 600 feet. (Concluded.) ‘CURRENT NOTES. A wriITER in the March issue of Weather (6: 67) has made an at- tempt to correlate annual rainfall with the weather of the succeeding summer and has arrived at a conclusion which he expresses in two generalizations :—(a) In the first half of the year, hot spells follow dry years, and cold spells follow wet years; (b) In the second half of the year, hot spells follow wet years and cold spells follow dry years. ‘‘The increased westerly winds and rainfall during the period 1901-40’, says this writer, ‘‘explain peculiar changes in our spring and autumn climate. Spring has deteriorated and autumn improved. The cooler springs were noted by Gordon Manley (1941) when he wrote of the period 1906-35 aia) FNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 our Aprils have become cooler, and both April and May have in late years given frosts comparable with any during the preceding cen- tury 2? Our readers will probably find that these conclusions are borne out, in general and in most years, by the weather records in their entomo- logical diaries. So it would seem that the May and June butterflies are in for another bad year. The winter we have just passed through much resembles that of 1934-35 and the weather during the present spring also reminds one of the latter year. It is interesting, if a little depressing, to find in our diary under the date 28th June 1935 “‘It was strange to walk the fields in bright sunshine and not seen a single butter- fly... . Walked about four miles and the only butterflies seen were one Pieris brassicae and two Meadow Browns”. Absit omen! However, on 2nd July following our diary notes: ‘‘Sugared in B Wood. Swarms of moths at the sugar’. Adsit omen! July, August and the first half of September were hot and dry, that year. THE moral of all this seems to be that we entomologists should ar- range our holiday, this year, to begin on or after Ist July. Long-range weather forecasting is a notoriously dubious business; but the abund- ance of careful records, in all parts of the Kingdom, which have been kept during our own lifetimes do certainly indicate that ‘‘there is some- thing in it’’. Probably it will always be impossible to forecast with any degree of certainty what the weather will be on any particular day a week ahead; yet we in this island are accustomed to take the rough with the smooth, and a day’s rain in a fortnight’s holiday is not of much account. Also it enables one to get on with the setting. It is the rest of the fortnight that matters. Tue Zoological and Botanical Society of Vienna is holding its Cen- tenary celebrations on the 7th, 8th and 9th of June this year. On the 7th there is to be an official session at the University, followed, at 7 p.m., by a Supper at the ‘Zum Silbernen Brunnen’ restaurant. Next day there will be visits to Biological institutions in Vienna and lectures in the afternoon. On the 9th there is to be an all-day excursion to Neusied- ler See. The Committee invites the attendance of entomologists and botanists of all countries and the Secretary General’s address is 1. Burg- ring 7 (Museum of Natural History), Vienna. If any of our readers attend we should like to receive subsequently an account of the pro- ceedings. ' . Sexes or Two GENERA OF STREPSIPTERA ADOPTING DIFFERENT ORDERS as Hostrs.—Hofeneder (Ent. Z., 1939, 53, 75) has written a paper on a strange case of parasitism in South American Strepsiptera. Males of two genera of Myrmecolacidae, Myrmecolar Westwood and Caenocholuxr Pierce, are parasites of ants, but no females have been found. On the other hand females of two genera of Stichotrematidae are parasites of Orthoptera (mantids and crickets) but no males have been found. This led Oglobin to suspect that the females of the Stichotrematidae were the missing sex of the Myrmecolacidae. Comparison of the first stage larvae of the former with exuvia of the triungulin larvae found in the i ie es NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 81 bodies of ants showed that they were identical. Thus in two genera one sex is a parasite of Hymenoptera and the other sex is a parasite of Orthoptera. It would be interesting to know whether the active triungulin larvae, resembling those of Stylops, can recognize the correct host, the males choosing ants and the females mantids or crickets, or whether they tail to develop if they choose the wrong host.—E. A. Cockayne, 8 High Street, Tring, Herts. A Narurat Hysrip of ZYGAENA FILIPENDULAE L. AND Z. LONICERAE Scuev.—Alberti (Hnt. Z., 1939, 53, 173) took a male Zygaena in a very restricted locality in Mecklenburg where both Z. filipendulue and Z. lonicere were common. It was intermediate in many respects between the two species. The genitalia, of which he gives a line drawing, were also intermediate and proved that his surmise was correct In The Hutomologist’s Record, 1941, 53, 113, I wrote a short paper in colla- boration with H. M. Darlow and we proved by means of the genitalia that a similar male taken in Bedfordshire was a natural hybrid. The photographs we gave on Plate VI agree perfectly with Alberti’s draw- ing.—K. A. Cockayne, 8 High Street, Tring, Herts. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, Morus 1n 1950.—On 20th July I received a slightly worn specimen of Hyloicus pinastri L. which was found sitting on a telegraph pole in Balcombe. This occurrence of the moth is rather unusual, as outside its Suffolk haunts the species is found only sparingly in pine-clad dis- tricts of southern England. There are several plantations of coniferous trees among the extensive oakwoods of this district, with a fair sprink- ling of Scots pines, so the moth was no doubt of local origin. I had a number of larvae of Cerura vinula L. which pupated last September, but two of them escaped from the cage, and later I found their cocoons inside an old boot! One larva had actually chewed out a hollow-in the leather inside the boot and had used the chewed-off par- ticles to cover the outside of its cocoon. It was a remarkable piece of work and says much for the strength of the larva’s jaws! When collecting foliage from some poplar trees for these vinula } discovered several young larvae of Notodonta ziczuc L. feeding on them. They were in the usual hunched-up attitude with the claspers raised, and as each larva was clinging to the edge of the leaf on which it had been feeding it gave exactly the impression of a damaged leaf with withered and curled: brown edges. No doubt this habit gives effective protection from the eyes of birds, at least when these larvae are small.— R. J. R. Levert, Balcombe, Sussex. Mompua NODICOLELLA I'uUcHS IN SuRREY.—With respect to the Note printed under this heading on page 49 of our last issue Mr. S. WaKkery writes to say that the authorities at the British Museum (Natural His- tory) have been investigating the occurrence of this species and its allies in England and have made important discoveries. Apparently the 82 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 previous modicolella records (three specimens only, from Kent) have been found to be wrong, the species so described being in fact M. subbistri- gella. Mr. Wakely’s capture therefore appears to be the first record for Britain. We hope to print a further note on this subject by Mr. Wakely in our next issue. PatRIng PosiTion oF ALSOPHILA AESCULARIA ScHIrr.—May I be al- lowed to ask a question; I cannot find anything about it in the literature in this town, and my fellow-collectors here have not paid any attention to it. When I have seen the March Moth (Alsophila aescularia) in copu- lation they have always been sitting, both of them, head upwards, the male covering the female on the tree-trunk. The abdomen of the female has been curved upwards to meet the male’s. Is this the case during the whole act? Is it always the case? And if so, does the same thing occur in other Lepidoptera? If it is the usual way it would explain the curious fact that aesculavi females which have deposited their eggs usually have their abdomens curved upwards. Thousands of collectors must have seen this moth in copula, so it must be easy to get my ques- tion answered.—Dr. Skat HorrmMeyer, D.D., Aarhus Bispegaard, Aarhus, Denmark. [In most districts of England this species is a hedgerow insect, and when the female emerges from the pupa probably she does not climb very far from the ground, perhaps only a few inches. Thus pairs in cop. are unlikely to catch the eye of the field lepidopterist. After pairing the female apparently ascends the stem of the foodplant and then out along a branch, laying her eggs in a ‘bracelet’ round an outermost twig. If some of our readers have paired the species in captivity we — shall be glad if they will send us a note of their observations.—Ep. | LEPIDOPTERA SEEN FROM Ist JANUARY TO 3lst MarcH, 1951.—When I retired from business in April 1944 I was at leisure to take my dog for a walk every morning round a private estate within five minutes’ walk of my house. There is an oak overlap fence about five feet high round part of the estate. It faces north for 240 yards and west for 200 yards. For the past seven years I have taken note of the moths settled on this fence and have entered the results daily in my diaries, except when I have been from home on holiday. That this fence is much favoured by moths is shown by the fact that during the twelve months of 1946 there were 300 moths of 52 different species noticed on it. In 1947, from Ist January to 3lst March, 178 moths of seven different species were noticed; but this year only 23 moths of 5 species were seen up to that date. The number of specimens, and first dates of appearance for seven years, of the following species are listed below :—Hrannis leucophaeariu Schiff., Alsophila aescularia Schiff., Theria rupicapraria Schiff., Oper- ophtera brumata L., Hrannis defoliaria Clerck, Erannis marginaria Fab., Phigalia pedaria Fab. and Orthosia cruda Schiff. Other species were sometimes observed elsewhere during those years but only those on the fence are included in the list. About 75 per cent. of the moths rested on the fence facing north. ; In the first three months of this year the only other moths seen in the neighbourhood were one Biston strataria Hufn. on the trunk of a limetree, two Hrannis murginuria Fab. at a lighted window of my house. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 83 and one Orthosia ygothica L. and one O. stabilis Schiff. at the sallow catkins in my garden. These observations seem to presage that 1951 will be as poor a year for the lepidopterist as 1950. The commonest early moth in East Herts. is H. leucuphuearia Schiff. and I presume this is the case in most districts in southern England.—Currrorp CravrurD, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. +> t ns Sane = = 4 @ . | ! | Sa fb) Se) - = OD rm-_—«m2 re seen > = = — _ Gi A _ -_ — x i — | = o Te ID CO) SO ce cS | =— mn re re N ome | = | 2o MS Ge ee SS | ! re) A. Oo — | yl! N Rn SS prey ~~ om om om & Bs ~ _ om — — = , ary iS Do O®& & FH FN 5 4+ m N N i>. ws as) 4 Kem N on oe) | 10> Pega) N =) mM | SS » Cyl —_ — 2 = — = ~ _ — = — aa eet, Gs t~ aml as N N Ae) = ie) SD ~— Ay = ) ~~ = —< = 3S = ne = o = > So) = = 5 aa = = Ss aS => cS = a S E> ace A . 3 & 5 S . . ous ~ i > A — = Rie aS, 7S Sera S Hea. LARVAE OF SATURNIA Pavonta oN ALDER-BucktHoRN.—On the 11th June, 1950, at Byfleet in Surrey, Mr. W. H. Spreadbury and myself had the unusual sight of a large batch of the larvae of this species feeding on a sapling of alder-buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), the ova having been deposited low down on the main stem. The few larvae I transferred to a breeding-cage at home ignored the buckthorn when they had the choice of bramble and sallow.—W. J. Finnigan, 87 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V /1951 PARARGE EGERIA L. IN BirmrngHam Parxs.—Three summers avo Purarge egeria Ll. appeared in two of our Birmingham parks, and has been seen each year since. This butterfly is common in the woods around the town, but its presence inside the city boundaries is rather unusual. 1 have been unable to find any evidence that. it has been introduced.— CartwrigHt Timms, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12. BREEDING CUCULLIA VERBASCI L.—I have just bred a small batch of this common species from larvae collected last year on the chalk downs near Winchester. Lees S. N. A. JACOBS, oo Sh Dr. ‘#. B. WILLI MS, FRES.: Colaseteras ie oe ALLEN, age ‘@ASSIS-FONSECA, J. E. COLLIN, F.R.E.S. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD is published on. the PIFTEEN HS day of each month. ; eas ' He 2 may: 2 3 : —__.-—.-— ee Re qaerOniaE las eect OO ee es) ee ee ee i | ABERRATIONS OF ABRAXAS GROSSUL. rasan L. _ vith Plate). EL A. Cockayne, D.M. oe a5 ; ae NOTES ON a AND TINAEINA FOUND IN CHESHIRE. ee § Michaelis Stee 5 : ORES mares : EXPERIMENTS WITH LIGHT IN YORKSHIRE. W. Reid wo te eR BUTTERFLIES AT HONG KONG. Col. V. R. Burkhardt, D.S.0. ay S: RESISTANCE OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF DIPTERA TO KILLING AGENTS. Be CME ME ASSUS-H ONS COD: 02 0 SF cai, neal o-* an bgehe (nen ot as: woes ey eet ON THE DERMAPTERA OF PALESTINE. - Malcolm Burr, D. Se. ; NS, pes Soi le Pe FIELD NOTES, NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, ‘NOTES: y N rae PRACTICAL HINTS, COLLECTING NOTES, CURRENT L JULY—AUG, 1951 MENENEDLA DED cy MOLOGIST’S RECORD ] BUDLSLHOPEDUSDBA | EDITED BY ies ‘ EE. A. COCKAYNE M.A,, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ¥ wis. SUMP. 2B0L. LIBRARY J UL 26 A 195 {| 5) ¥ v @BUSET GF LBUBUTUDDEDSTM = THE. BUTTERFLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES : A COMPLETE GUIDE WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT. __ Hike By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S., late Editor ob." 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HILL & SON, os ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS. | $ available | ‘from time to tim 8K ie ae se yi ‘Specifications and - Prices: sent Post t Free ox YEWFIELD | BOE NeW Rest yi ea : — fas LIBRARY UL 26 [95] | 125 HARVARD UNIVERSITY E-ditorial Our new cover seems to have met with approval and we are grate- ful for the commendation already received. This is the fourth time the Record has changed its outer garment. The original cover, which was printed on grey paper, bore a design by F. W. Frohawk. It de- picted a flowering sprig of honeysuckle from which was suspended a pupa of Limenitis camilla L.; towards this a full-grown larva of that species was climbing, while a large bumble-bee (apparently Bombus terrestris L., though the venation is a trifle aberrant) was about to alight on the blossom. This cover, which was artistic and pleasant though the design was marred by a jumble of type, continued in use until January 1919, when it was replaced by a truly hideous concoction, the title being set in pseudo-gothic and no less than ten different founts of type being employed on the front page. The whole was printed on a green tissue paper which faded to a pinkish-brown. This printer’s nightmare continued until January 1925 when the Frohawk cover on grey paper was resumed, the words ‘‘ new series’’ appearing after the volume numeral. Cover No. 3 appeared in March 1931: it is the cover which en- closed this magazine until our issue of last May. It was not attractive, but at least it was better than No. 2. Why a magazine founded pri- marily for British lepidopterists should have been adorned by an exotic orthopteron (in melanic and albino forms) is not clear, and we have sometimes thought that it might not quite have met with our Founder’s approval . . . Still, a bumble-bee was a conspicuous feature of the original cover, and in the prospectus sent out prior to the publication of his first number Tutt announced that ‘‘ well-known entomologists have kindly offered their assistance not only in Lepidoptera but also in other Orders.’’ Indeed in his second number he wrote a leading artiale urging his readers to give attention to the Trichoptera and Neuroptera. The front page of our present cover contains (apart from the mar- ginal rubrics) only two types: the title is set in Imprint Open and the rest in Garamond. This is in accordance with modern usage; for printing practice to-day has moved far from the verbosity of nineteenth century covers and title-pages expressed in a multiplicity of types. The Entomologist’s Record is an up-to-date journal catering for up-to-date entomologists; our cover must therefore march with the times. Yet although times change and manners with them the principles which Tutt laid down for his magazine should endure as long as the science of Entomology itsélf. A change of cover denotes a break with the immediate past; but it does not indicate a departure from the standards which Tutt set up. Epitor. Will the Editors of those entomological journals published overseas with whom we exchange copies of The Record please note that their publications should now be sent to the Assistant Epitor, at the address given on the back of our present cover ?—Ep. 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VI1/1951 The Genetics of Cleora cinctaria Schiffermiiller ab. submarmorinaria Fuchs and ab. schulzei Heinrich By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Plate iV. On April 22, 1938, Mr. J. O. T. Howard and the late Mr. A. J. Bowes found a few Cleora cinctaria on some wet ground at Struan in Perthshire and in the following years the moth was common there, but in 1949 and the two subsequent years it was scarce. The colony is con- fined to the area where bog mrytle grows and the moth rests on the rocks. No doubt bog myrtle is the larval food-plant. A few albino or, to be more exact, dilute specimens were taken, which can be referred to ab. schulzei Heinrich (Deutsch. Ent. Z., 1916, pp. 360, 531. PI. 4, fig. 17). This was described from a slightly crippled male taken at Fin- kenkrug and had a dull yellowish grey ground colour with pale red- dish yellow markings and no speckles. A female from Rempstone, Notts., caught in 1892, agrees fairly well with this description, though the transverse lines are more distinct. This is the only English speci- men I have seen and I know no record of another. The Scottish albinos vary, showing the same range of variation as the race in which they occur. In one wild male all the dark scales are replaced by pale yel- lowish red ones. In many of them the ground colour is pure white and the markings pale grey, with a pale rufous tint in a bright light, but in one female rufous scales replace most of the grey ones. Others are more or less densely covered with pale grey speckles and the markings are indistinct, and one male is an albino ab. consimilaria Duponchel. The Scottish race has a whiter ground and blacker markings than Eng- lish or Irish specimens, but within the race there is great variation. Some are heavily and others lightly speckled; some have a very thick median line, while others have a very clear white median area with only a trace of the median line. This form, which is uncommon, looks as if it might be the heterozygote of ab. submarmorinaria Fuchs (Stett. Ent. Ztg., 1884, 45-367), but this is not so, though the beautiful] black and white ab. submarmorinaria is found there. Ab. consimilaria also occurs rarely in this race. Two or three at- tempts to breed from albino females failed, the larvae dying before they were full grown. In the hope of obtaining an albino female I went to Struan in 1946 and was joined by Mr. E. J. Hare. On arrival I found a note from Mr. Austin Richardson saying that he had been the previous week and taken 1 albino in 79. Mr. Hare and I, collecting all we saw and releasing most of them the next day, took 6 albinos in 323, 5 males falling to my lot and 1 female to his. This gives a total of 7 albinos in 402, less than 2 per cent., but the albino is much more conspicuous at rest than the other forms and is probably scarcer than our figures show. We only took 2 submarmorinarta in 323. Later in 1946 Mr. Alfred Hedges paid a short visit to try and get a female albino, put the moth was nearly over and he had to be con- tent with a nena female, which had laid most of its eggs. Thirty eggs were obtained and shared with Mr. Quibell, who was there at the VOL. EXIT PLATE IV We, oI Sy my ‘ ne THE GENETICS OF CLEORA CINCTARIA SCHIFFERMULLER. LZ same time. I am indebted to Mr. Hedges for permission to publish the results of his successful breeding experiment. Fl generation, 1947. 13 (9 6d, 4 22) normal cinctaria were bred, 8 (4 dd, 4 2G) being average specimens and 5 with white median area, looking as if they might be heterozygotes of submarmorinaria. A male of the latter was paired with a female of the former. F2 generation, 1948. 63 moths were bred—42 (24 gd, 18 2° @) normal cinctaria, of which 12 god and 11 29 were average and 12 go and7 9 ¢9Q had the white median area: 10 (6 3d, 4 9Q) submarmorinaria : 11 (6 do, 5 & Q) schulzei. Since the last two forms appeared in the F2 generation and were not present in the Fl generation it is probable that both are re- cessive to normal cinctaria, and since dilutes and albinos are usually, if not invariably recessive to fully pigmented forms, it is probable that schulzet is recessive to both. If this view is correct both parents of the F2 generation must have been heterozygous for both schulzez and sub- marmorinaria. Assuming that this is correct the brood should have shown a ratio of cinctaria : submarmorinaria : schulzet : albino submarmorinarnia = 9:3: 3: 1. Later results showed that the two albino forms are not always distinguishable and the ratio 9 : 3 : 4 must be adopted. The actual ratio was 42 : 10 : 11, which shows a slight deficiency of both recessives but is not far from the ratio expected 9 : 3 :4= 36: 12 : 16. The genetic constitution of the original female taken in 1946, the parent of the Fl generation is uncertain. She may have been hetero- azygous for schulze: and paired with a male heterozygous for submar- morinaria or she may have been heterozygous for submarmorinaria and paired with a male heterozygous for schulzei. If a is the gene for schulzei and A is its normal allelomorph and s is the gene for submar- morinaria and § is its normal allelomorph, the parents were AASs X AaSS or AaSS x AASs giving offspring AASS : AASs : AaSS : AaSs in equal numbers, one in four being heterozygous for both recessive genes. If so, Mr. Hedges was extremely lucky in his choice of parents. It is, however, possible that the male parent was a submarmorinaria and the female heterozgyous for schulzei or that the male parent was a schulzer and the female heterozgyous for swbmarmorinaria, AAss xX AaSS or aaSS x AASs. Either of these pairings would give half the offspring heterozygous for both recessive genes and would make the pro- bability of obtaining the right pairing much greater. Since Mr. - Quibell’s F2 generation consisted entirely of normal cinctaria the male cannot have been an albino submarmorinaria and the female a homo- zygous normal cinctaria. From this pairing all the offspring would have been heterozygous for both recessives. In any case Mr. Hedges had most remarkable good fortune in tak- ing the original female and in choosing the right pairing in the F1 generation. He deserved some good fortune for breeding an F2 gene- ration when the prospect of obtaining either recessive was so small. That he obtained both was almost incredible luck. The breeding ex- 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/ VII/1951 periment as a whole showed a combination of luck and skill, for cinc- taria is not a very easy species to rear from the egg, and brother and sister matings add to the difficulties. From the F2 generation four pairings were taken. A. submarmorinaria ¢ with one forewing unpigmented x swbhmar- morinaria @. submarmorinaria xX submarmorinaria. schulzet x schulzet. schulzei x schulzet. Gok F3 generation, 1949. A gave 12 (7 6d, 5 9@Q) submarmorinaria : 2 6¢ schulzei. B gave 40 (19 dd, 21 9) submarmorimaria : 7 (4 dS, 3 QQ) schulzer. The schulzei in both these broods must have been albino submar- morinaria. Both parents must have been heterozygous for schulzet, which is not surprising, since two out of three in the F2 generation would on expectation be heterozygotes. The expected ratio of submar- morinaria : schulzei is 8 : 1.and the actual ratios were 12 : 2 and 40 : 7. In both cases there is a deficiency of schulze1, but the difter- ence from the ratio expected is not statistically significant. C gave 13 (6 dd, 7 2Q) submarmorinaria : 17 (6 dd, 11 2) schulzei. The expectation is that all will be schulzez and it is evident that some mistake must have occurred. This brood is omitted from further consideration. D gave 1 submarmorinaria : 28 (14 5d, 9 QQ) schulzer. The ex- pectation is that all will be schulzei and there can be little doubt that the submarmorinaria got in by mistake. Five pairings were taken. AA. submarmorinaria xX submarmorinaria. BB. submarmorinaria xX submarmorinaria. CO. schulzei x schulzet. DD. schulzet x schulzei. EE. schulzei x schulzer. These were handed over to me just as the larvae were hatching and the inbred larvae proved to be very delicate, those of CC in particular grew slowly and some died at every change of skin. Some in the last instar lived for a long time, but grew very little and finally died. None of the broods developed any obvious infection. Some of the pupae died during the winter and rather fewer than half the living ones were handed over to Mr. Hedges in the spring. F4 generation, 1950. AA gave 18 (9 6d, 9 9) submarmorinaria : 1 schulzet. BB gave 11 (7 dd, 4 2Q) submarmorinaria : 1 schulzes. I have little doubt that the two schulzei were introduced accident- ally while changing the food and belong to one of the other broods. The young larvae are very active and travel with considerable speed. One may climb on to one’s sleeve and drop off while the next brood is being fed without being noticed. Mr. Hedges mixed his share of broods AA and BB before counting them. He bred 16 (4¢¢, 12 29) submar- THE GENETICS OF CLEORA CINCTARIA SCHIFFERMULLER. 129 morinaria and 1 albino submarmorinaria, which no doubt belonged to one of the other broods and, like the other two, was accidentally intro- duced by me. The result of the schulzet pairings was :— CC. 8 (5 od, 3 22) schulzer. DD. 19 (10 dd, 9 2Q) schulzer. EE. 8 2 6a, 6 FQ) schulzer. Mr. Hedges also mixed these broods and bred 28 (16 dd, 7 29) schulzei. He says that many of his schulzei bred in 1949 are less dis- tinctly marked and more suffused in appearance than those bred in 1950, which have a whiter ground and more distinct markings. It is probable that many of the 1949 specimens are albino normal cinctaria (aaSS), since 10 out of 11 bred in 1948 would on expectation be albinos of this type. Those, however, in broods A and B bred in 1949 must have been albino submarmorinaria (aass), since all the pigmented speci- mens were submarmorinaria and there were no normal cinctaria in either brood. Nothing definite can be said about the albinos in broods C and D. Any pairings with members of broods A and B as parents must have given pure broods of albino submarmorinaria, and pairings with one or both parents from broods C and D may have given albino submarmorinaria. Thus it is clear that the chances of breeding this type of albino were much greater in 1950 than in 1949, but there are undoubtedly some albino normal cinctaria in all three broods. Many of the schulzei in broods CC and EE were more or less crippled and several pupae died. Brood DD did much better and no pupae died. In 1950 two pairings of schulzei x schulzei and one of submarmori- naria xX submarmorinaria were obtained, but all the eggs were infer- tile. If brood C is omitted altogether and the single submarmorinaria in brood D and the two stray schulzet in broods AA and BB are disre- garded the results agree fairly closely with those expected on the as- sumption that submarmorinaria is recessive to normal cinctaria and that schulzei is recessive to both normal cinctaria and to submarmori- naria. I think this can be accepted. The heterozygotes of both re- cessives are indistinguishable from homozygous cinctaria and albino submarmorinaria cannot always be distinguished from albinos of the form of normal cinctaria with a white median area. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. Fig. 1. Cleora cinctaria ¢, normal, caught 1946. Fig. 2. C. cinctaria ab. schulzei ¢, brood DD. Fig. 3. C. cinctaria ab. schulzei ¢, brood DD. Fig. 4. C. cinctaria ab. submarmorinaria ¢, brood AA. Fig. 5. C. cinctaria ab. submarmorinaria Q, brood BB. Fig. 6. C. cinctaria 9, normal, caught 1946. Fig. 7. C. cinctaria Q, normal, caught 1946. Fig. 8. C. cinctaria ab. schulzei Q, brood CC. Fig. 9. C. cinctaria ab. schulzei Q, brood DD. Fig. 10. C. cinctaria albino submarmorinaria Q, brood DD. Fig. 11. C. cinctaria albino submarmorinaria Q, brood DD. Fig. 12. C. cinctaria g, normal, caught 1946. Fig. 13. C. cinctaria ab. schulzei ¢, caught 1946. Fig. 14. C. cinctaria albino submarmorinaria ¢, brood DD. Fig. 15. C. cinctaria ab. submarmorinaria ¢G, brood BB. Fig. 16. C. cinctaria ab. submarmorinaria ©, brood AA. 130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VII/1951 Lepidoptera in Renfrewshire By A. M. Mactavrin. Tue following species have been collected during the last nine years in the Kilmacolm district of Renfrewshire. cidence is roughly as follows :— The classification of in- Uncommon: up to 5 specimens taken; fairly common: up to 20; common: from 20 to 100; very common: over 100. When locally is added this indicates that the species is concentrated in special habitats, such as peat mosses, pinewoods, etc. P. brassicae. Common. P. rapae. Common. P. napi. Common. . croceus. 2 specimens, 1947. . urticae. Common. 1 be S i Intermittent. Fairly common. . cardur. . atalanta. _ rubt. Fairly common locally. pamphilus. Common. . tullia. . jurtima. _Common. . popult. Fairly common. . convolvuli. Uncommon. . furcula. Uncommon. . vinula. Fairly common. gnoma. Fairly common. . tremula. Fairly common. . dromedarius. Common. capucina. .Common. . bucephala. Common. batis. Fairly common. . duplaris. Uncommon. . flavicornis. Uncommon. . antiqua. Fairly common. . erataegi. One specimen only. quercus (callunae). mon. M. rubi. Common locally. S. pavonia. Common locally. D. falcataria. Uncommon. S. lubrictpeda. Very common. P. fuliginosa. Fairly common. P. plantaginis. Fairly common locally. A. caia. Fairly common. N. mundana. Fairly common. HNHORR EHH SYHWORRH PEAS ANNS ._i0. Common the last 4-5 years. _ icarus. Fairly common locally. . phlaeas. Fairly common locally. Fairly common locally. _ selene. Fairly common locally. Fairly com- BE POD > —) . pst. . menyanthidis. . Tumicis. . perla. . segetum. Common. . nigricans. . exclamationis. . upsilon. . varia. . porphyrea. . augur. . castanea. . baia. . sexstrigata. RNS OPRBHYSUERERE ONE Ue Soe aa SS Fairly common. Fairly common locally. Common. Common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common locally. Uncommon. Fairly common. glareosa. Fairly common. Only one specimen. Common. c-nigrum. Fairly common. . triangulum. Uncommon. . brunnea. . festiva. . dahlia. Fairly common. Common. Uncommon. Uncommon. Common. zanthographa. Very common. plecta. Common. comes. Very common. rubt. pronuba. Very common. . fimbriata. Fairly common. . ianthina. Fairly common. brassicae. Very common. . oleracea. Common. . thalassina. Fairly common. pisi. Fairly common. nana. Fairly common. bicruris. Common. cucubalt. Uncommon. serena. Uncommon. graminis. Common. adusta. Fairly common. haworthiu. Fairly common locally. PRE ER Se ee y= — S MUDD YRRANMNMHARARARERARQSOCOWERNYONNN NEHA . obscura. . sordens. . secalis. . strigilis. . fasciuncula. . furuncula. . crenata. . lithoxylaea. . monoglypha. . nigra. hp: . oxyacanthae. . lucipara. . meticulosa. . maura. . typica. . oculea. . micacea. . pygmina. . pallens. . impura. . lithargyria. . clavipalpis. . minima. . umbratica. . tragopogonis. . flammea. . rubricosa. . gothica. . stabilis. . lota. . macilenta. . crrcellaris. . litura. . transversa. . exsoleta. . vetusta. . myrtill. . chrysitis. . bractea. . festucae. . ota. LEPIDOPTERA IN RENFREWSHIRE. Common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Uncommon. Very common. Uncommon. Very common. Uncommon. Fairly common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Uncommon. Fairly common. Very common. Common. Common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Very common. Very common. wncerta. Very common. trapezina. Fairly common. Uncommon. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. lutea. Fairly common. iteritia. Fairly common. vaccint. Common. Common. Uncommon. Uncommon. Fairly common. Fairly common. Fairly common locally. Uncommon. Fairly common. Very common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. conigera. solidaginis. umbratica. libatriz. moneta. Lees | w ) . pulchrina. . gamma. . tripartita. . grisealis. . proboscidalis. . papilionaria. . aversata. . biselata. . mucronata. . chenopodiata. . atrata. . plagiata. . legatella. ANB . prunata. . populata. . mellinata. . pyraliata. . fulvata. . corylata. . truncata. . brava: . siterata. . miata. . obeliscata. . suffumata. . munitata. . unidentaria. . designata. . pectinataria. . salicata. . multistrigaria. . didymata. . dilutata. . filigrammaria. . cambrica. . montanata. . fluctuata. . alternata. . tristata. . alchemillata. . bilineata. . furcata. . caerulata. . badiata. BHM SUPP PA eh OOR RA ON HHH SOROS YEAHH eH OOaROSCSA: 131 Common. Common. Common. Uncommon. Uncommon. Very common. Uncommon. Fairly common. Uncommon. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. Common. Very common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Common. Common. Common. Uncommon. Uncommon. Common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Common. Common. Fairlye common. Very common. Very common. Common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Very common. Common. Common. Uncommon. ocellata. Fairly common. bicolorata. Fairly common. Common. Common. Common. Very common. Very common. Fairly common. Fairly common. Mt. brumata. fagata. testata. flavofasciata. albulata. 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VIT/1951 . centaureata. Fairly common. O. luteolata. Very common. . pulchellata. Fairly common. _ S. liturata. Fairly common locally. . linariata. Fairly common. E. aurantiaria. Fairly common. mdigata. Fairly common. E. marginaria. Common. assimilata. Common. E. defoliaria. Common. absinthiata. Common. A. aescularia. Common. goossensiata. Common. P. pedaria. Fairly common. . tripunctarva. Common. B. betularia. Fairly common. . castigata. Uncommon. C. rhomboidaria. Fairly common. . icterata. Common. C. repandata. Very common. . nanata. Common. E. bistortata. Uncommon. rectangulata. Uncommon. G. myrtillata. Uncommon. lignata. Fairly common locally.E. atomaria. Common locally. . grossulariata. Fairly common. 8B. piniaria. Common locally. pusaria. Common. I. wauaria. Fairly common. exanthemata. Common. L. chlorosata. Fairly common. . fasciaria. Fairly common. D. fagaria. Fairly common. margaritaria. Common. P. strigillaria. Very common locally bilunaria. Fairly common. A. tipuliformis. One specimen only. bidentata. Fairly common. H. humuli. Common. pennaria. Fairly common. H. fusconebulosa. Common. . elinguaria. Fairly common. H. hecta. Common. . sambucaria. Uncommon. SCASRRAACOROOR ES SHS ahh & Notes on Sphingidae in the Tetbury (Clas Area By J. NEWTON. TueEsE brief notes are based on my observations during the period 1944 to the present time, June 1951. Acherontia atropos L. The odd few, generally pupae, found in the home garden potato patch in most years. In 1949 I took a fresh @ as late as 14th Navember. Sphing ligustri L. Fairly common in this area. The larvae I find just as frequently on lilac as on privet. Mimas tiliae L. Common. The pupae I find quite readily by digging around elm trees during the winter. Elm seems to be just as popular as lime with the species in this district. Smerinthus ocellata L. Fairly common, especially as larvae on young apple-trees. In 1949 I bred a ¢ specimen which has pale yellow hind- wings instead of the usual pink. Laothoe populi L. Quite common. The larvae I find generally on white willow (Salix alba L.) which must support much of the population here as poplar trees are not very numerous. Hemaris tityus L. I found the larvae here for the first time last year (1950) on devil’s-bit scabious. Hemaris fuciformis L. I have taken a few this year (1951) feeding at bugle (Ajuga reptans L.) and succeeded in getting a few ova from one of them. Macroglossum stellatarum L. Here in most years. The earliest date I have recorded is 15th April in 1945. Particularly numerous in 1949. HOW I DISCOVERED POECILOPSIS (NYSSIA) LAPPONARIA BOISDUVAL. 133 Celerio livornica Esp. A few larvae on spotted persicaria (Polygonum persicaria L.) in July 1949. I reported a description of an unusual form of the larva in Entomologist, 83 : 29. Deilephila elpenor L. Frequent. Larvae in most years, chiefly, I find, on broad-leaved willow-herb (Epilobium montanum L.). Deilephila porcellus L. Fairly common and comes readily in late evenings in June to valerian. How I Discovered Poecilopsis (Nyssia) lapponaria Boisduval in the Rannoch District -By E. A. Cockxaynt, D.M. In the Entomologist, 1901 (34, 255) I published a note saying, ‘‘ I think many of your readers will be interested to know that last year | took two larvae of Nyssia lapponaria from which one imago, a female, emerged. Last July I again obtained larvae in the same locality in Perthshire. I believe Mr. Christy is the only other entomologist who has taken the insect recently in Britain,’’ The full story of the discovery has never been written. I was stay- ing at Rannoch in 1900 and, young and optimistic, decided that I would try to find the locality for Caenocalpe lapidata Hbn. and look for the larva, which had never been found wild in the British Isles. J knew that the ground on which lapidata occurred was above the Aberfeldy road and belonged to a farmer called Greig, a big burly red-faced man, who used to drive a dog-cart and crack his whip at every entomologist he met, threatening to horse-whip him, if he trespassed on the farm. On 3rd August my mother and I set off on bicycles armed with a benzo- line lamp, which had the advantage of weighing very little and never going out even in a high wind, but gave very little light. In a day- dream JI forgot to turn to the right and had gone about a mile and a half along the Struan road before I discovered my mistake. It was then too late to turn back and we went on to a place 434 miles from Kinloch Rannoch where there is a stone drinking-trough on the left side of the road and posts on the right. Below these the ground falls steeply and there is a shallow gully with a burn running down it, and bog myrtle, grass, cross-leaved heath, and ling growing on the sides. Al- most at once we found two brown geometer larvae, which looked like those of Lycia hirtaria, but were too small and short. The placa was a very unlikely one for -hirtaria, but I thought there might be a small moorland form. I filled a jam-pot with earth and put some moss on the top, and on the next day one of the larvae went down into the earth followed by. the second one a day later. The following year, when I was at Oxford, my mother wrote and told me that a very hairy wingless female with an orange stripe down its back had emerged on April 25. There was no such insect mentioned in Newman’s ‘Moths’, and I was completely puzzled. I went to the Hope Department of Entomology and was shown a plate with figures of the larva and both sexes of the moth (Entomologist, 1895, 28, 257). and was told that I had found Nyssia lapponaria. I went to Rannoch again and between July 16 and 19 134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VII/1951 found 40 larvae, many of them nearly full grown. A note in my diary says that the younger larvae were usually on Calluna and the larger ones on Erica tetralix, eating both flowers and leaves. I did not find out that bog myrtle is the favourite food. At Kinloch Rannoch the medical practitioner, Dr. McCallum, used- to tell new-comers the localities for local species of Lepidoptera, mak- ing it clear that he expected a present such as a case of whisky. With some misgivings I told him about lapponaria under the solemn promise that he would keep the locality secret and would give me half the specimens he took in 1902. On April 12, 1902, I received a letter from the doctor saying he had found 6 lapponaria. He sent me some eggs and I heard no more. Later on I saw an advertisement in which Dr. McCallum was offer- ing lapponaria at 40 shillings for two males and a female. I was very angry and wrote asking for my share, but all I got was a worn male and a female. When I went to Rannoch to take the insect myself his wife told me that, in spite of the fact that a mouse ate a large num- ber on the setting boards, the doctor had made £80 from the sale. This was a lesson I never forgot. The Old Wives’ Tale By An Otp Mora-Honter. Recently I thought I would write something about the status of Vanessa antiopa as a British insect; but after surveying the printed records of the species in this island I gave it up. It is impossible to sort out the genuine immigrants from imported stock. One cannot even be certain that the first two recorded in England, those captured in August 1748 in Cool Arbour Lane near Camberwell, were not im- ported as pupae. Antiopa is such a beautiful butterfly that it has ap- pealed to English lepidopterists from the earliest days of collecting— especially in the 18th:century when every (yes, every) British cabinet contained Continental species. ‘‘ I have bred the perfect insect in this very parish from a caterpillar brought from Switzerland,’’ wrote a Suffolk nature-lover a century and more ago. ‘‘ They mostly went into chrysalis en route and many died from the difficulty of getting fresh food; still, I have several specimens.’’ She was one of many. The dealers, of course, are known to have furthered the continual demand for this splendid insect. In the ‘ nineties’ an old ‘ profes- sional’ confessed to a collector that in his younger days he had ‘‘ done well by them,’’ importing eggs from America and liberating the imagines which were surplus to trade requirements. He too was one of many. Pupae have’ been imported in bulk in order that the emer- gent butterflies might be released as advertisements; many thousands have been set at liberty to beautify gardens. I personally knew of a case, before the last war, of specimens being set free on a country estate for many successive years. Even to-day I doubt if one could find a dealer of middle age through whose hands antiopa has not passed. More than a hundred years ago (1842) Edward Newman wrote in his magazine ‘‘ the majority of specimens in our cabinets are German or THE OLD WIVES’ TALE. 135 North American, the introduction of which is always to be regretted, more particularly in the case of the North American specimens, as doubt exists as to the identity of N. American with European species.’’? Just previously he had announced the visit to London of Dr. Becker of Wies- baden ‘‘ with an immense collection of German Lepidoptera for sale or exchange; the specimens are in the finest possible condition, and do infinite credit to his skill and perseverance. This accomplished lepi- dopterist has long supplied the London dealers with those beautiful specimens of reputed British insects, which have become so abundant in all our cabinets. In making this statement it is but fair to add that Dr. Becker never suspected that these rarities would be retailed as British; and in conversation with him he seemed utterly unable to understand the absurd idea of value attached to them.’ The trade was and always has been a considerable one on account of the large profits which can be made: English locality labels bearing the name of some well-known deceased collector have but to be attached; and thus adorned, specimens which cost pence can be sold for pounds. Never a year goes by but hundreds of these Continental insects pass through the London sale-rooms. And so any discussion about the status of the Camberwell Beauty as a ‘ British’ insect must needs be profitless; to catalogue the re- corded specimens futile; for the great majority of data is totally un- reliable in this respect. Even the few specimens recorded as hibernat- ing successfully in our island may well have been imported and liberated a few months previously. Such records merely indicate that, given suitable climatic conditions, antiopa is capable of wintering in our island. Dr. Chapman once suggested that if our winters were colder and longer antiopa might.be more successful in its possible attempts to repeople ancient haunts. Jt goes into hibernation late and requires a low tem- perature. Had there been an immigration into this country during the autumn of 1946 it is at least on the cards that a few specimens at all events would have found the severe winter which followed to their liking and would have been seen flying the following April. Yet antiopa is a known gad-about and some at least—probably many—of the large number of specimens seen in England in 1872 may have crossed the sea; for antiopa was ‘‘ very abundant ’’ in the Nether- lands that year. ‘‘ There is no doubt,”’ says Dr. C. B. Williams, “ that the status of this insect in England is that of an immigrant which oc- casionally passes the winter hibernating in the adult stage. The immi- erations appear to occur in late summer and autumn, and it is pro- bable that they reach England from the east. Scandinavia has been suggested as the possible source.’? Dr. Williams has listed the recorded appearances of antiopa in our island and has provided us with a map which shows where the captures were made during that famous ‘ Antiopa’ year (The Migration of Butterflies, 1930, pp. 227-229). The ‘ great invasion’ of 1872 caused many entomological pens to leap from their scabbards. The controversy (which can be read in the pages of our three chief entomological magazines of that and the suc- ceeding year) was both interesting and amusing in the light of present- day knowledge. Stainton asserted that central European specimens of antiopa were yellow-bordered whereas north’ European ones had white 136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V1I1/1951 borders; therefore he was of opinion that ‘‘ the recent invaders have come to us from Scandinavia.’’ Doubleday at once challenged this and propounded a directly opposite view: he believed that every one of the butterflies was bred in this country and stated that there was ‘“a peculiarity in the appearance of British specimens ’’ which at once distinguished them from Continental ones. Barrett recorded that both yellow-bordered and white-bordered specimens had been caught, and eae himself adroitly on the fence. Buchanan White at first adopted Stainton’s view, ites took a Pe over the fence and declared roundly, ‘‘I have no hesitation in saying that I believe the majority of, if not all, the specimens are British born,’’? and he went on to repeat the old, old fallacy ‘‘ it is, one would think, impossible that a butterfly could cross 300 miles of sea, even under the most favourable circumstances, without showing some signs of wear and tear.’’ Like many another he had not realised that a butterfly borne in a steady windstream is in a virtual calm though the windstream he travelling across the seas or over the land at 50 m.p.h. A glance at fast-travelling clouds would have shown him, had he given the matter a moment’s thought, that although these are composed only of vapour they retain their shape in spite of the wind! A butterfly travelling in the same compartment with Dr. White from Inverness to London would have been in no more danger of losing a scale than the doctor would have been of having his hair ruffled, though the ‘stream’ they were both in (i.e. the train) was travelling over the face of the land at sixty miles an hour. The man in the balloon does not know he is moving until he looks at the earth below him though he be travel- ling in a gale, and he too does not have his hair ruffled. The swimmer pottering about lazily in the calm sea is sometimes surprised to find, when he swims to shore, that he has struck the beach a couple of hun- dred yards from the spot where he left it. Yet the sea was calm and the swimmer has not had his bathing-drawers torn ‘off him by the cur- rent. The paint is not scratched off a waterlogged boat carried along in a stream however rapid. The clouds, the man in the train, the man in the balloon, the man in the sea, the waterlogged boat, the bird, the butterfly and everything else borne in a steady stream are in a calm, simply because when air-borne or water-borne or train-borne they be- come part and parcel of the medium they are in. They merely occupy a space in the stream which in their absence would be filled by the material of the stream itself. In a steady wind ‘air-pressure’ on a erat borne butterfly is virtually non-existent. ‘ Pressure’ on a flying insect can only arise in a gusty wind—through the inertia of the insect’s body when there is a change in the velocity of the wind. The time-lag between a change of velocity of wind and a consequent change of velocity of a larger body such as an air-borne bird is of course greater because of the increased inertia. Yet the flying bird’s feathers do not get ruffled in a wind, and an air-pres- sure which cannot ruffle a soft feather on a body weighing perhaps several pounds could hardly tear the scales from a butterfly’s wings. Because of the manner in which they are attached to the wing-mem- brane scales cannot be blown off a lepidopteron’s wings even when the insect is hanging on to a plant in a gale: they can only be rubbed off, 2.e. by contact with a solid body such as a leaf or twig. CURRENT NOTES. (37 Let us hear no more of this Old Wives’ Tale of Continental moths and butterflies ‘ proving’ an English nationality by being ‘ unrubbed ’ of wing. Indeed the surest way for a lepidopteron to remain ‘ in mint condition ’ from eclosion to death would be for it to jump into a steady wind the moment its wings were dry and to remain air-borne until it iF died. Current Notes Wuat is happening to the climate of this island? It seems to be agreed that our climate is ‘ameliorating’ (whatever that may mean), and lepidopterists know that certain moths are moving north—Catocala nupta has now reached Yorkshire. On the other hand the Editor of Weather intorms us (VI, 180, May 1951) that snowfall on the higher ground is increasing. ‘‘Professor Gordon Manley’’, he writes, ‘‘has fre- quently drawn attention to the considerable increase in the average an- nual duration of snow cover with altitude in Great Britain, amounting roughly to ten days with every two hundred and fifty feet increase in height. Because of this, conditions in the higher hills of Wales, northern England and Scotland may be extremely severe, even though little cr no snow is seen in the Midland plain. This winter there has been a great depth of snow on these high lands, and experienced observers have said that they have never before seen so much on them... . From ac- counts which have appeared it is clear that during March conditions in the Snowdon range and, of course, the other ranges further north, matched those on many an Alpine peak, with snow- and ice-filled gullies, snow cornices, steep slopes of hard snow and ice, and even potential avalanches.’’ Although at Kew the rainfall in the first four months of this year was the highest’ on record, temperatures nearly everywhere, during April, were below normal and many of the hills in north Wales, the north of England, and Scotland retained a continuous snow-cover to the lower levels almost to the end of that month. All this makes one wonder what is coming next. It is only about twenty thousand years since the present Ice Age was at its climax and there is still a lot of ice to melt before our Earth resumes its ‘normal’ climate, which is a genial one. Are we in fact living in an interstadial period, with another climax developing, perhaps a more severe one than the last? We have thought so several times this last Spring, as we sat huddled over a fire in mid-May! Two writers in the May issue of Weather sound a warning note about interfering with the weather in the way of causing rain to fall in a dis- trict where it is needed or driving away rain-clouds from a place where sunshine is wanted. ‘‘ Experiments,’’ say these writers, ‘‘have been carried out in many countries, and in some the subject is already being. pursued on a practical level by farmers, commercial organizations, water- supply concerns, and others . . . . The effects of any attempt to alter the course of events in the atmosphere are unlikely to be restricted to the locality where the benefit is required, and these events may be quite unpredictable. Rain in one place may mean a deficit elsewhere.’’ Conversely, we suppose, sunshine in one place may mean a deficit of sunshine elsewhere. And so the field entomologist, arriving at his 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXILI. 15/ViL/ 1951 favourite hunting-ground after an arduous journey on a long-awaited holiday, with the barometer at ‘Set Fair’, may suddenly find his hunting- ground blotted out by torrents of rain just because a film company a few miles away requires sunshine for its operations. One can even visualise a new form of ‘‘war in the air’’, the proprietors of two rival hotels a mile apart employing the resources of science to ‘‘wash out?’ each other and secure uninterrupted sunshine for themselves .... Truly life is be- coming difficult. | Sixty SHILLINGs a Pound For WeeEvits.—In Turkey hazel-nuts are ali important crop. In fact they are the principal crop along the eastern corner of the Black Sea coast. Lately the newspapers have been giving accounts of the serious damage done by Balanus. As barnacles can hardly be expected to flourish on nut bushes, presumably the weevil Balaninus is meant. The Ministry of Agriculture has offered 30 liras a kilo for the larvae brought in, but as the result was not satisfactory they have now raised the price to 50 liras the kilo, which works out at about sixty shillings a pound. So far only 60 kilos have been reported, which hardly seems satisfactory or likely to have much influence.—M. B. A New NaMe For MYELOIs CRIBRELLA HuBNEeR.—In the third part of his Die Microlepidopteren der Brandt’ schen Iran-Ausbeute (Arkiv for Zoologi, Bd. 1 nr? 36, p. 548, Stockholm, 1951) Dr. H. G. Amsel states that the male genitalia of the British Pyralid moth hitherto called Myelois cribrella Hubner, as illustrated and described by Pierce and Metcalfe, are so different from those of Kuropean J. cribrella Hubner (which Dr. Amsel describes and illustrates), as typified by examples from Wurzburg, that they must be considered a new species for which he proposes the name britannicella. Since Dr. Amsel does not desig- nate any actual specimen as the type of this new species and, indeed, appears not to have actually examined a British specimen, I propose that the type of britannicella be considered the example which Pierce and Metcalfe depicted and described. Presumably Pierce’s preparation can now be examined in the British Museum, and I think this should be done to establish that the differences in fact exist. When this is confirmed the possibility of the occurrence in Britain of a second species of this group, that is of the German species which Dr. Amsel selects as true cribrella Hubner, might well be looked into. According to that author the group contains several species, quite indistinguishable from one another superficially, but exceedingly easy to distinguish structurally (male genitalia).—E. P. Wittsurre, 7.vi.1951. Field Notes Wuen freshly emerged surely Lobophora viretata must be one of the most lovely of all our smaller Geometers. But it must be bred, and set before it has made its first flight, if its full beauty is to be preserved. The imago can sometimes be found at rest on a paling and it can be netted in the daytime if beaten out of a holly bush or ivy covering a stump or, occasionally, a hedge wherein the foodplant grows in plenty. Captured females will lay eggs—though not, in our experience, too readily—if supplied with sprigs of the local foodplant. (If this is un- FIELD NOTES. 139 known, supply an assortment of the listed foods). The best way, how- ever, to obtain the species is to search for the larva about the middle of July. Hxamine the flowers (only) of privet, holly, dogwood, guelder- rose, waylaring-tree, rowan, alder-buckthorn, sycamore and _ hedge maple: the larva has been found on all these. A thin web (not too attractive until one has ‘got one’s eye in’) is spun among the flowers and within this the larva feeds. But when older it takes to the green berries and, later, to the leaves. It is easy to rear and spins its cocoon among the leaves of the foodplant. Allan (Larval Foodplants) suggests that ‘‘each biological race will eat only its individual foodplant’’. We should like to hear our readers’ experiences of this. The Leopard Moth is a most uncertain animal. Doubtless, like the poor, it is always with us—and indeed if the comparison is apt it must be a very common moth to-day! Yet it is not a species which one sees every year, or every other year for that matter: usually there are gaps of a decade and more between the records in one’s diaries. Once or perhaps twice in a lifetime a number of imagines are seen at rest on the bole of an ash—which seems to be a favourite foodplant—and further specimens appear thereon for several successive days. Rarely a bird dis- turbs and chases one out of a yewtree. Orchard trees will sometimes yield a series, for pyrina is fond of Pyrus, and many a dead pear and apple tree in an orchard—and not necessarily old trees either—owe their demise to the larva. The moth is said to come to turpentine if soft-wood trees are ‘sugared’ with this; but we have never tried this dodge and know not wether it be the female (as we suspect) or male or both which come to the lure. Can any of our readers enlighten us on this point? The moth is on the wing until about the third week of this month. Usually one associates Cucullia verbasci with the stately plant from which it takes its name—one of the noblest of our native flora, beautify- ing both woods and open country on (usually though by no means always) the chalk. And wherever Verbascum thapsus grows freely, there the spotted larvae are very often to be found. Once we caught sight of a tall mullein growing all forlornly in a meadow close to one of our great rivers. ‘‘ No verbasci here,’’ we thought. ‘‘ There can’t be another mullein for miles.’’ Yet there they were, eight of them!—But Water Figwort grew in plenty nearby, so doubtless this was only a case of an alternative foodplant offering itself to a questing female moth. A few years ago we wandered along a brook that wound through watermeadows and noted a clump of Scrophularia on the bank every hundred yards. And every clump, without exception if we recollect rightly, was inhabited by C’.. verbasci. The subsoil here was boulder clay, so the moth must have a wide range of physiological adjustment: the microclimates of chalk pits and downs, often at a considerable elevation, must differ not a little from those of riverbanks sometimes less than fifty feet above sea-level. The yellow-flowered Buddleia globosa of gardens is occasionally adopted as a foodplant. At the end of this month an afternoon can sometimes be spent profit- ably by the lepidopterist who wears hedging gloves, arms himself with a gardener’s pruning knife, and attacks the marsh thistles in some place— often at the edge of a wood—where these tall plants grow profusely. 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/V1I1/1951 D) The pupae of Gortyna flavago (or Ochria ochracea as it used to be called) will usually be found within six inches of the ground. But on more than one occasion we have found pupae in the stem a foot above ground, so it is wise to cut the stem at this height and carefully split it down. More rarely the pupa occurs right on, or even in, the crown of the root. — Tip the pupae on to cottonwool in a box, and so home. The books say that one can readily spot ‘affected’ plants since the flower-heads of these droop when a larva has been or is at work; but in our experience this is by no means an infallible guide. The holes in the stems whence moths have emerged, found in September, are the best in- dication of the insect’s presence in any particular place. It is said that the imago does not come to either sugar or light and certainly we have never taken it at either though we have heard of it coming to a lighted window. It is a widespread species and only needs looking for. Notes and Observations A Note on APAMEA CONNEXA BORK. (PABULATRICULA BRrAHM).—[Re- cently we asked our contributor Mr. W. Reid of Sheffield if he could give us any news of this species, and he replied as follows.—Ep. | ‘“T have not yet taken this species in the Sheffield district though keenly on the look-out for it and for any details concerning it. The last person to take it, so far as I am aware, is K , who took a series only a few years ago in a neighbouring county, in a wood which has since been cut down. A collector in Sheffield, who left here three or four years ago and is now dead, took a number some years ago near Sheffield, and although I knew him slightly I did not myself collect seriously at that time, so would not have been interested enough to ask him even if I had known him better. ‘“T thought I had found a locality for it about three weeks ago. I was overlooking a wood near the city, with an eye to beating Hnargiu paleacea Esp. in June, and got into conversation with a man whose father was a bit of a collector and lived in a small cottage inside the boundary of the wood but who died last February at the age of 87. This old man had lived in the cottage all his life. In talking to the son, a man about fifty, and telling him what I was after, he said that his father had some cases of insects in the cottage but he had left the key (the cot- tage is now empty) at home. However, seeing and appreciating my in- terest, he went to his own house for the key. ‘‘ When we entered the cottage I saw just what I expected: a nicely arranged ‘wall’ case full of butterflies and moths arranged in a pretty (?) pattern, all faded and useless with, of course, no data. Just as I was about to leave he said there was some more small boxes upstairs, and away he went to fetch them. Mostly the insects in them were in a shocking state; mites had been at work on most of them, and some Eyed Hawkmoths and two A. atropos had almost dissolved or disinte- grated into dust. No paleacea were among them, but—there were eight connexa of all surprising things, seven of them in very good condition, antennae, legs and fringes. I told him that these were most interesting, but he did not know where they came from. They were in a small collec- ting-box with a few other things, including Catocala sponsa; so it is NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 141 plain that the old man had been in the habit of exchanging specimens. The box had belonged to a person with an unintelligible name who lived near Sheffield in what is now a built-up area. My acquaintance insisted upon me removing the lot, saying that he would only burn them if IJ did not take them. So now you know someone who has taken connexa this year, and the locality! _‘* A pity there were no labels on these connexa, and you will note that once again I was too late to question the person who might have known where they were taken.”’ A Note on THOLOMIGES TURFOSALIS WocKE.—I have just read in tlie June number of The Entomologist’s Record a short Note on Tholomiges turfosalis. If this species is the same as Schrankia turfosalis Wocke it may interest your readers to know that it has been found in France by my friend, Mr. G. Adkin, who now lives here at St. Jean-de-Luz. He got four specimens, 2 taken at hght on the 12th June 1936 and again 2, also at ight, on the 12th August 1937, all four at the same place, namely Marais d’Orx, Landes. These marshes are about 15 km. north of Bayonne. These specimens were the first captured in France; but no ege and no caterpillar! The moths were identified at the British Museum and the captures were published in the Revue Francaise de Lépidopterologie, Vol. IX, p. 24.—Vera M. Musprart, Aice Choko, St. Jean-de-Luz, Basses Pyrences OccURRENCE OF ORTHOSIA ADVENA SCHF. (OPIMA Hus.) at SHEFFIELD.— On 21st May I took a dark brown specimen, slightly rubbed, of this species at my light in Sheffield. This is a very late appearance. There seem to be no recent records of this insect in this district—W. Rep, 46 Totley Brook Road, Sheffield. PupatTine Sitz or ARGYNNIs PAPHIA L.—Whilst beating the branches of oaks for the larvae of Thecla quercus L., I was much surprised to see a large ornamental larva drop with a heavy flop into the tray. It was a full-grown Argynnis paphia, evidently about to pupate, which inciden- tally it did two days later. Does this imply that the larva sometimes climbs from the ground even into trees to pupate? If not, how did this individual come to be on a branch at least six feet from the ground? It would be interesting to know if other collectors have found full grown larvae of paphia in similar situations.—A. L. Goopson, 26 Park Road, Tring, Herts. THYMELICUS ACTEON Rott. In THE New Forest.—In W. Fassnidge’s Inst of the Macro-lepidoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, re- printed from The Entomologist’s Record, 1923-25, the following occurs under Thymelicus acteon :—‘‘ New Herean: one Tacalite known to several entomologists; whether originally put down or not I cannot say. A. H. Jones.’’ Can any reader give me any information about this locality, or about any entomologist. who was supposed to have taken acteon in the New Forest?—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth. BrReepinc lLycaENA PHLAEAS [L.—I am grateful to Mr. P. Siviter Smith for his remarks on my Note (at page 85 ante) on in-breeding this © species. With regard to pairings, perhaps I have been fortunate. I 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII. P57 VEL Posh put a female with five or six males into a frame covered with black netting, inserting a large plant of sorrel in a pot and a big bowl of flowers in the cage. As I have to be at my office every day I never saw pairing taking place. But I have used this method. twice with suc- cess. I should add that the cage was kept on a wind-protected flat roof which gets very hot in summer. This explains why I was able to get two broods through in such a short space of time. | T have never succeeded in bringing zhlaeas larvae through the win- ter to maturity. They always die, and if any are left in the spring they also mysteriously disappear. If Mr. Siviter Smith could give me any hints on this I should be very grateful—F. H. Epwarps, Rockfield, Abbey Road, Worthing, Sussex. A FurrHer Note on PaRARGE EGERIA L.—I was interested to see the note by Mr. Timms on the appearance of P. egeria L. in Birmingham parks (Ent. Rec. 63, 84). Several times during the past two years l have seen this species flying here in the main shopping centre of Ports- wood and on three separate occasions J have seen it fluttering against the glass inside shop windows. The nearest locality where it occurs is Southampton Common nearly a mile away. Last June it was flying quite commonly on Compton Down near Winchester and although it was more frequent along the edge of the scrub growing on the lower slopes numbers were seen on the bare face of the down.—A. C. R. Repcrave, 14a The BroseMay, Portswood, Southampton. A Larvat Hasit oF ORTHOSIA GRACILIS SCHF. AND XYLENA VETUSTA Hvus.—On July 24, 19388, Mr. Ronald Demuth, Mr. R. C: R. Crewdson, and I went up a mountain side on the north shore of Loch Rannoch. It was clear and cold with a south east wind and few moths were flying, but at 1.30 a.m. @.m.t. the wind veered to the south, dark clouds came up, and the temperature rose. On the way down, about 100 feet above the level of the loch. we were passing a swampy place covered with bog myrtle just as the light of early dawn was breaking. It was almost ‘light enough to see without a torch. We stopped to rest and turned the beam of a torch on to the bog myrtle and at once saw a couple of nearly full-grown larvae of Orthosia gracilis, stretched out and motion- less, each near the top of a blade of grass growing through the bog myrtle. We were interested because large larvae of gracilis are difficult to find. They feed low down, often sitting on the underside of a leaf with little more than their heads visible. Indeed, we had found only. two after half an hour’s search a day or two before. We walked off the path into the bog myrtle and found gracilis larvae as quickly as we could pick them up off the grass growing amongst the bog myrtle. There must have been hundreds of larvae of gracilis replete after their night’s feast, resting quietly head upwards before they went down to hide themselves for the day. Amongst them were a few large larvae of Xylena vetusta behaving in exactly the same way. We soon filled our boxes, but couldn’t resist the temptation to walk on through the bog myrtle looking at the larvae. It was 4.30 a.m., and much too light to use a torch before we left, but the larvae were still motionless. To complete the observation we ought to have waited to find out at NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 143 what time the larvae began to move, but we were much too tired. Is this the usual behaviour of the larvae of gracilis and vetusta’ or was it an exceptional night? If it is their regular habit, it is probable that many other species rest high up after they have finished feeding, and it might be an easy way of finding elusive larvae such as those of Triphaena sobrina Bdv. and Amathes depuncta L.—E. A. CocKayYNgE, 8 High Street, Tring, Herts. ZYGAENA ACHILLEAE ESpER ssp. scoTIcA RowLanp Brown.—The addi- tion of Zygaena achilleae Esper to the British list, recorded in The Entomologist’s Record, 1908, 20, 73, led to my first conversation with our founder, J. W. Tutt. I shall never forget the way in which he told me he had seen hundreds of Z. achilleae and that whatever my specimens from Argyllshire might be they were not achilleae. When | asked meekly what they were, he paused and then said they must he fiipendulae. I was sure he was wrong, but I went to the British Museum and looked at all the burnets again, and then sent specimens to F. N. Pierce with some continental ones which I had bought from Staudinger. When I met Tutt again and showed him Pierce’s letter saying that the genitalia agreed with those of achilleae and not with filipendulae, he was very friendly and made ample amends to me both personally and later in the Record. He discouraged my suggestion that the Scottish form deserved a name and it did not receive one until H. Rowland Brown named it towards the end of a paper entitled ‘‘ Anthro- cera achilleae Esper in Scotland. Notes on its distribution and varia- tion’? (Entomologist, 1919, 52, 225). In this he says ‘‘ the form of West Scotland, which may be comprehensively denominated scotica, seems to me characteristic. The general poorness of pigment resembles that of exulans vanadis; in size, such as I have seen approximate to the vanadis of Braemar, and I have none so small, except perhaps one or ‘two from the neighbourhood of Monnétier-les-Bains, Htes-Alpes, taken by myself in 1914. In the Scots series under review, also, the tendency to confluence (=anali-confluens Vorbrodt) is decidedly pronounced. ° Though Rowland Brown does not use the term, his name scotica apears to me to have the status of a subspecies. It was omitted from The Zoological Record. It does not appear in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, or in the Catalogus Lepidopterorum, and has been over- looked by all the authors who have made a special study of the genus. I think it is time Rowland Brown’s name was rescued from oblivion. Verity (Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1980, 9, 20) named the Scottish form ssp. caledoniae and Reiss (Int. Ent. Z., 1931, 25, 341) named it ssp. caledonica. Both are synonyms of scotica Rowland Brown.—E. A. Cockayne, 8 High Street, Tring. Evan JoHN or LiLANTRISSANT.—With reterence to the Note on page 113 of the June number of The Hntomologist’s Record it will be seen by referring to Proceedings VI, 1931/2, Ent. Soc. Lond. that the death of Mr. Evan John at the age of 92 was announced at the Meeting of the Society on 4th February 1931. Up to then John had been senior Fellow, having been elected in 1865.—H. M. Eprtsten, Department of Entomo- logy, British Museum (Natural History), London, S.W.7. 144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII. 15/VI1T/1951 DeLaveD EMERGENCE OF SaTURNIA pavonta L.—Dr. H. B. Williams (Ent. Rec., 63: 116) will find records of delayed emergences of Saturnia pavoma L. in Tutt’s British Lepidoptera, 3: 332, ‘‘. . . 2, 3 or 4 years, such pupae generally producing females .. .”’; The Entomologist, 15: 131 (one, two and three years); 56: 65 (seven years); The Naturalists’ Journal for 1895, page 137 (three years); whilst the Proc. und Trans. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-9, page 40, records two thinly- scaled ‘ghosts’ after two years in ihe pupal —nieanee Hewson, 23 Thorn- hill Drive, Shipley, Yorkshire. ‘A Nore on Morus anp Ligur.—From the records one reads in the entomological magazines—especially those long lists of the year’s cap- tures shown on exhibition day—one would imagine that moths are just as common nowadays as they were in former years. But this cannot really be the case, except in very favoured districts. You can search palings and tree-trunks over a number of seasons and turn up very few things that are outside the very commonest of common game, whereas in former years all kinds of extra-ordinary insects used to be found. Some will think that this is a delusion but it 1s not the case. It seems to have been forgotten that in recent years the lighting of our towns and suburbs, as well as the coast towns and pleasure resorts (formerly well known collecting sites) by great arc-lamps and all kinds of attractive snares to the poor moths, are the cause why countless thou- sands die every year. During the war the great beam-lights used for spotting aeroplanes were a great attraction as well as death traps. Re- cently a long series of very tall and powerful lights has been put up through parts of Epping Forest. Now all these traps, to say nothing of the legitimate ones, must have a very considerable effect upon the moth population—taken over the whole country during recent years—since lighting has increased a hun- dredfold. In fact one fears that in years to come there will be no moths left or at least very few species. Nothing much can be done about it, but it is a factor to be taken into account.—D. P. Murray, Avisford School, Arundel, Sussex. [We are not so pessimistic as our contributor about the harm which powerful lights do to our lepidopterous fauna. In a large majority of species only the males are attracted and many of these will have paired _ beforehand. Still, it is worth noting that the late Rev. Miles Moss found the Sphingid population in the neighbourhood of Lima, Peru, to be enor- mously reduced when that city was lit by arc-lights. Before the hghts were installed the number of species and their profusion were remark- able; after the installation the moths swarmed at the lights and in a few years species once abundant were rare and a species no longer to be found.—Eb. | UnusuaL ABUNDANCE OF EucLIDIMERA mi Cy.—On the chalk downs above Otford, Kent, on 2nd June, I was surprised at the large number of Euclidimera mi Cl. Within an hour and a half of arriving there at 4.30 p.m. I estimate having seen between 40 and 50 individuals. Nor- mally the moth is disturbed by one’s feet, when—if not carried out of sight by the wind—it may be seen to fly not very far and then settle. But of all those seen on June 2nd not one was flushed and in no case NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 145 did I see one alight. They were very active indeed and I am led to sup- pose that their behaviour on this occasion was perhaps induced by the weather conditions at the time:—Temperature, warm; wind, nil; sun, occasionally obscured; thundery. I also noticed that they flew even dur- ing the dull periods. Perhaps the year or this particular locality is abnormally suitable for the species, though I am more inclined to believe that the real explanation is to be attributed to other causes, i.e. weather. Jt would be interesting to hear from others on the subject. I personally cannot recall having previously seen the imagines so plentifully—per- haps in a whole day a dozen at most, usually fewer, and I have seen the moth season after season for the last twenty years.—J. M. CHaLMERS- Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. [Since the present season has been an unfavourable one for Lepi- doptera generally it is unlikely that the unusual rise in the population density of Huclidimera mi in the district to which our contributor refers is due to weather. The fluctuation of insect populations is due to many causes, and the number of links in the chain of biotic factors in a habitat are sometimes many. For instance, an increase in the number of hawks in a locality would entail a decrease in the number of insectivorous birds. So the predators of an ichneumon-fly which parasitizes the larva of Euclidimera mi would increase in numbers and thereby reduce the popu- lation of the ichneumon-flies. Consequently there would be a rise in the population of E. mz.---Ep. | EvPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOBA L. ap. fumosa aB. Nov.—I have before me an aberration taken by my friend Mr. J. W. C. Hunt:—Fore and hind- wings and legs tinged with smoke-grey, darker in the apical area of the forewing and along the nervures. The underside similarly aberrant. Type ¢: St. Peter’s, Isle of Thanet, Kent, 18.vii.1937. —J. M. OCxatmers-Hunvr, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. CELLULOID CacGEs AND CampHor FumEs.—Recently I told a friend that some larvae of Melitaea athalia which I had brought into my sittingreom at the end of February did well until mid-May, since when they had ‘hung fire’. I mentioned that they were in a cage of the celluloid cylin- der type. He asked me if I had put the cage in the sun during May and when I told him that I had he informed me that some kinds of cellu- loid give out camphor fumes when exposed to a hot sun. I then remem- bered that some larvae of Melitaea aurinia reared last year in a similar cage had also slowed down after their cage had been placed in the sun- shine. Have other lepidopterists noticed the same thing?—P. B. M. ALLAN. RESISTANCE OF INSECTS TO KintInc AGENTS.—Recently, browsing on the old Entomological Magazine for 1834, we came across an item which might serve as a footnote to Mr. d’Assis-Fonseca’s paper on the resist- ance of certain species of Diptera to killing agents, printed in our June issue (page 120). It was a paragraph from an abstract of Straus- Durckheim’s Considerations Générales sur Anatomie Comparée des Animaux Articules and was to the effect that of several gases into which various insects had been placed ammoniacal gas was the one which killed them most quickly. ‘‘ In nitrogen they can live for several days, and although a Melolontha vulgaris was observed to fall motionless when 146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VII/1951 immersed in pure hydrogen for fifteen minutes, yet it returned to life after remaining fifty hours in that gas.’? We have not verified the quo- tation. Practical Hints From the end of July to the middle of August it is always worth while searching among the leaves on the little shoots which sometimes spring from the foot of an ash tree. Here a flimsy cocoon—little more than a ‘‘cat’s eradle”’ of silk—containing a green pupa may occa- sionally be found—Deuteronomos fuscantaria. Small sallow bushes (Salix atrocinerea) about 3 ft. to 4 ft. high growing in open waste places seem to be favoured by Harpyta furcula. The young larva, which usually hatches from the egg during the first fortnight of July, is brown with two broad whitish bars, and rests by day on the upper side of the leaf. The young larva of Cerura vinula, which often occurs in the same habitat as H. furcula, has no bars, being unicolorous brown. The hemispherical palest sea-green eggs of Pterostoma palpina are easily to be found this month, usually in pairs, on Salix atrocinerea, white willow, aspen and poplar (both black and Lombardy). They are laid on the underside of the leaf: The larvae in all stages may also be found throughout July. } Although blackthorn and hawthorn are the usual foodplants of Gastropacha quercifolia, grey sallow (Salix atrocinerea) is frequently chosen in the eastern counties. The unmistakable egg—oval with a curious ‘‘ snakey ’’ green marking on the white background—is laid singly (occasionally a pair) on the underside of the leaf. Quite small bushes are usually chosen. In clearings in birchwoods there is sometimes a number of small birch bushes scarcely two feet high. These little bushes are always worth searching: the larva of Drepana lacertinaria is found on them more often than on larger bushes. This larva rests on the upperside of the leaf, commonly on a topmost shoot, and resembles, to a remark- able degree, a bird’s dropping. ; Towards the end of the month larvae of Eupithecia pulchellata may be collected from foxglove flowers. The larva spins the ‘‘ lips’’ of a blossom together, the flowers thus closed at the mouth being easily seen. Cut off the flower-spike and put it in a water-bottle (for there are usually several larvae on each spike), or pinch off (at the stalk) the inhabited blossoms and place these in a larva-tin, adding fresh flowers (and removing old ones) as necessary. Use dry peat for pupation. Thalpophila matura (cytherea Fab.),. formerly widespread, now seems to be quite rare in many places where once it was common. Triphaena interjecta also has disappeared from many of its former localities in East Anglia. Females taken at sugar (matura mid-July, interjecta mid-August) should therefore be kept for eggs. Both these COLLECTING NOTES. «147 moths are extremely handsome when freshly emerged, and cabinet specimens of them should always be obtained by breeding. Spaelotis ravida is most uncertain in its appearances in this country, sometimes twenty years elapsing between visits. In a year of plenty, therefore, the lepidopterist should remember the motto Carpe diem. The moth has a great liking for resting by day in outhouses and especially wooden garages. which should, therefore, be searched every day in July. It comes readily to sugar. Collecting Notes Norges From Torouay.—Like many others I have found collecting, in the main, a record of negatives this year. The only thing that has kept me aware of any activity among lepidoptera has been my moth trap. Captures, though meagre indeed, did indicate that it was only the appal- ling weather that accounted for the fact that valerian in bloom in sheltered spots and sugar would not yield a single insect until May was out, and indeed these lures are still unprofitable. The only point of any interest has been the long period over which emergence and awakening from hibernation has been spread. For in- stance, Orthosia gothica and OQ. stabilis were well out on 18th March, yet my last records are as recent as 8th June for the former and 28th May for the latter, and fresh specimens at that. Lithophane socia was taken first on 2nd eel and again on 4th April, then on 4th May and the last on 8rd June, which surely must be a record. I am sure the hibernating butterflies must have suffered badly. Throughout the past months I have looked in vain for Polygonia c-album, Aglais urticae and Nymphalis io when I have been out in the garden. I have notes of two urticae and three io seen in late April and early May ; in other seasons they have all been on the wing whenever the spring sunshine has warmed things up.—F. H. Lees, The Gables, Maidencombe, Torquay, Devon. 10.vi.51. Notes FROM WESTON-SUPER-MarE.—I am glad to say that the num- bers of insects in this district are now showing a distinct improvement, owing no doubt to the recent fine weather. The following dates of the first appearances of some of the more interesting species of Lepidoptera at light in my garden at Weston-super-Mare from 20th April to the end of May may be of interest in this rather backward season :— April: 20th, Coenotephria derivata (nigrofasciaria), common later. 25th, Polyploca ridens, several later. 26th, Panolis flammea. May: 3rd, Selenia tetralunaria. 5th, Eupithecia dodoneuta, fairly common later. llth, Acasis viretata, very common later. 13th, HE. tr- punctaria. 14th, Mimas tiliae; Hadena trifolu. 19th, Drymoma ruft- cornis (chaonia), one only, a female which laid a quantity of eggs the same night. 2Ist, Celama confusalis; Cucullia verbasct. 23rd, E. veno- sata; EH. wudigata. 24th, Apatele megacephala. 25th, Chloroclystis coronata. 28th, Notodonta ziczac; Apamea sordens. 29th, Smerinthus ocellata, a female which began laying eggs as soon as it was boxed.— C. S. H. BrarHwayt, 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare. 12.vi.1951. 148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/VII/1951 Notes rrom East Essex.—Lepidoptera in East Essex this spring have been scarcer than in 1950 and in the case of resident species later as well. Little collecting has been done, but a light-trap has been operat- ing nightly from 20th April. Daytime observations have been made whenever possible in connection with the Insect Immigration Committees Migrant Recording Scheme. Plusia gamma first appeared in the trap on 4th May as against 30th April for 1950. The total to date (12th June) has been only 66, compared with 1545 for the same period last year. There may have been a fairly general migratory movement about 24th May as Vanessa cardui and V. atalanta both arrived on that day. On the morning of the 25th there were 13 P. gamma in the trap ac- companied by an almost perfect male of Minucia lunaris, perhaps the first Essex record. Next day, 26th May, the trap produced three speci- mens of Nomophila noctuella, but only three more in single specimens have occurred since. In 1950 this species did not appear until 7th July. On 27th May the catch included 16 P. gamma and a perfect female of Nycterosea obstipata. No more V. cardwi have been seen since the two on 24th May and only six V. atalanta. The only other migrant has been a single Macroglossum stellatarum flushed from a sunbaked earth bank on the afternoon of Ist June. Between 20th April and 12th June 89 species of macro-lepidoptera have been recorded in the light-trap; up to the same date last year the total was 119. Perhaps the most interesting of those not previously mentioned were Lithophane semibrunnea and Cucullia lychnitis which have not been recorded before. Several specimens of the local Bapta . distinctata occurred as in other years, as also did Lathina chlorosata for the third consecutive year, although there seems to be no bracken any- where in the area. The district probably compares rather unfavourably with many others in the south of England as to the number of species of butterflies resident in it, but the following have been noted to 12th June with date of first appearance added in most cases :— 3 P. megera, 28.v.; C. pamphilus, 28.v.; A. urticae; N. polychloros ; N. 10; P. c-album; C. argiolus, 26.iv.; C. phlaeas, 4.vi.; C. rwb1, 4.v1. ; P. brassicae, 10.v.; P. rapae, 24.iv.; P. napi, 12.v.; A. cardamines, 10.v.; and P. malvae, 19.v. A. agestis and P. icarus have not been seen yet, and all species except perhaps A. cardamines are scarcer than usual. It may be worth mentioning that from a batch of about 50 P. rapae pupae all the earlier specimens emerging in early May either failed to get clear of their shells or, if they did, seemed too weak to expand their wings. The remaining 30 emerging in early June have been perfect specimens. They were reared in a large wood and perforated zinc cage standing under the roof of an open cart shed, thus being protected from direct rain. It is interesting to speculate as to whether a similar fate overtakes wild pupae when the final stages of development are unusually prolonged by the return of cold weather.—A. J. Dewickx, Curry Farm, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex. Notes FROM SHEFFIELD.—Weather conditions are very poor up here. Insects seem to be appearing at the usual times, though perhaps a little COLLECTING NOTES. 149 late, but in nothing like the quantities of last year. We have had an almost unbroken spell of cold east winds—warm during the daytime but bitterly cold at night, with a very dry atmosphere. But we were rained out on Saturday night. I picked up a few Agrotis cinerea in North Wales at light a week ago, and Smerinthus ocellata put in an appearance at Sheffield on Friday, the first I have seen here. And last night a black Apatele megacephala. —W. Rei, 46 Totley Brook Road, Sheffield. 11.vi.1951. Notes rrom S.W. Kent.—The season so far has been disappointing and notably fewer insects than usual have been on the wing. I was unable to do ‘sallowing’ beyond my garden, but few insects appeared and I did not see O. incerta, and very little flew in to light. I spent the last few days of April at Camberley and saw no Lepidoptera on our outings. O. luteolata flew in to light on 15th May; A. euwphrosyne was seen on 20th May, my latest date for many years; P. aegeria, which is increasing in this neighbourhood, 19th May. A. ‘selene had not appeared by 5th June. P. icarws was seen for the first time by me at Brook on 8th June. Larvae of P. potatoria are scarce in their usual haunts hereabouts: I took only two in my best locality after a long search. This may be due to the severe infestation a few years ago with Apanteles parasites. Up to the time of writing I have seen no nests of A. urticae nor N. io larvae. Other dates in this district are: LD. phlaeas, 22nd May; P. megera, 6th June; C. pamphilus, 6th June; E. tages, 4th June; P. mal- vae, 8th June.—G. V. Butt, White Gables, Sandhurst, Kent. 10th June 1951. Notes From East Purseck.—On 5th June in a walk of three miles around this part of Dorset the following species of Rhopalocera were observed, all in fresh condition :— P. napi, A. cardamines 6S and QQ, A. euphrosyne, second brood of P. aegeria, P. megera, C. pamphilus, C. rubi, L. phlaeas, P. argus (aegon), A. agestis, C. minimus, P. malvae, E. tages, T. sylvestris, and T. acteon. Larvae of M. galathea were about half-grown. One freshly emerged 2 V. atalanta was noted on 7th June. Last week C. rubi was swarming here and P. brassicae are coming in from. the sea each day in fair numbers from a S.E. direction.—LEONARD TarcHenL, Rockleigh Cottage, Swanage, Dorset. 10th June 1951. Norres From Surrey.—Fine weather of the 2lst May prompted me to drop prearranged plans for gardening and send me off to the country- side for the day. There was little about, however—Pararge aegeria was common enough as was Pieris napi, a few Pyrgus malvae, Anthocharis chira fascelina and Pseudoterpna pruinata. In a heathy area on the 22nd Ectropis punctulata was just coming out and a freshly emerged female Saturnia pavonia was noted. The weather was somewhat cold and, with little chance of seeing any insects on the wing, recourse was had to a search for larvae. In this direction the most interesting captures were those of Lasiocampa quercus, Dasy- chira fascelina and Pseudopanthera pruinata. Opisthograptis luteolata was flying on the evening of the 2nd June. 150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII 15/VI1/1951 The following day, 3rd June, was fine and warm, and butterflies were much more in evidence. Argynnis euphrosyne, Coenonympha pain- philus, Hamearis lucina, Erynnis tages and Callophrys rwbi were all out in one favoured locality, the latter insect predominating. Polyommatus icarus was beginning to appear on the downs where, among the moth tribe were Chiasmia clathrata, Euclidimera mi and Zygaena trifoli, in- cluding some very nice confluent examples. Colostygia pectinataria had obviously been out some little time and Drepana cultraria was plentiful enough in the beechwoods. Celastrina argiolus was noted on the 5th June. On the 10th a visit to some woodland and heath in the Oxshott area produced Euphyia bilineata, Pseudopanthera macularia, Epirrhoe alternata, Bapta bimacu- lata, Ematurga atomaria, Bupalus pimaria, Macrothylacia rubi and Anarta myrtilli (only one). ILithina chlorosata was abundant and some forty specimens of Ectropis punctulata were counted at rest on various trees. A Cabera pusaria was found drying its wings after emergence and a few small larvae and ova of Gonepteryx rhamni were discovered on the buckthorn. A casual search of the honeysuckle revealed larvae of Inmenitis camilla in several stages of growth. Late in the evening a fine Gonodontis bidentata appeared on the kitchen window.—W. J. Frnniean, 87 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. DPP TE RA Notes on Some Bred Diptera By M. Niaterr, F.R.F.S. PALLOPTERIDAE. Palloptera trimacula Mg.:—At Bookham Common on 11.x11.49 some stems of Angelica sylvestris L. were collected; it was noticed that under the epidermis at the lower part of the stems there were a number of Dipterous larvae. In March and April following, the majority of these larvae had left the stems and entered earth to pupate. Numerous tri- macula flies emerged between 20.v and 3.vi.50, flies from the larvae re- maining in the stems emerged during the same period. ANTHOMYIIDAE. Pegomyia nigritarsis Zett.:—I have found the laryae of this species in mines in leaves of several species of Rumez, including R. acetosa, in May, June, and August. This suggested the possibility of more than one brood a year, but in each case the flies emerged in April of the following year. The larvae are heavily para- sitized by Braconids, these emerging in July of the first, and May of the second years. Pegomyia genupuncta Stein.:—The larvae of this species are to be found in mines in the leaves of Arctium spp., which they leave to pupate in earth. I have found the larvae in June, and the flies have emerged in April and May of the following year. These larvae are also heavily parasitized by Braconids, these emerging in April and May. Pegomyia steini Hend.:—Larvae of this species were found in mines in leaves of Cnicus arvensis Hoffm. in July and August. They left the mines, pupated in earth, the flies emerging in the following April. NOTES ON SOME BRED DIPTERA. 151 Delia flavidipennis Stein.:—Larvae of this species were found in some numbers in seed-capsules of Silene inflata Sm. in July, August, and September, which they left to pupate in earth, the flies emerging in May of the following year. Pegohylemyia jacobaeae Hardy.:—I have found numerous larvae of this species in flower-heads of Senecio erucifolius and S. jacobaea at Addington, Banstead Downs, Banstead Wood, Bookham Common, Box- hill, Coulsdon, Dorking, Epsom Common, Farthing Down, Ranmore Common, Riddlesdown, Walton Heath and Worms Heath in July, August and, September. In the majority of cases the larvae left the heads to pupate in earth, the flies emerging in April, May, June, and July of the following year. A few larvae pupated in the flower-heads, the flies from these emerging at the same times as those that had pupated in the earth. AGROMYZIDAE. Agromyza anthracina Mg.:—The larvae were found in mines in leaves of Urtica dioica L. at Bookham Common on 14.xi.49; they lett the mines to pupate in earth, the flies emerging in the following April, Braconids also emerged at the same time. Dizygomyza posticata Mg.:—On 16.ix.48 at Selsdon Wood a few larvae of this species were found in mines in leaves of Solidago vir- gaurea li. The larvae left the mines, pupated in earth, and the flies emerged in the April following. Napomyza glechomae Kalt.:—Mines in leaves of Nepeta hederacea Trev. with larvae of this species in them were found at Fetcham Downs 7.x.48, and. at Bookham Common 14.x1.48 with pupae. They were heavily parasitized by Braconids, but several flies emerged in the fol- lowing April. ye Ophiomyia maura Mg.:—Larvae of this species were also found in leaf-mines on Solidago virgaurea at Selsdon Wood in November. They left the mines to pupate and the flies emerged at the end of the follow- ing April. TIariomyza taraxaci Hering.:—On 16.vi.50, numerous mines were found at Wallington, on leaves of Taraxacum vulgare L., containing larvae of this species; they pupated in the mines and the flies emerged 24.v1.50, as also did a number of Braconids. It has been stated that these larvae pupate in the earth; all those of the series here referred to remained in the mines. PHORIDAR. Megaselia rufipes Mg.:—The larvae of this common Phorid inhabit a variety of plants and have emergence times extending over a long period ; they pupate in the earth. The earliest date I have found these larvae was June 17, in flower-heads of Tragopogon pratense L. From these the flies emerged on July 20 and 24, accompanied by numerous Braconids. Larvae were found in flower-heads of Sonchus arvensis J. on July 19; the flies from these emerged on August 15. Another serves of larvae were found on the same date in flower-heads of Lychnis dioica L.; from these the flies emerged on August 18. From larvae found in flower-heads of Picris hieracioides I.. on July 30 the flies emerged on September 26 and October 1. 152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII1. 15/VIL/ 195] Seeds of Silaus' flavescens Bernh. galled by the Cecid Kiefferiana pimpinellae Lw. were found to contain numerous larvae of rufipes on September 14; the flies from these did not emerge until the following March. On August 20 pods of garden peas were found containing numerous larvae; from these the flies emerged on September 18. All localities mentioned are in the county of Surrey. I am indebted to Messrs. J. E. Collin, and L. Parmenter, for the identification of the flies (the latter the Agromyzidae) and to them I tender my thanks. COLAO FE Li RA Observations on Cantharis Species _ By A. A. Auuen, B.Sc. Tue other evening (June 11th), having an hour to wait at Cheshunt, Herts., I passed the time by strolling along a length of hedgerow and casually observing the ‘soldier and sailor’ beetles of the genus Cantharis (better known to many of us under the name of Telephorus) on the hedge-parsley, nettles, and grasses. Within this stretch of perhaps two hundred yards, where I used to collect in former years, our five largest southern species of the genus occurred in varying numbers. By far the commonest on this occasion was C. livida L.; while less abundant towards one end of the stretch, it heavily outnumbered every other. C. rustica Fall. and C. pellucida F. were less common, and patchily distributed (the latter, generally speaking, seems to prefer the vicinity of woods). C. nigricans Miill., often plentiful enough here as in most places, was now unwontedly sparse—only three or four individuals being seen. C. fusca L., always a very local insect, was confined as in previous years to a few square yards at the end of the strip of hedge and just behind it; except for an odd specimen at Arundel (West Sussex) as long ago as 1930, this spot near Cheshunt is the only place where I have met with the species, and so far as my experience goes it is out for a shorter time than most others. Now, only one of each sex could be found. The piece _ of ground where this species occurs adjoins the extensive marshes of the Lea valley, and indeed is but a few yards from the river Lea—which possibly accounts for the higher concentration of Canthares at that point, though they do not much frequent the river bank itself. I believe that fusca is exclusively found not far from water, but on firm and not swampy ground; it is tempting to conjecture that such a highly localized species may require very special soil conditions for its larval life. Slight differences-in habits between certain species were noticeable, chiefly as regards behaviour when alarmed. The wariest was always pellucida; it showed great dexterity in eluding capture, in which it would often succeed even when sitting in the middle of an umbel—some- how contriving to slip off in a flash and drop down out of sight. I saw many more of this species on the wing than any other, notwithstanding the predominance of livida. The latter species was usually much less difficult to seize, but once in the hand was very agile, like pellucida tak- ing flight without delay. Rustica seemed the least shy and was rela- OBSERVATIONS ON CANTHARIS SPECIES. 153 tively slow to escape; it generally ‘feigned death’ for a tew seconds when handled. As for fusca, I fear I was too intent upon capturing the only two specimens seen, to risk losing them. Nigricuns appeared most to resemble pellucida in its reactions, as far as I could judge from the few encountered; both these being of slenderer build than the rather bulky rustica and livida, they are perhaps capable of more rapid leg movements. Only the two last named were noticed in copulé—livida pairs were numerous. The flowers of hawthorn above and of hedge- parsley below seemed no more favoured by these beetles as resting-places than plant stems, nettle leaves and blades of grass; but this, together with my failure to see any instance of capture of prey, may have been due to the time of day (6.30-7.30 p.m., B.S.T.), although the insects were still fairly active. . In past years, two other species have occurred here not uncommonly with those above noted—C. cryptica Ashe (=bicolor Fowl. in part, newly separated from pallida, see Ent. mon. Mag., 1946, 82: 138, and 1947, 83: 59) and C. (Metacantharis) clypeata Ill. Neither, however, was observed on the present occasion. Along this stretch of hedgerow I have also met with the very variable C. rufa‘L., and C. pallida Goeze, about midsum- mer. Of the closely allied genus Rhagonycha, lignosa Mill. (= pallida Fowl.), limbata Thoms., and of course the ubiquitous fulva Scop. in its season, have been seen there. Clypeata and lignosa preterred the bushes of the hedge, as is usual with these species—the former especially on the hawthorn blossom. It may not be amiss to conclude these notes with the average times of appearance of those Cantharini of which I have had field experience, as there are few such data in the literature. Apart from R. fulva, they fall into two roughly equal groups separated by about a month—an earlier or ‘late spring’ one and a later or ‘midsummer’ one—with about a fortnight’s overlap in June; some few species may be more or less inter- mediate. 1. May to about mid-June: Podabrus alpinus Payk., Cantharis fusca L. (this species usually over by June?), rustica Fall., pellucida F., nigri- cans Miull., livida L., cryptica Ashe, clypeata Ill., Rhagonycha lignosu Mill., limbata Thoms., testacea L. (the last two sometimes rather later). 2. June to about mid-July: C. pallida Goeze, rufa L., figurata Man., fulvicollis F. (=flavilabris Fowl.), thoracica Ol., lateralis L. (oralis Fowl.), R. trunslucida Kryn., lutea Miill. (=fuscicornis Fowl.— perhaps somewhat intermediate), elongata Fall. (Scottish Highlands only), Silis ruficollis F. (occasionally in August—second brood ?). 3. End of June to August, or even early September: R. fulva Scop. It must be emphasized that these periods refer mainly to Southern England, and to what may be called normal years. The present season of course is from two to three weeks later than normal in this area. The Tiled House, 63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. CHRYSOMELA MENTHASTRI SuFFR. aT VireInta Water, SurREY.—On May 20th, in company with Mr. L. S. Whicher, I had the pleasure of taking this fine species for the first time, in the south-east end of Wind- sor Great Park close to Virginia Water. It was not then common, but when first found there by Messrs. Forster and Whicher last August, the water-mint being at that time well grown up, it had been abundant. I 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXUI. 1lo/ VIL/ 1951 have seen no published records of C. menthastri for Surrey, but believe it has been once or twice taken in the county. The species is an addition to the list of beetles of the Windsor Forest area.—A. A. ALLEN. ATOMARIA ZETTERSTEDTI ZnTT., ETC., IN THE READING DistTRict.—At{ter considerable search I succeeded in obtaining a pair of this distinct and © very local species from the cottony seed-catkins of sallows on some rough marshy ground near the Thames in the Reading district, Berks. This habitat, peculiar for an Atomaria, appears to be quite characteristic ; and as a British species it is recorded only from a few places in the Thames valley between Middlesex and Oxford, as far as I know. Among other beetles found on this occasion may be mentioned Brady- cellus placidus Gyll., in numbers in flood rubbish; Ithynchaenus foliorum Mill. (=Orchestes saliceti Pk.), a specimen swept from osiers—I had never before taken it, and think it must be very local; and Ceuthorhyn- chus, chrysunthemi Germ. (a rare species to me and to some other collec- tors) sparingly off ox-eye daisies.—A. A. ALLEN. THe Hasitat or Baris scoLopackA GERMAR.—Mr. Wakely’s note on this very local weevil (antea, p. 97) is interesting, and as far as I know without having searched the literature, his is the first record of its con- nection with Atriplex littoralis. In all likelihood both this and A. por- tulacoides* are food-plants of the insect. I cannot claim to have bred it from the latter, but there can be no doubt that the beetle occurs on portulacoides. As Mr. Wakely implies, this does not however prove it to be a pabulum of either the larva or imago (cf. the habit possessed by several species of Apion of congregating on plants quite unrelated to their host-species). B. scolopacea is to be taken by sweeping large un- mixed expanses of the sea-purslane, besides scattered clumps of it asso- ciated with other plants, from June to August in‘ the salt-marsh near Higham (Gravesend district) and in similar conditions, but more spar- ingly, near Port Victoria in the Isle of Grain—both in N.W. Kent. On June 18th, 1950, I captured two very fresh specimens in the salterns adjoining Benfleet, S. Essex—Mr. Wakely’s locality—which were quite certainly brushed from A. portulacoides growing in dense unmixed masses along the edge of a tidal’ creek. Though the records are few, the species probably occurs all along the Thames marshes from below Graves- end to the estuary, on both sides of the river, where suitable conditions exist; I do not know whether it is still to be found in the Isle of Sheppey (the original British locality)—A. A. AtLeN, The Tiled House, 63 Black- heath Park, London, S.E.3. Fifty Years Ago (From The Entomologist’s Record of July 1901) ImaGINAL DEVELOPMENT IN Pupak OF LACHNEIS LANESTRIS.—Owing to the statement in Barrett’s work being contrary to my own recollec- tion, I examined a pupa or two in my possession, and, finding it erron- eous, I referred the matter to Mr. A. Russell, who had a large number (some thirty) of non-emerging pupae in the early summer of 1899, many [*This plant has now been removed into the genus Obione Gaertn.—ED.] CURRENT LITERATURE. iy: of which he examined and in none of which he found any trace of imag- inal development, nor could | find anywhere, among all the references I collected . . . any authority for the statement that the imago was fully developed and awaited emergence sometimes for several years.— J. W. Tort. _A SuccessFuL Hunt ror Lytra vesicatoria.—Having determined for some years past to try and find the ‘blister beetle’ in Cambridgeshire, 1 gladly accepted Mr. Verrall’s kind invitation to stay with him at New- market in July 1900, especially as a living specimen had been brought to him about that time in 1899. Mr. Verrall thought he knew where the beetle would occur, as there are a number of old ash trees near the spot where the insect which was brought to him was taken. I was not, how- ever, fortunate enough to find the beetle, and came to the conclusion that it was too late... This year, Mr. Verrall having again kindly asked me to come up and stay with him, and once more try my luck, I determined to run the beetle down if possible. I had made and took down with me a 36 ft. pole and a large dust sheet. Mr. Verrall’s locality again drew blank, so it was decided to go further afield and beat every ash tree in the county till I got it. On June 2lst, accompanied by Mr. Collin, having ridden some fifteen miles, and tramped about five, and beaten every ash tree we couid find, without success, we began to think that we were engaged in a wild goose chase. We determined, however, to try a few more trees before giving in, and having reached some fairly young trees, I was delighted to see four specimens seated on a low bough. I shouted to Mr. Collin, who had gone ahead, that I had got the creature, and after mutual congratulations we set to work with the pole and sheet on all the ash trees near, and with his assistance I was fortunate enough to take eleven specimens. It is nearly thirty years since the beetle was taken, with the exception of one or two single chance specimens.— Horace DoNISTHORPE. Current Literature THE PrincripLes oF INsEcT Puystotocy. By V. B. Wigglesworth. Fourth edition, revised. Pp. viii + 544. London: Methuen, 1950. 42s. This is an entirely new edition of Dr. Wigglesworth’s ‘ Principles of Insect Physiology ’ which has undoubtedly proved itself to be the most outstanding amongst textbooks dealing with any aspect of Entomology published since Imms’s great general textbook of 1934 (last revised edition). Wigglesworth’s book is now so well known and so widely appre- ciated that any general discussion of it is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say that this new edition contains a great deal of new matter and many new illustrations and that the author has succeeded by the addi- tion of a hundred pages in covering in a marvellously concise, yet read- able, manner the vast additional literature which has accumulated since the first edition was published in 1939. Some chapters, where the ad- vance has been particularly great, such as the study of development and of the integument, are almost entirely re-written; others have been skil- fully brought up to date without disrupting them and making them patchy. It is indeed a work which no entomologist concerned either with insect physiology, morphology or economic entomology can afford 156 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIIL or Vib 95) to be without, and from which all entomologists and indeed zoologists will derive much profit. A useful new feature of the present edition is the index of authors which makes the finding of the results of a particu- lar paper very much easier than in the old. The printing and general standard of production are admirable. But why does this firm of publishers insist on eceninnae as ‘‘editions”’ what most of us would call ‘‘impressions’’?? ‘‘Editions’’ two and thi | of this work are in fact merely new impressions of the first edition and contain no material change or revision of any kind. The volume here reviewed is thus, in usual parlance, the second edition and not the fourth. Wis [The practice of printing the words ‘‘ New Edition’’ on the title page of a reprint or fresh impression is, in the case of scientific works, misleading and therefore reprehensible. Scientific books are in a different class from general literature and in the case of textbooks the words ‘new edition’? are universally regarded as an assurance that the book has been brought up to date.—Ep. | VERZEICHNIS DER KAFER MITTELEUROPAS (in two volumes). By A. Horion. Vol. I. 8 x 6ins., 266 + 10 pp., typescript, boards. Stuttgart (Alfred Kernen Verlag), 1951. Price 12 DM.—This publication, by the author of the Supplement to Reitter’s great work on the Coleoptera ot Germany, is a distributional catalogue of the beetles hitherto known as inhabiting Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, with short faunistic indications and an explanatory preface; the last work on the subject (Schilsky’s Mitteleuropdische Kdferverzeichnis, 1909) being long out ot date. Vol. I covers the superfamilies Caraboidea to Brachymera. Students of our own Coleoptera mostly concern themselves too little with the distribution of the species abroad; but even those whose study is wholly limited to the British fauna and who, maybe, have no very pro- found knowledge of the German language, will find in the present work a mass of concise information on this interesting and important aspect of their science. Under each species are given brief indications of its general range followed by more detailed ones relating to Central Europe. Some species not yet found in the latter region, but expected to occur, are included. It is of interest to note, among other things, what pro- portion and which of our British species do not figure at all in this fauna. The more noteworthy of the intraspecific forms and a few synonyms, and also most subgenera, are given; the systematic arrangement is based on Winkler (1924-32). In the matter of nomenclature Dr. Horion has exer- cised commendable restraint, in that he has wisely avoided many of the sweeping and very debatable changes advocated in some quarters to-day. There is a key to abbreviations and symbols used, with examples set out in full. Only a few minor misprints appear (such as ‘Abkiirung’ for ‘Abkiirzung’ in three places). We welcome this useful and timely pro- duction and look forward to the second volume.—A. A. A. Trevsia, 21, pt. | (25.1v.1951), contains, at pp. 133-182, the fourth instalment of A. Diakonoff’s paper (in English) on the Malayan Tortri- cidae. Altogether one genus, eighteen species and one subspecies are described as new. There are drawings of the genitalia, and the types will be deposited at the Rijksmuseum v. Nat. Hist. at Leiden. EXCHANGES. ie Subserlbers may ee Lists of Dutenieates and Desiderata inserted free of cnaeees They should be sent to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney coer Beas St. ‘Albans, _ Herts. sai ee and notes on Orthoptera and allied Orders Hees all parts of “54, Great Britain, Ireland and the Channel Islands, especially from the Mid- lands, Central Wales, Scotland and outlying islands. Specimens returned promptly. —D. K. McE. Kevan, University of Nottingham, School of Agri- culture,’ Sution Bonington, near Loughborough, Leics. ‘Wanted—Records of the following Butterfiies from the New Forest: crataegi, Ssinapis, tris, c-album, polychloros, cinxia, aurined, galatea, betulae semt- argus, lucina. lineola, actaeon.—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. Wanted—Intormation eraats the biology, ecology, and distribution of x Smerinthus ocellata, Laodthoe populi, Mimas tiliae, Sphinx ligustri and _Deilephila elpenor in the London area; with special reference to foodplants, parasites, habitat and the effects of bombed sites—D. F. OWEN, 3 Lockmead . Road, Lewisham. London, S.E.13. LIVING EGGS, LARVAE, PUPAE. = Fi > : Vespa oe ae Sis | 4 must be distinctly understood that fhe publication of the undermentionéd a offers of exchange is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authen- Re ticity, or good condition of the species nor for the fertility of eggs. This --—s Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of exchangers but to ab- ae By solve the Editor from responsibility in case the privilege of publication on this ‘ ‘page should be abused. Br + ‘Duplicates—Ova, larvae and pupae of chr Pa en ae (Brown-tail), quereifolia Bs (Lappet), quercus (Oak Eggar), pavonia (carpini—Emperor), potatoria - (Drinker), strataria (Oak Beauty), tiliae (Lime Hawkmoth) dominula (Scarlet . ae ; Oe Wanted—Living ova, larvae and pupae, British and Bxouer iT. 7 For, 98 Boxwell Road, Berkhamsted, Herts. at you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIC | PHLAEAS, you can be interested for Ufe in their British aberrations: by jeptatning: ‘ PRICE. £2 10s, post fra | direct from : — ‘ Duplicates—Larvae of pavonia (carpini—Emperor), poelates (Eyed Hawkmoth), — _vinula (Puss-moth). Wanted—Larvae of hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow), ova or © larvae of pinastri (Pine Hawkmoth) Peter G. Baker, Lawn End, Grange — Court Road, Harpenden, Herts. > ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890). Editor: BE. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. Assistant Editor: P. B. M. ALLAN, M.B.E., M.A., F. S. A., F.R.E.S. Treasurer: H. W. ANDREWS, PRES. Publicity and Advertisements: F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Lepidoptera: S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.,, Dr. H. B. WILLIAMS, K.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: Dr. MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’ASSIS-FONSECA, J. E. COLLIN, F.R.E.S. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD is published on the ae day of each month. = CONTENTS EDITORIAL ie oe os eM sae ax z ee 2h fos ae Baik 4) THE GENETICS OF CLEORA CINCTARIA SCHIFF. AB. SUBMARMORIN- ARIA FUCHS AND AB. SCHULZEI HEINRICH. E. A. Cockayne, D.M. 126 LEPIDOPTERA IN RENFREWSHIRE. A. M. Maclaurin ... aos Xr Beta (2 NOTES ON SPHINGIDAE IN THE TETBURY (GLOS.) AREA. J. Newton 132 HOW I DISCOVERED POECILOPSIS (NYSSIA) LAPPONARIA BOISD. IN THE RANNOCH DISTRICT. £E. A. Cockayne, D.M. ... Be se ere THE OLD WIVES’ TALE. 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Ltd., Arbroath. . ee SEPTEMBER 1951 EDREDED ENED ENENOYE ¥ ( \) 59 ie ee 5) 69 +) AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION = oy) EDITED BY | BS . EB, A. COCKAYNE © | aa M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. : f9) ; st) MUS. COYP. 282%. 3 LiBRARY | | BD OCT -1 1951) = HARYARD = | UNIVERSITY ® = a) 2 a2) woe fs INSECTS OF THE BRITISH WOODLANDS By R. NEIL CHRYSTAL, M.A. (Dept. cf Forestry, University of Oxford). ‘Will certainly appeal strongly to Entomologists and to lovers of nature ’— Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine. ‘‘ A veritable mine of information on insect life in general ’’—Journal of R.H. Society. ‘“‘ This book combines an excellent introduction to Entomology with the application of science to Forestry ’—The Naturalist. PRICE 15/- NET. All Orders tc be placed through a Bookseller. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., - - = 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, LONDON, W.C.2. H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd. Scientific and Technical Publishers and Booksellers BOOKS on the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES supplied from stock or obtained to order. 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CLASSEY, F.R.E:S., S1 Bedfont Lane, Feltham, Middlesex. J.J. HILL & SON ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS Microscopes & Accessories. Slides also made to order from customers’ orig- inals, negatives, prints, etc. Microprojectors. Microscopical Preparations. Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc. available from time to time. Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application. YEWFIELD ROAD N.W.is, ‘Phone: WiuKspxx 0309. - MUS. TE LUU ENTOMOLOGISTS are this country to-day who, as a class, can, and consistently ae ae legibly. The reason for this, probably, is partly because prmlamiors are superior beings and panty because a man who can set out the wings, antennae and legs of a Ceci- domyid, a Trichogramma, a Nepticulid must needs have hands that can work like precision tools and a patience superior to that of Sisyphus. Years ago, so far as ‘ copperplate’ handwriting was concerned, the palm was borne by solicitors’ cierks; but with the coming ot the type- writer a rot set in and when they take up a pen to-day the gentlemen of the green tape are but as other men. Lettering is now taught in most of the technical schools; but if one may judge by the output of some of those who have qualified at these institutions the object aimed at is not legibility but deformity of the - alphabet. Indeed, it would appear that the more monstrous the dis- tortions of the letters the greater the success of the student; for per- version of alphabetical characters is a sine qua non in the world of posters and advertisements to-day. He who would sell his wares must no longer sing their praises: he must scream them stridently, accompanied by nightmarish anamorphosis. Doubtless it pays, because so few people are entomologists and therefore able to distinguish be- tween a well set and a badly set advertisement. Yet although we entomologists compared with our fellow-men are in a class by ourselves it is unfortunately the case that we are but human—a superior class of human it is true, but still human—and therefore subject to some of the ills that flesh is heir to. One of these ills is a certain unsteadiness of hand as we attain mature age, with the resuit that when such words as ‘ gynandromorph ’ and ‘ heterozygous ’ —not to mention Mimuesioptilus bipunctidactylus Haw.—occur in our contributions to the magazines they may become something of a pro- blem for the printer, no matter how obvious they are to us. Recog- nizing this difficulty some of us make a practice—and an admirable practice it 1s too—of writing recondite words in capital letters. Others use a typewriter, which of course is better still. Yet a typewriter does not always evade the difficulty because typewriters like entomolo- gists sometimes become very old and their keys or notes, or whatever they are called, very shaky and their ribbons faded to the palest of lilac tints. Moreover one has only to punch the wrong note once or twice to play havoc with Mimaesioptilus, not to mention bipunctidacty- lus Haw. Bad handwriting is always a trial to an editor, but it is nothing like so dreadful, so irritating, so maddening as a typescript on flimsy paper which looks as though it had been left in a bucket of ' water overnight. The typewriter difficulty will pass when machines and) ribbons and, above all, paper are once more procurable, and procurable at a price which we can all afford to pay. Meanwhile so long as we are denied their use there is the alternative of ‘ block letters,’ and no ‘ shortages ’ and rises in prices can deny us the use of these. Also, as we have al- ready said, entomologists always write legibly—at least nearly always. 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/ LX] 1951 Aberrations of British Macrolepidoptera By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Plate’ V- [The aberrations described and named in this paper are in the Roths- child-Cookayne-Kettlewell collection in the British Museum.} ACRONICTINAE. Cryphia perla Fabricius. Ab. aurolichenea ab. nov. ~The ground colour of the forewings is dark greenish orange with the markings obscured as in ab. suffusa Tutt; the thorax is the same colour. The hindwing is suffused with grey as in ab. suffusa, but with a faint orange tint in the ground colour. Type ¢: Folkestone, vii.1900 S. G. Hills. Rothschild coll. Allotype @: Folkestone (Cooper’s sale, 8.vii,1896) Christy coll. Paratype @; Loc. incog. (J. A. Clark coll.) F. J. Hanbury coll. B.M. 1938-683. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. Fig. t Bena fagana ssp. brifannica ab. leucozona. Fig. 2. Bena fagana ssp. britannica ab. trilinea. Fig. 3. Phlogophora meticulcsa ab. fumosa “Fig. 4. Catocala nupta ab. nigra. Fig. 5. Mormo maura ab. bicolor. Fig. 6. Sidemia ypsillon ab. diluta. Fig. 7. Meristis trigrammica ab. eccentrica. Fig. 8. Plusia pulchrina ab. denudata. Fig. 9. Cosmia trapezina ab. posinigra. Fig. 10. Procus strigilis ab. albilinea. Fig. 11. Euclidermera mi ab. costimacula. Fig. 12. Colocasia coryli ab. deleta. AMPHIPYRINAE. Amphipyra pyramidea Linnaeus. Ab. latilinea ab. nov. On the forewing the postmedian line is displaced outwards towards the termen and more curved than usual in its anterior third; it is bordered externally by a broad pale line in its anterior third and by a narrow one in its posterior two-thirds; the pale submarginal line is wider than usual. Type 2: Chingford, Essex, 16.v11i.1906, F. J. Coulson. Cockayne coll. It is figured: Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and N.H. Soc., 1937-1938. PI. We 74. Mormo maura Linnaeus. Ab. bicolor ab. nov. (Fig. 5.) On the forewing the areas between the base and the antemedian line, outside the postmedian line, and outside the subterminal line, are very pale in colour; the dark shading internal to the subterminal] line is present near the costa, but gradually becomes narrower and much fainter towards the inner margin. The border of the hindwing is very pale and there is a pale line across the middle of the wing. The thorax and abdomen are much paler than usual. Type 2: New Forest, 1892, C. Gulliver. (A. Horne and Willoughby Ellis coll.) Cockayne coll. PLATE V. MOL ELXLTT. ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA. 159 Procus strigilis Linnacus. Ab. albilinea ab. nov. (Fig. 10.) On the forewing the median area is normal and the marginal area greyish; the antemedian and postmedian lines are each bordered by a clear white line, which begins on the costa and reaches the inner mar- gin. These two complete white transverse lines give the aberration a distinctive and beautiful appearance. ‘Type 2: Howth, Ireland, 1891, E. R. Curgon per A. Doncaster. Bankes coll. Paratype ©: Wicken, 23.v1.1897. Christy coll. Both specimens have a black bar in the median area. Procus literosa Haworth. Ab. pallida ab. nov. The ground colour. of the forewing is pale grey without the rosy tint of nominotypical literosa; the basal and median areas are little darker than the outer part of the wing; the dark bar in the median area is absent in some examples and seldom as dark as in normal literosa. The hindwing is paler than usual. The head and thorax are pale grey. Type do: Camber, Sussex, 22.vii.1939, A. L. Goodson. Cockayne coll. Allotype 2: same data. Paratypes 3 65, 3 29: Camber, Sussex, 1 6, 2.vii, 2 dd, 22.vil. 1939, 1 9, 2.vii, 2 2 2, 22.vii.1939. A. L. Goodson. Cockayne coll. This form is comparable with Procus bicoloria ab. pallida Tutt. There is a series of 17 of the pale form from Camber and 5 rather darker, but also without the rosy tint. Apamea sublustris Esper. Ab. rufescens ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is dull reddish yellow, much darker than that of normal sublustris; the markings are darker reddish, less distinct than usual, and not contrasting sharply with the ground colour. The hindwing is darker than usual. The aberration is darker, redder, and more unicolorous than nominotypical sublustris. Type do: Co. Sligo, Ireland, 20.vi.1914, L. A. E. Sabine. Allotype 9: Co. Sligo, 23.vi.1914, L. A. E. Sabine. Paratypes 2 dd, 2 29: 2 36d, Co. Sligo, 20.vi.1914, 17.vi.1914, 2 99, 20.vi.1914, L. A. E. Sabine. Rothschild coll. Sidemia ypsillon Schiffermiiller (fisstpuncta Haworth). Ab. diluta ab. move: (Hic. -G,) The head, thorax, and forewings are pale brownish grey with the markings a slightly darker shade of brownish grey instead of blackish brown. The abdomen. is whitish grey. This is an albinistic or dilute form. Type ¢: Shanklin, T. of Wight, 19.vii.1908, Rev. F. H. Fisher. Bankes coll. . Lwperina testacea Schiffermiiller. Ab. vittata ab. nov. — On the forewing the stigmata are pale, but the markings in the median and basal areas are dark fuscous; outside the postmedian line and extending to the submarginal line is a broad band of pale whitish ochreous colour; there is a pale marginal line of the same colour and between this and the broad band lies the broken dark submarginal line. The hindwing is whitish with a slight ochreous tint. 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/TX/1951 Type @: Seabrook, 1914, Perey Richards. (Bright coll.) Roths- child coll. Phlogophora meticulosa Linnaeus. Ab. fumosa ab. nov. (Fig. 3.) All the pale parts of the forewing and the anterior part of the thorax are slightly smoky giving the aberration a peculiar dull appearance. The hindwing is normal. i Type d: near Tring, Herts., 17.xi.19388, A. L. Goodson. Cockayne coll. Meristis trigrammica Hufnagel. Ab. eccentrica ab. nov. (Fig. 7.) On the forewing the basal, antemedian, and postmedian lines are in their usual positions, but the median line, which is of the same thick- ness as the others, is displaced outwards and runs parallel and close to the postmedian and lies some distance outside the discoidal spot in- stead of running through it or just internal to it; the discoidal spot is just visible. Type @: Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks., 1922, taken by Major H. C. Gun- ton. This is recorded without a description (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922. -xty). Hydraccia fucosa Freyer ssp. paludis Tutt. Ab. virgata ab. nov. On the forewing the median area from a point just internal to the orbicular to a point just external to the reniform is completely filled with dark scales forming a broad median band. Type @: Harwich district, vii.1905, G. F. Mathew. F. J. Hanbury coll. B.M. 1938-683. Hydraecia micacea Esper. Ab. diluta ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is whitish with a faint tinge of yellowish pink, the markings pale with a slight rosy tint; the narrow postmedian and marginal lines are rather darker. The hindwing and abdomen are pale cream colour, with the markings on the hindwing very faint. The thorax is pale rosy brown. This is an albinistic or dilute form. Type ¢: Alton, Hants., 10.1x.1949, H. S. and P. J. Robinson. No. C193 7. Paratype ¢: Tring, Herts., 21.ix.1898. A.'T. Goodson. Rothschild coll. Heliothis maritima ssp. septentrionalis Hoffmeyer. Ab. albida ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is white; the central dot of the orbicular and the dark central marks of the reniform are present and distinct; all the other dark markings especially the median shade are very pale, but the subapical mark and the dots of the subterminal line are darker; the marginal row of dots is black; the marginal area be- tween the subterminal line and the termen is white. The hindwing is normal. The thorax is pale. Type d: Loc. incog. (F. Bond, S. Webb, Vauncey Harpur Crewe coll.) Rothschild coll. ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA. 161 Cosmia trapezina Linnaeus. Ab. postnigra ab. nov. (Fig. 9.) That part of the hindwing which is usually brownish or greyish is intensely black, the costal part and the margin are cream coloured. The fringes are pale with a slight rufous tint. The contrast between the pale forewings and the black hindwings is remarkable. Type do: Loc. incog. (E. Cornell coll.) Rothschild coll. Cosmiu trapezina Linnaeus. Ab. conjuncta ab. nov. On the forewing the black dot at the lower end of the reniform is extended as a black line to the lower end of the orbicular. : Type 2: New Forest, Hants., 1910, P. Haig Thomas. B.M. 1928- 485. Enargiu paleacea Esper. Ab. citrina ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is pale yellow or straw colour, the markings are normal. The hindwing is yellowish cream colour. Type do: Sandburn, Yorks., 2.ix.1939, A. Smith. Cockayne coll. Allotype Q@: Sandburn, Yorks., 26.vii.1908, A. Smith. Cockayne coll. Arenostola pyyminu Haworth. Ab. lutea ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is clear yellow with no trace ot rufous. Type 9: Redmires, near Sheffield, 8.1x.1900, EK. A. Cockayne. WESTERMANNIINAE. Bena lad Fabricius ssp. britannica Warren. Ab. leucozona ab. nov. (Fig. 1.) On the forewing there is a broad white band in the eben area bordered on each side by an oblique green line separating it from the first and second oblique white lines; on the distal part of the wing there is more white than usual; in most examples it is entirely white with the exception of two green oblique lines; the basal area is green. All the examples I have seen are females. Type 9: Bodmin, 1914, A. Bowen. Rothschild coll. Paratypes 4 99: 2 99, Redhill, Surrey, 1900, T. Grosvenor. (Bright coll.) Rothschild coll.: 1 2, Folkestone, 26.iv.1898, S. G. Hills. (Whitehouse coll.) Cockayne coll.: 1 ¢ Loc. incog. (Sale Glendining, 28.11.1946, lot 188.) Cockayne coll. Bena fagana Fabricius ssp. britannica Warren. ‘Ab. trilinea ab. nov. (Fig. 2.) On the forewing the three oblique white lines are broader than usual and very sharply defined; the ground colour is darker green than usual and the pale shading in the median area and elsewhere is almost entirely absent. Type 2: Loe. incog. (H. oot Be Or Hanbury coll.) Cockayne coll. Bena fagana Fabricius ssp. britannica Warren. Ab. anargyria ab. nov. The silvery white stripes on the forewing are absent in the male and absent or almost absent in the female, being replaced by pale green. Type ¢: Princes Risborough, bred 2.iv.1924 by E. A. Cockayne. 162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LXIII. 15/ TX {1951 Allotype @: Princes Risborough, bred 27.111.1924 by E. A. Cock- ayne. Paratypes 2 65, 2 92: 1 6, Princes Risborough, bred 24.111.1924 by E. A. Cockayne: 1 6, Tring, Herts., 5.vi.1944, A. L. Goodson. Cockayne coll. 1 92, Princes Risborough, bred 27.i11.1924 by E. A. Cockayne: 1 9, N. Kent, 1915, L. W. Newman. (Bright coll.) Roths- child coll. SARROTHRIPINAE. Sarrothripus revayana Scopoli. Ab. combinata ab. nov. This combines the streaked pattern of revayana Scopoli with that ot bifasciana Donovan with its transverse lines. Type 9: New Forest, 15.vii.1905, Smallpiece. (Bright coll.) Roths- child coll. Sarrothripus revayana Scopoli. Ab. conjuncta ab. nov. On the forewing a black bar runs from the median black dot (the reniform) to the antemedian line. Type ¢: Oxshott, bred 15.vii,1925 by E. A. Cockayne. Allotype 2: New Forest, 1907, E. Morris. (Bright coll.) Rothschild coll. Paratypes 3 $9: 1 9, New Forest, J. Gulliver. (Bright coll.) Rothschild coll.: 1 9, New Forest, 1903. (Gibbs coll.) Rothschild coll.: 1 9, New Forest, 1900, P. M. Bright. Rothschild coll. CaTOCALINAE. Euclidemera mi Clerck. Ab. costimacula ab. nov. (Fig. 11.) On the forewing the basal area is paler than usual; there is a dark mark on the costa, which just encloses the reniform and orbicular, is curved on the distal side, and has a small hook-shaped projection at the proximal end pointing to the inner margin; the subterminal and mar- ginal lines are normal; the rest of the wing is very pale cream colour and contrasts strongly with the dark markings. On the hindwing the basal area is dark grey-brown without the usual light areas of ground colour; a broad band of light ground colour separates it from the black band running parallel with the margin; the black marginal band is normal. Type ¢: Mickleham, Surrey, 1878, Carpenter. (F. Bond coll.) R. Adkin coll. Allotype @: Devon, 1905, J. W. Metcalfe. Cockayne coll. Catocala nupta Linnaeus. Ab. nigra ab. nov. (Fig. 4.) The forewing and thorax are almost black; on the forewing there are traces of the two light marks near the reniform and of the pale subterminal line. The hindwing is normal. The abdomen is blackish brown. | Type od: near Dartford, Kent, bred 30.viii.1920 by F. Howard Lan- cum from a wild larva. Recorded Entomologist, 1920, 53: 236. Cutocala (Mormonia) sponsa Linnaeus. Ab. postlactea ab. nov. The forewings, thorax, and abdomen lack the brown tone of normal sponsa. On the hindwings the usual purplish red is replaced by white ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA. 163 with a creamy tint in the basal area. The ground colour of the under- _side of the hindwings is cream coloured. Type 6: New Forest, 1881. (Coverdale, Tutt, Vauncey Harpur Crewe coll.) Rothschild coll. PANTHEINAE. Colocasia corylt Linnaeus. Ab. deleta ab. nov. The whole of the median area of the forewing is cream coloured without any markings except a thin dark line round the orbicular and a dark dot inside it, a dark line on the proximal side of the reni- form and another inside the reniform; the basal, antemedian, and post- median lines are absent; the basal area is light brown and the outer part of the wing is uniformly pale brownish-grey with the subterminal line slightly darker. The hindwing is light greyish brown on the inner margin and border, and paler elsewhere. Type 9: New Forest, 1921, B. W. Adkin. Cockayne coll. PLUSIINAE. Plusia festucae Linnaeus. Ab. ignita ab. nov. The usual brown markings are rich red-brown and the pale mark- ings are bright reddish orange; the thorax is reddish orange and the abdomen is rosy red at the sides and on the anal end. The antennae and legs are bright reddish orange. On the underside the costa of the forewing is bright reddish orange, the hindwing and abdomen are a lighter shade of the same colour. The aberration is a more brilliant and fiery red than any other I have seen. Type ¢: Rannoch, bred 3.vii.1908, by L. A. E. Sabine. Paratype 6: Rannoch, bred 2.vii.1908 by L. A. E. Sabine. Roths- child coll. Plusia pulchrina Haworth. Ab. gloriosa ab. nov. On the forewing there is a large wedge-shaped golden patch begin- ning at the antemedian line as a narrow streak and widening gradu- ally and becoming less defined when it reaches the postmedian line; there is a golden line along the subcostal and another along the median nervure, and two diffuse golden streaks, one between nervures 4 and 5 and another between 5 and 6; there is a golden line along the edge of . the subterminal line and an area of diffuse pale rosy colour outside it. Type d: Sheepscombe, Gloucester, 21.vi.1919, captured by G. C. Clutterbuck. Rothschild coll. Recorded and figured Entomologist, 1920, 53: 1, text fig. Plusia pulchrina Haworth. Ab. denudata ab. nov. (Fig. 8.) The area between nervurés 1 and 3 on the forewing from the ante- median to the postmedian line is almost symmetrically devoid of scales except those of the golden marks, which remain intact; the proximal and distal sides of the reniform are golden and there are scattered golden scales along the external aspect of the subterminal line. The underside is normal. Type ¢: Rodborough, Glos., 1.vii.1919, L. Lacey. B.M. 1933-66. Recorded without description Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1922, xciv. 164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/TX /1951 It seems almost certain that such a symmetrical deficiency of scales with the golden marks remaining perfect and with other abnormalities | of pattern must be genetic. Plusia gamma Linnaeus. Ab. alba ab. nov. All parts of the moth are white, the forewing slightly tinged with cream and the markings pale greyish; the thorax has pale brownish grey markings. Type ¢: Salcombe, S. Devon, viii.1931, H. B. D. Kettlewell. The specimen is much worn and damaged, having been kept for eggs under the mistaken impression that it was a female. A similar example from Silesia is figured by Culot, Noct. et Geom., 24 iP h, elie Episema caeruleocephala Linnaeus. Ab. funesta ab. nov. The usually conspicuous stigmata on the forewing are the same colour as the rest of the wing and therefore invisible. Type 2: Brighton. (Stevens sale, 27.111.1900). Christy coll. Paratype 2: same data. One of these is figured by Barrett, Pl. 115, fig. 2c, but the marginal area is too pale and too blue as in the normal examples on the same plate. The aberration is more uniformly dark than ab. capnodes Dannehl (Ent. Z., 1925, 39: 152.) OPHIDERINAE. Lygephila pastinum Treitschke. Ab. obscura ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is much darker than normal and is almost the same colour as the subterminal band, which is also un- usually dark. The hindwing is slighty darker than usual. Type ¢: Penarth, 1904, C. W. Williams. Cockayne coll. Acontia luctuosa Schiffermiiller. Ab. reducta ab. nov. On the forewing the white central spot is much reduced in size and. separated from the costa; on the hindwing the white areas are reduced in size. Type ¢: Northfleet, vi.1867. Rothschild coll. . HYPENINAE. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treitschke. Ab. paradoxa ab. nov. The areas on the forewing between the basal and antemedian lines and between the postmedian line and the termen are considerably darker than the median area. The outer half of the hindwing from the post- median line to the margin is darkened. Type ¢: Torquay, S. Devon, 2.viii.1922, J. W. Metcalfe. Cock- ayne coll. Zanclognatha grisealis Schiffermiller. Ab. approximata ab. nov. The postmedian (second) line is displaced towards the antemedian and united to it along the costa. The postmedian line touches the dis- coidal spot instead of running some distance external to it. All the lines are thicker than usual and are of the same thickness. Type 2: Wye, Kent, 4.vi.1910, Perey Richards. Rothschild coll. Recorded with text figure Hntomologist, 1911, 44: 1. COLLECTING IN BRITISH GUIANA. 165 Collecting in British Guiana By J. P. Saw. British Guiana lies between the Equator and Lat. 8° N. The cli- mate is therefore tropical, with wet and dry seasons, but the heat is not excessive, the shade temperature keeping between 70° and 90° all the year round; humidity, however, is very great. The country is divided into three regions: the coastal plain, up to 20 miles in depth,.and in parts below sea-level; a belt of forest over 100 miles in width traversing the country from east to west; and the in- terior, consisting of the Savannahs, open grass-land with ranges of hills. These regions have, to a large extent, their own typical flora and fauna. Travelling is difficult, although since the advent of the aeroplane many isolated places can be reached easily. A road and railway follow the coast line; the only other road is that leading from Bartica, 40 miles up the Essequibo river, to Potaro. This runs for over 100 miles through the forest, not a comfortable journey as owing to the sandy soil and heavy rains the surface is far from good; only lorries can be used, a good average speed being 12 m.p.h. The only hotels, except those at Bartica, are near the coast, and travellers have to carry their own food and bedding. | The most complete entomological collection, in the Georgetown Museum, was destroyed by fire in 1945. There is a smaller collection in the Department of Agriculture, and I saw two private ones; apart from a very few enthusiasts, little interest is taken in Entomology. The first thing that strikes the visitor is the apparent scarcity of butterflies. The number of really common species is quite few; among them may be mentioned Danais archippus, Anartia jatrophae, Pieris monuste, and Catopsilia eubule, philea and statira. Morpho menelaus can be seen in large numbers at the proper place and time, but, as in the case of M. achilles, a few specimens are to be seen at any time of year. The other species of Morpho are perseus, hecuba, deidamia, adonis and rhetenor. I saw only one hecuba, flying at a height of at least 30 ft.; adonis, which has a beautiful pink and pale blue irides- cence, is not uncommon, but flies at about 12 ft. Other less common species, although often seen, are Dione vanillae, Precis lavinia, Colaenis julia, Metamorpho dido, several species of H eliconius, and Papilio poly- damas, thoas and anchisiades. Along the forest paths some of the 30 native species of Euptychia may be seen, and Pierella dracontis, flit- ting a few inches above the ground: Bia actorion is conspicuous owing to its purple sheen. Hesperiids are common, well over 200 species hav- ing been recorded; there are blue and white varieties, and many have tails. Only three ‘‘ blues’’ occur; one of them, Hemiargus hanno, is common. Thecla, however, contributes over 60 species, some of them much larger than the British hairstreaks, and very beautiful. Brasso- lids often fly into lighted houses at dusk. This is a short list, when it is realised that over 800 species of butter- fly have been found in the colony, and that many more are probably still to be discovered. Nearly a quarter of these are Erycinidae, but 166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/ TX] 1951 apart from a few species, such as nymphidia, very few of them are to be seen: the beautiful little Helicopis cupido is perhaps the com- -monest. The others are so rare and widely scattered that it is difficult to understand how they survive, or how so many species have evolved. Practically nothing is known about their life history. In fact, - larvae of any kind are difficult to find. In the forest, walking except on the paths is impossible, so that very little of the enormous quantity of vegetation can be explored. The common Pieridae can often be seen ovipositing on Cassia bushes, and their larvae can be picked up. I saw a female Colaenis laying a batch of eggs on Passiflora; my atten- tion was called to her by the behaviour of the male, who was fluttering round her. Is this a habit of any British species? Papilio anchisiades can often be seen laying: the female seems to lay single eggs on all kinds of leaves. I collected some and reared them on a small shrub whose name I could not discover. In Georgetown, however, the larvae feed gregariouly on Citrus, which does not grow in the forest. Inci- dentally, naming plants is a great difficulty, especially herbs and other low-growing species of no commercial value. As there are at least 200 Orders alone, the services of an expert botanist are required. An occa- sional Heliconid larva can be found: considering the number of spiders and other predaceous insects, mortality among young larvae must be heavy. I saw only one Morpho larva, which was given to me; for- tunately, it was full-fed, as I had no food-plant for it. The chrysalis, very small for the size of the butterfly, died for no apparent reason. The number of species of moths must run into many thousands. The most obvious one, since it flies in the daytime, is Urania leilus, a com- mon species at certain times of year. A number of moths come to light, though not as many as might be expected, among them some very beautiful Micros. Saturniids and Sphingids are not uncommon, and ova can easily be obtained from captured females without any difficulty. This, as regards the Saturniids at any rate, is usually the end of the story, as it is very often impossible to find a food-plant which they will eat. Rosaceae, the commonest food-plants in Europe, do not occur in the tropics; the garden rose has been introduced, but its leaves do not seem to be acceptable. I was given some cocoons of Dirphia tarquinia, collected in the interior; this is a handsome moth, showing marked sexual dimorphism. Pairing was easy, and several hundred ova were obtained, but the larvae refused every kind of leaf offered to them, and all died. Probably their food-plant does not grow in Georgetown. One of the commonest Sphingids is Pseudosphina tetrio, which feeds on Frangipanni; the black, red and orange colours of the larvae and their whip-like ‘‘ tails ’’ are very conspicuous. Several species of Xylophanes were found feeding on Palicowrea; they somewhat resemble our Chaerocampid larvae. The imagines are rather small, and not very attractive. There are of course some very large moths, such as Protoparce, Cocy- tius and Pholus among the Sphingids. I caught a very battered speci- men of Amphimoea walkeri, which is said to be uncommon. Rhecyntis, Arsenura and Dysdaemonia are among the larger Saturniids which may be not uncommonly met with. There are a great many species of Auto- meris, not always easy to identify when in worn condition, as they SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 167 often are. Several specimens of the very large Noctuid Thysania agrtp- pina were seen, and the smaller Hrebus agarista is quite common, to- gether with a similar blackish variety, presumably also an Erebus. As may be gathered from these rather disjointed notes, British Guiana is not a collectors’ paradise. There is much hard work to be done, and disappointments are frequent. However, I much enjoyed my visit; anyone who could afford to spend about 30 years there would pro- bably increase very considerably our knowledge of the local Lepidoptera. Scarcity and Abundance of Insects in Southern Latium in 1950 By Orazio QUERCI. In 1946 we came to live at Formia where we had already collected several times many years ago. A large number of insects were on the wing in the fields, and almost every night some.moth or other came to the light of our diningroom. In 1947 Lepidoptera became scarce; how- ever, other insects were so plentiful that we were able to set more than 6,000 Diptera and Hymenoptera taken between March and November. In 1948 and 1949 insects of almost every Order were apparently absent. We supposed that this dearth might have been caused by the invasion of the Argentine ant and by the excessive use of D.D.T. powder, which was being sprinkled everywhere round about country villas and carried far and wide by the wind. - So we decided to go and collect in some place where the ant had not yet arrived and where D.D.T. was not used. Accordingly in June 1950 (as I have related in a paper printed in the Boll. Labor. Entom. Agrar. Portici, vol. x, pp. 108-130), my wife and I, although we are nearly 80 years of age, went to collect in the beauti- ful valley of the Mollarino river, at an altitude of about 1,500 ft. in the Meta massif, where we had collected occasionally when we were young. We put up at a small hotel and stayed there until the middle of August. In former years there were often rain storms in that area during the summer, so that the ground almost always remained moist. In 1950, however, there were torrential rains in the Spring and no more rain until the autumn. The following remarks about the relative abund- ance and scarcity of insects are taken from my paper above-mentioned. Zygaenidae. We took several males of achilleae Esp. and very few females. No specimen of orytropis B. was seen although in past years it had been on the wing with achilleae. Both filipendulae L. and carnio- lica Scop. were much scarcer than in other years; transalpina Esp. was less frequent and had a longer flight period. Formerly specimens of this species had always been so small and frail that Lord Rothschild and Mr. Bethune-Baker (Proc. Ent. Soc. London, xlviii-liii, t. A-D, 1920) thought they might belong to a new species; in 1950 however they were much larger and both the yellow forms (ranthographa Germ.) and orange forms (awrantiaca Trti.) were less rare. Hesperiidae. In past years we had found plenty of armoricus Ob. in a meadow close to the Mollarino river. In the Spring of 1950 this meadow was overwhelmed by alluvion and no specimen was seen. On the other hand morpheus Pall., of which we had once taken a single specimen, was common in June 1950. 168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1TX./1951 Lycaenidae. In August we took one pair of thersamon Esp., a species which we had not previously seen in that area. JL. pirithous L. (=teli- canus Lang), boeticus L., argiades Pall., alcetas Hoffgg. and arion L., which had always been rare, were abundant in 1950. Other species, for example alexis Poda (=cyllarus Rott.), thersites Cant., escheri Hb. and- ilicis Esp., of which we had previously taken many specimens every year, were virtually absent. Still more striking was the great scarcity, in 1950, of bellargus Rott. and coridon Poda which we had previously seen on the wing in thousands every time we had collected in the Mollarino valleys. - Pieridae. All very scarce except napi L. However, we took a few mannii Mayer and ergane Geyer, which are new to that district. Nymphalidae. All very scarce, notably didyma Esp. which used to be plentiful. Satyridae. Very scarce, even galathea L. which was always abun- dant. Other Orders. An immense number of ‘‘ domestic flies ’’ and some Odonata along the streams; all other Orders practically absent. In spite of the bright lights of our hotel we saw only two moths. This year we have been collecting daily here at Formia on the slopes of the Aurunci mountains. Next November, when insects have ceased to emerge, I will tell you what we have seen and taken. Formia, 15.vii.1951. Current Notes THE prevailing scarcity of Lepidoptera to which our pages have testified recently is not confined to Great Britain. Friends on the Con- tinent report a similar state of affairs from Denmark to Spain. This decrement was particularly noticeable during the first part of the season, especially among the butterflies; but the early spring moths also were chiefly ‘‘ conspicuous by their absence.’’ In our own district Erannis leucophaearia and Theria rupicapraria did not appear at all on fences which in previous years have yielded them in plenty. It has been the same in Denmark. ‘‘ Here too the season has been a very bad one,’ writes Dr. Skat Horrmeyer from Jutland. ‘‘ Of aescularia 1 saw only a few, all of them males.’’ So also in Germany, whence Hr. G. HesseLBartH of Hannover reports: ‘‘ In the spring there was the same remarkable scarcity of Lepidoptera as in England. I did not find any of the species which I have met with regularly in previous years, e.g. H. leucophaearia, H. marginaria, P. pedaria, B. hispidarius and B. stratarius. It was the same with the Taeniocampids.”’ ; As for the spring butterflies, ‘‘ The experience of the Dutch lepi- dopterists fully agrees with that of their confreres in England,’’ writes our friend Mur. B. J. Lempxe from Amsterdam. “Only Preris rapae and P. brassicae were present in fair numbers at the end of May and beginning of June, possibly descendants of the great swarms which were observed here in 1950. Aglais urticae has hardly shown it- self, and up to the present I have heard of only two Vanessa atalanta !” Conditions have been no better in the extreme south-west of France. ‘Our weather has been so rainy since 17th October last that I wonder SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 165 there are any butterflies left !’’ reports Mrs. V. M. Musprarr from St. Jean-de-Luz. ‘‘ Our commonest, Colias croceus, is here but in far fewer numbers than usual; also it turned up very late this year. Dum- pides boeticus has so far not arrived at all, in fact the country seems deserted.’’ In general, our correspondents attribute this scarcity of Lepidop- tera to weather. In Italy, writes Dr. Roger Verity. ‘‘ there was an extraordinary scarcity of butterflies during 1949 and 1950, to such an extent that in many places some species vanished. It was attributed to the very exceptional drought of those two years from March to Octo- ber (not a drop of rain). This year they have increased a bit, but not the Lycaenidae and Anthoceridae, evidently because these feed on deli- cate leguminous plants, which have not yet recovered from the abnor- mal conditions.’’ We print a Note from the Naples district by Sie. Orazio QuERCI at another page. Not the drought but the abnormally wet winter of 1950/1 is held by other correspondents to have been the cause of the scarcity. It was ‘owing to the very bad weather,’’ says Hr. Hessetpartu, that ‘‘ even the commonest hibernators—rhamni, urticae, io—were rarely seen on the wing . . . the first generation of the Pieridae was scarce too, and HKuchloe cardaminés was not nearly so common as in normal years. Of Papilio machaon I saw only one specimen. On the other hand a num- ber of species appeared in their usual numbers—M. aurinia and cinaia, KE. jurtina, A. hyperantus, C. tullia philoxenus, C. rubi, C. argiolus, A. sylvanus ... A friend in Switzerland tells me that he has never known such a scarcity of Rhopalocera, and a Spanish friend writes that in spring most of the common butterflies were very scarce or nearly absent . . . In my opinion the scarcity of Lepidoptera is general in Europe in all districts which have had bad weather. In alpine regions the long and heavy snowfalls will have destroyed many larvae and pupae.’’ Yet in England the experience of all of us is that a severe winter, with much snow and long-continued frosts, always presages a good year for Lepidoptera! It is the wet that kills, not the cold. Notes on Life-Histories, etc. Between the flagstones of our garden path there is a minute plant. a seedling of the common Crucifer Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. which has escaped the gardener’s hoe. It is half an inch high and has a spread of exactly one-inch. This morning, 3rd August, while walking near it a Pieris nap L. flew past, about two feet above the ground. After she had passed the plant she turned and flew down to it. She walked over it once or twice, then curved her abdomen and laid an eve on the underside of the largest of its three very small leaves. The scent of the Cruciferae is perhaps stronger—to us humans—than that given off by most other Families; but that so small a plant could attract a butterfly flying past two feet above it—and there was a wind blowing— suggests a delicacy of chemotropic perception quite outside our ken. Some years ago when tramping over a bleak moorland 1,300 feet above sea-level a small black Geometer (Odezia atrata L.) flew out of a 170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. ei, lay IX /1951 little patch of three or four Umbelliferous plants (Conopodium denuda- tum Koch) growing in the shelter of a stone wall. As the moth was netted for identification two more specimens flew up from the patch and, whirled upwards by the strong wind which sweeps perpetually over those hills, were quickly carried out of sight. Conopodium and two species of Chervil which were never seen during four years’ acquaint- ance with those moors are the only recorded foodplants of this insect, and although Conopodium occurs occasionally on the lower ground in that district this was the only time it was found growing on that open windswept moor. It is in fact a plant of woods and pastures. The moth netted was a female: had she flown above the coping-stone of the wall she would instantly have been whirled up and carried away by a wind which she could never have stemmed. How did this colony of VO. atrata come to be there? Plainly a wan- dering female must have found the little patch of plants and laid eggs. But where did she come from and how did she find the patch? Was it by blind chance that she was blown across the only patch for miles—and a small one at that, that she scented it, managed to get down to the ground and the shelter of herbage perhaps a hundred yards and more after she had passed it, then in a lull, possibly after a good many hours, smelt the plants and made her way to them, fluttering and crawling across the herbage? If so, the odds against her must have been pro- digious. And what of the two which were whirled up out of sight: had either of them any chance az all of reproducing their species? Every field lepidopterist has come across problems of this kind at some time or other, and even if we grant that the incidence of all moths is very much greater, and their range very much wider, than we imagine, the problem still remains. Many experiments have been made on the distance at which a questing male can become cognizant of a ‘calling’ female’s scent; but so far as we are aware no one has yet ex- perimented similarly with freshly fertilized females and their larval foodplants. What is the maximum distance from which a female Pieris napi can ‘smell’ a Cruciferous plant? It should not be very difficult to test this. Perhaps the results of such experiments would astonish us; certainly they would be of considerable interest biologically and of not a little importance to Economic Entomology. We should welcome ob- servations by our readers on this matter. Field Notes Has anybody ever seen or caught a female Lymantria monacha L. on the wing? We have bred this moth on several occasions—from eggs laid by females found at rest on boles (oak in every case)—and even in the largest of cages the females never seem to use their wings. At early dusk they crawl about lazily, and when once darkness has set in they do not appear to move again until the following evening; for in the morning they are found in the same position which they occupied when night fell. Sometimes, when about to oviposit, they will craw] on to a piece of bark at sunset, while the sun is still above the horizon, and with wings pressed flat to the bark and slightly parted, insert the ovipositor into a chink and lay eggs in masses. This operation seems SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 171 to last all night, for the moth is usually found in exactly the same posi- tion next morning. One result of this sluggishness is that the moth remains virtually in ‘ cabinet condition ’ until she dies. We should like to hear the experiences of other lepidopterists with this species. If this sluggishness of the @ L. monacha is habitual it would ac- count for the fact that in one locality known to us the moths, and, of course larvae, occur only on a group of five ancient oaks, though young oaks in plenty grow all round about. Presumably on emergence the female crawls only a foot or two above its cocoon (we usually find the moth at rest from five to seven feet above the ground) and there awaits fertilization. When this is accomplished she crawls perhaps a little higher and oviposits in a chink on the bole of her native tree, never using her wings at all. So her race may have inhabited the same tree, year after year, for perhaps several centuries. Against this sugges- tion is the fact that larvae of L. monacha have been found on birch, and birch is a short-lived tree: it attains maturity in 40-50 years; after that, decay is rapid. So it is plain that the female Z. monacha must use its wings sometimes. What are the conditions which cause it to fly? The bark of a decaying birch has even more delectable crannies for a long ovipositor than the bark of a young one! . How difficult it is to find an occupied cocoon of L. monacha and how easy when once the moth has emerged! The full-grown larva in a deep cranny on the trunk of an old oak, perhaps only a couple of feet from the ground (always, in our experience, on the north or north- north-east side) is difficult enough to spot in all conscience. But if tha exact site be marked and a visit paid next day when the larva is covered by its cocoon it seems impossible that the larva could still be there. Indeed, on more than one occasion when we have done this, gentle prodding with a match-stick has been necessary before we were quite convinced that the bottom of the marked cranny really was in fact the top of a cocoon! Griposia aprilina L. resting by day in a similar position on a similar tree is, for all its procrypsis, as plain as a pikestaff—to the lepidopterist; but L. monacha in its cocooning berth is as ‘ difficult ’ as any larva with which we are acquainted. The larvae of certain species which rest by day pressed closely to a branch are usually not difficult to the practised field lepidopterist. We have all of us found Campaea margaritata L.—which varies its colour according to the bark of its foodplant—and occasionally, in September, a young Lappet (which is much more difficult); for no man can law- fully call himself a field lepidopterist until he can find any procryptic larva that rests within reach of his hands. With us it is a matter of amour propre: we refuse to be defeated by procrypsis. But a year or two ago we were well and truly beaten, and by so common a species as Allophyes oxyacanthae L. too. The usual mud-coloured form of this larva is of course as easy as can be. But one day, when a beating-tray was taken to collect Cirrhia gilvago Schf. in quantity from elm seeds, we chanced to smite, in passing, a branch of an ancient hawthorn which was thickly coated with lichen. Into the tray fell a full-grown larva of M. oxyacanthae such as we had never seen before: a bright silver from head to tail. 172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1X/1951 That of course was a direct challenge: next day was spent in searching lichen-clad hawthorns. But not one single larva did we find; yet every bush scrutinized, branch by branch, twig by twig, afterwards yielded silver oxyacanthae to the beating-stick. We were indeed well and truly defeated. But, then, larvae which adopt lichen as the basis of | their protective colouring are notoriously difficult, witness Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. and a not uncommon form of Gonodontis bidentata Cl. In these Notes last June (page 112) we referred to Isturgia limbaria Fab. There is a detailed account of the history of this species in Eng- land by E. W. Platten in the Trans. Suffolk Nat. Soc., 1932, vol, 2, pt. 1, pp. 5-10. Platten asserted that all the Suffolk localities were along the Gipping valley with one exception, Raydon Wood, where it was reported to have been taken in 1851, which was almost certainly erroneous. According to Platten the broom on the Creeting hills was flourishing in 1932, and as the area was then strictly preserved he thought limbaria might linger there still; but he was unable to find the moth after 1903. A good account of its habits are given. There is a further and very interesting account of limbaria by C. G. Nurse in the Ent. mon. Mag., 1933, 69: 33, which describes Percy Reid’s dis- covery of a number of worn specimens in 1911 in a locality which he kept secret. Reid sleeved females on broom and obtained eggs Nurse had some of the larvae which resulted and bred one moth in 1911, others in 1912 and had some pupae lying over in 1914. Reid got his clue to the locality from a schoolboy. . Notes and Observations THe Larva oF SELIDOSEMA BRUNNEARIA DE VILLERS (ERICETARIA DF ViILLERS).—Some years ago I decided to try to find the iarva of Seli- dosema brunnearia. The first thing to do was to find out the correct date, and none of my books gave me any help. Porritt bred the larva from the egg, and I could not rely on his date being right for wild larvae. South says it feeds on ling from September well on into the following spring, and Barrett gives September to April. In the end I had to guess the date and chose the first week in June. The next thing was to decide on the locality. I had taken the moth in the New Forest, but only in small numbers and could not remember the exact place. Mr. A. H. Sperring then told me that it was common on Hayling Island and that there was a very circumscribed patch of heather, on which the larvae must be very abundant, if that was the only food-plant, but he said he had taken the moth a long way from the heather. I did not attach enough importance to this remark. He kindly invited me for a week-end and said he would lead me to the place. On 6th June 1930, which was a warm and favourable night, he took me to the patch of heather and we searched it thoroughly without seeing a single larva. As we were leaving the heather I saw a few bushes of broom and the light of my lamp shone on a large pale geo- meter larva feeding high up on one of them. [I found three or four more on the other brooms and decided that they were too pale to be brunnearia and must be larvae of Ortholitha chenopodiata, a larva which I had not yet seen. © SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 173 After this disappointment we decided to look for larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii, which Mr. Sperring wanted, and walked towards the golf course. On the way I found some more of the pale geometer larvae feeding on restharrow, Ononis arvensis. Soon after this we began to find larvae of trifolii resting on the long grass and with them were large numbers of the larvae of the pale geometer, most of them feeding on an unidentified species of Trifolium with oval flower heads There were also a few on the grass, but apparently not feeding on it. Finding them so abundant, I was more than ever convinced that they were larvae of Ortholitha chenopodiata. | As none of the food plants were obtainable in central London I gathered a bunch of 7J'rifolium and took only 23 larvae of the geometer, some of which I blew and gave others to the late Mr. Worsley-Wood. The larvae I kept went down into the earth within a week and I could have managed many more. To my surprise and delight a male Seli- dosema brunnearia emerged on 5th August and was followed by others of both sexes, the last emerging on 25th August. So I had been suc- cessful after all. My larvae varied a little, but they were all paler and not so grey as the figure given by Buckler, and, though the markings agreed with Porritt’s description and with the figure, they were much less distinct. The two narrow black dorsal lines running close together are the most characteristic and are not present in the larva of chenopodiata.—k. A. Cockayne, 8 High Street, Tring. Errect oF ‘ CRowDING ’ ON THE ConouRATION oF LaRvAE.—With re- ference to the Note under the above heading (Ent. Rec., 63: 88) I _would refer you to three Notes of mine on this subject published in The Entomologist (1944, 77: 79; 1945, 78: 117; 1946, 79: 221). I have found that a number of species produce a dark larval form when over- crowded. In this connection I would record that the only green adult larva of Herse convolvuli L. that I have ever bred was reared as a singleton. I have for a long time intended to experiment with this species, but I have always failed to obtain ova from my females. IT have now secured a large batch of ova from a female of Celerio lineata L. (livornica Esp.) which I intend to rear partly in batches and partly as singletons and it will be interesting to see how the green and dark forms are distributed.—D. G. Srvastoputo, Box 401, Kampala. Uganda, 3.vi1.1951. Largvar Resting sy NIcHT on GRass-STEMS.—With respect to Dr. Cockayne’s note on a larval habit of Orthosia gracilis and Xylena vetusta in the July-August issue (page 142) I have noticed a similar resting habit in many species of night-feeding larvae. When, searching hedge banks in May, with a torch an hour before dawn, larvae of many species of Noctuae and of the common grass-eating butterflies can often be seen resting high up.on the grass-stems. This is especially noticeable: after rain. I think it is the usual habit of night-feeding Noctuid larvae to digest their food in the position Dr. Cockayne describes; but I cannot suggest a reason for it, unless it be that on certain nights the tempera- ture of the air may be a degree higher a foot above the ground, and of course warmth speeds up metabolism. Possibly condensation may also 174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1TX/1951 be concerned: by remaining above the herbage the larva prevents him- self—and his spiracles—from becoming covered with a film of water.— P. B. M. Attan, 4 Windhill, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. IMMIGRATION OF PIERIDAE INTO NorrotkK.—On 17th June 1951 I wit- nessed an immigration of Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. at Mun-— desley-on-Sea, Norfolk. The flight, which was in the proportion of 3 P. brassicae to 1 P. rapae, was observed over an area 200 yards wide only, but possibly it extended further. The direction of the flight was from N.E. to S.W. Rate, 4 per minute. Wind, S.W. moderate. The weather was sunny and warm; there was no cloud. The time during which this flight was observed was from 10.30 a.m. only to 12.0 noon; but no doubt it continued longer. On the previous evening (16th June) at 5.30 p.m. I had noticed a few specimens of P. napi lying dead at the water’s edge; but none of this species was identified on the 17th.— P. G. Baker, Lawn End, Grange Court Road, Harpenden, Herts. ACASIS VIRETATA Hus. NEAR BrrMINGHAM.—W/ith, respect to the Note on Acasis (Lobophora) viretata Hb. at page 138 of the July-August issue this species occurs consistently among the many holly plantations at Sutton Park near Birmingham. I agree that it is a very lovely insect when newly emerged. As for experiences as to foodplants, I have bred it several times; the larvae take to privet and feed up well on it, al- though the natural foodplant at Sutton Park is holly, there being no privet in the area as far as I am aware.—G. B. Manty, 72 Tenbury Road, Birmingham 14. CUCULLIA VERBASCI L. at BirMINGHAM.—For several years I grew cultivated varieties of Verbascum in my garden. One year I noticed that the flowers were being chewed up. The culprits were C. verbasci ° larvae, a dozen of them. There are no Verbascum thapsus in the dis- trict. My plants were of branching habit and grew to a height of 6 ft. or over. CC. verbasci were not exactly welcome visitors, although some of them helped to fill blanks in my collection.—G. B. Manty, 72 Tenbury Road, Birmingham 14. CELLULOID CacEs AND CamMpHor Fumes.—It was interesting to read Mr. Allan’s note on this subject (page 145). As is doubtless well known, camphor is widely used as a ‘ plasticizer’ in cellulose plastics such as cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate. One of the drawbacks of ‘tale’ is the tendency for camphor to evaporate, which leads to brittle- ness and cracking of the material. I invariably use celluloid cylinders in my breeding cages. Although the smell is quite noticeable on a hot day I have, so far, had no trouble with breeding either Huphydryas aurinia or Melitaea cinzia. I have only once bred athalia and, at that time, I was not using celluloid cylinders.—Masor W. A. C. Carter, R.A., Briarfields, Sandels Way, Beaconsfield, Bucks. Kintinge AceEeNts.—A short while ago I read a paper about the Rothampstead Light Trap. As I understood it, the killing agent used was ‘ Trilene ’ (Trichlorethylene). Apart from its safety compared with Potassium cyanide, it was suggested that it left the insects in excellent condition for setting. . SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 175 Lured by the thought of doing away with relaxing, I tried it. I found the exact reverse to be true. JI had the utmost difficulty in set- ting butterflies killed by this means even though they were transferred from the killing jar to a relaxing tin. There was a marked tendency for the insects to become ‘ wet.’ JI cannot be sure that wing coloura- tion was affected, but the eyes of such insects as Pieris rapae, P. napi and Anthocharis cardamines became a bright reddish brown. Since then I have gone back to cyanide. Perhaps my method was wrong. I had an ordinary glass jar with a screw lid. The bottom was covered to a depth of 3 in. or so with plaster of paris and a small quantity of trilene was allowed to soak into the plaster. Any surplus trilene was drained off and I made very sure that there was no free liquid in the jar. Perhaps someone would be kind enough to advise me.—Masor W. A. C. Carrer, R.A., Briarfields, Sandels Way, Beaconsfield, Bucks. PupatiInG Site or ARGYNNIS PAPHIA L.—With reference to Mr. A. L. Goodson’s question regarding the pupating site of A. paphia I think there is no doubt that the larva usually pupates in shrubs and trees rather than on low herbage. In the years 1904 to 1913 I generally spent my summer holiday fortnight in the New Forest, and on dull days I did a lot of ‘beating’. Many times when beating honeysuckle for Limenatis camilla L. I obtained A. paphia and very often dislodged the larvae and pupae from oak, blackthorn, whitethorn, etc. I was in the New Forest in June 1922 and in Stubby Enclosure saw A. cydippe emerging. There was such a large number of them that one could see them crawling up the low herbage to dry their wings. There were few bushes where the violets grew and I did not look to see whether the cydippe had pupated there also. I would, however, consider it prob- able that A. cydippe and aglaia whose larvae feed outside woods would generally pupate among low plants but that if they came across a bush when travelling prior to pupation it is more than likely they would pupate in the bush.—C1iirrorp CrAuruRD, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, 24.vii.1951. Poupatine Sire or ARGYNNIS PAPHIA L.—With reference to Mr. A. L. Goodson’s interesting Note on page 141 I would like to say that I have twice found the pupa of paphia and in both cases it was fairly high up. The first, near Canterbury in 1938, was suspended from the twig of a hazel growing on the edge of a woodland cart-track. This pupa was about 5 ft. from the ground. I came across the other in some woods near Ashford, Kent, in 1949. This one was much more conspicuous, being suspended from the top of a 3-4 ft. wire mesh fence enclosing a clearing. At Ham Street in 1949 I found a moribund larva of paphia which had been about to pupate. It was lying on a cement path and I can only suppose it had fallen from the underside of a ledge situated several feet above.—J. M. Caatmers-Hount, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent, 12.vii.1951. Scarcity oF TRIPHAENA PRONUBA L..—In a normal season, or even in a bad season, the sugarer expects to have to put up with a crop of pro- nuba. In my district the season of 1950 was a very poor one for sugar- ing; but pronuba still dominated the field. It appeared first in June, 176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1X/1951 continued through July and August, and when towards the end of Sep- tember I gave up sugaring for the season in disgust pronuba in varying stages of senility remained faithful. The present season has so far been a welcome change, and whilst moths have been responding to my artificial nectar in satisfactory num- bers pronuba has been strangely absent. During June and July there have been a number of good nights. On one occasion I was so delighted by the appearance of several derasa, that I could not resist a little wish- ful thinking on the following evening. The conditions I knew were wrong, and as the last tree was given its quota of sugar I remembered Allan’s words (A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip, p. 112) and said to myself, ‘You will get one pronuba, one impura, and one oculea.’’ I nearly brought it off, too. I got one impura, one oculea, and one monoglypha. Pronuba let me down... . The night of 23rd July was the kind of night that comes along but seldom. Moths came in their legions, monoglyphe and strigilis, nebulosa and exclamationis, the latter worn but hungry. The more timid species were pushed and hustled, and hovered around like wasps at a school picnic. Derasa gave good sport, but I have yet to master the knack of netting her (I wanted a female) from the sugar. A worn female batis was easier, but she died shortly after without leaving any eggs as sou- venirs. It was almost a shock to find on one patch a brace of pronuba, very fresh and very greedy. At the final round, when most of the visitors had crawled up the trunks or fallen off, they were still gorging. These two pronuba are my only records for the season to date, 5th August. Is the species generally scarce and in small numbers this season, or have I found a sugarer’s paradise from which pronuba has been warned off?—T. D. FrarneHovuceH, 13 Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Derbyshire, 5.viii.51. AN ABERRATION OF MANIOLA JURTINA L.—A very fine aberration of the Meadow Brown was seen at Dronfield on 4th August last. The speci- men was conspicuous and attracted my attention when some thirty yards away. I got near enough to examine it well, but had no net with me, and a borrowed hat proved ineffective. The specimen, a female, had both hindwings pure white. The forewings in contrast were of the normal brown colouration except for some whitish streaks near the tips. —T. D. FrarnenoucsH, 13 Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Derbyshire. LEPTIDIA SINAPIS L. AB. GANEREW FROHAWK IN NorrHants.—While collecting in one of the larger Northamptonshire woods on 1st July last Mrs. Byers netted a specimen of this aberration. In this form the black apical patch on the forewings, and markings on the undersides of the hindwings, are replaced by buff. It is figured on Plate 8 (fig. 16) of Frohawk’s Nat. Hist. of British Butterflies, Vol. I1.—F. W. Byers, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. [The name of this aberration may have been an inadvertent one. The specimen which Frohawk described appears to have been taken .at Ganerew near Monmouth. When describing it, Frohawk probably left a blank for the aberrational name, upon which he had not yet decided, and then added ‘‘Ganerew’’ as the locality. The blank was never filled. in, and thus the name of the locality was printed as the name of the aberration !—EpD. | SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 177 Corias croceus Fourc. In BuckINGHAMSHIRE.—On 28th July at Princes Risborough I saw two male (. croceus in flight. As I have not seen nor heard of this species this year I assume that they were migrants. —C. E. Spitrims, Schoolhouse, Drayton Beauchamp, Aylesbury, Bucks. [Dr. C. B. Williams records (The Migration of Butterflies, 1930, p. 134) numbers of C. croceus coming in over the sea and crossing the Sussex coast in August and the beginning of September 1899; and again at Dover between 12th and 22nd August 1928. So it is quite possible that the specimens seen by our contributor were immigrants.—ED. | FoopPLaNT OF CoLIAS AUSTRALIS VeRITY.—Berger has recorded (En- tomologist, 81: 129) that Hippocrepis comosa L. is the only foodplant of this species. An experience which I had some years ago suggests confir- mation of this. A few very young larvae of what were described as “Colias hyaie’’ were sent to me from the Bavarian Alps. They were on Hippocrepis comosa, a difficult food for me to obtain in London. I gave them nice fresh lucerne, clover, and medick; but they ate none of these and quickly died. I managed to blow the biggest. It shows very clearly the black markings of this ‘‘new species’? C. australis (or calida) Verity. The death of my larvae is now explained.—E. A. Cockaynn, 8 High Street, Tring. AGROTIS IPSILON HuFrNnaGet IN Fair Iste.—I have just received from Mr. Kenneth Williamson, Fair Isle Bird Observatory, a male Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (suffusa Schiff.). It is in good condition and was taken on the moorland part of Fair Isle on 21.vi.1951. The mail-boat comes from Lerwick and no other ship touches at the island, so that it is very unlikely to have been imported. The species is a well known immigrant. It appears in Bryan Beirne’s List,of Shetland Lepidoptera, Ent. Record, 1945, 57: 37.—E. A. Cockayne, 8 High Street, Tring. PVILUDORIA POTATORIA LL. F. BURDIGALENSIS Manon.—When dealing with the variability of this moth I wrote that I had never seen a speci- men of this form (Ent. Rec., 62: 9). Among the large collection of Lepi- doptera collected in the south of Dutch Limburg by some members of the staff of the Leiden Museum of Natural History I saw a fine dark pota- toria ¢ without any trace of the whitish discal spots. This specimen must be a representative of Manon’s form.—B. J. Lempxr, Oude Tjselstraat 12111, Amsterdam-Z.2. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. AND CriImMatTE.—I always read with much pleasure the articles of the Old Moth-Hunter, not only because of the way in which they are written but for their contents. In his latest on the antiopa question he cites (p. 135) the suggestion of Dr. Chapman that if the British winters were colder and longer there might be more chance that the butterfly would re-people ancient haunts. I have no exact figures for comparison, but I do not believe that the Dutch winters are as a rule more severe than the British ones. They are often so mild that children would get hardly any chance to skate if there were no artificial skating-rinks. The terrible snowstorms which have afflicted the British Isles repeatedly these last few years are prac- tically unknown with us. And yet antiopa is a true indigene in the Netherlands. But its principal haunts lie in the eastern part of the country. There are places where one has only to look for a sap-bleeding 178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/TX /1951 birch and quietly sit down to await one’s chance. But in the western part of Holland the butterfly is a rarity. It must have something to do with ecological factors. I presume that humidity is of greater import- ance than the duration of the winter. There are more such examples. The magnificent caterpillars of Deilephila euphorbiae L. are found every year along the banks of Rhine and Meuse, but only in the extreme east of the Netherlands. In the western parts it is almost as rare as in England. And why are Issoria lathonia L. and Deilephila galii Rott. indigenous in Holland but not in England? In the dunes along the North Sea especially lathonia is sometimes numerous.—B. J. Lempxe, Oude Ijselstraat 12iii, Amsterdam-Z.2. [It would appear that the humidity of the English winter climate is fatal to the larvae of lathonia. There are at least two records of small colonies of this butterfly having been observed in England in Sep- tember (Entomologist, 82: 87, and Zoologist, 945), and since these colonies consisted of a number of individuals concentrated in a small area it is quite likely that they were the progeny of immigrant spring females. This may well have occurred on many occasions for many cen- turies: before the separation of England from the mainland (variously estimated between~> 6500 and 5000 s.c.), when our climate was con- tinental, it is not unlikely that lathonia was an inhabitant of this’ country. The same perhaps applies to D. ewphorbiae and D. galti. We agree with our learned contributor that with certain species humidity is of greater importance than the duration of the winter, and this may apply to antiopa as well.—Eb. | ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA L. f. SEBARIA CocKAyNe.—Hardly a week after the publication of Dr. Cockayne’s article on new grossulariata forms (Hnt. Rec., 63: 102) IT saw a small collection of Lepidoptera on one of the islands of the province of South Holland. It contained no less than 3 specimens of this splendid form, 2 22 and 1 <6, so the form is at any rate not sex-controlled. The garden of the village doctor whence these specimens came is large and contains many currant bushes, and owing to the difficulty of getting the assistance of a gar- dener it is a bit neglected, so that every year the bushes contain hun- dreds of caterpillars, among which are some very black ones. There must be considerable inbreeding in this garden, which perhaps ex- plains how it produced 3 sebaria in two consecutive years. In the 9 9 the underside of the body is without black markings; in the ¢ they are strongly reduced. I wonder if this is also the case with the Eng- lish 9 9 ?—B. J. Lempxe, Oude Ijselstraat 12iii, Amsterdam-Z.2 [In one English female there are no black markings on the under- side of the body. The body of the other specimen is stained, but no black markings are visible.—E. A. C.] EvUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOFA LL. IN Norra-East Norrotk.—On 24th June, when on an entomological expedition with Canon T. G. Edwards, it was decided to visit the beach at Hemsby, about eight miles north of Great Yarmouth. The approach to the shore, through its large holiday camps thronged with people, seemed very unpromising from an entomo- logist’s point of view. On reaching the dunes near the sea we saw quantities of the sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). A closer SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. 17S examination of the bushes revealed the presence of large numbers of larvae of the Brown-tail Moth, many of them full grown. In some cases whole bushes had been defoliated by the larvae. We visited the coast at various places for several miles in each direction from Hemsby, but failed to find the sea buckthorn growing anywhere else. I do not re- member having seen any previous record of the occurrence of this in- sect in Norfolk, hence this note. One could not help wondering if some of the holiday-makers were not at times mystified by contracting a strange skin-rash! Persons susceptible to the irritating hairs from this larva are often affected by passing to the windward of bushes on which cocoons are situated. For myself, I can handle the larvae with im- punity, but never again will I try to remove old cocoons from a breed- ing cage on a hot dry day. I did this once many years ago in the Isle of Wight, and the result was very painful and rather frightening, neces- sitating a hurried visit to the doctor. This species is still quite common in Essex and on parts of the South Coast. Does it occur north of Hems- by?—S. Waxety, 26 Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, S.E.5, 6.vi11.51. ARGYNNIS AGLAIA L. ATTRACTED BY CaRRION.—When paying an an- nual visit to a local colony of Melanargia. galathea in July it was pleas- ing to find the butterfly in fair strength, in spite of the fact that much of the ground has now been reclaimed for agriculture. There were also several Argynnis aglaia on the wing, one of which was paying marked attention to a bush of scrub hawthorn. On going to investigate I found the bush was used as a gamekeeper’s larder: carrion crow, grey squir- rel and a stoat, all in an advanced state of decomposition. The chief attraction of A. aglaia was the stoat. Alpine butterflies are known to gather round the effluent of goat pens, and our own Apatura iris has a taste for something ‘high’; but stoat seems a depraved taste on the part of A. aglaia.—G. B. Manty, 72 Tenbury Road, Birmingham, 14, Pavano Wi LITHOSIA QUADRA LINN. AND OTHER IMMIGRANTS IN KentT.—On Mon- day last, 30th July, Colias croceus was careering about a field here and on 31st July three Lithosia quadra and one Rhodometra sacraria L. came to the M.V. lamp. All were in fresh condition, so presumably they were immigrants. I have since learnt that on the same night three more L. quadra were taken near Ashford and one at Margate, while on the previous night one was taken at Folkestone. It will be interesting to see with what forces the invasion was made and whether the autumn will make up for the earlier summer months of this year.—C. A. W. Durrietp, Pickersdane, Brook, near Ashford, Kent, 4.viii.51. HYPONOMEUTA RORELLA Hus. 1n NortH-East Norrorx.—On 18th June I was collecting with Canon T. G. Edwards at Horsey, about ten miles north of Great Yarmouth, when we found a number of webs containing larvae of the above species. All the webs were on a clump of sallow bushes, few of which were more than 5 ft. in height. Meyrick mentions only Salix alba Ll. as a foodplant of this species, but these larvae were definitely feeding on a species of sallow as distinct from the smooth- leaved willow. The situation was on either side of a track a few hundred yards from the sand dunes and sea. Moths emerged from 20th to 23rd July and were the normal form of rorella. This species has occasionally 180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1X /1951 occurred as a serious pest on tall willow trees (Salix alba L.), and there is an interesting account (with photograph) of such.an infestation near Beccles, Suffolk, in The Entomologist for December 1936 69: 269). It will be noticed that the present occurrence is at a place twenty miles north of Beccles and over ten miles from Rockland Broad, whence a single moth was recorded at light in the same year. It would be in- teresting to know if this species still occurs in its old locality near Beccles, or if it has been recorded from any other locality since 1936. The larvae at Horsey appeared to be doing very little damage except to foliage in the immediate vicinity of their webs. Willow trees were very common nearby and it is curious that the larvae in this instance were on sallow.—S. Wake ty, 26 Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, S.H.5, 6.viiii.51. Practical Hints IF you live on or within reach-of the South or East coast search bedstraw on sandhills and on low cliff tops towards the end of this month for larvae of Celerio galii. Where there is one there is some- times plenty. Going sugaring one evening we put a dab of treacle on a galvanised pipe used as a clothes-prop in the back yard. On our return we found upon it a fresh Tiliacea aurago. A large beech grew nearby. This species is best obtained by sugaring leaves on the lowest outermost boughs of beech (or hornbeam) growing on the fringes of beechwoods or coppices. The larva of Cucullia wmbratica is best found after dark, when it eats the flowers and top leaves of Crepis capillaris (smooth hawksbeard) in meadows and waste places. Difficult to find by day as it rests on the ground underneath the lowest leaves. Half-eaten flowers are a good indication of its presence. Throughout September the larvae of Cucullia asteris should be sought on sea aster (Aster tripolium) in the East coast estuaries. Rests hy day among the flower-heads, but sometimes feeds openly in the sun- shine. Can be beaten. Occurs also on the south coast and in places inland where golden-rod grows in plenty. . The outer boughs of larches fringing the south side of larch planta- tions should be beaten this month for larvae of Semiothisa liturata. Though fairly widespread this species does not seem to be common any- where. The larva feeds also on Scots fir and perhaps other conifers Obtain pairings and breed if possible, or you may be a long time in amassing a series. In shady damp woods where tall umbellifers such as Wild Angelica grow on the banks of little streams, it is often profitable to search, about the middle of the month, for larvae of Hupithecia trisignaria and E. tripunctaria. We have found both species at the same time on the same plant. The larvae recline along the pedicels, which they match in colour but are seen easily enough if the umbel is carefully tilted (if NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 181 tilted too much the stem will break!). Umbels with six inches of stalk (cut with a sharp knife) will keep fresh for several days if placed in a water-bottle at once. Therefore take a couple of two-ounce medicine bottles with you when you go searching. Notes on Miaicrolepidoptera By H. C. Huveerns. THE caterpillar of Anania stachydalis Zinck. may be found full- grown in mid-Septemer. It is then to be discovered on the lower leaves of Stachys sylvatica: it lives on the underside of a large leaf and puckers it together: it is of a clear, rather glassy, green colour. When it has finished feeding it spins a whitish silk cocoon in rubbish, where it remains unchanged till the following spring, so must be kept through the winter in a large flower-pot with good drainage and exposed to the weather, or it will certainly die. This moth fluctuates greatly in num- bers even in its favourite haunts; in one year I found several hundred near Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and the next year not one was to be seen. The larva of Dioryctria formosa Haw. is not uncommon in Septem- ber in many localities, feeding between elm leaves. It is of a dirty green colour, ugly, sickly-looking and big-headed, and has a knack of escaping through any crack in a tin with a badly fitting lid; where its head can go its body can follow. Otherwise it gives little difficulty, feeding up readily,and spinning in moss or crumpled paper, where it pupates at once. Agdistis staticis Mill. (elavicola Meyr., bennetii var. portlandica Tutt) can still be found in its proper haunts in early September. The larva feeds on Statice binervosa growing on the cliffs in suitable places, from Swanage round to Somerset. It lives only in rocky places, usually beginning about six feet above the beach level on the cliffs. In early September the larva, pupa, and imago may all be found together, as the last brood has a protracted emergence period. The pupa is usually on the stem of the plant or on the scanty tufts of wiry grass that ac- company it; the imago, which sits in the same attitude as bennetii, usually clings to a cliff face. It is wise to take only full-grown larvae, or nearly full-grown ones, as a change to any other statice is seldom satisfactory. In captivity the imago emerges from September until early November. Seed-heads of golden-rod (Solidago virgaurea) should be collected in early September, particularly in the Kentish woods, but also in any part of the south of England. In Kent these will contain, in addi- tion to Hupithecia expallidata Doubl., the larvae of Oidaematophorus osteodactylus Zell., Phalonia curvistrigana Will. and P. implicitana Wocke. and all of these spin up in the autumn and pupate in the spring, so they must be kept exposed to all weathers, with the exception of the ‘Pug,’ which pupates at once. The Hupithecia larvae are, however, conspicuous when full-grown and may be removed to a separate recep- tacle. 182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/TX/1951 The larvae of Peronea hastiana Linn. vary in size with the season ; but usually in the south of England the second brood is nearly full- grown in the first week of September. It may be found, usually in numbers where it occurs, in the terminal shoots of osiers, all the smaller leaved sallows, and on Salix repens on sandhills. J usually rear them in tin biscuit boxes with a piece of muslin under the lid jammed round the edge of the box. This serves a double purpose as it both prevents the larva from escaping and tends to take up any moisture generated by the foodplant. Crushed newspaper should be placed under the food- plant for pupation; this obviates the habit of the larva of spinning on the withered foodplant and being flattened as this hardens. Collecting Notes HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA Linn. In Bucks.—I netted a worn female speci- men of this species on the hills above Prince’s Risborough on July Ist, hovering over flowers in company with a fair number of Plusia gamma. I have not seen the species in this part of the country in thirty years’ collecting and my father, who worked the district for twenty years be- fore me, does not mention it in his diaries. It therefore seems likely that it is an immigrant which came over with the gamma.—A. L. Goop- son, 26 Park Road, Tring, Herts. DEILEPHILA ELPENOR J. IN RENFREWSHIRE.—I would like to report that I took a specimen of Deilephila elpenor L. two nights ago at gilli- flower in my garden here. This is the first I have taken, and it ap- pears to be new to the Renfrewshire list.—Artan M. Mactavurin, Oldhall House, Kilmacolm, Renfrewshire, 2.v1i.1951. LEPIDOPTERA AT WESTON-SUPER-Mare.—-In continuation of my Note on page 147 the following is a list of the more interesting species occur- ring at light in my garden at Weston-super-Mare in June, together with the date of first appearance and in some cases notes on their sub- sequent frequency. It will be appreciated that light was used only on suitable nights and that as a rule operations had to be terminated at 12.30 a.m. or 1.0 a.m. owing to the necessity of catching an early train to work during the week. June: 8th, Deilephila porcellus, fairly common later; D. elpenor, several later. 10th, Apatele alni; Pheosia tremula; Agrotis clavis (cor- ticea), very common later; Hadena w-latinum (genistae), several later. 13th, Agrotis cinerea. 20th, Discoloxia blomeri, common later. 21st, Tethea ocularis (octogesima), a few later; Cossus cossus, a few later; Notodonta dromedarius, several later; Craniophora ligustri, several later. 22nd, Drepana binaria. 29th, Pheosia gnoma (dictaeoides), seve- ral (this moth was, however, out in at least one Somerset locality in May). 30th, Harpyia (Cerura) hermelina (bifida), another later; Stauropus fagi.—C. S. H. BratHwayt, 27 South Road, Weston-super- Mare, 11.vii.1951. Burrerriies 1n Sours Drvon.—On 12th July, while on holiday, I visited the Haldon Moors near Teignmouth. It was pleasing to find Satyrus semele L. just emerging in numbers. The specimens from here, NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 183 on heather moors, have the underside of the hindwings marked with whitish, similar to those from chalk downs in Sussex. However, the upper side of the Devon specimens is decidedly darker than in the Sus- sex ones, with the bright brown patches round the eye-spots of the fore- wings suffused with dark scales. The orange-brown band on the J hindwings is smaller and also more split up in the Devon specimens. Other species seen on the moors included C. pamphilus and M. jurtina (both very numerous), M. tithonus and A. hyperantus feeding at bramble flowers, and T. sylvestris and O. venata amongst long grass on the edge of a birch wood. Along the lanes and hedgerows near Dawlish, Ash- burton and Buckfastleigh P. aegeria, M. tithonus, A. urticae and P. c-album were seen in numbers, while P. icarus and O. venatu were flying in meadows. It was pleasing also to come upon a small colony of J. galathea in a rough field in the beautiful Dart valley near Dartington.— R. J. R. Levert, Netheroak, Stockcroft Road, Balcombe, Sussex, 6.vi1i.51. LoxosTEcr PALEAtLIS SCHIFF. IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE.—Whilst collecting on Newmarket Heath with Mr. Allan on 27th July last I netted a speci- men of this Pyraustid. It is a 2 in good condition. We had both seen a specimen near the same place on 16th July. Pastinaca sativa L. grows in profusion in the place, so perhaps this specimen had been bred there. —C. Cravururp, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts., 30.vi1.51. [Mr. S. N. A. Jacoss writes:—‘‘ I regard Loxostege palealis Schiff. as a semi-maritime species resident in the eastern half of England, more common in chalky districts. Seedheads of Duucus carota L. and Pas- tinaca sativa L. should be examined in the late summer and early autumn for the whitish larva with black warts. The larval habit is to spin the florets together, giving the seedhead a flattened appearance, and inside this case it feeds on the fruits. On attaining its full growth the larva goes to ground and hibernates in a tough silken cocoon, pupating only a short time before emergence, and sometimes spending two winters as a larva. “This habit of larval hibernation makes the insect rather difficult to rear; but if, when approaching full growth, the larvae be put into a large flowerpot out of doors, plunged (that is, buried in the ground) to about half its depth and covered with sleeve calico, the moisture problem should be solved. The pot should be half filled with earth, pre- ferably topped with downland turf, and the top ground flat so as to permit of the calico being replaced by a sheet of glass when the pot is taken indoors for the eclosion time. “During late July and August the moth may be disturbed freely when walking over its downland haunts, and it is a frequent visitor to light.’’ ] THe M.V. Lamp 1n NorTHAMPTONSHIRE.—In company with Mr. W. Quibell I paid a visit to Castor Hanglands on 13th July, the night proving to be one of those ‘‘dream nights’ we all hope for. Sugar was useless, not a moth of any description was seen on any of the 25 to 30 trees sugared, on either of the two rounds made at dusk and about 12.30 a.m. Light, however, proved to be very attractive, and the enclosed 184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15 / 1X / 1951 list of moths taken, or examined and released, which came to the sheet may be of interest. We worked with a white 125 watt M.V. lamp. Dicycla oo L. seems to appear in the early hours of the morning. While not plentiful in the wood, they were quite common, and I under- stand that several have been taken since my visit, when they were quite fresh.—W. Rep, 46 Totley Brook Road, Sheffield. [We regret that we have not space to print our correspondent’s list. It contains the phenomenal number of 104 species, surely a record for a single night! Among the more interesting species we note Lophopteryx cucullina Schf., Miltochrista miniata Forst., Craniophora ligustri Schf., and Boarmia roboraria Schif.—Ep. ] CoLLECTING AT SHEFFIELD.—The moths listed below appeared at light in my garden in Sheffield between 11.80 p.m. and 1.15 a.m. on the night of 10th July. We used a white 125 watt mercury vapour lamp and sheet on the lawn. The weather was clear at first with a high relative humidity, and rain came later in the night. The temperature was not observed unfortunately as we did not intend making a serious night’s work. One Acronicta alni appeared at about 12.15 a.m.; two others were taken last Saturday. (7th July) at just the same time, and as it nearly always appears to be taken at sugar just after midnight it seems pro- bable that this is its normal time of flight, the flight itself probably being a short one. In addition to the moths listed, Apatele leporina was taken with the two alni on the 7th. Of these alni only one is type; the others are of the dark form. Conditions seem to have improved during the last week, and even taking into account the very cold and backward spring, many of the moths from hibernating larvae are appearing at their usual times, and even beforehand in some cases. On Thursday of last week (5th July) I took an extreme aberra- tion of Spilosoma lutea—thorax and abdomen both totally black, hind- wings both totally black except for the veins, which are lightly traced in buff; forewings totally black except for a very small buff irregular patch in the centre of each, and the veins again lightly traced. I am aware that specimens of this type have been obtained by selective breed- ing, but did not know that they occurred in the wild state. My speci- men was taken at light in Sheffield. ‘Laothoe populi L. (several). Diarsia brunnea Schf. Deilephila elpenor L. (several). Diarsia festiva Schf. Dewlephila porcellus L. (four). Ochropleura plecta L. Pheosia tremula. Cl. Triphaena pronuba L. Pheosia gnoma Fab. Lophopteryx capucina L. Phalera bucephala L. Spilosoma lubricipeda L. Spilosoma lutea Hufn. Agrotis segetum Schf. Agrotis exclamationis L. Lycophotia varia Vill. Graphiphora augur Fab. Melanchra persicariae L. Polia nebulosa Hufn. Diataraxia oleracea L. Ceramica pisi L. Hadena thalassima Hufn. Hadena bicruris Hufn. Leucania pallens L. Leucania comma L. Leucania lithargyria Esp. NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 185 Cucullia umbratica L. Plusia gamma L. Eumichtis adusta Esp. Abrostola triplasia L. Cryphia perla Schf. Abrostola tripartita Hufn. Apatele megacephala Schf. (type Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Tr. and black forewings). Sterrha aversata lL. Apatele alm L. (type). Scopula floslactata Haw. Apatele psi L. Xanthorhoe fluctuata L. Apatele rumicis L. Ortholitha chenopodiata L. Rusina umbratica Goze. Perizoma affinitata Steph. Apamea crenata Huin. Dysstroma truncata Hufn. Apamea sordens Hufn. Thera obeliscata Hb. Apamea unanimis Hb. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. Apamea obscura Haw. Eupithecia centaureata Schf. Procus fasciuncula Haw. Eupithecia vulgata Haw. Euplexia lucipara L. Lomaspilis marginata IL. Petilampa minima Haw. Cabera pusaria L. Meristis trigrammica Hufn. Ourapteryx sambucaria L. Caradrina morpheus Hufn. Opisthograptis luteolata L. Plusia chrysitis L. Biston betularia L. (black and Plusia festucae L. type). Plusia iota L. Alcis rhomboidaria Schf. Plusia pulchrina Haw. A total of 67 species.—W. Rerp, 46 Totley Brook Road, Sheffield, 11.vii.1951. DEAE Read Two Sprcizs oF PErtcoma (PSYCHODIDAE) TAKEN IN THE BRISTOL ARFA. —Anudcent. in his fine Bristol Insect Fauna Diptera, 1949, 1950 (Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., XXVIT: 409-470; XXVIII: 45-132) had few modern records for this family. Tt is therefore worth recording that when taken by Mr. BE. C. M. d’Assis Fonseca to Coombe Dingle, Glos., on 27th May this year, we were attracted to some dark-winged Psychodidae on the tree trunks during a spell of rain. The species proved to be Pericoma auriculata Hal. and with it, Pericoma fuliginosa Mg.; both appear to be unrecorded previously from Gloucestershire. It is fitting to pay tribute here to the excellence of Pau] Freeman’s treatment of the family in the Royal Ent. Soc. Handbook, IX, pt. 2: 77-96, and to ask our Editor to publish the accompanying, review which T have just received from Dr. G. H. Satchell of the University of Otago, New Zealand, who has paid much attention to the early stages and ecology of this family in Britain.—l. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey, 2.vii.51. ‘“ The family Psychodidae in the Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, IX. is introduced by an account of the features of diagnostic importance in identifying flies of this family, and continues with a series of keys to subfamilies, genera and species. These keys are excellent and worked without a hitch when I tested them out on twelve British species of Psychoda and a similar number of Pericoma. The only point where a beginner might go wrong is in the key to the genus Psychoda, where one has to count the antennal segments. I can 186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1TX/1951 imagine many, presented with, say, P. albipennis Zett., or P. surcoufi Tonn., overlooking the diminutive fourteenth segment, and going wrong at number 19, on page 93. But a brief glance at the figures on the opposite page should clear up this difficulty, since the antenna] joints are there numbered. ‘“ Students of the group have in the past been handicapped by the relative inaccessibility of Tonnoir’s 1922 descriptions, and the obscurity of many of Eaton’s accounts. Though Eaton was undoubtedly ahead of his generation in the attention he paid to genitalia, his figures of them can rarely be regarded as adequate. All students of the Psycho- didae will therefore feel indebted to Paul Freeman for a work which provides at least one and often as many as three figures of the diag- nostic features of all of the 73 British species, and its publication may be expected to stimulate a renewed interest in this little worked family of Diptera.’—G. H. Sarcuen., 4.vii.51. A Nore on Harmartorpota Bicott Gosert [D1pr. TaBanrpAE].—The clegs are well known as hunters of entomologists and are generally swatted rather than collected by the dipterist. However, when in Suf- folk in July, the clegs found on the salt marshes of the Stour estuary about Flatford Mill attracted me as much as I attracted them. They proved to be Haematopota bigoti Gobert, a species I had not found pre- viously. With paler wing markings than the common cleg, H. pluvialis L., found further from the estuary to the north of East Bergholt, they seemed to have a more noticeable and darker stigma than the latter. The well defined pale spots on the first abdominal and the yellowish mid and hind femora clinched the identity. The flies were numerous especially about the young cattle on the marshes. At least 15 were noted sucking on the flank of one animal. Several were found sitting on the fence posts around the fields and these were sluggish in movement, being bloated with blood as was proved by an accidental squashing. It was not certain whether H. bigoti or the few Tabanus autumnalis L. that were also flying around us most worried the cattle, which were daily noted dashing about the fields with their tails straight out behind them. Certainly H. bigoti was more persistent in its attack than T. autumnalis. One of the latter, disturbed from a fence post where it sat ‘‘sunning’’, flew off, circled and dived at the fresh water dyke, touching the surface of the water with its proboscis and rising, banked rapidly and dived a second time for what appeared to be a second drink before finally flying off.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thorn- ton Heath, Surrey, 7.viii.1951. Doers Ruacio scoropacka (u.) ‘Brrr’ ?—During a recent trip to the Scottish Highlands worrying attacks were made by hundreds of Rhagioned flies, particularly at Abernethy, Inverness-shire, and at Ard- gay, Ross-shire, when walking through heather at approximately 1,500 feet. The flies’ would dart off the heather straight on to the face and arms, causing a stinging sensation, similar to the attacks of Stomozys calcitrans (..). The persistent ‘biting’ (if it can be called biting) quickly forced us to return to the shelter of the car on many occasions. The flies were thought to be Rhagio scolopacea (l.) but ap- COLEOPTERA OF A SUBURBAN GARDEN. 187 peared to be smaller and darker, and so, on returning home, they were submitted to Mr. J. Cowley, who confirmed that they were indeed R. scolopacea. He called attention to Verrall’s British Flies, Stratio- myidae, etc., p. 266, where it is stated that they were reputed to inflict an unpleasant bite, but that no corroboration of this was forthcoming. No after-effects nor wounds were produced, so that possibly the irrita- tion was due to the insects pitching on to the skin with appreciable force.—A. H. Turner, Bickenhall, Somerset, 6.vi1i.51. Diprera at MeripeN, WARWICKSHIRE.—During the present summer I have made two short visits to the edge of a wood near Meriden, which is, incidentally, one of the reputed centres of England. The first visit was made on June 2nd, which was a sunny day with a fresh breeze. The second was on July 21st, a hot oppressive day with no wind. 2nd June. Bibio marci lL. abounded, large numbers of them hover- ing at about ten feet above the ground. I noticed many of these flies lying dead on the ground and on large leaves. There was no apparent sign of injury. Pachymeria tessallata F. was in abundance on the flowers of various umbelliferous plants, and indeed, this was one of the most numerous flies that I observed. Among others were Mesembrina meridiana L., Syrphus lucorum ., Rhingia macrocephala Harris, Chilo- mya funebris Harris, Chilomyia albitarsis Meig., and Epistrophe eli- gans Harris. All these were common. A less frequent species was Baccha elongata Fab. 21st July. The intense heat and a persistent halo of small flies made collecting difficult. Perhaps the most interesting capture was Rhagio tringaria L. which T have found in several localities in the Birmingham district, but in most cases only singly. Among the larger Syrphidae were Volucella pellucens L. and Volucella bombylans L. Tubifera tenax L. was present in its usual abundance and other members of the genus were 7’. horticola Degeer (not many), T. arbustorum L. and T. nemorum L. (both common), and T. intricaria. Most of the common hover flies were present, including many of that beautiful fly Scaeva pyrastri L. There were a few Myathropa florea I. which seems to occur everywhere locally, but never in large numbers. In addition to the above, a number of flies were captured which have been put aside to be sorted out during the winter evenings.—CarrT- wrRicht Timms, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham. 12, 7.vi11.51. COLEOPTERA The Coleoptera of a Suburban Garden 2—Palpicornia, Lamellicornia, Serricornia By A. A. Aten, B.Se., A.R.C.S. (Continued from page 65.) HYDROPHILIDAE All the following (Sphaeridiinae) occur in heaps of grass-cuttings and vegetable compost, especially when well rotted down; the commoner species more or less throughout the year. Unfortunately the specific nomenclature has been much confused in this subfamily. « 188 ENTOMULOGIST $ RECORD, VOL. LXIIT. 15/1X/1951 Sphaeridium bipustulatum F. ab. marginatum F.—A few examples in August 1930, and again in June 1951. *Cercyon lugubris Ol. (=obsoletus Gyll.).—One, 14.iv.46. This, our largest species of the genus, is in my experience very uncommon. Cercyon impressus Sturm.—Not common; first noted in April 1946. Cercyon haemorrhoidalis F. (nec Hbst.; =flavipes F.).—Common; also found at grass-roots and under stones, in damp spots, in spring. Cercyon lateralis Marsh.—Sparingly in the same situations. Though less common than several others, J can hardly agree with Joy (1932, Pract. Handb. Brit. Beetles, 1: 292) in calling it rare. Cercyon melanocephalus L.—Taken singly in company with others of the genus in May 1946. Cercyon unipunctatus L.—This striking species 1s very infrequent ; found singly at long intervals from about 1930. The last capture was of three specimens in a rather dry manure heap, April 1948. (I have scarcely ever met with it elsewhere, and never in dung—whereas all the others listed here, except probably the next two, analis, and possibly lugubris, are also dung feeders.) Cercyon terminatus Marsh.—Quite common as a rule, even in winter. Usually considered somewhat rare; perhaps partly due to its not being a dung species, unlike most of the others. *Cercyon atricapillus Marsh. (=nigriceps Marsh.).—A single example, in April 1946, is the only one I have yet found anywhere. Its much commoner ally C. quisquilius L. may be expected to occur, as like melano- cephalus it is not entirely—though chiefly—confined to dung. Cercyon pygmaeus Ill.—Usually more or less common. Cercyon analis Payk. (=flavipes Thunb. nec F.).—Frequent, parti- cularly in winter and spring, and varying a good deal in size. Odd speci- mens also under stones, etc., in moist places. Megasternum obscurum Marsh. (=boletophagum auct.).—Common, and at times abundant; occasionally on the wing or under stones; by sweeping lawn (21.vi1.50). Cryptopleurum minutum F. (=atomarium auct.).—Common, but hardly as plentiful as the last. Has also been taken by sweeping in warm weather (380.1x.50). . LUCANIDAE These, like the first three Scarabaeids below, have the status of casual visitors only—probably attracted, when flying at night, to the lhghts of the house. Tucanus cervus L..—The ‘Stag beetle’ is in some years not rare in this neighbourhood, in June and July, and stray individuals of both sexes have occurred from time to time in the garden on paths, etc. Dercus parallelepipedus 1..—One under a flat piece of wood placed on bare earth at the foot of a brick wall as a trap for beetles, 21.v.51. Otherwise I have not seen it in the district. ScARABAEIDAP Geotrupes spiniger Marsh.—A specimen was picked up dead in the garden, I believe near the house, many years ago—I was away at the time, and did not see it till much later. Geotrupes stercorarius I..—Once taken at light (date also uncertain. The source of these two heetles and the next may have been the field be- COLEOPTERA OF A SUBURBAN GARDEN. 189 yond the garden, where at various times in the past a horse used to be grazed). Aphodius rufipes L.—One captured flying to light (a well-known habit of this species) in autumn, 1932. Aphodius scybalarius F.—In heaps of cut grass and other rotting herbage; sporadic as a rule, but three or four were found together towards the end of February 1951. Aphodius granaurius L.—As for the last, but more plentiful, especially in spring and early summer. Oxyomus sylvestris Scop.—In the same situations and at most times of year; quite the commonest of the few Lamellicorns resident in the garden. Melolontha melolontha L.—Very occasionally at ight in May or June, but not in recent times; I have never known it common in the district, even in a ‘good cockchafer year’. It may however have a more genuine claim to a place in this list than some of the above, as a few large chafer grubs were once dug up in an uncultivated part of the garden a long while ago, which were assumed to belong to the present species. TRIXAGIDAE rizxagus (=Throscus) carinifrons Bonv.—By sweeping grass on summer evenings, chiefly long grass under a group of apple trees, and also occasionally on the open lawns; always singly, and at the rate of two or three annually; first met with about five years ago (but before that, probably passed over). It is supposed to be rarer with us than T. dermestoides L.—though in my experience the reverse is true. Pe Al ELATERIDAE Athous haemorrhoidalis F.—A specimen was swept off coarse grasses on a neglected plot, 6.vi.51. After being marked by rubbing the pubes- cence off one elytron, and then released, the same individual reappeared in the net on both the two following days, not far from the original spot. It was probably a straggler from the adjacent field. Agriotes sputator L.—One found dead in a spider’s web on a wall of. the house, April 1929. It is strange that this common species has not recurred; and that A. obscurus L. seems absent, though certainly this is to me everywhere much less plentiful than the next. Agriotes lmeatus L.—From March to May at grass-roots, under pieces of loose bark around the base of a fruit-tree stump, under boards, clods, etc. ; not abundant, but found from 1927 onwards. Agriotes acuminatus Steph. (=sobrinus Kies.).—One swept from long grass or rank herbage; 28.v.51. (This and the allied A. pallidulus Tl. and Dalopius marginatus L. are diurnal species common on trees and shrubs in hedges and woods; whereas the three above-named Agriotes— the notorious wireworm beetles—being mainly nocturnal, seldom turn up in the sweeping-net, and affect open grass- and arable land.) CANTHARIDAE Cantharis pallida Goeze.—On fruit-trees and bushes, in the same area as the next, but much scarcer (vi.49, vii.50). Cantharis cryptica Ashe.—Fairly frequent in June by beating ivy, pear trees, flowering Pyracanthus, etc., along a wall facing east; not found in any other part of the garden. (This is in great measure the 190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/1X/1951 common C'. bicolor of our older authors and collections, but on the Con- tinent seems hitherto only recognized from Denmark; probably still widely confused with pallida. See Ent. mon. Mag., 1946, 82: 138, and 1947, 83: 59.) Rhagonycha fulva Scop.—On thistles, flowers of golden-rod, etc., in | July and August; even this abundant species occurs very sparingly. Rhagonycha limbata Thoms.—In similar situations, but the only de- finite record is for a single specimen in early July 1950—rather a late date for the species. (Two or three others of this family may be expected to occur, at least as visitors. C. livida L. is, or used to be, found in a weedy lane not far away.) PTINIDAB No species of this family is known to me as breeding in the garden but *Ptinus sexpunctatus Panz. and P. tectus Boield. have occurred occasionally in the house. ANOBIIDAE Ochina ptinoides Marsh. (=hederae Mill.).—By beating ivy on wall, especially where dead or dying; not common, and first seen in 1950, except for a stray example found on the window of a shed some years previously. June, July. Anobium punctatum Deg. (The ‘Furniture beetle’).—Breeding in great profusion in a piece of old wood which it has reduced to a powdery chalk-like consistency, whence adults emerge in late June and in July; odd specimens by general sweeping, on the wing, on a fence, etc. Also indoors, where fortunately it is not abundant enough to be a serious pest. (A specimen of Stegobium paniceum L. taken indoors on a win- dow-sill, 13.vi1.51.) Ptilinus pectinicorns L.—Two females on a wall of the house, 13.vii.51. They had doubtless come from some old wood nearby, in which borings and remains of the species were later discovered. LyYcTIDAE *ITyctus brunneus Steph.—A dead but undamaged specimen was found adhering to the wall by a fragment of web, on the same occasion as the capture of Ptilinus above; probably of similar origin. (Hlsewhere I have met with this woodborer only in the Windsor Forest area, though the records show it to be somewhat widespread.) (To be continued.) REMINISCENCES ON Lytra vEstcatoria L.—I was very interested to read a Note on this species printed at page 155 of the July-August issue, which was reprinted from the Record of July 1901. About thirty years ago this beetle occurred in the Isle of Wight, and no doubt still does. It was my fortune once to see this rarity in numbers: it was during the month of July, when I came across a luscious growth of ash in a hedge near Perreton Cross, situated between Blackwater and Arreton. The leaves were hanging in shreds, and on examination it was seen that numbers of a beautiful green beetle were feeding on them. In those days I did not collect Coleoptera, but I boxed three or four and took them to my old friend H. G. Jeffery. He was, of course, very excited at the find; but when we visited the spot together a few days later only a NOTES ON THE GREENHOUSE CAMEL CRICKET. 191 few odd beetles were present, and I never saw the species in numbers again. On another occasion we had news that some large green beetles were stripping the leaves off some ash trees in a hedge near Alverstone. We found the place; it was on rising ground to the north of Alverstone, not far from Knighton (not to be confused with Niton). Once again only a few odd beetles were found, but it was evident that a number had been feeding there at recent date. In both these instances the beetles were on ash bushes forming part of a hedge. When cut back at the periodical hedge-trimming these bushes send up very succulent branches and it is on these that the beetles prefer to congregate and feed on rather than on trees. I notice in the Note by Donisthorpe that eventually he found his specimens on fairly young trees, on a low bough. The female beetles burrow into the soil and lay hundreds of eggs in a shallow cavity near the surface. I well remember seeing a beetle which Mr. Jeffery kept in a glass bowl containing a piece of turf. Its head was just visible, the rest of the body being below the surface. A few days later I was shown the same bowl with literally scores of the small active larvae congregating in masses on the side facing the light from a window. When the bowl was turned round they raced madly round towards the light till they were in mass formation again facing the ight. I was given to understand that in a state of nature they con- gregated on flower-heads and attached themselves to any visiting bee. Those attaching themselves to the right species of bee stood a chance of reaching maturity by being carried by the bee to its breeding-hole, when they released their hold and fed on the grubs of their host. The beetles congregate in companies of some dozens and feed voraciously on ash leaves—also occasionally on privet.—S. Waxkety, 26 Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, S.E.5, 6.viii.d1. OAT HOP ERA e ee Notes on the Greenhouse Camel Cricket, Tachycines asynamorus Adelung By C. T. McIntyre. (Communicated by D. K. McK. Kevan, School of Agriculture, Univer- sity of Nottingham.) [In response to a recent request for information concerning this pecu- liar established alien in Britain (1951, Ent. mon. Mag., 87: 116), Mr. McIntyre writes me the following observations which I pass on in the hope of stimulating interest in others.—D. K. McE. K.] The crickets have been known in this nursery [at Baillieston, Lanark- shire, near Glasgow] for about twenty years, and, from what I have gathered, they were apparently first seen in a box of Kentia palm seeds which were packed in Sydney, N.S.W.* *So far as I am aware, this species, which appears to be native to western China (Sze-Chwan), has not been recorded from Australia. It occurs under glass in several parts of Europe and N. America and also in Japan.—D. K. 192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII. 15/1TX/1951 It is only in the palm and fern houses (7.e. 29 out of the total of 58 houses) which have a temperature of 70° F. all the year round that they are to be found. Between houses No. 15 and No. 23, which both contain crickets, is a distance of about one hundred yards containing eight cool houses and a vacant space; crickets have not been found in any of these cool houses but are abundant in the two (Nos. 15 and 23) which flank them. They are sometimes found in the soil among the plants but they do not seem to live there. They are more frequently found among sand which is used for potting and is stacked at the foot of some houses. Their favourite place, and one is always sure to find a number of them there, is under potting benches or upturned boxes where the light is not too strong and somewhat drier conditions prevail; their usual posi- tion is hanging on to the sides or roof of the box or bench. There is also a spot in one house where a well used to be. This has long since been disused and the cavity filled with a flat stone of about twelve by eighteen inches in size. Numerous crickets can be found clinging to it when it is turned over but nowhere else in the houses are they to be found. The house is of 50,000 cubic feet and contains Geranium, Fuchsia and Pelargonium from January until July, and from then until Christmas, ferns. The crickets are not easily disturbed and will allow me to place my hand about two inches from them before they jump. The larger ones can leap a distance of about fifteen inches and I have seen them jump over a coping twelve inches high. If they are caught by the leg this snaps off cleanly where it is attached to the thorax and they jump their way to freedom minus a leg. They are shy creatures, seldom emerging during daylight unless disturbed. They come out in the half-light of the evening and as it gets darker the noise peculiar to these crickets can be heard.t The crickets are most abundant between May and September. The eggs [which are laid either in or on sand or soil and are pearly-white, long-oval and about 2 mm. long] must hatch during April [and they have been observed to do this in the laboratory after an incubation period of three months or more], since this is the period when the young (one of which could sit on the blunt end of a pencil) are most numerous. Young ones of a comparable size are occasionally found during the summer but not in anything like the same numbers as dur- ing April and early May. By September the majority have reached quite a fair size (one would fit within the circumference of a shilling piece). A few are of a larger size at this time but by the end of the year most are fully grown [although numbers appear to be reduced]. Their nocturnal habits make it very difficult to observe what they thrive on [in the laboratory they vary a vegetarian diet with animal matter] but they seem to do very little damage to the plants in the houses... Some DprMaprera FROM Cyprus.—I am indebted to Dr. Wahrmann, of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, for the opportunity to inspect a +tMr. McIntyre does not attempt to describe this noise but it is interesting to ~ have this evidence of stridulation since the Rhaphidophoridae have ap- parently no external auditory organs although some members of the family are said to have abdominal sound-producing organs.—D. K. NOTES ON THE GREENHOUSE CAMEL CRICKET. 193 small collection of earwigs from Cyprus. There are only three species represented, presenting no special feature. 1. Forficula lurida Fisch. Mt. Olympus, 6.viii.50, 3 males, 11 females. 2. F. decipiens Géné. A stunted female from Platres, 10.v1i1.50, which mav be refer - able to this species. Brachypterous 3. F. smyrnensis Serv. Milikouri, 8.viii.50. A macrolabious male M. Burr. Fifty Years Ago (From The Entomologist’s Record of 1901.) Dark ABERRATIONS oF ABRAXAS SYLVATA.—This year, on the ground where the so-called ‘‘ blue ’’ aberrations of Abrazas sylvata have oc- curred during the past few years, we found even the type extremely rare, no dark aberrations and not many pale ones, while the propor- tion of cripples was enormous. It occurs to me that this aberration is really a diseased form. As far as my experience goes it will not breed true, and the large percentage of cripples both among the aber- rations and the type seems to suggest an enfeebled race, owing pro- bably to some purely local cause, while the fact that the species is evi- dently decreasing in numbers, points to a similar conclusion. [ had ova last year from a dark ©, but though sleeved out from the first on a growing tree, the larvae did badly, and those that did produce moths yielded nothing like an aberration. I should like to see this question thrashed out.—C. D. Asx. Selby. LEPIDOPTERA IN SoutnH Dervon.—During the first three weeks of August, lepidoptera were not particularly abundant. I took a good series of Callimorpha hera, with a very large proportion of yellow and orange forms. Bryophila muralis was abundant and_ exceedingly varied; one wall, about 200 yards long, producing over 100 specimens in six days. They emerge between 5.30 and 7.30 p.m., and this is the best time of the day, I found, for looking for them, as they are far more conspicuous when stretching their wings or when at rest on the spot where they have just closed them. When they had flown and chosen a resting-place for themselves they were exceedingly hard to find, so well did they harmonise with their surroundings. Sugar at Torcross and Torquay was a great failure. Very few insects came to it, and in a fortnight we did not see more than 40 Caradrina ambigua.—F. C. W OODFORDE. Current Literature J. Snryp Taytor (J. Ent. Soc. S. Africa, 1950, 13, 53, Plate) has written an interesting paper on a species of Mesocelis (Lasiocampidae). Mesocelis montana Cramer, found in various parts of S. Africa, has a male with wings and a female, which has rudimentary antennae, mouth parts, and legs and wings reduced to tiny bulbs hidden in its fur. In 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/TX /1951 a very limited area in the Karoo only 18 miles long by a few miles wide a Mesocelis occurs, which has a similar but slightly larger female which is parthenogenetic. No male has heen obtained by breeding from larvae, by light. nor by ’sembling. The eggs, larvae, and pupae of the Karoo Mesocelis are a little larger than those of montana, the larva — differs slightly in markings, and the pupal wing lobes are barely dis- cernible instead of being small, not extending to or beyond the middle of the body. The usual food-plant is Ruschia (Ficoideae) whereas the food-plants of montana belong to other orders. Montana, however, has different food-plants in different parts of its range, so that too much importance must not be attached to this. It is uncertain whether the Karoo Mesocelis is a distinct species or a subspecies of montana, and it is difficult to see how any definite decision can be arrived at. The case of Orgyia dubia Tausch. (Lymantridae) is similar. In most parts of its range it has males and females, but in a local area in Southern Russia the larva is unusually large and only produces females, which are parthenogenetic. THe June number of The Entomologist (84: 128) contains an article, with Plate, by Dr. E. A. Cockayne on a new aberration of Abrazas grossulariata, which is named aureomarginata. This handsome aberra- tion is separable into two main forms, in one of which the head and thorax are orange, in the other almost normal. © Superficially it re sembles the ab. albomarginata of Raynor which is more heavily marked and never has an orange discoidal spot in either fore or hindwing and no spots whatever on the margin of either wing. Apparently the larvae from which this aberration was bred came from Birmingham, and it would seem to be recessive; but the result of breeding was disappoint- ing and the stock was lost before definite proof could be obtained. AgricutturE, LVIITI, No. 3, June 1951, contains an article (pp. 135- 139, with map) by I. Thomas and E. Dunn, on the Colorado beetle in England in 1950. 29 breeding colonies and 170 beetles were found; this is the second highest total so far recorded (the highest was 57 colonies and 224 beetles in 1947). 54 were found with imported produce, 49 on ships, 11 on docksides and beaches, 12 inland on potatoes, 33 in- land in other situations, 8 dead, and 3 on aircraft. 9 of the colonies were near the Kent coast (5 of these around Dymchurch) and 7 others inland in Kent; N.W. Suffolk had 3, E. Essex 3, Surrey 1, Sussex 3, S. Hants. 1, W. Wilts. 1, and S. Oxon..1. Most of these were outside the precautionary spraying area—an encouraging sign. Colonies were reported between the end of June and mid-September. The critical period for their establishment is evidently from May to mid-July, dur- ing which time there seems to have been at least one considerable flight northward from the Continent—where the attack was fairly severe. Weather here was adverse to both the beetle’s development and fully effective control measures.—A. A. A. CoLLECTING AND BREEDING ButTTeRFLIES AND Motus. By Brian Worthington-Stuart. London: Frederick Warne & Co., Ltd., 1951. 10s 6d. This book, belonging to the ‘Woodland and Wayside’ series, is in- tended for beginners. It is clearly written and most of the advice is NOTES ON THE GREENHOUSE CAMEL CRICKET. 195 good. The young collector is teld how to make his own apparatus, and diagrams are given. Home-made apparatus is much cheaper and often more efficient than that bought from a dealer, though it probably pays to buy a kite net and a beating-tray. Some of the advice is rather old- fashioned. Black nets are much better than white or green ones both by day and by night; setting-bristles are seldom used; the Robinson light-trap with a m.v. lamp is at least twelve times as efficient as any other, and with the special black glass can be used without annoying neighbours. I disapprove of mass executions with ammonia and dis- carded the method years ago. If you have a pin-hole in the lid of each box and put a little chloroform through the hole with a brush, taking about ten boxes at a time, you can select females for eggs and reject damaged specimens. Jf the chloroform is blown out of the box these recover quickly and the perfect ones can be put into the killing-bottle. - These blemishes detract but little from the value of the booix, which can be recommended highly to the young amateur, who will find his small outlay amply repaid.—E. A. C. In the July issue of Kntomologische Berichten (No. 318) there is an interesting article, with six diagrams, by B. J. Lempke on the genitalia of Cerura and Harpyia. The author writes: ‘‘ In modern English liter- ature Phaiuena bifida Brahm (1787) is treated as a synonym of Ph. hermelina Goeze, 1781, Entom. Beytr., 3 (3): 227. This is not correct as Goeze’s name is invalid, because it is a primary homonym of Ph. hermelanu Goeze, 1781, Entom. Beytr., 3 (8): 207 (which in its turn is a synonym of Ph. ludifica L., 1758). ‘“ My preparation of H. furcula Cl. . . . corresponds with the figure of H. bicuspis Bkh. in Pierce & Beirne, 1941, Genit. Brit. Rhop., etc., pl. IX. The genitalia of bicuspis 3 are larger, the valvae broader, the style less produced. Neither do the figures of the eighth sternite cor- respond (l.c., pl. XXJ). I suspect that the dG genitalia of these two species had been exchanged by Pierce.’’ Figs oF THE Britisu Istes. By Charles N. Colyer in collaboration with Cyril O. Hammond. Sm. 8vo. (63.x 4%). Illustrated; pp. 384. London: Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. Price, 30s. If the reviewer can say so without being accused of hyperbole he can now sing his Nwine dimittis, for the book which he has been await- ing all his life has now appeared. Many years ago, doubtless in com- pany with most young field entomologists, he was attracted by the beauty and allurement of some of the flies encountered on every walk, whether by field or wood, by hill or valley. If only he could find out something about them, could-name them and learn their life-histories ! But there was no book available to ‘‘a beginner’’: the only way to learn about the Diptera was by a study so exacting as to preclude taking an interest in any other Order. The tyro soon found that butterflies and moths, grasshoppers and dragonflies, beetles even, could be identified, nine times out of ten, almost at a glance. Not so the Diptera. Some- thing more than observation of shape and size and colour and markings was required if one would identify the great majority of species with certitude. Now at last has appeared the book of which beginners have been in need for so long, and, happily, it is altogether excellent. We hope and 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, LXIII. 15/1TX /1951 ) 7 helieve that it will increase the number of dipterists in this country considerably. In spite of the vast amount of information it contains it is terse and always very much to the point; it is attractively written (the story of the friendly cow which assisted the author to collect Taba- nus bromius LL. will delight all field entomologists) and it is lavishly | illustrated; there are 48 coloured plates and 55 black and white ones. The excellence of these illustrations (all by Mr. C. O. Hammond) is re- markable. The introductory chapter with its most useful diagrams, the appendix on collecting, preserving and examining specimens, the glossary of terms in common use by dipterists—all these are good, prac- tical and helpful. The index is all one could wish. The author and his collaborator deserve the congratulations and thanks of all the younger generation of field entomologists—and of not a few of the older ones ‘too. A word of praise is due to the publishers for the handsome produc- tion at so difficult a time.—O.M.H. (Mr. H. W. Andrews writes: ‘‘ I have looked through this book and find it excellent in every way. It will supply a long-felt want of a general work on British Flies. Letterpress, plates and figures are all good.’’—Ep. | Tue Bishop’s Stortford and District Natural History Society has just issued a list of the macrolepidoptera occurring within six miles of their town. This district, on the borders of Herts and Essex, 32 miles north of London, is not usually regarded as particularly fertile ground for the lepidopterist; but this is probably because it has never been properly worked. The subsoil in the southern area is boulder clay; but north of the town chalk comes almost to the surface in places and there are a good many scattered woodlands, though most of these are of small acreage. The list has been compiled by seven members of the Society and is a catalogue of 412 species. Forty butterflies are recorded (includ- ing an Apatura iris so long ago as 1879!) and twelve hawkmoths. But the local Notodonts number no less than 15. It is interesting to note that Stauropus fagi occurs in the town as well as round about it. Species which are now occurring in the district after many years’ absence are: Purarge aegeria, Argynnis euphrosyne, Nymphalis polychloros, Poly- gonia c-album, Limenitis camilla, Sphine ligustri, Polia nebulosa, Aputele aceris, Celaena leucostigma, Boarnia punctinalis, and Aetha- lura punctulata. The list is legibly printed and we have not noticed many misprints. The English names (from South’s Moths) are given as well as the scien- tific ones (from Mr. Tams’s list), and the price is 5s. It can be had from Mr. C. Craufurd, ‘ Denny,’ Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. The Annual Exhibition of the Amateur Entomotoersts’ Society will be held on Saturday, 22nd September 1951, from 2 p.m. to 6 p.m., at Buckingham Gate Central Schools, Wilfred Street, London, S.W.1. There will be exhibits of specimens, equipment, apparatus, photographs, etc., and talks by experts including Major Maxwell Knight. All in- terested in entomology are welcome. A EXCHANGES * Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Wanied—Data from specimens, however few, and data on distribution, habits, etc., of any of the Nymphaline tribe Catagrammidi (Lep. Rhopalocera) Genera: Callithea, Catagramma, Callicore, Haematera, Perisama, Cyclo- gramma, Dynamine, Batesia, Callizona, Smyrna, Gynaecia.—Terence Parsons, 28 St. John Street, Ogmore Vale, near Bridgend, Glam. Wanted—For cash or exchange set or papered specimens of any species of the abovementioned Catagrammid genera, in any condition; some data essential. Duplicates—American Papilio ascolius, thoas, autocles, etc., Opsiphanes nicandrus, Morpho rhetenor, deidamia, papirius, various Ithomiidae, nobilis; others of several Families; Assam, Cynthia erota.—Terence Parsons, 28 St. John Street, Ogmore Vaile, near Bridgend, Glam. LIVING EGGS, LARVAE, PUPAE. It must be distinctly understood that the publication of the undermentioned offers of exchange is in no way a guarantee for the British nationality, authen- ticity, or good condition of the species nor for the fertility of eggs. This Notice is not given to throw doubt on the bona fides of exchangers but to ab- solve the Editor from responsibility in case the privilege of publication on this page should be abused. Duplicates—Larvae of A. syringaria, N. dromedarius. Wanted—Ova of D. oo, larvae of A. villica, E. hera (quadripunctaria).—P. N. Crow, ‘Belvedere’, 40 Salisbury Avenue, St. Albans, Herts. Duplicates—Pupae of P. machaon. Wanted—Larvae of C. hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow), H. pinastri (Pink Hawk).—Peter G. Baker, Lorne End, Grangecourt Road, Harpenden, Herts. : If you collect CORIDON, BELLARGUS, ICARUS, ARGUS, MINIMUS, AGESTIC or PHLAEAS, you can be interested for life in their British aberrations by obtaining “THE CORIDON MONOGRAPH AND ADDENDA” PRICE £2 10s, post free direct from :— THE RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WORKS, LTD., 23-25 Abbott Road, Winton, Bournemouth, Hampshire. Strongly covered and magnificently produced with 18 plates of 402 figures, 96 in colour. Letterpress 144 large pages of superior paper. THE iRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL | A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY Published every Quarter by the I.N.J. Committee. Edited by MARY P. H. KERTLAND, M.Sc. With the assistance of Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 10/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, DEPT. OF BOTANY, THE QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST, COLEOPTERA OF A SUBURBAN GARDEN. a me Allen, B.S¢. me THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ ‘Ss RE ORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION - es (Founded by J. W. TUIT on 15th ie: 1800). = Editor: E. A. COCKAYNE, M.A., DM., PROP, FRES. i Assistant Editor : PP. B. M. ALLAN, M. B. E., M. he F. 8. A., a. R. E. 8. Treasurer: H. W. ANDREWS, F. R.E. Seana Publicity and Advertisements: F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. The ee gentlemen act as Honorary Consdltants to the magazine: Lepidoptera: S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S.,, Dr. H. B. WILLIAMS, KC.) LED; F. BAS: Orthoptera: Dr. MALCOLM BURR, D. Se., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. ; Te ‘E. ie M. Ae; d’ASSIS-FONSECA. Sra . Business Consultant: P. SIVITER SMITH, Aue R. E. Ss. ae THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD is published on the FIFTEENTH | srr day of each month. 3 Be stir: i a be ahaa EI TORTAT G1 uO Uc a is ey ee ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA. E. A. Cockayne, ‘OD. M. 158 By COLLECTING IN BRITISH GUIANA. Jo Po Shaw “<6 2) Sa Oe oe ae ee SCARCITY AND ABUNDANCE OF INSECTS IN SOUTHERN LATIUM IN 1950. Orazio Querci NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA. JH. C. “Huggins Lee Ch a0 eres aM a NOTES ON THE GREENHOUSE CAMEL CRICKET. aCe ae ‘MeIntyre . ALSO CURRENT NOTES, FIELD NOTES, NOTES ON LIFE-HISTORIES, ‘orgs ANI OBSERVATIONS. PRACTICAL HINTS, COLLECTING NOTES, CURRENT LITER- s ATURE, &c. ; * OCTOBER 1951 DENA ADA ENE EP SOG E QO EDITED BY BE. A. COCKAYNE Oe oie M.A., PEEVES RCP PRES, : MUS. CORP. Z0dL. LIBRARY - THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F.R.E.S. Edited and Revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, F.R.E.S., With accurately coloured figures of every species and many varieties; also drawings of eggs, caterpillars, chrysalides and food-plants. In 2 volumes. PRICE 15/- NET each Vol. All Orders to be placed through a Bookseller. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., = = - 1-4 BEDFORD court, LONDON, W.C,2. H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd. Scientific and Technical Publishers and Booksellers BOOKS- on the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES supplied from stock or obtained te order. Catalogue on request, post free. LENDING LIBRARY: Scientific and Technical ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION from Twenty-five shillings. Prospectus post free on request. Bi-monthly List of New Books and New Editions added to the Library sent post free on request. THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE, revised to December 1949, recently published. Pp. xii+1152. To Subscribers, 17/6 net; to non-Subscribers, 35/- net; postage 1/-. LONDON: H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 GOWER STREET, W.C,1 Business hours :—9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturdays toipm. Telephone:—EUSton 4282. NATURE STUDY Collecting Stains, Chemicals Apparatus. SESE and Reagents Nets, ¢ : Entomological f: High Quality requisites. = Slides of Natural fa History Subjects : (34” x 3h” & gf x 2”) Microscopes & 4 in. diameter Accessories. a EE ADJUSTABLE LENS a Ea Slides also made Microprojectors. FE useful for setting insects. * toorder from customers’ orig- Microscopical Both eyes may be used. inals, negatives, Preparations. £22 15:0. prints, etc. FLATTERS & GARNETT LTD. | aon SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT MAKERS, 1901 309 Oxrorp Roap, - - MANCHESTER 13. BOOKS ON ENTOMOLOGY Catalogue on Request E. W. CLASSEY, F.R.E.S., 91 Bedfont Lane, Feltham, Middlesex. J.J. HILL & SON . ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc. available from time to time. Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application. YEWFIELD ROAD N.W.1!0o, ‘Phene: WILLEspsx 0309. ' i 3 a). | ae ie pre teh L Tuts has been a year of upheaval for the Record. When Henry JEROME TURNER died last December at the age of 94, after occupy- ing the editorial chair for thirty-eight years, his mantle fell upon THomas BatnsrigGe FiercHer, who had become sub-editor in Janu- ary 1948. But the new Editor was already in failing health and after only a few weeks he was obliged to conduct the Record from a sick- bed. Throughout February, March and April the magazine was carried on by the Treasurer with the assistance of a volunteer. At Mr. FiercHer’s death on 30th April the present Editor assumed control. At that moment the fortunes of the magazine were at a low ebb. So much ground had been lost that many of our supporters doubted whether resuscitation were possible. But ‘‘where there’s a will there’s a way’’, and happily the will was not wanting. It was decided to make the at- tempt. It is for our readers to judge whether the attempt has been successful; certainly the accession of more than a hundred new sub- scribers in the last three months indicates that the magazine is slowly but surely regaining its former status. Throughout these difficult months the conduct of the magazine, apart from the literary side, has been in the hands of Henry W ANDREWS, who had become titular Treasurer in January 1925. ‘Titular ’ because from the moment he assumed office the entire busi- ness side of the Record fell to him. Indeed the editorial announcement of January 1925 requested that henceforward ‘‘all business matters”’ should be sent to him. So he became not only Treasurer but Secretary, Production Manager and Advertisement Manager as well. The Record was fortunate indeed in having such a guardian during the troublous days. Imperturbable, and therefore unperturbed, he entered, quietly and effectively, into the plan for the Record’s revival} and by so doing set the seal upon his long association with the magazine. How thoroughly, efficiently and tactfully Mr. ANprews has car- ried out his onerous self-imposed duties for twenty-seven years is known to all who have been associated, and have had correspondence, with him. What is probably unknown to many is that at the outset he knew that if he were to accept this duty and fulfil these several tasks effi- ciently he, a dipterist, would have to give up the study of Diptera in the field and devote his leisure hours to conducting a magazine which from its inception has catered predominantly for lepidopterists. And now we are to lose his services. When a man’s years number threescore and ten and he has devoted a great part of his life to the service of his fellow men it is but seemly we should listen to his request that the burden be now lifted from his shoulders. We rejoice that an- other who also sets public service above self has come forward to enable Mr. AnpREws to spend his remaining years ‘in the field’. On behalf of all our subscribers we welcome Mr. A. C. R. Reverave as his successor and to the retiring Treasurer we say ‘‘Happy days and good hunting to you for many a long year!”’ EpItTor. 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 On Breeding Colias croceus f ourcroy By R. Everett WaRRIER. I was in West Wickham in June 1949 and noticed a typical female - ('. croceus ina garden. I remembered seeing lucerne growing in patches in a field attached to a school near by, so I fetched a net and searched the field. I saw only one C. croceus and that an ab. helice, which flew across the field and under the school windows and so escaped. Next day I quartered the same field and found only one croceus, probably the one seen on the previous day. It was a worn ab. helice. I placed it in a muslin cage and offered it Medicago sativa and M. lupulinus, on each of which it deposited a small number of eggs during the next three days. In all 59 eggs were laid and all hatched. The brood fed well and all pupated. When the colour showed through the pupal skin just before emergence I noticed that some were much lighter than others and had an almost powdery appearance where the normal black of the wing tips and margins should have been visible. Even then I did not suspect what was in store. They were albinos. Emergence spread over six days as the table shows. Day of 36 Q helhcina helice Albino. Emergence. Normal Colour. G6 @ helicina helice ie 1 2 a 3 | 5), en 4 aver | at 4 evs Oar ei 1 4 5 1 a 5 uC eres mse ii pif 6 1 crippled 6 Disp 3 Totals | 22,\.10 i. Siwh 10 oe il 3 NX ———Seee ee rr 4] 16 Albinos were in the ratio of 16:41, which was sufficiently close to a 1:3 ratio to make me wonder whether the female parent had arisen from a pairing between a typical creceus and an albino and that the albino was recessive. I determined to try the experiment of mating an albino ¢ and an albino 2. Under ideal conditions they took no interest in each other. I then divided a muslin cage into three sections and in the centre placed the albino ¢ and Q, and in the outer sections about a dozen males and females separately belonging to a vigorous brood from a female I had taken at Shoreham in June. Nothing happened. The female was very lethargic and the male almost as much so. Time was passing so [ re- moved the albino male and replaced it by a livelier normal male of the same brood; pairing took place and the pair remained in copula for 26 hours. The female remained lethargic and refused to lay eggs even under the best conditions. She had ample flying room, ideal weather condi- tions, growing food in bloom, and was hand-fed each morning. Nothing happened, and having heard that a couple of males would stir the femaie up and keep her on the move I introduced two of the very lively Shore- ham brood, having no normal males of the albino brood left. These wor- ried her like terriers, until one succeeded in pairing. Oviposition was LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). i NOV 20 95) Further New Records of Lepidoptera from Cyprus, Iraq and Persia (Iran). By E. P. Wittsuire, F.R.E.S. During my first stay in Persia (1937-1942) I spent a year and a half in the Shiraz district (Fars, South-west Persia). It has now been my good fortune to reside there again, and I hope after my present visit to England to return. Conditions have once again favoured travel and entomological exploration, both on my own part and on that of several friends who have kindly collected specimens for me in various parts of the country. One of the most interesting achievements of my own entomological travels in Fars was the rediscovery ot that lovely, comparatively large and extremely rare Fritillary butterfly, Melitaea sarvistana Mea (see Ent. Rec., Vol. 56), of which only three known specimens existed before, the two types from Sarvistan which I caught in 1940 and a battered example from the Paghman mountains, Afghanistan, which was dis- covered in the British Museum collection after the appearance of my description in Bombay Journal Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 43 (1941). In the spring of 1950 I revisited the original locality near Sarvistan and took about half a dozen more pertect specimens, all males. The absence of females makes me wonder whether I have yet reached the breeding- ground. I have seen it nowhere else in Persia, but suppose it probably occurs at scattered spots between Sarvistan and Kirman and perhaps also in South-east Persia. The present article, which is a continuation of my 1949 article, ‘‘Some more new records of lepidoptera from Cyprus, Iraq and Iran” (Ent. Rec., 61, pp. 73, ff.), records for the first time five species of Lepidoptera from Cyprus, three from Iraq, and twenty-five from Persia (Iran), with data and comments. The additions to the lists of the first two countries were taken by myself recently or some time ago, while the additions to the Persian list are the fruits of my most recent stay in Fars with the excep- tion of the new records from Northern Persia, most of which were taken in 1950 by Messrs. George Popov and Charles Garrett-Jones, in the course of other entomological activities. The former collected at various sites in the Elburz range, and in one locality, Gach-i-Sar, he was evi- dently on the frontier of the submontane forest region of Lenkoran- Gilan-Mazandaran, for the catch at Gach-i-Sar included species typical of that region with others typical of the drier parts of the Elburz range. Mr. Garrett-Jones collected almost entirely at a low elevation in Gilan and Mazandaran, 1.e. wholly within this region. It should not, however, be thought, that the species which can now be added to the Persian fauna as a result of these catches, are widespread in other parts of Persia, for the fauna and flora of Gilan and Mazandaran is quite dif- ferent; the region is submontane or low-lying coastal plain, and densely forested, owing to the heavier and more evenly-distributed rainfall. It is not altogether surprising that these two friends of mine should have found in this region species hitherto unrecorded from Persia and that 2 LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). these species should be partly common and widespread Euro-Siberian species and partly more local, including one Oriental, species of the mesophilous Palearctic fauna. In the list of Cyprus species, which comes first, I have added notes on three species from Cyprus, already recorded from that island, in order to clear up certain doubts which existed about them hitherto; these three are listed in brackets (). ate The following eleven additions to the lepidopterous fauna of Persia must also be noted as well as the 25 listed below:—Trichiura pistaciae sp.n.m., Hvisa reissert sp.n.m., Agrochola disrupta sp.n.m., Sidemia scrophulariae sp.n.m., Autophila sinesafida: sp.n.m., Caradrina zandi sp.n.m., Herminia proxima Chr. anahita subsp.n.m., Lymantria daraba sp.n.m.Cidaria tangaba sp.n.m., Cidaria apiciata Steger. pistacieti subsp.n.m., and Sterrha sordida Roths. neavei subsp.n.m. (=microptera Brandt, nec Warr. & R.). These eleven species all inhabit Fars and will be described with full details and illustrations in Bull. Soc. Fouad I d’ent. (Cairo) this year (Vol. 35). It is striking how the semi-arid region of Fars, though previously explored by Brandt and myself, has again readily produced so many in- teresting novelties, while the better-watered region of Gilan and Mazan- daran, though probably far less thoroughly worked by entomologists previously, has only produced ‘‘new records for Persia’’ of fairly well- known species, on the whole. A. CYPRUS. LYCAENIDAE. (Thecla quercus subsp. longicauda Riley. Previous authors on Cyprus have failed to state that the Cyprus specimens belong to Riley’s race, which is also found in the Lebanon/ Kurdistan and South-west Persia. I have taken this butterfly flying around Quercus lusitanica in Prodromos village and also round well-grown Quercus alni- folia at 3500 feet at Heptavrysi near Prodromos, and in the forests between Kykko and Stavros, in vii.49. It is irregular in appearance, only flying at certain hours and close to certain trees, whose selection seems quite arbitrary. These places are all in South-western Cyprus.) THAUMETOPOEIDAE. (Thaumetopoea solitaria Freyer. In my previous article I doubted this record, because the larva was stated to feed on Cupressus, which is not the foodplant. However, I can now confirm the occurrence of the moth in Cyprus, having taken several specimens there, 21 & 26.viii.49, Prodromos, c. 4000 feet. Pistacia terebinthus grows in this locality and is doubtless the foodplant. It is possible that Zach found the adult moth sitting on Cupressus, which might in copying having become changed to a record of the conifer as foodplant. This is an appropriate place to mention that A. S. Talhouk in his article “‘A list of insects observed on economically im- portant plants and plant products in Lebanon’’ (Bull. Soc. LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). 3 Fouad ler d’Ent., 34, p. 133) (1950) states that T. solitaria has been observed on ‘‘Pinus, Sequoia, Cuppressus, etc.’’ and quotes my name as authority. A misunderstanding has evidently oc- curred for my only publication to mention this moth’s food- plant was to the contrary effect; I repeat that the foodplant is not a conifer but always some species of Pistacia.) ARCTIIDAE. 1. Roeselia strigula Schiff. 24.viii.49, on wing at dusk, woods, Prodromos, 4000 ft. AGROTIDAE. 2. Eucxoa cos cycladum Staudinger. 25.vili.49, to hotel lights, Prodromos, 4000 ft. (Amathes xanthographa Schiff. Rebel (1939) listed ‘‘xanthographa palaestinensis Kalchb.’’ as inhabiting Cyprus, being evidently unaware that these two names are in fact two distinct species. I have now verified from the genitalia of my specimen (a 6) that it is in fact zantho- grapha Schiff. The representation in Cyprus of this group, properly confirmed, is now:—Am. zranthographa Schiff. and Am. pulverea Hamps. Whether the third species palaestinensis Kalchb. occurs there at all is doubtful. My specimen of xantho- grapha was taken in Prodromos village lanes at dusk on the wing, 10.ix.49.) 3. Epilecta linogrisea Schiff. 8.1x.49, pine forests, Prodromos, 4000 ft. GEOMETRIDAE. 4, Glossotrophia uberaria Zerny. 25.vi11.49, to hotel lights, Prodromos. 5. Boarmia punctinalis Scop. 23.v111.49, to hotel lights, Prodromos. The identity was con- firmed by genitalia; the specimen was rather small, being ap- parently a second brood moth; superficially it resembles B. punctinalis magyarica Webrli. B. TRAQ. ZYGAENIDAE. 1. Zyguena cambysea Led. ssp. (det. Daniel). 16.vi.35, 5000-6000 ft., Rayat. 2. Zygaena manlia Led. ssp. (det. Daniel). 6.vi.35, 6000 ft:, Ser Amadia. AGROTIDAE. 3. Catephia alchymista Schiff. 10.vii.385, Mosul. (Was referred to as Anophia sp. indet. in my article: ‘‘Mesopotamian Desert Lepidoptera’’ (1941).) C. IRAN (PERSIA). LYCAENIDAE. 1. Tarucus mediterraneae B.B. 29.x.49, 3000 ft., Shapur, near Kazerun, Fars, South-west Per- sia; identity confirmed from male genitalia. A LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). BRAHMAEIDAE. 2. Brahmaea christophi Staudinger. v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, North Persia (leg. Garrett-Jones). AGROTIDAE. 3. Diarsia mendica F. (=festiva Schiff.). 8.vi1.50, 75 miles from Tehran on Chalus road, Elburz mts., leg. Popov. 4. Polia splendens Hitibn. v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. 5. Polia genistae Borkh. 8.vil.50, 75 miles from Tehran, on Chalus road, Elburz mts.; and 8-9.v11.50, Gach-i-Sar, Tehran-Chalus road, Elburz mts., leg. Popov. 6. Polia serratilinea Tr. | 8-9.v11.50, Gach-1-Sar, as above. 7. Hadena reticulata Vill. 8-9.vil.50, Gach-i-Sar, as above; also 8.vii.50, 75 miles from Tehran on same road, Elburz mts., leg. Popov. 8. Leucania pudorina Schiff. v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. 9. Cucullia wredowi Costa. 2-11.1.51, Bushire (leg. Hay-Neave). 10. Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. (det. Botursin). 14.vi.50, marshy stream near Shiraz (c. 5500 ft.), Fars. (d genitalia examined.) 11. Pfeifferella gracilis Ost. 4.x.50, 7000 ft., Pireh-Zan oak woods; 2.x1.50, 5500 ft., Hunai- fagan, south of Shiraz (vegetation :—Pistacietum, Amygdale- tum, Crataegetum). Both these localities are in Fars, South- west Persia. (N.B.—Brandt appears to have taken this species but considered it the female of Meganephria renalis Mea (=cras- sicornis Brandt), of which, it should be noted, the female is the same size as the male, not smaller, as is gracilis than renals. The error appears in Pl. XXVI, fig. 32, of Brandt (1941) (Mitt. der Muench. Ent. Ges., XXXI, Heft 3). 12. Athetis lepigone Moeschl. v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. 13. Aedophron venosa Christ. 6500 ft., 9.vi.50, Muk Pass, south of Shiraz; c. 6000 ft., 5 & 14.vi.50, Shiraz mts. Near Shiraz this species flies together with, but outnumbers, Aedophron phlebophora Led. 14. Phyllometra oblaterata Ramb. 18.v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. 15. Ophiusa albivitta Moore. v, vi, vil, vill, Gardens, Shiraz. Also one 92, 15-18.v.50, Ban- dar Pahlevi (Enzeli), Gilan, North Persia (leg. Garrett-Jones). According to the genitalia these appear conspecific with the Egyptian, not the Cyprian, species of the algira L.-group (see Part I of my article (1948) ‘‘The Lepidoptera of the sxsingdom 16. LZ. 18. LY. LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). 5 of Egypt’’ for the structural differences, and the 2nd Addendum (1949), Part II, td., for a discussion of the nomenclature). Brandt’s record of O. algira L. is probably the same species as the above. The Gilan example especially resembles the Cyprian form, and some of the Shiraz specimens also approach it in facies rather closely. JI am now convinced that the genitalia alone provide good characters for distinguishing the two, per- haps more, species, in this group; there are good genitalia char- acters in both sexes; I no longer consider it possible to distin- guish the species from each other by facies. The brightness of the facies seems to depend on seasonal and climatic influences. Minucia lunaris Schiff. f. rufa Ob. v.00, Ramsar, Mazandaran, North Persia (leg. Garrett-Jones). Minucia bimaculata Ost. Bred in January and February 1951 from larvae found in Tang- Ab Gorge near Firuzabad, c. 4000 ft., on 7.iv.50, on Pistacia mutica. They were full-grown in v.50. A full description of the early stages will be published separately; the larva can be confused with Anua tirhaca Cr. The adult differs somewhat from Osthelder’s description of the types from Marash, in par- ticular the hindwing colour is not grey but dull glossy copper- brown, and the sub-apical spots on the forewing are black, not “velvet brown’’; they are usually more than two in number and tend to unite into a chain. However, I understand that the types were inaccurately described by Osthelder and approxi- mate in appearance to my specimens and I therefore refrain from describing the Persian form under a separate name. Herminia cribrumalis Hiibn. 26.v.50, Sari, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Tr. v.00, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. ARCTITDAE. 20. Phragmatobia fuliginosa pulverulenta Alph. v.50, Ramsar, Mazandaran, leg. Garrett-Jones. GEOMETRIDAE. 7A 22. 23. Sterrha mancipiata repagulata Prout. vi.39, Gulhek gardens, near Tehran; from ova obtained, a second generation hatched in late vii.39. The larva will be described subsequently. Mr. D. S. Fletcher has kindly confirmed the iden- tity from the ¢ genitalia. Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. 3, 12, 15 & 26.vi.50, to light, Shiraz gardens, 5000 ft., South- west Persia. (Probably other records of St. rusticata Schiff. from Persia should be corrected to refer to this species, e.g. that of Schwingenschuss (1939) from the Elburz mts.) Inthostege notata B.-H. 5.11.50, 2 & 7.1.51, 27.11.51, Bushire (leg. Hay-Neave), South- west Persia. . Triphosa expansa Moore. 8.vii.50, 75 miles from Tehran, Chalus road, Elburz mts., leg. Popov. 6 LEPIDOPTERA FROM CYPRUS, IRAQ AND PERSIA (IRAN). PYRALIDAE. 25. Pyralis pictalis Curtis. 3.11.51, c. 3000 ft., Nurabad (Mamassani), Fars, South-west Per- sia; indoors, apparently breeding in roof (as is the habit also, in the Middle East, of Pyralis farinalis L., and Hypsopygia cos- tulis (F.), stored-product-feeders in cooler localities). This species is a Paleotropical stored-product-pest. Three specimens were taken, and in all the hindwing was less marked than in figs. 11 & 12, Pl. I, Corbet and Tams (1943) (P.Z.S.), but the 3S genitalia agreed perfectly with figs. 46 & 49 (id.). VOL. EXIT, PEATE VI. Aberrations of Colias croceus Fourcroy. COLIAS CROCEUS FOURCROY AB. CINERASCENS ROWLAND BROWN. 199 very protracted and only 90 eggs were laid before the female died. Seventy-two in all emerged, 59 normal (41 ¢¢, 182 9), 12 helicina and helice, and 1 6 albino. I made three pairings and laid in a stock of foodplants in pots, and proceeded to rear the fourth generation of the year. Progress was very slow, though I used thermostatically controlled heating, which, however, somewhat limited the ventilation as the weather became colder. Infant mortality was very high. Much of the food I procured from outside when my stock was exhausted was frost-bitten and was not in good condition. Only 31 emerged and were all typical in colour and markings except one male, which had an excess of black extending as a smudge and obscuring the discoidal spot, and all were very small. Mr. Tunstall reared a con- siderable number and had a similar result. No albinos were bred. 99 Braidwood Road, Catford, 8.E.6. 12.v1.51. A note on the genetics of Colias croceus Fourcroy ab. cinerascens Rowland Brown By E. A. Cockayne, D.M. In the original brood 12 females were normal in ground colour and 13 were ab. /helicina or helice, the sex-controlled dominant female form, showing that the female parent was heterozygous for the helice gene, the expectation in such a case being 1:1. All albinos in Lepidoptera, of which the genetics are ‘pen are re- cessive and there is little doubt that Mr. Warrier is correct in assuming that the albino is recessive to normal croceus, the ratio of 16:41 is very close to the expected ratio of 1:3. The brood shows that the albinos and ab. helice are inherited independently. In the next generation it is clear that the first male was heterozygous for albinism and the second male, the Shoreham one, was a homozygous croceus. It is impossible to say how many eggs were fertilized by the first male, but probably very few were, since only one albino was bred and half the offspring of this pairing should have been albinos. All the rest of the brood must have been heterozygous for albinism, since the female parent was an albino, and yet no albinos were bred from the pairing of two of these heterozygotes, though the expectation is 1 albino: 3 normal. Mr. Warrier bred 31 and Mr. Tunstall bred a considerable number, but these were the result of three pairings and the individual broods must have been small. I can think of only one possible explanation. E. B. Ford showed that when normal Cleora repandata L. and a dominant melanic form are bred under optimum conditions, both appear in the expected ratios, but when . the larvae are starved at frequent intervals the ratio of normal to melanic repandata is much below that expected. I think the albino croceus may be a parallel case. Albinos appeared in the expected proportion, actually slightly in excess of it, in the first brood, which had plenty of sunshine, fresh air, and good food, but in the last generation there was a high mortality among the very young larvae and the older ones had artificial heat, very little ventilation, and frost-bitten food, and the number reared was small. 200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 I suggest that all the albinos died and many of the normal ones. Even the normal ones which survived produced small butterflies. Selec- tive mortality of albinos would account for their absence in all three broods. Mr. Warrier says he is convinced that the albino in the perfect state is weak. Neither males nor temales showed the natural vigour of the normal croceus, and the females particularly were most lethargic. Four specimens of the first brood are figured in the Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society, 1949- 1950; Pl. 2, fig. G normal 6, fig. E normal 9, fig. H. albino 6, fig. F albino ©. The correct name for the albino is ab. cinerascens Rowland Brown (Entomologist, 1921, 54, 156). Ab. schiberi Oberthiir (Lép. Comp., 1928, 21, (2), 171, Pl. 571, fig. 4918) is a synonym. 8 High Street, Tring, Herts. A Contribution to the genetics of Lasiocampa guercus L. By B. J. LemMpxe. When breeding Lasiocampa quercus L. from the egg indoors (from Dutch material) I have never succeeded in obtaining a true hibernation of the larvae. They continue feeding, and by forcing them a little (e.g. by shutting the windows at night) it is easy to get practically all the larvae pupated be‘cre the end of the year. The pupae hibernate and the moths begin to emerge in May. The fact that hibernation of the larvae can thus easily be avoided makes L. quercus an attractive species for genetical research, though the difficulty of only one generation a year of course remains. From 1946 to 1949 I reared several broods, and although not all the data which I noted are ‘‘new to science’ I hope it will be of some in- terest to give a report of the results obtained. I. f£. olivaceo-fasciata Cockerell. In June 1946 I received 50 larvae from the north of the Dutch province of Drente; these will be discussed in this paper under III. One of them produced a @ olivaceu-fasciata, the first Lever saw. While I was debating whether or not I should kill it for the cabinet it paired with a phaenotypically normal @, and this put an end to my doubts. That same night it laid a large batch of eggs. I reared the larvae indoors, ted them with willow and, when this was no longer available, with privet, and about Christmas almost all had spun their cocoons. At that time I did not know anything ahout the genetics of olivaceo- fasciata, but from the great rarity of the form J presumed it to be a recessive. I expected to breed nothing but normal specimens, but when the I, appeared (from the first week of May till the beginning of July) I was surprised by the appearance of several olivaceo-fasciata. This could of course be explained by assuming the normal ¢ parent to be heterozygous for this form. If we indicate the ol.-fusc. character by the letter o, the combination would have been ooXx0o, and the result be 400+400. The actual result was, however, that I obtained 6 specimens of ol.- fasc. (6 6d and 1 Q) and 30 normal ones (20 6d, 10 99). Not all the A CONTRIBUTION TO THE GENETICS OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS L. 201 larvae succeeded, however, in spinning their cocoons or in producing healthy pupae, and the great majority of these failures must have been ol.-fasc. A further disappointment was that none of the ol-fasc. $¢ would pair with either the sole 2 of that form or with a normal one. This was a very remarkable fact, asa quercus ¢ will pair as soon as its wings are dry. If, however, my supposition that the form is a recessive was correct, all normal specimens would have to be heterozygotes. These paired readily and two broods were reared. The summer of 1947 was a hot one, and by the end of September all the larvae had already spun their cocoons. This time they were not reared indoors but in the garden of one of my friends. The 82 cocoons produced an F, of 50 moths in 1948. The combina- tion 0o X00 must theoretically result in 400+400+400. The actual figures were: 34 quercus, 16 ol.-fasc., so that there was a small surplus now of the latter. There was no difference between the homozygous and hetero- zygous quercus specimens, so that I did not continue breeding from them. I found, however, a couple of ol-fasc. paired in the breeding-cage, and I kept this female for eggs. Contrary to the rule, it started laying only on the second night, laid much fewer eggs than a normal 9, and only a part of them hatched. The 17 cocoons of this brood produced only 4 or 5 moths in 1949, 1 ol.-fase., the others true quercus! This surprising result can easily be explained when one remembers that a quercus 9 will pair more than once (cf. Ent. Rec., 58: 133, 1946). Obviously the Q had already paired with a (heterozygous) quercus ¢ before I found it in cop. with the ol-fasc. 3. From these results I think we may safely conclude that ol.-fasc. is a simple recessive. This conclusion has also been reached by the Danish lepidopterist Gjaldbaek, whose breeding experiments were published by Hoffmeyer in his Danske Spindere, p. 100 (1948). My breedings sug: gest that the form is not a very favourable one for the species. The re fusal of the F. males to pair, the great mortality of the form in the i, the 2 of the F, starting laying only the second night and producing only a very small brood—any one of these irregularities might be acciden- tal but not all of them, I think, together. As regards the facies of the moths, the 9 9 are rather uniform. They are of a blackish red-brown with a more or less clearly visible greenish (but sometimes dirty dark yellow) postdiscal band, the nervures darker than the ground colour, the white central spot sharply contrasting. With a single specimen the ground colour is more reddish. The $6 are very dark reddish brown, redder (and therefore paler) than the 9 2. In most of them the postdiscal band is distinctly greenish. In some, however, this band is dirty dark yellow on the upperside, and only slightly greenish on the underside. Their ground colour is also - paler (but still much darker than with normal 3), so that they are phaenotypically more or less intermediate. Yet they are genetically true ol.-fasc., as in my breedings the true intermediates (that is to say the heterozygotes) are indistinguishable from quercus $63. Such a S was also caught wild in 1950 in a quite different part of Holland. There has been some controversy about the question whether larvae producing ol.-fasc. could be distinguished from those producing f. quercus 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 (ct. Ford, 1937, Biol. Reviews, 12: 466). In my breedings all larvae were of the same tint and could not be separated into two series. TL. f. basipuncta Tutt. There can be little doubt that this ¢ form with the yellow spot at the base of the forewings is also a hereditary one. It is no doubt multifactorial, as the extension of the spot varies - a good deal. Jn Holland the form is not equally distributed over the whole country. In the north (provinces of Friesland, Groningen and Drente) it is very common, often beautifully developed; in the south (North Brabant, Dutch Limburg) it is a rarity. In 1947 I received a number of larvae from Dwingelo, a locality in Drente. JI also had a small number of cocoons from Epen, in the extreme south of Dutch Limburg. The Limburg stock had already been bred for several generations and only produced ¢ 3 without the basal spot. Incidentally I may mention that J do not know of any specimens from this district with the spot. Unhappily I had only Limburg ¢ ¢ when the Dwingelo brood hatched ; so I was obliged to cross Dwingelo 2 x Epen ¢. Now the difficulty is that the basipuncta character is sex-limited, so that it is impossible to see if the male offspring of a @2 will possess the factor. All Dwingelo 3 6, however, showed the basal spot, so that there is at any rate a great probability that the 9 also belonged to the family. The F, brood of this cross only produced $3 without basal spot. The I’, was not large. Only 6 d¢ resulted from it, 2 of which showed traces of a spot, 4 were without. Though a definite conclusion is not permitted in this case these breedings made it at any rate very probable that basi- puncta is recessive to the form without the basal spot. TII. The red-brown Jarva. The principal form of the larva in Hol- land is the well-known one with grey-brown ground colour in the last in- star, which is figured in all the text-books. But mixed with it another occurs having a beautiful red-brown colour, which strongly reminds one of the larva of Macrothylacia rubi L. As far as I know this form occurs, however, only in the three northern provinces of the country. The per- centage is not the same everywhere. Of the 50 larvae with which I started in 1946, no less than 46 were of the red-brown form. At that time I did not think of separating the 4 grey-brown ones from them, so that I was not certain that the ¢ and @ with which I started the olivaceo-fasciata breedings both originated from red-brown caterpillars. But in this case fortune favoured me, for all larvae of the F, and F, eenerations were red-brown. This proved that the red-brown larva could he bred in a pure line. Tt was, however, my experience with the basipuncta factor, described under ITI, which induced me at the same time to investigate the heredity of this particular larval form. The 2 from Dwingelo resulted from such a larva; the ¢ from Epen arose from a normal larva. I could be pretty sure that the Epen larvae were homozygous for grey-brown, because they had been bred already for several generations. Moreover a red-brown larva has never been found outside the three northern provinces. The results were as follows :— I: all larvae grey-brown ; F,: 80 larvae grey-brown, 28 red-brown. SOMB OBSERVATIONS ON COSCINIA CRIBRUM L. 203 It is clear therefore that the red-brown larva is recessive to the grey- brown one, and unifactorial. The theoretical figures in the Ff, genera- tion are: 2x108=grey-brown, 4 108=red-brown, so that the result ob- tained is as good as could be wished. It is advisable to count the two colours only in the last instar, as they can easily be separated then. The colour of the larva has not the least influence on that of the imago. Besides the larvae from Dwingelo I had also a series from Wijster (another locality in Drente) in 1947. Both series contained the two larval forms, which were reared separately. There was no difference whatever in the moths. This is in accordance with the rule stated by Lorkovié, that aberrations of larvae and pupae are in their genetical behaviour quite independent from those of the adults (1930, Zeitschr. Gest. Hint. Ver., 15: 66): . The result of the investigations may be summarized as follows : — 1. f. olivaceo-fasciata Cockerell is a simple Mendelian recessive. 2. The heterozygotes of this form are phaenotypically inseparable from true Lasiocampa quercus. jap 3. f. basipuncta Tutt is very probably multifactorial and recessive to the $ form without basal spot. 4. The red-brown larva is a simple Mendelian recessive to the normal grey-brown one. Oude Yselstraat 12i11, Amsterdam, Z.2. Some Observations on Coscinia cribrum L. By H. Symus, M.A. Having just succeeded in breeding a small series of Coscinia cribrum L. (eribraria L.) I think my experiences with this species may be of in- terest. A previous attempt in 1949 was a complete failure. Two small batches of eggs, laid on 20th July, hatched on the 29th of the same month; but the larvae, about 25 in number, never really got going. They were given dandelion and lettuce leaves, on which they fed spar- ingly; but they gradually died, and only five survived until the end of September. These five were then sleeved over a potted dandelion plant, and left out of doors through the winter. On 18th February 1950 I examined the sleeve and found one larva still alive. It lingered until the end of April, when it died without, apparently, having resumed feeding. On 13th July 1950 a female taken in East Dorset laid about a dozen eggs which hatched in ten days. The larvae fed steadily on withered dandelion leaves, which they preferred to lettuce, heather or groundsel. They were a much healthier brood than my 1949 larvae, and when they ceased feeding at the end of September I sleeved them on a cut sprig of heather, inserted the stem in a jam jar filled with wet sand, and left them out of doors through the winter, facing east and sheltered from the heaviest rain by a small pent-house. On 2nd March 1951 I examined the sleeve and found that nine larvae had survived the winter: the presence of some small pellets of frass showed that they had nibbled the heather. I gave them a fresh sprig and left them in the sleeve until the end of March, when I moved them to a breeding-cage, for better observation. I gave them fresh heather and some groundsel and withered dandelion leaves. 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 During April I kept them under constant observation. At the be- ginning of the month the larvae changed their skins, assuming the pen- ultimate instar. They fed steadily on a mixed diet of heather, pre- ferring the fresh green tips but occasionally eating withered flowers, dandelion, preferring withered leaves but sometimes eating fresh ones, and groundsel, of which they ate both leaves and flowers. They ate very slowly and deliberately. One larva took more than an hour to con- sume the yellow part of a single groundsel flower. They were very sluggish in all their movements in the breeding-cage. Their favourite feeding times were between 8 and 10 a.m. b.s.t. and 4 and 6 p.m. In April they would bask in a sunny spot in the cage, but as the sun be- came hotter in May they spent most of the day among dead leaves and moss at the bottom of the cage. On 13th May one of the larvae changed into its final instar: the rest did so within a week. On 16th June | found that two of the larvae had pupated. All nine eventually did so. ‘hey spin a very slight cocoon. Two larvae chose corners at the top of the cage, the rest spun up in small tufts of mat-grass, dead leaves or lichen at the bottom. In due course nine moths, of which seven were females, emerged, the first on 7th July and the last on the 13th. They were all very fine specimens, larger than any wild ones I had seen. { have searched for the larvae many times, but only once with suc- cess. On 18th May 1951 Dr. H. King and I each found three larvae. They were all resting on the ground or very low down on heather o1 dwart gorse, not feeding but apparently sunning themselves in the very scanty sunshine of that day. Mine ate very little and were all dead by 25th May. I kept the corpses and on 20th June an ichneumon fly emerged from each. It is not difficult to obtain a reasonable number of the imago in the daytime, nor is bright sunshine necessary. On a dull morning in July 1949 seventeen specimens were taken by the Rev. F. M. B. Carr, Mr. J. D. C. Boyes and myself, and this was not the only time that I have taken the species in dull weather. But little success can be expected in a strong wind or, of course, rain. My experience in the past three years is completely at variance with the remarks in Tutt’s Practical Hints, vol. 2, p. 77. The moths can be seen resting near the top of a sprig of heather and may often be captured before they take to flight. The female, indeed, is most reluctant to leave its resting place and can be boxed as it sits, while it is quite easy to follow the flight cf the male and take it when it settles again. ; The eggs, when first laid, are very beautiful: they are a pale golden colour and highly polished in appearance. In 1950 I found several batches laid in clusters round heather stems and near the top of the plant. They were quite conspicuous at first, but after a few days they lost their original colour and turned purplish-brown, and were theretore almost invisible against a heather background. The Annual Exhibition of the Soutn Lonpon ENtTOMOLOGICAL AND Naturat History Soctety will be held on Saturday, 27th October 1951 at the rooms of The Royal Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, Lon- don, W.1. It will be open from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. LEPIDOPTERA NEAR THE DORSET COAST. 200 Lepidoptera near the Dorset Coast By Pavut H. Hovitoway. Approaching Worth Matravers by car at noon on 8th July 1951, we looked across the cloud-capped valleys from the Dorset hills; thin, misty cloud drifting slowly southwards at a lower altitude than our- selves, creeping up the hillsides until we were enveloped in the same warm grey mist. Occasional drizzle in the varying winds made little difference to the abundance of butterflies and burnet moths, although more sunshine would have resulted in a greater number on the wing. On the rocky hillsides the wild red Valerian made bold contrast to the green foliage and the blue-green of the sea visible at the end of the val- ley; a vast, tranquil expanse upon which rested a solitary white sail. The local race of Plebejus argus, somewhat smaller on an average than the typical form and paler in shade in the male, was seen in hundreds, while Polyommatus icarus and Cupido minimus were quite plentiful and the first appearance noted of Lysandra coridon, a solitary male. Maniola jurtina almost equalled P. argus in numbers but no varia- tion was observed, Melanargia galathea was well out and the commoner ‘Skippers’ very prominent, one Thymelicus acteon also being recorded. We were pleasantly surprised to find a large number of confluent- spotted specimens among the numerous Zygaena trifolit. Both this species and Z. filipendulae were carefully examined for variation, which was an easy matter when so many were resting on grass stems or clus- tered round the flower-head of a Knapweed while the sun was obscured, and the results obtained were promising. One yellow Zygaenid was re- ported in flight but escaped unidentified. The several Callimorpha jacobaeae observed were of a lighter shade than usual, probably shghtly faded after a long period of maturity, although still thickly scaled. Being a late season it seems within the bounds of possibility that this is a paler local form. On our return down the long, winding hills, with the dense forests rojling away across the valleys to the west, presenting a panorama of Dorset country unsurpassed in splendour, we realised that a further survey should result in equally interesting observations and captures. It happened that on 22nd July we drove through the worst thunder- storms in my experience. The rain ceased for a short while and mist obscured the cliff-teps. From the rugged coast, deserted excepting a few restless Herring Gulls, the only sounds were the crying of Gulls and waves lashing the shore. The sea faded away to an invisible horizon in the grey haze of early afternoon. During this fair period the butterflies made frequent flights. Maniola jurtina and Melanargia galathea were very common and mostly in good condition. Lysandra coridon, all very fresh males, abounded. Plebejus argus and Thymelicus sylvestris were still fairly well represented and just a few T. acteon were boxed from the grass. A few Zyguena trifolii and Z. filipendulae were examined, but no variation noted. Drizzle developed in intensity until, on our homeward journey, we were again accompanied by thunderstorms. We were favoured with improved conditions on our third visit, on 29th July, although the sun failed to appear. There was an abundance 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 of T. acteon and T. sylvestris, M. galathea (still emerging), M. jurtina and L. coridon; the females of coridon, however, were not yet fully out although well represented. Argynnis aglaja raced across the slopes, making pursuit impossible. P. argus was still there, Maniola tithonus appeared casually and the commoner ‘‘ Whites ’’ were frequently seen. Z. filipendulae showed signs of deterioration, -the first appearance this season of the colourful Prothymnia viridaria was noted, while Ortholitha bipunctaria was the commonest moth. Grasshoppers were everywhere, including the much prized Great Green (Tettigonia viridissima). An entomological friend who had been staying in this locality for the past week told us of the exciting encounter he had with Nymphalis untiopa one day during the week, missing it with the net by a few inches. We left Worth Matravers with many pleasant memories: the gaunt, rugged cliffs; the dusty road winding through the valley to the smooth, sea-washed boulders; the lonely caravan on the hill. But the most. thrilling experience to us was the galaxy of butterflies flying around us as we made our way slowly across the grassy slopes. The Early History of the Swallow-tail Butterfly (Papilio machaon L.) in England By R. F. BretHerton. Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire and the marshes round the Norfolk Broads are now the only places where one can count on seeing the Swallow-tail butterfly naturally at large in Britain. In addition, one might be lucky enough to find some occasional immigrants or their off- spring along the South Coast from Kent to the Isle of Wight. But it was not always so: there is evidence that in the 18th and early 19th Centuries the Swallow-tail was much more widespread. It seems worth while to review this evidence, and to try to determine to which sub- species of the insect it refers. It is now well recognised that our Cambridge and Norfolk Swallow- tails belong to the indigenous sub-species britannicus Seitz, while those found on the South Coast are of the West Kuropean lowland sub-species bigenerata Verity. The two are usually distinguishable at a glance; for in britannicus the dark markings are broader and heavier and the area of the primrose ground colour much reduced, especially on the hindwings and at the apex of the forewings. But occasionally inter- mediately marked specimens occur about which, if they were found alone, there would be doubt. The two sub-species are shown on the same plate by Dr. EK. B. Ford (Butterflies, plate 48), and the differences there are obvious; but in early hand-painted illustrations it is not easv to be sure which is heing portrayed. There are also differences of food-plant, habitat, and life-cycle. In the wild state the larvae of britan- nicus are almost exclusively found on the Marsh Parsley (Peucedanum palustre), and the insect seems to be quite unable to establish itself outside undisturbed marshland; while bigenerata uses a wide range of Umbelliferous food-plants, both on the Continent and when it is found at large in England, and it frequents meadows, gardens, cliffs and hill- sides, often of the driest kind. Mr. B. C. S. Warren has also recently THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY. 207 shown that bigenerata is rigidly compelled to produce two broods in the year and can only survive if the larvae of the second have time to feed up and pupate before the winter. Britannicus has a more flexible con- stitution. Its main emergence is spread over a long period from May to early July, and the offspring of early butterflies may either fit in another brood in August and September or over-winter as pupae, ap- parently according to weather conditions. Mr. P. B. M. Allan tells me that the first clear mention of Papilio machaon in English entomological literature appears to be in James Peti- ver’s book Musei Petiverianit Centuria Prima Rariora Naturae of 1695, where it is called ‘‘The Royal William’’; but I have not been able to examine a copy of this. Ray names it in his Historia Insectorum of 1710, but says nothing of its distribution. Petiver’s Papilionum Britanniae of 1717 has an uncoloured figure of what seems to be bigene- rata, and says: ‘‘ this has been caught about London and in divers counties of England, yet rarely.’’ Benjamin Wilkes gives a detailed account in his The English Butterflies and Moths, published hetween 1747 and 1760: ‘‘ the first brood appears in May, the second towards the end of July. Being in a meadow near Cookham in Kent, on 5th August 1748, I observed a female hovering over certain plants, which, taking particular notice | found to be the Meadow Saxifrage (Seseli pratense) . . . It may be taken in meadows and clover fields about Westram in Kent.”’ Unfortunately his beautiful plate shows only the larva and the food- plant, Common Fennel, on which he bred it, though in an earlier work of 1742 he gave a pair of black and white illustrations which resemble bigenerata more than britannicus. Moses Harris in 1766 in The Aure- lian gives a figure which also appears to represent the former, and says ‘‘the flies appear in May and August, meadows, Bristol and West- ram’’; and Donovan’s very bad figure of 1797 seems to be the same: but since he remarks that specimens preserved in British cabinets were genera ly brought from Germany it may not portray a British Swallow- tail at ail. In 1803 Haworth wrote that the larva lived on umbelli- ferous plants in July and September, and that the imago was to be found in late May and early August, but uncommonly enough. He gave no distribution, but remarked in his preface that he knew that it still bred near Beverley in Yorkshire and that his brother-in-law possessed a specimen taken there some seven years earlier. Samouelle in 1819 said: ‘‘ very local, but occurs near Bristol and Beverly and has been taken plentifully near the New Forest in May and August.”’ More detailed evidence can be extracted from the manuscript Ento- motogical Journal of J. C. Dale, which is deposited in the Hope Museum at Oxford. Dale’s own diary is prefaced by some pages copied from Dr. Abbot’s Entomological Calendar for 1798 to 184. This records the finding of a larva of P. machaon, nearly ful!-fed, at Windlesham, Surrey, in the last week of June, 1798 or 1799, which emerged on 10th August. Dale himself records seeing a Swallow-tail at Wimborne, Dorset, in 1895, and his father several at Batcombe in 1806; and from 1808 to 1816 he saw or took between 40 and 50 at Glanville’s Wootton (now usually called Wootton Glanville). The relevant extracts may be summarised as follows :-— 208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 18)8--22nd, 26th, 27th June, 2nd, 5th, 13th July ... oe ie 6 27th July an 3rd August . et bi or 14 mm Oo le Oe! co to 1899—17th, 19th, 3lst August, is ine: boc a 4 1810—16th, 19th, 24th August .. 3 1811—5th, 8th August a Aas Jee ys 1812—14th and 22nd July, ‘‘ not worth catching ”’ 1813—l]th June i me 12th July, Lith, gk. 20th August 1814—Ist August Nes ae aa ae 1815—3l1st July (2), 17th Naga? “the last 1 took here ”’ 1816—22nd June, ‘‘ the last I saw here ”’ ... 45 In several cases the diary shows that these Swallow-tails were taken, not in any marsh, but settled on flowers often on the very top of the chalk hills above Glanville’s Wootton; and their annual occurrence, often in two broods and nearly twenty miles inland, makes it clear that they must have represented an established colony and not mere immi- grants. The dates and habits suggest that they were bigenerata; but unfortunately the only surviving specimen which I can trace—the female taken on 17th August 1815—is of intermediate markings, and Mr. E. Taylor, who examined it at my request, reports that neither he nor others are prepared to swear which race it belongs to! The colony appears to have died out suddenly and completely; for, though J. C. Daie lived and kept his diary at Glanville’s Wootton until his death in 1872, he never saw a Swallow-tail there after 1816. C. W. Dale in 1890, apparently drawing on information which had been available to his father, added that about 1808 it was also taken in great plenty in Cowshp Meadow, near Lymington, Hants., and at West Camel and Rimpton in Somerset, and in Glamorgan. He also quotes White’s Nutural History of Selborne to show that it had oc- curred at Selborne, Hants., and several times on dates between 20th April and 28th August at Catsfield; near Battle in Sussex. In East Anglia the Swallow-tail can hardly have escaped the notice of those persons who discovered the Large Copper in the Huntingdon- shire fens about 1793 and near Ely a few years later. C. W- Dale says it was taken there in plenty near Wisbeach by Mr. W. Skrimshire. But serious collecting in the fens seems only to have begun in the second decade of the new Century. J.C. Dale went to Whittlesea Mere from Cambridge for the first time in 1814, and saw 28 Swallow-tails there on 16th June. He recorded a similar number there between 22nd and 26th June 1818; and between 22nd and 26th July 1819, besides finding the first British larva of the Reed Tussock (Laelia caenosa Hubner) and seeing his first Large Copper, he obtained a great number of Swallow-tail butterflies around Whittlesea and Trundle Meres and some larvae in Bardolph Fen, Norfolk, from which butterflies emerged in the following June. He noted Swallow-tails again, with the Large Copper, at Whittlesea on 21st June 1826, and on 18th/21st July 1827 he saw one butterfly and several larvae. But after his last visit to the Fens in mid-July 1837 he notes: ‘‘ Towards Whittlesea Mere—no Cop- pers or Swallow-tails: nor any at Milton (near Peterborough) this year’’. THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE SWALLOW-TAIL BUTTERFLY. 209 Nevertheless, the headquarters of the Swallow-tail did not become generally known for some time. Samouelle failed to mention it in 1819, and the first published reference seems to be in 1824, in The Bu'terfly Collector's Vade Mecum by Miss Leetitia Jermyn of Ips- wich. Depending no doubt on local knowledge, she gave its distribu- tion as Catton and Acle in Norfolk and Cherry Hinton, Madingley and Whittlesea in Cambs.; in her second edition in 1827 she added Horn- ing and Grantchester. Her plate represents an unmistakable female britannicus. Stephens in 1828 described it as a ‘‘ not uncommon Kng- lish insect, especially in the fenny counties of Huntingdon and Cam- bridge . . . Two broods generally supposed; but from the observations of my deceased friend, E. Blunt, Esq., I presume this is inaccurate, as he had taken the larvae in all its stages at one time, and the per- fect insect continued to make its appearance with regularity from the end of May to the middle of August.’’ All this clearly refers to britan- nicus; but he went on to say that the Swallow-tail had sometimes been captured close to London, in Epping Forest, at Stepney, and near Peck- ham, and refers to its occurrence in Dorset, Yorkshire and near Bristol. In 1836 Curtis mentioned only Norfolk, Cambridge, Whittlesea, and Dorset. Neither he nor Stephens gave pilates of the Swallow-tail, no doubt because by then it was too well known for this to be worth while. It was, however, figured again, in the britannicus form, by Humphreys and Westwood in 1841; but, as Dr. E. B. Ford has pointed out, in their 1849 and later editions this was replaced for some unexplained reason by a figure of bigenerata, equally said to be drawn from an English specimen. So far as I know, all illustrations of British Swallow-tails in later works represent britannicus. After the Swallow-tail came to be freely taken in Kast Angha later records of its occurrence elsewhere are often suspect because of the many releases of bred insects and of amateur attempts at establishing larvae which were made in many parts of the country. Nevertheless Edward Newman, who went into the matter with his eye on this fact, in 1869 felt able to add to the list of places where it had been at some time a resident insect. He quotes records from Hazlebury Common and ‘Cranbourne as additions to J. C. Dale’s evidence for Dorset; and he mentions some more early records for the New Forest and Stainton’s statement that it was common near Pulborough in Sussex. In the London district, he said that he had himself repeatedly found the cater- pillar feeding on rue in a garden on Tottenham Green, Middlesex, ‘‘pro- bably fifty years ago’’ (i.e. about 1819). He also cited a note by George Austin in The Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer for 1856, referring to the finding of the larvae, year after year, in the osier beds behind Beaufoy’s Distillery in Battersea Fields, Surrey, though he had never seen it there in the winged state. (It would be too much to hope that. the Swallow-tail will grace the Festival Fun Fair there a century later !). Elsewhere, Mr. Norman Riley tells me that the only two British Swal- low-tails in the British Museum collections, which come from outside the Fens, are a pair taken at Petworth, Sussex, ‘‘ not later than the year 1855’: these are certainly bigenerata. Dr. E. B. Ford has noted the belief that in early times Swallow-tails were found regularly round Hythe in Kent, and has pointed out that in our own time the num- bers and circumstances of the records of butterflies and larvae suggest 210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 that it is very nearly able to keep a permanent foothold along the South- east Coast. Several of these recent captures, of which no less than 70 were reported in 1945, have been firmly identified as bigenerata. The pictorial, literary and museum evidence about the early Swal- low-tails is scrappy and often obscure. But taken as a whole it seems — to justify the following conclusions :— (1) The Swallow-tail was known to 18th Century entomologists al- most exclusively in the Continental form bigenerata. (2) Though it was not common, this form was regularly resident for long periods in Southern Britain, even well inland, from Glamorgan through Somerset and Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, and South- west Surrey, until about the second decade of the 19th Century. (3) The Swallow-tail was also resident around London, on both sides of the Thames and in the Lea Valley, possibly until considerably later. The type of ground frequented there suggests that these specimens may have been of the Fenland sub-species britannicus; but the fact that all the early figures of the Swallow-tail seem to refer to bigenerata tells the other way, since most of the early writers worked in London and would have been most likely to figure insects caught nearby. As to the identity of the Yorkshire specimens there is no indication at all. (4) In the Fens, the Swallow-tail had a much wider distribution than at present; but in Norfolk, so far as the scanty evidence goes, there does not seem to be much difference. In Fenland, the contraction of the range of britannicus was no doubt due to the progressive drainings of the Huntingdonshire meres, which was completed about 1850; and the draining and urbanisation of the Thames marshes may have caused its destruction round London, if the London race was in fact britannicus. But the disappearance of higenerata as a resident cannot be similarly explained, since its catho- lic tastes in habitat and food-plants would have protected it here, as they have done across the Channel, from most changes due to human agency. It seems likely that a climatic deterioration was responsible. { believe that the meteorologists consider that the climate of 18th Century England was more ‘ continental,’ with hotter summers and colder winters, than it afterwards became. It may be significant that 1816, the year in which the Swallow-tail disappeared from Dorset, had the lowest accumulated summer temperature since 1750, and was the last of a progressively deteriorating decade. Similarly, the recent signs of partial re-establishment of the Swallow-tail in the South-east may probably be associated with climatic improvement; the decade 1949 to 1949 shows average summer temperatures markedly above the average, though not reaching the average levels of the warmest re- corded decade, from 1772 to 1781. REFERENCES. Ford, E. B. Butterflies, 1945. Warren, B. C. 8. The Central European Races of Papilio machaon and their Nomenclature (Entomologist, §2: 150, 1949); Biological Notes on the Sub- species Alpica and Bigenerata of Papilio machaon (Entomologist, 84: 11, 1951). Ray, John. Historia Insectorum, 1710. Petiver, James. Papilionum Britanniae, 1717. BRITISH HAWKMOTHS IN EAST AFRICA. ZA. Wilkes, Benjamin. Plates, 1742: One Hundred and Twenty Copperplates of Eng- lish Moths and Butterflies, 1773 ed. Harris, Moses. The Aurelian, 1766. Donovan, E. The Natural History of British Insects, vol. 6, 1797. Haworth, A. H. Lepidoptera Britannica, 1803. Samouelle, G. The Entomologist’s Compendium, 1819. Dale, J.-C. MS. Entomological Journal and Diary, 1806/1871. Dale, C. W. A History of British Butterflies, 1890. Jermyn, Letitia. The Butterfly Collector’s Vade Mecum, ist ed. 1824, 2nd ed. 1827. Stephens, J. F. Jilustrations of British Entomology, vol. 1, 1828. Curtis, John. British Entomology, vol. 13, 1836. Humphreys, H. N., and Westwood, J. O. British Butterflies and their Transfor- mations ist ed. 1841, 2nd ed. 1849. Newman, Edward. An Illustrated Natural History of British Butterflies, 1869. Manley, Gordon. The Range of Variation of the British Climate (Geographical Journal, March 1851). British Hawkmoths in East Africa By D. G. Sevastoruto, F.R.E.S. Mr. Sneyd Taylor’s paper, British Sphingidae in South Africa (1951, Entomologist’s Record, 63, 16) suggests that a companion article on East Africa might be interesting. T have met with the same five British species in Uganda as Mr. Sneyd Taylor records from South Africa. The Uganda climate in the districts around Lake Victoria is not tropical, although Kampala is very nearly on the equator, the temperature varies between about 65 and 85 degrees, showers occur almost all through the year, with the exception of a short period from mid-January to mid-March, so that the country is always green and gardens full of flowers. There are no pronounced genera- tions in insects and brood succeeds brood throughout the year. De- velopment is fairly quick, the pupal stage in H. convolvuli lasts for about three weeks, a few days more or less depending on temperature. It will be noticed that the names I have used in the following list are slightly different from those used by Mr. Sneyd Taylor. I have followed Bell & Scott’s Sphingidae, Fauna of British India, Moths, v. Acherontia atropos L.—Is widespread but not by any means com- mon. Most of the larvae I have found have been feeding on Jasmine and refuse to change over to Solanaceae in captivity. The larva is often fed on by small blood-sucking flies, I believe a species belonging to the Simuliidae, as many as eight flies having been found feeding on one larva, which apparently suffers neither harm nor inconvenience from the attacks. Herse convolvuli L.—Is fairly common, coming to light and visit- ing flowers in gardens. The larvae feed on various Convolvulaceae, 1n- cluding Sweet Potato, on which, as in South Africa, it may be a serious pest. The usual form of the adult larva is the dark one, the green form seems very rare, and some larvae I have bred have been an almost uniform black. Deilephila nerii L.—Is not very common, not nearly so common as in Calcutta for example. The usual form of larva is the green one, but I have found one example of a dull ochre colour with suffused black lateral patches. These yellow forms appear to be due to a failure of 212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VO. LXIII. 15/X/1951 the blue component of the normal pigment as the outer part of the ocellus and the rings surrounding the white dots are violet in yellow larvae whilst they are a deep indigo in green. J have already drawn attention to the fact that South’s figure showed the pre-pupational colouring in a note in the Entomologist (1947, 80, 218), but there seems to be a certain amount of difference in the South African colouring in that stage and that which I have recorded both in India and Uganda. My specimens have always been a deep olive-black or blue-black, I have used both terms in descriptions, on the dorsal area with the lateral and ventral areas a livid orange-pink. The dark colouring occupies only a narrow area on the thoracic somites and there is a divided blackish dorsal plate on the 1st somite. I feel that there may be some mistake in Mr. Sneyd Taylor’s mention of Mango and Gardenia as food-plants, as all previous records give only plants of the tamily Apocynaceae. There is a plant of this family, Tabernaemontana coro- naria, that is very similar to a Gardenia, and I think that this may have resulted in a wrong identification, although I cannot account for ths mango record in this way. In Uganda T. coronaria is the favourite food-plant, and I have never found ova or larvae on Oleander, although these may be growing alongside a bush of coronaria. The larvae of nerit are also fed on by the small Simuliid flies referred to under A. atropos. Celerio lineata L., livornica Esp.—Appears to be rare in Uganda. T have only once found an example—an imago at rest in a hedge. In Kenya it appears to be more common and a friend reported having > found the larvae very commonly at Magadi, not far from Nairobi. In- cidentally, this species is not mentioned in Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera, xv, African Bombyces. Hippotion celerio I..—Is common, the moths coming to light and visiting flowers in gardens. In spite of the common occurrence of the imago, the larva is very rarely seen and I have never heard of it being considered a pest. Kampala, 25.iv.al. Flying Butterflies By An OLp Moru-Hounter. Ix the July-August issue of this magazine I said something about Vanessa antiopa and there is one important matter which I omitted to mention. There is no printed record, so far as I can discover, of the larva ever having been found in the wild in this country. In 1876 Surgeon Hele of Aldburgh, Suffolk, found an imago clinging to a post, the wings being limp and only partially expanded, and Parson Bloom- field captured one in his garden in Sussex which promptly discharged meconium, the waste products of pupal metabolism which are usually ejected before the first flight. A pity that neither of these observers looked for the pupa-cases, which cannot have been very far away. The reason why antiopa comes to England in a year when its migra- tory impulse reaches its peak does not seem to be obscure: it is power- ful of wing and the individuals which fly westwards across the North Sea from southern Scandinavia must needs enter our island. The dis- FLYING BUTTERFLIES. ats tance from south Norway or Denmark to our coastline is not much more than 350 miles while from the Netherlands to Yarmouth it is only about 100. With an easterly wind of say 25 m.p.h. even the longer crossing could be made in daylight, between May and August. The speed at which butterflies travel over the earth or sea is often over-estimated. In his classic hook The Migration of Butterflies (1930) Dr. C. B. Williams gives a list of the only records of butterfly speeds which he had been able to trace and with the exception of his own care- ful observations, timed by stopwatch, all of them are merely guesses— interesting no doubt but of little value scientifically. Says Dr. Wil- liams: ‘‘ I myself was much deceived by the rate of flight, which I esti- mated as at least 20 m.p.h. until the insects were actually timed over a fixed distance with a stopwatch and found to be moving only about 112 m.p.h.’’ The actual speeds which Dr. Williams himself timed are as follows :—- . Catopsilia florella. 15 m.p.h. Following wind. Catopsilia florella. 12-16 m.p.h. Cross wind. Catopsilia statira. 17 m.p.h. Wind diagonal with flight. Catopsilia statira. ¢. 12 m.p.h. Cross wind. Belenois severina. 64 m.p.h. Head wind. Terias senegalensis. 5 m.p.h. Following wind. Andronymus neander. 112 m.p.h. Cross wind. The only other records timed by watch which Dr. Willams quotes are one of Vanessa cardui observed by Charles Oberthiir: it was travelling with a following wind and attained a speed of only 11 m.p.h., and one of Catopsilia sennae, observed by L. D. Cleare, which was doing 9 m.p.h. against a head wind estimated at 12 m.p.h. The maximum speed of a Pierid butterfly in still air measured by R. Demoll in 1918 was 5.14 m.p.h. This approximates to the figure 5.59 m.p.h. recorded, also with a Pierid, by A. Magnan in 1934. Presum- ably V. cardui can fly a little faster than this—but not very much, be- cause the combined speed of wind plus butterfly which Oberthiir timed was only 11 m.p.h. The speed of a butterfly is, of course, superimposed on the speed of the air-stream over the earth if the insect is propelling itself in the same direction as the air-stream relative to the earth or sea. But un- like a bird the butterfly up in the air cannot see where it is going, since, the focal length of its eyes being only a few yards, neither the earth beneath it nor distant land is visible to it. And being part and parcel of the medium in which it is borne, i.e. the air-stream, if the wind is steady the butterfly is in calm air whichever way it faces. As a man running in a perfectly still air feels a breeze only on his face in whichever direction he runs, so a wind-borne butterfly is conscious (if I may anthropomorphize momentarily) only of a breeze on its antennae no matter in which direction it is flying. If it be travelling in a wind which is passing over the face of the earth at 30 m.p.h. it will feel exactly the same gentle breeze on its antennae whether it be pro- pelling itself contrary to the direction in which the wind is passing over the earth or in the same direction as that in which the wind is passing over the earth. It matters not at all which direction the butter- fly faces nor how strongly the wind is blowing in relation to the earth, for the butterfly is flying inside a virtually still medium—the air-stream. 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOD. LXIII. 15/X/1951 Then has a butterfly no sense of direction? If it is flying north- wards in a wind from the south and the wind veers quickly to the north-west, will the butterfly continue to accord with the direction of the wind relative to the earth, until it is heading south-west? Why do butterflies traversing oceans head for a land which they cannot see? Ts it a mere matter of luck whether they ever make land at all, seeing that swarms of butterflies have been observed flying out to sea in a direction which precluded any possibility of reaching ‘ the other side ’ and ensured that they should perish to an antenna? Surely the arri- yal of Monarch butterflies in the multitudinous islands of the Pacific oceans is a matter of chance—or do you suggest that each individual set a course for a particular island before it left the mainland? At present only the first of these questions can be answered with any kind of assurance; for the assertion that butterflies do possess a sense of direction and fly in the migrating direction independently of wind changes is confirmed by an overwhelming number of observations, and that a migrating swarm is carried where the wind listeth is no longer credible. The individuals of a migrating swarm all travel in the same direction; so do the stragglers following a day or a week or more behind the main body. And there I must leave it. Yet [ would remark that one thing seems plain (if anything at all can be plain in this most recondite matter): since insects flying in a steady wind cannot feel wind-pressure from any direction, any sense of orientation which they may possess when in the air would seem to be one which is not called into play by a mechanical external stimulus—unless indeed you postulate some form of cosmic ray or solar radiation which guides them even as wireless can guide an aeroplane . .. Said Dr. Williams in a later work: ‘‘ what- ever the causes of extensive migration may be, they cannot be localised as independent happenings, but must be due to some widespread event ”’ (my italics), ‘‘ tending to vary in the same direction over areas cover- ing nearly half the circumference of the earth.’’ - It is indeed a mystery. Notes from Aviemore By C. CRAUFURD. IT argrivep at Aviemore on Monday morning, 18th June, and left on Monday evening, 2nd July. The first thing I noticed on arriving © was that the Cairngorms had great snow patches everywhere, and I was informed that no one in the village could remember so much snow on the hills in mid-June. The following day was dull and cold and the only butterfly seen was a solitary Argynnis selene, which J disturbed from the heather. The 19th and 20th June were dull with drizzling rain, but on the 21st the sun shone, and A. selene, Coenonympha pam- philus, Ematurga atomaria and male Lasiocampa quercus race callunae were flying. On Friday (22nd) I went up the slope of Carn Dearg Mor by the gravel road, and on the small birches larvae of Endromis versicolora were found just out of the egg. There were 26 eggshells, and two batches of 14 and 12 larvae were feeding. Three L. callunae NOTES FROM AVIEMORE. 215 larvae just emerged were also found and many others were later dis- covered in all stages of growth up to half-grown. At the same time male and female callunae could be seen flying until the 30th June. On Saturday, 23rd June, Polyommatus icarus, Pieris napi, and Parasemia plantaginis were on the wing; there was a cloudless sky, and it was very warm. The first Avricia agestis race artaxerxes was seen on the cistus on the south side of Craigellachie. Larvae of Nym- phalis io and Aglais urticue were noted on 24th June, which was a dull day. The 25th, 26th and 27th were wet or dull and nothing was seen on the wing. Another batch of EH. versicolora larvae was found —sixteen in number. The 28th and 29th were hot and bright, and A. artaxerxes was now emerging while Pier:s brassicae, A. selene, C. pam- philus, P. icarus, P. napi and P. rapae were also flying; but they were all few and far between. The 30th June and lst July were respectively dull and wet, but on the 30th I saw a fine female ZL. callunae flying and two males also. On the same day I found a half-grown larva of this species. ; The bright spots of my fortnight at Aviemore came after sunset in the form of moths at sugar. A hundred posts on a deer forest were sugared over a distance of 600 yards with the open golf course on one side of the fence and a background of birches on the other. The sugar (black treacle, apple jelly, methylated spirit, and amyl acetate) was applied at 9.30 p.m., and it was 11.30 before it was dark enough to make the first round. Sugaring was continued nightly from the 18th to the 30th June, but not on Sunday, Ist July, which was very wet and windy; also arrears of sleep had to be made up. I give below a full list of the species seen or taken. There were about 400 on the sugar the first night, and the largest number (about 1000) were seen on the 29th June. Hyppa rectilinea was the commonest moth seen. I was delighted when the first one or two appeared; but as there were sometimes ten on a single post familiarity bred contempt. Hadena thalassina was next in point of numbers, and then came Ochropleura plecta, Humichtis adusta, and Rusina umbratica (tenebrosa). Hadena contigua was fairly frequent; Tethea duplaris was common. Apamea crenata (rurea) was quite common with, I should imagine, all its named varieties. Huplexia luctpara and Lycophotia varia (porphyrea) were common. Hadena bombycina (glauca) appeared on 20th June, Agrotis exclamationis on the 21st, Diataraxia oleracea on the 22nd, Diarsia rubi and Triphaena pronuba on the 24th, Phlogophora meticulosa on the 28th, and the only Polia hepatica (tincta) on the 29th. Almost every insect was in fresh condition, and even of those that had been out presumably for over a fortnight very few were damaged. Moths came to the sugar apparently without regard to the quarter from which the wind blew or whether it was strong or weak or whether there was heavy rain or drizzle. Sugaring at Aviemore was in great contrast to East Herts, where the result of two nights’ sugaring on the 8rd and 4th July was one Meristis trigrammica! The generic and specific names in the following lst are those given by Mr. W. H. T, Tams as printed in Allan’s Larval Foodplants. 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 Hyppa rectilinea (commonest). Apamea furva (do.). Hadena thalassina (very common). Leucania comma (do.). Ochropleura plecta (do.). - Agrotis exclamationis (do.). Euplexia lucipara (do.). Diatarazxia oleracea (do.). Tycophotia varia (do.). Diarsia rubi (do.). Eumichtis adusta (do.). Phlogophora meticulosa (do.). Tethea duplaris (do.). Hadena bombycina (four). Apamea crenata (do.). Apatele leporina (three). Rusina wmbratica (do.). Triphaena pronuba (three). Hada nana (dentina) (common). Procus strigilis (three). Hadena contigua (do.). Apatele menyanthidis (one). Ceramica pis (do.). Gonodontis bidentata (one). Apatele psi (a few). Scoliopteryx libatrizx (one). Apamea sordens (do.). - Polia hepatica (one). Notes on Life-Histories, etc. THAT insects possess senses of a delicacy unknown to us humans is plain to every field entomologist, and the precision of these senses sur- passes that of any scientific instrument which we can devise. We might possibly contrive an instrument which could detect scent particles in the surrounding air or even at a distance of several feet from the source of emanation; but to devise a means of detecting a scent, imperceptible by our noses, emanating from so tiny a source as a small female Geo- meter, at a distance of perhaps a quarter of a mile, and moreover in- stantly locate the exact source to within a point of the compass, is at present beyond our capacity. Writing some years ago in this magazine (2: 256)'Dr. Richard Freer said: ‘‘ I have often wondered how the Foxglove Pug was got at by its parasites, living as it does closely shut up inside the foxglove flower. This year I had the good fortune to catch an ichneumon in the very act. I saw this fly apparently sitting on a foxglove flower, and, on looking closer, I saw that it had thrust its ovipositor and nearly all its abdomen through the petal, and on opening the flower I found a wretched squirm- ing pulchellata larva impaled. The ichneumon must have made a very good shot as the larva was a very little one.’’ We can imagine how the ichneumon detected the penny ae by sound, perhaps by scent, perhaps by noticing the spun-together lips of the foxglove blossom. But what sense did it possess to enable it to locate the unseen larva—and ‘‘a very little one’’—with such precision that it could impale its prey when a deviation of its ovipositor of one millimetre would have meant a clean miss? Could the fly see the larva —had it some sense which enabled it to look through the petal—or can it ‘ pin-point’ the noise (?) of a very small larva’s jaws? The larva at rest does not always occupy identically the same spot within the flower, so one can rule out the possibility that the ichneumon ‘ measures off’ the exact place on the outside of the petal through which the ovipositor must be thrust. Perhaps there are a good many ‘near misses’; but plainly the middle of the target is found sufficiently often for the race of this particular parasite to survive. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. D7 The female of the Chalcid Trichogramma, which parasitizes lepidop- terous eggs, can tell whether she has been forestalled by one of her own species merely by walking over the egg; for she can ‘ smell’ the scent left by her predecessor. If the scent is removed by washing the surface of the egg the second comer will insert her ovipositor. But having done this she becomes aware that the egg is already parasitized, so she with- draws her ovipositor without laying, and flies away. How she becomes aware that the egg is parasitized is probably a chemical affair: the receptors on her ovipositor ‘ inform’ her of some difference in the com- position of the egg contents. Here too is a delicacy of sensory percep- tion which is truly remarkable. Notes and Observations PiERIS BRASSICAB L. 1In NortH Drvon.—While walking along the top of Summerhouse Hill at Lynmouth in mid-July I was surprised to see a large number of full grown larvae and pupae of this butterfly. There must have been some hundreds. A good proportion of the caterpillars had been ‘ stung’ and these were hanging lifeless from the stems and leaves of various plants surrounded by the parasitic cocoons. The pupae were attached to projecting rocks and sundry herbage, and those on erass-stems were often in pairs. It would be interesting to know what these larvae haa fed on. Unfortunately I could find no caterpillars actually feeding, neither could I see any of the usual plants on which they would normally feed.—W. J. Frynican, 87 Wickham Avenue, Cheam, Surrey. Notes rrom East Dorset.—On 16th, 17th and 18th August Pieris brassicae was passing my cottage at the rate of 80 an hour, all coming in from the sea. On the 18th three Colias croceus were seen in fresh con- dition, and during the past week many N. io, V. atalanta and P. c-album in excellent condition have been noticed. L. coridon and T. acteon have been swarming here these last sixteen days.—Lronarp TatcHELL, Rock- leigh Cottage, Swanage, Dorset. 20.viii.51. Noves ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EKUPITHECIA MILLEFOLIATA ROsst.—This species is now known to be breeding in suitable places along the east coast of Kent, from Ramsgate in the east to Dungeness in the west. This is the extent of its range in Great Britain at present so far as I am aware. There are two exceptions, however, for I took an imago in July this year at Ham Street, Kent, and another about the same time near Canterbury. Both these localities are several miles inland from the known breeding grounds. The larvae should be looked for this autumn in fresh places where it may perhaps occur, namely along the north coast of Kent and perhaps inland in that county; also along the seaboards of Sussex and Essex, especially the former. The places which appear to be most suitable for search are waste stretches of ground where the food- plant, yarrow, has been able to grow unchecked to about a height of a foot or more. - The larvae, which feed on the brown and withered flower-heads, should be beaten into a tray during October. They are fairly large at the beginning of the month and some may even be full grown; but a few late individuals will continue feeding until the end of the month. Fairly 218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/ X/1951 good coloured figures of the larva will be found in Hofmann’s Die Rau- pen der Gross-Schmetterlinge Europas (Pl. 47, figs. 12a, b and c). The results of intensive searches should be recorded whether they be produc- tive or not; for such information whether positive or negative will be of value in determining the status of this species in this country. When beating yarrow at this time of the year larvae of Hupitheciu subfulvata and E. succenturiata are likely to fall on to the tray; but the larvae of these species are elongated whereas that of EH. millefoliata is stumpy.—J. H. Cuaumers-Hunt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wick- ham, Kent. SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS L. IN DERBYSHIRE.—Yesterday I found a near- ly full-grown larva of S. ocellatus basking in the sun on a sallow bush, in a wood between Chesterfield and Sheffield. Mr. W. Reid tells me that it is uncommon in this part of England. I also had a fine male imago brought to me on 25th July. It was caught at Holmewood Colliery electric light. This is about five miles south of Chesterfield.—J. H. JoHNson, 53 Knighton Street, Hepthorne Lane, Chesterfield. 28.viii.51. [Mr. T. D. FearneHoues of Dronfield, Derbyshire, writes :—“‘I agree that S. ocellatus is a rare moth in this area; indeed I have no record for North Derbyshire. It occurs regularly in the Doncaster area, becomes scarcer southwards from there towards Sheffield, and occurs only in oc- casional years in the Rotherham district. Further south in the Derby and Burton-on-Trent area I understand it is found regularly. J think myself that the distribution of the species in Derbyshire and Yorkshire is largely governed by altitude.’’ | A New Larvat Derercent.—In 1949 I conducted some experiments on prophylactic methods in the rearing of larvae and mentioned, in a paper in The Entomologist’s Gazette, Vol. I, Part III, the use of ‘'T.C.P.’’ as a non-toxic disinfectant. There was, in this article, a some- what inconclusive suggestion that this disinfectant might be of use as a cure for ‘‘virus disease’. Further experiments have confirmed the sug- gestion and a crucial experiment has now been made. In July 1951 I was breeding a number of batches of Acronyctu alni L. from ova and one of these batches, in the last instar, became infected with a disease. Of the twenty-five larvae in the batch thirteen were apparent- ly well and were segregated. The remaining twelve appeared to be dead. The symptoms were the usual ones of diarrhoea, failure to feed, flaccidity. The larvae affected were wet over the whole of the integument as con- trasted with the unaffected larvae which showed a velvety sheen. On detailed examination, three larvae were undoubtedly dead and liquefying. The remaining nine were wet and limp and lay on the floor of the breeding-tin. Occasionally, however, they showed feeble signs of movement. These nine were extracted and totally submerged for one minute in a 10% solution of standard ‘‘ T.C.P.’’ in water. Apparently time and dilution are very critical. After fifteen seconds’ immersion they became very active and writhed to and fro. They then became inert and when removed from the liquid appeared quite dead. They were placed on clean cellulose wadding and, after two hours, showed signs of activity. At the end of twelve hours eight were dry, healthy and feeding ac- tively, and all eventually pupated normally. The ninth larvae appeared —-— - NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 219 dry and clean, but was too weak to feed and eventually died. A similar experiment with Callimorpha dominula L. made earlher indicated that there was some recovery, but the solution was stronger and a high rate of deaths from poisoning made the results doubtful. It is possible that ‘‘ T.C.P.”’ is toxic to some larvae (mainly unpig- mented species) in strong solution but, where the disease is met with, experiments might well be pursued with larvae which would, in any case, succumb unless treated. I should be grateful to hear of the results of any tests.—H. S. Ropinson, Lower Farringdon, Alton, Hants. 4.vi1i.51. [‘‘ T.C.P.”’ is a proprietary antiseptic and is described by its manu- facturers as ‘‘ A solution of halogenised phenolic bodies, in water, made from the following ingredients:—Chlorine 0.2%, Jodine 0.11%, Phenol 0.63%, Salicylic Acid 0.045%, Bromine a minute trace.’’—Ep. | THe ForMs oF COENONYMPHA TULLIA IN THE So_tway AREA.—During June 1950 and June 1951 I collected a total of sixty-two specimens of Coenonympha tullia from mosses and flows bordering the Solway Firth. Examples were obtained from three counties, Cumberland, Dumfries- shire and Kirkcudbright; usually a dozen from each colony, and were not in any way selected. Critical examination has revealed that of the twenty-four taken in Cumberland all are of the typical race C. t. tullia. Twenty-two speci- mens from Dumfriesshire are of the same race and three intermediate between tullia and the northern race scotica. From Kirkeudbright I have four of the typical race, five intermediate tullia-scotica and two scotica, suggesting that this is the southern limit in West Scotland where the latter race occurs with any degree of regularity. Two specimens, a female from Kirkcudbright and a male from Dum- friesshire, at first sight appeared to resemble the southern race philo- xenus. Kxamination revealed that the spots are not greatly enlarged, but are lanceolated forming points towards the outer margin of the wings. These can simply be regarded as rather unusual aberrations. It i8 apparent that most of the Solway C. tullia are the typical race, but there is a tendency towards scoticu on the Scottish side.—D. F. Owen, 3 Lockmead Road, Lewisham, S.E.13. GHLECHIA HIPPOPHAELLA SCHRANK, PLATYTES ALPINELLUS HUBNER AND LOXOSTEGE PALEALIS SCHIFF. IN YORKSHIRE.—Records from Stainton and Meyrick give ‘‘ near Deal’’ and Kent respectively as areas where Gelechia hippophaella Schrank may be found. The moth was seen on the sandhills on the Spurn Peninsula from 15th-24th August 1949. Be- tween 1000 hrs. and 1200 hrs. B.S.T. and between 1900 hrs. and 2000 hrs. B.S.T., several moths were disturbed from Marram Grass growing near the foodplant, Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides); these. quickly sought cover in the surrounding herbage. It was not possible to disturb the moth during the afternoon but two were taken at light after midnight. I hoped to take the moth in a similar situation on the Formby (Lancashire) sandhills but could find no sign of either larva or imago during several hours search. Sea Buckthorn is used to bind the sand and prevent erosion by the wind. I could not ascertain if the shrub was planted for this purpose at Spurn or find the date of planting, but it is obvious, from the dense- 220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 ness of the scrub, it has been established for many years. It is likely the moth was introduced if and when such planting took place. A single specimen of Platytes alpimellus Hiibner was netted on the sandhills at Spurn on the evening of 20.vi1i.1949. There is no record oi this species in Porritt’s list of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. With reference _ to Mr. C. Craufurd’s note on p. 183 of the present volume of The Ento- mologist’s Record, two specimens of Lozostege palealis Schiff. were taken at Spurn in mid-August 1949, one flying during the day and the other at light. The foodplant Daucus curota is plentiful at Spurn.— H. N. Micuaznis, 10 Didsbury Park, Manchester 20. Practical Hunts In a late season the larvae of the Tawny-speckled and Bordered Pugs (Hupithecia icterata ssp. subfulvata and E. succenturiata) can be found on mugwort (as well as on yarrow and tansy) almost until the end of October. They have quite different habits. The larva of subfulvata rests by day stretched out at full length on the stems and leaves of the foodplant and is therefore fairly easy to find. EH. succenturiata can be collected only at night, for it passes the daylight hours concealed among the lowest leaves. After dark it climbs up to the top of the plant, some- times in considerable numbers, to feed not on the flowers but on the upper surface of the leaves. White patches on the leaves suggest its presence. If you run short of mugwort, both species will eat garden chrysanthemum. Mid-October is the best time to collect larvae of the Lappet (Gastro- pacha quercifolia). The beating-tray must be used, and small scattered blackthorn bushes from two to three feet high are more profitable than hedges, since the larva usually rests by day low down in the bush. Put the tray right under the bush. There are various other foodplants, but for one larva found on these you will find twenty on blackthorn. In the larva-cage, plug the neck of the water-bottle tightly with cottonwool, or the larvae will walk down into the water. It is always worth while searching aspen and sallow in mid-Octobei provided some of the leaves are still green: there are always a few be- lated larvae of Notodonta dictaea (tremula), N. ziczac, P. palpina and LL. capucina (camelina) to be found, not to mention H. furcula and bifida (hermelina). Hawthorn may also be beaten for Aputele tridens. Pro- vide the latter with a piece of well-baked rotten wood into which it can bore for pupation. Every ivy bush in blossom within a convenient walk of the house should be visited nightly after supper this month. The net can be quite a small one and should be mounted on a stiff bamboo at least nine feet long. The torch should throw a beam, so that blossoms up to sixteen feet from the ground can be examined and the moths thereon jerked into the net, where most of them he fuddled. This is the best way to take the Tawny Pinion (athophane semibrunnea)—a much commoner moth than some people think. In a fine autumn, October is the month par excellence for punpa- digging. The earth is usually in suitable condition, most of the desir- NOTES ON MICROLEPIDOPTERA. Oat able larvae have pupated, and the birds and mice have not yet started to search for cocoons. By raking out the debris collected in crannies under the trunks of large oaks one is almost certain to find species which spin up among dead leaves. This debris should be examined most care- fully, for it is easy to overlook the soft, dark, oval cocoon, sprinkled with earth, of Drymonia dodonaea (trimacula). The curious cocoon, like an upturned boat, of the Green Silver-lines (Bena fagana) attached to the middle of a dead oak leaf, is one of the first things one finds. The larvae of Apamea unanimis are best collected this month. By night they feed openly on reed-grass (Digraphis arundinacea), which grows so commonly in ditches on low-lying ground near watercourses, and are easily seen in the light of a torch. By day the larva hides inside a tube which it constructs by spinning a leaf of the foodplant into a cylinder, and when once this place of concealment has been detected one can usually collect as many larvae as required; for where A. wnanimis occurs it is generally plentiful. The ‘ tubes’ should be collected as late in October as the weather permits and placed, with the foodplant, in water-bottles, furnishing the cage also with a pupating-trough filled with peaty compost. The larvae ‘ go down’ at the end of October or early in November and rest until the following March or April, when they pupate without coming to the surface again. Notes on Microlepidoptera By H. C. Hueerns. Most of these Notes refer to larvae and pupae which may be obtained during the dead season, and so far as the insects themselves are con- cerned they may be sought at any time till March. However, the birds are apt to make great havoc amongst them as the winter sets in, and my advice in all cases is to collect the material as soon as possible where it is exposed in any way to their attacks. I sometimes think to-day that entomologists should consider the necessity of a ‘‘Wild Birds’ Destruc- tion Act’’ to protect our insect fauna! JI know that in theory the birds all live on pernicious insects, but why do tits pick all the oak-galls to pieces, and why should the moorhen destroy so much larger a proportion of algae to typhae ? The full-grown larva of Anania nubilalis Htib. can be found in stems of mugwort from October onwards. It lives in the thicker part of the stem and may be at any height from ten inches above the ground to the thin parts at the top. I usually break the dried stems and collect those containing burrows; often two or three larvae occur in one stem. As pupation does not take place till the beginning of May the stems must be kept exposed to all weathers. Nubilalis is now found in suitable localities such as waste heaps, abandoned allotments, gravel-pits, etc., all round the coast from Romney Marsh to Colchester. It is not usual to find it far inland; but systematic searching will probably add more inland localities. Thatch on farm buildings, etc., is well worth beating during this month. Several of the hibernating Depressarias and Orneodes hewu- 222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 dactyla Linn. will be obtained almost everywhere; but in its chosen localities Anthophila pariana Clerck will probably prove the commonest insect obtained. This variable little moth is usually held to be scarce as well as local, but when I lived in the Sittingbourne district I could usually beat out 40 or 50 from the thatched eaves of a barn at the bot- tom of my garden any day in October. The supply seemed to be con- stantly renewed till the end of the month. Pariana drops into the beat- ing-tray and can easily be boxed, whilst the other insects are apt to fly off again. Oak-galls, particularly the large spongy ones, should be collected in quantity from the middle of October. Although more difficult to find before the leaves are off the extra trouble is compensated by their free- dom, at this early date, from the attacks of insectivorous birds, par- ticularly tits. Place them in tubs or flowerpots with good drainage and in mid-March transfer them to a breeding-cage. With any luck the following Tortrices will be bred, more or less in the order given: Pam- mene fimbriana Haw., P. argyrana Hiib., P. splendidulana Guen., P. gallicolana Zell.; and an occasional bonus may arrive in the form of an odd specimen of P. juliana Curt. This last insect feeds on acorns but cannot be obtained_by collecting them as the larva leaves the fruit be- fore it falls; however, occasionally it spins in a spongy gall. The distri- bution of some of these species is odd. P. argyrana, usually supposed to be found everywhere, is in my experience very scarce east of the Medway in Kent, whilst to the west of that river it is abundant. Early falling acorns should be collected and placed in a flowerpot with good drainage and a few inches of light soil. The larva of Laspey- resia splendana Htib. will emerge from these and burrow in the soil. This is another of those tiresome caterpillars that do not pupate until the following spring, so it must be exposed to all weathers. The larvae in the later falling acorns will be found to be those of beetles. Collecting Notes OrIA MUSCULOSA Hus. IN HAmpsHIRE.—I have to record a male speci- men of O. musculosa Hub. taken at light at Sway, Lymington, on 26th July last. South’s book mentions an example taken at Brighton in 1855 and others in the same locality, and at Bexhill, Kent, between that year and 1860. One was taken at Brighton in 1883 and another in South Devon in 1899.—C. B. AnTRamM, Clay Copse, Sway, Lymington, Hampshire. 18.viii.51. [Although so plentiful in the Salisbury district (where ‘‘a large number’’ were taken in 1940, seventy in 1941, ‘‘abundant’’ in 1942 and 1948) this species is rarely recorded outside that favoured area.—Ep. | Notes rrom Norrorx.—A fortnight’s holiday on the Norfolk Broads during the latter half of June afforded an opportunity for some in- teresting field work. This was my first experience of collecting in Kast Angha, apart from an occasional visit to Wicken Fen, and it was a great privilege to see Papilio machaon flying freely in its restricted localities. The eggs (laid on Peucedanum palustre) were not difficult COLLECTING NOTES. paz to find, if one was prepared to search for them in marshy ground. They are usually laid on the upper side of the leaf, and oviposition takes place over a fairly long period. I found them in all stages and a few of the newly hatched larvae. These were subsequently reared successfully on garden carrot, and a fair number of-imagines of the second brood had emerged by the end of August. The pupae were of both the green and the grey forms, the latter with strong black markings. There is no apparent difference in the imagines emerging from the two forms. Other fen insects taken in Norfolk during late June included M. flammea Curt., A. phragmitidis Hub. (larvae) and O. lignata Hub. (vit- tata Bork.), in addition to the pretty little, very local, Pyralid C. ciii- alis Hub. An intensive search of the sandhills on the Norfolk coast yielded only one specimen of the plume Z. distans Zell. freshly emerged. Possibly a further search in early July might have been more successful. This plume feeds on Picris hieracoides L. A number of A. lotella Hub. were also taken and a few of the rarer Crambid C. fascelinellus Hub.—Canon T. G. Epwarps, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Tulse Hill, London, S.W. 20.vili.51. ANANIA NUBILIALIS Hus. In Lonpon.—A recent interesting find in a London garden within the borough of Lambeth was the migrant species A. nubilialis Hub. Three of these were attracted by the hghts in my house in Tulse Hill in late July.—Canon T. G. Epwarps, Holy Trinity Vicarage, Tulse Hill, London, S.W. 20.vi11.51. ACRONICTA LEPORINA L. In DersysHirE.—When I moved to this dis- trict early in the year and found near at hand a tract of ground formerly woodland but now covered with a new growth of young trees, mostly birch, my thoughts turned to the possibility of finding here the Miller (Acronicta leporina Linn.). I had not had leporina larvae before, so I looked up all the references I could find anent these desirable creatures. It seemed that the best way to obtain the larvae was by searching (or of course beating) small birches, preferably the lower branches. A few vears ago a correspondent with a companion found 30 leporina larvae in one day by searching small birches on a Yorkshire common. Unfor- tunately all these larvae died. How often do we hear of leporina failures, and how seldom do we hear of the causes! I started to prove the birch area on 4th August and spent the first couple of hours assiduously turning over the lower branches or sprays of likely looking birches. A little discouraged at lack of success I thought that for a change I might well try to find some of the other lovers of birch, and straightening up I began to turn over leaves at the less tiring level favoured by camelina (capucina), dromedarius, and gnoma (dictaecoides). Two minutes later I was transferring to a glass- topped tin my first leporina larva. Later a second larva was found in a similar position about four feet from the ground. On the way home to lunch I passed under the overhanging branch of an aspen, and looking up noticed the transparent leaf-patch and coiled shape of a megacephala larva. The leaf with its inhabitant was hur- riedly popped into a box, for this species gives nice melanic forms in this area. On closer examination later the larva proved to he not mega- 224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X/1951 cephala but a young leporina about to cast a skin. After lunch I took a visiting relative for a stroll in the woods. We came upon a patch of very young sallows, and remarking upon these I idly twisted over a top stem. There again was leporina looking well in a new coat, the cast skin just beside him. I began to think that leporina must be common here, but this proved to be not so. For several following weeks I spent my spare time, and some time that was not really spare, haunting the birches, aspens, and sallows. The two latter gave no more leporina, but the birches yielded six more larvae. The last four obtained were all attended by parasites. These were small, green, transparent grubs, sucking at the sides of the larvae, like piglets at a sow. These four larvae were all attached to silken pads as though for moulting and were helpless against the cling- ing grubs. The parasites were easily removed with fine-pointed forceps; but although apparently undamaged the leporina larvae remained stationary and slowly died. IT now have six leporina larvae, healthy, feeding well, and growing apace. Already I have dreams of taking into the woods next season a lady Miller, to find for her a suitable mate. She will be full of eggs and desire to lay them. They say, however, that Millers are difficult to rear; so perhaps. . . .—T. D. Frarnrnoven, 13 Salisbury Road, Dronfield, Derbyshire. COLEOPTERA Notes on Collecting Longicorns in 1951 By F. A. Hunter. On 25th May I visited a wood in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, in order to sweep the hawthorn blossom—which was then in full flower— for longicorns. Although the day seemed in every way to be favourable all I succeeded in obtaining was a short series of Rhagium mordaz, and these all from the flowers of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea). Two days later I returned to the wood in company with my friend D. C. Twinn, and we were rather more fortunate. On this occasion we obtained a good series of R. mordax and a number of Molorchus minor, along with a considerable number of Gramoptera ruficornis. Again these were taken off the dogwood; the hawthorn seemed only to contain G. nigra and other small beetles such as Rhynchites sp. and various Mor- dellids. Part of one of the intervening days, the 26th May, was spent in the Madingley area. Here the hawthorn seemed to be much more productive. We again took M. mimor and G. ruficornis, but no R. mordax. Sweeping the grass at the edge of the road supplied us with a short series of the rather local Phytoecia cylindrica. On 2nd June we motored down to a woodland in the Bishop’s Stort- ford area, and although the weather again appeared to be perfect we did not take more than a few beetles. Strangalia. melanura, A. tabacicolor, and the inevitable G. ruficornis were all taken sparingly. Two visits to Wicken Fen in the heginning of June were also unpro- ductive; Chrysomela populi, Haltica lythri, Lochmia crataegi, and Loch- COLEOPTERA, 225 mia capreae, normally common enough chrysomelids here were to be found only sparingly. My friend J. Boorman took a very good speci- men of Anaclyptus mysticus. During the fortnight 23rd June to 8th July D. C. Twinn and myself collected in the New Forest. The weather was, on the whole, good. Some ot the enclosures had just been subjected to a thinning out, and in the rides next to them many pine logs were heaped. These pine logs were of the pit prop size, and we looked underneath them for the weevils, Hylobius abietis, and Pissodes pini—these weevils were exceedingly com- mon; in some cases there were nine or ten on each log. The unexpected find on these logs, however, was a number of Asemum striatum. In two or three days’ collecting I had formed a good long series including both the red and black forms. In Wilverley enclosure I took a Tetroprum gabriele from under one of the logs. The hawthorn blossom in the New Forest was completely over two or three days after our arrival, and we then found that the most pro- ductive flowers were those of the bramble, the wild rose and the hogweed. On hot days the brambles in the Pignal enclosure were abounding with Strangalia melanura, A. tabacicolor, S. nigra, and frequent S. maculata, These species were to be had flying and by sweeping the bramble leaves as well as from the flowers themselves. Frequently also Clytus arietis was swept from the bramble leaves. This latter species was most easily taken, however, by looking on the new fence posts which have been put up around the enclosures. For this purpose the new posts were by far the most productive, and the old ones, particularly those which have been covered with mud, were comparatively devoid of Clytus. In a closed-in ride we were glad to find three Strangalia quadrifas- ciata on wild rose flowers. My friend D. C. Twinn was fortunate enough to find in this ride a beech log containing three imagines, a pupa, and some larvae of the local species Lepturu scutellata. J also took a male imago of this species on a bramble leaf in a nearby enclosure. Also from the flowers of the wild rose I took a very fine specimen of Stenocorus meridianus (the black form). In the evenings we spent some time sweeping hazel and bramble and we took, in addition to 8. maculata, S. nigra, A. tabacicolor, S. melu- nura, and G. nigra, a short series of Tetrops praeusta. Throughout the first week we took only a single specimen of Leptura livida, but when during the second week we visited Lymington we found a large number in a very small area, on the edge of a wood. Conspicuous by their absence were specimens of Rhagium bifasciatum, a species usually abundant in the forest. We found much evidence in the shape of larvae, exit holes, and dead unemerged imagines but did not see a single living imago. On leaving the New Forest I paid a week’s visit to Bournemouth, but saw only L. livida and S. melanura. ; While staying at Streatley in the Thames valley, I again noted L. livida, S. melanura, and G. ruficorns. The longicorn season, which apart from the various fenland species must now be almost at its close, has this year been rather hampered by a late commencement, but has picked up considerably towards its end. I was, however, disappointed not to have seen any Callidium violaceum, several stations of which we visited. 226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/%/1951 Due Laks Anthomyia albicincta Fall. and other species of Diptera occurring in swarms By E. C. M. pb’ Assis-FonseEca. On August 7th this year (1951) a vast swarm of smallish flies was noticed close to a large sweet chestnut tree in Eastling Wood, near Waldershare (Kent), which proved to be males of the Muscid species Anthomyia albicincta Fall. The swarm, whose movements were rapid and somewhat erratic, occupied a considerable depth, the lowest speci- mens being 8 to 9 feet up while the top of the swarm must have reached well over 20 feet in height. A good number of specimens were captured without difficulty, although it was found to be necessary to make a very rapid stroke of the net before the lower layers of the swarm moved bodily upwards out of reach; these came down again within reach if left undisturbed for a few minutes. A somewhat puzzling feature was the presence of three females in the first catch. There can be no doubt that these were captured in flight, but although many subsequent attempts were made to obtain further females they were without success. The swarm persisted during day-time without a break, except in heavy rain, until August 12th, after which further observation was not possible. A fairty exhaustive search was made of the woods between August 7th and 12th to try to locate other swarms of A. albicincta, but this particular species appeared to be confined to the single swarm de- scribed above. It may, however, be interesting to note here some of the other species found in Eastling Wood to possess the ‘‘swarming’’ habit to a greater or less degree. Fannia species. The habits of the males, which are frequently to be seen wheeling or ‘‘swinging’’ to and fre in leisurely fashion under trees, are well known. The following species of Fannia were observed during the period mentioned :—pretiosa Schin., pallitibia Rond., armata Mg., manicata Mg., polychaeta Stein, serena Fall., coracina Lw. and mutica Zett. Usually each small group appeared to consist of a single species, but in several instances armata and polychaeta were found flying to- gether. Fannia fuscula Fall., although found in considerable numbers feed- ing on the stem of a large fungus (not identified), were not once seen in flight. Helina lucorum Fall. A number of males of this species were seen hovering, quite motionless, beneath a large oak tree at about 6 o’clock in the evening of August 8th. Delia trichodactyla Rond. Close to the same oak tree, about 8 feet from the ground, males of D. trichodactyla were observed to be whirling in an extremely rapid and erratic manner. Closer inspection showed that each individual insect appeared to be darting outwards from the tree-trunk and following the path of a more or less vertical loop, return- ing after two or three circuits to rest on the trunk for a short space. The effect from a short distance was of a wildly gyrating mass, and even close and careful observation failed to determine the exact path of any individual fly. FIFTY YEARS AGO. 227 Azelia triquetra Wied. Males of this species were seen circling round in leisurely fashion 6 to 10 feet above a low hedge some little dis- tance outside Eastling Wood. Their movements were very similar to those of Fannia species, but, unlike Fannia, they were entirely in the open 10 to i2 yards from the nearest tree. Lonchaea chorea F. Immediately adjacent to the swarm of A. albi- cincta, and in the shade of a large yew tree, males of Lonchaea chorea were gyrating extremely rapidly in a comparatively small swarm, ap- pearing almost silvery as they passed through patches of sunlight. The first attempts to capture specimens failed completely owing to the ex- traordinary speed with which the whole swarm moved away at the crucial moment, thus avoiding the sweep of the net. A few specimens were ultimately obtained by a very rapid sweep over a wide arc, the speed being such that the flies lay stunned in the bottom of the net until transferred to the bottle. On subsequent days several such swarms were found in different parts of Eastling Wood, and in each case the same difficulty was experienced when attempting to capture specimens. In an attempt to discover if females of either Anthomyia albicincta or Lonchaea chorea were at rest near the appropriate swarm of males, much of the surrounding foliage was repeatedly swept, but not a single specimen of either sex of these two species was captured in this way. One is therefore forced to the conclusion that the males of at least some species which indulge in the ‘‘swarm habit’’ are capable of sustaining their apparently purposeless gyrations for many hours at a stretch, with- out rest or visible sustenance. 18 Grange Park, Henleaze, Bristol. September 10th, 1951. Fifty Years Ago (From The Entomologist’s Record of October 1901.) Breeties differ much from lepidoptera in the attention they have received at the hands of entomologists and many of their species are so minute and so elusive that nothing but persistent collecting carried on for several years in any locality could hope to even approximately exhaust its coleopterous inhabitants. This is precisely what we lack. Coleopterists are tew in number and principally inhabitants of large towns and, it must be confessed, often more prone to visit, for collect- ing purposes, localities known as likely to furnish additions to their cabinets than to explore more virgin fields whose possibilities may be all unknown. Moreover, coleoptera share with other orders of insects a most perplexing irregularity of appearance and abundance. It is within the experience of every entomologist that species of all orders have their ‘‘years’’, seasons when, owing to causes probably exceedingly complex and often indirect, but which are certainly quite beyond our present knowledge, a species will abound throughout its range and often overflow its normal limits. Such a spring tide of profusion is always followed by the ebb of scarcity, and it is the mean of a long series of years which will fix the true range limit of a species —W. E. SHARP. VARIATION OF ZONOSOMA PENDULARIA.—The most frequent form of JZ. pendularia obtained here [Shropshire] is dark slaty-blue with a broad, 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII. 15/X/1951 bright red band, the edges running into the blue and being very ill- defined. The ordinary type form is rare. I think this is a very distinct case of protective coloration. On the ordinary white-barked birch the type form is hardly visible, but very few of the birches here are white-barked, only a few of the larger ones being so as a rule; the bark is usually dark brown, mottled with a little white, and coloured alsc by lichens, on these stems the typical form is most conspicuous, and can be seen many yards away, whereas the dark form is almost invisible and is most easily overlooked; very occasionally it sits on oak-trees in which the dark form has the same advantage of being inconspicuous, whilst the type is just the reverse.—F. C. Wooprorpr, Market Drayton. Obituary HORACE ST. JOHN KELLY DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., died on 22nd April 1951, in his 81st year. Mr. Frank Bouskell writes :— ‘‘ He was my oldest friend. He started his education at Mill Hill House, Leicester, went on to Oakham Grammar School, then to Heidelberg University. He joined the editorial panel of The Hntomologist’s Record in 1897 and was a member of the Entomological Club and a notable figure at the Verrall Supper. He did his early collecting with me at Bradgate Park, Bardon Hill and Budon Wood, where he was first interested in ants and their hosts. About this time I introduced him to Mr. F. Bates, the brother of Bates of the Amazons, who eventually gave him his almost complete collection of Coleoptera. Later on we went to Wicken Fen, the New Forest, Isle of Wight, etc., and his numerous records are recorded in our early issues. I should mention our joint trip to South Kerry Island, where he added a new beetle to that country. His varied work on the Coleoptera was so well known from his articles in the Victoria County Histories of Hampshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire and the various journals that I need not enlarge on it. But his great research in the ants was world famous. As a brilliant entomologist he was always helpful to beginners, and will be widely missed.”’ It should be added that Donisthorpe was elected a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society in 1891, becoming Vice-President in 191] and serving three times on the Council of that Society. Throughout a long life he was constantly contributing to the magazines—we believe his printed papers and notes exceed 800 in number. In addition he wrote the chapter on Entomology for Mrs. Grant Duff’s Life and Work of Lord Avebury (1924). A more extended notice of both his literary and field work is given in the July issue of the Hnt. mon. Mag. of this year (87: 215). 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Plate vit [The following aberrations of British Macrolepidoptera are in the - Rothschild-Cockayne-Kettlewell collection in the British Museum. ] Aberrations By E. A. Orthosia incerta Hufnagel ab. elongata ab. nov. The orbicular stigma is greatly elongated towards the base and the elongated portion has a dark central streak. Type @: Rannoch, Perthshire, 1894, Reid. R. Adkin coll. Orthosia advena Schiffermiiller ab. lativittata ab. nov. The ground colour is blackish brown as in ab. fuscus Robson, becom- ing a little lighter in the distal part of the wing, where the nervures are darker than the ground. The white submargimal line is more than double the normal width. : Type 6: Morpeth, 1894. (Gibbs coll.) Rothschild coll. Orthosia gracilis Schiffermiiller ab. alba ab. nov. (Fig. 1.) The head, thorax, abdomen, and forewings are white or very pale cream colour; the black dots of the postmedian row are very small; the stigmata are scarcely visible. The hindwing is white, but in some ex- amples there are some grey scales near the margin. Type do: Wood Walton, Hunts., 20.iv.1913, N. C. Rothschild. B.M. 1913, 382. Allotype 9: Same locality, 29.iv.1913. Rothschild coll. Batanypes 6 99: Wood Walton, I3:iv, 18-iv, 27.1v,. 28.1v.1913. Rothschild coll. and 30.iv.1913, N. C. Rothschild. B.M. 1918, 382. Heliophobus albicolon Hiibner ab. substriata ab. nov. (Fig. 2.) Between the postmedian and subterminal lines on the forewing the interneural spaces are cream coloured and only very sparsely powdered with dark scales; the nervures are dark. Thus there is a broad pale band crossed by dark nervures. The cream submarginal line is present. Type ¢: Loc. incog. Rothschild coll. Leucania comma Linnaeus ab. nigristriata ab. nov. On the forewing there is a black streak along the costa, a black streak from the base almost to the termen between nervures 1 and 2, and a shorter one between 1 and the inner margin; the other black streaks are accentuated. Type 6: Hull, Yorks., 1894, C. Russell. (Bright coll.) Rothschild coll. Leucania. lythargyria Esper ab. flava ab. nov. The forewings are dull ochreous with no trace of the usual rufous tint. Type 2: Isle of Man, 1890. (Salvage coll.) R. Adkin coll. Leucochlaena oditis Hiibner ab. extensa ab. nov. (Fig. 3.) The dark area between the reniform and orbicular is reduced in size, the dark area distal to the reniform, lying between it and the post- 230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/ X1/1951 median line, is pale with a very small blackish streak in the upper part and two larger ones in the lower part. This makes the pattern appear to be very abnormal especially in the distal part of the wing. Type ¢6: Torquay, 1878. (A. H. Jones and Baldock coll.) Cockayne coll. ; Cucullia absynthit Linnaeus ab. albescens ab. nov. (Tig. 4.) ae The ground colour of the wings is white and all the dark markings are replaced by pale brownish grey; the thorax and abdomen are white. Type ¢: Portland, bred 1891. (Bright coll.) Rothschild coll. Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibner ab. argentea ab. nov. (Fig. 5.) On the forewing the basal area is paler than usual; from the basal line to the subterminal line there are no markings except a faint shad- ing proximal to the orbicular, darker shading along the costa above the reniform running out to the subterminal line, and faint traces of the postmedian line; the nervures have black scales along them and appear as extremely thin black lines; the subterminal line is distinct, but the EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. 1. Orthosia gracilis ab. alba ©. Allotype. Fig. 2. Heliophobus albicolon ab. substriata g. Type. Fig. 3. Leucochiaena oditis ab. extensa ¢. Type. Fig. 4. Cucullia absynthiit ab. albescens ¢g. Type. Fig. 5. Lithomoia solidaginis ab. argenteu Q. Type. Fig. 6. Allophyes oxyacanthae ab. nigrilinea ¢. Type. Fig. 7. Allophyes oxyacanthae ab. variegaia g. Type. Fig. 8. Griposia aprilina ab. striata Q. Type. Fig. 9. Dryobotodes protea ab. nigra Q. Type. Fig. 10. Antitype chi ab. variegata ¢. Type. Fig. 11. Antitype chi ab. cuneigera 3. Type. Fig. 12. Antitype chi ab. cuneigera Q. Allotype. Fig. 13. Agrochola lychnidis ab. nigribasalis g. Type. Fig. 14. Anchoscelis litura ab. paradozxa 92. Type. markings near the termen are a little reduced. The hindwings are paler than usual. Type 9: Aberdeen, 1898. (T. Maddison coll.) Bankes coll. Allophyes oxyacanthae Linnaeus ab. nigrilinea ab. nov. (Fig. 6.) On the forewing the postmedian line is thick and intensely black even where it curves round above the reniform; the basal area, the clavi- form, and the marginal area are paler than usual, the last named be- coming almost white near the inner margin. Type ¢: New Forest. (B. W. Adkin coll.) Cockayne coll. Allophyes oryacanthae Linnaeus ab. variegata ab. nov. (Higa do) The ground colour of the forewing is dark brown; the reniform, orbicular, and claviform are pale, especially the reniform, and stand out conspicuously on the dark ground; the area distal to the postmedian line is very pale and there is a row of dark dots in it; the margin itself is dark. The hindwing is normal. Type ¢: Christchurch, Hants., 28.x.1910. (Bright coll.) Rothschild ecole Griposia aprilina Linnaeus ab. striata ab. nov. (Fig. 8.): On the forewing the black markings between the basal and ante- °. PLATE VII VOL, LXITI, ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA. Dah median lines are abnormal; the two black dots on the costa are united, the one in the cell is elongated and wedge-shaped and is united to the transverse black band by a powdering of black scales, there are two long black streaks on the inner marginal:side of the median nervure, the second extending from the base to the transverse black band, and then there is another black streak between nervure l.and the inner margin. The antemedian and postmedian lines are absent, but there is a black band across the wing passing on either side of the orbicular, which has a black centre and is thus obscured; even the two black dots on the costa above the reniform are absent; the postmedian line is represented by a row of indistinct black dots; the subterminal line is present but dis- placed outwards towards the termen. Type 2: Loc. inecog. (Mason coll., 1905; Pether coll.) Cockayne coll. Dryobotodes protea Schiffermiiller ab. nigra ab. nov. (Fig. 9.) The forewing is entirely blackish brown with the markings only just visible and the thorax is of the same colour. The hindwing is darker than normal with the usual bands present. Type 2: Godalming, Surrey, 1929, H. B. D. Kettlewell. Paratype 2: Knowle, bred 18.ix.1896. Cockayne coll. Dryobotodes protea Schiffermiiller ab. ochrea ab. nov. The usual pale areas of the forewing, which are whitish in ab. varie- gata Tutt, are yellowish white; the darker areas are ochreous with a tinge of greenish; small black dots or streaks represent traces of the normal black markings, the most conspicuous being a curved line run- ning more or less horizontally from nervure 1 to nervure 2. Type 3d: Loc. incog. (J. A. Clark coll.) Bankes coll. Antitype cht Linnaeus ab. variegata ab. nov. (Fig. 10.) This bears some resemblance to ab. olivacea Stephens, but the white transverse lines are much wider and the stigmata are whiter; the ground colour is pure grey and not greenish. The thorax is white with grey markings. Type d : Haddo House, near Methlick, E. Aberdeenshire, 21.viii.1936. E. A. Cockayne. A daily search in the same place was unsuccessful in finding others, though normal specimens were not uncommon. Ab. olivacea does not occur in this district. Antitype chi Linnaeus ab. cuneigera ab. nov. (Figs. 11, 12.) The aberration has a sightly suffused appearance. On the forewing the median area is filled with dark scales to an unusual degree; the chi mark is less distinct than usual and there is a black stripe along the inner margin in the median area. From the reniform a series of wedge- shaped black marks runs out towards the subterminal line with a sprink- ling, of black scales between their basal halves. Type ¢: Aberdeen, 20.viii.1921, L. G. Esson. (A. Horne coll.) R. Adkin coll. Allotype 9 : Aberdeenshire, ix.1916, J. Duncan. (A. Horne coll.) R. Adkin coll. Jodia croceago Schiffermiiller ab. derufata ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewing is yellowish brown with no trace 232 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LXIiI. 15/X1/1951 of the normal orange colour; the markings are normal. The hindwing is normal. Type ¢: Loc. incog. (Gibbs coll.) Rothschild coll. - Allotype 2: Herne Bay, Kent, 1903, Battley. (Bright coll.) Roths- child coll. | Dasycampa rubiginea Schiffermiiller ab. lutescens ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewings and thorax is yellowish buff with no trace of the usual rufous colour. Type @: Devon, bred 6.x.1934 by H. W. Head. (J. Hope coll.) Cockayne coll. Paratypes 2 22: Newton Abbot, Devon, 17.ix.1934 and 3.x.1934, A. J. Bowes. Agrochola circellaris Hufnagel ab. conjuncta ab. nov. On the forewing there is a black longitudinal streak running from the postmedian line along the median nervure and crossing the lower end of the reniform to a point just below the orbicular stigma. The hindwing is normal. The specimen is worn. Type ¢: Lissan, Co. Tyrone, 10.x.1904, T. Greer. Cockayne coll. Agrochola lychnidis Schiffermiller ab. nigribasalis ab. nov. (Fig. 13.) From the base to the antemedian line of the forewing and from the median nervure to the inner margin is an area thickly covered with black scales; nervure 1 and the interneural fold between 1 and the inner mar- gin remain the same colour as the ground; the dark curves of the ante- median line form the distal limit of this conspicuous blackish patch. Type ¢: E. Kent, 1x.1931, H: D. Smart. Cockayne coll. Allotype 9°: Blackrock, Ireland, 17.x.1901, T. Greer. Cockayne coll. Agrochola lychnidis Schiffermiiller ab. fumosa ab. nov. Forewings, thorax, and abdomen blackish brown with the markings slightly darker and the subterminal line slightly paler; the nervures are no lighter than the ground colour; hindwings uniform blackish brown. Type od: New Forest, x.1936, H. D. Smart. Cockayne coll. Agrochola lychnidis Schiffermiiller ab. eonjuncta ab. nov. The lower ends of the reniform and orbicular stigmata are united by ea dark line. Type @: Aston Hills, Bucks., 14.1x.1930, A. L. Goodson. Rothschild coll. Paratype 2°: Tring, Herts., bred 15.ix.1989 by A. L. Gcodson. Cockayne coll. This corresponds with Anchoscelis litura Linn. ab. conjuncta Hofer (Verhandl zool.-bot. Ges., Wien, 1920, 70 (178). Anchoscelis litura Linnaeus ab. paradoxa ab. nov. (Fig. 14.) The basal area as far as the antemedian line and the marginal area from the postmedian line to the termen are powdered with grey scales; the median area is pale rufous without the usual median shade and is bounded on each side by a pale line; the stigmata are normal and the usual subapical black mark is present. The pale median area contrasts sharply with the dark areas on each side of it. Type 2: Argyllshire, 16.1x.1891, W. M. Christy. CLECRA REPANDATA L., AB. CONVERSARIA R., AND AB. MENDEL! W. 233 Citria lutea Strom. ab. clara ab. nov. On the forewing there is the usual dark purplish mark on the costa near the base, a dark purplish band running from the costa along the proximal side of the reniform to the inner margin, and another, less dark, running more or less parallel to it on the distal side of the reni- form; these two transverse bands are united to one another by dark purple along the costa and to the subapical mark, the space between them being lightly dusted with reddish purple scales; the usual dots or spots on the orange parts of the wing are absent or almost absent. The absence of these spots gives the wing an unusually clear appearance. ‘he hindwing is normal. Type ¢: Hampton-in-Arden, Warwickshire, 12.viii.1901, bred. (G. W. Wynn coll.) Rothschild coll. The Genetics of Cleora repandata Linnaeus, ab. conversaria Hubner, and ab. mendeli Williams By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. In the Entomologist’s Gazette, 1950, 1, 36, Dr. H. B. Williams sug- gested that Cleora repandata L. ab. conversaria Hiibner, the grey form, is heterozygous and ab. mendeli Williams, the black and white form, is homozygous. The evidence he brought forward in support of this was meagre and he admitted that confirmation was badly needed. Hearing that Mr. J. O. T. Howard was going to Kinlochewe in July 1949 I asked him to try to get eggs from a female ab. conversaria for me. He very kindly sent me a batch of eggs, but owing to a delay in the post they had hatched before I received them, and I was able to find only 24 living larvae. They did well and I sleeved 24 in_Septem- ber, but I bred only seven moths in 1950. 1 repandata (3): 4 conversaria (8 5d, 1 2): 2 mendeli (2 Q). The male parent was unknown, but the result was very close to a 1:2:1 ratio and in all probability the male parent was a grey heterozy- gous conversaria. Both mendeli were extremely beautiful with a purer white and more intense black than any others I have seen. By this good fortune I was saved a year’s breeding. I obtained two fertile pairings, the first was conversaria ¢ xX conversaria 2 and the second conversaria ¢ xX mendeli 9. The male parent was the same in each case and almost every egg was fertilized. I hoped that these two broods would supply convincing proof that Dr. Wiliams was right. If so, the first brood would give a 1:2:1 ratio, repandata: conversaria: mendelt, and the second would give a 1:1 ratio, conversaria: mendelt. In the autumn about 120 healthy larvae of each brood were placed in separate sleeves side by side. We had a series of torrential thunder- storms in the autumn and then the heavy and almost continuous rains of January, February, and March 1951, and I had little hope that my larvae had survived. Owing to the cold spring the mirabelle plum came into leaf unusually late and I had to wait impatiently until its buds were beginning to burst before bringing my larvae indoors. In spite of the cold the larvae must have started to move as early as in 1950 and found very little to eat. Of the first brood I found 44 living < 234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1T/1951 larvae, but some were weak and soon died and others lingered for weeks without making much progress and in the end they died, too. Of the second and more important brood there were only two survivors and, though both reached the last instar, they made no further progress and died. The dead leaves in both sleeves were sodden and matted together and between them were dozens of little larvae drowned during hiber- — nation. From the pairing conversaria S x conversaria Q I bred only 20 moths. 7 repandata (2 63,5 22): 10 conversaria (7 3S, 3 2Q); 6 mendeli ZG A 2 OD, There is a very sharp segregation between the mendeli and the con- versaria, though some of the latter are whiter than others. The mendeli are very pure black and white, with no grey speckling. The only crippled specimen is a mendeli, which failed to free its front legs from the pupa case. J tried to obtain pairings. J used the same cages as last year in the same part of the same room, sometimes placing the cage in the open window and sometimes inside with the window shut, but the nights were cold and I was unsuccessful. So far as it goes, this new evidence supports Dr. Williams, but more is still needed. Lasiocampa quercus Linn. var. callunae Palmer in North Devon By E. Barton WHITE In his Moths of the British Isles, South states that DL. quercus var. callunae is to be found not uncommonly in the Exmoor district of North Devon. Since boyhood I have taken from time to time in this district specimens all of which appear, more or less, to agree with the ' description of v. callunae given by South and Barrett. On 25th June 1946 a female from the North emerged and was hung up in the garden. No males arrived during her life of eight days. On the 30th July of the same year two Southern quercus emerged in my workshop, the event being, discovered by seeing males crawling in under the closed door. The females were placed on a terrace with a south aspect, and during the next two days 122 males were counted and over one hundred were examined. Every one of these showed in some de- gree one or more of the characteristics of v. callunae. All but three had the band turning outwards, and only one had no ‘epaulette’. This yellowish patch varied in size from a small group of hairs to a fair- sized patch. In most cases the yellow band was extensively rayed out- wards, becoming paler as extended and the ‘ veins ’ being covered with dark brown scales. The general ground colour was dark purplish brown rather than chocolate. | The specimen without the epaulette or shoulder patch was very dark. The band was more brown than yellow, narrow and without any raying and was almost absent on the hind wing. I was unable to make further investigations until this year when, in late June, my supposed v. callunae from the North proved to be males, but on Ist August two southern quercus emerged and were placed in the same position on the terrace. Whether it was due to the gene- NOTES ON REARING HERSE CONVOLVULI L. Pans ral scarcity of insects this year or not, only twenty-three males were attracted during the ensuing eight days, the most in one day being seven. On Ist August three males arrived. The second was seized by a rebin which treated the moth as a thrush deals with a snail and even- tually flew away with it. During the next few days there was inter- mittent rain with some sunshine and there were few arrivals. On the 6th the sun was out and in spite of a strong West wind from the Atlan- tic seven males arrived, and on the 7th the strong wind prevailing, two more arrived and two others overshot their mark and did not return. During the first four days the moths were in rather a worn state, but the later ones were in perfect condition. They all came down the valley from the East against the wind. Of the twenty-two examined this year, eighteen showed most of the characteristics of var. callunae, but in four the band did not curve out- wards though they had well-rayed bands and epaulettes. I have yet to see here in North Devon the true type quercus as taken in Dorset and South Wales, but there seems to be no early emer- gence as in the case of v. callunae up North. The larval and pupal periods have not so far been investigated. Notes on Rearing Herse Convolvuli L. By V. W. Puuitpott. The Note entitled ‘‘Effect of Crowding on the Colouration of Larvae’’ by D. G. Sevastopulo (Hnt. Rec., 63: 173) has prompted me to look up some notes which I made last year on the rearing of H. convolvuli larvae. Circumstances obliged me to rear a large number of these larvae through the last three stadia in a single cage which afforded no more than 3 square feet of floor space. The notes are therefore interesting inasmuch as they have a distinct bearing on the question of colouration quoad overcrowding. They are as follows. ‘‘The Herse convolvuli larvae have come through far better than I had dared to hope. Out of eighty fertile eggs just over 60 larvae started feeding. The rest, owing to unavoidable lack of supervision, wandered off and, failing to find any food, quickly began to die through an apparent rapid loss of moisture. Of the sixty-odd that began to feed -all except three (one of which I accidentally killed when changing the foodplant) have completed their feeding and they are now either ‘down under’ or describing the inevitable vicious circles round the floor of their cage prior to pupation. ‘‘ This good fortune has enabled me to observe every skin and colour change with a fair degree of accuracy, and I have also been able to make black and white photographic records of the larva in each of its five instars, showing, in each, the typical ranges of marking and depth of — shading. A very interesting fact is that whereas in the third instar light and dark forms of the larva occurred in roughly equal numbers, in the fourth skin only 20 per cent. had pronounced light characteristics and in the last instar the whole sixty were dark with a ground colour of chocolate-black. Certain evidence did, however, remain to identify those larvae which had been of the light green form in earlier instars. This comprised a heavy suffusion of dorsal orange-yellow markings to- gether with bright red spiracles and a brownish-red black-tipped horn. 236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 Larvae which had shown a tendency to be dark throughout produced ex- tremely dark forms in the last stadium. The yellowish dorsal markings were reduced to a few small isolated blotches on somites 3-9, the spiracles were black with dirty-white centres, and the horn was entirely dense shiny black. ‘“The larvae were kept in a room where the temperature was held at a mean of 65° F.; it never fell below 60° F. In these conditions the larvae occupied a period of approximately four days between each change of skin. They were reared on Convolvulus sepium, which they ate ravenously by day and night. (I found it much easier to get freshly hatched larvae to start feeding on tender leaves of C. sepiwm than on C. arvensis.) Towards the final stages the larvae consumed about a bushel of foodplant per day, and the noise of sixty massed mandibles at work was clearly audible even ata distance. The first larva emerged from its egg on 27th September and it pupated on 19th October. “ The fact that the ground colour of all the larvae in the last stage was black leaves me wondering just how frequently the light form of the larva ever does extend to the last instar. I am afraid this can only be settled when others who have bred or taken H. convolvuli larvae can be consulted.’’ During the last five years H. convolvuli has occurred here (Wey- mouth) with such regularity that I was beginning to suspect it might perhaps be indigenous in this neighbourhood; but in keeping with the eeneral keynote of this most unproductive year not a single larva nor imago has come to my notice despite an especially alert look-out which has been maintained since last July. Because of my suspicion that some of the Weymouth H. convolvuli might be ‘‘natives’’ I allowed my pupae to take a normal course, in the hope that they would provide supporting evidence to my theory by producing imagines in August/September 1951. The last few survivors did in fact emerge from the pupa at the end of August this year, but their numbers were not large enough to be significant (5). Six emerged at Christmas, odd specimens emerged at irregular intervals from then onwards until early in July, when there was a large emergence between the 7th and 28th. My losses were con- siderable (about 50 per cent. of pupae). Most of the pupae developed fully but the moths failed to emerge. Some had obviously fallen vic- tims to mould, but I suspect that many simply failed to emerge because the gradual temperature gradient was insufficient to stimulate eclosion. My bred convolvuli imagines are normal to small in size. The ground colour is lighter than that of the normal autumn specimens ‘and the ranges of grey on the forewings are more in contrast than usual, also the vermilion bands on the abdomen are reduced in extent and duller than usual. In some instances the bands are almost entirely replaced by an overall suffusion of ‘‘mousey’’ grey. The colour changes were general and probably the effect of an en- vironmental factor. There were no examples of extreme variation. In the newly hatched larva of H. convolvuli the horn is pink, and this gradually changes to black during the first hour after emergence. This was one of the many interesting observations which the species afforded me when breeding it. 60 Roman Road, Radipole, Weymouth, Dorset. LEPIDOPTERA AT LIGHT IN A LONDON HOUSE DURING 1951. Distt Lepidoptera at Light ina London House during 1951 By P. A. Desmonp Lanxtree, F.R.E.S. From the end of March to the end of September the writer has made the endeavour to keep a record of all the moths visiting his bedroom light in Thurloe Square, South Kensington. The resulting list is not a lengthy one, being, as far as sheer numbers of specimens are concerned, but fractional of a single night’s work with a moth-trap well placed in suitable surroundings on a productive night; but none the less it has its interest. The bedroom is on the third story of the house. The window faces east, away from the Square. The light-source, naturally no mercury- vapour pattern, is a modest 60 watt bulb pendant 404 feet above ground level. At three feet back from the casement window, which has of course remained wide open throughout the period of observation, the light overhangs a writing-desk at which on most occasions the writer has been seated. Thus the chance of visitors being ‘spotted’ at their times of arrival was a reasonable one. The modus operandi was as follows:—After noting the time of ar- rival of a visitor, it was shown to the killing bottle at the first suitable opportunity, the killing jar having been previously prepared with either carbon tetrachloride or chloroform and stood ready in a convenient place. It was not of course always necessary to take this step for iden- tification of species, but a brief introduction to the vapour, after quiet- ing the insect, caused spasmodic dilation of the genitalia and so per- mitted the sex to be readily determined. In noting the specimen’s con- dition, particular attention was also paid to any individual marking or signs of wear by which it might be recognised on any return visit, should it be released. Although the writer is not satisfied that any of the released individuals did return, the precautionary measure of marking them beforehand was not undertaken. A list of the recorded species, the number of specimens and the dates on or between which they occurred is given below. Laothoe populi 1 August 13th. Apatele aceris 1 June 28th. Apatele megacephala 1 August 18th. Cryphia perla 1 August 19th. Agrotis puta 3 August 4th-22nd. Agrotis exclamationis il June 16th. Amathes xanthographa 2 August 30th, 31st. Triphaena pronuba 1 September 12th. Triphaena ianthina 1 August 28th. Mamestra brassicae 5 July 22nd-September 2nd. Melanchra persicariae Q June 26th-29th. Procus strigilis il August 15th. Apamea secalis Q July i3th, August 9th. Apamea monoglypha 12 July 3rd-August 25th. Apamea hepatica 1 June 24th. July 2Qnd-August 5th. ~~ Euplexia lucipara Caradrina clavipalpis 4 June 20th-August 7th. Cosmia trapezina 1 August 4th. Xanthorhoe fluctuata 1 June 17th. Euphyia bilineata 1 July 19th. Lithina chlorosata 1 June iith. Cleora rhomboidaria 4 July 26th-August 17th. 238 15/ X1/1951 In the following and more detailed list, the specimens are arranged in the order of their dates of arrival. The times of entry into the room have been given where possible, though there are, regrettably, several blanks. The time of entry could not be shown where not certain and gaps in the sex-column are due to those few individuals staying long enough for positive identification of species, but escaping before their genitalia could be examined. Where no comment has been made on the condition of the insect, it may be assumed that it was good, if not ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. ‘‘fresh’’. TIME OF DATE. SPECIES SEX. ENTRY. REMARKS. lith June. 1 L. chlorosata roi 1.25 a.m. Fair condition; torn hind- wing. 16the- 25 1 A. exclamationis G6 11.45 p.m. TITRE, 1 X. fluctuata re 1.00 a.m. *®th ,, 1 C. clavipalpis G8 ata pan: wth ,, 1 A. hepatica 3 1.00 a.m. 26th 6), 1 M. persicariae ¢. 12:45 a.m. 28th ,, 1 A. aceris 3 _— PALEOL es a. 1 M. persicariae 6 11.15 p.m. 2nd July. 4 E. lucipara G6 12.00 p.m. Shoes, 14 A. monoglypha rei 1.08 a.m. PE geen 1 E. lucipara 3 1.00 a.m. Asta 1 A. secalis 3 a 19th ,, 1 E. bilineata fei = DIST jes 1 C. clavipalpts 3 2.10 a.m. Fair condition; torn hind- wing. Q2idweee 1 M. brassicae fa’ 1.55 a.m. Forewings frayed. 24th, 1 A. monoglypha 3 7 Pie be La i 1 A. monoglypha Q@ 11.59 p.m. Q26the 3; 1 E. lucipara 3 12.45 a.m. 26th os, 1 C. clavipalpis go 12.50 a.m. 26th .:, 1 C. rhomboidaria Gg 12.58 a.m. Pith cat 1 A. monoglypha 3 1.15 a.m. 23) He 1 C. rhomboidaria. g 11-25 Dm. ist Aug. 1 A. monoglypha BS ded ant: Stopes 1 A. monoglypha £3 1.20 a.m. 2nd §.; 1 A. monoglypha Gg 12.05 a.m. SOU 1 A. monoglypha oS al 2 SOK aE: BECTAES 1 M. brassicae 3 2.50 a.m. AGT ee 1 A. puta oS 12.20 a.m. ZGh oe 1 C. trapezina rst 1.55 a.m. Dune "S33 1 E. lucipara rh 11.00 p.m. athe 1 A. monoglypha == 7 11.30) pam: Obhiaoces 1 C. rhomboidaria J == je Thi Wee s,2 1 C. clavipalpis J 1.20 a.m. FH 14 A. monoglypha 3 1.40 a.m. SOR tH 1 A. monoglypha gf ib pnt oth; 1 A. secalis Qo 12.50 a.m. Aap =o 41 A. puta 3 11.50 p.m. Asti 32 A ££. poputt g 12.40 a.m. 1th + 1 M. brassicae 3 9.50 p.m. 15th _,, 1 P. strigilis g 11.35 p.m. “Rubbed” and torn condi- tion. Whe Sane 14 C. rhomboidaria g 1.05 a.m. 18th: -;; 1 A. megacephala @ 11.00 p.m. Fair cond.; tip rt., f’wing torn. 20th 3, 1 C. perla 3 1.45 a.m. 22nd _ ,, 1 A. puta GC -4b-00 Diam: oth; 1 A. monoglypha Ov wd? 20. adits 2th 3, 1 M. brassicae 3 3.00 a.m LEPIDOPTERA AT LIGHT IN A LONDON HOUSE DURING 1951. 239 TIME OF DATD. SPECIES. SEX. DNTRY. REMARKS. 28th. -; 1 T. tanthina Q 3.00 aj. Fair condition; torn hind- wing. 30th 1 A. xanthographa 6 12.50 a.m. BUSA Tass 1 A. xanthographa Ce 2:00) any. 2nd Sept. 1 M. brassicae — rei 449 ain. Very “rubbed’’ condition. 1Qtin: --.. 1 T. pronuba roh 2220 ame Strictly speaking, 56 moths in all were known to have come to light, but as 5 of these were fleeting visitors and total escapees, they have not been mentioned in the record. One of these would certainly have been a species new to the lst, but the remaining 4 are thought to have been species already recorded. An examination of the above tables reveals the following points of information for those interested in the statistics :— Though watch was kept over the 6 months April to September, moths only occurred between llth June and 12th September, a period of 94 days. Remembering that, for example, ‘‘ 16th June 11.45 p.m.’’ and ‘17th June 1.00 a.m.’ are one and the same night, the productive nights numbered 7 in June (yielding a total of 8 specimens), 10 in July (yielding 14), 18 in August (yielding 27), and 2 in September (yielding 2). In the total of 37 productive nights (or 39% of the 94 day period through which moths occurred), a total of 51 specimens involving 22 species was recorded, the proportion of 9Q attracted being 8.5% of the 47 specimens whose sex it was possible to record. The figures are rather low to do more than indicate the nights of greatest plenty, but the two best appear to have been those of 25th/26th July and 5th/6th August. One of the more interesting points emerges from a comparison of the relative hours of abundance of moths at the light. It must be stated, in all fairness, that the period that the hght remained on varied nightly. It may have been on most nights from 9.30 p.m. till 1.30 a.m. in any case, but, not infrequently, it was on from earlier until very much later. Though there is this inconstancy, the fact remains that, had the light been out each night by 10 p.m., there would have been ony one moth on this record, or had it remained on till just after 11 p.m., there would still have been only 4. Similarly, and still with reference only to those times recorded, with the hight out by 12 p.m., there would have been 14 moths; by 1 a.m., 29 moths; by 2 a.m., 40 moths; by 3 a.m., 44 moths; and only 2 more recorded after this hour. The period of any one hour productive of the most moths occurred be- tween 12.20 and 1.20 a.m., altogether 19 specimens being accounted for during that hour throughout the time of observation. As the times of only 46 of the 51 specimens are known, the hour 12.20-1.20- a.m. yielded Al% of this total. Although a number of species of moths have their favoured times for flight, many others are more catholic in this habit, and the reason for there not being a greater attendance at the light in question dur- ing the earlier hours of the night is not altogether obvious. Walking through the streets, from dusk onwards, one may see moths at street lights in town perhaps as early as one will find them visiting the lights of a country railway station, so they are not only active but thoroughly 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 ‘‘ light-conscious ’’ at this time. The writer is inclined to believe that three factors which may be largely contributary to this early evening absence are, first the height and secondly the power of his light (both, in relation to the brilliant lights of the adjacent streets below), and thirdly the fact that during the earlier part of the evening his lighted — window is one of scores of the duller attractions that the insects have to chose from. That the greater power of the street lights (all at ap- proximately the same lower level) may draw more moths seems a reason- able supposition and it might therefore follow that of the smaller num- ber passing above this aura, some may find attraction in a scattered distribution over the maze of the higher lighted windows, others may descend to the street lights again in the same or in another area. With regard to the third point, the capacity of most respectable citizens for retiring at ‘‘ a reasonable hour ’’ greatly reduces the number of lighted windows and thereby greatly increases the chances of moth-attraction by one that remains still lit. That the number of moths should tail off at the other end of the night from sometime after 3 a.m. is natural enough; for one thing, the night has reached its coolest towards dawn. For another, though a moth will spend. a greater or lesser part of the night visiting hght after light, the time eventually comes when each will settle down. though what dictates the urge (weariness? satisfaction’), and why some species seem invariably to seek the darkest places, while others are con- tent with the brightest glare for their retirement, are points meriting an explanation. The behaviour of moths entering a lighted room is a subject of in- terest in itself, for there is a consistency of behaviour within a species observed not only in this but in other years by the writer. On this occasion every A. monoglypha that was recorded. was noted to enter the window with controlled speed and comfortable clearance and after a brief visit to the source of light emission to lose interest and pro- ceed on a thorough and ponderous investigation of those components of the room in deepest shadow, at one of which it would eventually settle. The underneath of chairs, bed, tables, mantelpiece and the rear of pictures were visited, dark clothing held some interest: and some even tried to escape beneath the door into the darkness of the landing be- yond, but always the quest for darkness. On the other hand, C. perla entered, ‘ bee-lined’ straight past the light and settled quietly in the shadow of the picture-rail on the far wall as though by plan. L. popult, whose force of flight appears always to exceed his ability for accurate navigation, made his entry on this occasion with the cus- tomary attendant drama. Entering like a bullet from a fine angle and crashing heavily into an inner wall, he lay with eyes ‘ blazing’ and wings a-tremor, recuperating for further flight. The writer recalls an occasion late in June 1949 when a male of this species thudded loudly into the windowpane and fell to the ledge in several attempts before successfully entering a wide open window; a demonstration reminding one that for strength, resiliency and light construction, there is much to be said for an exoskeleton. T. wanthina, M. brassicae, M. persicariae, P. strigilis, A. secalis, A. hepatica and C. rhomboidaria all sought out the darkest areas in LEPIDOPTERA AT LIGHT IN A LONDON HOUSE DURING 1951. 241 due course after arrival like monoglypha; but, unlike the latter, rhom- boidaria is not always easy to keep track of and settles quickly. Should the resting place be inconvenient or escape notice, a procedure that was sometimes effective if carried out right away was to put the light out for a few moments; being put on again would often ‘ flush’ the creature into a fresh bout of activity. With A. puta, A. exclamationis, T. pronuba, E. lucipara, X. fluc- tuata, HE. bilineata and L. chlorosata no immediate demand for dark- ness was evinced; rather was there a tendency for continued restless- ness for some time after arrival until eventually captured. By far the most active visitor was C. trapezina, who arrived at the bulb and stayed there battering at it. His pugnacious persistence gave the impression that nothing would do but to have it apart, and some considerable time elapsed before he was ‘ bottled’ while still pur- suing this apparent object. One is left to wonder whether his inter- ests are confined to electricity or whether the naked candle flame of other days held the same fascination for him with the well-known and dis- astrous consequences. A. xanthographa arrived in both instances with a rush, but settled very suddenly on one of the walls and not in shadow. Quite the most unobtrusive visitor was A. aceris, whose arrival seems to have occurred between 11.30 p.m. and 2.30 a.m. It was not there before this period and was first noticed at the latter time resting on the white painted woodwork of the window frame; the tightly-stowed antennae were indicative of its having been there some time. It lay in the full glare of the light, three feet from the bulb and little more from the writer, who had not stirred from the vicinity during the period referred to. Though the female A. megacephala attracted attention by its fluttering crawl for a few moments after arrival, it soon settled down and, like its cousin aceris, chose a well-lit situation on the white wooden sill. Apart from three of the five recorded M. brassicae being melanic (respectively those of the 14th and 28th of August and the 2nd of Sep- tember), all specimens were within normal variation. All C. rhomboi- daria were of the dark form, as might be expected; all A. monoglypha were of the pale form and of A. xanthographa, one was paie, the other dark red-brown with a blackish fore-wing suffusion. Among the species listed above, least usual light-arrivals for this ‘inner London’ district in the writer’s experience over the last few years were (. trapezina and EH. bilineata; more remarkable was the complete absence of Diataraxia oleracea (prolific in most years), Spilo- soma lubricipeda and Ourapteryx sambucaria (though the latter two were noted elsewhere in London at light this year), and the lack of good numbers of A. aceris and megacephala, Considering the all-pervading night network of lghts and the variety in vegetation cultivated in gardens and squares, and ranging from tropical through indigenous to arctic in climatic origin, one can reasonably expect Good Things to show up in London from time to time; and they do, as the city’s past records will testify. Within a hundred yards of this window, the more usual of the trees to be found are cherry, lime, sycamore, poplar, chestnut, plane and the lilac and privet shrubs and all in plentiful supply. 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 Some Lepidoptera Records from Tenby, 1951 By Dr. Nevitze L. BrrKertr My main summer holiday this year was spent at Tenby, Pembroke- shire, and was very much a family affair. That is to say that the get- — ting and recording of insects was not the primary object. However, entomelogy ran a very close second and in consequence I am able to accede to the request of your indefatigable assistant editor. He, on hearing of my proposed visit to ‘‘ Little England beyond Wales,’ has- tened to point out that the late C. G. Barrett (of Lepidoptera of the British Islands fame) was at one time resident in Tenby and that it “would be of interest to record my findings there, especially as Barrett did not find the locality any too propitious. I stayed at Tenby from 21st July until 4th August and during the visit enjoyed reasonably good weather. It was neither very hot nor did we have much rain. A considerable gale on the last night of my visit broke the lamp of my moth-trap, however. Tenby is pleasantly situated high on the cliffs—cliffs for which Pembrokeshire is justifiably famous. Most of the hinterland is devoted to agriculture so that there are few areas of any extent suitable for collecting away from one or two near the coast. Woods are few indeed, the most extensive being those at Canaston, about eight miles from the town Lesser woods occur at Saundersfoot, about three miles away. Extending south-west from Tenby for just over a mile is a fine stretch of sand-hills known as the Burrows. These sand-hills support a typical flora and on this depends an equally typical insect fauna. (I was disappointed, however, not to take Actebia praecox L. nor Plebewus argus Li., both of which are recorded from the area.) Stretching north-west from the sand-hills is a valley running up to the little village of St. Florence. In the lower part of this valley there is an extensive marsh where grow common rush, reed-mace, yellow flag and a host of other marshland plants. This area would well repay systematic working. Through the kindness of Mr. and Mrs. Williams of the Carrington Hotel I was able to operate (to the amazement of neighbouring hotels!) a portable moth trap in the hotel garden. A 125-watt mercury vapour lamp with Woods glass (Purple Peril!) was employed. This trap pro- duced many species I did not come across by any other means. Larva hunting was not pursued to any extent. The most obvious larva was undoubtedly that of Callimorpha jacobaeae L., which oc- curred wherever its food-plant was to be found. Wherever the Great Mullein occurred it was noted to be severely attacked by the larvae of Cucullia verbasci L. So far as I am aware there is no published list of the Lepidoptera of Pembrokeshire. Records are scattered through various journals and books. As yet no one has collected them together—and this is strange in a county where there are numerous naturalists and an active field- study centre. Perhaps my short list will encourage someone in the ‘area to get to work on a full list. I should like to express my grateful thanks to two members of the West Wales Field Society—Lieut.Col. H. Allen, D.S.O. (Secretary of SOME LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS FROM TENBY, 1951. 243 the Society), and Mr. Desmond Odlum, both of whom helped me in many ways. In the list which follows both the order and nomenclature are those of Kloet and Hinks, 1945. Comment is made only when it seems speci- ally called for. It is obvious, I think, that in a fortnight one can gain little idea of prevalence except in those species which are obviously abundant. The taking of a single specimen, or even two, does not necessarily indicate rarity. Again, variation cannot be studied to any extent for a like reason. In general, therefore, I have avoided com- mitting myself to any opinion as to the status of a species. Hepialus hectus L. Eilema lurideola Zinck. Eilema griseola Hb.- Comacla senex Hb. Common. Nudaria mundana L. Hipocrita jacobaeae L. Spilosoma lutea Hufn. Arctia caja IL. Apatele rumicis L. Cryphia muralis Forst. Common, Cryphia perla Schiff. Amphipyra tragopoginis J. Coenobia rufa Haw. Cosmia trapezina L. Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. Caradrina morpheus Hufn. Caradrina blanda Schiff. Thalpophila matura Hufn. Phlogophora meticulosa L. Xylophasia lithoxylea Schiff. Xylophasia monoglypha Hufn. Aylophasia furva Schiff. Celaena secalis Lb. Miana literosa Haw. Miana strigilis Clerck. Eucxoa tritici L. Agrotis segetum Schiff. Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. Agrotis puta Hb. Agrotis exclamations L. Agrotis cursoria Hufn. Agrotis trux Hb. Common. Lycophotia porphyrea Schiff. Ammogrotis lucernea Ih. Ochropleura plecta L. Graphiphora augur Fb. Amathes triangulum Hufn. Triphaena pronuba lL. Triphaena ianthina Schiff. Triphaena comes Hb. Agrylia putris Li, Cucullia verbasei L. Leucania impura Hb. Leucania pallens Hb, Leucania lithargyria Esp. Leucania litoralis Curt. Leucania conigera Schiff. Hadena conspersa Schiff. Hadena lepida Esper. Diataraxia oleracea I. Ceramica pisi L. Mamestra brassicae L. Melanchra persicariae L. Zanclognatha nemoralis Fb. Plusia chrysitis U. Plusia festucae Li. Plusia gamma L. Sterrha aversata L. Sterrha dimidiata Hufn. Scopula immutata ML. Scopula marginepunctata Goeze. Scopula imitaria Hb. Hemithea strigata Mull. Hemistola immaculata Thunb. Geometra papilionaria L. Pseudopterpna pruinata Hufn. OChloroclystis coronata Geyer. Chloroclystis rectangulata L. Eupithecia vulgata Haw. Eupithecia centaureata Schiff. Eupithecia subfulvata Haw. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. Iygris prunata L. Lygris mellinata Fb. Epirrhée galiata Schiff. Epirrhée alternata Mull. Lyncometra ocellata L. Cidaria fulvata Forst. Hydriomena furcata Thunb. Euphyia unangulata Haw. Euphyia bilineata L. Perizoma alchemillata L. 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb. Asthena albulata Hufn. Pelurga comitata L. Xanthorrhée spadicearia Schiff. Xanthorrhée montanata Schiff. Xanthorrhée fluctuata L Ortholitha mucronata Scop. Ortholitha limitata Scop. Rhodometra sacraria L. A single worn male taken on the sand- hills, 24th July. Opisthograptis luteolata IL. Chiasmia clathrata UL. Itame wavaria UL. Ectropis bistortata Goeze. Cleora lichenaria Hufn. Cleora repandata L. Abraxas grossulariata L. Macroglossum stellatarum L. Deilephila porcellus L. Deilephila elpenor H. Sphing ligustr: L.. Notodonta ziczac L. Phalera bucephala L. Cilix glaucata Scop. Malacosoma neustria L. ‘Philudoria potatoria L. Nola albula. RHOPALOCERA Dira megaera lL. Eumenis semele L. Maniola jurtina L. Coenonympha pamphilus L. Aphantopus hyperantus I. 15/ X1/1951 Lomaspilis marginata L. Gnophos obscurata Schiff. Cabera pusaria L.. Cabera exanthemata Scop. Ourapteryx sambucaria I. Selenia bilunaria Esp. Crocallis elinguaria L. Habrosyne derasa UL. Aglais urticae L. Aricia agestis Schiff. Very common and little variability. Polyommatus icarus Rott. Pieris brassicae UL. Pieris rapae L. Pieris napi L. Zygaena filipendulae L. These constitute the macro-lepidoptera I observed in the Tenby dis- trict. I also took or noted a number of ‘ micros ’ but some of these remain to be identified and classified. Kendal, 3.x.1951. REFERENCES. Barrett, C. G.: Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 1893-1907. The Entomologist. The Entomologist’s Record. Kloet and Hincks: Check List of Brit. Insects, 1945. Meyrick, E.: Revised Handbook of Brit. Lepidoptera, 1927. Newman, E.: Butterflies and Moths, 1869. South, R.: Butterflies and Moths of the British Isles. West Wales Field Soc. Report, 1951. Current Notes Tur current issue of OpuscuLta Entromoxocica (XVI, 1-2), published by the Entomological Society of Lund, Sweden, contains an interest- ing account in English by Einar Kuierseck on the insect fauna of the Danish island of Anholt. This island, about six miles long and 23 miles wide, is situated in the middle of the Kattegat, being some 28 miles from the coasts of Denmark and Sweden and, next to Gottland, it is the most isolated island in Scandinavia. Formerly the island was covered with pine forest; but the trees were gradually felled to provide fuel for the lighthouse, and to-day—save for some reafforested areas— it is largely a sandy desert carpeted with Hmpetrum and low junipers. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 245 The insect fauna seems a remarkably rich one for such a habitat. Hr. Kuerseck records 42 species of Hemiptera, 164 of Coleoptera, 60 each of Diptera and Hymenoptera, and no less than 99 of Lepidoptera. The butterflies include P. machaon, V. antiopa, V. polychloros, P. c-album, A. puphia, A. lathona, A. niobe—21 in all, with 8 hawk- moths. The Pine Lappet (Dendrolimus pini)—reputed to have been a British species years ago—is well established and is supposed to be an ‘ original inhabitant.’ Strangely enough, there is no record of A. vesti- gialis nor A. ripae; but A. atriplicis and C. fraxini occur. For those who are interested in ‘the ecological aspects of island Entomology Anholt should be a pleasant spot for a holiday. The same issue of OpuscuLa ENTOMOLOGICA contains an account (of which a summary is given in English) of a migration of Vanessa atalanta observed over the Falsterbo peninsula and through the Kattegat on 25th and 28th August 1946 (with map showing the direction of flight). The butterflies were flying about 1 metre above the sea and the total number taking part in the migration ‘‘ must have been more than 10,000.’’ The migration took place against the wind, and all indi- viduals kept to a straight course. A few V. cardwi and V. 10 took part in the migration. Those of our readers who collect the European Rhopalocera and have made expeditions to the South of France in search of them will be in- terested in a new race of the handsome butterfly Thais rumina f. mede- sicaste Ill. which has been found in the valley of the upper Var (Alpes Maritimes). An account of it is given by Dr. Jean Loritz in the Bul- letin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique of 5th July 1951 (87: V-VI, 130). This race was found on the slopes of the moun- tains round about the village of Daluis, on a dry limestone subsoil, extending for more than a kilometre along the valley on the right bank of the river, from 650 to about 800 metres above sea-level. It is charac- terised by a strong reduction of the carmine spots on the upper sides of all four wings in the male. Dr. Loritz has named this local race daluisensis. ; Notes and Observations ProcryptTic LARVAE OF ALLOPHYBS OXYACANTHAE Linn.—With refer- ence to the Field Note in September issue, in May 1948 I beat from lichen-covered hawthorn and sloe bushes near Withypool, West Somer- set, a number of larvae. of Allophyes oxryacanthae L. (and also Opistho- graptis luteolata L.) which were coloured to resemble the lichen.—F. H. Lyon, Green Headland, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Devon. [Probably this form of the larva is not uncommon. Barrett (Lep. Br. Is., 4: 326) remarks that it ‘‘seems to be somewhat common in the New Forest. In this variety it closely resembles the lichens growing on the trunks of trees and bushes... .’’ See also Ent. Rec., 56: 70, 122.— Ep. ] Fuicut or FemaLe LYMANTRIA MONACHA Linn.—Referring to the Field Note on page 170 of the September issue, on 23rd August 1950 when I was in a small wood at Grosmont, Herefordshire, my car headlight at- 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 tracted a few moths, among them a female L. monacha which settled on my light grey trousers and rested there quietly while I boxed it and added it to my collection.—W. Bowater, 41 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 15. Variety oF HuctipIMERA Mi CLeRcK.—TI have in my collection a speci- — men of the ‘ Mother Shipton’ closely approaching the newly described ab. costimacula Cockayne (Hnt. Rec., 63: 162). The dark mark on the costa has a projection distally much as has the type. However, the second distal projection, normally pointing to the tornus, is quite absent. The proximal part of the dark costal mark has a hook-shaped projection as has costimacula. On the hindwings the darker basal area of my specimen has got some ground-colour showing. My specimen is a male and was one of a number of specimens bred in May 1950 from larvae found on Meathop Moss, Westmorland.—Dr. Nevis L. BrrKxert, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 16.ix.1951. Morus Atrractep By A ‘ Live’ Wrre.—While working a mercury vapour lamp at Romsey one night in September I noticed a curious thing. I was using ordinary cotton-covered flex from the choke to the lamp. This flex was trailing across the sheet and as there was a very heavy dew it got quite wet. I had to leave the lamp for a short time, and when I returned I found that a number of the moths had gravitated to the flex and were pitched on it in a row where they sat rapidly vibrating their wings. When I removed one or two they immediately fluttered back and took up new positions on the flex. They remained in this position, joined by several new arrivals, until one by one they fell off, apparently dead as indeed some were. I picked up the wire and found that it was “‘alive’’ and that gripping it tightly between the fingers gave a sharp ‘‘shock’’. To avoid the possibility of a serious short I had to lift the flex off the sheet after which it had no further attraction for the moths.—A. C. R. Rreperave, 14a The Broadway, Portswood, South- ampton. IMMIGRATION OF LAITHOSTA QUADRA LINN. To Kent 1n 1951.—This species has only been recorded from Kent in the past at irregular inter- vals, when it has usually appeared singly and at places widely separated. Some indication of its rarity here may be gathered from the fact that I have been unable to trace records of more than some 12-15 individuals for the county since 1850, not including those of the present year. It is therefore remarkable that in Kent this year at least 14 imagines have been seen. All were males, and with the exception of one all were taken. An interesting fact is that none was seen prior to the thunderstorm which struck southern England early on 31st July and that all the speci- "mens were noted during the few days which immediately followed.* A fairly detailed record of the observations of myself and others in respect of this species for the period of 3lst July to 7th August inclusive is given below. It should be mentioned that all were noted at light. 31st July: Folkestone (one found in a light-trap: A. M. Morley). 3lst July: Brook, near Wye (3 in a light-trap: C. A. W. Duffield). 3lst July: Cliftonville (one at approx. 11.30 p.m.: W. D. Bowden). *Perhaps the moths were carried upwards by convection currents due to the storm, and then, when high in the air, blown across the Channel.—EpD. ee NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. QA7 lst Aug.: Ham Street (3 between 1.30 a.m. and 1.45 a.m.: J.M.C.-H.). znd Aug.: Ham Street (2 between 12.30 and 1.30 a.m.: J.M.C.-H.). 3rd Aug.: Folkestone (one found in a light-trap: A. M. Morley). 4th Aug.: Dungeness (1 at approx. 2 a.m. which remained on the sheet just long enough for me to identify it: J.M.C.-H.). Ath Aug.; Ham Street (1, after 11.30 p.m.: E. J. Hare). 7th Aug.: Ham Street (1, after 11.30 p.m.: E. J. Hare). From the above, it would appear that an immigration of LZ. quadra arrived in Kent over a fairly wide area, perhaps as a result of the thun- derstorm during the early hours of 31st July. I wish to acknowledge with thanks the kindness of the above named gentlemen in supplying me with their records.—J. M. Cuatmers-Honrt, 70 Chestnut Avenue, West Wickham, Kent. 10.ix.51. Preris NAPI ON Wet Mup.—Harly this Spring—I have not kept the date, but most of the early butterflies were out—I was cleaning out a pond about 40 feet by 15 feet. After the water had been drained off and many Odonata nymphs and waterbeetle larvae had been rescued, there was a residue of fine black mud, mostly from decayed waterlily leaves. This was thrown into a barrow for later removal. It was a warm sunny morning and there were many butterflies about. On the excavated mud in the barrow I noticed four males of Pieris napi Linn. Several of other species passed to and fro including the two other Pie- rids and Pararge aegeria Linn. which is so fond of settling on the ground on shady paths, but none of them took any notice of the mud. Is this a known habit of P. napi?—K. Barron Wuirtet, Braunton, N. Devon. THe HamMpSHIRE RECORD FOR MyYRMECOZELA OCHRACEELLA (VON TENGSTROEM).—-Stainton described the life history of this species in his Natural History of the Tineina, 1873, XIII: 44. After mentioning the well-known Rannoch location, he goes on to say: ‘‘ I believe it has also occurred in the New Forest in Hampshire.’’ This statement has mysti- fied micro-lepidopterists ever since, and many a nest of Formica rufa in the Forest must have been disturbed to no purpose. The New Forest locality is not mentioned by Stainton in Insecta Britannica. Lepidop- tera: Tineina, 1854, p. 36, so at some time between these two dates he came into possession cf this information. In The Entomologist’s Annual for 1866, pp. 122-137, Frederick Smith has a paper: ‘* Notes on Hymenoptera.’ Under Formica congerens (now known as pratensis Retz.) he writes: ‘‘ This is the common wood-ant at Bournemouth; IL have not yet found F. rufa there. Mr. Dale observed some small moths in the nest of this ant; but was not so fortunate as to capture one, pro- bably this was the Tinea ochraceella.’’ Through the kindness of Prof. Varley I have recently been able to examine the Dale diaries and col- lections which are in the Hope Dept. of the University Museum, Ox- ford. There are a few specimens of ochraceella in the collection labelled ‘‘Rannoch.’’ I could not find any reference to this species in J. C. Dale’s catalogue of the Lepidoptera, but in ©. D. Dale’s diary for 15th August 1865 there is the entry: ‘‘ Saw Tinea ochraceella. Branksome.”’ Incidentally, Branksome is just over the border in Dorset, and is not a Hampshire locality. According to Donisthorpe, British Ants, 1915: 267, Formica pratensis Retz was common at Bournemouth in the 60’s 248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 of the last century and rufa L. very rare. By 1882 rufa was becom- ing commoner and when Donisthorpe visited Bournemouth in 1914 out of hundreds of wood-ants’ nests he examined: only one contained pra- tensis. At the present time rufa is abundant throughout the district and it is probable that pratensis is extinct. Could it have been that in the South of England Myrmecozela ochraceella was attached to For- mica pratensis and died out when this ant was replaced by Formica rufa? Mr. S. Wakely has pointed out to me that Mompha ochraceella Curtis can be easily confused with Myrmecozela ochraceella Tengst. if the name is not written in full—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Road, Boscombe, Bournemouth. EUPISTA ERIGERELLA (ForD) In Surrpy.—On 7th October I visited Riddlesdown, Surrey, and was surprised to find two larvae of this local insect. Erigeron acris is not uncommon in patches on the downs in this vicinity, but I have searched in vain for this species many times, both here and in other parts of Surrey. On finding the two already men- tioned, I examined the seedheads of scores of other plants, but failed to discover another. The seedheads on which the larvae were found looked untidy—very ‘‘moth-eaten’’ in fact, and it was this that drew my attention to them. Previous to this the only records of this insect are from many places in the Dartford-Gravesend district of Kent. It is still apparently unknown on the Continent.—S. WaxKery, 26 Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, London, S.E.5. GELECHIA HIPPOPHAELLA SCHRANK IN NorFotK.—In a previous note to the Record (pp. 178-9) I mentioned finding quantities of Sea Buck- thorn (Hippophae rhamnoides Li.) on 24th June growing on the sand- dunes at Hemsby, N.E. Norfolk. Seeing that large numbers of the leaves were spun together, I collected a fair number of spinnings to see what species of micro-lepidopteron were present. It was soon apparent that most of these were tortices, and I bred specimens of Cacoecia rosana L. and @. zylosteana L. On 3rd August I noticed a greyish Gelecheid had emerged, which was soon verified as hippophaella. From then till the 10th several others appeared—eight in all. The buckthorn leaves had dried by this date, and the coloration of the moths resembled that of the leaves so much that it was almost impossible to detect a moth resting on a leaf. I had to tip the leaves out daily on to a large sheet of paper and box the moths as they moved. When a movement was made it was more of a hop than any attempt at flight, and the moths seemed loth to move away from the shelter of the leaves. Records of this insect in Britain are very scarce, and hitherto it has not been noted outside Kent.—S. Waxksty, 26 Finsen Road, Ruskin Park, S.E.5. ADOXOPHYES ORANA F.R., A Tortrix New to Brrrarn.—In the Fnto- mologist’s Monthly Magazine for September (87, No. 1048) an account is given at page 259 by J. R. Groves of the discovery of this species in Kent. It is the Capua reticulana of Hiibner and was found in August 1950 infesting apple trees in a Kentish orchard. ‘‘ The young larvae feed in the tips of the shoots, but the later instars damage the fruit surface, and it is then that it is serious enough to be considered a pest. The original infestation was controlled, but the species is present in other orchards in the county.’’? According to Lhomme (Cat. des Lép. DAC PRACTICAL HINTS. JAY de Faunce et de Belgique, 2: 245, No. 2303) this species is spread throughout France and the larval foodplants are given as Lomeera, Betula, Corylus, Populus, Humulus lupulus, Pyrus, Salix, Alnus, Prunus, Pistachia, Solanum dulcamara, Rubus, Vaccimum, and Poly- gonum persicaria. Kiniine AcENts. —With regard to Major W. A. C. Carrer’s Note in the September issue (page 174-5) of the Record, reference to Dr. C. B. Wititams’s paper describing his light-trap shows that he speci- fically mentions tetrachlorethane as the killing agent which he adopted as being the most satisfactory. I can confirm, from my own experi- ence, that this reagent is perfectly satisfactory, insects killed by it being perfectly relaxed and ready for setting immediately after death. The Lottle described by Major Carrer should prove quite satisfactory. —R. F. BrrcnenovucuH, 8 Ravenswood Crescent, West Wickham, Kent. W.xcol. Practical Hints A writer in this column at the end of the last century advised lepi- dopterists ‘‘not to fail to put on sugar every possible night during November for Dasycampa rubiginea’? and suggested that this species would ‘‘probably be heard of in many more districts if collectors did not give up sugaring too early.’’ Our own experience has been that it is no use sugaring after the first realiy hard frost of winter, at least in- land—uuless of course one wants to take Conistra ligula, C’. vaccinu and, when the weather has become mild again, Eupsilia transversa (satellitia) with perhaps an occasional Agrochola circellaris (ferruginea). We have taken these four species at sugar throughout. November and the first two of them on Boxing Day. But a really hard frost drives into their permanent winter quarters the Noctuae which hibernate in the imaginal stage. In maritime districts the case may be otherwise and we should like to hear the experiences of some of our correspondents with sugar throughout the winter in seaside places. In 1936, when the first hard frost of winter, in our district, was on 22nd November, Inthophane semibrunnea, Phlogophora meticulosa, Caradrina clavipalpis (cubicularis) and the four species above-mentioned were taken at sugar and ivy so late as 20th November. In 1939 there was no hard frost until 21st December and moths came to sugar nightly until that date. On the 10th November, that year, we found a full- grown larva of Apatele psi on the altar in the Memorial Chapel at King’s College, Cambridge, doubtless conveyed thither on foliage for altar de- coration. It pupated on the 19th. So in a mild winter there are autumn-pupating larvae to be had quite late in the year. Every mild evening throughout this and the succeeding month should see the moth-hunter, torch in hand, searching the hedgerows and fringes of woodlands for a couple of hours after dark. It is only during the winter months that the larvae of many of our rarer Noctuae are to be had in anything approaching numbers. For a dozen larvae of a grass- eating species which the torch discloses in late November and December there is only an occasional one to be had in April. The keen lepidopter- 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 ist should begin his winter larva-hunting as early as possible and should pursue it assiduously until the weather forbids; if he leaves it too late he is likely to miss many opportunities. Most of the larvae which one finds are small, so that one has the interest and employment of rearing them from an early stage. Throughout this month the pupa-digger should be wielded on every day that weather permits. Fungi take a heavy toll of pupae, and_as the winter advances every day increases the peril. In November the ground is sometimes too wet to dig; but sometimes there are welcome spells of dry weather, and then the harvest of the wise lepidopterist may well be a rich one. On one noteworthy early December afternoon six cocoons of Drymonia dodonaea (trimacula) were raked out from crannies underneath ancient oaks. Some of the resulting moths were used for assembling, and eggs in plenty were obtained. Notes on Microlepidoptera By H. C. Huggins. This is a good month for finding Tortrix larvae in old flowering stems before these become broken down. Lozopera francillana Fab. and dilucidana Steph. can be found in old stems of wild carrot and wild parsnip respectively, probably wherever the foodplant is found in the south of England. L. beatricella Wals. is much more local but can be obtained in the stems of hemlock in many places, in Kent and East Anglia at any rate. It is apt to take one stem and swarm in it; occasionally the number of pupae in a hemlock stem is almost incredible. The late Sir John Fryer sent me two pieces of hemlock stem from Chatteris, about six inches long each. I kept these, as I-do all of these Tortrices that hibernate as larvae, in the garden open to the weather till May, when I brought them into the house, and in late June, after setting well over a score of moths from them, sent them on to Mr. L. T. Ford, who also bred a good series. I have also bred L. beatricella from the stem of alexanders, but not in numbers, so it may only have wandered from a hemlock plant to pupate. JI did not, how- ever, see any hemlock near the infested stems. The larva of Phalonia zephyrana Treits. can be found in the lower portion of the stem and upper part of the root of wild carrot from No- vember throughout the winter. It is best to pull up the roots, then dead, and pot them up with the top five inches of stem attached. They may be potted as close as possible and must be left outdoors till May. The zephyrana of the chalk downs are usually much smaller and less interest- ing than those of sea shores and sand dunes, which tend to approach maritimana in size. Phalonia maritimana Guen. would appear to-day to be one of our rarest Tortricids. The egg is unfortunately laid in the upper part of the stem of sea holly and almost everywhere before the larva gets to the root some fool picks the plant for interior decoration. The result is that maritimana disappears almost everywhere as places become developed as ‘‘resorts’’. I searched for it in vain over thirty years ago in its classi- cal locality where it was discovered in England by Harding, between Pe ts ee a COLLECTING NOTES. 251 Deal and Sandwich, although to-day Depressaria cnicella, which used to inhabit the sea holly with it, but lays its eggs lower down, is still not uncommon. In 1924 my late friend Bernard Harwood sent me larvae from near Clacton from which I bred a good short series, but told me it would soon be exterminated by trippers, and just before his death wrote that he believed it was now gone. It is easy to rear if the last five inches of stalk and about five of the root are potted up and it would be in- teresting to know if it still survives anywhere. Apropos of nothing, how many collectors use a long-handled treacle brush? I have always until two years ago used a brush with a handle of six inches or less length. Wanting a new one then I could only get the size I required with a handle just over a foot long. On trial I found that I received no treacle splashes on hands or clothes and no longer had to carry a damp flannel or go sticky all the evening, and shall never use a short handled brush again. Collecting Notes Nores ON THE LEPIDOPTERA oF TETBURY (GLOs.) AREA.—After the very wet summer and winter of last year the occurrence of butterflies and moths in this district this year has not been so adversely affected as I expected. The wonder to me is that there have been so many. Some species have appeared late and others (notably Noctuids) have been reduced in numbers. In June-July the valerian in my garden did not attract the usual number of moths: only 3 Rhyacia simulans (a fourth in good condition I saw on my buddleia as late as 10th September); 2 Polia nitens; and 2 Deilephila porcellus. From one of the last mentioned I obtained eggs and subsequently reared 60 pupae. Contrarily, the valerian attracted more than usual of Abrostola tripartita and A. triplasia. It has been a poor year here for migrants. I have not seen one Colias croceus, only one Vanessa cardui (19th Sept.) and five Vanessa atalanta. Plusia gamma has been very common as usual; but Macroglossum stel- latarum has appeared very sparingly, the last one on lst October. A very fine day on 15th April brought out Nymphalis 1, Aglais urticae, Polygonia c-album, Gonepteryx rhamni, and the larvae of Philudoria potatoria. The buddleia in my garden this autumn at- tracted more N. io than I have ever seen before. I have the hybrid buddleia weyeriana, which I can recommend to be planted in any lepi- dopterist’s garden. It is at its best when the other buddleias are over and attracts moths well at night. Moths are beginning to appear at ivy bloom (early October) some later than usual. The common species such as Agrochola circellaris, A. lychnidis, Eupsilia transversa, Dryobotodes protea, Allophyes oxyacan- thae, Conistra vaccinii, C. ligula, Phlogophora meticulosa, Agrotis ypsi- lon, A. segetum, Dysstroma truncata, Selenia bilunaria, are as plentiful as usual. On 6th October I took one specimen of Lithophane semibrun- nea on ivy. This species occurs very sparingly here, as anywhere else apparently; I have never taken more than three in one season. The foodplant, ash, is common enough, but the females are reputed to lay their eggs in small batches only over a wide area. To me this still does 252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 not explain why they are never more plentiful. I wonder if any readers who use a mercury vapour lamp could report how many semibrunnea (if | any) they have seen in one season?—J. Nrewron, 11 Oxleaze Close, Tet- bury, Glos. 7.x.51. Nores From S.W. Kent.—The scarcity of Lepidoptera has continued hereabouts throughout September, but it is only fair to state that these notes cover only a very small area though my observations have been regular for twenty years and more. Visitors to garden flowers, buddleia and michaelmas daisies have been fewer even than last year. A fair number of Pierids have appeared, more rapae than brassicae; but Vanes- sids have been fewer. V. atalanta I have seen only four times; Nym- phalis io two or three a day on some days; Aglais wrticae once or twice up to seven. Vanessa cardui I have not seen, but one was noted by a friend in her garden half a mile away. The same friend has twice seen Colias croceus in a clover field near her house, but I never saw one when T heard of it and went to look. JI saw one in my garden on 19th August and another on 6th October. No Macroglossum stellatarwm have ap- peared since the spring. Pararye aegeria (one) appeared on 5th October. At sugar on some fifteen posts and trees Amathes xanthographa, Apamea monoglypha, A. secalis and Triphaena pronwba appeared in small numbers but nothing like last year and I seldom saw an average of one per post. Contrary to the experience of a writer in a recent issue of this magazine snails turned up at sugar on four or five occasions. Hypena proboscidalis, a small specimen, query second emergence, flew into my room on llth September. Tipulae have appeared in larger numbers than usual this year I think.—G. V. Buti, White Gables, Sand- hurst, Kent. LEPIDOPTERA AT WESTON-SUPER-MaARE.—It may be of interest to con- tinue my note on page 182 and give a further list of the more interest- ing species occurring at light in my garden from July to September. As before I am stating the date of first appearance and in some cases adding notes of subsequent frequency. The weather in July was good but in August and September very indifferent. I was away from Weston dur- ing a considerable part of July so no doubt some good nights were missed during that month. July: ist, Habrosyne derasa, abundant later. 18th, Cryphia :nur- alis, common later. 20th, Apamea fissipuncta (ypsilon) ; Zeuzera pyrina, a few later. 28th, Pseudoips bicolorana, several later ; Hilema complana, several later. : August: 7th, Deuteronomos erosaria, several later. 23rd, Deutero- nomos fuscantaria, very common. 30th, Lampra fimbriata, several later. September: 4th, Atethmia xerampelina, fairly common later. 6th, Plusia festucae. 8th, Tholera cespitis; Tiliacea citrago, a few later. 12th, Sarrothripus revayana, a few later; Antitype flavicmncta, common later. 22nd, Eumichtis lichenea, common later; Cosmia affinis. 26th, Rhizedra lutosa, several later. 25th, Aporophyla ngra, fairly common later.—C. S. H. BratHwayt, 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare. NoNAGRIA DISSOLUTA TR. IN HampsHireE.—On 27th July this year, in company with Mr. Barry Goater, while working lamps in a coastal marsh in Hampshire for Leucania straminea Tr. and Arenostola phrag- COLLECTING NOTES. 253 mitidis Hb. I took a small dark reddish-brown Wainscot which I could not then identify. Subsequent examination proved it to be the type form of Nonagria dissoluta Tr. Further visits by Mr. Goater and I gave us several specimens of the usual British form arundineta Schm. and four more of the type form. It may be of interest to record the capture of a short series of Chilodes maritima Tausch., all typical, at the same place.—A. C. R. Reperave, 14a The Broadway, Portswood, Southampton. Notes rrom Hast Dorser.—The larvae of Sphinz ligustri and Chae- rocampa elpenor have been very common here this season. Imagines of Macroglossum.stellataruwm are arriving, and in the woods around Swan- age Pararge aegera are flying, and in quite fresh condition.—L&oNARD TaTcHELL, Rockleigh- Cottage, Swanage. Sept. 1951. Rarities IN East Essex.—Although it has been such a poor summer for butterflies I have had three outstanding moths in the trap: Calo- phasia lunula, Plusia limbirena and Plusia gutta Guen. (bigutta Staud.). All three were females and all proved to be infertile, which was very disappointing. However, they are still in very reasonable condition.— A. J. Dewicx, Curry Farm, Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex. 14.x.51. [We await with interest the continuation of Mr. Dewick’s Notes from East Essex (see page 148). Calophasia lunula Hufn. is a common species in France and has been taken once or twice in this country. Piusia gutta Guen. is reported by Lhomme (Cat. des Lép. de France et de Belgique, page 317, No. 858, where it is named Phytometra confusa Steph.) to occur ‘‘almost everywhere’? in France. The foodplants are given by this authority as Urtica, Mentha, Achillea millefolium, and Matricaria chamomilla. Uhomme distinguishes bigutta Staud. as hav- ing, ‘‘la tache arentée divisée en deux petites taches.’’ P. limbirena is an African species.—EpD. | A Nore From Torquay.—The sight of a solitary Colias croceus at Slapton on 13th August raised hopes that we might see more Clouded Yellows later, but I haven’t seen another. A Macroglossum stellataruwm taken in the house by one of my neighbours on Ist October is the only autumn representative of that species too that I’ve seen. ‘‘Also rans’’ might well include in this category the few migrant species of moths seen this autumn with perhaps the exception of Herse convolvuli and Plusia gamma, though compared with other years the numbers of the latter have been quite pitifully small. Nycterosea obstipata is still around but very few, and the same remark applies to Laphygma. exigua (second brood); yet I saw more than usual of both in their first broods. The dates for H. convolvuli were: 2 2 2 5th September; 1 ¢ 10th Sept. ; 1 2 12th Sept.; 2 92 22nd Sept.; 2 dd 25th Sept., and 1 ¢ 3rd Octo- ber, all taken at light or in the trap. I also had cne brought to me (a @). which, like two of the other 2 9°, I kept, in vain, for eggs. One Heliothis peltigera has been reported to me (in September); the only one I’ve taken myself was on 5th July, rather late for one of the first brood? The only Rhodometra sacraria of the year for Maidencombe I took in the trap on 18th September, a ¢ of the buff form, a colour which we more often find to be associated with females.—Frank H. Lees, The Gables, Maidencombe, Torquay. 14.x.51. 254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXII. 15 /X1/1951 DANAUS PLEXIPPUS LL. at BrruMincHAM.—I was recently somewhat shaken to be told by a young collector, Master Edward Marks of King’s Heath, that he had taken a specimen of Danaus plexippus L. in a field at the end of my garden. The insect, a male of the typical D. plexippus plexippus form, was taken while resting on damp ground near a spring on 2nd August 1950. It is in excellent condition, except for the loss of an antenna in manipulation.—¥. H. Laraam, 26 Hollie Lucas Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14. 13.x.51. EvpHYDRYAS AURINIA Rott. at BirmincHam.—EH. awrinia has oc- curred this year at King’s Heath, only four miles from the city centre -and about six miles from its nearest known ground.—F. H. LarHam, 26 Hollie Lucas Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham, 14. 13.x.51. LARVAB ON ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM.—Recently I uprooted a two-year- old plant of Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood) which I had. allowed to remain in my garden for larva-feeding purposes. Beating it over a sheet produced the following larvae:—12 Cucullia absinthu, 15 EHupithecia succenturiata, 2 EH. absinthiata, and two each of two unidentified species of Noctuae.—F. H. Laraam, 26 Hollie Lucas Road, King’s Heath, Bir- mingham, 14. 13.x.51. Da ae aa TABANUS SUDETICUS ZELL. IN MreRtionerH.—During the last fortnight in August 1951 my brother was on holiday at Fairbourne, near Bar- mouth. While out walking one day he noticed a curious insect crawling on the path. Knowing my fondness for curious insects, he captured it and posted it to me. It proved to be a female of Tabanus sudeticus Zell. and is rather interesting because Verrall (British Flies, Vol. 5, 1909) mentions the capture of a male in Merionethshire. In view of this insect’s powerful flight, 1t is rather strange that it should be crawling on the ground. A possible explanation is that it had flown around an earlier passerby, who had ‘‘swatted’’ the insect and stunned it. However, it was in perfect condition.—CartwricHt TIMMs, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham, 12. 11.x.51. FLIES TAKEN BY A SPIDER, D1cTyNA UNCINATA THORELL. spider of this species, kindly determined for me by Mr. G. H. Locket, had a web spun over a hazel leaf at the edge of a woodland path at Bookham Common, Surrey, on 11th June 1950. In the web were the remains of six flies, five of which could be identified :—Neurigona quad- rifasciata Fab. [Dolichopodidae], 3, Hilara thoracica Mg., 2, Rham- phomyw nigripennis Fab., ¢, Bicellaria spuria Fln., 92 [all three Empididae], and Minettia inusta Mg. [Sapromyzidae], 2. The pre- sence of the Newrigona surprised me, for in my June visits over the past few years I have only found the species on the higher ground. The males are always on the trunks of trees growing near to the shaded pools there and never on horizontal leaves. Both the Hilara and the Minettia are additional to my list—‘ The Diptera of Bookham Com- mon ’ [1950, London Naturalist for 1949: 98-133].—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 5.x.1951. A female © : DIPTERA. 255 THE EGG LAYING OF CaATABOMBA (=ScAaEVA) PYyRaAstRI L. [Drpet.,- SyrpHipAE|.—Watching a female of this species during a sunny after- noon in July as she examined the spear thistles flowering in a pasture, I noticed that she paid no attention to the flowers. She kept always below the flowerhead and appeared to he attracted by the aphids pre- sent on the plants. Although, as usual, my slightest movement sent her flying swiftly away, she would return and at last I had the pleasure of seeing her laying an egg. It was placed directly on to the back of an adult aphid which seemed to be undisturbed by the addition of this white burden. My friend Mr. C. N. Colyer records the egg-laying ‘‘ on the underside of a leaf, or on a plant-stem where aphids are feeding or likely to feed ’’ [1951, Flies of the British Isles, p. 156].—L. Par- MENTER, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 5.x.1951. PrycHOPTERA LACcUSTRIS Mg. [Diet., PrycHoPTERIDAE|] IN WaLEs.— On August 2nd and again on 3rd, 1948, I captured males of this species on the undergrowth in Castlebeech Wood, near Dale Fort, Pembroke- shire. The only counties mentioned by P. Freeman [1950, Royal Ent. Soc. Handbook, IX, part 2: 76] are Devon, Essex, Hants, Herts., Notts., Arran, and he does not mention the adult flight period except that the genus has spring and summer broods. Audcent [1949, Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., 27: 422] records the species in Gloucester and Somer- set, 19th May-27th June and on 16th September. Perhaps other readers can fill in the gaps.—L. Parmenter, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 5.x.1951. THE NUMBER OF EGGS LAID BY A Hover Fiy.—The desire to keep speci- mens of Hover flies in their bright yellow colours has caused me to bring my captures home in tubes so that the delay before death enables the gut to be emptied. I captured a female Syrphus (=Syrphidis) niti- dicollis Mg. in a tube in May off a birch leaf in the woodland at Book- ham Common, Surrey. During the journey home 346 eggs were laid in the tube, mostly on the cork. I do not remember a similar instance happening in my tubes. Can it be that this female would have laid all these eggs in 1 to 2 hours on plants if she had retained her freedom? It would be interesting to know what are the egg-laying capacities and normal habits of each Syrphid species. There is plenty of scope ’ for entomologists to study the biology of the Hover flies that haunt our gardens and the wayside and woodland, and that are so beneficial with their aphidiphagous larvae and the pollination of plants effected by the adults. —L. ParMENTER, 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 5.x.1951. PEGOMYIA SQUAMIFERA STEIN. ATTACKING CULTIVATED MUSHROOMS.— On 8th September 1950 about 30 to 40 females of Pegomyia squamifera Stein. were discovered ovipositing on cultivated mushrooms growing in a wooden shed in my garden, and I took about a dozen. No males were seen. The flies appeared to confine their attentions to a portion of the bed where the mushrooms were past their best and had become infested with Sciara larvae, which wouid appear to indicate that the Pegomyia larvae are carnivorous rather than fungivorous.—C. H. Wa tiace Pues, Derwent Dene, Oswestry. 256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 PEGOMYIA NIGRITARSIS Zrr.—With reference to Mr. Niblett’s note on the number of broods in this common species (Ent. Rec., 63: 159) I have bred it this year from larvae in dock leaves collected on 9th July, the flies emerging during the third week in August. On previous occa- sions the flies have emerged in May and up to the end of June, and I believe it has two or more broods in the year, as larvae can be found in all stages throughout the summer.—C. H. Watiacrk Pucu, Derwent Dene, Oswestry. ies ASILUS CRABRONIFORMIS IL. rx East Dorset.—A specimen of Asilus crabroniformis L. was brought to me at the end of September. I have not met with this species here hefore, though I know it occurs in, the New Forest.—lnoxnarp TatrcHett, Rockleigh Cottage, Swanage. 3.x.51. COLEOPTERA The Coleoptera of a Suburban Garden 3—Heteromera, Longicornia, Phytophaga By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. . (Continued from page 190.) As is only to be expected from the habits of most of their members, these sections (like the last two) are very sparsely represented in the garden fauna with the exception of the subfamily Halticinae. TENEBRIONIDAE Tenebrio molitor . (The ‘Mealworm beetle’).—Oceurs sparingly m July and August about the house, both inside and outside, flying to heht. As far as I know there is no suitable breeding site for this species in either the house or garden. First seen about 1933. OEDEMERIDAE Oedemera lurida Marsh.—Found rather freely from May to August of this year by sweeping weeds on a neglected vegetable plot. Prob- ably passes its early stages in the stems of certain Compositae of the Hieracium group, the flowers of which are chiefly frequented by the beetle. MorDELLIDAE Anaspis regimbarti Schil. (=ruficollis Fowler, Joy, nec F.).—Com- mon on flowering shrubs, mainly lilac (May), Pyracanthus (June), and elder (July). A confusing jet-black form is found occasionally (ab. fraudulenta Joy), connected with the type by every colour-gradation (intermediate form, ab. alpicola Km.). Anaspis humeralis F. (=geoffroyi Miull.).—With the preceding in May and June, but very scarce hitherto. Anaspis lurida Steph. (=subtestacea Steph.)—Not uncommon, especially on elder blossom. Though found from the end of May, its peak period is decidedly latér than that of the last two; three 9 2 were shaken off golden-rod as late as 18.vili.51. Anaspis maculata Geoff.—With A. regimbarti and about as plenti- ful. (The apparent absence of A. frontalis L. and perhaps one or two others is curious.) tl i a te THE COLEOPTERA OF A SUBURBAN GARDEN. 257 ANTHICIDAE Anthicus antherinus L.—Very occasionally met with in vegetable refuse, but not in recent years. Anthicus floralis L.—In rather dry manure- and compost-heaps, and once or twice in cut grass; one by sweeping in warm weather after rain, 18.viii.51; not common, but much less seldom seen than antherinus. CERAMBYCIDAE Clytus arietis L.—An unusually small specimen was taken from the foliage of runner beans in June 1930; it had perhaps emerged from the supporting stakes, in which signs of Longicorn workings are still visible. However, the ‘Wasp beetle’ has not been seen again. Grammoptera ruficornis F.—Fairly common in the last few seasons (and most likely long before that) on flowering shrubs from May to July, especially Pyracanthus. Dark forms are frequent. *Grammoptera holomelina Pool.—With the latter species on Pyra- canthus in June 1951, but very much rarer. Tetrops praeusta L.—Only one example has occurred, which was beaten off an apple tree in June 1950. BRUCHIDAE Bruchus (=Laria) loti Payk.—One specimen in a loganberry flower, 4.vi.51. Perhaps associated here with clover, of which there was a lush growth nearby. : CHRYSOMELIDAB Cassida rubiginosa Mill. (=viridis Scop. nec L.).—This ‘Tortoise beetle’ has been tolerably plentiful on thistles since first noticed in 1949, and is the only beetle they have so far produced. Larvae and pupae in July; adults in late May and June, somewhat fewer in late July and August. Crioceris asparagt L.—On the foliage of asparagus with its larvae, at intervals between May and August; in some numbers in early July 1949, when first found, since when it has been rather less frequent. For many years [ had kept a look-out fcr it, and have still only seen it on one isolated plant of the several scattered about the garden. Gastrophysa polygoni L.—One taken by sweeping rank herbage bor- dering a lawn, 28.v.51; it probably came off a species of Rumez. Crepidodera ferruginea Scop.—One swept from black horehound (Ballota nigra) in a weedy corner, 13.vii.51. Thistle and nettle have been mentioned as foodplants; the latter does not seem to grow in the gar- den (!). Phyllotreta nigripes F.—Common on Cruciferae, both wild (such as Capsella) and cultivated kinds; April to September. Odd specimens also found hibernating at roots of grass, etc. Phyllotreta consobrina Curt.—On cabbages in some former seasons, in late summer; in numbers when present, but erratic in appearance. *“Phyllotreta aerea Allard (=punctulata auct.).—Only one example has been taken, by general sweeping, 4.vi.51. Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze.—With P. nigripes as above, and equally common during the summer especially on turnips and cabbages in past years, but not found hibernating. Phyllotreta undulata Kuts.—On cabbages, etc., in company with others of the genus, mostly in August or September; not very common. bo 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1951 Phyllotreta vittula Redt.—A single specimen by sweeping amongst coarse grass and weeds, 6.vi.51. (Note.—This year I have been unable to find even a solitary ‘turnip flea’ on our autumn cabbages, on the same plots where in past years these have always harboured at least two or three of the above species. Since turnips—their favourite crop—ceased to be grown in the garden, the beetles have been much less in evidence.) : Aphthona euphorbiae Schrk. (=virescens Foud.).—By general beat- ing and sweeping from spring to autumn; singly as a rule, but in quan- tity on the leaves of certain apple trees on some’ warm sunny days at the end of April 1944. Longitarsus parvulus Payk.—As for the preceding, but so far only by odd specimens during the last two years, mostly by sweeping on the lawns. (On the recent increase of these two species of flea-beetle in England, see Hnt. mon. Mag., 1950, 86: 49, 224, 256.) Longitarsus luridws Scop.—By sweeping grass and mixed herbage; foodplant very uncertain; common, particularly in late summer and autumn. Almost black specimens occur. Longitarsus atricillus L.—By sweeping on waste ground, weedy patches on lawns, etc., often with the last; sometimes plentiful when and where found, in early summer and again in autumn. Said to live on Leguminosae; if this be correct, its host-plant in the garden is prob- ably clover. Longitarsus melanocephalus Deg.—One by sweeping on a _ lawn, 11.ix.51. Like the next species, this is a plantain feeder. Longitarsus pratensis Panz. (=pusillus Gyll.).—Taken singly by sweeping amongst grass and low plants (vii.50, viil.51, ix.51). Longitarsus jacobaeae Wat.—A solitary example was swept from the only patch of ragwort in the garden on August 18th of the present year ; but though this plant has since been examined often, the species has so far not recurred. Longitarsus gracilis WKuts.—With the latter on ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) but mostly on groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) on neglected veget- able plots, July to early October; not abundant. Rather more than half the groundsel specimens are referable to the ab. poweri All. Like most of its congeners here recorded, it has not been noted before this year. Longitarsus ochroleucus Marsh.—Apparently very rare; one in a heap of cut grass, ix.48; another (immature) by sweeping in weedy flower-bed, 21.vii.50. The foodplant is thought to be mainly groundsel. Longitarsus succineus Foud. (=laevis All.).—On yarrow (Achillea Millefolium) and on the cultivated yellow-flowered A. Eupatoria. One was observed on a flower-head of the last-named, where it appeared to be feeding. Somewhat scarce; July to September, 1951. Chaetocnema concinna Marsh.—Fairly frequent throughout the past summer by sweeping rank herbage; also found at grass-roots in early spring. Like the next, this ‘hopper’ seems little particular as to food- plant, but is possibly associated with either Ranwnculus or various low- growing Compositae. Chaetocnema hortensis Geoff.—Moderately common under the same conditions. The first capture was of three examples in vegetable rub- bish, November 1934. Pee na Pee arr THE COLEOPTERA OF A SUBURBAN GARDEN. 259 Psyiliodes affinis Payk.—In some numbers on Solanum Dulcamara at intervals from May to October, singly by general sweeping, and one at roots of herbage in March. Nov seen before the present year, but the ‘bittersweet? or Woody Nightshade has, I believe, only lately estab- lished itself in the garden. Some of the October specimens were recently emerged; this brood probably overwinters. (To be continued.) Epirrix spp. (CHRYSOMBELIDAR, HaALTICINAE) IN Kent.—A week ago I was fortunate enough to come upon a small colony of the extremely local flea-beetle EHypitrix pubescens Koch, on the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in a very weedy—not marshy—field adjoining the Church Woods, Blean, near Canterbury. The plant was flourishing and covered quite a large area, but except for a solitary straggler the seven specimens which were all I could find of the beetle came off one single clump. Most of the plants seemed not to have been attacked, and yielded nothing but an occasional Psylliodes affinis Payk. The only Kentish records I have seen for H. pubescens are the old ones given by Fowler, 1890, Col. Brit. Isl., 4: 384:—‘Kent (J. J. Walker); Sheppey’, elaborated as follows in the Victoria County History of Kent, 1908 :— ‘On Solanum dulcamara, marshy places; rare. Iwade (J.J.W.), Shep- pey’. Much more recently, however, my friend.Dr. A. M. Massee found it plentifully on S. Dulcamara growing on the banks of a pond near Smarden (Ashford district). There are but few other British records known to me, and it appears rather often to be represented in collec- tions by the black unspotted form of the next species. In neither of the above works is Epitrix atropae Foud. recorded from Kent, and I have not heard of its being taken in that productive county; but on July Ist of this year I came across a shrub of Atropa Belladonna tenanted by the species on the chalk hills above Otford, near Sevenoaks. This deadly-nightshade feeder is probably more or less co-extensive in Britain with its host plant and so is very local, though usually abundant where it occurs. J have met with it also in Surrey (Headley Lane and Box Hill), Sussex (Arundel Park), and Cambs. (Swaffham); and do not remember having seen a plant of Atropa which did not bear marks of attack by it. Joy mentions Hyoscyamus as a second foodplant.—A. A. Auten, The Tiled House, 63 Blackheath Park, Sebo ti i3-x. 5). CoLEOPTERA, TRICHOPTERA, ETC., IN. A LicuHt-Trap at BICKENHALL, Somprser (VicE-county 5).—A moth-trap, consisting of a 2 ft. square glass cage, and using a 300 c.p. paraffin pressure lantern, has been in use almost continuously throughout the year. It may be of interest to record the Coleoptera, Trichoptera and a few others found in the trap. The number of species is small, but in the case of the Trichoptera, it must be pointed out that the nearest permanent water is about a mile away, apart from a small garden pond containing gold-fish. CoLeopTERA.—Bradycellus verbasci (Dufts.), several in September. Necrophorus interruptus Steph., two, September and October. WNec- _ rodes littoralis (.), one in September. Paederus riparius (L.), several at intervals. Calvia quattuordecimguttata (L.), one in September; On- comera femorata (F.), very common. Aphodius fossor (L.), abundant— up to 100 ina night. Curculio venosus (Grav.), one in September. 260 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. LXIII. 15/X1/1991 TrichorpTERA—(AIl records are for August and September).—Limne- philus affinis Curt., once only. L. decipiens (Kol.), several. JD. lunatus Curt., twice. L. sparsus Curt., once. L. vittatus (¥.), common. Steno- phylax permistus McLach., several. S. stellatus (Curt.), common. Plec- trocnemia conspersa (Curt.), fairly frequent. Halesus digitatus (Schr.), abundant. Philopotamus montanus Don., once. Glyphotaelius pelluci- dus (Retz.), several. Other uninvited visitors included :— OrrHorTERA.—Pholidoptera griseoaptera (Deg.) and Afeconemu thalassina (Deg.). DermapTeRA.—lorficula auricularia L. HYMENOPTERA.—Ophion sp. and Vespa crabro L. DiererA.—Too numerous to determine, but one interesting capture was the sun-loving Conops quadrifasciata Deg. ARACHNIDA.—Drassodes lapidosus (Walck.), Salticus scenicus L., Meta reticulata (L.), Zygiella litterata (Oliv.), Aranea diadema (L.), A. rajibetulae Sulz., and A. sexpunctata (L.). —A. H. Turner, Bickenhall, Somerset. 8.x.5l. Fifty Years Ago (From The Entomologist’s Record of 1901.) Dwarr LeprpopTERA.—One noticeable feature of the season has been the number of undersized specimens taken wild. Several Tephrosia crepuscularia (biundularia) have been much below usual size, and a gd Amphidasys betularia ab. dowbledayaria, at Sledmere, was a veritable dwarf. A number of Anthrocera lonicerae pupae, collected at Sand- burn are yielding very small specimens. Larvae of Thecla pruni also, ‘vhich pupated within 24 hours or so of capture, have yielded some very small specimens, and many of the Ourapteryx sambucata, which are now swarming everywhere, are little bigger than some of the Rumia luteolata that we get here. Has the dry season here anything to do with this? Strange to say, during the last few days, I have netted in my garden two of the largest and brightest Pericallia syringaria, a species usually rare with us, that I ever saw.—C. D. Asu, Selby. The following insects captured this year are interesting from the point of view of size: (1) Asthena luteata, .8125 in. in expanse. (2) Bryophila muralis, .77 in. in expanse. (83) Asthena sylvata, .75 in. in expanse. (4) Venwsia cambricaria, .75 in. in expanse. I also bred an example of Amphidasys betularia ab. dowbledayaria, 1.1 in. in expanse. F. C. Wooprorpr, Market Drayton. Dwarr forms of Polyommatus icarus have been commoner than usual this year. J took one measuring only +3ths in. in expanse. Mr Tylecote took one even smaller.—R. B. Rospertrson, Boscombe. Nore.—The name of the aberration of Cleora cinctaria Schiff. given in the Title and throughout the text on pages 126 to 129 of our July- Aug. issue (vol. 638, Nos. 7-8) should be submarmoraria Fuchs. The reference given in lines 27 and 28 of text on page 126 should read: ‘Fuchs (Stett. Hnt. Ztg., 1884, 45-267). j EXCHANGES | ee ot i "Subscribers may aS Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata pci free of chacee: They should nes cou to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, 8 Herts. . Wanted—Papered or set, full data: he hegemone, selenis, oscarus, iphigenia, —angarensis, jerdoni, gemmata, clara, elisa, kamala, childreni, ruslana. What do you, want Amik Christensen, Parmagade 24, I1I, Copenhagen S., Den- eee. = ‘Wanted. See entiy teeivea aahine the next few months for research purposes _ pupae of Biston betularia Linn. (melanic or otherwise). We should be most _ grateful if entomologists would inform me of approximate percentages of the two Melanic aberrations, carbonaria and insularia, and the typical, occur- ring in any locality.—Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Univer- sity Museum, Oxford. = : rs “Wantet.— “The British Hemiptera Heteroptera ”’ By Douglas & Scott.—W. Watts, ey 42 Bramerton Road, Beckenham, Kent. CHANGES: OF ADDRESS. —Dr. H. B. D. 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