hathidee atts Sak! SL ‘ atin SOY PON SToh te AN Be ce i ete at dhe EROS Coe Pe eee Bed OAD Q stats ny Pee Meth & bey es ene ee i mie a eth OS Bey eae AE SMe Hh, 8 TON Ngee ene 0 Wee re Rata sk ey, HONE OY et Peay . HEE Rt ae rc set yates ” Seton iv tae mye eon ie A amen Be ay oa th setabet we tiaet ARN Cray Ce ae gy HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology i > ee iy i i 0 a i ‘ «i i Entomologist’s Recore AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E:S. Vol. 74 1962 Price 30s net \ Printed in Great Britain by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath, Angus CONTENTS lii CONTENTS Acherontia atropos L. in Cumberland. N. L. Birkett, 232. Adopoea lineola in Surrey. A. Se Wheeler, 51. Alaptus pallidicornis Forstr. On Breeding. S. C. S. Brown, 277. Anarta melanopa Thunb. in Aberdeen- shire. D.C. Hulme, 188. Ants. New Records for British. C. A. Collingwood, 234. Apion Herbst. and some other notable weevils in East Kent. The Genus. John Parry, 269. Aporophyla australis Boisd. and migrant Leucanias at Dungeness in October 1962. A. J. Wightman, 237. Aristotelia lutulentella Zell. (Gs dale Youden, 52. Autumn Holiday. 117. Aviemore, 1962. F. A. Noble, 260. Dr. A. M. R. Heron, Bomolocha fontis Thbg. Notes on the Larva of. H. Symes, 2i1. Bomolocha fontis Thbg. The habits of. H. C. Huggins, 278 Bromley. Notes on some Lepidoptera at. D. R. M. Long, 245. Brownsea Island. AC VaiST bt) MO: H. Symes, 275. Burning Gorse and Bracken in the New Forest. L. W. Siggs, 50. Butterflies in Provence in 1962. Bretherton, 144. Butterflies in Provence and in England. S. R. Bowden, 238. Butterflies in the Oxford District, 1961. Dr. R. G. Ainley, 65. Tree Ee Calostygia salicata Hubn. in Surrey. J. L. Messenger, 173. Camber Sussex. Notes from. 233. Canary Islands and Central Spain, The. K. J. Hayward, 61. Canary Islands and Central Spain, The. D. G. Sevastopulo, 161. S. Wakely, Celastrinia argiolus L. in Dorset. Brig. HH. E. Warry, 266. Celerio euphorbiae L. (The Spurge Hawk) in Norfolk. J. Hunt, 43. Celerio galii Rott. and C. livornica Esp. in} Co.. Kerry. C. G. M. de Worms, 187. M. Chalmers- Cerapteryx graminis L. and Tholera cespitis Schiff. Breeding. D. R. M. Long, 162. Change and Decay. An Old Moth- hunter, 189. Coenobia rufa Haw. (1809). Some Remarks on its Varietal Names and Colours. W. Parkinson-Curlis, 130. a Coleoptera. Notes on, A. A. Allen, 241. Colias ecroceus Fourch. and Pyrameis cardui in Ireland. Rev. Peter Hawker, 222. Collecting Lepidoptera in 1961. R. Fairclough, 93, 106. Collecting Notes, 1961. Neville [Bye Birkett, 13. Collecting Notes, 1961. S. Wakely, 165. Coscinia cribrum L. on the Dorset and Hants Borders. W. Parkinson-Curtis, 187. Costa del Sol, April 1962, The. de Worms, 209. Crambus contaminellus and its ab, sticheli Constantini, in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 222. Cranleigh District, Butterflies in the. Major A. FE. Collier, 45. Crocidosema plebejana Zell. in Hamp- shire and Dorset. D. W. H. ffennell, de CaG. Me Cryphia muralis Fordt. in Kerry. H. C. Huggins, 119. Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. larvae. Ab- normal Coloration in. A. J. Wight- man, 192. Cycnia mendica. Brig. H. Warry, 24. Deilephila livornica Esp. in Gloucester- shire. J. Biddulph, 275. Derbyshire Lepidoptera : ment. D.C. Hulme, 77. Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff., primulae Esp.) f. congener Hubn. or f. turbida Huibn. B. J. Lempke, 195. Diasemia ramburialis Duponchel and D. litterata Scopoli in Britain. R. F. Bretherton, 1. Dingle in 1962. H. C. Huggins, 249. Diptera from Surrey and Kent, 1962, A few notable. dA. A. Allen, 243. First Supple- Dixinae (Diptera Culicidae) of East Sussex, Some notes on the. [2 . Roper, 21. Dixinae, The Distribution of the British. A. Brindle, 176. Dorset, A day in. Brig. H. Warry, 26. Dreanepteryx phalaenoides: (Neuroptera) at Witherslack. M. J. Leech, 20. Drepana curvatula Borkh.—A Hook-tip new to Britain. G. H.-Youden and D. G. Marsh, 44. Duchess of Portland, The. Allen, 75. Dulwich in 1961, Lepidoptera observed at. A. Aston, B.A., 67 Effects of Toxic Chemicals. Nature Conservancy. 208. Emus hirtus L. in the Southend District. H.C. Huggins, 279. Emus hirtus L. in Britain, A short ac- count of. A. A.-Allen, 219. Te Vopee Nhe 1V CONTENTS Entomological Problem, An. 1b Gp, 1 Waddington, 25. Eublemma ostrina Hiuidn. in Kent. D. G. Marsh, 52. Eumenis semele L., A new Form of. I. R. P. Heslop, 148. Eupithecia inturbata Hiibn. at Chatten- den, A. J. Showler, 246. Eupithecia venosata Fab., A New Sub- species of. H. C. Huggins, 171. Euspilapteryx (Gracillaria) pyrenaeella Chretien. S. Wakely, 120. Field Guide to the Lepidoptera of Europe. D. Smith and C. J. Lips- comb, 62. Geography of Lepidoptera, VII, Studies in the. E£. P. Wiltshire, 29. Herse convolvuli L. at Morecambe. C. J. Goodall, 223. Herse convolvuli L., Other occurrences of. J. H. Redfern, 275. Heterographis oblitella Zell. in Kent. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 222. Hoplitis millhauseri and Notodonta tritophus Schiff. in Spain. D. R. M. Long, 163. Hornets. Brig. H. Warry, 24. Immigrant Syrphidae. W. H. Spread- bury, 278. Infestation in Dorset. Brig. H. Warry, 252. Infestation of Hawthorns in Cheshire. S. N, A, Jacobs, 186. Insect Movements in Huggins, 40. Insects in 1960. P. Skidmore, 155. Inverness-shire in 19614. Commdr. G. W. Harper, R.N., 56. Inverness-shire, Macrolepidoptera of Newtonmore district of. Commar. G. W. Harper, R.N., 59. Isle of Wight, Notes from the. S. Wakely, 213. Journal of a Tyro, Queries from the. J. H. Redfern, M.A., 60. Journal of a Tyro, Queries from the. Clifford Craufurd, 60. Laphygma exigua Hiibn., an appeal. R. A. French, 277. Laphygma exigua Hibn. at Bromley, Kent. D. R. M, Long, 162. Laphygma exigua Hibn. at Woking, Surrey. C. G. M. de Worms, 188. Laphygma exigua Hibn. in East Devon. F. H. Lyon, 222. Laphygma exigua Hiibn. in Surrey. E. A. Sadler, 162, 222. Latin, On learning. A. D. Irvin, 253. Leaf-mining Flies and their parasites, On Breeding. G. C. D. Griffiths, BAZ 178), 202! Lepidopterous Larvae on Sea Buckthorn. I. R. P. Heslop, 17. AGGIE He ee Loxostege frustralis Zell., A Suspected Migration of. J. S. Taylor, 212. Lycia hirtaria Cl. in June. M. J. Leech, 20. Lyman Entomological Museum. D. K. McE. Kevan, 121. Lysandra coridon Poda, Late Emer- gence of. Maj.-Gen. C. G. Lipscomb, 276. Macrolepidoptera Recorded in Light Traps at Ottershaw and Bishop’s Stortford, A Comparison between the. R. F. Bretherton and Clifford Craufurd, 134. Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. Rear-Adm. A. D. Torlesse, 19. Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. Alan Kennard, 49. Mercury Vapour Light. Battery Run. Commadr. G. W. Harper, 91. Mercury Vapour Light. Commdr. G. W. Harper, 19. Portable. Microlepidoptera, Notes on the. HOC: Huggins, 39, 202, 218, 240. Microlepidoptera palearctica. S. N. A. Jacobs, 208. Migrants in Berkshire. R, Saundby, 277. Migrants. Midlands, during 19614. M. J. Leech, 26. Migratory Lepidoptera in North West Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 25. Air Marshal Sir New Forest Immigrant Lepidoptera. Commadr. G. W. Harper, 246. North America and the extreme south of Spain. J. A. C. Greenwood, 69. Notes on Collecting in 1962. H. Symes, 225, Nothopteryx polycommata in Yorkshire. C. I. Rutherford, 186. Nymphalis io L. in the Channel Islands. S. N. A. Jacobs, 162. Obituary: J. O. T. Howard. C. G. M. de Worms, 27. Opisthograptis luteolata, Late Appear- ance of. Brig. H. Warry, 276. Oxygastra curtisi (Dale) from the Dale Collection, Notes on. Lt.-Col. F. C. Fraser, 23. Papilio cassioides (Lep. Satyridae), Some Overlooked Details from ' Hohen- warth’s Description of his. B. C. S. Warren, 53. Papilio machaon in Kent. Aish Sie Showler, 246. Phlogophora meticulosa L. in January. S. N. A, Jacobs, 61. Plusia gamma L. in Kent, Invasion of. | D. G. Marsh, 52. Plusia ni Hiibn. Messenger, 186. Polygonia c-album L. Brig. H. Warry, 25. in Surrey. J. L. CONTENTS Vv Precis celia Cramer, A new Aberration Siok Be P. Hesiop,, 123. Pyrameis cardui L. near Marlborough. C. G. M. de Worms, 170. Random Notes for 1962. Col. H. G. Rassell, 230. Retrospect, 1961 in. M. J. Leech, 85. Rhodometra sacraria L. and _ Plusia gamma L. Migrations in Inverness- shire. Commdr. G. W. Harper, 26. Saldula pallipes F., a Correction. A. A. Allen, 247. Scotland, 1962. R. G. Chatelain and B. F. Skinner, 195. Sea Buckthorn, Caterpillars on. C. W. A. Duffield, 75. Semiothisa alternaria Hubn (Sharp Angled Peacock) on Buckthorn. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 51. Silver Clouds among the Grey. R. G. Chatelain and B. F. Skinner, 163. “SOUTH”’. Notes on Reviews of the New. D. S. Fletcher and R. J. Collins, 67. Sirex noctilio F. A Recent Introduction in South Africa. J. S. Taylor, 273. Sparganothis pilleriana Schiff. in Hants. E. A. Sadler, 162. Spilosoma lutea Hufnagel, ab. totinigra Seitz, in Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 223. Spurge Hawkmoth in Norfolk, The. P. B. M. Allan, 75. Spurge Hawks, Mr. S.C. S. Brown, 63. Spurge Hawks, Mr. H, Symes, 67. Stigmella aceris Frey. A Species New to Britain. S. N. A. Jacobs, 41. Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala in Britain, The occurrence of. S. Wakely, 11. Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering. Raddon and his. Raddon and his. A Species New to Britain. S. N. A. Jacobs, 122. | Stigmella vossensis Gron., 1932. An un- known Species New to the British List. S. N. A. Jacobs, 193. Tethea ocularis L., Breeding. D. R. M. Eong, 104. Tinea turicensis Mull.-Rutz. (metonella Pierce). S. Wakely, 92. Tipulidae, An Irregular Pairing of. L. W. Siggs, 277. Trichoptera, The Larval Taxonomy of the British. A. Brindle, 148. Utetheisa pulchella L., Breeding. R. C. Edwards, 9, 47. Utetheisa pulchella L. Valletta, 73. in Malta. A. Vanessa cardui L. in Northumberland. D. C. Hulme, 186. Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory Insects. Recent Observations in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasa- land. J. A. Whellan, 168. Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory Lepidoptera in South Africa. J. S. Taylor, 101. Vanessa cardui in Kent. A. J. Showler, 246. Which Dagger are You? Carr, 267. Wicken Fen Fund. Rev. F, M. B. N. D. Riley, 188. Wimbledon, The Moths of. J. V. Dacie, M.D., 109. Yugoslavia Revisited. Ralph L. Cce, 1/2) AGT, 2155 2ob: Zoological Nomenclature, 1961, The International Code of. Browne, 48, 84. Zygaena felix Oberthtr, On some Type Specimens of the Genus Zygaena Fab., including the Lectotype selec- tion of. W. G. Tremewan, 125. Zygaena purpuralis Brin. on the Island of Eigg. J. L. Evans, 247. F. Batfour- REVIEWS African Termites, Keys to the Genera of the. C. A. Collingwood, 99. Agricultural Entomology in the Tropics. S. N. A. Jacobs, 99. Alexanor. Anon. 207, Amathes glareosa Esp. EB ean: i) Kettlewell, S. N. A. Jacobs, 99. Androconial Scales in the Genus Pieris. S. N, A. Jacobs, 105. 224. Beetles. 208. Entomologische Berichten. Anon. 207, 224. Lepidopterist’s Society, Journal of. S. N. A. Jacobs, 100, 206. Nigerian Butterflies, The. Maj. Fi) Ey. Johnson, M.B.E., 68. Nigerian Butterflies, The. Daa aG. Sevastopulo, 161. Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society. 28. Robber Flies of the World. The Genera of the Family Asilidae. L. Par- menter, 280. Water Beetles and Other Things. Half- a-Century of Work. T. R. Eagles, 248. Wiener Entomologische Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift der. 207. Wiltshire, The Macrolepidoptera of. 223. Vi CONTENTS AUTHORS Ainley, Dr. R. G.: 65. Alan BSB. M.. NEA. Mop E. : 73: Allen, A. A.: 219, 244, 234, 247. Aston, Alasdair: 67. Balfour-Browne, Prof. F.: 48. Biddulph, J.: 275. Birkett: IN. i. : 18, 2382. Bowden, S. R.: 288. Bretherton, R. F.: 1, 25, 185, 144, 223. Brindle, A., B.Sc. : 148, 176. Brown, 8. C. S.: 68, 277. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M.: 438, 51, 222. Chatelain, R. G.: 163, 195. Coe, R. L. : 172, 197, 215, 255. Collier, Major A. G.: 45. Collingwood, C. A.: 99, 234. Collins, R. J.: 67. Craufurd, C.: 61, 134. Curtis, W. Parkinson: 84, 130, 187. Dacie, Dr. J. V.: 109. Duffield, C. W. A., 75. Eagles, T. R.: 248. Edwards, R. C.: 9, 47. Evans, L. J.: 247. Fairclough, R.: 93, 106. ffennell, D. W. H.: 51. Fletcher, D. S.: 67. Fraser, Lt.-Col. F. C., I.M.S.: 23. French, R. A.: 277. Goodall, C. J.: 223. Greenwood, J. A. C.: 69. Griffiths, G. C. D., B.A.: 178, 202. Harper, Commdr. G. W., R. N. (Retd.) : 19, 26, 56, 91, 246, Hawker, The Rev. P.: 222. Haynes, R. F.: 192. Hayward, K. J.: 61. Heron, Dr. A. M. R.: 117. Heslop,, I. R. P.: 17, 123, 148. Huggins, H. C.: 39, 40, 119, 171, 202, 218, 240, 249, 278, 279. Hulme, D. C.: 72, 186, 188. Irvin, H. D.: 258. jacobs, S. N. A.: 28, 41, 66, 99, 100, 105, 122, 162) 186, 193; 206, 208) 228) 224, 279. Johnson, Maj. F. L., M.B.E.: 68. Kennard, A.: 49. Kevan, Dr. D. K. McE. : 121. Leech, M. J. : 20, 26, 85. Lempke, B. J.: 195. Lipscomb, Maj.-Gen. C, S., D.S.O.: 62, 276. Long, D. R. M.: 162, 163, 164, 245. Lyon, F. H. : 222, Marsh, D. C.: 44, 52. ; Messenger, J. L.: 173, 186. Nature Conservancy, The: 208. Noble, F. A.: 260. Old Moth Hunter, An: 189. Parmenter, L.: 280. jPeRPieN GS dys Aar/. Redfern, J. H.: 60, 188, 275. Riley, N. D.: 188. Roper, P.: 21. Rossel, Col. H. G.: 230. Rutherford, C. I.: 186. Sadler, E, A.: 162, 222. saundby, Air Marshal Sir R. : 277. Sevastopulo, D. G.: 161. Showler, A. J.: 236. siggs, L. W.: 50, 277. Skidmore, P.: 155. Skinner, B. F.: 163, 195. Smith, D.: 62. Spreadbury, W. H.: 278. Symes, 1. 3.67,.9140 2350 7as Taylor; J. Ss: 401, 212, 273) Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D.: 19. Tremewan, W. G.: 125. Valetta, A.: 73. _ Waddington, L. G. F. : 25. Wakely, S.: 11, 92, 120, 165, 213. Warren, B. C. S.: 53. Warry, Brigadier H.: 24, 25, 26, 252, 266, 276. Wheeler, A. H.: 51. Whellan, J. A.: 168. Wightman, A. J.: 237, 245. Wiltshire, E. P.: 29. de Worms; Dr. C. °G. Miceay. 170, 187, 188, 209. Youden, G. H.: 44, 52. a The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation SPECIAL INDEX VOL. 74, 1962 PAGE DIPTERA aestivalis (Dixa, Paradixa) ... 21, 22, 177 PARETOUMDY Zid) Ve sana tescge gas coc tnsa sss eceaseens 184, 185 ainiceps (PHYTOMYZa) ......0 0... see. c eee 179 albocostata (Sciomyza) .................865 160 alternans (Allodia) ..............ccceeeeeeee 218 PMO (PATIOMIY ZA). .fsees.bseidhsleadideds 185 amphibia (Dixa, Paradixa) ......... Pd iL Tl Paresh (OH YIIZA) | 25... ..0s.0e.cnececeeees 160 annulatus (Symmerus)_....................5 159 antiqua (Cheilosia) ...................eceeeee 159 aratrix (Sarcophaga) ...........c........0665 160 armata (BFACDYPeZa) — ........2..s...es.c.ce5. 218 Sih (21 a0) 0°) eee eee 185 ericapilia (Dioctria) 12.2.20....0.le. de 159 atricapillus (Machimus) .................. 159 atricornis (Phytomyza) _............ 179, 181 DIST HELIS Vere h ((1 Belly) 13 9) 159 autumnalis (Dixa) .......... eee 177 autumnalis (Musca) — ........ eee eee 161 Halius (lasiopa) ..c.cc.ccecccedicccsleeeeueee 257 balteatus (Syrphus) — ........... eee. 278 basalis (Boletina) ................cceee eee 218 bimaculata (Dictenidia) .................. 159 bimaculata: (leila)! .2iJi.eckik.c.ccet ll... 218 brassicae (Erioschia) ....................000. 161 brevicornis (Cordyla) ..................ee 218 brevirostris (Isopogon) ..................... 159 eandatula (Tipula): (sissieik1.60ee.: 280 _ cautum (Chrysotoxum) ..................... 159 CAVAMETIDIWIA)! icicle Aleka. 280 centralis (Macrocera) ...............2.eeeee ee 218 cepae (Cephalomyza) _.................0..0000 185 Eertosay (MIPROMWZA),. 6/6122 BAA ded. 199 cinerascens (Mycomia) _ ..................... 218 cinerella (Ditaenia) ....................eec eee 160 citrofasciatum (Xanthogramma) ...... 159 elavipes (Merodomn) \ :....c0..: 005... .c0000000 199 clunipes (Sphegina) ....................2.0000- 159 SOCEM EEPECMOSECITIES)\4 ).o. <<. cteaviececdsueedeccs 260 evermlca (Melinda): (coves. cideesiese: 161 eannivensn(Varichaeta) ....5..2...0sscse0.00 160 eorollag (Syrphus) ~ ........00.:26eoese doce 278 crassimargo (Sarcophaga) _............... 160 dalmatiensis (Napomyza) _............... 200 Bepuneta \(Helina) 1 jugsbesilacseI Laks 161 diadema (Selidopogon)..................... 258 diaphanus (Syrphus). .........0s2.2i loko... 159 auilatata, (Dixa) * Gewese keel. 21, 177 sibiiata (Pipnia)) » .... ana Al. eh, 280 dissimilis (Sarcophaga) .............0....0.. 161 distinctissima (Cylindrotoma) ......... 280 distinguenda (Helicobosca) ............... 161 PY OMY AD 2 soo 2i5 5550 PRL. 183, 185 PAGE dubia -(Sciomyza)-. 0.2/5.8. eee 160 dumicola (Helomyza) ....................065- 160 elegans (Chrysotoxum) ..................... 217 equestris (Merodon) © ..................02c0e 159 | eupatorii (Liriomyza) _............... 179, 182 excogitata (Rhymosia) _ ..................... 218 falcata: (DLrypetas via. sesso Al tee eee eee 160 filicornis (Dixa, Paradixa) ...... 21; Re ty flavicornis (Phytomyza) _ .................. 185 Aorum «(Opomiyza) eye. ae eee 160 fulvipennis (Tipula). .................. 277, 280 fumicatas (Eumnia)i eee ee 160 fungorum (Mycophaga) _.................. 161 fusca: (Exeehiayer chee a eee 218 geniculatus (Ae€deS) ...........ceecc eee eee eee 218 germinationis (Herina) ..................... 160 germinationis (Opomyza) _............... 160 slobulus (Acrocera)) Wen... Q45 eraceus Rabanus): Seer her tes 200 Sniseai(Phorbia)) 2... SU ees. ee 243 Stata MOLES i iezes, J IE ek ke 160 guttularis (Ditrichia) — ..................... Q44 halterata(Nyetia)) 0282 2 161 honesta (Cheilosia) .....0..0....cc.c.ccee-2sc- 159 horticola,, (Existalis)\.0:.2 22 159 humeralis:\(Pinytobia)\: 438i 185 illicis: (Phy tomiyzayre piety! 184, 203 impuncta (Helina) ..............cecece ces eees 161 inflata (Voluceliay = -........08 2 eS 159 ais: (Phytomyzane:: Ree ie 184 gun cea. (hipuila). (Le Tales ee 280 lavdairia.(Polietes):\ #248 Ae ea 161 lasiopthalmus (Helina) ..................... 161 lateralis. (Napomyzay Dee a ree 185 lateralis S(Pipula)) + Oe Ee ris!) ee 280 latifasciatus (Syrphus) ..................... 199 Lesnert \ (Ripley Od 280 lineola (Neoempheria) _..................... 218 Rivida: CRipualayy sees a ee 280 hina. (Pipwla) se4. jee Be ee ae 280 Tanata.. | (Bipulaye ns. 2 ee ee 280 maculata: (Dike) LAV IICAAL Sabo 177 major. .(Pynatosoma)’ ..4220 218 mamillata (Agria)=. .....:052.4020.. 166 Marginata.(Apemion) 2.0.00 159 Mareinata,(solva) Ries). Aah os Q44 Artin, (Dia). oak LAR Pepe UTI maura. (Ophiomyia): i527. 4. 179, 182 Melanagromyza ............ 183, 184, 185, 203 modesta (Erika) ies oA ioe Ee 21 marina. (Cord yiays (oR ee een EN 8 218 mutabilis (Microdon) .................00..00. 217 Miycetom bila: i652 Oe Uk Th RR it ® 218 myosotica (Phytomyza) _.................. 183 2 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE PAGE mnebulosa:: (Dial) oss Ree ee ee Bale abet vernale (Chrysotoxum) —...............+.. 217 nepetae (Phytomyza) ................0. ec eee 185 verralli (Allodia) ORR ee ee 218 nigripennis (Rhamphomyia) ............ 218 Vibrans, (SClOptera)! sc saseseeneneeeeeeeeee 160 novigradensis (Syrphus) .................. 199 Villosa.: (LASiopa)) ...::ssesesesseesceseeeme eee 257 MuUbiiipenmis; (DUA) ose eee 21, 177 virgaureae (Phytomyza) ............ 179, 182 OMSC rata: (EIA Nie. Fe Or Pe 5 Peon 176, 177 viridis (Gymnochaeta) 2-3..)2.2eeeeee 243 obscura (PD ytoOmyZa)sce-se e 183 Vitiosa, 2(Phroniia), 0 caietees seer eee 218 OTM OVA eee eee aie cine coe 280 Vittata (Trichonta) © © 3i:3eieeeee eee 218 pabulorum: (Muscina)) >"... 161 watersi (Agromyza)))) seer 185 IPachivi GaSe iewia: seni aaea hip ae eee eee 245 wiedemanni (Gonioglossum) ............ Q44 pallidaw(Phaonia) oo: feiss ae 161 zetterstedti (Oedalead) w9og8 ..c..ce2..--21-n-ee 218 paludosa, (Tip): peed Leet 2.2. 277, 280 7onaria (Voluceliia)” ) sess teee ene 200 pectinicornis (Ctenophora) ............... 159 perditay(Phaonia) ~ -. vere. ates 164 pertusay (Melina) Wetec tele 161 LEPIDOPTERA Phytagromy Za tbioe iets. AS eee 185 abbreviata (Eupithecia) ......... 93, 115, 142 EHV LOTY ZA eee ies: cule RO eines de Sel 185 abdominalis (Argyresthia) ............... 106 pluvialis (Haematopota) = .................. 229 abjecta. (Apamea) ../.G22::225ah eae 107 1 BXOKEN0 ANY 722 Wi ae delta ee i an 184, 185 abruptaria (Menophra) ...... 116, 143, posticata (Phytobia) ......0.62....0:.: 179, 182 211, 226 prominens (Mycomyia) _.................. 218 absinthiata (Eupithecia) _......... 115, 142 pruinosay((Lipula\i. Gees eee 280 absinthii (Cucullia) ......... 81, 114, 143, 167 puberulay (Mixa! (2.3. ee lessees. Be Bh. 177 acanthodactyla (Amblyplitia) ......... 95 punctulata (Trypetoptera) ............... 160 aceris (Apatele) .................. 113, 142, 229 pyeinaea (Phytobia). vi... eae ese 184 aceris (Stigmella) ......................25 54 ome: | pyrastirt (Scaeva): > ...Kekuysk ees ae Q78 achatinella (Nyctegretis) ......... 106, 166 quadriiarial (Pales)) eget. piers eke 280 aethiops (Telphusa) ..............0.c.ceeeeeees 94 ranunculi- (Phytomyza) © ....6s..6.0e0.055 203 adusta (Eumichtis) ...... 139, 143, 196, Feptans (ASTOmy 72) —paeeieiw AS. 179, 181 210, 252, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266 LOSellia (Sarcopharca) © Wave a aes bse 160 adustata: (higdia) s5 eee 14, 143 rouseliim (Tahamiwas) 6.) ....2astee wee ses 200 advena (Orthosia) = .....1.. 86, 93, 112, 143 BUCS (EEREStIA), . 02... .ciiten dees). Seto 160 aeeetia: (Pararee eases 45, 65, 73, 79, EUICHES s(POMIENITA)) \ 228 Satie 3008s dr tee 243 202, 211, 225 Epes (DIOCITIA)), 3 ete 159 aegon: (RP. argus):..:.:..... eee 85 RMS iCal (RMN IMGSIA):) beckons awe 2 eels 218 aeriferana (Ptycholomoides) ...... 41, 98 Sarcopiata:. ti.) Sieiuids aaaaey ole 200 | aescularia (Alsophila) ...... 13, 67, 114, 141 SQuiiey (CNT UT) x. cde eke NS a ce 280 aestivaria (Hemithea) ............... 114, 142 seminationis (Platystoma) ............... 160 aethiops) (Prebia). ~.. 220 tes eee eee 196 sericoma: (Allodia).: 2... cee eet os 218 | affimis, (Cosmiia). . eRe ee 113, 142 SEROULMA: (ERAN? eee gaia Ye 177 | alfinitana (Phalonia) (22) 96 signaia (PRromia) | .)i245 Sead oe es 218 affinitata (PerizoMa) OMe ae 143 solidaginis (Phytomyza) § 24::40%...0% 179 agathina (Amathes) _............ 58, 196, 265 SPIMIPESa(MerodOn) | oh k Aes eae: 199 agestis,.. (Aricia):.... 8% 46, 57, 90, 226, Siaecvern (Pipa). j.ecihs 1s creel eek 280 228, 229, 232, 239, 266 stigmatella (Oedalea) ..................0.. 218 | aglaia (Argynnis) ...... 46, 60, 61, 229, 232 strigata. (Liriomyza) iets: 179, 181, 182 albersana (Eucosmomorpha) ............ 83 Shc ata (Sila): s.ceteserende acaba 247 | albevenosa, (Simyra) “(/Qeeiet sees 107 Siylata (Uroplora). cide oe foe 160 | albicillata (Mesoleuca) _............... 14, 143 Submacniata, (DIKA) ti. tala oe 177 | albicolon (Heliophobus) ............ 143, 234 subvicina. (Sarcophaga),. ..i.tei..48 161 albipuncta (Leucania) ......... 7, 25, 40, sudetrens, (Tabanus): ..... 4. 229 107, 138, 143, 237, 276 femaxi(Bcista lis)! \0c5 10. ee oh 257 | albipunctata (Cosymbia) ...... 114, 142, tenuirostris (Lasiopa) fis 643.9 257 261, 262, 263, 264 tesselata, (EMmDpIS) \\).). 20m. nats oie: 159 albuta (Nola)... .0..0..../....0 eee 106, 107 testacea: (ByOpa) iy) ..c..csbaedet sss Mee 166 albulata. (Asthena)! icc eee 143 tibialis n(PATAGUS) Vise ste as pd vet 199 | albulata (Perizoma)\) 2k 143 irianenlanis (Allodia): gsctesiis thet) 218 | alchemillata (Perizoma) ............ 115, 142 tricolor | (PamMerms),.)\ 3.2... see 17 allisella, (Exaeretia). “220 0).3 ee 83 (iritoti (Larientyza) . iis: 234s ese ee 184 alni (Apatele) ......... 14, 81, 88, 98, 113, 143 umbrings .(Pabanus))-\...:) nea oe ss 200 alniaria (Deuteronomos) ............ 116, 141 ined {Tina Ves. a5) ae ath Vp Wee 280 | alpicola (Amathes) ......... 58, 195, 262, 264 Uneuicornis (hamnia) \ plea eet 160 alpinana (Dicrorampha) .................. 234 vagabunda (Pollenia) —.................000. 243 alpinellus (Platytes) ............ 107, 166, 233 Walida’. (Zy SOmiyta): yee ge} alpium (Moma) s°.7ni. Js. acne 98 Variicornis. '\(Tipala) ny, waives. eee 280 alsines; (Caradrina) _.........::.d% 443; (137 SPECIAL INDEX a PAGE alternaria (Semiothisa) ... 51, 75, 107, 234 aiternata..(Epirrhoé)— ......... 115, 141, 143 amata (Calothysanis) ............ 86, 114, 141 anachoreta (Clostera) — ...........eeeeeeee es 67 ambigua (Caradrina) ... 113, 138, 143, 247 ambigualis (Scoparia) _ .............. 82, 224 anatipennella (Coleophora) _..........-. 67 anceps (N. trepida) ...... 14, 16, 142, 226,229 andalusiae (Zy@aena) ....... 2. secs sees eee 126 ansustana. (Eupoecilia) © ./....0........06.0 82 annulata (Cosymbia) _............... 139, 143 MUTT ABILELOH) ors cn tbt lbs ede woke els 169 pmLevaippe (COlotis), — ...£:2.:.0..0.... 020 17 amuopa. (Nymphalis).....sc0l... ek 145 antiqua (Orgyia) ...... 25, 111, 118, 143, 225 aniuiquana, (ENGothenia) |) .$..:...2..800. 17 applana (Agonopterix) ................0. 84 pribia (GEIPOSia): | Olt.8il.l sda 143 aquilonaris (Boloria) ..................606. 224 arceuthina (Argyresthia) .................. 97 areola (Xylocampa) ............ 114, 141, 163 Zh Sten) fee (Ores Le ee 207 argentula (Coleophora) © ..:..:........03. 107 PMC ea (AAD AINA) 9 .......0..02.00seeea0000 7A argiolus (Celastrina) 145, 225, 226, 228, 266 pees (Plebeyus) i %........-..22..5 85, 226, 229 argyrognomon (Plebejus) .................. 85 aridellus (Pediasia) ..................... 234, 240 armigera (Heliothis) ...... 7, 28, 71, 104,179 asinalis (Mecyna) _ ...................6 166, 244 assimilata (Eupethecia) ............ 4115, 142 ielaee (DMNA OCUS) ia oes ee 206 atalanta (Vanessa) ...... 16, 25, 26, 40, 46, 57, 58, 65, 70, 72, ‘73, 145, 210, 227, 228, 229, 238, 246, 247, 275 atomaria (Ematurga) ...... 82, 94, 146, 188, 261, 262, 263, 264 atomella (Depressaria) ..................05 215 aGraba.) (OMETIA) i: sescccaceee0e Me Aeeeks 81, 89 _ atropos (Acherontia) _......... 138, 143, 232 augur (Graphiphora) _............... 4144, 141 aurago (Tiliacea) .................. 81, 1414, 142 aurantiaria (Erranis) ...... 67, 87, 106, 116 SPOR) (UMTS) teen eee et. ee ee en 71 aurinia (Euphydryas) ...... 26, 46, 60 65, 124, 226, 229 AUTO (Belenois) teh ANA 101 ausonia (Euchloé) .............. 73, 145, 209 ausonides (Euchloé) © ..............0.0.000... 100 australis (Aporophila) ............... 108, 237 AUSt Ali Se(COMAS) 4 ccs abeeese i. ee 146 autumnaria (Ennomos) ......... 72, 139, 143 autumnata (Oporinia) ...0.......:004.. 141 avellana (Apoda) ................0...208. 143, 234 ACTS Gas (STORIE). oo sof Cecccsdeeleeaosese 115, 144 AVS (CC MULO PINS) 5 by ayc Soe ees een tee 144 azatcelia; (Cadoptilia) iain 168 vadiona (P.. rabigana)) \¢)s..4.5.8.0000). 234 Dadiata (Earophila): ii..21).0.2...0... 13, 142 MACTICA ZY SACMAa)e. oA ui) hoes 126 baja (Amathes) _............ 80, 112, 140, 141 HALTISACDNESTOR)/ 5 asa52855005- SR aeek ols ee 444 banksiella (Dioryctria) ..................... 106 PeacreL hii .(HAadena,), op %.34 kines 3. eh Leaes 230 PAGE batism (Ce hiviatina) {ose ss: 44953) Ate 142, 266 batont(PMOtes)\ joyce eo eee 144 heatwrix WA Aen al) sy eka ee 126 elem MCB OE) Anya. sees eee eee es 209 bellargus (Lysandra) ...... 46, 73, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 276 bennett (AGdisStis pisses eee 240 berberata (Coenotrephia) —............... 108 Betwkae cP MiyiGita))_. os eee ee pees ae ees 252 penwlae yw (Mhecla)\s, Gea 47, 66, 230 betularia (Biston) ...... 116, 141, 262, 263, 264, 266 hetuletana, (ApOLOMUIS)) Misses eee 83 bicolorana (Pseudoips) —.................. 114 bicolorata (Hadena) ...... 67, 112, 142, 226 bicolorata (P, rubiginata) ......... 115, 142 DicKuITIsS AGHA Geman {s28: ote costs 112, 141 bicuspis (Harpyia)) ......002.... 80. 86, 98 bidentata (Gonodontis) ... 86, 97. 116, 141, 261, 262, 263, 264 biaciata,(Perizomad) [ee pes cesar 143 bitidas (Harp yilai) ge ea A oe 110, 142 bilineata (Euphyia) ...... 115, 142, 171. 249 bilunaria (Selenia) ......... 14, 88, 116, 141, 262 bimaculata (Bapta) ............... 14, 86, 143 binaevella (Homoesoma) _.................. 67 binaria (Drepana) ...... 14, 44, 80, 111, 140, 141 bipunctaria (Ortholitha) ..........0....... 98 bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia) ......... 292 bitiviata, (Xanthorhoe) We fee. 143 biselata (Sternha) Vee woe Beek A514? bistortata (Ectropis) _.................. 75, 142 bistriga (Cryptoblabes) ..................... 15 blanda (Caradrina)............ AAS sie blandiata (Perizoma) _............... Dae. ONES} blomeri (Discoloxia) ..................... 16, 98 boeticus (Lampides) ..................... 73, 210 hoisduvaliella (Phycita) ............ 107, 166 Holewie(Seardiaye 2. AA. pee 67 bombycina (Hadena) _............ 87, 97, 196, 263 bractea: (PMSA) | s.ye5--5s5 eee 81, 232, 252 brassicae (Mamestra) .................. 112, 141 brassicae (Pieris) .................. 45, 73, 266 brevilinea (Arenestola) ..................06. 106 brockeella (Argyresthia) ............ 67, 234 brumata (Operophtera) ............... 115, 142 brunnea (Diarsia) ............... 112, 138, 143 brunneata (Itame) ......... 89, 110, 116, 138, 143 bryoniac (Pieris) wes ae we EP 164 bucephala (Phalera) ...... 15, 114, 141, 228, 252 caeroleocephala (Episema) ... 86, 139, 143, 144 caesia: (Hadena) , 284k e202 ab algueisal CAPRA LEA) | iircdieargaasiqatiet see he 1441, 144 c-album (Polygonia) ......... 25, 46, 65, 90, 145, 227, 229 calcatrippae (H. reticulata) ............ 143 caledontanan (AGIEKIS)My fase tee 83 caliginosa (Acosmetia) ...................6- 214 4 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE calodactyla (Platyptilia) ...... 202, 240, 252 cambrica (Venusia)_.................. 16, 17, 82 camilla (Limenitis) _......... 46, 61, 65, 90, 229, 238, 275 candidate (Ay albulatay\ iis .6.40.0.ee 143 eaneliay (GyMNMAaNela) | .ccs....ncsccaceeces 233 camiolag(Pilema) 2. 5.0cnt.beiee Pk 210 capreana, (Epinoiia) ies iii ides eebe eo a capsophila, (Hadena). .2813.52/04)..04: 252 captiuncula (Photedes) ..................... 232 capucina (Lophopteryx) ... 14, 15, 110, 141, 228, 261, 263, 264 carbonaria (Isturgia) cardamines (Anthocaris) 86, 88, 145, 228 cardui (Vanessa) ......... 25, 40, 46, 65, 71, 80, 101, 145, 168, 170, 186, 209 222, 226, 227, 228, 229, 239, 246, Q47, 250 carmelita (Odontosia) ...... 57, 94, 138, 143 carneola \brastria) | (ees eet 71 carpinata (Trichopteryx) ...... 14, 94, 95, 138, 143 CassigiMess (eam iO). ac eo oe. 53 castanea (AMATHES) | ...........2.00.cs.cesee0% 196 castigata’ (Eupithecia)- 2s.d.s.00068.: 142 castrensis (Malacosoma) ..................... 96 celexio (Hipmeiton) || 2.2. e eee. . eRs 5 CEILISHEAD NWCA) <5heeesebecnvssesciasceeceaces 144 centauriata (Eupithecia) ...... 82) ddd Ad cerasana (Pandemis)) 2.246. sched we 188 cervinalis (Rheumaptera) .................. 143 cespitana (Argyroploce) ............... 39, 251 cespitis (Tholera) ............... 112, 142, 162 chamomillae (Cucullia) ... 14, 72, 114, 142 chaonia (C. ruficornis) ......... 14, 86, 110 charlotta (A. aglaia)...... 46, 60, 61, 229, 232 chenopodiata (Ortholitha) ......... 140, 144 chenopodiella (Scythris) — .................. 67 chlorosata (Lithina) ... 50, 57, 59, 116, 141 ChristyaMOporimia) | 210 aelne (NRCLIGACA)) 0. 5.4 o5es Goes eaeeld.: seo 100 lacertinaria (Drepana) ... 14, 15, 111, 142, 228, 261, 262 every GENIN) | iibsesas essa sce sees Rese se 143 lactearia (Jodis) .................068. 81, 114, 142 Nee belay (BOA) Fear bes.eeces 5. heeds IAG. de lecade 100 Path ums (Hewmcamia) i ..28.2 ieee 7, 106 ani delay (Batia)ciccicsccce. Hl ees 166 eV A (FRTIVE A hie se eeeer a eeecocc et Pees 92 lanestris (Eriogaster) ............ 61, 124, 225 lapidata (Coenocalpe) ................5. 17, 58 lapponaria (Poecilopsis) —.................. 94 ippomieas (Stiamellaye fiche. eee. 193 laricana (Spilonota) .............0....... 83, 234 Jathonia (Argynmnis) ....................00.0085 91 lathyrifoliella (Leucoptera) _............ 166 latruncula (Procus) ............... 137, 141 leautieri (Lithophane) _...... 109, 166, Dehn OTS) lecheana (Ptycholoma) ..................... 214 legatella (Chesias) ......... 118, 142, 263, 265 lentiscamiax(DysScia) ee. 211 lepida (Hadena) .......... 107, 112, 142, LAS 254 leporina (Apatele) ... 15,17, 67, 98, 143, 142, 229, 262, 263, 266 leucographa (Gypsitea) ............ 14,93, 94 leucographa (Hydraecia) .................. 224 leucophaearia (Erannis) ...... 85, 116, 142 leucostigma (Celaena) ............... 113, 143 meuGcospierria (OVE VIA)! yc.s0. ccd eines. cbs 71 libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ............... 114, 142 hehenariai(Cleorodes) | 22. .0055.:...dess 006 89 mehencar(MUummiCtis) 0.4 109 PAGE lignata (Orthonama). .:...c0s 22222... 16, 81 PROACH + ( GOOMISIMA) i Pie aoe dee heck 2s deo ve asec demos 142 ligustri (Craniophora) ............ 15,98, 228 ligustri (Sphinx) _......... 110, 142, 226 2297, 228, 229 limbariaw(istuneia), cone eee ee 25 linariata (Eupithecia) ......... 82, 115, 142 linearia (Cosymbia) ............... 98, 114, 142 linecotlar (Gib mMelicus Ata ise: oes eee 51 inmpseana. (PETOMIa)) f.iios5s. secs se2-onees 94, 95 literosa LP ROCUS)» (er Rea Rie: 113, 142 lithargyria (Leucania) ............... ALD et lithoxylea (Apamea)_.................. 113, 144 PiLOBATES (HEC ATTA) eee: Bre ieee ee 233 litterata.(Diasemia) “2s eae eee 1 littoralis (P. Qubitana) ..................... 254 ithuna(Amehoscelis) (ae eee eS 4414, 141 liturata (Semiothisa) ......... 116, 142, 261 livornica (Celerio) ......... 12, VST Qe Iii Wexellan (Goleophorvaye joi eak os ce cea deee 98 fobellay (EMicCOsStoma) hae ie eee 165 loehingeanai(hoOrtrix)) —2..2 sites eee. 67 loNLGeRAe (ZyGae4na) es eects 129 Lore yas (eeu Canilial) eee eee ecco setae Dynal OF totae(AGrochola) ese! as eee 144 TOfEL ay (AM CEASE) Mens eee 233 Loti viialacosomiay ues eRe RN Ree Te lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ...... iis, Wey 141, 252 lucens (Hydraecia) ............... LAIST lucidella (Aristotelia) ...............0..... 234 lucinas(Hamearis). 4... 15.2323) 26, 46, 226 lucipara (Euplexia) ...... 113, 141, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 luctuatay (Euphiyia))- 05. 2.032 seee eee 165 lunaria (Selenia) ..............0000.. 85, 87, 143 uamanen's .(GNETMAEST Ai)! 20a see. oe. ee 28, 145 luneburgensis (Aporophyla) ............ 68 lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ............... 4114, 142 lunula (Aporophila) _...... 17, 40, 114, 138, 143 lunula (Colophasia) ..........0.......... 28, 234 lupulina (Hepialus) _...... 80, 114, 139, 141 lurideola (Lithosia) .............0.0.02...000.. 141 Futeas (CiiPea) sexs s:2c24204.5 47) 142, 228 Jutea (Spilosoma)......... 111, 137, 144, 223, 229 luteolata (Opisthograptis) . 116, 141, 263, 264, 276 lutosa (Rhizedra) ............ 59, 81, 108, 113, 142 lutulenta (Aporophyla) ... 40, 68, 114, 143, 237 lutulentella (Aristotelia) ..........00...... 5D fuzella, (Lampromia) .. eee. Se 84 lychnidis (Agrochola) ......... 114, 137, 144 lychnitis (Cucullia) ............ 192, 227, 245 Macecana (Peronia) 9 oilili.ei ee 95 machaon (Papilio) ...... 64, 72, 73, 238, 246 macilenta (Agrochola) ......... 17, 139, 144 macularia (Pseudopanthera) ............ 145 maculipennis (Plutella) 9 ............... 17, 105 magnarius (Ennomos) _ ..................... Ue m-aibum (Panthioides) ..........000.00.... 206 8 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE malvae (Pyrgus) _............ 26, 47, 87, 225, 226, 229 malveides

.....eesley hide kee 127 padella (Hyponomeuta) ............. 186, 252 pallens (Leucania) ......... 58, 112, 137, 141 pallida (Witlesia) ...........0......00.cccccseee 166 palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 44, 15, 110, 142, 228, 229 paludata (C. sororiata) ..............6...... 231 paludis (Hydraecia) ............ 107, 143, 143 palustrella (Aristotelia) ..........0.0....... 166 pamphilus (Coenonympha) ... 45, 73, 227, 228, 262, 266 paphia (Argynnis) ............ 46, G1. 65, 229 papilionaria (Geometra) ...... 16, 114, 143 parenthesellus (Ypsolophus) _............ 264 Webi OCaAtocata) {ite iyi). wesley 70 parthenias (Archiearis) ............... St, 114 mbarvidactyla (Oxyptilus) “A:6.....000. 98 pasiphae (Maniola). .......... .... 72, 73, 240 pastinum (Lygephila)_......... 89, 107, ; 114, 142 pavomian(Satmrnia)y ual ..anal a pectinataria (Colostygia) ......... 143, 261 peda (Phisalia) Te... llc. 116, 142 Mentone llar CRIMNGA) 2.23. Go.0.080.5 Jecexe ss 92 peltigera (Heliothis) ............ 138, 143, 230 pendularia (C. albipunctata) ...... 114, 142 pennaria (Colotois) ......... 67, 87, 116, 141, 264 Meria(e ry pliia) eee. 2818: 113, 142 merietius (Cranibus)t «inet Ah 4) 67 permutana (Acleris) ............0.0...00002. 83 perplexella (Elachista) ..................... 96 persicariae (Melanchra) ...... OETA 141 phieas (Lycaena) _............ A ey. 228, 229, 260, 266 perrasmitetlis (CHIWO) -.22:25.005 bcc.) ccc 234 phragmitidis (Arenostola) ......... 90, 106 phryganella (Diurnea):ss..202...cia.. 83 Dictella (Aristotelia) ( c..4040. 166, 233 Ere an ( Clostera) himetaiani ty. fhe: 143 PAGE pilella (Nemophora)) 2 o20.t.24/624:252. 7 pilleriana (Sparganothis) .........02....... 162 pilosaTia (2 pedamia) 4-2... eee 116 DINASiT EHyUOUCES) eee eee 98, 142 pImetvan(Bryop hile) pipes. eee 72, 210 piniaria (Bupalus) _...... 116, 139, 143, 261, 265 pisi (Ceramica) ...... 47, 112, 141, 263, 264, 266 Dlaea ta GANIVAIGIS) eae ce ae 143 plantaginis (Parasemia) ...... 226, 231, 260 plebejana (Crocidosema) © .................. 51 Sees 112, 137, 141, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 plecta (Ochropleura) plexippus: (Danaus)p eee 61, 69 plumibaria “(Oniholit ha) ees-ees.. es eee 143 plumbeolata (Eupithecia) ............ 98, 143 plumigera (Ptilophoma)s: iist:: ee 109 plummniustaria (Hidomia)).s2-22%..22 146 DUTDURGUUS CZ ait) tesstcae ess eee Q47 pneumonanthes (Stenoptilia) ......... 168 podalirius (Papilio). ............ 146, 210 238, 239 podolicus (Chilopselephus) ............... 207 politana (Hemimeme) _..........2..002..:. 107 polychloros (Nymphalis) ..:............... 145 polycommata (Trichopteryx) ...... 95, 143, 186 polyodonm(Actinonial) > ......- tae eee: 99 polyxena (Z. hypsipyle) .................. 144 popularis (Tholera) —............ 91, 112, 142 DODULA VAG (ays) i as see as tee eee eee 278 populeti (Orthosia) ........2...... 85, 95, 143 populi (Laothoe) ........:... 72, 110, 141, 263, 264, 266 populi (Poecilocampa) © ...:.2.:.-s.:..-i:2: 141 poratay (Cosymibia)i eg 2s eee 139, 143 porcellus (Deilephila) ......... Lo OAS porphyrea (Peridroma) ......... Neale Tide POLthAon MOP aio) eee etn shee 169 potatoria (Philudoria) —............... 16, 142 praecox (Actebia) ............: $i oe doch 2 75, 90 praelatella (Lampronia) prasina (Anaplectoides) prasinana (Bena) pratellus (Crainbus) preangusta (Batachedra) .................. 67 precationis (Autographa) .................. 71 primulae (D. mendica) ..................... 195 proboscidalis (Hypena) ......... 114, 141, 212 procellata (Melanthia) ............... 139, 143 prodromana (Philedome) _ ............ 94, 95 promutata (Scopula) pronuba (Noctua) ......... 58, 112, 137, 141, 266, 275 propinquella (Agonopteryx)............ 234 prostratella (Depressaria) ............... 108 Protege (Dweremita), 6.22). eee: 142 pruinana (Argyroploce) ..................... 67 pruinata (Pseudoterpna) ......... 51, 81, 114, 138, 143 prunaria (Angerona) ...............2:. 88, 278 prMiatay Ty CRS): ae ee 106, 139, 143 10 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE pruni (Strymonidia) ......... 47, 66, 86, 230 pseudoplatanella (Stigmella) ............ 41 psi (Apatele)............ WR Uy ale Dose. 228, 262, 263, 266, 269 pterodactyla (Stenoptilia) ............... 67 pudibunda (Dasychira) ... 14, 15, 18, 86, 111, 141, 228, 229 pudorina’ (Heudgania).6:::/ 2.0.22 88 pulchella (Utetheisa) ......... 9, 27, 41, 47, 73, 109, 118 pulchellata (Eupithecia) ...... 67, 115, 143, 171, 252 polchrina“(Plusiayin 22a eee: 57, 142 pulla (Epichmopteryx) ...................65 96 pulmentaria (Chlorissa) _.................. 210 pulveraria (Anagoga) _............... 143, 228 pumilata (Gymnoscelis) ...... 116, 141, 264 punctalis (Dolycharthria) _............... 106 punctaria.) (Cosymbiay i ain. e.: 114, 142 punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) ...... 116, 142 punctulata (Aethelura) ......... 14, 116, 142 pupiliana (Bucosma)\ oo ee! 106 puppillaria (Cosymbia) ...... Ng ete, 14% purpurana’ (Calyplia) o.ii.2. ee. 234 Pluton(ZySaena)) oes f ecko coer sees 247 pusaria (Deilinia) ......... 116, 142, 228, 263, 264, 265, 266 pustulata (Comibaena) ......... 88, 114, 142 puta (Agrotis) putrescens (Leucania) _.................... 230 Pucrisi (Asxsylia) Lee ee 80, 112, 144 pygmaeana (Eucosma) .............0.....e. 96 pygmina (Arenostola) _............... 4113, 143 pyraliata (Lygris) ..................... 139, 143 PMY Pala (COSIMMPA)> eo oie 32.5. .ecscsaseceeossets 142 pyramidea (Amphipyra) ...... 26, 113, 141 pyrenaeella (Euspilapteryx) ...... 120, 165, 213 pyr (Saturnia) eee eee 72 pyrina |\(Zeuzera)® | 622. oes 107, 114, 142 pyritoides (Habrosyne) ............... 441, 141 quadra(ithosia) 2 See eee 230 quadrifasciata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 93, 142 quadrilineata (Adelocephala) ............ 206 quadripunctaria (Callimorpha) ......... 207 quercana-(Carcina) ee: 83 quercifolia (Gastropacha) _............... 143 quercinaria (Ennomos) _...... 416, 139, 143 quercus (Lasiocampa) ......... 139, 196, 225, 263, 264, 265 quercus. (Marumba)y® 0 72 quercus (Thecla) 22.20.23)... me 47, 65 quercus: (Zephyrs) 2.68 See: 26 quernan(Drymonia)) ae 210 ramburialis (Diasemia) _............... i eed rapae (Pieris) 209, 225, 227 ravida (Spaeletis) rectangulata (Chloroclystis) rectilinea (Hyppa) ... 15, 97, 196, 231, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 relicta (Catocala) Temissa (Apamea) ......... 113, 141, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266 repanda (Taragama) _..............0.0ce000- 7 PAGE repandaria’ (Epiome). © .)i:022ivetssaeeeeet 142 repandata (Alcis) ... 27, 116, 141, 252, 266 resinella (Evetria): ° 0.002.222 95 reticulata (Heliophobus) ............ 112, 143 retusa’ (Zenobia)::\ s.2..csseeeseee ee 225 revayana (Nycteola) .................. 143, 227 rhadamanthus (Zygaena) .................. 127 rhammiella (Walshia) _..................... 106 rhamni (Gonopteryx) ......... 45, 85, 124, 147, 227, 228, 239 rheediana (Eucosmomorpha) ............ 83 rhodopsis (CoSmia) ...........-.-csdesrseseres 207 rhombvidaria (Cleora) _...... 116, 141, 146 ribeana (Pandemis) .................02000e00e 67 ridens (Polyploca) ..................20000 96, 142 rigidana (Rhyaconia)) 2! 22 eens 100 ripae (Ag@rotis) *..60)cc eee 16, 233, 240 rivata. (Epirrhoé) | .:.. 2. 139, 143 rivulana (Argyroploce) ...............e.00es 96 rivularis (Hadena) ..................... 112, 142 roboraria (Boarmia) ............ 98, 116, 142 rosana (Archips) . ...:.3232eeeee 82, 96 rosana (Lozotaenia) ...............ecceee senses 18 . roseticolana (Laspeyresia) ............... 108 rosiralis: (Hypéna) | 2.225533 114, 143 ruberata (Hydriomena) ............... 97, 196 rubi (Callophrys)) 22.22 47, 145, 229 rubi (Diarsia) tubi (Macrothylacia) ............ 57, 143, 227 rubigana’ (Phalonia) * 222.2202 234 rubiginata (Plemyria) ..................... 115 rubiginata (Scopula)......... 108, 142, 219 rubiginea (Dasycampa) _............ 138, 143 rubricollis (Atolmis) .........0...........00. 15 rubricosa (Cerastis) ......... 80, 86, 112, 144 rufa; (Coenobia) 322... eee 130, 143 rufata (Chesias) ruficornis (Chaonia) rufocinerea (Elachista) rumicis (Apatele) rumina (Thais) rupicapraria (Theria) .................. 86, 142 russiae (Melanargia) .......................- 206 rusticana (Tortrix) "eee 97 rutilana: (Phaloma)) 23232002 ee 106 sacraria (Rhodometra) ...... Qa TAS, 25, 26, 27, 40, 58, 107, 108, 138, 143, 230, 247 wut dagen ss Bens 89, 93 Tae Ae 89, 175, 186 sagittata (Perizoma) salicata (Colostygia) salicis (Leucoma) salinella (Coleophora) _..................0 106 satinellus (P. aridellus)” 33. 234, 240 sambucaria (Ourapteryx) ......... 116, 141 sannio (Diacrisia) ...... 138, 143, 207, 226 sao (Spialia). -..3...208 Seen eee 146 saponariae (H. reticulata) ......... 112, 143 saportae (Zygaena) >). /...eaeeeeeee 125 sarcitrella (EnMdrosis) ...................0000 83 satyrata (Eupithecia) ......... 143, 262, 263, 264, 265 sauciana (Argyroploce) ...............0600e: 98 saxicola (Homoesoma) ............... 106, 233 scabra) (Plathypena) “2a gpl scabriuscula (Dypterygia) ... 113, 140, 141 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE schmidiella (Telephila) ..................... 165 sehulziana (Areyroploce): » :.....s92.:-:-..6s 39 scolopacina (Apamea) _......... 138, 143, 165 scotica (Ortholitha) —...............c eee 97 secalis (Apamea) _......... 4107; 1413, 187, 141 segetum (Agrotis) ................ 80, 1414, 141 selasellus (Crambus) © ............s.eesseeeee 240 selene (Argynnis) _............ 26, 46, 57, 226, 229, 266 Selene (BOLOLIA) ......t.c..cececcececeeeeesereess 100 semele (Eumenis) .................. 45, 148, 228 semiareus (Cyaniris), ) ..c....c0.s22--..0-00es. 238 semibrunnea (Lithophane) ... 143, 163, 207 semicostella (Sophronia) _.................. 243 semidecandrella (Phthorimaea) _...... 107 semifascia (Caloptilia) ............... 120, 213 semexX (COMACIA) .......... ccc ccceeeceneececee noes 143 sequellus (Ypsolophus) ..................055 84 serena (H. bicolorata) ... 67, 112, 142, 226 seriata (Sterrha) ...............c:cceee 115, 143 sericarium (Ephestia) ............0........0 67 sericealis (Rivula) .....................068 67, 142 sexalata (Mysticoptera) _............ 138, 143 sexalisata (M. sexalata) sexstrigata (Amathes) ............... 412, 141 shepherdana (Peronea) ..................655 165 silaceata (Ecliptopera) ............... 115, 142 SHTML (Creag 01012) ee en ene 119 similis (Euproctis) ............... 18, 117, 141 simplex (Autographa) ....................0... 71 simulans (Rhyasia) ................ceeeeeee es 58 sinapis (Leptidea) _............ 45, 87, 90, 146, 230, 238 sinuella (Homoesoma) _...................55 82 siterata (Chloroclysta) ............... 95, 118 sobrina (Euschesis) ...............c.cccceeees 196 sobrinata (Eupithecia) _...... 115, 143, 264 SSceiae(EATWOPHMAINE) (yc: j.2sves.ies6-scacane ces 93 sociella (Aphomia) ...............000... 82, 233 solidaginis (Lithomoia) ............00.0..... 196 BSOUEDL (EIGMOCOHELIS) oicccccccek Qoocbecdsedewss 165 sordens (Apamea) ......... 113, 141, 262, 263, 264, 266 SOMOLUAUA(CAGSIA) | Liceskiveoesfscncsce. stiles 231 sororculella (Gelechia) ............0....0... 165 spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) © ......... Adin 142, 265 sparganii (Nonagria) ............e.e ee eeee eee 234 SMES ied NCATIEICOMLER). > wesc scdecutdesodneceesht 143 Seawitella, (AMAPSIA) ....ccceseesdoussacedesdues 168 eprcelosa, UNCDUIGUIA) ooo. dcehckindeh..daodsss 41 sphinx (Brachyonicha) _............ 142, 225 spissicornis (Coleophora) ............ 67, 234 stabilis (Orthosia) ...... 80, 94, 95, 112, 141, 225 stachydalis (Perinephela) _............... 9 stellatarum (Macroglossum) ............ 72 Sticticalis (Loxostege) ............cccccceeeeee 213 stigmatella (Gracillaria) .................. 67 stigmatica (Amathes) ......... 112, 139, 143 straminata (Sterrha) ......... 115, 142, 246 strataria (Biston) ...... 13, 85, 93, 116, 141 stratiotata (Parapoynx) ........... ee. 234 CUTE IG TG A TGYe1 ig 0) 0) Ee 83 strigilis (Procus) ............ 16, 113, 137, 141 11 PAGE strigillaria (Perconia) ............... 138, 143 stroemiana (Epinotia) _..................... 83 suasa, (Hadena) ........... cece cece eeee eee 112, 142 subbimaculella (Nepticula) _............... 67 subchlamydula (Nola) _..................... 72 sublustris; (Apameal): 9) 2 2ccscsesscsescsesee 143 subnotata (Eupithecia) ............... 115, 143 subsequana (Eucosma) ..................00. 96 subsericeata (Sterrha) ............... 138, 143 subtropica (Rhyaconia) ..................... 100 subtusa (Zenobia) .................. 81, 113, 142 succenturiata (Eupithecia) ......... 115, 142 suffumata (Lampropteryx) ... 14, 196, 261 supinellay (Bupista) 0.22.2 ee! 164 suspecta (Parastichtis) ...... 114, 138, 143 Ssylvaita: (Abraxas lst fs tee 15, 107 sylvestraria (Sterrha) ..................2...0- 143 sylvestris (Thymelicus) ......... 47, 51, 229 sylvina s(epialus): ¢ deste ee 1411, 142 syringaria (Apeira) —.................. 116, 142 tages (Erynnis) ......... Paty Ce, WAS), BP 229, 265 tagis: (Buchioe)) 3... tees}! web 145 tantillaria (Eupithecia) ..........00.000.0... 143 taramicn, (Caradrina)> eee 141, 252 tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) ...... 114, 142 tedelia, (Hicosma)’ Leite ep Ley 96 telecanus (Syntharucus) ...... 72, 73, 210 temerata (Bapta)............ 14, 82, 116, 142 templi (Dasypolia) —..................... 81, 109 tenebrata (Panemeria) ........ ............ 113 tenebrosa, (Russina) ...... 1ts5 Ale OGIe 262, 268, 264, 265, 266 fenerana pi(Epimnotia) eee) Pe oes 167 tenuiata {(Eupithecia) © .22.:.:2..20). 107, 143 Lernata: (SCOpPUA) ua eee Ieee eee 88, 248 tersata (Horisme) - ......... 115, 148, 196, 248 testacea. (Luperina) 22nd ele 113, 141 testaceata, (Hydrelia)i,( 3.24.0. 15, 98 testatas (byeris)) 6. ee hei 138, 143 tetralunaria (Selenia) ............... 142, 225 thalassina (Hadena) ...... 112, 142, 261, 262, 263, 264 thrasonella) (Acchmia)) (i) eie 84 tianschanica (Xanthorhoé)............... 207 tiliae | (Mimas)y “e442. 6 80, 88, 110, 142 tnctas(P:\hepaticay. \ oes 138, 143, 265, 266 titania (Boloria) ¥/i) ie ike eae | 100 titania: (Clossianay ane es oy 207 tithonus (Maniola) ............... 45, 226, 228 fiiyus (Hentaris) 2: eee os Q25 tortricella (Tortricodés) i..220./.0608: 93 tragopogonis (Amphipyra) 58, 113, 144 transversa (Eupsilia) .................. 13, 142 transversata (Philereme) .................. 143 trapezina (Cosmia) _............ 113, 139, 144 tremula (Pheosia) ......... 15, 110, 141, 228, 229 trepida (Notodonta) _...... 14, 16, 142, 226, 229 triangulum (Amathes) ... 80, 112, 137, 141 tridens (Apatele) ......... 141, 226, 228, 229, 269 trifolii (Lasiocampa) 424) 2168i 23! 85 12 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE trifolii (Scotogramma)_............... 112, 144 tritoltis (Ay eaema:)! eee: Cee eee 128 trigemina (U. triplasia) .................. 142 trigeminata (Sterrha) ............... 115, 142 trigrammica (Meristis) ...... 88, 1138, 139, 141, 226 trimaculana (Eucosma) ............... 67, 214 ivipariitadomnea). Psi eet ees 114, 141 friplasia(Unea) Skates. 114, 141, 142 tripunctaria (Hupithecia)o ....42 3325: 143 trisignaria (Eupithecia) _............ 139, 143 tristata.(Epirrhoe) Aver 22 eee 89, 261 TRIStiS: (SLISMell ai Aes ee: 194 PENCE CEUX OA) eeease-cey 16, 107, 1411, 142, 233 tritophus (Notodonta) _..................... 163 troglodytella (Coleophora) ......... 106, 214 truncata (Dysstroma) ......... 115, 139, 141 CAC (ACT OGIS)) eae see eek ee: Ee eee) 106 tullia (Coenonympha) _......... 89, 232, 266 turca (Mythimna) ............... 112, 138, 143 turfosalis (Hypenodes) ..................... 143 HUTICENSISWCRIMEA I i.2. sseescd ssa sucateercwass 92 itrymnidariust (Brebia) ik ews. ees eee 53 typhaee(Nonacria) ieee 90, 143 TFA ONL OS), (INE VET OWI }) Raeeae Oh ame kena MME Oe 112, 143 ulmifoliae (Stigmella) ..................... 122 WimiVvora (Stiemelia)) Sees ee. 123 WNT Ge syanhiniia) eae ee eee AMON AZ AGT umbratica (Cucullia) ......... 113, 143, 226 umobratica (R. tenebrosa) .................. 113 umbrifera (Ortholitha) _...... 261, 262, 263, 264, 265 unangulata (Euphyia) ............... 138, 143 unanimus (Apamea) ...... 88, 113, 142, 214 uncuilla, (Hustrotia) (Pee... 143, 226 undulana (Orthotaenia) .................. 167 undulata (Rheumaptera) .................. 143 ie wicella (Ancylis), eae eee 8 97, 188 MAA: o(Cavocala) ier eek: dees 70 Mion Alis (Palpitia). .\ c.es...heeeee Dan i Thy LT unipuncta (Leucania) ... 2, 7, 71, 108, 230 urticaé WAIAIS))...c hee A6, 65, 228, 229 vaccinii (Conistra) ......... 95, 114, 140, 141 valerianata (Eupithecia) .................. 143 varia (Lycophotia) ...... 107, 111, 138, 143, 261, 262, 263, 264, 266 Variaitay (EMEA) Soke. shee sco eiaaeeatee 115, 143 Vereen» (EPG VA) i o5ckias vanes ase bactoneme 83 vectisana (Phalonia))..... 2092 96 velled@ (H. fusconebulosa) ............... 441 velocella (Gelechia) ..............c..0ccccueeee 167 venata (Ochlodes) _.................. 26, 47, 229 venerabilis: (Melita) eX ib ike. si t..cdesscocess aA venosata (Eupithecia) ......... 139, 143, 144, 171, 251 venustula (Hapalotis) ....................0085 143 verbasci (Cucullia)............... 81, 143, 163 VELTSicGolor ((ErOGUS) .\s:cktescesace een te eeee 98 versicolora (Endromis) ............... 196, 260 vespertillio (Celerio) ................esceeeee 207 vestigialis (Agrotis) ...... 90, 138, 143, 233 vetulata (Philereme) .................. 115, 143 VEtuSior (RAWeHA) .\.,.cc..ce.: cee eet tee 95 yibicella (Coleophora), Acice.csasa0-722-2- 98 valelian(Platyedra)) eee 166 PAGE Villicay «(Avctiia)): seeker 72, 143 viminalis (Bombycia) _......... 17, 114, 142 vinella (StomopteryxX) .................. 96, 167 vinula(Ceruira)) 92. 23eeeee 15, 72, 110, 142 Viretata(ACAaSIS) --<.:..2.ceeeeee 14, 115, 143 virgata (Mesotype) _..........-.. 207, 230, 234 viridaria (Phytometra) _............ 143, 227 vitalbata (Horisme) 22a 415, 142 vitellina (Leucania) ...... 2, 7, 40, 108, 230, 237, 247) Zid. - 2763 278 vossensis (Stigmella) .....................055 193 vulgata (Eupithecia) ... 115, 141, 171, 266 Vulpinaria (Sterna) ease ee eee 246 wailesella (Leucoptera) ....................- 98 w-album (Strymonidia) 9222-222 47, 87 Wwauariay \(iiame) (eee eee 107, 116, 142 w-latinum (Hadena) .................. 112, 142 xanthographa (Amathes) ...... 40, 58, 1A Aes xanthomista (Antitype). 225-2: 230 xerampelina (Atethmia)............ 114, 142 yosillon’. (Apamiea) «jee eee 4113, 142 zelleri (Mellissoblaptes) ............ 107, 166 zephyrana (Phalonia) 22. 98 zetterstediii (P. calodactyla) ............ 202 ziczac (Notodonta) ...... 14, 15, 80, 142, 164 COLEOPTERA aeneum (printed aeieium) (Apion) ... aestivum, (Apion) +... 222223 eee 268 aethiops (Apion) ) Wie 269 alauda :(Cionus) nee eee 158 alpinus (Podabrus) 22.) 222. 156 apricans ©(Apion)::»)).. Jose ee 268 arietis. (Clytus). 2. 2o eee eee 158 armigera (Magdalis) .......................- O71. assimile: “(A pion) "22.9 eee 269 afer. (Abax) | ....... 22 156 atomarium= (Apion): ees eee 269 bajulus (Hylotrupes) 222 279 beccabungae (Gymnetron) ............... Q71 caerulea (Ischnomera), “22 157 canaliculata (Stenelmis) .................. Q41 carbonaria (Magdatlis) (tise ee 158 carduorum (Apion) i322 268 cerasi (Orsodacne)- "3232 eee 158 confluens (Apion): 32°22 269 coryli (Apoderus) | :... 252333 eee 158 eraccae (Apion) ... 2322 269, 272 crenata (Ditoma) “Sa eeeee 157 cruentatum (Apion) ) 235. 269 curtirostre (Apion)! “2 eee 268 Curtis (Apion) )\.......268eeeeee 270, 271-2 cylindricum (Sinodendron) ............... 157 difforme (Apion) ” (2 eee 269 dissectus (Plegaderus) [tse 156 dorsale (Agonum) © ieee 156 erichs@ni (Laricobius) * ee Q42 ervi (Apion): ...:....... 23033 268 fairmairei (Prionychis)’ "2 157 fasciatus (Trichius) * 23/5. 233 eee 57 ferrea \(Stenostola): .....2 eee 158 flavimanum (Apion) SPECIAL INDEX PAGE flavipes (Apion) _...................0066 268, 272 fOeOStrEe (APIOM)) —.2.:.....scccscscssccsesessees 269 fossor (Aphodius). .............ccceseeceeee eee 157 frumentarium (Apion) ..................... 268 MIScIrOstre (APION) sock. ....lscccscseec cece ces 268 Pevrmanus. (haparus). -2.....02.....)....s.0s.005 Q71 gyllenhali (Apion) ....................- 270, 272 haemorrhoidalis (Athous) _............... 156 TUS CBIMNUS)) - sascs.5.06c422-05- 000s 219-221, 279 MO OKET CAWDIOM)) -(c.ec..ceesec sec kcseszvesencedss 269 headrcolapathi (APION) ........c6-0.2--222-03+ 268 POTTER CAPO) 22.2... 5c.cccccseceesecdcacenes 269 Mogae OLY OFUSUS) 7 sic .s.3. Je... eecsescese 242 laevicolle (Apion) _.................. 270, 271-2 EPONA A ADION), | o..5.c0ccdcseecensscdenecee 272 lemoroi (Apion) _....................0665 270, 272 lignosa (Rhagonycha) © ................:06 156 HOMOMN (ADION) heaps sesehi cee ecaye so eee ee 268, 269 linariae (Gymmetron) ...................0.08 271 hividas(@antiharis): ieR kiddie 156 Renton AQITOT My ogee ioe esedas choad ca ccakenatesa verses 268 maculata (Strangalia) ..................... 158 TAMIA VEVEs (Vs\y CHOI) ee ae ae Se ane ee 268 MELE CHTCHEIM EV ADIOM), © 2...c055c0sc0c-cc-0crenene 269 mayhewi (Saprinus) _........................ 224 melanarium (Gymnetron) ......... Dil, Br melanura (Strangalia) ..................... 158 meliloti (Apion) .................cce cee eeee 268, 269 meridianus (Stenocorus) _ .................. 157 micans (Dendroctonus) ..................... 242 ATTA CA DIOM)) eos. ckeccedccccencesppecessseee 270 muah un {CAPTOM) — oo cc. .cnnncedscccessenes oes 268 AMMO (MMOLOLENUS)) occ cccaccseassscssnaoessene 158 MMU GUS (PVATVCIS)) n...0scsceeceseceeeresesane 156 nebulosus (Leiopus) .....................ceeees 158 niger (Otiorrhynchus) _.................. 241-2 micricans (Cantharis) .........-0....0s....ss 156 US TITAS (APTOWM)! Acc cccsccssocceccatevseosesse 268 MOUWIS ({OCOCMETA) —........5.02.00.00-0ec00e- 157 notatus (PiSSOdES) ............ eee eee cence es 271 MIMOMICOLA | (APTOM) i cou. otecesageceasecmee 268 OMOMIUSS VAWITOM) 2 oo eek ct saec. sasencnsessoune sess 269 ONOPORGW CAMIOM) 6 eee ceva cescecescanseacenae 268 parallelopipedus (Dorcus) _............... 157 parvulus (Phyllobius) _..................... 158 pellucida (Cantharis) —.................0... 156 pIilicormMis (OPICeKA)) .2..6622...c:c...c-2.c.sa.sdeeta- eee 268 semivittatum (Apion) .0...................0. 270 SeniGu lim. CApnOI) se: eee eeasieaasesdeseseee 268 Sepicola (Lropideres))y.(s.3...502c:seetewee te Q71 sexdentaims (lps)iee eae aie 2 ae 271 Simitle: (AW TOM) IC. ease sue ae esc ae de eee ne 268 similis (Onthophagus) © ..................... 221 SOdalIS | CRAGTUS), + BAe t ARSE eakaa, 241 Stoic (Aw iOm)) \ eee es See 269 Siriatumay (CATO eee eee eee 269 tabacicolor (Alosterna) ..................... 158 tenebricosa (Timarcha) ..................... 158 PENIS H(A PTOM) hy secaeeen avo eee oe sake ee 269 PEI GHS SCADDTOM) i on laeecee Re eee EE 268 unicolor (Hypophiloeus), .........222..es. 157 mnEbnCcac. (Phyo bias)) eee ee 158 UEiicarium (AplOn))~ .c.cn. eee eee 269 vaecca: »(Onthophacus) e272. ee eee 224 VATED ES oi GADIOM) yee eeaiee eee eee 269, 272 vaciavel CAD TOT) wie. vie. cee aeeee olen eae 268 VIGIL CAWIOMI):. 5's eeeeee ee eee nae 269 Violacemnnl= (APO) > eset ee eee 270 wires 7 (AWTOM) ey oes. 5 ces eee ae eee 269 VOLE Xa (APIOM)) sissies eee eee 269 VSM AHO MTIAAUEN OMIM NY bans ice cadchesadecdocdsdaddcee 269 HEMIPTERA CamMpestris. (OLrwunops) yal ees sees 156 COMMIS! (CENEVOHUS) "ah eee o-.-----eeeeee 156 Membracidae, African (bibl.)......... 280 Pallipesa(Saldla)) Wecsssse cesses ee seee ee Q47 DALTSTEUS (Saliauilal) yy ae secs oe eenesreeeecee 247 PSP PTENIES ALD MSV UY GH ELS) Petar en is a BL care 156 vulnerata (GercOpiS)) » .-eakse B.cc.22- 2-56 156 HYMENOPTERA acervorum (Leptothorax) .................. 2oe allotriaeformis (Gronotoma) ............ 185 JaNY OCORG) eo] 00 (ee.0 eel Ae RE ne Ae ae aR Senne a er aren eS ae QA aquilonia (Formica) . .................. 234, 235 atricapillus (Hemiteles) ............ 183 ftn. balteata (Dapsilarthra) ..................... 184 HEUNMEWS), (HUASIUIS)) c Beaese.s.ces-ses reese 236 caespitum (Tetramorium) _............... 236 Chrysocharis sp., 180 (fig.) ............... 185 GLrAaDTO: CVieS Wal) wis ne ceases ose os ease Q4 DAGMUSAN hess oe eer eee enone a ence aeeeene 184 Diglyphosema, 180 (fig.) .................. 185 elegans (Miscogaster) 180 (fig.)...... 185 flavus’ (QUaSiS) cs b Mtsauceneascceaacee toate nee 236 fullisimosus (aSimS)) f2oo2l..e.ccscecce-cnece- 236 fUSCAy (HORII) we teste oeic ds osessae Seccnseee eee 236 HUISEINES eCATOO\ bocce cece aoe. eacceeae: 158 OUT AST A (STOR) eae nee eee ee eee Q74 Sonaser (DOVETUS) Mac ue seecec cesses coseek 158 Penn aniiies (MOMMA GA) eee sone ens ee oe 236 LODICOLDISs (Miya) sees cc eee eee. 235 TS PSs (MORTNIGR) ey eee ree ese eee eee 236 maculipes (Rhizarcha) _ ..................... 184 14 SPECIAL INDEX magnanimus (Alaptus) melanocera, (Antrusa) |...) se 284 mintmus (Alaptus) 2 jie) eee Q77 miner (ONIUS) ee ee ade 284 Tbs, (asis): 4 iar 8 to gh ee eee 236 Mymaridae, (bibl) See ee ee 280 miger (EASIMS)) |.) Kawah tie et eal 236 nitidulus (Formicoxenus) _......... 234, 235 HOCTITOG(SITER se eee he 273-4 nylanderi (Leptothorax) © .................. 236 pagana stephensi (Arge) .................. 158 pallidicornis (Alaptus) ..................... Q77 pallipes (Opius) (fig, of wing) ......... 180 PedToORis. 9 ce ash ee ae ge A aie hy a 185 persuasoria (Rhyssa) ......... 158, 273, 274 PuUerilis \(Myrmicaye el es Mee 235 pyeimacus (Cephus) \....,... eed 158 Trex (OPUS) i. are eas nay 184 Tibia: (Moy IMI eee Ned) eae 235 PUA (HOrMICAY eh lea 1 ees Od a 236 rufiventris (Dapsilarthra) ............... 284 ruginodis (Myrmica) '...2040... 2: 235 Sabuleti (Meyrimica)) 20. oe: eee le 235 sanfruimesd (Formica). 2420206... ees 236 schenckni(Nyemica), eee ha ye 235 Sums. (OPUS) cos os 184 SPECULUM ONETIS) o.oo) ccocasn ce abess ee ee ee 273 Sulcinodis (Myrmica), 2... ey 235 ISLA CAE) he latre ings ele Ke: 158 WItLATHS (CITPOSDINUS) 25... oceseecsdecoek 185 ISOPTERA (Key to African genera, bibl.) ......... 99 MEGALOPTERA Matarial (Sais) yp aks ois22) cake eco eee ee oe 263 NEUROPTERA phalaenoides (Drepanepteryx) ......... 20 ODONATA aenea (Somatochlora) ............cceceeeeeees boltonii (Cordulegaster) curtis! (Oxygastra) jester cyathigerum (Enallagma) linaenea (Cordulia) \see3teee. eee nymphula (Pyrrhosoma) splendens, (Agrion) —_.....4:.../csssseuseeanee virgo (ASTION) ...-....c.02-e oe sewer reenter weeeeee eee ween see w ewe e earn eenee PLECOPTERA grammatica (Isoperla) torrentium (Chloroperla) Peewee reat er eeeseeeee ee PSOCOPTERA flavidus (Caecilius) TRICHOPTERA (Larval taxonomy of British ceridae, with key) ......... (Larvae, pupae :) annulicornis (Athripsodes) argentipunctella (Setodes) aterrimus (Athripsodes) azurea (Mystacides) baltica: (Erotesis)\ °°.) eee bicolor | (Triaenodes),. 2250-222 bilineatus (Athripsodes) cinereus (Athripsodes) conspersa (Mystacides) filicornis (Adicella) fulvus (Athripsodes) furva (Oecetis)e"ntk oe interruptus (Leptocerus) lacustris (Oecetis) ............... longicornis (Mystacides) nigra (Mystacides) ochracea (Oecetis) senilis (Athripsodes) .................. tineiformis (Leptocerus) Ce ee eee ar Bee eee een eee eee eene ween eee een te wanes Beemer eee eee enne wee e eee e ree eesees eee e eee wenn nee eeraseneee a 3 4 No. ve JANUARY 1962 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.£.s. with the assistance of NEVILLE BIRKETT, a3 A., M.B. H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.8. H L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. J. M. Cuatmers-Hont, F.R.£.8. H. Symes, Ma. Major A. E. Cottier, M.c., F.R.zE.s. S. WAKELY ee Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.5.8. 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Ltd. 4 1-4 Bedford Court, Strand, London, W. Cc. 5 : F ‘ nny f P Yay Le cle olin I Te AS Se ret 5 ee ee ee a ee eae Pee eee ee Ye er ” Diasemia ramburialis Duponchel and D. litterata Scopoli in Britain By R. F. BRetHERTON The capture of two specimens of the attractive little Pyrale Diasemia ramburialis in 1961 in my light-trap at Ottershaw, Surrey, caused me to look into the history in Britain of this species and of its congener, D. litterata. The results seem to be worth setting out, particularly since they reveal in recent times a remarkable reversal of the Nine- teenth Century experience of their relative frequencies here. Both species are only cursorarily dealt with in Beirne, ‘‘British Pyrales and Plume Moths’’. At first glance they are rather alike. When fresh, D. ramburialis stands out at once by virtue of its black and white contrasts, particularly on the hindwings, as compared with the grey and cream shades of D. litterata. But when it is worn (as was the first of my own captures), this effect is lost and one has to look closely at the pattern of the markings to make sure of its identity. It is, indeed, recorded that in a sale in 1894 a D. ramburialis, unlabelled and without data, was spotted standing in the middle of a row of D. litterata, which was then much the commoner species; and it is now thought that two specimens which were reported in 1950 as D. litterata were in fact D. ramburialis. The opposite mistake of identify- ing D. litterata as D. ramburialis would be less easy to make. D. ramburialis was introduced to the British list by Thomas Boyd, who caught a single specimen flying at dusk in a swamp at Probus, Cornwall, on 16th June 1858. He reported it in the Hntomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer, and a good coloured figure of the moth was given in the Entomologist’s Annual for 1859. It was eight years before another was found by G. H. Verrall near Lewes, according to one account in a railway waiting-room. When C. H. Barrett wrote the ninth volume, published in 1904, of his exhaustive work on British Lepidoptera he could still say: ‘‘This is one of our most rare species, and can only be looked upon as a casual immigrant’’. He could then cite only seven captures up to that time, though in the list attached to this article I have raised that total to eight or perhaps ten, including as the last a female caught by Eustace Bankes at sugar on 14th September 1902 in a ‘‘remote part’’ of South Devon. Of these, five were feund or disturbed by day, two were caught at sugar, and one flying at dusk. They were spread along the south coast from Cornwall to Kent, with possibly one in Lincolnshire. Only in 1878 is more than one specimen known to have been taken in a single year. During the next forty-two years, from 1903 to 1944 inclusive, I have been able to find no recorded captures of D. ramburialis at all. This may at least partly reflect a decline in the amount of collecting, and particularly of interest in the Pyrales, rather than of greater real scarcity of the moth, which is, in any case, easy to overlook. On the other hand, a study of the tables of numbers attached to Dr. C. B. Williams’ Insect Migration leaves me with a strong impression that several more popular and conspicuous immigrants were at a low ebb during much of this period. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 b The story begins again with the capture of one D. ramburialis by M. W. Harper in August 1945, near Littlehampton in Sussex. In each of the three succeeding years two were taken, and the moth has been noticed in ten of the seventeen years from 1945 to 1961, to a total of well over 30 examples. 1956 with nine, and 1961 with at least ten, were outstanding. The geographical range has also been widened by bringing in Hampshire, Wiltshire, Essex, Surrey, and even Hert- fordshire, though South Devon still provides nearly a third of the British total. Since the war at least 27 are known to have been caught at lights of some kind, though not all in moth traps; only one has been definitely reported at sugar, and none as having been found during the day-time. It is therefore likely that much of the greater frequency of the species, as compared with the Nineteenth Century, is apparent rather than real, being due to the much greater use of light as a means of collecting in recent years. But whether this is the whole explanation is discussed later in connection with the very different pattern of the records of D. litterata. Our D. rumburialis are clearly all, or almost all, primary migrants, arriving almost simultaneously on a wide front. In 1956, for example, eight out of nine were caught, from Devon to Essex, between 9th and 24th September; and the ninth, on 9th October, was so worn that its captor remarks that it might well have come in with the others. In 1961 there seem to have been two waves: the first yielded six records, from Dorset to Herts, between 3rd and 24th September, and the second four, from Devon to Surrey, between 4th and 22nd October. In some years there have been isolated arrivals much earlier in the year, but the only case where this causes even suspicion that a genera- tion might have been bred in Britain is that of the Tresco records for 1957—one on 4th July and another in September. Taking the records as a whole, the distribution by months is as follows :— June i July 3 August 6 or 8 September 19 October cM November 1 Unstated 3 The records also show a fairly clear association of captures of D. ramburialis with the presence of other migratory species at the same time and place. This is clearest for Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn. (martialis) and, among the scarcer migrants, Palpita unionalis Hiibn., Rhodometra sacraria L., Nycterosia obstipata F., Leucania unipuncta Haw., and L. vitellina Hiibn. (The two last are perhaps suspect: though they are certainly migrants, most of their autumn generation may be locally bred.) Cosymbia, puppillaria Hiibn., Herse convolvuli L., Leucania loreyi Dup., and Uresiphita gilvata F. have also been taken along with D. rambuwrialis. Some of these associations fit very well with the fact that abroad it has an essentially tropical and sub-tropical distribution, very wide but reaching into North Africa. On the other hand, it does not seem that the abundance of D. ramburialis here is necessarily correlated with that of its closest associates. Both 1956 and 1961 were years of scarcity DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 3 for N. noctuella and of only moderate frequency for P. ferrugalis; P. unionalis was common in 1956 but scarce in 1961; R. sacraria and N. oblstipata, though numerous in 1961, were scarce in 1956. There is still a long way to go before we can fit the British records of the migratory species into any tidy pattern. Diasemia litterata has a very different history. It was already known as a British insect to the early Fathers. In 1802 Haworth mentioned it in his ‘‘Prodromus’’ under Schiffermuller’s name, literalis, which has been used by most English writers until after Barrett’s time. The entry gave no details, but it was marked with the asterisk which denoted ‘‘such of the Insects as the Founder of the Aurelian Society has not yet absolutely seen alive’; as it was not also indicated as a ‘“Desideratum for the Cabinet’’, he may have had a specimen. In his “Lepidoptera Britannica’’, the relevant part of which was published in 1806, he called it ‘‘The Lettered China Mark’’, described it briefly, and added: ‘‘Habitat in Anglia rarissime, tempore oblito’’. In 1834 J. F. Stephens wrote that it had been ‘‘once taken in the beginning of June at Darenth, on the borders of a small pond towards the middle of the wood; but found abundantly in the New Forest, somewhere in the vicinity of Brockenhurst’’, This may have been a continuing colony, for there are no less than 31 specimens labelled ‘‘Lyndhurst’’ (but not dated) in the Whittle Collection, which is now in the British Museum. When Stainton was preparing his ‘‘Manual’’ in 1857 he circulated an inquiry for localities for the moth, but in the end he was only able to cite Lyndhurst, Newnham, and Sanderstead, ‘‘generally occurring singly and in dry places’’. I have not traced any earlier mention of it at Sanderstead; the reference to Newnham represents one caught in October 1857 on a gas-lanp by the Severn. E. S. Norcombe reported his capture of it near Exeter at the end of July 1858 as the first in Devon, and it was later stated that for one or two seasons he had taken several on the wing early in the evening on the slopes of a very steep rough field. But the first real description of its habits comes from a note by J. J. Reading in the ‘““Entomologist’s Weekly Intelligencer’’ in 1860. He said that he had in that year caught about two dozen specimens of the moth near Plymouth at two very distinct periods, June and September ; and he therefore suggested that it was double brooded. Its habitat was a high, sloping down where furze and fern were dominant, with clumps of heather and thyme. There the moth made short flights in the sun- shine, and was not easily approached in the shade. He criticised the idea, which may have been suggested by the moth’s superficial resem- blance to the ‘‘Water Pyrales’’, that it was in any way attached to ponds, and confirmed Stainton’s recommendation to search for it in dry places. Between 1860 and 1905 there were, as can be seen from the list below, over a dozen records of the occurrence of D. litterata in ones and twos; all, except for one in Suffolk, were scattered over the southern and south western coastal counties. But in May 1876 Barrett discovered a large and continuing colony in east Pembrokeshire on which he made several reports in the ‘‘Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine’. He dis- turbed the moths accidentally while on a business visit far from his home in Pembroke itself, but he was able to catch a few in pill-boxes. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 He came back next day, after an early start for the 36-mile drive from Pembroke, but found the moths worn after rain. In 1877 he reported one worn, after storms, on 4th June, a few fine on 9th, and many on 13th. The second brood appeared about 16th August, rather later than in 1876; the moths were not scarce, but were smaller than those of the first brood. Later he noted that, after either disappearing or being overlooked for two years, it turned up again at the end of May 1889, and his son caught one eight or nine miles from the original locality Later still he adduced the capture of casual specimens in two fresh localities as support for his view that, though the insect had become scarcer, it was not likely to die out. His last report, in 1884, recorded the capture of eight specimens on 7th August, after extremely hard work, and nine more on two later days. In several years in July he searched the short herbage for larvae, ‘‘even lying on my stomach to examine every green thing’’, but he did not find any. Nor, apparently, did he breed from captured females, for when he published his great work in 1904 he said that the larva and pupa were still unknown. Barrett never published the exact locality of his colony, but his reference to a 36-mile drive to it from Pembroke and to the “dry pastures in the middle of the county’’ suggest that it was somewhere in the north east, in the direction of Cardigan. However this may be, the moth also occurred on the south coast, for W. F. H. Blandford, adding to the list of lepidoptera in the local ‘‘Tenby Guide’’, said that it had occurred in 1884 in low pastures near Saundersfoot and Wise- man’s Bridge, though never commonly. It is possible, too, that the earlier record of it in 1870 from Laugharne, in west Carmarthenshire, represents a colonist rather than a casual immigrant. We do not know when these Pembrokeshire colonies died out. The last of Barrett’s specimens I have seen are two dated 1886. Barrett in 1904 clearly thought that the colonies had gone, for, after describing his own dis- covery of the moth and citing many of the older records, he wrote: ‘“‘l1 cannot say that it can now be found with certainty in any one of these localities. On the other hand, it seems worth while to look for it in any hilly district, of very poor pasturage, in the South-west’. Unlike D. ramburialis, he did not clearly envisage D. litterata as an immigrant ; and the concept of a ‘‘settler’’ species, becoming temporarily established from time to time after immigration, but then dying out, seems not to have been familiar to him. We can hardly doubt now that that was, in fact, the status of D. litterata during the Nineteenth Century. Be- cause of these colonies, though it was always a good capture, it was not regarded as a really rare insect. There are plenty of specimens in old collections but, where their origin can be traced, they nearly al! come from the New Forest or Plymouth captures, or from Barrett him- self, Mr. H. C. Huggins tells me that he has 19 from that latter source, and estimates the total in Barrett’s style of pins and setting at well over 100: I have myself accounted for over 50 in various collections now in the British Museum and elsewhere. Between 1905 and 1947 I have found no records of D. litterata in Britain. On 4th August 1947, one came to A. G. B. Russell’s lighted sheet in Yellowham Wood, near Dorchester, and there was another on 14th June 1949, at light at Rustington, Sussex. In 1950 A. J. Dewick reported two in his light trap at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, on 22nd DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 5 August; but he tells me that these may well have been really D. ramburialis, though another D. litterata caught on 25th May 1954 was certainly correctly identified. There were two in 1956, one on 31st May at light at Ham Street, Kent, and the other on 10th August at Clevedon, Somerset; and one at Brockenhurst, Hants, on 15th August 1958. This is the most recent J have found. Apart from the colony specimens, most of the Nineteenth Century records of D. litterata do not give exact dates or indicate the associa- tion with other migratory species; and the recent captures have been too few to provide a basis for much analysis. But it may be noted that of 16 non-colony captures which can be dated by months, 2 were made in late May, 7 in June, 5 in August, and 2 in October. This is a very different time pattern from that of D. ramburialis. Abroad, D. litterata seems to occur almost everywhere in France and locally in Belgium, and to be generally a more northern and less tropical insect than its congener; its migration to Britain may be shorter-range and governed by different circumstances. The gap in the records of D. litterata early in this Century is parallel to that for D. ramburialis. But for D. litterata the total for the sixteen most recent years is only six or eight, whereas that for D. ramburialis is over 30: the nineteenth century experience of their relative frequency has thus been decisively reversed, even if the ‘colony’? numbers of D. litterata are left out of account, This re- quires explanation. Mr. Huggins tells me that Fassnidge, who collected both species in several places in France between the wars, thought that the apparent rarity of D. ramburialis was mainly due to its habits: it was such a skulker that you might be some days in a locality for it before you saw it; whereas D. litterata was easily put up by day and was immediately noticed. But if both species are equally active at night, the increased use of light as a means of collecting in recent years may have revealed what was always their true relative abundance. On the other hand it is remarkable that none of the post-war D. litterata appear to have been caught by day, and that no breeding colonies like those found by Reading and Barrett have come to light, even though there has been plenty of recent day-time collecting on downs and slopes near the south coast, and other disturbable scarce migrants, such as Rhodometra sacraria L. have thus been caught often enough at times and in places suitable for D. litterata. On the whole I conclude that D. litterata is, like some other migrants, such as Hippotion celerio I.., really a good deal scarcer now than it was during most of the nineteenth century. As for D. ramburialis, though some of the rise in its frequency may be more apparent than real, I also suspect a change. Unlike D. litterata, which seems to be indigenous in most of France, it is clearly a long-distance migrant, usually arriving with north African and sub-tropical species such as P. unionalis, R. sacraria and N. obstipata, for whose increased abundance in recent years there seems to be pretty decisive evidence. So far as I can discover neither of the Diasemias has yet been found in its earliest stages in Britain, or bred in captivity here; and those of D. ramburialis seem to be still unknown even abroad. In France VHomme (1935), after remarking that D. litterata occurred almost everywhere, says: ‘‘larva under the lower leaves of Plantago, Hieracium, Picris, etc.; April to August in two generations; in a slight 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 web on the soil or under stones, eating the faded leaves’’. To sum up. D. ramburialis is a sub-tropical species, probably reaching Britain as a long-distance immigrant. It was extremely rare in the last century, was not seen for forty years in the present, but in some recent years has been fairly frequent. JD. litterata is a more northerly insect which in the last century certainly established temporary colonies in Britain. It was not seen from 1906 to 1946 in- clusive, and subsequent records have been very few and show no evidence of colonisation. The earlier stages of both species are un- known in Britain. I am greatly indebted to those gentlemen, too numerous to name individually, who have answered my questions and have helped me with advice and information. I am very conscious, however, that the material brought together in this article is not exhaustive. I should he most grateful if any readers who know of other captures or labelled specimens of the Diasemias, whether ancient or modern, would inform me of them, with a view to their inclusion in a supplementary note. EVIDENCE OF DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS Dor. IN BRITAIN 1858 CORNWALL. Probus, 16.vi, a single specimen flying in a swamp at dusk. ‘Closely allied to literalis, but more glossy, and the markings more irregular’. (Thomas Boyd, Ent. Weekly Intell., 4: 151; Ent. Ann., 1859: 149 and plate.) Now in Whittle coll., B.M. 1866 SUSSEX. Landport, near Lewes, 29.x, one slightly worn, at the foot of a dry chalky bank bounded by low meadows. (G. H. Verrall, Ent. mon. Mag., 3: 163.) In Verrall’s obituary notice the scene is given as a railway waiting-room (Hnt. Rec., 67: 41). (1873 LINCOLNSHIRE. One labelled ‘‘Lincs, 1873’? was found in the sale of the Clarke collection in 1910 (Hné. Rec., 22: 94)). 1877. KENT. Near Ashford, ix, flying in the afternoon over brambles and dense undergrowth near the top of a chalk hill (W. R. Jeffreys, Barrett, 9: 258). 1878 DEVON. Teignmouth, at sugar on an apple tree (Dr. R. C. R. Jordan, Barrett, 9: 258). KENT. Folkestone, 12.x, among long grass and rushes in very wet ground (W. Purdey, Ent., 11: 273). Now in Whittle coll., B.M. 1880 KENT. Near Dover, 13.ix, one obtained by beating Hemp Agrimony (R. E. Salway, Hnt., 13: 2883). 1889 DORSET. Portland, 11.vii, in a grassy hollow (C. R. Digby, Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 381). Now in the Bankes coll., B.M. (ante 1894. No data. One noticed in J. Browning’s collection, sold in 1894, standing with three Pembroke D. litterata (Ent. Rec., 8: 192). Now in Bankes coll., B.M.) 1902 DEVON. In ‘‘a remote part of S. Devon’’ (probably near Strete), 14.ix., one female at sugar at 9 p.m. (E. R. Bankes, Ent. mon. Mag., 40: 254). Now in Bankes coll. in B.M. 1945 SUSSEX. ILittlehampton, one, viii (M. W. Harper, in hitt.). 1946 DEVON. Maidencombe, one 21.x, one 4.xi, in light trap (F. (2) H. Lees, in hitt.). ; 1947 CORNWALL. Manaccan, one, 13.ix, at a lighted window, with (2) 1952 1956 1957 (2) 1958 1961 (10) DIASEMIA RAMBURIALIS DUPONCHEL AND D. LITTERATA SCOPOLI 7 N. obstipata (E. J. Hare, Ent., 83: 71, et in litt.); South Corn- wall, 16.ix, one along with Leucania Lalbum L., L. unipuncta Haw. and L. vitellina Hiibn. at sugar, and Rhodometra sacraria L. at light (B. W. Weddell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947/8: 40). ISLE OF WIGHT. Freshwater, two, 9.viii, at lighted windows, with Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hiibn. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (K. G. Blair, Ent. mon. Mag., 84: 264). HANTS. Sway, one female, 24.vii, by Mr. Antram, Bourne- mouth, one male, 26.viii, in house (S. C. S. Brown, Ent., 84: 159); Burley, one, 14.x, in light-trap (C. W. Mackworth-Praed, Ent., 84: 24). SURREY. Churt, one, 27.viii, in light-trap (R. M. Mere, Ent., 84: 84). [ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, two, 22.viii, in light-trap, associated with H. convolvuli, L. albipuncta, N. obstipata, H. armigera, P. ferrugalis, N. noctuella. (A. J. Dewick, Ent., 84: 103. Recorded as D. litterata, but the captor tells me in litt. that even at the time he suspected that they might be D. ramburialis, with which he was not then familiar. This now seems the more probable.) ] SURREY. Chiddingfold, one, 15.viii, at light (R. M. Mere, Ent., 85: 248). DEVON. Maidencombe, two fresh 9.ix, one worn 15.ix in trap F. H. Lees, Ent., 90: 157, et in litt.); South Devon, one, 11.ix, in trap, with several H. convolvuli (K. J. Hare, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 31); Ashburton, one male 22.ix at 10.30 p.m. B.S.T. in trap, one female 24.ix: associated with P. unionalis, P. ferrugalis, N. noctuella, and Cosymbia puppillaria (A. R. Kennard, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. hist. Soc., 1956: 41, et in litt.). HANTS. - Lymington, one, 15.ix, at light (Hnt., 90: 236). ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, one male, 11.ix, in trap, with 7. convolvuli, N. noctuella, P. ferrugalis, P. wnionalis, Uresiphita gilvata; one male, very worn, 9.x (A. J. Dewick, Ent., 90: 235, et in litt.). SCILLY ISLES. Tresco, one, 4.vii, associated with P. unionalis, one, 20.ix, in trap, with L. loreyi, and L. unipuncta at sugar R. M. Mere and Austin Richardson, Ent. Gaz., 9: 140). SURREY. Ewell, one, 10.x, at ordinary electric light in house (H. G. Tunstall, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 42). DEVON. Torcross, one, 4.x, in trap, with ZL. vitellina, L. unipuncta, R. sacraria, N. obstipata, P. unionalis, P. ferrugalis (J. I. Messenger, in litt.). Maidencombe, one 18.x, one worn 22.x, in trap (F. H. Lees, in lhitt.). DORSET. Thorncombe, two, 3.ix (J. Bradley: now in B.M. coll.). WILTS. Downton, one, 3.ix, in trap: no other migrants except P. gamma (A. Richardson, in litt.). HANTS. Freshwater, one, 24.ix (R. P. Knill-Jones, exhibited S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., '31.x.61). SURREY. Ottershaw, one worn 16.ix, one fresh 4.x (R. F. Bretherton). 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/1/1962 HERTS. Arkley, one worn male, 22.ix, in trap, with R. sacraria (T. G. Howarth, Ent. Rec., 73: 241). EVIDENCE OF DIASEMIA LITTERATA IN BRITAIN 1802 Haworth, Prodromus Lep. Brit., p. 30. 1806 Haworth, Lep. Brit., p. 384: ‘‘Habitat in Anglia rarissime, tempore oblito’’. 1834 or earlier. KENT. Darenth, one taken early June on the borders of a small pond towards the middle of the wood. HANTS. Found very abundantly in the New Forest, somewhere in the vicinity of Brockenhurst (J. F. Stephens, Illustrations, Haustellata IV: 37). 1857 or earlier. HANTS. Lyndhurst (Stainton, Manual): there are also 31 specimens labelled ‘‘Lyndhurst’’ in the Whittle coll. in B.M. SURREY. Sanderstead (Stainton, Manual). GLOS. Newnham, one, x.57, on a gas-lamp by the Severn (S. Bingham, Ent. Weekly Intell., 3: 44). 1858 DEVON. Near Exeter, 3.viii—‘‘I believe the first time it has been captured in Devonshire’? (K. S. Norcombe, Hnt. Weekly Intell., 4: 157); ‘‘Mr. Norcombe for one or two seasons took several on the wing early in the evening on the slopes of a very steep rough field’’ (J. Hellins, Hnt. mon. Mag., 13: 93). Lower Exe Valley, 1857 or 1858, at light: ‘‘not knowing what I had taken, I peeped into the pillbox to see, and in shutting it quite spoiled the beauty of the specimen’’ (Talpa, Ent. Weekly Intell., oe ay 1860 DEVON. Near Plymouth, about two dozen in June and Septem- ber (J. J. Reading, Ent. Weekly Intell., 9: 18). 1860 (about), SUFFOLK. Stowmarket, one (Harpur Crewe—Vinter, Lep. Suff., 1937). 1865 SURREY. Epsom, 14.x, one beaten from a bush (W. Rogers, in litt., quoted Hnt. Ann., 1866). | 1870 CARMARTHEN. Laugharne, one at light (Kaye, Ent. mon. Mag., 7: 234). 1872 or earlier. SUSSEX. Arundel (F. O. Morris, 1872)—on Bury Hill, by Samuel Stevens (V. C. H. Sussex, I: 191). 1876 or earlier. DEVON. Exeter, one only, 9/10 p.m., at a gas-lamp in a railway station (J. Hellins, Hnt. mon. Mag., 13: 98); High Bickington (EK. Parfitt, Fauna of Devon, p. 188). HANTS. Between Winchester and Southhampton (W. P. Watson, Ent., 10: 90). 1876/ PEMBROKESHIRE. Eastern side of the County, a colony 1886 found 2.vi.76, and accounts of its subsequent progress until 1884 (C. G. Barrett, Ent. mon. Mag., 13: 36; 14: 159; 18: 69; 19: 8; 21: 188). I have traced labelled specimens from this colony as follows: —British Museum, Bankes coll., 11 dated 1877; Whittle coll., 14; Adkin coll., 21. H.C. Huggins coll., 19 dated 1880. Oxford University Museum, Bazett coll., 2. B.M. Tring colls., 4 undated, 6 dated 1878, 2 dated 1886 (this is the latest date found). There are probably many others. BREEDING UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L. 9 1884. PEMBROKESHIRE. Wiseman’s Bridge and Saundersfoot in the past season, but never commonly (W. F. H. Blandford, Ent. mon. Mag., 21: 207). 1885 DORSET. Swanage coast, two, 3.vi, by E. R. Bankes (C. W. Dale, Lep. Dorset). One of these is now in Bankes coll., B.M. 1886 or earlier. GLAMORGAN. (J. H. Leech, British Pyralides, p. 45). GLOS. Bristol (Leech, p. 45). This probably refers to two caught on a gas-lamp at Baptists’ Mills and recorded by G. Harding (see Fletcher and Clutterbuck, Proc. Cottes. Nat. Fld. Cl, 26: 190). 1886 SUSSEX. Eastbourne, one, 18.viii (Adkin, Ent., 19: 278, and Moths of Eastbourne, p. 21). 1892 CORNWALL. Some exhibited among other Micros on behalf of Mrs. Hutchinson on 22.ix (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892). This probably corresponds with ‘‘taken occasionally near Budock’’ (V. OC. H. Cornwall, T: 218). HANTS. Brockenhurst, one, vi (now in B.M. coll. at Tring). 1904 HANTS. Christchurch, one in a moth-trap (R. B. Robertson, Ent. Rec., 16: 294). 1905 GLOS. Grange Court, two, 15 and 22.vi (Clutterbuck, Proce. Cottes. Nat. Fld Cl., 26: 190). 1947 DORSET. Yellowham Wood, near Dorchester, one, 4.viil, at light (A. G. B. Russell, Ent., 81: 227; Proc. Dorset nat. Hist. Soc., 69: 118, 132). 1949 SUSSEX. Rustington, one male, 14.vi, in light trap (G. W. Harper, Ent., 83: 96). 1950 (ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, two, 22.viii, in light-trap (Hnt., 84: 103). But these were probably D. ramburialis—vide antea.) 1954 ESSEX. Bradwell-on-Sea, one, 29.v, in light-trap, with over 3,000 P. gamma, one N. noctuella and, two days earlier, one Actinotia polyodon Clerck. Identification certain. CAE od: Dewick, Ent., 88: 128, et in litt.) 1956 SOMERSET. Clevedon, one, 10.viii (H. W. Bird, Ent., 90: 236). (2) KENT. Ham Street, one, 3l.v, at light, with P. stachydalis (K. J. Hare, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 31). 1958 HANTS. Brockenhurst, 15.viii (Hnt., 92: 176). Breeding Utetheisa pulchella L. | By R. C. Epwarps Breeding from captured rare moths is neglected far too often. I know well enough that when a female is taken in good condition, the captor argues that the condition may suffer if she is kept for eggs, so the ‘‘bird in hand’’ goes into the bottle, and the chance is lost. If two or three are collecting together, by breeding, all could have a good series in perfect condition and it would not be necessary to go on collecting all they find subsequently, Further, the full life cycle of the insect can be observed, and this is all the more interesting in the case of a rare species. On Ist October 1961 I was lucky in capturing a female Utetheisa pulchella L. in my garden. I only noticed it was a female after chloro- ferming it prior to killing. In spite of the fact that as far as my knowledge went, nobody had bred this insect in England from an 19 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 English captured female, or at any rate, there was no reliable infor- mation or data available to me, I decided to let her come round from the chloroform and to keep her for eggs. I kept her for a week in an unheated room, as the weather was warm for the time of year, I fed her every other day with drops of sugar water and saw her feeding, but she laid no eggs so I came to the conclusion she was not fertile and choloformed her again prior to killing. Fortunately, I again had second thoughts and decided to give her another chance, and on the tenth day after capture she laid 29 eggs. I kept her for another day, but as there were no more eggs and I noticed some damage to a hindwing, | then killed and set her. I had a strong feeling that the eggs would not be fertile, but 22 were, and duly hatched. One larva ceased feeding soon after the first instar; it appeared healthy for about a week, but then died. It probably had tried to hibernate. JI gave six larvae (after the fourth and last instar) to Dr. Kettlewell for selective re-breeding leaving me with fifteen to-day, 14th November, when the last larva started spinning its flimsy cocoon, and several pupae were visible, so I can at least give a record of pulchella from the egg to pupa. October Ist 1961. female captured in my garden. 10/1lth. 29 pale yellow eggs produced. 13/20th. fertile ova gradually turned to deep orange. 20/21st. eggs turned blue-black. 22/23rd. 22 eggs hatched. Fed larvae on forget-me-not (Myosotis) in a temperature of 60/65° F. 28th. larvae commenced preparation for ecdysis. 29/30th. completed first ecdysis. Temperature raised to 10, 4B November 3rd. completed second ecdysis. 7th. completed third ecdysis. 12th. completed fourth and last ecdysis. 18th. started to spin up. 21st. pupae visible. Observations: When young, the larvae seemed to prefer the some- what withered leaves. I always left some old leaves when giving them fresh food. Later they fed mainly on the new leaves but were quite happy with the old ones as well. In the last instar I gave them some borage leaves, as they were more juicy and I thought they would pro- duce a larger moth. They seemed to prefer this plant and ate the leaves furiously, but I think it would be safer when forcing, to keep to the forget-me-not. The larvae had a very poor light all day, and practically no sun- light all through their life, but I did give them light from a 100 watt ordinary electric lamp for two or three hours after 4.0 p.m, They fed just as well during the night as they did in the day time, so I must conclude that as long as they have the necessary warmth, light is not important. The question now is will the pupae hatch, and when? Also, will 1 be able to pair them and breed another lot, and if so, will their history conform to my first try. This will be another story. Arlesley, Pilgrims’ Way, Westerham, Kent. OCCURRENCE OF STIGMELLA PSEUDOPLATANELLA SKALA IN BRITAIN Ahi Occurrence of Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala in Britain By S. WakELY For some years I have known that a species of Nepticulid occurred in leaves of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Surrey. Unfortunately the few mines found from time to time were either empty or parasites emerged from the cocoons spun by the larvae. I first came across a Nepticulid mine on sycamore by the roadside at Ockham Common in August 1957 when gathering leaves containing mines of Lithocolletis geniculella Rag. The larva was plainly visible and it duly spun a cocoon from which a parasite emerged later. In 1959, together with J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and the late L. T. Ford, we were collecting sycamore seeds (Hnt. Rec., 1960: 34-5, 247) at Mickleham when we found several more of these mines. About half-a-dozen were found and we agreed then that there were two distinct types of mine. Once again no moths were bred, but we were very interested in the fact that the only record available of a sycamore- leaf feeding Nepticulid in Britain is that of N. speciosa Frey. men- tioned by Meyrick—‘‘Hants (Lyndhurst), local’’—and recorded in the Ent. mon. Mag., 1916: 159. At the Druids Grove field meeting of the South London N.H.S. on Ist October 1960, a single tenanted mine was found on sycamore, but once again the larva was found to be parasitized. In mid-September 1961 I made a special trip to Druids Grove, Mickleham, but in spite of a long search empty mines only were found, although more mines—empty again—were found by Burford Bridge and in the road leading to Boxhill railway station. These mines were sent to S. C. S. Brown of Bournemouth who is engaged in a study of this group, and I am indebted to him for the information which follows. He agreed that there were two distinct types of mine. To try and find out more about the species involved, he sent them to A. G. Carolsfeld-Krausé of Copenhagen who has contributed so much in recent years to our knowledge of this group of moths. His reply to Mr. Brown is so interesting that it seems best to quote a portion of it in full: — “The two mines enclosed in your letter are most interesting. The one with the very slender and regular line of excrements and with a dead larva is the mine of Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala. This species is, as far as I know, at present occurring in Schweiz, Austria, i.e., Ober Donau, Germany, 1.e., Sachsen and in eastern Czecho- Slovakia, i.e., Sudeten, Bohmen and Mahren, but it is no doubt distributed over most middle Europe. The species is new to G. B. and is a most interesting find in your country; it was at first published by Skala in Entomologische Anzeiger, Band 13, 1932, as Stigmella aceris var. nov. pseudoplatanella. In Zeitschrift des Oesterr. Entomologen- Vereines, 24 Jahrgang, 1939, p. 112, nr. 100, Skala makes mention of it as a species, but Hering always says: St. pseudopl. Skala (Weber). I am, however, not able at present to find a connection with Weber in my private notes, and as mention must have been made by the said author later than 1939, I think Skala must be the author. [ shall, however, make close examination of the question and try to make the 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 facts out, which I shall tell you in a coming letter. “The other mine does agree with neither Nepticula speciosa Frey. nor with the very insufficiently examined subspecies of this species on Acer monspessulanum lL. from western Germany. Until the originator of this mine has been closely examined, I am inclined to say that the originator must be a British subspecies of N. speciosa; the possibility that it may be a nova species does exist, but I do not believe in it, I feel very sure that it is a geographical race, as mentioned, of the species in question’’. I realise it is rather unsatisfactory to record a species new to Britain on the strength of larval mines only, but feel it is justified in the light of the foregoing letter. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Stigmella pseudoplatanella Skala Nepticula speciosa Frey (? subspecies) Larval mines of both species with enlarged portions of the mines to show distribution of the Frass. Mr. Brown has drawn the excellent diagrams of the mines of the two species figured herewith. Hering mentions S. pseudoplatanella in the supplement of his Die Blatt-Minen, 1937, and points out that the mine is distinct from aceris Frey. It is hoped that after the publication of these notes some readers will find this species on sycamore in other localities and report on their COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 13 findings. Although most of my mines were found in September, I think the third and fourth week in August would be a more profitable time to look for them. A. A. Allen tells me that he found a number of Nepticulid mines in sycamore in his garden at Blackheath, London, S.E., this year. It is hoped to hear more of this discovery next year. These mines have been identified as N. speciosa by Carolsfeld-Krausé. I. should like to express my thanks to Mr. Brown for all the trouble he has taken to get these mines identified and also to Mr. Carolsfeld- Krausé for his invaluable notes. 26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Collecting Notes, 1961 By Dr. Nevitte L. BIRKEtTT In this southern area on the edge of the Lake District the early months of 1961 were noted for their general mildness. We had little frost or snow and rainfall was not excessive. There was a little snow on the evening of 3rd February and, while visiting a country patient, I was interested to see many specimens of Alsophila aescularia Schiff. actually flying in the snow. I stopped to catch a few specimens to confirm the identity of the hardy species. During February I made efforts to confirm old records concerning the occurrence of Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. in the area at the southern end of Lake Windermere. The first trip in search of this species was on 12th February when [I ran the mercury vapour lamp close by the shores of the lake in a well-wooded locality. J saw no sign of A. hisyidaria but recorded numerous Phigalia pilosaria Schiff., A. aescularia Schiff., Hupsilia transversa Hufn., and a single Hrannis marginaria Fab. I returned again to the same locality on the 16th, having meanwhile heard that Mr. J. Heath of Merlewood, Grange over Sands, had taken hispidaria in the traps run in the Roudsea Wood Nature Reserve—which is only a few miles from my site of operations. This time I was lucky enough to take two specimens in good condition, one of them being of dark hue approaching ab. obscura Kiihne. Both the specimens arrived on the sheet within a minute of each other at 7 p.m. I stayed on until nearly 10 o’clock but saw no further specimens of that species. Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. was exceptionally plentiful ou this occasion with many f. monacharia Staud. and a few apparently intermediate forms. There were hundreds of Hrannis marginaria Fab. males sitting about on the bare trees, but a careful search did not produce any females. The next note in my diary concerns a short stop in woods near Brigsteer in S. Westmorland on 8th March when there were many moths coming to the car headlights. This was not a serious collecting trip, but I was just interested to ascertain what species were about, it being a very mild evening. In only a few minutes I noted :— Orthosia cruda Schiff., Harophila badiata Schiff., Achlya flavicornis L., and Biston strataria Hufn. These few give an idea of the state of the season at the early date. 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 I operated the garden trap for a few nights during March but little of note was captured. Since the local authority equipped much of the town of Kendal with mercury vapour street lamps the numbers coming to my trap have fallen off markedly. I live more or less in the centre of the town and am now ringed by bright lights. On 28th March [I joined Dr. Chas. Goodall at the Witherslack woods to beat sallow for Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. It was a still cold night with a full moon and we were really not surprised to get only one half-frozen leucographa and single Orthosia cruda Schiff., and O. gothica L. in like state. I was not able to go out collecting again until 27th April when I joined Mr. and Mrs. Austin Richardson in the Witherslack Woods to seek out the f. fusca Ckne. of Notodonta trepida Esp. Dr. Goodall joined us later so that we had three sheets operating. In spite of the blaze of lights only two typical trepida turned up—although during their stay in the district Mr. and Mrs. Richardson did manage to take a few of the dark form. There was a goodly number of moths about at this date, and we noted the following :—Phoesia gnoma Fab., Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., Drepana lacertinaria L., various Orthosias, Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh., Aethaluria punctulata Schiff., Bapta temerata Schiff., Bapta bimaculata Fab., Selenia bilunaria Esp., Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff., Diataraxia oleracea L. (a very early date for this common species), Celama con- fusalis Herr.-Schaff., and Anticlea derivata Schiff. On 2nd May a nice Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. was taken in my trap in Kendal. This was the first time I have taken the species in the trap and I was glad to get a second specimen on the 4th. During May, most of my collecting effort was devoted to Chironomidae and little attention was given to lepidoptera. While collecting midges by a tarn just to the north of Kendal I noticed that many plants of the Marsh Cinquefoil growing by the side of the tarn were affected by some larvae. I collected many of the rolled leaves and later bred a nice series of Peronea comariana Zell. The variation was quite interesting and might be worth recording:—f. comparana Sheld., 8 specimens; f. brunneana Sheld., 5 specs.; f. proteana Herr.- Schaff., 7 specs. ; £. potentillana Morris, 8 specs.; and f. comariana Zell., 2 specs. On Whit Sunday, 21st May, I joined Messrs. Michaelis and Fielding who were staying in south Westmorland, and together we worked light on the extensive area of carboniferous limestone near Hale (Westmor- land). It was a warm cloudy night and insects came in good numbers to the sheet. We recorded over 40 species of macrolepidoptera before packing up at 12.30. Included in this total were Deilephila elpenor L., Dasychira pudibunda L., Colocasia coryl L., Asphaha diluta Schiff., Lophopteryx capucina L., Notodonta ziczac L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Pheosia gnoma Fab., Thyatira batis L., Apatele alni L., Apatele menyanthidis View., Acasis viretata Hiibn., Ligdia adustata Schiff., Mesoleuca albicillata L., and Drepana binaria Hufn. This last species is now widespread throughout this north-western area—a fact not, apparently, realised by the revisers of the new ‘‘South’’. Ist June: one of the few really sunny days of the summer. I visited the Witherslack area in the afternoon to have a look over old haunts. Insects were amazingly scarce. In years gone by Black Tom’s Lane at ee ae COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 15 this time of year was a seething mass of insects of all sorts. This year only a very few of the very common things were seen. Inter alia a single specimen of Abraxas sylvata Scop. was noted which is an early date for this species. On the evening of the same day I joined forces again with Dr. Goodall in the Newby Bridge area and we worked two sheets with very poor results. At dusk there was quite a little spurt of insect activity, but clear and cool conditions soon put a stop to all insect movement. The best capture was a nice little series of Drymonea dodonea Schiff. which came in very early before it had become dark. After this trip the weather broke down properly and we had a fortnight of wind and rain with cool conditions. However, I was able to go collecting again on the 15th, and again I joined Dr. Goodall in the Newby Bridge area when conditions were ideal and we had what proved to be the best night of the whole season. It was very warm and there was a misty drizzle most of the time. The temperature never fell below 55 degrees F. As soon as the lamps were put on insects started to arrive in large numbers, the leaders of the force being Hepialus humult L. and Hepialus fusconebulosa de Geer. We recorded over 80 species of macros before packing up (with insects still coming but thoughts of work on the morrow dominating!) at about 2 a.m. I should perhaps add that our main quarry, Hyppa rectilinea Esp.—which Dr. Lowther used to take somewhere in the area we were working, did not turn up. However, we had adequate compensation with other things. Smerinthus ocellata L. turned up in good numbers and was coming freely at the time of our departure. Deilephila elpenor L., D. porcellus L., Cerura vinula L., Pheosia tremula Clerck, P. gnoma Clerck, Notodonta ziczac L., N. dromedarius L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Lophopteryx capu- cina L., Phalera bucephala L., Thyatira batis L., Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., Dasychira pudibunda L., Drepana falcataria L., D. lacertinaria L., Celama confusalis Herr.-Schaff., Anaplectoides prasinana Schiff., Apatele leporina L., A. menyanthidis View., A. rumicis var. salicis Curtis, Craniophora ligustri Schiff. f. nigra Tutt., Bena fagana Fab., Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., H. testaceata Don., were the most interesting species taken or seen. Microlepidoptera were few in num- bers apart from Scoparia Spp. However, it is worth recording that three specimens of Cryptoblabes bistriga Haw. were taken. Undoubtedly the best insect taken and worthy of special note was Atolmis rubricollis L. Two specimens came to the light. Only a few days before this I had heard from Mr. John Heath that he had taken two specimens in his traps run in the Roudsea Wood Nature Reserve. Previous to these records there is a doubtful one from Witherslack many years ago and recorded in the record books kept by the late Dr. R. C. Lowther of Grange over Sands. I hazard a guess that the species will be found to be widespread in the area of woods to the south and west of Lake Windermere. Tethea fluctuosa was frequent. This species is also known from an extensive area lying south of the Ferry on Windermere and extending eastwards to Kendal. The distribution noted in the new edition of South gives no idea of this. ‘I should like to comment also on the Craniophora ligustri taken in this district. Most specimens taken in the district away from the carboniferous limestone show little evidence of the crown mark on the wings. However, at Hutton Roof Crag, this mark is quite evident. 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 On 21st June I saw Vanessa atalanta L. for the first time in a wood to the north of Kendal. Migrants this year were noteworthy for their absence—which is odd considering some of the species taken in the south of the country. During the whole year little of interest from the migratory aspect occurred in my immediate area. I paid another visit to the Newby Bridge area on 24th June. Clear conditions, moon and heavy dew were not auspicious, so that I was not really disappointed when insects were very few—in marked contrast to my last visit to the area. While walking along a woodland ride in the failing light, I noted some curious objects on a plant of Rumex. At first I thought I had found some cones of a Gracilariid. Closer in- spection with the light showed that they were pairs of the swift— Hepialus hecta L.—hanging from the plant. The female was holding on to the plant and the male was hanging below. The whole appearance in the half light was most curious. Nothing of note appeared at my sheet on this trip. On 25th June I had a trip to the Witherslack woods where I joined Mr. Savage, another visiting collector. In good con- ditions we saw virtually nothing worthy of record. On 2nd July I visited Sandscale Warren situated on the Duddon estuary just north of Barrow in Furness. It was a warm night with intermittent heavy rain which rather restricted collecting activities. Apart from the moths there was a considerable concours of entomologists —Dr. Goodall, Col. Rossel, Mr. Savage, and self. We worked three sheets on the sandhills and, in spite of rain, recorded a number of interesting species. Leucoma salicis L., Dasychira fascelina L., Agrotis ripae Hufn., Procus strigilis Clerck, EHuxoa tritici L., Philudoria potatoria L., Orthonama lgnata Hiibn., Deilephila elpenor L. being the most noteworthy species. This was the first time that fascelina has been noted from this area of sand-dune, though there is an earlier record of it having been taken on the dunes on Walney Island which is separated from Sandscale by a narrow tidal channel only. On 6th July I again visited the woods at Witherslack, this time in company with Admiral Torlesse and Col. Rossel. Conditions were good with cloud and warmth and a fairly good number of insects visited our two sheets. Sugar was a complete blank. The best insects we took were Discoloxia blomeri Curt., Notodonta trepida L. (late), Apatele megacephala Schiff. and Geometra papilionaria L. A number of common micros also were noted of which the best perhaps was Borkhausenia flavifrontella Hiibn. The week after this was very unsettled and I almost put off a -trip arranged to the Goyt Valley in Derbyshire because of the inclement conditions. However, I made the trip on 13th July and joined Mr. Michaelis at his home before journeying into the Peak District. It was a very cool evening after heavy rain and we searched the rocks and trees for Venusia cambrica Curt. ab. bradyi Prout. We managed to take only three specimens and failed to catch one or two more which we disturbed. The terrain is very rough and chasing a disturbed insect is impossible. We ran a lamp for a short time but nothing of interest turned up and insects were extremely few. Having somewhat recovered from my long treck to the Goyt, I joined Col. Rossel on the 15th to visit the marshy area near Silverdale in north Lancashire and in good conditions took quite a lot of insects. LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE ON SEA-BUCKTHORN 17 Bombycia viminalis Fab. was comnion but we did not take any of the ab. obscura Staud. which is known to occur in this district. Nola cucullatella L., Apatele leporina L. and A. psi L. were the only other insects worth note in about thirty species of macros seen. A fair number of Endothenia antiquana Hiibn. and Epinotia capreana Fab. were also noted. On 16th July I took a small party of the Kendal Natural History Society to the Sandscale area for a day trip. It was a cool day with strong wind and little sunshine, and while the botanists of the party were delighted with some of the things seen the entomological side was uninteresting. The main insect of note was a nicely varied series of Phthorimea marmorea Haw. beaten from the tufts of over-hanging marrams. A full-grown larva of Saturnia pavonia L. was found on an escaped raspberry bush. I had another night trip with the Society to woods to the north of Kendal on 20th July, but though conditions were good nothing of great interest occurred except a nice lot of fresh Venusia cambrica Curt. of quite typical facies. After this I was away in Germany and Austria for nearly the whole of August, and the results of that trip I hope to write up in due course, though I found numbers of insects on the Continent disappointingly low. On my return to this country family matters prevented much in the way of collecting for the rest of the season, During September I managed one or two visits to the Shap Fell area to try and confirm the record of Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. given by Barrett. Most of the trips were ruined by severe weather conditions but once or twice con- ditions seemed ideal, but I saw no sign of lapidata. Muggy and mild conditions on 24th, for instance, gave many insects:—Phlogophora meticulosa L. in dozens, Plusia gamma lL. in numbers, Agrochola macilenta Hiibn., Hydraecia lucens Freyer, H. crinanensis Burrows (about six nice specimens), Aporophyla nigra Haw., Celaena haworthi Curt. and a few ubiquitous Agrotids made up the visitors to mv sheet. In a year in which so many exotic migrants have been taken it was a great disappointment to me not to see any of these nice things in this part of the country. The only regular migrant to be at all common was Plusia gamma L. A single Pyrausta martialis Guen. was taken in my trap in Kendal on 22nd September. I saw one Plutella maculipennis Curt. on the moors to the north of Kendal on 24th Septem- ber. During the whole season I did not see a single specimen of Nomophila noctuella Schiff, which is usually a regular and common visitor to us. While immigrant insects were scarce immigrant col- lectors were a very welcome feature of the late June and mid-July period. I can only hope they enjoyed visiting this delightful area as much as the natives enjoyed having their company. 38 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 3.xii.1961. Lepidopterous Larvae on Sea-Buckthorn by I. R. P. HeEstop I am prompted by my observation in 1960 of the sea-buckthorn (Hippophaé rhamnoides) in the south of Cornwall—a county in which I did not know that this plant occurred—to renew my acquaintance 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1/1962 with allusions in the literature to its status as a pabulum for lepidop- terous larvae. Mr. E. W. Groves has, I believe, used my previous published observations, supplemented by correspondence with me, for the purpose of summarising in Proc. Bot. Soc. Brit. Is., 3: pt. 1, 6 (1958), the distribution of this plant in Great Britain. Since, however, I have never seen the paper, I am unaware whether he has included Cornwall as being within the range. The mature bushes that I found in September of last year were near the headland forming the Polruan portal to the estuary of the River Fowey. My only real reason for mentioning this botanical occurrence here is the fact that I saw, on the growth, larvae of Dasychira pudibunda L. (pale tussock)—a species new to me on this foodplant. My own previously published notes on the subject are in Entomologist, 80: 221, and 88: 140; these gave certain references to other notes on the subject. I now wish to take the opportunity of adding references to other recorded observations, as follows. S. J. Wilkinson (British Tortrices, 1859) records Lozotaema rosana L. occurring on sea-buckthorn. Tutt (1899) records this plant (fide Sorhagen) as a pabulum of Nepticula ignobilella Stt. In an interesting paper (Hntomologist, 52: 169), F. V. Theobald describes infestations by brown-tail and gold-tail larvae (Huproctis chrysorrhoea L.. and E. similis Fuessl. respectively) of sea-buckthorn in Kent; and mentions other lepidopterous species as feeding on the plant on the continent (quoting Kaltenbach, 1874). Incidentally, the two ‘“anknown’’ species of lepidopterous larvae mentioned by Theobald as occurring in Kent on sea-buckthorn do not appear ever to have been identified. One of these may have been Spilonota ocellana. Schiff. which, I am informed, is very common on this plant on the Kent coast by Deal, and which is considered there to constitute a distinct local race. Mr. Theobald’s paper is illustrated by a photograph showing defoliation of sea-buckthorn by caterpillars. In this country sea-buckthorn is a plant of the coast line, but abroad it may be found in regions of high mountain. Thus FE, P. Wiltshire (Hntomologist, 79: 71) notes its occurrence at 8000 feet in the Himalayas, and Mr. F. T. Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1955, 6 and 11) records it as the foodplant of Lycaeides idas Ob. at L’Argentiere on the department of Hautes-Alpes, France. Finally there is the case of Celerio hippophaes Esper (seathorn hawk), which incidentally is also recorded from L’Argentiere by Mr. Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. Ent. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1954: 11). When I previously mentioned this species in connection with its foodplant I did not then know that the insect had occurred in Britain; but a specimen from South Devon, regarded by Dr. Cockayne as quite authentic, was subsequently brought to my notice from the Tring Museum. This may well have been an immigrant, but it would be interesting, all the same, to know whether Hippophae rhamnoides occurs in Devon. ‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 25.xi.1961. BATTERY-RUN MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT 19 Battery-run Mercury Vapour Light By Rear Admiral A. D. TorLEssE Dr. F. H. N. Smith, whose note on a battery-run mercury vapour light appeared in the November 1961 issue of the Record (73: 243), may be interested in the following remarks on seven years’ experience of this method. IT bought a similar rotary converter in 1954, which has given good service ever since. Being satisfied with a rather shorter running time than Dr. Smith, and wishing to reduce battery humping to a minimum, my converter is run with a single car-type 60 or 72 ampere/hour battery. With an 80 watt lamp I get a running time of three hours plus, provided the battery is in good condition and fully charged. Finding that with a 125 watt lamp the single battery gave me a bare two hours’ running, I early discarded any idea of using the larger lamp, the 80 watt lamp giving excellent results. The battery seems to stand the racket for about three seasons, after which running time seems to fall off, and a new one is necessary. I keep a trickle charger at my garage or base, and invariably plug it in immediately on return from an expedition with the battery discharged. Like Dr. Smith, I am no electrician, but theoretically a 60 ampere/ hour battery should burn an 80 watt lamp for much longer than three to four hours. I can only assume that the efficiency of the rotary converter /choke system is not very high. I have found that it pays to put the choke as near to the lamp as possible so, in practice the battery and converter stay in the car, provided of course it is possible to drive the car near enough to the desired spot, and the choke, fitted with a wooden base, stands about ten feet from the lamp. During the past year I substituted 15 amp. rubber-insulated twin-core cable for the twin flex previously used and found that I got longer running time, presumably due to the lower resistance of the larger cable. In addition to its complete reliability, provided of course that the connections etc. are well looked after, the charm of this method is, as Dr. Smith observes, its silence.—Rear Admiral A. D. Tortsssz, Trentham, Burton Joyce, Notts. PortasLeE Mercury Vapour Licuts.—Dr. F. H. N. Smith’s note on battery-run equipment in the November Record gave me a distinct twinge of conscience for not publishing my early experiences in 1950 with rotary converters, and subsequently with other types, so perhaps a few brief comments on these fascinating, and at times infuriating, gadgets may be of interest. At present there are three main types of equipment whereby our object, that of sampling and/or collecting insects in a wide variety of habitats by the use of m.v. light may be achieved. All have their respective advantages and disadvantages which should be weighed up before a choice is made, so here is a brief summary. (1) Rotary converter plus either extra batteries or else a petrol-driven battery charger for simultaneous use with the car battery. The car engine must not be used! The only real advantage of this system is quietness of operation when extra batteries are employed. Disadvantages are the inherent electro-mechanical inefficiency of the converter (about 50%), and the 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/1/1962 consequential worries of either a noisy and temperamental charging generator, or the equally inconvenient heavy batteries with tricky care and maintenance, especially during the winter. Lastly the whole system is tied to the car, the only way of ‘‘loosening’’ which is by a long lead to the lamp. Dr. Smith may set his mind at rest here to the extent at any rate of two or three hundred yards of thin flexible cable which will not produce an excessive voltage (not current!) drop. The converter will take 120 watts, 10 amps. at 12 volts, to drive it before switching on the m.v. lamp; thereafter an extra 10 amps. for a 120 watt lamp, or 7 amps. for an 80 watt one. This load of 17-20 amps. is the great drawback, and with the tieing to the car makes the system unattractive . (2) Large 200-300 watt petrol-driven A.C. generator. Advantages of this system are, first, comparative mechanical reliability of a large slow running engine; secondly, two or more lamps can be run simultaneously. Drawbacks are that the light is tied to the car by cables as with the converter system, the generators are very heavy and unwieldy, and the capital cost is likely to be high. (3) Small lightweight petrol-driven A.C. generators. The advantages are: first, freedom to take the equipment by hand away from the car, even up reasonably sized mountains (!); secondly, simplicity, and thirdly, reasonable cheapness. The drawbacks are: first, that the only supply of suitable machines is government surplus from the last war, and the stock is nearly, if not quite, exhausted. There may be other makes on the market, however. Secondly, the government surplus machines have to be electrically modified to operate m.v. lamps; I have done a good many, and so have other people. Thirdly, the small petrol engines, although quite excellent little 4-stroke jobs, are inclined to be a bit temperamental at times, and need to be kept scrupulously clean and in tune. What of the future? With the advent of the transistor, I think this may turn out to be quite exciting. The possibility already exists technically of producing a transistorised converter with no moving parts and of high efficiency to operate from a battery, but a lower wattage m.v. lamp which will not damage the eyes is needed from the manufacturers, and a reduction in price of transistor equipment must be attained before this becomes a practical proposition.—Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S., Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. DREANEPTERYX PHALAENOIDES L. (NEUROPTERA) AT WITHERSLACK.—A specimen of the above insect was beaten from hawthorn down Black Tom’s Lane, Witherslack, on 20th May 1961. The species is said to frequent deciduous trees, mainly oak, and is sparingly distributed in the north of England. —_M. J: ieee 25 Stoneygate Road, Leicester. 28.x1.1961. LycIaA HIRTARIA Cu. IN JuNE.—Whilst collecting at Holme Fen, Huntingdonshire, on 10th June 1961, I was surprised to find a perfect example of ZL. hirtaria Cl. in the trap. This date is approximately two months later than the normal time of emergence. —M. J. Lerecnu, 25 Pinneya we Road, Leicester. 28.x1.1961. SOME NOTES ON THE DIXINAE (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) 21 Some Notes on the Dixinae (Diptera : Culicidae) of East Sussex By Patrick ROPER In Britain tke subfamily Dixinae of the Culicidae contains one genus, divided into two subgenera, and some thirteen species. Freeman (1950) records one species, Dixa (Paradixa) aestivalis Meig., as being generally distributed, and one other species D. (P) filicornis Edwards, is noted from Sussex only. In the past two years I have found six species within half a mile of my home at Robertsbridge, five of these as far as I can discover, have not been previously recorded from Sussex. Dixines are small, often yellow and black, nematocerous Diptera. Superficially they show more resemblance to Trichoceridae or some of the smaller Tipulidae, than to the heavily-scaled biting mosquitoes. The early stages are aquatic and the larvae, which are described in most books on freshwater biology, can be found near the edges of ponds and streams. They have the habit of resting on various objects with their bodies formed into an inverted ‘u’-shape, and apparently just out of the water, although they always remain covered by the surface film. Adults are most frequently found at rest on waterside vegetation, where they often appear rather sluggish. Swarming some- times can be observed in the evening, and I have taken one species at light. D. (P) aestivalis is often common in late summer, but several other species are found here more frequently during the winter months, which perhaps explains some of the lack of records. _ Here then are some notes on the species taken : — ~Diza (s.str.) nebulosa Meigen. This is our most highly ornate species with attractively-marked wings. I have taken only 1 ¢ on 2.x1.1961 from beside a small woodland spring-stream near my house. It probably breeds in this stream. D. (s.str.) nubilipennis Curtis. A common species near the numerous woodland spring-streams in the district. With us the adults begin to appear in July and continue right through the winter until the follow- ing April, although more than one generation is probably concerned here. In January I have seen it swarming in company with the Chironomid Brillia modesta Meigen, and only really hard weather keeps the species down. I have found the larvae in a stream near its source at a spring. The easiest way to collect them was to pull up a clump of the waterside Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium oppositifolium. L., when the dark brown larvae showed up clearly against the whitish stems and roots of the plant. Attempts at rearing these larvae failed, but the connection between them and the adults was demonstrated by placing an emergence trap over the stream at the spot where they occurred thus:collecting emerged imagines. Twice during September 1961 males were attracted to our lighted house windows, these being the only Dixa species I have so far found in this fashion. —-' D. (s.str.) dilatata Strobl. ups saiilice Clavicornia, — a Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Phytophaga and Rhynacho- ee phora, and including the Strepsiptera. — tse KE. F. uae F.Z.S., F.R.ES., F.R.P.S._ This Gwen work on one of the largest pe or British insects, gives a_ full description of all ‘the common species found in this country, as well as most of the rare ones. The beautifully executed illustrations, — in colour as well as in black and white, add greatly to the value of the book, which also contains numerous text oS i figures and diagrams. aa . Reerse Si : 2 chs a i Algioiate the Coleoptera are a clearly-defined ‘awit aes sy : evidently a distinct order, the members comprising its Rem 2a nevertheless differ ery from each other: a : the | tion has been—and continues to ne ‘matte ‘of sake difficulty. However, the usefulness of “keys” is not to be : ee when dealing with such a vast ascent a of ing the greatest possible number of iTlustrainaee Bes as” many species as possible, which, at the same time, will also serve as characteristic representatives of the fami lies whereof they are members. Such illustrations con sequently constitute a Pictorial | Key to the families. First Series : 19 plates in full colour, ise con 20 plates in black-and-white. a ‘Second Series : 44 plates in full colour, oe ei 43 plates: in black-and-white. FREDERICK WARNE & Co. Led. 1-4 Bedford Cait Strand, London, W.C.2 es Studies in the Geography of Lepidoptera, VII: Theories of the origin of the West Palearctic and World Faunae By E. FP. Wiutsurre, F.R.E.S. CONTENTS Introduction ... sa 8 aif ee ue as ue 2. QS The theories; a selective bibliographical summary: ... ate 3730 I. Orthodox theories _... om” AL AS hie is BY 130 Il. Mobilist theories... LES ee aA ey Os Esetey ts) III. Intermediate theories me Ba a4 Ms, My Ly AS Critical discussion : A. Old and new theories; factual data ... ahs ds MS 7 B. Scope of theories and points at issue... at sad LUNGS C. Procedure and _ criteria ... 2 Me hs aes LA Oo D. Provisional conclusions ns AL He 1G Lie AED, OM References he ie oh 49 Lf 89 im EO 144938 Introduction. A provisional classification of lepidoptera exists, and although much work remains to be done in many families, their taxonomy and prob- ably their phylogeny are, in principle, ascertainable. Their present distribution and ecology are likewise ascertainable, and they can be classed accordingly. In the third article in this series (1945) the range- categories of West Palearctic Lepidoptera were tabulated, and it was stressed that these should not be confounded with origin-categories, as origin is more speculative. The fossil record of lepidoptera is compara- tively deficient, so that both place and period of origin are theoretical. By correlating geographical, taxonomic and geological data, however, writers have deduced both places and periods of origin. As further geological discoveries are made and new techniques applied, the truth or fallacy of these theories will become apparent; doubtless future zoo- geographers will arrive at theories somewhat different from those now current. The present article endeavours to summarise the latter critically Comparatively few British lepidopterists of the present generation are interested in zoogeography, and those few (see Beirne 1947 and Ford 1945) seem preoccupied with assessing the period in which species entered the British Isles. This point of history is less speculative, because less remote than the kind of origin with which this article deals, it is only the last step in a far longer story. The origin of the species, still more of the genera, of the British fauna is, of course, much older than their date of entry into Britain; no biogeographer has supposed that there is a centre of origin in the British Isles. Many European writers also look no further back than the periods envisaged by Beirne and Ford. The fact that entomologists use ‘‘origin’’ in different senses has had a confusing effect on their writings about it. *The previous article in this series was in 1956 (see References at end). 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 13/11/1962 The origin of a migrant usually means the origin of a given example, o; wave of immigrants. Historical origin of a species or fauna, however, refers to both time and place, the time being always geological ; phylogeny is often involved. Even migrants have a history involving these considerations, but harder to deduce than the history of more sedentary species. The history of the components of a fauna, to be complete, should con- sist of a series of origins for progressively higher taxonomic groups and progressively remoter periods; the place of each origin may or may not have changed, but in most cases doubtless will have. Following this series back, the ultimate goal, for a lepidopterist, will be the ancestor for the whole order, and probably its place of evolution cannot con- vincingly be deduced from any data now available or likely to be found. The present review, however, will shew that at least one author has sug- gested both place and period for a whole family, while another has not shrunk from suggesting the period of origin of the ancestor of all lepidoptera. This review endeavours, not only to summarise the substance but also to analyse the arguments and criteria that have appeared in the literature on West Palearctic lepidoptera of the past forty years; this may facilitate a later evaluation of the same. No attempt will be made here to judge finally between the theories. A North American writer on world faunae has been included, as his views are relevant to the above, and it is necessary, at least, to some extent, to see the West Palearctic in the wider perspective. The theories: a selective bibliographical summary. Although this article is primarily concerned with lepidoptera, it is not possible to overlook the writings of those dealings with other groups, as some of these have greatly influenced the lepidopterists, and there is a general assumption that terrestrial faunae and florae have had a similar history. The authors here considered therefore are as follows, those in capitals writing on lepidoptera: (I) Orthodox: Scharff, Veriry, Carapsa, Peyerimhoff, Bovurstn, LatTIn, WAGENER. (II) Mobilist: Hertne, Jeannel. (III) Intermediate: ALBERTI, CLEU, FORBES. While the theories of the orthodox group are far from identical, the geological data of the mobilist group are radically different for certain areas of the world and the remoter periods. I. Orthodox theories, following Wallace and Scharff. Present Holarctic forms are derived from a N.E. Asian early- Tertiary centre of origin (Arcto-Tertiary fauna) (Wallace). An Atlantic or Lusitanian element in Western Europe wag the earliest to reach the British Isles; affinities between some of its com- ponents and the fauna of the Antilles must be explained by a trans- atlantic land-bridge, ‘‘Archatlantis’. Oriental migrants into Europe were of mixed Central, Southern and Western Asian origin; their immigration continued through much of the Tertiary but they reached STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 31 the British Isles rather later than the Lusitanian; the Alpine element is probably of Central Asian origin; later immigrants were the Arctic and Siberian types, the latter being typified by the larger of two races of Red Deer (Scharff). The present Kuropean fauna is: almost entirely of N.E. Asian (Verity), entirely of Angaran origin (Caradja). There have been three successive waves of migration from this centre during the Tertiary and Pleistocene, conditioned by the presence or absence of inland seas; the first, or southern in the mid- Tertiary, advanced from China along the Altin Tag into Persia and Turkey, thence either into 8. Greece, Italy, Sicily, Tunisia and Spain, or southwards via Egypt to the same goal; the second, or central, later in the Tertiary along the Tian Shan into Persia, thence into Hurope via Greece and the Balkans; and the third, or northern, after the Pleistocene Glaciations, from Siberia via Russia. It is possible to detect races (Scharff), or ‘‘exerges’’ (Verity) in most of the present species of Europe or N. Africa corresponding to these three migrations. (An exerge is a group of local races characterised by common characters; Verity refused to use the term ‘“‘subspecies’’ for such). (Verity’s theory, of course, implies that during the Tertiary, except in few cases where he recognises closely related species as representing his exerges, evolution has only been infra-specific; he chooses to consider N.E. Asia as, in the main, a specific centre). Petersen (1924) suggested that the post-glacial immigrants came not from Siberia but from a Ural refuge, which repopulated both Europe and Siberia; but this alternative, mentioned in Hering (1925), finds no later support. The ‘‘widely extending uniformity of forms’’ not only of the typically European (Siberian) but of the Boreal, Mediterranean and Eremic faunae, is a sign of their common origin, this being Angaran. Although the late Tertiary Palearctic fauna of Eurasia was less differentiated than the Recent, the northern fringe was even then occupied by Boreal specialists and the southern by Eremic specialists. The Ice Age itself, however, is mainly responsible for the differentiations and speciations now observable (Caradja). ‘West Palearctic beetle genera are either (i) diffuse, (11) Holarctic (111) Eurasian, or (iv) endemic West Palearctic. The first are mostly of Tropical origin, the second Arcto-Tertiary, the third the results of the Oligo-Miocene desiccation of certain Eurasian lands, the fourth prob- ably Paleo-tropical relicts; these inhabit Macaronesia, N.W. Africa, the Iberian peninsula, etc.; there is no transatlantic bridge, as the few related elements common to the Antilles and Macaronesia are Arcto- Tertiary forms driven south by climatic deterioration (Peyerimhoff). The world distribution of the genus Cucullia resembles that of Colias; it is an Arcto-Tertiary genus but contains two Eurasian groups each with a characteristic distribution: (i) a Compositae-feeding group which contains 14 West-Chinese endemics, (‘‘Angaran Paleo- endemisms’’); and (ii) the Verbascum-feeding group in N, Africa, S. Kurope and S.W. Asia; these patterns may indicate different centres of origin (Boursin 1941); altogether there are four recognisable Pale- arctic centres of origin: the Palearctic-Pacific, the Angaran from which the Euro-Siberian elements are derived, the Caucaso-Iranian and the 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 Atlantic-Mediterranean; each centie has produced several ecological types (Boursin, 1943). The late Piiocene Eurasian fauna was, as Caradja said, compara- tively uniform; it was sub-tropical, however, and was not entirely of Angaran origin, as certain genera, now concentrated in West Pale- arctic, indicate a Mediterranean centre of origin. The Kurasian glacial refuges are the most important centres of origin for the Palearctic fauna, and the Mediterranean ones for the European fauna; many wide- spread late Tertiary Eurasian species, however, had several Glacial refuges. (Lattin). ; The genus Melanargia has more present forms in Western than Eastern Kurasia; its Far Eastern forms are more primitive, but its centre of origin (early Tertiary) was located in Fenno-Sarmatia; only one species, an ancestral form, inhabited this centre, which is a generic centre; most of the existing species have only evolved recently, under the stimulus of Pleistocene climatic changes. (Wagener). (Compare this with Verity). If. Mobilist theories, following Wegener and du Toit. Jeannel is the great entomological exponent of the Wegenerian theory; Hering was earlier but more reserved. These geological theories are of greater moment to world faunistic history, and the history of the higher categories, than to that of West Palearctic and its lower taxonomic groups. They contain two different concepts which are independent of each other, Continental Drift and Polar Shift. The former is more relevant to world theories, but the latter is of consider- able importance to the history of the West Palearctic faunae, especially for the mid-Tertiary and earlier periods. (a) Continental drift. The present continents are themselves the centrifugal fragments of a single ancient continent, Gondwanaland; the first and most important rupture in this block was a fissure, beginning between South Africa and Antarctica, extending between South Africa and South America, and gradually widening, and ending in the Pliocene in the formation of the Arctic Ocean between Greenland and North Eurasia. The fact that the Brazilian and West African coastlines correspond like pieces in a jigsaw puzzle probably inspired this theory, for which there is other evidence too. During the Mesozoic Period, when the process of drift was half completed, three great centres of origin existed: Laurentia (Gin N. America), Angara (in E. Asia), and Gondwanaland (principally Africa, with a detached fragment in South America). (b) Polar Shift. The earth’s poles have in successive geological periods changed their position relative to the continental masses; no other explanation is required to account for the presence of sub-tropical or tropical fossil types in what is now sub-arctic territory and which the orthodox doc- trine explains by postulating a wider sub-tropical zone than the present. Former periods had ice caps, temperate zones, arid zones, tropical zones as to-day, concentric on shifting poles and often oblique to present latitudinal zones, The first of these two concepts made it no longer necessary to invoke, STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA ay as Scharff had done, improbable inter-continental land-bridges to ex- plain distributional anomalies. The second, however, if accepted, will necessitate more thorough geological explorations over a great part of the globe’s surface before assumptions, made under the orthodox doctrine, can continue to be accepted ; under the latter, with Poles not moving through the ages, a thorough geological investigation of a small sector of a latitudinal zone (e.g. Europe) provided evidence of climates, fauna and flora which could be accepted as indicating similar conditions for the same periods over the whole latitude. One can, of course, accept the first, without accepting the second of these two theories or concepts. Wegenerian doctrine, as expounded by Jeannel, also stresses that orthodox geologists’ classifications are based principally on marine deposits which are insignificant during geocratic periods such as the Montian and Pontian; such periods, however, are those of supreme importance in the history of terrestrial faunae, as the transcontinental seas were then at their lowest and smallest, permitting freer inter- changes of faunae and florae. Europe was not a Mesozoic centre but began to receive the faunae of Gondwanaland and Angara in the Montian (end of Cretaceous) after a long submersion. The Angaran elements entered Europe via the Northern Aegeis (Balkans); but access to Europe for the Angaran fauna was again interrupted in the Eocene and Oligocene by inland seas. The African (Gondwanaland) elements entered Europe via the Southern Aegeis (Anatolia). Approaching more recent times, the Wegenerian doctrine, as expounded by Jeannel, approximates to the orthodox; the next geogratic period was the Pontian (Upper Miocene) ; during this the Sahara was a sea, but a single land-block (‘‘Mesogeis’’) united the Iberian Peninsula with the Caucasus; in this period, how- ever. Macaronesia became finally separated from Morocco, and the straits of Gibraltar came into existence. The later geological history of Europe consists of a succession of marine transgressions and minor geocratic periods followed by the Pleistocene glaciations (Jeannel). Hering considered that Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift pro- vided the best explanation hitherto offered for the distribution of re- lated Hepialid genera peculiar to S. Africa and Australia, of Castniid genera, peculiar to S. America (Castnia) and Australia (Synemon), and Megalopygid genera, two of which are found in Africa and the rest, much more richly developed, in S. America only; one of the African genera is Somabrachys which has but three species, all distributed along the N. African coast, i.e. a West Palearctic range. (Hering, & Wilt- shire, 1949). Counter-argument: these disjunct patterns may be explained by an ancestor of world-wide distribution which has died out everywhere else. (Forbes 1926). ITT. Intermediate theories. Theories which are not vitally affected by whether Wegenerian doc- trine is correct or not, may be termed ‘‘intermediate’’. Alberti may be classed here, though in fact his only mobilism is to suggest that the equator passed through N. Egypt in the Middle Tertiary. Cleu can 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 also be classed here, though a staunch follower of Jeannel because his particular field of study is the rather limited one of the West Mediter- ranean, and certain bioncenoses of southern France. The theories of Forbes, though in 1926 he was critical of Wegenerian doctrine, dealt with period rather than place, and so are unaffected by the controversy. Alberti is the only lepidopterist to base his theories on a revision of a, whole family on a world-wide basis; in scope he comes nearest to doing for this order what Jeannel did for Coleoptera. The Indo-Chinese area was, in the earliest Tertiary, perhaps earlier, the centre of origin of the Zygaenidae, as its most primitive types are now found there, Less advanced types, ancestral to the West Palearctic, are found in Ethiopia which was therefore a secondary centre of origin; from there the ancestors of the Zygaeninae and Procridinae (sub-families characteristic of Western Palearctic) probably underwent a further development in the Middle Tertiary in the Egyptian-Arabian area, which has since become dessicated and uninhabitable by their descendants. The generic centres of origin of both Zygaena and Procris are in the Ana- tolian-Iranian area, which is still inhabited by fairly primitive relict- species of both. From this centre they spread east and west, but the westward branch speciated particularly richly. (Alberti). A study of the specific range-patterns of South French lepidoptera indicates six main types: a fauna with headquarters in the Iberian peninsula, to be explained by an Atlanto-Mediterranean centre of origin (‘‘an ecological area of refuge and evolution’’); a second with an East Mediterranean or Antolian-Iranian centre corresponding to Verity’s central migration; thirdly, a Eurasian montane group, with a somewhat similar history to the second; fourthly, a purely European, Alpine group (Hrebia, etc.) which is doubtless an archaic endemic element, perhaps with a Balkan centre of origin; fifthly a Boreo-Alpine croup; and sixthly, a majority group of Euro-Siberian species. The two Mediterranean centres date from the middle and early Tertiary, when they received not only Arcto-Tertiary stocks (e.g. Lithophane) but also a few African ones (e.g. Pachypasa). (Cleu). We must now take a big leap into the remoter past with our final theorist, who postulates no place for his beginnings: the most primitive Rhopalocera family, the Papilionidae, originated in the Jurassic Age; the Micropterygidae, in the Permian; Lepidoptera as an order, in the Carboniferous. (Forbes). CRITICAL DISCUSSION A. Old and new theories; factual data A lepidopterist writing on the geography and history of his subject matter will have before him the factual data of his own science, and the historical theories and factual data of geologists, paleontologists and biogeographers; these theories are here termed ‘‘old’’; his own may be new. An old theory is often accepted as doctrine or data, and the taxonomic and distributional facts are interpreted in that light, or even made to fit it. Thus Verity and Caradja follow Wallace and Scharff’s theory of the origin of the Holarctic Arcto-Tertiary forms. Thus, too, Jeannel follows Wegener and du Toit, accepting mobilism as a working hypothesis. Their theories are not new though doubtless STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 35 they were the first to apply them to certain insects. The lepidopterist, on the other hand, may only accept, as his data, the less controversial and less speculative of paleontological doctrine ; correlating these with the distributional and taxonomic facts of his own science he may, as it were, sit in judgment on the more con- troversial and more speculative. Thus Hering finds the Wegenerian theory the best available explanation for the disjunct distribution of certain related groups; thus, too, Wagener suggests an early Tertiary Fenno-Sarmatian centre of origin for the genus Melanargia; in the first case the lepidopterist after a critical judgment has approved an old theory, in second he has proposed a new and original theory. Whether his theory is, in the above sense, new or old, he will usually employ a procedure, and mention certain criteria or evidence, in support of the theory he puts forward; where he offers no evidence, his theory is ‘‘purely hypothetical’ or even arbitrary. B Scope of theories and points at issue A complete historical theory about a (i) species, (11) genus or sub- genus, (iii) tribe, (iv) sub-family, (v) family, (vi) sub-order, (vii) order, should state : (a) the length of time it has occupied its present distribution ; (b) length of time it has been specifically (if a species, etc.) identical with its present (or original) form; (c) period and centre where it speciated or evolved. If the history is carried back to stage (v) a remote geological era will doubtless have been reached where the paleontological data available do not permit the centres of origin to be deduced at all precisely. Many authors, aware that their theories are increasingly speculative as they proceed from stage (i) to (ii), and so on, have confined their theories to local races (Beirne, Ford) and do not even look as far back as (i): such authors are those especially interested in a local fauna. A history of West Palearctic species or faunae will be principally concerned with stages (i)-(v); of world faunae with (ii1)-(vil1). The points at issue, when we come to compare different theories, are, not the scope, which it may be wise to limit, but: time, place, migration, extinction, and rate of evolution. C. Procedure and criteria: pure hypothesis Perhaps dissatisfied at the variance in theories offered, some authors have laid down principles for reconstructing histories of faunae, species, genera, etc.; these principles usually include procedure, some- times recommend criteria too. If we summarise these, we find a conflict between some : — 1. If considering a local fauna, one should first eliminate from the list: (i) species that human agency has favoured (unless very recent history is being reconstructed) (Beirne, Wiltshire) ; (ii) migrants ; (11) vagrants and ecologically plastic species ; (iv) those whose biology is obscure (Wiltshire, Daniel & Wolfsberger). 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 2. Distribution-patterns of unrelated species of a given local fauna fall into a few types; these range-categories of species have a common history and centre of origin, at least to some extent. (Cleu, Boursin, Lattin). 3. Centres of origin can be deduced or confirmed by the following criteria : (i) concentrations of related forms (Lattin, Boursin, Wilt- shire) ; (ii) richness and diversity of genera (Jeannel); (iii) presence of endemic genera (Boursin). 4. Discontinuity of range indicates antiquity (Scharff, and most authors, including Hering and Forbes, despite their different views (see p. 6 above); both those views accept high antiquity as explaining the cases discussed). 5. The present location of the most primitive forms of a group indicates its centre or origin (Caradja, Alberti). Counter- argument :—Most primitive forms now existing have descended from a more primitive ancestor which has died out and may have originated elsewhere (Wagener, Jeannel). 6. Secondary and tertiary (not in the geological sense of these words) centres of origin can be deduced from the present geographical location of phylogenetically derived forms (Alberti). (N.B.—The counter-argument of extinction of an ancestor may be met by postulating a centre of origin for the extinct ancestor different from the present location of the next most primitive, extant, form.) (Alberti, Wagener.) 7. The central point of a species’ range is its centre of origin. (Hering.) (The counter-argument of extinction at some points might be invoked against this.) 8. ‘‘A wide uniformity of forms’’ in different ecofaunae indicates the common origin of these ecofaunae. (Caradja, Boursin.) 9. Generic range-patterns are more important than _ specific; taxonomic revision of the group studied is necessary. (Peyerim- hoff.) Revisions for this purpose should be phylogenetic; some old classifications are practical rather than phylogenetic. (Alberti). 10. (a) Ecofaunae rather than specific range-categories are the units for which a common history may be inferred. (Stegmann, Uvarov.) (b) Both range-categories and ecofaunae contain elements with different histories; both require closer analysis. For lepidoptera, a unit, lower than the ecofauna which is useful, is the foodplant- group; but even these groups contain some elements which, on phylogenetic and geographical grounds, appear to have had different histories. (Wiltshire, Cleu.) 11. Ecology, especially diet, may be used in deducing period of origin. (Forbes.) It is now necessary to say something of the theories unsupported by criteria such as the above. These should not have been advanced without a discussion of the point at issue, preferably showing that there is no other acceptable alternative for the unsupported theory. Py STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA 37 A striking example of such a theory is the slow rate of speciation which Verity, compared with later writers, proposed for nearly all the Rhopalocera of Europe. It seems likely that the reason why Verity did not discuss this point was that he accepted as doctrine Scharff’s similar theory of the origin of European races of red deer. The rather different theories of Lattin and Wagener, that the origin of many of the European species is later in the Tertiary or even as recent as the Pleistocene, were published very much later. In most other cases where a writer advances no criteria to support his theory it is also because it is an old theory, which he accepts as doctrine; but Jeannel differs from these, as he expounds the arguments in favour of the mobilist theories before using them as a working hypothesis. It is almost impossible for a lepidopterist to verify or assess all the relevant geological data. Much of what we all accept as factual data may be no more than false theory due to mistaken interpretation of fossils, etc., by geologists. D. Provisional conclusions We are still far from the day when paleogeographers can provide us with a detailed and accepted account of the climatic and topographical changes of all the regions of the world for all periods relevant to our purpose, with maps showing lands, seas, mountains and vegetation zones; but such alone will furnish a firm basis with which to correlate the present distributional and taxonomic data. At present, on the contrary, one often reads works in which the entomologist offers his conclusions as evidence for or against the theories of paleogeographers. The earlier lepidopterists, of those here reviewed, tended to accept the old theories of Wallace and Scharff uncritically; later writers have been more critical and some have proposed new theories. Some have deduced, from similar facts, conflicting theories; different conclusions for different groups of lepidoptera are, however, periectly compatible, unless there is a very close analogy between the groups concerned. A uniform rate of evolution and speciation between different groups, or even between different members of one group, is not necessary; but criteria justifying a given rate have not been given, and some of the conflicting theories on the subject seem arbitrary. Conflicts of opinion regarding centres of origin are partly due to doubt or confidence in the criterion of the present location of representative species. Basic con- flicts of opinion are inevitable when authors accept as doctrine irrecon- cilably opposed theories. No synthesis is possible between the concept of a stable and that of a shifting pole, except for the later Tertiary and Pleistocene periods. The theory of continental drift is now widely accepted as preferable to that of trans-oceanic land-bridges; but some authors consider that there is a third theory, more satisfactory as long as the Wegenerian theory is not fully established, to account for con- tinental disjunct distributions, namely the extinction of a more wide- spread ancestor. Many criteria used can, as shown, be countered by similar arguments to this third theory; a theory should therefore be supported by other criteria also, before it can be considered probable. A theory supported by no criterion is purely hypothetical and cannot be considered as probable unless no alternative explanation exists. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/11/1962 The present survey is not the place for the exhaustive evaluation of the procedure, criteria and theories summarised; even were one to sift them and select what seem the best conclusions, these would still have to be considered provisional, since probably future geologists, and perhaps even entomologists phylogeneticists too, will revise the data which current authors have had to accept. REFERENCES Alberti, B. 1954. ‘‘Uber die stammegeschichtliche Gliederung der Zygaenidae nebst Revision einiger Gruppe’. Mitt. aus. d. Mus. Humb.-Univ. Berlin, 30: H. 2-3. Beirne, B. P. 1947. ‘The origin and history of the British Macrolepidoptera”’. Trans. R. ent. Soc. London, 98. Boursin, C. 1944. ‘Die Cucullia-arten aus Dr. Hones China-Ausbeuten”’. Jris, 55: 28-84. ———, 1943. ‘“‘Sur une Conistra nouvelle de la Faune atlantc-méditerranéenne”. Mem. Mus. d Hist. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., 18: F. 4, 161-190. Caradja, A. 1934. ‘‘Herkunst und Evolution der Palearktischen Lepidopteren- fauna’. Int. Ent. Zeit. Guben., 28: 217-223, 235-236, 261-4, 287-292, 361-6, 381-5. f 1933. “Gedanken uber Herkunst und Evolution der europaeischen Lepidopteren’’. Ent, Rundsch., 50: 213-7, 236-40, 245-8. Cleu, H. 1945. ‘‘Principes de biogéographie régionale, et notes sur le peuplement du bassin moyen du Rhone’. Rev. Fr. @Ent., 12: 17-136. 1947. “‘Le peuplement en lepidopteres du bassin supérieur de la Durance. Mem. du Mus. Nat. @Hist. nat., 20: F. 3, 141-188. ———. 1950. ‘Les faunes entomologiygues Méditerranéennes dans le bassin du Rhone, et leur rapports avec les éléments de la flore’. Mem. Mus. Nat. ad’ Hist. n. s., 30: f. 3. . 1953. “Biogéographie et peuplement entomologique du Bassin de VArdeche’’. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 129. Daniel & Wolfsberger, 1955. ‘‘Die Fohrengebiete des Alpenraumes als Refugien warmliebender Insekten. I. Der. Kaunerberghang im Ober-Inntal’’. Zeits. d. Wiener Ent. Ges., 4Q: 13-136. Forbes, W. T. M. 1926. (Book review.) Entom. News., 37: 309-12. ———. 1932. ‘“‘How old are the Butterflies?” The Amer. Nat., 66: Sept.-Oct. ———. 1958. ‘Caterpillars as botanists’. Proc. X. In. Congr. Entom. TI. Abstract. Ford, E. B. 1945. ‘Butterflies’. Collins, London. Ch. 14. Hering, M. 1925. ‘Biologie der Schmetterlinge’’. Springer, Berlin. Jeannel, R. 1942 ‘La Génése des Faunes Terrestres’’. Presses Universitaires de France. Lattin, G. de. 1949. ‘‘Beitrage zur Geographie die Mittelmeergebietes”. Verh. deutsch. Zool. Kiel., 1948: 9. Leipzig. ———. 1950. “Uber die zoogeographische Verhaltnisse Vorderasiens’’. id. Marburg, 1950. Leipzig. ——.. 1952. “Zur Evolution der westpalearktischen Lepidopterenfauna”’. Decheniana, 105/6. Bonn. ——. 1956. ‘Die Ausbreitungszentren des westpalearktischen Landtierwelt’’. Verh. d. deutsch. Zool, Hamburg, 1956. Leipzig. Peyerimhoff, P. de. 1946. ‘Les coleoptéres des Atlantides et lélément atlantique’’. Soc. de Biogeog. Mem., 8. Le Chevalier, Paris. Scharff, R. F. 1899. ‘‘The history of the European fauna’’. London. Stegmann, B. K. 1936. ‘On the principles of the zcogeographical division of the Palearctis as the basis of a study of types of its Ornithofauna’’. Summarised by B. P. Uvarov in: Nature, 139: pp. 492-4. Petersen, W. 1924. ‘“‘Lepidopteren-fauna von Esthland’’. (Reval) mentioned in Hering (1925) and Reinig (1937): ‘‘Die Holarktis’’ (Fischer, Jena.). Uvarov, B. P. 1953. ‘‘Some effects of past climatic changes on the distribution of African Acrididae’. Trans. IX. Int. Ent. Congr. Verity, R. 1926. ‘“‘The geographical variation of Coenonympha pamphilus’’. Zeits. Wiss. Insektembiol., 21. . 1940. ‘Le farfalle diurne d’Italia”’. I. p. x. (Florence). NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 39 Wagener, S. 1961. ‘‘Monographie der ostasiatischen Formen der Gattung Melanargia’. Pt. 3, ch. 6, pp. 179 ff. (Zoologica, 108: 39, pts. 1, 2, 3; W. E. Ankel, Giessen; Schweizerbarth, Stuttgart.) Wallace, R. A. 1876. ‘“‘The geographical distribution of animals’. London. Wiltshire, E. P. 1945. ‘‘Studies in the geography of lepidoptera, III, the zoogeographical classification of West Palearctic species’. The Entom., 78, Aug.-Sept.* ——. 1949. “id. V. The Egyptian Fauna; its components, distribution and probable history’. Bull. Soc. Fouad. I. Ent., 33: pp. 432 ff. -———, 1950. ‘‘Some notes on the Shatt el Arab oasis and its insects’. Ent. Rec., 62. ——. 1956. ‘Studies in the geography of lepidoptera, VI. A new suggestion regarding the history of the Swallow-tail butterfly in the British Isles”. Ent. Rec., 68, Nov. ———. 1957. ‘‘The Lepidoptera of Iraq’. Kaye, London. *CORRIGENDA to above article (Wiltshire, 1945). The following corrections, to be made to the above article, may conveniently be mentioned here. For two range-categories I now prefer to cite different type-species: for the ETHIOPIAN, instead of C. florella, which also inhabits Ceylon, Papilio demodocus L. should be substituted; and for the EURO- SIBERIAN, instead of Papilio machaon, which also inhabits N. America, Vanessa io L. should be substituted. Notes on the Microlepidoptera By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S. Argyroploce schulziana Fabr. Mr. E. S. A. Baynes recently sent me a specimen of this moth to be checked, which was taken on Achill Island on July 21st 1961. So far as I know, it represents a new range of colour in the moth. Although the markings are identical in pattern with others in my possession and the silvery ground is the same, their colour is a dark chocolate. My Yorkshire and Scottish specimens are a bright crimson-brown and those from Wolmer Forest (where I hope it still occurs, as IT do not know of any recent search for it there) are almost pure crimson in tint. It is rather curious that these extreme western Irish specimens are of a comparatively dull colour, as most insects of the genus found there are rather brilliant. This is particu- larly the case with A. cespitana Hiibn. Where this insect is found on the edge of the sea in west Cork and Kerry it is a bright red-gold and looks most beautiful when sitting on the cushions of thrift on the rocks by the beach. Argyroploce doubledayana Barr. JI wonder whether anyone has taken this moth recently. It is one of the few for which I have searched really hard that has completely baffled me. Barrett says that in 1871 it was tolerably common at Ranworth, and that more recently it had been found at Wicken. I have never met anyone who has taken it at Wicken, and the only capture I have heard of in this century was by the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, who found it not uncommon at Ranworth in 1920. He gave me the exact locality, which was the piece of marsh at the angle where the Ranworth cut (or dyke) turns into the Bure when approaching it from Horning. Here the moth was taken flitting over the sedge and marsh fern in the late afternoon and early evening. Tf visited the place at least a dozen times in late July and early August in 1922 and 1924, and did not see a single specimen, and W. G. Sheldon was equally unsuccessful. Sheldon, however, gave me two examples from Charles Fenn’s series, which he had purchased. AO ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, Vol. 74 15/11/1962 Insect Movements in 1961 By H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S. IT have advisedly used the title ‘insect movements’’, as I wish to note a few which were probably not visitors from abroad Butterflies of the immigrant class were very scarce during the whole season, we had a few Vanessa atalanta L. in May and early June, and it became common as usual from late August until October. V cardui IL. was a complete absentee until October 8th, when my wife drew my attention to a very battered specimen on Michaelmas daisies in the garden. This was probably an immigrant as I have had reports of others turning up for the first time this year during the first days of October in other parts of the country. During May I saw a few Plusia gamma 1... Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Hapalia martialis Guen. and the gamma continued in equally small numbers through June. [ was absent in Ireland in July, and on my return gamma continued to be equally scarce until September 18th, when the trap was completely choked with them; there were over 500 and as I do not use an anaes- thetic, I have no doubt many more got away. When I came down to the trap in the early morning, the scales of the jostling insects were going up like a column of steam, This phenomenon was exactly re- peated on September 20th. On the 18th there were no insects of merit in the trap, only a number of Amathes c-nigrum J. and A. xantho- grapha Fabr., but on the 20th there was a very small male Aporophyla nigra Haw. This is, so far as I am aware, a completely new record for Essex; the moth, which was no bigger than A. lutulenta Borkh. was fresh but had rather badly damaged ciliae, probably due to the ructions going on in the trap. Its appearance with this huge swarm of gamma and its very small expanse, much below that of my series from various places on the south coast, suggest it may possibly have been an immi- grant. I saw no more martialis excepting one perfect specimen on October 5th. The feature of the year here, as elsewhere, was the number of Nycterosia obstipata Fabr. These began on September 11th and con- tinued until December 4th, when, after a gap since October 12th, I counted the thirty-first specimen. These were in all conditions from perfect to almost unrecognisable, and were not confined to the trap; I saw two on fences in the town and caught another beaten out of a hedge. This moth provided my greatest disappointment of the year; on September 3rd I found sitting on a trellis in my garden a very large perfect female ab. olivacea Mathew. When I tried to box it, it slipped into my neighbour’s garden, and although I went round, I saw it no more. I have never heard of ab. olivacea being found wild, or, indeed of any specimens since those bred by Mathew. The immigrant wainscots mostly passed me by; I took a damaged male Leucania albipuncta Fabr. on August 6th, and a worse male L. vitellina Hiibn. on 29th September. Both were in my garden trap and both were released. On September 17th Mr. David More telephoned me that he had found a Rhodometra sacraria L. in his trap. I suggested he should look at the stubble field surrounding his house for more, and two hours STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY. A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 4l later he rang up to tell me he had taken another, and fetched me over to try for more. We worked this and a neighbouring field for a couple of hours; Mr. More saw no others, but I was lucky enough to net one. The field had been rough ploughed so that most of the pupae had probably perished. I visited it and all the neighbouring stubbles on the 18th without result, and on 19th the field was burnt off. How- ever, on the 20th Mr. More found another in the trap which had probably survived in the grass verge. All four were males, pale yellow with a light brown streak. On September 21st Dr. Morley of Woodgrange Drive, Southend, told me at a meeting of our local Natural History Society that there was a white moth with crimson and black speckles in his bathroom which had probably flown in on the previous night. I said, of course, that I should much like to see it, and on the 22nd he brought it to me, squeezed into a very small waistcoat-pocket sized Bryant and May match box, a superb female Utetheisa pulchella L. which was luckily quite perfect. I kept her for 24 hours, and as she did not attempt to lay, I then killed and set her. It seems odd how often these immi- grant pulchella are perfect females, and also how rarely they lay. Mr. Austin Richardson tells me that he kept the one he netted on St. Agnes in 1959 for 24 hours without result, and that taken at Dunge- ness by Mr. Alan Kennard in 1960 laid only a few infertile eggs. In addition to the nigra already mentioned, I have had two other insect occurrences in the town which are difficult to account for. On June 24 I took a perfect male Ptycholomoides aeriferana H.-S. in my garden trap and on June 23rd Mr. D. Down took an equally perfect Lozotaeniodes formosana Frol. at light in his garden in the heart of Westcliff. There are, for all practical purposes, no larches or pines in the district, only a few odd ones in gardens, and there seems no doubt that a lot of these pine insects do a bit of cruising round ‘‘on spec’. Stigmella aceris Frey. A Species New to Britain By S. N. A. JAcoBs Finding myself in the strange state of having a few spare moments, I sat down to make an attempt at bringing some order to the many Nepticula mines which had accumulated since I first took an interest in the Nepticulidae under the stimulus of my friend Joseph Klimesch of Linz in 1930. These mines were pressed, one species to a page, of two blank specimen novel bindings, such as are supplied by binders to publishers, the serial number and history of each culture being pencilled on the appropriate page. IT set to work, putting the best specimens from each culture in transparent envelopes 23” square, on which full data had been written, and filing them in card boxes made to fit the envelopes in an upright position, thus acting in the way of a card index. Having filled the first box, I sent it to my old friend A. G. Carolsfeld-Krause of Copenhagen for his comments, though it may have been rather cruel to impose yet another task on so busy a man. I was exceedingly pleased, on hearing from him, to learn that culture 1/49 was undoubtedly Stigmella aceris Frey a species previously unrecorded from Britain. 49 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 Mines of Stigmella aceris Frey. Natural size and enlarged. Five mines, all empty, were found on 20th August 1949, on a well- grown maple (Acer campestre) in a wind-break wood bordering a straw- berry field on Comp Farm, at Malling, Kent. From the accounts given by Spuler, Schutze and Hering, it would seem that I was about three weeks or a month late for finding the larvae in occupation. Four of the mines were fairly strongly contorted, the fifth was almost straight, running along the side of the midrib of the leaf. They all seemed to commence from the outer regions of the leaf, and work towards the base. At first the mines showed sharp contortions, after which the larva seemed to work reasonably straight, following one direction for some time before turning to another. The outline of the mine was somewhat irregular, but steadily widening. for the first half of the mine’s length, the frass is green, evenly distributed in rather loose, small pellets, and for about another quarter, the frass line, still green, almost fills the mine, but shows a very narrow clear margin on each side, and STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY. A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 43 the frass is slightly thicker at the sides of the frass line, giving the impression of a dipterous mine, but the spread frass between the mar- gins is sufficient to confirm the lepidopterous character of the insect. Towards the final quarter of the mine, the side lines come sharply together, and the frass continues in a narrow, black, somewhat irregular central line, the larva leaving the final chamber by means of the conventional semicircular cut. Dictionary translations of the three references to this species in continental books in my possession are as under: Spuler: Die Schmetterlinge Europas II. (1910) p. 475. 30. aceris Frey., Pl. 91, Fig. 61: Golden brown shot with steel blue at the base, the band is wide, pale or golden yellow, the apex violet purple and the fringes almost white at the tips. Antennae black. Expanse 3:5 to 4:25 mm, In Germany, North Switzerland, Belgium and southern Holland, in May-June and again in August. Larva green, end June-July and late August-September in a long contorted mine in Acer campestre and A. platanoides. K. T. Schutze: Die Biologie der Kleinschmetterlinge (1931) p. 154, under Acer key ...... Sin a’ eallery” mines... Nepticula aceris Frey. Larva 6, 9, flight 5, 7. All Acer species. Gallery mine, long and wind- ing with dark brown frass, finally wide with central frass line. Cocoon smooth, brown (Sorhaugen). Mine when fresh is filled with green frass and is difficult to see. (Schm.). Note: The summer mines of [tho- colletis and Nepticula species are very much scarcer than the autumn mines; continuous hot and dry weather is fatal to most mining larvae. Hering: Die Blattminen (1935-37) p. 27: Nepticula aceris Frey. Mine very long, occasionally very straight. In the part with green frass it is completely filled and therefore is hardly visible. Larva green. The latter part of the mine widening, with fine black frass line, different from the remainder. While it may not be wholly commendable to report a species on the strength of its mine alone, I would point out that apart from the ex- pert testimony of Carolsfeld-Krause, the arrangement of the frass in the mine is sufficient to distinguish this species from any other of the Acer feeding Nepticuloid species. CELERIO EUPHORBIAE LINNAEUS (THE SpuRGE Hawk) IN NorFroLk.— There appear to be very few authentic accounts of the discovery of the larva in Britain of this, one of our rarest immigrant moths. It is therefore of interest to record that at. the end of August 1952, a full- grown larva of this species was found crossing a towing-path adjoining a marsh at Martham, Norfolk, by Mr. Bret Elphicke and Mr. D. J. S. Pugh, neither of whom are entomologists. Mr. Pugh, who lives at 1, Knole Paddock, Sevenoaks, and has kindly presented me with the specimen, tells me that the moth emerged in 1954 after being in the pupal stage for two years, and that soon after hatching, it deposited a few ova. The specimen has unfortunately been damaged by the larva of the carpet beetle (Anthrenus sp.), with the result that much of the abdomen is missing as well as a part of the inner marginal portion of hindwings nearest the base.—J. M. CuatmMers-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hard- courts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 20.1.1962. 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 Drepana curvatula Borkh.— A Hook-tip New to Britain PART TI. By G.’ BH. Younsmn, F-URLECS. On 13th August 1960, I found in my m.v. trap in my garden in Dover a female hook-tip, which I took to be a dark form of Drepana falcataria Linn. Ag I was about to leave for America, I handed the insect to- Mr. Dudley G. Marsh, with the comment, that there was a nice dark falcataria female and he might like to breed from it and let me have a few of the pupae when I returned, This he kindly agreed to do. PART II. By Dupiey G. Marsa I obtained ova from the female handed to me by Mr. Youden and had no difficulty in rearing the larvae on Betula—birch. At the end of October 1960 I had some 20 pupae. During mid-November 1960 I noticed three insects had emerged in the breeding cage. Two were considerably rubbed, the third was in very fair order. The former, though alive, had, no doubt, emerged some days before I made the dis- covery. These three insects were shown alive at a meeting of the Folkestone Natural History Society. I handed the remaining pupae to Mr. Youden and these emerged between 17th and 25th April 1961. Unfortunately, the parent became badly worn during egg-laying and was not kept, as it was thought to be falcataria. The total number to reach the moth stage was fifteen, two of which were males, PART III. By G. H. Youpen These insects have now been identified by several distinguished Entomologists at the South London Exhibition in October 1961 as Drepana curvatula Borkh. the only continental hook-tip not previously taken in England. As will be seen from Plate I, there are two central black spots on the forewing as in D. binaria Hufn., whereas D. falcataria has only one large spot. The cross line from the apex of the wing is distinctly continued through the hindwing. The general colour is of a deep violet-brown and the cross lines are red-brown. I wonder, now, when these differences have been pointed out, why I did not recognise the original moth as a foreigner! Seitz Vol. II, p. 199, comments that light specimens are similar to falcataria but usually are a good deal darker. Length of forewing is given as 15 to 17 mm. The largest of the bred specimens has a wing- span of 36 mm. The insect occurs in north and central Europe to central and southern Finland. Leon Lhomme, the leading French authority, mentions its presence in the Pas de Calais, but it is never so common as D. falcataria. This species has been crossed with falcataria and details are given in Seitz, who says the food plants are alder and oak, but it appears also to feed on birch. There are two broods, in May and August. Plate I shows 1 39 and 5 99 D. curvatula Borkh. and a ¢ and 9 D. faleataria Linn. for comparison. Dover. December 1961. VOL. 74 PLATE ! 1! Drepana curvatula Borkh, ¢. 26. QQ. 7-8. Drepana falcataria, g, 9. > * . ‘ = i =, * y vA . ‘- ’ ~~ BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIG DISTRICT, 1961 45 Butterflies in the Cranleigh District, 1961 By Major A. E. CoLLieR From the beginning of April until the end of September the past season, in this part of Surrey, was one of the most equable I have known. With moderate rainfall, usually at night; temperatures normal or above; two hot spells in June and August, and very little wind, there was hardly a day which was other than friendly to the lepi- dopterist. Unfortunately these splendid months were almost entirely unrewarding owing to the disastrous effect on most species of the excessively wet period in the preceding autumn and winter, when hibernating larvae in low herbage must have suffered very heavy casualties. In addition to such natural calamities we have the continual encroachment of agriculture or buildings on land that has been un- touched for generations, and an ever-increasing tempo in _ the destruction of the local oak forests, for agriculture rather than for afforestation, which latter would at least give some species a chance of survival. In spite of everything there were still butterflies to be looked at, occasionally even in large numbers. The Pieridae are never very strong in this locality, and this year Pieris napi L. were almost rare, whereas P. rapae L. were more plentiful. P. brassicae L. was seen occasionally, but for the second year in succession neither eggs nor larvae appeared on my winter greens. Leptidea sinapis L. started well on 10th May when half-a-dozen males were seen in a small wood, but subsequently it was unusual to come across more than one or two specimens in a day. Euchloe cardamines L. was much rarer than usual and its eggs were few and far between. Gonepteryx rhamni L. were very plentiful throughout the summer, but not a single specimen of Coleas croceus Fourcoy came my way. The Satyridae were, as usual, the most consistent and most rewarding family. Pararge aegeria L. were found in good numbers from 12th April onwards, and were particularly good late in the season on the mammoth blackberry crop. P. megera L. was uncommon in this neighbourhood, although it was noticeably plentiful on the South Downs in August. Eumenis semele L. was rarely seen, and my experience in attempting to breed it seems to show that its larva is very susceptible to excessive humidity. Maniola tithonus L. gave a good account of itself right up to the end of August, and MW. jurtina L. were flying in greater numbers in fields and on the downs than I have ever known them. Surprisingly, Ceononympha pamphilus L., usually such a stand-by, were greatly down in numbers, particularly late in the season. Aphantopus hyperantus L. did not quite approach their usual numbers, partly due to destruction of some of their habitats. The Nymphalidae were the greatest disappointment. Out of seven localities for OQlossiana euphrosyne L., only three produced more than an occasional insect. In one of these places twenty males were counted on 16th May, two days later the number had dropped to three, and no females and no more males were seen in subsequent visits. In the other two localities it was never possible to count more than forty with 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15.) 0 | 3862 males and females in their normal proportions. Argynnis selene Schiff. were even more disappointing, only two out of eight localities carrying moderately worth while numbers. Both euphrosyne and selene appeared to have survived best in those places which were open and exposed, and rather above the surrounding country, although it was apparent from the burnt up condition of the bracken and the ash trees that these open parts had suffered very severely from the air frost on 27th May. Mesoacidalia charlotta Haw. and Fabriciana cydippe L. were not seen locally this year, and only six males and one female of A. paphia L. came my way. Strangely enough the female was a very dark valezina but quite unapproachable. The most disastrous situation arose with Huphydryas aurinia Rott. In my best field I counted 45 webs of larvae on 20th February; and on 3lst March a careful count showed 1,200 larvae, partly separated and partly still in groups. There was very heavy rain from 20th to 26th April, and, judging by the silt on the vegetation, the marsh must, for a few hours, have been under water. On 23rd May four male aurinia were seen, but on subsequent visits no more of either sex were found. This marsh also carried a nice colony of selene, but these also failed to make their usual appearance. Presumably both aurinia and selene were destroyed by the temporary flooding of the field. . Vanessa atalanta L. was rarely seen until the autumn when three of them frequented my Michaelmas daisies until the end of October. V. cardui L. was only seen once locally on 16th May. Aglais urticae L. continues to disappear with the nettles in this part of Surrey; no larvae were encountered and only occasional single specimens were seen throughout the summer. Nymphalis io L. were even more rare, and none were seen in late summer. Polygonia C. album L., though not plentiful, is now more frequently seen than any of the preceding three in this part of Surrey, particularly in September on the ripe blackberries, and early in the season on the sallows. Apatura iris L. seems to have received its marching orders. Many habitats are now completely destroyed and in the best and most extensive area, where, at the end ot June on a perfect morning, I released two males and three females, not a single egg or larva was found during many hours of searching. Careful search in twenty-four other localities produced a total of five larvae only, where for many years over sixty could confidently be expected. Limenitis camilla J. continued on the downward path. No hibernacula were seen either locally or in the Chiddingfold woods, and only one undersized insect was seen near Cranleigh on 19th June. For the second year in succession I did not come across Hamearis lucina L., but one of its old haunts has recently been cleared, which may encourage its recovery. The Lycaenidae have been very disappointing. Aricia agestis Schiff. was rarely seen, and Polyommatus icarus Rott. never became at all common even on the local downs. Lysandra coridon Poda failed to improve on 1960, largely on account of increased grazing, and L. bellargus Rott. only just held its own against the never ending stream of collectors of type. Lycaenopsis argrolus L. remained discreetly out of sight and neither larvae nor eggs could be found in the autumn. Incidentally it is very difficult in this over-tidy part of Surrey to BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIG DISTRICT, 1961 A7 find buildings or walls which are ivy-covered. Lycaena phloeas L. was represented by half a dozen specimens in the course of the year, none at all being seen in the late summer. Callophrys rubi L. and Thecla betulae L. continued in small numbers, apparently unaffected by weather conditions, although eggs of the latter have been much harder to find this winter. Neither Quercusia quercus L. nor Strymon w. album Knock. were seen locally this year, but Strymonidea pruni L. celebrated its ninth and regrettably its last season in Surrey by being well out on 8th June. The place which I chose for its release in 1952 was a small clearing of about two acres in the heart of an oak forest quite unfrequented by anyone, well provided with banks of blackthorn, and with ashes and buckthorn round the perimeter. The place was an oasis of quiet beauty with thriving populations of selene, euphrosyne, aurinia, hyperantus, betulae and, up to a few years ago, paphia, cydippe, camilla and quercus. It was here that I was twice able to watch the courtship flight of paphia; in each case the female was a valezina, which flew steadily back and forth at a height of about twenty feet, while the male performed its series of characteristic loops under and over the female. Last month I found all the oaks round the clearing uprooted and the clearing itself a bulldozed mass of blackthorn and mud. From a few small bushes still standing I was able to rescue twenty betulae eggs, but everything else has gone forever, or until the cessation of subsidies, or competition from the Common Market, makes the cultivation of such marginal land unprofitable. There is not much to say about the Hesperiidae, but I did notice a marked drop in numbers of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda and of Ochlodes venata B. and G. The winter quarters of both these butterflies are particularly vulnerable when the grass is flattened into a dense mat, and remains sodden with rain for many months on end. Syrichtus malvae L. came through better, in its normal numbers, and Hrynnis tages L. appeared to have survived reasonably well. The generally equable six months will have been very favourable for egg-laying to all species, and the comparatively dry autumn and early winter should be helpful to the hibernating larvae. Where stocks exist at all it is pleasant, and perhaps reasonable, to look forward to some increase in the butterfly population in 1962. Breepine UTETHEISA PULCHELLA L.—IJn my last note (Ent. Rec., 73: 9) the pupae were just appearing on 23rd November. Fourteen days later they were hatching: all the larvae (15) pupated and 13 hatched, of which one was crippled, two pupae being damaged, probably by other larvae trying to share the same web for pupation. Five female moths appeared first, followed by eight males. I tried to pair two females with various males, but saw no signs of mating. However, I kept one female for nearly three weeks until she died after laying 25 eggs on 26th December. On Ist January 1962 they showed no signs of being fertile. I hear that Dr. Kettlewell was successful in mating one female from the six larvae I gave him, and his story of the new generation should be interesting.—R. C. Epwarps, Arlesey. Pilgrims Way, Westerham, Kent. 1.1.1962. 43 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, von. 74 15/11/1962 The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1961 By Frank BAtFrour-BROWNE I have just received, as a Christmas present, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as approved by the International Congress of Zoology, held in London in 1958 and just published. It is a very interesting volume, and although some of the workers’ points have been noted, other defects are still left in the much more numerous pages. In the 1936 edition of the Code, there are 36 Articles occupying 11 pages while Articles have now increased to 87 and cover 43 pages. I agree with Dr. Chester Bradley who, in the Preface, writes that it is doubtful if the zoological public will ever fully comprehend the full extent of the labours of the members of the Editorial Committee in bringing the present revision of the Code to completion; although my reason for believing this is probably different from that of the President of the Commission. IT am sure that the workers have wondered how any committee could have published such nonsense in Article 36 as appeared in the previous editions. The workers actually had to point it out to the Commission! But has the revision cleared up any of the rules other than those on priority and homonyms which, I am glad to see, Dr. Bradley recognises as the most important ones? The history of the behaviour of the Commission with regard to priority is illuminating. It was not until 1933 when I brought before the Association of British Zoologists the necessity for more use of the power to create nomina conservanda, especially in connection with teaching departments. A list of laboratory species was produced by workers and received the approval of the Commissioners. In the 1936 Code a recommendation was added to Article 36 that the introduction of new generic or specific names differing only in sufix ... should be avoided, but that any such names then in use should not be rejected. Of course this should have been nipped in the bud, if for no other reason than that the grammarians were admitting, if not yet officially, the changing of the suffix of a species-name if its gender differed from that of the genus-name. But to permit the publication of names so alike as Picus and Pica or reactor and reactrix, examples named in the Code, was very liable to lead to confusion. Now, however, the grammarians have siezed their opportunity and in the new edition of the Code, Article 30, which occupies three pages, state definitely that the gender of the species must agree with that of the genus and the species-sufix must be changed if a species is moved into a genus with a different gender. This is deliberate impertinence since nomen- clature to the worker has nothing whatever to do with sex. I pointed out in 1958, as Dr. Sharp had done in 1872, that we are not dealing with grammar and that the species name, even if the latin word is adjectival, does not affect us as the species-name stands as a noun and the qualification of the generic-name by that of the species is of no interest whatever. We must get rid of this perpetual interference, and, in my opinion, the only way to do that is to break up the International Commission. It covers too many interests and its incapability of carrying out the ON BATTERY-POWERED MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT 49 work for which it was created is increasing the confusion. Instead cf reducing the number of Articles (and simplifying the system), it is multiplying them. It would be better if each country or group of countries had its own committee, and if each committee had _ sub- committees under it to deal with the different branches of zoology. Except for a few fundamental rules covering the whole nomenclature, each committee should make its own rules. It may be that some branches of zoology will accept much of the system now laid down, but other branches, such as entomology with its dozens ox amateurs, will want a working system constructed according to its own requirements. 27.X1i.1961. On Battery-powered Mercury Vapour Light By Aan KENNARD I was most interested in Dr. F. H. N. Smith’s note concerning a battery-run mercury vapour light (Ent. Rec., 73: 243). Although I have a portable generator, I have been looking for an alternative method of portable equipment for some time in an attempt to try and cut out the weight and size of a generator and the cost of running it. In May this year my generator was temperamental and so I decided to “plug in’’ at a power point at Dawlish Warren. Due to my own negligence, I burnt out the choke and lost the bulb as the voltage was in excess of 240 volts. This expensive mistake prompted me to get cracking and find an alternative portable system. While on a trip to Denmark in 1959 I was very kindly entertained by Mr. Neils Wolff for a day. I was particularly interested in his moth traps, which involved using small ultra-violet fluorescent tubes. The ones I saw were operated off mains voltage and each trap had two 20 watt units as an attraction. He also showed me a single 15 watt unit which could be used off a 110 volt dry battery. I decided to set about getting something on the lines of the latter. The result is interesting and useful and, although possibly not ideal, it is not a failure. I have not used it sufficiently yet to assess its virtues and disappointments but it is hoped the notes below and my first impressions of the results may be of interest. It would also be very interesting to hear of readers’ comments and suggestions. The apparatus consists of a 15-watt Mazda ultra-violet fluorescent bulb placed on a tripod, so that the base of the lamp is about six inches off the ground. The lamp itself is two feet high and stands upright with a conducting rod to support it. It requires a capacitor and choke and is to be used off a 13-volt supply D.C. Unfortunately, there is insufficient power to operate it off 12 volts from dry batteries, but a 12 volt accumulator, such as a car battery, is sufficient. At present, I have found the following difficulties with regard to its operation. . 1. Only about ten yards of copper flex can be used when the supply is a 12 volt car battery. More flex causes a drop in the voltage to a level which is insufficient to strike the fluorescent light initially. 2. Accumulators are heavy. I have not yet been able to find one that can be easily ‘‘slung over one’s shoulder’’. So far, I have only used the apparatus off my car battery and hence have been tied to where the car can go. 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 Points in its favour are:— 1. Very mobile. Apart from the accumulator, the bulb and choke, etc., only weigh a pound or two and can be picked up in one hand. If T find one site unsuitable after setting up the apparatus, it is no difficulty in Packing up and moving a quarter mile down the road. When searching for a particular species, and time is limited, this can be useful. 2. The bulb runs cold: there is no trouble from rain and it can be stowed away immediately after use. The bulb also costs approximately 15/- and so an accident is less expensive than with mercury vapour. 3. Little space is taken up in the car. 4. Accumulators can be recharged. Since the light produced is at the blue end of the spectrum, moths come to it readily and, on an average night between August and October, I found myself busily occupied on the sheet. However, the moths behave in an active way and do not stay still for long. Also they are liable to come up to the lamp and go away again or, alterna- tively, stay some few yards from the source. Lack of brilliance, with resulting lack of dazzle, is a possible cause of their energetic activity, while the two feet of strip lighting as opposed to Robinson’s ‘‘point source’ would account for them being more widely scattered. The numbers of moths which come to the light is, naturally, less than with mercury vapour light; however, on favourable nights, the number of species that come to the sheet is probably not far short of the number that might arrive with mercury vapour light. Considering that the bulb is less powerful, the comparison is probably very favour- able. All in all, the apparatus is very useful and once a suitable accumulator can be found I will be even more mobile. A little ‘‘do-it-yourself’’ to make the stand (mine is made from a few bits of scrap iron), and the whole apparatus costs no more than £5. Add to this the cost of accumulator and charger (if necessary) and you have something that is competitive with the generator. Notes and Observations THE BuRNING OF GoRSE AND BRACKEN IN THE NEw Forest.—In getting out my records for 1961 of lepidoptera taken here in a M.YV. trap, I noticed a substantial drop in the numbers of Lithina chlorosata Scop. These read 1959, 110; 1960, 165; 1961, 23. It occurred to me that this might be due to the fact that the Forestry Commission burnt the bracken (Pteris aquilina) and gorse (Ulex europaeus and U. gallii) in March. (This is done every six years.) If the pupae lie in the debris at the bottom of the plants, they might well come to grief when the bracken is burnt. Neither South nor Stokoe mention the pupa. Newman and Leeds say ‘‘Pupates in earth’’. Has any reader found the pupa in the wild? Ceramica pisi Linn., too, showed a drop. 1959, 61; 1960, 45; 1961, 23. Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius) does not occur here and pist may be feeding on bracken, although it could equally well feed on sallow or some other pabulum., NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Sil On the other hand, there was no drop in the numbers of Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. 1959, 42; 1960, 20; 1961, 29. One would have expected wholesale slaughter from the burning of the gorse, or do the larvae burrow deeply to hibernate?—L. W. Sices, Sungate, Foot- ball Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 3.1.62. CROCIDOSEMA PLEBEJANA ZELLER, IN HAMPSHIRE AND Dorset.—lI had the good fortune to take two specimens of Crocidosema plebejana Zell. at mercury vapour light in 1961. The first, a male, was taken in my garden here on 8th August, and the second, a female, at Swanage on 11th October. I understand from Mr. J. D. Bradley, who identified the specimens, that the former is probably the first record for Hamp- shire, and almost certainly the farthest inland capture of a normally maritime species.—D. W. H. Frennett, Martyr Worthy Place, Nr. Winchester, Hants.—11.1.1962. SEMIOTHISA ALTERNARIA HUuBN. (SHARP-ANGLED PEACOCK) ON SEA Bucxtroorn.—Reading Mr. C. I. Rutherford’s note (in Ent. Rec., 73: 261) reminds me that there has been no published record to knowledge of sea buckthorn as a natural foodplant of S. alternaria, It may there- fore be of interest to mention that on 31st May 1958, Mr. S. Wakely and L observed numbers of this moth among sea buckthorn in Kent (ct. Wakely, Ent. Rec., 71: 93); they were easily disturbed from it during the day, and flew naturally about the bushes at dusk. At the time, we suspected, though were by no means sure, that this local shrub might be its natural pabulum. Our suspicions, however, were well founded, for since then, by beating the sea buckthorn there and at a locality in Kast Sussex in July and again in September, the larva occurred in numbers to Messrs P. Cue, G. Haggett, and myself, and from them the moths reared. This is the only known foodplant of alternaria in Kent, so far as I am aware, though the records indicate that it may not be the species’ sole pabulum in the county; the moth having been repeatedly taken in localities from which the shrub is absent, and indeed far from its nearest known station. Nevertheless, it is only amongst sea buckthorn that alternaria has occurred at all plentifully in Kent, and since the shrub ranges as a native coastally from Yorkshire to Sussex, and is sometimes locally dominant, it is reasonable to expect that the larva may be. found to he fairly widely distributed on it.—J. M. CuatmerS-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 20.1.1962. ADOPOEA LINEOLA IN SuRREY.—On 29th July and subsequently on several dates this year I have found A. lineola on and near Farthing Downs, Coulsdon. The proportion of A. lineola to A. sylvestris appeared to be about one in six on 30th July when I netted about 40 specimens for identification purposes. Bearing in mind that A. sylvestris appeared to have emerged some while earlier, the relative numbers might well be closer than the count indicated. I understand the species has been taken in Surrey before but this is the first time I have recognised it within the border.—A. S. WHEELER. 12.x.1961. This replaces the note incorrectly printed antea 73:242, Ed. 52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 INvaAsIon oF PLUSIA GAMMA LINN. IN Kent.—On the night 18th-19th September, 1961, a most incredible invasion occurred of Plusia gamma —silver Y—in my garden at Littlebourne, Parish of Ickham, near Canterbury, Kent. At 11.30 p.m. B.S.T. the sky was clear with a heavy dew with a warm south-south-east wind. The moon was half full. There were very few moths at the trap up to 11.30 p.m. Next morning at about 7 a.m. I turned off the hght and went out to cover over the trap. I usually do this until I can deal with the catch, in order to stop birds getting to the trap. I was astounded to find the lawn literally black with P. gamma within a radius of 25 yards from the trap. A conservative estimate would be 250 to 300 moths to each square yard. All foliage was completely covered with moths. About 8 a.m., and the sun was then shining but not in the area of the trap, which was in the shadow of the house. I brought the trap into the Winter Garden and lifted the lid. A hugh swarm of moths, mostly in perfect condition, flew out, blotting out the light from the glass screen. It was so bewildering that it was impos- sible to examine the contents of the trap until I had more time. I had no alternative but to put a pad of wool, with some tetrachlorethane in the trap, and postpone examination until lunch time, when I counted 3,000 gamma but made no impression on the masses in the trap. They were about 4” deep all over the bottom of the trap, which is the size of a tea chest. A modest estimate of the number of gamma in the trap would be 10,000. I am sure I would not be exaggerating in saying that the total number of insects in the trap and flying in hugh clouds in the garden would be 25,000-30,000. The Michaelmas daisies and other flowers and foliage were smothered. By late afternoon practically all the moths had disappeared and only half a dozen came to the lamp and sheet during the evening of the 19th-20th September.—DupLry G. Marsu, White Gate, Wingham Road, Littlebourne, nr, Canterbury. ARISTOTELIA LUTULENTELLA ZELL.—Whilst collecting at Ham Street, Kent, with a mercury vapour lamp and sheet on 24th June, 1960, i was fortunate to take a specimen of Aristotelia lutulentella Zell. This is an extremely local moth which is said to occur in dry fields. This was taken in a particularly wet wood! It was kindly identified for me by Mr. J. D. Bradley.—Grorcr H. Youpsn, F.R.E.S., 18 Castle Avenue, Dover. 31.xii.1961. EUBLEMMA OSTRINA HUBn. IN Kent.—I wish to record having taken a female Hublemma ostrina Hiibn. var. carthami H.-S., the purple marbled, in mercury vapour trap in my garden at Littlebourne, Parish of Ickham, Kent.—Dupitry G. Marsu, White Gate, Wingham Road, Littlebourne, nr. Canterbury. 31.xii.1961. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (9) Deal [Kingsdown], larvae very plentiful. ‘‘I found fifty one morning in about a couple of hours on a bank not more than a hundred yards long’ (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 111). 1889: Dover, a larva (Webb, Young Nat., 10: 231). 1890: Dover area (Webb (1891)). 1891: Swanley (Milton, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 23). [1892?]: Deal, two, bred, 1893, Tugwell, ex H. J. Turner coll. (C.-H. coll.). (There is no mention of the date of the finding of the larvae from which they were presumably bred (C.-H.).) [1897?]: Deal, two bred by J. W. Tutt, January 1, 28, 1898 (Br. Mus. (S. Kensington)). N.d.: One taken in Maidstone, and given to H. Lamb by S. Brent in 18— (Maidstone Mus.). 1928: Gillingham, July 5 (Jones, Entomologist, 61: 234). 1949: Tonbridge, a dead ¢ found on the pavement in the town in August (H. EK. Hammond). 1955: Otford, two at m.v., July 28, 29 (Manley, Entomologist, 88: 210). Ham Street, July 29 (Richardson, Entomo- logist, 88: 262). Sandgate, near Folkstone, August 15 (Fuller, Ent. ftec., 67: 235). Pinden, near Dartford, 9, August 20 (HK. J. Hare). Greatstone, near Dungeness, August 20 (G. Bransby, teste French, Entomologist, 89: 177). 1957: Ashford, 2, at m.v., July 24 (P. Cue). Variation.—Tugwell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1888-89: 128-129) exhibited two specimens bred from Deal larvae, which formed the basis of Tutt’s ab. grisea, and are chiefly characterised by having much of the normal colouration, especially the dark olive-green mark- ings, replaced by dull grey. Tutt (Br. Lep., 4: 172) stated that the scales in these examples appeared to be wanting in the ordinary pig- ment, and the scales themselves suggested immaturity; he added that other semidiaphanous examples appeared among the later-bred of Tugwell’s specimens, and that these were even more extreme. In R.C.K. is the holotype of ab. lata Tutt; it is labelled ‘‘larvae Walmer and Deal, Sept. 11.20.1888, imagines forced Jan.-Feb. 1889’’. Tugwell (Ent. mon. Mag., 25: 284) mentioned that one of those, a 2, taken at St. Margaret’s Bay by Williams and Oswald in 1888, measured 32 inches. First Recorp, 1778: Barnscray, near Crayford (Harris, Aurelian, 88; as C. euphorbiae, in error (Stephens, Haust., 1: 126)). C. livornica Esp. (lineata Fab.): Striped Hawk. Immigrant. Gardens, shingle beach, mangel-wurzel and potato fields, etc.; on Galiuwm mollugo, Antirrhinum majus. Recorded from all divisions, except 5, 14; but has mostly occurred in east and north-east Kent. Altogether about a hundred livornica have been noted in the county, of which some 30 were larvae. The Jargest number recorded for any one year was 30 in 1931, of which 26 were larvae. 1831: Bromley, one taken in July (Penny, Mag. nat. Hist. J. Zool., 7: 260). 1860: Lewisham, May 20 (Stainton, Hnt. week. Int., 8: 58). 1862: Deal, May 6 (Harding, Zoologist, 8204). 1868: Deal, two; Walmer Castle, one (Leslie, Hntomologist, 4: 162). Dover, one in Br. Mus. S. Kensington, labelled ‘‘Gray, Dover, 1868, set by P.H.H.”’ (C.-H.). 1869: Folkestone Warren, May 7 (Ullyett, Qtly. J. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1869 (8), 71). 1870: Folkestone Warren, May 26! (Knaggs, Hnt. mon. Mag., 7: 40); Strood, August 20 (Farrow, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 164); Hunton, near Maidstone, August 23 (Greville, (10) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 Ent. mon. Mag., 7: 10); Sydenham, August (Ktheridge, Entomologist, 6. 196); Dover, October 2 (Kedle, Hntomologist, 5: 199). 1872: Ash- ford (Chittenden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 107). 1878: Strood, June 15 (Farrow, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 164). 1880: Green- wich (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 143). 1884: Sandwich, July 26 (Harbour, Entomologist, 17: 272); Dover, September 18 (Webb, Ent. mon. Mag., 21: 109). 1887: Dover district (Webb (1891)). 1888: Dover district (Webb (1891)). 1892: Rochester, June 6 (Ovenden, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 164). 1895: Dover, September 14 (Webb, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 165). 1901: Northfleet, one ‘‘flew into a friend’s window’’ (H. C. Huggins). 1904: Between Ashford and Wye, July 12 (Parry, Entomo- logist, 37: 214); Dover, September 5 (Abbott, Entomologist, 37: 265). 1906: Canterbury, June 5 (Small, Entomologist, 39: 162); Sheerness, June 13 (Jacobs, Hntomologist, 39:162); Dover, August 20 (South, Entomologist, 39: 211), September 8 (Webb, Entomologist, 39: 234). 1912: Dover, May 17 (Abbott, Entomologist, 45: 183). N.d.: South- borough (div. 13) (Knipe (1916)). 1920: Dover, a larva found on some allotments, June 24, imago emerged September 28 (Abbott, Hntomo- logist, 53: 285). Sidcup, May 23 (Sutton, Entomologist, 53: 190). 1931: Sittingbourne, May 27 (Philpott, teste Riley, Entomologist, 64: 163). Kennington, near Ashford, 2 and ¢ found on a fence, June 1 (Scott (1936)). Knockholt, one found in a hedge, June 6, by Miss Ruth Edwards (Gingell, teste Riley, Entomologist, 64: 163). Ospringe, a larva found in a mangel-wurzel field, July 27 (Edmonds, Entomologist, 64: 237). Monkton (div. 9), ‘‘in late July 1931, a lady living at Monkton found eleven larvae devouring her snap-dragons. She drowned six, but her son saved five and gave them to A. G. Peyton, who bred three or four moths’’ (A. M. Morley in litt.); one of these is in my coll. and is labelled as having emerged in September of that year (C.-H.). Dungeness, ten larvae found on G. mollugo, on July 23, by G. W. Wynn and A. J. Wightman (Wightman, Ent. Rec., 43: 148); a larva at night at rest on a tall grass stem, July 31 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 91); three larvae on bedstraw (Kettlewell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1943-44: 17). 1943: Eythorne, some six or seven specimens at Kentranthus rubra, May 31-June 10 (Lipscomb, Hntomologist, 716: 172). Tonbridge, June 3 (Featherstone, Entomologist, 76: 189). Bexley, 2, at honeysuckle, June 8 (E. Dale, per Rothamsted). Gravesend, one on a boat, September (F. T. Grant). Tankerton, September 21 (Atkinson, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 26). Folkestone, a larva found by D. Smith, in mid-August, crawling along in Dolphins Road, imago emerged September 27, recorded by D. Smith in Folkestone Herald (A. M. Morley) (the date 1945, given in Entomologist, 80: 175, is erroneous (A. M. Morley) ; an imago found under the grating of a street drain in September by J. Wilson (A. M. Morley). 1945: Littlestone, July 12, six, flying along foreshore just above high tide mark, between 11 and 12 a.m. (N. H. Joy, in htt. ‘o W. Dannreuther). 1946: Folkestone, ¢, put up from grass by the Lower Sandgate Road, and taken by A. Millar, July 26 (A. M. Morley). Folkestone Warren, one at light, July 30 (R. Fairclough, teste A. M. Morley). 1947: Tonbridge and Southborough (div. 13), mid-May, seven at flowers at dusk, including a ¢ which was captured (Tonbridge School Nat. Hist. Soc., fide Dannreuther, Entomologist, 81: LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (11) 112). Tunbridge Wells, a full-fed larva found in a garden, September 30, which successfully pupated (Tonbridge School Nat. Hist. Soc., fide Dannreuther, loc. cit.). 1949: Brook, June 5, one seen by C. A. W. Duffield (E. Scott, per Rothamsted). Ashurst near Tunbridge Wells, 2, June 12 (Tubbs, Entomologist, 82: 204). Hythe, one at light, August 21 (Cardew, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 54). Pinden, one taken August 31 (E. J. Hare). Gillingham, 2 in Rochester Mus., labelled in F. D. Welch’s handwriting, ‘‘Found alive by W. E. Edwards of Gillingham, September 5, 1949, and presented by F.D.W.”’ (C.-H.). 1950: Folkestone, 3, May 10 (Morley, Entomologist, 83: 166). 1951: Folkestone Downs, ¢, taken on grass by Binfield, September 12 (Binfield, fide A. M. Morley). 1952: Kingsnorth, 9, March 9 (Sankey, Ent. mon. Mag., 88: 132). Sidcup, livornica ‘‘had recently been taken’’ (Anon., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 13, communicated August 13, 1952). 1955: Sevenoaks, July 29 (Greenwood, Ent. Rec., 67: 234). 1958: Shorne Ridgeway, one taken in m.v. trap, September 1 (Trundell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958, 18). First Recorp, 1831: Bromley, Kent, one taken in a garden in July 1831 (Penny, Mag. nat. Hist. J. Zool., 7: 260). 1This specimen, a ¢, was observed flying out at sea, and to drop directly it reached the shore. A somewhat similar instance of diurnal immigration in livornica, though even more remarkable is that witnessed by Norman H. Joy in 1945 (q.v.). Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striped Hawk. Immigrant. Gardens, etc.; on Vitis vinifera. Altogether there are records of some forty celerio for Kent, mostly from the east and north-east of the County. During the present century, the species has been much less frequent, and since 1900, only nine individuals have been noted. In 1884, a number of larvae were found, and it is possible that in that year celerio survived here to pro- duce a generation. The earliest reference to celerio in Kent is that of Donovan (Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 26), who gives Eltham (div. 1) as a locality. Over fifty years then elapsed before the next record, and the following is a chronological account of its subsequent occurrence. 1849: Folkestone, one found by a child in a garden on October 23. and exhibited (Douglas, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1849: 1xxxvi) (listed, but without date or details, in English’s Guide to Folkestone (1859), edit. S. J. Mackie, which may refer to this record): 1852: Tenterden, September 16 (Beale, Zoologist, 3624). 1864: Canterbury, taken flying in a garden, by Mrs. Parry (B.P[iffard], teste Knaggs, Ent. Ann.., 1865: 109). 1865: Greenwich (West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 103). Dover, September (Harding, Entomologist, 4: 163). 1869: Selling (Stowell, Ent. Mon. Mag., 7: 85, Entomologist, 5: 165) . 1872: Margate, September (Duncan, Entomologist, 6: 412): Strood, September 12 (Farrow, (teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 132); Strood. September 13 (Stapleton, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 132). 1880: Sheer- ness, October 10 (Darley, Entomologist, 13: 279); Faversham, December 1 (Yearsley, Entomologist, 14: 115). 1884: Dover, seven or eight, also a lot of larvae found on vine by a man who thought they were D. elpenor and only kept two—these he bred (S. Webb, teste Fenn, Diary, (12) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 19.x1.1884). 1885: Folkestone Town, September (Cooper, Entomologist, 18: 294); Near Ramsgate, two (Wood, Entomologist, 18: 261) (Willson, Entomologist, 23: 139, may refer). 1889: one, ‘‘St. Peters, 1889’’t+, one, ‘‘Ramsgate, 1889’’+; both in J. P. Barrett coll. (C.-H.). 1892: Ashford, October 21 (Viggers, Entomologist, 25: 289, Hnt. Rec., 3: 256). 1894: S. Foreland Lighthouse, August (Fremlin, Entomologist, 27: 349, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1894: 80). 1895: Dover, September (Webb, Ent. Mon. Mag., 31: 241, Ent. Rec., 7: 62). 1898: Southborough (div. 13), October (Shepheard-Walwyn, Entomologist, 32. 95). 1903: Maidstone, November 9+ (in Maidstone Mus.)!. 1913: Teston near Maidstone, October 6, Mr. Paget (Rowland-Brown, Entomologist, 52: 277; in Maidstone Mus.). 1922: Chestnut Street near Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). 1923: Herne Bay, at lght, September, Ian Harman (in R.C.K.). 1926: Longport Street, Canter- bury, October 23+ (F. A. Small coll.). 1935: Maidstone, October 10+ (in Maidstone Mus.). 1938: West Wickham, September (Dale, Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. 'Soc., 1938-39: 18); Maidstone, November 22, 1938, Miss Harrist (in Maidstone Mus.). 1952: Winget Wood, Strood, October 16 (Hambler, Ent. mon. Mag., 89: 3). First Recorp, 1797: ‘‘Mr. Latham, formerly of Dartford, .. . has a specimen which was taken at Eltham, in Kent’’ (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 26). 1If appears that this specimen was referred to in S.E. Nat., 1904: 50, and Entomologist, 52: 277, but the particulars given in each case are at variance. Daphnis nerii L.: Oleander Hawk. Immigrant. Gardens, etc. Altogether there are records of eleven specimens, of which four re- quire confirmation. 1833: Dover, one captured by a lady in her drawing-room about September 6 (Stephens, Ent. Mag., 1: 525). 1834: Curtis (1837, Br Ent., 626) figures a 9, which he states Mr. Leplastrier informed him was taken “‘by a poor man the latter end of September, 1834, near the pier at Dover’’. 1896: Stowting, one taken towards the end of July (Upton, Entomologist, 29: 316). 1900: Yalding, 2, taken by G. Wick- ham, September 18 (Reid, Entomologist, 33: 305, idem, Ent. Rec., 12: 303). 1911: Chilmington near Ashford, one taken in autumn, by J. Diamond (Viggers, Entomologist, 45: 209). 1916: Folkestone, one taken, August 30, by G. B. Oliver, at rest on a small poplar trunk, on the Lees undercliff (Oliver, Entomologist, 49: 259). 1926: Chislehurst, one taken September 14, by S. F. P. Blyth, hovering over Nicotiana affinis (Blyth, Entomologist, 59: 301). [d, in Dale coll., labelled as taken at Dover by Leplastrier in 1828 (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 46: 156). Dover, 1857 (Lucas, The Book of British Hawk-Moths, 117). Sydenham, one taken on a lamp, September 10, 1910, A. Noakes ; in Joicey coll. (Ent. mon. Mag., 46: 263). Swanley, one, 1958 (Joseph, Entomologist, 91: 191).] First ReEcorp, 1833: Dover (Stephens, Ent. Mag., 1: 525). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (13) Deilephila porcellus L.: Small Elephant Hawk. Native. Chalk downs and cliffs, heathland, shingle beach, coast sandhills, ete.; on Galium verum, G. mollugo, Genista tinctoria, Chamaenerion angustifolium. Recorded from all divisions; apparently seldom abundant. The moth is mostly observed at flowers, particularly those of Kentranthus ruber and Rhododendron. It has also been noted at Echium vulgare at Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)), and St. Margaret’s Bay (Reid, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 107); on Silene nutans, in Folkestone Warren, June 16, 1929 (A. M. Morley); and at Campion, at Sarre, 1941-44 (T. W. Gomm). It sometimes comes to sugar, and occasionally to ight; at Dungeness, however, about forty were noted by me at m.v., by the Pilot Inn, on May 31, 1952, an abnormally large number (C.-H.). The usual foodplant seems to be Galiwm. J. A. Parry found twelve larvae on G. verum, at Old Park, Canterbury (div. 3), 1947-48; F. T. Grant used to find it on this at Detling Hill (div. 7), ec. 1895; and A M. Morley found one in 1938, on Dover Hill, Folkestone, on G. mollugo. At Herne, in 1941, P. F. Harris found several larvae on Dyer’s Greenweed (Genista tinctoria), from which he bred a number of specimens; at Petts Wood, the larva has been noted on ‘‘Willow Herb’’, by A. M. Swain; and a full-grown larva was taken by J. F. Burton, on a bombed site at Blackheath, on Rosebay Willow-herb (C. angusti- folium), September 16, 1946. VaRIATION.—Tutt (Br. Lep., 4: 92) points out that Kent and Sussex examples ‘‘often have the transverse markings obsolete, the crimson- red, however, being well marked’’. One of those that I have from Dungeness, May 31, 1952, appears to be an example of homtoeosis. The pink band on the right forewing of this specimen extends from the apex for only half its normal length, the portion where it fails to the tornus being replaced by the normal deep yellow-ochreous ground (C.-H.). The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—indistincta Tutt, three from Kent, including one bred one; decolor Cockayne, holotype, 3, Sand- wich, bred 1889, W. H. Tugwell (this appears to be the one recorded by Tugwell (in Young Nat., 19: 48, and Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1888-89: 129); the date, however, in Ent. Rec., 65: 81, is wrong); one, ‘‘costa bright crimson well developed’’, bred Kent, 1918. First ReEcorp, 1828: Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 132). D. elpenor L.: Elephant Hawk. Native. Ditches, riverbanks, wet meadows, gardens, marshy places, bombed sites, etc.; on Hpilobium hirsutum, Chamaenerion angustifolium, Circaea lutetiana, Galium, Viola, Godetia, Fuchsia, Vine, Impatiens glandulifera, I. capensis, Menyanthes trifoliata. Found in all divisions; fairly numerous. A partial second generation may occasionally occur. Thus, Fenn (Lep. Data MS.) records one at light at Erith, August 13, 1879; A. M. Morley noted a 9 at light at Hythe, August 8, 1956; and W. L. Rudland had one at m.v., at Wye, August 11, 1955. The moth is perhaps most frequently observed at light; it has also been ‘noted at Kentranthus and other flowers, at sugar, and on one occasion P, Cue saw it at exudation from an oak tree in Hoads Wood (div. 11). (14) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 The larva has mostly been found on Willow Herb (Epilobium and Chamaenerion) and Fuchsia. It has also been noted on Viola, in gardens at Faversham and Perry Wood (H. C. Huggins); commonly on Enchanter’s Nightshade (C. lutetiana), in the City of Canterbury (J. A. Parry); on Godetia, at Maidstone (Morris, Entomologist, 74: 70), and Petts Wood (A. M. Swain); on Vine, in gardens in the Rochester district (Chaney (1884-87)); often on J. glandulifera, in gardens at Tunbridge Wells (Given (1946)); three on I. capensis at Tonbridge (Beaufoy, Bull. Amat. ent. Soc., 1955: 14 (178) 83); one on Galium, on Deal Marshes (Fenn, Diary, 6.vili.1867); and on M. trifoliata, at Angley Wood, Cranbrook, October 21, 1956 (D. Rabarts). Occasionally it is extremely plentiful, D. F. Owen having seen about 200 full-grown larvae on EF. hirsutum and C. angustifolium, on a bombed site at Lewisham in July 1945 (Owen, Ent. Rec., 61: 55). VARIATION.—Riley (Entomologist, 55: 278) describes an ab., bred by C. H. Hards, from a larva taken at East Farleigh in 1910, as ‘‘remark- able in that the areas usually green are chocolate-coloured, the normal pink areas are pale dirty brown, and the basal and hind marginal areas of the hindwing are a darker dirty brown’’. The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—obsoleta Tutt, one, Dartford, 1904; clara Tutt, one ‘‘Ex larva Deal, x.09, P. A. Cardew”’’; cinerescens Newnham, two, N. Kent, 1921, 1944; pallida Tutt, several, from various Kentish localities. First Recorp, 1856: Near Dover (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 108). Macrogiossum stellatarum L.: Humming-bird Hawk. Immigrant, appearing almost every year!. Rough flowery banks, gardens, waste places, etc.; on Galiwm verum, G. mollugo. Recorded from all divisions. Not uncommon most years in east coastal districts, and occasionally abundant as for example in 1928, 1934, 1945-47. The larva usually occurs in small numbers; but in 1947, J. A. Parry found a phenomenal number during three weeks search in the neigh- bourhood of Canterbury, Bridge, and Barham, amounting altogether to some 200 examples, mostly at Old Park, Canterbury, and all on G. verum. The larva has been repeatedly found on both G. verum and G. mollugo in East Kent, but apparently very seldom at all in West Kent. In 1947, however, I found a half grown larva on July 6 on G. mollugo at West Wickham (div. 1) (C.-H.); and Carr (Entomologist, 34: 108) records that in 1900, at Lee (div. 1), thirteen larvae were taken on a small patch of G. verum. It has been stated that the imago sometimes hibernates here. This may be so, but it is difficult to obtain actual proof, and the evidence in support of it is somewhat meagre. Barrett (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1916-17: 56) stated that at Margate, when stellatarum had been common there, he always expected to find a few hibernated in a large heated building; the same observer also records (in Entomologist, 34: 21) that at Margate during October 1900, ‘‘six or seven fresh imagos have come into the house to hibernate’. Marshall (Entomologist, 34: 56) records one observed at Cranbrook, November 27, 1900; Scott (1950) notes that in the Ashford district, it ‘“‘occasionally succeeds in hiber- LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (15) nating, if the weather is unusually warm’’; and there is a record of the imago having been seen flying at Gravesend in December, January and February (Clifford, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 4: 20, 27), but the year (or years) when this occurred is not given. A. M. Morley saw one on January 21, 1929, which was flying around the main room in a school at Whitstable; and on November 13, 1947, he saw one flying against the window of his study in Folkestone, which was still there on December 19, but was not seen subsequently. VariaTion.—In ab. subnubila Schultz, the tawny colour of the hind- wing is replaced by deep brown. I have seen three such examples: Canterbury, bred August 1946, Sandwich, bred 1928 (R.C.K.); Rams- gate, taken by J. W. C. Hunt (C.-H.). Bower (Ent. Rec., 11: 344) records one taken at Sandgate, with alar expanse only 30 mm. First Recorp, 1818: ‘‘During two short visits at Dover, in August, 1818 and 1819, I observed it in great abundance in the winged state, and in June of the latter year, accompanied by the late Mr. Blunt, we found the larvae in profusion beneath the cliffs’’ (Stephens, Haust., 1: 134). 1The records show that stellatarum was observed annually in Kent from 1928 to 1961 inclusive, except in 1941, in which year it was perhaps absent. Hemaris fuciformis L.: Broad-bordered Bee Hawk. Native. Wood borders and clearings, parks; on Loniceru periclymenum. Local. 1. Bireh Wood (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66). West Wickham (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66); 1856 (Simson, Hnt. week. Int., 1: 116); 1857 (Healy, Ent. week, Int., 2: 75); 1859 (Tibbs, Ent. week. Int., 6: 90); 2, June 12, 1858, two ¢ @, four dd, June 1, 1859 (H. Tompkins MS.). Shooters Hill, larva on honeysuckle, 1856 (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123). West Wood, Shooters Hill, 1866 (W. West, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bexley district, common some years (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Joydens Wood (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Sparrow Common, common, 1927 (W. V. D. Bolt) (F. D. Greenwood) ; [c.1938] (W. A. Cope). Keston, 1947-48, imagines and larvae numerous; June 21, 1947, thirty-seven larvae were noted, mostly young (D. F. Owen); one seen at Bugle flowers by E. I. M. Bird, in his garden, c.1948 (C.-H.). 3. West Blean Wood, one, May 29, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). West Blean and Church Woods, occasionally, c.1924 (D. G. Marsh). Blean Woods, not uncommon [c.1935] (A. J. L. Bowes). 6. Stanstead, larva on Honeysuckle, August 20, 1923 (F. T. Grant). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 136); 1859 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 75); 3 63,2 22, May 29, 2, June 8, 1859 (H. Tomp- kins, MS.); three, May 29, 1869 (Fenn, Diary); 1875 (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 143); formerly common, now rare (Tutt, in Wool. Surv. (1909)); several, 1912 (H. C. Huggins); one, May 11, 1912 (F. T. Grant); ova, larvae, imagines, in felled woodland, 1947-48 (D. F. Owen); one, May 17, 1948 (EK. J. Hare). Greenhithe*, May 31, 1859 (Fenn, Diary). Stone Woods, Greenhithe, June 25, 1863 (Fenn, Diary). Chattenden, 1899 (James, Ent. Rec., 12: 102); uncommon, 1902-06 (H. C. Huggins); May 26, 1923 (F. T. Grant). (16) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/11/1962 7. Park Woods*; Wigmore, not common (Chaney (1884-87)), Bred- hurst Wood, never more than two or three on any one visit, first noted June 19, 1938, and again June 10, 1939, observed annually since, to 1954; Walderslade, June 1, 1940, June 10, 1944 (A. J. Woodcock). Westwell, two, c.1950 (EK. Scott). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Dover (Webb (1899)). Wvye*, several, May 25, 1904, J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). Near Canterbury*, three, 1920-21 (Ff. A. Small coll.). Brook* (CC. A.W. Duffield). Bridge, c.1946 (R. Gorer). West Wood, one, taken by David Smith in 1947 (A. M. Morley). Penny Pot Wood, common, 1948 (J. A. Parry). 10. Sevenoaks, 1857 (Farren, Ent. week. Int., 2: 17).. Seal Chart, July 15, 1897 (Watts, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 523). . 11. Maidstone Cemetery, one, June 12, 1894, H. Lamb, in Maid- stone Mus. (C.-H.). Maidstone (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury, one, 1900, several, 1906 (EK. Goodwin coll.). Mereworth, plentiful (W. A. Cope). Tonbridge, a larva, 1940 (H. E. Hammond). Hoads Wood, larvae and imagines, c.1953 (P. Cue); imagines, 1956 (W. V. D. Bolt). 12. Ham Street.—Sixty-three at Rhododendron and one at Lychnis, seen by A. W. Hughes, c.1930; two, May 25, 1929, 9, June 8, 1980, one, June 6, 1932, two larvae on Honeysuckle, 1933-34, four imagines at Bugle, 1935; all in Orlestone Woods (A. M. Morley); May 20, 1940 (Bull, Diary). Birchett Wood, two, May 30, 1948; May 30-June 2, 1950, plentiful at Bugle at the sides of the road where the undergrowth had been cut back between Long Rope and Birchett Wood, roughly fifty seen, including two taken in the net at once (C.-H.); May 16, 1959 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 76). Bourne Wood, May 28, 1955 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 73). 13. Groombridge, July 9, 1888 (Blaber, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 525). High Rocks, Tunbridge Wells, one or two (HK. D. Morgan). Bedgebury Wood, one taken, c.1950 (B. G. Chatfield). | Goudhurst, several in the garden at Mrs. Sinkins pinks, 1954-1955 (W. V. D. Bolt). 14. Tenterden, May 15, 19438 (Bull, Diary). 16. Park and Priory Woods, ¢.1952 (EK. Scott). Sandling Park, stated by A. Hardy to have been seen by him here in 1947 (A. M. Morley). First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 1: 136). H. tityus L. (bombyliformis Esp.): Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk. Native. Woods, marshes; on Succisa pratensis. Local. The records indicate that it is now mainly, if not entirely, restricted to diy. 12. 1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309); pre. 1841 (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66). West Wickham, pre. 1841, ‘‘more abundant here than at Darenth or Birch Wood’’ (Douglas, loc. cit.); 3, June 1859 (H. Tompkins MS.). Sparrow Common, one, taken 1927+ (W. V. D. Bolt). 3. West Blean Wood, one, June 1926 (D. G. Marsh), 4. Near Sandwich, a few in a marsh, 1865 (Harding, Hntomologist, 3: 24). Sandwich, common (H. J. Harding, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 538). Ham Marshes, Sandwich; very local (V.C.H. (1908)). 6. Cuxton*, one, June 5, 1908 (Ovenden, Hnt. Rec., 21: 32). 6a. Darenth Wood, taken in 1836 (Norman, Ent. Mag., 4: 155); pre. 1841 (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 66). "HOTEL ACCOMMODATION rah, a ge ae Mrs. H. TULLY Se | - Graigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 12% acres of Rone woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points. i Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc. Write for Brochure. . Telephone Aviemore 236. oe a I CS SS SIE THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD A _ systematic work, in collaboration with the pest specialists oi all Countxies; edited by aS Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ _ Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English, _ German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna x 5 exotica, zt Every volume may be had separately. A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY Well illustrated Subscription: 42/- per year - Free Sample Copy sent on request DURES Sere wearers bes US Ea 22 Harlington Road East, Feltham, Middlesex, England EXCHANGES AND WANTS a For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one er & 46 Drawers. Easy payments if required—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”’ a Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hanis. a ‘Wanted. —Living pupae or ova of Pieris brassicae wollastoni and P. Db. oheinintht. BY for experimental breeding. I should be very grateful to anyone holidaying, in Madeira or the Canary Islands who can obtain even a few specimens Will be glad to refund expenses of airmail and to supply specimens of any interesting crosses. obtained.—Brian O. C. Gardiner, 43 Woodlark Road, Cambridge. z TRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No ae catalogue 4 of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C, Donovan’s | List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, _and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in _ Treland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- i ment will be made. -E. S. A. BAYNES ‘2: Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire a RS REE PSS SP RL I PIT IE ES IES - LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, Vol. 1: RHOPALOCERA.—A limited number of -eprints of this list is available, unbound with heavy paper cover, at 15/- per copy post free, from the EDITOR. - OFFERED : LIVING LARVAE. AEA Owl Moth (Brah. japonica), Robin Moth (S. cecropia), Bull’s Eye Moth (Aut, illustris), all feeding on privet; Chinese Moth (Anth. perynii), feeding on Holly Oak. Prices: 4/6d per doz., small ae~=(March); 6/6d per doz., larger (April)—T. H. FOX, 28 Boxwell Road, plea mISte ds 5 iim toi ee ay ous ea) oh me ta. THE ENTOMOLOGIST” S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION: (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1800) we The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consul to the magazin Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wiu1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F. R.E. ae Coleoptera: AL A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Poors F.R.E.S., E. C. M. d’ Assts- FonseEoa, F. R. E.S. ix. CONTENTS STUDIES IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF LEPIDOPTERA, VII: THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WEST PALEARCTIC AND WORLD FAUNAE, Ne E. P. WILTSHIRE, F.R.E:S. ae Beat NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H C. ocean FRE. si INSECT MOVEMENTS IN 1961. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. STIGMELLA ACERIS FREY. A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN. s. Ne A i JACOBS DREPANA CUR VATULA BORKH. oe “HOOK-TIP NEW. TO BRITAIN, “PART z% ie LG.) Bo YOUDEN, FIRES: BUTTERFLIES IN THE CRANLEIGH DISTRICT. 1961. "MAJOR ‘he E. a ie COLLIER... ee THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE, “4961. ae ae FRANK BALFOUR-BROWNE. nial wey ON BATTERY-POWERED MERCURY “VAPOUR ‘LIGHT. Gan KENNARD. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ne SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT : A ORITICAL ACCOUNT. PART II. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT «in io ee eta TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITC R at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ms ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and eae Fav: SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 sa Sse St. Albans, Herts. on BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES. to TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’ s Shortioeas q CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. | REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the am erage ar price, and orders for these should ba given, at the latest return to the Editor of corrected proof. i ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AM DEFRAYS THE COST. te Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which : are sending to other magazines. 4 All reasonable care is taken of MSS, oes aviiaee eee but the Editor and his staff satan hold themselves eee any loss or damage. Na oe Printed by T. Buncre anp Co. Lrp., ree ol 4 Spi 3 MARCH 1962 THE ENTOMOLOGIST? S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited: by 8. No A, JACORS, w.n.2.8, « with the assistance of ’ A. A. ALLEN, B.SO., A.B.C.8. C. A. CoLnINGwoopD, B.SO., F.R.5.S. -Nevitie BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Huccins, F.R.E.8. J. M. Cxuatmers-Hunt, F.R.E.8 UES: Super se ee tang Ns adhd H. SyMEs, M.a. Major A. EK. Cottier, M.c., F.R.E.s. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harrer, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE. : Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, “ Deny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. BBE BEBE DOLL DEDET EE LOCOS ie simmer D MONTHLY . PRICE 5/- NET BRITISH PYRALI D AND PLUME MOTHS | BRYAN P. BEIRNE, M.A., ec Ph. ay MRL PALES, PEC BS | A descriptive history of all the es species és moths of the families Pyralidae, Pterophoridae_ and Orneodidae. The book summarises all that is known — of these moths in the British Isles. The drawings of the moths, the keys describing the distinguish: ng features, and the line drawings illustrating the | characters of each species enabie spect nen to be identified without difficulty. Emphasis is given to the natural history aspec ‘ Everything that is known of the life history, habits and distribution of each species is summarised. . The classification and nomenclature of the moths are brought in line with modern concepts. : 405 figures of which 216 are oa ee in full colour by S. N. A. Jacobs, F.R. E. ES. ; As. Lolpint THE CATERPILLARS ~ a OF BRITISH MOTHS | - W. J. STOKOE and c. H. a STOVIN. ; , FIRST SERIES: Comprising families Spas) to ; Brephidae 2 SECOND SERIES: Comprising families Geometridae t to Hepialidae up In two volumes all the more Sj iuneetaee ee British Moths have been described and ill which will enable the reader to identify the species and study the changes that take plac life-cycle of these interesting and f creatures. Included are the eggs, chrys food ‘plants. An article on bpp aan in ology by Dr. Stovin appears in Series 1 Volume 1: 251 illustrations in full colour citing 451 illustrations in black and white — Volume 2: 190 illustrations in full colour 596 illustrations in black and white From all Booksellers cre qw Some Overlooked Details from Hohenwarth’s Description of his Papilio cassioides. (Lep. Satyridae) By B. C. S. Warren, F.R.E.S. Few names in entomological literature have been subject to so much misrepresentation as Hohenwarth’s cassioides. It may seem waste of time to refer to it again, but an important paper by Herr Erik von Mentzer (1961) has thrown fresh light on the subject. Von Mentzer went to the Glockner district to study the insects, and starts by giving a detailed account of what must be considered the type locality of Hohenwarth’s cassioides. With that thoroughness and attention to detail which characterizes his work he, fortunately, examined Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book for himself, and brought to light the incredible fact that much that has been written on the subject of ‘‘casstoides’’ during the past few years, has rested on false premises; namely, the supposition that Hohenwarth’s work left it uncertain which of the two known species of the Glockner district was the one to which he gave the name. As is known, these two species are very distinct and easily separable; one hag pointed wings, the other rounded, resembling H. tyndarus, but the underside of the round- winged species is also very distinctive in coloration, especially marked being the beautiful silvery-blue colour of the hindwing of the male, and the white outlining of the nervures of the hindwings in the females; a feature that can be well-marked in some males also. On reading the extracts from the book given by von Mentzer, it be- came obvious that the most important part of Hohenwarth’s work, a long description in German, had to all intents and purposes been ignored in the past, doubtless because the short Latin diagnosis was known to many and the book was not readily accessible. The German description proved conclusively that there was not the least uncertainty as to which species was described as cassioides. The name was given to the round-winged species; von Mentzer quotes the words used “runden ... Fliigeln’’. This vital characteristic is emphasized again a second time further on in the description by the statement that ail four wings are perfectly and completely rounded (‘“‘die vier Fliigel vollkommen ganz, zugerundet’”’...). Further, the colour of the underside of the hindwings. of his insect is said by Hohenwarth to be ‘‘weisslich und aschengrau’’. The ‘‘weisslich’’ can only refer to the beautiful pale, silvery-blue colour of the male underside, which I have so often emphasized in the past as one of the most important charac- teristics of cassivides. This colour-effect is caused by a dense superscaling of glossy scales that are seen to be white when examined with a lens. The contrast between this colour and the dark, dull underside of the pointed-winged species is most marked. The ‘faschengrau’’ doubtless refers to the pale colour of the underside in many females. Hohenwarth’s description of the shape and colour of hig insect are definite, and no further details could minimise their importance or finality, for all other features that could be described (excepting the white outlining of the nervures on the underside of the round-winged 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15 /TIT/1962 species), are common in varying degrees to both species and subject to much variation in each. I dealt with such features of spots and band- like markings in detail (1936, pp. 291, 292 and 293, under dolomitensis), and von Mentzer refers to some such details (1961), noting that in his specimens these features are often the same in both species. The uncertainty about cassioides was not the result of Hohenwarth’s work, but was caused by those who failed to study it, or intentionally disregarded it. It is now irrefutable that the species described as casstoides in my Monograph (1936, p. 291), is the one described as cassioides by Hohen- warth. I was led to making this separation of the two species simply by following the principle of priority in nomenclature. Von der Goltz was the first to name one of the two Glockner races. Why he did so onze cannot say. He had already illustrated as ‘‘cassioides’’ the one he now named ‘‘dolomitana’’. Earlier he had been under the impression that E. tyndarus existed in the Glockner district. Perhaps he had realized this was not the case. The name ‘‘dolomitana’’ was a homonym, so I replaced it with ‘‘dolomitensis’’. My assumption that both species were included under Hohenwarth’s ‘‘cassioides’’ was wrong; but there were two species and only one name. In such circumstances, failing real proof as to which species was the original ‘‘cassioides’’, the first valid name given to either of the insects had priority. So the Dolomite species was named dolomitensis and cassioides could only be used for the other Glockner species. This was the accepted procedure of nomen- clature. The fact is recognised by von Mentzer; unfortunately, others have tried to shut their eyes to it. In an effort to justify the changing of two valid names that had been established 18 years before, Lorkovic claimed that he and de Lesse had taken the trouble to study Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book them- selves, and ‘that this study had revealed that my use of the name “‘cassioides’’ had been incorrect. So far from this being the case however, it now becomes apparent that they had disregarded Hohen- warth’s work when it ran counter to their views, just as they had mine. Their averment that the name ‘‘cassioides’’ had been intended to apply to the pointed-winged species (the one with the dull, dark-coloured underside in the male), was made in direct opposition to Hohenwarth’s words: it rested solely on the pointed wings of the altogether unnatural figure, which could not really be said to portray any known Erebia. Further, in the copy of the book in Stockholm, von Mentzer notes that the figure distinctly shows the remarkable white outlining of the ner- vures on the under side of the hindwing. The photo of the figure given by Lorkovic also shows indications of this characteristic; but he dis- regards the fact. Considering this feature is restricted to the round-winged species and therefore accords with the described characters of shape and colour, and that it is the only characteristic that could not be the result of poor work by the artist, for he must have seen it as he tried to reproduce it, such disregard was no more justified than the disregard of Hohenwarth’s clear statements. Considering the difficulty many collectors will have in trying to consult Reiner and Hohenwarth’s book, I may add that the first accu- rate description of Hohenwarth’s cassioides in recent times is that given in my Monograph (1936, p. 291), also that von Mentzer notes (1961), that no doubt could exist as to which species my description refers to. HOHENWARTH’S DESCRIPTION OF HIS PAPILIO CASSIOIDES 55 It may help readers who are bewildered by the hap-hazard use of the name ‘‘cassioides’’ in the past, to note that only three of the known forms have any true connection with it. These are the typical form of the Glockner, which occurs from a little above Heiliglenbut, about 5,000 feet altitude, to the highest levels of the Pass and down the other side for a considerable distance; the low level form cumpestris from both the eastern and western regions of the Glockner range, and the high-level, Swiss form warreniana from the Faulhorn. All other tyndarus-like named forms, belong to other species. This applies to the unfortunate name ‘‘subcassioides’’ also, which I can only regard as a synonym of aquitania. The original descriptions of both these names are very faulty, probably taken from one or two selected specimens, but the more material one gets from the southern Alps, the more evident it is they cannot be separated. I may emphasize again that without definite proof (i.e. Hohenwarth’s full description), the names used for the Glockner insects in my Mono- graph (1936), were valid; with the proof they are shown to be the correct ones ; the name ‘“‘nivalis’’ was a synonym from the moment of its publi- cation. I took specimens from the Lienz district of the Dolomites as types of dolomitensis, for von der Goltz had not cited or marked a type of his dolomitana. My selection was invalid, for the Lienz district is outside the area mentioned in the description of dolomitana. I have since taken specimens from the Karer Pass as types of dolomitensis. This is important for von Mentzer has now separated from dolomitensis another race under the name noricana, which he attaches to HE. neleus. I have included specimens of this race in my dolomitensis in the past. My descriptions and his may therefore not accord in some respects, but the selection of the Karer Pass specimens as typical of dolomitensis should keep the question clear. J have long been familiar with noricana which is remarkable for the absolutely straight outer margin of the forewings, and the extremely dark underside of the hindwings. It occurs far east and south of the Glockner range, and in the Carnic and Karawanken Alps. My material is very limited and from widely separated localities, but the remarkable colour and marking of the under side seems to be- come more extreme as one passes eastwards. This apparent constancy suggests a strain that is specifically distinct from the variable dolomitensis. The few examples I have dissected exhibit considerable structural variation, but all the same it may well prove to be a western offshoot of H, neleus as von Mentzer suggests. The problems presented by these eastern races are very complex. The discovery that dolomitensis and noricana exist in proximity, and may even hybridise, and yet maintain the two types as they appear in widely separated districts, strongly suggests the presence of two species. But we still do not know how far east dolomitensis may extend, and if it penetrates this eastern region whether it retains its typical aspect. Considering the wing-shape, the probability is that it would, but recalling the ecological fact that in this group of species proximity of different forms seems to check their range of distribution, it is unlikely that dolomitensis has penetrated much east of the Hohe Tauern range. It has been demonstrated in various ways that a species is a con- tinually developing entity (Warren, 1956). The recognizable structural 59 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECCRD, vou. 74 15 / TIT / 1962 or genetic manifestations of a species are therefore not immutable: they have passed through many stages and most probably the degree of their evolution has seldom been contemporaneous. Cases in which the visible indications are difficult to apprehend with any certainty, must there- fore be expected. This emphasizes the vital importance of distributional data. Our knowledge of these insects even in frequently visited localities has been shown by von Mentzer to be very incomplete; it is to be hoped he will continue his researches in the eastern Hohe Tauern and far to the south-east of that range in the future. I am much indebted to von Mentzer for a very complete transcription of Hohenwarth’s description. In conclusion it may be of interest to note that two among the early authors were guided by Hohenwarth’s description and not the fanciful figure. Ochsenheimer, the only one to mention Reiner and Hohenwarth by name, places ‘‘P. cassioides Reiner and Hohenwarth”’ as a synonym of the round-winged tyndarus Esp. (1807). Meyer Diir (1851), describes cassioides as ‘‘small with rounded wings’’, adding that he had it from the Gemmi Pass. The race of the Gemmi is H. tyndarus semimurina, which actually bears more resemblance to true cassiodides than any of the other races that have been connected with the name. REFERENCES von Mentzer, Erik. 19614. Entomol. Ts. Arg., 82.H, 3-4. Meyer-Dtir. 1851. Schmett. Schweiz. Ochsenheimer, Ferdinand. 1807. Schmett. Europa, 1: 299. Warren, B. C. S. 1936. Monograph of the genus Erebia. Warren, B. C. S. 1956. On the Recognition of the species. Proc. Tenth Intr. Congress Ent., 1: 114-123. Inverness-shire in 1961 By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. The 1960-61 winter in the Highlands was quite uncharacteristically mild, with virtually no snow at all, and no stormy weather until the early Spring. Fortunately, the lack of snow was not accompanied by severe frost or our plight with the plumbing might well have been pitiable. Nevertheless, moderate daily frosts persisted throughout December and January and penetrated deeply into the ground, so that an even milder February was needed to cause the first Phigalia pedaria Fab. to emerge and grace my local wooden electricity poles on the 8th of that month. February continued very mild, so much so that a real dawn chorus of birds caused me to start my m.v. light trap on the 20th, earlier than usual. Achlyia flavicorns L. began emerging on 21st, four weeks earlier than in 1960. March emergence began on the 6th, with Orthosia incerta Hufn. and Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., and these were soon followed by all the usual early species including Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. on the 16th, which was a fortnight earlier than normal. Peak numbers for early spring species were reached on the 17th, with 117 moths in my m.v. trap! MHibernating imagines were in rather small numbers, probably due to increased predation in a mild winter, as also were the noctuid larvae, though these were well advanced by the 23rd, when some were over half grown already. The month went out like the proverbial INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1961 57 lion with a considerable snow storm! April continued the early season, the sallows being quite over and the young birches in leaf by the middle of the month, while Odontosia carmelita Esp. appeared in my m.y. trap on the 21st, the earliest date I have seen it. Females of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. were found oviposit- ing on catkins of Bog Myrtle on the 23rd, and other late Spring species appeared early also. May began very wet and windy, but even so Pieris napi L. and Anthocaris cardamines L. appeared on the 2nd, continued the early trend of the season. However, the nights were very cold and numbers of insects on the wing small, emergence being spread over a long period . This chilly spell culminated in a most disastrous frost on the night of the 26th, when the temperature fell to 18 deg. F. The resulting injury to almost all trees was quite lamentable to behold, especially oaks, beeches, limes, spruce and larch. Many of them never recovered, though a few succeeded in producing a second leaf growth later in the year. It is not really possible to estimate the effect on the popula- tion of Lepidoptera, but I think the mortality was not very high nor very lasting, as trap catches later in the year were much as usual. The month ended with the pleasure of the discovery of two new species for my Badenoch list, namely, Hupithecia distinctaria H.-S., by my son, Dr. M. W. Harper, at Newtonmore, and Jithina chlorosata Scop. at Avie- nore by Mr. P. Le Masurier. The former is a good colony and had clearly been overlooked, while the latter is an example of penetration - from outside the district which I had been hoping for. June began with cool, dry, but pleasant collecting weather, but numbers of insects appeared rather small, though the usual early summer insects continued to emerge steadily and still early. For example, Argynnis selene Schf. appeared on the 8th, and Aricia agestis artaxerxes Fab. on the 12th, the night of which also produced quite a sharp frost. A noteworthy fact about the early summer of this year was the complete absence of any common migrants such as Vanessa atalanta L., Plusia gamma L., or Nomophila noctuella Schf., and this observation was confirmed later in the year by the absence of any local breeding of these species which usually occurs. The rest of the month I spent in Devon, and recorded it in Hnt. Rec., 73: 186. Returning to Badenoch at the beginning of July, the weather was found to be atrociously cold, wet, and windy as it had been for most of June, and so it continued through all July. The usual summer species made their appearance, in rather small numbers; notably thin was Plusia pulchrina Haw. usually our most reliable commoner after 4pamea. monoglypha. Hufn., and even this species was not quite such a pest in the trap as usual. On 21st July, Mr. A. J. Wightman added a new scarce immigrant to my Badenoch list by capturing a good male specimen of Celerio galii Schf. feeding at dusk on Melancholy Thistles at Aviemore; the latter blossoms were quite heavily infested at Newton- more by the beautiful beetle Trichius fasciatus Fab. This is an interesting mimetic species, closely resembling a Bumble Bee, and it is always quite common in various parts of the Highlands of Scotland, but this year I found no less than four on one thistle, and many other singletons, the patches of thistle blossoms being badly ravaged by them. On the last night of the month a quite inexplicable occurrence was a mint female Macrothylacia rubi L., but I will hazard a guess that the 58 ENTCMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 /TIT/1962 great frost of 26th May, when on the point of normal emergence, may perhaps have caused two months delay. The stormy, cold weather continued through August, and several species were now late! Temperatures, however, warmed up during the last few days of the month, accompanied by continuous Southerly winds and thunderstorms and a very considerable immigrant wave of Rhodometra sacraria L. On 31st August, while I was investigating a mixed clover and oat field at Kingussie for possible immigrants, I flushed a male R. sacraria and four more during the following few days, and a sixth appeared in my m.v. trap on 5th September. Meanwhile, having warned Mr. Le Masurier, he also took several at Aviemore, and I believe others were taken about the same date in widely dispersed places, many of which have been recorded. September was even stormier than August, but the warmer, thundery conditions continued almost to the end of the month, resulting in large m.v. trap catches which deserve some comment. First, an all- time record size catch of 462 moths occurred on 2nd September, admittedly mostly A. monoglypha and T. pronuba, but it also included a male Amathes alpicola Zett., further evidence of the belated discovery that this species does, in fact, emerge in the odd-numbered years, though more commonly in the even ones. Next, further heavy catches on 4th and 8th included fine specimens of Rhyacia simulans Hufn. of the very dark northern form. This is the first time I have seen this fine species. Lastly, a few common species appeared in quite unusually large num- bers, Amathes agathina Dup. being especially noteworthy since this seems to have been a country-wide phenomenon recorded also by others in the South. Other autumn species unusually abundant were Amphipyra tragopogonis Cl., Leucania pallens L., Triphaena comes Hb., and Diarsia dahlii Hb., while in contrast Amathes xanthographa Schf. usually quite a pest, was really scarce! A welcome wanderer from the nearest colony I know about four miles away was a male Coenocalpe lapidata Hb. in rather worn condition, on 13th September, and the month ended with a pronounced drop in temperature, and very autumnal conditions. October began with a fine sunny week but cold nights. A sudden and quite remarkable wave of immigrant Plusia gamma L. arrived on the 4th, and for the next four days they were abundant in the m.v. trap and also at late honeysuckle blossom in my garden. They all dis- appeared on the 9th with equally dramatic suddenness. Many were in rather poor condition, and I am quite certain that they had not bred locally. The only Vanessa atalanta L. seen this year I found at rest on a fern frond on the 2nd. About dusk I saw it take wing and dis- appear in a southerly direction; it, too, was slightly damaged, and was undoubtedly a returning migrant. By the 17th, cold North winds and snow on the hills virtually ended the season rather earlier than usual. A very short mild interlude early in November brought an emergence of Operophtera fagata Scharf., and on the 22nd winter closed in properly and very early. So ended a rather disappointing year in Scotland, with continuous stormy summer collecting weather, but also with a few redeeming features towards the end of it. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 21.1.1962. THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF INVERNESS-SHIRE 59 The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire : Newtonmore District By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. (See Ent. Rec., 66: 58, 90, 124; 67: 39; 68: 91; 69: 52; 71: 115; 72: 14; and 73: 60, 61) SUPPLEMENT No. 7 Yet again it is a great pleasure for me to record further new species of Macrolepidoptera occurring in Badenoch to be added to my Badenoch List, the definition of the area being contained in my main list in Ent. Rec., 66. This year, 1961, four new species have been discovered, of which only one is a rare migrant. One species is undoubtedly a genuine endemic which had been previously overlooked, one possibly so or perhaps an infiltrator from surrounding lowlands, and the last un- doubtedly an infiltrator which I have been expecting for some time. SPHINGIDAE Celerio galii Schf. A male of this rare immigrant Hawkmoth was captured by Mr A. J. Wightman at dusk feeding at Melancholy Thistles at Aviemore on 21st July 1961. The moth was in very fair condition. This fine species has in earlier years penetrated as far North as Unst in Shetland, but I know of none from the central Highlands. AGROTIDAE AMPHIPYRINAE Rhizedra lutosa Hb. A very fine large male specimen of the form ab crassicornis Haw. in splendid condition entered my m.yv. light trap at Newtonmore on 10th October 1961. The nearest beds of Common Reed are about five miles distant, and do not seem to be very suitable habitats as they grow in very waterlogged marshes; but although con- siderable work in previous years has failed to reveal the species, I still think that there is a colony somewhere in the district. Alternatively the moth may have been a vagrant from the surrounding lowlands. GEOMETRIDAE LARENTIINAE Eupithecia distinctaria H.-S. A colony of this interesting Pug was discovered in a very rocky habitat near Newtonmore on 3lst May, 1961, by my son Dr. M. W. Harper. The locality is associated with one of the few outcrops of limestone in the district, and bears a rich growth of Wild Thyme. The moth is a not uncommon coastal species in the West of Scotland, but as it prefers very rocky habitats it may easily have been overlooked elsewhere as here in Badenoch. BoARMIINAE Lithina chlorosata Scop. A male specimen of this Bracken feeding species was taken at m.v. light at Aviemore by Mr. P. Le Masurier 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/TIT/1962 on 21st May 1961. Bracken has been slowly but steadily increasing in Badenoch during the ten years I have lived here, and I have been expecting this moth to appear for some time. It will be interesting to see if it establishes itself here; it is quite common in the Great Glen and Western Inverness-shire generally. This supplement further increases the total number of Badenoch Macrolepidoptera at the present date, January 1962, to 369 species. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 21.1.1962. Queries from the Journal of a Tyro — 1961 By J. H. Reprern, M.A. 14th May: I am in the famous Oxford hunting ground, the Hell Coppice area, looking for Huphidryas aurinia L., where I had been told to look for it. (Auwrinia does not show up, either then or at any other date.) However, at the far end of the field, I observe a web of black larvae positioned, as far as J can remember, about seven feet up on a post, on or adjacent to blackthorn—the web being perhaps a foot in diameter, and the larvae each about 3” long. It is about 4 p.m. and sunny. The larvae, some forty or fifty of them, are all engaged in a sort of game of perpetual motion: each is waving its head from side to side in a jerky, clockwork fashion, and each gives in this way an impression of extreme irritation and annoyance. The composite effect of this group is quite awe-inspiring, and if the purpose of the exercise is to scare off hungry birds, there is no doubt that this would be achieved, as I cannot imagine a bird of ordinary proportions daring to touch them with a barge-pole! Apart from their identity (which I admit I could not place, for I was only there a moment or two), I wondered afterwards if these larvae kept this up day and night, or only during daylight hours: when would they take time off to feed, and how, on what, and where? If this is a form of self-preservation, is it peculiar to one species or cecmmon to many? Visiting the spot about three weeks later I found all gone—post, web, larvae, the lot. Perhaps a well-wisher had taken them into ‘‘pro- tective custody’? If so, he may even be reading this now, and could give me the answers. Any comment, whether by the Editor or by subsequent readers, would be noted by the writer with interest and thanks. 7th July: I found myself in the centre of the Forest of Dean, at 6.30 p.m., hunting Argynnis cydippe L. which, in spite of the late hour, I knew to be there. (Every large fritillary I saw last year proved to be cydippe, from the Lake District to South Wales to Oxford and back, so that I begin to wonder whether A. aglaia L. really exists any more anywhere—and for critics, I do know the difference between them!) Well, the cydippe are there, but at that late hour, and with the going down of the sun, they seemed to have become wilder than ever (if that were possible), and would on no account permit capture from a newcomer such as I. QUERIES FROM THE JOURNAL OF A TYRO—1961 61 Eventually, after falling headlong into sundry bramble bushes, I gave up the unequal struggle, and decided to watch. In the open clearing were numerous young oak trees about 20 feet tall. The cydippe were repeatedly making for these, after each sally of mine, and having approached the upper branches, far out of reach of my net, were fluttering continuously in and out of them, never settling, but, on the other hand, never giving any signs of wanting to come away. Was this yet another example of honey-dew feeding, or was it simply ‘“‘bed-time’’, and they were picking, like the birds, a roosting place for the night? When I left the spot in disgust, they were still steadily fluttering round the oak tops, silhouetted by the last rays of the sun. (Footnote.—If they had been aglaia, I might have waited for the dawn!) Brackens, 78 Park View Road, Lytham, Lancs. 16.1.1962. I have been looking into the books with reference to the social larvae on the web. My belief is that they were Huproctis chrysorrhoea 1. (brown tail). They feed on blackthorn and I bred a series in 1961. Lots of larvae, especially when in a colony, jerk their heads, but I think it is to drive away inchneumons and other predators. If the web was a very white one, the larvae could possibly have been Hriogaster lanestris L. (small eggar). I have bred it and have notes of larvae seen between 12th May and 7th June in Sussex. As far as your second note is concerned, I have not seen cydippe very often since July 1922 when I saw it emerging in enormous numbers in the New Forest. Your insects were, I am sure, settling on the leaves on the oak branches for the night. I have often seen paphia, camilla, aglaia and cydippe doing this at 8 p.m. in the New Forest. Aglaia:—I have taken in Cornwall, Castor Hanglands, Lower Bad- dow, Royston, Fleam Dyke, New Forest, Plaistow (Sussex), Clandon, Woollacombe, and last but not least, Aviemore. At Aviemore, both males and females were darker than the southern ones, and the females are especially dark. I have taken them there between 4th July and 9th August, but between 20th July and August bank holiday is a good time, Im an average season. I have been collecting for sixty years (I am now 79) and realize that T have a tremendous amount to learn, [I find that the man or boy who has been at the game two or three years seems to be certain of every- thing. I never shall be.—Ciirrorp Craururp, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. PxHLocoPpHORA Meticutosa L. In January.—On 27th January I saw a freshly squashed specimen of this moth on the footway in the centre of Bromley. The wings were in good condition and the mild spell following the cold period would apparently have stimulated this early appearance. —S. N. A. Jacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 5.1i.1962. THe Canary IsLANDS AND CENTRAL Spain (Vol. 73: 245).—Baron de Worms was quite right in his spelling of the foodplant of Danaus plexippus as Asclepias curassavica; Mr. Sevastopulo’s amendment. is therefore uncalled for.—Kennetn J. Haywarp, Tucuman, Argentina. 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ TIT /1962 To the Editor, 29th December 1961. The Entomologist’s Record. Dear Sir, I was delighted to read Mr. J. F. Burton’s letter in the December issue of the Record, in which he suggested that a Field Guide to the butterflies of Europe would be a boon to lepidopterists. Those who, like myself, spend their spare time in studying and, whenever possible, collecting the butterflies and moths of Europe, will know the difficulties involved in searching through literature in many languages. Some of the revisions of Genera carried out by such workers as Boursin are very difficult to trace, and the poor amateur, confronted with a nondescript Noctuid or a worn specimen of one of the fritillaries of the athalia group, is compelled either to look up all sorts of references which are often contradictory, or else he ends up (as I usually do) by lamely trotting off to Kensington or Tring and settling the matter with Messrs. Howarth, Bradley, Goodson, Tite and Co. Recent correspondence on the defects and merits of the new ‘‘South”’ show how much work has yet to be done on British lepidoptera alone. The amount of co-ordination necessary to reduce the tangle of European Papers to any form of order is enormous, but it is high time that the job was undertaken by competent persons. There is little doubt that all your readers who are working in this field would gladly co-operate, and I should be grateful for permission to count myself amongst their number. The views of other readers are awaited with great interest. Yours faithfully, Dennis SmitH, F.R.E.S. From Major General C. G. Lirscoms, C.B., D.S.O. 28th December 1961. Dear Sir, I was most interested in Mr. Burton’s letter published in the December number of the Record (73: 265). Having recently returned to this country after several years in Germany, I know something of the problems of collecting on the continent, particularly as my efforts to obtain an illustrated pocket guide on the continental butterflies in English drew a complete blank. In the end, I have used as my bible a German publication, Die Schmetterlinge Mittelewropas, by Drs. Forster and Wohlfahrt. This is an excellent publication, very well illustrated, with brief but adequate text and not so large that it cannot conveniently accompany one on one’s travels. With the exception of Spain, Scan- dinavia and Greece, it virtually covers all the parts of Europe one is likely to visit. While supporting very strongly nearly all that Mr. Burton says, I personally doubt whether the idea of distribution maps on the same lines as those in the Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe, with which I am very familiar, is really practical. Many of the worth- while species are very local, so that to be effective the maps would have to be on a large scale and in considerable detail. I thoroughly agree that there is a real requirement amongst entomologists for a well-illustrated English pocket guide to European butterflies and this might well be on the lines of the German publication to which I have already referred. MR. RADDON AND HIS SPURGE HAWKS 63 I would be glad to give what assistance I can from my own limited experience to any team of entomologists that undertook a publication of this nature. Yours faithfully, Crockerton House, nr. Warminster. C. G. Liescoms. Mr. Raddon and his Spurge Hawks By S. C. S. Brown Judging by a recent review of the New Edition of South’s ‘‘Moths of the British Isles’’’ (Ent. Rec. 73: 220) it appears that Raddon’s discovery of Celerio euphorbiae (Linn.) on Braunton Burrows in North Devon in 1806 is now largely discredited. Raddon claimed to have found the larvae in considerable numbers up to 1814 and to have bred a few moths. It is now argued that as no one else but Raddon found the larvae he must have been a cheat and a liar, and that he imported the species from the Continent and sold the moths as genuine British stock. How was this species imported, as ova, larvae, pupae or as set specimens? The Napoleonic War was on, and France had been engaged in hostilities with this country since 17938, yet we are asked to believe by the prosecution that ova or larvae of ewphorbiae were obtained every year between 1806 and 1814 from a continental dealer, brought across the channel by sailing vessel through the blockade, and delivered to Barnstaple in North Devon before the ova hatched or the larvae died! Could the pupae have been imported and a stock raised? Possibly, but but Mr. P. B. M. Allan himself declares in his Talking of Moths that Raddon was too much of a bungler to have raised a brood, and that he had to rely on a fresh importation each year. What is the evidence in support of Raddon’s claim? The Spurge Hawk occurred, or was at least recorded in Devon, both before 1806 and after 1814. AC ER. Haworth, in his Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum 1802, against Sphinx euphorbiae, writes ‘‘Devon’’. This record is most certainly referable to KE. Donovan in his Natural History of British Insects, Vol. III,1794, pp. 51-53. Donovan says: ‘‘Mr. Curtis, author of the Flora Londinensis etc., found four of the caterpillars last summer in Devonshire.’’ This would date the discovery of the larvae to the year 1793. William Curtis (1746-1799) was a noted botanist, and besides being the author of the classical Flora Londensis founded the Botanical Magazine which is still in existence. He was also interested in ento- mology, and was the author of Instructions for Collecting and Pre- serving Insects, 1771. The moth, together with the larva and its food- plant is figured in John Curtis’ British Entomology. The plate is No. 3 and is dated Ist Jan. 1824. It was Curtis’ custom only to figure species which he himself had seen, hence he must have been in possession of a living larva of ewphorbiae in order to have figured it. He says in the text: ‘‘Deilephila euphorbiae is eminently beautiful both in its larva and imago states, and although it has been met with by the earlier collectors, I am indebted to the assiduity and liberality of my friend Mr. Raddon for being able to give its history, as well as figures of the larva, and the plants upon which it feeds.’’ Curtis gives figures of a full-grown larva, the moth, and two larvae in the first instar which are placed in the cup-shaped involucre of the flower-head and are easily overlooked if the plate is not examined carefully. The fact 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/11/1962 that Curtis was able to figure two larvae soon after the emergence from the egg, definitely strengthens Raddon’s claim that he found the very young larvae in abundance at Braunton Burrows. The first part of his British Entomology appeared on lst January 1824. We know from the correspondence which passed between Curtis and Dale that he had been engaged on this work for some fifteen years. As the plate No. 3 was presumably one of the earliest made, it would date its construction not earlier than 1809, but well within the years up to 1814. The Curtis collection is now in Melbourne. In 1903 J. J. Walker visited Melbourne and examined the collection. His obser- vations wers published in the Ent. mon. Mag. 1904, 187-194. Walker said that there were three specimens of ewphorbiae, evidently bred. In the MS. Register there was the following: ‘‘Deilephila ewphorbiae 6th June. Ist cat found. Appledore and Braunton Burrows. 1814, abundt. 3rd October 1819, one—.’’ There are six examples in the Dale collection from Raddon. One worn male is labelled: ‘‘Barnstable (sic) Mr. Raddon’’, and at the side, ‘‘1815’’. Mr. W. H. T. Tams has been kind enough to look at the Stephen’s collection for me in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). He says that there are five specimens of euphorbiae, all without data, but from what Stephens says about this species in his British Entomology 1828, they are most probably from Raddon. The Raddon collection was sold in 1848 at Stephens. There were four specimens, which fetched 38/- to 40/- each. For some years I have been engaged on a projected biography of James Charles Dale (1791-1872) of Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset. Through the kindness of Prof. Varley I have been given facilities for examining the collections and MS. catalogues as well as the correspondence of Dale which are in the Hope Dept., University Museum, Oxford. The correspondence consists of more than 5,000 letters to Dale, and are entirely from entomologists. Many of these letters are of considerable historic interest. Raddon wrote 18 letters to Dale, the first being dated 18.3.1825, and the last, 23.12.1835. There is nothing contained in them of any particular interest. Curtis wrote 351 letters to J. C. Dale. The first is dated 26.10.1819, and the last, 6.7.1862. In 1822 Curtis wrote to Dale to say that he had heard from Dr. Cocks, a physician practising at Barnstaple, that he had been to Braunton Burrows and found 7 larvae. A fortnight later, Curtis joined Dr. Cocks and they both went to the sandhills but failed to find any. Dr. Cocks wrote 51 letters to Dale. The first dated 3.9.1830, and the last, 18.4.1856. He told Dale that he had discovered euphorbiae only in one year (not stated), and that the larvae were in one spot and close to the shore. Later, in 1843, he (Cocks) had heard that Raddon had found one larva, which pupated but died before it emerged. Meyrick, (Revised Handbook 1928), suggests that ewphorbiae is only an occasional resident here. Its distribution is Central and South Europe to India and Turkestan. Britain, therefore, would be well be- yond its normal range. The foodplant, Huphorbia paralias L. is confined to the coasts. It is possible that the species could exist for a few years and then be wiped out by adverse climatic conditions. The winter of 1813-14 was extremely severe, and the summers of 1815, 1816 and 1817 unceasingly cold and wet. It may be of some significance that Papilio machaon LL. and Aporia crataegi (L) both disappeared in 1815 from Glanville’s Wootton, Dorset, where they had been not uncommon. S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Rd., Bournemouth, BUTTERFLIES IN THE OXFORD DISTRICT, 1961 65 Butterflies in the Oxford District, 1961 By Dr. R. G. AINLEY These observations are based on expeditions undertaken weekly, or more frequently, to a variety of localities within a ten-mile radius of Oxford, throughout the period April to September 1961. Species here recorded as ‘‘not seen’’ were specifically searched for, but not found. The immigrant species may be rapidly dismissed. Vanessa atalanta L., was seen very infrequently, V. cardui L., and Colias croceus Fourc., were not seen at all. The immigrant ‘‘Whites’’, after a poor start, became common from July onwards, Pieris napi L., predominating. The Satyridae were of average incidence, with two exceptions. Melanargia galathea L., usually a common roadside butterfly in many parts of the region, was unusually scarce. For many years a large colony of this species has flourished in the Waterperry area. In 1960 the territory covered by the colony had diminished markedly, though Specimens were moderately common. In 1961, an afternoon’s search in this locality produced three specimens. By contrast, Pararge aegeria L. has been commoner in this area in 1961 than I have ever known it to be. It is, of course, well known that this species has been extending its range in many parts of the country during the last twenty years (Ford, 1945). Mr. R. F. Bretherton (Bretherton, 1939) in his survey of this region records it as being ‘‘very scarce’. I began to collect Lepi- -doptera in 1944, and within a few years I came to regard aegeria as a rare species confined to the thickest parts of a few large woods, and even these being few and far between. My impression is that since 1947 it has shown a steady increase and, at the same time, a change of habitat. Its headquarters are still the larger woodlands, especially up till the end of May, but the second and third generations are found in all types of habitat. In August and September 1961 it was common in riverside meadows, along open hedgerows, and in suburban gardens. All the Nymphalidae were well below average in numbers. In three localities in which Argynnis euphrosyne L. has in the past been com- mon, not one specimen was seen, although there are signs of a revival of this species among the tree-stumps of the now-mutilated Hell Coppice. Ten years ago Argynms paphia L. was fairly common hereabouts. In 1961 I was unable to find a single specimen. . I have also been unable to find Huphydryas aurinia Rott. in any of its usual localities in the region. Aglais urticae L. was very common, as always, but Nymphalis io L. was scarce, and has been so for the past three years. Limenitis camilla L. seems also to have undergone a partial eclipse. I have seen only one specimen during the whole season, and this in a wood where, in 1960, I was able to take six perfect specimens within forty minutes (not to mention the ones that got away, and those I released because of damage). The numbers of Polygonia c-album L. seen were well below average, and Apatura iris L. was not seen at all, though it must be admitted that in Oxfordshire this species is seldom seen in great num- bers at the best of times. All those species of Pieridae and Hesperiidae found in this district were seen in average numbers. Of the local Lycaenidae the two Oxonian blues (Polyommatus icarus Rott., and Celastrina argiolus L.) were well below strength. Thecla quercus L. was abundant in most of its localities 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/11/1962 in July, and Strymonidia prunt L. was seen in average numbers, though I saw none at Hell Coppice, its best-known locality in the area. To what do these superficial observations add up, assuming that they represent an approximation to the true incidence of the butterflies of this region in 1961? With one or two exceptions, 1961 was undoubtedly a poor year for most species. It is too easy to lay the blame for this at the door of the Local Authorities who spray the roadsides with poisons, and the Forestry Commission who are busily converting the local mixed woods into acres of sterile conifer plantations. Factors such as these undoubtedly play a part, but since, in 1960 and 1961, species in all types of habitat have shown a general decline in numbers, it may well be that we are witnessing what is partly a ‘‘natural’’ fluctuation in numbers, possibly of climatic origin. It is easy to say this, and impossible to gain any good evidence in favour of it. Time will tell, and in other parts of the country the picture may be less gloomy. Finally, I must agree wholeheartedly with Mr. P. C. Quin (Record, p. 244, November 1961) that, as regards some species, over-collecting is hastening their extinction. We all know what happened to Hell Cop- pice a few years ago. Nevertheless, in what remains of that once- celebrated hunting-ground, Thecla betulae L. and Strymonidia pruni L. have somehow managed to survive, though in greatly reduced numbers. In 1960 I found there three larvae of betulae, and saw a few imagines of each species. However, in 1961, despite repeated visits neither species was seen in any stage. Every weekend in May and June, the local blackthorn was belaboured by visiting collectors, and by July every accessible branch must have been beaten several scores of times. Most of those to whom I spoke had found neither pruni nor betulae. If this sort of thing continues, both species will soon be extinct in this locality, if they are not so already. May I conclude by asking readers of the Record for some practical advice? One of the Oxfordshire localities of Strymonidia pruni L. is, I believe, little known even to local entomologists. It originally consisted of two long rows of old Sloe bushes separated by a small wood. In 1948 I found prumi there in abundance on both these banks of Sloe. In July 1961 I re-visited the wood, to find that the Forestry Commission had razed one bank of Sloe to the ground, along with most of the wood itself. Nevertheless, on the remaining bank of Sloe, I saw ten specimens of pruni within twenty minutes. The problem is as follows: since it seems very probable that a bulldozer will shortly be driven through the remaining Sloe bushes, can any reader of the Record suggest a course of action that could be taken by an individual to avert the final destruc- tion of this habitat for a rare butterfly? REFERENCES Ford, E. B. 1945. ‘“‘Butterflies’’. Collins. Bretherton, R. F. 1939. A List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of the Oxford District. Proc. Ashm. Nat. Hist. Soc. 141 St Margaret’s Road, Oxford. Mr. C. Hotmes.—I was much interested to read the note about the Celerio euphorbiae L. bred by Mr. C. Holmes at Sevenoaks in 1902 (Lepidoptera of Kent, II (7). Supplement to the January ‘‘Record’’). NOTES ON REVIEWS OF THE NEW ‘‘SOUTH”’ 67 In those days I was living not far from Mr. Holmes and knew him quite well. I still have in my collection two specimens of Clostera anachoreta Schiff. that he gave me. They had both been bred by him, one in 1907 from a larva found at Romney and the other in 1908 from a larva found at Hythe. I always found Mr. Holmes very kind and helpful to a young entomologist.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 2.11.1962, Lepidoptera Observed at Dulwich in 1961 By Auasparr Aston, B.A., F.L.S., F.R.E.S. The following thirty-eight species have been added to my list of Dulwich Lepidoptera observed from 1957 to 1960.— Deilephila elpenor L. emerged 22.vi.61; Huproctis chrysorrhoea Hiibn. 1.vii.61; Cycnia mendica Clerck. at Belair, 13.v.61; Apatele leporina L. 23.vi.61; Hadena serena Fabr., Rivula sericealis Scop., Alsophila aescularia Schiff., Sterrha dimidiata Hutn., Eupithecia pul- chellata Steph., 23.vi.61; Hrannis aurantiaria Esp., E. defoliaria Clerck, Colotois pennaria L., Acentropus nivea Ol., Dioryctria fusca Haw., EHphestia sericarium Scott, Homoesoma binaevella Hiibn., Myelois cribrella Hiibn., Crambus perlellus Scop., Stenoptilia ptero- dactyla L., Pandemis ribeana Hiibn., Tortrix loeflingiana L., Argyro- ploce pruniana Hiibn., Hucosma griseana Hiibn., H. trimaculana Don., Laspeyresia funebrana Treits,, Batachedra praeangusta Haw., Elachista rufocinerea Haw., Scythris chenopodiella WHiibn., Argyresthia brockeella Hiibn., Coleophora spissicornis Haw., C. deauratella Zell., C. anatipennella Hiibn., Ornix guttea Haw., Gracillaria stigmatella Fabr., Scardia boleti Fabr., Tineola infimella H.-S., T. cloacella Haw., Nepticula subbimaculella Haw. Of the above, H. chrysorrhoea was an unexpected wanderer, but I hear that it was very common in 1961 on the coast. Mr. Wakely thinks that A. leporina probably feeds on poplar in London. I might have passed over EF. pulchellata but that very day I noticed Digitalis purpurea in Dulwich. D. fusca is supposed to feed on Hrica, of which there are cultivated varieties in Dulwich Park, but I suspect that fusca either ranges very far in flight or else has alternative pabulum. This brings my Dulwich total to 324 species. 15 Pickwick Road, Dulwich Village, S.E.21. Notes on Reviews of the New “South” By Its Epitors Now that several reviews of the recent edition of South’s ‘‘Moths of the British Isles’? have appeared, it is perhaps opportune to com- ment on some of the criticisms that have been made. A major and quite understandable source of irritation is the errors in the legends to the plates and their lack of page references. Had the editors been given the opportunity of reading the proofs of the legends and inserting the page references, these faults could have been avoided. Despite repeated requests for copies of these proofs, none was received. The responsibility for these errors and omissions must therefore rest with the publishers. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, voL. 74 15 /1IT/1962 The alteration by the publishers of the original sequence of the plates was made without all the corresponding references in the text being altered and the absence of legend-proofs allowed these alterations to be published unchecked. Some of the species figured on plate 49 in volume two have references to plate 48. It has been suggested that figure 14 on plate 70 in volume two is wrongly labelled; in the copies that we have so far examined, the figure illustrates the species intended. Errors of commission and omission in the distribution lists are much regretted by the editors and every effort is being made to correct these, together with any other errata, including out-of-date botanical and geographical terms, before the next impression is printed. Mr. Wightman’s paper on Aporophyla lutulenta Schiffermiiller and Aporophyla lunebergensis Freyer was not overlooked, as has been sug- gested; the conclusions reached, however, were contrary to those held by Monsieur Ch. Boursin, and the editors decided to maintain, for the present, the previously published status of the two names. The inclusion of line drawings to illustrate the genitalia of closely related species was considered, but as few collectors have the facilities for making genitalia preparations, references to published figures in the literature were thought to be adequate. For those who have such facilities (a stereoscopic dissecting microscope is essential), there are several publications: for example, F. N. Pierce’s volumes illustrating the genitalia of both sexes of most of the British Lepidoptera, W. H. T. Tams’ ‘‘Some British Moths Reviewed’? (1941, Amateur Entomo- logist, 5: 1-20, figs. 1-73), and more recently, E. W. Classey’s well- illustrated Presidential Address to the South London Entomological and Natural History Society published in March 1954. Whilst copies of most of Pierce’s volumes are difficult te purchase, these and other works are available for study in, or on loan from, institution and Society lhbraries. For those who wish to make genitalia preparations and want to know something of the techniques involved, there is a clear and concise paper entitled ‘‘The Genitalia of Lepidoptera’? by A. F. O’Farrell published in the Amateur Entomologist (1941, 5: 33-38). The original prints that were supplied for the text figures were far from ‘‘wishy-washy’’, but the excellence of their quality has been lost by poor reproduction. To ensure that errors are corrected before further impressions are printed, the editors have had for some months a copy of the first impression marked and prepared for the printers; in this copy, notes from reviews and other sources have been correlated. We should appreciate the co-operation of any reader who would care to send us any notes or comments. D. S. FLercHer. 44 Warren Park, Warlingham, Surrey. R. J. Cows. Current Literature Tue Nicerian ButtrerFiies. Part VI. Acraeidae. 1961. Boorman, J. & Roche, P. Ibadan University Press. Part I. Papilionidae, 1957, and Part V, Nymphalidae, section 3 (Hamanumida to Issoria) 1959, have appeared and have been reviewed. The whole of this work is being published in 9 parts. NORTH AMERICA AND THE EXTREME SOUTH OF SPAIN 69 This is another very welcome addition to the very scanty literature concerning the Rhopalocera of West Africa. It is extremely well de- scribed and illustrated and easy to use for identification of Acraeidae. I would advise also a study of the Acraeinae section of ‘‘The Butter- flies of Kenya and Uganda’’ by St. Aubyn Rogers and Van Someren, as it is obvious that a number of new species and sub-species will be dis- covered. Individual variability is combined with a strongly-marked general resemblance, and apart from certain Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae mimicking Acraeids, some Acraea directly mimic species of the same genus, or in the closely-allied genus Planema. It should be noted that all the species are very resistant to cyanide, and it is difficult to kill them by pressure on the thorax without mutilat- ing them. Although it is noted that many are characteristic of the rain forest belts, it should be realised that though many species inhabit forests, on the whole they are more characteristic of the open country. I associate Acraea with grassland, and Planema with gaps in forests, up to 2,500 ft. in Togoland. Acraea fly about slowly, and float about, sometimes in large numbers. The range of many of these species extends from Nigeria to the Congo. The genus Acraea is the richest in species of all Ethiopian butterfly genera, and is represented everywhere in the region. Outside Africa, only a few species occur in South Asia and Australia. It is hoped that Lepidopterists in West Africa will make a special study of this neglected family, and will be inspired by this most useful book. F. L. Jounson, M.B.E., F.R.E.S. 25 Fermoy Road, Thorpe Bay, Essex. 15.1ii.62. North America and the Extreme South of Spain (August to October 1961 and April 1961) By J. A. C. Greenwoop, O.B.E., F.R.E.S. Almost every year I spend from four to six weeks in North America, usually between the end of September and the end of Novem- ber. In 1961 I went across on the 28th August, and lepidoptera were naturally more numerous than on visits later in the season. As these are business trips, and practically confined to the major cities, the opportunities for collecting are limited, but even so the hauls are quite interesting and reasonably large. Most of the moths were taken at night on lighted shop windows, others at rest by day. My butterflying consisted of odd hours with a pocket net at weekends on any piece of handy open ground. Towards the middle of September 1961 the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L. was quite numerous around Toronto, even in the centre of the city. The insects were in ones and twos, obviously not migrating. I saw the same damaged specimen in a small garden on three successive evenings, while a very fine one spent over an hour on the 18th green of the Toronto Golf Club, quite undisturbed by some excellent approach shots and moving only a few yards when it was in the line of a putt. I could have captured a long series but, in fact, took only one. This was caught with a nylon landing net with one-inch mesh 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 / TIT / 1962 (my host was a keen fisherman). It proved an ideal weapon for such a large butterfly. In Montreal on the 15th September there were no monarchs to be seen. Fifty miles north, at Ste. Marguerite, the milkweed was growing in profusion, there were many butterflies including several Colias species, Chrysophanus hypophlaeas, some Whites and a Pyrameis atalanta L. There were no monarchs. On the 23rd September I motored from Toronto 225 miles westwards to Sarnia. All the way there were many monarchs flying towards the south-west. I counted over 200 actually crossing in front of the moving car. Most of them were between 3 and 5 feet from the ground, very few above 10 feet. Almost all were flying steadily and in the same direction, although an occasional specimen would pause on a head of golden rod or clump of clover. It was a very hot day, well over 90° F., with a strong sun and a light wind from the west. At Sarnia there is only a narrow water crossing to the U.S.A. shore, to the north of which is the wide expanse of Lake Huron, to the south the St. Clair river is over half a mile wide and soon opens into the St. Clair lake and Lake Erie. The butterflies gave the impression that they were heading, as though drawn through a funnel, towards this easy crossing. The monarchs were flying in company with at least two, and probably more, species of Colias and some whites, but these seemed to be moving quite aimlessly with no indication of being part of a migration. From St. Clair I drove on next day westwards 375 miles to Chicago and, as soon as a very heavy thunderstorm ceased about noon, again saw large numbers of monarchs, still flying towards the south or south- west. In Chicago itself the monarchs were more numerous than ever. About 100 spent the night in a clump of bushes outside my hotel. There was a very strong wind during the two days of my stay, and it was most impressive to watch the butterflies battling their way from street level to the roofs of the skyscrapers, never attempting to find an easier way round. From my bedroom on the 6th floor I had an excellent view and could watch them tacking from side to side in the angle of the building, gradually gaining height until they could sweep away over the roofs. My office is on the 19th floor and from the windows there were often aS many as a dozen butterflies in sight at about this level or above. Their power was most evident as was their determination to keep to their course. None were to be seen in New York at the end of the month, although migrating streams pass down the eastern seaboard. In Toronto my richest hunting ground was near the Park Plaza Hotel, where I found many moths, including four of the five species of Catocala which I saw in Canada, at rest on trees or on walls or windows. There were only single specimens of C. unyuga Wkr., C. neogama and C. parta Guen. but C. relicta Walker with its handsome black and white hindwings, was common and very variable in the markings of its forewings. It often rests 10 or 12 feet from the ground, but can sometimes be dislodged by an accurately aimed handkerchief (always a source of amusement to passers-by) when it is inclined to flutter down to the pavement and seems less skittish than its British relative, C. nupta L. NORTH AMERICA AND THE EXTREME SOUTH OF SPAIN aa Autographa simplex Guen. was flying freely in the sunshine, par- ticularly round flowers on the Toronto golf courses. Its darting flight is very like that of its cousin, Plusia gamma L., and it is just as difficult to box when on the wing. At midnight, returning to the Park Plaza, I saw a large insect fly- ing in the beam of a flood-lamp trained on a nearby church. It settled on the ground as J approached and I was surprised to find that it was, in fact, another monarch butterfly. During a fortnight in Canada I came across some 12 species of butterflies and 40 of moths. One of these, taken in the centre of Toronto, close to the Museum, was identified (as were many of the other moths) by Dr. de Worms as Brachylomia discinigra Hampson. The British Museum have only one specimen, the type taken over 100 years ago. The Ottawa Museum have a short series, but none taken near Toronto. Of the shop windows, far the richest was ‘‘Honest Ed’s’’, a large store, selling almost everything at cut prices, whose splendid bargains, and exceptionally well-lit windows, attracted many moths; there were almost always half a dozen or more. This was my only source of the delicately marked Hrastria carneola Guen. My highest capture in Canada was on the roof of an 11-storey build- ing where a Plume, Pterophorus monodactylus L. was sitting on the bris-soleil camouflaging the water tanks. In Chicago moths were much less numerous, but I found several Leucania unipuncta, Haworth and Heliothis armigera Hiibn. A Pyrameis cardui L. was sunning itself on a shop window. Perhaps it was natural that the display within was a most expensive line in mink bikinis for, aS My companion remarked, American Painted Ladies have extravagant tastes. New York always produces quite a good selection of moths. A hot- dog stand near Times Square was a reliable stand-by, but boxing was sometimes difficult when trade was brisk. Central Park I have always found disappointing. My theory is that the immense population of squirrels enjoy an hors d’oeuvres of cocoons and resting moths as spice to the simple meals provided for them by the doting multitude of New Yorkers. The Hanover Bank, near Fifth Avenue, produced several species, including Autographa precationis Guen. and Feltia venerabilis Wkr. On the newspaper offices at 42nd Street I found one example of the gaily coloured Attea aurea Fitch. In central New York moths seem to fly at least to the 18th floor, specimens at that height included Prodenia ornithogalli Guen. and Amathes c-nigrum L. Also Peridroma porphyrea Schiff., which is very common in New York as is Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. Perhaps the commonest species I saw in Central New York was Plathypena scabra Fab., of which I often came across up to a dozen examples in an evening stroll. Alabama argillicea Hiibn. is also abundant in October. A species of Vapourer, Orgyia leucostigma A. & S., is a plague on some trees and the cocoons and egg masses abound on trunks and ledges of walls, particularly in the gardens of the Library on 5th Avenue at 42nd Street. In New York and Toronto I was pleased to find specimens of that 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 — 15/11/1962 remarkable little moth Nycterosia obstipata Fabr. which appears in this country aS a common migrant. During my stay in New York a large number of praying mantids emerged in the area of Park Avenue; they even merited a paragraph in the paper. : HULME : ane ERE. Ss. 1961 IN RETROSPECT, M. J. LEECH NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS _... ou “NOTES ON TINEA TURICENSIS MULL.-RUTZ. (METONELLA PIEI S. WAKELY Po Lee nes tee eee COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961. R. FAIRCLOUGH ... CURRENT LITERATURE SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT ACCOUNT. PART II. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT __... TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS — All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be se at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES. and WANTS, an SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 ey St. Albans, Herts. | ae BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, sha SETS or TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Roau, Bishop CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. _ REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the mag to contributors of articles; these may contain More formal reprints from re-set type may s price, and orders for these should be een, at return to the Editor of corrected proof. ' ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition — ‘that fe DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or are sending to other magazines. Merete tn All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photo; but the Editor and his staff cannot any loss or damage. Printed by T. Buncte AD I Cc veo ae | Coe eS MAY 4962 GDENEAEAEDENEDEA DEREORERERAR = THE = OM OLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. fe JACOBS, F.B.E.s. : Bette with the assistance of AS ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGwoon, B.SC., F.R.E.S. iLLE BIRKETT, M.A., MLB. H. C. Hueeins, F.B.E.8. . W L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. -M. Caatmers-Hunt, F.R.£.s. H. Symes, M.A. r A. EB. Cottier, M. C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY _ Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.£.8. y : . ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE. - | Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, | Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. PRICE 5/. NE? } 5 SERERS SEEKER SUCECSMSLSESUSCBRSTSUSTSESLBETES 3 THE WORLD IN THE PAST. WHAT IT WAS LIKE AND WHAT IT CONTAINED B. WEBSTER SMITH, F.G:S. Here is given a popular account, in simple non-technica ; language, of the wonders recorded in Nature’s Great. Stone q Book of the Earth. Every cliff, field, quarry or river has | a tale to tell. We wander amongst the Coral Islands, — Mountains and Volcano Craters. We read of the Birth the Earth and the Dawn of Life; the Succession of Ag each characterised by its own eee form of life. Eve student of nature will be thrilled by this most interesti \ story of the world when it was young. 7 3 plates in full colour, 193 half-tone mae : 2s. n n ‘~ BEES, WASPS, ANTS AND ALLIED INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES Ne , Dacty, M.D. Stimulated by the example of the late Mr. H. D. Swain, I started in the Spring of 1955 to run a mercury-vapour moth trap in the garden of my house at Wimbledon. The present article summarises the results of this venture for the six years, 1955-1961, inclusive. The list which follows covers, unfortunately, only the families usually grouped together as ‘‘macros’’, but it is hoped to publish a list of the local Pyralidae at a later date. With few exceptions, which are individually noted, all the species listed have been caught by means of the trap in my garden. The exceptions are moths taken as imagines or larvae on Wimbledon Com- mon or elsewhere in Wimbledon, and I have included two records of moths taken in Wimbledon before the Second World War but not caught or seen here subsequently. I have not collected systematically on Wimbledon Common and never there at night, and it is no doubt likely that species exist on the Common which I am not likely to take in my garden. Alan Road, where the trap has been run, is in a residential area of Wimbledon on high ground between Wimbledon High Street and Wimbledon Park. The site of the trap is within 200 yards of Wimble- don Park and about half-a-mile from Wimbledon Common in a straight line. Although the garden is not a particularly large one, there are many large gardens between Alan Road and the Common and many fine and long-established trees. A limited amount of new building has taken place in the area in the last three years and the effect on the local fauna can only have been harmful. 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V /1962 The moth trap has not been run every night. Generally speaking, however, it has been run every favourable night between the beginning of March until mid-October at least from 1959 onwards. At first (during 1955) it was placed quite near the house and many moths settled on the adjacent wall of the house. From 1956 onwards the trap has been run in the centre of the lawn with two boards, approximately 18” x 10”, set up to screen off the two adjacent neighbours’ houses. Moths settled on these boards, too. Birds have been a menace, and they soon learnt to make a clean sweep of all moths not actually in the trap very soon after dawn unless IT preceeded them, which was sometimes but not always the case. Unfor- tunately, there is no doubt that many moths were lost in this way, including probably species which never entered the trap and have thus not been recorded. Some were rescued, however, such as the solitary A. alni, which was found at dawn sitting on the outside of the trap. The trap was almost always run all night, on 48 occasions in 1956, on 42 occasions in 1957, on 47 occasions in 1958, on 80 occasions in 1959, on 75 occasions in 1960 and on 67 occasions in 1961. Three hundred species are recorded in the following list. Where the species is listed without comment, this species is probably resident, ten or more specimens have been caught and they have not all been taken in the same year. Where fewer than four specimens in all of a species have been taken this has been noted. The designation ‘‘uncom- mon’’ indicates that only 5-10 specimens have been noted in the whole 6-year period, 1956-61. Some species are no doubt resident although present in very small numbers; others seem likely to be vagrants or even immigrants. The most notable captures have been single specimens of Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn. taken on 16th October, 1959 and Itame brunneata Thunb. taken on 25th June 1960. Vast numbers of moths have never been caught, and the heaviest catches, on the most favourable nights, have not exceededed about 500 moths, excluding ‘‘micros’’. The nomenclature and order of arrangement in the following list are those of Heslop (1961) :— SPHINGIDAE: 6 species Mimas tihae L. LTaothoe popult L. Smerinthus ocellata L. Sphine ligustri L. Deilephila porcellus L. Deilephila elpenor L. NoTopoNTIDAF: 10 species Harpyia bifida Brahm (hermelina auct.), uncommon. Cerura vinula L., uncommon. Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. (chaonia Hiibn.) Pheosia tremula Clerck Pheosia gnoma F. (dictaeoides Esp.) Notodonta dromedarius UL. Lophopteryx capucina L. (camelina lL.) Pterostoma palpina Clerck, 2 only, 1959, 1960. THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON 111 Phalera bucephala UL. Clostera curtula L., uncommon. THYATIRIDAE: 5 species Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. (derasa L.) Thyatira batis L., 2 only, 1957, 1959. Tethea ocularis L. (octogesima Hiibn.) Tethea duplaris L., 4 only, 1958, 1959, 1961. Achlya flavicornis L., 2 only in trap; larvae on Wimbledon Common. LYMANTRIIDAE: 3 species Orgyia antiqua L. Dasychira pudibunda L., 1 only, 1959. Leucoma salicis L., uncommon, LASIOCAMPIDAE: 1 species Malacosoma neustria L., Uncommon. DREPANIDAE: 4 species Drepana binaria Hufn. . Drepana falcataria L. Drepana lacertinaria L., larvae on Wimbledon Common only. Cilix glaucata Scop. NonipaE: 1 species Nola cucullatella L., 1 only, 1959. ARCTIIDAE: 7 species Eilema complana L., 1 only, 1957. Callimorpha jacobaeae L., 1 only, 1956 in trap. Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (menthastri Esp.) Spilosoma lutea Hufn. (lubricipeda. auct.) Cycnia mendica Clerck, 3 only, 1957, 1959. Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. Arctia caja L. CossIpAE: 1 species Zeuzera pyrina. L. HEPIALIDAE: 4 species Hepialus humuli L., uncommon. Hepialus sylvina L. Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. (velleda Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. Hepialus lupulina L. NocturpaE: 150 species Huxoa nigricans L. Euzoa tritici L., 2 only, 1956, 1960. Agrotis segetum Schiff. Agrotis clavis Hufn. (corticea Schiff.) Agrotis puta Hiibn. (radius Haw.) Agrotis exclamationis L. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (suffusa Schiff.) Tycophotia varia Vill. (strigula Thunb.) Peridroma porphyrea. Schiff. (sawcia Hiibn.) Graphiphora augur F., 3 only, 1956, 1959. 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 Diarsia brunnea Schiff., 3 only, 1956, 1957, 1960. Diarsia mendica F. (festiva Schiff.) Diarsia rubi View. (bella Borkh.) Ochropleura plecta L. Amathes glareosa Esp. Amathes baja Schiff., 3 only 1957, 1959, 1961. Amathes c-nigrum L. Amathes ditrapezium Schiff. Amathes triagulum Hufn. Amathes stigmatica Hiibn. (rhomboidea Treits.), 1 only, 1961. Amathes sexstrigata Haw. (wmbrosa Hiibn.), uncommon. Amathes xanthographa. Schiff. Axylia putris L., including 1 melanie. Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., 2 only, 1959, 1960. Naenia typica L., 2 only, 1957, 1958. Euschesis comes Hiibn. (orbona F.) Euschesis janthina Schiff. Noctua pronuba L. Lampra fimbriata Schreber (fimbria L.) Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (marginata F.), uncommon. Anarta myrtili L., Wimbledon Common, but 1 in trap. Mamestra brassicae L. Melanchra persicariae UL. Polia nebulosa. Hufn. Diataraxia oleracea L. Ceramica pisi L. Hada nana Hufn. (dentina Esp.), uncommon. Scotogramma trifolii Hufn. (chenopodii Schiff.) Hadena. w-latinum Hufn. (genistae Borkh.) Hadena swasa Schiff. (dissimilis Knoch), 1 only, 1956. Hadena thalassina. Hufn., 1 only, 1960. Hadena bicolorata Hufn. (serena Schiff.) Hadena conspersa Schiff. (nana Rott.), 3 only, 1957, 1960. Hadena bicruris Hufn. (capsincola Hiibn.) Hadena rivularis F. (cucubali Schiff.), uncommon. Hadena lepida Esp. (carpophaga Borkh.), 2 only, 1956, 1960. Heliophobus reticulata Vill. (saponariae Borkh.), 1 only, 1959. Tholera popularis F., uncommon. Tholera cespitis Schiff., uncommon. Cerapteryx graminis L., uncommon. Orthosia gothica UL. Orthosia cruda Schiff. (pulverulenta Esp.) Orthosia stabilis Schiff. Orthosia incerta Hufn. (instabilis Schiff.) Orthosia munda Schiff., uncommon. Orthosia advena. Schiff. (opima Hiibn.), 4 only, 1959, 1960. Orthosia gracilis Schiff. Leucania pallens L. Leucania impura Hiibn. Leucania comma UL. Leucama lythargyria Esp. Leucania conigera Schiff. Mythimna turca L., 1 only, 1957. THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON ns Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. (crassicornis Haw.), 1 only, 1959. Arenostola pygmina Haw. (fulva Hiibn.), 1 only, 1961. Meristis trigrammica Hufn. (trilinea Schiff.) Caradrina morpheus Hufn. Caradrina alsines Brahm Caradrina blanda Schiff. (taraxaci Hiibn.) Caradrina ambigua Schiff. Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. (quadripunctata F.) Dypterygia scabriuscula L. (pinastri L.) Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff., uncommon. Apamea monoglypha Hufn. (polyodon L.), including melanic examples, 1960, 1961. Apamea epomidion Haw. (hepatica L.) Apamea crenata Hufn. (rurea F.) Apamea sordens Hufn. (basilinea Schiff.) Apamea unanimis Hiibn., 2 only, 1956. ; Apamea infesta Ochs. (sordida Borkh.), 3 only, 1959, 1960. Apamea remissa Hiibn. (obscura Haw.) Apamea secalis L. (didyma Esp.) Apamea ophiogramma. Esp., 1 only, 1961. Apamea ypsillon Schiff. (fissipuncta Haw.), 5 only, 1959, 1960. Procus strigilis Clerck Procus fasciuncula Haw., uncommon. Procus literosa. Haw., 4 only, 1958, 1959. Procus furuncula Schiff. (bicoloria Vill.) Luperina testacea Schiff. Euplexia lucipara L. Phlogophora meticulosa L. Thalpophila matura Hufn. (cytherea F.) Petilampa minima Haw. (arcwosa Haw.), uncommon. Celaena leucostigma Hiibn. (fibrosa Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. Hydraecia oculea L. (nictitans Borkh.) Hydraecia paludis Tutt, 1 only, 1958. Gortyna micacea Esp. Gortyna flavago Schiff. (ochracea Hiibn.), uncommon. Cosmia affinis L. Cosmia trapezina L. Zenobia subtusa Schiff., 1 only, 1960. Panemeria tenebrata Scop. (arbuti F.), Wimbledon Common, 1928; not seen since. Amphipyra pyramidea L. Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck Rusina tenebrosa Hiibn. (umbratica auct.), 1 only, 1959. Mormo maura L. Cryphia perla Schiff. Apatele leporina L. Apatele aceris L. Apatele megacephala Schiff. Apatele alni L., 1 only, 1956. Apatele psi L. Apatele rumicis L. Cucullia umbratica L., uncommon. 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V /1962 Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., 1 only, 1960. Cucullia absinthii L., 5 only, 1957, 1959, 1960. Xylocampa areola Esp. (lithorhiza Borkh.), uncommon. Bombycia viminalis F., 2 only, 1956, 1960. Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff., 1 each, 1957, 1958; 5, 1961. Aporophyla lunula Stroem (nigra Haw.), 2 only, 1959, 1961. Allophyes oxyacanthae L., uncommon, all ab. capucina Mull. Parastichtis suspecta Hitibn., 1 only, 1961. Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. Agrochola circellaris Hufn. (ferruginea Esp.), 3 only, 1956, 1961. Agrochola lychnidis Schiff. (pistacina F.) Anchoscelis litura L. Atethmia xerampelina Esp., 1 only, 1957. Tiliacea citrago L., uncommon. Tiliacea aurago Schiff., 2 only, 1959. Cirrhia icteritia Hufn. (fulvago L.) Cirrhia gilvago Schiff., 1 only, 1957. Conistra vaccinit L. Bena prasinana L. (fagana F.) Pseudoips bicolorana Fuessl. (quercana Schiff) Earias clorana L., 1 only, 1959. Inthacodia fasciana L., 2 only, 1961. Catocala nupta L. Euclidimera mi Clerck, Wimbledon Common. Colocasia coryli L., 1 only, 1961. Polychrisia moneta F. Plusia chrysitis L. Plusia jota L., 1 only, 1957. Plusia gamma L. Unca triplasia L., uncommon. Unea tripartita Hufn. (urticae Hiibn.) Lygephila pastinum Treits., 1 only, 1959. Scoliopteryx libatrix L., uncommon. Hypena proboscidalis L. Hypena rostralis L., 1 only, 1954 (sugar). Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treits. Zanclognatha nemoralis F. (grisealis Schiff.) GEOMETRIDAE: 108 species Archiearis parthenias L., Wimbledon Common. Alsophila aescularia Schiff. Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. (cytisaria Schiff.), Wimbledon Common. Geometra papilionaria L., larvae, Wimbledon Common. Comibaena pustulata Hufn. (bagularia Schiff.), uncommon. Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn. (strigata Miill) Hemistola immaculata Thunb. (chrysoprasaria Esp.), 1 only, 1959. Jodis lactearia L., 1 only, 1957. Calothysanis amata L. Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia auct.), larvae, Wimbledon Common. Cosymbia puppillaria Hiibn., 1 only, 16th October 1959. Cosymbia punctaria L., quite common in 1956; 1 only since (1959). Cosymbia linearia Hiibn. (trilinearia Borkh.), 1 only, 1959. Scopula promutata Guen. (marginepunctata auct.), 3 only, 1959, 1960. THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON bkS Sterrha interjectaria Boisd. (fuscovenosa auct.) Sterrha seriata Schrank (virgularia Hiibn.) Sterrha straminata Borkh. (inornata Haw.), 3 only, 1959, 1960, 1961. Sterrha aversata L. Sterrha trigeminata Haw. (scutularia Hiibn.) Sterrha biselata Hufn. (bisetata Rott.) Nanthorhoé spadicearia Schiff. (ferrugata Staud., non Clerck) Xanthorhoé montanata Schiff., uncommon. Nanthorhoé fluctuata L. Nycterosea obstipata F. (fluviata Hiibn.), 2 only, 1960, 1961. Perizoma alchemillata L. (rivulata Schiff.), 2 only, 1957. Euphyia bilineata L. Lyncometra ocellata L., 1 only, 1957. Electrophaes corylata Thunb., 1 only, 1958. Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., 2 only, 1958, 1960. Lygris mellinata F. (associata Borkh.) Plemyria rubiginata Schiff. (bicolorata Hufn.) Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (russata Borkh.) Thera obeliscata Hitibn.; melanic forms are dominant. Thera variata Schiff., 1 only, 1959. Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (sordidata F.) Hydriomena coerulata F. (impluviata Schiff.), 2 only, 1959. Philereme vetulata Schiff., 1 only, 1959. Epirrhoe alternata Miill (sociata Borkh.) Anaitis efformata Guen., 2 only, 1957, 1958. Horisme vitalbata Schiff., 1 only, 1960. Horisme tersata Schiff., uncommon. Lobophora halterata Hufn. (hexapterata Schiff.), 2 only, 1956. Acasis viretata Hiibn., uncommoii. Ortholitha mucronata Scop. (umbrifera Prout), 2 only, 1959, 1960. Pelurga comitata L. Oporinia dilutata Schiff. (nebulata Thunb. non Scop.) Operophtera brumata UL. . Operophtera fagata Scharf. (boreata Hiibn.) Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. (luteata Schiff.), 1 only, 1961. Eupithecia subnotata Hiibn., 1 only, 1988. Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl. (isogrammaria H.-S.), uncommon. Eupithecia linariata Schiff., 3 only, 1957, 1960, 1961. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. Kupithecia exiguata Hiibn., uncommon. EKupithecia centaureata Schiff. (oblongata Thunb.) Eupithecia intricata Zett. (helveticaria Boisd.), subsp. arceuthata Freyer, uncommon. Eupithecia absinthiata Clerck (minutata Schiff.) Eupithecia. assimilata Doubl., 2 only, 1958, 1959. Eupithecia vulgata Haw. Eupithecia icterata Vill. Eupithecia succenturiata UL. Eupithecia nanata. Hiibn., uncommon. Eupithecia abbreviata Steph., 1 only, 1959. Eupithecia dodoneata Guen. Eupithecia sobrinata Hiibn. (pusillata auct.), uncommon. Chloroclystis rectangulata L. 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15] V /1962 Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. Abraxas grossulariata L. Lomaspilis marginata L. Bapta temerata Schiff. (punctata Hiibn.) Deilinia pusaria L. Deilinia exanthemata. Scop., uncommon. Ellopia fasciaria L. (prosapiaria L.) Campaea margaritata L. (margaritaria L.) Semiothisa liturata Clerck, uncommon. Erannis leucophaearia Schiff., 1 only, 1959. Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. Erranis marginaria F. (progemmaria Hiibn.) Erannis defoliaria Clerck Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. (angularia Hiibn.), 1 only, 1960. Deuteronomos alniaria L. (tiliaria Borkh.) Deuteronomos fuscantaria Steph. Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff. Selenia. bilunaria Esp. (llunaria Hiibn.) Apeira syringaria L., 1 only, larva, Wimbledon Common. Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, including 1 melanic. Colotois pennaria L. Crocallis elinguaria L. Plagodis dolabraria L. Opisthograptis luteolata L. (crataegata L.) Ourapteryx sumbucaria L. Phigalia pedaria F. (pilosaria Schiff.), common 1928, 1 only, recently. Lycia hirtaria Clerck, including one melanic, 1960. Biston strataria Hufn. (prodromaria Schiff.), including 1 melanic, 1957. Biston betularia L.: of 85 specimens recorded in 1960, 70 (82%) were ab. carbonaria Jordan, 7 (8%) type and 8 (9%) intermediate forms. Menophra abruptaria Thunb., including 1 ab. fuscata Tutt, 1960. Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. (gemmaria Brahm) Alcis repandata L.: a melanic form is not uncommon. Boarmia roboraria Schiff., 1 only, 1958. Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. (consortaria F.), 3 only, 1960. Aethalura punctulata Schiff. (punctularia Hiibn.), Wimbledon Com- mon only. Bupalus piniaria L., 1 only, 1957: a strikingly white form. Itame wauaria L. Itame brunneata Thunb. (fulvaria Vill.), 1 during night 25-26 June 1960; a large ¢ (wing-spread when set 25 mm.) in good condition. Lithinu chlorosata Scop. (petraria Hiibn.) Chiasmia clathrata L. It is interesting to compare the above lists with the comprehensive account of the moth fauna of London and its surroundings published by de Worms (1953-1959), and the Putney lists of Swain (1952, 1955, 1958). de Worms lists a total of 596 species (‘‘macros’’) as recorded for Surrey (vice-county 17), within a radial distance of 20 miles from St. Paul’s Cathedral. Looking through these lists in detail I find that de Worms specifically gives Wimbledon or Wimbledon Common as localities for 77 species not yet caught by myself in Wimbledon. It is interesting to note, however, that 53 of these records are for 1898 or 1902 (Trans. AUTUMN HOLIDAY sal, City Lond. Ent. Soc., 1898-1902) or earlier. Swain, who ran a mercury- vapour moth trap in Putney, about 2% miles from my trap, recorded 282 species (‘‘macros’’) for Putney (but included a few Wimbledon Common records), and this list, too, contained 38 species not caught by myself. It seems, therefore, that the total of species still to be found in the Wimbledon area is likely to be somewhere between 300 and 350; it is not likely to be as great as 400. It will certainly be interesting to see in future years how many of the 53 species recorded 60 or so years ago still exist in the district. That some new species should be added to the Wimbledon list in future years seems certain, judged from the relatively large number of species more recently recorded by Swain in Putney which I have not yet noted in Wimbledon. Moreover, there are some common moths, such as Huproctis similis Fuessl., which I have not yet seen in Wimbledon, but which must surely be residents. REFERENCES. de Worms, C. G. M. 1953. The Moths of London and its surroundings. Lond, Naturalist, 33: 101. ———. 1954. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Lond, Naturalist, 34: 66. ———., 1955. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part III. Lond. Naturalist 35: 38. ———. 1955. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part IV. Lond. Naturalist, 36: 59. ———. 1957. The Moths of London and its Surroundings. Lond. Naturalist, 37: 186. ———. 1958. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part I. Lond. Naturalist, 38: 33. ——. 1959. A Supplement to the Butterflies and Moths of London and its Surroundings. Part II. Lond. Naturalist, 39: 99. Hesiop, I. R. P. 19614. A New Label List of British Macrolepidoptera. Published by Entomologists’ Gazette and Watkins & Doncaster. Swain, H. D. 1952. A List of Lepidoptera (Macros) Found in the Putney District of London. Ent. Gaz., 3: 109. . 1955. Additions to the Lepidoptera of Putney. Ent. Gaz., 6: 58. . 1958. Some Further Notes on Lepidoptera in the Putney District, with a List of Some Further Records. Ent. Gaz., 9: 38. Autumn Holiday Dr. A. M: R. Heron Last autumn the hills and glens of Scotland called me and I went north on 23rd September to Aberfeldy. It rained most of the way, but on arriving I sugared trees in the garden and around, in my first optimism. This resulted in the record number of moths which I had seen on sugar last year, namely three, all different. What has gone wrong with this form of collecting? I used to get hundreds on some nights, a few years ago, and with the same mixture. Is it all a matter of atmospheric conditions? On the following day we had one of those perfect days that one can have among the hills at that time of year in Scotland. The autumn colouring was beautiful and as we went over to Loch Rannoch there were wonderful cloud effects with deep blue shadows. On Rannoch Moor the wind began to blow and the rain was not far behind. I just had time to collect a few Celaena haworthw and Hydraecia lucens. We returned by the north side of Loch Rannoch, and 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15] V ]1962 with the passing of the shower, we saw the perfect views of the peak of Schiehallion through the golden birch woods. As we approached Aber- feldy there was a red sunset and I thought we were going to have glorious weather for our week. Alas, on the following morning the rain was falling in torrents and this continued for almost the rest of the week. At Aberfeldy we took little of note in spite of using the mercury vapour trap: eighteen species were noted. Chloroclysta sterata was commoner here than miata, which in my experience, is the opposite of what is usual in this area. I have taken sterata on this occasion at all the places where I stayed during the week. I took one Diarsia dahlu on 24th September, which is fairly late. On 26th we thought the weather might be better in the west, so we went through torrents and floods up to Loch Tay and Glen Dochart. We went as far as Oban where we viewed the beautiful Sound of Kerrera from the car. The weather was still discouraging so we turned north to Onich via the Ballachulish ferry. This part of the country had recently been swept by a gale and trees were uprooted or stripped of branches on all sides. The oaks had lost many of their larger branches and few leaves were left on any of the trees. At Onich we found shelter and comfort with relations who live on the north shore of Loch Linnhe, looking up the historic pass of Glencoe. After two pleasant days, with indifferent weather and few moths, we decided to try the south of Scotland. . We drove through the worst rain J have experienced in Scotland, and in Glasgow, the streets were flooded to a depth of one to three feet in many places. Our car went through the floods without so much as a splutter. We drove on through some fine hilly country on our way to south Kirkecudbrightshire, where we found a quiet bay for the last two days of our holiday. This is very interesting country for walking, but as the weather was still poor we went to see Loch Trool, which is one of the beauty spots in the mountains called the Kells. During our two nights, the trap produced little of note (eleven kinds). Agrotis ipsilon was one of these, and being a migrant, might have been prophetic. Before setting out for home, my wife and I thought we should have a last walk before leaving Scotland. I left my net behind as I had not used it the whole time of being away. The sun tried to shine and we saw, first two butterflies, Nymphalis io L. and Pieris rapae L., and then one male Orgyia antiqua, on the wing. We were thinking of turning back when I saw a silvery moth flying quickly across the path in front of us. I thought at first it might be Chesias legatella and when it landed on a broom bush I thought this made it likely. Fortunately, on second thoughts I considered it had been too large and pale in colour to be that species. I went to investigate, and imagine my amazement when I found that it was a large, fresh female crimson speckled footman, Uietheisa pulchella. With trembling hands I hunted for a box, and with great care approached the prize. Just as I was bringing the two halves of the box together, the moth rose from its perch, but it was safe in the box. We hunted for more of this species, but of course, without success. We went back to our hotel, and drove south at high speed so that we could get my friend, George Hyde, to photograph our prize from different angles. I even took some of the hillside with me so that he could have the natural background. He was highly delighted to see this moth alive from Scotland. No ova were produced, but the specimen CRYPHIA MURALIS FORST. IN KERRY 119 appeared almost too fresh to produce fertile ova in this country. I do not believe that many of this species have been taken in Scotland, nor do I know whether it is a new record for Kirkcudbrightshire. 108 George a Green Road, Wakefield. Cryphia muralis Forst. in Kerry By H...C. Hueains, F.R.E.S. With reference to Mr. Haynes’s note on this species in the March number of the Entomologist’s Record, I was well aware of Halbert’s Killarney record, as not only did I read it in the Entomologist in 1942, but also Dr. Beirne gave me a reprint soon after the end of the war, which I carry in the back of my ‘‘Donovan’’ whenever I visit Ireland. Perhaps it might have been better had I put in the phrase ‘except for one dubious record’”’ after new to Kerry, but I have never had any belief in Halbert’s specimen. For the past hundred years, except for the immediate neighbour- hood of Dublin, Killarney has been worked more than any other part of Ireland, yet Halbert’s is the only muralis recorded. Even the phrasing of the record leaves a lot to be desired; there is no date given, yet at the time Halbert wrote (in the Irish Naturalist 1919) there was no excuse for not giving exact data. Muralis is not a difficult insect to obtain, where present; apart from its habit of sitting on walls, it comes to light, sugar, and several sorts of flowers, (notably ragwort) and it is strange that no other specimen was captured in the course of literally hundreds of collecting trips by other collectors. Although I do not like to dogmatise, especially with the occurrence of muralis at Cambridge, Killarney did not seem to me to be a very likely locality; all other Irish localities for the moth are maritime, with the sole exception of Bandon, and even Bandon is quite near the sea on a tidal river which has been a main artery of Irish trade through- out historic times. It is generally spread in the area of Cork City, but even there is commonest on buildings near the the river and harbour, particularly at Passage West and Monkstown, and in the country at the back of the city it seems to be absent. I may say that the late Lt. Col. Donovan shared my scepticism of this record. I corresponded with him several times about Irish muralis and in 1947 he agreed with me that it was very doubtful. I first began corresponding with him in 1937, when I wrote and told him [I did not consider the Cork insect he called impar to be impar Warren, and sent him two Cambridge impar for comparision. This peculiar Cork insect has now, of course, been separated as similis (Cockayne and Williams 1956). Mr. Haynes seems to have a rather strange idea of the time of emergence of muralis in the south of England and Ireland. Jn Cork it usually begins to emerge at the end of the first week in July and although it has a very long emergence period there, like many Irish insects, it is well out by the middle of the month and reaches a peak about the third week. It occurs right through August but although it is usually in good condition (muralis stays undamaged for a long time) August specimens seldom have the brilliance of July ones. As an example I may state that my record Cork bag of muralis (seventeen in 120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 less than an: hour, all the time I had to spare) was on J uly 16th, 1952. Included in this was the lovely green variation referred to in Cockayne and Williams paper (Ent. Gazette 7: 70). Of course Galway City is a lot further north, but I usually found insects there in past days and recently opposite in the Burren of Clare, little behind Cork and Kerry ones. I fancy if Mr. Haynes had worked for muralis there at least a month earlier, he would have had more luck. In the Isles of Scilly muralis is earlier still, it is on the wing as a rule at the beginning of July and in the very early year of 1959 was well out on Tresco in the last week in June. I have not worked for the moth much in England, but I found it commonly at Lyme Regis from July 20th to 24th, 1934. Mr. Haynes does not mention to what form his Galway specimen and Mr. Bullock’s three belong. Except for that taken by Mr. Haynes no authentic Galway ones can now be traced, and as all Irish specimens so far can be referred to various forms of s.sp. westroppi C. & W. the identity of these is of great interest. I do hope, however, that Mr. Haynes will get some more from Flesk, I was of course unaware of these unrecorded specimens till he recently wrote to me. It is a pity that they have remained so since 1927, and it is to be hoped that their captor (as moths are not his primary interest) labels his insects on the spot. Flesk was a favourite collecting ground of that most energetic collector, Dr. B. P. Beirne, and it is odd he never took it there. Further Notes on Euspilapteryx (Gracilaria) pyrenaeella Chretien By S. WAKELY In 1960 I recorded the breeding of a single specimen of this local moth (Hnt. Rec., 72: 247-8) from maple leaves sent to me by J. Lobb. As this insect was bred from leaves collected in July—a month late according to L. T. Ford’s original note on his discovery of this species in 1933—I was only too glad to accept Mr. Lobb’s invitation to spend a weekend with him at the beginning of June, 1961, with the object of trying to find out more about this species in the Isle of Wight. Accordingly, we were both able to make a search of the maples in the vicinity of his house at Cranmore. Larval spinnings (‘‘cones”’ were at first difficult to find, but later we found some trees where cones were not only easy to procure, but fairly common as well. Many spinnings occur out of reach on the higher branches, which fact allayed our fears that we might be over-collecting such a local moth. The next day we collected again and were joined by W. Cameron, a neighbour, who showed us more maples growing-near by. Once again, the ‘‘cones’’ were fairly common, although they were not seen on every tree examined. Returning to London later that day, I wondered how many pyrenaeella would emerge from the material collected, and I had great hopes of getting a few, at least, among the Caloptilia semifascia Haw., which I expected in view of the numbers of that species bred the previous year from this locality. FURTHER NOTES ON EUSPILAPTERYX (GRACILARIA) PYRENAEELLA 121 The next day some of the larvae were seen to be spinning up in their opaque cocoons on the leaves. The first moth appeared exactly a week later, and proved to be pyrenaeella. The amazing thing is that all those that emerged later were this species! In all, I bred 22 speci- mens. Three small lots of spinnings had been sent to friends, who all reported that pyrenaeella only had emerged. Apparently the leaves had been collected too early for semifascia, the larvae of which can be found in July, and again in September in the Isle of Wight. The fairly small number which emerged is explained by the fact that 60 or 70 per cent. were parasitized. On opening the cones it was found that a small white cocoon was present in most of them. These cocoons were the usual cylindrical shape with rounded ends but were suspended at each end by a thread of silk. Having frequently bred Parascotia fuliginaria L. in the past, I was reminded of a great similarity in this peculiar way of spinning the cocoon. Recognizing the parasites as Apanteles, some were sent to R. L. E. Ford, who hag studied this group for years. He was able to determine the species as Apanteles laetus Marshall, a species which also attacks semifascia. To me it seems extremely likely that pyrenaeella will be found in other places along the south coast as well as in other parts of the Isle of Wight. Entomologists interested should look for the characteristic spin- nings on maple (Acer campestre) during the first week of June. The ““cone’’ appears to be similar to the one constructed by semifascia, but the earlier date should separate them. REFERENCES. Ford, L. T. (1933). Entomologist, G&: 230. Wilkinson, D. S. (1945). Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, 95, Part 3, 155-6. Brown, 8. C.S. (1946.) Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat Hist. Society (1946-7), 165. Wakely, S. (1960). Ent. Rec., 72: 247-8. Lyman EntTomMotocican Mustum.—In December 1914, the H. H. Lyman Bequest established a collection of insects and an entomological library in the Redpath Museum on the McGill Campus of McGill Uni- versity, Montreal. For various reasons the Lyman collections re- mained isolated spatially from the Entomology Department of the University. On 26th December 1961, however, the collection and library were moved to more spacious quarters, to be known as the Lyman Entomological Museum, in the Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology on the Macdonald College Campus near Ste Anne de Bellvue, Quebec. The Macdonald College collections have now been amalgamated with those from Montreal and the first full-time curator has been appointed. It is hoped that a new era of expansion and usefulness has begun. The collections are not large by international standards, although comprising several hundred thousand specimens. Lepidoptera and American Heteroptera are strongly represented and there is fair representation of most other orders although not, so far, of Orthoptera, the smaller orders or groups containing small insects. Donations (particularly of groups which are poorly represented) would be welcome from any part of the world, but it is hoped to build by ex- change also. Enquiries should be directed to V. R. Vickery, Curator, Lyman Museum, Macdonald College P.O., P.Q., Canada.—D. K. McE. Kevan, Chairman, Lyman Bequest Committee. 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V/1962 Stigmella ulmifoliae Hering, A Species New to Britain By S. N. A. Jacoss Among the collection of Nepticulid mines which I had sent to Mr. Carolsfield-Krausé of Copenhagen (antea: 41-43) was one which has been returned to me determined as Stigmella (Stigmella) ulmifoliae Her., a species not previously recorded from Britain, A NEW ABBERRATION OF PRECIS CLELIA CRAMER 123 The mine is a long slender gallery, contorted at first and then tend- ing to run in straight stretches along the leaf ribs then crossing to another rib. At first the sides are very evenly eaten so that they are almost parallel, but latterly they are not so cleanly eaten, and while running generally parallel, the sides are jagged instead of straight. This mine cannot be confused with any other elm mine because of the very distinctive fine black central frass line which runs smoothly along the middle of the mine until the last few millimetres before the chamber, where it becomes slightly irregular. The frass line in this species may easily be traced with the aid of a pocket lens, from the very begin- ning, and in the first part of the mine it may be seen as fine dashes with short breaks, but very soon it settles down to an almost continuous line. I took the mine among leaves of sucker elm bushes at the roadside near Stratford on Avon, Warwickshire, in September (12.ix.1950) but unfortunately failed to breed the imago. The leaf of Ulmus campestris (Fig. 5) contained on the one side of the mid-rib, a mine of Stigmella ulmivora Fologne, and on the other side Stig. ulmifoliae Her., and enlargements of the final portion of each mine are shown at Fig. 4 and Fig. 6 respectively. Unfortunately the early part of the ulmifoliae mine was concealed by the leaf folding near the tip, where the egg was deposited, in pressing. However, my good friend lent me a Danish example on Ulmus glabra Huds. which is the subject of Fig. 1, while Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show early and late parts of the mine, enlarged to show the frass line. A dictionary translation of the reference in Die Blattminen M. Hering, 1935-37 :548, following the key, may be considered to run as follows: 8: The frass in the mine throughout in a fine black central line (Fig. 485): Nepticula ulmifoliae Her. (Lep.) Egg deposited on the underside of the leaf on a rib. Mine long and slender, gradually widening, the edges at first very regular but later often eaten out in a jagged way. Mine mostly straight often lying for a long time along a leaf rib, rarely tightly winding, larva green. 04 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 2.iv.1962. A New Aberration of Precis clelia Cramer Byte Pa Hnsnor The specimen in question was caught by myself in the government station at Owerri, Southern Nigeria, during my first tour of service. At the time I thought I should defer my judgment on it, but ] can say uow, that, of the many thousands of this common species that I must have seen during my twenty-three years service, I never saw another one like this. The females of this species have a paler ground colour than the males, but I should mention that this specimen, a female, has the ground colour considerably lighter—without in any way having a pathological appearamce—than the normal female. IT have taken specimens of both sexes with pallid or ‘‘bleached’’ hindwings, without, however, the blue patches being affected, On numerous occasions in Southern Nigeria—e.g, at Arochuku, 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V /1962 Okigwi, Obetim and Meko—I saw a single specimen, among the many flying of this pretty species, which had the blue patch of the hindwing extended: in one or two cases even so far as to cover nearly the whole of the wing, but I never had a net available at the time. The formal description is as follows :— Precis clelia Cramer ab. caeruleffugiens ab. nov.: The ground colour of both forewing and hindwing on the upperside is considerably paler than is normal for the sex concerned. The eye- spots consequently stand out very boldly. The normal blue patch of the hindwing is totally absent, being replaced by the ground-colour. The type specimen—a female taken at Owerri, Nigeria, on 21st June, 1930—is in my collection: its underside is not significantly different from normal. It has my serial number D.343. ‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 30.1i11.1962. Notes and Observations GONEPTERYX RHAMNI IN DEVONSHIRE.—I saw three male Gonepteryxc rhamni flying in a lane about two miles from here on April 13th. At the time, about 12.30, the shade temperature was 50° F.—F. H. Lyon, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton, Devon. Tue Diary oF A Tyro.—I was very interested to read Mr. Redfern’s article in the March issue of the Record. On consulting my diary I find that I was in Hell Coppice on 11th May 1961, three days before Mr. Redfern, and saw a web of larvae of Hriogaster lanestris L. on some sloe bushes. If these were the same batch that Mr. Redfern observed, I am sorry to learn that they subsequently disappeared. As regards Euphydryas aurinia L., I am afraid Mr. Redfern was a few years too late to find this species in the Hell Coppice area. In 1944 and 1945 the colony was flourishing, and extended over a wide area in Hell Coppice and the neighbouring woods. In May 1953, I visited the area, and found that the colony had become restricted to one small marshy field next to Hell Coppice (probably the spot where Mr. Red- fern was looking for it), though it was still abundant and I have seven specimens I took at that time. The following week, a friend of mine who was also a collector, visited the colony, and found a horde of school- boys swotting every specimen of aurinia within sight, with nets, caps and coats. It transpired that they were members of the ‘‘Natural History Society’’? of a local school. I have repeatedly looked for aurinia in that locality since then, and have not seen a single specimen. Would it be feasible to re-establish the colony by releasing fertile females? To all appearances, much of the habitat has not changed over the past 10 years, and the foodplant is very common there.—R. G. AINLEY, 15 Eldon Square, Reading, Berks 1.iv.1962. The double number will be June-July and will appear in July.—Eb. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (33) years, exhibiting varying degrees of melanism (C.-H.). In R.C.K. is an example of ab. giraffina Hb., bred Ashford, 1935. First Recorp, 1856: Shooters Hill (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123). Odontosia carmelita Esp.: Scarce Prominent. Native. Woods (apparently preferring birch woods where the trees are scattered amongst heather); on birch, beech. Local and fairly scarce. 1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 310); one, April 25, 1841 (Lambert, Hntomologist, 1: 128); one, April (1845), taken by J. Stand- ish (Douglas, Zoologist, 1042). West Wickham, one, 1853, one, 1854 (Machin, Zoologist, 4562); there are records of over twenty specimens taken here subsequently up to 1908, but it has apparently not been noted since (cf. Hnt. week. Int., 1: 44, 2: 43, 85, 4: 59, 8:.51; Ent. Ann., 1858: 100; Zoologist, 4740, 5148, 5209; Hntomologist, 3: 87, 14: 181, 263, 27: 320; Hnt. Rec., 9: 154); one, April 19, 1863 (Fenn, Diary); one, May 4, 1868 (Stockwell coll.); 1908 (Nottle, fide de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 119). St. Paul’s Cray, larva (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst, a larva (Fenn, teste Buckle & Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 61), may refer to the preceding occur- rence (C.-H.). Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Keston, two °°, May 7, 1904 (EK. Nottle coll.). 6. Gravesend, ¢ on street lamp, April 25, 1920 (F. T. Grant). Pinden, one, April 28, 1952, one in m.v. trap, May 10, 1956 (E. J. Hare). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 28); May 1855 (Harding, Zoologist, 4820). Dartford* (V.C.H. (1908)). 7. Chilham*, one, May 4, 1914, two, April 15, one, April 18, three, - April 20, 1920 (H. G. Gomm coll.). 10. Seal Chart (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 79). Brasted, ova on birch (R. M. Prideaux). Crockhamhill, near Westerham, two at light, May 1, 1946 (R. C. Edwards).. 11. Wateringbury, one larva by E. Goodwin, which fed on beech in preference to bitch, and ten others by W. A. Cope and T. Blest, all taken August 1903, crawling up beech trunks (Goodwin, Entomologist, 36: 288 and W. A. Cope); several (EK. Goodwin coll.). Two, labelled ‘“‘Bred 7.4.06 Mid Kent’’, and one, ‘‘Bred 9.4.06 Mid Kent’’, given me by G. L. Keynes, probably came from Goodwin, and originated from Wateringbury (C.-H.). Sevenoaks Weald, two 3d, at m.v., April 24, 25, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street Woods.—d, May 5, 1934, two 3d, April 27, May 4, 1935 (A. M. Morley); one, E. Scott, April 27, 1935, one, by A. G. Pey- ton, May 26, 1935 (A. M. Morley); about six taken 1935 (Scott (1936)); ¢ taken by W. Stickles, May 1, 1937 (A. J. L. Bowes); ¢, April 25, 6, May 5, 1939, 3, May 7, 1956 (C.-H.); one, May 1, 1939 (C. G. M. de Worms); two, April 29, four, April 30, 1955 (P. B. Wacher); two, May 8, 1956 (D. G. Marsh); three, 1957 (P. Cue). Note: So far as I am aware, all Ham Street carmelita have occurred along or near the southern or eastern edge of Long Rope, and were at light (C.-H.). 14. Tenterden, one, 1959 (C. G. Orpin). First Recorp, 1828: Darenth Wood, two about sixteen years back (i.e., c. 1812) (Stephens, Haust., 2: 28). (34) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V/1962 Ptilophora plumigera Schiff.: Plumed Prominent. Native. Woods and hedges on chalk; on maple, sycamore. Local, but doubtless distributed in many more places in the downland areas of 6, 7 and the western portion of 8, than the records show. The principal pabulum is maple, and in only one locality (Well Shave Wood, near Wye) is it known to occur on sycamore. 1. Birch Wood, larvae found by J. Standish (Curtis, Br. Ent., 328). Blackheath (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 200). 6. Gravesend, two, November 2, 1907, one, November 30, 1908, all on street lamps (H. C. Huggins). Otford, larva; Trottescliffe, larva (W. A. Cope). Wrotham, a larva (EK. Goodwin, teste Goss, in V.C.H. (1908)). Eynsford, three larvae, beaten from maple, 1912 ( 8. F. P. Blyth). Shoreham Rifle Range, thirty-six gd at hght, November 23, 1937 (D. G. Marsh); nine larvae beaten from maple in about two hours, June 14, 1951, and twenty beaten in one day a few years previous to that (W. A. Cope); three ¢d, at light, November 18, 1955 (C.-H.). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 29). Chattenden, imago taken by A. B. Farn (H. Goss, in V.C.H,. (1908)). 7. Between Luton and Great Cowbeck Woods, 2, November 23, 1856 (Chaney, Substitute, 89). Bluebell Hill, a larva (W. A. Cope). Chilham*, 1914 (H. G. Gomm). Westwell, singletons, November 2, 10, 15, 1935, taken by E. Scott, C. G. M. de Worms, A. M. Morley, two at lighted window, November 14, 1946 (A. M. Morley); annually, also larvae from maple, June 5, 1948 (Scott (1950)) (KE. J. Hare). 8. Folkestone*, 1892 (Austen, Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26). [Eastry] 2, at light, December 2, 1904 (Lister, Hnt. Rec., 17: 22). Reinden Wood, a larva on maple, June 14, 1938 (A. M. Morley). Brook, one, 1930, one, 1934 (Scott (1936)); bred from larvae, 1936 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott); 3, at light, November 10, 1934 (A. M. Morley); ¢, October 24, 1939 (C.-H., Entomologist, 72: 22); ten, November 13, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 94: 165). Wye Old Race Course, ¢, October 31, 1937 (E. Scott); nearly forty taken by various collectors, November 1937 (A. J. L. Bowes); over forty (apparently all 3 3) taken by various collectors in Well Shave Wood at light, November 1938, five larvae beaten by me from sycamore in two hours, June 4, 1948 (C.-H.); one, November 26, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Crundale, a larva, June 9, 1946 (H. King). Waltham, four 3d, at light, 1954 (J. W.C. Hunt). Hastingleigh, larvae on maple, 1954 (B. K. West). Near Barham, one, December 2, 1945 (EK. & Y. (1949)). Wye*, one taken January 1, 1948, by C. A. W. Duffield (E. Scott). 12. Wye, seven, November 7-25, 1953, four, November 4-25, 1954, ten ¢ dg, November 4-21, 9, November 11, 1955, thirty, November 10-21, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). [13. Broadwater Down (Given (1946)).] VARIATION.—EKast Kent (Wye, Brook, Waltham, Hastingleigh, West- well) Gd have pale reddish-ochreous (less ochreous and more rust-red in some specimens) nearly unicolorous forewings, hindwings paler; West Kent (Shoreham) $d are very distinct from the foregoing, with fore- wings variegated with brownish-rust, grey, and ochreous, and have pale greyish hindwings. ©29Q from East and West Kent appear indistin- guishable except that the latter are a trifle darker and have a slightly more variegated forewing (C.-H.). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (35) The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—flavescens Smith, d, bred 1905, from ‘‘Kent parents’’, ¢, Shoreham, 1903, two od, N. Kent, 1905; variegata Vill., several Gd, bred N. Kent, 1911; saturatior Rebel, 35, Wye, 19387, 2 3, N. Kent, 1904, 1905, 3, 3 292, Shoreham, 1902-3, 2, bred, ‘‘Bexley, 1904’’; obscurior Schwing, 9, N. Kent, 1904, 2, Shoreham, bred 1902; nigricans Smith, ¢, bred, ‘‘Bexley, 1911’’; unicolor Smith, ¢, bred N. Kent, 1905, two 3d, bred N. Kent, 1911. First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘Far from common; but met with nearly annually in the larva state at Darenth-wood .. .”’ (Stephens, Haust., 22029): Pterostoma palpina Clerck: Pale Prominent. Native. Woods, marshes; on poplar, aspen, sallow. Found in all divisions, except 9. Not uncommon; frequent in the woods of the Weald. First generation moths appear in May and June; those of the second brood (perhaps partial only) in late July and August. Ova have been found on aspen, at Brasted (R. M. Prideaux); on poplar leaves, Chevening, May 25, 1912, imagines reared, August 1912, April 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Larva on sallow, West Wickham (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 117); on black poplar, West Wickham (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 191); on willow, Tonbridge, small numbers, 1951 (H. E. Hammond). VarRIATION.—A od and ©, taken Ham Street, May 1950 and May 1951 respectively, show definite melanic tendencies, the 2 in particular being somewhat dusky (C.-H.). According to Seitz (Pal. Bomb. & Sphinges, 308), second brood speci- mens are smaller than those of the first brood, and of a “‘light straw- celour’’. Despite this statement, however, I cannot find any distin- guishing features at all to separate first and second generation specimens in my series from various Kentish localities (C.-H.). First Recorp, 1828: Birch and Darneth Woods (Stephens, Haust., 2: 28). Phalera bucephala L.: Buff-tip. Native. Woods, plantations, bushy places, etc. ; on lime, oak, sallow, poplar, birch, elm, hazel, apple. Found in all divisions. ‘‘Generally abundant” (V.C.H. (1908)). Apparently single brooded, with a continuous emergence from May to August. Fairly common at light, and occasionally seen on walls, fences, and on tree trunks pretending to be broken twigs. The species is much more often seen as a larva, which in towns seems to show a preference for lime, but in rural districts is perhaps most frequently noted on oak, sallow, poplar and birch; it has also been found feeding on hazel by B. O. C. Gardiner, at Dover, and on apple as well as hazel, by A. M. Swain, at Petts Wood. Sometimes the larvae have been noted in vast numbers; thus for example, Newman (Br. Moths, 221) recorded that in his neighbourhood [New Cross], they were collected as food for poultry; C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs saw them in hundreds, on August 16, 1960, stripping a sallow tree on Romney Marsh; and A. M. Morley states that they swarmed (in September 1929) on small elm trees, on the Canterbury Hill, Folkestone, a great many of which were collected by L. W. Newman. (36) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V/1962 Variation.—The following two abs. are in R.C.K.:— tenebrata Strand, one, N. Kent, 1915; tenebricosa Stertz, one, bred Bexley, 1940. Also, a Ponemieinle double forewing’’, found by H. G. Webster, in Hurst Woods, Bexley, July 11, 1919 (the other wings could not be found, so that it was ‘‘evidently oes work of a bat’’). First Recorp, 1858: Lewisham (Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). Clostera curtula L.: Chocolate-tip. Native. Woods, parks, etc.; on aspen, poplar, willow. ‘‘Searce”’ (Ve CHE (ASS) ): ‘Probably more frequent in Kent than anywhere else’ (Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 169). 1. Near Eltham, larvae (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 60). Lewisham (Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). Charlton (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 6: 67). Farnborough, larvae (Alderson, Hnt. Rec., 12: 248). Bromley (V.C.H. (1908)). West Wickham (V.C.H. (1908)); third brood (Edwards, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 25); 1947 (R. Birchenough). Shooters Hill; Holwood*; Keston; Greenwich Park; Mottingham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bexley (Wool. eee a (1909)); 3, 1946 (B. K. West); two, May 3, 1952 (A. Heselden). Chislehurst, larvae, August-September 1928, August 1929 (S. F. P. Blyth). Farningham Wood, larva, Septem- ber 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, frequent, 1947-48; one, 1949, none, 1950 (A. M. Swain); larvae, ce. 1955 (R. G. Chatelain).. Orpington, one, 1956 (R. G. Chatelain). Petts Wood, St. Mary’s Cray and Orping- ton, 1947-57 (L. W. Siggs, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1958: 43). Brom- ley, 2 larvae, on aspen, June 6, 26, 1949 (D. Lanktree). Petts Wood, larva on white poplar, August 23, 1959; Crofton, larva on aspen, August 28, 1960 (D. R. M. Long). 2. Green Street, near Faversham* (R.C.K.). Abbey Wood Marshes, 1947 (A. J. Showler). 3. Near Canterbury*, larvae on willow (Vaughan in litt., teste Knaggs, Ent. Ann., 1866: 152). Chestfield, two, August 17, 1939 (P. F. Harris). Herne Bay, 3, May 22, 1953; Blean Woods, one at light (D. G. Marsh). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Greenhithe (A. B. Farn MS.). MHarvel, larvae, August 29 and September 24, 1938 (F. T. Grant). 6a. Darenth Wood (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76) (H. C. Hug- gins); larvae, 1939 (Attwood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1939- 40: 40). Lords Wood, scarce (EK. J. Hare). 7. Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Walmer (EK. & Y. (1949)). Dover, larvae on poplar, September 15, 1943, from which two imagines reared (B. O. C. Gardiner). 10. Brasted, ova (R. M. Prideaux); larvae, September 28, 1912, larva, 1913, larva, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Sevenoaks (Gillett, Hntom- ologist, 53: 283). 11. Tonbridge (Rattray, Hntomologist, 45: 80); 1947 (D. Lanktree). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); one larva, August 28, 1947 (Bull, Diary); three, May 14, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Bethersden, three, August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby & J. Briggs). Sevenoaks Weald, larvae on willow, July 14, from which an imago emerged August 1, 1959 (EK. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street, two dd, May 1933, two 3.¢, May 1934 (A. M. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (37) Morley); July 24, 1934, May 3, 19387 (A. J. L. Bowes); two, May 9, three, May 14, 1939, one, May 25, 1947, nine, May 12-13, 1951, all dd at light in Long Rope (C.-H.); 1958-59 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 92: 69, 93: 158); four, May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Ashford, May 11, August 12, 1953 (P. Cue, teste E. Scott). Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Wye, two, 1953, one, 1954, one, 1955; Willesborough, two, 1954, two, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells, larvae, 1911-12; Bidborough, 1912; Groom- bridge (E. D. Morgan). Goudhurst, two, 1953 (B. G. Chatfield); fairly common at light (W. V. D. Bolt). Tunbridge Wells, one, 1959 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace); three, 1959 (C. A. Stace). 14. Appledore, a larva on poplar, September 15, 1932; Benenden, larvae, October 3, 1938 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, three at light, 1953 (B. G. Chatfield). 16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone, larvae on balsam poplar, autumn 1862 (Briggs, Entomologist, 14: 133); larva (Ullyett (1880), 9). Folkestone* (Ullyett, Simpson’s Handbook to Folkestone (1871)), may be the basis of the preceding record (C.-H.). Folkestone Town, a larva on poplar, September 28, 1935; one at light by A. G. Riddell, June 1951; ¢, 2, by R. W. Fawthrop, 1954; one, May 5, 1952, ¢, 9, May, 366, August 1953, 2 d¢, August, 5, September 19, 1954, 5, July 31, 1957 (A. M. Morley). VaARIATION.—Robinson (Ent. Rec., 2: 36; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1890-91: 109) records a striking aberration, webbiana Rebel, having forewing deep greyish chocolate with three transverse white stripes, six specimens of which were obtained by Bird in 1876, from George Ray of Sittingbourne. In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—rufescens Lempke, several, Bex- ley; brunnescens Lempke, four; webbiana Rebel, seven, bred ‘‘Green: Street near Faversham’’, one, bred, N. Kent, June 1900. Also, a most remarkable specimen, being a gynandromorph, right side 9, ab, brunnescens Lempke, left side ¢, ab. webbiana Rebel, bred Green Street near Faversham (it appears that this was the specimen exhibited at the National Entomological Exhibition, Royal Aquarium, Westminster, March 9-23, 1878, and figured in Entomologist, 11, plt. 2, fig. 1 (C.-H.)). First Recorp, 1856: Near Eltham (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 60). C. anachoreta Schiff.: Scarce Chocolate-tip. Probable immigrant. Plantations, ete.; on Populus, Salix. Only recorded from EH. and S.E. Kent (div. 4, 8, 12, 15, 16), and mainly coastal. Perhaps temporarily established in the Folkestone area between 1858-64. 1858-1863.—Newman (Zoologist, 7681-2) wrote:—‘‘This beautiful larva was first found by my friend, Mr. Sidney Cooper, feeding as he believes on Salix caprea (sallow) .. .. Mr. Cooper only took two speci- mens, not being aware of the value of his capture until the perfect insect emerged’’. Cooper (Hntomologist, 21: 112) recording the circum- stances of his capture, observed that in 1859, ‘‘specimens were obtained by me from larvae which fell to my net whilst beating the sallows in a field near Saltwood, in Kent’’ (div. 16), According to Barrett (Br. Lep., 3: 171), Cooper took his larvae in June 1858. (38) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 In June 1859, H. G. Knaggs found eleven larvae feeding on Ontario poplar in one of the plantations along the Lower Sandgate Road, Folke- stone (div. 16), ten of which reached the imago state the same year. Altogether eleven anachoreta were bred by Knaggs in 1859, one emerg- ing from ‘‘a pupa found by a friend’’ (Knaggs, Zoologist, 6733; idem, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1859: Ixxvii; idem, Ent. week. Int., 6: 204; idem, Qtly. J. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1869 (4) 73; idem, Ent. Ann., 1864: 130; Barrett, Br. Lep., 3: 171)! T. H. Briggs (Entomologist, 14: 133-4) records that in September 1861, his father found a larva of anachoreta, ‘‘feeding on poplar in™ some small plantations below Westcliff, Folkestone’’ (div. 16); and that in the autumn of 1862 at this locality, he and his brother, C. A. Briggs, found twelve larvae, and a further larva there in October 1863. In the same communication, it is stated that in the latter month, the Briggs brothers turned down eighty-four full-fed anachoreta larvae at various places on these plantations, but that they never saw the species again there, although they were at Folkestone every autumn up to the time of writing (May 1880). Auld (Entomologist, 26: 114) suggested its dis- appearance was due to the effect of a terrific gale which took place on December 19, 1863, and which according to the Folkestone Chronicle of that date, ‘‘blew the plantations to smithereens’’, and on to the beach. C. A. Briggs (Hntomologist, 21: 90) states that four species of poplar grew in these plantations: the white, black, the Lombardy, and the balsam, but that anachoreta was confined to the balsam poplars. A larva was found at Folkestone by J. Sidebotham, in June 1863, ‘‘very near the place’’ where Knaggs took his (Sidebotham, Zoologist, 8694; Knaggs, Hnt. Ann., 1864: 127); and in mid July 1864, two larvae were found feeding upon Ontario poplar, by E. Meek, in one of the plantations on the Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag {a7 123); 1875-1912.—1876: Deal, one emerged, May 8, from a pupa found by S. Norman ‘‘behind the loose bark of a pollard willow, no poplar being near’ (Norman, Entomologist, 9: 232, 14: 160). [1876]: Two imagines found on pavement [at Deal] by Mr. Harbour (Norman, Entomologist, 9: 232). 1878: ‘‘In 1888, a single example of (. anachoreta (and a variety too) was bred from a cocoon found upon a wall at the back of the Folkestone Road, Dover’ (Webb, Entomologist, 26: 79). 1900: ‘Folkestone, bred 1900’’, numerous specimens so labelled (R.C.K.). 1901: Walmer, over forty ova, in two clusters, found by G. Murray, on balsam poplar in June, from which he bred a series (Bloomfield, Ent. mon. Mag., 37: 276). 1902: One, ‘‘Folkestone, bred 1902, E.G.” (B.C.K.). 1906: One, ‘‘Ashford, 1.v.06’’ (R.C.K.). 1907: Romney (div. 15), one bred by C. Holmes in 1907, from larva found at Romney (Symes, Ent. Rec., 74: 67). Minster (div. 4), J. W. C. Hunt showed me a <, which his brother, R. P. A. Hunt, took at rest on a tarred fence outside Minster railway station, August 1908 (C.-H.). Hythe, one bred by C. Holmes, in 1908, from a larva found at Hythe (Symes, Hint. Rec., 74: 67)?. 1910: IT have2 3d, 2 29, from the late W. Quibell coll., labelled as from ‘‘Dr. Heath’s stock, A. E. Wright’’, and bred, Lydd (div. 15), April 19, 24 (two), 28, 1910 (C.-H.). 1912: Deal neighbour- hood, from two larvae found September 1912, two imagines emerged, spring 1913 (Browne, Entomologist, 49: 67). 1951-1953.—1951: Dover, 3, taken at light, August 8, by G. H. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (39) Youden (Youden, Entomologist, 84: 261; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 47). 1953: Lydd, 3, taken at light, August 9, by G. F. Johnson (Johnson, Hnt. Rec., 65: 291). VariATIon.—The only example of variation in this species known to me, is that mentioned by Webb (Entomologist, 26: 79) as bred in 1888, but of which he unfortunately gave no description (C.-H.), First (PUBLISHED) RecorD, 1859: Knaggs (Zoologist, 6733). 1The genuiness of Knaggs’ anachoreta was questioned by the Rev. Joseph Greene, and some animated correspondence ensued, vide Entomologist, Wasa ti: Ida, 160) 24> (31, 90," 112) 26: -420).'16, 79, 111, 144 136, 163, 29: 163: “Referring to the two andchoreta which Holmes gave him, H. Symes (in litt.) writes: “I am quite sure that they are not the only ones Holmes had, but that there was a series of bred specimens in his collection. I am almost certain that he told me he had found the larvae not by chance discovery, but by deliberate search in an area where it was well known the species formerly occurred”’. C. pigra Hufn. (reclusa F.): Small Chocolate-tip. Native. Woods, plantations, commons, carr; on Populus (apparently mainly on P. tremula, and with a marked preference for very young trees), Salix. Oxss.—The species seems to have a natural diurnal flight. Thus, at Long Rope, I took a 2, which was flying rapidly in the late afternoon sun, June 1, 1950; and in the same locality, M. Singleton took a ¢ in May 1960, which was ‘“‘flying in daylight’’ (C.-H.). 1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Hawst., 2: 13); larvae on ‘‘dwarf poplar’’, 1841 (Douglas, Hntomologist, 1: 358). Crown Woods, near Shooters Hill, larvae on aspen, June 23, 1855 (Crewe, Zoologist, 4953). West Wickham, larvae on sallow, June 17, 1865 (Cole, Ent. Ann., 1866: 152); larva, 1948 (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 120). Bexley (Wool. Surv. (1909)); larvae, 1911-12 (A. R. Kidner) (lL. T. Ford). Sidcup, larvae, September 19, 1915, 1918, larvae on sallow, September 24, 1927; imago, May 24, 1930; St. Pauls Cray Common, larvae on poplar, September 28, 1910, September 2, 1911 (A. R. Kidner). Chislehurst, larvae (S. F. P. Blyth). Farningham Wood, larva, September 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, 1947, frequent larvae on aspen (A. M. Swain); two, 1947, two, 1948; all at light (EK. Evans). Sparrow Common (Haynes, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1950: 88). 3. Near Canterbury*, larvae on poplar, September 1865 (Vaughan, Ent. Ann., 1866: 152); Blean Woods, nineteen larvae on small aspens, June 23, 1928 (A. M. Morley). Mincing Wood, larvae common on aspen, June 1933, 1936; also on sallow (A. J. L. Bowes). Honey Wood, three larvae on aspen, June 12, 1947 (C.-H.). 4. Deal* (E. & Y. (1949)). Ham Fen, a larva on mature aspen, 1955 (C.-H.). Ickham, one, at m.v., August 1, 1959 (D. G. Marsh). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 13); 1860 (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 51); larvae plentiful on poplar, September 1909; larvae, September 25, 1910 (A. R. Kidner); fifteen larvae, on aspen, October 4, 1924 (F. T. Grant) (Ll. T. Ford). 8. Reinden Wood, four larvae on ‘‘dwarf aspen’’, July 7, 1928; 1930 (Morley (1931)). West Wood, five larvae on young poplars, June 24, 1932 (A. M. Morley). (40) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/V /1962 11. Wateringbury, scarce (V.C.H. (1908)). Benenden (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1940-41: 15). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); larvae on sallow, 1953 (P. Cue). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 12. Ham Street (Scott (1936)); imagines at light, April 13, 1938, May 12, 1951; larvae fairly numerous on young aspens in Birchett and Long Rope, May 1946, May 1947, from which imagines emerged in July 1946 and July 1947 respectively (C.-H.); four, May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Brook, larvae, August 1948 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott). Ashford (Scott (1950)). 13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 1: 127). Tunbridge Wells, common (KE. D. Morgan). 14. Marsh Quarter near Sandhurst, larvae, June 8, 1943 (Bull, Diary). 16. Folkestone, larvae on balsam poplar, autumn 1862, on Lower Sandgate Road (Briggs, Entomologist, 14: 133) (Ullyett, Simpson’s Handbook to Folkestone (1871)) (Ullyett (1880), 9). VaARIATION.—My series of second generation specimens are quite dis-— tinct from those of the first; the second brood examples being altogether paler, and with a somewhat washed-out appearance, whereas those of the first are richly coloured and brightly marked (C.-H.). Sich (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1906-07: 65, 66) exhibited a ‘“‘very beautiful and strongly marked form’’, and included a lengthy description of the specimen; it was bred from a larva taken from aspen, Chislehurst, September 16, 1905. HYBRIDIZATION.—Hybr. proava Standf. (C. curtula 3 x C. pigra Q). In R.C.K. are numerous specimens from Kent, but these are probably artifacts. Hybr. inversa Tutt (C. pigra ¢ x C. curtula 2). Numerous speci- mens in R.C.K. from Bexley, probably artifacts. First Recorp, 1828: Stephens (Hawst., 2: 18). [ (Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. Very doubtfully genuine. 10. W. Peyton (Hntomologist, 7: 82) records that, at Seal Chart, on March 4, 1874, he found larvae ‘‘feeding in batches, under cover of a white web, on some fir trees’’. 13. T. Batchelor (Entomologist, 7: 81) records that, on February 15, 1874, he found larvae, in a wood of pine trees called Ashew Wood, situated some distance along the Penshurst Road; and added that the firs were being cut down, and that he found the larvae on the top and upper branches of the fallen trees. Note: In both the above cases, the larvae were determined by Doubleday as being those of pityocampa (cf. Newman, Entomologist, 5° 82)-) 1 [T. processionea L. Very doubtfully genuine. 13. Ashour Wood.—‘‘About the middle of last June (1873) I found a quantity of pupae... concealed among the twigs and rubbish of an old magpie’s nest built in a tall pine-tree . . . one has just yielded me a moth, which appears to me to be a small variety of B. processionea; there are about fifty pupae in all’? (T. Batchelor, Entomologist, 6: 487).)] HOTEL ACCOMMODATION Mrs. H. TULLY Graigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 124 acres of woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points. Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc. Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 235. ALT NA CRAIG PRIVATE HOTEL AVIEMORE, INVERNESS-SHIRE PHIL LE MASURIER, the Proprietor, will again provide first-class accommodation and excellent cuisine for old friends and newcomers to this favoured locality. This is another alpicola year, and you can now drive up to 2,500 feet on Cairngorm. If you wish to go higher there is a chair lift in operation for a further 1,000 ft. Entomological equipment for hire, including portable generator, advice offered free, and some livestock in season. S.A.E. for full terms and brochure. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one 16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,’’ Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants. IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication, Full acknowledg- ment will be made. E. S. A. BAYNES 2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, Vol. 1: RHOPALOCERA.—A limited number of reprints of this list is available, unbound with heavy paper cover, at 15/- per copy post free, from the EDITOR. Wanted.—Living larvae of oak-feeding Lepidoptera. other than Winter Moth or Tortrix species, required this spring for filming. Dunbar (Cosmia trapezina) particularly wanted, also living pupae of Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) and adults of the Carabid beetle, Calosoma inquisitor. Postage will be more than refunded —/. F. Burton, B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. —e HOUSE EXCHANGE WANTED—I wish to exchange or let my furnished house here in Scotland for ditto in Hampshire area for July, August and September. My house has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, sitting-rooms and garage. Kitchen with Aga. Daily help—Commander G. W. HARPER, R.N.. Neadich, Newtonmore (Tel. 288). Inverness-shire. For Sale—Complete set, Vols. I and I! of J. O. Westwood’s F.L.S. Famous “British Moth Books’’, all the coloured plates intact (124). In very good condition, £12.—Mr. E. Vinnicombe2, 31 Dresden Road, London, N.19, Eng- land. 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A large and varied selection of the following in stock— Lepidoptera—Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaeni- dae, Satyridae, Heliconiidae, Riodinidae, Morphidae, Brassolidae, Saturniidae, Chalcosiinae, Uraniidae, etc. Coleoptera—Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Cerambyci- dae, Curculionidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaedae, etc. ‘ Living stages of lepidoptera available when in season include: Ova, : Larvae and Cocoons of Saturniidae, etc. Papilio chrysalids, and certain moth Pupae. are Price Lists sent free on request R. N. BAXTER, 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England ' Mail Orders only . i In your replies please mention ‘‘Entomological Record’’ THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD "i A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries, Be edited by Be. -- prof. Dr. A. SEITZ if Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 410-14 colours and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English, German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna exotica. Every volume may be had separately. — A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80 LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS We specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this country and overseas. We also stock equipment for breeding Lepidoptera and some collecting equipment. Send for our illustrated catalogue and our | catalogue of set specimens. WORLDWIDE BUTTERFLIES LTD., - Seafields House, Charmouth, Bridport, Dorset, England THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Witta1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.H.8.; Orthoptera: D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. Auten, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; H. C. M. d’Assis- Fonssca, F.R.E.S. CONTENTS VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY LEPIDOPTERA IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 1961. J. S. TAYLOR... ... 401 COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN 1961. R. FAIRCLOUGH .. ... .. «. 106 THE MOTHS OF WIMBLEDON. J. V. DACE, MD... .. .. «. «109 AUTUMN HOLIDAY. Dr. A. MOR. HERON... ce CRYPHIA MUBALIS. FORST.-IN KERRY 920 0 ee FURTHER NOTES ON EUSPILAPTERYX Co PYRENACELLA CHRETIEN. S. WAKELY .._ ... pers STIGMELLA ULMIFOLIAE HERING, A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN. SIN PA SACONS eS ’ 122 A NEW ABERRATION OF PRECIS CLELIA CRAMER. I. R. P. HESLOP ... 123 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 0 i> i ee SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KENT: A CRITICAL ACCOUNT. PART II. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ... ee (33) eee TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT’ of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. . ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests for SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES to the TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these May contain extraneous matter.. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which ey are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Printed by T. Bunctz anp Co. Lrp., Arbroath. elie Tae ees esas 1962 ~ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.z.s. with the assistance of A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.B.C.8. C. A. Corninewoop, B.s0., F.R.E.S. VILLE BIRKETT, M.A., MLB. H. C. Hueerns, F.R.E.S. os L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. . M. Cuatmers-Hunt, F.B.E.S. H. Syms, M.A. Major A. EK. CoLiizr, M.c., F.R.£.s. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd. ), F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 258. POST FREE, - Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, . ape oe Bishop’s ce. Herts. ED as ae ers PRICE 10 )- NET in a New Edition — THE MOTHS a OF THE BRITISH ISLES. ee , in Two Volumes RICHARD SOUTH, F.R.ES. | IS ae ; Edited and revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, O.B.E, FRES. FIRST SERIES: Comprising the families Spingidae, Endromidae, el: ee Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Lymantriidae and Noctuidae. ~ S ea Ree Bey SECOND SERIES: Comprising he families Lasioudiipnee Avechenes a Geometridae, Cossidae, Limacodidae, Zygaenidae, Sesiidae poe Hepialidae. 3 The new edition of this great saudaee work has been entirely revised and brought up to date, both in the = , text and the illustrations. : ag LEA HARe a 5 aes: The opportunity has been taken to make the fullest revisions in accordance with present-day knowledge BRE the structure, habits, distribution and nomenclature of — 4 the species considered. Scarce and occasional visitors _ = have also been included. Saag sh _ A major portion of the value of a work of this type | is the quality of the illustrations. ~All the coloured — plates have been re-drawn by the ‘ates Hee ples F.R.E.S. There have been full revisions made to the © many half-tones and text drawings. A completely new 4 General Index and also a Specific Index have been provided. Technicalities have been avoided as far as possible, the main object being to provide a guide to the identification of our moths, together with a eee ¥ account of the whole or a part of their earlier ba Volume 1: $8 plates in full colour Wea ty 58 plates in black-and-white Foes ae fF Ee! Volume 2: 69 plates in full colour — 70 plates in black-and-white Each ees from all booksellers | PLATE II 125 On Some Type Specimens of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius, including the Lectotype selection of Zygaena felix Oberthir, Lepidoptera : Zygaenidae By W. G. TREMEWAN. Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) This short paper is written as a supplement to the recently published catalogue of the Zygaena types in the British Museum (Natural History), (Tremewan, 1961). Since the publication of the catalogue, the original series or syntypes of Zygaena felix Oberthiir have been traced. The discovery of these syntypes is of considerable taxonomic importance and invelves the change of the species names of mauretanica Staudinger and felix Oberthiir, awctorwm nec Oberthiir. As the syn- types of felix were originally thought to be lost or destroyed, a neotype was designated in the catalogue (Tremewan, 1961: 255). However, the neotype designation is invalid as it does not conform with the Inter- national Code of Zoological Nomenclature and a lectotype is now desig- nated from the original series. Full details are given below. The arrangement of the present work follows that of 1961 and the same classification is employed. Zygaena erythrus (Hiibner) Sphinx erythrus Hiibner, [1803]-[1806], Sammlung europidischer Schmetterlinge, 2 (1), pl. 18, fig. 87. Zygaena saportae Boisduval, 1834, Icones Historique des Lépidop- teres, 2: 38, pl. 52, figs. 2, 3. [saportae | The name saportae Boisduval was omitted from the catalogue (Tremewan, 1961). I have failed to trace the type in the Boisduval collection and assume that it no longer exists. Boisduval’s figures undoubtedly depict specimens of erythrus Hiibner, consequently the name saportae Boisduval is considered a synonym (Burgeff, 1926: 5). Zygaena felix Oberthur Zygaena felix Oberthiir, 1876, Etudes d’Entomologie, 1: 36. Zygaena eudaemonm Mabille, 1885, Bull. Soc. philom., Paris (7) 9: 57. Zygaena mauretanica Staudinger, 1887, Berl. ent. Z., 31: 37. [felix] GRE ET, fig? 1) Lectotype: 3 24 mm. ‘‘Lambessa R. Oberthiir 1875’’; ‘‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’’. Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 789, pl. II, figs. 16-18. As stated in the introduction, the syntypes of felix have been traced. The original series comprises three males and four females with the data quoted above and one male and one female labelled “‘Boghari’’. I designate as lectotype a male from Lambessa. The examination of the syntypes of felix has revealed that the species is conspecific with mauretanica Staudinger. The latter has recently been separated as a distinct species from felix, auctorum (Alberti, 1958: 304). The true identity of felix Oberthiir has already been 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 shown by Bernardi & Viette (1961: 142) who have also discussed the synonomy and new combinations of the various subspecies. or the species which has been known under the name of felix, the next avail- able name is andalusiae Burgeff. Burgefft’s description is based on a short series of specimens from Andalusia. In my opinion, however, it is highly probable that andalusiae Burgeff is not conspecific with feliz, auctorum. If this assumption is correct, then the next available name for felix, auctorum is beatrix Przegendza which was described from Sebdou. Up to the time of writing I have been unable to examine the type material of andalusiae Burgeff. Zygaena faustina Ochsenheimer Zygaena faustina Ochsenheimer, 1808, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, 2: 99. Zygaena faustina baetica Rambur Zyguena baetica Rambur, 1839, Faune Entomologique de lV Andalousie, 2: pl. 12, fig. 9. Zygaena buetica Rambur, 1866, Catalogue Systématique des Lépi- dopteres de l Andalousie, p. 170. (PIE. fice 2) Lectotype: 2 28 mm. ‘‘Baetica Malaga (Rambur)’’; ‘‘Ex. Musaeo Ach. Guénée’’; ‘‘coll. Ch. Oberthiir.’”’; a label in Guénée’s hand: ‘1.2. Z. Baetica Rb. Faun. And. pl. 12. f.9.—H S 79.80. Faustina Hb. 141. 142.—Bdv. Mon. p. 103.—icon. pl.—Dup. Sup. 141. Prises aux environs de Malaga par M. Rambur de qui je les tiens. La Faustina d’Ochsenheimer est encore un peu problématique. J’ai cru la recon- naitre dans une espéce algérienne rapportée par M. Allard.—M. Rambur a figuré sous ce nom une variété de la fausta (Boite No. quant a la Faustina de Hubner et des auters francais qui n’est certainement point la véritable, elle se rapporte bien ici.”’ Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 773, pl. II, figs. 19-21. I consider the female with the data quoted above, an original speci- men of baetica which Guénée received from Rambur and designate it as a lectotype. Viette (in lit.) states that there are no original speci- mens of baetica in the Rambur collection in the Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris and, having examined the Guénée specimen, agrees with me that it is undoubtedly original and valid for designation as a lectotype. There are two specimens of baetica in the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin. These specimens are labelled paratypes and were figured as such by Reiss (1932), but there is no substantial evidence to prove that the specimens originated from the Rambur collection. Alberti (in lit.) states that the specimens are merely listed in an old register as having originated from Rambur. It is not known who was responsible for placing the red ‘‘Paratypus” pin labels under the specimens. Zygaena gibraltarica Tremewan Zygaena gibraltarica Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 223, pl. 7, figs. Tee TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 127 (PENT, figsir3704) Holotype: ¢ 29 mm. Gibraltar 10.5.1910 J. J. Jacobs.’’; ‘‘Zygaena gibraltarica Trmn. Holotype ¢. det. W. G. Tremewan. 1961.’’. Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 791, pl. II, figs. 22, 23. Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer Zygaena. hilaris Ochsenheimer, 180%, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, 27 OL, Zygaena hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles ab. pallida Seitz Zygaena hilaris Ochsenheimer ab. pallida Seitz, 1908, Die Gross- schmetterlinge der Erde, 2: 28, pl. 71. . 1 (Pll | fess) 5) Type: 9° 27 mm, ‘‘465’’; ‘‘Digne’’. Ex Rothschild collection. Slide No. 790. The specimen is a female but possesses a male abdomen which has been glued to the thorax. An examination of the genitalia shows that the abdomen belongs to dalmatina Boisduval. Zygaena rhadamanthus (Esper ) Sphinx rhadamanthus Esper, 1793, Der europaischen Schmetter- linge, Supplement, 2: 138, pl. 40, figs. 1, 2. Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan Zygaena rhadamanthus aragonia Tremewan, 1961, Ent. Rec., 73: 4. (PE ET, Ges.+G, 7) Holotype: ¢ 25 mm. “ARAGON Albarracin m.1100 8 VI. 24 Querci’’; ‘‘Z. rhadamanthus ssp. aragonia Trmn. Holotype : 26,228 169 13,918 70 |. SE Geen anes 31,092 255 16,081 80 ROD 55.5. can 38,272 257 22,416 112 Loe (ee 20,710 174 12,410 56 USE Ses eee 21,566 lye 8,281 42 Me. 30,155 202 23,692 119 (SG) ae Se 20,170 134 30,280 163 Lc 28,659 159 21,855 112 Wotal— 2. 296,852 189 148,933 94 Thus the total number of moths recorded at Ottershaw was about half as big again as that at Bishop’s Stortford, and the nightly average was double. Too much should not be made of this. Small differences in the positioning of the traps with regard to uninterrupted light radius or exposure to wind could account for large differences in the total numbers captured. It would certainly be unsafe to conclude, on this evidence alone, that the moth population was really more dense in the one place than in the other. The comparison of the annual experience at the two traps is more interesting. 1956 and 1959 were years of abundance, and 1954, 1957 and 1958 years of scarcity, at both of them. But 1960, which showed the highest total of all at Bishop’s Stortford, had the lowest of all at Ottershaw; 1955, which was very good at Ottershaw, was below average at Bishop’s Stortford; and for 1961 the reverse was true. There is nothing to show whether these contrasts reflected real differences in population numbers or only differences in local weather conditions, favourable or unfavourable for trapping. _. In order to compare the composition by species of the totals recorded, at each trap, it is convenient to use the categories of frequency pre- viously applied by one of the authors to moth-trap records in North West Surrey (Proc S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 98). These are based on the proportions, on a logarithmic scale, which the numbers ‘of each species recorded bear to the total numbers of all species recorded at each trap. As here applied, they are as follows: — Percentages Absolute numbers at ; of total Ottershaw Bishop’s Stortford ‘Dominant Above 3-161 Above 6,856 Above 4,711 ‘Abundant 170: si :towo: Fat 2,168 to 6,856 1,490 to 4,711 ‘Very common 0-316 to 0-99 685 to 2,167 471 to 1,489 Common 0-1 to 0:315 216 to 684 149 to 470 Fairly common 0-031 to 0-09 68 to 215 47 to 148 Scarce 0-01 to 0-03 22 to © 67 T5ebo) 4 AG Very scarce 0-003 to 0-009 6 to 21 4 to 14 Occasional : Below 0-003 5 or less 3 or less = | we pS BY LL 9L Gg ite = 96 GE 79 G9 €9 6G Ze = iE ad ai &I L I € T - 9 SF a €L ai € € = L eT 61 61 ‘al T = 13 ) GL a 8 L ~- eoSeg wai €1 €L 11 6 T F 61 IL 6I EL Or G — © F one R 2 G € 8 OL $G eT G a 27 € al ul fc LI € S i € i G ai 61 L cs I i 6 €T 61 6 NM z I ~~ — — € 6 el fd z — = I G D eT ie) 4 pa ees “ ° ~ = = -- — € G S a ae = = = il Z & me ced me sae ee ee —— oe et —— /BuUols Q01B0S UuUOWWOD UOULUIOD quesqy | -v009 ALO A 90.1BOG A[Ue yy juowUWOD | A184 pe | ee fn eT | | ——._—”—OH!"_—_l __—X=“"sKa—=*_ ————— ———— — | | rere CO | ——— 136 deaiy, 10Y3Q oy) 4e Ssnqgeqig Aouonbel iy COE - ; POPOV 667 MBYS1944O IW a | ee | p10 ;9.1048 "G MBYSI0}IO] [BUOTSBdD()) a | ner, | Sreneneeeene | | |_| Eee = |) Sian que -punqy — |s'a7 LT [saa que Sg 7e -urwoqg |O +8 yor aM Fo —————— | Or ry fa ee P| penne ff ee — | Oo SC |) | £.1080389 ul sotoeds p10 j71039" P1OFF1079 "F PLOF4L049 P1OFF1049 °F MBYS1I0}4Q| 9d.180S L104 P1OFFLOFO MBYS19IIO 80.1809 Pt0FZ1079 | woururoos MBYSI944FO Ayre MBYS1I0F4O Le Coir ane Coy@) MBYS1I9}4Q} UWOWULOD AI9A Pp10J4.1010 Gg MBYS10440 quepunqgy MBYSIOIIO! JueUTUIOG MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP'S STORTFORD 137 In what follows, therefore, we are comparing, not the absolute abundance of any particular species at the two traps, but its relative abundance at each of them. Thus, though nearly 20,000 examples of Amathes c-nigrum L. were counted at Ottershaw as against only some 14,600 at Bishop’s Stortford, we define the species as ‘‘Dominant’’ at both traps, where it accounts for about the same proportion of all the moths recorded at each. A summary cross-analysis of the numbers of species which fall into the various frequency categories at the two traps is given opposite. The details appear in the Annexe. It brings out some interesting points. The total number of ‘‘species’’ recorded at Ottershaw in the period was 429, against only 365 at Bishop’s Stortford. But it will be seen that, as far as the more numerous species are concerned, the composition of the population recorded at the two traps is very similar. The ‘‘dominant’’ species were almost identical. They included, at both traps, Amathes c-nigrum, Agrotis exclamationis L., Noctua pronuba L., and the complex of Caradrina morpheus Hufn., blanda Schiff. and alsines Brahm, which has been treated as a unit because full counts of each species were not kept separately. Orthosia gothica L., which just reached ‘‘dominant’’ level at Bishop’s Stortford, was in the upper half of the ‘‘abundant’’ category at Ottershaw, and thus differed in frequency by less than a full grade. These insects between them accounted for just about one third of the total score at each trap. Of the “‘abundant’’ group, containing 17 species at Ottershaw and 16 at Bishop’s Stortford, eight were common to both traps (Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., Orthosia incerta Hufn., Leucania pallens L., Plusia gumma L., Apamea secalis L., Melanchra persicariae L., Ochropleura plecta L., Apamea monoglypha Hufn.), and nine of the others (0. gothica L., Spilosoma lutea Hufn., S. lubric:peda L., Leucania impura Hiibn., Diataraxia oleracea L., Procus strigilis Clerck and P. latruncula Schiff. (taken together), Amathes xanthographa Schiff., Huschesis janthina Schiff., Amathes triangulum Hufn.) differed at the two traps by less than a full grade. The ‘‘very common”’ category, containing 34 species at each trap, was also fairly similar. Thirteen species were indentical, thirteen differed by less than a full grade, though there were nine species in which the differences in frequency at the two traps were very large, and three which were recorded at one trap only. But in the less abundant species the degree of similarity between the captures at the two traps becomes progressively less. Only about a half of the species which were ‘‘common’’ at one trap had approxi- mately the same status at the other. In the ‘‘fairly common’’ category the proportion was rather less; for the ‘“‘scarce’’ and ‘‘very scarce’’ species it was about two fifths, and for the ‘‘occasionals’’ less than a quarter. For the most part the numbers of species which fell into each category was much the same at both traps. But in the ‘‘occasional’’ category Ottershaw had nearly twice as many species as Bishop’s Stortford; indeed, this accounted for a great part of Ottershaw’s superiority in total number of species recorded. Despite these differences, it appears that of the 461 species which were recorded at the two traps combined, 333 occurred at both; and of these 113 fell into the same categories at both traps and a further 43 differed in frequency by less than a full category.- And these 156 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/ 1962 species accounted for about 80 per cent. of all the moths trapped, whereas species for which the frequency differences were outstanding— more than two categories or absence from one of the traps—accounted For only about three per cent. The picture as a whole is thus of rather remarkable similarity between the general composition of the bags at the two traps. The most striking difference lies in the large number of species obtained at one trap only—96 at Ottershaw and 32 at Bishop’s. Stort- ford. Of the ‘‘Ottershaw only’’ species, two were ‘‘very common’’ there. One, Caradrina ambigua Schiff., has spread from the Seuth Coast. It was first noticed in North West Surrey in 1949, and has gained strength since, though there have been big annual fluctuations and the second brood is always much more numerous. The other, Lycophotia varia Vill., feeds on heather. Its high frequency at the Ottershaw trap is surpris- ing, since its main breeding grounds are two miles away. It presum- ably could not be established anywhere near Bishop’s Stortford. About another score of the ‘‘Ottershaw only’’ insects are also heath-frequent- ing insects, if not all heather-feeders. These include A porophyla nigra Haw. (common), Miltochrista miniata Forst. and Euphyia unangulata- Haw. (‘‘fairly common’’), Hadena contigua. Schiff., Cybosia mesomella L., Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn., Chesius rufata F. (‘‘scarce’’), Dasychira fascelina L., Pseudoterpna pruinata Huin., Eupithecia goosensiata Mab., Diacrisia sannio L., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Lygris testata L., Mythimna turca L., Perconia strigillarza Hiibn. (“‘very scarce’’), and several ‘‘occasionals’’. Allied to these are birch-feeding species, which as a group are conspicuous at Ottershaw but are absent or only very thin at Bishop’s stortford, despite the presence of many birch trees in the garden. The following have been recorded only at Ottershaw: Oporophtera fagata (‘‘fairly common’’), Polia tincta Hiibn., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. (‘‘scarce’’), Odontosia carmelita Esp., (‘‘very scarce’’). There are also specialities of North West Surrey, such as Parascotia fuliginaria L. and Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff. (‘‘searce’’), and a number of scarce migrants from the Continent which for geographical reasons are more likely to reach Surrey than Hertford- shire: Acherontia atropos L., Celerio galii Rott., Laphygma exigua Hiibn., Heliothis peltigera Schiff., Rhodometra sacraria L., Itame brunneata Thunb. (all ‘‘occasional’’). Two other migrants, Nycteroseu obstipata F. and Leucania albipuncta Schiff. have appeared at both traps, and Hurois occulta L. at Bishop’s Stortford only. Apart from the migrants, there are over forty species which rank as ‘‘occasionals’’ at Ottershaw but have not been recorded at all at Bishop’s Stortford. This difference is presumably attributable mainly to greater variety and richness of the fauna in the country surrounding Ottershaw but at sume considerable distance from the trap. The list includes, for instance, half-a-dozen species which can be identified as stragglers from the chalk downs at least eight miles away, as well as several wanderers from marshes by the Thames and the Wey. But besides these there are in the Ottershaw list a few generally distributed species, for whose absence from the Bishop’s Stortford trap there is no obvious explana- tion. These include Inthacodia fasciana L. (‘‘common’’), Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (‘‘fairly common’’), Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., Diarsia brunnea Schiff., Apamea scolopacina Esp., Anaitis efformata Guen., Mysticoptera sexalata Retz., Sterrha subsericeata Haw.., MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 139 Cosymbia porata L., Electrophues coryluta Thunb., Bupalus piniaria L. (‘‘scarce’’). Of the species which have been recorded only at Bishop’s Stortford, one, Dysstroma citrata L., is ‘‘very common” there. This is a mainly moorland and mountain species whose distribution in south east England is very patchy (as well as uncertain because of confusion with its relative D. truncata Hufn.). Its frequency at Bishop’s Stortford is therefore notable. In Surrey it appears to be altogether absent from the Bagshot Sand area, though it can be found sparingly on the North Downs. Lygris pyraliata Schiff., ‘‘common’’ at Bishop’s Stortford, is an unexplained absentee at Ottershaw: it occurs, though not commonly, elsewhere in the district. Among the ‘“‘fairly common’’ species, Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. is typically a beech-wood species and there- fore not surprisingly absent from Ottershaw. E. autumnaria Wernb. is usually found near the South Coast; at Bishop’s Stortford it must he at the very edge of its range both inland and to the north. Hadena compta Schiff. first established itself in Britain at Dover in 1948. Since then it has entered the Eastern Counties and is spreading rapidly. It first appeared at Bishop’s Stortford in 1954 and is now breeding freely on Sweet William in the garden. Humichtis adusta Esp. is confined in Surrey to the chalk downs; and Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. usually requires the presence of wych elm, which is lacking at Ottershaw. Among the scarcer species which are present at Bishop’s Stortford but have not been recorded at Ottershaw, Trichiura crataegi L. and Episema caeruleocephala L. may be missing because of the rarity of their most usual food-plant, sloe. Lygris prunata L., a currant feeder, cannot have the same excuse; but, though taken in North West Surrey in the past, it seems to have disappeared from the district altogether in recent years. Hupithecia irriguata Hiibn., is usually a denizen of old oak woods, and its presence in some numbers at Bishop’s Stortford is notable. Finally, there is a group of species which frequent the chalk country, which is much nearer to the trap at Bishop’s Stortford. These include Hpirrhoe rivata Hiibn. (‘‘scarce’’), Hadena conspersa Schiff., Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff., Eupithecia venosata F., Melanthia procellata Schiff. (‘‘very scarce’’), Hupithecia denotata MHiibn., Cosymbia annulata Schulze, Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., Aspitates ochrearia Rossi (‘‘occasional’’). Also occurring at Bishop’s Stortford, but unrecorded at Ottershaw, were Colostygia didymata L., Hupithecia expallidata Doubl., Hepialus fusconebulosa de Geer, (‘‘very scarce’’), Lasiocampa quercus L., Anticlea derivata Schiff., Bomolocha crassalis F., Huproctis chrysorrhoea L. (probably an escape), Nudaria mundana L., Amathes stigmatica Hiibn., Eupithecia trisignaria Herr-Schaff. (‘‘occasional’’). It remains to say something about those species which, though they were recorded at both traps, were much more frequent at one than at the other. Thus Diarsia rubi View., Plusia chrysitis L., and Hepialus lupulina L., all ‘‘abundant’’ at Bishop’s Stortford, were only ‘‘common”’ at Ottershaw; and of Orthosia cruda Schiff. the reverse was the case. Similarly, Agrotis puta Hiibn., Meristis trigrammica Hufn., Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., Cosma trapezina L. and Pheosia gnoma F. were ‘‘very common’’ at Ottershaw, but only ‘‘fairly common”’ at Bishop’s Stortford, while for Orthosia gracilis Schiff., Huxoa nigricans L. and Lomaspilis marginata L. the case was reversed. Agrochola macilenta Hiibn., ‘‘very 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/ 1962 common’’ at Ottershaw, barely reached the ‘‘scarce’’ level at Bishop’s Stortford. For one or two of these, such as P. gnoma and C. icteritia, greater prevalence of specialised food-plants (birch and sallow) is prob- ably the explanation. But most of the others are polyphagous or grass- feeding species of wide national distribution, and it is not clear why, if they occurred at all, there should be wide differences in their frequency at the two traps. As the table shows, both the numbers and the proportions of species showing big frequency differences between the traps was greater for the less common species. Over thirty species which were ‘‘common’’, ‘fairly common’’, or ‘‘scarce’’ at one trap were only ‘‘occasional’’ at the other, where presumably they formed no regular part of the local population. Apart from these, it is worth noticing that, of the species which were ‘‘common’’ at Ottershaw, Lithosia complana L. was ‘‘very scarce’? at Bishop’s Stortford, and the following were ‘‘scarce’’ there: Deilephila elpenor L., Dypterygia scabriuscula L., Conistra vaceini L., Drepana binaria Hufn., D. falcataria L., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Apamea epomodion Haw (characterea Hiibn), Amathes baja Schiff, and Orthosia munda Schiff. On the other side Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schiff. is ““ccommon’”’ at Bishop’s Stortford, but ‘‘very scarce’’ at Otter- shaw, and Malacosoma neustria L., Larentia clavaria Haw., Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff., Ortholitha chenopodiata L. and Procus fasciuncula Haw. are “‘scarce’’? there. Of the species which are ‘‘fairly common”’ at one trap, no less than twelve rank as ‘‘very scarce’? at Bishop’s Stortford and eight as ‘‘very scarce’ at Ottershaw. It seems likely that the rather startling similarity between the basic composition of the catches at Ottershaw and Bishop’s Stortford is prim- arily due to the fact that both traps were operated in large gardens. Probably the ‘‘dominant’’, ‘‘abundant’”’ and ‘‘very common’’ species would be found to be closely similar for garden traps almost anywhere in the southern half of England, though they might well not be so for traps operated in the middle of a heath or on the edges of a marsh or on a cliff by the sea. Unfortunately, though there are plenty of lists of the species obtained in traps in various situations, the authors know of very little published information of an exact nature about their relative abundance, against which these conclusions might be tested. The differences between the populations recorded at Ottershaw and Bishop’s Stortford on the other hand, affect mainly the scarcer species. They seem to be mainly due either to geographical factors, affecting especially the occurrence of migratory species or to differences in the nature and variety of the soil and natural flora in the areas surround- ing the traps but not immediately adjacent to them. But, again, it would be very desirable to check these differences against frequency records from traps operated in other situations. FREQUENCIES OF SPECIES OF MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED AT LIGHT Traps at OrrersHaw (N. W. Surrey) AND BisHop’s StortFoRD (Hast Herts.), 1954 to 1961. : (species whose frequencies differed by less than a full grade are marked *). MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 141 Dominant at both traps:—A. c-nigrum, A. exclamationis (with A. clavis), N. pronuba, C. morpheus (with C. blanda & C. taraxaci). (4) Dominant at Bishop’s Stortford, abundant at Ottershaw:—*O. gothica. (1) Abundant at both traps:—A. monoglypha, O. incerta, A. lychnidis, P. gamma, M. persicariae, A. secalis, L. pallens, O. plecta. (8) Abundant at Ottershaw, very common at Bishop’s Stortford:—*A. triangulum *A. xanthographa, *E. janthina, *D. oleracea, *P. strigilis (with latruncula), A. putris, O. stabilis. (7) Abundant at Bishop’s Stortford, very common at Ottershaw :—*S. lutea, *S. menthastri, *L. impura, R. ferruginea (tenebrosa), A. litura. (5) ; Abundant at Ottershaw, common at Bishop’s Stortford: —O. cruda. (1) Abundant at Bishop’s Stortford, common at Ottershaw:—D. rubi, H. lupulina, P. chrysitis. (3) Very common at both traps:—O. luteolata, B. betularia, A. infesta, P. meticulosa, E. comes, A. segetum, S. aversata, G. micacea, L. populi, CC. rhomboidaria, A. sordens, L. lithargyria P. bucephala. (18) Very common at Ottershaw, common at Bishop’s Stortford:—*M. brassicae, *H. pyritoides (derasa), *A. ipsilon, L. testacea, D. trifolii, A. remissa, T. obeliscata. (7) Very common at Bishop’s Stortford, common at Ottershaw:—*A. caja, *A. tragopoginis, L. hirtaria, X. ferrugata, P. tremula, C. amata, X. areola, C. rectangulata, C. elinguaria. (9) Very common at Ottershaw, fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford :—A. puta, M. trigrammica, C. icteritia, P. gnoma, C. trapezina. (5) Very common at Bishop’s Stortford, fairly common at Ottershaw :— L. marginata, O. gracilis, E. nigricans. (3) Very common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—A. macilenta. (1) Common at both traps:—KE. similis, A. aescularia, L. lurideola, X. fluctuata, C. pisi, C. pennaria, S. bilunaria, O. dilutata (with O. autumnata), A. rumicis, U. triplasia L. (tripartita Hufn.), A. oxyacanthae, O. truncata, O. sambucaria, G. augur, C. repan- data, A. pisi (with A. tridens), L. capuchina, B. strataria, A. lithoxylea. (19) Common at Ottershaw, fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford: —*E. centaureata, *S. ocellata, *G. bidentata, *E. lucipara, *A. lota, *A. pyramidea, *L. chlorosata, G. pumilata, L. comma, C. clavi- palpis, L. fimbriata, T. matura, D. pudibunda. (18) Common at Bishop’s Stortford, fairly common at Ottershaw :—*E. marginaria, *A. sexstrigata, *D. mendica F. (festiva Schiff.) *H. bicruris, *E. alniaria, EK. fuscantaria, C. clathrata, L. conigera, E. vulgata, C. glaucata, G. flavago, P. populi, E. alternata, H. humuli, L. mellinata, H. proboscidalis, C. rubricosa. (17) Common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—D. elpenor, A. baja, C. vacciniu, D. scabriuscula, A. epomodion (characterea), D. binaria, O. munda, D. faleataria, P. nebulosa. (9) Common at Bishop’s Stortford, scarce at Ottershaw:—X. montanata, M. neustria, L. clavaria, O. chenopodiata, P. fasciuncula. (5) 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15 V1/ 1962 Common at Ottershaw, very scarce at Bishop’s. Stortford:—L. complana. (1) Common at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw:—X. spadicearia. (1) Common at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford :—E. brubiens Cl) Common at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw:—P. jota, P. nitens, A. grossulariata. (8) Fairly common at both traps: —H. furcata, C. pusaria, B. temerata, Z. tarsipennalis, A. megacephala, C. mendica Clerck, P. moneta, N. ziczac, P. palpina, I. wauaria, P. alchemillata, P. dolabraria, EE. icterata, H. aestivaria, O. brumata, O. lunosa, S. ligustri, C. margaritata, E. interjecta, H. bicolorata Hufn. (serena Schiff.), C. perla, N. dromedarius, N. cucullatella, P. fuliginosa. (24) Fairly common at Ottershaw, scarce at Bishop’s Stortford :—*O. oculea (nictitans), *A. flavicincta, *P. pedaria, *H. thalassina, *A. crenata, C. lutea Strom., C. pustulata, C. ruficornis, C. exanthe- mata, C. jacobeae, P. porphyrea, E. erosaria, P. punctinalis, E. silaceata, A. leporina, A. aceris, N. trepida. (17) Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, scarce at Ottershaw :—*C. nupta, *T. popularis, *T. ocularis, *Z. nemoralis, C. curtula, P. pul- chrina, H. sylvina, A. unanimis, P. furuncula. (10). Fairly common at Ottershaw, very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford:—E. bistortata, P. minima, D. lacertinaria, D. eremita, F. (protea Schiff.), R. sericealis, E. transversa, P. flavicornis, E. abbreviata, E. nanata, H. leucophearia, H. w-latinum, S. fagi. (12) Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw :—E. badiata, E. asimilata, H. rivularis F. (cucubali Schiff.), P. potatoria, S. imitaria, E. succenturiata, S. tetralunaria, X. quadrifasciata. (8) Fairly common at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford :—C. punctaria, D. coryli, T. cespitis. (8) Fairly common at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw :—B. sphinx, H. hecta, S. ravida. (3) Scarce at both traps:—C. vinula, C. ligula, E. defoliaria, S. dimidiata, A. circellaris, A. xerampelina, Z. pyrina, C. pyralina, A.ypsillon, E. absinthiata, L. flexula, S. trigeminata, C. furcula. (13) Scarce at Ottershaw,very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford: —*D. tiliae, E. exiguata, P. flammea, C. chamomillae, S. libatrix, P. comitata, B. viminalis, D. cultraria, C. legatella, M. maura, B. fagana, S. interjectaria, E. castigata, A. helvola, S. liturata, S. inornata, T. batis, S. emarginata, E. repandaria. (19) Scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, very scarce at Ottershaw :—*A. syringaria, C. coronata, P. flavofasciata, R. lutosa, H. suasa, H. vitalbata, I. lactearia, P. rubiginata Schiff. (bicolorata Hufn), C. hermelina, H. flammeolaria, E. linariata, L. ocellata, E. bilineata. (13) Scarce at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford: —H. pinastri, B. roboraria, C. albipunctata Hufn. (pendularia auctt.), A. punctulata, P. ridens, D. oo, S. biselata, A. diluta, P. hippo- castanaria, P. literosa, L. pastinum. (11) Scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw:—C. affinis, U. trigemina Wern. (triplasia auctt.), Z. subtusa, T. rupicapraria, H. lepida, H. immaculata, S. linearia, T. aurago, S. immutata, MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA AT OTTERSHAW AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD 143 T. variata, L. adustata, T. dubitata. (12) Very scarce at both traps:—KH. fasciaria, H. abruptaria, A. lutulenta, C. umbratica, G. papilionaria, A. ophiogramma, EK. pulchellata, S. seriata, A. hispidaria, P. prasinana L. (bicolorana Fuessly), A. pygmina, N. typhae, P. umbra, D. porcellus, C. graminis, S. lactata Haw. (floslactata Haw.), T. citrago, O. advena, A. plagiata. (19) Very scarce at Ottershaw, occasional at Bishop’s Stortford:—*P. festucae, *O. miniosa, *B. bimaculata, *N. obstipata, B. monacha, A. viretata, E. tripunctaria. (7) Very scarce at Bishop’s Stortford, occasional at Ottershaw :—*S. lunaria *C. leucostigma, *C. ocellaris, P. bifaciata, L. ornitopus, G. aprilina, G. quercifolia, H. tersata, L. salicis, E. crepuscularia, C. pectinitaria, C. fulvata, N. typica. (13) Occasional at both traps:—M. albicillata, O. antiqua, R. cervinalis, C. diffinis, L. halterata, T. senex, S. sylvestraria, H. rostralis, C. cossus, C. absinthii, L. albipuncta, P. glareosa, P. trans- versata. (13) Recorded only at Ottershaw (with status there):—Very common:—l. varia, C. ambigua. (2) Common:—A. nigra, L. fasciana. (2) Fairly common:—D. dodonaea, M. miniata, O. fagata, K. unangulata. (4) Scarce:—A. ditrapezium, D. brunnea, P. hepatica Cl. (tincta Hiibn.), H. contigua, A. scolopacina, P. fuliginaria, A. efformata, T. carpinata, EH. intricata arceuthata Fr., M. sexalata, P. duplaris, C. mesomella, P. suspecta, D. rubiginea, S. subsericeata, C. porata, C. rufata, E. corylata, B. piniaria. (19) Very scarce: —H. nana, D. fascelina, O. populeti, P. pruinata, E. goosensiata, O. carmelita, N. revayana, JD. sannio, A. vestigialis, H. calcatrippae View. (saponariae Borkh.), C. rufa, L. testata, X. designata, P. albulata, EH. tenuiata, EK. innotata, fraxinata Crewe, M. turca, L. semibrunnea, S. costae- strigalis, P. strigillaria, N. confusalis. (21) Occasional: —H. extersaria, A. avellana, H. paludis, E. nebulata, E. valerianata, A. villica, E. uncula, A. albulata Hufn. (candidata Schiff.), E. haworthiata, M. rubi, N. geminipuncta, C. verbasci, P. viridaria, T. turfosalis, R. undulata, R. sacraria, E. cuculata, E. indigata, EE. sobrinata, E. subnotata, E. clorana, H. albicolon, A. sublustris, L. obsoleta, L. exigua, H. peltigera, P. vetulata, O. plumbaria, E. tantillaria, E. satyrata, X. biriviata, A. atropos, D. galu, C. pigra, C. maritima, A. myrtilli, H. maritima, A. alni, H. venus- tula, S. conjugata Borkh. (marginepunctata Goeze), C. sparsata, S. alternata, I. fulvaria, A. pulveraria, C. multistrigaria, T. firmata, E. dodoneata, E. plumbeolata. (48) Recorded only at Bishop’s Stortford: —Very common:—D. citrata. (1) Vommon:—L. pyraliata. (1) Fairly common:—E. quercinaria E. adusta, E. autumnaria, C. gilvago, H. compta. (5), Scarce :— T. crataegi, L. prunata, P. affinitata, D. caeruleocephala, E. irriguata, E. rivata. (6). Very scarce:—H. conspersa, E. ochroleuca, C. didymata, E. venosata, M. procellata, E. expalli- data, H. fusconebulosa. (7) Occasional:—E. denotata, A. derivata, C. annulata, B. crassalis, L. cucullina, E. chrysorrhoea, N. mundana, E. occulta, A. ochrearia, T. polycommata, A. stigmatica, E. trisignaria. (12) 144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1} 1962 Note: of the above, D. caeruleocephala, E. venosata and A. derivata have been recorded at the Ottershaw trap in years before 1954. (For certain closely similar species, separate counts were not made at one or both traps, though the presence of both species was verified. These have been combined to form single units in the above list. The species concerned are A. exclamationis and A. clavis; C. morpheus, C. blanda and C. alsines; P. strigilis and P. latruncula; O. dilutata and O. autumnata; A. psi and A. tridens. The total numbers of actual species recorded was Ottershaw, 435, Bishop’s Stortford, 371.) April Butterflies in Provence, 1962 By R. F. BretHERTON On 11th April, 1962, my wife and I flew, with our car, from Lydd Airport to Calais and, after picking up our youngest son the next morning, near Paris, drove southwards through France to Provence. We spent nights at Bourges and Le Puy and, after passing through some very fine country on the east side of the Massif Central, we emerged on the afternoon of 14th April in the Rhone Valley and established ourselves for two nights under the Roman aqueduct at Pont du Gard. We gave some time to exploring the Roman and mediaeval monuments for which the district is so famous, and then settled our- selves for a week at Bormes, which ig a pretty village on a hill above the Mediterranean, some fifteen miles east of Hyeres. We started homewards by easy stages on 24th April, spending time at the country home in the Beaujolais of the distinguished entomologist, M. le Vicomte de Toulgoét, and staying two nights in Paris before returning to Eng- land from Le Touquet on 28th April. Altogether, we drove over 2,000 miles in France, without any kind of hitch or incident, beyond some admonitory finger-wagging when my son drove the car to the left, instead of the right, by the policeman on point duty in a small town! Collecting was only one of several objects of this expedition. But 1 had intended that, particularly during our stay at Bormes, we should see something of the great range of spring butterflies of Provence. In particular, I hoped to find seven species which would be new to me, viz. Zerynthia rumina L., Z. hypsipyle Schulz. (polyxena Schiff.), Libythea celtis Esp., Erebia epistygne Hb., Thestor ballus F., Callophrys avis Chapman, and Glavcopsyche melanops Bdv. This hope was—just— fulfilled. We were told that the season was at least a month later than usual; indeed, it seemed to be relatively even more backward than in England. The weather was also frustrating. On our drive south we hardly saw the sun, and we explored Le Puy in a snow-storm, The 15th April was a brilliant day, but with a north wind so cold that few insects flew: on the thyme-covered rocks below the mediaeval castle at Les Baux we saw nothing but a couple of Philotes baton Bergstr., in striking contrast to the abundance of insects which I remembered from my previous Visit there in April, 1924. The next day the wind went round to the south, but our atempt to study the birds in the marshes of the Camargue was spoilt by a deluge of rain. This ‘‘sirocco’’ lasted for a week, bringing cloud, rain and much high wind; moreover, it was full of Sahara sand, APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE 145 and our car, left out on several wet nights, was covered with red mud by the mornings. Only on our last day at Bormes and during our return to Paris was there real sun and warmth. The first day after our arrival at Bormes was wholly cloudy and wet, but we started serious collecting on the second with fair morning sun- shine, in the Cap Bénat area just west of Bormes. We found a spot by the roadside where, besides a good show of pink Cistus and other flowers, there were a number of small Strawberry Trees (Arbutus unedo I..), which are the main food of the Provencal Green Hairstreak, Callophrys avis. Sure enough, after examining and rejecting a large number of the ordinary (. rubi, which were mostly worn, we caught two specimens of (. avis in fine condition. They were larger and brighter than C. rubz, and seemed to be only just beginning to emerge, so we promised our- selves a return visit later, which the weather in fact prevented. Glaucopsyche melanops was common on this ground, and we quickly collected a nice series, though they were mostly males. Other species in evidence were Gonepteryz cleopatra L., V. atalanta L., and a number Vanessa cardui J.., which looked like newly arrived immigrants; also the moth Minucia lunaris Schiff., which was flying freely in the sun- shine. It also came to the lights of our hotel in the evening. Unfor- tunately we had arranged to return to our hotel for lunch, always a time-consuming operation in France; and the afternoon was much less sunny than the morning. We spent it in the fine Forét du Dom above Bormes. But at that altitude, about 800 feet, the woods were still brown and the butterflies were mostly hibernated Nymphalis antiopa L., N. polychloros L., Inachis io L., Polygonia c-album L. and G. cleopatra. though we also saw a few males of Anthocaris cardamines L., and some Pararge egeria (of the buff-spotted southern form) and P. megera I. The Geometer Pseudopanthera macularia L., rather paler than its English form, was also common. On 20th April we set out for Hyéres to look for Thestor ballus F. This butterfly, which looks half Copper, half Hairstreak, is, I believe, found in France only near Hyéres and for a short way inland; like several other Provencal species, it occurs in Spain but does not extend eastwards to Italy. It is also a very early species, and in a normal season we might have missed it altogther. The classical ground for it is on the low pass between Hyeéres and Costebelle. But we found this almost entirely built over or cultivated, so we turned up a narrow lane on the right of the road and, after some casting about, selected some suitable-looking old vine terraces above a quarry. Despite only very intermittent sunshine and a strongish wind, we managed to catch here three 7. ballus, besides missing two others because of the ease with which their green and brown colours seemed to melt into the background when one chased them. There was also a good selection of other species, though none were numerous. Two Whites, Euchloé ausonia Hb. and its much smaller relative E. tagis Hb., dashed about over the quarry but were very hard to net. The beautiful Provencal Orange-tip (‘‘L’ Aurore de Provence’’), Anthocaris euphenéides, was also caught, though neither here nor elsewhere did we see any females. Among the Blues, there were a few G. melanops, P. baton, and Polymmatus icarus Rott. and singles of Scolitantides orion Pall., and Glaucopsyche cyllarus Rott., as well as many Lycaenopsis argiolus L.; and we saw our first Skippers with Pyrgus malvoides El. & Ed., Erynnis tages L., and a single Spialia 146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V1/1962 sao Hb. There was also an early Melitaea cinzia L. and some Leptidea sinapis L., though we saw nothing, here or elsewhere, of L. duponcheli Stdgr. Altogether, it was a successfull day in the face of difficulties. There followed two days on which the net could not be used, though a few moths, including Lycia hirtaria Clerck and Cleora, rhomboidaria Schiff. in unfamiliar conjuncture, were collected at the hotel lights. The gloom was, however, relieved by the finding of a half-fed larva of Charazxes jasius L. on an Arbutus bush near Cavalaire. It looked like a dull green slug and was perfectly camouflaged, which was no doubt why considerable search failed to yield any more. Fortunately, it car be fed from the Strawberry Tree in my garden, so there are good hopes that in June it will reveal the four-tailed splendour of the butterfly. Easter Monday began clear and warm. We decided to make a fifty mile expedition inland to the limestone country round Draguignan, where several English collectors did very well between the wars, We started by the winding, hilly roads through the Forét du Dom, where there were still few butterflies to be seen. But after droping into a deep valley at Collobriéres we stopped to investigate lush meadows in the hope of finding Zerynthia hypsipyle. The second attempt succeeded, and we found a flourishing colony. The brilliant black, yellow and red butterflies sat quietly on the grasses or flew heavily to clumps of flowering thyme, and we quickly collected a series. I should have liked more time to study their habits, but we had to press on to our main objective at Draguignan, which was reached at. noon. After passing through the town we drove some way up the Grasse road and stopped on a south-facing hillside covered with overgrown vine and olive ter- races. It proved to be very rich. In two hours’ collecting we saw practically all the species we had seen elsewhere (except, of course, C. avis, T. ballus and Z. hypsipyle), and most of them in much better numbers. Jn addition, Colias croceus Foure. and C, australis Vty were about; I saw, but missed, Polygonia egea Cram.; and we caught four perfect males of Zerynthia rumina. These were flying fast on the slopes, and had a way of dodging from one terrace to another which caused us to miss several; their habits seemed very different from those of Z. hypsipyle in the meadows. The Fritillary Clossiana dia L. was common. Finally, just as we were about to move off, my son netted a Inbythea celtis in very fair condition. It was probably a stray, as I did not see any of its food-plant, the Nettle Tree (Celtis australis) in that spot. This accounted for the sixth out of my seven wanted species. We decided to try for the seventh, Hrebia epistygne, by driving on to the higher ground between Montferrat and Comps, where it has been re- ported to be common in the past. This did not succeed. We investigated several promising stony wastes beside the road, at heights between 1,500 and 2,500 feet, but saw no Erebias; either they had not yet emerged so high up, or else it was too late in the day for them. Almost the only insects we did see there were numbers of a spectacular, fast-flying Geometer, Fidonia plummistaria de Vill., which resembles a gigantic version of our Ematurga atomaria L.; and a wandering Iphiclides podalirius L., the only one we saw in Provence. So at about 4.30 p.m. we turned back, dropped down through the magnificent gorge of Chateau Double to much needed drinks in Draguignan, and then drove back to Bormes by a different route via Saint Maxime and APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE 147 Cogolin. Even on this day it had to rain; we had cloud along the coast and a shower as we entered our hotel Early next morning, 24th Ap.il, we started homewards in brilliant sunshine. I had planned a slight detour in order to explore the lime- stone Massif de la Sainte Baume, whose butterflies and their biotopes have recently been fascinatingly analysed by M. L. Bigot (Alezxanor, 2: 137/144). I also had a lingering hope of seeing Hrebia epistygne. So at 11 a.m. we parked the car outside the Hostellerie de la Sainte Baume and walked up the steep path which leads to the place of pilgrimage, a chapel in a natural cave some way up the north face of the limestone cliff. Though interesting enough, this was entomologically unprofitable, since this face was still in shadow, and we saw only a few common Whites and Satyrids and a Gonepteryx rhammni at its foot. Having spent an hour in this way, we started to move the car a little along the road towards Plan d’Aups, before eating our sandwiches. Almost at once a large dark butterfly came across the road with the unmistakable loping flight of an Erebia; and E. epistygne was the only possible one for this date and place. We stopped the car, set to work, and in less than an hour my son and I collected twenty of them, mostly females in perfect order but with with some quite good males as well. They flew steadily at about six miles an hour over flat, stony ground, where there was very little grass (and that still brown); and they seemed to sense pursuit and then quickly doubled their pace and began to zigzag. They settled seldom, and did not seem to be attracted by the few flowers there were. Though many of the females may have emerged that morning, males must have been out for some days, though their haunt was on the north side of the mountain and at about 2,100 feet. I was particularly glad to get this species because, though it is well spreed on the limestone hills of Provence, it is only found else- where in Europe in Spain, and there very locally and as different sub- species. This ended our butterfly collecting. We had to drive hard for Avignon, as we needed francs and petrol coupons before the banks shut. After that, we ran into a record traffic block on the road to Orange, and a thunder deluge marred our inspection of the Roman theatre and triumphal arch in that town. The next two days were sunny and hot, but opportunities for collecting as we moved northwards did not arise, except that, thanks to the kindness of Madame de Toulgoét, I was able to take a number of moths at light in the Beaujolais; those included both forms of Xylomiges conspicillaris L. In the circumstances of weather and season, we had really done surprisingly well. Given normal sunshine and a normal season, we might have hoped to see at this time in Provence perhaps 60 species of butterflies. We did in fact see 42, including all our main objectives, though most of them were in too small numbers and in circumstances which did not give us enough opportunity to study their habits. Ottersnaw, Surrey. May, 1962. The XIIth INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY will take place in LONDON from 8th to 16th July under the presideacy of Professor O. W. Richards, F.R.S. Those who are interested and who have not received the preliminary notice should write to the Secre- tary, Dr. Paul Freeman, c/o British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. 148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/1962 A New Form of Eumenis semele L. By I. R. P. HEstop The grayling butterfly used to occur on both sides of the Avon Gorge and at numerous points on the southern environs of Bristol. I doubt, however, whether it is now to be found within ten miles of the city. As a schoolboy, when on 8th August 1919 I was exploring ground which was new to me on the Failand massif on the Somerset side of Bristol, and which afforded entrancing views of the Severn estuary, I came across a local form of the grayling—already a very favourite butterfly of mine—which was quite unfamiliar to me and which, despite continued close attention to the species, I have never met since. In fact, I thought the first one I saw must be an aberration of the marbled white (which actually did not occur on the ground). The form was distinguished, roughly, by its extreme general pallor and by the actual intensification of the marginal band. There were also gradations in the direction of the typical limestone form; but such specimens were the more exceptional here. I worked the site also on the following day. I was unable to visit the ground again until 1926 when I discovered that, with the increasing ease of transport, the ground which had sustained this colony was trampled and littered to death; and that there was no sign of semele. I have never returned there. On having occasion to review my collection, and having never seen similar ones in any other collection, I feel it is high time these specimens were described under a designation to cover both sexes. The sex-mark of the male is not significantly different from normal. The formal description is as follows: Eumenis semele L. sabrinae forma nov.: In both sexes the underside, though very pale, is not outside the general range of variation of specimens taken on the limestone. On the upperside, in both sexes, the band on the outer margin of both forewing and hindwing is much deepened in colour. The greyish pattern towards the base of both fore- wing and hindwing is paler than usual, though still quite clear and sharp. The colour of the whole of the rest of the upper surface in both sexes ranges, according to the specimen, from pale buff to a cream white. As types, I have selected a male and a female in my collection, both taken by me in Failand, Somerset, on August 9, 1919, bearing my serial numbers (A)339 and (A)342 respectively. ‘Belfield’, Burnham-on-Sea, Somerset. 14.v.1962. The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera By Auuan Brinpiez, F.R.E.S. III. THE LEPTOCERIDAE The present part again follows the general plan of this series in that both the larval and pupal keys included are based on the keys in Lestage (1921): the present larval keys are somewhat amended whilst the pupal keys are more or less literal translations, although a consider- able number of obscure or doubtful characters have been omitted. Not all the British species of the Leptoceridae are known as larvae, and LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 149 mention is made of the undescribed larvae in the notes on the genera. In order to avoid duplication of illustrations, reference will be made in the present part to drawings in Part 1 (antea, 73: 114-125) and to those in the Key to Trichoptera Pupae (antea, 73: 156-162). The Leptoceridae possess eruciform larvae in which the body is much narrower in proportion to the length than in most eruciform Trichoptera larvae (Part 1, fig. 4). The larval cases are, therefore, generally long and slender, either curved or straight, and are often characteristic of a particular genus. The larvae are distinctive in having long antennae, these organs being very inconspicuous in most Trichoptera larvae, and by having very long slender posterior legs which are inserted on for- wardly projecting tubular prominences on the lateral part of the meta- thorax (fig. 2). The head is more or less elongated and elliptical, often with darker spots or bands. The mandibles are either elongated with a long pointed apex (fig. 6) or shorter and broad with a blunt or serrated tip (figs. 12, 13). The right mandible has no brush of setae on the internal edge and if setal brushes are developed on the left mandible they are usually small. The pronotum is sclerotised completely, but sclerotisation on the mesonotum is sometimes less prominent. In all known Athripsodes larvae (except for A. aterrimus) the mesonotum is weakly sclerotised according to Lestage (1921), who regards the two black short longitudinal lines on the posterior part of the mesonotum (fig. 5) as representing the distinct sclerotisation). The mesonotum, however, appears to be usually obviously pigmented (and consequently sclerotised) in contrast to the whitish or translucent membraneous metanotum. In A. aterrimus the mesonotum is much more distinctly pigmented (fig. 4). The metanotum is always membraneous and unsclerotised. The posterior legs are slender and long, sometimes three times as long as the anterior pair, and they project well beyond the latter when the larva is in the case. The hind tibiae are divided in some genera but this does not appear to be a conspicuous character and is not used in the keys. In two genera, Triaenodes and Leptocerus, the posterior legs are furnished with fringes of long setae (fig. 8) which enable the larvae, still bearing their cases, to swim through the water. : The abdomen may be whitish or coloured (greenish, etc.), and the tubercles on the first abdominal segments are prominent. Neither the intersegmental constrictions nor the lateral line are well marked. The anal processes are short. The larval cases are divisible into five main types: — 1 Athripsodes: long, narrow, curved cases, with the width narrowing rapidly posteriorly (Part 1, fig. 16). They may be either of secretion only or composed of fine mineral material, the surface being smooth. Those of Oecetis are myles curved and athe wider; straight in O. furva. 2. Adicella and Setodes: short and ade cases, much less curved either of fine mineral material (Adicella) in =A the case resembles a small Odontoceruwm case (Part 1, fig. 15) or of larger pieces of mineral material (Setodes). 3. Mystacides: more or less straight, sometimes rather curved, of mineral or vegetable material and usually with long pieces of twig, etc., 150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/ V1/1962 Ye Posterior Bes trochanter |: METANOTUM 14 15 16 17 LEPTOCERIDAE 1. Head, dorsal, A. aterrimus. 2. Thoracic nota, T. bicolor. 3. Head, dorsal, A. cinereus. 4. Mesonotum, A. aterrimus. LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA sit 5. Mesonotum, A. cinereus. 6. Mandible, O. ochracea. 7. Head, dorsal, O. lacustris. 8. Posterior leg, T. bicolor. 9. Posterior leg, M. azurea. 10. Head, dorsal, E. baltica (after Lestage). 11. Head dorsal, M. longicornis, 12. Mandible, T. bicolor. 13. Mandible, M. azurea. 14. Head, dorsal, S. argentipunctella (after Hickin). 15. Head, dorsal, T. bicolor. 16. Mandible, pupal, Adicella (after Lestage). 17. Mandible, pupal, Oecetis (after Lestage). attached longitudinally (as in Part 1, fig. 18, but narrower). 4. Triaenodes: long, narrow, straight, tapering cases, of vegetable material cut into uniform lengths and arranged spirally around the case (as Phryganea, Part 1, fig. 13, but much more narrow). Erotesis also uses lengths of vegetable material but arranges these distinctively (see key and notes on the genus). 5. Leptocerus: shaped as in 4 but composed entirely of secretion, and translucent. _ As usual the pupal case is the larval case, which may be modified by shortening and closure of the ends. The modification is so extensive in Athripsodes as to alter the entire shape, and their pupal cases are elliptical, sometimes depressed. The pupae of this family are usually distinctive by the great length of the antennal sheaths, the tips of which are curled around or across the apex of the pupae (pupal key, fig, 21). The anal appendages are generally long and narrow. The tibial spines are either 0.2.2, 1.2.2. or 2.2.2, the latter formula restricted to Athripsodes (see pupal key for details). In Oecetis furva and 0. lacustris the spine on the anterior tibia is often rudimentary, and the spine formula is given as 0.2.2, but in O. ochracea the anterior spine is prominent and this species has the formula 1.2.2. Normally the spine formula is constant for a genus at least. The habitats of the less common species are taken from Mosely (1939). Characters concerning the cases are in general omitted in the keys and reference can be made to the summary above. Keys To GENERA Larvae 1. Abdominal gills in tufts, each gill dividing into six or more di amano tectraett. 2S 2 020 Ek ae BBD. . PRET. SPB Re SE Athripsodes = Abdominal olls, sinele or ,ADSENME.s.ennexse ano: tees eas eee ee oe 2 2. Mandibles with apex long and pointed sharply (fig. 6) ...... Occetis — Mandibles broader and shorter (figs. 12, 13) 0.0.2.0... cece cece eee ees 3 3. Posterior legs with fringes of long setae (fig. 8) ................cecee ee, 4 — Posterior legs without such fringes (fig. 9) .............:esceeeeeee eee eee 5 4. Gills prominent on most abdominal segments; case of vegetable ete Cental, ssthisier a2? A cset ol. Ais. ISL OO Trianodes — Gills present on no more than two segments, often more reduced ; eee WEEE DIOR OILY «520 c-c2 contre coe he dew sete ddete sass Leptocerus 152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, vou. 74 15/ V1/1962 5. Head pattern distinctive (fig. 10); case of vegetable material arranged partly transversely and partly circularly around the CASE 50. iba cae ba leg lice ieee ta Domed s eas wae sae UAE RE sleds de Erotesis — Head pattern otherwise; case not so constructed ................0...060 6 6. Head yellow with prominent black longitudinal bands, at least along anterior part of fronto-clypeusi): p30 .05...0...: eee Mystacides — Head yellow or brownish without’ black bands! 2.0... nO eae t 7. Head and pronotum uniformly reddish :.!:).0)..... .32 eee Adicella — Head and pronotum with darker spots and bands ............ Setodes Pupae 1. Spines 2.9:2; gills cnt pats te).4). vei...) SA eee Athripsodes — Spines 0.2.2, or 1.2.2; gills single or absent !.42:.....0/ 2 Ee eee 2 2. Labrum with numerous small setae on dorsal surface near anterior border in addition to long setae. ~.2.5<.:i...tc-2 20> ..y2s)s2):.2. 22.8. tye eee 3 — Cases composed of various added material; gills absent from eighth abdominal segment,.....2/2. 20) vanig. se Sa ee 4 3. Head pale without dark markings; pronotum pale with black anterior border; mesonotum not darkened in middle; hooks of anal appendages with two dorsal teeth. Local, in lakes and ponds ...... senilis (Burm.) LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH TRICHOPTERA 153 — Head darker with dark spots; pronotum only darkened on anterior border; mesonotum darkened in middle; hooks of anal appendages with one dorsal tooth. Frequent in lakes and ponds .................. fulvus (Ramb.) 4. Gills on abdominal segments 2-7; head light yellow with faint dark markings; pronotum light yellowish-brown unicolorous. Common in Pee Me RIG EES © Booch cee einen bis ce dpe seep res prees annulicornis (Steph.) Gills present only on abdominal segments 1-3 ..............:.eeeeees 5 Head and thoracic nota pale yellow; pronotum with faint darker spots laterally; mesonotum with darker spots and posterior black lines prominent (fig. 5). Common in lakes and rivers ...............--. cinereus (Curt.) — Head and thorax darker yellow; pro- and meso-nota immaculate and posterior black lines short and curved. Local in rivers ......... bilineatus (L.) sal Pupae 1. Case elliptical, entirely of secretion, with a ventral transverse slit Be EM CEIOE MOEGO elo. asit cana d heed aacke ec aciawakge «ae leeeaee sapere ds Deepest se 2 = weGase elliptical, not entirely Of SCCTEbION: oo j.02 <5 .02es ayes « gels sacemeeds= 3 2, Labrum without a median projection on anterior border; a sclerotised plate on seventh abdominal segment ...... fulvus (Ramb.) — lLabrum with a small median projection on anterior border; rarely a sclerotised plate on seventh abdominal segment ... senilis (Burm.) 3. Gills in three series on abdominal segments 2-7 ...................eseeee ee annulicornis (Steph.) — Gills in four series on abdominal segments 1-3 or 2-3 only ............ 4 Anal appendages broader with parallel sides, and truncate 375 HOLT MAL a a ia a RR ay ee a CATE aterrimus (Steph.) — Anal appendages narrower, tapering distally, not truncate at tip .. 5 Pupae about 12 mm. in length, case about 14 mm. ... cinereus (Curt. ) Pupae about 8-9 mm. in length, case about 10 mm. ... bilineatus (L.) OH Mystacides Berthold Larvae 1. Gills absent; fronto-clypeus without a black transverse band. Com- MONSMI Stk, OF KUMI WAbeL vl. Seles Lede s Sia ALY azurea (l.) —— Gills present; fronto-clypeus with a black transverse band, making a letter ‘‘H’’ with the longitudinal black bands (fig. 11) ............ 2 2. Gills on abdominal segments 2-7 or 2-8. Common in lakes and PROMOS Ee), aE uae ahaa card hie terre ek... gust date es ac bee longicornis (L.) — Gills on abdominal segments 2-4. Local in still or running water .. nigra (l.) Pupae eRe eet crn MOSEING ots crete’ soa adseke tase ites 14stG ka aeranee. «tama sated azurea (L). Sib ye N SIN OT PSE ZR NER aR RCRD IMR Ne Ye” PEE ape SOR Rtn IR Sea ee 2 2. Anal appendages regularly curved, tapering distally ...... nigra (L.) — Anal appendages with apex strongly re-curved, and hook-like . longicornis (L.) Triaenodes McLachlan The larva of T. simulans Tjeder is unknown. 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 Larvae 1. Head yellow with prominent dark spots and dark longitudinal bands extending to anterior border of head (fig. 15). Common in lakes end pandsiyiss.2c0.. wale eee, ep ee pee ee bicolor (Curt.) — Head yellowish-brown with dark spots confined to occipital area, no dark band extending down to anterior border of head. Local in PU 1S? WAheT™ Mecsas is cete.c deen bende tation tat met eee Oe conspersa (Ramb.) Pupae 1. Internal border of anal appendages strongly emarginate about the PW oy. (or2) line 0] 11 90 baa vas eke anid sean URE Tm Me EL Ri - bicolor (Curt.) — Internal border of anal appendages not emarginate about the apical 15] T USO tam Ae Scare lets da ant at Ye A Pd dem a ees Siero conspersa (Ramb.) Erotesis McLachlan One species, rather local in rivers. The case is distinctive according to Lestage. It is apparently composed of small lengths of vegetable material arranged in more or less circular bands along one side of the case and transversely along the other side, the junction of the two arrangements making a ziczac ridge along the case ...... baltica McLach. Adicella McLachlan Two species, of which one, reducta McLach., is unknown in the larval stage. . Rather local, near boggy ground or springs ......... filicornis (Pict.) Oecetis McLachlan Five species, two (notata (Ramb.) and testacea. (Curt.)) being un- known as larvae. Larvae 1. Claws of middle and posterior legs each with a prominent basal spine; two or three setae on each side of metasternum; head and pronotum pale yellow with numerous dark spots; cases straight, of pieces of vegetable material arranged transversely. Local, in lakes and imondertazaus.. 3a, SUN, ae 7 furva (Ramb.) — Claws of middle and posterior legs with rudimentary basal spines; numerous setae on each side of metasternum; cases curved, usually of. sand ‘@rains |. .)000.. 2.2000 A 2 2. Prosternum with numerous setae near anterior coxae; head pale yellow with dark spots (fig. 7); pronotum pale yellow, darkened on posterior half with brownish spots; cases strongly curved. Widely distributed im. lakes and!) ponds 205.) 4ac..co- reac lacustris (Pict.) — Prosternum with a single setae near anterior coxae; head yellow with a series of six spots arranged in a semicircle on fronto-clypeus; a large spot between the eyes surrounded by dark spots; pronotum pale yellow with large dark transverse median band; cases weakly curved. Frequent, in lakes and ponds ............... ochracea (Curt.) Pupae 1. Larger, 12-14 mm.; spines 1.2.2: anterior border of labrum with a long pointed median projection ................60.0065 ochracea (Curt.) INSECTS IN 1960 15 — Smaller, less than 12 mm.; spines 0.2.2; labrum with a small pro- feouonhoaniganterion Jbotderiwei..4 we Ree Lal ha Dawa 2 2. Size 7-11 mm.; median projection on anterior border obtuse ...... furva (Ramb.) — Size 6-8 mm.; median projection on anterior border of labrum SLU MMOVRGCM flac. 04. aay vias »aigd thie sepa ectwoee o Sea «awe lacustris (Pict.) Leptocerus Leach Three species, of which one, lusitanica McLach., is unknown as larva or pupa—the pupa of interruptu (F.) has not been separated from that of tineiformis. Larvae 1. Case straight; local in lake and ponds ............ tineiformis (Curt.) ease curved; local in running water —........)...s2:20-6: interrupta (F.) Setodes Rambur Two species, of which one, punctata (F.) is unknown in the larval stage. Winerimmniie avesyta8) Mae) wa de ates argentipunctella McLach. REFERENCES. Brindle, A. 19614. The Larval Taxonomy of the British Trichoptera, Part I, A Key to Families. Ent. Rec., 73: 114-125. . 1961. A Family Key to the Pupae of the British Trichoptera. Eni. Rec., 73: 156-162. Hickin, N. E. 1943. Larvae of the British Trichoptera (19), Setodes argenti- punctella McLachlan. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond (A), 18: 109-111. Lestage, J. A. 1921. in Rousseau Les larves et nymphes aquatiques des Insectes @Europe. Brussels. Moseley, M. E. 1939. The British Caddis Flies. London. Insects in 1960 (Part One) By P. Skrpmore F.R.E.S. The present paper is concerned largely with insects collected in the counties of Gloucester and Nottingham during the early part of June 1960. From the evening of the 3rd to the morning of the 10th, the collecting was concentrated on some of the large woods on the Coltswolds to the south and east of Cheltenham. Most of the time was spent working a highly interesting area of dissected forest-land roughly bounded by the villages of Colesborne, Chedworth and Withington. Since the predominant rock in this region is Oolitic Limestone. the fauna is comparable with that of other calcareous regions—notably that of Derbyshire, though undoubtedly richer in species. One day (the 4th) was spent working the woods around Postlip from the summit of Cleeve Hill to the boundary of Winchcombe. The rest of the period—from the evening of the 10th to the morning of the 13th—was spent at Heanor in south Derbyshire at the kind invitation of Mr. F. A. Hunter. Little collecting was done in Heanor, other than a little very productive window collecting, all the attention 156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 being paid to the fine ground ‘‘over the border’’ in Nottinghamshire. On the 11th a visit was paid to a remnant of the original Sherwood Forest just to the north of Edwinstowe. This consisted of an area of ancient oaks, of unequalled magnificence. The following day was spent working some very fine woodland near Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire. For the purpose of convenience, a few records have been included from early September, 1959, when I spent a day surveying the Coles- borne-Lye Bank area of Gloustershire. PSOCOPTERA : CAECILIIDAE : Caecilius flavidus (Steph.) Abundant on an oak tree near Lye Bank (near Colesborne Hall), 6.1x.59. ODONATA: AGRIIDAE: Agrion splendens and virgo were flying in some abun- dance along the stream which flows along the eastern side of Chedworth Woods, 7-9.vi.60. HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE: Miris striatus (..) Rather common and widespread. Specimens seen in some numbers in all the woods around Colesborne and Chedworth and also in the Leicestershire locality. 4-12.vi.60. Orthops campestris (L.) Adults in considerable numbers on wild parsnip growing on the roadside verges at Little Colesborne. 4-9.vi.60. | CERCOPIDAE : Cercopis vulnerata Germar. Numerous around Postlip. MEMBRACIDAE: Centrotus cornutus (L.) Two on a wild rose by Colesborne Hall, 7.v1.60. COLEOPTERA : CARABIDAE : Loricera pilicornis (F.) One on the road by Colesborne Post Office, 9.v1.60. Agonum dorsale (Pont.) One on road near Postlip House, 4.vi.60. Abuz ater (de Vill.) One in wood near Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. HISTERIDAE : Plegaderus dissectus Erichs. Several under bark of oak stump near the Major Oak, Edwinstowe, 11.v1.60. LYCIDAE: Platycis minuta (F.) 13 Lye Bank, 6.ix.60. CANTHARIDAE: The following species were all common around Colesborne, Chedworth, Withington and _ Postlip— Cantharis livida L., pellucida F., nigricans (Muel.), Rhagonycha lignosa (Muel.), and Podabrus alpinus (Pk.). EXLATERIDAE : Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.) Abundant around Postlip, Coles- borne, Chedworth, etc., 4-9.vi.60. INSECTS IN 1960 157 MYCETOPHAGIDAE : Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus (L.) Several under the bark of a dead horse chestnut in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. COLYDIIDAE : Ditoma crenata (F.) A few with Plegaderus mentioned above. OEDEMERIDAE : Ischnomera coerulea (L.) 192 Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Oedemera nobilis (Scop.). 1 2, Monkham Wood, near Colesborne Hall, 7.vi.60. XYLOPHILIDAE : Xylophilus pygmaeus (Degeer). 4 35,1 Q, beaten out of flowering elder bush growing out of an ancient long-dead oak tree near the Major Oak, 11.vi1.60. Very active little beetles with remarkably long antennae—at least in the male. SERROPALPIDAE : Phloiotrya rufipes (Gyll). 1 92 bred from a larva dug out of an oak twig at Bilhaugh, east of the Major Oak, 11.vi.60. The larva was dug out by Mr. F. Hunter, and its companions in the branch were larvae and pupae of the Longhorns— Leiopus and Saperdu scalaris (L.). The adult Phloiotrya emerged about the middle of July. ALLECULIDAE : | Prionychus fairmairei Reiche. Half a dozen specimens of this fine insect were found under very loose bark of a hollow section of an old oak, along with one or two larvae, at Bilhaugh, 11.vi.60. (N.B. P. ater (F.) is said to occur, too, in this locality, but none were taken on this occasion.) -'TENEBRIONIDAE : Hypophlaeus unicolor (Pill. & Mitter). Two specimens under the bark of an old birch tree by the Major Oak, 11.v1.60. SCARABAEIDAE : Aphodius fossor (L.). One in cow dung near the summit of Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. Trox scaber (L.). One specimen under bark of rotten Horse Chestnut, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. (An extraordinary beetle to find behind bark.) LUCANIDAE: Dorcus parallelopipedus (L.). Rather numerous at Bilhaugh, 11.vi.60. : Sinodendron cylindricum (L.). 1 ¢ in flight in wood by Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. CERAMBYCIDAE : Stenocorus meridianus (L.). Withington, 1 ¢, 7.vi.60. Little Colesborne, one black male, 5.vi.60. Chedworth Woods, two females, 7.vi.60. (All these were on large umbels.) Also several in flight in the rides in the wood near Belvoir Castle, 12.vi.60. These appeared immediately after very heavy rain.) Grammoptera ruficornis (F.). Abundant in all the woods worked around Cheltenham, and in the Leics. locality, too. One specimen of the extreme black form (holomelina Pool) was taken at the latter locality. 158 ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 Alosterna tabacicolor (Degeer). Abundant in the Leics. locality and in Chedworth woods. Much more localized in the Gloucs. woodlands than the previous species. Strangalia melanura (l.). Several on wild rose flowers on edge of Monkham Wood, 7.vi.60. S. maculata (Poda). Several in the wood near Belvoir Castle, 12.vi.60. Molorchus minor (L.). 1 ¢, 1 2, on umbels in the same locality, 12.v1.60. Clytus arietis (L.). One seen on a fence-post near Postlip War- ren, 4.v1.60. Leiopus nebulosus (L.). 1 ¢ on Dog’s Mercury at foot of an oak tree in Chedworth Woods, 9.v1.60. 1 d found by Mr. Hunter on the branch mentioned under Phlovotrya, 11.vi.60. Stenostola ferrea (Schrank). Old borings present in several large Lime trees in Chedworth Woods. The borings of this species are sufficiently characteristic for them to be recog- nised at once. Phytoecia cylindrica (L.). One female swept from umbels grow- ing by roadside at Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. CHRYSOMELIDAE : Orsodacne cerasi (L.). Two on umbels at Little Colesborne, 7.vi. 60. Three on umbels in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Many more seen in both localities. Timarcha tenebricosa (F.). Common throughout Chedworth, Withington, and Colesborne areas, 5-9.v1.60. CURCULIONIDAE : Apoderus coryli (L.). One on hazel bush in Chedworth Woods, 7.vi.60. Phyllobius urticae (Degeer). Numerous on nettles around Post- lip, 4.vi.60. Phyllobius purvulus (Ol.). One taken as prey of Dvtoctria atricapila (Dipt., Asilidae, which see). Probably abundant. Magdalis carbonaria (l.). One on Dog’s Mercury in the Leics. wood, 12.vi.60. Cionus alauda (Hbst.). One on Scrophularia in Postlip woods with (C. scrophulariae (L.) and Cleopus pulchellus (Hbst.), 4.vi.60. HYMENOPTERA : CEPHIDAE : Cephus pygmaeus (L.). One female in meadow near Postlip, 4.v1.60. ARGIDAE: Arge pagana stephensi (Leach). One female, Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. Arge fuscipes (Fallen). One female, Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. Arge ustulata (L.). One male, Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. TENTHREDINIDAE Dolerus gonager (F.). One female, Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. ICHNEUMONIDAE: Rhyssa persuasoria (l.). One male hovering around some sawn conifer logs at Lye Bank, 5.vi.60. INSECTS IN 1960 159 DIPTERA TIPULIDAE : Dictenidia bimaculata (L.). Several females hatched at the end end of June from larvae found under the very loose bark of an ancient dead oak near the Major Oak on 11.vi.60. They were in the pupal state for under a fortnight. Ctenophora pectinicornis (L.). One male flying across the road from Seven Springs to Andoversford, 8.vi.6U. MYCETOPHILIDAE : Apemon marginata (Mg.). One male of this fine insect (our largest Fungus gnat) was swept from lush vegetation in clearing in Postlip woods, 4.vi.60. Symmerus annulatus (Mg.). One male on rotten ash stump in copse by Colesborne Hall, 5.vi.60. ASILIDAE : Isopogon brevirostris (Mg.). One male on fence-post on upper edge of Postlip woods, 4.vi.60. One female on fence-post by roadside in Pinchley Wood (upstream from Lye Bank) with a small Muscid as prey, 8.vi.60. Dioctria rufipes (Degeer). One male, Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. Abundant with the next species along a short stretch of wide roadside verge by Little Colesborne. Also in clearing in copse near Tithby (Notts.), 12.vi.60. D. atricapilla Mg. Several with the above species by Little Colesborne. One taken with Phyllobius parvulus and an- other with the Mirid bug, Rhopalotomus ater (L.) as prey. Also in some numbers in the same Tithby locality. Machimus atricapillus (Fallen). One male on fence-post near Lye Bank, 6.1x.59. EMPIDIDAE: Empis tesselata F. Common in all the woods worked, 4-12.vi.60. SYRPHIDAE: Syrphus diaphanus Zett. One male Lye Bank 8.vi.60. Xanthogramma citrofasciatum (Degeer.) One female at rest on Dogs Mercury after shower between Monkham and Withington Woods, 7.vi.60. Chrysotoxum cautum (Harris) One female on oak leaf in Ched- worth Woods, 7.vi.60. Merodon equestris F. v. transversalis Mg. One male on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. Volucella inflata (F.) One male on roadside umbel by Colesborne Hall, 9.vi.60. Another seen in Chedworth Woods on the same day. Eristalis horticola (Degeer). Abundant at Hawthorn flowers around Postlip, 4.vi.60. Sphegina clunipes (Fallen). One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Cheilosia honesta Rondani. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Cheilosia antiqua Mg. One male Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. Pipiza austriaca Mg. One female, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1/1962 CONOPIDAE : Myopa testacea (L.) One beaten off Hawthorn flowers, Pinchley Wood, 8.vi.60. ) PLATYSTOMIDAE : Platystoma seminationis (L.) Piinaadentt throughout the Coles- borne, Chedworth and Withington areas, 4-9.vi.60. OTITIDAE : Otites guttata (Mg). Very common in all the woods and copses in the Colesborne, Chedworth and Withington areas especially on Dog’s Mercury, 4-9.vi.60. Herina germinationis (Rossi.) One female, Lye Bank, 6.1x.59. Seioptera vibrans (LL) Two on the house window at Heanor, 10.vi.60. TRYPETIDAE: Urophora stylata (F.) A pair in cop in rough field near the Major Oak, 11.vi.60. Trypeta falcata (Scop.). One female swept from thistle growing by roadside at Chedworth Woods 9.vi.60. Psinipaz: Chyliza annulipes Mcq. One female on rotten beech stump in copse by Colesborne Hall, 5.vi.60. A further male in deep shade on edge of wood in Postlip Warren, 4.vi.60. ScIOMYZIDAE : Sciomyza dubia Fallen. A few seen on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. S. albocostata Fallen. Seen in all the woods worked around Chedworth, Colesborne, Withington, and Postlip, 4-9.vi.60. Ditaenia cinerella (Fallen). Numerous on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. Trypetoptera punctulata (Scop.) Several in Postlip Warren, Lye Bank, and Chedworth Woods, 4-9.vi.60, 6.1x.59. Limnia fumigata (Scop.) Several seen in Postlip and Chedworth Woods, 4-9.vi.60. Also two females and one male at Lye Bank, 6.1x.59. LTimnia wnguicornis (Scop.) A few seen in Chedworth Woods, 7.v1.60. OPOMYZIDAE: Opomyza germinationis (.) Starting to come out on Cleeve Hill, 4.vi.60. , oO ane (F.) Several near Lye Bank; only noted in a very small area, 6.1x.59. HELOMYZIDAE : Helomyza dumicola Collin. One beaten out of Lime foliage in small copse by Little Colesborne, 5.vi.60. TACHINIDAE : maps Ernestia rudis (Fallén). One. male, Withington Woods, 9.vi.60. Varichaeta connivens (Zett.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. CALLIPHORIDAE : Sarcophaga roselle1 Boettcher. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. ; Sarcophaga crassimargo Pand. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Sarcophaga aratriz Pand. One male, Heanor, 10.vi.60. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 161 Sarcophaga subvicina Rohd. Numerous around Lye Bank, 6.1x.59. Sarcophaga dissimilis Mg. One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.v1.60. Helicobosca distinguenda Ville. One female at rest on Dogs Mercury in Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Nyctia halterata (Pz.) Numerous on edge of small copse between Little Colesborne and Monkham Wood, 7.vi.60. Melinda coerulea (Mg.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 7.vi.60; abundant. MuUscipDaE: Musca autumnalis Deg. Numerous in all the areas worked, . 4-12.vi.60. Muscina pabulorum (Fallén). One male in garden at Heanor, 10.vi.60. Polietes lardaria (F.) Abundant in all the areas worked, 4-12.vi.60. Phaonia pallida (F.) Two males in copse near ford at Lye Bank, 8.vi.60. Phaonia perdita (Mg.) One male on bramble leaf in clearing in Postlip Woods, 4.vi.60. Helina lasiophthalma (Macq.) One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.v1.60. Helina impuncta (Fallén). One male in house; Heanor, 10.vi.60. Helina pertusa (Mg.) One female on house window, Heanor, 10.vi.60. Helina depuncta (Fallén). One female, Lye Bank, 8.vi.60. Mycophaga fungorum (Degeer). One male on house window; Heanor, 10.vi.60. Erioischia brassicae (Bouché), One male, Chedworth Woods, 9.vi.60. Notes and Observations THe Canary IsLanps AND CENTRAL SpaIn.—I am afraid that Mr. Hayward has fired his broadside in defence of Baron de Worms (antea, 81) without troubling to identify his target. In the original article the name of the foodplant was spelled Asclepius cuvassavica. I pointed out that the correct spelling was Asclepias cwrasavica, with which Mr. Hayward appears to agree. It is Mr. Hayward’s comment and not mine that is uncalled for.—D. G. SEvastorputo, Mombasa, P.O. Box 5026. 27.iv.1962. CuRRENT LITERATURE: THE NIGERIAN ButTTERFLIES.—With reference to Major Johnson’s notes under this heading (antea, 68) I would draw readers’ attention to the recent paper by R. H. Carcasson of the Coryn- don Museum, Nairobi, entitled The Acraea Butterflies of East Africa and published as a Special Supplement (No. 8) to the Journal of the East African Natural History Society in October 1961. This consists of keys, brief descriptions and black and white figures. This should prove extremely valuable to anyone studying this family.. With reference to Major Johnson’s remarks on the cyanide resistance of the Acraeidae, they all die quickly if exposed to the fumes of tetrachlorethane, as quickly as a Pierid or any other butterfly. Whilst agreeing generally 162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 with Major Johnson that the genus Acraea is associated with grass'and, there are quite a number of species, at least in East Africa, that are definitely forest dwellers.—D. G. Spvastoputo, P.O. Box 5026, Mombasa. 27.1v.62. LAPHYGMA EXIGUA AT BromiEy, Kent.—I was gratified to take one specimen of Laphygma exigua Hiibn. at mercury vapour light here on both of the evenings of May 7 and 8. They were both males in good condition, but the first is considerably larger than the second and more distinctly marked; its pinkish orbicular and reniform are very obvious. The smaller one has ochreous stigmata which are comparatively obscure. —D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. 15.v.1962. LAPHYGMA EXIGUA Htsn. IN SuRREY.—It will be of interest to note that I took a male small mottled willow moth at mercury vapour light in my garden on the night of 8th May 1962.—E. A. Sapier, 1 New Farm Cottages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 18.v.1962. SPARGANOTHIS PILLERIANA SCHIFF. IN HAMPSHIRE.—I would like to place on record the finding of an almost fully fed larva of Sparganothis pilleriana Schiff. in spun leaves of bog myrtle (Myrica gale) in an open part of the New Forest a few miles from Ringwood, on 2nd July 1961. This larva pupated a few days later in its spun leaves, and the imago duly emerged on 25th July 1961. My thanks go to Mr. S. Wakely who kindly identified this insect for me.—E. A. Santer, 1 New Farm Cot- tages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 18.v.1962. NymPpHALis to L. IN THE CHANNEL Istanps.—I have received from Mr. Peter Kneale a cutting from the local press stating that Nymphalis io L. was seen sunning itself on rocks on Little Sark at Easter. The cutting adds that this island is the home of an infinite variety of butter- flies and moths during the summer season. It may be that this announce- ment is not without an ulterior motive, but we have not heard many reports from the Channel Islands in recent years.—ED. BREEDING CERAPTERYX GRAMINIS L. AND THOLERA CESPITIS SCHIFF.— I was pleased to obtain eggs from female Cerapteryx graminis L. and Tholera cespitis Schiff. captured in my m.v. trap here on 18th August and 9th September 1960. In each case about 40 or 50 eggs were laid quite loosely in a glass-bottomed cardboard box and were kept in small glass-topped tins in a garden shed throughout the winter. The graminis eggs began to hatch on 16th March and the cespitis eggs on 20th March 1961. The young larva were fed on a grass which seemed to fall into the category of ‘‘hard’’ grasses mentioned by Buckler, and which I decided later was Festuca ovina. The graminis larvae did not do well and all but two larvae died in their first instar. The two that survived their infancy were fed up in a small plastic box on plucked grass—at first only F. ovina but later Poa annua as well, as they ate it readily. These larvae did not seem to mind the absence of growing grass, but I found it necessary to change their food frequently as the gathered grass quickly withered and turned yellow even in an air-tight container. These larvae duly pupated in a layer of earth in the bottom of their box and two rather small females emerged on 29th June 1961. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 163 The cespitis larvae were treated in precisely the same way (though more containers were used) as it seemed to suit them sufficiently and they seemed to thrive. Nevertheless their numbers gradually dwindled and only about 15 became full grown. From the pupae produced by these eight moths emerged between 18th-24th July 1961. As is well known, the larvae of these two species are very similar in appearance and habits and as is mentioned by Buckler, the larvae of cespitis is quite attractive in its third and fourth instars; the colour being a clear grass-green with white longitudinal stripes; later the colour darkens. It is in the green stage that the larvae shows most vigorously its habit when disturbed of twisting its head and tail into a semi-circle and then flicking itself straight again. It would appear that the immature green larvae rest high up in the grass stems but that later they retire to the roots during the day.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. 15.v.1962. SILVER CLOUDS AMONG THE GREY.—In view of the late season and un- mentionable weather, it was with some misgivings that we set out for Somerset on 4th May. The weather at Taunton, however, was quite pleasant, and searching the posts nearby quickly produced three NVylomyges conspicillaris L. It was three hours before we found the fourth and last specimen to be encountered at rest. There was very little on the posts, conspicillaris being the commonest moth followed by two or three Apatele rumicis L. and Xylocampa areola Esp. That night we set up two m.v. lghts, one connected to a portable trap. Only common species were seen until about 10.30 p.m. when the trap produced one Silver Cloud. Shortly after, another flew in to the sheet, and by 3 a.m. nine specimens had been taken, bringing the total bag to thirteen. Other welcome visitors were two Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. and one Cucullia verbasci L., all of which came well after midnight. Sixteen species of macros were recorded. Apart from two of those taken at rest, all the conspicillaris were of the dark melaleuca form. Operations ceased at 3 a.m. and London was reached in good time after passing through a police check at Wincanton and an all-night café west of Andover, which should be avoided at all costs.—R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER. HoPLITIS MILHAUSERI Fas. AND NOTODONTA TRITOPHUS SCHIFF. IN Spain.—I found Mr. Greenwood’s article in the March issue very interesting, and in particular his mention of Hoplitis milhauseri Fab. in Spain in April 1961, because my wife and I spent the first two weeks of April 1960 at Tossa de Mar on the Costa Brava and I noticed about six examples of this elegant prominent (which, from my limited reading, I understood to be scarce throughout Europe) at lighted windows and sea-wall lamps. As I noticed only one or two deciduous oaks in the vicinity, I take it the larva must feed on the cork trees which abound in the area. At the same time I noticed a similar number of Notodontu tritophus Schiff. The first one of these I found was a female and she laid a large number of eggs. I found the resulting larvae very difficult to rear. The young larvae were extremely restless and reluctant to feed on the black poplar with which they were provided. It appeared to me that they continually 164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VI/1962 sought light and height, which might indicate that they prefer the tops of the trees in nature. Nevertheless, about a dozen larvae survived the flight home and eight moths emerged between Ist and 18th July. The larger larvae gave no trouble and were very like N. ziezac L. though larger and more contorted, and, of course, with an extra hump.—D. R. M. Lone. BREEDING TETHEA OCcULARIS L.—I have heard or read that it is diff- cult to get Tethea ocularis L. to lay, and that the young larvae are difficult to rear. I captured a female of this species in my mercury vapour trap here on 14th June 1961 and by the following evening she had laid at least fifty whitish eggs on a poplar leaf in the glass-bottomed pill box in which I had confined her. These eggs were curiously flat and almost amorphous to the naked eye and seemed to resemble a blister- like discoloration I have seen on poplar leaves. The eggs began to hatch on 22nd June and the young larvae gave no trouble. They immediately made their tabernacles between two adjacent leaves and the only deaths of young larvae were from condensa- tion. The young larvae were kept in a small plastic container and the necessity of taking them to Cornwall for a week resulted in their being kept so until they were nearly half grown. They were somewhat over- crowded and some fatalities occurred in an excess of spun silk. On return, the large larvae were kept in a ventilated cage on cut poplar twigs placed in water, and I now have some two dozen pupae.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Marvelstone Close, Bromley, Kent. | ZEITSCHRIFT DER WIENER ENTOMOLOGISCHE GESELLSCHAFT 46: No. 1, 15.i.1961, has notes on the biology of Peloponnesia megaspiliella Sieder by Rudolf Léberbauer, on Eupista supinella Ortner in Lower Austria by Wolfgang Glasser, and further work on the Lycaenid genus Agrodiaetus Seudd. by Walter Forster. No. 2, 15.11.1961, has notes on the Lepidoptera of Lower Austria by Hans Reisser: Jan Zelny writes on Pieris bryoniae O. in the Carpathians with a distribution map. Jozef Razowski contributes a study of the Cochylidae types in the Vienna Nat. Hist. Museum, with 14 text figures of genitalia, and Klaus Sattler writes on a new synonymy of European Gelechiidae. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (41) THYATIRIDAE Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. (derasa L.): Buff Arches. Native.! Woods, etc.; on bramble. Apparently never abundant, though frequent, particularly at m.v., and recorded from all divisions. Perhaps casual in 15. ‘‘Scarce’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). In 1952, the moth was noted at Bexley as early as May 30 (A. Heselden); and in 1954, at Wye, as late as August 15 (W. L. Rudland); there appears, however, to be only one generation. The larva has been taken on bramble at Darenth Wood, October 11, 1924 (F. T. Grant), and at Ham Street, September 15, 1951 (C.-H.). 15. Dungeness, 1957 (S. Wakely); July 7, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, fide A. M. Morley). First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood, occasionally (Stephens, Haust., 3: 48). 1There is some indication that it may also be migratory. Thus, one was taken July 23, 1954, on the North Goodwin Light Vessel, 7 miles off Ramsgate (T. Rouget, fide French, Entomologist, 88: 129). Thyatira batis L.: Peach Blossom. Native. ._ Woods; on bramble. Found in all divisions, except 9. Perhaps casual in 15. _A partial second generation may occasionally occur. Thus, Vinall (Entomologist, 36: 267) records one at sugar, September 9, 1903; Fenn (Diary), noted a few at West Wickham, August 24, 1861; and E. A. Sadler observed it at Sevenoaks Weald, August 21, 24, 1959, also there the same year on May 11, an exceptionally early date. Though usually rather uncommon, the moth has very occasionally been observed plentifully. Beeching (Ent. Rec., 2: 229) records that in 1891, at Tunbridge Wells, it ‘‘swarmed at sugar’’; and at Den Grove, near Sturry, at about 10.30 p.m., on June 26, 1940, I took ten, all hovering about and settling on a damaged oak trunk, from which sap was oozing (C.-H.). The larva appears to be very seldom noted, despite its rather curious apearance, and the only record I have is that of H. C. Huggins (in litt.), who states that he found two or three on bramble at Bysing Wood (div. 3), where he adds the moth was common. 15. Dungeness, one, August 16, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Variation.—Alderson (Ent. Rec., 2: 108) records one that he took in 1890 [at Farnborough], ‘‘evidently fresh from pupa, but instead of possessing the usual pink-tinted blotches, they are all of delicate brown, without (or to speak more correctly, having the faintest tinge of) pink’’. One of my specimens from Den Grove, 1940, is referable to ab. juncta Tutt (C.-H.). In R.C.K. are: ab. indecorata Turner, one, bred, Charing, July 1918; ab. juncta Tutt, two, bred, Charing, July 1918. First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood, 1820 (Stephens, Haust., 2: 156). Tethea ocularis L. (octogessima Hiibn.): Figure of Eighty. Resident.! Woods, etc.; on Populus tremula, P. nigra, [P. italica]. The species first appeared in div. 1 in 1900, since when it has gradu- ally extended its range eastwards, but up to 1929, was still scarce and only known from W. Kent. Has been noted far more plentifully since (42) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 74 1lb/ VL/ 1962 about 1946, and at the present time is apparently rather well distributed and locally not uncommon. 1. Bexley district, 2 drying wings on Lombardy Poplar trunk, June 20, 1900 (Newman, Ent. Rec., 12: 218); one, June 1909, L. W. Newman (R.C.K.); 2 emerged May 15, 1952, from wild pupa, October 20, 1951 (J. F. Burton) (L. T. Ford); two at m.v., June 138—July 20, 1952 (A. Heselden). West Wickham, one at sugar, June 9, 1926 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1930-31: 75); 1951 (EK. Trundell); two, at m.v., July 7, 1958, including one melanic (C.-H.). Bromley, one, June 1920 (W. A. Cope; typical 9, bred 1927, W. A. Cope (D. G. Marsh coll.). Sidcup, a pupa, September 1924; one at sugar, July 2, 1925; one, at light, June 24, 1936; one, at light, June 27, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, one, 1948 (E .Evans); larva on aspen, 1951 (A. M. Swain). Chislehurst, took about half-a-dozen larvae, 1929-30 (S. F. P. Blyth). Abbey Wood (Juby & Hards (1925)), at light, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Greenwich Park; Bexley; Joydens Wood (D. F. Owen, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 122). Orpington, 1953 (L. W. Siggs); noted about six in 1957 at m.v., ‘‘including, on July 3, the only melanic I have encountered’’ (R. G. Chatelain). Blackheath, not rare at m.v., 1959 (A. A. Allen). Bromley, one, May 31, one, June 16, 1960, seven, 1961, including two on June 28; a larva on black poplar, August 13, 1959 (D. R. M. Long). 3. Great Hall Wood, one, at sugar, June 27, 1946 (D. G. Marsh and C.-H.). Den Grove, Sturry, one melanic, June 11, 1947 (C.-H., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 57). Broad Oak, one, June 16, 1952 (C.-H.). Herne Bay, one, 1948, one, 1951, three, 1952, one, 1953; one, melanic, June 20, 1947, two, melanic, 1951, two, melanic, 1952, two, melanic, 1953 (Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 39; D. G. Marsh coll.). 4. Sandwich, one, June 20, 1947 (R. P. Demuth). Ickham, one, 1955, one, July 15, 1956; both typical (D. G. Marsh coll.); one, melanic, one, ‘‘semi-melanic’’, both 1955 (Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 35). 5. Westerham, fairly numerous annually at least since c.1949; no melanics (R. C. Edwards). 6. Gravesend, about twelve on street lamps over a period of 7-8 years, c.1900-07 (H. C. Huggins); July 1, 1911, June 16, 1914, July 9, 1926 (F. T. Grant). Pinden, two, 1951, three, 1952, one, 1953; one, melanic, June 8, 1950, one, melanic, June 28, 1953 (EK. J. Hare coll.). Otford, seven, June 21—July 14, 1955; twelve, May 29—July 16, 1956 (W. B. L. Manley). Eynsford, June 19, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 6a. Darenth (L. T. Ford); c.1948 (D. F. Owen, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 122). Lords Wood (E. J. Hare). 7. Westwell, two, 1951 (L. C. Bushby, fide E. Scott); one, 1953 (D. G. Marsh). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield, in Scott (1936)). Dover, several, 1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Reinden Wood, one, melanic, bred September 17, 1954 (D. G. Marsh coll.).. Betteshanger, July 6, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). 9. St. Peters, three, June 23-25, 1948 (J. W. C. Hunt); seven, May 28—July 2, 1956; two, melanic, June 26, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). 10. Sevenoaks, June 26, 1920 (Gillett, Diary); three, bred, May 13, 1921, F. Gillett (R.C.K.). Brasted, one at sugar (R. M. Prideaux). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (43) 11. Aylesford, several, 1953-54 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, 1953 (E. Scott). Sevenoaks Weald, June 11, 21, 24, July 1, 1959 (F. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street, a larva on aspen, August 29, 1930; one, July 4, 1931; one, taken by A. G. Riddell, June 7, 1950 (A. M. Morley); 1935, 1951-53 (E. J. Hare); one, 1948 (D. G. Marsh); twelve at m.v., July 6-7, 1951, several worn specimens, end of July 1951, one, July 16, 1952; all in Long Rope Wood (C.-H.); one, July 16, 1955 (W. D. Bowden); June 30, July 7, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); one, June 16, 1956 (W. B. L. Manley); July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); July 8, 1958; 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 71, 94: 161). Wye, two, June 15-July 14, 1955, two June 29-July 6, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Willesborough, two, June 23-28, 1954, two, June 27-July 19, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ash- ford, June 24, 1953, July 9, 15, 1954; one, melanic, 1955 (P. Cue). Chartham (P. B. Wacher). 13, Tunbridge Wells, one, bred from pupa, 1930 (R.C.K.). Goud- hurst, two or three annually, five in 1955 (W. V. D. Bolt). 14. Sandhurst, one, bred May 26, 1931, from larva beaten (G. V. Bull). Tenterden, 1960 (C. G. Orpin). 15. Dymchurch, fifteen, of which two were melanic, July 1952 (Wakely, Hnt. Rec., 65: 42). Lydd, one, June 13, 1953 (C.-H.). Dunge- ness, one, 1957 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 42). 16. Folkestone Town, one, June 30, 1950, three, July 2-3, one July 7, 1951, 3, June 24, 1952, a melanic ¢, June 30, 1952, 2°, June 13, 1954, 2°, July 5, 1955; one, melanic taken by R. W. Fawthrop, 1956; one, worn, July 9, 1959 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Iit 1947, a number of melanic ocularis were taken in N. E. Kent, since when others have occurred in various parts of the county. The degree of intensity of darkness exhibited in these examples varies somewhat, but the only two that I possess, one from Den Grove, June 11, 1947 (apparently the first melanic noted), the other, West Wickham, 1958, are referable to ab. franckii Boegl. (C.-H.). First Recorp, 1900: Bexley district (Newman, Ent. Rec., 12: 218). 1The fact that certain blackish forms (known for many years on the continent, particularly in N. France and Belgium) occurred in north-east Kent in 1947, their first appearance in the county as well as possibly in Gt. Britain, strongly suggests that ocularis may also be an _ occasional immigrant from abroad. T. or Schiff.: Poplar Lutestring. Native. Woods; on aspen. Fairly local. A partial second generation may occasionally occur: two specimens having been taken at sugar at Ham Street, August 16, 1952 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 64: 288). 1. West Wickham (Tugwell, Ent. week. Int., 3: 11); common at sugar, 1928-29 (S. Wakely). Shooters Hill; Eltham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bexley (Wool. Surv. (1909)); (L. T. Ford). Bromley (W. A. Cope). Bexley Park Woods, larva, July 18, 1915 (A. R. Kidner). Chislehurst, fairly common at sugar; three larvae, 1942 (S. F. P. Blyth). Farningham Woods, larva, September 23, 1951 (Haynes, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,; 1951-52: 81). 3. Blean, larva; Bysing Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Den Grove, (44) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 two, June 25, 1938, one, June 30, 1940 (C.-H.). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6a. Darenth (Stephens, Hauwst., 3: 53) (Douglas, Zoologist, 687) (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 4: 84); larvae in leaves of “‘dwarf poplar’’ (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 190); larva, September 24, 1909, larva, September 25, 1910 (A. R. Kidner); two, at sugar, June 25, 1925 (F. T. Grant). Lords Wood (EK. J. Hare). Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney (1884- 87)). 7. Chatham district* (Tyrer, Ent. week. Int., 7: 4). Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87). Westwell, 2, July 8, 1932 (Scott (1936)). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). . 8. Dover (Stonestreet, Hnt. week. Int., 10: 186). Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)).. Reinden Wood, three at sugar, July 8, 1930 (Morley (1931)); one, June 6, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Whitehill Wood, two at sugar, July 11, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Covert Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). . 10. Sevenoaks (W. E. Busbridge) (H. E. Hammond); one at light, 1949 (F. D.. Greenwood). Seal Chart (Coote, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 45). ; ASA 11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Tonbridge, common (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, at sugar, ¢. 1953 (P: Cue). 12. Ham Street, ais larvae on aspen, August 29, 1930, two larvae, July 24, August 16, five imagines, July 4, 1931, one, July 8, 1933, two at sugar, July 14, ane! July 20, larva, July 28, 1934, two, June 1-2, two, June 8, two, June 14, one, and one larva, July 20, 1935, five at sugar, June 23, 1948 (A. M .Morley); regular in small numbers in Long Rope, at light and sugar, between 1937 and 1960 (C.-H.); June 2-5, 1950, six at sugar, June 1, 1956, one, July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); May 31, 1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 70). Wye* (Scott (1950)). Willes- borough, one at light, 1957 (M. Singleton). 14. Knock Wood (Beale, Diary). Sandhurst; Hawkhurst (G. V. Bull). | VaRiaTION.—A_ striking aberration, permarginata Hasebk., dark with pale marginal areas, used repeatedly to be taken at sugar in Barnfield Wood near Bromley, by the late W. A. Cope. From captured 29, Cope told me he reared a number of this ab., and that it always bred true. His examples of permarginata in my coll., six in all, are dated 1920, 1927, 1929 (C.-H.). Wakely (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1930-31: 75) records having taken a specimen at West Wickham in 1929, which accords with permarginata. In R.C.K. are four per- marginata from W. A. Cope, Bromley, one, June 1927, one 1929, one, bred, 1929, one, bred, June 1930. eT ete 1929 : Stephens, Haust., 3: 53. T. duplaris L.: Common Lutestring. Native. Woods; on birch. Local and mainly among Kroll but apparently Becaktouilky among. alder.! 1. Noted from many localities throughout this division. Recent records are:—West Wickham, common at sugar, 1926 (S. Wakely); July 30, 1951, one, melanic, August 4, 1954 (EK. J. Trundell). Farning- ham Wood, two larvae, September 29, 1929, larva, September 25, 1930, LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (45) several larvae, September 11, 1937 (A. R. Kidner). Petts Wood, few annually, 1947-49, all melanic (EK. Evans) (Haynes, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 18); 1953-54, common at sugar, there being as many as 4-5 per patch (R. G. Chatelain). Plumstead Common; Abbey Wood, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, three, 1959, ten, 1960, sixteen, 1961; in 1960, one was noted as late as September 3; on August 13, 1961, four were noted (D. R. M. Long). 3. Thornden Wood, one, worn, at sugar, July 29, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Near Canterbury* (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Blean, one, July 15, 1905 (J. P. Barrett) (H. C. Huggins). Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Church Wood, three, July 4, 1960 (D. G. Marsh). 6. Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54) 11). Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Stone, one, c.1950 (G. Law). Otford, three, in m.v. trap, July 15-17, 1955 (W. B. L. Manley). 6a. Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52); one, June 16, 1862, four, July 1, 1865 (Fenn, Diary) (Carrington, Entomologist, 12: 211); larva, 1925 (F. T. Grant) (H. C. Huggins) (E. J. Hare). Chattenden, July 13, 1875 (Fenn, Diary). Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney (1884-87)). 7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell (Scott (1936)); July 22, 1946 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 168). Long Beech Wood, one, worn, July 29, 1939 (C.-H.). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Dover (Stonestreet, Ent. week. Int., 10: 186); one, 1898, six, 1899 (H. D. Stockwell coll.) ; a few (B. O. C. Gardiner); Poulton Woods, June 27, 30, 1908 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). Deal* (V.C.H. (1908)). Near Waldershare, very common; Ewell Minnis; Coombe Wood, St. Radi- gunds (E. & Y. (1949)). Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Reinden Wood, Q, beaten out, July 12, 1929 (W. O. W. Edwards, teste A. M. Morley) ; five, at sugar, July 17, four, at sugar, July 22, 1929 (Morley (1931)). Whitehill Wood, near Bridge, three, at sugar, July 11, 1929 (A. M. Morley). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). Elham Valley, one, July 8, 1953 (D. G. Marsh coll.). Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). 10. Brasted, @, 1917 (Gillett, Diary); at light (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 31). 11. Harrietsham (Stephens, Entomologist, 1: 200). Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll.). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); one, June 14, one, June 19, 1961 (B. K. West). Benenden, June 15, July 19, 1938, at sugar and light, July 19, August 4, 1939, August 5, 1946 (Bull, Diary). Tonbridge, common (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis); 1955, more frequent than in 1954, especially the dark forms (Davis, Bull. Kent Fld. Cl., 1956, 1: 6). 12. Ham Street, three, July 8, 1933, two, July 14, 1934 (A. M. Morley); July 19, 1934 (A. L. J. Bowes) July 3, 17, 1937 (Bull, Diary) (Demuth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 23); one, July 20, 1961 (B. K. West). Chartham, one, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). Ashford, one, July 14, 1954 melanic ‘P. Cue). Wye, one, July 15, 1955, two, July 22—August 10, 1956; Willesborough, two, July 17—August 5, 1955, four, July 19-27, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells, formerly frequent in Frant Road (EK. D. Morgan). Kilndown, July 15, 1938 (Bull, Diary). 14. Knock Wood (Beale, Diavy). Bedgebury, July 10, 1927, July 12, 1939 (Bull, Diary), Hawkhurst, one at light, 1952 (B. G. Chatfield). (46) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VoL. 74 15/V1/1962 15. Dungeness, one at light, July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton). 16. Folkestone, one at m.yv., July 26, 1957 (A. M. Morley). VaRIATION.—Of my fifteen Bromley specimens from W. A. Cope, dated 1927, 1929, only five are typical, the remainder being referable to ab. obscura Tutt (C.-H.). First Recorp, 1829: Stephens, Haust., 3: 52. lJames (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 62) recorded it as common at Eltham (div. 1) among alder. T. fluctuosa Hiibn.: Satin Lutestring. Native. Woods; on birch. Local, with seemingly a preference for light soils. 1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52). West Wickham, larva and imago (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76); larvae beaten from birch, autumn (1863) (Meek, Ent. mon. Mag., 1: 50); fine imago and full-fed larva, August 17, 1880 (Harper, Entomologist, 13: 219); 1892 (Wells, Entomologist, 25: 194); three, May 22, 1893 (Robinson, Entomologist, 26: 224): one, July 7, 1902, two, June 1909, one, June 1910 (EK. Nottle coll.); June 6, 1910 (Mannering, Hntomologist, 43: 204); six, June 27, 1910 (L. T. Ford); one, 1917 (Kershaw, Entomologist, 43: 204). Shooters Hill Wood, August 5, 1862, one seen by A. H. Jones (Fenn, Diary). Eltham, one, at light (Jones, in Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 62) probably refers to the preceding record (C.-H.). Forest Hill, one, 1886 (Cansdale, Ent. Rec., 2: 69). Farnborough neighbour- hood,* 1901 (Lawrence, Entomologist, 34: 355), Bexley district (Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Farningham Woods, one, June 5, 1952 (B. K. West). 3. Near Canterbury,* a few specimens, July 1871 (Parry, Ento- mologist, 5: 394). Church Woods, July 1895 (S. Wacher). Bysing Wood, common, 1914, not seen since (H. C. Huggins). 6. Near Gravesend, bred, May, 1868 (Vaughan, Hnt. Ann., 1869: 133). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 52); 1844 (Douglas, Zoologist, 687); one, 1845 (Stevens, Zoologist, 1787); 1853 (Harding, Zoologist, 3923); larvae not uncommon (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76); June 23, 1860 (Fenn., Ent. week. Int., 9: 59); one, June 21, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); larva, autumn (1863) (Meek, Hnt. mon. Mag., 1: 50). Chattenden, one, July 26, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); 1904-06, one or two beaten out (H. C. Huggins). Chattenden district, 1905 (Ovenden, Hnt. Rec., Li yea RAs | 7. Wigmore Wood, June 14, 1864 (D. J. French, in Chaney (1884- 87)). Westwell, July 15, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes) (Scott) 1936)); ‘‘much rarer here since the war’’; one, August 1, 1954 (KE. Scott, verbatim, 19.xii.1954). White Hill, King’s Wood, a few at light, 1935 (A. G. Peyton & E. Scott, teste A. J. L. Bowes) (Scott (1936)); two at light, June 20, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Long Beech Wood, about twelve worn specimens, of both sexes, at car lights, July 29, 1939 (C.-H.). 8. Dover, two, 1861 (Stonestreet, Ent. week. Int., 10: 186). Folke- stone* (Ullyett (1880)). Near Barham, 1935, 1945 (EK. & Y. (1949)). Elham (W. E. Busbridge); July 4, 1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). 10. Wildernesse Park (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 80). Seven- LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (47) oaks (Crewdson, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1934-35: 47); two, June 21, one, July 5, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). Ide Hill (EK. J. Hare). Brasted, imagines on fences, ova on edge of birch leaves (R. M. Prid- eaux). Westerham, larva, September 13, 1924 (Carr & Turner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1924-25: 107). Crockham Hill, one, at light, June 30, 1951 (R. C. Edwards & C.-H.). Goodley Stock, five, June 30, about 30 at light, July 6, 1956 (C.-H.). 11. Wateringbury, two, 1906, one, 1908, one, 1911 (E. Goodwin coll.). Near Tonbridge, common at light in a wood, 1939 (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford, not uncommon at m.v., 1951-55 (G. A. N. Davis). Park Wood, near Detling, three on a street lamp, June 24, 1961 (B. IK. West). 12. Willesborough, one, August 3, 1954; Wye, one, June, 21, one, July 21, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford Town, one, at m.v., in garden, June 25, 1955 (P. Cue). Ham Street, melanic ¢, June 15, 1955 (G. H. Youden). 13. Millers Wood, Pembury, 1856 (Weir, Zoologist, 5208; idem, Ent. week. Int., 1: 124). Tunbridge Wells, 1894, several, 1895 (Beech- ing, Entomologist, 27: 351; idem, Hnt. Rec., 7: 113); one, 1915 (C. G. M. de Worms). Broadwater Down, two (A. L. Townsend, in Knipe (1916)). Southborough district (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Kilndown, July 10, 27, 1937; Bedgebury, June 22, 1938 (Bull, Diary). 14. Knock Wood, Tenterden, 1856 (Beale, Diury). Benenden Woods, June 10, 15, August 25, 1938, July 19, August 17, 1939 (Bull, Diury). Variation.—In R.C.K. are two ab. albilineu Ckne.:—allotype 9°, West Wickham, H. W. Barker (Hnt. Rec., 63: 30), one, N. Kent, June, 1908, L. W. Newman. A remarkable ab., and the only example of this rather constant speeies ever to have been recorded from the much-worked Ham Street Woods, is described by its captor, G. H. Youden, as ‘‘melanic with no -markings’’. First Recorp, 1829: Stephens, Hawst, 3: 52. Asphalia diluta Schiff.: Lesser Lutestring. Native. Woods; on oak. Recorded from all divisions, except 16 (probably present), 2, 4. Perhaps casual in 9, 15. Apparently rather searce in 8. ‘‘Common in many places” (V.C.H. (1908)). Note: —The moth is occasionally extremely pltntiful. Thus, Stevens (Zoologist, 334) records it as abundant at Birch Wood (div. 1) in Septem- ber 1843; Carr (Entomologist, 31: 295) states that it was in great abundance at sugar at Bexley in 1898; and de Worms (Entomologist, 90: 181) observed it as particularly plentiful at Hoads Wood (div. 11), in 1956. It is usually fairly common at Ham Street, but on September 21, 1957, R. F. Bretherton noted seeing as many as thirty there, an abnormally large number. Gillett (Diary) wrote that an imago emerged on August 13, 1917, from a wild larva taken at Knockholt (div. 5). A more detailed and satisfactory account, however, is that of J. L. Atkinson (in litt.), who writes that he beat three larvae out of oak in Blean Woods, June 3, 1934, the imagines emerging September 7, 10, 12, 1934, and a further larva off oak at the same locality, June 5, 1938, from which an imago emerged September 16 that year. 8. Folkestone Warren, one, August 24, 1893 (Fenn, Diary). White- (48) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V1I/1962 hill Wood, Bridge, eight, September 20, 1932 (R. C. Crewdson, teste A. M. Morley). Wye, one, September 2, 1934; Brook, seven, October 10, 1934 (A. M. Morley). Denge Wood, c. 1938 (P. B. Wacher). 9. St. Peters, one, October 11, 1955 (W. D. Bowden). 15. Dungeness, one, at sugar, September 28, 1934, by A. G. Peyton; 2, at sugar, September 11, 1938; Lydd-on-Sea, 2, on street lamp, September 17, 1936; Romney Marsh, 2, at m.v., September 10, 1956 (A. M. Morley). VaRIATION.—A rare ab. having the forewing rufous, with broad blackish suffused median band, and other markings absent or much obscured, is melanarufa C.-H., ¢ holotype, Plumstead Common, 1956, taken by W. A. Cox (C.-H., Entomologist, 94: 281). , Buxton (Hnt. Rec., 23: 314) records a ‘‘fine asymmetrical specimen’’, in which the ‘‘characteristic bands on the left forewing are run to- gether, and this is particularly noticeable on the disc’’. The example was taken at Fairhill, Tonbridge, August 28, 1911. The following two abs. are in R.C.K.:—hartwiegi Reuss, one, Herne Bay, September 1933, A. J. L. Bowes, two, Ham Street, September 1948, E. A. Cockayne; fuscofasciata Ckne., holotype ¢, Herne Bay, A. U. Battley. First Recorp, 1829: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 53). Achlya flavicornis L. ssp. galbanus Tutt: Yellow-horned. Native. Woods, heaths, commons; on birch. 1. Recorded from many localities in this div. Recent records are: —Petts Wood, fairly common, 1947, one, 1948 (EH. Evans); larvae on birch, 1950 (A. M. Swain). Abbey Wood, 1947 (A. J. Showler). Elm- stead Woods, one, 1946; Hayes Common, two, March 30, 1946 (D. F. Owen). Shooters Hill, one, 1948 (J. F. Burton). West Wickham, one, 1949, one, 1951 (C.-H.). Bexley, many, March 20, a few, March 21-24, 1956 (A. Heselden). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, one, 1959, two, 1960, four, 1961, fourteen, March 31-April 11, 1962 (D. R. M. Long). Oss.—At meeting of Society of British Entomologists, April 6, 1852, it was stated that some dozens of the wings of this insect had been found at the foot of an oak in Plumstead Wood (Zoologist, 3502). 3. Denstroude, March 15, 1933, March 22, 1934, flying in sun, March 28, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Barton Wood, fresh 9, on apple branch in orchard, March 12, 1938, three gd, at light, March 12-13, 1945 (C.-H.). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Trenley Park, about twenty, March 25, 1956; Westbere, nine one night, seven another, c. 1955 (D. G. Marsh). ; 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Pinden (KE. J. Hare). 6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record) (noted here since, by many observers (C.-H.)); one, flying at mid-day, April 11, 1925 (F. T. Grant); larva, June 10, 1939 (Atwood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1939-40: 41). Chattenden, larvae (Chaney (1884-87)). 7. Westwell, one, March 10, 1948 (Scott (1950)). 8. Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Reinden Wood, ¢ 9, on bush at night, March 25, 1930; West Wood, one, March 29, 1930 (Morley (1931)). Reinden Wood, one, April 12, 1947 (A. M. Morley). Covert Wood, three, April 10, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). “LIVING. LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS We e specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this country and overseas. 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Bae Natural History Pins. ae: Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. - HOUSE EXCHANGE WANTED.—I wish to exchange or let my furnished house here in Scotland for ditto in Hampshire area for July, August and September. My house has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, sitting-rooms and garage. Kitchen with Aga. Daily help. —Commander G. w. HARPER, Te ae Ne adich, Newtonmore (Tel. 288), Inverness-shire. : ; e.—Private collection of “Moths and Butterflies in Eight-drawer Cannier, including some 50 varieties Tf. W. Kingsmill, {46 Woodland Gardens. Fh eg “Middlesez. : PF Re - a ee ~ mie Oey OL i (tS eet - THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WititaMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. Auten, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assis- Fonseca, F.R.E.S. CONTENTS ON SOME TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS, INCLUDING THE LECTOTYPE SELECTION OF ZYGAENA FELIX OBERTHUR, LEPIDOPTERA: ZYGAENIDAE. W. G. TREMEWAN ... 125 COENOBIA RUFA HAWORTH (1809)—SOME REMARKS ON ITS VARIETAL NAMES AND COLOURS. W. PARKINSON CURTIS © ... tt ye ey fe} ©) A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA RECORDED IN LIGHT TRAPS AT OTTERSHAW (NORTH-WEST SURREY) AND BISHOP’S STORTFORD (EAST HERTFORDSHIRE), eee dS ae BRETHERTON and CLIFFORD CRAUFURD ... ig be ae oi oS ae APRIL BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE, 1962. R. F. BRETHERTON ... oe pepe ca V/V A NEW FORM OF EUMENIS SEMELE L. I. R. P. HESLOP ... 8 we Spat eRAS THE LARVAL TAXONOMY OF THE BRITISH himuemevnies 3S Ill. THE LEPTOCERIDAE. ALLAN BRINDLE, F.R.E.S. ... ute by es appease) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... a i, es ips =i ese oa eit Od SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN KENT: A CRITICAL ACCOUNT. PART Il. J. M. -CHALMERS-HUNT ~... ee (41) TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests for SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES to the TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these May contain extraneous matter.. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Printed by T. Bunctz anp Co. Lrp., Arbroath. = THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD ‘AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by §. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.z.5. with the assistance of 4LLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.Ss. Ae Cina: HW L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. oe a UNT, F.B.E.S. H. Symes, M.A. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE, Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, _ Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’ S Stortford, Herts. A A. ALLEN, B.SO., A.R.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGWOOD, B.SO., F.R.E.S. AUGUST 1962 FADING RODDED ENDING ONE eee | ina a New E Edition” THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH ISLES — In Two Volumes : RICHARD ) SOUTH, F. RES. FIRST SERIES: Comprising the families : Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, Drepanidae, Noctuidae. text ea the dlustrations, _ The opportunity has been token on m revisions in accordance — crept ie the species poids ‘Searce and oc have a been puctadeds: i: is the oe of the Hhiseeatins All plates have been re-drawn by the late ‘E.R.E.S. There have been full Ss mac many half-tones and text drawings. ompl General Index and also a Specific I di provided. Technicalities have been a possible, the main object being to provide identification of our moths, together account of the whole o or a pe - thew Volume 1: 98 plates in full colour , 58 plates in black-and-white Volume 2: 69 plates in full colour 70 saxo in black-and-white : as Each 35s. net. aaa all 1 Scare ae i] Collecting Notes, 1961 By S. WAKELY. Wood Walton Fen, Huntingdonshire.—This locality was visited on 4tn June, on tke occasion of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society’s field meeting there. In the previous year I had found larvae of Acrocercops imperialella Mann on Symphytrum officinale (comfrey), and it was hoped that I would find larvae of the first brood on this occasion, but none could be found; it was probably too early. I would like to mention here that after the forced emergence of my first moth on 16th February (Ent. Rec., 73: 83-86), ten others appeared from 30th April to 19th May. Most of my time on this 1961 visit was spent searching plants for larvae, and the best find was a few larvae of Aristotelis morosa Muhl. in the leading shoots of Lysimachia vulgaris (yellow loosestrife). Five moths emerged a month later, thus adding another rarity to the local list. This insect had only been reported previously from Wicken Fen, but Mr. J. D. Bradley tells me he took one at light the previous year at Wood Walton. Spinnings on the small-leaved sallow bushes provided several Gelechia sororculella Hubn. One of the few moths on the wing, was Lampronia praelatella Schiff., whose usual foodplant—Fragaria (wild strawberry), seemed to be absent from the boggy ground of this locality, but in the Entomologist’s Annual 1856, p. 49, there is a record of larvae of this species having been found on Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), a plant which is extremely abundant at Wood Walton. Kent.—During May, a small series of Enicostoma lobella Schiff. was bred from larvae found the previous year on 4th September, feeding on Blackthorn, near Dartford. The larvae spin a web across the underside of the leaves, under which they hide. This web draws the outer edges of the leaf slightly downwards and gives a clue to their whereabouts. At the “South London” field meeting at Otford on 30th April, a small larva of Apamea scolopacina Esp. was found feeding on grass in woodland. It was interesting to notice how the larva ate through the grass to feed on the immature seeds at the base of the flowering stalks. Several interest- ing species were taken at Westwell, where I visited Dr. E. Scott on 22nd May. A fresh Euphyia luctuata Schiff. was spotted at rest on herbage while we were looking for larvae of Telephila schmidiella Heyd., which were quite plentiful in folded leaves of Origanum vulgare (marjoram). A trip to Brook, near Wye, rounded off a happy visit, when Col. Duffield took us across his fields and showed us where to get Adela croesella .Scop. We took two only, both round bushes of Rhamnus catharticus, and Col. Duffield’s suggestion that the larvae may be attached to this plant as well as to Ligustrum (privet) seems very feasible. Numerous larvae of Peronea shepherdana Steph. were found in one field in spun shoots of meadowsweet. A large percentage of these were parasitized, but I suc- ceeded.in breeding quite a nice series of this local species. During April, many dozens of Lithocolletis were bred from leaves of Sorbus aucuparia (rowan) collected with Mr. Chalmers-Hunt at West Wickham. Unfortunately, they all seem to be the same species, L. sorbi Frey. Isle of Wight—On 12th May, a visit was paid to the Island, when I stayed at Cranmore with Mr. J. Lobb for a week-end. An account of finding the larvae of Euspilapteryx pyrenaeela Chret. has already 166 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 appeared in this journal (antea pp. 120-1). We also found larvae of Mecyna asinalis Hiibn. on Rubia peregrina (wild madder). The brownish larvae spin up during the day in the lower dead leaves of the long trailing stems of this local plant. An interesting find was the larvae of the common Depressaria nervosa Haw. on a foodplant not hitherto recorded —Sison amomum (stone parsley). They were present in almost every flowerhead of this pliant by the roadside. Meyrick mentions only one foodplant for this species, namely Oenanthe crocata. Lhomme, however, lists fifteen different foodplants but does not mention Sison amomum— not Aegopodium podagraria (ground elder) on the flowers of which I once found a larva. Dr. Scott tells me that in Kent, larvae are common on Oenanthe pimpinelloides, a rare plant. A trip to Luccombe Chine in August proved very disappointing. My okject was to find larvae of Grapholita gemmiferana Treits. To my dis- may, I found there had been an extensive cliff fall which had wiped out the foodplant over a wide area at the place where I had previously found the larvae in plenty in 1959. The foodplant, Lathyrus sylvestris, was still present at the edges of the cliff subsidence, but no larvae could be found on this occasion, although two or three empty spinnings were found during a search of several hours. Larvae of the local Leucoptera lathyrifoliella Staint., however, were still abundant in the leaves of what Lathyrus was left. G. gemmiferana has only been recorded at one other station in Britain—in Devonshire—and it would be sad indeed were it to disappear from the Island. I would like to repeat that the larvae feed between spun leaves, and not in the pods as stated in all the literature I have seen on this species—both British and continental. While mention- ing Isle of Wight insects, I would like to place on record the name of the parasite which emerged from a wild larva of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. sent to me by Mr. Lobb who had taken the larva in his garden at Cran- more. Mr. R. W. Crosskey of the British Museum has determined it as Agria mamillata Pandelle; the fly emerged on 25th April 1962. Suffolk.—At the end of July I had a fortnight’s holiday at Southwold. A solitary specimen of Leucania favicolor Barr. was taken, which was of special interest to me as it was the first I had ever taken. Arenostola elymi Treits. was much more scarce than in the previous year, and the same applied to Euxoa cursoria Hufn. Single specimens of Nonagria neurica Hiibn. and Apamea oblonga Hitibn. were taken. Nyctegretis achatinella Hiibn. was extremely common at dusk on one or two nighis only; the conditions had to be mild and calm or none would appear. Witlesia pallida Steph. was met with in all the local reed beds visited after dark. A few Epischnia boisduvaliella Guen. came to light, also a single Nephopteryx formosa Haw. On 20th, a visit was paid to Thorp- ness. At dusk, some nice species were taken on the wonderful beach in this locality and included one Melissoblaptes zelleri Joan., five Platytes alpinellus Hiibn., several Cromibrugghia distans Zell., Phalonia manniana F v. R., Aristotelia pictella Zell., A. palustrella Dougl. and Batia lamb- della Don. A very worn specimen of Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hubn. was seen in the adjacent reed beds. An interesting find was that of a few larvae of Platyedra vilella Zell. on the flowers and seeds of the common mallow. I collected samples of mallow from several localities, including Walberswick, but the larvae were only to be found along the front at Southwold, near the pier. Most of the larvae spun up and pro- COLLECTING NOTES, 1961 167 duced parasites, but two pupae produced moths on 21st and 23rd March 1962. Why they came out at such an odd time is a mystery, as the nor- mal time of emergence is in August—a few weeks after spinning up. This species has been recorded for Suffolk only twice previously—both records before 1890—once at Brandon and once at Southwold. London.—The most interesting species taken in my garden at Camber- well were as follows: over twenty larvae of Cucullia absinthi L. were found on two large plants of Artemisia absinthium by searching after dark. Some plants of A. vulgaris were growing nearby, but the larvae were only on the absinthium. At mercury vapour, single specimens of Pyrrhia umbra Hufn., Homoeosoma cretacella Rossl., Ostrinia nubilalis Hibn. (a tiny specimen in perfect condition, measuring 20 mm. across the wings, against the normal 29/37 mm.), Lozopera dilucidana Steph., Epinotia tenerana Schiff. and a very worn Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm. were taken. Surrey.—During March and April I collected spun shoots of bilberry, both at Coldharbour and Hurt Wood. The commonest species found was Orthotaenia undulana Schiff., but a specimen of Chloroclystis debiliata Hb. was bred from each locality. A single specimen of Amphisbatis incongruella Staint. was netted at Hurt Wood on 25th March. Gelechia velocella Dup. was locally common at Black Heath (near Chilworth), on 23rd April. Sussex.— Plaistow was visited on the last two Saturdays in April, when Mr. Fairclough kindly took me in his car (antea p. 96). For years I wanted to find Iwaruna (Stomopteryx) vinella Bankes and Mr. Fair- clough suggested searching for it at Plaistow as he had already noted that the foodplant, Genista tinctoria, was common there in several large fields. On our first visit it rained so heavily that we were soon forced to give up, but not before we had found a few spun shoots. The second visit was better. as far as the weather was concerned, but to our disappointment, we found that the owner was harrowing the field preparatory to ploughing it up at a future date. However, we were allowed to search the Genista and found a few more spinnings. One had to kneel down and examine the clumps of Genista carefully as the spinnings were so small. An examination of the material collected showed us later that several species were present, including a few small larvae which answered the description of vinella. On 25th May, two specimens of vinella emerged from my material, followed by another on 30th, and the last one on 2nd June. Of these four, three had the white fascia complete, two very dis- tinct, and one less so; the other showed no fascia at all. According to Meyrick, the form with the fascia is rare, and it is strange that three of my four were of this rare form. Specimens were sent to Mr. J. D. Bradley, who confirmed their identity. This species was described by E. R. Bankes in 1898 under the name of Aproaerema vinella (E. M. M., 34: 242/4) from specimens taken by A. C. Vine and the larva was described in E. M. M. 35: 202-5. The locality was given as “near Brighton” and generally thought to have been Ditchling Common; the Genista still grows there freely, but a lot of it was ploughed in during the war years. There have been few records of the species being found since Vine found it. In 1932, A. F. Griffith recorded it from “a rough field near Lewes” (Entomologist, 65: 163), L. T. Ford found it at Tilgate in 1934, 1935 and 1936, according to data of his specimens now in the British Museum. A 168 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 recent visit to this locality showed that the place is now occupied by a piz farm and the foodplant almost exterminated, although a few plants were seen beside a neighbouring path. Genista tinctoria is a plant which likes wet and heavy clay land. Owing to the very heavy work entailed in getting such land into cultivation, it was usually left by the owners for rough grazing, but with the advent of powerful modern machinery, farmers are now able to drain the land and put it under plough more easily. However, I understand the plant is still common enough in many places, and I would not be surprised if this moth did not occur in other places from which it has not so far been recorded. Perhaps I should mention that we bred four other species from the material col- lected, namely Cnephasia interjectana Haw., Cnephasiella incertana Treits., Anarsia spartiella Schrank, and Agonopteryx costosa Haw. Several other species also occur on the same plant. Bournemouth and New Forest.— On 26th August, Mr Fairclough took me down to Bournemouth where we met Mr. S. C. S. Brown. Our main quest was to look for larvae of the rare plume Stenoptilia pneumonanthes Buettner. On visiting Parley Heath, Dorset, we were shocked to find the foodplant, Gentiana pneumonanthe, very scarce. Less than one dozen plants were found, and only one of these contained a larva, which subsequently died. What used to be a large area of bog land was now drained and dry, with dry Sphagnum moss and dying cotton grass every- where. Apparently a new housing estate had grown up in an adjacent valley, and owing to winter flooding, a pumping station had been in- stalled which had a disastrous effect on the old bog-land flowers and insects. Mr. Brown said that on previous visits all the ditches were full of water; now they are nearly all dry. Although the gentian is to be found further westwards, together with the plume, we were told that Parley Heath was the place where it could always be found in the past. Our disappointment was offset in some measure by having the privilege of collecting some of the rarities that occur in Mr. Brown’s garden. namely Mompha decorella Steph. larvae in stems of Epilobium montana (often eight or nine galls in one stem), Caloptilia azaleelea Brants. (flying in profusion among the azaleas), and larvae of Teichobia (Mnesipatris) filicivora Meyr. (in the leaves of male fern, Filis mas). Vanessa cardui L. and other Migratory Insects— Recent Observations in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland J. A. WHELLAN In view of the recent article, Taylor, 1962, readers may be interested in the following observations. Vanessa cardui is a common insect in Rhodesia but I have not generally suspected it of migrating here. It is usually seen in ones and twos and I have observed it annually in this manner in S. Rhodesia and also at times in Uganda and Tanganyika. From 1951 to 1953 G. F. Cockbill (in litt.) kept records in S. Rhodesia but again never noticed more than a few individuals and recorded nothing suggestive of migration. His records covered every month except November and December. Considerable VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY INSECTS 169 numbers, of the order of one per hundred yards of roadside, were seen at Mount Selinda in September 1961, but I saw nothing which would lead me to suppose that migration or any form of social behaviour was occurring. As is well known the most conspicuous lepidopterous migrant in Rhodesia is the African migrant white butterfly, Catopsilia florella (F.). Records up to 1950 have been described by Cockbill, 1951, and the data are reproduced by Williams, 1958, without, however, acknowledging their earlier publication. I observed a very large migration of this insect in December 1961. At the Victoria Falls from 14th to 20th it was very conspicuous and, on a front of approximately 100 yards I made several counts which averaged 10 to 20 per minute flying steadily towards the south west. In the course of two weeks at this time I witnessed the migration also at Bulawayo, Karoi and Lusaka and at various places between these points, but not further north, though I travelled to the Congo border and conditions were suitable. The migration front as known was thus 250 miles and extended in depth also over 250 miles. On this front the migration was not even, but taking as an average an eighth of the lower figure recorded at the Falls, 5,000 butterflies passed per minute and this went on for certainly 10 days and very likely considerably longer. A similar observation in relation to C. florella was made by me in 1958 during a visit to the eastern part of S. Rhodesia. A rather thin migration had already been noticed at Salisbury at the Experiment Station on the 13th and 14th November 1958, consisting entirely of this species. This migration was noticed continuously all the way to the Sabi Experi- ment Station about 200 miles to the South-south-east of Salisbury. By the 20th the flight was very much thicker and a count was made in the Umvumvumvu river valley near Cashel, about 60 miles to the north. The river flowing through hilly country would have funnelled the insects to some extent in the valley. Besides C. florella two species of Papilio were migrating also. These were P. antheus Cramer and P. porthaon Hewitson. Two-minute counts over a stretch 15 yards wide gave C. florella 70, 108 and 89; P. antheus 8, 6 and 5, and P. porthaon 2, 4, and 5. The flight here was more or less from north to south. These observations were made at about 9 a.m. Observations were also carried out at Inyanga, about an- other 130 miles north, at about 9 am. on 22nd November. Here the butterflies were flying over an open stretch of country without any barriers. Across a stretch of 50 yards in width, 22 were counted flying from west-north-west to east-south-east in one minute. No other species were with them. A pinewood with trees about 50 ft. in height formed an obstacle in the path of flight in a nearby locality. Some of the butterflies flew around the pinewood while others were seen to fly over it. The unusual direction of this flight may have been partly conditioned by the mountainous nature of the surrounding country though the direction is not entirely without precedent (Cockbill, 1951). On the return to Salisbury on the 22nd and 23rd November the flight was continuing but was not so thick, and on the 23rd November it was observed to be accompanied by a flight of the dragonfly, Pantala flavescens. In one minute over a distance of 20 yards at Hatfield, close to Salisbury, 40 of these dragonflies were observed to pass. The total duration of this dragon fly flight was not timed exactly but was rather less than one hour. A thin migration of C. florella was continuing on 30th November 1958 at Salisbury. 170 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 Considered broadly the density of this migration was much the same as that observed in 1961. It occurred considerably earlier in the year, and, as far as known, covered a front of similar extent. The following observations, relating to another well-known migrant, Belenois creona severina Stoll, was made by Mr. P. J. R. Maclaren and supplied by courtesy of Mr. E. C. G. Pinhey of the National Museum of S. Rhodesia who also kindly made the determinations. Mr. Maclaren states that on the 7th June 1956, between Mzimba and Rumpi in northern Nyasaland, and on 9th June from Njakwa to near Lake Nyasa, there were large masses of Belenois creona severina Stoll moving north-east against a steady breeze from the east. There was no cloud. Maximum numbers were 50 per minute per 20 yards, and the movement took place between 1130 and 1500 hours. A few specimens of Pinacopteryx eriphia Godart were also noted, but I am not certain that they were actually migrating. On 14th June there was similar steady movement in the same direction, the wind still being from the east, across the Vipya highlands north-east of Mzimba. It was noticed that the flight halted whenever the sun was obscured by the clouds. On 15th June there was a fainter movement of B.c. severina Stoll between Mzimba and Kazungu, and an equal number of the small yellow Eurema desjardinsi Boisd. In addition a few of the orange-tipped Colotis antevippe Boisd. were moving with B.c. severina Stoll and Eurema desjardinsi Boisd. On 17th June, at Nsefu in the Luangwa Valley, a cloudy day, there were countless thousands of B.c. severina Stoll in the riverain flats, feeding on the flowers of a thistle-like plant which is abundant there. On 18th June, a sunnier day, they were still assembled on the flats, and in addition there was a steady movement away from the area in an easterly direction. There was no wind. Lastly, on 19th June, at the Luangwa Bridge, there were numbers of B.c. severina Stoll present and a suggestion of an easterly movement. As in South Africa, Heliothis armigera F. was exceptionally plentiful in 1961 and caused much more damage to a variety of crops than usual during the summer 1961-62. Spodoptera (Laphygma) exigua (Hbn.) was also more than usually plentiful in the winter of 1961. These species are not known to be migratory here but this might well be due to the very few observers in this part of the world. REFERENCES Cockbill, G. F. 1954. Records of migration of Catopsilia florella (Pieridae) from Southern Rhodesia, 1922-1950. Proc. R. ent. Soc. (A), 26: 113-128. Taylor, J. S. 1962. Vanessa cardui L. and other migratory Lepidoptera in South Africa in 1961. Ent. Rec., 74: 101-105. Williams, C. B. 1958. Insect migration, Collins, London, pp. 135, 137. PyrRaMEIs Carpur L., NEaR MaRLBorouGH.—On 7th July 1962, I climbed to the top of Silbury Hill, near Avebury with Mr. J. A .C. Greenwood. We were surprised to find the summit alive with this butterfly, and ccunted at least eight individuals. We saw none on the slopes or at the base of the hill.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 10.vii.1962. A NEW SUBSPECIES OF EUPITHECIA VENOSATA FABR. 17] A New Subspecies of Eupithecia venosata Fabr. By H. C. Huaerns, F.R.E.S. I have already (Ent. Rec., 73: 203) given an account of the visit paid last July by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and myself to Inishvickilaun, the re- motest of the Blaskets, which has now been uninhabited for many years. Before leaving the island, we each took a bag of heads of sea campion, which was not uncommon on the face of the cliffs. From these, a good many larvae appeared, and we each obtained a fair number of pupae of Hadina lepida Esp., ssp. capsophila Dup., and three of H. caesia Borkh., none of which has yet emerged. In addition, however, we each got two larvae of Eupithecia venosata Fabr., from which Mr. Baynes obtained one pupa, and I two, all of which have recently emerged. They constitute a very striking subspecies of the moth. I have been in recent correspondence with Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the British Museum, and he agrees with me that it is quite new. The well-known Shetland subspecies, ssp. fwumosae Gregson, in some cases approaches a rather dark smoke colour, but these Inishvickilaun moths are a deep leaden grey, looking almost black at a short distance. I have good, recently bred examples of fumosae and the darkest of them is nearer to the type than to the new insect. In addition, in the Shetland specimens, the netted pattern tends to obliteration, whilst in the Irish insects it is of a very deep black, and more conspicuous than usual, despite the dark ground. In most Shetland specimens, the two dark bands enclosing the centre of the wing are light and conspicuous, whilst in the new moth they are of the leaden-grey ground colour and invisible. For these reasons, I think the moth worth naming, so append an official description: Eupithecia venosata Fabr. ssp. plumbea ssp. nov. Ground colour, deep leaden-grey, the netted pattern, jet black and conspicuous. Type bred, H. C. Huggins, Inishvickilaun, The Blaskets, Co. Kerry, 18.v.1962; 9 in coll., H. C. Huggins. Paratypes: @Q bred, H.C.H., Inishvickilaun, 22.v.1962; in coll., H.C.H. 3 bred, E. S. A. Baynes, Inishvickilaun, 30.v.1962; in coll., E. S. A. B. Donovan (p. 82), states that most of the specimens he had taken in Cork, are smokier in colour than the delicate grey of the type, and that some from Seven Heads and Glandore approach fumosae from the Shet- lands, but these Blasket insects are very much darker than fumosae. Mr Baynes has pointed out that when looked at sideways, the blackish wings have almost a greenish tinge. It will be interesting to see whether this unusual insect is found on the other Blaskets, or on the opposite shore of Kerry, but in this connection it must be remembered that Inishvickilaun is one of the only two known habitats of Euphyia bilineata L., ab. isolata Kane. On the same Dingle trip, Mr. Baynes and I collected a few larvae of E. pulchellata Steph., about a couple of miles out of the town on the road to Connor Pass. I took ten, and as I have already recorded (Ent. Rec., 73: 247), obtained the unusual number of six pupae from them. I have now been rearing pulchellata from western Ireland for some years, and always reckon at least 80% perish as full-fed larvae from the attacks of a species of Apanteles, but once a larva safely pupates, I have regarded him as in the bag. However, to my surprise, two of my Dingle pupae each pro- 172 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 74 15/VII/1962 duced a large solitary parasite. I killed these and sent them to Mr. Fletcher, who referred them to Dr. Perkins who has identified them as Platylabops pulcheliatus Bridgman, a regular parasite of the foxglove pug. This species is poorly represented at the British Museum, so I have given them my two, and Dr. Perkins would be glad of further material, if possible. My four other pupae have hatched, and all moths are of the ssp. hebudium Sheldon. I have bred a number of this moth from West Cork, and found it to vary very little, but my four Dingle specimens show much more variation than usual, two being whiter, and one blacker than any others I have. I have now bred this interesting subspecies, which is quite devoid of the usual brick red colour, from West Cork, from Glengarriff to the end of the Dursey peninsula, and on the Kenmare road, nearly as far as the tunnel, and Mr. Baynes also has it from Valentia Island. It is odd that a Hebridean race should turn up in west Cork and Kerry, but Sheldon’s type. which may be seen in his bequest at the British Museum, is identical with the Irish race, which I first discovered o1 14th May 1914. I should perhaps add that, in a recent letter, Mr Baynes informed me that he had just bred one of the solitary parasites. I am also indebted to Mr. Baynes for the record of E. vulgata Haw., ssp. clarensis Huggins from Killinaboy in the Burren of Clare. So, as I forecast, this race evidently covers the whole Burren. I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. E. S. A. Baynes for kindly pooling his notes on these pugs with me, and to Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the Entomological Department, British Museum, Natural History Section, for answers to my enquiries. Yugoslavia Revisited By Rap L. CoE. START OF THE SECOND JOURNEY, AND THE TOWN OF ZADAR I was on my way to Yugoslavia again. Two years had passed since my last visit. Among the little-known places where I planned to collect this time were the inland seas of Novi Grad and Karin and the island of Golem Grad that lies in Lake Prespa, on the frontier between Yugoslavia and Albania. It was mid-May. Darkness had closed in when I caught the Simplon Orient Express at the Gare de Lyon in Paris. I was asleep as the train sped through France and Switzerland. When I woke, it was getting light, and we were approaching the Italian frontier station of Domodossola. When the train stopped, a jostling crowd of men and women climbed on. They filled the carriages and corridors, and even the lavatories were crammed with people and cases. It was the time of a General Election in Italy, and all adults were compelled by law to go to their home towns and villages in order to cast their vote. Soon the atmosphere in my carriage became intolerable with the odour of packed humanity and garlic. In desperation I opened the win- dow a few inches. But there were cries of indignation, and someone closed it again. At every stop some of them got out, until by the time we left Italy by the frontier station of Poggioreale peace reigned again. Soon we were passing the Istrian hills with their cypresses and vineyards. YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 173 It was early evening when I stepped out on to Yugoslavian soil at the little station of Pivka. There was half-an-hour to wait for my connection to Rijeka. I went in to the station café and ordered a glass of slivovice. A tall, good looking young Yugoslav soon joined me, and introduced himself in English as a journalist on a Belgrade newspaper. He was on his way home from Paris, where he had covered a current political crisis. The time passed quickly in his company. The train arrived, and we got on. It had three long coaches. Our one was crowded with some tipsy young Macedonians on their way to Rijeka. They were roaring out national songs to the strumming of a guitar. The noise was so appal- ling that my companion suggested that we should move to the next coach, which was first-class. I told him that I had no dinars yet, with which to pay the exess fare. But he went off to find the guard, and paid for us both. We passed the rest of the journey in comfort. At Rijeka we both left the train, shook hands and went our different ways. I spent the night at the private house where I had stayed two years before. In the morning I went down to the docks and boarded the fine Yugo- slav steamer ‘Dalmatija’, for the short journey down the Adriatic to the Dalmatian port of Zadar. From there I planned to travel overland to the inland sea of Novi Grad at the western extremity of the vast region of bare limestone rock known as the Karst. Among the passengers on the boat I noticed a German with his wife and little boy. They sat near me at lunch in the dining saloon. The father wore the brief shorts beloved of the German tourist, and with his grossly corpulent figure and small stature he looked rather ridiculous. He barked his orders to the Yugoslav waiter in a way that made me fume. It is strange how the average German tourist treats the Yugoslav as though he were an inferior creature. After all, it is not many years since the Slavs drove the proud Teutons from their country. As is invariably the case on Yugoslav steamers the meal was not only satisfying but sumptuous. The first course was an enormous helping of sphaghetti, a reminder of the Italian influence along the Dalmatian coast. I was glad to spend the rest of the afternoon on deck in a lounge chair, dozing in the glorious sunshine. It was nearly midnight when the boat docked at Zadar. Despite the lateness of the hour, the quay was crowded with people walking up and down, talking and laughing. The arrival of the passenger boats is a source of excitement to most of these coastal communities. In Zadar it is their main daily contact with the outside world, for there is no railway station within forty miles. Almost opposite the landing stage I found a good hotel, the Beograd, and booked a room there for the night. The next morning I sat down to an excellent breakfast on the hotel terrace overlooking the broad natural harbour. It was dotted with small boats, coastal steamers, and smacks returning from the night’s fishing. After my meal I set off to explore the town. Standing as it does on a peninsula it is a compact place, and it is impossible to lose one’s way to any serious extent. I was surprised to see so few tourists about, for Zadar, in my opinion, is one of the most beautiful and interesting of the towns along the north Adriatic sea-board. It has a mild and pleasant climate besides. Yet it seems to be one of the least advertised of the coastal places, 174 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VIE/1e62 During the last war the Axis used Zara, as Zadar was then named, as a naval base. In consequence it was heavily bombed and shelled by the Allies. Fortunately most of its many ancient buildings escaped damage. There are few signs left of the tremendous havoc that the town suffered, for fine new blocks of flats cover most of the scars. Zadar was once the important Roman city of Jadera. Then, in the early Middle Ages, it was twice captured and lost by the Venetians. Since that time, like the rest of Dalmatia, it has changed hands quite frequently. In 1920, under the Treaty of Rapallo, Zara was handed over to Italy, and it remained part of their territory until 1945, when Yugoslavia took it over. I climbed several flights of steps behind the hotel, and passing under an ancient stone archway came to a busy street-market. The large open square was crowded with stalls displaying a wide range of merchandise. There was cheap jewellery, clothing, lace, boots and shoes, flowers, fruit, vegetables, and many other items. I joined a group of men and boys who were jostling round a stall. The stall keeper was spinning a large disc on which were spaced out various playing cards. Duplicate cards were being handed to the spectators for a few dinars each. When the disc stopped the card nearest to a black line was the winning one, and whoever held the duplicate won a packet of cigarettes or some other small prize. At another stall a man tried to sell me a small book-shaped trinket with cheap gilded covers and a long gilt chain, containing some abominable coloured views of Zadar. I shook my head and strolled on. Sitting at the foot of a high wall were some peasant women with baskets of eggs and other country produce that they were offering for sale. I turned left into a long narrow main street of the town. Coming to- wards me I saw a small procession of men and women. In front of them walked a pretty young girl in a long white dress and a white linen cap shaped like a crown. She was clasping to her bosom a posy of wild ficwers. These family processions are a pleasant custom in some parts of Yugoslavia to mark the occasion of a child’s confirmation. In the window of a wine-shop there was a giant bottle of maraschino liqueur, which is a local speciality. The hill-slopes around Zadar are dotted with orchards of the purple Morello cherry from which the liqueur is made. Soon I reached the cathedral, a basilica built in the 13th century in the Roman style. It is said that its tall spire was designed by an English architect. The unaltered interior has some finely carved choir stalls, and two altar pieces ascribed to Vittore Carpaccio, the great Italian painter. West of the cathedral I came to a square with Roman columns, the Piazza dei Signore of Venetian times, which is supposed to stand on the site of the old Roman forum, or market-place. It has a picturesque old guard-house with a Venetian-style clock tower and steeple of wrought iron. The building is now a museum of national costumes. | Close to the square is the 9th century church of St Donat. It has a very unusual appearance, being round in shape, with lofty walls of bare grey stone, towards the tops of which are cross-shaped cavities. Many years ago some archaeologists dug down under the floor of the church and found that it was built on flattened fragments from the old Roman city. Their discovery gave rise to the belief that the building was con- verted from an original Roman temple, which it certainly resembles in shape. I went into the church of St Simeon, and saw the coffin of the saint. YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 175 It is a large silver-gilt affair, placed over the High Altar, and supported by bronze angels of the early Renaissance. Two narrow flights of steps lead up to this shrine. The casing was made by an Italian craftsman in the fourteenth century, and the modelling is superb. A recumbent figure decorates the upper part, and on each of the sides are six metal panels depicting the death of the Saint and various stages in the passage of the coffin to its last resting place. St. Simeon is the patron saint of Zadar, and on his feast-day, the eighth of October, people still come to the church to honour his memory. I walked back along the main street, and found that it ended just past the street-market. Beyond I came to a gateway in the elaborate fortifica- tions that partly enclose the town, and which have long been used as promenades. They were built in the 14th century to replace the original Roman walls, which were destroyed, strange as it sounds, by the Crusaders. History relates that on their way to the Holy Land the armies of the Fourth Crusade took shelter in the republic of Venice. While they were there the Doge of Venice, Dandola, offered them large numbers of golden ducats if they would assist the Venetians to capture Zara. The tempta- tion was too great for the impoverished Crusaders to resist, and in 1212 the town was besieged and taken. I wandered back to the harbour. Among the craft huddled together at the quay-side a small steamer was being loaded with wine barrels. I was surprised to see several sturdy women carrying the heavy barrels on their heads. They held the barrel with a hand at either end, and on their head was a thick pad of cloth to reduce the friction and help keep the balance. One woman engaged in this strenuous work was in an advanced stage of pregnancy, but this did not seem to bother her at all. Farther along the quay the shipping thinned out, and children sat dangling their legs over the concrete side, watching the shoals of sardine- like fishes which absolutely teemed in the clear, deep water. A group of youths in bathing slips came along and plunged in. In a second there was not a fish to be seen. As I walked on, the shore suddenly curved to the left and I came to a small inner harbour, guarded by a horse-shoe shaped fortification. It was crowded with all manner of small craft. Yachts, dinghies, cutters and fishing smacks floated quietly at anchor in the calm water. Sitting along the narrow concrete path were dozens of school-children with pencils and drawing-boards busily sketching the varied scene. I had to pick my way between their legs as I passed by. On the further side I reached a small open-air café, where I quenched my thirst with a welcome glass of ‘pivo’ (beer) before turning back. (to be continued) 54 Crossways, Addington, Surrey. CoLostyGi1a SaticaTa Htsen., In SuRREY.—On the evening of 22nd May last, I found a male specimen of C. salicata Hiibn. in my garden here, close to the spot on which my mercury vapour trap had been running during the previous night and to which it had no doubt been then attracted. I wonder whether any readers have records of this species so far from its normal habitat, or whether it was vagrant, migrant, or un- witting deportee, perhaps brought in by a neighbouring gardener.—J. L. MESSENGER, Stonehaven, Wormley, Godalming, 15.vii.1962. 176 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 The Distribution of the British Dixinae (Diptera, Culicidae) in North West England By ALLAN BRINDLE This well defined subfamily has been somewhat neglected to judge from the distribution given in Freeman (1950). The recent paper by Roper (antea, 74: 21-23) giving notes on the Dixinae of East Sussex, is excellent, both as regards the extension of the known distribution and for the biological observations on the species. Records of the Dixinae for Lancashire and Cheshire have been summarised in Kidd and Brindle (1959) in which seven species are listed for the two counties. The purpose of the present paper is to publish county records of the subfamily additional to those listed in the publications quoted above, and to summarise the distribution in North West England. The new county records, with one exception, are taken from two sources, (1) from collec- tions made by the late Mr. H. Britten, M.Sc., formerly Keeper of Entomology at Manchester Museum, and determined by the author, and (2) from personal collecting. The former records are indicated by the appropriate initials (HB), but records from (2) are not initialled. The exception is a specimen of Dixa obscura Loew, taken by Dr D. Bryce of Reading University, which is the second British record of this species. Dr. P. Freeman, of the British Museum (Natural History) kindly confirmed the determination by comparison with this original British specimen. The Dixinae contains one genus, Dixa Meigen, with thirteen British species. The genus is divisible into two subgenera, Dixa s.s., with six species, and Paradixa Tonnoir, with seven. This division is supported both by larval and adult characters as well as by the ecological preferences of the species. Those of Dixa s.s. are characteristic of lotic water habitats, often being numerous by stony streams in woodland, whilst those of Paradixa are characteristic of static or slowly moving water with emer- gent vegetation. Although the flight period is lengthy in the more common species, there is a succession of broods during that time, the broods being separated by a time gap in which the species is apparently scarce or absent as an adult. Some species are in evidence during the early Winter and they may extend through until Spring. In the following list the scientific name is followed by the estimate of abundance of that species and by the flight period, the latter being indicated by using Roman numerals referring to the months. Both of these items are with reference to North West England. Next is given all the counties of North West England from which records have been made, both those included in the publications listed previously and those included in this paper as new county records. The latter have the locality and date added in parentheses after the county name. The area taken as North West England, extends from Cheshire north- wards to the border, and is restricted to the western side of the Pennines, i.e. the counties of Cheshire (v.c. 58), Lancashire (v.c. 59, 60), Westmorland (v.c. 69), and Cumberiand (v.c. 70), together with part of West Yorkshire (v.c. 64). When records for Lancashire are quoted the particular vice county is added, otherwise the v.c. number is not given. The Furness district of Lancashire, as usual, is associated with Westmorland. The records for Yorkshire in Freeman (1950) do not state the particular vice county; these may not refer to v.c. 64. A few records from Derby (v.c 57), THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH DIXINAE Wi Shropshire (v.c. 40) and Staffordshire (v.c. 39) are included, and these also are new county records. D. (D.) nebulosa Meigen Common. 5-12. Cumberland (Skirwith, 25.vi.1935 (HB)): Westmoriand (Witherslack, 30.vi.1958): Lancashire (59): Yorkshire (Whitewell, 15.vii.1959): Cheshire. D. (D.) nubilipennis Curtis Fairly common. 6-10. Cumberland (Skirwith, 19.x.1938 (HB)): Westmorland (Withers:ack, 30.vi.1958): Lancashire (59, Whalley, 21.vi.1953): Yorkshire: Shropshire (Prees Heath, 8.x.1939 (HB)). D. (D.) puberula Loew Common. 6-10. Westmorland (Witherslack, 19.x.1959): Lancashire (59): Yorkshire (Darnbrook Fell, 6.x.1957): Cheshire: Staffs. (Coombe Valley, 6.x.1940 (HB)). D. (D.) dilatata Strobl. Not common. 9. Lancashire (59, Thursden, Burnley, 1.ix.1951): Yorkshire. D. (D.) maculata Meigen Fairly common. 1, 8-10. Lancashire (59): Cheshire; Derby (Miller’s Dale, 18.viii.1940 (HB)): Staffs. (Burnt Woods, 25.viii.1940 (HB)). D. (D.) submaculata Edwards Common. 4-11. Lancashire: Yorkshire: Cheshire. D. (P.) aestivalis Meigen The distribution of this species in North West England can be summarised as common and generally distributed, which agrees with that quoted for the British Isles generally in Freeman (1950). Records exist for Westmorland, Lancashire, York- shire, and Cheshire. D. (P.) serotina Meigen Rare. 10. One record, Cheshire (Delamere, 19.x.1924 (HB)) recorded in Kidd and Brindle (1959) and determined by the late Dr. F. W. Ewards in 1939. Specimen in coll. Manchester Museum. D. (P.) autumnalis Meigen Scarce. 7-8. Lancashire (59, Whalley, 16.vii.1954): Staffs. (Madeley, 16.viii.1936 (HB)). D. (P.) martini Peus Fairly common. 3-11. Cumberland (Skirwith, 28.vi1.1924 (HB)): Westmorland (Witherslack, 15.vii.1959): Lanca- shire: Yorkshire: Cheshire: Staffs.; (Madeley, 18.ix.1936 (HB)). D. (P.) amphibia (Degeer) Scarce. 5, 10. Cheshire (Cotterill Clough, 3.x.1941 (HB)): Staffs. (Madeley, 15.v.1936 (HB)). D. (P.) obscura Loew Rare: 8. One record, Yorkshire, (Malham Tarn, 30.viii.1955 (D. Bryce)). Specimen in coll. Manchester Museum. The first British record was from Dumbarton, Scotland, and in a recent insect survey of the Malham Tarn area it has been found that a decided Scottish element exists in the fauna of this area. There is only one British species not recorded from North West England, the rare D. (P.) filicornis Edwards, of which one record exists from Sussex. D. (D.) dilatata is considered to be a northern or western species but so far it has only been found in one area recorded, in addition to Yorkshire. The records, however, have been chiefly based on sporadic collecting, and a more thorough investigation should increase the distribution. REFERENCES. Freeman, P. 1950. in Coe, R. L., Freeman, P., and Mattingley, P. F., Hand- books for the Identification of British Insects 9 (part 2). London. Kidd, L. N., and Brindle, A. 1959. The Diptera of Lancashire and Cheshire (part 1). Arbroath. Roper. P. 1962. Some notes on the Dixinae (Diptera Culicidae) of East Sussex. Ent. Rec., 74: °1-23 1738 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 Breeding Leaf-mining Flies and their Parasites By G. C. D. GRIFFITHS, B.A., F.R.E.S. I was very pleased to be asked to prepare an introductory paper on the study of leaf-mining flies (Diptera, Agromyzidae) and their hymenopterous parasites, as this is a field of study to which I would like to see more amateur workers attracted. I believe that systematic breeding is one of the most important contributions which the amateur can make to Entomo- logy. Many groups of phytophagous insects are very specialised in their choice of hosts and can best be studied from bred material. The dipterous family Agromyzidae provides a very good instance of this point; it is a large family (over 250 British species are already known), which contains many groups of closely related species which are not distinguishable on the external morphology of the adult, but differ in their biology and the male genitalia. Their specialised biology makes it desirable to use bred material as far as possible in any systematic work. I have attempted, too, to extend my study to the hymenopterous para- sites of the Agromzidae. Some of them are in their turn very specialised in their choice of hosts and are themselves best studied from bred material. This is especially the case with the Dacnusini (Braconidae), where not only are the individual species restricted in their choice of hosts, but some species groups in the large genus Dacnusa are confined to particular genera of the Agromzidae. The host/parasite relationship here is obviously one of great antiquity. There is an inherent danger in this biological approach to taxonomy which I would like to warn my readers against at the outset. It is often very easy, particularly when only short series are available, to convince oneself that small observable differences between specimens bred from different hosts are of specific importance. In many groups of Agromyzidae the external morphology is inadequate for taxonomic purposes because the range of individual variation within a species overlaps that of another. The male genitalia and, particularly in the Agromyzinae, the larval morphology are often much more suitable material for study. Ideally all these features should be examined in taxonomic work. It is no longer adequate to rely only on the external characters of the adult. In this paper I shall try to outline very briefly the biology of the Agromyzidae, followed by an introduction to the different groups of hymenopterous parasites which I have bred from them. I shall then discuss techniques for collecting and preservation. My aim in writing this paper has been to interest other Entomologists in this expanding field of enquiry, which I can wholeheartedly commend to anyone who would like to pit his intellect against a complex and specialised group of insects. 1. THE BIOLOGY OF THE AGROMYZIDAE (DIPTERA) The Agromyzidae are the largest family of Acalypterate Diptera in Britain, containing over 250 species. This number of known species has been doubled over the last ten years. For the external characters by which the family can be distinguished from its relatives, reference can be made to the key in Olroyd (1949). The most important points to notice are the bristles on the head (see Fig. 1)—particularly the presence of lower fronto-orbitals and the divergent postverticals—and the wing venation (Figs. 1 and 2). The male genitalia (Figs. 3 and 3a) are very characteristic and their basic form is constant throughout the family. Features to notice are the long aedeagal apodeme (reaching as far forward as the BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 179 second abdominal segment in most species) and the large V-shaped 9th sternite, which is completeiy internal. The phallus is four- segmented in some groups (these segments are termed basiphallus, mesophallus, hypo- phallus and distiphailus according to their position), but more simplified in others. The variation in the phallus is often considerable between closely re.ated species and it is an invaluable character for taxonomy. The ejaculatory bulb (Fig. 3a), which is attached to the rest of the genitalia by the long membranous sperm duct, and the ninth sternite too may be ctf importance to the taxonomist for characterising species. The larval morphology is very constant for the family I have figured the cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Agromyza reptans Fall. at Fig. 4 and of Liriomyza strigata Mg. at Fig. 5. Variation occurs mainly in the shape of the mandibles (particularly in the number of teeth), and of the spiracles. In some groups the larval morphology can be very useful for identification—for instance in the many _ grass-feeding species of Agromyza. The larval stages of the Agromyzidae are all feeders on living plant material. The majority of species are leaf-miners, feeding in the parenchymal tissue of the leaf, but there are also many stem-miners (species mining close to the surface of the stem), stem-borers and a few seed- and root-feeders. In the tropics there are also epidermal miners, mining exclusively in the epidermis of the leaf—perhaps the most specialised habitat of all. It is possible to recognise man; of the leaf- mining species from the type of mines which they produce. I have figured as an example four different species found in Britain on Solidago virgaurea (Figs. 6-9). All these species attack the upper surface of the leaves of their host, but produce quite different mines. Ophiomyia maura Mg. (Fig 6) produces a very long and slender mine containing large frass particles at intervals. The larva pupates in the leaf in contrast with the following species which emerge from it to pupate. Phytobia (Nemorimyza) posticata Mg. (Fig. 7) is a large species whose larvae produce a consjic- uous blotch mine, which has a brownish appearance. Phytomza virgaureae Hg. (Fig. 8) produces a simple linear mine which is whitish in appearance. The small frass particles lie in rows on alternate sides of the mine. (A related species, P. solidaginis Hd., produces very similar mines, but the frass particles are joined into threads). The larva of Liriomyza eupatorii Kalt. (Fig. 9) commences its mine with a character- istic spiral channel, by which it can easily be recognised. The species is commoner on Eupatorium, but is sometimes found on Solidago virgaurea. As an instance of the degree of host specialisation in the Agromyzidae we might note that the garden golden-rod (Solidago canadensis) is attacked by only one of the species mentioned above—Phytobia (Nemorimyza) posticata Mg. The great majority of Agromyzid species are confined to a single genus of plants or a few closely related genera. However there are a few polyphagous species which occur very commonly. Phytomyza atricornis Mg. attacks a wide range of herbaceous dicotyledons —it is very common in this country on such diverse plants as Papaver, Linum, most Cruciferae, Reseda, Tropaeolum, Vicia and Lathyrus, Linaria and nearly all Compositae. The larva produces a linear mine which may be on the upper or lower side of the leaf. Pupation follows in the mine— a feature which allows the species to be distinguished easily from the many epecialised Phytomyza species of the albiceps group which are also 18) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 4 mm BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 181 Fig. 1—Agromyza reptans Fall., adult. Fig. 2.—Phytomyza atricornis Mg., wing. Fig. 10.—Rhizarcha maculipes Thom. (Hym., Braconidae, Dacnusini). Fig. 11.—Opius pallipes Wesm., wing (Hym., Braconidae, Opiini). Fig. 12.—Diglyphosema sp. (Hym., Eucoilidae). Fig. 13.—Miscogaster elegans Walk. (Hym., Pteromalidae). Fig. 14.—Chrysocharis sp. (Hym., Eulophidae). 0-1 mm Fig. 3.—Male genitalia of Agromyza reptans Fall. (lateral view from left side). 3a. Ejaculatory bulb of same. AAD=Aedeagal Apodeme BP=Basiphallus MP=Mesophallus AH=Aedeagal Hood EPI=Epiphalius HP=Hypophallus PGO=Postgonite DP=Distiphallus 9S=9th Sternite gets ruse ae 3 oN See Bs see aS - An Pra a as . - i | nS <2 mo sis -- 4-5,—Larval head and thorax (lateral view from right side) of : 4, Agromyza Figs. reptans Fall.; 5, Liriomyza strigata Mg. 182 ENTOMOLOGISTS' RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ V11/1°62 1 inch Figs. 6-9.—Leaves of Solidago virgaurea mined by: 6, Ophiomyia maura Mg.: 7, Phytobia (Nemorimyza) posticata Mg.; 8, Phytomyza virgaureae Hg.; 9, Liriomyza eupatorii Kalt. found on Compositae. Another polyphagous species is Liriomyza strigata Mg. which is very common on Compositae, Campanulaceae and Valeriana, — and sometimes occurs on a wide range of other dicotyledons. The larva feeds mainly in the midrib of the leaf, where it is afforded some protec- tion from parasites. The whole question of host selection by mining insects is a fascinating topic and is dealt with very fully by Professor E. M. Hering in his “Biology of the Leaf Miners” (1951). For the identification of mines the same author’s “Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa” (1957) is the standard work. This includes all mining insects, but excludes stem-boring Agromyzidae. The standard work on adult Agromyzidae is Hendel’s (1931-6) mono- graph in “Die Fliegen der parlaarktischen Region”. This is now unfortunately out of date, and reference has to be made to a large number of scattered subsequent papers for accurate identification. In particular the study of genitalia is putting the taxonomy of the group on a much sounder footing than formerly. I would advise any newcomer to the study of this group to have all his identifications checked by an exper- ienced worker at first. I cannot discuss the classification of the family in any detail in this short paper, but will confine myself to a few general remarks. Hendel’s basic subdivision into two subfamilies—the Agromyzinae and Phytomyzinae—is of undisputed validity. The difference is perhaps clearest in the larval stage, for all Agromyzinae larvae have three pro- cesses of the paraclypeal phragma (see Fig. 4) in their last two instars, BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 183 while the Phytomyzinae larva (see Fig. 5) has only two. There is also a difference in the wing venation—in Agromyzinae the subcostal vein ter- minates in the first branch of the radius, while in the Phytomyzinae it reaches the costa. However Hendel’s division of the Phytomzinae into genera was very artificial in some respects—particularly in his lumping of some very heterogeneous groups in his genus Dizygomyza. Dr. J. T. Nowakowski of Warsaw is doing valuable work in recasting the classifica- tion of this subfamily and publication of his revised scheme is expected soon. 2. HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE AGROMYZIDAE The chief natural enemies of the Agromyzidae are the hymenopterous parasites which seek out the larva and deposit their eggs in it. Parasitised larvae usually pupate normally, and the adult parasite subsequently emerges from the dipterous puparium. Occasionally however some Chalcids destroy the host larva before it can pupate and the parasite pupa is then found unprotected in the mine channel. The groups of Hymenop- tera concerned are the Braconidae (Ichneumonoidea)*, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae (Chalcidoidea) and the Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea). In this country Braconid parasites make roughly 60%-70% of all the parasites bred from Agromyzidae, and nearly all the rest are Chalcids—roughly equal numbers of Eulophids and Pteromalids. Eucoilids I have only seen bred from stem-boring Melanagromyza species in this country. Most of these parasites are still little known and the accumulation of bred series will be of considerable help in their classification. (a) Braronidae (Ichneumonoidea) Three groups of Braconids can be bred from Agromyzidae—the Dacnusini, Alysiini and Opiini. (i) Dacnusini The Dacusini and Alysiini form the group of Braconids classified by Wesmael as Exodontes. These are characterised by their possession of large “exodont” mandibles, which can be opened out at right angles to the side of the head. At rest their tips are well separated and they can have no feeding function. It is my personal view that they serve to split the dipterous puparium along its natural line of weakness—the suture which runs forward horizontally from the second thoracic segment on either side, thus forming a semi-circle. All cyclorraphous Diptera emerge by splitting this suture—hence in fact the term “Cyclorrapha”. Exodont Braconids emerge by splitting this suture in the same way as their hosts, but Opiini and other Hymenoptera carve a circular hole. The view that the mandibles serve this purpose has some circumstantial support from the fact that, as far as I am aware, all the Exodontes are parasites of cyclorraphous Diptera. The host/parasite distribution of the Dacnusini with the Agromyzidae *There is also one record of the breeding of an Ichneumonid from Agromyzid puparia—Nowakowski, J. T., 1959, Studien uber Minierfleigen, 3. Revision der in Labiaten und Boraginaceen minierenden Arten aus der Gruppe der Phytomyza obscura Hend., mit einem Beitrag zur Kenntnis_ Ihrer Hymenopteren-Parasiten. Dtsch. ent. Z. N.F. 6: 185-299—-where two examples of Hemiteles atricapillus Grav. are recorded from Phytomyza myosotica Now. in Poland. 184 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/VIT/1962 suggests that the association of the two groups is one of great antiquity. Most Dacnusini are very specific in their choice of hosts and confine their attentions to a small number of related species. Some attack only a single host. Even the relatively polyphagous species such as Rhizarcha maculipes Thom. (Fig. 10) show a marked respect for taxonomy—this species is universally common and will attack nearly all leaf-mining Phytomyzinae: yet I have never bred it from a member of the Agromyzinae. In the large genus Dacnusa some species groups are associated with particular genera of the Agromyzidae. The lateralis group, for instance, are all parasites of Agromyza, while the senilis and leptogaster groups are nearly all para- sites of Melanagromyza and Ophiomyia. In only one case are completely unrelated genera of Agromyzidae on the same host plants attacked— Antrusa melanocera Thom. attacks both Agromyza and Poemyza species on grasses—a type of host distribhtion which is common in the Opiini. Dacnusini attack almost all Agromyzidae—in fact the only species that I know which seems to escape their attention is Phytomyza illicis Curtis on holly (lex aquifolium). A few species are parasites of other acalypterates. The standard work on the group is Nixon’s (1943-54) “Revision of the European Dacnusini”. I published a block of breeding records for this group in 1956, though there are now many more to add to this. Gi) Alysiini The Alysiini, like the Dacusini, are exodont Braconids, but differ from that group by their retention of a second r-m cross vein (as in the Opiini —see Fig. 11). They are mostly parasites of larger Diptera, but I have bred two species from Agromyzids. These are Dapsilarthra balteata Thom., attacking Agromyza and Poemyza species on Gramineae, and D. rufiventris Nees which I have bred from several unrelated leaf-mining Phytomyzinae. Gili) Opiini The Opiini lack the exodont mandibles of the Dacnusini and Alysiini, and retain the second r-m cross vein (Fig. 11), though this is often weakly chitinised. Many species of this group attack leaf-mining Agromyzids, but I have not bred them from any stem-mining or stem boring species. One species is a specialised parasite of Phytomyza isais Hg., which feeds in the seeds of Odontites verna. In general the Opiini are less specialised in their host selection than the Dacusini. Dr. M. Fisher of Vienna has worked on my bred material and will be publishing the results soon. There appear to be several species of Opius which attack a wide range of leaf-mining Agromyzids (e.g. O. similis Szépl.), and the host range of some other species appears to depend more on the Agromyzids host-plant than the Agromyzid itself. O. minor Fi. for instance was bred from Agromyza spp. and Liriomyza trifolii Burg., all on Papilionaceae. O. rex Fi. attacked Agromyza spp. and Phytobia (Poemyza) pygmaea Mg. on Gramineae. Many species were of course bred from only one host, but it is difficult to know at this stage whether they are all genuinely specialised or will in future be found on other hosts. (b) Eucoilidae (Cynipoidea) Eucoilids can easily be recognised by their wing venation and laterally compressed abdomen. BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 185 In Britain they have only been bred so far from the puparia of stem- boring Melanagromyza species. Mr. G. J. Kerrich refers these specimens; to the genus Diglyphosema. An example bred from M. tripolii Sp. on Aster tripolium is figured at Fig. 12. Members of this family appear to be commoner as Agromyzid parasites in other countries. Professor Hering of Berlin has bred them from Cephalomyza cepae Hg. and Liriomyza amoena Mg., both leaf miners, and Dr. Nowakowski bred a species identified as Gronotoma allotriaeformis Gir. from Phytomyza nepetae Hd., mining the leaves of Nepeta cataria in Poland. I saw several species in a small collection of parasites from South American Agromyzids bred by Mr. K. A. Spencer. (ec) Chalcidoidea Various Chalcids belonging to the families Eulophidae and Pteromalidae occur as parasites of the Agromyzidae. My material has not yet been studied in detail, and my remarks must therefore be very tentative. 1 have figured (Figs. 13 and 14) an example of each family illustrating the main differences. The Eulophidae have 4-segmented tarsi and fewer antennal segments: they have no spur at the apex of the fore tibiae. The Pteromalidae have 5-segmented tarsi and more antennal segments: there is a stout curved spur at the apex of their fore tibiae. (Not all species have a large stigma as in the example figured). The most recent key of the families of Chalcidoidea is in Ferriére and Kerrich’s (1958) volume in the series of “Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects”. There is no recent detailed work on the two families which parasitise Agromyzids, and any bred material which can be obtained my be a great help in their study. (i) Eulophidae Eulophids are very common parasites of Dizygomyza/Poemyza species (on monocotyledons) and the Phytagromyza species found on Salicaceae: apart from these groups they have been bred from many other leaf-minin3 Agromyzids, but are generally not the commonest parasites. They do not occur on stem-mining or stem-boring species. I have figured at Fig. 14 a Chrysocharis sp. which is a very common parasite of Phytobia (Poemyza) atra Mg. and regularly decimates this host. The species of this family are generally metallic green or black. An interesting exception is Cirrospilus vittatus Walk. which is yellow and black striped on its head and thorax. Most species of this family emerge from the puparia of their host, but the Cirrospilus pupa lies unprotected in the mine channel of Pytobia (Calycomyza) humeralis Ros. on Aster tripolium. It is possible that some Eulophids, particularly Pediobius spp. are hyperparasites—an interesting question which will repay further study. (ii) Pteromalidae I have figured at Fig. 13 Miscogaster elegans Walk., bred from Agromyza watersi Sp. on Lathyrus latifolius. This and other species with large stigmata are common parasites of leaf-mining Agromyza and Phytomyza species. Other forms with smaller stigmata can be bred from various stem- boring Agromyzids (Melanagromyza spp., Phytomyza flavicornis Fall. and Napomyza lateralis Fall.) and from Gramineae-feeding Agromyza and Poemyza species. (to be continued) 186 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 Notes and Observations INFESTATION OF HAWTHORNS IN CHESHIRE.—I have received from Mr. C. I. Rutherford a cutting from the Sunday Express of 24th June 1962, re- porting the infestation of the hawthorn hedges on a council estate at Sale, Cheshire, by “black caterpillars’. These are said to crawl up walls of heuses and enter the rooms through ventilators. I have just returned from driving some 3,500 miles in France, Austria, Switzerland and Italy, and I noticed many areas where the hawthorns were badly infested by the larvae of an Hyponomeuta species, probably padella, and considerable areas of Oxyacanthus were defoliated. This state of affairs certainly extended into east Kent where I noticed large stretches of the hedges in a similar state of defoliation, and I am of the opinion that this Cheshire infestation must be by one of these species. The only point that does not tie up is the migration of the larvae into houses; it is their usual habit, of course, to pupate in their webs, and it may be that journalistic enthusiasm has led the contributor to add “corroborative detail, adding versimilitude to an otherwise bald and unconvincing nar- rative’. It will be interesting to hear of the matter from a local entomologist.—S. N. A. Jacogps, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. 11.vii.1962. PLUSIA NI HiBN., IN SURREY.—I would like to put on record the capture of this migrant plusia in my mercury vapour trap here, on the night of lst July. The moth was a male in poor condition.—J. L. MESSENGER, Stonehaven, Wormley, Godalming. 15.vii.1962. NOTHOPTERYX POLYCOMMATA IN YORKSHIRE.—On 17th May 1959, I was _returning from the higher part of Grass Wood near Grassington where I had been taking some fresh specimens of Colostygia salicata from the rocks, when I noticed a female N. polycommata at rest on an ash trunk. She was rather worn, and only managed to lay three eggs before expiring; from these, two pupae were obtained, but no moths. Having ascertained that the species was not mentioned in Porritt’s list, I checked with Dr. Hewson who was then keeping the county records. He reported that there was only one previous record :—‘‘Low Moor (Brad- ford), 27-6-19, believed introduced with moss from the coast”. My specimen could therefore be regarded as the first indigenous record, but I felt that confirmation was needed that the species was established and not just a vagrant; the fact that it was fertile, and the similarity of the terrain to that where the species is found in Westmorland gave me confidence. Several fruitless visits were paid, however, before I caught a male on 20th May this year, I had disturbed it among the ash saplings. I can only assume that this species has remained unnoticed in such a well- worked locality for so long because it is normally over before any of the species for which the wood is particularly noted are out.—C. I. RUTHER- FORD, Redroofs, Oakdale, Harrogate. 25.6.62. VANESSA CaRDUI L. IN NORTHUMBERLAND.—Two Vanessa cardui L. were seen basking together by the castle on Lindisfarne (Holy Island), Northumberland, on the fine morning of 10th June 1962.—D. C. HULME, 1, Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 21.vi.62. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 187 CELERIO GaLiIt Rott. AND C. Livornica Esp. In Co. KERRy.—On the night of 6th June 1962, Mr. J. L. Messenger and I set up our mercury vapour light on the sandhills close to Glenbeigh, which is on the Kerry coast facing the Dingle peninsula. So high was the wind, however, that we decided to move to a quarry we had spotted in the adjoining mountain side half-a-mile away. About 12.30 a.m. a large hawk moth landed near the sheet, and to our amazement we found it was a female striped hawk in prime condition, but this was nothing to our astonishment when we looked through the trap on the following morning in the garden of the Towers Hotel, half-a-mile away. There among the egg cartons was an almost perfect female bedstraw hawk. I doubt whether these two species have ever been taken together on the same night in the same locality be- fore in the British Isles. The following evening we paraded along a fine bank of rhododendrons in a local garden, and just at dusk, Mr Messenger netted a hawkmoth which was almost certainly C. livornica, but which escaped as he was about to box it. The next night, the 8th, in the same quarry as before, this time in the company of Rear Admiral D. Torlesse, another livornica, a perfect male, came to our light just after 1 a.m. I at once communicated this good news to Mr. E. S. A. Baynes, the leading authority on Irish Lepidoptera. He informed me that according to the late Col. Donovan, C. galii had only been taken twice in Ireland in the last century, once at Howth in 1888. Since then, Mr Baynes has had it twice at light, a Glenageary, near Dublin, in October 1955, and September 1856, and apparently two larvae of this species were found on the East Coast in Co. Wexford and Co. Wicklow in 1961, so perhaps our capture might have been bred on the spot. As to C. iivornica, it has been seen much more frequently in Ireland. In that great year for the species, 1943, no less than 13 were taken at Ummera, near Timoleague, Co. Cork, between 23rd May and 20th June, by Mrs. Lucas (Entom., 1944, 77: 73). In 1949 several larvae were noted on the south coast, and in 1931, two larvae found at Cloyne, Co. Cork, were bred by Miss C. Longfield.—C. G. M. bE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 10.vii.1962. THE HaBITATS OF COSCINIA CRIBUM LINN. ON THE DORSET AND HANTS BorvDERS.—In Vol. 72 of the Entomologists’ Record at page 92, my friend, Mr. S. €. Searsdale Brown, published a note on the localities at St. Leonard’s, near Ringwood, of Coscinia cribum Linn., and I a further note on p. 142 of that volume. It is not my purpose to recall the difference of opinion then expressed, but to emphasise the fact that so-called modern progress had wiped out the localities in and around St. Leonard’s. I had some time ago noticed that the two small rivers, Moors Water and the Crane, were being altered to effect a more rapid flow, and so lower the water table in, at any rate, the lower part of the valleys occupied by these small rivers. A few weeks ago, I had the occasion to go to Fern- down, and decided to go home by way of the Ringwood, Verwood, Cran- borne roads. To my horror I found that on both sides of this road the Forestry Commission had been doing their damnedest. No longer is there a lovely area of open heath, whose colour at all times, but especially in the latter months of the year, was a delight; it is just one dismal series of closely planted rectangles of fir trees enclosed in wire netting compounds and as every naturalist is only too painfully aware, that is death and damnation to both beauty and wild life. I did not attempt to walk past 188 ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 the desolation to the southern side of the area to what was, in days gone by, a very boggy valley, full of Osmunda regalis which often ran to the astonishing height of 7 feet. I realised then the object of the work on the lower part of the Crane, to make this area less unsuitable for conifers, but it means goodbye to the Royal Ferns. After the destruction wrought by the Forestry Commission in Morden Bog, where they attempted to grow fir trees after bulldozing the edges of the bog, they probably learned that fir trees like to have their feet dry, but if they learnt that fact, which it is just possible they may have done, the lesson has been learned, as is so usual with this Commission, at the cost of much irreplac- able beauty of fauna and flora. The action dealt with in this note is well parallelled by the damage they have done to the ancient Caledonian Forest in the Grampians around Rannoch, the way they have defaced Whinlatter Pass, and the progressive despoilation of the New Forest.—W. PaARKINSON CURTIS, F.R.E.S. ANARTA MELANOPA THUNB. IN ABERDEENSHIRE.—An Anarta melanopa Thunb. was caught less than twenty feet below the summit cairn cf Merven, near Ballater, Aberdeenshire, at 16:30 G.M.T., on the hot, sunny afternoon of 16th June 1962. On settling, the moth hid itself among loose stones and was rather rubbed by the time I had boxed it. As this shapely hornblende hill is 2,862 feet high, the statement on page 167 of vclume one of the new South will require amendment. Ematurga atomaria L. was abundant on the neighbouring granite Culblean Hill (1,983 feet), and singletons of Pandemis cerasana Hubn. and Ancylis unguicella L. were taken on the 650 foot contour at the base of this hill. Incidentally, a Pseudargyrotoza conwagana F. was taken at Pitfodels, Aberdeen, on 14th June 1962. I have no 20th century text book giving the distribution of the Tortrices, but Meyrick’s Handbook (1895) gives “Britain to the Clyde, Aberdeen (?), Ireland, very common”.—D. C. HuLME, 1 Melton Avenue, Littleover, Derby. 21.vi.62. LAPHYGMA ExiIGua HUBN. aT WOKING, SURREY.—On the nights of 6th and 14th May 1962, I had single examples of this species in my trap here. I had not seen it here since 1952, but I gather that a large number of this migrant has been recorded from many parts of the southern haif of Britain. —C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 10.vii.1962. WICKEN FEN Funp.—Entomologists did a little better last year: £79 15/5 reached me, and was passed on to the National Trust through the British Trust for Entomology. But I am sure we can do better yet. We ought to be able to reach three figures, for what is a pound worth now in comparison with those we had before the war? In those days, the Fund regularly benefited to the extent of more than £100 each year. Our subscriptions have not kept in step with costs; can we catch up? I am sure we can. Cheques should be made payable to the British Trust for Entomology, Ltd., Wicken Fen Fund, and sent, like other remittances, to me person- ally at the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Thanks are specially due to those generous contributors who already send a contribution under a standing Banker’s Order. I should be de- lighted to add to their number.—N. D. RILEY. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (49) 10. Sevenoaks, one, 1887 (Henderson, Young Nat., 8: 140); 1949 (F. D. Greenwood). Brasted, larva, June 16, 1916 (Gillett, Diary) (R. M. Prideaux). Seal Chart, larva (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 71). Westerham, larva (Leston, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 72). Sundridge, plentiful, 1962 (C. G. Bruce). 11. Wateringbury (V.C.H. (1908)). Tonbridge, one, 1950 (H. E. Hammond). Aylesford, c. 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, plenti- ful, also noted flying in sun; March 11, 21, 1954 (P. Cue); four April 2, 1955 (W. L. Rudland). Sevenoaks Weald, three, 1960 (HE. A. Sadler). 12. Hothfield, larva, June 13, 1931, d reared (A. M. Morley). Ham Street, two, March 12, larva, May 17, 1933, five, March 17, two, March 22, 1935 (A. M. Morley); one, February 19, one, March 16, 1937 (A. H. Lanfear) ; three, March 1939, a larva, June 17, 1939 (C.-H.). 13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); one, 1957 (L. R. Tesch, teste C. A. Stace). 14. Woodchurch (Scott (1936)). Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). 15. Dungeness, pupa, 1934, from which imago emerged, March 24, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). VaARIATION.—Kentish specimens are referable to ssp. galbanus Tutt, which is described as having the ground colour pale green, with the markings not so prominent, the stigmata pale and indistinct. I have two ood ab. confluens Klem., taken Broad Oak, 1945, and West Wickham, 1951 (C.-H.). First Recorp, 1829: Darenth (Stephens, Haust., 3: 55). Polyploca ridens F.: Frosted Green. Native. Woods; on oak. Mainly Wealden; local. Unusually plenti- ful in 1955, 1956. 1. Shooter’s Hill, three larvae, 1856 (Crewe, Ent. week. Int., 1: 123). West Wickham, one, taken May 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 203). Birch Wood, larvae, July 8, 1864, ‘‘I took a great number. . beating them from the oaks in Birch Wood”? (Newman, Entomologist, 37) 147): 3. Trenley Park, from five cocoons excavated from under moss at foot of oak, March 4, 1921, two moths emerged March 23, and two, March 30, 1921 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 6. Near Otford* (Stephens, Haust., 3: 55). 6a. Chattenden, 1902-03, one or two larvae each year (H. C. Huggins). 11. Hods Wood (Scott (1936)); several, May 10, 1954 (P. Cue); twenty-two at m.v., April 29, 1955, the main flight from 10 to 10.30 p-m.; one, May 14, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Holt Wood, Aylesford, in m.v. trap, one, 1953, one, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, one, at m.v., 1960 (KE. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street, 5, May 11, 5, May 20, 1834; eighteen dd taken at light between April 22 and May 4, 1935, by A. G. Riddell, A. G. Peyton, E. Scott, and A. M. Morley; a larva on scrub oak bush, 1947 (A. M. Morley); May 15-16, 1936, May 8, 1938 (Bull, Diary); several at light, 1938, a few, 1939, four nearly full-grown larvae beaten out, June 13, 1947, two worn od at m.v. May 12, 1951, twenty dd, two 99, at m.v., mostly in fresh condition, May 5, 1956; all in Long Rope and Burnt Oak (C.-H.); several, 1954 (P. B. Wacher); about fifty at m.v., one night in 1955 (G. Law, teste P. B. Wacher); plentiful at m.v., May (50) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 3, 1956 (EK. J. Hare); 1959 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 93: 158); five, May 6, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). 13. Tunbridge Wells, scarce (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). Goud- hurst, not uncommon at light, 1955-61 (W. V. D. Bolt). VaARIATION.—T wo ¢ 6d, taken Ham Street, May 7, 1956, are referable to ab. erythrocephala Hsp. (C.-H.). Frrst Recorp, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. LYMANTRIIDAE. Orgyia recens Hiibn. (gonostigma F.): Scarce Vapourer. Native; probably long extinct. Woods; on oak, hazel. 1. Near Lewisham (see First Record). ‘‘It occurs in several places near the metropolis, as at Lewisham, Erith. . . .’’ (Stephens, Haust, 2: 62). Bexley, ‘‘while searching the young oaks in woods, at Bexley, I came across a batch of ova of Orgyia gonostigma, July 10, 1898, the larvae from which are doing well at the present time’ (Newman, Ent. Rec., 10: 277); the same recorder (Ent. Rec., 11: 277) states that on September 2, 1899, he found ten young larvae in the same locality as of the previous year. [West Wickham, do, seen flying in the sun, May 25, 1952, but suspected of being an escape, as at that time the species was being reared by several collecters in the neighbourhood (C.-H.)] 6. Greenhithe* (Stephens, Haust., 2: 62) (Curtis, Br. Hnt., 378). [11. Tonbridge, two broods, bred 1896 (Bacot, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1897: 2); wants confirmation, particularly in regard to locality (C.-H.)] First Recorp, 1720: The larva ‘‘was found feeding on the Hastle . hear Lewisham in Kent’’ (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing pl 90): QO. antiqua L.: Vapourer. Native. Gardens, parks, waysides, hop plantations, woods, etc.; on oak, hawthorn, hop, acacia, poplar, buddleia, broom, sycamore, maple, rose, willow, elm, laburnum, cherry, apple, holm oak, polyanthus. Recorded from all divisions (once only from 15). Fairly numerous and occasionally locally abundant among deciduous trees and shrubs in urban districts, generally much less plentiful in rural areas, and prob- ably absent from purely coniferous woodland. The statement: ‘‘Com- mon everywhere’’ (in V.C.H. (1908)), is unsupported by the records. The imago usually appears in one generation from July-September. Tunaley (Hnt. Rec., 8: 138) records that in 1896, at Chattenden, he saw two flying on April 4; Bull (Ent. Rec., 64: 57) noted a 2 at Broad- stairs in 1950, on October 17; and Fenn (Diary) writes that at Lee, in 1861, several were seen on the wing on October 20, and in 1885, one as late as October 22. The ¢ has occasionally occurred at light, and been found in m.v. traps. One, at light, Ham Street, August 8, 1952 (C.-H.); one there at light, 1956 (de Worms, Hntomologist, 90: 181); one, in m.v. trap, Blackheath, 1959 (A. A. Allen); and on three occasions found in an m.y. trap in the morning at Folkestone (A. M. Morley). Despite these records, however, there does not appear to be any direct evidence of a natural crepuscular or nocturnal flight, and one suspects that in each instance the moth was either disturbed, or in the case of being found in a trap, possibly entered it during daylight. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (51) The species has sometimes been observed in the utmost profusion, particularly in its early stages. Thus, Douglas (Hnt. mon. Mag., 17: 114) records that though always common at Lewisham, in 1880 it ap- peared there in prodigious numbers; and A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that in the Sandgate Road, Folkestone, on August 27, 1954, he found that a laburnum tree outside a shop had been completely defoliated, and that the nearest tree, a cherry about fifteen yards away, was as bad. Since about 1950, B. K. West has found larvae, pupae, and ova in very large numbers on rose and various cultivated shrubs in a school out-house at Crayford, and in 1954, and the year or two immediately preceding, they were in such masses there, that the ceiling became festooned with their webs. Fenn (Lepidoptera Data MS.) records that in 1875, at Erith, larvae were found feeding on an evergreen—Holm oak; and A. M. Morley observes that at Folkestone in August 1954, one was taken on Poly- anthus. A batch of ova that I took at West Wickham off Acacia, in 1955, produced no larvae, but numbers of a Proctupoideid which was determined by G. E. J. Nixon (Br. Mus. (S. Kensington)) as Teleromus dalmanm Ratz. (C.-H.). Bacot (Hnt. Rec., 10: 30) says that in Kent, the larva of antiqua is known as the ‘‘Hop-cat’’; and Anderson (Young Nat., 7: 253-4) records that this is particularly so throughout the district between Footscray and Sevenoaks. The term ‘‘Hop-cat’’, however, is also locally applied to at least one other species of larva in Kent, notably that of Dasychira pudibunda lL. (q.v.). 15. Dymchurch, one, July 27, 1948 (P. le Masurier), is the only known occurrence in this division, where it is perhaps casual. VaRiaTIoN.—A gynandromorph, bred, East Malling, c. 1930 (A. M. Massee). In R.C.K. is a gynandromorph, left side ¢, N. Kent, June 1928, L. W. Newman. First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘A very abundant insect throughout the metro- politan district?’ (Stephens, Haust., 2: 61). The first certain Kentish record, however, dates from 1861: Lee (Fenn, Diary). Dasychira fascelina L.: Dark Tussock. Native. Shingle beach, woodland; on broom, bramble, sallow, black- thorn, dock, hawthorn. Locally not uncommon in 15, where it is mainly on broom; extinct elsewhere. In 1828, Stephens (Haust., 2: 59), recorded it as: ‘‘Rather an un- common species, occurring most frequently in the woody districts of Kent and Bedfordshire’’. 1. Eltham (see First Record). Farnborough, two larvae, 1903 (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 74). 6. Longfield, 1867 (Jennings, Hntomologist, 4 (54)ii). 13. Tonbridge*, rare (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). 15. ‘‘Romney Marsh, bred 7. 1909, R. A. N.’’, five specimens so labelled in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H1.). Dungeness.—A larva taken by A. M. Morley, on sallow by the pits, June 2, 1928; six larvae, July 8, 1929, W. O. W. Edwards; two larvae on blackthorn, May 30, 1931; six larvae, June 4, 11, 1932; thirteen larvae, May 6, four, May 26, 1933; one larva, June 12, 1941; three larvae, June 16, 1953, two of which were stung; “In 1954, I saw two OC in D. More’s m.v. trap, the morning of (52) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 August 22, a surprisingly late date’? (A. M. Morley in litt.); thirty larvae found in late April (1952) (C. A. W. Duffield, fide A. M. Morley) ; many larvae, June 13, 1929 (Kettlewell, Ent. Rec., 42: 76); an imago at rest, July 5, 1931, several larvae, May 31, 1931 (de Worms, Hnto- mologist, 65: 58, 60); two larvae, May 13, 1937 (A. H. Lanfear MS.) ; several larvae, May 29, 1939 (S. F. P. Blyth); seventeen gd at m.v., by Pilot Inn, August 3, 1951; several $d, two 99 there at m.v., July 25, 1952; eighteen larvae on broom by the level crossing, June 1, 1956 (C.-H.); a larva found feeding on dock, June 18, 1953 (W. L. Rudland); a larva on bramble, and four others on broom, June 7-11, 1955, near the lighthouse (G. A. N. Davis); three larvae, September 22, 1955 (EK. CO. Pelham-Clinton); July 1957, at the bird observatory (H. Philp) ; 1959 (A. L. Goodson). Varration.—According to Strand (in Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of World: Palearctic Bombyces and Sphinges, 112), fascelina averages 40 mm. in ¢, and50 mm. in @. The Dungeness specimens may therefore be said to be exceptionally large, and in my series of some twenty captured examples, most have a wing span of approximately 47 mm. and 60 mm. in ¢ and @ respectively, and are, moreover, appreciably larger than any specimens from various other British localities in the series at the Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) with which I have compared them; furthermore, in addition to the above characteristic, all Dunge- ness fascelina that I have seen, show the cross lines fairly distinctly, and there is little or no marking beyond the second line. Compared with the extensive assemblage of extra-British specimens at S. Kensington, the Dungeness form appears very similar to that exhibited by a long series from Rennes, France, in Oberthiir coll. (C.-H.). First Recorp, 1720: The larvae taken ‘‘ on the White Thorn near Pecham and Eltham in Kent’ (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing plt. 26). D. pudibunda L.: Pale Tussock. Native. Woods, copses, avenues, hop gardens, etc.; on oak, birch, hop, willow, lime, Spanish chestnut, elm, alder, hazel, aspen, sallow, beech. Recorded from all divisions, except 15. Fairly plentiful, par- ticularly in wooded areas, but apparently scarce or casual in 2, 4, 9. “Occurs generally, but is not very common” (V.C.H. (1908)). The larva, known generally in Kent as the ‘‘Hop-Dog’’, has been recorded as being abundant in hop gardens (Chaney (1884-87)), but is probably less so nowadays owing to insecticides. In the Tunbridge Wells area, Morgan (in Knipe (1916)), stated that the larva which ‘was formerly abundant has now become much less common, probably owing to the increase in the practice of hop-washing’’; and the same recorder, writing some thirty years later (in Given (1946)), said that the larvae ‘‘so abundant in hop-gardens in old days, is now rarely seen on that plant, though still frequent on its other foodplants’’. Evidently the larva continues to be fairly numerous on hops however, since we have C. A. Stace’s statement (in litt., 1959), that it is still frequent at Tunbridge Wells, ‘‘especially so on hop’’. Anderson (Young Nat., 7: 253-4) records that throughout the district between Footscray and Sevenoaks, the larvae of pudibunda are known as ‘‘hop-dogs’’, and those of O. antiqua (q.v.) as ‘‘hop-cats’”’, and that both are considered friends by the farmers who imagine they devour LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (53) the “fly”. About Gravesend, however, according to Clifford (Young Nat., 7: 236), it is apparently the larva of pudibunda that bears the name of ‘‘hop-cat’’. 2. Luddenham (H. C. Huggins). Abbey Wood, 1952 (A. J. Showler). 4. Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 9. Margate, June 14, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). Variarion.—A ferm having a dark grey forewing, unicolorous or with only traces of transverse lines, ab. concolor Stgr., has occurred during the past fifteen years, and seems to be on the increase. | The following all appear referable to this aberration:—1948: Sevenoaks (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 38). 1952: Westwell, ¢, May 28, taken by E. Scott (C.-H. coll.). 1955: Otford, 6, May 26 (W. B. L. Manley). 1956: Orlestone Woods, one, June 1, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton). 1959: Shorne, a ‘‘dark aberration”’ (Trundell, Proc. 8S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 18). In R.C.K. is ab. juglundis Hb., 3, Kent, bred 1920. First Recorp, 1828: ‘‘Hop-gardens, Kent, common; the caterpillars called ‘hop-dogs’. (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 59). Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (phaeorrhoea Don.): Brown-tail. Resident.!_ Hedgerows, bushy places, orchards; on sloe, hawthorn, bramble, Hippophae rhamnoides, rose, sallow, apple, pear, medlar, Euonymus japonicus. Recorded from all divisions (except 5, 10), but occurring mainly in coastal areas of 2 (particularly Sheppey), 4, 15. Few records for 1, 6a. 11, 13. Local. In 1952, the imago was noted at Dymchurch as early as June 26 (S. Wakely and T. G. Edwards), and in 1955, at Folkestone as late as August 24 (A. M. Morley). The larva has perhaps most often been found on sloe, hawthorn, bramble, and H. rhamnoides. At Lydd, September 19, 1953, R. F. Bretherton found a nest on medlar; A. M. Morley has taken it on sallow at Dungeness, and on June 6, 1942, he found two larvae on E. japonicus in the town of Folkestone. At Wye during the outbreak in 1201, both pear and apple were defoliated by the larva of this species (Theobald, J. S.-H. Agr. College (Wye), 1902 (11) 51). 1. West Wickham, 1858 (Perkins, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). Bromley (Colthrup, Entomologist, 35: 321). Brockley, a few, 1887-90 (Turner, Ent. Rec., 1: 349). St. Mary Cray, one, July 14, 1948 (A. M. & F. A. Swain coll.). Lee, one, July 31, 1954 (C. G. Bruce). 6a. Chattenden (Chaney (1884-87)); 3, July 27, 1951 (B .K. West). 11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). 13. Tunbridge Wells* (A. D. Reed, in Knipe (1916)). The species is subject to vast changes in numerical strength; e.g., it was noted as being very plentiful in 1782, 1858-60, 1869, 1871, 1874-75, 1877, 1898, 1900-01, 1919, 1929, 1931-38, 1941, 1949, 1955; but as ex- ceedingly scarce in 1855, 1880-92. In 1782, it swarmed to such a degree, that special measures were taken for fear of its becoming a serious pest, and the larvae were collected by the bushel and burned; in contrast, however, for a decade or more towards the end of the nineteenth century, chrysorrhoea was so scarce, that recommendations were actually made for its protection; yet again, its numbers reached dangerous proportions, and in 1901, the Board of Agriculture issued (54) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 instructions for its control. The following notes relating to its fluctuations during the past hundred years or so, are of interest :— 1855-1901.—Harding (Ent. week. Int., 8: 123) writing from Deal on July 16, 1860, observed that in 1855 it was rare there, but that ‘‘now they swarm on every whitethorn bush’’; and Briggs (Entomologist, 6: 141) mentioned that in 1869, it was exceedingly common in Folkestone Warren. On May 17, 1871, larvae were infesting the hedges in the neighbourhood of Sheerness, and seemed to attack almost every plant, though giving preference to sloe and whitethorn (Mathew, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 18); but that previous to 1868, ‘‘it was quite a rarity in this district’? (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 184). Adkin (Entomologist, 30: 232) said that at Deal, in 1875, the pupae were so abundant, he could have ‘‘literally collected the proverbial wagon load’’, but that some six years later he searched in vain for it there. The same recorder (Moths of Eastbourne, 1: 22) however, stated that it was still abundant there in 1877, but was unobtainable in 1879; and added (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 13) that though fairly common in the latter year at Higham (div. 2), near Gravesend, he was unable to find if at that locality for several years after. The species underwent a term of comparative scarcity from about 1880 to 1892, and there are but few records for this period. Coverdale (Entomologist, 16: 220) reported that he found the larvae not uncom- monly at Dover (in 1883); Hill (Ent. Rec., 10: 154) recorded a single ¢ at light, at Broadstairs in 1885; and Fenn (Diary) observed a 9, August — 23, 1888, and a larva on hawthorn, July 15, 1889, both at Deal. A curious record is of several at Brcckley (div. 1), between 1887-90 (Turner, Ent. Rec., 1: 349), which is close to the border of the metro- polis. From 1894, chrysorrhoea was evidently more numerous, and in that year, Mathew (Entomologist, 29: 192) recorded that he found a few larvae at Sittingbourne. Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 33: 185) stated that the larvae were rather plentiful in 1897 about 1 mile from Sheerness, and that it was the first time he had seen the species alive in any of its stages since 1872. In 1898, it was in profusion at Deal (Dadd, Ent. Rec., 11: 223); in 1900, in quantities at Hythe, as well as in ‘‘countless thousands’? at the former locality (Reid, Ent. Rec., 13: 181); and in 1901, in great numbers in orchards in East Kent (Theobald, Entomolo- Gist? ATA), 1902-1962.—In 1902, though still plentiful at Deal (Carr, Entomolo- gist, 35: 246), it had become much less common in the fruit plantations, and in the opinion of Theobald (J. S.-E. Agr. College (Wye), 1907 (16) 53), the rapidity with which it decreased was partly due to a Tachinid parasite, Thelymorpha vertigosa Fl., which were bred out in great rumbers. The species seems to have been scarce in 1915, for in that year Theobald states that he could only find two larval tents, at Littlestone; but that in 1919 the nests were in countless numbers, both there and at Deal (Theobald, Entomologist, 52: 168). Since 1919, it does not at any time appear to have been scarce, but in certain years was noted as particularly abundant. A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that he has never seen it in such numbers as on Sheppey, and says that in 1941, ‘‘the nests were at LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (55) close intervals along the side of the road on blackthorn, hawthorn, and wild rose, from the near side of Queensferry Bridge to the outskirts of Queenborough’’. And he adds that ‘‘on May 20, a rough calculation suggests that the number of larvae must have exceeded half a million’’. Owen (Entomologist, 82:233) noted larvae in vast swarms in Sheppey in 1949, and that they were most in evidence in the south-east corner of the island. In May 1950, I noticed that the larvae were very abun- dant on hawthorn hedges in Sheppey, between Leysdown and Harty Kerry, but were obviously being considerably reduced, owing to the numbers of Cuckoos that were feeding upon them (C.-H.). Variation.—Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 47) exhibited a ¢ with orange tail, bred from Dungeness larva taken 1948; and Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 38) exhibited a ¢ taken Folkestone, 1930, having both the ‘‘body and antennae orange’’. A g,in J. W. C. Hunt coll., taken St. Peters (div. 9), July 18, 1937, is the holotype of ab. fwmosa C.-H., a form in which the white is tinged throughout with smoke-grey. Specimens bearing a few isolated black dots, ab. punctella Strand, occur fairly frequently; but ab. punctigera Teich, in which the spots are more numerous and form rows, only occurs occasionally. I have 11 oc, 3 9° of the former, but only 2 g¢ of the latter; all bred with some thirty normal specimens in 1946, from wild Dungeness larvae (C.-H.). A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that he bred several black spotted ¢ ¢ from Herne Bay pupae, and that at Sandwich, he took a few oo, August 9, 16, 1939, all of which had black spots. In R.C.K., are ab. fumosa C.-H., 92, Folkestone, June 1900, S. G. Hills; ab. xanthorrhoea Oberth., two od, bred July 25, 26, 1946, Good- son. First Recorp, 1782: ‘‘The attention of the public has of late been strongly excited by the unusual appearance of infinite numbers of large white webs, containing caterpillars, conspicuous on almost every hedge, tree, and shrub, in the vicinity of the metropolis’? (Curtis, A Short History of the Brown-Tail Moth, 3). The first definitely Kentish record, however, dates from 1828: Gravesend (Stephens, Haust., 2: 66). 1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams, ef al. (1942). E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. Resident.!_ Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, willow, Viburnum lantana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and found in all divisions. ‘‘Generally abundant’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in ‘‘fine condition’’, at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamsted) recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, Septem- ber 27, 1947; seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions as its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197) recorded that in the Lee neighbourhood, though ‘‘usually a pest’’, it was in 1861 ‘practically absent’’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as 5) having become ‘‘very greatly reduced in numbers’’ (Fenn, Ent. Rec., (56) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 6: 230); and a few years later was described as ‘‘rare’’ there (Green, Trans. W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Hnt. Rec., 11 223) found the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the “greatest profusion’, at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. rhamnoides; and Theobald (J.S.-E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910(19)93). reported that the larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at Sideup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about eight in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also noted the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.-H. Agr. College (Wye), 1899(8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously on the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 1910(19)94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were infested with the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A larva collected from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. Burton) ; E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. Resident.! Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, willow, Viburnum lantana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and found in all divisions. ‘‘Gener ally abundant’’ (V.C.H. (1908)). Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in “‘fine cde at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamenae recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, September 27, 1947: seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions as its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197), recorded that in the Lee neighbourhood, though ‘‘usually a pest’’, it was in 1861, ‘practically absent’’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as having become ‘‘very greatly reduced in numbers’’ (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 6: 230): and a few years later was described as ‘‘rare’’ there (Green, Trans. W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Ent. Rec., 11: 223), found the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the ‘‘greatest profusion’’, at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. rhamnoides; and Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910 (19)93), reported that the larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at Sid- cup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about eight in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also noted the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1899 (8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously on the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 1910 (19) 94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were infested with the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A larva collected from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. Burton); and Gomm (Diary), observed that in a lane at Minster (div. 9), he found six cocoons, July 19, 1915, spun up in chinks of bark of elm, from which imagines emerged July 28-August 3, 1915. HOTEL ACCOMMODATION Mrs. H. TULLY Craigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 123 acres of woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points. Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc. Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236. ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY Well illustrated Subscription: 42/- per year Free Sample Copy sent on request 22 Harlington Road East, Feltham, Middlesex, England J. J. HILL & SON ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc., available from time to time. Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ‘Phone: WILLESDEN 0309 EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one 16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, “‘Porcorum,’’ Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants. IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- ment will be made. E. S. A. BAYNES 2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire Wanted.—Living larvae of oak-feeding Lepidoptera. other than Winter Moth or Tortrix. species, required this spring for filming. Dunbar (Cosmia trapezina) particularly wanted, also living pupae of Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria) and adults of the Carabid beetle, Calosoma inquisitor. Postage will be more than refunded. —J. F. Burton, B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. Wanted.—Lundbeck Diptera Danica, Vol. IV. Dolichopodidae (1912). Parent, Faune de France 35, Dolichopodidae (1938).—Cartwright Timms, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham 12. For Sale-—Mahogany Cabinet with Doors, in excellent condition, 32 drawers (glass lids), £32 10s —Humphreys, 38 High Street, Ruislip, Middx. Ruislip 6264. For Sale.—Complete set, Vols. 1 and If of J. O. Westwood’s F.L.S. Famous “British Moth Books’, all the coloured plates intact (124). In very good condition, £12.—Mr. E. Vinnicombe, 31 Dresden Road, London, N.19, Eng- land. uae of our exieaiie ge to Biologists oo NEW STYLE | 2mm COLLECTING NETS Interchangeable water and insect nets made from rotproof terylene.. Nets and frames interchangeable. Col- Japsible but rigid when erected. eae * * FLATTERS & GARNETT LTD. 309 OXFORD ROAD - MANCHESTER 13 . EXOTIC INSECTS : Especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from India, Japan, Formosa, : West Africa, Australia, S. 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There is no similar work in existence. English, _ German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna Bea. .2 “i exotica. Every volume may be had separately. ____A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80 a LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS ss ‘We specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this country +i THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Witt1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. AnLen, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assis- Fonseca, F.R.E.S. CONTENTS COLLECTING NOTES, 1961. S. WAKELY 00.0. nts ate 165 VANESSA CARDUI L. AND OTHER MIGRATORY INSECTS—RECENT OBSERVATIONS IN THE FEDERATION OF RHODESIA AND NYASA- LAND. J. A. WHELLAN _... “i Be she oF em Baars tos i, A NEW SPECIES OF EUPITHECIA VENOSATA FABR. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. an se ay; wi : ie ae es Jeet ean YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. RALPH L. COE... Cee he Bs fue sigs Sars ee THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE BRITISH DIXINAE (DIPTERA, Wane IN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND. ALLAN BRINDLE _.... , 176 BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES. Ge: GRIREITHS 2 Boho 5) Re ee aes nay cote Sis ; he i83 ee sf) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... #0 ost a ee ine wpe i: yes CR SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN KENT: A CRITICAL ACCOUNT. PART II. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ... sls (49) nS Se TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests for SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES to the TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these May contain extraneous matter.. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Printed by T. Buncte anp Co. Lrp., Arbroath. | No. 9 — : SEPTEMBER 1962 _ LENENLALAAAERERERL DEERE THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.8.s. a with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.8G., A.B.0.8. C. A. CoLLINGwoop, B.SO., F.R.E.S. MVILIE BIRKETT, M.A., MB. H. C. Hueeins, F.R.£.8. a a L. PARMENTER, F.B.E.S8. . M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.8. H. Symes, m. - fajor A. E. Contizr, M.o., F.B.z.s. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), - F.B.E.8. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE. Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, ‘Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. Os ceca musncncseaamenuien MONTHLY PRICE 5 |= NET OF THE BRITISH. ISLES 2 CHARLES N. COLYER, F.R.E.8. and CYRIL O. HAMMOND, F.z.z.5. to? oo Included are numerous colour. and at : plates a from pees exec bring out ahi ckerthion often a: or ce SC photographie eae pares — pee rtan’ figures ee appropriate references +0 the ‘text. Se : Keys and summaries of family characters, ¢ related with the plates and figures, assist the 1 to “place” captures in their correct family and to supplement observation in the . field wi knowledge revealed in the appropriate chay pters. ane: Carefully selected bibliographies at the each chapter furnish quick reference to us on Be ee ae ea la a further Appendix, Cignaey and Tae 48 plates in colour 55 half-tone pilates numerous text figures and diagrams depicting 286 representative species, from original enlarged : ipedpeee drawings. Available soe all Booksellers. Sek Te et. v Change and Decay By An Oxtp MotH-HUNTER. If one may judge by the reports of lepidopterists in various parts of this country, the populations of some of our butterflies have been con- siderably reduced during the last two years. The moths seem to have held their own, if the quantity visiting mercury vapour lamps is a criterion; but the supernumeraries, so to speak, have been scarce indeed. By “supernumeraries” I mean the specimens usually to be seen on fences, walls, tree-trunks and so on, and above all, the larvae normally found by the collector when searching and beating herbage, shrubs and trees. These supernumeraries I always regard as a surplus of the normal population of a species in a particular habitat. Possibly they are in the same box with those of us humans whom the insurance com- panies class as “accident prone”; for one reason or another they are especially susceptible to predators (including collectors) and probably none of them is a factor in the survival of their species—unless it be that they play the role of Theseus and his companions, being offered up in order to ensure the survival of those left behind. Among the reasons put forward by collectors for the general scarcity of butterflies and supernumerary moths this year and last, the one most usually heard is “spraying”. Yet for my part I doubt if this very modern practice of rendering crops immune from the attacks of insects has played any considerable part, over all the country, in the matter. Here and there, especially on roadside verges, damage has un- doubtedly been done by the drift of wind-blown insecticides; but in spite of the fact that this island is now so densely overpopulated, con- taining 35 million more human beings than it is capable of supporting vy its crops and stock, there are still some thousands of square miles which have never been sprayed at all. Why have the butterflies become scarce in these places as well? Surely it is a matter of climate, that supremely important factor in the existence of lepidoptera. For of all the environmental factors which influence (or allow; which you will), organic evolution, climate is the most potent. Its effect upon an animal may not be immediately ap- parent; ihe stress of some other factor or factors may be more readily distinguished. Yet climate is the “long-term policy” in the phylogenesis of a species, and although its effects may be modified from time to time by other factors, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, it is the factor which in the last analysis determines the course of the evolutionary stream. For many years, perhaps ever since the first collector of lepidoptera caught butterflies and set them after his fashion and stored their corpses in a box, collectors have noticed that a mild winter is succeeded by a scarcity of their quarry and conversely that a ‘hard’ winter is likely to keep them busy with their nets presently. The reason for this truism is to be found in the physiology of dia- pause. An unusually mild winter—unusual because it is quite a long time since the average temperature, from October to April, of the ground an inch below the surface was so consistently high as it was from September 1960 to April 1961—curtails or hinders or postpones the diapause of a wintering larva or pupa. Anybody can prove this for himself by bringing his over-wintering larvae and pupae into his sitting- 190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 room in October. He will find that a number of species, for example the Yellow Underwing, will continue to feed (provided he can find foodstuff for them, which usually is not very difficult) throughout October and November, pupate in December, and result in imagines in January and February. meas Something of this kind takes place out of doors in an exceptionally mild winter. Either the onset of diapause comes too late or it does not come at all, and the insect perishes because its seasonal life-cycle has been put out of gear. In rearing lepidoptera we have, all of us, found that when once diapause has been broken it cannot be resumed should adverse conditions supervene; embryological development, once re- started, cannot be stopped arbitrarily, the insect goes on developing or it dies. And in the wild state, precocious winter development can only have one result. There are, of course, species in which pupal development during autumn, results in the imago being developed before the normal winter cold sets in, diapause being in the imaginal stage and the adult insect ercerging from the pupa-case in the spring. A search of entomological literature has failed to inform me what is the result, with these species, of a sudden considerable rise in winter temperature, prolonged perhaps for a fortnight, in their normal environment followed by a sharp and considerable fall, and whether continued cold can prolong emergence beyond the normal season of emergence and for how long. All animals must have a fairly wide range of adaptation if they are to survive; the question which interests us breeders of lepidoptera is how wide that range is, and papers on this subject—more especially where over- wintering larvae are concerned—are few. My own experience with seme of our commoner Noctuids has been that it needs only a few degrees of temperature to prevent the winter diapause and procure continuous breeding: which suggests that, in terms of geological time, evolution in these species is slow, and that their present range of adap- tation suffices. Here again there seems to be a suggestion that a continuation of mild weather from autumn throughout the winter in- duces a continuation of embryological development which is, to-day, unsuitable in our latitudes. Plainly the ideal condition for an over- wintering larva and pupa in our island, ensuring a plenitude of imagines in due course, is an unbroken state of diapause from autumn until spring, the diapause being brought to an end by a progressive rise in the temperature of soil and air. I doubi if there is anything in the suggestion sometimes put forward that when the surface soil remains soft for several months in wintertime more pupae are disinterred by birds and mice, voles and moles. Pre- sumably these predators, especially when hungry, do not waste their time searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack, and the acci- dental disinterring of a few more pupae than usual would hardly affect populations. We lepidopterists are as prone to wishful thinking as those poor bodies who care nothing at all about insects; but it would be rash for us to assume that the balance of our butterfly and moth populations upset by a succession of mild winters will be righted by a few seasons of hard frosts. ‘We all hope that even if some of our best beloved species survive only in small populations in widely scattered localities, CHANGE AND DECAY 191 a series of hard winters will enable them, by means of their normal spread, to repopulate former habitats. But hope often tells a flattering tale and it is now eighty-five years since the Wood White inhabited West Essex where Spiller, collecting at Stansted in the ‘seventies’, felt sure that its recession was only temporary. In a paper in Entomologist many years ago, Allan pointed out that the population of an insect in any given place must have what he called a ‘survival density’ and that if the population fell below that density the species would fail to hold its cwn in that place. Clearly this is what happened in the cases of those species which have been described as “dwindling to extinction’—the usual process by which, in default of some catastrophic event, an insect disappears from a certain place. So an adverse climatic factor may well bring about a diminution of numbers which reduces the population below the survival density. Consider the Black-veined White, the Mazarine Blue the Middle Copper, the Large Copper—all widely distributed in this country in years gone by and accounted common insects in their heyday. The Black-veined White fed on a plant which grows in almost every hedge- row in this country and it was a widespread butterfly; the Mazarine Blue had two distinct races (one of which perhaps entered what is now our island across Channel Land before the last glaciation, the other across Dogger Land after it), one on the chalk above 400 feet, the other in meadows scarcely twenty feet above the sea, with a wide no-man’s land between them; yet both races dwindled to extinction along with the Black-veined White. The Middle Copper (confused by Tutt with L. dispar, an error which has persisted in the books to this very day), was s>? common in the eighteenth century that England’s foremost entomolo- gist (whose collections were repeatedly inspected by his friend Fabricius between 1767 and 1780—and Fabricius knew the Middle Copper as well as he knew his hat), not only posessed it but knew where to take it, and offered to supply a correspondent with it; another lepidopterist found it flying on a North Country moorland in such plenty that he supplied his confréres with it. Yet it was virtually extinct by the end of the century. The Large Copper flew on the whole of the vast area of Fenland, from Cambridge to North Lincolnshire, perhaps even as far as South Yorkshire, as well as in Somerset and the marshlands bordering the Severn. And what about the Swallowtail, once so common in the marshes of our southern counties (not to mention Battersea), from Kent to Devon and has been preserved for us only by man’s hand—for it is now known that the Norfolk Broads are no more than artificial meres dug by gene- rations of men who supplied fuel (peat) for the fireplaces of London as well as those in the country far to the south and the south Midlands? And the moths—The Reed Tussock, the Gipsy Moth (which Dale took in the Somerset marshes), the Marsh Dagger, The Rosy Marsh Moth, the Orache, the Small Ranunculus, the Feathered Footman, the Many-lined, the Speckled Beauty—all extinct, and some within the memory of us older men? Moths come and go in both senses of the phrase, and if occasionally we welcome new ones from across the Channel or North Sea we must also, from time to time lament the departure of old friends. The hymn-writer who penned the line “Change and decay in all around I see” might well have been a lepidopterist. 192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 Abnormal Coloration in Cucullia lychnitis Ramb. Larvae By RayMonpD F. HayNgEs. The Striped Lychnis Shark (Cucullia lychnitis) is a somewhat local species, found in a few southern counties of England. Over the years I have collected odd caterpillars of the species from Black Mullein (Verbascum nigrum) plants, growing within a private locality (Claren- don) in the Salisbury district of Wiltshire. Due to accidents and misfortunes in rearing, I have at present only four imagines in my collection. Being anxious to acquire a slightly larger series, I keep a good look-out for more caterpillars each year. when I usually make a visit to Salisbury in early August. The species, although undoubtedly established in the Clarendon locality is subject to annual fluctuations in numbers, as in some years I have faiied to find a single caterpillar. However, this may be due to the fact that being a conspicuous creature whilst feeding on its food- plant (larvae appear to make no attempt to camouflage themselves), insectivourous birds probably take a heavy toll. Previous to this year (1962) I had found no larvae since August 1960. On that occasion I took home about half-a-dozen, but only succeeded in rearing a couple of imagines. Not infrequently pupae of this species have a habit of going over two winters before producing moths, and from one of my 1960 pupae, I had an emergence on 30th June 1962. On July 14th, I visited Salisbury on a day trip and carried out an inspection of the area; having scrutinised all known patches of Black Mullein, no larvae were discovered. The next occasion when I was able to reach Salisbury was August 4th. In the evening of that day I called on an old friend, Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, a native of Salisbury and a keen naturalist, who had very kindly, in the first instance, introduced mz to the Clarendon locality. Between us, we proceeded to make a careful search of every mullein plant in sight. Having had no success I made my way to the nearest ’bus halt, stopping however, on the way beside a tall mullein growing within six feet of the carriageway. Mr. Fitman immediately spotted a small lychnitis larva, barely out of its second instar. This was of the normal type colouring. From the same plant I obtained two almost fully grown caterpillars but their appearance was so different from the normal, that it was with difficulty we recog- nised them as lycinitis. According to Mr. W. J. Stokoe’s book “The Caterpillars of British Moths”, the typical coloration is described as follows:—“The cater- pillar is greenish-white in colour. There is a band of bright yellow, spotted and streaked with black on each ring; usually the spots are TROUT E(6 eam RE These two larvae, which for purposes of description I may call A and B, were as follows:— “A” was very unlike a normal caterpillar, it was of a pale apple green hue throughout, except for the bands on the rings which were buttercup yellow. The black spots, usually such a noticeable feature, were completely absent save for a few minute dots on the head; there were also diminutive black dots marking the position of the spiracles. When found, “A” was approximately 14 inches long; it pupated two days later. AN UNKNOWN SPECIES NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES 193 Caterpillar “B” was not quite so extreme; although the colouring resembled that of “A”, the usual black spots were more in evidence, but nevertheless were greatly deficient. The general appearance of both larvae at first gave rise to supposing that I had found a different species. For what purpose in Nature this shedding of black markings serves, is difficult to surmise, unless the idea is to make the creature less con- spicuous. I shall await the emergences of the moths next summer with great interest, but almost certainly they will be typical. An ab- normally coloured larva does not apparently pass on any strange characteristics to the resuiting imago. Before returning home on the dismally wet August Bank Holiday Monday, I made a careful search at another spot where Black Muliein plants grow and found four more larvae in their first instar. These quickly matured, and three have now pupated; none of them showed any signs of abnormal coloration. Stigmella vossensis Gron. 1932: An Unknown Species New to the British Isles By S. N. A. JaAcoBs Under date of 30th September 1958, Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton sent some Nepticulid mines to me for my opinion, and to my shame, these found their way into a drawer of my desk and lay there undiscovered until about the middle of July this year. On finding the mines again, I wrote expressing the opinion that these might be referred to St. lapponica Wocke although the frass remained linear throughout the latter two-thirds of the mine, whereas in lapponica it becomes slightly diffused in the final third of the mine so that the frass pellets are to be distinguished. I sent one specimen to Mr. Carolsfeld- Krausé of Copenhagen for his opinion and in repiy I received a most interesting letter, of which I give extracts below. He writes: “Thank you very much for your kind letter and the mine enclosed. The mine was a very great surprise to me. It is the mine of Stigmella vossensis Gronlien (1932) which is only known from Norway, where Groniien got some near the town of Voss in Hordaland, half-way between the Hardanger Mountains and Bergen. No imagines were reared from the mines so Gronlien established the species on the mines alone in Norsk Ent. Tidsskr. BII, h. 4 (1932). It has very often been vehemently discussed whether a species may be established on its mine alone and very probably such an establishment cannot be allowed, but nevertheless not quite a few few Nep. mines have been named although no one has ever seen the imagines. I shall not make up my mind as to whether it is right or wrong, but I would do just the same myseif if the basis for doing it seems to be fair, and as we cannot drop a very remarkable mine because we do not know the imago, we have to keep it on the lists in some way, and the best way to do it is to name it. If one has tried to remember what Dr. Hering’s “telephone numbers” may stand for, one will not care a damn for the rules and will prefer a name. Dr. Hering includes all these mines in his large work of 1957, but being an important person on the Com- mission on Zoological Nomenclature, he cannot use names himself for his odd mines, and so we get these troublesome numbers. I have written 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 him about this, but have never received a reply on the point, which I can only think means that he agrees with me but owing to his position, he cannot say so. Pt/5g St iqmella vossensis Grénlien (1432) As regards vossensis there is absolutely no doubt that the mine belongs to a good but still not sufficiently known species, so there is no reason for not keeping the name. I write all this because I know that you in Great Britain take very great care in being correct in nomenclatural questions. To make mention of a similar case, Skala has established a species, St. fulvomacula, and although I thought this a figment of his imagination at first, I have found the mine here in Islev several times, though unfortunately always empty. I have no doubt, however, fulvomacula is really a good species, so now I am very busy trying to find the larva. It is indeed a fine and very interesting find Mr. Pelham-Clinton has got, and that the species is new to Great Britain is only the least of the find, the most interesting is that we now have further material for meditation as regards its zoographical problems. I have always been extremely interested in problems of the immigration of the Neps to the Scandinavian peninsula, and I have made some minor studies on the topic, and from these I have always believed vossensis to be a North Siberian species which has entered Norway by the northern route, but now I have to change my mind. It is to be hoped that Mr. Pelham-Clinton has tasted blood and that we may have more good news from Scotland, possibly about St. nanivora Pet. which might well be present there, too, and perhaps the other special Norwegian species St. tristis Wocke the imago of which is known but the mine is not. It is also apparently attached to Betula nana. As regards Gronlien’s description of the mine of vossensis, I cannot find it at present, but I can give it to you from memory: ‘Betula odorata (=pubescens) in one brood, VII-VIII. Ovum on undersde. The gallery starts very broad and rather contorted, and is in the first rather short DIARSIA MENDICA F. 195 part packed by reddish yellow frass. Later the excremental line becomes thin, black and broken; the sides of the gallery are irregularly gnawed, and the mine crosses the ribs, also often the midrib’. As you will see, this description agrees fully with P.-C.’s mine”. As regards the nomenclature rules, it is permissible to have named unknown animals by their work until 1931, but thereafter the practice is disallowed. Such a ruling surely prompts one to heresy in a case such as the present. The mines were found on 20th July at the Black Wood at Rannoch, and might well be sought in similar sites. If, as Mr. Parkinson-Curtis has suggested, this site has been destroyed entomologically by the Forestry Commission, let it be a gruesome warning to procrastinators in general: .1 have taken the lesson to heart, and hope that in future I will not again transgress. Diarsia mendica F. ( festiva Schiff., primulae Esp.) f. congener Hiibn. or f. turbida Hiibn. By B. J. LEMPKE In the Sammlung Eur. Schmetterl., Noct., fig. 617, Hiibner figured one of the many forms of this variable species under the name of turbida. Tutt wrote in his table of the variation of this species (Brit. Noct. 2: 119, 1892): ‘“‘var. congener Hb. (turbida by error).” Turner (Suppl. Brit. Noct. 2: 184, 1939) remarked: ‘Tutt says turbida is an error for congener. I am unable to trace the basis for this statement, and have treated turbida as an aberration”. The solution is to be found in the publications of Hiibner himself. In fig. 328 of the Sammlung he figured a specimen of Mythimna comma L. under the name of turbida. In fig. 618 he figured another specimen of comma. Under this figure the name “congener” was printed, and the name “turbida” is placed under fig. 617, a form of Diarsia mendica. That these names were reversed by mistake can clearly be seen from the Verzeichnis. Here Hubner wrote (p. 241): “2395. L. comma Linn. Syst. Phal. 156. Pallens Esp. Noc. 11.1.2.. Turbida Hiibn. Noc. 328 and 618.” The double proof would, of course, have been that Hiibner had cited his fig. 617 under the name of congener with Diarsia festiva (Nr. 2222, p. 222) but this is not the case. Fig. 617 is not cited at all by him. It is at any rate clear that Tutt was right, and that the names were reversed by accident. So we must write: D. mendica F., f. congener Hb., and not f. turbida Hb., as Turner did. Oude IJselstraat 12111, Amsterdam, Z 2. Scotland 1962 By R. G. CHATELAIN and B. F. SKINNER We left London on the evening of Ist June and arrived at Aviemore fifteen hours later to find that the season in Scotland was very backward with the oaks just coming into leaf and primroses and violets still in full bloom. Fortunately, the weather brightened on our arrival and the whole week was dry with temperatures well into the seventies, although the nights were cool. One of our main objectives was Amathes alpicola Zett. and we were lucky to hit on a good year for the species. Conditions were admirable 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 for pupae searching and the moss peeled away in neat strips, although as the pupae were newly formed it was impossible to avoid damaging some during the excavations. A few days later we again ascended the Burma Road and found that the moss had dried considerably and search- ing was much more arduous. Patches of snow were still present and proved a useful means of cooling weary feet. Enough pupae were harvested for our needs and, at home, the first moth emerged on 17th June. Hyppa rectilinea Esp. was another of our quarries, but it was not until 6th June that we saw the bug—two females at sugar. The same round produced a male Xylena exsoleta L. The following night one male rectilinea was at sugar and on the 8th we had one at sugar and five at light. A female was kept for eggs; a goodly number was laid and larvae started to appear on 18th June. They are feeding up quite happily on sallow and knotgrass. Apatele menyanthidis View. was common and encountered at rest, sugar and light and we are now breeding the species. A. euphorbiae ssp. myricae Guen., on the other hand, was scarce but unfortunately we did not realise this until we had killed the only gravid female to be taken. Prodigious searching produced three moths and m.v. a further three. Hadena bombycina Hufn. (glauca Hiibn.) was not as common as we had expected but it is hoped to obtain good series by breeding. The larvae of this species also seem happy with sallow. We had not expected to do very well with the Anartas. A. cordigera Thunb. was still flying on Granish Moor but was in tatters. Three females were taken but this species does not seem to lay freely in captivity and many of the eggs were infertile. A. melanopa Thunb. was present at the top of the Burma Road but was difficult to net and no females were taken. A. myrtilli L. was just emerging and very common. One femate myrtilli was found in cop with a male cordigera but the eggs were infertile. An intensive search was made for eggs of Endromis versicolora L. and eventually four batches were secured. The larvae started hatching before we left. Other noctuids noted included a few of Hadena contigua Schiff., many Eumichtis adusta Esp. and the boldy marked Scottish Hadena conspersa Schiff. Geometers were not plentiful. Ortholitha mucronata scotica was abundant and Chloroclysta miata L. and Lobophora halterata Hufn. were well in evidence at light. A few Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. and Hydriomena ruberata Freyer were also welcomed, together with some Pugs, none of which has yet been identified as being out of the ordinary. We were not able to devote as much time to larva hunting as we should have liked, but beating scrubby birch among the heather at night produced Euschesis sobrina Boisd. and searching among grass-stems revealed Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. and Erebia aethiops Esp. We scoured bog myrtle for larvae of Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. but found only four small ones. We even returned to the locality at the close of the night’s operations but without success. The bog myrtle did produce a few Geometer larvae including Horisme tersata Schiff., Calostygia didymata L., one Oporina filigrammaria H.-S. and a few of what we hope will prove to be O. christyi Prout. Other larvae noted, all on heather, were Dasyschira fascelina L., Lasiocampa quercus callunae, Amathes castanea Esp., A. agathina Dup., and Plusia interrogationis L. We left Aviemore on 9th June after a strenuous but rewarding week in beautiful surroundings. YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 197 Yugoslavia Revisited | By Raupy L. Coe. Ii. INLAND SEAS OF NOVI GRAD AND KARIN After a late lunch at the hotel it was time for me to leave Zadar on the daily bus to Novi Grad. It was already at the stop when I got there. My cases were strapped on to the roof, and I joined the crowd of peasants inside. We moved off through the town, and were soon out in the open country. For the first hour or so of the journey we were passing a monotonous succession of flat cultivated fields. Then the bus began to climb among bare rocky hills. We were approaching the verge of the barren region of the Karst. Suddenly, far below on the left, I saw the vast expanse of still water that is the inland sea of Novi Grad. Between the road on which we were travelling and the water there sloped steep terraces of cultivated vines and olive trees. The sun beat mercilessly down on the bare rocky ground on our right and on the road itself. The heat in the bus was stifling, but the terraces were in complete shade and looked wonderfully cool and refreshing. Across the water, creeping from the shore for some distance up a steep hill-side, were the huddled stone houses of the small community of Novi Grad. Behind them the gaunt ruins of an ancient fortress dominated the scene. To the east the long rugged line of the Velebit mountains stretched from north to south as far as the eye could see, their snow-capped peaks glistening against the clear blue sky. The road fell gradually, almost to the water-level, and continued round the broad sweep of the shore until we came into the little town. The bus pulled up outside a low whitewashed building that was the local wine-shop. I had been warned that there is no hotel in Novi Grad, so I went inside to see if I could get accommodation there. I was greeted by the landlord, a small, brown-skinned man in open-necked shirt and shorts and with an old blue beret crammed on his head. He spoke no English, but I managed to make him understand what I wanted. He went away and fetched his wife, and they began to discuss the matter. In the mean- time a small group of the villagers had collected in the shop. One of them went over to examine the labels on my cases. They read, ‘c/o Konsul Britanski, Zagreb’. The British Consul there had given me permission to use that address in case I became separated from my luggage at any time. Amid general excitement the landlord and his wife were called over to read the labels. There was no further hesitation about taking me in, for, as I found later, the villagers believed that I was the British Consul himself! The woman took my arm and led me outside and up some steps o1 to a flat concrete roof, around which were grouped her family’s living quarters. I followed her into a small room. It was furnished with a huge wooden chest, which was locked, two beds and a soap-box. There was no chair or table or any cupboard for clothes. There was a stump of candle on the soap-box. That was all. The woman took me into the passage and showed me the bathroom. It had no door, and the concrete floor had yawning gaps init. I asked for the toilet, and she took me out on the roof. 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 It was a sentry-box affair and the door would not close. It was overlooked by a row of windows. I went down to the wine-shop for a meal. Peasants were sitting about at the bare wooden tables, drinking their beloved red wine from earthen- ware mugs. There was a stir when the landlady brought in a white cloth and spread it on one of the tables. She beckoned me over, and I sat down. She placed before me a bow! of fatty pieces of pork swimming in an oily gravy, a hunk of coarse dark bread and a jug of wine. As I was smoking a cigarette after my meal, two men and a young woman came in and walked straight up to my table. They seemed to be people of importance. The men were in lounge suits, and the woman, an attractive brunette, looked cool in a white costume. In broken English she introduced the older man as the leading citizen in the community and the other, a small dark man with glasses, as her husband. He was the local doctor, by name Milan Vidakovi¢. She went on to say that for her in particular this was a great day, as she was learning English and could now improve her conversation by speaking to an Englishman. I told her that each day I would be away in the hills collecting, but would be delighted to see her in the evenings. It was arranged that I should visit them for supper the next evening. After they had left, I sat sipping my wine for a little while and then went to bed early. But not to sleep. As the evening wore on the villagers drinking in the wine-shop below became more and more noisy. It was midnight before the landlord closed the door on them. The sound of drunken singing died away in the distance. Silence came at last, and I buried my head in the pillow and closed my eyes. Just as I was falling asleep a blood-curdling cry came from the darkness outside. I had heard nothing like it before. After a moment the cry came echoing back from the rockface across the water. This went on at frequent intervals the whole night long. I learnt later that it is the cry of a night bird. The villagers call it the ‘chook’ or foolish one, because they say that it believes its own echo to be the cry of an answering bird, and so keeps on and on. This maddening night chorus ended in the grey light of dawn, and was followed by the braying of donkeys. By three-thirty the peasants were tramping by on their way to their little ‘poljes’, or plots, of olives and figs. These are mere pockets of fertile soil in the otherwise barren waste of limestone rock, sheltered from the sun by laboriously constructed stone walls. With them went their donkeys, across whose backs were slung small barrels of water for the crops and huge stone jugs of wine. The peasants work from soon after dawn until the late morning, when the pitiless heat of the sun sends them back to their homes. They spend the afternoon indoors, and a stranger wandering into Novi Grad at that time of the day would imagine that the place is uninhabited. After my disturbed night I rose unrefreshed and went down to the wine-shop for breakfast. It consisted of greasy soup and dry bread and a weak brown liquid that tasted vaguely like coffee. Then, with some bread and cheese and a bottle of wine in my haversack, I set out for my first day’s collecting. I followed a dried water-course towards the hills, but insects were scarce in the parched vegetation and I realised that I must seek my specimens inside the ‘poljes’. So whenever I came across one where nobody was working, I had a quick look round to see that I was unobserved and then clambered over the rough enclosing wall of YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 199 piled-up stones. When I heard anyone coming I crouched down until they had passed. By midday all the peasants had gone home and I was able to go from one polje to another without risk of being turned out. In one of the poljes I took a single male of a new Syrphus, which I have described as novigradensis (Coe, July 1960, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 29, pts. 5-6: 73-74). This new species closely resembles the common and widely distributed latifasciatus Macquart, which occurred with it. Other Syrphidae occurring in the poljes were Merodon clavipes Fabricius, M. spinipes Fabricius and Paragus tibialis Fallén. Among a rich haul of other Diptera I netted a single female of a new species of Agromyziidae, Liriomyza certosa (Spencer, 1961, Entom., 94: 53-55). In the evening I tidied myself and started off for the doctor’s house to keep my appointment for supper. He lived in a small building of white stone standing by the water’s edge. His wife welcomed me at the door and I followed her into the sitting-room, where the doctor, clad only ina loose dressing gown, was stretched out on a couch. He jumped up with outstretched hands to greet me. We started speaking together in bad French. While his wife was preparing the meal, he took some anatomical specimens from a cabinet to show me. I was taken aback when he held up to the light of the oil-lamp a glass bottle in which a long curved bladder-like object floated in alcohol and announced, “‘C’est l’utérus de la femme!” Just then his wife came in to say that supper was ready. She pointed to the exhibit and asked me if it was not a beautiful specimen. I agreed. We went through to the next room for supper. As I had feared, many strange and rich dishes had been prepared in my honour, and the Yugoslav host or hostess is very offended if you refuse anything. Dish followed dish and wine followed wine, with a glass of plum-brandy slipped in now and again. Just as I felt that I could not eat another mouthful, the woman brought in an enormous ‘tortos dobos’ cake, a chocolate confection of unsurpassed richness. I took a couple of bites and suddenly felt dreadfully sick. I turned to the doctor, trying hard to appear normal, and in a discreet whisper asked for the ‘toileta’. He picked up the oil lamp and told me to follow him. We went out into the passage. Just as he was pointing to the toilet the wine took its toll of him, and he fell sprawling. The lamp shot to the fioor, and amid the shattering of glass and general confusion I dashed into the small room and was comfortably sick without anyone being the wiser. Order was restored, a fresh lamp was lit, and the meal went on. At last the table was cleared, but wine was still being pressed upon me when at a late hour the party ended, and I went dizzily back to my lodging. The excessive hospitality at the doctor’s house had unpleasant con- sequences for me, for I woke up in the morning in the grip of dysentery. Before breakfast I hurried off to ask the doctor for some Sulfagvanadin tablets, a prescription that usually works wonders with this complaint. I explained my symptoms to him in French. He made rude noises to show that he understood me, and fetched me a box of the precious tablets. As I was on my way back to the wine-shop I stopped to watch a group of boys and girls playing a game by the roadside. Each child in turn squatted down by a small pile of round pebbles and flung one in the air. Before it came down a second one was picked up with the same hand and the first one was caught. The second one was then flung up, and the pro- 200 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 cess repeated until the child was holding five pebbles. Then the whole five were flung up together and as many as possible caught on the back of the hand. This game from its simple character is probably of great antiquity. I have seen it played by Arab children in Egypt. At home, children play at ‘knuckle-bones’, which is very similar. Life was indeed simple for the people of Novi Grad. Work in the ‘poljes’ in the morning for the majority, resting at home in the afternoon, and in the evening the wine-shop for the men and gossiping in front of the houses for the women. Day in, day out, that was the life of the adult population. For the youths and maidens there was a circle of concrete by the water-side where of an evening they danced to the tune of a mouth- organ. There seemed to be little other source of entertainment. But everyone seemed content. Day after day during my stay the sun blazed down relentlessly, and collecting was often a torment. It was worst of all when I toiled up the steep mountain slopes to reach isolated ‘poljes’. Then the sun’s rays were thrown back from the bare rock with an almost insufferable heat. It was almost like being in an oven. Sometimes I saw flying over in search of shade and moisture exquisitely coloured butterflies that were a delight to the eye. Although Diptera were by no means plentiful on these torrid slopes I took as many as eleven species of Sarcophaga (Calliphoridae) resting on loose stones, besides several species of Tabanidae, including Tabanus rousselii Macquart, T. umbrinus Meigen and T. graecus Fabricius. From a clump of low plants growing in the shade of a large rock I swept two males of a second new species of Agromyziidae, Napomyza dalmatiensis (Spencer, 1961, Entom., 94: 55-56). In the shade of a stone wall enclosing an isolated polje a species of Convolvulus provided a welcome display of large blossoms, and from these I netted a series of the attractive yellow and black-bodied Syrphid, Volucella zonaria Poda. The Sunday before I left Novi Grad the doctor’s wife arranged for a local fisherman to take us both for a cruise in his motor-boat along the sea of Novi Grad and into the adjoining sea of Karin. It was early morning when our small party set off over the water. Soon the white buildings of Novi Grad were out of sight, as we followed a bend in the coast-line to the south. On either side rugged masses of the bare karst rock sloped down to the water’s edge, gleaming white in the strong sunshine. As far as the eye could see there was no vestige of vegetation to relieve the harsh bareness of the landscape. There was no sound but for the chugging of the engine and an occasional word that passed between us. After a mile or so the waters narrowed for a short distance, then broadened again as we entered the sea of Karin. The monotony of the rocky shores became relieved here and there by patches of grass and an occasional dwarfed pine tree. Suddenly the doctor’s wife drew my attention to a cluster of white cottages on the shore ahead of us. It was the small village of Karin, situated in splendid isolation at the southern end of this strange inland sea. Our pilot steered the boat to a landing-stage, and we tied up alongside. We carried our picnic lunch ashore, and stretched out on the ground under the shade of an ancient olive tree. We had brought four bottles of the local red wine, and bread, cheese and cherries. The boatman wrenched the cork out of one of the bottles with his teeth, threw back his head and YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 201 swallowed the contents without drawing breath. After lunch we walked along the road that led out of the village. Soon we came to the centuries old monastery of Karin. It stood back from the road in a wilderness of long grass and stunted pines. It was once an important centre of religious activity. Now its small chapel is used as a place of worship by the villagers. One old monk remains to act as caretaker. He came forward to greet us at the entrance. He was a picturesque figure with tonsured white hair and flowing brown habit with dangling tassels. We followed him through a stone archway into a cool courtyard. In the centre there was a deep well, with a raised surround of ornamental stonework, on which rested a chained bucket. We went through another archway into the dim chapel. Its interior was divided up to an unusual extent by quaint old painted screens depicting Christ, Mary and various saints. I looked through a large screen that separated off the far end of the nave. A nun was sitting at a small organ playing a hymn tune, while a group of girls in colourful costumes stood round her singing in harmony. We followed the monk up some worn stone steps and along a narrow corridor that ran between the inner and outer walls of the building. We passed cobwebbed cells where the monks had spent their days in meditation. The passage ended in a long, low room that had been the monastery library. Packed closely along shelves on either side were hundreds upon hundreds of mouldering books and manuscripts. Some were printed many centuries ago. The stone floor was worn away in places by the tread of countless feet. Before we left I photographed the monk sitting on a stone slab by the well in the courtyard. As we strolled back to the village we passed some girls dancing by the roadside. They wore gaily embroidered dresses and little round lace-trimmed caps. They had formed a circle round one girl and, holding hands, were moving slowly round her, their feet making deft movements to the rhythmic clapping of her hands. We returned to the boat, cast off and headed for Novi Grad. After we had passed through the sea of Karin it was decided to make a detour and travel for a short way along the fabulous Zdrila channel, which joins these inland seas to the Adriatic. We turned sharply in a north-westerly direction towards a narrow cleft in the mountains. As we neared it the boat was caught in a powerful cross-current, but our boatman kept the helm steady and soon we were safely past the dangerous entrance to the strange channel. On either side there were great vertical walls of rock, barren and grey and honeycombed with caves. It was uncannily silent. There was no bird-song or sound of any living thing. The narrow passage twisted and turned so abruptly that at times we seemed to be heading straight for the unbroken wall of rock. At the last moment the boat would be steered deftly into the hidden continuation of the channel. The sense of isolation was overpowering. It was an unforgettable experi- ence. All too soon it was time to turn for home. Dusk was falling as we stepped ashore at Novi Grad. (to be continued.) 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 Notes on the Microlepidoptera By H. C. Huaains, F.R.E.S. The Irish Status of Platyptilia calodactyla Schiff. (zetterstedtii Zell.). In his List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland (1941) Beirne places the name of this beautiful plume in square brackets, quoting one record which he states he considers unreliable, whilst in his British Pyralid and Plume Moths (1952) he omits all reference to it as an Irish species. The record he quotes is one by the late Canon G. Foster of one at Valentia on the road beside the old reservoir, in 1932. There is, however, no specimen in the Foster collection, and Beirne considered the record unreliable, prob- ably referring to the common P. gonodactyla Schiff. On 29th June 1962, my wife and I were walking up a bohereen which branched off the road from Dingle to the Connor Pass on the right hand side about three-quarters of a mile from the town. The whole of the bohereen was most attractive, one side being topped entirely with honey- suckle and the other with bramble and honeysuckle mixed, whilst the foot of the banks was covered with knapweed, foxglove, golden rod and other flowers. I gave a few taps to the sides and then went ahead to look at a rather dark Pararge aegeria L.; when I returned, my wife told me that there was an unusual plume in the grass at her feet. I netted it and at first took it for a remarkable form of P. gonodactyla, but on setting it the next day thought it looked more like calodactyla. On my return home, I compared it with my Kentish series, and it is identical with them, a male in perfect condition. I had intended to revisit the bohereen after dinner in the evening, when, no doubt, I should have seen others, but the weather turned rather chilly, so I abandoned the idea, and the next few days were so fully occupied that I did not do so, except once in the morning, when nothing much was about. It is very interesting to find another of our woodland insects living in the open like this; in Kent, where I have over the years seen hundreds, I have only seen it in rides in the major woods such as Blean and Ham Street, or more especially in flower-covered clearings of the second, third and fourth years where coppicing has taken place. Irish collectors will, no doubt, recall how Pyrausta funebris Stroem. is also usually found in the open where golden rod grows; no doubt, the damper and warmer climate has some bearing on this difference in habits. I have been unable to trace any further records, apart from the one already quoted, the one from the Burren (Entomologist, 88: 105) having been corrected as an error of identification (Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla Haw.) (Entomologist, $9: 113). It seems to me, however, that it is quite probable that Foster’s was a correct record, as the locality is within twenty miles as the crow flies from my Dingle one. As the specimen has unfortunately disappeared, it must, unhappily, always remain a matter of opinion. Calodactyla should, I think, turn up in other places in Kerry. It is not a very lively insect, though it can usually be disturbed in the late afternoon and evening, so may have often been overlooked. Breeding Leaf-mining Flies and their Parasites By G. C. D. Grirritus, B.A., F.R.E.S. (continued from Page 178.) BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 203 3. TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING AND PRESERVING The student of mining insects needs to keep three reference collections of different types—first the conventional collection of adult insects, pre- served dry; secondly a mine herbarium; and thirdly a collection of larval slides. It is a mistake to regard the adult collection as of more intrinsic value than the others: what is needed above all is accuracy in the associa- tion of the right adult stage with the right larva and mine. I have out- lined below the methods which I employ in the hope that this account may be of assistance to beginners in this field. Of course there are many other possible techniques and this account is by no means exhaustive. Field Work Agromyzid larvae of many species can be collected between the end of May and the end of October. The most prolific period is perhaps the end of June. During the winter months larvae of a few hardy species (such as Phytomyza ranunculi Schrank on Ranunculus and P. ilicis Curt. on Ilex) may be found and the puparia of stem-boring Melanagromyza spp. can be collected from the previous summer’s stems. Adult Agromyzids can be swept from April to October but their period of greatest abundance is May and early June. : The most important equipment to be taken on a collecting expedition is a supply of airtight jars or tins of varying sizes—for the larger sizes the normal household preserving jars are very convenient. Mined leaves should be placed in these airtight containers as soon as they are picked to prevent them drying up, which would kill the larvae. Generally the leaves will remain suitable as food for the larvae for about a week. This time factor is not so crucial as it may appear at first sight, as larval development in the Agromyzidae is usually very rapid, and larvae which are already in their second or third instar when collected will generally pupate within this time (Agromyzid larvae are not incidentally able to transfer themselves to another leaf, when the one they are in becomes unsuitable). It is generally better to collect large numbers of a species if possible, so that a representative series of host and parasites can be bred. Care should be taken not to mix up the larvae of different species in the same container. If they are species which leave the leaf to pupate, then there may be difficulty later in knowing which puparia came from which mines. Some empty mines should be taken for adding to the herbarium: these should be as typical of the species as possible. Stem-boring species are best collected as puparia, as their larval stage generally lasts longer than that of leaf-miners. Puparia of Melanagromyza spp. can be found from autumn to spring in the stems of many Compositae, Umbelliferae and a few other plants. Care of Puparia It is essential that Agromyzid puparia be kept moist, otherwise very poor breeding results will be achieved. The problem is to keep them sufficiently moist, but not in so much moisture that the adult will be damaged on emergence. As dipterous puparia do not suffer from attack by mildew, a simple solution is to place them in sealed tubes with some medium for retaining moisture. I have found white sand very suitable, as its contrasting colour allows the puparia and anything that emerges from them to be seen easily. A reasonably large tube is desirable— 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 I use the 3” x 1” variety—to allow the adults room to exercise and develop properly on emergence. Some form of identification mark on the tubes (or their corks) is necessary, so there can be no confusion about the origin of any resulting adults. On emergence adult flies or parasites should be transferred to dry tubes, as they would soon decay if they died in contact with moisture. It is better to allow bred insects to die naturally, as prematurely killed specimens are liable to shrink and become distorted. Mounting of Adults Adult Agromyzids should be “pointed” on one of the smaller sizes of micropins, which should then be staged on polyporus strips or card. It is fairly easy to pin fresh specimens from beneath so that the tip of the point of the micropin only just pierces the mesonotum. But if the speci- mens have become hardened and brittle they should be pinned laterallly, as the bristles of the mesonotum will snap if they are pinned from below. Small parasitic Hymenoptera are best gummed to the tip of a pointed card. The adhesive should be smeared over the card and the insect then laid on it—adhesive must not be allowed to spread itself over the insect. Care should be taken to ensure that the head is over the edge of the card so that the mouthparts can be examined. Empty puparia should be gummed to the card or polyporus strip used for staging. It is not advisable to pin them as they will work loose. The empty puparium can sometimes be a very valuable piece of evidence, and it should never be discarded. It is possible to reconstruct most of the characters of the larva from the puparium—including the cephalopharyn- geal skeleton, which remains intact inside the puparium after the adult has emerged. With bred parasites the mounting of the host puparium is, I think, essential as a check to the data given. Without the puparium it is not possible for any future worker to make an objective check on the validity of a record, if it turns out to be controversial. Labelling All relevant data should be included on the label with a bred specimen. This data should include the date of collection (of larvae or puparia), date of emergence, locality, host-plant, the identity of the specimen and (for parasites) the identity of their dipterous host. I think it very important not to neglect labelling, as the trouble taken in breeding is largely negated if the details are not recorded on the labels. I do not think it satisfactory to keep the data elsewhere (e.g. in a breeding-book) as it will inevitably one day become separated from the specimens. The Herbarium A satisfactory herbarium of leaf-mines can be compiled without any special equipment. Fresh mines can be laid between sheets of fairly absorbent paper, and, providing that there is a little pressure on them, they will dry satisfactorily. After they have dried they can be mounted with selotape inside a folded sheet of paper—I prefer duplicating paper as it is absorbent and will remove any remaining traces of moisture. The appropriate data can be written on the outside of the sheet, and the sheets then stored in folders according to the various botanical families. Larval and Genitalial Preparations A similar technique can be used for preparing both larval and genitalial preparations—the basic procedure is:— BREEDING LEAF-MINING FLIES AND THEIR PARASITES 205 (a) Boiling in sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide for about 10 minutes. (b) Immersion in glacial acetic acid for two or three minutes. (c) Removal to alcohol or clove oil. (d) Mounting in canada balsam or eupara!] The (a) stage serves to dissolve soft tissue which would prevent proper examination of the important characters. The (b) stage neutralises traces of the caustic substances used in (a) and begins dehydration. The (c) stage completes dehydration so that the preparation is ready for permanent mounting. . Other points to notice are:— Larvae: Before boiling it is necessary to split the skin in two or three places to allow penetration of the caustic. After the boiling stage the skins should be placed on a slide blank in water and pounded with a brush until the remains of the gut are removed. If this cannot be removed easily, it means that the skins have not been boiled enough. Agromyzid larvae will always be mounted laterally (because they are laterally compressed), but it is often useful at this stage to turn the last abdominal segment so that the hind spiracles can be seen in dorsal view. This is done by splitting off the last segment from beneath, leaving it attached dorsally only, so that it can be turned at right angles to the rest of the skin. Larval preparations can be made more attractive and easier to work with by staining, though this is by no means essential. The method I have used (following Professor E. M. Hering) is to remove them, after their introduction to alcohol at stage (c) above, to a solution of Magenta-Red in 95% alcohol, for about three days, followed by a washing in clean alcohol to remove surplus colouring matter, and immersion in Orange G. for about five minutes. A good preparation will be pale orange in colour with the chitinised parts, tubercules, spiracles, etc., well contrasted due to their retention of the red stain. Genitalia: The whole abdomen should be removed for making prepara- tions of the male genitalia. If the specimens concerned are old and very britt'e it may be necessary first to relax them by placing them in a con: tainer containing wood naphtha vapour for 5-10 minutes. The skin of the abdomen should not be removed until the preparation is ready for mounting, as it protects the delicate inside parts during hand- ling. The ninth tergite (external) is attached to the internal V-shaped ninth sternite (internal) and may be left attached or removed as desired. Care should be taken when removing the abdominal skin not to overlook the ejaculatory bulb. Storing of Preparations: Larval preparations are best mounted on 3” X1” slides and stored in slide boxes. Genitalial preparations should be mounted on the pin with the original specimen. A convenient system which I use for mounting genitalia is to have 3” x1” cards made with a 3 diameter circular hole at one end. The preparations are mounted over this hole between two coverslips (I find ‘“Durofix” a suitable adhesive for joining the card to the coverslip) of a diameter a little larger than the hole, and the cards are then stored in normal slide boxes. While I am working with the preparations this arrangement is very convenient: later the cards are cut down to a suitable size around the preparation and are mounted on the pin with the original specimen. 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 REFERENCES Ferriére, Ch. & Kerrich, G. J. 1958. Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea (part). Hand- books for the Identification of British Insects, VIII, 2 (a): 1-40. London: Royal Entomological Society. Griffiths, G. C. D. 1956. Host Records of Dacnusini (Hym., Braconidae) from leaf-mining Diptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 25-30. Hendel, F. 1931-6. Agromyzidae, in Lindner, E., Flieg. pal. Reg., 59: 1-570. Stuttgart. Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf-miners: 1-420. ’s-Gravenhage: Junk. . 1957, Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa. ‘’s-Gravenhage : Junk. (in three volumes). Nixon, G. E. J. 1943-54. A Revision of the European Dacnusini (Hym., Braconidae, Dacnusinae). Hnt. mon. Mag., 79: 20-34, 159-168; 80: 88-108, 140-151, 193- 200, 249-255; 81: 189-204, 217-229; 82: 279-300; 84: 207-224; 85: 289-298; 90: 257-290. Olroyd, H. 1949. Diptera, Introduction and Key to Families. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, IX, 1: 1-49. London: Royal Entomo- logical Society. 88a Avondale Avenue, East Barnet, Herts. 19th May 1962. Current Literature JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ Society, 15, No. 3 (21,iii,1962)—Con- tains a long paper by Paul Opler and J. A. Powell on the taxonomy and distribution of the Western American components of the Apodemia morno complex, with a half-tone plate. Noel McFarland contributes notes on a Dartis sp. (? howardi) with photographs of the larva and pupa. Shigeru Albert Ae writes on interspecific hybrids in black swallowtails in Japan with two half-tone plates of larvae, pupae and imagines. R. W. Holzman writes on collecting Sphingidae with a mercury vapour lamp, and T. E. Emmel writes on collecting in the Gomez Farias region of southern Mexico, while the field collecting article is by Norman B. Tindale on the use of Chlorocresol crystals for the preservation of catches in the field in condition for setting without further relaxing. The number finishes with further notes on recent literature. No. 4 (19.vi.1962)—Opens with some taxonomic notes on some Neartic Rhopa- locera, dealing with the Papilionoidea, by C. F. dos Passos. bi gel ey Clinch writes on the Lycaenid Panthioides m-album with text figures of larval and pupal anatomy and Richard Hertzman on the life history of the Saturniid Adelocephala quadrilineata Grote & Robinson with a drawing of the larva. B. O. C. Gardiner writes on the emergence and longevity of Catocala fraxini L. and the field notes are by G. W. Rawson 01 the rediscovery of the Lycanid Eumaeus atala Rober. in southern Florida, with figures of ova, larvae, pupae and imagines, together with details of the genitalia. The presidential address of Takashi Shirozu is o1 the study of immature stages and food plants. The number closes with further indexing of recent literature. ALEXANOR II, No. 5 (1962).—Has a note by M. Lafitte on the Satyrid Meclanargia russiae Esp. from the Pyrénées Orientales. C. Herbulot continues his list bringing the French Geometridae up to date. Thce articles by Jean Bourgogne deal with some errors in stamps depicting entomological subjects, a further note in his list of the literature of tie Lepidoptera, this time on Claude Dufay’s Lepidoptera volume of his CURRENT LITERATURE =: - 207 land and water fauna of the Pyrenees Orientales, and a ‘note on-Cucullia argentea Hufn. C. Dufay has an article on French Noctuidae not men- tioned in Lhomme’s catalogue,: with a plate of 24 species. H. Marion continues his revision of the French Pyraustidae, with genitalia figures. Dr. R. Durand contributes a note on the presence of Clossiana titania lemagneni Plantron, and R. Olivier writes on breeding Callimorpha quadripunctaria F. lutescens Stand. ab ovo. ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN 22, No. 7 (1,vii,1962)—Has an article by G. van Rossem, H. C. Burger and C. F. van de Bund on harmful arthro- peda in the Netherlands in 1961. C. J. Fischer discusses the various works of Linnaeus. T. H. van Wisselingh writes on Macrolepidoptera in 1961, and W. J. Boer Leffef writes cn Diacrisia sannio L., Scotia puta Hiibn., Mesotype virgata Hufn. and Aspitates ochrearia Rossi. in the Dutch Island of Schouwen. No. 8 (1,viii,1962)--Has an obituary notice of P. van der Wiel. M. P. Peerdeman writes a survey of the flights of Anthrographa gamma L. from March to November 1961 with a chart which makes interesting comparison with records in this country during that period. W. M. Herbulot writes on some Tachinidae bred from Geometrid larvae from the Arnhem district, some of which are new to the Dutch list. ZEITSCHRIFT DER WEINER ENTOMOLOGISCHEN GESSELLSCHAFT 47, No. 1 (15,1,62)—Leo Schwingenschluss writes some notes on H. Zerny’s “Lepidopterifauna von Albarracin in Aragonien”. Dr. L. Issekutz con- tributes notes of similar periods in July 1959, 1960 and 1961. Hans Reisser writes Part V of his work on the Sterrhinae. No. 2 (15,ii1,1962).— F. Kasy writes on the systematic position of the Gelechiid Chilopselaphus podolicus Toll with figures of the wing pattern and anatomic details. Jacques-F. Aubert writes a revision of Asiatic Xanthorhée (Odontorhée) tianschanica Alph. group including the description of a new genus and a new species, with four plates of adult insects and genitalia dissections. Franz Eichler records Celerio vespertillio Esp. at light. No. 3 (15,iii,1962). —Opens with a note by W. Glaser on the appearance of Scoliaula quadrimaculella Boh. as a species new to the Austrian list: The deter- mination is by J. Klimesch. There is an obituary notice of Karl Predota. Jacques-F. Aubert continues his Xanthorhde (Ordontorhée) tianschanica Alph. group revision, followed by migration notes by Karl Mazzucco, and finished with the customary book notes. No. 4 (15.iv.1962). —Has an account of our friend Joseph Klimesch by Hans Reisser on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. Jacques-F. Aubert finishes his Xanthorhé6e paper, and Charles Boursin describes a new Cosmia species from the Balkans and Asia Minor which he names rhodopsis. There are two plates illustrating the species and its allies, together with geni- tlia dissections. The number ends with book notes. No. 5 (15 May 1962). —Has the opening of an account of the Macrolepidoptera of the Stubach valleys in the Saltzberg district, with a map and two plates of views of the terrain. This is by E. W. Feichtenberger. Leo Sieder describes a new parthenogenetic Psychid Reisseronia gertrudae with a plate, and text figures of anatomical details. Charles Boursin writes on Lithophane semibrunnea Haw., describing a new subspecies wiltshirei from Iraq. There is a plate illustrating the species and subspecies. 208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 MICROLEPIDOPTERA PALEARTICA.—I have received from Dr. Amsel,. the brochure describing this projected publication. It is proposed to bring out a volume each year, starting in 1963/64 with the Crambinae by Dr. Bleszynski and Ethmiidae by Dr. Sattler. This work is intended to carry coloured illustrations of all species by Dr. Gregor, whose watercolours of Lithocolletidae, which have appeared with his papers, are beyond praise. The text will be in German, with the general introductions in English, French and Russian. There is an imposing list of first class entomologists, specialists in their particular families, who will write up these families, and it is not intended to adhere to any order of families, but to publish the works, a volume each year, as they become available. The subscrip- tion price is set at D.M. 180 (U.S. $43), rising to D.M. 220 (U.S. $52, after the closure of the subscription list). The editors are Dr. H. G. Amsel of Karlsruhe, Dr. F. Gregor of Brno, and Hans Reisser of Vienna, who will doubtless be pleased to hear from intending subscribers.—S. N. A. J. BEETLES, by Ewatlp REITTER, Paul Hamlyn, London. 200 pp. + 60 coloured plates, £5 5s 0d.—The reviewing of this book presents some problems; the letterpress is a most interesting survey of the world’s coleoptera, designed to inspire the beginner, and it includes the anatomy, an explanation of the metamorphosis, nomenclature and classification, to- gether with notes on breeding. The plates are of superb quality, and these are followed by an outline history of the study of beetles from the days of Aristotle to the present day. The whole makes a sumptuous aperitif for the budding coleopterist who may be the happy possessor of a rich relative. The problems referred to, arise from the combination of the letter- press and the plates. The letterpress would be of great interest to the young (and not so young) coleopterist, and could be produced in an octavo size for a few shillings; the excellent plates, which are really the reason for the publication of this book are of the “(Coo Look” nature, illustrating only showy species, and the work of the photographer is obviously given precedence over that of the coleopterist. The photgraph of the larva of Megasoma gyas Hbst. occupies a full page and shows a remarkable depth of focus for such a magnification, but from a scientific aspect, half or even one quarter the size would have done quite well. A coleopterist would say that sixty plates could well illustrate over 2,000 species, but when dealing with the world’s coleoptera, even this figure is a mere drop in the ocean, so perhaps we should let the matter stay as it is and acclaim a magnificent picture book.—S. N. A. J. NATURE CONSERVANCY—EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS Research is now being done by the Nature Conservancy on the side effects of toxic chemicals on the British fauna. The entomo- logical societies are represented on the Conservancy’s Entomological Liaison Committee. which is kept informed of the _ progress of this research, and all entomologists are asked to help in keeping the review of this subject up to date by recording new developments in their areas in the use of toxic chemicals which may harm the insect fauna of hedges, ditches, roadside verges, etc. Observations should include time, place, name of spray, method of application and brief description of habitat affected, and should be sent to Dr. N. W. Moore, Toxic Chemicals and Wild Life Section, The Nature Conservancy, Monks’ Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (55) close intervals along the side of the road on blackthorn, hawthorn, and wild rose, from the nearside of Queensferry Bridge to the outskirts of Queenborough”. And he adds that ‘on May 20, a rough calculation suggests that the number of larvae must have exceeded half a million”. Owen (Entomologist, 82:233) noted larvae in vast swarms in Sheppey in 1949, and that they were most in evidence in the south-east corner of the island. In May 1950, I noticed that the larvae were very abun- dant on hawthorn hedges in Sheppey, between Leysdown and Harty Ferry, but were obviously being considerably reduced, owing to the numbers of Cuckoos that were feeding upon them (C.-H.). VaRIATION.—Vallins (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 47) exhibited a ¢ with orange tail, bred from Dungeness larva taken 1948; and Morley (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 38) exhibited a d taken at Folkstone, 1930, having both the “body and antennae orange’. A <6, in J. W. C. Hunt coll., taken St. Peters (div. 9), July 18, 1937, is the holotype of ab. fumosa C.-H., a form in which the white is tinged throughout with smoke-grey. Specimens bearing a few isolated black dots, ab. punctella Strand, occur fairly frequently; but ab. punctigera Teich, in which the spots are more numerous and form rows, only occurs occasionally. I have 11 gd, 3 9° of the former, but only 2 ¢¢ of the latter; all bred with some thirty normal specimens in 1946, from wild Dungeness larvae (C.-H.). A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that he bred several black spotted dd from Herne Bay pupae, and that at Sandwich, he took a few dd, August 9, 16, 1939, all of which had black spots. jin, B.C.K.,..are. ab. fumosa. .C.-H., 9, Folkstone, June, 1900, 5S. G. Hills; ab. xanthorrhoea Oberth., two gd, bred July 25, 26, 1946, Good- son. First REcoRD, 1782: “The attention of the public has of late been strongly excited by the unusual appearance of infinite numbers of large white webs, containing caterpillars, conspicuous on almost every hedge, tree, and shrub, in the vicinity of the metropolis” (Curtis, A Short History of the Brown-Tail Moth, 3). The first definitely Kentish record, however, dates from 1828: Gravesend (Stephens, Haust., 2: 66). 1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams, et al. (1942). -E. similis Fuessl.: Gold-tail. Resident.! Hedgerows, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, blackthorn, rose, elm, oak, apple, pear, Spanish chestnut, sallow, willow, Viburnum latana, Hippophae rhamnoides. Frequent, and found in all divisions. “Generally abundant’ (V.C.H. (1908)). Barrett (Ent. week. Int., 7: 75) noted an imago in “fine condition”, at West Wickham, October 4, 1859; and D. F. Owen (per Rothamsted), recorded that he took a perfectly fresh specimen at Eynsford, September 27, 1947; seemingly both instances of a partial second generation. The species is subject to marked numerical fluctuation; but there is no confirmed record that its numbers ever reach such vast proportions as its congener chrysorrhoea. Fenn (Ent. week. Int., 10: 197), recorded that in Lee neighbourhood, though “usually a pest”, it was in 1861, “practically absent’; in the same area (in 1894), it was recorded as having become “very greatly reduced in numbers” (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 6: (56) ENTOMOLOGISTS’ RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ VII/1962 230); and a few years later was described as “rare” there (Green, Trans. W. Kent nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 15). Dadd (Ent Rec., 11: 223), found the larvae of both similis and chrysorrhoea in the “greatest profusion”, at Deal, June 24-25, 1899, feeding on sloe and H. rhamnoides; and Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1910 (19)93), reported that the larvae were a pest on fruit in Kent, in 1909. The larva occurs perhaps most frequently on hawthorn and sloe, though is often found on other trees. Kidner (Diary) wrote that at Sid- cup, October 10, 1909, he found two groups of larvae with about eight in each group, on the undersides of sallow leaves; and that he also noted the larva at this locality in June 1914 on willow. Theobald (J.S.—E. Agr. College (Wye), 1899 (8)46), reported that in 1898, hosts of these larvae were seen towards the end of June in Kent, feeding ravenously on the foliage of Spanish chestnut; and the same recorder (op. cit., 1910 (19) 94), states that at Dene Park, Tonbridge, apple trees were infested with the larvae, which were actually feeding on the fruit. A larva collected from V. lantana, at Eynsford, produced a 9, 1948 (J. F. Burton); and Gomm (Diary), observed that in a lane at Minster (div. 9), he found six cocoons, July 19, 1915, spun up in chinks of bark of elm, from which imagines emerged July 28-August 3, 1915. VARIATION.—The nymotype is the most numerous form in Kent, but ab. auriflua Hb., is apparently fairly frequent (C.-H.). There is occasionally considerabie variation in size; thus, de Worms (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1929-30: 33) records a 6, taken near Tonbridge, August 26, 1925, with al. expanse 23 mm.; and I havea Q that I took at Hoads Wood, August 11, 1955, measuring 49 mm. (C.-H.). A striking ¢, “with considerable dark scaling on forewings”, taken Orlestone Woods, August 24, 1960 (West, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 55), is referable to ab. nigrostriata Cockayne. First RECORD, 1858: Deal (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 4: 141). 1Also classed as a migrant or suspected migrant by Williams et al. (1942). Arctornis I-nigrum Mull. (v-nigrum F.): Black V. Probable immigrant. Three examples only, all before 1830. The date of the earliest recorded occurrence in the county is not known, but must have been before 1826, for in the preceding year, Curtis (Br. Ent., 68) stated that the larva fed on lime and “the moth has been fcund upon that tree the middle of August, in the neighbourhood of Darent, Kent. In 1828, Stephens (Haust, 2: 64), referring to the few examples known to him, added: “Another specimen, I believe, was taken at Bromley, in Kent, in August 1827, and is in a collection at Birmingham”. Presumably this is the same specimen as that mentioned in Curtis’s M.S. Register on the authority of Samouelle (per Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 40: 193) as from “Bromley, Kent”. The only other Kentish l-nigrum known, is that recorded by Morris (Br. Moths, 1: 78), who wrote: “A locality for this species is Sole-Street House, near Faversham, Kent, where one was taken by my school-fellow, Henry Hilton”; and added: “It was for some time in my collection, and is now in the cabinet of Mr. Abraham Edmunds of Worcester, who had it from me”’?!. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (57) First RECORD, 1825: Darenth neighbourhood (Curtis, Br. Ent., 68). 1Morris (loc. cit.) states that Hilton took the specimen in his school holidays: the date of capture must therefore have been about 1825, for according to Crockford’s Clerical Directory for 1858, both men graduated at university in 1833. Leucoma salicis L.: White Satin. Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration!. Marshes, waysides, etc.: on Populus calix. Recorded from all divisions (except 5, 6a). Frequent in low-lying coastal areas of 2, 4, 15; doubtful if permanently resident elsewhere; few records for 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14. The species is sometimes abundant very locally, particularly in its early stages. Mathew (Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 18) records that at Sheerness Dockyard in 1870, the poplar trees were almost stripped of foliage, and thousands of pupae were present in clusters of a dozen or more; else- where in Div. 2, H. C. Huggins (in. litt.), writes that the larvae swarmed on one or two willows by Gravesend Hospital, c.1905. Fenn (Diary), noted larvae in profusion at Deal (div. 4), July 5, 1891; and Heitland (Ento- mologist, 31: 221), recorded that it was plentiful in all stages at Appledore (div. 15), in July 1899. During the present century, salicis has probably been most regularly observed in div. 15, at least since the 1920’s. There is a record of A. M. Swain that he took a number at Littlestone in 1901, and at this same locality, many larvae were noted by R. F. Bretherton on July 2, 1954. A. M. Morley (in litt.), writes that at Dungeness, there is a permanent colony, which was first noticed by him in 1929; since when, larvae and imagines have been seen by many observers, both at Dungeness and elsewhere on Romney Marsh. Dungeness, many at light, July 19, 1945 (A. M. Morley); several, July 1959 (C. R. Haxby). In most, if not all other divisions, except 2, 4 and 15, the species is apparently seldom numerous, and only intermittent in its occurrence. A. J. L. Bowes states that at Herne Bay (div. 3), a flourishing colony was found on poplars in Station Road in 1930, but were not in evidence the next year, and no more was seen of the species until a ¢ came to light, July 31, 1935. W. L. Rudland records that the moth only occurred twice at m.v., at Willesborough (div. 12), during the period that it was operated from 1954-56, i.e., July 1, 20, 1956; and but once at m.v. at Wye (div. 12), from 1953-56, i.e., July 2, 1953. In Folkestone, A. M. Morley only noted nine at m.v. from 1951-61, with maximum of two in 1955 and 1958, and none in 1951,1957 , 1959 and 1961. In the Lewisham area 1945-47, D. F. Owen gave it as “very local and usually rare’, and that larvae found in 1946 at Abbey Wood Marshes (div. 2), and Lee (div. 1), were all ichneumoned. There are numerous records of the larva on poplar; probably mostly on black poplar, though few specify this. It has also been noted on Lom- bardy poplar (Chaney (1884-87)); on “weeping willow” (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 188); one, on white poplar, Postling Wents, near Hythe (div. 12), July 11, 1953 (A. M. Morley), and on sallow at Dungeness (C.-H.). 6. Eynsford, pupa (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1904-05: 32). Pinden (E. J. Hare). 7. Burham Down (Trans. Kent Fld. Cl. 1961: 1:129). 8. Folkestone Warren (Ullyett (1880)). Dover (E. & Y. (1949)). (58> ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 10. Brasted. occasionally (R. M. Prideaux). Sevenoaks, larva on poplar trunk, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). 13. Tunbridge Wells, two, 1959 (L. N. Tesch). 14. Tenterden (Stainton, Man.). VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is a @ ab radiosa, Gordon Smith, N. Kent, August 1922, L. W. Newman. First Recorp, 1858: “Excessively abundant on a row of poplars, on Chatham Lines” (Crozier, Nat. Hist Rev. (Proc. Dublin Univ. zool, Bot. Ass.), 5: 128). 1Cockayne (Entomologist, 65: 284) suggests the possibility of reinforcement by occasional immigration. The species is also classed as a migrant or SuSs- pected migrant by Williams et al. (1942). Lymantria dispar L.: Gipsy. Probable immigrant. Hedgerows, woods, etc.; on hawthorn. At least fifteen dispar have been recorded from Kent, including five that were bred from feral larvae. The earliest known occurrence is of a worn 9, taken by W. C. Chaney in Wigmore Wood (div. 7), c.1856 (Chaney (1884-87)). Since then it has been noted as follows:—1860: Near Ashford, taken by A. W. Mera (Mera, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 18). 1870: Chattenden Roughs, 3, taken by J. J. Walker, July 25 (Chaney, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 50). 1885: Bexley, one taken in 1885, exhibited by Allbuary at Haggerston Entomological Soc., November 12, 1885 (Ent. mon. Mag., 22: 166). N.d.: Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). 1888: Deal, two gd, two 929, bred from feral larvae (Tulloch, Entomologist, 60: 164). 1899: Folkestone Warren, a 4, reared August 20, 1899, from a larva casually collected in July from a hawthorn hedge (Hills, Ent. Rec., 11: 345) (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1916-17: 4, 45), is in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) (C.-H.); Sandgate, a ¢, at light, August 3 (Green, Ent. Rec., 11: 306), is in my coll. (C.-H.). 1950: Cliftonville, Margate, ¢, taken by W. D. Bowden, July 10 (Bowden, Entomologist, 84: 60). 19511: Dover, dg, taken by G. H. Youden, at m.v., July 31 (Youden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 47; idem, Entomologist, 84: 261). 1961: Foikestone Town, g, at m.v., August 29, taken by A. M. Morley (A. M. Morley). [N.d.: Adam’s Well near Langton, Tunbridge Wells, one, A. L. H. Townsend; Tonbridge, one, A. D. Reed (Knipe (1916); Given (1946)). Note: R. H. Rattrey (Entomologist, 53: 19), records that he had the species in captivity at Tonbridge. ] First Noricez, c.1856: Wigmore Wood (Chaney, Rochester Nat., 1885: 1 (7)119). 1Jt is noteworthy that in 1951 the species was abnormally abundant in France (cf. Dannreuther, Entomologist, $5: 156; Muspratt, op. cit., $5: 263). L. monacha L.: Black Arches. Native. Woods, copses; on oak. Mainly Wealden; probably casual in 9. 1. West Wickham, larva, 1859 (Latchford, Ent. week. Int., 6: 123). West Wickham and Hayes (Birchenough, fide de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 126). Petts Wood, rare (S. F. P. Blyth); one ¢, 1947 (E. Evans); 1949, frequent, larvae on oak (A. M. Swain). Dartford, two gd, August 24, 1946 (B. K. West). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (59) 3. Near Canterbury*, one bred from a larva taken off sugar, 1871 (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Blean Woods, a larva, June 3, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). Near Herne Bay, 9, 1926 (D. G. Marsh coll.). Chestfield, near the golf-course, “one bred and another on oak trunk” (P. F. Harris in lets): 4. Ickham, one, August 23, one August 24, 1954 (D. G. Marsh coll.). 6. Eynsford, one on larch trunk, August 19, 1933 (Blair, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 32). | 6a. Darenth Wood.—(Stephens, Haust., 2: 57); “Mr. Desvignes has taken it at Darent” (Curtis, Br. Ent., 767); one, 1861, seventeen larvae by various collectors, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); one larva, June 14, 1868, parasitized by two worms (Standish, Entomologist, 4: 98-99) (from the description they appear to have been nematode worms (C.-H.)). Cobham Woods, one, by J. J. Walker, July 28, 1870 (Chaney (1884-87)); one, 1882, one, 1889 (Pye, Rochester Nat., 1896: 2 (51), 352); August 4, 1919 (F. T. Grant). 7. Westwell, four at light, August 18, 1934 (A. M. Morley); August 13, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); “very common lately” (E. Scott, verbatim, 19.xii.1954). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Folkestone [Reinden Wood], <6, 9, taken by J. W. Walton, c. 1898 (A. M. Morley). Moderately common, Waldershare and Woolwich Wood; Barfreston (E. & Y. (1949)). Wye, September 2, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Near Canterbury, larva (H. C. Huggins). Gorsley Wood, larvae, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Dover, one, 1945 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Reinden Wood, <, at light, 1948 (A. M. Morley). 9. Minster, about four dozen ova found on oak trunk, October 9, 1914, from which imagines bred (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 10. Brasted, a few larvae (R. M. Prideaux). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Seal Chart, larva, June 20, 1948 (Howarth, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1948-49: 71). Sevenoaks, at light, 1948-49 (F. D. Green- wood). 11. Wateringbury (Goodwin MS.) (V.C.H. (1908)); imago, 1934 (J. Fremlin). Hoads Wood, three at light, August 31, 1931 (A. M. Morley). Tonbridge, several larvae on oak, 1951 (H. E. Hammond). Sevenoaks Weald, larva, July 7, imago emerged July 24, 1959; imago at m.v., August 17, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street Woods.—About fifty at light, July 26, 1934 (A. M. Morley); July 20, 1934, August 20, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); fairly numerous at light, though mostly ¢ 4; several 99 at m.v., late July 1951 (C.-H.); about 12 gd, August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby and J. Briggs). Chartham, one, 1949 (P. B. Wacher). 13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Tunbridge Wells.— QO, September 1885 (Bone, Entomologist, 18: 263); ¢, 1891 (Beeching, Ent. Rec., 2: 229). Broadwater Down, one (Knipe (1916)). Adams Well, near Langton, one beaten from oak (Given (1946)). 14. Hawkhurst (Melvill, Entomologist, 5 (74), ii). Sandhurst; Benenden (G. V. Bull). 16. Near Sandling Junction, 1929 (Morley (1931)). Sandling Park, ©, on oak trunk, August 25, 1942; Folkestone Town, two at m.v., 1952, 4, at m.v., August 30, 1954 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Tugwell (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 145) records a “very dark specimen’, that he bred from a larva taken at West Wickham; and a ¢ ab. taken by me at Orlestone Woods, July 1951, may (60) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 be described as having the ground lightly suffused with purplish-brown (C.-H.). A ¢ ab. in D. G. Marsh coll., bred Herne Bay, 1927, is referable to ab. nigrilinea Cockayne. The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—dorsomaculata Lempke, 3 ¢ 6, 6 2°, bred from larvae, Ham Street, 1937, one, 9, N. Kent, bred; medio- fasciata Lempke, ¢, bred from larva, Ham Street, 1937; eremita Hub., 336, N. Kent, A. W. Mera, bred 1914, 1915, 1916; atra von Linstow, 2 36, N. Kent, A. W. Mera, 1914, 1915. First REcorRD, 1828: Stephens, loc. cit. LASIOCAMPIDAE Malacosoma neustria L.: Common Lackey. Resident, perhaps reinforced by immigration. Bushy places, orchards, hedgerows, etc.; on sloe, apple, plum, sallow, elm, laurel. Found in all divisions, though seemingly with a preference for low-lying areas on or near the coast. Usually fairly numerous, and occasionally abundant, but subject to periods of rather marked scarcity. “Generally common; formerly too abundant in the larval state, but now much scarcer” (V.C.H. (1908)). There appears to be only one generation; but in 1879, a single specimen was noted at light at Lee on September 18 (Bower, teste Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 563), an exceptionally late date. In the past, neustria has sometimes reached considerable proportions, to be followed by an appreciable decline. Thus, Newman (Entomologist, 4: 104) writing of the metropolitan area in 1868, said that ten years previously his apple trees were annually devastated by it, but that since that period not one had been noted until the present year, when it was again swarming in his neighbourhood; and Fenn (Ent. Rec., 6: 230) re- ferring to the same area, observed that in 1894, “though formerly one of our greatest pests’, it was at the time of writing comparatively scarce. In 1918, Robertson (Entomologist, 51: 162) recorded a plague of larvae at Faversham, there being two or three nests on every apple and plum tree; and A. M. Massee informed me that in the orchards of East Kent during the 1920’s, the species became such a pest, that special prayers were said in Canterbury Cathedral for the preservation of the harvest (C.-H.). Though intermittent in many localities, in one area at least, notably Dungeness, the species seems to be permanently established. Morley (1931), in his well-known list, has: “Not common near Folkstone, but abundant at Dungeness”; to which I can add that over the past twenty- five years, I have myself found the larval nests with greater regularity at Dungeness than anywhere else in the county (C.-H.). It is an interesting fact that in direct contrast to the foregoing, R. M. Prideaux, who resided and collected at Brasted (div. 10) for nearly half a century, wrote (in litt., 1950) that he had never once seen neustria there; and the scarcity of its occurrence at m.v. at Wye and Willesborough, as noted as follows by W. L. Rudland, whose traps were run with great regularity, and who moreover kept a careful record of everything that appeared, are yet a further indication that the species may be more dis- criminating in its choice of habitat than has been generally supposed :— Willesborough, two, 1954, two, 1955, one, 1956; Wye, one, 1953, one, 1954, none, 1955-56. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (61) The larva has often been found on apple, plum, sloe, sallow. R. G. Chatelain has noted it on elm at Chattenden; and there is an interesting record of larvae having been found on an evergreen, laurel, by G. Andrews, at Cliftonville in June 1953, from which imagines were reared by W. D. Bowden. VARIATION.—I bred a long series from Dungeness larvae, taken June 16, 1951, and all collected from Salix repens: a few only were nymotypical, the majority being referable to ab. virgata Tutt, and ab. pyri Scop. (C.-H.). Hills (in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 549) notes that the batches from Folkestone Warren appear to have a preponderence of reddish-ochreous forms; and Tutt (Br. Lep., loc. cit.) states that large broods that he bred from Farn- borough were entirely fawn-coloured. The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—¢ d—virgata Tutt; cervina-virgata Tutt; pyri Scop.; vulgaris Bork.; rufa-unicolor Tutt; bicolor Sibille. @ Q—cervina-virgata Tutt; virgata Tutt; pyri Scop.; rufa-unicolor Tutt; bicolor Sibille; annularis Fourcroy, Bexley, one; confluens Selys; fracta Tutt, one, N. Kent, 1920. First RecorpD, 1865: Abbey Wood (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 563). This is the earliest positive reference to Kent that I have been able to trace, though the species was doubtless first noticed in the county long before. M. castrensis L.: Ground Lackey. Native. : Salt marshes; on Limonium vulgare, Artemisia maritima, Plantago maritima, Trifolium repens. 2. Appears to be spread over all the saltings from St. Mary’s Marshes in the west to nearly to Seasalter in the east. Formerly the distribution range was less restricted and extended west as far as Erith according to Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 20); to which may be added the record of Stainton (Man., 1: 156) that it occurred ‘fon the banks of the Thames below Erith. [de Worms (Lond. Nat., 1953: 127) has “Woolwich Marshes”, but without particulars or authority; also “off Erith’, where he says “it is still to be found”, but again gives no authority]. It is perhaps now extinct on Higham and Cliffe Marshes (frequently referred to under Gravesend in the old records), for which there appears to be no definite recorded occurrence since 1871 (cf. Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 544-545). The species is occasionally subject to intense fluctuation. Thus, Jones (in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 543) says that ‘in 1871 in a field on Cliffe Marshes ... the larvae could have been collected in thousands’; but in the same year Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 185) mentions that at Queenborough, he could only find a few starved and stunted larvae although usually abundant there; and Ingall (Zoologist, 1655) noted a similar absence in Sheppey in 1846. Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 34: 252) states that in Sheppey, the floods of November 1897 proved disastrous to both castrensis and the Geometrid Scopula emutaria Hubn. The imago is rarely seen wild. Walker took a 92 on a wall opposite a lamp post, Sheerness, July 1868; Jones took a @2 near Gravesend; Button noted one at Gravesend at light (Tutt, op. cit., 2: 542); and de Worms (Entomologist, 69: 133) took two 9° at light between Rochester and Sheppey, July 10, 1935. Recent records of castrensis are:—Harty, Sheppey, three nests of small larvae, on A. maritima and T. repens, May 14, 1950; Chetney Marshes, (62) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 three nests totalling about seventy half-grown larvae, June 20, 1953; Nagden Marshes, between Faversham and Seasalter, 20-30 full-grown larvae, July 17, 1953 (C.-H.). St. Mary’s Marsh, abundant, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). Faversham, June 26, 1955 (Marsh and Youden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. “Hist. Soc. 19507 ©16): 4. Herne Bay* (Daltry, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 545) (there is a short stretch of salt marsh, 1 m. east of Reculver, to which this may refer (C.-H.)). [(Pegwell Bay, one would expect both castrensis and Leucania favicolor Mathew to occur on the saltings here, but careful search has so far failed to reveal either.)] VARIATION.—In a series of some sixty specimens reared from larvae collected by me near Kingsferry, June 26, 1949, the nymotype pre- dominates, ¢ ab. albescens Ckne., ¢ ab. pallida Tutt., ¢ ab. intermedia Tutt., ¢ ab. bifasciata Tutt, occurred severally, together with two Q ab. taraxoides Bellier, two 9 ab. rufa-virgata Tutt, one 9 ab. unicolor Tutt, also a number of apparently un-named abs. (C.-H.). The following abs. and abnormal specimens from Kent are in R.C.K.: oS obsoleta Tutt; pallida Tutt; fasciata Closs, one, Sheerness, 1899; intermedia Tutt; brunnea Tutt; hilleri Standfuss; albescens Ckne., holo- type. @°9 taraxoides Bellier; virgata Tutt; rufo-virgata Tutt; venata Standfuss; unicolor Tutt; hilleri Standfuss. Also a halved gynandro- morph, left side d, bred Isle of Sheppey, August 7, 1842, T. Ingall (Entomologist, 28: 42). A number of other aberrations have been recorded, and were described and exhibited by Bull (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1938-39: 14, 22; op. cit., 1939-40: 18); several of these examples are in my coll. (C.-H.). First REcorpD, 1803: “Larva in Artemisia maritima in Insular Sheppey copiose D. Curtis—alibi rarissima” (Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 1: 128). Trichiura crataegi L.: Pale Eggar. Native. Woods, hedgerows; on hawthorn, sloe, oak, birch, Spanish chestnut, aspen. Chiefly Wealden, and mainly, if not wholly, off the chalk. 1. [Near Peckham in Kent (see First Record).] Birch Wood (Stephens Haust., 2: 43). West Wickham, larvae, June 1856 (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 91). Lewisham, 1847 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1915). Lee, one, on a lamp, September 5, 1862 (Fenn, Diary); larvae, 1875 (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Blackheath, one, taken at rest on a wall (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). Eltham, larvae, May 30, 1882 (Bower, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Near Eltham, few at light (Fenn, in Wool. Surv (1909)). 2. Gravesend.—1890 (R. Adkin, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 496); on street lamps, odd ones every year, 1903-06, two 1904 (H. C. Huggins). 3. Herne, one 1907; Faversham*, one, bred 1903 (J. P. Barrett coll.). 6. Dartford* (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 4: 23). Cuxton* (Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 497). Longfield 1867 (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54)ii). 6a. Cockham Wood, larva on blackthorn; larvae common on white- thorn hedges at Higham* and about Chattenden, 1875 (Chaney (1884-87)). Chattenden, larva, June 9, 1890 (Mera, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 495); larva, 1902 (H. C. Huggins). Near Darenth Wood* (Stephens, Haust., 2: 43). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Brook*, about eight at light, 1954 (C.A.W. Duffield, teste E.: Scott). 11. Bethersden, eight bred, 1928-30, bred 1940 (G. V. Bull). Hoads Wood, larvae, 1923 (Scott(1936)); larvae, 1951 (E. Scott); 9, 1954 (CW. L. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (63) Rudland); 1957, 1959 (P. Cue). 12. Ham Street Woods.—Scott (1936); Long Rope, larva, June 17, 1939, a few off oak and Spanish chestnut, May 1948, having a small whitish parasitical ovum attached to the skin externaily; imagines oc- easionally at light, but onlyQQ in my experience (C.-H.); larvae commoner than usual (de Worms, Entomologist, 83: 101); larva on birch, June 10, 1946 (H. King); imago, September 12, 1954 (de Worms, Ento- mologist, 88: 61); larva on aspen, June 3, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); ¢&, at m.v., Birchett Wood, September 16, 19538 (W. L. Rudland). Ham’ Street Village, 1957 (de Worms, Entomologist, 91: 152). Ashford, one on fence in the town, 1937 (Scott(1950)). Shadoxhurst, one, bred 1953 (le Ray, teste E. Scott). Willesborough, one, September 20, 1955, one, September 7, 1956; Wye, seven, September 5-14, 1953, one, September 22, 1954, two, September 1, 28, 1955, one, September 18, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells, scarce (A. D. Reed, fide E. D. Morgan). 14. Cranbrook, one, 1903 (Goodwin coll.) Near Woodchurch, larva, 1931 (Scott(1936)). 16. Folkestone Town, one, September 29, 1955 (R. W. Fawthrop, teste A. M. Morley); one, at m.v., September 20, 1957 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 43). VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. pallida Tutt, one, 9, labelled “Kent, 1898 (Smart). Also a halved gynandromorph, left side 9, labelled ‘Kent, B. 30.ix.09.”’ FIRST RECORD, 1720: The larva “ was found on an Oak near Peckham in Kent” (Albin, Nat. Hist. English Insects, facing plt. 82). It is not absolutely certain that this refers to crataegi, so that the first positive record dates from 1795: Dartford (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 4: 23). Poecilocampa populi L.: December Moth. Native. Woods, lanesides; on birch, oak, elm. 1. West Wickham (Machin, Ent. week. Int., 1: 91); four, November 23, 1947 (C.-H.). Bexley; Bromley; Erith; Lee; Crofton Park; Orpington; Eltham (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst (S. F. P. Blyth); larva, May 19, 1923 (A. R. Kidner). Dartford, not uncommon (B. K. West). Petts Wood, 1946, larvae on birch, oak (A. M. Swain); two, 1947, one, 1948, one, 1949 (E. Evans). Joydens Wood (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 127). Bromley, two, November 26, 1961 (D. R. M. Long). 2. Sittingbourne; Faversham; on street lamps (H. C. Huggins). 3. Herne Bay, one, c.1919 (A. J. L. Bowes). Chestfield (P. F. Harris). Canterbury, c.1948 (J. A. Parry). 5. Chevening, two, 1917 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, 1922, 1925, on street lamps (F. T. Grant). Fawkham (E. J. Hare). Meopham, fairly common, November 1959-61 (J. Ellerton). 6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record) (E. J. Hare). Chattenden (V.C.H., 1908); larva beaten from elm, June 1, 1925 (F. T. Grant). 7. Westwell (Scott (1936)); 1954 (C.-H.); forty-three, including both sexes, at porch light, 7.45 p.m., December 2, 1955 (Scott, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 49). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Reinden Wood (Morley (1931)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Wye, several jd, 1938 (C.-H.). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Dover (E. & Y. (1949)). 9. Margate, street lamp, November 24, 1931 (H. G. Gomm) (P. F. (64) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/1X/1961 Harris). 10. Brasted (R. M. Prideaux); 1912-13; larva, 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Sevenoaks, larva, 1919 (Gillett, Diary). 11. Wateringbury, few specimens 1895 (H. S. Fremlin); (V.C.H. (1908)). Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Shipbourne (Buxton coll.). Edenbridge, 1927- 28, 1930, larva, 1927 (F. D. Greenwood). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); c. 1952 (P. Cue). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, November 2, 14, 23, 25, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). 12. Ham Street (Scott (1936)); larvae on oak trunks in chinks of bark, May 1948 (C.-H.). Ashford (Scott(1950)). Willesborough, one, 1953, seven, 1955, four, 1956; Wye, 112, October 27-November 29, 1953, including 11 29 9; 36, October 31-December 1, 1954, including 4 9 9; 39, November 2-27, 1955; 380, November 4-December 6, 1956, including 151 on December 2 (W L. Rudland). Willesborough, two, 1958 (M. Singleton). Orlestone Woods, three larvae, 1959 (M. Singleton and D. Youngs). 13. Pembury (V. M. Sage). 14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst (W. A. Lawson). 16. Folkestone (A. M. Morley). First Recorp, 1828: Lanes about Darenth and Birch Woods (Stephens, Haust., 2: 44). Eriogasier lanestris L.: Small Eggar. Resident, perhaps native. Hedgerows, woods, bushy places; on sloe, hawthorn, birch. Local and uncertain in appearance!. Only recorded since 1923 from S.E. Kent, and apparently not observed at all since 1951. 1. Bostall Heath, batch of ova, April 23, 1865 (A. H. Jones, teste Fenn, Diary). Abbey Wood (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519), probably refers to the preceding record (C.-H.). Kidbrook; Burnt Ash Lane, Lee (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). Bexley Woods, ova on birch branch, April 8, 1871 (B. A. Bower, in Tutt. Br. Lep., 2: 506). Bexley district, abundant some years (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Farn- borough*, 1893 (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 2. Minster, Sheppey, two nests, 1923 (H. C. Huggins). 3. Herne, 1903, four 9° 9, bred by J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). 6. Darenth Wood*, not uncommon at times in the neighbourhood of Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 45). Between Darenth Wood and Dartford*, nine larvae June 22, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). Longfield, 1867 (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54) ii). Dartford*, two, bred 1888, in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) (C.-H.). Strood*; Cuxton* (Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519). Green- hithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Eynsford, larvae on sloe, June 30, 1891 (R. Adkin, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 518) (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 90; idem, op. cit., 1904-05: 31); four, bred 1905, B. W. Adkin, in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) (C.-H.) Wilmington*; Little Darenth* (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford Brent* (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 171). 6a. Chattenden Roughs, larvae not uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880); two taken by J. W. Walton, c. 1898 (A. M. Morley). Lyminge (S. G. Hills, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519). Dover (Tutt, Br. Lep., 2: 519); “once found round Dover, but has not been seen for several years” (E. & Y. (1949)). 10. Sevenoaks* (V.C.H. (1908)). 11. Maidstone* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 82). Wateringbury (Frem.in, ia uatt lOc. cit): 12. Shadoxhurst, larval nests near Shadoxhurst in 1929 and 1933 (Scott (1936)). Near Kingsnorth, larval nest on sloe, June 21, 1946 (E. Scott). THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries, edited by Prof. Dr. A. SEITZ Every known butterfly of the whole world is life-like represented in 10-14 colours and described scientifically. There is no similar work in existence. English, German and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16: Fauna exotica. Every volume may be had separately. A. KERNEN, publishers, Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80 HOTEL ACCOMMODATION Mrs. H. TULLY Craigellachie Guest House, Aviemore, Inverness-shire An Entomologist’s Mecca, highly recommended by collectors, 123 acres of woodland in which to use light traps. Adequate power points. Transport arranged to the famous Burma Road, etc. Write for Brochure. Telephone Aviemore 236. J. J. HILL & SON ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS Reconditioned SECOND-HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, etc., available from time to time. Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. ’Phone : WILLESDEN 0309 EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one 16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Waison, ‘‘Porcorum,”’ Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants. IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- ment will be made. E. S. A. BAYNES 2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire Wanted.—Lundbeck Diptera Danica, Vol. IV. Dolichopodidae (1912). Parent, Faune de France 35, Dolichopodidae (1938).—Cartwright Timms, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham 12. For Sale-—Mahogany Cabinet with Doors, in excellent condition, 32 drawers (glass lids), £32 10s—Humphreys, 38 High Street, Ruislip, Middx. Ruislip 6264. For Sale.—Complete set, Vols. 1 and I! of J. O. Westwood’s F.L.S. Famous “British Moth Books’, all the coloured plates intact (124). In very good condition, £12.—Mr. FE. Vinnicombe, 31 Dresden Road, London, N.19, Eng- land. Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight._I am preparing a new County list using a card index, and would be most grateful for records since 1906 of ALL species with FULL data (e.g. numbers of commoner species are important).—R. P. Knill- Jones, ‘““Brooklands’’, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. iu ne , h Ams F ‘ ( fi 2 i poe ‘ cra i 1 ii i 4 vi r Kit ‘ i , as { qv Pf R ¥ ha ' ; ‘ } artis OAL (a a ack aye Lily 4 . » i ‘ rene: Sains tee RANE seth bY RD Aare Me Moatatg'e ON TERA IR I iol Dit ’ aan : ‘ ‘ Bs. ‘ ; ae i oy j Mg Ms fa Fe ‘nn aa ‘ ig 1 3 VI4 % ‘ re 7 hu 1 pV ‘| SRY aA aeR 4 uty ee 4 a! Mi } ‘ 4 x \ 4 Poa Ae 4 } eh a ae Phe ay baie F 4 | ak Ea ta, i . { i. eee, ‘ ) - il ea ; ; ‘ f 3 hy " : i ‘ ' , - : vert ae ie, 5 { be: pay A, a A ) b ‘ . \ ~ me \ ri f j , " , ; iy . \e ~ , F i yy . 4 Uy ’ : ed : ; 2 ‘ bei ‘ cates tol hee ay , Weight Dr re gt, Eile t : \ p . I t rc es ¥ - j pie ee eter tias |] ‘ » o" . t i. 3 ‘ fal » . q 4 oe rey} ‘ tes , - : ce { ' 7 4 t v , 1 ' 4 . AUCTION pees ANNOUNCEMENT. The late CANON GEORGE WATKINSON COLLECTION (ist Portion). >! be sold, by auction, on THURSDAY, 25th OCTOBER, at 12.30 p.m. - prompt (viewing All Day Wednesday, 24th October, and Morning of Sale), ae Messrs Debenham, Storr & Co. Ltd., 26 King Street, Covent Garden, Wed: x Consisting of MORPHOS, rare and common species, many as pairs; 4 Caligo species, some 8 seperate lots; Casnia species, four distinct species; P. antimachus, (2) Ornithoptera, in large numbers, including rarities such as O. joiceyi, O. paradisea, O. alexandra, O. victoria regis, O. lydius, O. cuneifera, O. pegasus, O. trojanus, O. ritsenae, and many local Island forms, PAPILIOS in great numbers, sold in short series or by the half _ drawer, including P. homerus, A. lidderdalii, T. imperialis, P. ulysses and ' named vars of this species, P. stresemanii (3), P. weiskei, Delias species, - in numbers, Heliconius, long series, Catagramma, Callicore, Callithea, _ + very showy species, Parnassius group well represented, rare species, L. dispar, var. rutilus, bred series, Continental Blues, Fritillaries and Erebias, _ and Satyrid species, etc. Autso: Saturnid moths in series, and a great _ many drawers of Indian, African, North and South American Messier in series. ® BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. Part of the Rev. Canon Watkinson’s a representative collection will be offered, including the Sphingidae, Lasio- — oe campidae, Arctiidae, Notodontidae, and some WNoctuae, contained in 4 numerous ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS of 30 drawers, two 40 drawers, 20 drawers, two 12 drawers, and five cabinets with 8 drawers each, and one of 6 drawers, containing one of the finest and most complete col- lections of MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA ever offered by Auction. e Sale arranged and catalogued by: L. Hugh Newman, F.R.E.S., “The Butterfly Farm Ltd.”, 42 Salisbury Road, Bexley, Kent, England Cahn CRAYFORD 22686). EXOTIC INSECTS Ss Especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from India, Japan, Formosa, mc: \ West Africa, Australia, S. America, etc. a A large and varied selection of the following in stock— _ Lepidoptera—Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae, Nymphalidae, Lycaeni- a dae, Satyridae, Heliconiidae, Riodinidae, Morphidae, Brassolidae, Po Saturniidae, Chalcosiinae, Urantidae, ete. _ Goleoptera—Carabidae, Cicindelidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, Cerambyci- = dae, Curculionidae, Lucanidae, Scarabaedae, etc. Living stages of lepidoptera avaiable when in _ season include: Ova, Larvae and Cocoons of Saturniidae, etc. Papilio chrysalids, and — certain moth Pupae. = Price Lists sent free on request 4 RAN, BAXTER, 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, Engiand ail Orders only In your ahs ede mention ‘‘Entomological Record’’ LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET SPECIMENS B We specialise in living Lepidoptera and set specimens from this anes ee and overseas. We also stock equipment for breeding Lepidoptera and - some collecting equipment. Send for our illustrated catalogue and our ee ; catalogue of set specimens. a ; WORLDWIDE BUTTERFLIES LTD., ae ‘Seafields House, Charmouth, eho Dorset, England Legiiiptont: Dr. H. _B. Wee Q. C., cia LD. E D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F. R.E.S.; € ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. see E.R. E. 8.5 Fonseca, F. R. K.S. 4 CONTENTS © CHANGE AND DECAY. AN OLD Mori HUNTER . ~ ABNORMAL COLORATION IN CUCULLIA LYCHNITIS” RAYMOND F. HAYNES ... Soe STIGMELLA VOSSENSIS GRON. 1932 : AN UNKNOWN SP THE BRITISH ISLES. 8. N. A. JACOBS ... mi DIARSIA MENDICA F. (FESTIVA SCHIFF., PRIMULAE B ESP) HUBN. OR F. TURBIDA HUBN. B. a LEMPKE ... SCOTLAND 1962. Lets G. CHATELAIN and B. us Eat SKINNER . YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. RALPH L. Con. | GRIFFITHS, B. A., FR. ES. CURRENT LITERATURE . ‘ACCOUNT, AR od dee relics or "OHAMERS-IUNT ae All ae for the TEXT of he magazitio must the | at 54 Hayes. Lane, Bromley, Kent. , xe ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and. WANTS nite SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, irney St. Albans, Herts. — ee 12 copies, ae wretebee eS gratis to contributors of articles; these matter.. More formal apprise from Te-se = fro poten to the Ga ie corrected "but the Editor spill tiie stall ¢ ( Pant loss or damage. . eo "Printed by ae 3 = Shas i ecabades 1962 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.2.s. with the assistance of A. ALLEN, B.80., A.B.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGWwoopD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. EVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Hueeins, F.R.£.8. se rt L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. M. CHALMERS- UNT, F.R.E.8. . Symes, M. pe ajor A. E. Coniier, M.o., F.R.E.s. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.8. { t _ ANNUAL SUBSORIPTION 25s. POST FREE. Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, Ws as rae Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. ESESESTOBUSESEULTTSOSETESESOSUSOTSSESESOVOIOD SAMIR AIRS RTE IN TMP TEETER BY RY NS EU EOP AES SA AE A AR PET EEN ETE TIE EME PTE PUES EN LAE I ET RTT SET CELL I CTE I INT LS SS ESI EYL TPP CTE TN OSS EPA TY LAT VUICLY EECA F . i BRITISH PYRALID AND PLUME MOTHS BRYAN P. BEIRNE, M.A., M.Sc., Ph.D.; M.R.I.A., P.R.E.S., E.L.S., ae A descriptive history of all the British species of moths of the families Pyralidae, Pterophoridae and Orneodidae. The book summarises all that is known of these moths in the British Isles. The drawings of the moths, the keys describing the distinguishing features, and the line drawings illustrating the characters of each species enable specimens to be identified without difficulty. Emphasis is given to the natural history aspect. Everything that is known of the life history, habits and distribution of each species is summarised. The classification and nomenclature of the moths are brought in line with modern concepts. 405 figures of which 216 are drawings in full colour by S. N. A. Jacobs, F.R.E.S. 21s, net. THE CATERPILLARS OF BRITISH MOTHS W. J. STOKOE and C. H. T. STOVIN . In two volumes all the more important families of British Moths have been described and iliustrated, which will enable the reader to identify the various species and study the changes that take place in the life-cycle of these interesting and fascinating creatures. Included are the eggs, chrysalids and food plants. An article on Mendelism in Entom- ology by Dr. Stovin appears in Series 1. Yolume 1: 251 illustrations in full colour 451 illustrations in black and white Volume 2: 190 illustrations in full colour 596 illustrations in black and white Each 17s. 6d. net FREDERICK WARNE & CO LIMITED 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2 209 The Costa Del Sol, April 1962 By C. G. M. pE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. The Costa del Sol is a stretch of coast running eastwards from Gibral- tar some 70 miles to Malaga and thence further east along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, in fact, the greater part of the southern coastline of Spain. In April 1961, Mr. J. A. C. Greenwood had a most enjoyable and profitable collecting holiday in that area (vide Ent. Rec., 74: 72) and I was so taken with the lepidoptera that he brought back, that I was tempted to follow in his footsteps a year later. My object in writing up an account of my own experiences is to record my own observations on this delightful area and to elaborate on several of his own. I set out from London Airport at dawn on 18th April, and touched down at Gibraltar three hours later in mist and rain. A BEA ’bus con- necting with the ’plane took many travellers along the coast, putting them down at intervals at various hotels, etc. We travelled through un- dulating country of heathland, later interspersed with orchards of lemons, oranges and figs. We covered the 45 miles in three hours to my destina- tion, the Alhamar Hotel at Calahonda, situated on the edge of the sea in the middle of a forest of umbrella pines. This was the headquarters which Mr. Greenwood had found so congenial and productive. But I was soon to realise that I should not be encountering the wealth of lepidopterous life that he described. The day before I arrived it was so cold that there were fires in the hotel on this most southerly shore of the mainland of Europe. The first two days were very dull and cool, but I was able to explore the countryside which consisted of undulating slopes, mainly cultivated, but with a superb and rich flora with species of wild lavender and cistus, mainly on the edge of the pines. Two small ravines with steep banks ran inland crossing the very busy main coastal road. These were veritable suntraps, and were bordered by large olive groves. In spite of dull conditions, I was struck by the abundance of Pyrameis cardui L., with an occasional Colias croceus Fourc., and Pieris rapae L. But it was on Good Friday, the 20th that I was able to estimate the general local population of lepidoptera, both by day and night, as for the next four days over the Easter week-end, real summer warmth prevailed, with unbroken sunshine. It was soon to become obvious that not only was the season a very late one, but that insects were far scarcer than usual in these parts, and much more so than in the previous year. Though the countryside within a mile radius of the hotel was almost a carpet of wild flowers, it was at times possible to go quite a long way in full sun- shine without seeing a single butterfly or day-flying moth, a great contrast to Mr. Greenwood’s experience. But during this Easter week- end, several species appeared, though never in numbers. I was pleased to find that most attractive insect, Melanargia ines Hffsg., fluttering somewhat sporadically on the edge of one of the small ravines and in another colony on a small hill in the vicinity. It is much paler and more lightly marked than our Marbled White, and is only found in Southern Spain and North Africa, mainly Morocco. On the way to this hilly valley on 20th April, I netted several Euchloe belemia Esp. which were careering mainly over the open fields with an occasional E. ausonia 210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 Hbn. distinguished by its more mott.ed underside. Both were very diffi- cult to catch, except when settled. It was on the small hill already mentioned, which was covered with broom bushes, that I took the first Maniola pasiphae Esp., just appearing with their curious habit of flitting low down in ard out round those bushes which makes them quite hard to net, Euchloe euphenoides Stg., often so common in these southerly regions, was virtually absent, and even Maniola jurtina with its very bright females referable to f. hispulla, was quite rare. The fine garden of the hotel and its immediate surroundings hardly yielded any butterflies, and I saw no sign of either Lampides boeticus L. or Syntharucus telicanus Hbn., apparently so numerous there in 1961, but on the various species of vetch along the seashore were flitting lots of Polyommatus icarus Rott. On 24th April I made an all-day excursion by motor coach, covering some 90 miles to Granada. But the tortuous road from Malaga, over the mountain passes was mostly shrouded in mist, and as we approached Granada, our view of the Sierra Nevada was obscured by cloud and rain. The famous Generalife Gardens near the Alhambra Palace did not produce any insects owing to unfavourable conditions. On the 28th, I made another expedition to Ronda, again by coach. The winding road over the mountains, with a good many hairpin bends, was bordered with pines and slopes of flowering cistus bushes, but in spite of sunshine I hardly saw anything on the wing. Only when we were in the garden of the Hotel Reina Victoria, at Ronda, did I see several butterflies, including Pyrameis atalanta L., Papilio feisthameli Dup., now separated from P. podalirius L. which it replaces in that part of Spain. But both sped over the precipitous and sheer cliffs below the hotel, before capture was possible. April ended with some fine days after an interval of dull and wet ones, and I was once more able to replenish my series of most of the butterflies already mentioned, especially as such species as M. ines Hfisg. and M. pasiphae Esp. were now more plentiful, and on my last day, Ist May, at Calahonda, Pararge megaera L. appeared. During my fortnight I also paid special attention to the night-flying species. The tall, bright lamps round the hotel car park and at the entrances, which shone all night and were so productive for Mr. Greenwood, were the main source of attraction, though on several | occasions there were a number of visitors after dark to my bedroom lights. But I did not see anything like the abundance that he described, in fact not a single Sphingid appeared. Among the commonest moths were Coscinia cribraria L. in its pure white form candida, together with Thera firmata Hbn. in a very pale form, very different from that occur- ring in Britain. But only two Hoplitis milhauseri Fab. were seen, no doubt feeding on the nearby cork oaks, while the little grey Bryophila pineti Staud., which Mr. Greenwood said was in numbers on the pine trunks, only came very sparsely to the lights. An interesting capture at them were two examples of Drymonia querna Fab., rather larger than our own two Marbled Browns, and with pure white hindwings, a very handsome insect. Other moths of interest noted during the period in- cluded Eilema caniola Hbn., Eriopus juventina L., Cleophana diffluens Fab., and Eumichtis adusta Esp.; and among the geometers, Sterrha degeneraria Hbn. and S. eburnata Wocke, together with the emeralds Chlorissa faustinata Mill, and C. pulmentaria Guen., also Dyscia NOTES ON THE LARVA OF BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB. 211 lentiscaria Donz., and Earophila abruptaria Thunb. Several of the spiny larvae of Thais rumina L. were found crawling about in search of sites to pupate. I spent my last day, 2nd May, at Gibraltar in glorious weather, but little was on the wing, except a few Pararge aegeria L., Colias croceus Foure., and Pyrameis cardui L. on the wooded slopes of the Rock, a marked contrast to Mr. Greenwood’s account of the profusion of butterflies there. As will have been gathered, though this part of Spain is an ideal place to stay, and a first-class collecting area, I happened to strike a very lean and somewhat disappointing season of its lepidoptera. Three Oaks, Woking. 20.ix.62. Notes on the Larva of Bomolocha fontis Thunb. By H. SyMEsS For many years I have been wanting to extend my very poor series of Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (crassalis Fab.), but have always found it a diffi- cult moth to take in good, or indeed in any, condition. Only once have I taken it in the day-time, and that was near Newbury almost thirty years ago, and a poor specimen at that. The last time I saw it was one evening towards the end of June 1954, when the late Dr. H. King took me to Boldrewood in the New Forest, where we were joined by Captain R. A. Jackson. The moth begins to fly at dusk, and I remember wandering about through the bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) with a net in one hand and a Tilley lamp in the other, on the lookout for a pale shape that might or might not be fontis, and fervently praying not to trip up over a branch that had fallen from a beech tree overhead. I netted only one specimen myself, and believe our total bag amounted to no more than four or five, and these not all in perfect condition. And so when I was considering plans for the season during the long winter months, I determined to make a real effort to find the larva this summer. For in the end this might well be the easiest way to obtain the moth, and a bred specimen must be a beautiful creature. But nobody knew anything about the larva, except the name of its food-plant. To the best of my knowledge, none of my entomological friends, past or present had ever reared the little beast, or even seen it. Strangely enough it is not mentioned in Tutt’s “Practical Hints”, and there is no account of it in Buckler. What are its habits? Did it hide by day low down in the undergrowth and come up to feed at night? Or did it spin the terminal leaves of bilberry together and spend most of its time there? In this case it ought not to be difficult to collect a few larvae. I now know that it does neither of these things. On 4th September I drove to Boldrewood with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr. He told me that once, and only once, had he ever seen the imago in large numbers, but never a larva. I began by searching the bilberry, but soon found that this was getting me nowhere. To have any chance of getting the larva in this way, one would, I think, have to lie down and wriggle through the bilberry among the adders, a task only for the very youngest of entomologists. So I switched to beating, but this was a tricky business. Much of the bilberry had been cropped short, presumably by fallow deer, and it was impossible to bring the beating tray into action except in the 212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 case of the taller plants, most of which seemed to be entangled with bracken. However, it was not long before a larva appeared in the tray. It was quite unmistakabie. In rather over half an hour I got three more. By this time a succession of sharp showers had made the undergrowth sopping wet and brought my operations to an end. Meantime Mr. Carr had been beating trees of various kinds without much success, his best find being a larva of Apatele leporina L. in its last instar. When I showed him my modest haul of fontis larvae, he told me quite frankly that he had not expected me to get any at all, though he had tactfully refrained from say- ing so in advance. On 8th September I went back again to the same piace, and beating in dryer and much pleasanter conditions I collected eleven larvae in about an hour and a half. They were well distributed over the area and there was seldom more than one larva at a time in the tray, and never more than two. Most of the bilberry was growing in partial shade. I beat without success quite the finest bush I saw, and then knocked a larva from a scruffy little plant close by. The larva resembles that of Hypena proboscidalis L. very closely, but it is a brighter green than any of the latter that I have seen, and the hairs are not nearly so conspicuous as in the illustration in the o'd edition of “South”. When full grown it is about an inch long. On landing in the beating tray it stays perfectly quiet, but when transferred to a pill box it often indulges in a series of convulsive jerks, or rushes madiy round the box. If one opens the breeding cage and disturbs the larva feeding, it immediately “freezes”. It feeds by day and has a very small appetite, spending most of its time sitting quietly on the food-plant. Its colour matches the bilberry leaves so perfectly that I have found it difficult to detect one, even in a small breeding cage. Though it is not a Geometrid, its movements closely approximate to those of a typical “looper”. One of the larvae I obtained on 4th September spun up on the 8th in a top corner of its wooden cage, forming a whitish cocoon. As this is a late season, [ think it would be safe to assume that in a normal year the larva would be full fed by Ist September. All mine were in their last or penultimate skin. Finally a point of nomenclature. The beautiful snout is a queer enough name in English, but I have often wondered how such an attractive moth came to be saddled with its generic name, for Bomo!ochos is a perfectly good Greek word for an unpleasant lay-about who used to lurk around the altars begging for scraps from the sacrifices. 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. A suspected migration of Loxostege frustralis Zell. (Pyralidae). By J. S. TAYLOR Loxostege frustralis Zell. is well known in the Karoo districts of the Eastern Cape Province where its larva, commonly called the Karoo Cater- pillar, is a serious pest of the valuable and indigenous fodder-plant Pentzia incana, a member of the Compositae. It has been found on other indigenous plants as well and is widely distributed in South Africa, although little is known of its biology except in the Karoo. It generally occurs in large numbers after rains. NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT 213 While there is karroid country within a few miles of Port Elizabeth, it is unusual to find the Karoo Moth in numbers in the town, but on the night of 27th-28th March 1962 it was invaded by countless millions of the adults of L. frustralis. They were first reported from shop windows in the centre of the town and from railway trucks in the harbour area. Con- siderable public concern was evinced; many enquiries were received and the event was even announced on the radio. Lawns and gardens were found to be swarming with the moths, which arose in clouds as one walked along the grass verges of streets and roads, while many were to be seen at rest on the walls of buildings. The moths remained abundant through- out the day but the invasion disappeared as suddenly as it had come. By the early morning of the following day only an odd individual was to be seen, although the species was still said to be plentiful on the Hume- wood Golf Course, three or four miles to the south. Moths were also reported from the inland town of Uitenhage, some twenty-two miles from Port Elizabeth, but not so abundantly. On 27th March none were seen in the Addo district, a karroid area some thirty miles to the north. How- ever, there had been recent reports of damage from karoo districts further inland. The moths were of both sexes, in fresh condition, and generally per- fect specimens. They were certainly not of local origin. Such sudden invasions are typical of migratory Lepidoptera, and it would seem safe to assume that Loxostege frustralis is a migratory species. The three British species of Loxostege are at least suspected of being immigrants, and one of them L. sticticalis L., commonly known as the Sugar-beet Webworm in America, has been reported as migrating in large numbers under certain climatic conditions there. It has also been recorded as a migrant in Eastern Russia where flights of up to 155 miles have been known. Climatic conditions have an important influence on the incidence of L. frustralis in South Africa. At Port Elizabeth there had been a moderate to fresh S.E. wind (from the sea) for at least two days before the invasion; this changed to S.W. on the night of 28th March. Box 7011, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. 30.viii.62. Notes from the Isle of Wight By S. WAKELY The Island was visited by me at the week-end 23-24 June, 1962, and several of the species of lepidoptera found were of such interest that I decided to write these notes. My main object was to visit St. Helens, where I had found numerous empty spinnings of what I thought to be Caloptilia semifascia Haw. on maple in 1959 (Ent. Rec., 71: 279). After my experience in 1961 of finding sO many spinnings on maple at Cranmore which proved to be those of Euspilapteryx pyrenaeella Chret. (Ent. Rec., 74: 120-1), I promised myself a trip to St. Helens at an earlier date to check up the identity of the species occurring there. Accordingly, on 23rd June, I made the journey to Ryde, where I was met by Mr. J. Lobb, and together we went to St. Helens. The date was late, but chosen deliberately on account of the lateness of the season and the fact that Mr. Lobb had reported a fortnight earlier that no spinnings were visible on the maples at Cranmore. 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 We soon found the characteristic spinnings at St. Helens and verified that larvae were still feeding in them, so a good sample of the “cones” was collected. Moths emerged later at home from 10th to 15th July, and proved to be pyrenaeella, with the emergence of a solitary semifascia on 26th July, which date verifies the conclusion that the latter species is several weeks later in its occurrence than pyrenaeella. A larva of semifascia found at Box Hill, Surrey, this year on 21st July emerged on 29th August, and I would like to mention that semifascia larvae are widely distributed in the Box Hill area although the moth is rarely seen. To return to my account of the St. Helens visit, several tortricid pupae were found in spun leaves of maple, and from these I bred Epinotia trimaculana Don. and one Ptycholoma lecheana L., but it is not possible to state that the larvae of these species actually fed on the maple. In the afternoon we continued our Island journey via Sandown and Newport to Cranmore. Walking from the omnibus stov to Mr. Lobb’s house, we found several microlepidoptera larvae of interest to me. The roadside verges had large clumps of Pulicaria dysenteria growing on them and we soon found larvae of the common Coleophora troglodytella Dup. by looking on the undersides of leaves showing the characteristic brown blotches made by the larval feeding. Many years ago I found larvae of the very local C. inulae Wocke at Gurnard, a few miles away, and a search was made for this local species, and it was found to be almost as common as troglodytella. The larval cases of these two species have several very distinct differences. The case of troglodytella is carried at an angle from the leaf, whereas that of inulea is carried parallel to, and almost touching the leaf for its whole length. The full grown inulae case is also double the length of troglodytella, but if examined against a light, the posterior end appears to be empty. A number of larvae of C. conyzae Zell. were also found on the same plant. The cases of this species are much more robust looking than those of the other two species. After tea we prospected Mr. Lobb’s garden where more larvae of the three Inula feeding species were found. Larvae of Acrolepia granitella Treits. were also common on the Inula. The fresh mines of this species are not easily discerned on the plant, but their presence can be detected readily by the little heaps of black frass ejected from the lower portion of the mine. The brown older mines are very conspicuous, but are, of course, untenanted by the larva. After the light trap was switched on, we decided to beat the cypress trees in the garden and were rewarded by obtaining two larvae of Litho- phane leautieri Boisd. The larvae feed on the newest growths at the tips of the branches after dark, but owing to the formation of the cypress trees and the height at which the larvae feed, it is a difficult larva to obtain. Unfortunately both my larvae died when full fed some weeks later. | Larvae of Mecyna asinalis Hbn. were found on the. wild madder (Rubia peregrina), a common hedgerow plant at Cranmore. In June the larvae are full fed and may easily be found after dark feeding on the tops of the new shoots; they drop readily and in dense hedgerows are more easily seen than taken. The most interesting moth I saw among a lot of species taken that week in Mr. Lobb’s trap was a specimen of Apamea unanimis Hbn. During a walk on some heathy ground near the house, a much-rubbed specimen of Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn. was flushed and quickly netted. It YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED Fah 4) was good to see this local species again after a lapse of nearly forty years, when I used to take it in Parkhurst Forest and also in the Cranmore area. It is now established that E. pyrenaeella occurs at both ends of the Island, at localities nearly twenty miles apart, and it would not be sur- prising if it were found to occur in the south of the Island a!ong the Undercliff, whence there are already old records of the occurrence of C. semifascia. Genista tinctoria (Dyer’s Greenweed) is a rather common plant in the Island and it grows by the roadside at Cranmore as well as on heathy ground. Seeing larval spinnings on the shoots, I collected a number of these and was fortunate in breeding out one Agonopteryx atomella Schiff. together with a few of the very common A. costosa Haw. It was the first time I had succeeded in getting atomella as all previous efforts had only provided costosa. 26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. Yugoslavia Revisited By Raupu L. COE III MONTENEGRO REVISITED—THE VILLAGE OF KOLASIN The news had got around that I was leaving the following morning, and the wine-shop was crowded that evening while I was having my supper. The villagers wanted to have a last glimpse of the Englishman. Even while I was undressing later on some women were pulling aside the curtains of my open window. I blew out the candle and got into bed. But in the middle of the night I woke to find two women in my room. They had relit the candle and were making up the spare bed. I wondered what was coming next. They went out, and came back supporting a drunken man. They took off his coat and boots, pulled down the hed- clothes and pushed him into bed. Soon his snores were adding to the usual chorus of night noises. I had just settled down again to try and snatch some sleep when a cat came through the window, went berserk and clawed down the curtains, rail and all. Then it crawled under the other man’s bed and began mewing. I crawled after it and put it out of the door. Soon after dawn the bus for Zadar pulled up outside the wine-shop. I pushed my way in with the usual jostling crowd of peasants, and managed to get a seat. By the time we set off it was an almost solid jam of humanity. All along the route people were trying to scramble aboard, but it was physically impossible. When we reached Zadar I hurried to the hotel where I had stayed earlier, and was soon enjoying a wonderful breakfast of eggs, white rolls and butter, jam and several cups of tea. Then I went to the shipping office on the quay to book a passage on the next boat to Dubrovnik, which left at midnight. But it was closed, and a notice stated that it did not open until 11 p.m. Some Yugoslav offices keep strange hours. I reconciled myself to joining in a mad rush for tickets with the usual arguments at the counter and a last-minute dash for the boat. I spent the day sight-seeing, and towards the appointed time joined the crowd waiting outside the shipping office. The door was opened, and everyone pushed and shoved to get in first. It was a sultry night, and 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 by the time I had got my ticket perspiration was dripping off me. I got on the boat with only a few minutes to spare. It was a small, overcrowded vessel, very different to the spacious ‘Dalmatija’ on which I had travelled to Zadar. There was an immediate rush for the quite inadequate supply of deck chairs. I managed to get one and took it up on deck. But sleep was impossible with the unholy noise of children shouting and running about. Their parents made no attempt to quieten them. But they were mostly Yugoslavs, who love to turn night into day. The boat docked at Gruz, the landing place for Dubrovnik, the follow- ing evening, and I booked a room at the Hotel Lapad for the night. Early the next morning I caught the south-bound bus for Titograd, from where I planned to travel on to Kolasin, a mountain village in Montenegro. I was going to spend a week there. The route to Titograd lay over the spiralling mountain road above the bay of Kotor, by which I had travelled two years earlier. I had vowed never to experience its terrors again, but there is no other way to the south from the west coast of Yugoslavia. This time I occupied a seat by the driver, and was given the job of handing out large envelopes to those women passengers who showed signs of imminent sickness during the dizzy climb. We breasted the pass and descended into the wild mountain fastnesses of Montenegro. Night was falling when we arrived at Titograd. I went straight to the Hotel Grand and booked a room. I asked the clerk what time the bus left for Kolasin in the morning. He told me 7 o’clock. I checked this with the hotel porter. He said it would leave at 5 o’clock. So I went out and enquired at the bus station, where I was told 6 o’clock. In Yugoslavia it is often a problem to find the correct time of buses. People pretend to know simply in an effort to please. This habit makes travelling to a fixed plan very difficult at times. When I reached the bus stop in the morning, several buses were standing there. I asked a driver which one went to Kolasin. He pointed to one that was nearly full, and I got on. But while my luggage was being strapped to the roof I found that it was not going there at all. I jumped out, reclaimed my cases, and managed to scramble on the right bus just in time. Soon after leaving Titograd the road divided. We took the left-hand fork, and quickly climbed into the mountains. It was an exciting journey, with the road winding and twisting and at times skirting some fearsome precipices. Gradually the bare and rugged scenery gave way to beauti- ful green hills and valleys. As we approached Kolasin the road surface deteriorated, and a fine white dust was thrown up by the wheels. When I unpacked my cases later on I found that everything in them was coated with a thick layer. It was late afternoon when we stopped outside the small timber-built hotel in the village. I booked a room without any difficulty. The only other guests were several Yugoslav army officers. Kolasin only boasts the one hotel. I was very comfortable there. My bedroom was simply but adequately furnished. The food was good, and unexpectedly varied for so remote a locality. There’ was a spacious terrace with ornamental fish-pools, and a grand view of the countryside. Kolasin is indeed a delightful little village, and ideal for a quiet holiday. It lies in a green valley among picturesque scenery. Through it flows the broad Tara river. All around rise the majestic Bjelasica mountains, their slopes covered with ancient forests of pine, beech and YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 217 other trees. There are rich upland meadows carpeted with wild flowers. Wherever I wandered during my stay I was always discovering fresh scenes of beauty. The waiter who served me at tea was an extraordinary man. Unlike most Yugoslavs he had blond hair, which hung over his shoulders. As he walked across the room he waggled his hips, and while serving me at table he was always putting on exaggerated postures. He was a complete misfit among the rugged men of Montenegro. I set off the next morning for my first day’s collecting. Crossing a long wooden bridge that spanned the river, I went on along a rough road that led to the mountains. I passed a straggling procession of peasants coming the other way. Some had their donkeys with them, laden with panniers of farm produce and sometimes carrying the oldest member of the family besides. It was market day in Kolasin, and most of these people had set out hours earlier from their homes in the surrounding hills. For a mile or so the road hugged the steep river bank to the left, while on the right there rose an almost vertical face of rock. Then I came to a place where the hills receded, and a flowery meadow ran up from the roadside. I clambered up to it and started collecting. | The meadow was alive with insects. There were conical ant-heaps, and over these were hovering some uncommon Syrphidae that I had not come across before in Yugoslavia. They were Chrysotoxum vernale Loew , C. elegans Loew, Microdon mutabilis Linnaeus and Eumerus tricolor Meigen. Sweeping low vegetation produced a series of both sexes of a new species of Psilidae, Psila strigata (Collin, 1959, Entom., 92: 241). By midday I had made a fine haul. I sat down and began pinning away the specimens into small boxes. Suddenly a little black dog came running up, seized my net and started to worry at it. I jumped up and tried to drag the net away, but the dog held on tightly with its teeth, growling menacingly. Then I heard a shrill whistle, and looking round saw a young boy standing a few yards away. The dog let go, and ran back to him. A cow was placidly munching away at the grass on the lower slopes of the meadow. The boy came shyly up, and holding the dog by its collar, watched me pinning my specimens. When I had put my boxes away in my haversack, he sat down beside me and from a tattered satchel slung round his waist brought out a school book. It had pictures of animals, birds and insects with their names printed below in Yugoslav. He wanted me to give him a lesson in English, and handed me a pencil and a piece of paper. He pointed to a picture, and I wrote down the English word for the object. This he laboriously copied out, and then held it out to me for my approval. I glanced up and saw that the cow, with the innate curiosity of its kind, had joined our small group. The dog licked it affectionately on the face. The cow put out its long tongue and licked the dog’s face in turn. They were a trio of really good companions. After they had left, I started climbing a wooded hill above the meadow. I was pushing my way through a tangle of vegetation when suddenly there was a terrific commotion and a soldier with rifle held high above his head came leaping down from a steep bank and landed almost on top of me. As I stood there, tense and shaken, more and more soldiers came dashing by. With them I recognised some of the officers who were staying at my hotel. The soldiers were on manoeuvres all the time I was at Kolasin, and after this first frightening encounter I became used to 218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 them appearing from all sorts of unexpected places. When I started walk- ing back along the road a lorry full of them stopped and the driver signalled to me to jump on. I accepted the lift and held tightly on to the side while he tore along at a reckless speed over the uneven surface with the wheels at times only a few inches from the big drop to the river. I was relieved when we reached Kolasin. A couple of miles out of the village there was a wonderful old forest where I collected several times. It covered the lower slopes of a steep mountain. Amongst the trees there were some enormous beeches of great age, their trunks almost hidden by masses of tangled moss. The ground beneath them was rotten and with treacherous fissures hidden by a thick layer of decayed vegetation. Down the mountain-side meandered an almost dried-up stream, bordered with masses of wild flowers, its deep bed composed of slimy rocks over which water still trickled. Sweeping along the course of this stream resulted in the capture of as many as thirty-six species of Mycetophilidae. These were Macrocera centralis Meigen, Mycomia cinerascens Zetterstedt, M. prominens Lund- stroem , Neoempheria lineola Meigen, Boletina basalis Meigen, Leia bimaculata Meigen, Exechia fusca Meigen, Rhymosia rustica Edwards, R. excogitata Dziedzicki, Allodia alternans Zetterstedt, A. triangularis Strobl, A. verralli Edwards, A. sericoma Meigen, Brachypeza armata Winnertz, Cordyla brevicornis Staeger, C. murina Winnertz, Trichonta vitta Meigen, Phronia signata Winnertz, P. vitiosa Winnertz, Dynatosoma major Landrock, Zygomyia valida Winnertz, and no fewer than fifteen species of Mycetophila. The Empididae were represented by Oedalea stigmatella Zetterstedt, O. zetterstedti Collin, and Rhamphomyia nigri- pennis Fabricius. During this exciting spell of collecting I was plagued by the persistent biting of the mosquito, Aedes geniculatus Fabricius. I did not see any of the wild animals that roam about these old forests, although more than once I heard a heavy body crashing through the undergrowth. There are bears, wolves and wild bears in many of the larger Yugoslavian forests, but they are so accustomed to being hunted that they usually keep well out of the way. (To be continued.) Notes on the Microlepidoptera By H. C. Hucerns, F.R.E.S. Confirmation of the Irish status of Homoeosoma nebulella Schiff. In his “List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland” (Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1941, 64) Beirne gives three records for this moth; Wicklow coast and Malahide and Howth, all Birchall 1866, and states that these are probably correct, but confirmation is desirable. In “British Pyralid and Plume Moths’, p. 86, he says it has been found on the east coast of Ireland and probably is more widely distributed in that country. So far as I am aware, these rather ancient records of Birchall’s are the only ones to date, at least I have not been able to trace any others. It was therefore with considerable pleasure that I found a perfect specimen of nebulella in my mercury vapour trap at Dingle on 12th July 1962. My friend Dr. Beirne always held, and I agree with him, — that though careless and apt to trust too much to his memory, Birchall was far more reliable than Donovan considered, and quite a number of A SHORT ACCOUNT OF EMUS HIRTUS L. IN BRITAIN 219 his records have been confirmed of recent years, such as Sterrha muricata Hufn. . It was, however, very unexpected to find nebulella on this peat forma- tion; had it been on the sand at Brandon Bay, Inch or Smerwick, I should have been less surprised. I have always found it associated with a light soil, mostly on the brecks of East Anglia, in the Isle of Wight on chalk, and also once at Faversham in Kent on gravel. The moth has, in my experience, become in recent years a good deal rarer than formerly. Before the 1914 war it was common in the Tuddenham district; it was easy to flush a dozen or so by day when working for Scopula rubiginata Hufn., and in 1920 I saw it there again. In 1926 the late Sir John Fryer wrote and asked me to help him in obtaining the larva of H. cretacella Rossl. in quantity if possible. He was then working in the laboratory at Harpenden on the problem of obtaining an insect to send to New Zealand to destroy the seed heads of the imported ragwort, which was becoming a dangerous pest, and explained to me that all the larvae he could get in East Anglia turned out to be nebulella, which was inadmissible for introduction as it showed too much tendency to become a general feeder. When I began again to work East Anglia generally and the Brecks in particular from 1933 onwards with my late friend W. S. Gilles, nebulella had become a scarce moth, and we seldom found more than one in a year, and since the 1939 war, I have not seen it. I have no doubt other collectors have taken it at mercury vapour light there but it can no longer be kicked up casually in a short time. The casual importation of insects. On 12th June 1962 I was sitting reading in my front room when I felt some insect on my face. I flicked it off and was amazed to see a perfect specimen of Laspeyresia conicolana Heylaerts which I promptly captured and set. As there are no firs here I could not account for it at all, until my wife told me that when we had visited Wisley on 18th May she had picked up four cones from the ground and, on our return, had put them on a shelf in the room. I have little doubt the one that settled on me was not the only one to emerge, and had there been firs handy a new colony might have started. 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. A Short Account of Emus hirtus L. in Britain By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. Emus hirtus L. is our most spectacular Staphylinid and rare enough to have been regarded, at most times, as one of the greatest prizes that can fall to the collector’s lot. Reaching a length of 30 mm. or thereabouts (though of course many specimens are much smaller), and broad and stoutly built, it is unmistakable by its clothing of long, dense parti- coloured pile of black, grey, and golden-yellow; and is bound to attract the attention of even the non-coleopterist. Were it more common it would certainly merit a popular name—the obvious one being ‘the bee rove-beetle’ from its general resemblance on the wing (except only in the matter of shape) to a large Bombus. Since it flies freely in hot sunshine, and is altogether more diurnal in habits than our other large Staphy- linids*, it is as likely to be so encountered as in any other way. *With the exception, perhaps, of its closest allies Creophilus and Ontholestes. 220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 The beetle is attracted to fresh cow- and horse-dung from late May to July as a rule, but mostly in June—very seldom in autumn—and the chance of meeting with it (almost always remote) is greatest if the weather be warm and bright. Its British distribution has always been most restricted, with two centres, outside of which only occasional captures have been reported— as for instance at Redruth, S.W. Cornwall (autumn, 1881), and Guildford, Surrey (twice). These and other odd finds may be the result of casual immigration from the Continent; but in its two ‘centres’ in Hampshire and Kent there can be no doubt that it is, or was, truly resident. Curiously enough the other intervening county of Sussex appears to be without a record, so far at least as I am aware. Whether Emus still survives in its old haunts in the New Forest is more than doubtful, in fact I am of the opinion that it became extinct there during the latter part of the last century. Fowler (1888, Col. Brit. Isl., 2: 248) wrote, ‘... it appears to be found at intervals, and probably occurs there every year in small numbers’, but mentioned only one captor, George Lewis. The lack, however, of records from that time on, when the Forest continued to be worked with undiminished zeal by our most active and experienced collectors, hardly admits of any interpretation but the one I have suggested. As the peak period of the species in its Kentish headquarters was yet to be attained, the reason for this decline remains quite obscure. I remember Mr. W. H. Janson telling me that his grand- father, the late E. W. Janson, used to get it—mainly, I believe, on the ‘lawns’ at Brockenhurst—by following the horses; and I have in my collection a fine example captured by him near Lyndhurst (1.vi.1871). One was taken by G. C. Champion in late June of the same year ‘just under the edge of some fresh cow-droppings amongst heath’, and another by Lewis at Lyndhurst (10.vi.78). I have seen no later record than this for the Forest. It is strange, in view of Fowler’s statement, that more specimens are not extant in our older collections from that source, but probably some of those without data originate from it. The Kentish stronghold of E. hirtus is more extensive, yet occupies only a narrow (estuarine) strip along the middle of the northern edge of the county, comprising a small part of both vice-counties: Rochester, Chatham, Chattenden, Gillingham, Grain, Sheppey, Sittingbourne, Faversham. For some of these places the records go back to early times; but all relate to single or very few captures only (as far as is known) up to 1909, when the ‘new era’ of comparative plenty was inaugurated with the finding of sixteen specimens by the late Dr. Malcolm Cameron under the edges of fresh cow-dung on the Harty Marshes, Isle of Sheppey. In subsequent years series were obtained at Port Victoria and in another part of the Isle of Grain by several collectors—Donisthorpe, Harwood, Bedwell et al. (the last-named took it almost regularly over a number of years on numerous visits, though in very varying quantity). By 1948, if not before, it appeared to have vanished from the Port Victoria locality—a field near the hotel, where it occurred on and under horse-dung—at least, Donis- thorpe and I failed to find it there that year; but only a few years earlier it was still being taken rather freely in one or two cattle-pastures on the Grain marshes by my friend Dr. A. M. Massee. Here again, however, a determined hunt for it in ideal conditions in June 1950 was fruitless (so that at any rate the oil-refinery installations on the ‘island’, established A SHORT ACCOUNT OF EMUS HIRTUS L. IN BRITAIN 2A some time afterwards, can hardly be held to blame for its disappearance! ). Its further history is of sporadic examples from time to time in such places as Faversham Marshes, though my information here is vague—the records being unpublished; but one was certainly taken there only a few years ago. The capture of a specimen (in 1950) on the north bank of the Thames, at Benfleet, S. Essex, is of interest in being the first outside Kent for many years. It was found running amongst grass, and had probably strayed across the estuary. At present, therefore, Emus has reverted to its earlier status of a highly erratic rarity. It is to be hoped that the recession is only temporary, so that, given a run of good seasons (with which I suppose we shall again be favoured some day) coleopterists of this and later generations may ex- perience the same thrill as did those of the past in their first meeting with so fine a beetle. The virtual restriction of such a powerfully flying insect to a short and narrow strip of North Kent seems extraordinary. Why, for instance, is it absent from the favoured and well-worked eastern strip from Thanet to Dungeness, where the climate is at its most ‘continental’, and which receives the highest proportion of immigrants?* Even within its chosen area it must be extremely local at any given time and place, seeming confined to one or two fields out of a multitude of equally suitable ones; for during its period of maximum frequency I made a number of visits to the Isle of Grain and worked for it in perfect conditions, covering a considerable area, but in vain—not then knowing its precise location in the district. What is known of the biology of the species sheds little light on the problem. It has been recorded on the Continent as preying on dung beetles of the genus Onthophagus. One of these, O. vacca L., abounds throughout the Thames-Medway estuary area, but is widely dispersed over England; while in the New Forest the common species are O. similis Scriba (=fracticornis auct. Brit.) and O. ovatus L. It is very likely, however, that Emus does not limit itself to species of Onthophagus but will feed also on other dung beetles such as Aphodius. The larva has, almost certainly, never been recognised in this country. It may be remarked that the fresh dung which attracts the adults very seldom contains any Scarabaeids, these as a rule arriving considerably later; the first beetles to arrive are usually other Staphylinids and Sphaeridium spp. Dr. Massee told me that it is surprising how an Emus, having suddenly dropped from the air on to a cow-pat so fresh as to be practically liquid, and plunged into its depths, will after a few moments emerge at the side with its handsome coat spotlessly clean. Mention should be made of the very early records by Curtis for Devon Cocality unspecified?), Dorset (Parley Heath), Surrey (Coombe Wood and Guildford), and Norfolk (Beachamwell). There seems no reason to doubt them, but whether the insect occurred regularly or in numbers at any of the places is not, apparently, known. I would add in conclusion that any unpublished record of this very interesting rove-beetle would be most welcome; and that if any reader living in or often visiting the part of Kent above indicated should be so fortunate as to turn it up, I should be grateful to hear from him. *It has been found plentifully about Boulogne (see Lewis, 1879, Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 90). 222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 Notes and Observations LAPHYGMA ExIGUA Hs. In East DEvon.—Among the few visitors to my light trap last night was a specimen of Laphygma exigua Hb. in poor condition.—_F. H. Lyon, Sampford Peverell, Tiverton. 9.ix.1962. LAPHYGMA ExIGUA Hs. IN SURREY.—Since my previous note in the June/July issue, I have taken six more examples of this species at m.v. in my garden. One on the evening of 28th June, two, 24th July, and one each on 29th and 30th July, and again on ist August. On each occasion, Nomophila noctuella Schiff. was present.—E. A. SaDLER, 1 New Farm Cottages, Knowle Lane, Cranleigh, Surrey. 5.ix.1962. COLIAS CROCEUS FOURC. AND PYRAMEIS CARDUI L. IN IRELAND.—I have just returned from a short holiday in Co. Cork, and think it is of interest that I saw a specimen of Colias croceus at Lough Ine, near Skibbereen, on 5th September. On the next day I saw one Pyrameis cardui at Kilbrittain, Co. Cork. On both occasions, a light south wind was blowing. I gather that these immigrants are not common in Ireland.—Rev. PETER. HAWKER, Cherry Willingham Vicarage, Lincoln. 11.ix.1962. HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA ZELL. IN KENT.—A single fresh 9 of this scarce Phycitid was. taken by me on Ist August on the edge of Stoke Saltings, a wild and desolate extent of saltmarsh situated between Rochester and the Isle of Grain. It appeared flying amongst Halimione portulacoides, and was attracted to my Coleman lamp. I have only once previously taken this species, a ¢ in 1956, in similar type of terrain, on the south side of the Isle of Sheppey (cf. Ent. Rec., 68: 246).—J. M. CHaLMERS-HUNT, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. CRAMBUS CONTAMINELLUS HB. AND ITS AB. STICHELI CONSTANTINI IN KENT.— I was very pleased and not a little surprised this year to find a strong colony of this local species virtually on my doorstep. The first specimen was noticed on 2nd August, and a few examples were still about and in fairly good condition when I last visited the locality on 2nd September. The colony occurs on a small stretch of dry flat sandy ground where the grass grows quite short, but I suspect there may be other colonies in the neighbourhood as I have taken odd specimens at places some distance away, including one on a gas-lamp. The moths fly freely at dusk, and may be found at rest at night on the short grass stems, and also come readily to light; and shortly after dusk on 13th and 16th August, in rather warm and windless conditions, they were noted in abundance in this restricted area. Compared with Deal examples, West Wickham contaminellus are appreciably dusky, and Mr. Huggins, to whom I sent a series, tells me that the form is the same as that which occurs on Tresco, Scilly Isles. Many of those that occur at West Wickham are “liver-coloured”, as Mr. Huggins calls them, but amongst the 9 9, in particular, there quite fre- quently occur paler specimens of a rather dark putty colour; on the other hand, three ¢d¢ were taken that are completely black, ab. sticheli.—J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. CURRENT LITERATURE 223 SPILOSOMA LUTEA HUFNAGEL AB. TOTINIGRA SEITZ IN SURREY. — On the morning of 10th August last I found in my light trap here an extremely aberrant male Spilosoma lutea—head, thorax and abdomen entirely black, hindwings black except for a little buff at the base, forewings black except for the veins and a small central area. It was, unfortunately, a little rubbed and lacking in fringes. Baron de Worms has pointed out to me that it is almost identical with the specimen of ab. totinigra Seitz caught by Mr W. Reid in Sheffield in 1951 and figured and discussed by Dr. Cockayne in this journal (Ent. Rec., 63: 266 and Plate VIII, fig. 1). That was the first recorded British specimen, and I know of none since. On the Continent the form originated in Heligoland, but Dr. Cockayne re- garded its connection with the well-known ab. zatima Cramer, from the same place, as doubtful or at best obscure. He thought that its appearance in Sheffield might have been due to a local mutation and that, if that were so, more might be taken in future. Its appearance at Ottershaw is perhaps the more remarkable because the usual form of S. lutea here is very pale, with a tendency towards obsolescence of the black markings. Of the two thousand which have passed through the trap since 1950, I have not before this noticed any with enough melanic tendency to be worth keeping.—R. F. BRETHERTON, Ottershaw, Surrey. 9.i1x.1962. HERSE CONVOLVULI L. aT MORECAMBE.—A short note on the front page of to-day’s edition of our local weekly newspaper, the Morecambe and Heysham Visitor, announced that “An unusual moth striped like a tiger and with a three-inch wingspan was found by Mr. Richard Brisco, of 75 Windermere Road, Lancaster, in rubbish at the North Western Electricity Board yard at Woodhill Lane, Morecambe, on Monday (10th September). He brought it to the Visitor office for identification. Lepidopterists can see it there”. I duly went to see it, and found it to be a female Herse convolvuli L., in surprisingly good condition considering it had been kept alive in a small tin box for two days. Records from North-West England are few, the last to my knowledge being Dr. N. L. Birkett’s report of one at Kendal on 9th August 1960 (Ent. Rec., 72: 197).—C. J. Goopatu, 2 Derwent Avenue, Morecambe, Lancs. 12.ix.1962. Current Literature THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF WILTSHIRE, Baron de Worms, 1962, xv + 177 pp. + 10 plates: Wiltshire Archaeological and natural History Society. This would seem to be the first local list for Wiltshire to cover the whole county, and the task of collating the smaller lists and published and unpublished records represents no mean task. There are several very efficient entomologists resident in the county, some of them of very long standing, who have worked well together to produce this very well- produced list. After a foreword by Mr. Egbert Barnes, the president of the Society, we have eleven pages of an enlightening Introduction, with sub-headings such as General Ecology, Analytical Review of the County Macrolepi- doptera, Division of the County, Nomenclature, Aberrations. Acknowledg- ments, Photographs and Map. 224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 The treatise of insects follows and each species is accorded brief but succinct mention including country and county status, distribution in the county, and notes of any special aberrations encountered. The first plate is the county map which forms the frontispiece, and the remainder, with the exception of a normal Celerio livornica Esp., illustrate gynandro- morphs and aberrations encountered in the county. Finally there is a table summarising the number of species in each family found in the north vice-county, the south, and in the whole county, showing the appropriate percentages of the number on the British list. 646 species of macrolepidoptera are mentioned from the county. There is also a bibliography of publications cited, and indices of both scientific and of popular names.—sS. N. A. J. BULLETIN ET ANNALES DE LA SOCIETE ROYALE D’ENTOMOLOGIE DU BELGIQUE, 98, Fasc. III, consists of part II of S. G. Kiriakoff’s work on the Notodontid Pydna and allied genera, with four plates illustrating 65 species. ALEXANOR 2, part 6, 1962. J. T. Betz opens with an article on partial and total melanism. Jean Bourgogne contributes four articles, two of them on current literature; the one covering P. C. Rougeot’s Les Lepi- dopteres de l’Afrique noire occidentale, Fasc. IV, J. F. Aubert’s Papillons d’Europe and G. Cola’s Guide de l’Entomologiste; the other dealing with two Japanese publications: Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum, Vol. I, Lepidoptera, by Hiroshi Inone and Masao Okano, and Butterflies of Formosa in Colour. The others deal with the locality Pralognan-la-Vanoise and the Entomological Year 1961. G. Varin writes on Erebia medusa auct. in the Parisian basin, and C. Dufay continues his account of French moths not mentioned in Lhomme’s catalogue, with a plate showing 23 insects. A continuation of H. Marion’s revision of the Pyraustidae deals with Scoparia of the ambigualis group. Jean-Marie Fontenau discusses Corsica in August, and C. Herbulot mentions some Geometridae of Llanos de Urgel (Aragon) citing 42 species. Under the title of Interesting Captures, A. Dumez mentions Hydraecia leucographa Borkh. on 19.ix.1961 at Poce sur Cisse, Indre et Loire and Mesographe itysalis Wlk. from Ailefroide, Hautes Alpes, vii.1961. R. Levesque writes on collecting in Andorra, Alain Crosson du Cormier and Pierre Guerin write on Boloria aquilonaris Stichel in Southern Poland, and P. C. Rougeot gives an account of Lycaena dispar Haw. on the Oise.—S. N. A. J. ENTOMOLOGISCHE BERICHTEN, 22, No. 9, 1.ix.1962. P. H. van de Pol writes on light traps, P. van de Wiel on Dutch beetles, and G. L. von Eindhoven on mites. Chas. S. Pall describes a new American Histerid beetle, Saprinus mayhewi, and other American Histeridae.—S. N. A. J. We regret the late appearance of this issue. It is due to the sudden illness of our Editor, who is in hospital. Happily he is making good pro- gress and expects to resume his editorial duties soon.—J. M: C.-H. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (65) 15. Bonnington, nest, June 8, 1922 (G. V. Bull). Military Canal, larval nest, 1951 (E. Scott). Near Warehorne, July 18, 1948 (E. Scott). First Recorp, 1797: “Caterpillars are not very common... especially in Kent” (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 6: 74). 1The moth has been known on the continent to remain in the pupal stage for one, two, three, five, six, and seven years (cf. Becker teste Newman, Entomologist, 1: 229), a characteristic that may to some extent account for this behaviour. Lasiocampa quercus L.: Oak Eggar. Native. Woods, commons, lanesides, chalk downs and eclifis, etc.; on oak, sloe, broom, bramble, hazel, ash, elm, maple, Hippophae rhamnoides. Recorded from all divisions. Though still fairly frequent, especially in the woods of the Weald and Blean area, it appears to be generally less plentiful than formerly, the decrease being particularly noticeable in div. 1. Few records for 4, 9, 15. “Generally distributed but getting scarcer” (V.C.H. (1908)). There do not appear to be many instances on record of the species having occurred plentifully during the present century. In the Dover district, it is stated that in 1921, larvae were abundant on bramble over a wide area, the imago appearing in thousands, but that it has been fairly searce there ever since (FE. & Y. (1949)); and at the other end of the county, at Keston (div. 5) in 1922, larvae were noted in abundance on herbage (F. A. Swain). At Edenbridge (div. 11), a dozen or more gd were attracted to bred 9 2 in 1933 (F. D. Greenwood; and in Old Park, Canterbury (div. 3), larvae were abundant on broom, c. 1944 (J. A. Parry). Larvae were fairly common at Fawkham (div. 6) some ten to fifteen years ago, and particularly so in 1951 (G. G. E. Scudder); and at Long Rope, Ham Street; about a dozen 99 were attracted to light, end July 1951 (C.-H.). 1. Lewisham district, 1894: “Formerly abundant as larvae; now a day’s work within a radius of ten miles from Lewisham would hardly yield a dozen” (Fenn, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60). The only recent records for this division are:—Farningham Wood, two larvae, September 1930; young larva on hazel, September 27, 1934 (A. R. Kidner). Wilmington, two, bred 1939 (S. Wakely); still there (L. T. Ford, in litt., x.1952). Elmstead Woods, one, August 1, 1946 (D. F. Owen). Dartford, larvae not uncommon most years throughout district (B. K. West, in litt., 1952). Joydens Wood (Owen, teste de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 128). 4, Ham Marshes, one, August 5, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). Deal, larvae on H. rhamnoides, June 11, 1908; larvae, May 9, 1909 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). 9. Nash Court, 9, July 20, 1925 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Westgate, full-grown larva, c.1929 (C.-H.). 15. Dungeness, one taken, 1953 (R. Pank, teste A. M. Morley). Greatstone, larva on H. rhamnoides, June 1958 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 71: 94). VariaTIon.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—(¢¢ abs. curvata Tutt, several, N. Kent; latovirgata Tutt, several, N. Kent; ab. with “elongated discoidal spot’, one, N. Kent; basipuncta Tutt, N. Kent; marginata Tutt, one, “Folkestone, Aug. 1934, L. W. Newman”, one, “Dover, 1896 (Morgan). ©9Q abs. virgata Tutt, several; rufescens- virgata Tutt, several; ochracea-virgata Tutt, one, N. Kent; ferruginea Lambillion, two, N. Kent. (66) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 Newman (Ent. Rec., 10: 48) records an ab. bred 1896 from Darenth larva, “the forewings being entirely of a dull smoky colour, the trans- verse bar being also dull brown, ... hindwings are of a very distinct pale brown”; Colthrup (Proc. S. Lond, ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1902: 102) exhibited a ¢ bred from a Deal larva, “with splashes of yellow, or epaulettes, at base of forewing”; and in Br. Mus. (S. Kensington) is aQ, labelled ab. olivacea-fasciata Cockll., Herne Bay, A. West (C.-H). First Recorp, 1794: Darenth Wood (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 3: 84). L. trifolii Schiff.: Grass Eggar. Native. extinct. Chalk downs; on “trefoil”. 6. Near Darenth Wood (see First Record); formerly taken in toler- able plenty by Lewin, but has not occurred in the neighbourhood of late years (Stephens, Haust., 2: 40). Ssp. flava Tutt. Native, Shingle beach; on broom, Hippocrepis comosa, ‘dock’, “clover”, Arrhenatherum elatius. Local in 15. [8. Folkestone-—‘‘Cocoons under stones in Warren; in August. I do not know to what other species these can be referred’ (Knaggs (1870)) (“Dover” (V.C.H. (1908)) may be based on this record). Doubtful if trifoli (C.-H.).]J [9. Ramsgate, common (Stainton, Man., 1: 153). Probably erroneous (C.-H.).] 15. The range of flava in Kent extends from Greatstone to the Sussex border. It is restricted to the shingle, is chiefly maritime, and does not appear to extend inland for more than about 2 miles. Its headquarters are evidently at Dungeness and the immediate vicinity , and it has been taken principally about the level-crossing, the Open Pits, lighthouse, and the bird sanctuary. First recorded from Romney Marsh [Dungeness] by R. Mitford, who states that he found larvae there in May 1866, ‘feeding in the tufts of a very wiry grass growing in the shingle above high water mark” (cf. Bond, Proc. ent. Soc: Lond., 1867: lxx; Bond, .op. cit., 1871.7 xxx1x);) and since noted by many other observers but until the late 1920’s the locality appears to have been known to only a few. The place of capture on labels of old specimens is usually disguised as “Romney Marsh” or “East Kent’, and there are many such examples in Hope Department, R.C.K.., and Goodwin coll., dating back to 1871, 1896, 1903, 1909-17. Several of these are labelled “Dover”, doubtless in error (they were probably received from Sydney Webb, who resided at Dover, and hence assumed to have been taken there); and a few others are labelled ‘Deal’, also doubtless in error. Imagines, mostly 9 9, often occur at light, but are usuaily not very numerous; de Worms (Entomologist, 70: 80, 92: 73) however, states that it was plentiful at light, August 18, 1936, August 30, 1958. On the other hand, dd will assemble freely, and occasionally in great abundance; thus, A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) records that on the night of August 17, 1936, h2 saw 150 dd assemble to a freshly emerged 9. It is interesting to note, incidentally, that Kettlewell (Ent. Rec., 49: 45) found the habit of assembling at Dungeness to be quite different from that of trifolii in Cornwall. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (67) The larva is chiefly found on a dwarf form of broom. It has also been noted on H. comosa (Symes, Ent. Rec., 66: 288); on “grasses, dock, and clover” (A. J. L. Bowes, in litt.); and on A. elatius, by E. C. Pelham- Clinton, who writes (in litt.) that he noted many on this, June 6-7, 1950, mostly at night and feeding on the flower-heads. Although larvae are normally found singly, and often scattered over wide stretches of shingle; comparatively large numbers have sometimes been located within a relatively small area. Thus, on June 16, 1951, for half an hour before dusk, I noted about forty nearly full-fed larvae within an area of roughly 20 yards square; such concentrations, however, do not appear to constitute permanent colonies (C.-H.). E. Scott informed me (personal communication, 1953) that the larva appears to have priority as a diet for the fledgling of the Wheatear; and that this habit of the Wheatear feeding larvae of trifolii to its young, was first noticed by the late bird warden Major Elliot. VARIATION.—Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 10) distinguishes as ab. flava, a pale yellow form with distinct dark, transverse, pale-edged band. The form is fairly variable inter se, and a number of modifications have been named :—ab. obsoleta-flava Tutt, without any markings; ab. pallida-flava Tutt, with indistinct pale band between the lines; ab. contracta-flava Tutt, with median band constricted or interrupted. Tutt. UoeEy cit.) grouped the above abs. together as belonging to a “distinct yellow race’, which he said “appears to be confined to the coasts of Kent and Sussex, between Rye and Lydd”!, and added that it had not been noted from any other part of the Palaearctic region. The majority of Dungeness specimens are pale fulvous, ab. mitfordi Ob.; and nymotypical flava is relatively uncommon. Ab. obsoleta-flava, a striking ab., is comparatively rare, being approximately 1% only of the population, and of which the two examples I possess are both gd. Ina number of specimens in my series, there is a tendency for the ground to become fawn-grey, particularly in the 9 9, and in this respect apparently resembling cervina Tutt (C.-H.). In R.C.K. is a very large series of ¢d¢ and 2 9 from Kent, referable to flava Tutt (sens. lat.), including the following:—d Jd abs. pallida-flava Tutt, fourteen, including one, “Romney Marsh”, bred September 1903, “larva from S. G. Hills’, and one, “East Kent, Aug. 9, 1917; L. W. Newman”; obsoleta-flava Tutt, twenty-one, including one, “Romney Marsh”, bred July 1912, C. W. Colthrup, and one, “1896, Romney Marsh, bred’, S. Webb; contracta-flava Tutt, eight; “ab. contracta”’, two, Romney Marsh, 1911, one, Romney Marsh, 1912; “contracta with elongated spot’, one, “Romney Marsh, 9.8.1910, B. W. Adkin’’, one, “Romney Marsh, 1911”. 2 © abs. pallida-flava Tutt, numerous; cervina Tutt, fifteen; obsoleta-flava Tutt, seven; contracta-flava Tutt, twenty-two. Also a gynandromorph, right side 9, “East Kent, August 1923, L. W. Newman”. A number of other abs. and abnormal examples have been recorded (cf. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 89; 1919-20: 88; 1931-32: -91; 1932-33: 107; 1945-46: 30. Ent. Rec., 26: 166. Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 190). Also, a gynandromorph, exhibited by Eagles, bred from larva found by Bull at Dungeness (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1932-33: 108); and an intersex, bred from larva collected, 1949, exhibited by Christie (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 25). (68) ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 First Recorp, 1793: “The larva feeds on trefoil, pupates in June, the imago coming forth the latter end of August. These larvae are to be met with on the uncultivated grassy chalk-hills of Kent, particularly near Darenth Wood; they secrete themselves under stones in the day, and come forth to feed in the evening’ (Lewin, Trans. Linn. Soc., 3: 3, plt. 2, figs. 1, 2). “In 1790 I kept two pupae”... which produced Inchneumon chrysopus Marsham (Lewin, op. cit., 4). 1But it appears that the range does in fact extend as far as Eastbourne; and in R.C.K., is a ¢ ab. obsoleta-flava, “‘Eastbourne, Sharp, 1909”. Macrothylacia rubi L.: Fox. Native. Chalk downs and banks, woods (especially amongst heather), coastal sandhills, waste places, rough fields, etc; on Helianthemum chamaecistus, Poterium sanguisorba, Wild rose, “heath”, Hippophae rhamnoides. Recorded from all divisions, except 2, 10-11, 14 (probably present in at least the last three). Frequent in 3-8, 12-13, 15; rare or extinct in 1; few records for 9, 16. ‘Generally distributed, sometimes common” (V.C.H. (1908)). Obs.—Folkestone, 1892, larvae in enormous numbers, nearly all with conspicuous white ichneumon eggs attached (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 75). Deal, larvae on H. rhamnoides (Westwood, per Ent. mon. Mag., 13: 168). North Downs, larvae on heath, etc. (F. T. Grant). Wye, hoards of larvae, autumn, 1895 (Theobald, Ent. mon. Mag., 32: 39). Long Rope, Ham Street, two dd at m.v., May 30, 1950 (C.-H.). 1. Shooters Hill (Stephens, Haust., 2: 39). Birch Wood (Courtney, Entomologist, 1: 227). Abbey Wood, one, May 14, 1864 (Fenn, Diary) (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60). Dartford Heath, C. Fenn; Keston, W. Barnes; Eltham, formerly common, A. H. Jones; Shooters Hill, W. West (Wool Surv. (1909)). [West Wickham; Keston; Hayes (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 128), want confirmation]. 9. Between Margate and the River Stour (H. C. Huggins). 16. Folkestone (A. M. Morley). Vart1aTIon.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—d¢ abs. ferruginea Tutt, one, “Folkestone, bred 6.1903”, one, N. Kent, bred 1931; ferruginea-unilinea Tutt, one, “Shoreham, Kent, H. H. Clarke, 3.6.11”. 29 abs. pallida Tutt, four; grisea Tutt, three; labicans Cockayne, para- type, “North Kent, vi.1919”; cervina-approximata Tutt, E. Kent, 1917, bred L. W. Newman. First RECORD, 1828: Stephens, loc. cit. Philudoria potatoria L.: Drinker. Native. Marshes, ditches, lanesides, woods, etc.; on Phragmites communis, Calamagrostis [epigejos], Carex paniculata. Recorded from all divisions, except 9. Fairly plentiful, particularly in 2, 4, 15; but apparently extinct in 1. “Generally common, abundant at some places” (V.C.H. (1908)). Although generally a species of wet environment, it is stated (Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 176) that around Chattenden Woods, the larvae abound in the long grass growing on the inside of all hedges in quite dry situations; and according to Stockwell (in Tutt, op. cit., 3: 177), typical habitats at Dover, are hedgerows, thickets, copses, and banks. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (69) The larva is frequently found on Reed (P. communis); it was also noted plentifully on Calamagrostis, in a ditch at Cliffe, June 11, 1939 (A. R. Kidner); and on Carex paniculata near Hothfield Lake, autumn 1954 (E. Scott). Occasionally, the larvae are noted in extreme abundance; thus, Courtrice (Ent. mon. Mag., 4: 37) records that at Folkestone, in 1867, they might have been “gathered literally by pints’. 1. The species has not, to one’s knowledge, been observed in this much-worked division for over 50 years, a remarkable fact considering the number of references to its widespread occurrence here between 1860 and 1896, of both larvae and imagines. Tutt (Br. Lep., 3: 167, et seq.) gave the following localities: Lee, Lewisham, Erith, Bexley, Eltham, Kidbrook, and Burnt Ash. Also recorded from Sydenham (Sellon, Ent. Rec., 2: 164) (Buckle and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 60); Farnborough (Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909); and Bexley district, common (Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). In the spring of 1909, Sperring found larvae at Shooters Hill (Ent. Rec., 22: 13); its last known appearance in the division. VARIATION.—The nymotype is the commonest form of the @ in Kent, but ab. lutescens Tutt is frequent; and ab. diminuta Tutt is probably the commonest form of the ¢, though many d<¢ that I have seen might be called nymo-typical (according to the description of the d type of potatoria as fixed by Lempke)!. In my series are several 9 9 abs. from Sandhurst, bred by G. V. Bull, two of which closely approach typical d coloration, also one of an unicolorous pale brown which is perhaps re- ferable to ab. inversa Caradja. A Qo ab. berolinensis Heyne, taken by me at light, Ham Fen, near Deal, July 2, 1955, is only the third yellow ¢ to have been noted in the county (C.-H.). Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1897 (2): 149; Ent. Rec., 10: 48) described and exhibited a ¢, bred from among 600 larvae taken at Darenth, 1896, as “of yellow coloration, somewhat similar to that usually found in the Qs, the antennae, also, are of the same colour’; and Ovenden (Ent. Rec., 18: 18) recorded that from a larva found in the Rochester district, he bred in 1905, a ¢ of “the coloration of the lightest Qs”’. In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—(¢ ab. lilacina Cockayne, paratype, E. Kent, 1929, L. W. Newman. 9Q abs. berolinensis Heyne, several, Dym- church, 1932; lutescens Tutt, several; obscura Closs, one, Deal, bred 1938; obsoleta-potatoria Tutt, one, Bexley, 1903. A number of other abs. have been recorded (cf. Entomologist, 24: 223, 26: 50, 69: 133, 72: 241; Ent. Rec., 2: 203; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 130, 1910-11: 141, 1931-32: 88; Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 161-162). First REcorpD, 1828: “Sundridge, Kent, in plenty” (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 52). 1Cf. Lempke, in Ent. Rec., §2: 1-11, for much valuable information on the variation of this species; also, Cockayne, in op. cit., 62: 65-66. Gastropacha quercifolia L.: Lappet. Native!. Hedgerows, bushy places, orchards, marshes; on blackthorn, hawthorn, apple, dogwood. Not usually a plentiful species, but markedly more numerous some years. Obs.—Newman (Ent. Rec., 12: 219) states that in Kent, he normally found larvae early in April, low down on the stems of blackthorn, that they were always on the young wood, and particularly favoured hedges (70) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 that had been cut down, or a bank where there were young suckers among——— grass. He added that he had occasionally found it on apple, once on dogwood, but that the principle foodplant is blackthorn. - 1. Recorded from many localities in this div. Recent records are:— Bexley (Edwards, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1944-45: 13). Dart- ford, fairly common throughout district (B. K. West). Petts Wood, both sexes frequent at light, 1947-49, scarcer 1950 (E. Evans). West Wickham, 1951 (E. Trundell). Footscray, larvae, 1949 (J. F. Burton). Orpington, * 1954 (L. W. Siggs); four, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). 2. Gravesend, larva and imago; Faversham, larva (H. C. Huggins). Dartford (B. K. West). 3. Herne, 3, bred 1903, J. P. Barrett (J. P. Barrett coll.). Herne Bay, occasional; July 22, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Eddington, as many as three or four at light in a night, c. 1950 (D. G. Marsh). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Broad Oak, <6, at light, July 21, 1938, larva on apple, c. 1940, 3, at light; July 22; 1951 (C:-H:). 4. Deal; Ham; Sandwich; single specimens (E. & Y. (1949)). Ickham, quite plentiful at light (D. G. Marsh, in litt., 1962). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Springhead (E. Andrews, in Chaney (1884-87)). Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, larva and imago (H. C. Huggins); larvae on stems of sloe, April 12, 1914, larva, May 9, 1919, larva, April 5, 1926 (F. T. Grant). Ryarsh, larvae, 1934 (J. Fremlin). Eynsford (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 33, 1934-35: 10). Pinden, common (E. J. Hare). 6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record). Chattenden, larva, 1904 (Oven- den, Ent. Rec., 16: 159). 7. Westwell, ¢, July 7, 1945, very common, mid July 1946 (E. Scott) (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47: 168). 8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs (1870)); one, July 30, 1946 (R. Fairclough, teste A. M. Morley). Brook; Wye (C. A. W. Duffield). Dover, one, 1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner). River, one (EB. & Y. (1949)). 9. Ramsgate (Willson, Entomologist, 23: 139). Margate, larvae, 1901 (Colthrup, Ent. Rec., 13: 306); 2 $d, bred 1905, g, bred 1907 (J. P. Barrett coll.); larva on hawthorn, June 18, 1931 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 10. Sevenoaks, 1949, at light (F. D. Greenwood). 11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Yalding; Maidstone (V.C.H. (1908)). Bethersden, larva (Scott (1936)). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Sevenoaks Weald, one, July 1, 1960 (E. A. Sadler). Hoads Wood (P. Cue). 12. Sellinge, imago, 1930, larva, 1931 (Serpyll, teste A. M. Morley). Mersham and Kennington, larvae (Scott (1936)). Wye, one, July 10, 1953, three, July 21-August 19, 1954, none, 1955, one, July 23, 1956; Willesborough, two, July 21-24, 1954, one, July 18, 1955, four, July 22-August 15, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ham street, one, July 20, 1934, by W. O. W. Edwards, one, July 11, 1947 (A. M. Morley). Orlestone Woods, one, July 22, 1938, about 12 jd at mv., July 6, 22, 27, 1951 (C.-H.). Ashford (P. Cue). 13. Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). Tunbridge Wells, on lamp-post, August 1948 (R. Crowson, in Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tun- bridge Wells MS.). 14. Hawkhurst; Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). Hawkhurst, three, 1952 (B. G. Chatfield). Iden Green, two at light, 1951 (H. Boxall). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (71) 15. Dymchurch, 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 43). Appledore, August 6, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Dungeness, 1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 89: 93); one, 1957 (Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). 16. Folkestone, cocoon found in gooseberry bush, by D. Smith, May, from which 2 emerged, July 9, 1945 (A. M. Morley); 3 gd, 1951 (Morley, Ent. Rec., 64: 170); ¢, July 23, 1952, two, 1954, one, 1958, one, 1960 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—A < taken by me at Orleston Woods, 1951, is almost mark- ingless, lacks the normal violet gloss in the marginal area, and the darkness towards the costal margin, and may be transitional to ab. pallida Spuler (C.-H.). In a @ ab., taken by R. G. Chatelain, Orpington, 1957, the markings are very pronounced and blackish. The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—d abs. purpurascens Tutt, two, Kent; suffusa Tutt, three, Bexley; hoegei Heuacker, one, “Kent, 1918”. Also in R.C.K., are two remarkable melanic 9 9, labelled “North Kent, bred vii.1954, R. L. E. Ford’’, which may be described as having the upper and undersides strongly suffused with blackish-grey, markings outlined darker, but with cilia of more or less normal coloration (C.-H.). First RecorpD, 1798: Darenth Wood (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 7: 43). 10One noted on N. Goodwin Light Vessell, 7 miles off Ramsgate, August 2, 1954 - (T. Rouget, teste French, Entomologist, 88: 129) suggests migration. BOMBYCIDAE Endromis versicolora L.: Kentish Glory. Native, extinct. Open woodland heaths; on birch. Recorded from 1, 6, 6a, 10-12. Apart from a few doubtful reports, the Kentish Glory has not been seen in the county since 1861, is now certainly extinct, and has probably been so for a very long time. It formerly occurred on heather-birch terrain in central and west Kent, and its range extended from Ashford in the east to well into the metropolitan area. So far as can be judged, it appears to have been generally fairly scarce. Early Records.—The earliest recorded occurrence is to be found in Wilkes (120 Copper Plates of English Moths and Butterflies, 41), who wrote: “The Glory of Kent... was found about the Middle of April, 1741, flying in a Wood in the Day-time, near Cookham, by Westram in Kent. It was taken by William Constable”. The only other reference to the species in Kent during the 18th century is that of Donovan, who in 1796 (Nat. Hist. Br. Insects, 5: 63-64) made the following observation: “We cannot hesitate to suppose that this Moth has been found in England several times, particularly in Kent, but none of these remain at this period in the collections of the curious”. 19th Century Occurrence.—J. P. Neale (Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (1812), 1: 324-5), who appears to have made quite a study of the species, wrote: “The larva of Bombyx Versicolor here delineated was beat off the Birch in Darent wood, near Dartford in Kent, June 6th, 1805, ... the perfect insect ... appeared 20th of March following, ...a Collector has since had two of the same, both of which came forth crippled’. “From that to the present period I have continued to search for more Larvae of this Moth; but my endeavours were ineffectual till the spring of 1810, when (72) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 in the same wood I beat another”. ‘The two before alluded to were taken in the same wood, and a third (a female) by another person”. In 1828, Stephens (Haust., 2: 34) stated that for several successive years he found the larva at Darenth-wood; in Dale coll., according to Walker (Ent. mon. Mag., 45: 107), there is a 92, labelled: “Old Standish, 1820, Darenth Wood”; and Edward Newman (Ent. Mag., 1: 319) observed that in 1832, about mid-April, he saw numbers of gd on the heathy common on the south side of Birch Wood. No further mention of the species in Kent appeared until 1857, when Stainton (Ent. week. Int., 2: 10) wrote in reply to a correspondent: “We have known the larva of the insect to be taken at Dulwich Wood [probably just over the border in Surrey], but that was before the Crystal Palace came to its present locality ._.. Birch Wood and Darenth Wood are probably now the nearest metro- politan localities”. Possibly by this time however, versicolora had already become extinct at these two places, for Stainton does not include them among the localities for the species in his Manual. In Maidstone Museum are two ¢., each labelled as having been bred from “ovum found at Wateringbury in 1859 by the late R. H. Fremlin”. The history of these insects was given by S. G. Reid, who wrote (S. E. Nat., 1904: 51): “My friend Mr. R. H. Fremlin informs me that he found a batch of 15 to 20 eggs ... near Wateringbury, many years ago, all of which were successfully bred, the perfect insects being given away to friends. There is I believe no subsequent record of the occurrence of this fine species in this neighbourhood, and Mr. Goodwin has recently taken freshly emerged females up to the woods where the eggs were found without any ‘assembly’ resulting, so that it is probably extinct at the present date”. What appears to have been the last authentic occurrence of versicolora in Kent, took place at Ashford in 1861. On April 5 that year, J. Dowsett wrote (in Ent. week. Int., 10: 35): “A capture of this splendid insect was made here by a friend of mine at the beginning of this week; it flew to the gas-light between 8 and 9 p.m., and he has given it to me”. [West Wickham Wood, one flying, May 3, 1867; identification very uncertain (Blackburn, Ent. mon. Mag., 4: 42). In 1916, C. H. Williams (Proc. Lond. nat. Hist. Soc., 1916: 20) exhibited a series stated to have come from Sevenoaks, no further particulars were published however, and if genuine Kentish specimens, they were presumably very old.] First ReEecorpD, 1773: Wilkes, 120 Copper Plates of English Moths and Butterflies, 41. [(Bombyx mori L.: Mulberry Silkworm. Doubtless an escape. 1. “Mr. J. Jenner Weir exhibited a specimen of Bombyx mori L., bred from a cocoon found by him on a mulberry tree growing in his garden at Beckenham, Kent, and remarked that the cocoon was placed against the trunk, and had not the usual loose silk around it.... He had made every possible inquiry to ascertain whether any one in the neighbourhood had been rearing silkworms, but no one appeared to have been doing so”. It was remarked that the wings of the specimen were fully developed, which was not usual with those reared in captivity; Mr. South adding, that in Japan there were two forms—a domesticated one and a wild one (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 135).)] LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (73) SATURNIIDAE Saturnia pavonia L. (carpini Schiff.): Emperor. Native. Woods, commons, bushy places, heaths, waste places, etc.; on bramble, sloe, birch, hawthorn, hazel, oak, “sweet briar”’, elder. Mainly distributed in north and west Kent; apparently scarce and of rather un- certain appearance. Note.—Not included by Scott (1936, 1950) for the Ashford district; nor by Embry and Youden (1949) for the Dover and Deal areas; and apparently extinct in the Folkestone area. 1. Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309). West Wickham, ten gd assembled, April 18, 1857 (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 2: 29). Farnborough (Alderson, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Keston (Colthrup, in Tutt, loc. cit.). Hayes Common, 9 (W. A. Cope). Lee, bred 1861 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). Near Bromley, © at light, April 24, 1868 (Jenner-Fust, Ent. mon. Mag., 5: 24). Pauls Cray Common, larvae on birch, June 15, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). Chislehurst, pupa, cocoons spun on heather, October 11, 1891 (Bower, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 335). Eltham, 1880 (A. H. Jones, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 319). Plumstead (West, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Abbey Wood, 3 dod assembled, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Upper Belvedere, 9, 1952, dg, 1954 (R. G. Rigden, teste A. J. Showler). Bexley, 1893 (Lathy, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 337); common (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Dartford Heath, April 25, 1870 (Bower, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 335); not uncommon, 1909-10 (H. C. Huggins). 2. Gravesend (H. C. Huggins); brood of larvae on sloe, June 1946 (B. K. West). Stone Marshes, one half-grown larva found on hawthorn, June 2, 1952 (J. F. Burton). 3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 92). Blean, brood of larvae on sloe, 1922 (L. T. Ford); odd imagines (J. Shepherd). Calcott, 9, April 17, 1949; Broad Oak, 9°, taken flying at dusk at edge of wood, May 21, 1950 (C.-H.). Rough Common, Canterbury, one, c. 1947 (A. G. Mackonochie). Swalecliffe, one (J. Shepherd). South Street, Whitstable, larvae on bramble, many ¢¢ assembled (P. F. Harris); several in P. F. Harris coll., labelled, Whitstable, 1942-47 (C.-H.). 6. Rochester district*, not common (Chaney (1884-87)). Otford (New- man, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Greenhithe* (V.C.H. (1908)). Gravesend, 2, May 6, 1912, thirty-one larvae, August 2, 1913, two $d assembled April 29, 1914, thirteen larvae on sloe, June 11, 1915, ¢ assembled, May 5, 1916, batch of ova on sloe, May 18, 1925 (F. T. Grant). Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54), ii); 9, at street light, April 15, 1949, 92, April 17, 1952 (G. G. E. Scudder). Pinden, larva occasionally (E. J. Hare). Cuxton* (Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 339). Stone* (Bower, in Tutt, loc. cit.). Fairseat, one, April 9, 1961 (J. Ellerton). 6a. Darenth, larvae on blackthorn, June 18, 1861 (Jones, Ent. week. Int., 10: 187). Chattenden, larval nest on hazel, June 21, 1884 (R. Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 42); larva on oak, June 1, 1896 (Bower, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 319). 7. Sittingbourne, larva; Faversham, larva (H. C. Huggins). 8. Folkestone Warren, larvae on bramble (Knaggs (1870)). Folke- stone*, two larvae on sweet briar, 1892 (Russell James, Entomologist, 26: 50); young larvae, May 1897 (Lane, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 337); ¢ seen, Canterbury Hill, May 7, 1928, ¢ seen, Golf Course, April 30, 1932, both by A.M.M., one, seen by E. C. Joy, May 7, 1933 (A. M. Morley). (74) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 10. Brasted, July 6, 1901 (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1901: 22). Near Sevenoaks, ¢ ¢ assembled (W. A. Cope). 13. Tunbridge Wells Common, larvae, 1913 and 1918 (H. Hockey, teste E. D. Morgan) (W. A. Cope). Groombridge, larvae on elder, August 3, 1888 (Blaber, in Tutt, Br. Lep., 3: 319). 16. Lower Sandgate Road, Folkestone (Knaggs (1870)); larvae swarm- ing on bramble bushes. “in the hollow past the turnpike gate” (Ullyett (1880), 10). VARIATION.—The following abs. from Kent are in R.C.K.:—d¢ abs. lutescens Tutt, one, N. Kent, 10.v.1909, L. W. Newman; subobsoleta Tutt, one, Bexley, bred 1942, one, N. Kent, bred May 1927; ochraceofasciata Schultz, several; decorata Schultz, one, N. Kent, 1905, L. W. Newman; ab. “inner wavy line hind wing obsolescent’”, one, “R. H. Rattray, Kent, 11 May 1914”. ©O9 abs. trans. ad rosacea Newnham, several; flavomacu- lata Schultz, one, ‘“Bexley, bred March 1912, L. W. Newman”. Also, ab. nigrescens Cockayne, holotype @, Tunbridge Wells, 1878, J. A. Clark (Entomologist, 42: 319, 84: 245; and presumably the one exhibited by J. A. Clark at Haggerstone Ent. Soc., November 1886, and recorded in Young. Nat., 7: 248). A gynandromorph, mostly ¢, N. Kent, May 4, 1909, in R.C.K., is probably the one described as a partial gynandromorph, Bexley, 1909, which was recorded and exhibited by L. W. Newman (cf. Ent. Rec., 21: 185; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1909-10: 78). First Record, 1836: Birch Wood (Anon., Ent. Mag., 3: 309). DREPANIDAE Drepana binaria Hufn.: Oak Hook-tip. Native. Woods, parkland, etc.; on oak. Frequent in 1, 6a, 10-14. Obs.—Imagines of the second generation were particularly plentiful at m.v., at Orlestone Woods, the end of July 1951, including many Q 9 (C.-H.). The larva has been recorded as having been found on oak, Sidcup, October 14, 1912 (A. R. Kidner). 3. Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Blean Woods (D. G. Marsh). Eddington, 2, September 7, 1945; Broad Oak,. °, at light, September 9, 1945 (C.-H.). 4. Ickham (D. G. Marsh). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Gravesend, one, 1910, at street lamp, one, 1912 (F. T. Grant). Fawk- ham, one larva (E. J. Hare). 7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney (1884-87)). Long Beech Wood (Scott (1936)). Westwell, 1951, 1953 (E. Scott). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Reinden Wood (Knaggs (1870)). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Woolwich Wood (E. & Y. (1949)). 15. St. Mary-in-the-Marsh, one at car lights, July 31, 1948 (P. le Masurier). Dungeness, one, August 5, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., three, August 20-25, 1951, three, July 30-August 18, 1953, three, May, three, August 12-September 2, 1954, three, August 6-29, 1955, three, August 3-8, 1959 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Second generation specimens occur more frequently in my experience, and are noticeably smaller and darker, being referable to gen. aest. aestivaria Lempke. A 9 of the spring form, Ham Street, June 5, 1954, has al. expanse 36 mm. (C.-H.) First REcorD, 1835: Birch Wood (J. Standish, in Curtis, Br, Ent., 555). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (75) D. cultraria F.: Barred Hook-tip. Native. Woods, particularly those on chalk; on beech. Frequent in 6, 7. Obs.—It appears that the imago very occasionally comes to sugar, a single instance of this having been noted at Chatham (Esam, Ent. Rec., 7: 90). The larva has been recorded as having been beaten from beech at Shoreham (S. F. P. Blyth); also five larvae on beech, Culverstone (div. 6), October 10, 1922 (F. T. Grant). 1. West Wickham (Wells, Ent. Rec., 3: 35). Bexley, scarce (V.C.H. (1908)). Keston, one imago and several larvae beaten, September 1951 (W. A. Cope). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). Greenwich Park, one, August 10, 1953 (J. F. Burton). Bromley, several at m.v., 1960-62 (D. R. M. Long). 5. Chevening, several, May 8-26, 1912; 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6a. Knights Place (Pye, Rochester Nat., 1896: 2 (51), 352). 8. Dover, 1900 (Stockwell, Entomologist, 34: 26); one, 1954 (B. O. C. Gardiner); one, September 9, 1962 (G. H. Youden). Cooting Down, near Barham, 9°, May 13, 1930 (Morley (1931)), Barfrestone; Kearsney; Whitfield (EB. & Y. (1949)). Wye; Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). Chilham, June 10, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). 10. Seal (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 41); one, on fence, 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Brasted, occasionally at light (R. M. Prideaux); larva, 1916 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (Carr and Turner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1924-25: 107); 1934 (J. L. Atkinson). Sevenoaks, 1946 (F. D. Greenwood). Knole Park, one imago, August 24, 1956 (A. A. Allen). 11. Wateringbury, fairly common (V.C.H. (1908)). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 12. Chartham (P. B. Wacher). Wye, one, June 11, twelve, August 11-26, 1953; one, May 27, one, August 4, 1954; one, June 8, three August 18-24, 1955; one, May 28, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford, May 19, 1954 (P. Cue). 13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62), ii). 14. Tenterden, one (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). Cranbrook, one, 1956, taken by D. Streeter (C.-H.). 16. Sandling Park, taken by D. Saunders, 1929 (Morley (1931)). VARIATION.—Second generation specimens apparently occur more fre- quently than those of the first brood, and are noticeably smaller and darker, being referable to gen. aest. aestiva Speyer. First REcorD, 1853: Tenterden (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). D, falcataria L.: Pebble Hook-tip. Native. Woods, commons, etec.; on birch, alder. Fairly plentiful, particularly in the Weald, and recorded from all divisions, except 5 (probably present), 15; once only from 9, where it is perhaps casual. “Generally distributed and not scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). Regularly double-brooded, imago appearing May-June and again in August. In 1961, Long (Ent. Rec., 73: 133) recorded one at ary: April 17. The larva has mostly been found on birch. S. Wakely took larvae at West Wickham, 1927-30, on alder as well as on birch; and M. Enfield states that he found a colony of falcataria in 1959, in a small alder wood at West Ashford (div. 12). (76) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 9. Margate (P. F. Harris). VARIATION.—Rather variable, particularly with regard to the ground colour. Ina d and Q that I have, taken Ham Street, July 29, 1946, and end July 1951 respectively, the ground is of an unicolorous deep brownish- ochreous, similar to that of D. harpagula Esp.; in another ¢ and Q, from the same locality, taken May 1950, June 15, 1951, respectively, the ground is abnormally pale, having forewings of a pale straw, hindwings almost white, and may be referable to ab. pallida Stephens; the latter two specimens contrast strongly with a d¢, also from Ham Street, taken June 5, 1954, in which there is dark fuscous suffusion, especially on the forewing (Ce): The following abs. and named forms from Kent are in R.C.K.:—ab. ochracea Lamb., gen. vern., four; tenuistrigaria Lempke, gen. aest., several; ab. infernalis Hoffmann, one, Bexley, bred 1906; “diaphanous” ab., 3 299,N. Kent, one 6, Bexley. . First REcorD, 1834: Darenth and Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 4: 6). D. curvatula Borkh: Youden’s Hook-tip. Vagrant? 8. Dover.—A single 2 taken by G. H. Youden in m.v. trap in his garden, August 13, 1960. From this, D. G. Marsh obtained ova, and in October 1960, twenty pupae, from which three imagines emerged, Novem- ber 1960, and twelve others, April 17-25, 1961. Altogether 2 ¢¢,13 99 were bred, a number of which were exhibited at S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., October 28, 1961, and there first recognised by C. G. M. de Worms as curvatula (Youden and Marsh, Ent. Rec., 74: 44, plt. 1, figs. 1-6). First REcorRD, 1960: Dover (G. H. Youden). D. lacertinaria L.: Scalloped Hook-tip. Native. Woods, heaths; on birch. Frequent in 1, 6a, 10-12; apparently rather uncommon in 3-8, 13-16; probably casual in 15. “Generally dis- tributed and not scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). 3. Between Milsted and Canterbury* (Morris, Week. Ent., 3: 285). Blean, several, 1902-04 (J. P. Barrett coll.); two, bred 1934 from larvae (J. L. Atkinson). Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Sturry, one, 1915, larvae on birch, August 23, 1919, from which three reared 1920 (H. G. Gomm). Herne, one, May 17, 1942 (P. F. Harris). Eddington, occasionally at light (D. G. Marsh). 4. Ickham, one, July 28, 1956 (D. G. Marsh). 5. Downe (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 131). 6. Longfield (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54), ii). Culverstone, twelve larvae on birch, September 18, 1924 (F. T. Grant). Eynsford (Blair, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 33). Shoreham, larvae, 1940 (H. E. Hammond). Fairseat, July 30, August 12, 1960 (J. Ellerton). 7. Park Wood, near Rainham (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, August 6, 1945, May 21, 1953 (E. Scott). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Denton (Morley (1931)). West Wood, one, May 5, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Waldershare (E. & Y. (1949)). 13. Tunbridge Wells, one, 1958 (L. R. Tesch, fide C. A. Stace). 14. Tenterden (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). Sandhurst (G. V. Bull), Hawk- hurst, singletons, 1952-53 (B. G. Chatfield). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (77) 15. Dungeness, @ at m.v., August 3, 1951 (C.-H.). 16. Folkestone Town, one, August 30, 1951, one, August 21, 1952, one, August 5, 1957, several, August 7-September 4, 1958, several, August 1959- 60; all at m.v. (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Schulze (Berl. ent. Zeitschr., 57: 118-119, plt. 3, figs. 10-12) described and figured ssp. tacoraria on the basis of 3 ¢ ¢, West Wickham, May 14, 1896, 2 9 9, Darenth Wood, May 17, 1896. The main distinguishing features appear to be its small size; and in dd, absence of dark freckling, and lack of subterminal line on forewing. Note:—In my series of Kent spring brood lacertinaria, which includes 4 ¢d,1 9, from West Wickham, in addition to specimens from other localities; al. expanse of dd is 30-33 mm., and of 9 9, 33-35 mm.; in more than half the number of dd, there is considerable dark freckling on forewing, and in many the sub- terminal line is fairly clearly indicated; two ¢¢, West Wickham, May 1951, are fairly strongly dusted with silvery-grey, and thus seem to ap- proach ssp. scincula Hiibn. in appearance (C.-H.). In R.C.K. is ab. erosula Lespeyres, 9°, “Bred Fordwich, Vaughan sale’’, 36, North Kent, July 1922. First Recorp, 1834: Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 4: 5). Cilix giaucata Scop.: Chinese Character. Native. Hedgerows, woods, bushy places; on hawthorn, bramble. Found in all divisions. Fairly plentiful, and apparently well distributed throughout the county. “Generally common” (V.C.H. (1908)). On the basis of light captures alone, specimens of the aestival brood normally appear much more numerous than those of the darker vernal generation obscurata Lempke. Gillett (Diary) records breeding an imago, March 29, 1918, from a larva taken at Chevening on hawthorn; the larva has also been taken by A. A. Allen, at Blackheath, on bramble as well as on hawthorn. First REcORD, 1860: Dartford Heath (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 188). ARCTIIDAE NOLINAE Nola cucullatella L.: Short-cloaked. Native. Bushy places, hedgerows, wood-sides, orchards, gardens; on sloe, hawthorn, apple, plum. Fairly frequent, and found in all divisions. I have frequently beaten the larva in fair numbers from sloe and hawthorn, but do not often see the moth, the only times being occasionally at m.v., and once on a fence beside a hawthorn (C.-H.). H. C. Huggins states that he has noted imagines sometimes swarming on plum trunks in orchards at Faversham. A. M. Morley has mostly observed imagines at m.v., but never in large numbers, also one at rest on a horse chestnut, at Folkestone. F. T. Grant records a larva in a garden at Gravesend on apple, May 24, 1926. VaRIATION.—In R.C.K. is ab. fuliginalis Steph., several, “England, Kent, Bexley, R. L. E. Ford, 1954”. I have two extreme examples of fuliginalis, in which the ground is unicolorous blackish, bred bye EH . .. Torner. Brockley, 1890 (C.-H.). First REcorpD, 1859: Tenterden (Stainton, Man., 2: 157). (78) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 N. striguia Schiff.: Small Black Arches. Native. Woods; [on oak]. Normally single brooded, but in 1951, J. L. Atkinson took one on September 19, a very late date, and suggestive of a partial second genera- tion. 1. West Wickham Wood (Douglas, Zoologist, 3183). Joydens Wood, one, August 1, 1887 (Fenn, Diary); five, 1922, one, 1925, all at rest on trunks (L. T. Ford). Bexley, one, 1899 (Carr, Entomologist, 33: 46). 3. Bossenden Wood, one, July 12, 1925, two, July 16, 1925 (H. C. Huggins). Clowes Wood, five, 1935, one, 1936, one, 1937, one, 1943 (P. F. Harris). Blean Woods, one fresh specimen, taken September 19, 1951 (J. L. Atkinson). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.); (V.C.H. (1908)). [Gravesend], one (Button, Entomologist, 5: 221). 6a. North Kent [Chattenden], 1875 (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 293). Chattenden Roughs, not common, sometimes at sugar (Chaney (1884-87)). Darenth Wood, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76); one, in Hope Dept. (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 9); noted up to 1910, but very scarce (H. C. Huggins). 7. (Chatham* (Stainton, Man., 2: 157): [8. Hawkinge, June 19, 1910 (Bell, Ent. Rec., 22: 176) (The locality and early date strongly suggest Celama confusalis H.-S. (q.v.) (C.-H.)).] 11. Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); August 3, 1954, one, July 13, 1955 (P. Cue). 12. Ashford neighbourhood (Chittenden, Proc. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1899: 107). Ham Street Woods (Scott (1936)); one, July 15, 1939, one, July 22, 1946, about 12, July 6-7, and as many again July 20-30, 1951, one, June 21, 1952; all at light in Long Rope (C.-H.); two, July 21, 1939, one, June 23, 1946; one, by R. Lovell (in 1953) (A. M. Morley). Bourne Wood, nine one night, 1953 (G. H. Youden, teste E. Scott). } 13. Kilndown, one, July 10, 1987 (G. V. Bull). 14. Tenterden, two (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). First Recor, 1851: Douglas, Zoologist, 3183. N. albula Schiff. (albulalis Hubn.): Kent Black Arches. Resident. Woods, bushy places, waste land, etc.; on dewberry. Vaunly maritime and submaritime. Local. 4. Sandwich, ¢, worn, flying at dusk, August 1, 1948 (C.-H.). Ickham, one, August 3, 1954 (D. G. Marsh). 6a. Chattenden!.—1859, two, July 10, two, July 15, taken by W. H. Allchin and W. Chaney (see First Record; Ent. week. Int., 6: 188, 8: 5, 9: 59; Chaney (1884-87)); one, July 1860, by W. H. Allchin (Stainton, Ent. Ann., 1861: 86); very common in 1874, according to A. H. Jones; less common in 1875, but eight taken by C. Fenn, and a few by other col- lectors, July 13, 1875 (Fenn, Diary). At Chattenden Roughs, 1876, so common that one might easily have taken a hundred larvae in an afternoon from dewberry leaves in spring, or forty moths during twilight in July (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1926-27: 50). Larvae not uncommon [at Chattenden], 1880 (Porritt, Entomologist, 13: 163). “The keeper told me that the second plantation albulalis comes out a fortnight later than in the old locality” (Fenn, Diary, 21.vi.1884). Twelve taken by LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (79) Auld, July 1894 (Fenn, Diary). Four imagines taken in 1902 [at Chatten- den], “in as many evenings” (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 18: 18). Huggins (Ent. Rec., 65: 308-9), in an interesting article on this species at Chatten- den, states that Peek, the keeper, took a moth in 1901, and three larvae in 1902. It is noteworthy that there is no definite record of the occurrence of albula at Chattenden between 1860 and 18742, or since 1902 (C.-H.). 8. Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)). Walmer, one, 1914 (H. G. Gomm coll.). Haddling Wood, near Dover, two at light, July 1937 (Embry, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 22). Dover, one, July 1950 (B. O. C. Gardiner); singletons in garden at m.v., August 12, 1953, July 4, 1957, August 10, 1958, July 4, 8, 1959, July 16, 28, 1960 (G. H. Youden). Folke- stone Warren, three, July 30-August 1, 1946 (R. Fairclough). Wye Downs, ©, at light, July 24, 1949, taken by C. A. W. Duffield (Scott (1950)). 9. Margate, July 20, 1919 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 12. Ham Street.—One, July 1950 (E. J. Hare); one, 1951 (G. Law); one, at m.v., Long Rope, June 27, 1952 (C.-H.); one, June 24, 1953 (W. L. Rudland); one, August 5, 1954 (P. B. Wacher); one, July 1959, in the village (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). Ashford Town, one, July 21, 1955, at light in garden (P. Cue). 14. Tenterden, six, c. 1855 (S. C. Tress Beale, Diary). Sandhurst, one, July 13, 1952 (G. V. Bulb. 15. Dymchurch, fifteen, July 1-10, 1952, on some waste land (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 42; Marsh, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 40); in 1953 and 1954, saw many and took ten good specimens (G. H. Youden). Dungeness, one, July 18, 1947 (R. Demuth, teste A. M. Morley); one, August 1954 (Michaelis, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 37); one, August 5, 1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 89: 93); one, July 28, 1956 (W. L. Rud- land); one, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). Greatstone, one, 1957 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 15); one, at light, August 1960 (D. Youngs). VARIATION.—In my series of eighteen Kentish albula, including sixteen from Chattenden, are three examples assignable to ab. fascialis Spuler, bred Chattenden, 1899 (C.-H.). In R.C.K. are ab. nivalis Caradja, two, “North Kent, received from F. J. Hanbury, 1907”; ab. fascialis Spuler, two, Kent. First REcORD, 1859: “On the 15th of July last I captured two fine specimens of this insect, also one a few days previously; the former were flying amongst long grass during hot sunshine; the latter was beaten up later in the evening” (Allchin, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1859: 77)%. This is also the first record for Britain. 1The following references to this species in Kent, probably allude to Chattenden : ‘Entomologist, 7: 180, §: 218, 292; Ent. mon. Mag.. 11: 68, 12: 166. 2The statement by Bird (Entomologist, §: 238) that specimens were taken by Packman, July 1872, “no great distance from Dartford’’, possibly refers to Chattenden. 3But recorded in error as Celama trituberculana Bosc (centonalis Hijbn.), cf. Ent. week. Int., 8: 5. Celama confusalis H.-S.: Least Black Arches. Native. Parks, woods, orchards, etc.; foodplant unknown. Mainly on chalk. Apparently extinct in West Kent. (80) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X/1962 Obs.—Imagines have been mostly found by day, at rest on tree trunks. The species is normally single brooded; in 1950, however, P. B. Wacher took an imago in good condition on July 14, a very late date. 1. West Wickham Wood, June (Douglas, Zoologist, 3183); May 1857 (Tugwell, Ent. week. Int., 3: 11); one, June 6, one, June 29, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Bostall Wood, May 16, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Erith Wood (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)), may refer to the preceding record. Joydens Wood; Birch Wood (Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 3. Blean (V.C.H. (1908)). Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). ' 4. Ickham, one, June 11, 1959 (D. G. Marsh). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 6a. Darenth Wood, June 23, 1860 (Fenn, Lepidoptera Data MS.); one, May 31, 1863 (Fenn, Diary); May 1863 (Leigh, Week. Ent., 2: 135). Cobham Wood, 1910 (H. C. Huggins); one, May 23, 1913, two, June 4, 1913, June 9 and 16, 1914 (F. T. Grant). 7, Not uncommon in and about Wigmore Woods, May 10-20 (Chaney (1884-87)). Woods near Chatham* (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 31). Chatham, one or two, 1908 (Poundall, teste E. D. Morgan). Sharsted, 1927 (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, one, May 19, 1948, and of fairly regular occurrence since (E. Scott, personal communication, 1954). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Ellinge, 9, June 9, 1928 (Morley (1931)). Folkestone Warren, two, May 26, 1929, one, May 21, 1933, several, May 27, 1938; Reinden Wood, five, May 21, one, June 26, 1929, four, May 28-29, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Folkestone*, one, June 2, 1945 (KE. D. Bostock). Dover, one, 1896, one, 1898, two, 1932 (H. D. Stockwell coll.). Dover to Deal, ‘found all over the district in moderate numbers” (E. & Y. (1949)). Ewell Minnis, May 30, 1932 (J. H. B. Lowe). Tilmanstone, one, June 7, 1934; Wye, two, May 28, 1928; Brook, one, May 8, 1937 (A. M. Morley). “Common on the downs from Brook to Crundale” (Scott (1936, 1950)). Whitehill Wood, Bridge, one, July 14, 1950+ (P. B. Wacher). [Hawkinge, one, June 10, 1910 (Bell, Ent. Rec., 22: 176); recorded as Nola strigula Schiff., but very probably C. confusalis in view of early date and locality (C.-H.).] 9. Margate.—June 24, 1915, one, June 4, 1919, one, May 1, 1920, two, May 7-8, 1921 (H. G. Gomm); common on sycamores in Northdown Park (P. F. Harris); two, May 28, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). St. Lawrence, May 31, 1949 (A. H. Lanfear). 11. Wateringbury, two (E. Goodwin coll.). 12. Ashford, frequent at light, 1951-55, several, early May 1957 (P. Cue); one, May 12, 1954 (E. Scott); 1958 (de Worms, Entomologist, 92: 69). Wye, one, May 29, 1953, one, May 28, 1955; Willesborough, three, May 14-26, 1954, one, June 7, 1955, one, May 31, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ham Street Village, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 94: 159). 13. Tunbridge Wells district, scarce (Knipe (1916)); usually scarce (Given (1946)). Near Groombridge (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1932-33: 85). 16. Folkestone Town, on trunks, etc., two, May 1, 8, 1944, one May 1, 1945, two, May 14, 24, 1947, one, May 16, 1952; at m.v., four, 1953, one, 1954, two, 1956, four, 1958, one, 1961 (A. M. Morley). First RECORD, 1851: Douglas, Zoologist, 3183. ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY Well illustrated Subscription: 42/- per year Free Sample Copy sent on request 22 Harlington Road East, Feltham, Middlesex, England EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one 16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”’ Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants. IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in Treland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- ment will be made. E. S. A. BAYNES 2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire EEE eee Wanted.—Lundbeck Diptera Danica, Vol. IV. Dolichopodidae (1912). Parent, Faune de France 35, Dolichopodidae (1938).—_Cartwright Timms, 524 Moseley Road, Birmingham 12. For Sale.—Mahogany Cabinet with Doors, in excellent condition, 32 drawers (glass lids), £32 10s—Humphreys, 38 High Street, Ruislip, Middx. Ruislip 6264. For Sale—Complete set, Vols. 1 and If of J. O. Westwood’s F.L.S. Famous “British Moth Books’’, all the coloured plates intact (124). In very good condition, £12—Mr. E. Vinnicombe, 31 Dresden Road, London, N.19, Eng- land. Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight._I am preparing a new County list using a card index, and would be most grateful for records since 1906 of ALL species with FULL data (e.g. numbers of commoner species are important).—R. P. Knill- Jones, ‘‘Brooklands’’, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. ) 3h 4 ‘ t ¥ ; ge i ae | ‘ f 1 mre hii 4 (We fet dpe t Lg Es & ¢\6 fiery ¥; eS aye Loy inlaid. Rh Pie Belen at aD NYY Set your Insects in comfort ee Ate 4n lens pranles both eyes to be used and moves easily on the 12" rails. All four legs are telescopic. Now in he once more in our r Scientifi c Instrument cee Works. FLATTERS & GARNETT LTD. -- 309 ~ Oxford Road, Manchester 13 * " Established 1901 _ For hiustiioe details write to Department E.R.1 LIVING LEPIDOPTERA AND SET [ BEPPIMENS We ‘specialise in living ee and set specimens from this country and. overseas. We also stock equipment for breeding Lepidoptera and some collecting equipment. Send for our elect catalogue and our a . catalogue of set specimens. WORLDWIDE BUTTERFLIES LTD., Seafields House, Charmouth, Bridport, Dorset, amie THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF THE WORLD| A systematic work, in collaboration with the best specialists of all Countries, edited by Prof. Dre As ee: and aescrihed scientifically. “There is no eae work in existence. English, erman and French editions. Vol. 1-4: Fauna palaearctica. Vol. 5-16 : Fauna 4 ee exotica. ed Every volume may be had separately. A. KERNEN, —* Stuttgart, Schloss-Str. 80 ao e HILL. & SON pei: ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS _ Specialists in INTERCHANGEABLE UNIT SYSTEMS en "Reconditioned SECOND- HAND INSECT CABINETS, STORE BOXES, ‘ete., te ih a available from time to time. — ae ont eens » fee es "Specifications and Prices sent Post Free on Application 1ELD ROAD, N. W. 10. Re 5 oe ‘Phone : _ WuutespeN 0309 - THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wrt11ams, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. McK. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. Aztzn, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assis- Fonseca, F.R.E.S. a SS CONTENTS THE COSTA DEL SOL, APRIL 1962. C. G. M. DE WORMS, M.A., Ph.D., NOTES ON THE LARVA OF situate ter FONTIS THUNB. H. SYMES ... 211 A SUSPECTED MIGRATION OF LOXOSTEGE FRUSTRALIS ZELL. (PYRALIDAE). J. 8. TAYLOR ... 3 i : 212 NOTES FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT. S. WAKELY ... tS i re .. 2138 YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED. RALPH L. COE ... ae es pee ie a Jos ae NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.ES. ... oe ae A SHORT ACCOUNT OF EMUS HIRTUS L. IN BRITAIN. A. A. ALLEN, B.Se, 219 NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... oi me is der as rs 5 iSada eee CURRENT LITERATURE ... ne a oF = ae bee fe ce ic pee SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN KENT: A CRITICAL ACCOUNT. PART II. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ... + (65) a TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests for SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. BACK NUMBERS, VOLUMES, and SETS OF VOLUMES to the TREASURER, Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. CHANGES OF ADDRESS to the TREASURER. REPRINTS: 12 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these May contain extraneous matter.. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Printed by T. Bunctz anp Co. Lrp., Arbroath. Pee i | NOVEMBER 1962 QNEIRTNGRAGNIALAGROAEM DEMS ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.z.£.8. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SO., A.B.C.S. C. A. CoLLINGWwooD, B.SO., F.R.E.S. . ’ , : VILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Hueems, ¥.R.E.s. ; 5 = L. PARMENTER, F.RB.E.S. M. CuHatMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. H. SyMeEs, M.A. 3 peajor ‘A. E. Couzier, M.c., F..5.8. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harrzr, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.8. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25s. POST FREE. Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, oo Beeny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. vas SSD EDIODOSOIEDEH DEDEDE SOLRSOSTINIRSESUUAT PELCTRLERELEDELE CDEDS hie super- eens Pyralide oe fe identined to age information on their habits, life histories, and eae Isles. = ce eee in full colour. FLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES By CHARLES N. belies PRES. winged Flies), 48 plates in “colour, 51 “half-tone = figures and diaereuns. ; THE CATERPILLARS OF THE E BI LITT: BUTTERFLIES = | By Ww. J. acee and Dr. &. H. T. STOVIN: THE SPIDERS AND. a LIED ¢ ee BRITISH ISLES | By THEODORE H. SAVORY, MA. FZS. - Comprising full descriptions of e every Species of seit eS ene | and | : _ FREDERICK a A 14 Bedford Court, > | 225 Notes on Collecting in 1962 By H. Symes, M.A.(Oxon). The travesty of a summer which we have just experienced came as a nasty shock to those who believed that a cold winter is likely to be followed by a fine summer and a good season for entomologists, as has often been the case. Personally, I did not find 1962 much, if any, worse than its predecessor, but my activities this year were restricted to the day-time, and it may be that night operators have a different tale to tell. March was a cold month and passed without my seeing a single lepidopteron. On 2nd April I found an Orthosia stabilis Schiff. on the pavement not far from my house, and next evening there was one on sallow in the garden. Three O. gothica L. were on this sallow on 12th April, one of them being an unusually large and well-marked specimen. Two gothica came to the sallow on 17th April. On 23rd, I saw a Nymphalis io L. in the garden, and next day two Pieris rapae L. I made three visits to the New Forest with the Rev. F. M. B. Carr to look for Celastrina argiolus L. On 25th April we did not see any, and as everything seemed to be about three weeks late, it was presumably not yet on the wing. On 3rd May we saw four, but they were flying high, and none was taken. The species was certainly scarce this year, and I have not heard any reports of the second brood being seen. On list May, Mr. Carr and I went to Badbury Rings and took Pararge aegeria L. on blackthorn flowers, of which there was a remarkable pro- fusion. Mr. Carr beat two larvae of Lasiocampa quercus L. from small hawthorns and I found a batch of the eggs of Orgyia antiqua L. on a withered leaf of dogwood (Cornus sanguinea L.). On 17th May we went there again; wind and showers kept butterflies at home and made larva beating difficult. Our total bag was one Trichiura crataegi L. and one Allophyes oxyacanthae L. Mr. Carr found a lovely Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. 9, which obliged him with a batch of fertile eggs. On 22nd May, we paid our usual visit to Whiteparish. Frequent showers again interfered with beating, but we did enough to realise that larvae were uncommonly scarce. Quite apart from the chance of finding an Apatura iris L., one can nearly always pick up a Brachyonycha sphinx Hufn. or two, but we did not see this or any of such common species as Orthosia munda Schiff. or O. cruda Schiff. One small green larva, beaten from sallow and un- identified at the time, turned out, when the moth emerged on 18th July, to have been Zenobia retusa L. During the afternoon, we decided to drive on the Test Valley and look for larvae of Plusia chryson Esp. In a good locality for this species we found plenty of the foodplant, Hemp Agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum L.) at just the right stage for searching, but could not see any leaves with their mid-rib bitten through, hanging down and providing shelter for the larva. After I had searched one plant which showed signs of having been eaten, I saw a larva on the ground beneath it. That was the only one we found. On 30th May, Mr. Carr and I went to the New Forest to look for Hemaris tityus L. I thought I caught a glimpse of one. Several species of Rhopalocera were seen, including Pararge megaera L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Erynnis tages L., and Pyrgus malvae L. On 5th June we paid a second visit to this locality, and Mr. Carr took two H. tityus. Next day, in beauti- ful weather, Mr. R. W. Watson drove Mr. Carr and me into the heart of Dorset to look for larvae of Eriogaster lanestris L. We made our way 226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1I/1962 slowly along the country lanes for some time without seeing a nest, but then in quick succession we found four, three on hawthorn and one on blackthorn. After lunch, we proceeded to Hod Hill, where we found several other entomologists and plenty of Euphydryas aurinia Rott., Lysandra bellargus Rott., and Aricia agestis Schiff., and one or two Vanessa cardui L. Mr. Carr took one Parasemia plantaginis L. On 12th June I drove with Mr. Carr to a locality near Glanville’s Wooton, and at Sturminster Newton we saw a badger run across the road a few yards in front of us, at about 11 a.m. B.s.T. We found plenty of aurinia rather past their best, afew very fresh Argynnis selene Schiff. and some Hemearis lucina L. On 21st June, I drove to Morden Heath with Mr. Carr, who took two Dyscia fagaria Thunb. Diocrisia sannio L. was not yet out. That day I found a Hemerophila abruptaria Thunb. on our garden fence, surely a very late date. I had previously seen one on 3rd June. On 26th June I met Mr. D. R. M. Long in the New Forest and we looked for Bomolocha fontis Thunb. (crassalis Fab.) at Bolderwood, but without success. In another locality we took one Eustrotia uncula Cl. Later in the day I found nine larvae of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. var. rufescens on bog myrtle (Myrica gale L.). On 28th June, Mr. Carr and I went to Morden Heath, but as there was nothing of interest there we drove on to Hod Hill, where we found more moths on the posts than I have ever seen there before: one Sphinx ligustri L. 2 (which laid a large number of eggs), one Apatele psi L. (or possibly tridens Schiff.) with the trident and other black marks on the forewings extremely faint, three Hadena serena Schiff. and five Cuculiiza umbratica L. (This must have been a good season for serena, a moth which I had not seen for more than twelve years, as I took one on a pine trunk at Morden Heath on 17th July and saw another on a pine trunk in Boscombe on the 18th). I also took a Pyrgus malvae L. in perfect condition (another very late date), a Meristis trigrammica Hufn. sitting on the ground, and saw two P. plantaginis of which I took one ¢. On 3rd July Mr. Carr and I paid another visit to the New Forest and looked without success for larvae of C. argiolus on holly berries, which are plentiful this year. We also failed to find B. fontis at Bolderwood. Then we went to the locality for E. uncula but saw only two. Here we put up two or three D. sannio ¢ ¢. Ona post at Holmesley I found a Polia nebulosa Hufn. On 10th July we went to Morden Heath. D. sannio was out, but scarce. I saw only three males, of which two were remark- ably small, probably due to the cold weather when the larvae were feed- ing up. One that I took was not so large as the second brood males that I reared in 1960. Mr. Carr took one female that laid fewer eggs than is normal. We did not see anything of Coscinia cribraria L., but Plebejus argus L. was very plentiful. There must have been a recent invasion of Plusia gamma L., of which I saw at least fifty, and this is the only time this year when I have seen them in any numbers. Some of them were unusually small and pale. We also saw a few Nomophila noctuella Schiff. Our next visit to Morden Heath was on 17th July, when we saw about half-a-dozen Sterrha muricata Hufn., of which I took two beautiful speci- mens. Maniola tithonus L. was abundant. On 18th July I found a P. nebulosa on a pine trunk in Bournemouth, and, on the 22nd, a very pale one in my garden, on a silver birch trunk, where it was most incon- spicuous. On 31st July, Mr. Carr and I went to the New Forest, and as the weather was too dull for butterflies we beat for larvae. I got twelve Panolis flammea Schiff., one Lymantria monacha L. (a very late date: the imago, a ¢, emerged on 30th August), one Notodonta anceps Goeze and NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1962 227 one Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. On 3rd August I spent a short time at Morden Heath. It was very windy and my visit was cut short by rain. I took a Phytometra viridaria Cl. and saw a S. muricata. A spell of bad weather followed. On 9th August I met Brig. Warry and Miss Pengilly, and we searched for larvae of Cucullia lychnitis Ramb., but without success. Rain curtailed our activities. We met again at Badbury Rings on 16th August. The weather was dull and windy, unfavourable to butterflies and to beating. We found three larvae of Macrothylacia rubi L. and half a dozen of S. ligustri, which seemed to prefer small isolated privet bushes to those growing ina hedge. On 22nd August I paid my first visit to Hod Hill for two months. Mr. Carr came with me, and took two Vanessa cardui, one of which was a very brightly marked specimen. I was pleased to see two Polygonia c-album L. Lysandra coridon Poda was out in good numbers and fine condition. On 29th August I went to Morden Heath in optimistic mood to search for larvae of Heliothis maritima Gras., but as I had not seen the imago this year it was hardly surprising that I failed to find any. Two N. noctuella were seen, but nothing else of any interest. Proceeding to the Badbury Rings area, I found Gonopteryx rhamni L. in fair numbers, and was interested to see a group of six P. rapae on the flowers of a single plant of Black Horehound (Ballota nigra L.). I have always regarded this as a dull, dingy-looking plant with a disagreeable smell, and had no idea that it was attractive to lepidoptera. G. rhamni, however, did not visit it. August ended on a good note. On 31st, a beautiful day, I met Brig. Warry at Hod Hill. We saw two V. cardui and a number of G. rhamni, including several females. There were a few newly-emerged L. bellargus (males only) and plenty of L. coridon, some of them quite fresh. I took two aberrations, both of the obsoleta form but quite different from one another. During the first week of September I made two expeditions to the New Forest and collected fifteen larvae of Bomolocha fontis Thunb. Bil- berry keeps fresh for several days, but when the leaves begin to drop off the twigs, it may be assumed that it is no longer fit for larval consumption, and so on the 14th September I paid a hurried visit to the Forest to pro- cure a fresh supply of food, and as five larvae had already died (one had been ‘stung’ and two, I think, had been injured in beating), I spent rather more than an hour beating bilberry and collected seven more larvae, one of which was by far the smallest I had seen. I suspect that a good many will prove to have been ‘stung’. On 18th September I saw, through a flimsy, transparent cocoon, a newly-formed pupa: the abdomen was light brown and the front part was green, turning later in the day to dark brown. But two other cocoons contained a smaller white cocoon that was clearly that of a parasite. On 11th September I drove to Bloxworth to meet Brig. Warry, who, while beating without much success for larvae, took a very dark specimen of Sarrothripus revayana Scop. Unfortunately, the weather was foul— even by 1962 standards—and steady rain made us call it a day early in the afternoon. On 17th September, Mr. Carr and I went to Hod Hill. It was a fairly sunny day, but there was a distinct touch of autumn in the air, and when the sun was obscured by heavy clouds that threatened rain more than once, conditions on the Hill were very bleak. In spite of that, we saw a good number of butterflies: Pararge egeria L. and P. megaera L..., Maniola jurtina L., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Vanessa atalanta L. 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1/1962 V. cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Aricia agestis Schiit., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Lysandra coridon Poda, L. bellargus Rott. and Lycaena phlaeas L We did not, however, see any G. rhamni, that had been plentiful on 31st August. I took a bellargus Jd in beautifully fresh condition, with a well- marked row of black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings, and an icarus @ with unusual markings. We also beat a few privet bushes and obtained five larvae of Craniophora ligustri Schiff., and I found an almost full-fed larva of Apatele tridens Schiff. on hawthorn. Driving to the New Forest on 19th September, I caught sight of a large larva of Smerinthus ocellatus L., its pale green standing out con- spicuously against a background of darker sallow leaves. I got out of the car and soon found two more larvae. On 22nd September I visited Bloxworth with Mr. Carr and we beat for larvae. Our principal objective was Tethea duplaris L. of which we got four: besides these we collected nine Anagoga pulveraria L. and one Lophopteryx capucina L., beaten from hazel. A small, black, hairy larva, beaten from sallow, I thought to be one of the Footmen, but after changing its skin it turned out to be Colocasia coryli L. I beat another just like it, but from birch, when I paid a second visit to Bloxworth on 25th September, and met Brig. Warry. We had an interesting day with our beating trays, and obtained a mixed bag that included Pheosia gnoma Fab. (3), L. capucina (2), T. duplaris (2), Dasychira pudibunda L. (only one!), Drepana falcataria L. (2), D. lacertinaria (1), two or three Bena fagana Fab., and A. pulveraria (6). Brig. Warry beat a lovely Citria lutea Strom. from sallow, and we saw a number of G. rhamni, mostly on the flowers of devil’s-bit scabious (Scabiosa succisa), and two or three V. atalanta. At a certain stage of its growth, the larva of duplaris bears a close resemblance to that of a species of saw-fly that also feeds on birch. They both spend most of their time curled up, but I noticed that duplaris has its head inside while the saw-fly has its head outside. On 27th September, I saw a full-fed larva of S. ligustri on a hedge near Ringwood. There followed two or three stormy days, but on 4th October, in weather that would have been a credit to August, I went to the New Forest with Mr. Carr to beat for larvae. We devoted most of our atten- tion to birch. Larvae were scarcer than they had been at Bloxworth, but we obtained a good variety, including Pheosia tremula Clerck (1, on aspen) and P. gnoma (1), L. capucina (2), Pterostoma palpina Clerck (1, on aspen), a few full-fed Phalera bucephala L., D. falcataria (2), and D. lacertinaria (1), a few B. fagana, A. psi (2), and a green Noctuid about the size of the fagana, which we could not identify at the time. After consulting Buckler, I believe it to be Hadena contigua Schiff. There were also a number of Geometrids, mostly Deilinia pusaria L. Some of the larvae were extra- ordinarily small for the time of year, especially the gnoma and one of the capucina. Despite the warm, sunny weather, the only butterflies seen were three G. rhamni and one N. io. It seems to be generally agreed that the season has been a poor one for most butterflies. Of the spring or early summer species, I saw very few P. egeria and P. megaera and, incredible as it may seem, only one Anthocharis cardamines L. As already stated, C. argiolus was very scarce. Of the Satyrids, Maniola tithonus L. was far and away the most abundant, and was plentiful in such different localities as New Forest enclosures. Morden Heath and Hod Hill. It was much commoner than M. jurtina L. Satyrus semele was in fair numbers, Coenonympha pamphilus L. rather less plentiful than usual, and little was seen of Aphantopus hyperanthus NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1962 229 L. Of the Fritillaries, Argynnis selene Schiff. and E. aurinia were plenti- ful in the right localities, but A. ewphrosyne was very scarce. On the one day when I might have expected to have seen it, A. paphia L. did not appear. I saw two or three A. cydippe L. and only one A. aglaia L., a © taken by Brig. Warry at Bradbury Rings on 16th August. Of the Vanessids, larvae of Aglais urticae L. were abundant at Hod Hill on 6th June, and the imago was plentiful there in September. I saw more of P. c-album than last year, but that is not saying much. Four came to buddleia in my garden on 5th, 15th and 30th August and 8th October. I saw two at Hod Hill. Several others were seen in Bournemouth. I did not see Limenitis camilla L. but it was reported to be plentiful in one of the enclosures in the New Forest. Of the Blues, Plebejus argus L. was abundant, both at Morden Heath and in the New Forest. A. agestis was plentiful at Hod Hill, but Polyommatus icarus Rott. seemed to be scarcer than usual. L. coridon and L. bellargus are holding their own at Hod Hill. Lycaena phlaeas was rather scarce, and Callophrys rubi L. was the only Hairstreak I saw. Of the Skippers, E. tages and P. malvae were on the wing from the end of May until the middle of July. Ochlodes venata Br. & G. and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda were less abundant than usual. Hesperia comma L. was not seen. It appears to have vanished from Hod Hill and Badbury Rings. I have referred to the unusually late appearances of one or two insects: to these must be added a Spilosoma lutea Hufn. found on a wall near my house on 13th August, and, I think, newly emerged. It has been a disappointing season for larvae. Many that I have found have been singletons, including T. crataegi and M. oxyacanthae (Badbury Rings), P. chryson (Test Valley), Dasychira pudibunda (Bloxworth), Apatele leporina L. (Ferndown), A. aceris L. (Boscombe), A. tridens (Hod Hill), P. tremula, P. palpina, N. anceps, D. dodonaea, L. monacha and H. contigua (all New Forest). On the other hand, I have seen more larvae of S. ligustri than for several years. In my experience, the infestation of larvae by parasites has been exceptionally heavy this year. I do not know whether this has been the case in general, or whether I have merely been unlucky. Out of twenty- two larvae of B. fontis, eight were ‘stung’. Most of these were able to spin their fragile, transparent cocoon, and then, after two or three days, a single green parasite grub could be seen inside the cocoon, shorter than but otherwise as large as its host. A day or two later, this grub spun a tight-fitting white cocoon, inside which it turned into a light-brown pupa. In one or two cases, the fontis larva failed to spin up, but lay on the floor of the cage: the parasite broke out in due course but always died. Other larvae that suffered severely from parasites were O. gracilis, P. flammea, the only two A. leporina that came into my possession, and H. contigua. A pleasanter feature of the season has been the scarcity of biting flies, such as the cleg, Haematopota pluvialis, and the huge Tabanus sudeticus, which are often a perfect pest in the New Forest enclosures and other woodland areas, but one can endure these if they are accom- panied by plenty of desirable lepidoptera. In conclusion. I saw more Vanessids in my garden during the second week in October than in the whole of August and September. They were attracted to Michaelmas daisies and physotegia, and consisted lof V. atalanta, V. cardui, A. urticae, N. io, and P. c-album: once they were joined by a G. rhamni and always by several P. gamma. 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth, Hants 230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 Random Notes for 1962 by Col. H. G. ROSSELL This note, for what it is worth, is in compliance with a further editorial request to “fill a gap”. As regards immigrants, Bodinnick has had a poor year in general, in contrast to Polperro, six miles away, where Mr. Puckey has entertained several V.I.P.s. No doubt, however, he will himself discourse on these. We think Polperro is on a regular migration rcute, and that at Bodinnick we have only those travellers who mistake the sign-posting. Anyway, this season I can only report one Rhodometra sacraria L., an unlimited number of Laphygma exigua Hubn., from May onwards, the usual August flight of Lithosia quadra L., one Heliothis peltigera Schiff., and a few Leucania unipuncta Haw., and L. vitallina Hiibn. These were all from the two m.v. traps I maintain in my garden and on the adjacent cliff. Results might possibly be better were this cottage actually on the coast instead of a mile up from the Fowey estuary. As regards local species, the continual rain and bitter winds of spring and early summer, retarded emergence by at least three weeks, as ! think, judging by later experience, was more or less universal. However, I completed a small series of Leucania putrescens Hiibn., and Dr Good- all took some Hadena barrettii Doubl., when staying here in June, while Dr. Clarke captured Bodinnick’s annual Antitype xanthomista Hubn., at the end of September. Singletons of Jodia croceago Fabr. and Tiliacea citrago L., have, for the first time, turned up in the trap in the last few days. I started my collecting travels this year by joining Dr. Clarke at Cam- bridge, whence he most kindly had crganized a short tour of the Fens and Breck. Mr heart sank when I saw the half-frozen East Anglians detraining at Liverpool Street. Nor were my fears unjustified, as on the night of 31st May we had 13 degrees of frost in Wood Walton, and nearly froze in our gumboots. The only pleasant feature was the number of nightingales (also cuckoos, with whom we associated ourselves) singing, presumably to keep themselves warm. Needless to say, no moth flew, and we packed (after a quick look at Wicken—not seen by me since schooldays in 1909—and an unproductive visit to Monkswood) to visit Brandon, with not much better results except for a small series of Mesotype virgata Rott. at Grimes Graves. Lamping produced little but derisive woodcock roding over the light. We decided to return to Oxford, so, being joined by Mrs. Clarke in Cambridge, we arrived at Studley on 5th June, picking up a single Leptidea sinapis L. at a picnic lunch in Salcey. The frost had treated Studley more kndly, and a few days of collecting, most kindly organized by Dr. Clarke, produced several species of great interest to me—notably, two larvae of Strymon pruni L., and three of Thecla betulae L., which Dr. Clarke subsequently reared with his usual skill and generously gave me. We also had a most suc- cessful morning with Lycaena bellargus Rott. in Berkshire. On Whitsunday I went by coach to Bournemouth to stay with a friend, who among other kindnesses, took me for a picnic to Corfe Castle. We subsequently walked down to the coast at Winspit where I took a few bellargus and Cupido minimus Fuesll., while my hostess discovered a large clump of “wild” gooseberry bushes which yielded enough fruit for our supper. RANDOM NOTES FOR 1962 Zot I went home, again by coach, in time to entertain Dr. and Mrs. Goodall for a few reasonably successful days and nights. One of our endeavours ‘was to obtain some live females of a certain butterfly which is locally threatened by the depredations of the Forestry Commission, for Mr. Heslop to release on his land in the hope that it may become established there. The day was overcast, and it was the eyes of the lady of the party (who had never seen the insect before) which spotted the butterflies camouflaged on the bents and grasses. It was thus that we were able successfully to send to Somerset, two females found “in cop”. The Goodalls left for Morecambe on 21st June, and I followed by train on the 26th, Dr. Goodall, with his usual kindness, meeting me at Lancaster and driving me to Witherslack, where Mr. and Mrs. Tierney received me at the Derby Arms with their constant consideration and hospitality. I had lured Dr. Clarke, who had not collected in the North before, to Witherslack, and he and Mrs. Clarke, with her sister and brother-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Austin, arrived on 30th June. We had a most pleasant and successful fortnight, the party being joined by the Rev. G. Ford and Mrs. Ford of Balsham, later, Mr. Ford was fortunate in taking Hyppa rectilinea Esp. near Windermere, a first record I believe. We took, among many other species, Tethea fluctuosa Htibn., and Plusia interragationis L. (the last, a first record), at Newby Bridge, by Wndermere, and all the usual species occurring on Meathop Moss, except Carsia paludata, for which we were too early. My bag of Anarta myrtilli L. (which normally is too quick for me), was entirely due to Mr. Austin who, though not a collector, is always ready to take a net, and is far more dexterous with it, or with a pill box, than some I could name. A scramble up Langdale Pikes (which I was supposed to direct, but on which I was soon outpaced by Dr. Clarke, whose net, much like the “Excelsior” banner, was always waving several hundred feet above the two of us toiling below), produced only four Erebia epiphron Knoch., and two Parasemia plantaginis L., the day becoming overcast. This was, however, balanced by a visit to Grey Knotts above the Honister Pass, a much easier proposition, as we were able to drive to 1,200 feet, while the remaining 1,000 feet was an easy slope on which our ladies had no difficulties. Here, epiphron was flying in quantity, and I am afraid to say how many were netted and boxed (Mr. Austin had 7 in his net at one time). After releasing about 50%, we still had a series each, and enough for my friends in Cornwall. Collecting time was limited by the gather- ing clouds, but even after epiphron had ceased flying, our ladies spotted many at rest on the short mountain grass. I have long maintained that the wandering collector’s most essential equipment should include one or more capable ladies, whose quickness of recognition far surpasses dull male vision. Discretion, however, should be exercised in introducing her or them to difficult ground on moss or mountain, since the following exchange is burnt into my memory—“R., we are not enjoying ourselves”! “It’s all right girls, quite dry and safe this way”. Splash!!! The view of Great Gable, Helvellyn, Skiddaw and Scafell from the crags on the summit was magnificent. We were joined at lunch by a wandering foxhound who accepted a share in a gentlemanly way. Dr. Goodall again guided us to many excellent collecting spots, including Sandscale on the N. Lancashire coast, where we took two good Dasychira fascelina L., and among other desiderata, Heliothis albicolon Hiibn., a first record for that place; and Arnside Knott in pursuit of Phothedes 232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1/1962 captiuncula Treits., and the salmacis variety of Aricia agestis Schiff., which we also found at Grange-over-Sands. Dr. Clarke and I had, for quantity, one really first-class night in Black Tom’s Lane, where we were joined by two young collectors up for the night from Blackpool, and were able to give them a lot of moths they needed. As seems usual nowadays, their sugar had been a complete failure. On 12th July, I left Witherslack for Stirling to spend another fort- night with my old friend Mrs. Home at Aberfoyle. The trap (which I am told has become one of the recognised features on the Glasgow- Trossachs road), did not yield as well as usual, though I was able to send to friends a fair number of Plusia bractea Schiff. I had previously written to the local Forester, Mr. Ross, in the hope of getting up 2,000 feet or over for a night on Ben Venue or another of the local mountains, which I believe have not yet been explored with m.v. However, the weight of my little generator (which has given as good service as the one I referred to in last year’s note, consistently failed me), limited me to the Forestry Landrover tracks, which in that area do not go over 1,200 feet. I was most kindly driven up the Mentieth Hills, and lamped from dusk to dawn at 1,250 feet, being picked up again at 6 am. There was a keen wind blowing and a nearly full moon, so results were not as hoped, though two P. interrogationis and two very dark Trichiura crataegi L., were taken. The dawn over the Trossachs at 4 a.m. was wonderful, with the grouse waking in the heather all around, but I was glad of my borrowed plaid. The following night, Mr. Ross drove me into the heart of the great Flanders Moss below the Stirling road (the largest peat moss in Scotland, and said to have once been Rob Roy’s hideout for stolen cattle). Here I took two perfect, very dark Eurois occulta L., three D. fascelina, and two Dyscia fagaria Thunb., among other species. Again both sunset and dawn were splendid with the three Bens—Lomond, Venue and Ledi— looming into the sky. There was no wind, but a sudden queer half hour’s chill at 1.30 during which not a moth flew. I collected in the Mentieth Hills by day on several occasions, as in past years, finding Caenonympha tullia Miull., ssp. scotica Stgr. (rather worn) on the mosses at 1,100 feet or over, a contrast to its ssp. philoxenus Esp., which flies at Witherslack at sea level. There was little else of note flying except Argynnis aglaia L. and A. euphrosyne L., and a very few P. interrogationis, on the heather. After a very pleasant fortnight I came home on 26th July and had the pleasure of putting up Dr. Clarke in late September—the weather was vile, but he took a few moths he wanted. The only noteworthy incident occurred when lamping on the beach near Polperro, where a most inebriated lady appeared out of the night sat on the moth sheet, and told us her life-story, including her more interesting divorces. Old School House, Bodinnick, by Fowey, Cornwall. ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN CUMBERLAND.—I recently had given to me a fine male Death’s-head Hawk which had been found at Millom in South Cumberland about the end of April this year. The donor was unable to give me full details of the capture. I may add that I have not heard of any other atropos being noted in this district this year—Dr. NEVILLE L. BrrKETT, 3 Thorny Hills, Kendal. 30.ix.1962. NOTES FROM CAMBER, SUSSEX 233 Notes from Camber, Sussex By S. WAKELY A pleasant holiday was spent at Camber from 21st July to 4th August, 1962. A number of particularly interesting Pyrales were taken as well as other species. Our bungalow was situated near the sand dunes to the east of Camber, and a number of moths were taken at m.v. there, although weather condi- tions were not really ideal. Results at sugar were very poor and included nothing of note. The best results were obtained at dusk with the help of a Tilley hand-lamp—the type with reflector which gives a powerful beam of light. I was very keen to know how to take Gymnancla canella Schiff. in its natural haunts and I knew one spot at the west end of Camber where its foodplant (Salsola kali) occurred and where in previous years I had found the larvae. Several visits were paid to this spot at dusk, but it was not until the 27th that I succeeded in seeing and capturing a specimen. The next night I caught another. I had expected to find the moth flying round or resting on the clumps of Salsola, tut it was not to be, and it is possible I was too early for the main emergence owing to the lateness of the season. Otherwise the moth must have been even more rare than I had thought. Mr. Tweedie, who lives about a mile away, joined me on several nights and I decided to let him have the next canella which came my way. When I did manage to net another (as I thought) it seemed darker and smaller than the others, but I passed it over to him. On the 31st I took two others, followed by one on lst August, another on the 2nd and on arriving back at the bungalow found another on the sheet under the m.v. These last five were all darker and smaller than the first two canella and it was not until I examined them later at home that I realised they were Heterographis oblitella Zell.—the species that turned up in numbers in May 1956, near Pitsea, Essex (Entomologist, 89: 152-4). This species had been classed as a very rare immigrant, but my five specimens were in perfect condition and it seems probable that they had been breeding locally—probably in the adjoining salterns. As far as I know this is the first time this moth has been taken in Sussex. On several nights, moths swarmed at the seedheads of the marram grass, which was sometimes sugared after drawing several heads together and placing a rubber band round them. The 27th was particularly good— the only night when I saw Agrotis ripae Hb. really common. Leucania litoralis Curt. and Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. were not uncommon on the marram, with litoralis also appearing occasionally at m.v. Only one Euxoa tritici L. was seen—probably an early one. Other species taken with the aid of the hand lamp included: Apamea oblonga Haw. (two on the salterns), Scopula emutaria Hb., Anerastia lotella Hb., Homoeosoma saxicola Vaugh., Aphomia sociella L., Platytes alpinellus Hb., Zeiraphera insertana F., Argyritis pictella Zell., and Bryotropha desertella Dougl. On the 24th, Mr. Tweedie invited me to accompany him on a trip in the evening. We went to Beckley, and soon got the generator running and the light fixed up. It was a really good night and among the species noted were: Tethea duplaris L., T. ocularis L., Ewproctis chrysorrhaea L., 234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 Miltochrista miniata Forst., Apoda avellana L., Cucullia gnaphalii Hb., Paracolax derivalis Hb., Eana incanana Steph., Spilonota laricana Hein., Paltodora cytisella Curt., Sophronia semicostella Hb., and Coleophora spissicornis Haw. Pupae of Nephopteryx genistella Dup. were quite common spun up in webs on gorse on the west side of Camber. I have met with this locat species at many places from Dorset to Kent, but never in such numbers as at Camber. Pediasia aridellus Thunb. (Crambus salinellus Tutt.) was a species which really surprised me. I first netted one on the dunes, then another on the salterns. The lamp was placed on the ground while the latter was boxed, and I boxed another haif-dozen which fluttered about in the beam of the light. Then one was seen freshly emerged and drying its wings. On looking round I was amazed to see others drying their wings on the grass. Every few feet there was either a moth at rest or one drying its wings. The grass the moths were resting on was obviously its foodplant and I am grateful to Mr. C. A. Stace, who identified it as Puccinellia (Poa) maritima (Huds.), a grass already known as the foodplant of this loca) species. A few nights later, at the same spot, scores of others were seen again, many drying their wings from recent emergence. I had previously thought this a comparatively rare species occurring chiefly in small num- bers, but one lives and learns! On the 31st I was joined by Cant. Ellerton. He wanted Leucoma salicis L., pupae of which I had seen a few days previously spun up on willow in a nearby hedge. On visiting the spot not only pupae were found, but also larvae and several of the moths at rest on the leaves. Pupae of Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. were also common in webs in the hedges. In the afternoon we all went to Dungeness, some Mesotype virgata Hufn. be- ing taken at Lydd on the way. At Dungeness, a few larvae of Calophasia lunula Hufn. were found. We arranged to meet again next day when we had a trip to Appledore, where larvae and pupae of Nonagria sparganii Esp. were found in stems of the reed mace. At our m.v. light at the bungalow several insects of note were taken, including: Tethea duplaris L., Cossus cossus L., Arenostola elymi Treits. (one only), Earias clorana L., Semiothisa alternaria Hb., Parapoynx stratiotata L., Chilo phragmitellus Hb., Phalonia rubigana Treits. (badiana Hb.), Acleris comariana Z., Dichrorampha alpinana Treits., Calypha purpurana Haw., Aristotelia lucidella Steph., Agonopteryx propinquella Treits., and Argyresthia brockeella Hb. 26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. New Records for British Ants, 1961-1962 By C. A. COLLINGWOOD Several interesting discoveries have been made since my last notes on this subject (Collingwood, 1961a) and seem worth enumerating here. Formicoxenus nitidulus Nyl. This was discovered in strength in the Oid Wood of Meggernie in Upper Glen Lyon, mid-Perths. A number of males were promenading on the domes of two nests of the wood ant, Formica aquilonia Yarrow, 15/9/62. This adds a new locality and. county to those already given for Scotland (Collingwood, 1961b). I also NEW RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS, 1961-62 235 had the pleasure of re-discovering F. nitidulus near Nethy Bridge, again with F. aquilonia in the same neighbourhood where Donisthorpe took it after much search in 1913. Mr. L. Weatherill tells me that he has also seen F. nitidulus near Aviemore in the same vice-county. This rather elusive little inquiline has still to be recorded from large areas of Britain where wood ants are to be found. Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. This was the only ant seen when passing through Co. Fermanagh in June this year. It is now recorded from every vice-county and island group in the British Isles. Myrmica rubra L. This was taken in S. Tipperary, near Tipperary itself. Myrmica sulcinodis Nyl. A single worker was taken in late October, 1961, on the slopes of Dunkery Beacon, S. Somerset. Myrmica sabuleti Mein. There are specimens in the Dublin Museum from S. E. Galway, a new vice-county record. Other new records include Ballymacomma, E. Cork and Rhyd Llanfair, Denbighshire, 5/62. Myrmica schencki Em. I found this ant in 9 localities this year in S.W. Ireland where it is certainly much more common than it is in England. New vice-county records include Cong, E. Mayo, 2/6/62, where I took a worker on a limestone outcrop above the river; and Deal, E. Kent, 29/7/62, where I found it on the golf course, rather to my surprise. One of the Irish colonies was located under a stone at Murrogh, Co. Clare. On disturbance, the workers promptly attacked a group of 8 dealate Lasius flavus queens sharing the same stone. I recorded M. schencki from a peat track in Somerset in 1960. The species was still there in 1961 but I was unable to find it again this year when the site was largely over-run by M. rubra. The suppression of M. schencki may have been due to direct aggression by M. rubra which is very abundant in the neighbour- hood, but the two species do not normally occur in the same sort of habitat; M. schencki is usually found in full sun exposure and it is at least as likely that the overgrowth of grass and other plants rendered this place unfavourable and correspondingly more favourable to the other species. I have noted another unusual juxtaposition before, where a nest of M. schencki in the Wyre Forest, Worcs. was adjacent to one of M. lobicornis. Here it was the M. lobicornis which had disappeared by the following year. Myrmica puerilis Staercke. I visited Deal again to follow up my discovery of this ant there in 1961 (Collingwood, 1962). I only found one nest at that time, but on this occasion, 29/7/62, several nests were seen on either side of the path between the golf course and the sea bank, and it is evidently well established there. M. sabuleti was also present in the neighbourhood, but not M. scabrinodis which would easily be confused with the very similar M. puerilis without careful examination. Myrmica lobicornis Nyl. Two nests of an almost black form of this species were disclosed under stones at Maryloch, Selkirks., 21/9/62. Leptothorax acervorum Fab. New records include Tunstall, E. Suffolk, Radwinter, N. Essex, 6/61, Cong, E. Mayo, Glengort, Limerick, and Mur- rogh, Clare, 5/6/62, and Rhayader, Radnor, 9/62. A nest of this ant was found in the Mourne mountains, C. Down, consisting of normal brood and 13 ergatoid or microgyne queens without workers. Donisthorpe (1927), describes a curious queen taken by Butterfield, near Keighley, Yorks., which had no trace of a petiole or postpetiole. I have an exactly similar specimen taken from a normal nest of L. acervorum at Cromford, 236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 Derbyshire, 23/7/62. The gaster is joined directly to the epinotum by a neck, just as Donisthorpe described. No other queen was found in the nest which contained normal workers, males and brood. Tetramorium caespitum L. New records include Hamptsworth, S. Wilts., 9/61, and Knockadoon Head, E. Cork, 5/62. I am told that Mr. D. P. Walls has also taken this species in E. Cork in recent years. It is quite common on the Mizen peninsula of W. Cork, but it has not yet been found on the west coast north of there. Lasius niger L. This was abundant at Loughross Point, W. Donegal, 6/62, the most northerly Irish locailty to date. Lasius brunneus Latr. This was found in some oak trees near Fleet, N. Hants. As in most other L. brunneus localities, Leptothorax nylanderi Foerst. was also present on the same trees nesting under bark. Lasius flavus Fab. This was common at Cong, E. Mayo, 5/62. Lasius mixtus. Nyl. New records include Wern Gron, Merioneth, in the vicinity of a thriving L. fuliginosus colony, Murrogh, Co. Clare and Cong, E. Mayo, 5/62. This ant was also found at Sneem, S. Kerry and Strand Bridge, Wicklow. It is apparently much more common in Ireland than L. umbratus sensu Donisthorpe. L. mixtus has also been taken re- cently at Hartland, N. Devon, and Bath, Somerset, confirming older re- cords for these vice-counties. Lasius fuliginosus Latr. A colony was found at the base of an oak tree near Redlynch, S. Wilts. Formica rufa L. I saw a nest of this species about 25 years ago near Llandiloes, Montgomeryshire. I have only recently been able to confirm this record from scrubby oak woods in the same neighbourhood, and also from a wooded hillside near Machynlleth in the same county, 5/62. Formica lugubris Zett. This was found in great strength along an oak wood just outside Rhayader, Radnorshire, on the mountain road leading towards the Devil’s Bridge. This interesting site is far to the south of recorded localities in N. Wales and England. Wales does not seem to be much visited by ant enthusiasts, and many areas of woodland have prob- ably yet to be explored. Formica fusca L. This was taken at Holme, Huntingdonshire, 7/62. There are specimens in the Dublin Museum from Howth, Co. Dublin, and a single queen from Meath. These are the only two additions to the known county distribution in Ireland. I searched for it in the counties of Wicklow, Wexford and Waterford, but could only find F. lemani Bond. So far, F. fusca appears to be common only around Glengarrif and Kil- larney in Cork and Kerry respectively. Formica sanguinea Latr. I had the pleasure of finding a small nest of this species in a bank in the Hamptsworth Heath area of S. Wilts., 9/61. This seems the most likely of our more conspicuous Formica species to turn up in fresh localities. REFERENCES Collingwood, C. A. 1961a. New vice-county records for British ants. Ent. Rec., 73: 90-93. . 1961b. Ants in the Scottish Highlands. Scot. Nat., 70: 12-21. . 1962. Myrmica puerilis Staercke, an ant new to Britain. Ent. Mon. Mag., 98: 18-20. Donisthorpe, H. 1927. British Ants, 2nd Ed. London. N. A. A. S., Burghill Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol. A RARE FORM OF APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS BOISD 237 A Rare Form of Aporophyla australis Boisd and Migrant Leucanias at Dungeness, Kent, in October 1962 By A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. 1 spent the first four days of October at Dungeness, working sugar and not light apart from a Primus lantern, which I carried around and to which a few months were attracted. The weather was extremely good, with no wind and temperature above 60°F.; there was heavy rain on the 3rd, but this cleared up at dusk, and the moths swarmed in. Having all day to prepare my round I sugared 250 posts and used the same posts on all four evenings. Very large numbers of moths visited the sugar and I estimate that during the four evenings over 2500 Phlogophora meticulosa L. alone put in an appearance. Among the more interesting species Leucania vitellina was fairly common and I counted in all twenty-five, of which the bulk of specimens were referable to ab. pallida Warr-Stz., but a few were very large and dark, a form between typical vitellina Hb. and the highly red ab. saturatior Dnhl. of L. albipuncta I counted twenty-two, all of a brownish ochre form, which I take to be the type form. As I was not taking either of these two Leucanias, apart from the high colour vitellina, some may well have paid several visits to the sweets and have been counted more than once. My real quest was for the very dark form of Aporophyla australis L., nearly unicolorous black examples of which had been taken by Mr. R. E. Scott of Dungeness last year at m.v. light, and in this I was successful. The form varies somewhat in the intensity of the black, some examples being dark brown, much the tone of the allied Aporophyla lutulenta and the size of the insects also varies greatly. I have examples of this form from East Suffolk which came from the recently disposed of collection of P. J. Burton, and there is a record from Sandwich. An insect taken there by Mr. A. J. L. Bowes is figured in Ent. Rec. 52: 33, where on the authority of H. J. Turner it is called ab. ingenua Freyer. There are two figures in Seitz Pal. Noct. Vol III, plate 30, named as ab. ingenua Fr., which to me represent these dark British forms, but in the supplement to that work the correctness of this determination as ab. ingenua is questioned, Count Turati having supposed that a second and larger species might be re- presented by those figures. As australis is a very variable species as to size, size alone could not sustain this supposed second species; but it may be that there are other points and that Turati was right in doubting that the figures were A. australis. Jules Culot Noctuelles et Geometres d’Europe Vol. I of the Noctuae has a really good figure of the dark Dunge- ness and East Suffolk forms which is a good deal blacker than the Sandwich example, and this figure is taken from an insect in the Turati Coll, from Sicily. Barrett records a very dark form of Aporophyla australis from the Isle of Wight, in Lepidoptera of the British Isles, Vol. IV, page 282, which had been taken by L. Prout, and it seems therefore that these dark forms occur in small numbers in many different areas, and may well be very widely distributed, but only likely to be recorded from areas where the species is sufficiently plentiful to be examined in large numbers, for 238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 although Dungeness is well known to be an area where darkish forms occur, the Isle of Wight and Sandwich are reputed to be pale form areas, and the dark blackish forms must certainly occur in Cornwall where all the specimens seem dark compared to the forms usually found on the South Downs. Considerable numbers of Vanessa atalanta visited my sugar patches at Dungeness by day, and in the evenings many were to be found apparently asleep on the posts, and were easy to examine critically, and all I found were in bred condition. As there were no nettles at or very near to this spot, it is possible that these butterflies had assembled for migration, but they were resident for the period of my stay as the numbers seen on the three dry days and evenings were much the same each day. Butterflies in Provence and in England By S. R. BOWDEN I have recently returned from a visit (primarily photo-botanical) to the Provencal Alps. What is, in fact, most surprising about the Alpine countries is that everything is just as one had been told it would be. Butterflies are incredibly numerous and our rarities seem to be especially common. In late May and the first days of June the common white butter- flies were Leptidea sinapis L. and Aporia crataegi L., Graphium podalirius L. was commoner than Papilio machaon L., Cyaniris semiargus Rott. the commonest blue. Having an interest, I went after several butterflies that I thought might be Pieris napi L., but all were Pontia daplidice L. It becomes clear very rapidly that the limitation of a collection of Lepi- doptera to British-caught specimens is just another expression of the Englishman’s well-known determination to make his pleasures as difficult as possible. It is too late for me to begin a European collection, even if I still thought I could do any good with it. I did catch a good many species, but I should not add to scientific knowledge by listing such casual captures here. A much more comprehensive recent list for very much the same area, though about six weeks later in the year, has been given by G. Hesselbarth and H. G. Allcard (Ent. Rec., 68: 88-91). I identified my specimens with reasonable proximity from Le Cerf’s little book, Atlas des Lépidoptéres de France, I, Rhopalocéres (1960), which I found more con- venient to handle in the wilds than my backless copy of Lang’s Butterflies of Europe (1884). Whether, after all this time, it is more reliable, I do not know. One would also like much additional information, which it could easily have included. A butterfly which we saw repeatedly, but never in circumstances that allowed a capture, was a white admiral. Whether the insects were Limenitis camilla or sibilla or both I cannot be sure. Even specimens would not necessarily have decided the matter, as Le Cerf (like Lang) calls our white admiral sibilla L. (and the other camilla Schiff). I thought that this question was settled long ago in favour of camilla L. It was somehow disconcerting to find Colias hyale L. a common resident. When, on the way home on 6th June, I tried to capture a female in Haute-Saone, I soon found that males much outnumbered females, though this was not the beginning of the flight period. The same dis- crepancy is often found in Colias croceus Fourc. when it has invaded BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE AND IN ENGLAND 239 England—as though some difference in behaviour has led to a separation of the sexes and falsified the ratio. Perhaps someone will do more than speculate as to what this difference may be. Presumably Colias croceus is a migrant even in Provence and we saw very few indeed. Vanessa cardui L. was numerous at widely separated places and probably was migrating northwards; during a short stop about fifteen miles east of Aix-en Provence (very light S.W. wind) I noticed several dozen flying past in the expected direction and only one apparently aimless. Two seemed to be chasing one another, but even if so did not lose much northerly speed. This was on 2nd June; on the following day we noticed many cardui going north over Mt. Ventoux (30 miles N.E. of Avignon). ; On 29th May, east of La Palud (Basses-Alpes), I picked up a large Parnassius larva feeding on Sedum by the roadside. This travelled round with us in the car, feeding voraciously when taken out for an airing at our many stops and biding its time, until three days later in the Esterel it deserted its box, which I had placed for maximum sunshine on a mountain road. I have no doubt it found plenty of Sedum if it still wanted any. An incident that may illustrate either the omnipresence of supposed rarities, or an extreme of unfortunate coincidence, occurred near Séderon on 38rd June. While I was rather idly examining the less spectacular weeds by the roadside, I put up my hand and grasped a young tree. Feeling something crush slightly, I withdrew my hand and found on it a viscous yellow fluid. On the far side of the trunk was a pupa of G. podalirius, showing the wing-pattern fully developed. It had certainly been within a day of emergence. It was during another roadside stop, this time N.W. of Annécy on 5th June, that we made an observation that might perhaps have been made at home, since it concerned Gonepteryx rhamni L., not cleopatra L. A male brimstone flew about us repeatedly and ultimately drew my full attention. I then noticed that it appeared to be attracted to the light yellowish-green cap of our vacuum flask. I moved the cap around the vicinity, but in each place the butterfly soon found it—even on the warm car-bonnet. Finally, after fluttering inside the cup for some time, rhamni decided that something was lacking which it had hoped to find, and lost interest. Strictly scientifically, what took place in the butterfly when it ‘lost interest’? For those who wish to take the matter further, the colour of the plastic was close to Munsell ref. 7.5 GY 8/5. A spring emergence of Lysandra coridon Poda, the males perhaps slightly duller than ours, was flying in many places (for example on Mt. Ventoux on 3rd June) though it was not as generally distributed as L. bellargus Rott. Presumably coridon is single-brooded farther north in France, as Le Cerf gives only July-August for its flight. The time has surely come for some study of the different European populations of coridon (including perhaps the Spanish hispana H.-S. and albicans H.-S.), somewhat on the lines of Mr. F. V. L. Jarvis’s work on British Aricia agestis Schiff. (Ent. Rec., 70: 141-148 and 169-178; Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1958: 94-103). Major A. E. Collier’s results (Ent. Rec., 73: 71-73) imply that even English coridon is potentially double-brooded, and that the tendency is sometimes not without un- fortunate practical effect. How much does our blue differ in this respect from the Provencal insect, and how would each behave in the other’s 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 environment? However important temperature and day-length may be, one would expect some quantitative genetic difference. Experiments might be unexpectedly rewarding, but only an amateur is ever likely to be able to afford the time that they would demand. Time presses, as the chalkhill blue’s few remaining English localities diminish. One of the most interesting of European butterflies is not to be neglected merely because the attention that its imaginal variation received in the past from our insular specimen-hunters now seems rather pointless. Redbourn, Herts. June 1962. Notes on Microlepidoptera By H. C. Huggins, F.R.E.S. Crambus contaminellus Hiibn. This difficult insect is now being found in a good many southern localities, where no doubt it was previously overlooked. Its flight is of very short duration at dusk and it is difficult to disturb by day, so that unless one turns up at light to show it exists locally it may pass unnoticed for years. Further, it does not seem to wander to any great extent. It is found about two miles from this house at Leigh-on-Sea, but I have never found one in my trap here. The closely related C. salinellus Tutt is equally secretive by day, and of as short a flight at dusk, yet, although its haunts are at least four miles away as the crow flies I take one or more every year in the garden and Mr. D. Down has taken it at m.v. in the heart of the town. Another strange point about contaminellus is the prevalence to- ade of the black ab. sticheli of Constantini. I have a specimen taken at Leigh- on-Sea in 1950 and in the past three years have heard of two series of captures in the London area. So far as I know apart from my odd Leigh specimen, it was not known in this country till 1960, the only dark speci- mens I have seen taken before that date were of a rich dark brown, quite unlike sticheli, and were from Deal sand-hills. It might be inferred from the London captures that contaminellus is succumbing to the spread of melanism which has overtaken so many insects, but the blackest sticheli I have seen were caught by me in 1960 on the pure white sand at Tresco, Isles of Scilly, where the chalk white forms of Agrotis ripae Hubn. occur. As Mr Wackford Squeers remarked: ‘“She’s a rum un, is nature”. Agdistis bennetii Curt. The remarkable powers of flight of this frail- looking insect never cease to surprise me. On 8th August the night was very hot and overcast with a light south west wind, and no fewer than five bennetii came to my trap here. The nearest salting is at Leigh-on-Sea, three miles as the crow flies. It is somewhat spoilt by various commercial activities and I have not seen Crambus selasellus Hiibn, there since 1934 and C. salinellus Tutt has always been an absentee, but bennetii is still common enough, so I suppose mine came from there. However, to cap this, Mr. D. Down had nearly a dozen on the same night at his m.v. light in the heart of Westcliff, to reach this the moths would have to have flown over four miles and passed several roads lit with sodium or in one case mercury vapour lamps. Old Irish micro records. A friend has asked me why, now that I have taken Platyptilia calodactyla Huibn. in West Kerry, I still consider that Foster’s record cannot definitely be adopted, as his insect is missing. The answer to this may be found in Dr. Beirne’s “List of the Microlepidoptera NOTES ON COLEOPTERA 241 of Ireland,” p.58. Both the Johnson and Foster collections are extant, and Beirne found that many insects in them were wrongly identified, which was by no means re-assuring. Worse still, however, in the case of a number of species recorded by both these collectors, no specimen was to be found in the collections, and it appeared possible to Beirne that they had subsequently corrected their identifications but not their records. COLEOPTERA Notes on Coleoptera by A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. Stenelmis canaliculata Gyll. (Elmidae)—This exceedingly interesting addition to the British List is brought forward in the Ent. mon. Mag. for June 1960 (96: 141-3) by M. F. Claridge and B. W. Staddon, who give a very full account of its discovery in Lake Windermere, with ecological and other details, and excellent drawings of the larva and perfect insect. As they point out, Canon Fowler, as long ago as 1889 (Col Brit. Isl., 3: 375) wrote: “.... it is most probable that Stenelmis at least will be at some future period, established as British’—a ‘prophecy’ destined to be fulfilled seventy years later. A specimen was first taken by Mr. A. Amsden (4.vii.60), which led to its being found in some numbers, to- gether with its larvae, under flat stones in about 18 inches of water. Only a very high degree of localization could account for so distinctive a member of our fauna having escaped notice for so long—assuming it to have been with us from early times, which there is not much reason to ‘doubt; and indeed, the authors of the above paper state that all their specimens came from the one small area, while intensive search at other, and apparently similar places along the lake edge, yielded none. The hypothesis of a more recent arrival in this country cannot, perhaps, be altogether ruled out, but there seems to be no evidence that Elmids ever migrate over long distances. As a further instance of very restricted range and high localization in the family, one may mention the curious spidery-looking Macronynchus 4-tuberculatus Mull., for many years known only from a short stretch of the river Dove in Derbyshire, but discovered much later in the river Teme in Herefordshire (whence most of our present-day specimens come). Of another species, Riolus sodalis Er., there is but one British example ov record (S. Devon); it may have been a casual adventive, but it is more likely just extremely local and thus overlooked—besides which, it is not nearly such a distinctive insect as either of the other two mentioned. S. canaliculata is the ‘giant’ among the British species, reaching a length of 4.5 mm., and cannot possibly be mistaken for any other by reason of its elongate parallel form and squarish channelled thorax with prominent and truncate front angles; the elytra too, are furnished with strong raised lines. The larva is very elongate and resembles that of Latelmis volckmari Panz. Two new ‘British’ weevils of conifer plantations.—Two examples of Otiorrhynchus niger F. were taken in June 1950, in Rockingham Forest, Northants., by beating young trees of Sitka spruce (see Thompson and Styles, 1958, Ent. mon. Mag., 94: 183). These trees were grown from seed imported from British Columbia, but the beetle is a native of central 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 and southern Europe, living on various conifers. It somewhat resembles a small O. clavipes Bonsd. or fuscipes Ol—species which are not conifer- feeders in Britain—but, among other differences, is more rugose and has dark knees to the red legs. At the same time and place, Mr. Styles took, also from the Sitka spruce, a specimen of Polydrusus impar Gozis—a species found commonly in France on pine and spruce, and recorded as spreading northward in the last fifty years. It is a handsome and easily recognised species, 6-8 mm. long and clothed with fine, hair-like golden-green to partly-blue scales, except on the first and last elytral interstriae; the scutellum is conspicu- ously whitish, and the legs yellow-brown. (See Thompson, 1959, ibid, 95: 15.) It may be premature, as yet, to claim these two weevils for the British list; but, while it may of course be that neither species will re- cur here, it is on the whole more likely that they will both be found again, probably before long, and will succeed in establishing themselves. Even if so, they are unlikely to become serious pests in this country. At any rate, coleopterists having easy access to plantations of young conifers, especially in the southern half of England, should keep a good look-out for either of them. Two other Continental beetles associated with these trees, and known to have been lately extending their range north-westward, may be briefly mentioned as not unlikely to occur here eventually. They are Laricobius erichsoni Rosen., a small but taxonomically interesting species, and the very large Scolytid Dendroctonus micans Kug. (which in Denmark, etc., has developed a strong liking for Sitka spruce, but appears not to be a major pest). The former belongs to a family, Derodontidae, hitherto un- represented in Britain, and is beneficial in feeding on aphides destructive to conifers. A postscript on Polydrusus prasinus Ol., ete.—Since writing on the British status of this species (1959, Ent. Rec., 71: 156) I have found three more specimens in collections beyond the three already referred to— one of them actually turned up in my own, of all the unlikely places! It was purchased some 30 years back, along with very many other ‘good things’, from the late E. W. Janson’s collection, but was among a number of beetles put away in a corner of an odd drawer for further inspection, and forgotten at the time of writing. Presumably, I had doubted its identity for some reason, but examination now proves it to be a genuine (and very fine) P. prasinus. On the back of the card is scrawled ‘Llandud 5/65’, which clearly fixes it as having been taken by Sidebotham at Llan- dudno at the same time(or at any rate in the same month) as the examples in the Power collection from that place mentioned in my note. There is, moreover, a specimen in the Champion collection bearing a label ‘ex coll. Sidebotham’, and yet another in the Sharp collection without data— these also in the British Museum. It thus transpires (what is not specified by Fowler, Brit. Col., 5: 202) that at least four specimens, and very prob- ably more, were taken in the above Welsh locality. (There may, for instance, be others in Sidebotham’s own collection in the Manchester Museum.) The fact, therefore, that the species bred there seems certain, and its position on our list decidely strengthened. Among the more noticeable points serving to distinguish this beetle from the superficially rather similar Phyllobius maculicornis Germ., which has been mistaken for it (cf. Fowler, l.c.), the following should be A FEW NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM SURREY AND KENT, 1962 243 added to those already given by me: the shortness of the antennal scape, the presence of the frontal impression, and the absence of erect pale hairs oa the elytra towards apex. Regarding Cassida prasina Ill., whose status I reviewed in a note following that already cited, I may add here that Mr. Lionel Cowley has kindly written to say that the Welsh specimen is in fact (as I had rather supposed) in the Tomlin collection at the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, and is labelled ‘Candleston, May 1889’. I have since inspected the single examples in the Sharp and Champion collections. The former, with only a number beneath the card, is doubtless one of those on which Fowler’s Scottish record was based, and there should be at least one or two further specimens from this source extant. The Champion specimen is labelled ‘Otterbourne/Hants/H.S.G., and is, thus, evidently that re- corded as taken by Gorham at Twyford—the two places being only about three miles apart. DIPTERA A Few Notable Diptera from Surrey and Kent 1962 By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. Two additions to the list of flies of Bookham Common.—As the Calliphorid Pollenia vagabunda Meig. is so rare in Britain and I had already taken a specimen at Clandon, Surrey, two years ago (1961, Ent. mon. Mag., 97: 88), I was astonished to come across it again so soon after- wards at Bookham Common (in the same county) on 13th April of the present year; the more so as the Diptera of the locality have been well worked and this species not previously found. Moreover, not just a single specimen but at least four were seen that day, of which I managed to capture two. All were sitting on tree trunks in the sun; those caught on oaks in the woods near the station, the others on birches in a more open heathy area. Its common congener P. rudis F. (from which the present species is readily known by its bluish abdomen with the shifting patches less broken up, its altogether darker aspect, and average larger size) occurred, more freely of course, in the same situations. On a later visit (26.iv) no further P. vagabunda were seen; on the trunks then the dominant fly was the glittering gold green Tachirid Gymnochaeta viridis Fln. Considering its previous British history—a mere handful of specimens from scattered localities—it is hard to avoid the conclusion that Pollenia vagabunda has of late years been increasing and spreading in Surrey, and may now be in process of colonizing the Bookham area. Oxshott (in coll. B.M.) should, by the way, be added to the few places cited in my 1961 note where the species has been taken. On my second visit to the Common this spring, as above, I netted among some old grass tussocks in an open place by the side of a path through the woods a Muscid fly which proved to be Phorbia grisea Ringd. (Anthomyiinae). The host plant of this species appears to be Molinia caerulea, which was almost certainly the grass just mentioned. The specimen was kindly determined by Mr. E. A. Fonseca, and revresents another addition to the published list for Bookham Common (Parmenter, 1949, Lond. Nat.: 98-133; supplement: (?date) ibid. 39: 66-76). 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 Ditricha guttularis Meig. at Box Hil!.—This Trypetid seems far from common in at least the metropolitan district, if not the south-east gener- ally. Niblett (1956, The Flies of the London Area (3, Trypetidae): 1955, Lond. Nat. (Reprint 101): 86) records it from four localities only, ali in the Surrey sector of the area: Bookham Common, Farthing Down (Coulsdon), Fetcham, and Lacey Green. Although Box Hill is just outside the London Area as defined (a 20-mile radius from St. Paul’s) it may be worth reporting the capture of three examples of the fly by sweeping there on list August where its foodplant, Achillea millefolium, grows scattered about the bottom of Juniper Valiey near the entrance from Headley Lane. Gonioglossum wiedemanni Meig. new (?) to N.W. Kent.—Another Trypetid which seems quite scarce in this part of the country; it is not in H. W. Andrews’ List of Trypetidae taken in North Kent (1939, Ent. Rec., 51: 153-5), and in the 1956 list for the London area cited in the preceding note the only records are for five Surrey localities. At Abbey Wood on 2nd July—the occasion of first taking Solva marginata as under—I had the satisfaction of finding a specimen of G. wiedemanni in my net after sweep- ing in a hedge where some white bryony—its foodplant—was trailing; but on neither this nor later visits were any further specimens forthcoming. The plant was not as luxuriant as in several places nearer here where, however, I have never seen the fly. It appears to be a local species of very irregular frequency, and to have a rather short adult life so that the imagines are not often met with at large, except in odd individuals; but is occasionally to be bred in numbers from the berries. ; Solva (=Xylomyia) marginata Meig. in a new suburban locality.—A strong colony of this interesting Stratiomyid was found at the beginning of July on and about old black poplars on the edge of a large housing- estate occupying what was formerly part of the Abbey Wood Marshes, near Plumstead. A dozen examples were collected—a week later they were much fewer. Most likely, from the great numbers of empty puparia or larval skins present under the bark of one quite dead poplar, the species might at suitable times be considerably more abundant—perhaps rather earlier in the year. No living larvae or pupae were discovered; they doubtless occur in the rotten interiors (the outer wood, even when dead, being hard). The flies are sluggish, sitting about on the trunks and amongst any foliage near at hand, and only rather reluctantly taking to the wing even when disturbed. They were not to be found on wholly dead trees, nor on quite sound ones, but only on some of thcse which were partly dead or dying; three flies was the most yielded by any single tree. S. marginata tends to be erratic in occurrence and used formerly to be regarded as very rare and as attached to decayed poplars in Cambridge- shire, but was once or twice taken in profusion. Later records are far more scattered and include such places as London (Bedford Park and the grounds of the Natura! History Museum, singly). Mr. L. Parmenter once took a specimen while travelling on a bus, and further tells me that the nearest locality to Abbey Wood, where he knows it to have occurred, is Beckenham, also in N.W. Kent. The late Mr. Philip Harwood records in his diary the capture of three specimens in his garden at Wimborne, Dorset, between 6.30 and 7 p.m. on 23.vii.56, and another the next day at the same time. This suggests the possibility of habitual evening flight. Probably the species has been oftenest obtained freely by breeding. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 Acrocera globulus Panz. at Darenth, Kent—On 21st June I took a specimen of this curious little spider-parasite by beating apple trees in an orchard at Darenth Wood (the scene of so many captures, mostly in earlier times, of choice insects of various orders) whilst in search of cer- tain weevils of the genus Anthonomus. Though the afternoon was warm, the fly was extremely sluggish, even seeming at first to be dead, but was not in fact so since it clung motionless to the cork of its tube until killed the next day. This quiescence (unless, indeed, it had been induced by the impact of my beating-stick!) appeared rather to be normal, reminding one in that respect of some of the small Stratiomyids such as Pachygaster. The species, no doubt, is the least uncommon of our three British Cyrtidae; and to judge from the localities attached to the long series in the British Museum—including one so near to Darenth as Dartford—is widely spread in at least the south-eastern districts, yet is, I believe, seldom found any- where in any numbers. Notes and Observations ABNORMAL COLORATION IN COLOUR OF CUCULLIA LYCHNITIS Ramb. Larvae. —I was interested in the note under the above heading by Raymond F. Haynes in the September number, page 192. This species is very abun- dant in West Sussex in some seasons, and then almost absent for a year oz so, due I am sure, to the fact that the foodplants Verbascum nigrum and V. lychnitis are most plentiful on waste ground, and are liable to disappear from their known stations for a year or so and then appear again at a different spot in the same area, and also to the fact that this species often lies over as a pupa for up to seven years occasionally, and for two or three years quite often. This is a most variable larva, and while the figure mentioned as re- presenting the usual form in W. J. Stokoe’s book does represent a very common form, it is only one among many variants. I have taken the form described by Mr. Haynes, it is figured by Buckler, Vol. VI, figs. 3 and 3a on plate XCVII. Having examined many hundreds, if not thousands of these larvae, in the search for unusual forms, I can say that the larva of this species can be unicolorous yellow, apple green or pale green, and from these extremes have a marking that is anything be- tween these rare extremes to the Stokoe figure mentioned, and thence to very heavily black-marked bands, as figured by Buckler in figure 3d. The imagines of this species are not so varied in colour, but nevertheless there are a number of shade variations——A. J. WIGHTMAN, Pulborough, Sussex. NOTES ON SOME LEPIDOPTERA AT BROMLEY.—I wonder if any reader has had difficulty in rearing Morma maura L.? In the autumn of 1960 I found half-a-dozen young larvae on ivy-blossom when inspecting it for the more usual reason, and last winter I found a half-grown larva crawling up a roadside fence. All these larvae fed up easily enough on dock and, in the spring, on hawthorn. During the winter they appeared to eat when- ever the weather was mild. Nevertheless, none of these larvae pupated. They formed loose cocoons in a mixture of earth and peat which had proved satisfactory for larvae such as Lampra fimbriata Schreber which had been brought through the winter with them. In each case, the larvae appeared to have died while in the process of pupating as the pupal 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 integument was partially evident. They appeared to have been attacked by mould, but I am unable to say whether this was the reason for, or the result of their demise. : Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. has been unusually evident in my garden this year. I have noticed some 14 specimens in and around my m.v. trap, compared with only 1 last year. All my attempts at obtaining eggs have failed. I do not know whether this species lays less readily than its allies or whether my separation of females from males has been faulty. On the other hand, I was pleased to get plenty of eggs from a female Sterrha straminata Borkh. These were laid in a curious manner—either one or several eggs up to about four being attached to the top of a slender fila- ment fixed at the base to the surface of the box in which the moth was confined—somewhat reminiscent of lacewing eggs. I did not observe the actual egg-laying or how the filament was produced. It would be interest- ing to discover exactly what advantage this particular moth obtains from the method of deposition, but I do not suppose that anyone has found an egg of this species in nature. Does any related species have a similar habit.—D. R. M. Lone, White Croft, Mavelstone Close, Bromley Kent. 15.x.1962. PAPILIO MACHAON LINN. IN KENT.—On 26th August 1962, a specimen of Papilio machaon Linn. was caught whilst visiting Sweet William (Dianthus), by hand, by Geoffrey Howe, aged 5, in his garden at Bexley- heath. The specimen, now rather the worse for wear, has been examined and is ssp. gorganus.—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. EUPITHECIA INTURBATA Hb., at CHATTENDEN.—Although Eupithecia intur- bata Hb. is usually associated with large maples, two larvae were beaten from the branches of a young tree at Chattenden, Kent, on 25th May 1962. Both had spun up by 30th May, and one moth emerged on 26th July. Is this insect really restricted to large maples, or is it that a large tree is easier to beat and provides more flowers for less effort on the part of the beater?—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. VANESSA CARDUI LINN. IN Kent.—The first Vanessa cardui Linn. of the year was noted at Shorne, Kent, on 13th June 1962. Three more were observed on the following day, two at Cobham and one at Wilmington. On 15th, five were seen around Eynsford and Shoreham, and one more was reported from Chatham, whilst on the next day, two were noted at Tunbridge Wells. On 17th, a specimen of V. atalanta Linn. was seen Ovipositing on nettle in Joydens Wood, Bexley. The evidence suggests a fairly widespread migration into Kent during this period, borne out by the fact that both insects have been quite common during September.— A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. NEw Forest IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA, 1962.—I have been spending the summer in the New Forest, and early in June when visiting Mr. F. W. Gardner of Brockenhurst he showed me a superb long series of Laphygma exigua Hubn. in remarkably fresh condition which he had taken on the night of 6th-7th May at his m.v. trap there. He told me that on going out to the trap in the morning there were, at a rough estimate, at least one hundred specimens of this species in and around the trap, and that the birds in all probability had taken at least as many! Small numbers of this species were recorded widely from several Southern English localities NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 on this particular night and subsequently, but Mr. Gardner’s massive record seems to indicate that the centre of the immigrant wave on that night may well have been the Hampshire coast line. This supposition is supported by the fact Mr. L. W. Siggs of Minstead also had a large number in his trap on the same night. Small numbers of L. exigua continued to enter all our New Forest traps throughout the summer in decreasing numbers and condition, and I found no evidence of a subsequent home bred generation. In June Vanessa cardui L. was common in gardens, and a few fresh specimens appeared in September, together with a few V. atalanta L. Nomophila noctuella Schiff. and Plusia gamma L. were common but not swarming throughout the summer, and the latter at least produced a good autumn brood. Mr. F. W. Gardner also took a good female Rhodometra sacraria L. on 31st July in his m.v. trap. We both also had one or two Leucania vitellina Hiibn., mine coming unexpectedly to m.v. in the depths of one of the enclosures! Caradrina ambigua Schiff. was abundant in good condition in September, and these may well have bred locally. One very worn Palpita unionalis Hibn. entered my m.v. trap on 14th September at Lyndhurst.—Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), Neadaich, Newton- more, Inverness-shire. 10.x.62. SALDULA PALLIPES F. (HEm.-HET.): A CORRECTION.—In a note in 1958, Ent. Rec., 70: 197-8, I recorded the jumping bug Saldula pallipes F., among other species of the genus, from Lymington Salterns (S. Hants.) and Yarmouth (I. of Wight). Since that was written, however, it has been established that most maritime and estuarine records of this species actually refer to S. palustris Doug.—a species so nearly related as to be scarcely separable in individual cases, yet now thought to be distinct. (Cf. Southwood and Leston, 1959, Land & Water Bugs of the British Isles: 333.) As expected, all my exponents of pallipes from the above places turn out to be palustris—as kindly confirmed by Mr. R. J. Izzard of the Dept. of Entomology, British Museum. It is desirable therefore to make this correction.—A. A. ALLEN, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. 14.x.62. ZYGAENA PURPURALIS BRUN. ON THE ISLE oF E1Gc.—It is well known that a colony of Zygaena purpuralis Briin. occurs on Rhum, and Campbell has introduced the insect on Canna, but I have seen no mention of its occurrence on either of the other Small Isles. Muck is rather low lying and the ieast likely of the islands on which to find it, but on 31st July 1961, I was fortunate in finding one purpuralis at rest on a patch of Thyme on the rocky south coast of Eigg. This is a late date for the moth, and no others were seen, so I am unable to suggest how common or other- wise it might be—A. J. SHOWLER, 28 Lynsted Close, Bexleyheath, Kent. NORTHERN LIMIT OF XYLOMIGES CONSPICILLARIS Linn.—While collecting in Randan Wood, Worcs., on the night of 2nd of June 1962, with my friend E. A. B. Stanton and his son John, I had the good fortune to find X. conspicillaris Linn. crawling in the herbage some two yards from the edge of the m.v. sheet. From other records at my disposal it would appear that this is the most northerly limit to date, only being 15 miles South-West of Birmingham.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birming- ham, 23. 248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 SCHRANKIA COSTAESTRIGALIS STEPH. IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—On another oceasion at Randan Wood (17.vii.62) we were just packing up when John Stanton picked up what he thought to be a micro, but it was not until the insect was being set that it was found to be S. costaestrigalis Steph. A new record for this area.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 23. Current Literature WaTER BEETLES AND OTHER THINGS, HALF A CENTURY’S WoRK. By Frank Balfour-Browne. 83” xX 5”. Pp. viii, 219, 4 figures and 7 tables. Blacklock Farries & Sons Ltd., Dumfries. N.D. Price 25/-. It is unfortunate that the date of publication is not shown. A reader in years to come may not look through the bibliography, but if he does he will find (on p. 158) a reference to a publication of 1960 and from this infer that the book appeared soon after (in 1962 in fact). The Historical Introduction tells the story of the author’s career and makes interesting reading. In Chapter II he discusses the lists of Marsham, Stephens, Schaum, Hamlet Clark, David Sharp and Fowler. He then deals with the additions since 1887 and concludes with some amusing references to nomenclature. Chapter III is headed “The County and Vice-County System”. It gives a very readable account of the various attempts to devise a system and it explains in detail the Typomap of the British Isles. This explanation will, one hopes, often be consulted. There follows an account of “My Method”, most instructive and written in the author’s lively style. This Chapter has its own bibliography, as also have Chapters VII and VIII. Now a peculiarity of the book is that Chapter IX is entirely devoted to biblio- graphy. It covers over 60 pages and will be of the greatest value to the student but he must be careful because the items listed in the earlier bibliographies are mostly (perhaps wholly) omitted from Chapter IX. The Chapters dealing with Habitat (V) and Types of Collecting (VI) will be eagerly read by those studying water beetles. There is much with which some wili disagree in Chapter VII where the author treats of the origin of British water beetle fauna but it is enjoyable reading. He concludes his text with a Chapter entitled “Problems” chiefly devoted to Classification and to Reproduction: Sexual and Parthenogenetic. This last is numbered “3” for no apparent reason but once again the treatment is a delight to read, whether one agrees or not. In this book there is much for the general entomologist, more for the coieopterist and still more for those interested in water beetles. For them it is altogether indispensable. In addition to the usual general index there is at the end an Index of Authors which should be useful. But the great joy of the book is the feeling one gets that here in truth is an account of Half-a-Century’s Work, an account written by one who knows his subject and has known his places and his people.—T. R. EaG Les. ERRATUM.—I must apologise for an error in the penultimate paragraph of the article “Scotland 1962” in the September issue. The reference to Horisme tersata Schiff. should, of course, have been to Scopula ternata Schrank.—R. G. CHATELAIN. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (81) Nudaria mundana L. Muslin Footman. Resident, perhaps native. Woods, wet places, gardens; foodplant un- known. Scarce and uncertain in appearancee. Apparently extinct in W. Kent. 1. Lewisham, 1845 (Stainton, Zoologist, 1194). Hither Green, Lee, two, July 27, 1861, sixteen taken, July 17, 1862; Eltham Swamp, abundant, July 14, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). Blackheath, on fences (W. West, in Wool. Surv.(1909)). Sydenham, quite common (Barrett, Br. Lep., 2: 199). 2. Gravesend* (see First Record). Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 3. East Blean, 1926 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Ridgeway (A. J. L. Bowes). Whitstable, several ¢¢ (P. F. Harris). Broad Oak, one, August 2, 1946, one, July 31, 1948; both at light (C.-H.). 4. Deal, one, July 28, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). Minster*, 1914 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 84). Chattenden Roughs (Chaney (1884-87)). 7. Darland Hill; Wigmore (Chaney (1884-87)). Boxley, one, “Boxley, E. Bartlett”, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). Bearsted (G. Law, teste E. J. Hare). Westwell, 1948 (E. Scott). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Stowting (C. A. W. Duffield). Stelling Minnis, one, July 15, 1931 (G. H. Youden). Haddling Wood, Waldershare, two, July 16, 1937 (E. & Y.(1949)). ; 10. Sundridge, July 1825 (Ingpen, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 84). 11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury, eight (E. Goodwin coll.). Hoads Wood, August 3, 1954 (P. Cue). 12. Hothfield (H. C. Huggins). Near Sellinge (Morley (1931)). Hinx- hill, July 24, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Wye* (Scott (1936)). Birchett Wood, Ham Street, one at dusk, July 16, 1932 (A. M. Morley); at light, July 24, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); July 27, 1951 (E. H. Wild). Brook (Scott (1950)). West Ashford, two 9 9, taken along a hawthorn hedge, August 1960 (M. Singleton and M. Enfield). 14. Sandhurst, July 17, 19-21, 23, 30, 1932, July 10, 20, 26, 1933, July 24, 1934, July 16, 1935, July 4, 13, 16, 1937, July 19, 1939, July 3, 1943, July 5. 1945, July 12, 19, 1949, July 7, 15, 20, 1953; mostly noted at light, but not seen here previously to 1932, i.e., from 1923-31 (Bull, Diary). Hunts Wood, one, July 27, 1951 (G. H. Youden). First Recorp, 1809: “. . . prope Gravesend Com, Cantii, copiosissime’”’ (Haworth, Lep. Brit., 2: 156). Comacla senex Hiibn.: Round-winged Footman. Native. Marshy places, carr; foodplant unknown. Extinct in 1. 1. Lee (see First Record); eleven, July 16-17, 1863 (Fenn, Diary) (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1898: 58); disappeared soon after 1878 (R. Adkin, in Wool. Surv. (1908)) (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1934-35: 56, 126). Eltham (V.C.H. (1908)); may refer to the preceding records. 2. Fairbrook Alders, near Faversham (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 46). Dartford Marshes, one, July 20, 1887; three, July 6, 1889 (Fenn, Diary). Greenhithe (V.C.H. (1908)). Shorne Mead (H. C. Huggins). Higham, July 29, 1926 (F. T. Grant). Sittingbourne, several, June 26, 30, 1949 (C.-H.). Aylesford, 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). 4. Deal (Harding, Entomologist, 2: 194); July 9, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203). Sandwich (V.C.H. (1908)). Reculver, not uncommon on sedges, (82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X1/1962 33d, 29, July 21, 23, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). Westbere, a few, July 23, 1946 (C.-H.). Ickham, plentiful at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 6. Springhead, common (H. C. Huggins). 7. Bearsted (G. Law, teste E. J. Hare). Westwell, 1951 (E. Scott) (Scott, Ent. Gaz., 5: 123). 11. Hoads Wood, c. 1953 (P. Cue). 12. Near Canterbury*, one, at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Hothfield Bog, common; Hinxhill (Scott (1936)). Orlestone Woods, two, July 2, 1946 (C.-H.). Brook, 1951 (C. A. W. Duffield, teste E. Scott). Willesborough, one, August 3, 1954 (W. L. Rudland). Ham Street, 1959 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177). 13. Tunbridge Wells (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). 14. Tenterden (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 46). 15. Appledore, very plentiful, July 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 221). Dungeness, one, August 15, 1931, ten at dusk, July 23, 1932, many at dusk, August 3, 1934, one, August 4, 1935, three, August 11, 1946 (A. M. Morley); common at the ponds, August 5, 1934; July 22, 1935; August 6, 1938 (A. J. L. Bowes); fairly common, 1949 (Morley, Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1949: 17); four at light, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); one, August 19, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); 1959 (C. R. Haxby). Dymchurch, one, July 7, 1933 (A. M. Morley); 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 44). 16. Folkestone Town, one, at m.v., 1954 (R. W. Fawthrop, teste A. M. Morley); one, at m.v., June 4, 1960; one, at m.v., June 7, 1961, “both un- usually early dates” (A. M. Morley) (these abnormally early appearances are very remarkable (C.-H.)). First RecorpD, 1861: Manor Farm Lane, Lee, “Stainton says he has taken it at the sallow pit’ (Fenn, Diary, 2.viii.1861). Miltochrista miniata Forst.: Rosy Footman. Native, Woods; foodplant unknown. Frequent in 3, 6a, 10-14. Obs.—Usually fairly numerous at light in Orlestone Woods, and on a good night, as many as 20-30 may be noted (C.-H.). Stone-in-Oxney (div. 14), one by day, July 4, 1933, near the border of div. 15 (A. M. Morley). 1. The only comparatively recent records for this division are:— West Wickham, at sugar, 1926 (S. Wakely); 1951 (E. Trundell). Lessness Abbey Woods (Newell, Trans. Plumstead & Dist. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 12); 1953 (J. Green). Woolwich (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1953: 138); refers to the preceding occurrence. Dartford district (B. K. West). Farning- ham Wood, several, June 26, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 2. Sheppey, one, June 16, 1868 (J. Walker MS.). 4. Ickham, not uncommon at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 5. Halstead, 1925 (Frampton, Entomologist, 59: 173). 6. Pinden (E. J. Hare). 7. Westwell, July 5, 1932 (Bull, Diary). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Har- bottle). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Reiden Wood, 1882 (Salwey, Entomologist, 15: 198); two at light, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). White- hill Wood, near Bridge, one, July 6, 1930 (A. M. Morley). Near Walder- share; Dover (E. & Y. (1949)). 16. Folkestone Town, ¢, at mv., July 2, 1952; one, by R. W. Faw- throp, at m.v. (in 1954) (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—The ab. in which the wings are pale yellow without any trace of red, flava de Graaf (= crocea Bign.) appears to be rare, and only LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (83) two specimens from Kent are known:—Orlestone Woods, g, June 27, 1952 (C.-H., Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 21); Holt Wood, Aylesford (div. 11), 1956 (Davis, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 25). First RrEcorp, 1829: Near Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 91). Setina irrorella L.: Dew Moth. Native. Chalk downs and undercliff, shingle beach; foodplant un- recorded. Very local. Doubtless long extinct in 1; probably casual in 11. 1. “Several specimens have been caught on Dartford-common and near Birch-wood” (Stephens, Haust., 2: 99). 6. Near Rochester* (see First Record). Shoreham, one, 1904 (R.C.K.). Shoreham; Otford (V.C.H. (1908)). Kemsing, one taken, June 1938 (A. M. Swain). 8. Dover.—‘taken in some plenty”, near Dover, June 1851 (Spilsbury, Zoologist, 3289). On the downs between Dover and St. Margaret’s Bay, four; June 27-28, 1908 (P. A. Cardew, Diary). In 1932, J. H. B. Lowe, B. Embry, and A. M. Morley found between eighty and ninety larvae in April below Shakespeare Cliff by day; from those kept by A. M. M.,3 dd, 6 29 were bred June 24-July 10 (A. M. Morley). Deal.—1858 (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 134); 1859 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 91). St. Margaret’s Bay, one, by J. W. Tutt, August 1, 1890 (Fenn, Diary). Folke- stone.—Nineteen, June 1858 (Drury, Ent. week. Int., 4: 102); 2 gd, June 5, 1859 (H. Tompkins MS.); August 1-2, 1860 (Fereday, Ent. week. Int., 9: 139); Warren, common, 1869 (Vaughan, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 94); common in the Warren towards the shore (Knaggs (1870)); July 1898 (Butler, Entom- ologist, 31: 243); in 1932, a larva, May 18, below the Royal Oak (A. M. Morley); two there, April 23, 1962 (C.-H.). Folkestone Warren.—One, at dusk, July 24, 1931, one, July 22, 1935, one, July 1, 1937, two, June 25, 1946, two, June 26, 1948 (A. M. Morley); a larva, below Capel, April 23, 1938, a larva, August 30, 1952, 2 ° 9, July 2, 1955 (C.-H.); two imagines, May 25, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 11. Holt Wood, Aylesford, one at m.v., 1954 (G. A. N. Davis). 15. Dungeness.—Larva not uncommon on stones, 1935, 1938 (H. C. Huggins); locally very abundant in the Bird Sanctuary, June 22, 1938 (A. G. Peyton, teste A. J. L. Bowes); 20-30 disturbed from rough herbage by the Hope and Anchor, July 4, 1950, all in good condition (A. M. Swain); three, June 6, 1950 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); June 30-July 3, 1954 (R. F. Bretherton); July 28, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); at light, July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—In R.C.K. are the following abs.: signata Borkh., one, Folkestone, 1879, one Folkestone, 1885; brunnescens Hirschke, one, Kent, 1883, one, Dungeness, bred H. B. D. Kettlewell, 1938; andereggii H.-S., one, “Shoreham, 1904”. Also, a heavily streaked ¢ ab., “Folkestone’’, “Coll. Boot of Derby”’. All Dungeness specimens that I have seen have been of particularly good size; I have 1 ¢, 5 9 9, taken by A. G. Peyton, June 19, 1938, al. exp. of 9 9 25-28 mm., ¢ 31 mm. (C.-H.). First REcorpD, 1816: “Taken copiously near Rochester in 1816, and the following year’ (Henslow, in Stephens, Haust., 2: 99). Cyhbosia mesomella L.: Four-dotted Footman. Native!. Woods, heaths, carr, etc.; foodplant unknown. Mainly off the chalk. No recent records for W. Kent, and apparently extinct in 1. (84) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 100). West Wickham (Barrett, Ent. week. Int., 4: 109). Pauls Cray Common, one, June 26, 1888, one, July 15, 1893 (Fenn, Diary); fairly common, 1911 (S. F. P. Blyth). Chisle- hurst (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv. (1909)), probably refers to St. Pauls Cray Common (C.-H.). Bexley dist. (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 3. Blean Woods, twenty-four taken, June 10-11, 1865 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). Near Canterbury*, a few at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). East Blean Wood, Church Wood, and Clowes Wood, 1922-27 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Mincing Wood, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Timber Wood and Paddock Wood, common, 1938-39; Great Hall Wood, 1949; Church Wood, one, June 13, 1953 (C.-H.). 4. Ham Fen, five, July 9-11, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203); one, c. 1955, one, July 3, 1960 (C.-H.). Deal (E. & Y. (1949)). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.); one, June 21, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). Chattenden, two, July 16, 1869 (Walker MS.); one, June 24, 1884 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.); two or three annually, 1902-10 (H. C. Huggins) [Chatten- den] (Porritt, Entomologist, 7: 181). 8. Folkestone* (Ullyett (1880)). Near Barham, one, 1926 (KE. & Y. (1949)). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). West Wood, one, 1935 (C. J. Goodall, teste A. M. Morley); one, beaten out of spruce, June 19, 1950 (A. M. Morley). 10. Brasted, July 6, 1901 (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1901: 22). Sevenoaks (W. E. Busbridge). 11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Hoads Wood, 1951, common, 1953 (E. Scott); 1956 (C.-H.). Aylesford, c. 1954 (G. A. N. Davies). 12. Ham Street Woods.—(Scott (1936)); of regular occurrence in many parts of Orlestone Woods, particularly so in the more open places, and heathy spots (C.-H.); June 2-5, 1950 (R. F. Bretherton); June 10, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). Brook* (Scott (1936)); 1951 (C. A. W. Duffield, fide E. Scott). Wye, one, June 22, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Hothfield, July 6, 1957 (Philp, Bull. Kent Pid’ Cl. 3=s): 13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62), ii). Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan). Groombridge (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1931-32: 59). 14. Tenterden, common (Stainton, Man.). Hunts Wood, one, July 9, 1949 (G. H. Youden, teste A. M. Morley). Hawkhurst, two, 1952-53 (B. G. Chatfield). 15. Dungeness.—A. L. Goodson informed me that near the Lighthouse on the night of June 29-30, 1954, he and G. Rance of Tring Mus. witnessed at m.v. the sudden appearance around midnight of about a hundred mesomella; the visitation lasted for about half an hour, nearly all were ab. flava de Graaf, and at times they appeared in such numbers that it was like “golden rain” (C.-H.); at light, July 7-8, 1959 (C. R. Haxby, teste A. M. Morley). VariaTION.—I have frequently noted ab. flava de Graaf (flava Preiss) at Blean, and I also possess five flava, taken Ham Street, 1951 (C.-H.). FIRST RECORD, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. 1Possibly also an occasional migrant, judging by the extraordinary visitation at Dungeness on the night of June 29-30, 1954. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (85) Lithosia quadra L.: Four-dotted Footman. Probable immigrant. Woods, etc. Recorded from all divisions, except 3, 5-7, 14. Altogether some sixty to seventy examples of quadra have been noted in Kent, all imagines so far as is known. It is interesting to observe that none was reported for the period 1908-34, but that in 1951, after a severe thunderstorm, the insect appeared in southern England over a very wide area, and in Kent alone a total of twenty-seven individuals (27 ¢d,1 @) was seen; thus strongly indicating a migratory movement from abroad, resulting in widespread invasion. The earliest reference to the species in Kent is by Stephens (Haust., 2: 97), who gives Darenth and Birch Woods as localities. Thereafter, it was recorded as follows—(1853): ‘‘Kentish coast’ [Deal], exhibited by H. J. Harding at Society of British Entomologists, September 6, 1853 (Zoologist, 4071). 1856: Near Dover (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 132) (St. Margaret’s Bay (Tutt, Br. Moths, 67), and “near Dover” (S. Webb, in V.C.H. (1908)), may both refer to Harding’s record); New Brompton, near Chatham, °, July (Chaney (1884-87)). N.d.: Ramsgate (Stainton, Man.). [2. 1870]: Folkestone neighbourhood, one, by Mr. Blackhall (Wellman, Entomologist, 13: 241). 1872: Sheppey, 3, beaten out of ash tree (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 9: 162). 1875: North Kent [Chattenden], July, “rare visitor to sugar” (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 292) (Chattenden Roughs, rare (Chaney (1884-87)), may refer to Tugwell’s record); Darenth Wood, exhibited by Messrs C. & S. Channon at South London ent. nat. Hist. Soc., November 4, 1875 (Ent. mon. Mag., 12: 167). 1880: Between Folkestone and Sandgate, 2 (Wellman, Entomologist, 13: 241) (Folkestone (Ullyett (1880)), may refer). 1891: New Cross, 9, July 18, taken by A. E. Cook (Cook, Entomologist, 24: 196). [c. 1895]: Folkestone Town, “J. W. Walton said that there had been a small invasion and he had taken some at street lamps”; “W. J. Austen told me several were taken in Folkestone” (A. M. Morley, in litt.). 1902: Maidstone, ¢, August 12, J. Lower, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). 1906: Chattenden, ¢, July 4, beaten out by H. C. Huggins (C.-H. coll.). 1907: Tunbridge Wells, ¢, on sunflower in Queens Road (E. D. Morgan). N.d.: Bexley (C. Fenn, in V.C.H. (1908)). 1935: Ham Street, ¢, June 26 (H. C. Huggins). 1938: Dover, d, at sugar, August 5, 9, August 15, taken on the cliffs (Embry, Entomologist, 72: 15). 1939: Ham Street, ¢, August 20, taken by Russell James (Bowes, Ent. Rec., 52: 77); 9, at light, August 21 (H. C. Huggins); Sandwich, one, taken by T. Robinson (A. J. L. Bowes). 1951: Margate, ¢, July 31 (W. D. Bowden); Dover, eight jd, August, at m.v. (Youden, Entomologist, 84: 261); Folkestone Town, ¢, July 31, d, August 4 (Morley, Ent. Rec., 64: 171); Brook, three ¢ ¢, July 31 (Duffield, Ent. Rec., 63: 179); Aylesford, ¢, @ (G. A. N. Davis); Dungeness, <, August 4 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 247); Orlestone Woods, three 3d, August 1, two ¢o, August 2 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 247); one ¢, August 3, one d, August 7 (E. J. Hare); two ¢.¢, August 3 (G. Haggett); ¢, August 3, H. S. & P. J. Robinson (R.C.K.); Folkestone Town, ¢, September 25 (R. Lovell). 1953: Ham Street, one 6, July 6 (E. J. Hare). 1955: Dover, d, August 16, at m.v. (Youden, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955, 47); Folke- stone Town, 9, September 23, 1955, taken by R. W. Fawthrop (A. M. Morley). 1956: Dover, ¢, July 27, 6, July 31, both at m.v. (G. H. Youden); Wye, 9, at m.v., July 27 (W. L. Rudland); Ham Street, ¢, August 2 (D. G. Marsh); Folkestone Town, ¢, August 13 (A. M. Morley). 1957: (86) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI/1962 Ashford Town, ¢ (P. Cue). 1960: Shorne Ridgeway, ¢, June (E. Trundel)); Folkestone Warren, June 29, ¢, at m.v. (Mere, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1960: 15); Ham Street, ¢, June 24 (de Worms, Ent. Rec., 72: 246). VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is a ¢ ab. luteomarginata Lamb., Ham Street, August 3, 1951. First RECORD, 1829: Stephens, Haust., 2: 97. Eilema deplana Esp. (depressa Esp.): Buff Footman. Resident. Wood borders and bushy places on chalk; foodplant un- recorded. Local. Probably in more localities than the records indicate and perhaps increasing. 6. Near Kemsing (Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 177). 7. Westwell, ¢, July 26, 1951, taken by E. Scott (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 299); two, 1952, one, August 7, 1953 (E. Scott), ¢, August 10, 1956 (Marsh, Proc: S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 36).. Boxley,° one, 19539(AC we Harbottle). Kings Wood, Challock, two larvae beaten from ancient yews by L. C. Bushby, May 27, 1956 (Scott, Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 5); “resulting from Bushby’s discovery of the larvae on May 27, he and I together later collected 6-8 larvae, three of which I took and bred two months, June 29, July 5, 1956” (P. Cue, in litt.). 8. Dover, one, in m.v. trap, in garden, July 1, 1952 (G. H. Youden). Betteshanger, two 3, at light, July 6, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). 9. Margate neighbourhood, several specimens exhibited by S. A. Blenkarn, December 14, 1911 (Blenkarn, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1911-12: 89). First REcoRD, 1880: Carrington, Entomologist, 13: 77. E. griseola Huibn.: Dingy Footman. Native. Marshy places, damp woods; foodplant unknown. Extinct in 1. 1. Eltham Swamp, three, July 20, 1865; Lee, one, July 21, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). 2. Greenwich Marshes, one, July 19, 1865 (A. H. Jones, teste Fenn, Diary). Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend, one at street lamp, July 21, 1914 (F. T. Grant). Burham Marsh, near Aylesford, one, 1954, one, 1955 (G. A. N. Davis). 3. Between Whitstable and Chestfield, singletons, 1936, 1942-43, 1946 (Po EF; Harris): 4. Deal neighbourhood*, 1858 (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 133). Minster Marshes, three, August 11, 1915, one, July 28, 1921, four, July 25, 1925, one, August 9, 1927 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Sandwich (V.C.H. (1908)); July 30, 1951, three, August 3, fairly common, August 30, 1954 (W. D. Bowden); August 5, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). East Stourmouth, four in bushes by day, July 28, 1933 (A. M. Morley). Ham Fen, about twelve at light, August 6, 1950 (C.-H.). Ickham, plentiful at m.v. (D. G. Marsh). 6a. Chattenden, odd ones, 1902-10 (H. C. Huggins). 7. Wigmore Wood, uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)). Westwell, one, August 5, 1952 (E. Scott). 8. Folkestone Warren, 1882 (Salway, Entomologist, 15: 198). Kings- down, one, August 15, 1884 (Fenn, Lep. Data, MS.). St. Margarets, 1890 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). Folkestone*, one, August 16, 1907, in Br. Mus. S. Kensington (C.-H.). Whitfield, one, 1933 (E. & Y. (1949)). Reinden Wood, one at light, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (87) 9. Ramsgate, one, c. 1914 (J. W. C. Hunt). Birchington, 9°, August 8, 1915; Quex Park, one, August 19, 1915; Nash Court, one, August 13, 1915 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 11. Yalding (V.C.H. (1908)). Wateringbury (Goodwin MS.). Hoads Wood, 1951, August 6, 1953, 1954 (E. Scott); 1956 (P. Cue). 12. Near Canterbury*, a few at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394). Canterbury*, one, 1904, five, 1906, two, 1907 (F. A. Small coll.). Ham Street, July 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); two, Orlestone Woods, 1960 (C. R. Haxby). Brook; Hothfield; Little Chart (Scott (1936)). Chartham (P. B. Wacher); 1958 (P. Cue). Willesborough, one, July 12, 1954; Wye, one, August 15, 1953 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Broadwater Down, one at light (Townsend, fide E. D. Morgan). 14. Great Heron Wood, one, July 23, 1949 (C.-H.). 15. Hythe, four among reeds by the canal at dusk, July 27, 1929, with W. O. W. Edwards (Morley, 1931); W. Hythe, common, 1956, six, 1957 (P. Cue) Dymchurch, one, August 12, 1932, one, July 28, 1933 (A. M. Morley); 1947 or 1948 (P. le Masurier); two, 1952 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 65: 43). Dungeness, at light, July 30, 1932 (A. M. Morley). Military Canal near Kenardington, one, August 1959 (M. Enfield). 16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., one, 1951, two, 1952, three, 1953, two, 1954, three, 1955, none, 1956, one, 1957, four, 1958, two, 1959, none, 1960-62; in 1951, one September 5, a late date (A. M. Morley). VaRIATION.—Of ab. flava Haworth (= stramineola Doubleday), a very distinctive yellow form, so frequent in many parts of the range of this species in England, it is remarkable that the only known occurrence in Kent is of one taken by D. G. Marsh, at m.v., at Ickham (div. 4), July 18, 1961 (C.-H.). First ReEcorpD, 1858: Deal neighbourhood (Baldwin, Ent. week. Int., 4: 133). E. lurideola Zinck.: Common Footman. Native. Woods, gardens, marshes, etc.; foodplant unknown. Found in all divisions; generally fairly common. Rather scarce in 1; few records for 2,15. “Getting scarce” (V.C.H. (1908)). Obs.—G. A. N. Davis states that at Holt Wood, Aylesford (div. 11), it is “commoner than L. complana’”. At Ham Street, July 14, 1934, twenty noted at light (A. M. Morley); many at m.v., 1946, 1951 (C.-H.). The feral larva has been noted on three occasions:—Broad Oak (div. 3), one, full-grown, in my garden at sugar, on a lichen-covered apple trunk, July 3, which produced a 9, July 23, 1946 (C.-H.); Margate (div. 9), one taken June 17, from which an imago was reared, July 6, 1951 (W. D. Bowden); Farningham Wood (div. 1), one, nearly full-grown, May 22, imago reared June 22, 1957 (A. A. Allen). 1. Recent records for this division are:—Dartford, 1952 (B. K. West). West Wickham, one, August 12, 1953 (E. Trundell); 9, at house light, August 1962 (C.-H.). Orpington, one, 1955 (L. W. Siggs). Lee, one, 1961 (C. G. Bruce). 2. Gravesend district (H. C. Huggins). 15. Dungeness, ¢ at light, 9 at sugar, both July 26, 1935 (A. M. Morley); @ at mv., July 25, 1952 (C.-H.); July 7, 1959 (C. R. Haxby). Greatstone, “fairly common at light”, August 1960 (D. Youngs). First Recorp, 1859: Near Deal (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 6: 140). (88) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/X1/1962 E. complana L.: Scarce Footman. Resident, perhaps native. Woods, heaths, chalk downs, etc. [on Lotus corniculatus.] “Searcer than formerly” (V.C.H. (1908)). 1. Dartford Heath (Jenner, Week. Ent., 2: 197); 1867 (Wormald, Ent. Ann., 1868: 113); common (B. K. West); larva swept from heather, June 6, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). Abbey Wood, one, August 30, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). Sydenham (Sellon, Ent. Rec., 2: 164). St. Paul’s Cray (Carr, Entomologist, 33: 46). Bexley dist., rare; Bostall Heath; Plumstead Com- mon; Pauls Cray Common; Blackheath; Chislehurst (Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chislehurst, three, August 4-6, 1909; one, August 18, 1910; not seen since (S. F. P. Blyth). West Wickham, at sugar, 1926, 1929 (S. Wakely); one, August 12, 1953 (E. Trundell). Belvedere, 1954 (C. Hards, fide A. J. Showler). Farningham Wood, June 26, 1959 (R. G. Chatelain). 2. Between Kingsferry and Chetney Marshes, seven fresh specimens including a pair in cop., June 26, 1949 (C.-H.). 3. Canterbury, a series at sugar (Parry, Entomologist, 5: 394); com- plana exhibited by A. U. Battley at North London Natural History Soc., September 29, 1896 (Ent. Rec., 8: 224). Blean (V.C.H. (1908)); larva, imago reared July 19, 1924 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). Bossenden Wood, 1927, larva on oak stump (H. C. Huggins). Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Den Grove, July 14, 1939; Broad Oak, July 27, 1946, July 31, 1948 (C.-H.). Near Deal* (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 163, 6: 140) (Baldwin, op. cit.. 4: 133). Deal, a few along dyke sides (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). 5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Cuxton* (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 4: 249, 275). Eynsford, one, July 4, 1934 (Kidner, Diary). Fawkham (E. J. Hare). 6a. Darenth Wood (see First Record). Chattenden Roughs, one, July 12, 1857 (Chaney (1884-87)). 7. Westwell, July 21, 1934, August 4, 1945, July 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 1946 (G. V. Bull, Diary). Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle). 8. Many records for this division, particularly for the coastal areas. The following are among the more interesting:—Dover, a larva, 1857, imago reared (Turner, Ent. week. Int., 3: 13). Dover Cliffs, larva, May 1, imago emerged July 5, 1932, larva, May 23, imago emerged July 6, 1934 (J. H. B. Lowe). Dover district, “larvae may be found in company with those of irrorella” (E. & Y. (1949)). Folkestone.—July 24-August 1, 1858 (H. Tompkins MS.); “Not uncommon in Warren; July. Larvae on Lotus corniculatus; May” (Knaggs (1870)); on paths leading to the Warren, two larvae, April 30, two larvae, May 20, 1932, they were fed on faded leaves of L. corniculatus, and the imagines emerged July 5-August 19; on paths leading to the Warren, a larva, April 4, 1948, imagines numerous, 1935, about 30 imagines at night, June 30, 1936 (A. M. Morley). Reinden Wood, several, July 27, 1948 (A. M. Morley). Chilham, not uncommon, by beating hawthorn bushes on the downs, July 23, 1936 (A. J. L. Bowes). Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). 9. Quex Park, July 18, 1932 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 11. Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood (P. Cue). 12. Ham Street—Is of regular occurrence, and usually fairly numerous at light. Occasionally abundant, as in 1934, when A. M. Morley (in litt.) wrote that he and three others counted 70 at dusk and light, July 20; and on July 22, when A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) noted that “it almost entirely replaces lurideola’, adding that it “swarmed at car lights, July 22, 1934”. Very common at m.v., August 15-20, 1960 (C. R. Haxby en I I LA ILD COUNTRY SIDE Official Publication of British Naturalists’ Association The Association’s Permanent Phenological enquiry has an Entomo- logical Section specimen copy, 2/-. Naturalist’s Diary, 1963, 6/3 (post free). Hawkshead, Tower Hill, Dorking, Surrey. IMPORTANT To our subscribers We have for disposal either part numbers or complete volumes of old issues dating from 1890/1 up to and including volume 73. If any of our subscribers would care to state their requirements to Mr. F. W. 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Dublin, Eire “Lepidoptera of the ‘Isle of Wight. —I am preparing a new County list using a : ss aor Xo Ving MeLLs . cos : Vs Shas pane card index, and would be most grateful for records since 1906 of ALL species : ith FULL data (e.g. numbers of commoner species are important) —R. =P. cnt Bick heat ’ ones, “Brooklands”, Hrestnpater, Isle of Wight. be pe THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wrut1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. Auten, B.Se.; Diptera: L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assts- Fonseca, F.R.E.S. CONTENTS NOTES ON COLLECTING IN 1962. H. Symmes, M.A{Oxon)... ... 0... 2% RANDOM NOTES FOR 1962. Col. H. G. ROSSELL 2... 1. 1 oo 280 NOTES FROM CAMBER, SUSSEX. S. WAKELY... 0 2.0 0 ss eB NEW RECORDS FOR BRITISH ANTS, 1961-1962. C. A. COLLINGWOOD... ... 284 A RARE FORM OF APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS BOISD AND MIGRANT - LEUCANIAS AT DUNGENESS, KENT, IN OCTOBER 1962. A. J. WIGHTMAN, F.R.E.S. oe Gs : isa 2, BS en eae BUTTERFLIES IN PROVENCE—AND IN ENGLAND. S. R. BOWDEN ... el eae NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. ... i ee PAD NOTES ON COLEOPTERA. A. A. ALLEN, B.SC. ... Be nd same A FEW NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM SURREY AND KENT, 1962. A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc. ed 5 ee a a sic Soy ea NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ... nA ies hs ae oe a eh ie Dass CURRENT LITERATURE . Ws ee i ‘3 Q48 SUPPLEMENT—THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS IN KENT: A CRITICAL ACCOUNT. PART II. J.. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ... ane ; (81) TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS, and requests for SPECIMEN COPIES to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. 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A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of _A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. M a L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. H. SYMES, M.A. ' Major A. E, COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.s. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION 25S. POST FREE. _ Hon. Treasurer, CLIFFORD CRAUFURD, : 2 Denny, Galloway Road, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. DEBERRBE PREC CLE GELEDED D MONTHLY aS ss PRICE5/- NET | ee | A Gift Book for the Naturalist THE STANDARD NATURAL HISTORY FROM AMOEBA TO MAN. Kdited by W. P. PYCRAFT, F.L.S. The task of the editor and his contributors has been to provide a balanced presentation of the animal kingdom such as will afford a comprehensive survey of the classification of animals and of the outstanding types which have come into being as a result of the process of evolution. The book is lavishly illustrated with colour plates, photographs and diagrams and with the high quality of its general presentation this superb book represents outstanding value. 35s. net. THE MOTHS OF THE BRITISH iSLES By RICHARD SOUTH, F-.R.E.S. Edited and revised by H. M. EDELSTEN, O.B.E., F.R.E.S. The new edition of this great standard work presents full revisions both to text and illustrations. All the latest knowledge available has been incorporated in this most important title in the world-famous WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND SERIES. The beauty and wealth of the colour illustrations alone make this two-volume work well worth the money. Two volumes, 35s. net each. Descriptive leaflet with colour leaflet available from: FREDERICK WARNE & Co. Ltd. 1-4 Bedford Court, Strand, London, W.C.2 249 Dingle in 1962 By H. C. Huaerns, F.R.E.S. In a former note (Ent. Rec., 73: 203-6) I gave an account of the ex- pedition made in 1961 by Mr. E. S. A. Baynes and myself to Inishvickilaun in the Blaskets in search of Euphyia bilineata L. ssp. isolata Kane. Al- though we saw one, which we were unable to catch, I was not satisfied until I had taken the moth, and resolved to go again in 1962 to look for isolata and also for any more of the Dingle Cryphia muralis Forst. I might be lucky enough to find. This year I sent a moth trap in advance, for use in the month I pro- posed to stay in Dingle (June 27-July 24) which arrived all right, but unfortunately, I also sent some luggage in advance in a suit case and put the choke in this, but the suitcase went astray until we had been twelve days at Dingle. I was therefore not able to set the trap at once. After nine days I was rescued by the great kindness of Mr. Baynes, who, on hearing of my misfortune, posted his own choke to me from Dublin, but it was maddening to have the fine weather and heavy overcast nights, and be able to do nothing. I may perhaps at the outset deal with the two main objects of my visit, isolata and muralis. As I have previously pointed out a visit to Inishvickilaun is no joke, and can only be attempted under ideal condi- tions, owing to the difficulty of landing. I was at Dingle for twenty-eight days, and only on five was sailing possible, and on three of these the boat could not go. On Ist July, an ideal day, I got across and saw no less than four isolata, all males, without getting a chance to make a stroke at one. Only one of these came from a possible position and then went straight up the cliff, the rest I disturbed by dropping rocks over the edge into favourable places, and none came near me. On 8th July we fixed a party, but sailing was impossible, but on the 15th I was able to get across again; it was a lovely day, but our stay was cut short as mist be- gan to rise about 4.30, and we did not wish to spend a night under the shelter of Great Blasket waiting for it to clear. I was thus only two hours on the island, but luckily I took a spare net and Mr. S. Nolan who owned the boat, came ashore with me and left the rest of the party to go pollack fishing with his boatman. Almost directly after I landed, whilst Mr. Nolan was having a swim, ! put up an isolata by rock-dropping, which flew into a very nasty place, where I left it. After this I gave Mr. Nolan the spare net and in about an hour-and-a-half, by working all possible (and nearly impossible) places, we each got a male isolata in fresh condition. I also had a great disappointment, I put up the only female I have seen, and it flew over comparatively accessible ground, straight to a small clump of bracken. Had I rushed it, I should most probably have caught it, but I resolved to make a “sitter” of it and iet it settle in the brackens. After taking a deep breath or two, I advanced to the bracken and utterly failed to put it up, either by beating or by puffing a whole pipe of tobacco intc it, so the moth must have gone down a narrow cleft amidst the bracken roots. On our rather hurried return to the boat, owing to the mist, the fishing party, having caught some thirty pollack, came ashore and one of them, Mr. J. Ringrose (a cousin of the cele- brated show jumper) started up the cliff to try to look into a puffin’s hole. In so doing, he put up the isolata I had given up as too dangerous, directly we landed; it went up to a still more hazardous place, but he 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 came down, grabbed my net, and going up like a steeple jack, caught it and brought it down. I had told him not to go as no moth was worth the risk, but he did it and the moth is now in my collection. It will thus be seen that on my second trip I also saw four, but this time got three, all males. Of the nine specimens in all I have seen on Inishvickilaun, all except one were males. The males are very small, much smaller than Kane’s old ones from Tearaght; the females, judging by the one brought back by Mr. Flynn in 1953, and given by Mr. Baynes to the R.C.K. col- lection at Tring, and the one I saw flying, are of normal size. The moth appears to be both rare and secretive, it only lives on cliff faces, most of which overhang and are completely inaccessible, and I think that the female lives in clefts and is not easy to disturb. The whole island is difficult ground, there is only one path from the shore to the top, and this is a rather nasty one; a member of the fishing party, who was wearing leather shoes, thought it safer to go up in his stockinged feet. Whilst we were at Benners, the wife of one of the 1953 ornithological expedition came there for the night and sat with my wife and myself for dinner. She told us that her husband’s party arranged to go on a Friday, and be picked up on the following Sunday, but it was not until the Saturday a week later that they could be taken off. After Tuesday, all provisions ran out, and they lived on half-raw rabbit and pollack frizzled over a primus stove! The Inishvickilaun isolata males seem to be exactly alike, almost jet black with a fine metallic shine on the forewings. The nine isolata I have now seen were the only bilineata I saw on the island; there are no yellow or brownish ones as in other Irish cliff localities, and none what- ever anywhere on the island but on the cliffs and rocks. It is evident that the accounts given by Bower and Westropp, that Kane found only isolata on the Tearaght, are quite correct, and that it is a true subspecies arising from a different genetic make-up than the fine dark aberrations (ab. ethelae Huggins, ab. hibernica Prout, etc.) existing in very small numbers amongst the yellow ones on some mainland cliffs. Muralis was later in 1962 than usual and did not appear until 14th July. After that we saw it every day, but as in 1961, we found it very scarce. In all, we saw 22, including one cripple, which did not average one for an hour’s searching, and none came to the trap. This year’s work confirmed my previous opinion that the Dingle muralis is a very distinct race. In the two years, I have seen in all, 35 specimens, and none is of the typical black-patterned form. The Dingle ones are all dull mottled green or greenish-grey, with the exception of a very occasional rare aberration. My wife took a second ab. nigra Huggins, and I took one of the very rare ab. castanea C. & W. so far only known from two Cork specimens taken by Westropp. In addition, we took three blackish-green insects of the same pattern as nigra and castanea except that the whole ground colour was blackish-green. These appear to be quite new, but are too near nigra in my opinion to require a name. On our arrival at Dingle on 27th June we immediately saw Vanessa cardui L. and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. with a few Plusia gamma L., all in bad condition. These extended from the Connor Pass at the back of Dingle, as far as Slea Head. They gradually became less, although after the trap began working, gamma and noctuella appeared every night until the night of 14/15th, when a tremendous fresh invasion of both, particularly noctuella, took place. On the 15th, Inishvickilaun was DINGLE IN 1962 251 plastered with noctuella, which proved a nuisance when I was working rough places for rarer things. I also took three very worn Laphygma exigua Hiibn. in the trap in the town. I was too late for the invasion of the rarer hawks in the district. Baron de Worms has suggested (antea 187) that his Celerio galii Rott. taken at Glenbeigh on 6th June might have been bred on the spot . I do not think that this is likely, as apart from the fact that western Ireland is much too wet to make a good colonising site for immigrants, the winter of 1961-62 was the worst in the memory of man in Kerry. Although there was not the frost and snow of 1916-17 and 1946-47, a con- tinuous cold wind played havoc with the tender and subtropical plants which usually flourish there. The feature of this part of Ireland is the enormous unchecked growth of the fuchsia hedges, sometimes fifteen feet or more in height. In spring 1962, many of these had been killed to within four feet of the ground. I have been visiting south-west Ireland oa and off since May 1914, and I have never seen such havoc before, although I was there in May 1917 and May 1947 after both these extreme wi.nters. A few words may prove interesting on the remaining fauna observed on Inishvickilaun. Moths seen in addition to isolata and noctuella al- ready mentioned, included a fair number of Polychrosis dubitana Steph. (littoralis Westw.) and Argyroploce cespitana Hitibn. Cespitana was small and very pale in colour, quite unlike the brilliant form found on the rocks of the Dursey peninsula, and dubitana was below the average in size, whereas in Bantry Bay, on the rocks off Adrigole, it is larger than anywhere else I have been. From a small bag of seed-heads of Silene maritima I obtained ten larvae of Hadena caesia Borkh., a number of H. lepida Esp. ssp. capsophila Dup., four larvae of Eupithecia venosata Fab. and a few of a Cnephasia, probably a form of C. conspersana Doug]. but these must await examination of the genitalia. All the venosata pupated successfully, but in packing my pupae away before our return I crushed. one unfortunately, as they are almost certainly the ab. plumbea Huggins I described recently (antea p. 171). The caesia on Inishvickilaun are the so-called blackish form which oecurs all along the coasts of west Cork and Kerry. I bred one from Adrigole some years ago, and one from Slea Head which emerged on the journey to Dingle from a larva taken the previous year, and also two from Inishvickilaun a day or so later. There seems to be a good deal of unnecessary difficulty about rearing caesia. Many people, probably following Donovan (p. 50), search for the larva under the prostrate stems of Silene. This is tiring and disappoint- ing; one or two in an hour is a good average, and of these, probably two-thirds are parasitised. I have found an easy way is to collect a bag of seed heads, about a pint was all I took in 1962, and turn them out on a newspaper every day, when young larvae will appear. I put these separately in a two-ounce tobacco tin, with a few layers of cellulose wadding at the bottom, and feed them on either Silene maritima or sweet William; they feed readily on either, and when full grown get below the surface of the wadding and pupate without trouble. I keep the pupae perfectly dry in the house, and near emergence time, put them in moss in a large glass-lidded metal box with a piece of wet sponge in one corner. I had three pupae from last year when I set out for Ireland, and took them in a box like this, and all emerged successfully, one in the 252 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XI11/1962 train just outside Fishguard, and two in the hotel at Dingle. Caesia is often said to be a cannibal, but I have not found it to be so, although, to take no chance, I isolate my larvae. On more than one occasion, how- ever, when feeding half-grown larvae with seed heads of Silene maritima, a small larva has emerged from these and been found uninjured in the box with the larger one. I have no doubt that a larva will eat a newly- formed pupa whilst it is still soft, but capsophila and others will do the same, and I do not regard this as evidence of habitual cannibalism in captivity. I have already dealt with my confirmation of the status of Platyptilia calodactyla Schiff. and Homoeosoma nebulella Hutibn. as Irish insects (antea 202 and 218-9). One other most disconcerting incident concerning a knothorn must be recorded. On 18th July on opening the trap, I saw a Phycita betulae Goeze in perfect condition walking on the egg cartons. When I went to box it, it dropped to the bottom, and when I began to look for it I saw a very large perfect Plusia bractea Fabr. quivering its wings preparatory to taking fiight, so I immediately boxed the bractea, and when I turned back to the trap the betulae had disappeared and I never saw it again. I had intended taking it as I had no Irish specimen, but on reaching home I found it is hitherto unrecorded from Ireland. As there were several specimens of Dioryctria fusca Haw. present every morning in the trap, I feel that it is quite inadvisable to record the betulae. although I take both species in my garden trap here every year, but I am mentioning this to put other Irish collectors on the qui vive. Other captures that may be of interest are: Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (menthrastri Esp.) very common, from white to yellowish buff. I also took a female, from which I obtained eggs, of a dirty buff colour with the veins outlined in pale grey. Phalera bucephala L., common; I took the only aberration I have ever obtained, with the buff marking greatly ex- tended towards the anal angle. Eumichtis adusta Esp. several, almost uniform blackish-brown. Caradrina taraxaci Hiibn., common; about one in four of the very dark blackish form mentioned by Kane as occurring on the Kerry coast; I have not seen it before. Perizoma blandiata Schiff., three; not an insect usually associated with gardens, where it was found in the trap. I have usually found it on limestone in the Burren, but Donovan gives several peat localities. Eupithecia pulchellata Steph., several in the trap, all ssp. hebudium Sheldon. E. goossensiata Mab., two in the trap, both of the typical small form. E. distinctaria H.-S., one, rather large and dark; on the cliff face at Slea Head. Cleora repandata L., common: mostly greyish, but rather small; none like the beautiful dove-grey insects I used to take at Glengarriff. INFESTATION IN DorRsET.—I was interested in Mr. Jacobs’s note (antea 186). One night about the middle of August, my mercury vapour light sheet and myself were almost completely covered with Hyponomeuta padella L., but I thought it strange that only one female could be seen amongst the swarm. Two nights later, there were not more thah a dozen padella to be seen. The following week, numerous small beetles covered the sheet, and since then, the crane fly has had it all its own way, and even on 25th October I counted over fifty. It is high time that macro-lepidoptera came into their own again.—Brig. H. E. Warry, Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. ON LEARNING LATIN 253 On Learning Latin By A. D. IRVIN “Learn the Latin names, then, even if you don’t pronounce them cor- rectly”. The above quotation comes from P. B. M. Allan’s excellent little book, A Moth Hunter’s Gossip (Watkins and Doncaster, 1947); I wonder, though, whether Mr. Allan appreciates the magnitude of this task in this post- Latin era, and when Latin is no longer an essential subject in gaining entry to most universities. To quote South: “The number of moths occurring in the British Isiands is well over two thousand” (The Moths of the British Isles—Warne, 1961); of these, some eight hundred are grouped as macro-lepidoptera, there are approximately seventy butter- flies on the British list, and if one includes family and sub-family names, the number of Latin names the budding entomologist has to learn (as- suming he confines himself at first to macro-lepidoptera) is something like one thousand; if he is really ambitious, and collects micro-lepidoptera as well, he must learn about three thousand Latin names. Any lepidopterist who rises above the “stamp collecting” variety, will appreciate the need for learning the Latin names of the insects he studies, so that his hobby will be on some form of scientific basis. There are two ways in which one can learn the latin names; the first is to sit down with a check-list, pencil and paper, and write out and com- mit to memory all the one thousand or three thousand names—there must be very few entomologists who tackle their hobby in this way, and one wonders whether their prime interest is entomology or etymology. The second way to learn the Latin names is gradually to acquire (rather than learn) them by catching the insects, reading the literature, and talk- ing with other entomologists. I have caught, read and talked “bugs” for some ten years now, and have learned the Latin names of the Rhopalocera, and about as many Heterocera (about fifteen per cent. of the names I should know). Much of the fault in this respect lies with myself, my lack of time, my laziness, and my inherent dislike of Latin; but apart from myself, I feel there are two other reasons for my lack of knowledge. The first is the decline of the use of Latin in schools and literature, and the second is the use of Latin in the entomological literature of to-day. The former is beyond the control of entomologists, but the latter is very much in their control. Entomologists of the older generation were brought up on books in which very little consideration was given to the English names of the insects, in fact, some of the earliest works were written entirely in Latin; also, many of these men will have had a far greater knowledge of Latin even before they began entomology, than the average person leaving school to-day. The times have changed now, but unfortunately the literature has not changed accordingly, to cater for the younger gene- ration of entomologists who wish to be scientific in their approach to such a fascinating subject. Most of the current entomological journals refer to insects solely by their Latin names, and when I glance through them I am often not sure whether I am reading about a moth, a beetle or a dragonfly, until some remark such as “the eggs are laid in fast-running water” or “the larvae live in fresh horse manure”, helps to enlighten me. When I have some spare time and am able to read the journals more thoroughly, I am 254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 tremendously hampered by my lack of Latin; one article I read recently, akout four pages long, took me two-and-a-half hours, and involved looking up eighty-three Latin names to find out which insects were being dis- cussed. Unfortunately, I do not often have as much time as this, and lose much of the benefit from these articles. I am extremely envious of those who know their Latin and immediately are able to picture the insect in question; how much more enjoyable it would be for me and others in my position, if we could say “I have never caught so-and-so as late as that” or “my larvae of such-and-such preferred elm’, without having to spend sd) long looking up the Latin name, and then writing the English one in the margin, before we know what is being talked about. While most of the entomological journals use only Latin names, the majority of standard reference books use primarily English ones. Anyone to-day who wishes to start collecting and studying lepidoptera, will go out and buy the standard works, and because the English names are printed first, and in heavy type, and the Latin names in italics afterwards, the majority of people will learn the English names first, and secondly, if ever, the Latin ones. When the entomologist wishes to expand his knowledge, he will then think in terms of entomological journals, but to his dismay, his beloved insects have all assumed different names; if he is a true entomologiat, he will only pale slightly at the task of learning another set of names (and perhaps he has acquired some aiready), but for some, the task may be too great and they will either revert to the English names or perhaps “walk no more”. What a pity that such men should be lost to entomology, when they might, perhaps have become Haworths or Tutts, if in their young and tender days they had been weaned less abruptly. No serious entomologist will deny the importance of learning the Latin names—but how I wish it wasn’t such a task for those of us brought ui on English names and with limited Latin knowledge. With this plaintive cry, may I make two very humble pleas for the younger gene- ration of entomologists: 1) That the authors of the standard works on entomology should place the Latin name first, in heavy type, and the English name in brac- kets afterwards. 2) That the contributors to the entomological journals should, where possible, give the popular English names of insects mentioned, in brackets after their Latin name, or when an insect is mentioned more than once in an article, to insert the English name after it the first time and subsequently just use the Latin one. With regard to my first plea, I realised that the English names aie placed first in most of the present standard works in an effort to popularise entomology; but I feel that this perhaps goes too far in the opposite direction. Those who take up entomology seriously, are greatly hampered by the undue emphasis on English names, and in many cases finish up having learned both English and Latin names, whereas many of the older generation have never bothered with the English at all. There will always be entomologists of the “stamp-collecting” variety who will not bother with Latin names, but how many of these would have become true entomologists, if in their early days they had been given more op- portunity of learning the Latin and hence going on to read more scientific literature? YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 255 There are some very beautiful and descriptive English names of Lepidoptera, and some very clumsy Latin ones; but the Latin must come first (however difficult it may be) if one’s hobby is to rise above “stamp- collecting”. We must never drop the English names, but we must re- member that entomology should be a scientific subject, therefore it should b2 treated on a scientific basis, and, as our forefathers have chosen Latin as the scientific language, we must use that language before any other. My final plea, therefore, to all writers on entomology is: ‘Please make Latin easier for us, the English-speaking ignorami, to learn’. (There—I’m learning already!) Downing College, Cambridge. Yugoslavia Revisited By Rawru L. Cor IV THE FAR SOUTH AGAIN AND GOLEM GRAD, THE STRANGE ISLAND My week at Kolasin passed pleasantly, and all too soon the time came for me to resume my journey to the south. Early one morning I left Kolasin by bus for Pec. As we started off the air was delightfully cool. But as the sun rose higher the heat inside the crowded vehicle became stifling, while a choking dust spiralled up from the road. Relief came when we reached a place where a river ran by the road and spread wide into an uneven rock basin. The bus stopped and everyone got out and laid down on their stomachs to bathe their faces with the cooling water end to suck it down their parched throats. It was comical to see all the prone bodies scattered alongside the road. From Peé I went on by train to Skopje, arriving there soon after mid- night. I managed to book a room at the Hotel Makedonija for the three nights that I planned to stay at the Macedonian capital. I spent my time there in studying the insect collections at the local museum. When I got up one morning I took the rare luxury of a hot bath. But the plumbing at Yugoslav hotels is not always all that it should be. You must be prepared for anything to happen. This time I turned on the tap marked ‘toplo’ (hot) and cold water gushed out. The ‘hladno’ (cold) tap ran hot. In due course I stepped from the bath and pulled out the plug. A fountain of hot water shot up between my legs from a grating in the floor! I put back the plug hastily. Ordering food in a restaurant can also have unexpected results. One day I ordered ‘rumstek’ for lunch, which is usually a safe choice. But this time, after a long delay, the waiter brought along a frying pan with a fried egg in it and put the lot down on my table. He placed it there so triumphantly that I had not the heart to complain. Besides, I knew from past experience that the language difficulty would probably have caused one or both of us to lose his temper before things were sorted out. I finished my work in Skopje and moved on further south to spend a week at Lake Ohrid. This time I went by bus instead of taking the train to Bitola and going on by bus from there. As a result I was able to see some fresh places. Among them were the picturesque town of Tito Veles with its old Turkish houses and Prilep, thriving centre of the Macedonian tobacco industry. Then came Bitola, and from there we took the winding mountain road over which I had travelled to Ohrid two years before. 256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1I/1962 But that time the journey was by day. Now it was less pleasant, for dusk had already fallen as we started climbing into the mountains. The driver had been at the wheel for over eight hours without a break, and as the bus was turning a particularly nasty bend he dozed off. The bus swung towards a precipice that yawned on our left. We were less than a foot from the edge when a man sitting by the driver leaned over and twisted the steering wheel round just in time. A few weeks later I was shown a newspaper cutting with a picture of a wrecked bus lying on its side at the foot of this same precipice. Fifteen passengers had been killed in this awful accident. I wondered if it was the same driver. At Ohrid I found that a palatial new hotel occupied the site where the old-fashioned Hotel Bellevue had been when I was there before. No expense had been spared in its construction. In front stretched a paved courtyard with an ornamental fish-pool in one corner. The majestic entrance hall had massive pillars of imitation marble. But although it was the height of the summer season I found only two or three guests there when I arrived. Perhaps by now the vast expenditure of govern- ment funds on this luxury hotel has been justified, but at that time the lack of local amenities for the tourist would hardly encourage anyone to pay a second visit. For instance, walks along the shore from the hotel would be a great source of enjoyment. But when I set off in one direction my way was soon barred by a barbed wire fence. I crept under it, but a soldier came running up and signalled me to turn back. It was military land, and trespassing was forbidden. If I wanted to go further I would have had to make a detour inland for over a mile before I could get back to the shore. I tried walking the other way, but after a few hundred yards I reached a point where a canal ran into the lake. When I was at Ohrid before I was able to cross it by means of a wooden bridge. The bridge was still there, but when I started to cross over I almost stepped into space, for the further half had either been removed or possibly swept away by winter storms. There was no warning notice. My room at the hotel was comfortable enough, but there was no supply of hot water. There was a spacious dining-room from which one looked out in all directions through sheets of plate glass reaching from floor to ceiling. The kitchen was separated off by a glass partition so that the diners could see everything that was going on there. When I sat down for my first evening meal a group of waiters were standing about in a corner with nothing to do. One of them came across to take my order. I chose a meat dish, sweet, coffee and liqueur. After a long wait, he came back with the entire meal on a tray. The coffee was cold long before I was ready for it. I started off for my first day’s collecting by way of the old part of the town, which I had not explored on my previous visit. Built on the slopes of a steep hill, it is a maze of narrow cobbled lanes with centuries old white-fronted houses of Turkish and Macedonian origin, many falling into ruin. I climbed higher and higher along ever twisting paths until the houses were left behind and I reached the wooded summit of the hill. It was dominated by the massive walls of a ruined castle. To the north there was a Sweeping view of vast cultivated valleys with a background of high mountains. I began collecting in the sheltered space inside the walls, as there was a strong wind blowing. The ground was covered with grasses and several different sorts of wild flowers. To my surprise the blossoms YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 257 swarmed with the common Syrphid, Eristalis tenax Linnaeus, which breeds in sewage. It was strange to find this moisture-loving species on the summit of a high hill. But the explanation was simple enough. All that remained of the castle besides the walls was a gloomy dungeon, which I discovered had been used as a lavatory for a very long time. Also visiting the flowers were two interesting species of the Stratiomyiid genus Lasiopa villosa, Fabricius and L. balius Walker (=tenuirostris Walker). The characters separating these closely allied species had not hitherto been properly understood, and my later study of the long series that I captured on this occasion enabled me to separate them correctly. (Coe, 1960. “Notes on the Stratiomyiidae”. Bull. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Bel- grade, ser. B, Livre 16: 47-48.) While I was collecting I was joined by three fascinating little girls who lived in old Ohrid. The castle ruins was their playground. They ran about on top of the crumbling walls with a complete disregard of danger. When I sat down to eat my sandwich lunch they came and joined me. Their eyes opened wide when I brought out a bar of English chocolate from my haversack, and they all held out a grubby hand for a piece. They looked thin and hungry, and their clothes were patched and torn. But they were full of life. One was Macedonian, one Croatian and the other Bulgarian. Ohrid has many nationalities among its population. There are Turks and Albanians as well. One evening as I was sitting in the hotel lounge, a swarthy, middle- aged man came in and introduced himself as Dr. Vasil Lahtov, a local archaeologist. He said that he had written a paper on his subject, and was including a summary in English. Hearing that an Englishman was staying in Ohrid he had hurried along to ask me to check the English part for him. He placed the manuscript on the table. I practically re- wrote it for him, for the English was simply terrible. He went away a happy man. I was collecting in the castle ruins one day when I looked up and noticed an armed policeman eyeing me suspiciously. He went away with- out saying anything, but turned up at the hotel in the evening to see my passport. Any foreigner who behaves differently from the ordinary tourist is invariably an object of suspicion, and my entomological activities never failed to raise doubts in the official mind. The Yugoslav policeman is very different from our own. For one thing, he is inclined to be arrogant, and he is armed. One is acutely aware of the revolver that he carries in a holster strapped to his belt. He also carries a truncheon, which I have seen used on a single occasion. It was on a dark night when a policeman aimed a blow with this weapon at a cheeky boy and nearly hit me by mistake. I spent most of my time at Ohrid collecting inside the castle walls. It was almost the only place in the district where the natural fauna and flora had survived. The lowlands were so intensively cultivated that it was little use collecting there. Besides, peasants were everywhere in the fields, and no sooner did they spy my waving net than they crowded round, curious to see what I was doing. From Ohrid I went on by bus to spend a week at Otesevo, the workers’ holiday resort on the shore of beautiful Lake Prespa. Nothing had changed since my visit two years before. The clerk at the reception office recognised me, and gave me a hearty welcome. I managed to book the same room as before, with the verandah overlooking the lake. A 258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 professional entomologist from Belgrade, Dr. Slobodan Glumac, had arranged to join me for my week at Otesevo. An old friend, he was the finest type of Yugoslav, cultured, intelligent, and with a bubbling sense of humour. I looked forward immensely to having his company. He arrived soon after me, and booked an adjoining room. It was a great boon to have a Yugoslav with me who also spoke good English. Another advantage was that I was charged less for my accommodation and meals. In Yugoslavia there is one price for tourists and a much lower one for their own people. The day after our arrival, Slobodan and I went collecting in an oak wood above the lake. Suddenly we found ourselves in the middle of a war-time ‘planting’ of anti-personnel bombs. It was a nasty situation, especially as many of the weapons were almost hidden by dense under- growth. We picked our steps cautiously until at last, to our relief, we got clear of the area From there we climbed with some difficulty up a steep slatey hill slope, and were soon busily netting a long series of the large Asilid, Selidopogon diadema Fabricius. This handsome species has the abdomen in the male wholly shining black, and in the female with the last few segments reddish. It is extremely hard to capture, making short flights and settling only momentarily on the ground. That evening as we sat at supper on the terrace overlooking the lake there was dancing to the music of a small band. One Macedonian dance was new to me. It was performed entirely by men. About twenty of them stood in a long line, holding hands. The band struck up, and with graceful side-steps the dancers gradually formed a hollow circle. When this was completed a narrower circle was formed inside the original one, and so on until it seemed that they would never unravel themselves. All the time they held hands. The key man at either end flourished a handkerchief above his head with one hand, holding the other on his hip. Slowly the intricate pattern unwound, until the dance ended with all the dancers in a single line again. Whenever we sat down to a meal there were always groups of men placing cards at the tables. Breakfast, lunch or supper, it was always the same. As soon as they had finished eating, out came a pack of cards. When I asked Slobodan whether they had money on the games, he said that ‘they invariably do, although the government prohibits this form of gambling. But the law is only rarely enforced in this respect nowadays. When it was rigidly kept the men used to flip a matchbox from one end of the table to the other and gamble on which way up it landed. Some- times the card players would start arguing over some points of the game, and what began as a mild squabble would work up to a crescendo with everyone shouting at the top of their voices. Then just as a fight seemed imminent they would suddenly calm down and go on playing. This is typically Yugoslav. They argue with a vociferous show of passion, and you can see that they love it. My main object in revisiting Otesevo was to collect insect specimens on the small island of Golem Grad, close to the Albanian shore of Lake Prespa. The Yugoslavs claim Golem Grad as their own territory, but the Albanians resent this. Actually the frontier passes through the island. My imagination had been stirred by an account that I had read of this island in an old travel book. It was described as rising sheer from the water to a considerable height, with only a small cove where a landing YUGOSLAVIA REVISITED 259 could be made. It was said to be rich in ancient trees and with a wealth of wild flowers. But when Slobodan tried to hire a rowing boat for us to visit the island, his request was met with the utmost suspicion. So many political refugees from Yugoslavia have escaped to Greece by rowing across the great lake. It only meant a slight deviation to the south-east when we were out of sight of Otesevo and we could land on a desolate stretch of the Greek shore. Slobodan was persistent, and at last the hotel manager said that we could go on the condition that we had a military escort. We readily agreed to this, and it was arranged that we should go on the following day. But when we went down to the shore at the appointed time no boat turned up. The manager explained that the boat had been needed elsewhere, and we must wait until the next day. This went on for séveral days, until we despaired of ever getting to the island. On the day before we left Otesevo, however, we were overjoyed to find a motor-boat waiting for us. We stepped aboard, followed by a soldier carrying a rifle. A grizzly old man took the helm. The engine started up, and we were off. Gradually the little settlement of Otesevo receded in the distance, and we drew nearer and nearer to the rugged mountains of Albania. As we approached the Albanian shore a dark mass rising from the water resolved itself as the disputed island of Golem Grad. True to the description that I had read it rose from the water in an apparently unbroken line of unscalable cliffs. But suddenly a small sandy cove came into view. The bows of the boat swung towards it, and presently we ground ashore. We pulled the boat up on the beach, and walked to the base of a tremendous cliff that loomed above. In the rock face there was a slanting cleft, hidden from the lake. A rough path ran up it to the tree- covered plateau of the island. We started climbing in single file. Along the path huge snakes lay basking in the hot sun. At our approach they uncoiled and slithered away into the dry undergrowth with a rustling sound. At the top a fantastic scene stretched before us. The plateau was a veritable jungle of overgrown vegetation. Everywhere were great spreading mulberry trees, incredibly old, their trunks bound tightly in the strangling grip of massive ivy branches, some as thick as a man’s arm. The soldier and the pilot stretched themselves on the ground in a shady spot by the top of the path, while Slobodan and I went off to explore the island. It was disappointing to find that all the plants had finished flowering. Instead tiny prickly seeds stuck to our clothes as we pushed our way through the tangled undergrowth. It was impossible to avoid them. They were everywhere. Before long our trousers were covered with a solid layer of the seeds. It took us over an hour to pick them off afterwards, for they clung so tenaciously. A large black hare leapt up in front of us, and vanished in the undergrowth. The island was overrun with them. We came to a tiny church, close by the cliff edge. It was obviously very old, but in a wonderful state of preservation. The outside walls of smooth plaster were decorated with frescoes of biblical scenes, so faded that the details could hardly be made out. Inside we found the walls and ceiling to be similarly decorated. There was one large fresco of a saint with flowing locks and long plaited beard, his head encircled by a halo. Rudely scratched over his face and on other parts of the walls 260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/XI1I/1962 were various initials. According to Slobodan the Albanians had occupied the island during the last war, and it was their soldiers who had desecrated the place. At one end there stood a tiny shrine with a figure of the Virgin Mary. Before it lay a posy of withered flowers. We walked on until we had reached the southern end of the island, which was the nearest point to the Albanian mainland. Range upon range of bare desolate mountains reached away into the far distance. There was no sign of life or habitation. Close to where we were standing a great mulberry tree lay uprooted by the cliff edge, its branches jutting out into space. In turn we stretched ourselves out along a stout branch and gazed at the wild scene below. The rockface fell sheer into the lake. A multitude of gulls rose with harsh cries from the water. It was time for us to go back and join the others. As we retraced our steps we were startled to hear a shot ring out. Presently the soldier appeared from the trees holding by the hind legs the body of a fine black hare. We found the old man asleep under the tree where we had left him. We all went down the cliff path, pushed out the boat and clambered aboard. Soon we were heading back for the mainland. Slobodan and I had not caught many specimens, but it had been a wonderful day. We vowed to return to Golem Grad on some future occasion during the flower- ing season, when the island must be a paradise for the dipterist. My outstanding capture on this present visit had been a series of both sexes of a new species of Trichoscelidae, Trichoscelis coei (Bequaert, 1960. Bull. et Ann. Soc. R. d’entom. Belg., 96 (3-4): 61-64). This handsome little Acalypterate was swept from mixed vegetation beneath a mulberry tree. Early the next morning we left Otesevo by bus for Bitola, the first stage on our long journey north to the capital city of Belgrade. (To be continued.) Aviemore 1962 By F. A. Nos es, F.R.E.S. Saturday, 9th June Mr. and Mrs. King and myself started for Aviemore from Birmingham at 4.40 am. The weather through England was fine and warm; but there was rain through the Cairngorms and at Aviemore it was cloudy. Apparently they had been having good weather there; but, as so often happens, my arrival heralded the commencement of three weeks of cloudy, gusty weather. Sunday, 10th June This day was spent acclimatizing ourselves and visiting favourite haunts in the area such as Tromie Bridge, Bridge of Dulsie and Daltulich Bridge where some ephemeroptera were taken. Monday, 11th June During the day we visited the Culbin Sands. The weather was cloudy; but as is so often the case in this district, very warm. A search was made on the birches for the larvae (or ova) of Endromis versicolora L., but without success. I had taken larvae here the first week in June two years previously. Lycaena phlaeas L. was flying over the blossoms of Armeria maritima, and along the rides through the pines Parasemia plantaginis L. was found. AVIEMORE 1962 261 In the evening the mercury vapour lamp was used near Aviemore, and posts were sugared. The temperature at 11.20 was 61°. Licut: Lycophotia varia Vill., Lophopteryx capucina L., Harpyia furcula Cl., Ortholitha umbrifera Prout., Lampropteryx suffumata Schf., Electrophaes corylata Thun., Gonodontis bidentata Cl. and Drepana lacertinaria L. SucarR: Tethea duplaris L. (many), Hada nana Hufn. (3), Hadena contigua Schf. (1), Eumichtis adusta Esp. (many), Apatele menyanthidis View. (3), A. ewphorbiae Schf. ssp. myricae Guen. (4), Rusina tenebrosa Hutibn. (1), Apamea crenata Hufn. (1), A. obscura Haw. (1), and Hyppa rectilinea Esp. (5). Throughout the whole of the three weeks I was in Scotland corylata was one of the commonest moths, and several specimens of the variety albocrenata Curtis were seen. A female of this var. was retained for her egg-laying propensities. She had none. E. adusta was another common moth, and until the last few nights was the most abundant species on the sugar. It varied considerably in size and markings. Tuesday, 12th June The morning was spent recovering from the previous day, and setting specimens that had been taken. In the afternoon we visited Loch-an-Eilean which, despite its popu- larity, is one of the loveliest in the area. Here I saw a specimen of Dyscia fagaria Thun. which was very worn, also O. umbrifera, Ematurga atomaria L., Bupalus piniaria L., and Semiothisa liturata Cl. In this area by the shore of the loch I captured a number of ephemeroptera. There are three different species, but I have not had the time to identify them. In the late afternoon we went to Loch Vaa. Nothing was seen in the way of lepidoptera, but the Demoiselle-fly, Enallagma cyathigerum Charp., was common. At night we sugared, but did not have the light. At dusk the usual species were flying with the addition of Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. Throughout the holiday a number of specimens of this moth were taken, usually with a pale grey ground colour, but sometimes with a faint pinkish tint. SuGAR: H. rectilinea (many), E. adusta (many), A. obscura (2), A. crenata (3), A. myricae (2), Euplexia lucipara L. (1), Hadena thalassina Hufn. (2), Diataraxia oleracea (1), H. nana (1), R. tenebrosa (5), Ochropleura plecta L. (1), T. duplaris (many). Wednesday, 13th June The day was cloudy and windy, but I could wait no longer to visit a favourite haunt of mine, the Findhorn valley up to Coignafearn. In the mountains a herd of Red Deer was seen, and a buzzard with its prey, which it dropped upon being disturbed by myself. Very few moths were seen, those recorded being:—Epirrhoe tristata L. (1), Hydriomena coerulata Fab. (several), and Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. The last two species were taken in an alder plantation on the side of the valley. The larvae of Eupithecia sobrinata Hb., Thera cognata Thun. and T. juniperata L. were beaten from Juniperus communis. 262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XI1/1962 In the evening we sugared again at Aviemore and had the mercury vapour light going. Mr. Gibb and his two sons accompanied us. The results were as follows :— Sucar: O. plecta (1), E. lucipara (1), Apatele leporina L. (1), A. myricae (2), A. crenata (2), E. adusta (many), H. rectilinea (6), H. contigua (1), H. thalassina (2), Apatele psi L. (2), H. nana (3), T. duplaris (7), E. corylata (3), and C. albipunctata (1). Licut: E. adusta (3), D. lacertinaria (1), Lyncometra ocellata L. (1), E. corylata (many), Selenia bilunaria Esp. (1 2), Gonodontis bidentata Cl. (3), Biston betularia L. (4), and C. albipunctata (3). Thursday, 14th June In the afternoon we tackled the Kinrara Hill Road, and walked to its summit. The weather was cloudy with intermittent sunshine, and almost gale-force winds. This made the journey rather toilsome, but the view from the top was well worth the effort. There were several mountain hare about and also a Golden Plover. On the slopes at the summit we grubbed about amongst the Reindeer Moss and found a number of pupae of Amathes alpicola Zett. These have since emerged and are very beauti- ful specimens. Friday, 15th June A visit to the valleys of the Dee and Don via the Lecht Road wa made this day. By the Dee we saw Coenonympha pamphilus L., E. atomaria and O. umbrifera. From bushes of Juniper we beat larvae of T. juniperata. Near Loch Kinord, in Aberdeenshire, E. atomaria was abundant, there being a wide variety of markings in both male and female. The Demoiselle-fly, E. cyathigerum, was common and I obtained also a specimen of Pyrrhosoma nymphula Sulz. Returning over the Lecht Road we halted at the summit to visit a patch of snow. Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus, was growing here in profusion, as also was Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum. Eupethecia satyrata Hb., the moorland form, was flying here in quantity. We saw also a raven, buzzards and another golden plover. In the evening, work again at Aviemore, but sugar only. O. plecta (3), Apamea sordens Hufn. (3), E. lucipara (2), A. obscura (6), H. nana (3), R. tenebrosa (2), E. adusta (many), H. contigua (2), H. thalassina (several), A. crenata (several), A. psi (1), A. leporina (1), A. menyanthidis (2), T. duplaris (many), E. corylata (7), Eupithecia nanata Hb. (1), and Semiothisa notata L. (1). One specimen of Xanthorhoe montanata Schf. was netted. Saturday, 16th June The morning was spent in setting, letter writing and being generally lazy. In the afternon we went over the Cromdale Hills past Lochendorb, along the Dorbach Burn and on to Daltulich Bridge over the Findhorn. Here we saw a red squirrel which refused to have its photo taken, and chattered in a most angry fashion. Lepidoptera were absent, but a fine collection of bryophites was gathered. At night we were sugaring again, and had the mercury vapour lamp going also. Licut: E. adusta (1), E. corylata (many), E. nanata (several), and L. varia (3). AVIEMORE 1962 263 Sucar: Ceramica pisi L. (1), Hadena bombycina Hufn. (1), H. thalassina (4), E. adusta (many), R. tenebrosa (several), O. plecta (2). Ed: rectilinea (several), A. sordens (1), A. obscura (3), A. crenata (5), A. psi (1), H. nana (1), T. duplaris (several), E. corylata (several), Cabera exanthemata Scop. (1), E. satyrata (1), and L. varia (1). There were also a number of caddis flies and the plecopteron, Isoperla grammatica Poda. Three specimens of C. albipunctata and one of D. fagaria were netted. It was a windy night with a moon and clear sky. The temperature at 11.0 p.m. was 52°, but by 1.0 a.m. this had fallen to 45°. Sunday, 17th June In the morning I was at the Rothiemurchus Episcopal Church, and after the service searched the slopes of Craigellachie opposite Kinakyle. Nothing was to be seen. In the afternoon we encircled the Monadhliaths going to Spean Bridge, Fort Augustus, Errogi, Daviot and back to Aviemore. Between Errogi and Daviot, Bog Myrtle was beaten and the larvae of Colostygia didymata L. were obtained. ; The evening was cloudy and promised good mothing. At 11.30 p.m. th temperature was 53° and by 1.45 a.m. it had risen to 55°. Licut: E. nanata (many), C. exanthemata (1), E. corylata (many), L. capucina (1), E. adusta (8), Laothoe populi L. (5), O. umbrifera (7), Opisthograptis luteolata L. (1), Cabera pusaria L. (4), A. crenata (3), Leucania comma L. (2), L. varia (3), G. bidentata (2), R. tenebrosa (5), H. nana (2), B. betularia (3), L. ocellata (1), C. albipunctata (1), Pheosia gnoma Fab. (1), and Xanthorhoé designata Hufn. (1). SuGaR: R. tenebrosa (several), E. adusta (many), A. sordens (4), A. crenata (5), A. obscura (5), O. plecta (3), A. leporina (1), E. lucipara (2), H. thalassina (several), H. nana (2), T. duplaris (many), C. pisi (1), H. rectilinea (several), L. comma (2), L. varia (1), E. corylata (many), E. nanata (2), and E. satyrata (1). On the sugar also were Sialis lutaria L. (Alder Fly) and Chloroperla torrentium Pictet—one of the Stone Flies. Both these species were on the sugar throughout the whole period of the holiday. Monday, 18th June This was a lazy day. We set about beating for larvae near Carr Bridge in a most half-hearted fashion, and in consequence obtained very little. In the early evening we were by the River Druie and captured one specimen each of Eupethecia helveticaria Bdv. and Perizoma blandiata Schf. Tuesday, 19th June In the afternoon we went to the Ryvoan Pass and climbed a stream to its source. Mosses and liverworts were abundant. On the downward journey the larvae of Lasiocampa quercus L. were found feeding on Calluna vulgaris. The only lepidoptera seen flying were specimens of E. atomaria. This was not surprising as there was a strong wind and occasional showers. Driving back to Aviemore we stopped by some Cytisus scoparus and found the larvae of Chesias legatella Schf. 264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 Wednesday, 20th June The weather was not very promising; heavy clouds and rain threaten- ing. At first we went to Glen Tromie where the only moth to be seen was H. coerulata. This was abundant amongst the alders by the river. Despairing of sunshine in this area we went north to Dulsie Woods in the County of Nairn. Here there was an improvement in the weather. We followed a stream which was sheltered from the wind, and found the afternoon quite pleasant. A number of ephemeroptera were flying (I hope to report on these at a later date), and so also were E. corylata, E. atomaria, E. satyrata, E. montanata and Cabera pusaria L. On Birch we found the larvae of Colotois pennaria L. and L. quercus. With regard. to the latter species over the last eleven years I have found the larvae on birch more often than any other plant. Along the stream, bobbing up and down on the stones, was a dipper. At night the light and sugar were in use again at Aviemore. DuskING: C. albipunctata (2), S. notata (2), C. pusaria (2), C. umbrifera (several), E. corylata (many), L. ocellata (several), O. luteolata (1), and T. duplaris (several). SuGcaR: O. plecta (2), Diarsia festiva Schf. (2), E. adusta (many), A. obscura (many), H. contigua (1), H. thalassina (3), H. nana (2), A. crenata (many), A. sordens (4), R. tenebrosa (7), L. varia (1), E. lucipara (2), C. pisi (2), L. comma (4), H. rectilinea (many), T.duplaris (many), E. corylata (several), L. ocellata (3), and E. nanata (2). Licgut: L. capucina (5), Notodonta dromedarius L. (1), E. adusta (2), R, tenebrosa (several), L. populi (2), P. gnoma (1), H. nana (1), T. duplaris (many), E. corylata (many), E. nanata (several), C. pusaria (3), S. notata (1), B. betularia (2), G. bidentata (1), L. ocellata (3), C. albipunctata (2), and O. umbrifera (1). Thursday, 21st June The morning was spent setting, but in the afternoon we went north to Daviot and then along the road towards Fort Augustus. We stopped beside the road beyond the Flichity Inn, and near Easter Croachy. The hillside here was covered with Myrica Gale and there were several geometer larvae feeding on it. Again I obtained the larvae of Ypsolophus costella Fab. It appeared to be abundant here, and some of the imagines which have emerged are albinistic. On the ling there were larvae of Trichiura crataegi L. and Hydriomena furcata Thun. Higher up the hill, beyond the Bog Myrtle, I captured specimens of Gymnoscelis pumilata Hb., E. satyrata, E. nanata and another Eupithecia as yet unidentified. Also there were specimens of E, atomaria and Anarta myrtilli L. Friday, 22nd June Although it was gusty, and at times there were heavy clouds, I decided to tackle the Kinrara Hill Road again. At the summit I obtained more pupae of A. alpicola, but saw no other lepidoptera. I lunched at the side of a wee lochan where Mountain Azalea was just beginning to bloom. I had intended searching a wider area for alpicola, but the wind increased in velocity and it commenced to sleet. Discretion, I felt, was the better part of valour and began to descend. AVIEMORE 1962 265 On the downward journey I had the good fortune to see a bird that was new to me; this was the Pied Wheatear, Oenanthe leucomela. In the evening Mr and Mrs. King returned to Birmingham. Saturday, 23rd June To-day, for the first and only time on my holiday, I saw L. quercus flying over the heather in Aglaia Valley (my name). Also captured, C. pusaria and Erynnis tages L. The afternoon was spent at Dulsie Woods where E. satyrata was abundant. The only new species seen was Lomaspilis marginata L. There were a few ephemeroptera flying or resting on herbage at the side of the stream, and on a boulder in the middle of the burn I found a freshly emerged specimen of the Dragonfly Cordulegaster boltonii Dor. Sunday, 24th June It poured with rain all day. The mountains disappeared and we were left on a flat, wet plain. However, it cleared for a while in the evening and I decided to sugar. At 11.15 p.m. the temperature was 44° and at 12.30 a.m., when it had commenced to rain again, it had dropped to 43°. SuGaR: E. adusta (32), A. crenata (5), A. obscura (4), D. festiva (3), R. tenebrosa (4), Polia tincta Hb. (3), E. nanata (1), and E. corylata (1). FLYING: O. umbrifera (1) and X. montanata (1). Monday, 25th June A day of showers and blustery winds and so, as usual when it is wet, I headed north east. At Findhorn it was dry and warm with a strong wind. I found nothing of interest in the realm of Insecta, but took various photo- graphs of flowers growing on the sand-dunes. Near Forres I beat the larvae of legatella from Common Broom, and H. furcata from Ling. At Drynachan, County of Nairn, I saw a male Twite and photographed a young Woodcock. Tuesday, 26th June The doctor informed me that I was suffering from rheumatism and so had to take things easy. In the afternoon I went to Dulsie Woods where the only new species recorded were the imago of Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schf., and the larva of Amathes agathina Dup. The last named was, of course, stung. Wednesday, 27th June In the morning I followed the burn at the side of the Kinrara Hill Road. There was not a great deal about although the weather was warm. I saw E. corylata and O. umbrifera flying, and feeding on birch the larvae of L. quercus and Erannis defoliaria Cl. After lunch I went to the marsh and pine wood near Doorback, beyond Nethybridge, but there was nothing to be seen flying. Larvae of Achlya flavicornis L. were feeding on birch. From Doorback I went to Grannish Moor where Bupalus piniaria L. was flying in quantity, also O. umbrifera, E. corylata and a Scoparia species. At night light and sugar were in operation again at Aviemore. At 11.30 p.m. temperature was 51°, at 12.45 a.m. 50°. 266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 SuGaR: A. obscura (many); A. crenata (many), A. sordens (2), E. adusta (not so many), T. duplaris (many), O. plecta (3), P. tincta (1), L. varia (3), A. psi (2), A. leporina (1), H. nana (1), L. comma (2), E. lucipara (1); H, rectilinea (7), D. festiva (3), R. tenebrosa (several), Diarsia rubi View. (1), Diataraxia oleracea L. (1), Thyatira batis L. (1), E. corylata (several), E. nanata (1), L. ocellata (1), and Thera obeliscata Hb. (1). Licut: E. adusta (2), A. crenata (3), T. duplaris (1), R. tenebrosa (1), L. varia (4), E. corylata (several), B. betularia (2), L. ocellata (2), O. umbrifera (3), and C. pusaria (1). Up to this night E. adusta had been the commonest moth on the sugar, but now A. obscura took the lead. Thursday, 28th June In the afternoon I went to the now spoilt Cairngorm. I failed to find any lepidoptera, but there were plenty of empty beer cans, and even dis- carded thermos flasks. Sugar and light again in the evening. At 11.30 the temperature was 51°, but by 1.0 a.m. this had dropped to 45°. Windy. SuGaR: E. adusta (many), A. obscura (many), A. crenata (many), P. hepatica (9), C. pisi (1), D. festiva (4), O. plecta (2), L. varia (2), R. tenebrosa (several), H. rectilinea (1), L. comma (3), Triphaena pronuba L. (1), T. duplaris (1), E. corylata (3), L. ocellata (1), and E. nanata (1). Licut: E. adusta (2), L. populi (1), P. gnoma (2), R. tenebrosa (2), L. varia (3), L. ocellata (3), Alcis repandata L. (1), Eupithecia vulgata Haw. (1), E. nanata (1), O. umbrifera (1), B. betularia (1), and E. corylata Cl). There were also three ephemeroptera on the sheet belonging to the genus Caenis. Friday, 29th June This was my last day at Aviemore. It was still and warm, with cotton- wool clouds in a deep blue sky. For the first time butterflies were about in numbers. I saw: Pieris napi L. (I had seen this several times during the holiday), P. brassicae L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Aricia agestis Schf. var. artaxerxes, Argynnis selene Schf., Coenonympha pamphilus L., and C. tullia Mull. was seen by another entomologist at the hotel. A beautiful day, but it was sad that it should be the last. CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS L. IN DorRsET.—In my garden in Upwey, and in the garden on the opposite side of the road, the holly blue in spring is usually fairly common, but from my observations, the second brood de- pends on the time of emergence of the spring brood. If the spring brood emerges in April, there is a chance of a second brood. This is because the spotted flycatcher has not yet arrived. Here, this bird arrives regularly between 6th and 8th May, and devours every butterfly on the wing, except cabbage whites. This year I saw the first holly blue on 2nd May and the last on 8th May, the day after the flycatchers arrived. This year, I did not see a single holly blue of the second brood. It will be interesting to see the result in 1963.—Brig. H. E. Warry, Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 267 Which Dagger Are You? By The Rev. F. M. B. Carr Are you Apatele psi Linn. or Apatele tridens Schiff.? The specimens in my cabinet, not having been submitted to a genitalia specialist, for the most part remain mute. The few that bear the legend Apatele tridens can give a satisfactory reply without having their tails cut off with a carving knife. I have known them from their larvahood, but they are few indeed, most of the larvae of A. tridens I have taken having been attacked by something deadly. The rest of my “daggers” are lumped together as A. psi, whether bred or taken as moths. A disgraceful state of affairs, which ought to have been remedied long ago, at least so far as acquiring an authentic series of the commoner species. Box every dagger you see until you get a fertile female. But surely never were daggers so scarce: up to 9th August I had only seen one, and that was a male. On that day I journeyed to Hod Hill in Dorset. The weather was anything but promising; it was more like winter than many a winter day, cold and sunless. Never a thought of daggers had I in mind; I climbed the hill, and the weather went from bad to worse, and a strong cold wind became a gale, but there, on a post, sat a dagger, and I boxed her. Then down came the rain, and down came I, and got drenched in the process. I looked at my dagger, who had already deposited a number of her almost transparent, bun-shaped eggs on the glass of the box. She did me proud, laying about 80 eggs. On 17th August they hatched, the larvae, like the eggs, being nearly colourless, but with some of the segments darker. In a few days the larvae were altogether darker, and by 24th August I was nearly sure, and of course very pleased, that these larvae were not A. psi but A. tridens. Three days later, this was con- firmed: they had an orange-red dorsal stripe, a white cross on the 12th somite, and the 13th was bright red. I gave Mr. H. Symes 21 larvae. I had few, if any casualties, and the larvae began making their cocoons in rotten wood and sawdust on 15th September. Flat F.8, Pine Grange, Bournemouth. The Genus Apion Herbst and some other notable Weevils in East Kent By Joun Parry, M.P.S. For some years now I have sporadically collected coleoptera in Kent, particularly in the Canterbury and Ashford districts of East Kent. I have seldom recorded observations in the entomological journals, and although I should like to claim altruistic motives for this (i.e. to preserve local species from attacks by the human race) this does not quite ring true where coleoptera are concerned, and I must confess therefore that this is not the truth: rather I have taken much more pleasure in seeking and finding species for myself than in recording such captures when made. If you like, I have been lazy. In taking up the study of the coleoptera I have followed the accepted pattern and assaulted one particular group at a time. Enthusiasm for 268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 each group has been prefaced by the fortuitous discovery of some species of that group that is regarded as a particular prize, the group of interest at that time being immediately dropped in favour of the new. The first section that I attacked in earnest was the sub-order Rhynchophora, the incitement being the discovery one day (23.vi.1949) on the banks of the Basingstoke canal at Fleet, Hants, of a number of the rare Tapinotus sellatus Fab. The group is so large that I attacked first a con- venient sub-section, namely the genus Apion, and the following is an account of the species found. I concentrated on a small area within a 10 mile radius of Canterbury, and in all I came across 60 of the 78 species that may be accepted as indigenous to this country within this small area. This wou'd seem to indicate a very general distribution of this genus. Whilst those species not mentioned were diligently sought for, this does not mean that they are necessarily absent, since some species are so local that every field would have to be quartered before this could be said. Twenty-one species were fairly abundant and well distributed, viz. . radiolus Marsh (Malva sylvestris). ervi K. (Lathyrus pratensis). . curtirostre Germ. (Rumex acetosella)t. . hydrolapathi K. (dock). . loti K. (Lotus corniculatus). . simile K. (birch Betula). 718: ae: 20. *21. *1. A. miniatum Germ. (dock). (Rumex obtusifolius). *2. A. frumentarium Pk. (Rumex acetosella). *3. A. malvae Fab. (Malva sylvestris). *4. A. ulicis Forst. (Gorse). 5. A. nigritarse K. (Trifolia generally but particularly hop trefoil, Trifolium campestre.) 6. A. flavipes Pk. (all vegetation in woods, abundant on Mercurialis perennis). 7. AL piciae PK. (Vici@ cracca). 8. A. aestium Ge. (Trifolia especially clover). 9. A. pisi Fab. (vetches, mainly V. cracca). *10. A. aeieium Fab. (Malva sylvestris). 11. A. seniculum K. (Trifolia). *12. A. ononicola Bach. (Ononis repens and O. spinosa). 13. A. apricans Herbst (Trifolia, especially clover). *14. A. carduorum K. (thistles). *15. A. onopordi K. (thistles). A A. A A A A *As far as could be ascertained, specific to the plant named in parenthesis. *generally found on R. acetosa (A.A.A.). A further 27 species were easily discovered, but their distribution was very localized, and with most of them only a few (but at least three) localities were found. This was often due to localization of the food plant, and in the case of A. fuscirostre Fab., A. limonii K. and A. meliloti K. the weevil was found only where the foodplant grew in sufficient abundance. These were :— *22. A. fuscirostre Fab. (broom) (Cytisus). *23. A. rufirostre Fab. (Malva sylvestris). THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 269 ?*24. A. difforme Germ. (swept from vegetation where Polygonum was always present but the insect was not actuaily found thereon). 25. A. varipes Germ. (on Trifolia but found on the coast abundantly where only Ononis and hare’s foot clover (T. arvense) are present. 26. A. assimile K. (Trifolia chiefly). 27. A. pomonae Fab. (Vicia sepium and other species). *28. A. subulatum K (Lathyrus pratensis). *29. A. craccae L. (Vicia cracca). *30. A. stolidum Germ. (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum). *31. A. hookeri K. (Matricaria chamomilla). *32. A. confluens K. (M. chamomilla). *33. A. vicinum K. (Mentha aquatica). *34. A. atomarium K. (Thymus serpyllum). *35. A. limonii K. (Statice limonium). *36. A. immune K. (broom (Cytisus)). *37. A. striatum K. (broom (Cytisus)). *38. A. filirostre K. (Medicago). *39. A. ononis K. (Ononis repens only). 40. A. punctigerum Pk. (Vicia spp.). *41. A. marchicum Herbst (Rumez acetosella). 42. A. aethiops Herbst (Vicia spp.). 43. A. waltoni St. (swept from herbage including Vicia but not Anthyllis). 44. A. reflexum Gyll. (swept with waltoni). *45. A. vorax Herbst (Mercurialis perennis). 46. A. meliloti K. (Melilotus). 47. A. virens Herbst (Vicia spp.). *48. A. tenue K. (Medicago). In this group A. vicinium is worthy of note. Although found in three separate localities, individuals were few in number and had to be carefully sought for. The remaining twelve species were found in one or two localities only, and then only after the most intensive and widespread search had been made for them over the whole area. They are:— 1. A. urticarium Herbst. This was found in numbers in an old orchard near Whitehall, Canterbury, 20.vii.1952. This orchard had been quite neglected for many years and was later to produce for me both A. millum Bach and A, semivittatum Gyll. This coincidence led me to speculate whether the rarity of these species, the foodplants of which are very abundant, might be due to an inability to migrate to new pastures when disturbed. Dr. Massee suggested to me that A. urticarium was often not found because of its preference for the smaller of the two stinging nettles, Urtica urens, but I did not find this to be so. Urtica urens was present here and the creature was to be found on it, but it was much more abundant on U. dioica. 2. A. rubens Steph. Six specimens only were found (9.viii.1950) at roots of Rumez acetosella in rough pasture. Similar to A. frumentarium Pay. at first glance, it is at once separated by its slender parallel-sided elytra and by its smaller size. 3. A. cruentatum Walt. One only was taken, in June 1950, amongst a number of A. frumentarium, but undoubtedly this is cruentatum. A. frumentarium from all localities were examined without finding any more cruentatum. 270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII /1962 4. A. semivittatum Gyll. This was found in the orchard mentioned above on Mercurialis annua where the soil had been half-heartedly dug and a few vegetables planted. The colony is still there. About 30 were taken on the first occasion (27.vii.1952). 5. A. laevicolle Kirby. I took laevicolle in large numbers in the autumn of several seasons by beating an old hawthorn hedge near Little- bourne. The summer time produced no particular growth of any legume which could be the foodplant; the foodplant may be polygonum, but I was quite unable to trace any of this weevil on the ground at all. The obvious explanation is that the species feeds on hawthorn, which explanation is rather unsatifactory. It is more likely that it ascends into the hedge to hibernate. 6. This same hedge supplied a number of A. curtisii Steph., but again I am in the dark as to the foodplant. Sweeping and searching the grass verge on both sides of the hedge produced no beetles whatsoever at any season of the year, but about thirty were taken by sweeping mixed vegetation including clover and vetches at Canterbury on 14.viii.1950. 7. A. flavimanum Gyll. I could not find this species anywhere on wood sage, but at two localities I found it on the flower-heads of marjoram. At Wye, near Ashford, I found about 30 by sweeping marjoram after finding an individual on that plant (21.vii.1950), and at Canterbury, six by visual searching (16.vii.1952). . 8. A. millium Bach. (=annulipes Wencker). I obtained considerable numbers from a mass of very short stunted Prunella vulgaris on 9.x.1952, in the old orchard mentioned under A. urticarium. It was searched for intensively elsewhere but was not found. It was still present the next spring and summer, but appeared more abundantly in the next autumn. 9. A. gyllenhali Kirby. Two specimens only were taken by sweeping at Whitstable. 10. A. violaceum Kirby. This species, so abundant in other counties, was apparently absent altogether except for one specimen I have labelled “Chilham 7.iii.1948”. I have never taken it since. 11. A. pubescens Kirby. A series was taken from willow on the Old Park golf course at Canterbury on 8.vii.1952, and the species may still be founfound there. 12. I have a single specimen of A. lemoroi Bris. taken by sweeping a grass verge with Lathyrus, Medicago, vetches and clover at Bridge, near Canterbury. Perhaps this species is of wider distribution than was at first thought. I found that the host plants given by Joy (1932, A Practical Handbook of British Beetles, 1: 164-173) were accurate with the particular exception of A. flavimanum, which was found only on marjoram and could not be swept from Teucrium anywhere. A. curtisii was found in abundance when there was no Onobrychis, but where there may have been the previous year. Some of the absences were undoubtedly due to the absence or scarcity of the foodplant, for example, Genista is scarce, though a little was found in the Weald and at Whitstable, and A. genistae was absent; Astragalus glycyphyllos is rather scarce though there is a nice patch in the Faversham area, and A. astragali was absent. Many of the species I found were easily bred by collecting seed pods of the particular plant (usually a legume) in the region where I had found an adult, and keeping them in a well-ventilated cage sprayed with a very THE GENUS APION HERBST IN EAST KENT 271 little water from time to time. The adults emerged usually within a month, together with the usual miscellany of Bruchus and Sitona species, though some overwintered within the pods if allowed to do so._ I obtained the impression that the generations were endless unless the foodplant’s short cycle or some other factor interfered. Hibernation always occurred in the adult phase, at the roots of vegeta- tion often far removed from the host plant. This might indicate an autumn migratory tendency, since at other periods the more specific forms are hardly ever found away from the foodplant. However the foodplant may have been there and died, or the insect may have been carried to the foreign spot by winds or flood debris. Some species have a habit of ascending hedgerow shrubs in autumn and can be beaten therefrom. It is frustrating to find them in numbers there and to be unable to trace the food plant nearby. Amongst other Rhynchophora, the following may be of interest:— Gymnetron rostellum Herbst with a single specimen of G. melanarium Germ in heads of Matricaria chamomilla and Anthemis cotula, in one locality only, Petts Bottom, near Canterbury. G. linariae Panz. is locally common throughout, and so is G. beccabungae L. G. rostellum has to be dug out from the flower-head. Pissodes notatus F. and P. pini L. was abundantly found with Ips sexdentatus Born. in hordes under pine bark at Littlebourne. Liparis germanus Pz. is locally common at the roots of Heracleum sphondylium. Magdalis armigera Geof. and M. carbonaria L. I have found to be locally common on elm and birch respectively. The former seems to favour old trees, and the latter the young birch that springs up in wood- land after clearing. Tropideres sepicola F., common in dead boughs of oak in several localities, was a pleasant discovery. I once bred from very small larvae a number of the large relative of this species, Platyrhinus resinosus Scop. (= latirostus F.); the larva lives in the fungus Daldinia concentrica and a number of the growths gathered showed marks of the woodpecker’s beak. Since the fungus is conspicuous, the larva is presumably very frequently attacked in this way, and although in appearance very helpless (rather like the larva of the common cockchafer but with the head bent backwards), it appears to have developed a mode of defence. When disturbed the head is moved back sharply, and at the same time the jaws give forth a loud snap. I myself was deterred from handling them by this, and a bird might well be frightened also. When ready to pupate, the larva bores through the fungus into the supporting twig, and makes a long pupal gallery down the centre, overwintering within the twig in the adult state. I found larvae and pupae of T. sepicola around Canterbury within the wood of oak branches, and the larva resembles that of P. resinosus, probably also feeding on a fungus and pupating within the solid wood. As Mr. Parry’s paper contains a number of original observations of special interest to the coleopterist, a few brief comments may perhaps be in order. Firstly his finding of the two very local Apions, laevicolle and curtisii (whose foodplants are not securely identified), in numbers on a hawthorn 272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 hedge in several successive seasons is specially noteworthy. As this was always in autumn, it seems not improbable that it was connected with hibernation; I have occasionally beaten Apions such as flavipes (and once varipes) out of evergreens, thick ivy, etc., between November and March, but only by odd specimens. The two species in question, however, more often occur in quite open situations far from hedges or trees—usually near the coast—and so presumably hibernate, as a rule, at roots of herbage in their breeding-places or not far away. (I have taken laevicolle at roots of Ononis and other low vegetation at Deal in October.) At the same time I would agree with Mr. Parry’s observation that Apions do rather often hibernate at a distance from the host plant and that there may be mass movements in autumn towards suitable hibernacula—as has been found to occur in a number of Hemiptera-Heteroptera species, for example. On the other hand, the phenomenon of congregating periodically on bushes or trees unrelated to their foodplants, not only in autumn, but in spring and summer too, is well known in this and some other weevil genera; but not previously recorded, I think, in these two species. Its purpose, however, appears to be quite unknown. One may mention in this connection A. craccae, gyllenhali and flavipes; also laevigatum Payk. (=sorbi F.) which is more often so encountered than on its true hosts. Another striking case is afforded by A. pubescens Kby., which is constantly found upon willows, yet has also occurred freely amongst low herbage a long way from such trees and has in fact been stated (on the continent) to breed in species of Trifolium. The whole matter presents a curious problem, and one not easy of solution. Mr. Parry’s perplexity at finding A. flavimanum on the “wrong” plant —marjoram instead of wood sage, its alleged host—is understandable. However, my experience with this species is entirely comparable, except that I find it also on Calamintha, besides Origanum. I have long been of the opinion that the customary attribution of Teucrium to A. flavimanum is incorrect, at least as regards south-east England and published a note to that effect in 1960 (Ent. mon. Mag., 96: 166). It is satisfactory to have one’s own findings thus independently corroborated. The most notable single capture by Mr. Parry is undoubtedly A. lemoroi Bris., the last species of Apion to be added to our list; it had been recorded previously only from Effingham (Surrey) and near Cambridge, and lives on knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) in stubble fields in autumn. Mr. Parry is to be congratulated on having discovered what is probably the primary foodplant of Gymnetron rostellum in Britain, and also its breeding site. Earlier data were vague and unreliable, and though Joy gives Filago this now seems doubtful. Its occurrence in heads of Matricaria, etc., confirms a German record of Reitter’s for that plant. The finding of a single G. melanarium in the same situation is, however, more puzzling, since the association of this species with Veronica chamaedrys appears well established, and I am therefore inclined to regard it as accidental. For the Anthribids, Tropideres sepicola and Platyrhinus resinosus, Mr. Parry’s interesting notes on certain aspects of their biology, especially as to the true habitat of the former in all stages, and a remarkable defensive habit of the larva of the latter, provide valuable additions to our knowledge of these rare species in Britain—A. A. ALLEN. SIREX NOCTILIO F., A RECENT INTRODUCTION IN SOUTH AFRICA Pils Sirex noctilio F., A Recent Introduction in South Africa By J. S. TAYLOR In January 1961 a portion of 6” X 2” timber of Baltic origin in a Port Elizabeth timber yard was found to be infested by a wood-boring insect and was handed over to the local office of the Division of Plant Control and Quarantine. Subsequently the infested piece of timber, together with some living insect material, was passed on to the Entomologist’s office. The infested portion of timber measured some eighteen inches in length and contained a number of burrows and flight holes 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. With the timber were three adult female siricid wasps and one living pupa, while a few days later a male wasp and another female emerged. The piece of timber is being kept intact in case of further emergences. The siricid was identified as being Sirex noctilio F., otherwise known as the Steel-Blue Wasp or Horntail (Step, 1932). It is a common European species, and has been recorded as a timber pest in Germany and Northern Europe where it causes serious damage in the forests. It also occurs in Britain where its numbers are often augmented by shipments of timber from abroad. It is not thought to be indigenous there and is not of major economic importance. This wood-boring wasp was introduced into New Zealand about 1900 and became a serious pest; it has also been recorded in Canada. It is usually found in pine, but will attack spruce, silver fir and larch as well. There is a fairly extensive literature and most authors state that sickly trees are preferred by the insect. Felled timber and poles are likewise subject to attack. The eggs are deposited under bark in tunnels a quarter of an inch in depth and the larvae bore through the softwood to the hardwood and even into the pith (Clark, 1933). Chrystal (1928) states that the incubation period occupies 3 to 4 weeks, the larval period c. 21 months, and the pupal period 5 to 6 weeks; the total period from egg to adult taking c. 2 years. The average number of eggs dissected from large females was from 300 to 400, and up to six oviposition tunnels were found in one square foot of bark. Duffield (1927) mentions that the larvae bore into the hardwood, and generally pupate just below the bark, the adults emerging the following spring. The larval galleries spoil the wood for technical purposes. A German author (Scheidter, 1923) gives the number of eggs per female as c. 400, and adds that very few males were found among some hundreds of females. Poles are preferred for oviposition because the relatively short ovipositor is unable to pierce the thick bark. Painting with carbolineum or creosote will prevent attack on freshly-felled timber, but felled or broken trunks should not be left about as they are used for breeding by the wasp. In Germany, woodpeckers are the principal natural enemies. The horntail has been satisfactorily controlled in New Zealand by introduced parasites, notably by Rhyssa persuasoria L., a large species of ichneumonid from Europe (Cawthorn Institute, 1946). S. noctilio does not appear to have been observed in South Africa before, and there are only three other records of Siricidae in the archives of the Division of Entomology, all concerning interceptions in timber of foreign origin. One was Xeris spectrum L., ex crate wood from Germany; another involved unidentifiable specimens in American lumber; and the 274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ X11 /1962 third was probably Sirex gigas L., in German crate wood. In this con- nection Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum of Natural History and an authority on Siricidae writes as follows: “I am most interested, but not in the least surprised, to hear of Sirex noctilio being found alive in South Africa in timber of Baltic origin. I have no actual note of this or any other siricid being introduced previously into South Africa, and it may be the first, although I have not had time to make a thorough search. There are, of course, two native species of siricid in tropical Africa belonging to the endemic genus Apotremex, but these species are presumably on hardwood trees. The introduction of Sirex or other Siricinae is fraught with danger in South Africa, because of your introduced conifers. So far as I know, S. noctilio only feeds on trees of the Pinaceae, and would perhaps readily attack your species of Pinus”. It remains to be seen whether this wood-boring wasp becomes estab- lished in South Africa. Few, if any, individuals can have escaped on this particular occasion but other introductions could easily take place and remain unnoticed. Should this wasp become established and assume serious proportions the introduction of Rhyssa persuasoria, which has been so effective in controlling it in New Zealand, would appear to be the obvious remedy. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer is much indebted to Mr. R. B. Benson of the British Museum of Natural History, London, for information on the distribution and status of S. noctilio. REFERENCES Cawthorn Institute, Nelson, New Zealand. (1946). Annual Report, 1945-46. Chrystal, R. N. (1928). The Sirex Wood Wasps and their influence in Forestry. Bull. ent. Res., Xix: 3, 219-247. Clark, A. F. (1933). The Horntail Borer and its Fungal Association. N.Z. Jl. Sci. Tech., 15, 3, 188-190. Duffield, C. A, W. (1927). Wood Wasps. Gdnr‘s. Chron. 1, XXXif: 21, 31, 348. Scheidter, F. (1923). Zur Lebensweise unserer Holzwespen. Zeitschr. Schadlingbekampfung, i, 2, 89-98. Step, E. (1932). Bees, Wasps, Ants and Allied Insects of the British Isles. Lon- don, F. Warne and Co. The Treasurer’s Appeal With the December issue of 1961 I made an appeal to all subscribers who pay by cheque to subscribe by Banker’s Order, and I had a fairly good response. Nevertheless I wish to appeal again. Many subscribers can save themselves and the treasurer much trouble and expense by using a Banker’s Order. I will, on request, send a Banker’s Order for 1963 onwards to sub- scribers. It is payable on 1st February each year and can be cancelled at any time should the necessity arise. I also hope that subscribers not using a Banker’s Order will send me their subscriptions before 1st February. If a subscription is not paid before the end of February I shall assume that the Record is no longer required and will withhold the March and further issues. This applies also to those who subscribe through subscription agencies. I assure subscribers that I am not being high handed in this matter; the Record has to pay its way even though it is not run for profit, and your co-operation will be sincerely appreciated. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 275 Notes and Observations DEILEPHILA LIVORNICA Esp. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—On the morning of 28th July I was pleased to find a specimen of Deilephila livornica Esp. in my mercury vapour trap, which was set in the garden of my home at Rodmanton Manor, Cirencester, Gloucestershire—JASPER BIDDULPH, c/O C.N. C. Apprson Esq., Warre House, Eton College, Windsor, Berks. A Visit TO BRownsEa IsLanp.—On Saturday, 13th October, one hundred and forty members of the Dorset Naturalists’ Trust were allowed, by courtesy of the National Trust, to visit Brownsea Island. Most of us spent about four hours on the island and were taken round in small groups. The Warden told me that he had recently taken four Leucania vitellina Hubn. and one Lithophane leautieri Boisd. at sugar. I was not surprised at the latter, for there are some magnificent specimens of Cupressus macrocarpa on the island, far and away the largest I have ever seen. I was also told that Limenitis camilla L. is found there, honeysuckle being abundant, but no fritillaries of any species. I think it is not unlikely that there may be a colony of Coscinia cribraria L. on Brownsea, as the island lies midway between Parkstone and Studland, twe localities where it occurs. There is plenty of heather, most of it so tall and dense as to be almost impenetrable, and this much - harassed species would receive a measure of protection. The heather, some of it still in flower, was interspersed with masses of golden gorse (Ulex nana) in full bloom. There were thickets of rhododendrons of prodigious size, and we walked along a tunnel that had been cut through them. Besides conifers, there were plenty of deciduous trees, chiefly oak, beech, sycamore, lime and birch, with a few sallows and aspens on the low ground. There may have been others which I do not remember. But the only lepidoptera which I saw that day were a Vanessa atalanta L. sunning itself on a brick wall and three very dead moths: Noctua pronuba L., Apamea mono- glypha Hufn. and Plusia gamma L. Finally, I was particularly pleased to hear that the resident squirrels are red ones.—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth. 17.x.1962. OTHER OCCURRENCES OF HERSI CONVOLVULI L. IN 1962.—Dr. Goodall’s most interesting report of the finding of a convolvulus hawk moth in rubbish at Morecambe on the 10th September 1962, reminds me that a week or two ago I was turning over the pages of Country Life (October 11th issue). In this was a letter from Mr. C. C. Petch, of Brill, Bucks., in which he described the finding of a similar moth on the passenger’s seat of his car at Dinas Cross, in Pembrokeshire on, I believe, the 16th Sep- tember 1962, or thereabouts (I quote from memory). The intruder had been sat on by his wife, but happily without further damage, apparently, than the loss of a few scales. Mr. Petch described himself as “a keen collector for many years’, but the sex of the insect was, I believe, not given. He also referred to an earlier report in a London daily paper of one taken in the London area, but the newspaper correspondent was no entomologist, as he published a photograph of a Herse convolvuli L. and gave it the caption, “death’s- head”! I remember, in September 1960, in central Italy at Lerici, how the convolvulus hawks came to the petunias every evening punctually at 7.20 276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 p.m., and with such regularity that you could almost set your watch by them. By about 7.45 they had usually completed their evening repast and disappeared, and I used to wonder what they did with themselves for the rest of the night. In this country it appears almost impossib!e for them to breed, and it would be interesting to know how many recorded instances there are of the larva having been found in Great Britain.—J. H. REpDFERN, Brackens, 78 Park View Road, Lytham, Lancs. 14.xi,1962. Late APPEARANCE OF OPISTHOGRAPTIS LUTEOLATA L. IN DORSET.—A specimen of Opisthograptis luteolata L. came to my light at Upwey on 5th October, and on the 22nd I flushed one from a hedge while beating. On the same day I beat two small larvae of this insect from oak.—Brig. H. E. Warry, Upwey, Dorset. 3.xi.1962. LaTE EMERGENCE OF LYSANDRA CORIDON Popa.—-A co!d and wet latter end of the summer sometimes has its consolations as it tends to prolong the butterfly collecting season well past the last official day of summer and into the autumn. For some reason, which may well be connected with this season’s weather, the main emergence of Lysandra coridon Poda on a certain Wiltshire down did not take place until the end of August and early September. At the height of its main period of emergence the butterfly was particularly common on the down although it showed no tendency to vary. Captain Jackson and myself visited the colony for what we thought was to be the last time on 29th September. It was a hot and particularly fine and warm day, but both sexes were still well repre- sented, although numbers naturally had fallen off considerably from the peak period. Two pairs were noted in cop. with the females wings still limp. That same night we suffered a 70 m.p.h. gale accompanied by torren- tial rain, the latter lasting, with varying degrees of intensity, for several days. To-day, 7th October, a cold and foggy morning developed into a bright and sunny afternoon, so much so, in fact that I was tempted to make a further visit to the down. For various reasons I did not get there until nearly 4 o’clock, then the sun was already low, but in spite of this I was delighted to find that there were still plenty of butterflies about—I netted six perfectly fresh coridon males and examined a number of females, many of them being recently emerged, but alas, all quite ordinary. For the most part, they were competing with a number of silver ys, small tortoiseshells, meadow browns, and a few painted ladies for what scabious flowers were still out. Again two pairs were seen in cop. but this time, only in one case was it the lady’s first marriage. The majority of the meadow browns were in very good condition and several pairs were seen in cop. From the foregoing, I am wondering whether I shall be looking for L. bellargus Rott. in November, but whether this materialises or not, the results of to-day’s expedition are, I feel, most unusual.—Major-General C. G. Lipscoms, Crockerton House, Nr. Warminster, Wilts. 7.x.1962. MIGRANTS IN BERKSHIRE—I would like to record the capture in my light trap here of one Leucania albipuncta Schiff. on 21st September, and one Leucania vitellina Hiibn. on 3rd October, both in excellent condi- tion. During the latter part of September, eight Laphygma exigua Htbn. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS PUT were found in the trap, most of them only in moderate condition.—Air Marshal Sir Rosert SaunpBy, Oxleas, Burghclere, Nr. Newbury, Berks. 21.xi.1962. LapHyGMaA Exicua, AN APpPEAL.—In yet another year of scarcity of lepidoptera, particularly migrant lepidoptera, the presence of so many Laphygma exigua Hiibn. is of particular interest. This moth, which was first recorded in Britain in 1856, has only twice before exceeded two hundred records per year, that was in 1906 (235) and 1958 (300). In both these years there was almost certainly an early immigration followed by successful breeding during the summer. It is probable that the same situation has occurred again. An immigration into southern England occurred in early May and these moths gave rise to large numbers of offspring in August and September. In view of the fact that 1962 is likely to be a record year for this moth, I would very much appreciate details of any records, and also records of other immigrants which occur- red at the same time.—R. A. FRENcH, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. 14.xi.1962. AN IRREGULAR PAIRING OF TIPULIDAE.—Among numerous Tipulids in my mercury vapour moth trap on 28th August 1962, wasa d Tipula paludosa Meigen in cop. with a 92 T. fulvipennis Deg. The smaller wing-length of the former (16-25 mm.) made a striking contrast.—L. W. Siaaes, “Sungate’’, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 19.xi.1962. On BREEDING ALAPTUS PALLIDICORNIS FORSTER (Hym. CHaALc. MyMaRIDAE). —In September 1960 I collected some egg-masses of a species of Psocoptera on aspen in my garden in Bournemouth. Later in the month I bred out about thirty imagines of a Mymarid. Samples were sent to Dr. W. D. Hincks of Manchester Museum, but in consequence of his untimely death, I was unable to obtain an identification from him. However, as a result of the assistance of Debauche’s monograph, I am satisfied that they are Alaptus pallidicornis Forster, a known parasite of Psocid eggs. The species belonging to this genus are the smallest known insects; one, A. magnanimus from India, measures only 0-21 mm. The British species, Alaptus minimus, measures about 0-4 mm. in length, while pallidicornis is about 0-45 mm. These two rank as the smallest known British insects. It is impracticable to mount members of this genus dry, owing to their minuteness; it is necessary to use a slide, preferably a cavity slide, which prevents distortion. Reference: Debauche, H. R. 1948. Etude sur les Mymarommidae et les Mymaridae de la Belgique (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea). Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg., 108, pp. 248, 24 pls—S. C. S. Brown, 454 Christchurch Read, Bournemouth. 16.xi.1962. IMMIGRANT SYRPHIDAE.-We have had two waves of immigrants to this district, but nothing so spectacular as the vast swarms I reported be- fore. Up to 13th August, insects were scarce in the garden and hover flies quite infrequent. On the 13th, the garden was full of hover flies and white butterflies (mainly large whites) so much that my wife and a neighbour remarked on “all the flies everywhere”’. I could detect no settled direction of flight, but the butterflies were swarming in from the south east, from whence there was a steady breeze. A friend, about a mile-and-a-half east of here reported “great swarms of flies—two sorts, 278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII/1962 black and white, and small, black and yellow”. Perhaps I was on the edge of a mass immigration. The flies gradually thinned out to-what one might call a normal summer density. On 31st August, vast numbers of white butterflies again appeared coming from the south east. Again there were many more large than small whites. My Brassicas and Nasturtiums were plastered with masses of large white eggs—five batches on one Nasturtium leaf! Many more hover flies came in.—W. H. SpREAaDBURY, 3 Sherwood Road, Seaford, Sussex. A random sample swept from a bush of Bupleurum fruticosum by Mr. Spreadbury consisted of Scaeva pyrastri L. a black and white hover fly, and the yellow and black hover flies Syrphus balteatus Deg. and S. corollae Fab.—lL. PARMENTER. LAPHYGMA EXIGUA AND LEUCANIA VITELLINA AT MUDEFORD, HANTS.—Two examples of Laphygma exigua Hiibn. came to light at Mudeford in 1962; the first, just recognisable, on 2nd June, and the second in good condition on 15th July. One Leucania vitellina Hiibn. came to treacle in the garden on 26th September.—Rev. F. M. B. Carr, Flat F.8, Pine Grange, Bath Road, Bournemouth. 17.x.1962. THE Hasits oF BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB.—With reference to Mr. Symes’s note on this moth (antea 211) I have several times found it quite easy to disturb in the day. In 1936, W. S. Gilles and myself went to a locality near Minstead, where the late L. T. Ford had found it. The place was planted with old Scots firs, about 30 feet apart, with an under- growth of bracken and rather tall bilberry. It was a very hot day, and although the copse was no more than 100 yards long by 30 broad, we put up 30 or 40 moths (it was difficult to tell whether some were not those previously roused). They were rather difficult to catch as they zigzagged very quickly in the bright sunlight, but we each caught about a dozen; oddly enough, we only took one male apiece. They were nearly all in very good condition; one or two were chipped by the bracken and dead pine boughs. I do not think I could find the place again, as I destroyed the locality directions about ten years ago and did not mark the way, as we went by car. Fontis is pretty common in the demesne at Glengarriff, Co. Cork, and in one place, very easy to get. On the road from Glengarriff to Kenmare is a lodge and gate leading into the demesne. After passing through the gate, the path leads over a foot-bridge across the river, and almost im- mediately after has, on the left side, a tall overhanging bank with a fringe of heather and bilberry on the top. A rattle with a stick in the hollow caused by the overhang produces fontis fairly frequently, and it zigzags across the path to the hollies on a rather sharp drop on the other side. It is not difficult to catch as the path is clear, although on a sunny day, the dapple of light from the leaves of the hollies and oaks is rather misleading. In the same place are plenty of Lygris populata L., Chloro- clystis debiliata Hiuibn., and very occasionally an Angeronia prunaria L., a very scarce insect in Ireland. The oak and birch trunks on the side of this path are the best locality I have found for the scarce ab. verkruzeni Heynm. of the very lceal Kerry slug, Geomaiacus maculosus Allman. This is a yellow form CURRENT LITERATURE 279 with black spots which is very difficult to obtain; the usual form found on the rocks is the ab. allmani Heynm., black with yellow spots. On a wet day the slug may be found crawling up the tree trunks in the rain; it is not seen in dry weather. This need not make any malacologist despair; he will get all the rain he wants at Glengarriff. On one occasion, my wife and I stayed there five weeks, and had some rain each day. Fontis is thinly scattered all over the demesne, with concentrations in suitable localities. I have always found it fairly easy to disturb, but as in walking up pheasants, the hen rises more readily than the cock.—H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. EMUS HIRTUS L. IN THE SOUTHEND DistRIcTt.—I read with great interest Mr. Allen’s paper (antea 219-221) on this remarkable beetle, and see that he only gives one Essex record, at Benfleet in 1950. I can add another fairly recent one to this, at Shopland, near Southend, in 1947. Shopland is about two miles from Southend, on the road to Wakering and Barling marshes. In 1951, Mr. D. Down, a keen entomological member of the South Essex Natural History Society, told me he had a queer beetle, like a devil’s coach horse, covered with golden hair, which flew across the road at Shopland and collided with a fence, so that he was able to pick it up. This occurred about the middle of June 1947. I recognized it at once from the description, but at my request, he brought it to me a few days later, and as I anticipated, it proved to be a fine E. hirtus. I recorded this in The Entomologist (84: 264). Although a chance capture such as this is not likely to have been the only local specimen, I think that the beetle is very rare here, if indeed it was not a stray from Sheppey. Until quite recently, I worked all the local marshes pretty regularly from 1932 onwards, at Benfleet, Leigh-on-Sea, Barling, Paglesham and Canewdon (Creeksea), and although I do not collect beetles, I always. keep my eyes open for anything unusual, and I do not think I would have overlooked this striking insect flying in the sun. I remember that when I was at Horning in 1923, the late Oliver Janson told me he had taken a number on Sheppey, but he did not mention the date.—H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea. Current Literature From the South African Department of Agriculture, I have received four books of its ENTOMOLOGICAL MEMOIRS. Vol. 4, Part 1, “The Morphology and Bionomics of the European House- borer, Hylotrupes bajulus L.”, by H. J. R. Durr, D.Sc. (1957), gives a very full account, profusely illustrated with photographs and line drawings, of this insect and its habits. Vol. 4, Part 2 (1956), is entitled “Studies on the Insecticidal and Aricicidal Properties of New Systemic and Non-Systemic Chemicals”, by E. H. W. Lochner, B.Sc., which deals very fully with the subject and, in addition, gives interesting techniques for handling these small subjects and keeping them in place for experiments. 280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 74 15/ XII /1962 Vol. 5 is on Genera of the Mymaridae with illustrations of some of these minute Chalcids. Vol. 6 is on the Taxonomy of the African Membracidae, and part 1 covers the Oxyrhachinae, by A. L. Capener. It consists of 164 pages and is profusely illustrated with anatomical drawings and illustrations of upwards of sixty species of these “thorn bugs” showing both frontal and profile views, and with dorsal views where these illustrate particularly distinctive features. There are also illustrations of the immature stages of some species. S. N. A. J. RopBER FLIES OF THE WORLD. THE GENERA OF THE FAMILY ASILIDAE. Frank M. Hull. Smithsonian Institution Bulletin, 224. Parts 1 & 2. Washington D.C. 1962. These two volumes of 907 pages, 2 photographes and 2571 figures (by Mr. Arthur Smith and the author) form a monumental work on this family of predatory flies. 212 pages are devoted entirely to figures of antennae, wings, head, male and female genitalia of representative species of the genera. The brief introduction of 19 pages treats chiefly of the morphology of the adult flies but short paragraphs deal with such matters as prey, mimicry and larval habits. The lack of information on the immature stages is emphasized in that the larvae and pupae of only some 50 species have been studied by about 50 authors whereas 4761 species in 400 genera and subgenera are known in the world. The family has been studied for 200 years and Dr. Hull’s bibliography covers this period with 1344 titles by over 380 authors. Keys are provided to the subfamilies, tribes and then down to each genus. A description of every genus is given quite fully and the type species is stated. Twenty-three of these genera are newly described by the author who is already responsible for 16, including his Oldroydia, named after Mr. H. Oldroyd of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). be. VIDENSK. MeEppD. FRA DANSK NATURH. FOREN, 124. 1962.—Contains another study on the habits of crane-flies, Tipulidae, by Dr. Axel M. Hemmingsen of Strgdam Biological Laboratory, Hillerod, Denmark. It is entitled “Copulatory Adaptions of male Hypopygium to female Tergal Ovipository Valves (Cerci) in Certain Crane-Flies (Tipulidae)”. It has 22 excellent photographs of Pales quadrifaria Mg., Cylindrotoma dis- tinctissima Mg. and of the following species of Tipula: paludosa Mg., luna Westh., pruinosa Wied., lateralis Mg., fulvipennis Deg., variicornis Schum., scripta Mg., unca Wied., staegeri Nielsen, juncea Mg., caudatula Lw., lunata L., cava Riedel, dilatata Schum., livida v.d. Wulp, lesneri Pierre. These help to illustrate his remarks on many species of Tipula and a few related species in the family Tipulidae. The mating habits are described and their relation to the genital armature is discussed. The paper includes distribution data on several species, many of them occur in Great Britain. It is in English and concludes with a useful list of references. This is the fifteenth paper in our language on the Tipulidae by this author. They are well worth the interest of the many collectors of Tipulidae in this country as a large number of the flies dealt with are found in both Britain and Denmark. 164P: LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (89) and J. Briggs). Warehorn, July 17, 1937 (Bull Diary). Willesborough, one, 1954, eight, 1955, none, 1956; Wye, nine, 1953, nine, 1954, five, 1955, two, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford Town (P. Cue). 13. Bedgebury, July 10, 1937 (Bull, Diary). Tunbridge Wells, imago in the town; larva found on Tunbridge Wells Common (Morgan, Lepidop- tera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). 14. Sandhurst, July 17, 1932, August 6, 1951; Benenden, July 13, 1937, August 4, 17, 1939, August 5, 1946 (Bull, Diary). Hawkhurst, 1952 (B. G. Chatfield). 15. Dymchurch, 1902 (Browne, Entomologist, 35: 269). Dungeness, °, at m.v., August 3, 1951 (C.-H.). 16. Folkestone Town, at m.v., five, 1953, seven, 1954, one, 1956, one, 1957, one, 1961; none, 1951-52, 1955, 1958-60 (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—Tutt (Ent. Rec., 13: 359; Br. Moths, 68) states that “one finds, as a rare aberration, occasional specimens of L. complana in Kent, with the superficial appearance of sericea [E. sericea Gregson] very strongly developed”. FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1829: Lithosia depressa Stephens, one ‘“‘taken at Darenth-wood about ten years since” (i.e., c.1819) (Stephens, Haust., 2:=.96)i E. pygmaeola Doubl. (lutarella auctt., non L.): Pigmy Footman. Native. Coastal sandhills; foodplant unknown. Local. Note: The larva (including that of s.sp. palifrons Zell.) does not yet appear to have been found in Britain. 4. Distributed from Deal to Sandwich Bay, occurring mainly near the shore, and apparently nowhere ranging inland for more than about a mile. Mostly noted at light, or at rest at night on grass stems or at marram; also, occasionally at sugar. First discovered by H. J. Harding, at Deal, c. 1842 (cf. Harding, Zoologist, 2547); and subsequently recorded as fairly plentiful by many observers during the 19th century. Known as the “Deal Footman” (1907, South, Moths Br. Isles, 185). In 1898, according to Conquest (Entomol- ogist, 32: 21), it was still fairly abundant and occurred over a large area of sandhills. However, construction of the golf-course about the turn of the century on the site of its habitat, evidently caused much concern for both this and other local specialities, and a contemporary note by Webb (1899) stated that “it is now in some danger of being exterminated”’. Since then though, it seems, the resulting golf course “rough” may have helped to some extent to conserve it. V.C.H. (1908) has: “Deal, formerly abundant; getting scarcer’. Per- haps a true prophecy, since there appear to be few references to its occurrence during the period that followed to 1930. P. A. Cardew (Diary) took it at Deal, July 24, 1908; and two at Sandwich, July 19, 1909, ‘“‘on the ground near the hotel”. Metcalf (Entomologist, 47: 244) records that he found numbers at Deal in 1914; and H. G. Gomm (Diary) mentions finding one on St. George’s golf course, July 25, 1923. A. M. Morley (in litt.) writes that in 1931, he and Proudfoot found five at night on August 10, at the Deal end of the sandhills; and in 1933, with J. H. B. Lowe, he noted on July 16, about 100 at dusk and at light, at Sandwich Bay. Noted by many observers since, e.g., August 20, 1936, in fresh condition; August 16, 1939 (A. J. L. Bowes); at Sandwich Bay; July (90) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/ XII/1962 27, 1939; July 25, 1946; about 20 in fresh condition, including several in cop., July 2, 1949 (C.-H.). VARIATION.—The records show that pygmaeola is occasionally subject to extreme variation, particularly regarding colour of forewings. Thus, Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 217) mentions (a) one of a “pure silvery-white”; (b) one “entirely of a dark smoky-grey, approaching to slate-colour”; and another (c) “entirely grey”. Tutt (Ent. Rec., 6: 220) gives the colour range as from bright golden-yellow to almost black; and adds (Br. Moths, 170) that occasionally dark forms occur with a pale costa. I have never seen any of the striking abs. mentioned above in the many collections that I have examined, and would be interested to know if they still exist, as they must, I consider, be pretty rare. One that I have, a ¢, taken July 27, 1946, has grey hindwings, darker in the costal area, and greyish forewings (C.-H.). Ssp. pallifrons Zell. Resident. Shingle beach; foodplant unknown. Very local. 15. So far as is known, the distribution of pallifrons in Britain is con- fined to Dungeness and its immediate vicinity, where it appears its range does not exceed some two miles in length. It occurs mainly between the lighthouse and the level-crossing, about the Long Pond, and has also been seen at the Open Pits. The records do not, however, show that the distribution extends as far north as Lydd-on-Sea coastguard station, nor west to reach the Hope and Anchor, though it is quite likely that it does SO. First noticed by H. B. D. Kettlewell on August 5, 1931, who records that he took two ¢., at his car lights at the level-crossing (cf. Kettlewell, Ent. Rec., 44: 8-9). Observed fairly regularly since, and is sometimes not uncommon, particularly at light:—August 6, 7, 1935, “I have seen it coming freely to light both at the level-crossing and at the pits, and out on the shingle half-way to the pits’ (A. J. L. Bowes). On August 3, 1951, I saw it in abundance on the rough ground between the Pilot Inn and the old railway to the lighthouse; some were at rest on grass, but the majority came to my roving Coleman lamp (C.-H.). About 100 on P. Cue’s sheet, in 1955 (A. M. Morley). Thirty, at light, July 27, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). One, August 18, 1958 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton). July 6, 1959, July 30, 1960 (de Worms, Entomologist, 93: 177, 94: 162). Two, at rest on Silene otites, July 22, 1960 (R. G. Chatelain). VARIATION.—Broadly speaking, the form differs from typical pygmaeola by its larger size, and pale yellow (not pale straw) forewing. Seitz (Pal. Bomb. and Sphinges, 68) says that, compared with pallifrons, pygmaeola is “perhaps a separate species”; and Draudt (in Seitz, Suppl. Pal. Bomb. and Sph., 68) writing some thirty years later, emphasised this by saying that they were probably specifically distinct. According to Pierce and Beirne (Genita of Br. Rhop. and Larger Moths, 56), however, there are no differences in the genitalia. Morley (Trans. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1958-59: 9) states that on an average, specimens have become smaller since the original pair were taken at Dungeness, and tentatively suggests that the race there may represent a relatively recent immigration from the Continent, and a rather rapid change to something like the type, though yellower and with less grey shading on the forewings. These observations would have been LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (91) of greater value, however, had they been accompanied by detailed com- parisons of a more precise nature, based on material taken over the years. In my series of twenty-four pallifrons, all taken in 1951, several examples are very similar in appearance to typical pygmaeola. In general, however, the specimens are larger and of a deeper yellow, the al. expanse of the largest, a ¢, measuring just over 32 mm. Six, all dd, are of a deep golden-yellow (C.-H.). First (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1847: Lithosia pygmaeola. “This small species, which appears to be new, has been taken on the coast of Kent among rushes” (Doubleday, Zoologist, 1914). E. caniola Hiibn.: Hoary Footman. Perhaps resident, though apparently now extinct}. Shingle beach; foodplant unrecorded. 15. Romney Marsh?.—Between 1866 and 1871, “while hunting for these larvae [Lasiocampa trifolii], Mr. Mitford’s son found smaller cater- pillars, which produced Lithosia caniola” (Bond, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1871: xxxix). In Meldolla coll. are three labelled “Romney Marsh, 1895” (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 12). In Br. Mus., S. Kensington, are three caniola labelled “Romney Marsh, S. Webb, 16.2.96” (C.-H.). “In May, the larvae of Lithosia caniola have been found commonly on Romney Marsh, on the low plants growing on the shingle just above high-water mark” (1901, Tutt, Practical Hints, 1: 35). FIRST (PUBLISHED) RrEcoRD, 1871: Bond, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1871: REMIX 180, 1It is interesting to note that in 1939, a ¢ (now in my coll.) was taken by the late Dr. G. V. Bull on July 23, on Rye Golf Course, just over the Kent- Sussex border (C.-H.). 2Possibly some of the caniola so recorded may have occurred just in Sussex. In R.C.K., are five small specimens, labelled ‘“‘Rye, Sussex, R. H. Mitford’; and Barrett (Br. Lep., 2: 221) has ‘‘near Rye, Sussex; and at Romney Marsh, Kent’’. E. sororcula Hufn.: Orange Footman. Native. Woods; foodplant unrecorded. Rather scarce; much more plentiful some years. Apparently extinct in N.W. Kent. 1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 94). West Wickham, one, May 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 7: 188). Joydens Wood; Birch Wood (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Bromley (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 3. Thornden Wood, one, June 4, 1902 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Pine Wood, one, June 2, 1904 (J. P. Barrett coll.); c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). Blean (V.C.H. (1908)). Sturry Woods, several, 1913 (Spiller, Entomologist, 46: 318). Den Grove, one, 1938 (C.-H.). 6. Birling, one, 1905 (H. C. Huggins). 6a. Swanscombe Wood, twenty-four, 1848 (Hodgekinson, Zoologist, 2328). Greenhithe*, one, May 23, 1859 (Fenn, Diary). Darenth Wood, 1856, 1858-59 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 76, 4: 84, 6: 75); one, May 30, 1863 (Fenn, Diary) (W. West, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). Chattenden, one, June 12, 1884 (Fenn, Diary); not uncommon (Chaney (1884-87)); 1899 (Russell James, Ent. Rec., 12: 102); 1901-10 (H. C. Huggins). 7. Belmont, 1926-27 (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, June 2, 1923 (Bull, Diary) (Scott (1936)). (92) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/X11/1962 8. Chilham Downs, one, June 10, 1922 (Gomm, Diary); one, May 22, 1938 (C.-H.). Sole Street, June 8, 1935 (J. H. B. Lowe). Brook; Crundale (Scott (1936)). Barham, one, taken by B. Embry (A. M. Morley). Dover district, ‘““widespread, not uncommon” (E. & Y. (1949)). West Wood, <6, beaten out of spruce, June 19, 1950 (A. M. Morley); one, May 13, 1961 (D. G. Marsh). 11. Tonbridge (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 50). Hoads Wood (Scott (1936)); 1955, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis). 12. Ham Street.—One, May 31, 1932, one, May 26, 1933, one, May 22, thirty at light, June 1, 1934, one, May 24, 1936, one, May 29, 1946, one larva, September 9, 1946 (A. M. Morley); larvae, August 5, 1934 (de Worms, Entomologist, 68: 103); common at light, June 1, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); May 12, 1936, June 11, July 3, 1937 (Bull, Diary); about twenty rather worn 64, at light, June 6, one very worn, June 11, 1938, one, May 25, 1951, one at m.v., May 31, 1958; all in Long Rope (C.-H.); two, 1960 (M. Singleton & D. Youngs). Kingsnorth (Scott (1936)). Chartham, one, 1952 (P. B. Wacher). Wye, eight, May 26-June 11, 1953, twelve, May 25- June 29, 1954, not seen 1955-56; Willesborough, one, May 27, 1954, not seen 1955-56 (W. L. Rudland). 13. Tunbridge Wells, one, 1857 (Andrews, Ent. week. Int., 2: 71); May 13, 1943 (Morgan, Lepidoptera of Tunbridge Wells MS.). Pembury dist. (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (61), ii). Southborough (M. M. Phipps, in Knipe (1916)). 16. Folkestone Town, one, June 14, 1952, one, June 28, 1953, one, June 1956 (A. M. Morley). VariIaTION.—Howard (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 10) exhibited an ab. taken by A. G. Peyton, June 1, 1934, near Ashford [Ham Street], and which was described as “dull brown in colour instead of the usual orange”. First REcorD, 1829: Stephens, loc. cit. Pelosia muscerda Hufn.: Dotted Footman. Resident, perhaps extinct. Fens, marshes; foodplant unknown. Note.—Although specimens were frequently labelled “Deal”, “Eastry”, “HK. Kent”, or just “Kent’’, in order to disguise the true locality, there is no evidence (excepting the single record for 15) that the species was ever found anywhere in Kent other than at Ham Fen. 4. Near Deal [Ham Fen] (see First Record). Ham Fen.—A few taken by H. Vaughan, 1891 (Fenn, Diary, 11.xii.1891); two fresh specimens, “by mothing along ditchside”’, August 8, 1892, one fresh specimen, August 17, 1892 (Fenn, Diary; idem, Ent. Rec., 3: 285; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 48); one, “Eastry, Kent, 1903”, one, “Kent, 1907”, both in Meldola coll. (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 12); I have nine from E. D. Bostock coll., labelled ‘‘Kent, 6.07, Lister”, and presumably taken by W. K. Lister, who resided at Eastry (C.-H.). In R.C.K., are several of Lister’s specimens labelled E. Kent, 1905, 1907; in Goodwin coll., are seventeen specimens from “East Kent’, including fourteen by T. Blest and E. Good- win, August 1907, and three, bred E. Goodwin, August 1908; Blest informed me that his and Goodwin’s muscerda came from Ham Fen; W. A. Cope told me he saw muscerda in numbers at Ham Fen in 1908 and 1909, and showed me about twelve specimens in his coll. from there so LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (93) dated, some of which he had bred from ova (C.-H.). Five, labelled “Eastry Kent”, followed by the date, three on July 30, 1910, two on July 25, 1911; all from an old collection (G. H. Youden). 15. Appledore, on the marsh, July 1898 (Heitland, Entomologist, 31: 222). . First REcorRD, 1887: “Dykes near Deal” (Webb, Dover, Deal and Dis- trict Descriptive Pictorial, 9). Atolmis rubricollis L.: Red-necked Footman. Resident, perhaps native. Woods, etc. [on Plewrococcus naegelii on oak, fir, beech]. Uncertain in appearance; usually scarce. Apparently extinct in N.W. Kent. 1. Near West Wickham (Simson, Ent. week. Int., 1: 116). West Wick- ham, ©, June 8, 1860 (H. Tompkins MS.); bred 1861, from “larva feeding on oak” (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 51—the record does not make it clear whether this or Darenth Wood is intended (C.-H.)); two larvae, August 24, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Near Lewisham [West Wickham], “larvae common on fir’ (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 195), Petts Wood, beat two larvae from oak, August 31, 1861 (Fenn, Diary). Shooters Hill (W. West, in Wool. Surv. (1909)). 3. Canterbury* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1: 54). Sturry, June 10, 1914 (H. G. Gomm, Diary). 4. Ickham, one, June 28, 1957; one, July 3, 1958 (D. G. Marsh). 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 2: 198); two, June 21, 1862 (Fenn, Diary). 7. Wigmore, one, on larch trunk, June 1854 (Chaney (1884-87)). In Maidstone Mus. are:—One, “Boxley, E. Bartlett” [c. 1890]; one, “Boxley Hill, 18.vi.1917, H. Elgar” (C.-H.). Hollingbourne, not uncommon in heat- wave year of 1921, from May 29-June 22 (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, three larvae resting or crawling on branches of beech, September 18, 1932, from which an imago was reared June 10, 1933 (A. M. Morley); noted annually 1945-53, but altogether only a few (E. Scott, personal MASE Re ie 19.x1i.1954); one, July 1, 1957 (G. H. Youden). 8. Martin, swarming in a pine wood, July 1, 1856 (Harding, Ent. week. Int., 1: 116). Deal.—G. H. Youden has four old undated specimens labelled “Deal”, given to him by H. D. Stockwell, and which he says probably came from S. Webb coll. (C.-H.). Shepherdswell (V.C.H. (1908)); (W. E. Bus- bridge). Near Whitfield, scarce (E. & Y. (1949)). Atchester Wood, near Elham, one, June 15, 1930; Dover, three at m.v. trap in garden, June 21, 1951, the only occasion here (G. H. Youden). Elham (W. E. Busbridge). Reinden Wood (Knaggs (1870)). Bridge, c. 1946 (R. Gorer). Wye (Scott (1936)); (C. A. W. Duffield). 9. St. Peters, one, at m.v., June 30, 1956 (W. D. Bowden). 11. Holt Wood, Aylesford, one at m.v., 1953 (G. A. N. Davis). Maid- stone Town, one, July 16, 1955 (E. Philp). 12. Ham Street.—At light, June 18, 1934, June 30, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, at light, Long Rope, July 2, 1946; 2, June 13, 1947, beaten out of oak bush-in Burnt Oak; 9°, June 6, 1948, beaten out of sloe bushes, in Long Rope (C.-H.); June 11, 1937 (Bull, Diary); one, July 4, 1938 (A. H. Lanfear); one, June 30, 1956 (W. L. Rudland); one, 1957 (P. Cue). 16. Folkestone, one, June 16, 1951, taken by A. G. Riddell (Morley, Trans, Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-52: 11). (94) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 47 15/XI1I/1962 First ReEcorp, 1829: Not uncommon in the lane leading into Darenth Wood from the village; and occasionally found in other parts of the wood” (Stephens, loc. cit.). Celama trituberculana Bosc (centonalis Hiibn.): Scarce Black Arches. Resident. Coastal sandhills, etc.; foodpiant unknown. Mainly (if not wholly) maritime in distribution. Verv local. [2. Sittingbourne, a few specimens (Wigan, Entomologist, 7: 205). Faversham, “has been taken at Faversham” (Chaney (1884-87)).] 4. Deal.—One taken by Mr. Dow, July 1858 (see First Record). Appeared again there in 1878 (Tugwell, Young Nat., 9: 54), in a very restricted locality near Sandown Castle, of which W. H. Tugwell wrote in a note to Charles Fenn (Fenn, Diary, 24.vii.1892): “The old spot where I discovered it was a small hillock immediately behind the iron target on sandhills in long grass and little bushes of Sea Buckthorn. If you take the target as one angle, the old tumbledown shed on the left hand just beyond on left, and sandy parlour as extreme limit, centonalis is, or was, at home there. I rarely did much until 10 p.m. I have netted it on the wing but rarely, it is rather by close search round the small bushes of Sea Buckthorn where they go for shelter; you may even see them scuttling up and down the stems, grass, etc., on flighty nights or more generally sitting quietly often in cop. after 11 p.m.” Thereafter the moth was taken in numbers annually by various collectors, at least until 1882!, in which year on July 18, Tugwell (Young Nat., 4: 81) recorded that, accompanied by R. Adkin, he noted in an hour, nineteen examples, including three pairs in cop., “by closely inspecting the grass stems and stunted bushes of Hippophae rhamnoides”’. I have a number from Deal from E. D. Bostock coll., that were bred by Howard Vaughan in 1882, and E. Sabine in 1892 (C.-H.); Webb (1891) has “Deal sandhills, 1889; and in R.C.K. is one labelled “Deal Sandhills, 1895”. By 1893, however, it had evidently very much decreased at Deal?, and one taken by G. H. Conquest (Entomologist, 32: 21), July 24, 1898, appears to have been the last to have been seen there. 8. Langdon Hole (Webb (1891), 7). Folkestone, centonalis, a “species new to Folkestone recorded by Mr. Austen in July” (1892) (Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26), 12. Ham Street. <4, at light, at south-east corner of Long Rope, July 24, 1955 (Haggett, Ent. Gaz., 8: 78). 15. Littlestone, one taken, c. 1910 (F. J: Hanbury, fide H. M. Edelsten). Lydd-on-Sea, one, June 28; one, June 29, 1957—both at m.v. (Edwards & Wakely, Ent. Rec., 70: 93; Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 14). 16. Folkestone Town, ¢, ab. atomosa Brem., at m.v., July 22, 1956 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 38). VARIATION.—Very variable. My series of twenty-six Deal trituberculana from the coll. of the late E. D. Bostock consists of twelve examples that may be classed as more or less typical, but show some degree of variation inter se regarding the extent of dark marking; three ab. atomalis Brem.; one ab. candidalis Stgr.; three ab. fasciata Rebel; and seven others transi- tional to atomalis (C.-H.). In R.C.K. are the following abs.:—alfkeni Warnecke, numerous, Deal; atomosa Brem., several, Deal; contrarialis Heydermann, one, “Deal Sand- hills? 1695,” LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, II (95) First REcorp, 1858: “My friend Mr. Dow, while in company with me at Deal, in July last, had the pleasure of capturing a fine specimen of Nola Centonalis” (Standish, Ent. week. Int., 5: 74). 1Cf. Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 206; Entomologist, 13: 42, 218; 14: 19, 2415, 226; 15: 205. 2In 1893, Tutt (Ent. Rec., 4: 76) said he believed it to be extinct at Deal owing to the destruction of the locality by conversion into a golf course. ARCTIINAE [Coscinia striata L. (grammica L.): Feathered Footman. Doubtfully genuine. 13. In J. C. Stevens’s catalogue of the sale on March 15, 1905, of the P. B. Mason coll., one finds at p. 21, under lot 272:—‘Grammica, ¢, Tun- bridge Wells, 21/7/52, Warner collection” (Anon., Entomologist, 38: 136).] C. cribraria L. (cribrum L.) ssp. arenaria Lempke: Speckled Footman. Immigrant!? Coastal sandhills. Very rare. 4. Sandwich, one, taken at night on St. George’s Golf Course, in mid- July 1914, by J. W. Metcalf (Metcalf, Entomologist, 47: 245); one, taken at Sandwich Bay, on Echium, in July 1922, by a collector, name unknown, and shown fresh to H. C. Huggins (H. C. Huggins); ¢, taken at Sandwich Bay, at light, August 7, 1937, by A. J. L. Bowes (Bowes, Entomologist, 73: 2a-2Ge ie 3): 15. Dungeness, ¢, taken at light, July 21, 1934, by R. P. Demuth (Bowes, loc. cit.). [The statement in South (1961, Moths Br. Isles, edit. Edelsten, Fletcher and Collins, 2: 68) that arenaria has occurred more than once at Dungeness, is erroneous, and should be amended to accord with the above (D. S. Fletcher).] VARIATION.—The Kent specimens are referable to ssp. arenaria Lempke, which has whitish forewings, is smaller, and much less heavily marked than the native Hants and Dorset race (ssp. bivittata South= anglica Ob.). The Bowes specimen is almost spotless, and thus referable to ab. trans. ad unicolor Closs; the Metcalf and Demuth specimens are more noticeably spotted, and apparently conform to nymotypical arenaria (Bowes, Entomologist, 73: 27, 190). The Bowes and Metcalf specimens are in Hee Ke (C.F). First Recorp, 1914: Sandwich (Metcalf, Entomologist, 47: 245). Only recorded tentatively at the time, but later confirmed as this (cf. Bowes, Entomologist, 73: 190). 10n the continent, ssp. arenaria is found on the coastal sandhills of N. France, Belgium, and Holland. In Britain, so far as is known, arenaria has only occurred in Kent, to which it has been suggested the specimens were immigrants from abroad. A curious fact, however, and one that tends to dispel the immigration theory, is that all four examples were taken on or in the close vicinity of coastal sandhills, which are very restricted in Kent, and that three of them occurred at the same locality. Utetheisa pulchella L.: Crimson-speckled Footman. Immigrant. Stubble fields, waste places, gardens, etc.; foodplant un- known. Altogether, there are records of some sixty pulchella for Kent, all of them imagines, and mostly from the east coast. 1874, 1886, 1892 and 1961, (96) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL: 47 15/ XII /1962 were good years, and it seems probable that in at least the last three, the species survived to produce a generation in Kent. Note: Tutt (1896, Br. Moths, 73) states that ‘on one occasion a fairly numerous brood was captured near Folkestone by two collectors who provided themselves with a long piece of rope which they dragged over the stubble-field, and thus disturbed the moths”. The earliest known occurrence of pulchella in Kent is that recorded by the Rev. F. W. Hope (in Stephens Haust., 2: 198), who states that it was found at Gravesend (in 1828). Subsequently the moth was noted as follows:—(1853): Tenterden (div. 14) (Beale, Zoologist, 4130). 1862: St. Margaret’s Bay (West Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1910-11: 103). 1869: Uphill, near Alkham, October 1 (Briggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 6: 141). 1271: Dover, September 5 (White, Entomologist, 5: 412); Belvedere (div. 1) (Wood, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 111). 1873: Cobham (div. 6a), two, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). - 1874:Folkestone Warren, September, one taken, several others seen (Ullyett, Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 210); Folkestone Warren, one, October 26 (Blackall, Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 210); Alkham Valley, October 28 (Briggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 11: 157); one in R.C.K., “Dover, 11.8.1874, G. Wood” (C.-H.). (1874): Deal (Stevens, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1874: xxiii). 1876: In R.C.K., one, Folkestone, September (C.-H.); in Selwyn Image coll., ©, “Kent, Folkestone, Oct. 1876, Austen, C. A. Briggs c.”, 9, “Kent, Fclkestone, 13.10.76, Austen, C. A. Briggs c.” (C.-H.); Deal, one, R. Har- bour, Briggs coll. (Stevens, Cat. P. B .Mason coll. Sale, March 14-15, 1905, 21) (probably the one recorded by Harbour in Entomologist, 14: 18). [18762]: Folkestone, “W. J. Austen, the professional, told me that one year he had 8 specimens in October, some taken by him and some brought to him by people who found them on rocks on the beach” (A. M. Morley, in litt.). 1880: Near Dover, September 12 (Austen, Entomologist, 13: 241); Folkestone, October 8 (Melville, Entomologist,, 13: 281). ec. 1880: Herne Bay, one taken by W. Bowes (A. J. L. Bowes coll. now in R.C.K.). 1885: Folkestone, September 7 (Chittenden, Entomologist, 18: 262). 1886: Near Folkestone, June 1 (Salwey, Entomologist, 19: 169); Diggles Folly, Dover, one, June (Tulloch, Entomologist, 60: 164); St. Margaret’s Bay, one captured at rest “on a piece of seaweed”, by Mr. Hanson of Plumstead, and exhibited at Haggerstone ent. Soc., November 1886 (Anderson, Young Nat., 7: 247); Dover (Skinner, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1887: 74); Ramsgate (Wood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1886: 18; idem, Entomologist, 19: 280); Ramsgate, taken by Mr. Buckmaster (Waterhouse, Proc. ent. Soc. Lond., 1886: liii); Folkestone, August (Burr,, Ent. mon. Mag., 24: 132). 1887: W. A. Cope told me that while staying at Ramsgate in Septem- ber 1887, he was shown two freshly caught pulchella, one of which had just been taken at ivy blossom (C.-H.); Poulton, one in R.C.K., “Taken at Poulton, nr. Dover, Oct. 19 ,’87, by Mr. Marsh” (C.-H.). 1890: One in R.C.K., Folkestone, June (C.-H.). 1892: St. Margarets Bay. ore, May 28, one, May 30 (Williams, Entomologist, 25: 167); Shorncliffe, May 29 (Partridge, Ent. mon. Mag., 28: 191); Folkestone, May, specimens by Messrs. Hills and Gordon (Proc. Folkestone nat. Hist. Soc., 1892: 26); Dungeness, June 1 (Postans, Ent. Rec., 3: 131); Smeeth (div. 12), June 4 (le Grice, Ent. Rec., 3: 159); Folkestone, August i7 (Austen, Entomologist, 25: 288; idem, Ent. Rec., 3: ; “ > | c 4 a "5 ed: Se as ENTOMOLOGIST’S GAZETTE A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY Well illustrated Subscription: 42/- per year Free Sample Copy sent on request 22 Harlington Road East, Feltham, Middlesex, England EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Entomological Cabinets, one 20 Drawers, one 17 Drawers, and one 16 Drawers. Easy payments if required.—R. W. Watson, ‘‘Porcorum,”’ Sandy Down, Boldre, near Lymington, Hants. IRISH LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS.—No comprehensive catalogue of Irish macrolepidoptera has been published since Lt. Col. C. Donovan’s List in 1936. I am now engaged in the preparation of a revised List, and in order that it may be as up to date as possible, I should be most grateful for any records from lepidopterists who have collected in Ireland since the date of Col. Donovan’s publication. Full acknowledg- ment will be made. E. S. A. BAYNES 2 Arkendale Road, Glengeary, Co. Dublin, Eire Lepidoptera of the Isle of Wight.—_I am preparing a new County list using a card index, and would be most grateful for records since 1906 of ALL species with FULL data (e.g. numbers of commoner species are important).—R. P. Knill- Jones, ‘‘Brooklands”’, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. For Sale.—Collection of British Butterflies and Moths, in good condition, all contained in a Handsome Solid-Mahogany 42-Drawer Cabinet of unique design.—_E. P. Page, 3 Chase Road, Epsom, Surrey. 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