frat ten oe Lstphae Wed sons aha oe wey women cata erry Wea ct oe SAR Pa " uw u Ke, Ie Po ears my tan te owe ty Se A Sg WM te HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Ms Entomologist’s Record AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. Vol. 85 1973 Price £4.50 net Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) away from salt marshes. I. A. Watkinson, 245 Aglais urticae and Nymphalis io L. at Slapton Beach S. Devon in 1973. H. L. O’Heffernan, 298 Agrilus biguttatus (Col. Buprestidae) at Windsor; with some account of its history in Britain, A. A. Allen, 12 Agrius convolvuli (L.) in S. Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan, 298 Alps in June July 1971. A holiday in or near the Western. E. P. Wilt- shire, 41 Amathes (Paradiarsia) glareosa (Esper) f. edda Staudinger on the mainland of Scotland. H. B. D. Kettlewell and C. Gibson, 240 Anarta myrtilli (L.) (Lep: Noctuidae) attracted to M.V. Light. B. K. West, 267 Aneurus Curtis 1825, from Nepal (Hemiptera: Aradidae). A new species of the genus. N. A. Kor- : milev and Ernst Heiss, 141 Anthocharis cardamines L., ab. deco- lorata Caruel in Sussex. C. Pratt, 244 Anthocharis damone Boisduval from Greece (Lep.: Pieridae). The larva of. J. G. Coutsis, 127 Aphantopus hyperantus L. oviposit- ing. C. F. Cowan, 228 Argema kuhnei Pinhey and A. mimo- sae (Bdv.) (Lepidoptera Saturnii- dae)—a comparison. D. G. Sevas- topulo, 242 Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lep. Satur- niidae). Further notes on. K. W. Kuhne, 27 Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lep. Satur- niidae). Notes on the African lunar moth. D. G. Sevastopulo, 67 eens paphia arrives. C. F. Cowan, 245 Argynnis selene (D. & Schiff.). Second brood. C. Pratt, 31 Australia. Collecting again in South. P. C. Hawker, 189 Autographa bractea D. & S. and Hyles galliti Rottemburg in the New Forest. L. W. Siggs, 225 Autographa bractea D. & S. in Gla- morgan and Staffordshire. R. G. Warren, 270 CONTENTS III CONTENTS Autographa bractea D. & S. in Gloucestershire in 1972 and 1973. Further observations on. J. New- ton, 290 Autographa bractea D. & S. in Gloucestershire in 1972 and 1973. R. P. Demuth, 225 Autographa bractea D. & S. in War- wickshire. David Brown, 270 Blackberries as an attraction for moths. E. P. Wiltshire, 297 British Auctions of Natural History Collections. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 56 British Butterflies in 1972. Observa- tions on. A. P. Gainsford, 128, 139 Butterflies in 1971. Observations on British. C. J. Luckens, 18, 84 Butterflies in late summer. C. G. Lip- scomb, 32 Callicera spinolae Rondani—Extended range of. C. O. Hammand, 22 Caloptilia stigmatella Fabr. (Lep. Gracillariidae). John L. Gregory, 31 Castalius hintza (Trimen) (Lep. Lycaenidae) from South West Africa. A new race of. C. G. C. Dickson, 137 Catalonia in June 1971. Butterflies collected in. O. Kudrna, 81 Charaxes brutus Cr., alcyone Stone- ham, f. nigribasalis f. nov. (Lepi- doptera Nymphalidae). D. G. Sevastopulo, 197 Chrysoteuchia culmella (L.) (Lep. Crambinae). A note on. Neville L. Birkett, 214 Clostera curtula Linn. on Romney Marsh. R. E. Scott, 133 Coenonympha: A mixed population of arcania, darwiniana and gar- .detta. A. Bedford Russell, 229 Colias croceus Fourc. and other but- terflies in Dorset in September 1973. C. G. M. de Worms, 268 Competition in Butterflies. D. G. Sevastopulo, 247 Collecting and Observation notes, 1972. D. M. Richardson and K. Bevan, 121 Cornwall, 1973. Lepidoptera of South and Central. E. H. Wild and J. E. Marshal, 273 Corrections. pp. 37, 48, 164 IV CONTENTS Corsica 1972. Notes on the butter- flies of. A. L. & M. N. Panchen, 149, 198 Crete in late June, 1973. L. G. Hig- gins, 291 Cucullia verbasci Linn. on Romney Marsh. R. E. Scott, 106 Current Literature, 72, 136, 159, 203, 248, 272, 299, 300 Denzil’s Dreadful Disappointment. D. Wo a. ffennell, 155 Diamond back moth. An immigra- tion of? Neville L. Birkett, 227 Diptera in France during May and early June 1971. Collecting mainly. P. J. Chandler, 253 Dioryctria abietella D. & S. (Lep. Phycitinae) in West Somerset. H. M. Chappel, 155 Diptera (Dolocopvodidae). Some Not- tinghamshire. O. M. White, 217 Distribution Maps scheme. The social and solitary wasp and bee, 175 Editorial. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 154 Egira conspicillaris L. (Lev. Noctui- dae) in Monmouthshire. G. A. Neil Horton, 203 Erannis defoliaria (Clerck), in S. Westmorland. Early appearance of. J. Briggs, 272 Erynnis tages L. in Lancashire. K. Bevan & D. M. Richmond, 267 Erythroneura cassiae Ahmed. On the Cicadellid. A. G. Sohi & V: C. Kapoor, 217 Essex, 1971. Mainly South. R. Tomlin- son, 14 Euhyponomeuta stannella (Thun- berg) (Lep. Hyponomeutidae) in Dovedale. R. G. Warren, 225 Genetalic slide prevarations. A be- ginner’s guide to. D. M. Kroon, ZS Grecian Butterflies. Additional Re- cords 1972. List of. J. G. Coutsis, 165 Green pupae. An Old Moth Hunter, 53 Halictus (Seladonia) Jucundus komen- sis Cockerell (Hvm. Apoidea, Andrenidae). G. H. Cunningham van Sommeren, 47, 99 Hemaris fuciformis Linn. in Hamp- shire. L. W. Siaas, 203 Herse convolvuli L. in Buckingham- shire in 1973, 270 Hydrillula palustris Hitibn. (Lep. Caradrinidae) in Lincolnshire. D. O’Keeffe, 55 Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (Lep. Larentiinae). Flight Habits of. E. P. Wiltshire, 202 Hyles euphorbiae L., Spruge Hawk, in Surrey. E. H. Wild, 202 Hyles gallii Rottemburg and other Lepidoptera in North Wales. H. N. Michaelis, 226 Hyles gallii (Rott.) and Macroglossum stellatarum (L) larvae in N. Lancs. J. Briggs, 2i2 Hyles gallii Rott. An infertile fe- male. K. G. W. Evans, 298 Hyles gallii Rottemburg (Bedstraw Hawk) in Flintshire. P. J. Baker, 1a Hyles gallii Rottemburg in Argyll- shire. R. Tomlinson, 225 Hyles gallii Rottemburg in Hamp- shire. H. G. M. Middleton, 216 Hyles gallii Rottemburg in Northum- berland and Durham. A. G. Long, 245 Hyles gallii (Rott.) in Cornwall. F. H. N. Smith, 269 Hyles gallii Rott. in Sussex. C. Pratt, 247 Hyles gallii Rott. in south Westmor- land. J. Briggs, 247 Hyles gallii Rott. in Worcestershire. G. J. James, 247 Hyles gallii Rott. in Yorkshire. N. Gill, 244 Hyles gallii (Rott.) larvae in York- shire. N. Gill, 271 Hypena crassalis Fabricius (Lep:. Hypeninae) in Kent. R. R. Cook, 154 Hyperantus R. TosP. \@harlesy ¥-. Cowan, 276 Identification. A guide to sending in- sects for. V. C. Kapoor, 186 Ireland, 1972. H. C. Huggins, 65 Isogebus nubecula Newman in Flint- shire (Plecoptera, Parlodidae). A. Brindle, 50 Jassid. A nomenclatural correction. N. P. Choppa, 88 Krueperi Stgr. (Lev. Pieridae). The pupa of Pieris. John G. Coutsis, 290 Lampides boeticus (L.) The Long tailed blue, in Warwickshire. David Brown, 269 Lasiocampa quercus L. ssp. callunae Palmer in Caithness, Scotland. A melanic larva of. H. B. D. Kettle- well, 233 Late dates for 1972. Some. C. G. M. de Worms, 32 Lepidoptera in Britain during 1972. C. G. M. de Worms 100 Leucania unipuncta on the Island of Canna‘in January.” J. in Com@p- bell, 107 Lyonetia clerkella L. (Lep: Lyoneti- dae). J. L. Gregory, 68 Lyonetia clerkella L. (Lep: Lyoneti- dae). R. G. Warren, 218 CONTENTS V Macroglossum stellatarum L. in Dor- : set and Hyles gallii Rott. in Devon. P. J. Renshaw, 246 Macrolepidoptera 1972, My experi- ences with the. B. G. Withers, 168, 169 Malaya, August 1972. A brief collect- ing tour in. C. G. M. de Worms, 205, 238 Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae). Temperature Effects on. G. Thomson, 109 Macroma melanopus Shaum (Coleop- tera Scraboeoidae: Cetoniidae). Variation in the pronotal spots in. R. K. Kacker, 241 Marpesiinae and Eunicinidae (Lep. Nymphalidae). Biological evi- dence of relationship between. D. G. Sevastopulo, 133 Micronecta scutellaris (Stal) (Hemip- tera, fam. Corixidae). Sex ratio in the population of. J. M. Julka. 125 Middle Atlas. A further visit, May- June 1972. C. G. M. de Worms, 24 Migrant Lepidoptera in Hereford- shire 1972. M. W. Harper, 68 Migration in Wales, Sentember 1973. J. B. Fisher, 299 Monomorium indicum Forel (Hymen- optera: Formicidae). B. L. Bra- doo & R. K. Bradoo, 117 Montenegro, July 1972. R. F. Brether- ton, 1 Mythimna (Leucania) l-album (Linn.) in Sussex. I. A. Watkinson, 268 Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) and other Lepidoptera on the Isle of Canna. J. L. Campbell, 298 Nepticula aurella (Fab.) in Scotland. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 266 Nepticulidae. Derbyshire. J. M. Chal- mers-Hunt, 293 Nepticulidae II. Notes on the British. Tis 176, 278 New Forest mercury vapour light _records for 1972. L. W. Siggs, 92 Nymphalis antiopa L. in Cornwall in 1973. F. H. N. Smith, 244 Nyumphalis antiopa (L.), the Camber- well Beauty, in Kent in 1973. D. Burrows, 269 Nymphalis polychloros L. in South Essex. H. C. Huggins, 225 Ochropleura plecta L. ab. rubricosta Fuchs in Devon. J. W. Phillips, a2 Orange tin (Euchloe cardamines L.) Ovipositing on Dame’s Violet (Hesperigs matronalis). J. H. Payne, 106 Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiib- ner in Kent. D. Burrows, 246 Pararge aegeria (L.) in Scotland. Ex- tension of range of. E. C. Pelham- Clinton, 226 Phaeomyia fuscipennis Mg. (Dip: Sciomyzidae). O. M. White, 202 Plemyria rubiginata (D. & S.) ab. egregia ab. nov. G. H. Marillier, 262 Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella in S. Devon. H. L O’ Heffernan, 297 Plusia gamma L. and other moths at Portland, September 1973. Abun- dance of. C. G. M. de Worms, 271 Plusia interrogationis L. in Norfolk. C. G. M. de Worms, 107 Polyphaga aegytiaca (L.) (Orthop- tera: Polyphagidae). J. M. Chal- mers-Hunt, 68 Radnorshire 1971. An Entomologist in. L. K. Evans, 33 Records of Microlepidoptera for the County of Somerset. New. A. M. Emmet, 62 Robinson pattern moth trap. Trial modifications of the. C. Pratt, 120 Rhodometra sacraria (L.) in North Lancs. and South Westmorland. J. Briggs, 270 Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus (Lep. Ophiderinae) on Populus. S. N. A. Jacobs, 246 Shimba Hills. Butterflies of the. D. G. Sevastopulo, 263 South African Rhopalocera (Lep.) Notes on. D. M. Kroon, 57 Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) in N. Lan- cashire. A late date for. J. Briggs, 270 Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955, a synonym of Pantala flavescens (Fabr.) (Odonata: Libellulidae) Tandrib Ranjan Mitra, 30 Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff. in Northamptonshire. D. W. Kydd, 31 Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher (Lep: Pterophoridae) in Staffordshire. R. G. Warren, 226 Summer. The long, hot. R. Harring- ton, 269 Tachinidae. Some records of bred. T. H. Ford, 288 taeniaticeps (Kirschbaum) with de- scription of a new species of Erythroneura Fitch (Cicadel- lidae Armoptera) from India. A new record of. A. S. Sohi & V. C. Kapoor, 294 VI CONTENTS Teleiodes (Telphusa) alburnella Zell. in Hampshire. L. W. Siggs, 135 Thecla betulae (L.) in Devon. Peter Hogg, 271 They were Irish Gannets. H. C. Hug- gins, 234 Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Small Skiper) in numbers in Devon at damp sand. D. Burrows, 246 Torynesis Butler (Lepidoptera: Saty- ridae) with observations on some related taxa. A new species of. C. G. C. Dickson, 284 Ventoux, 1972. Mont. L. McLeod, 211 Warwickshire and beyond, 1972. D. Brown, 94 White Speck moth and Kent Black Arches in Surrey. R. Fairclough, 135 Wingless moth at light. A. P. A. Sokoloff, 154 Wingless moths and a frog at the light trap. R. F. Bretherton, 227 Xenophagy. An unusual instance of. A. M. Emmet, 134 Zygaena (Agrimenia) youngi Roths- child (Lep: Zygaenidae) H. & G. Reiss, 115 Zygaena fauna of the neighbourhood of Lake Van in Asia Minor (Lep: Zygaenidae). On the H. & G. Reiss, 191 Zygaena lonicerae Scheven. Notes on the pupation of. I. C. Beavis, 267 Zygaena (Mesembrynus) adsharica Reiss (Lep: Zygaenidae): De- scription of two new races. On. H. & G. Reiss, 89 Zygaena (Zygaena) viciae Dennis & Schiffermuller in Asia Minor (Lep. Zygaenidae). Description of a new subspecies of. H. & G. Reiss, 146 OBITUARY NOTICES Geoffrey Alfred Cole, 157 Clifford Edwards (1886-1972), 69 Commander Geoffrey Withington Harper, 156 Sir Compton MacKenzie, 107 Arthur Macdonell Morley (1879- 1972), 70 Arthur Thomas Postans, 135 AUTHORS Allen, A. A., 12 Bakery s gos Beavis, I. C., 267 Bedford-Russell, A., 229 Bevan, K., 121, 267 Birkett, N. L., 214, 227 Bradoo, B. mht? Bradoo, R. K., 117 Bretherton, R. F., 227 Briggs, J., 247, 270, 272 Brindle, A., 50 Brown, D., 94, 269, 270 Burrows, D., 246, 269 Campbell, J. L., 107, 298 Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 56, 68, 154, 268, 293 Chandler, P. J., 253 Chappel, H. M., 155 Choppa, N. P., 88 Cook, R. R., 154 Coptsis.” W215. lent, Abd. OO Cowan, C. F., 228, 245, 276 Demuth, R. P., 225 Dickson, C. G. C., 137, 284 Emmet, A. M., 62, 79, 134. 176, 278 Evans, K. G. W., 298 EVans, Logika no Fairclough, R., 135 ffennell, D. W. H., 155 Fisher, J. B., 299 Ford, ‘Toe. 288 Gainsford, A. P., 128, 139 Gibson, C., 240 Gill, N., 244, 271 Gregory, J. L., 31, 68 Hammond, C. O., 22 Harper, M. W., 68 Harrington, R., 269 Hawker, P. C., 189 Heiss, Ernst, 141 Higgins, L. G., 291 Horton, G. A. Neil, 203 Huggins, H. C., 65, 225, 234 Jacobs, S. N. A., 246 James, C. J., 247 Julka, J. M., 125 Kacker, R. K., 241 Kapoor, V. C., 186, 217, 294 Kettlewell, H. B. D., 233, 240 Kormilev, N. A., 141 Kroon, D. M., 57, 215 Kudrna, O., 81 Kuhne, K.W., 27 Kydd, D. W., 81 Lipscomb, C. G., 32 Long, A. G., 245 Luckens, C. J., 18, 84, 181 Marillier, G. H.,. 262 Marshall, J. E., 273 McLeod, L., 211 Michaelis, H. N., 226 Middleton, H. G. M., 216 Mitra, T. R., 30 Newton, J., 290 O’Heffernan, H. L., 297, 298 O’Keeffe, D., 55 Olg Moth Hunter, 53 Panchen, A. L., 141, 198 Panchen, M. N., 141, 198 Payne, J. H., 106 CONTENTS VIi Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 226 Phillips, J. W., 32 Pratt, C., 31, 120, 244, 247 Reiss, G., 89, 115, 146, 191 Reiss, H., 89, 115, 146, 191 Renshaw, P. J., 246 Richmond, D. M., 121, 267 Scott, R. E., 106, 133, 225 Sevastopulo, D. G., 67, 133, 197, 242, 263 Siggs, L. W., 92, 135, 203 Smith, F. H. N., 244, 269 Sohi, A. S., 217, 194 Sokoloff, P. A., 154 Thomson, G., 109, 225 van Someren, G. H. C., 47, 99 Warren, R. G., 218, 225, 226, 270 Watkinson, I. A., 119, 245, 268 West, B. K., 267 White, O. M., 202, 217 Wild, E. H., 202, 273 Wiltshire, E. P., 41, 202, 297 Withers, B. G., 168, 219 Worms, C. G. M. de, 24, 32, 100, 107, 205, 238, 268 271 ROT SM cat Ras ant Hod seis erie) anit he ibasnpristet ae ‘ab “oi pe a ra Sood ane eR: 7. i Cig peaataaysr x “oh a) vie ner Neer 4 | SNER ian CMC | ABIGE a ee Date i etic eae OK es needy! I &U th ae ee exit winched Ley Oey ASe Ae S92 ot) eerie gat ae Bil. oe ae ponalatn x ae Tis £08 A Dah} 3. ES OR: RE ca babi el S| Be ey ey > ¥ ae iy 7 ¥ a B “ a aihtas iy A ae hi a ee Nig Fry ' & ‘ by Ae * ay ) * " 4 ha " i q 4 a ZN re ke Tee wer, i ; 4 ‘ 2 aay. it, < Pie 4 He fo AP ti . aoe Vi of WERE Pf om 4 ¢ # be } ad a H : & por’ wah 3 B 4 4 mk j "> ei we yar yp id cal E , ‘ N ale a i : rf | re ee, Gok ae | , ” pe: Veiute ks oe ¥ 7 “4 i ‘ ery hs ey AA ) ae Are | : a!) oe RB oe) , 3 ‘ >, ie he gee ten ae ght 3 “eer. i ye ay Re SN : a Ms y ee a ees ea | io ‘. A. as ‘fs ae. Rady Aenea The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation SPECIAL INDEX Vol. 85, 1973 For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of “A Check List of British Insects’, Part 2, 1972 by Kloet & Hincks. has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. PAGE LEPIDOPTERA abbreviata (Eupithecia) ........ 100 abencerragus (Philotes) ........ 24 abdelkader (Berberia) .......... 25 abietella (Dioryctria) .. 38, 68, 155, 274 abruptaria (Menophra) ........ 15 astra (Cucuilia) 2.0... .'. 105, 271 aeeris CS eronicta) 0201000 es 96 aceris (satisemella) 255... .0..00 0. 281 acteon (Thymelicus) 11, 84, 184, 185 adippe (Argynnis) 5, 8, 87, 96, 124, 132, 247 adsnanicn (Ayesena) cs. 2.2.0. e8. 89 adustay Gslepharita) 22s... .. 45, 96 agustata Gaiadia) .-170, 173, 174, 275 advena (O. opima) advena (P. bombycina) advenaria: (Cepphis) |)... 6)... 2. 170 aegeria (Pararge) 9, 19, 20, 83, 101, 113, 123, 124, 128, 140, 151, 153, 181, 182. 198, 199, 20U, 226, 276 aeneella (Stigmella) ............ 176 CRUISING) soa. os 2 see eee fi aescularia (Alsophila) ...... 168, 289 aestivaria (Hemithea) .. 93, 103, 274 aetherie (Melitaea) ............ 24 aeinops (hrebia)...:...... 9, 124, 185 affinitatum (Perizoma) ...... LZ. 2D Seema (MCSHA) casts ce = 223 agestis (Aricia) 10, 19, 20, 45, 465, Bi) 128) 124.0940, 153, 182, 199 aglaja (Argynnis) 3, 8, 34, 42, 45, 84, 85, 87, 104, 131, 132, 183, 247, 276 alberganus (Erebia) ...... 43, 44, 46 albicillata (Mesoleuca) .. 96, 174, 221 albifasciella (Ectoedemia) ...... 63 alpmnacula -(Hademayy 2x12 + a0. ula! albiseata. (Hascelina): . ..4 «as. j.266 239 albovenosa (Simyra) .......... 96, 97 albula (Meganola) .......... 1355173 ALpMIataeGPerizoOma) .... 02% dit. 46 alburnella (Teleiodes) .......... 135 alceae (Carcharodus) 11, 84, 152, 199 alcesta CLeptosia)... jer. «2 bis armie» 265 Weetas CEVELeS) yh tts te ati as 212 alchemillata (Perizoma) 37, 103, 275 alciphron (Lycaena) ...... 3, 4, 10 alcippe (Phalantha) alteom (Maenlinea) ..2i.2 2.2. 5.4 40 alfaroi (Allophyes) Where the contributor PAGE ali c. 6 ocscs. 210 anomeala: .(Stilpiay oh: ta 223, 299 antevippe: (@alatishr. 3: [ou ees 265 anthelea (Pseudochazara) ...... 165 antilope (Hypolimnas) 207, 210 antimachus; (Papihigie... 2)... 264 antiopa (Nymphalis) .. 5, 8, 244, 269 apicalis (Nyctemera) .......... 243 apollo (Parnassius) ..3, 7; 42, 48, 45, 211 aprilina (Dichonia) .......... 18, 224 aptata: (Colostieia) pee. ae 46 arcania (Coenonympha) .. 9, 46, 229 arcuatella (Ectoedemia) 83, 180, 278 areola” Otylocamipa). 7.-... . . sae 100 argentipedella (Dechtiria) ...... 282 argia* (Nephergnia), ..... 2.) oe 266 arsiades) CEVEres)i ooo. ob a 212 argiolus (Celastrina) 7, 10, 19, 20, 46, 83, 87, 121, 128, 151, 181, 185, 199, 227 argus (Plebejus) 10, 86, 102, 103, 104, 123,131, 132, 133, .153, 184. 199 ATIBGNE! CATIAGIG) Ka 5. ave %ayaac ake 210 arion (Maculinea) 3, 10, 43, 46, 84, 85, 139, 183, 236, 252 aristaeus (Hipparchia) 25, 152, 153, 198, 199, 293 armigera (Helicoverpa) ........ 155 armoricanus (PyrguS) .......... 10 BESINOES:): -CVIIGULADy w igs x9 vm wernt 210 artaxerwes CATIGIA) <2 wae Aiea ot 46 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE ASHWoOrthit, (eestia) 22 Fo ee 96 ASpASIA CV AGaAUS ia 2 Bie ac ak 210 Assuitas -Caehoatnis). 234023 Sees 239 asteris AC uewiiia)) 255 02 ete 17, 93; 103 atalanta (Vanessa) 8, 34, 65, 82, 38; 105; 125," 140; 151, 152,785. 199, 211, 223, 225, 246, 268, 274 276, athalia (Mellicta) 8, 46, 84, 85, 86, 95, 130, 131, 132, 139, 182, athamas CPolytira) sys hee ek ck 206, Atlantica», Clebicula)4.5.04% .¢ 25, atlantis (Pseudochazara) ........ SELES, AUP EIS) (tee eects sts! coh wes atomaria (Ematurga) ........ 1d. atratal (OGSZIAD ia Pre cys ce i: ae Be atricollis (Ectoedemia) ...... 62, ALY MOUS ACORN 5 oi) -) hes 3 weyers aweias: CPSWECtAN 2 ho shee As Bee aucur .(Graphiphora) |.2.52% -625:3 aurace, CXntiaia) so 2.024 5 ie Ge eee aurantiaria (Agriopis) 170, aurella (Nepticula) ..78, 79, 176, auresiana (Argynnis) auricoma (Acronycta) aurifera (D. orichalcea) aurinia (Euphydras) 18, 46, 88, 106, 108), 422. 130, (13%) too: 183, aurorina (Colitas) js6\ 0353 foc es anrota. (Ana pnaeis)) cs... ¢enae ausonia (Euchloé) 24, 43, 45, 127, australis (Aporophila) autumnaria (Ennomos) auxo (Colotis) aversata (Idaea) 37, 47, 93, 94, azela VELOCE). Bc aia sen eee baboulti (Syntarucus) ees ee ee eae badiata (Anticelea) ........ 100, ada CROSEAY eee co aot A nrc 35, Daldus (“CYpraimMa) 8 oc se vod coke barbalis (P. strigilata) pathseba: ((Pyronia)” 2 ot. 22s eu bathy cles (Grape | i... ae. batis (Tiyatita)....0., 55,1 0a. dae, Aton CP HMOtES) ois. ne ee teen avis CPRNGEES) Uo vie (Berizoma).: .2..5%- 93, 222 Gitinis® (COSMiIA) 2 janis Bocce es 98, 275 digramma (Euproctis) .......... 239 diluta (Cymatophorina) 18, 222, 223, 224 ailutata Cipirrita)c: clicesct.. vie 105 dilutella (Pempelia) ........ 67, 236 Gimidiata »@idaea) 2.2 ...08-.: 37, 274 diocletianus (Euploea) ........ 207 dipsacea (H. viriplaca) Girtea. (Buthaiia)> 27 Jone 298, 210 discigeria (Plutodes) .......... 239 discorides (Ampittia) .......... 238 dispar ‘(Ly mantria) (2.00. 5. 22h 11 dissoluta (Archanara) ...... 56, 97 distinetata) CAleucis): ........ 15, 169 distinguenda (Stigmella) 64, 281 ditrapezium (Xestia) ........ 35, 97 divisella ,@iompha)) =... Sscutee 72 dodonaea (Drymonia) 122, 170, 173 dolabraria (Plagodis) .......... 102 domestica (Cryphia) ........ 32.215 Gora, (ZAStasay ste bakes e tees 72 dorus (Coenonympha) .......... 83 dorylas (Plebicula) ........ LO. 225 GotatavyGLuVwAsyy 8H. 2 «cede Ss cee 239 CORO MOVIE 5 sso) 5 we one see 264 dromedarius (Notodonta) .. 34, 219, 275 aryas (MInOIS)). 0a ceteespe < Bin D dubiosa, CNaceduba) (2222.82; : 238 dubitella (Phyllonorycter) .... 64 dulcella (Nepticula) ...... 79, 176 duplaris (Ochropacha) .... 221, 235 duryodana -GVepis), .../2e%% Js. « 210 dysodea (Hecatera) ............ 47 eburnata (I. contiguaria) egea’ (Polyeonia) : (a iiu. si). . 2 sede 8 elinguaria (Crocallis) ...... 31, 103 elisa. (habriciana)).5.\) 2\.\4¢% 198, 199 elpenor (Deilephila) 15, 34, 65, 10223111, 42207275 PAGE emargana .(Acleris))).. 22. 3eu2een 276 emarginata. (idaca)® 223222. oe 17 emolus’ (Athema) ’ «2 }te. see ee 238 emortualis (Trisateles) 173,221 emutaria ‘(Scopula)”’-3. oe. 16 epaphia (Appias) 22 e-eeaes 264 ephialtes (Zygaena) ...... 6, 11; 243 epiphron (Erebia) ©" 22.2 se.2-- 4, 9 epistygne ‘(Erebia)\” 32's 25-—ee 211 epomidion (A. characterea) eremita (Dryobotodes) .. 17, 18, 224 7 ergame (Pieris) [x32 >-s¢. ee eriphia (Pinacopteryx) ........ 265 eris (Colotis) .( Lee 266 erosaria (finnomos) 2-2 cee 32 erxlebella (Roeslenstammia) .... 63 erymanthis (Cupha) ease oeeee 210 escheri (Lysandra)” 2222 a-aeeeee 83 esculi (Strymon) ~~ 2-7 oc 83 eucharis (Colotis) 3. 3-5 s5eee eee 265 eumedon (Eumedonia) ........ 43 eumolphus (Arhopala) ........ 238 eupheme (Zegris) .............: 24 eupheno (Anthocharis) 24, 25 euphorbiae (Acronicta) 44, 45 euphorbiae (Hyles). 2... 4225 oe 202 euphrosyne (Boloria) 8, 19, 20, 34, 46, 101, 129, 130, 170, 171, 182, 183; 235 euryale (Erebia). 2.0522) oe: 3, 6,9 evagore (Colotis)...3¢>:522eeee 266 evemon (Graphium) ........ 207, 209 evidens (Sideridis). .22.33032-8 47 evippe: (Colotis). .4..246225aeeeee 265 evombar (Papilio)...2352.—-o3e 264 evonymella (Yponomeuta) .. 43, 47 exanthemata (Cabera) .... 37, 275 exclamationis (Agrotis).. 35, 47, 275 fagsana- (Pseudoips) 223222 500e28 16 fagi (Stauropus) ........ 34, 170, 173 faleataria. (Drepana) 2eeeeeee 35, 123 fascelina (Dasychira) 6, 11, 103, 171 fasciana (L. pygarga) fasciaria (Hylaea) 11, 37, 103, 124, 275 fasciata CYpthima) {s¢2e@-eeeneee 210 fasciuncula (Oligia) «22.2.8 36, 276 favicolor (Mythimna) ...... 16, 245 fausta. (Zygaena) ./:ise2e0. ee 213 feisthameli (Iphiclides) ........ 25 ferrago (Mythimna) ........ 36, 275 ferrugalis (Udea) © ic2¢ 2.62: see 274 ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) .... 37, 274 ferruginea (Rusina) ............ 36 ferula (Satyrus) o:seeeh eee 5 ee festucae (Plusia) 36, 66, 122, 123, 220 filigrammaria (Epirrita) chatGeaiede 222 filipendulae (Zygaena) .. 11, 195, 213 fimbriata, CNoctua) 3, eeaeeee 25, 210 firmata (Thera). .i:... 173, 219, 223 flammen ,(Panolis). (225 73heee 95, 169 flammeolaria (Hydrelia) . .) T7275 flammea (Senta) ...2.28sit eae 96 SPECIAL INDEX 5 PAGE mavasor (GOrtyna) . 06.20.65 s066s 222 faves, (OVecyna). ...is.. sees es 11 mavieincta (Polymixis) .......... 105 mayvicinctata (Entephria) ........ 158 flavicornis (Achlya) 95, 100, 121, 168 Mavesena (Caragrina) |. .:..%%\. «=. 45 Hayiventris (Conopia) .......... 100 mavotasciata (Prizoma) 172, 220, 275 Havevittata (Padraone) ........ 190 mesgas, (ZEMECTOS) 0.0260. -.56+ 05 238 Mexia Cuaspeyria) .........¢ 16, 103 aanelion (Catopsilia). .....0....<- 266 floslactella (Nepticula) 134, 283 muctuata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 274 Huctuosa (Tetheella) Cio fan hua “CEROLGOES) ......0+-++- 94, 97 Zotnealis (Bwergestis) .......... 274 formosana (Enarmonia) ........ 38 forsskaleana (Croesia) .......... 267 forsterana (Lozotaznia) ........ 276 fragariella (Nepticula) 62, 63, 79, 176 BE-xinaie (© atocala) 2... . = 158, 234 BueItormis “CLHICMArIS) .......... 203 paeosa CAmphipoea) ............ 245 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) .. 275, 289 Pelvata (Cidaria) .......... 37, 46 mimpiiga (COATLONA) ~:.5..2-6..0 6558 239 MMe DrIS CANaNia) ollie... ss. 236 furcata (Hydriomena) 37, 202, 221, 222, 274, 289 mInmci@lcad GHARDYIA) ....2.2...0 222 97 furva (Apamea) ........ Ja, 36; (07 SIISG@ 2p, Use) etn as eee 38 mrseantaria (HNNOMOS) ..02.....: 53 fuscocuprella (Coleophora) .... 134 fusconebulosa (Hepialus) .. 38, 219 fuscovenosa (Idaea) ........ 96, 220 fuscum (Mycalesis) ............ 210 zalathea (Melanargia) 5, 8, 25, 26, 46, 85, 86, 87, 104, 132, 133, 174, 184, 212, 228 (Epirrhoé) 46, 97, 219, 223, 274 galiata galii (H. gallii) pliiean (Ay aaena) 9i62... iscsi. 213 gallii (Hyles) 65. 66, 68, 105, 106, 125 133.216, °220,- 225, 226: 234, 244, 245, 246, 247, 269, 2g 2h 298 gamma (Autographa) 11, 17, 36, 46, 65, 68, 94, 102, 105, 135, 227, 269, 271, 276, 289, 297, 298 gardetta (Coenonympha) .... 46, 229 Bei CNepticula) 24. .86 ese 79. 176 geniculea (Agriphila) .......... 274 geniculella (Phyllonorycter) .... 62 geometrica (Grammodes) ...... 73 gerningana (Philedone) ........ 38 sibraltarica (Zygaena) .......... 26 midica (Anaphaeis)........02....... 264 gilvago (Xanthia) ....... mie A oak 125 gilvaria (Aspitates) ........ iy Gi p glareosa (Paradiarsia) 17, 97, 157, 222, 223, 240 glaucinarius (Gnophos) glaucippe (Hebomonia) .... 206, 209 glauconome (Pontia) ..2)......-. 265 glycerion (C. tullia) slyphica (Hetypa): ovo jose sis 46 enomanx (Pheosiadirs: 25) 2am 34, 275 goedartella (Argyresthia) ...... 39 force: (brebia)s inset eas! 4, 9 Sothies (Or those weet > ne 101 eracilis (Orthosia) .... 101, 103, 214 eraccaCBoloria) jira. . hos 4, 166 graminis (Cerapteryx) 35, 93, 275 griseata (Timandra) ........ 37, 94 erisella, (Achroia): <2. Yau seeds wt 274 griseola (Eilema) 94, 97, 267, 275 grossulariata (Abraxas) 37, 235, 275, 289 halterata (Lobophora) .......... 15 hamana (Agapeta) .......... 38, 276 baring “Gandacay. 22 eee 210 harpagula (Paleodrepana) ...... 219 hastata (Rheumaptera) ........ 46 hawequas (Torynesis) .......... 284 haworthiata (Eupithecia) .. 174, 275 nebe«(Polyurayiee. so esse). 206. 238 heeabe, (huarema)> 224s. 2 ca 210, 266 heeta (Henialus). $2222... 38, 93, 174 helena.» (Troides)y 2. 31. 205, 208, 209 helicon: CNacaduba). .4.% 26 sea: 238 helvola: (Agrochola)ia.,. 4. as. Ae 288 heparana (Pandemis) ...... 38, 276 hepatica: CPoWays cer ees. oe Bien Be 123 hetaere -(Colotis): 2108) 50. os abe 265 hexadactyla CAlueita) es: 24.224. 274 hileniseC 7 SaeI ayn neyo ts see ne 213 binizan(Castalius) \-cseuesatn Lae. eas hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) 246 hippothoe (Lycaena) .......... 4, 10 hintaria CE yCiaiyee 15, 100 hispanan (LyvSanGra). a 4. .s,crse acne 83 hispida (L. oditis) hispidaria (Apocheima) .... 95, 168 horntey (Coleepnoraye. ¢ aces 55s 64 hortuella (C. culmella) hortulata <(Hhurrhypara) 12... .4- 274 hospiton! (Papilio) ec sas oa. 198, 199 hottentota (Gegenes) ............ 57 humuliatay, (Tdasa)iice oc. ae 43, 47 humuli (Hepialus) ...... 38, 47, 236 nvale EO COMAG in 4 S54. 0% Geen.) Bee: 45, 108 hybnerella (Stigmella) ........ 62 blas |; @Meptislh ye, snes, coe AMT. 210 hyperantus (Aphantopus) 5. 9, 103. 423° 124 132) Asai lee 184, 228, 276 hyperici (Actiholia) ....-... Lege. aD hypermnestra (Ideopsis) .. 205, 210 by psea» (Cathosia). oo a5. tases: uaee 210 fapis. (Buthalis): =) j.ceiks ie: 207, 210 icarus (Polyommatus) 10, 19, 20, 21, 46. 83, 85, 87, 122, 130, 140; 150; 153, 171,71, 482, 185; 199, 222, 223, 237, 276 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE ieterata \(hupithecia): * 23:20 2808s 275 icteriia® (Xanthiayy ole. 2.228 297 idas’ (CL ycacides) £22005). Gaeaiee 10 ignobilella (Nepticula) ...... 62, 78 mitana Scapula) feersoekt . ‘93, 274 immaculata (H. chrysoprasaria) ammorata, (Scopulay £2. 228 47 immuUutata,,(Seopulay sy Ces as. 8 220 impluviata (Hydriomena) ...... 46 mmpura {Mythima) Yo 2042 2. 2’. 30, 21D incanata (S. marginepunctata) INCeTia MOPUAOSIAN ee eee vec eles 101 incursata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 46 mdra:(Appias)ircinaie eres el. Pe) 209 inornata (I. straminata) inquinatella (Agriphila) ...... 38 interjecta (Noctua) ........ 124, 275 interjectaria (I. fuscovenosa) interrogationis (Syngrapha) 33, 36, 107 anterserta: (ASgray Qn se. fo wie 239 mulae. (Coleophora) oe)... 2854 227 io (Inachis) 8, 19, 34, 121, 124, 128, 139, 140, 181, 184, 185, 199, 219, 225,276, 299 rolas (olana)) W... 2 25. Sr mitts | (NA D4 TOM CACCOIOLIGIN Sou SPUR eee ae 265 iphis (C. tullia) Hobie UE TeCia) wera t2 oe: oh. ce 210 tpsilon., CAsrotis) v.25. 94, 102, 105 Peaver CIGAGIN eee eck. Catan 238 iris (Apatura) ;,; 32, 86, 103, 104, 133, 184, 185 irresilaris AMagenay os. we 47 irriguata (Eupithecia) 169, 170 aT VOVEM A), COCA gS Canis tied coe 173 IEAM MM ARICIS) (ial, ck cee Cn 190 wacobacae Ciyhiay oF ek. ses 102, 122 jaenmneli (Syntarucus) .......... 58 janewla \CHemelana) sc 45.1 238 janthina (Noctua) ...... 35, 124, 275 jasius (Charaxes) 152, 199, 292 JAVA CANS PNACIS) 2. .t.k 36, 276 jubata (Alcis) ..--.. PAL ANS! janipecaid wormeray 2 or. ie eee 224 jurtina (Maniola) 9, 26, 32, 34, 46, 83, 102, 109, 124, 131, 132, 133, 850, 152, 172174. 182, 183, 184, 199, 223, 276, 293 LAnWA LC aratayinied) tion a. ce cua et 210 lar py CP ameOp oid ce os eae 264 MVS, OECTA le ets bueno acre: 139 krpepert CENeris) oes ss see eee 290 kuhnei (Argema) ...... 27, GT, 242 fapradus, (Aiveeria) sss. eee 190 lacertinaria (Falearia) ...... 35, 274 Tachesis ,@elanareia) 2. - 322 ts 82 Waetearta GIO OIS) ta ea oe os ete tee 123 lacunana (Olethreutes) ........ 38 lacyone (Eippatedia) 20.72 oe. 8 laetaria (Colostyesia). 2.2.05... 46 faetatar CAeathia) Wee 2:2). ee esl 3 239 PAGE l-album (Mythimna) 102, 105, 268, 271 lancealana (Bactra)’ 2352. -- eee 38 laphria (Zysaena) 2s). -) eee 146 lapponica (Nepticula) ...... 62, 293 lariciata (Eupithecia) ........ 37, 46 larissa (Melanareia) > eee palin 5 lasti (Appias):. {S3sec. eee 264 lateritia (Apamea)- -.eae- ee eee 11 lathonia (Argynnis) 8, 25, 153, 199 latruncula '(Olicta) 22 eee ae 36, 45 lavandulae (Zygaena) .......... pl lavatherae (Carcharodus) ...... sip | leautieri (Lithophane) .......... 94 leda : (Eronia) 3. So oe eee 266 leda: (Melanitis)’”. ..; 3.2 eee 266 legatella ’ ‘(Chesias)\ e222 ae 98 leonidas “(Papilio)” ..) 4. 490 pea 263 lepida (H. perplexa) leporina (Acronicta) .... 36, 123, 221 letterstedti (Gegenes) .......... 57 leucographa (Cerastis) 2a7ee- caer 100 leuconotus (Xyleutes) .......... 239 leucophaeria (Argiopos) « 1680 2208 libatrix (Scoliopteryx) 122, 124, 246, 276, 297 liberia (Saletara)”. .2jg552 eee 209 lichenaria (Cleorodes) .. 67, 93, 275 lichenea (Eumichtis).. 105, 125, 268, 271 ligea (Erebia) 22.058 3, 6° lignata (O. vittata) ligula (Conistra)*).. .2.24eeee 94, 98 ligustri (Craniophora) 36, 96, 123, 174; 228. 275: lxeustri (Sphinx) ::'33.7 ge LS 72%5 limniace (Danaus)-) See seen 263, 266 linariata (Eupithecia) ...... 220); 222 linearia Cyclophora) 173; 22AMZIA lineata’ (Hyles). 22. Ae je Ree 156 lineola (Thymelicus) ........ TA en lineolata (Colostygia) ...... 44, 46 lioptilaria (Boarmia) “=. 2...0ee 239 literosa (Mesoligia)” -2>2eee eee 276 lithodactyla (Oidaematophorus) 274 lithoxylea (Apamea) ........ . 2ae liturata (Semiothisa) 37, 47, 103, pf i5) livornica (H. lineata) loeflingiana (Aleimma) ........ 38 loewii (Plebejus)“2...0 2.02 eee 166 lohita: (Spindasis) . 2) 2 eee 238 lonicerae (Zygaena) 11, 38, 196, 213, 267 lorquinii: (Cupido) “ 24-2 easeeaee 25 lota ‘(A grochola)’ (7 o5 see 297 loti (Zygaena) ...... 11, 42, 193, 213 fowii CNeorina)’ So. 208, 210 lubricipeda (Spilosoma) 35, 47, : 219, 270 lucernea (Standfussiana) ...... ig lucida’ (Acontia): . 1. oe eee 11 lucina (Hamearis) ...... 19, 20, 181 lucipara (Euplexia) ........ 36, 93 luctuata (Spargania) .. 46, 102, 171 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE lunaria (S. lunularia) lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ........ 105 lunula (A. nigra) mnularia’ (Selenia): .........2.. 53 fapmlnus (Hepialus):,~.........' 235 luridata (Scotopteryx) .... 37, 103 lgrideola (Eilema) .... 11, 35, 275 lutea (S. luteum) lutea (X. togata) Porense. CHadena) .....0 66s... 47 forealis, (dea). .........2-- 38, 274 luteella (Stigmella) ...... 281, 293 luteolata (Opisthograptis) 37, Pee PALS luteum (Spilosoma) ao, Ad; 1025275 imtosa, ARhizedra)......... 224, 298 intalenta,;CAporophyla).. ...... 224 imeem sCAFSYNNIS) « ....5..06% 26 lyecaenoides (Athene) ........... 238 lycaon (Hyponephele)......... 9 lychnidis (Agrochola) ...... 98, 105 byncida JCAPPIAS) .2...+- >. 206, 209 lythargyria (M. ferrago) machaon (Papilio) 7, 21, 26, 42, 43, 45, 82, 108, 152, 153 198, 199 macularia (Pseudopanthera) 236 maculipennis (P. xylostella) maculosa (Phragmatobia) .... 6, 11 maera (Lasiommata) 9, 43, 46, 83 major (Catapaecilma) .......... 238 malvae (Pyrgus) 19, 20, 42, 101 12955130, 131, .182.. 183 malvoides (Pyrgus) ...... 42, 43, 46 mannmit CPieris) .....:..+: 1, 81; 292 margaritata (Campaea) 37, 93, 223, 215 margaritella (Catoptria) ...... 38 marginaria (Agriopis) 154, 168, 227 marginata (Lomaspilis) 37, 47, 93,205 Marginepunctata (Scopula) 47, 23, 274 marginicolella (Nepticula) .... 64 maritimus (Chilodes) 16, 96, 97, 103 marjana (Amata) 6 marmarosa (Scotogramma) dein PL marmorea (Eurhodope) ........ 274 maroccana (Z. youngi) maruna (ebadea) . <>... ..%\ «0: 210 martini (Plebejus) .....-....-..- 25 matura (Thalpophila) ........ 123 maura €Mormo) ......... 97, 22a%2tD mediofasciella (Ectoedemia) .. 282 medusa (Erebia) ........ , 9, 46 megacephala (Acronicta) .. 36, 288 perme (Lasiommata) 9, 19, 20, 83, 87, 122, 140,153, 182, 185, 199, 200, 223, 276 melanops (Glaucopsyche) melas (Erebia) 7 PAGE MICHGICA CD IAFSIA) yet oi glee 35 menelaus...GDaNaUS) eyes sess 2 aes 210 mercurea (E. mercurella) mercurella (Eudonia) .......... 274 merope (Heteronympha) ...... 190 mesomella (Cybosia) 16, 35, 93, keg & mespilella (Phyllonorycter) .... 63 meticulosa (Phlogophora) 18, 36, 975998,; 105, 107, 155; 275, 289, 297 WES (CaALSECRE) out iia eee aie Ras 36 miata..(Chioroelysta) 032 : aesa cee 46 micacea /CHydraceia).:4...4%%. 4. 276 microdactyla » (Adaina)s 22. 4.218 274 microtheriella (Nepticula) en2ge mimosae (Argema) ........ 67, 242 miniata (Miltochrista) £6; c0SN 275 minima: (CPhofedes) sce: 2% tenn tewre 36 minimus (Cupido) 10, 20, 21, 46, 130, 182 miniosa COFPthosiaemne2s. 2k 73, 169 mintha: \CROryNESIS aed es > aedece 284 mnemosyne .CParnassius): “at. Abed mollis: (Longicella)i. os..8% . oe 239 molluginata (Epirrhoé) ........ 46 monacha Cuymantrialiven.4 a1... o% 275 moneta (Polychrysia) ...... 36, 93 monina @luthalia): awsase. 4. 207, 210 monoglypha (Apamea) .. 17, 32, 36,275 montanata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 37 morpheus: (Caradrina) ys jcs.4 }° 364,45 mucronata (Scotopteryx) ...... 172 mulciber (Euploea) ........ 207, 210 multilineatealla (Spermatoph- EHORA: PACK: fil tae ee es i ae 72 multistrigaria (Colostygia) 101 muna; (Ortnosia) asa ae hed 100 mundana, (CNUudaria)s..2:.5 S26 35. 97 muralis (Cryphia) .. 32, 66, 105, 275 muricata. .: 32, 93 nyctelius (Idrusia) ........ 207, 210 obeliseata: .Gihera) se..).2:- 18, 37, 46 obesalis) Caypena)y a2. oo fe. eas 240 obliquans ‘CGambrrd= \) 722.08 238 obscuratus (Gnophos) .. 97, 228, 275 obsoleta:i(Miythimna) oo. oe 96 obstipata ‘(Orthonama) |... . 5... 299 eccitanica, (Zysaena) 2) oo. i 213 occitanica (Melanargia) .... 26, 83 ocellaris <(Daphnusa) ... 5). 532 239 ocellata (Cosmorhoé) 37, 274 ocellata (Smerinthus) .......... 171 ochlea CAmauris)” 220.2 55.0 es 266 ochraceella (Mompha) .......... 224 ochrearia (Aspitates) 103, 105: 222s ochroleuca (Eremobia) 97, 221 ecularis,.(Tethea) 2.4: IWERePAl oculea (Amphipoea) .......... 276 oditis, (Leucochleana) 105, 222, Deas AAT oeme CErebiayr es 6.2.8 2222 42, 46 oleracea (Laconobia) 35, 275, 289 olivalis ~@Udea)) aFie2 ol is 38, 274 @livata \ (Colosty sia eee ee 97 ononaria (Aiplastales 2 sie... vee 70 ono pordin(eyrens) Tes eS 26 opalina ‘(Arhopala) 0): ..: 208, 238 ophidicephalus (Papilio) ...... 263 ophiogramma (Apamea) 17, 93, 95, 96, 220, 276 epima AOrehosia)n) * o.oo. poe. 4 100 or “CTethea) aii. Me! 16, 43, 93, 172, 174 ofancica wCToOrynesis) 152) 0b4ii ac 284 orbiter (Spialials, ieee. 3). AO orbitella (Coleophora) ........ 134 orichalcea (Diachrysia) ...... 159 Ornatay (Seepula) 027... s 17, 194 ornatella (Pempelia) .......... 236 ornitopus (Lithophane) 18, 169, 223 osseana: (Bama) ree ge (Ok 39 osterodensis (Zygaena) ........ 11 otregiata (Lampropteryx) ...... 170 ottomana (Erebia)’ 222... 4, 9, 165 ottomanus (Heodes) .......... oy 10 oxyacanthella (Stigmella) 62, 78, 176 palaemon (Carterocephalus) . 141 palacno: (Colias) ea 2 2. 44, 45 PAGE paleacea (Enargia) 94ers 98 pales (Boloria). ... .¢2ee3e eee 8 pallens (Mythimna) 35, 102, 124, 275 pallidactyla (Platyptilia) ...... 38 pallidata (Evergestis) .......... 17 pallustris (Athetis) .. 42, 45, 55, 230 palpina (Pterostoma) 102, 125, 275 paludis (A. fucosa) pamphilus (Coenonympha) 5, 7, 9, 19, 20, 21, 34, 46, 122, 124, 130; 131, 1517 Tari tere 182, 199, 200, 276 pandora (Argynnis) 26, 151, 153, 198, 199, 211, 292 paphia (Argynnis) 8, 86, 87, 103, 104, 124, 132, 133, 139, 153, 174, 184, 185, 198, 199, 211, 245, 276 papilionaria (Geometra) .... 37, 123 paradoxa® (Stiemellay” 3 ee 62 paralysos (Notocrypta) ........ 238 parmeno (Gnophodes) .......... 266 parthenias (Archiearis) ........ 121 parthenoides (Mellicta) ........ 46 pascuella’ (Crambus) 0334552 38 pastinum (Lygephila) 33, 36, 96, 220 pavonia (Saturnia) 15, 101, 170, 222 pectinataria (Colostygia) .... 17, 37 pedaria (A. pilosaria) pedrosai (Diecestra) "75 eee 73 pennaria | (Colotois)>" 2 22 3eaeee 18 pentadactyla (Pterophorus) 38, 274 perla (C. domestica) perletla’ 4)... . «iz punctifera (Lysandra) ...... 25, punctinalis (Serraca).. 102, 170, punctam ((Z.y2aena): on. . 2 es puppillaria (Cyclophora) ...... purpuralis: (Pyrausta) .......... SPECIAL INDEX 9 275 219 171 288 264 274 176 267 46 219 276 276 274 210 PAGE purpuralis (Zygaena) ...... 193, 213 purpurescens (Dollmannia) .... 243 pusaria (Caberayer. is 2 sack. 37 pote (Asrotis) < o.)0 272% tea 35 putrescens (Mythimna) 21a, 209 puerisy CA xyliay! oo. ee 35 pygarea (Lithacodia) 2: 2264). 96 pygmaeella (Nepticula) ........ 62 pygmina (Photedes) PRM IATS pylades “Paphos. 5 cease. 263 pyraliata : Chulithisy) 2.4) ioe 37 pyralina- (Cosmia)<-').'Fs. 0 22. 221 pyramidea (Amphipyra) .... 73, 223 pytina (Zeuzera)y | et oe 221 pyritoides (Habrosyne) .... 102, 274 quadra: (Lithosia)© 2 2: 23 94, 273, 275 quadrifaria (Psodos) ........ 44, 47 quadrifasciaria (X. quadrifasiata) quadrifasiata (Xanthorhoé) 17, 103, 174, 221 quadripunctaria (Euplagia).. 11, 274 quercana’ (Careima) (230 Ssh) sase 38 quercifolia (Gastropacha) ...... 96 quercus (Lasiocampa) 43, 47, 222, 233 quercus (Quercusia) 86, 87, 124, 140, 182, 184, 276, 292 quinquella (Ectoedemia) ramburialis (Diasemiopsis) .... 159 rapae’ (Pieris) /7, 20; 34, 82. 104, 106, 124, 128, 140, 151, 153, 181, 189, 199, 268, 276, 291 ravida (Spaelotis) .. 17, 31, 96, 97 reamurella. (Adela). 222522502: : 15 rectangulata (Chloroclystis) .... 27 rectilinea Ciyppal® Mzevaes 45 reducta (Limenitis) 8, 108, 151, 152, 153, 198, 199 reaina: (Colotis) (ree: anes 265 remissa (A pamea)*:. fr iioia. 36, 276 repandaria (Epione) ........ 96, 275 repandata (Alcis) 37, 47, 94, 102, 103;(275 resinella (Eudonia) ....:....:.. 274 restitutaria (Sarcinodes) ...... 239 reticulata (Heliophobus) 47, 96, 102 revayana (Nycteola) ...... 100, 105 rhamni (Gonepteryx) 8, 19, 20, 94 45) 82° (01.121. 122), 124. 128, 140, 153, 165, 168, 181, 182, 184, 199, 211 rhomboidaria (Peribatodes) .... 102 rhomboider’Cxestiay. 1). e.cueek 222 ribeana (P. cerasana) ribeata (Deileptenia) 174, 221 ridens (Poly ploea) a:40. eden 169 Tivatatl CE pirenoe) es ees Ps oe 220 Fivitlanis Chadena) tbs)... A a5; 202 rivularis (L. reducta) roboraria (Boarmia) 96, 103, 174 roporella. (Phycttaya Lak? : .csork: 274 romeo (Zysaena) Geek) oars ee 213 rosea | (Gangaridés) } 222). .ckntaes 239 10 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE rexclana “Cearinia) os oo ve ss Baie LOXUS UA Castes eon t ces tise 238 rubi (Callophrys) 19, 20, 24, 42, 46, 85, 121, 182, 183 PADI COIATSIA) ay cine See eee ae oo rubi (Macrothylacia) 35, 66, 171, 172, 274 rubiginata (Scopula) .. 173, 220, 262 rubpicinea: (Conistra). 9" See: 169 rubivora (Ectoedemia) .... 180, 278 rubricollis., .CAtolmis)y i023. 2 eds 219 rupricosa (Cerastis) wees: ss. . ais) 100 ruta ¢(Coenobia). iP eee: 96, 97, 276 rutata: (CRESIAS) 1% Lees is Bie a ees 169 ruficapitella (Stigmella) ...... 77 rufifasciata (Gymnoscelis) at; 219 rumicis (Acronycta) ...... 36; 273 TUMInNG .CParnsligsy ey) o.4-sea%ee 26 Turalis: (Pleuroptyaye®. ...262%. 38, 274 Sabina (Auras) war. iki sea so ee 264 sabinata (Epilobophora) .... 43, 46 sacraria (Rhodometra) 270, 299 sagittata, (Perizoma))..5..... 96, 220 sagittigera (Pachetra) ...:.. 44, 47 Salicahis) (Colobochylia) .....2%: 1 saliciss(LeEcoma) hm eek eu 3% 1715220 salmachus (Synanthedon) 6, 11, 172 Solsala Glam iniao) ats bord Yo ce Hua 238 sambucaria (Outapteryx) 37, 93, 94 , 103 Sanne, *CDIacrisia) 102) Bib ee 47, 122 santana CCtiressS) pet ne oe 238 sarcitrella“(Endrosis) !ie..%4 ) 23% 39 Saris CHUremaiirethicets ®). ahem 210 sarpedon (Graphium) ...... 206, 209 saucia (Peridroma) saxifragae (Stenoptilia) secabriuscula (Dypterygia) .... 16 schelleriana’(Acleris)is)icic3) . 22 276 Seipioe=:CErebiadire es tye aA: . bat 214 scolopacina (Apamea) 3B ach 103, 219, 222, 276 Scopisera (Bembeeia). h... 55.5. 104 seoticella (Parornee avis: cal 63 secalis (Mesapamea) .... 36, 45, 276 sesetum *(Acrots)(yiici. stale 2a) selene (Boloria) : 122, ABO. AAS AT: 182, 183, 227 semele (Hipparchia) 84, 87, 128. 139, 184, 223, 292 semiargus (Cyaniris) 1 semibrunnea (Lithophane) 69, 95 semicostella (Sophromia) ...... 39 semitulvella (Tinea. 20k. ake 39 semirubella (Oncocera) ........ 17 senex (Thumatha) 16, 35, 96, 220,992 975 serella (Nepticiila)!.......:.). 222% 176 sericealis (Rivula) .......... 32. (86 sericopeza (Etainia) ............ 279 serotinaria (Catascia) .... 44, 47 serpentata (Idaea) .......... 42, 47 PAGE serratella (Coleophora) ........ 134 sertorius (Spialia)’'”i2-22722- 42, 46 sexalata (Pterapherapteryx) .. 16 sexalisata (P. sexalata) sexstrigata (Xestia) (222. 275 silaceata (Ecliptopera) .... 46, 274 similis (Euproctis) 3D; fii ete simplonia’ (A srotis) 2s sense 43, 47 simulans’ (Rhyacia) <2 2 23a 96, 97 simulatrix: (Eyrema)).o eee 210 sinapis (Leptidea) 8, 20, 45, 82, 87, 101, 130, 1s iae ee 184, 199, 292 sindu.. (Koruthaiales)" "=. aes eee 238 smaragdaria (Thetidia) .... 43, 47 smilax (Terias) .2722e2) = oe 190 smirnovi’ (Zygaena) yi eee 192 socia (€Lithophane)) 2a 101, 169 sociella, (Aphomia) "2 s) a3... 38 sodae (Discestra) “))2727 ene ere 73 solandriana (Epinotia)~ -2e5see8 235 sordens’ (Apamea) 34.5. 55eeee eer 45 sororeula (Kilema)? 2.) ) 3-2 lee 170 spadicearia (Xanthorhoé 37, 46, 274 Sparsani CArchanaray > oer 17 sparsata ‘(Anticollix)” {323 a.2 96 speciosa (Nepticula) ...... 281, 282 sphendamni (Etainia) .......... 279 spilleri (Dixeia) "22. 35) seen eee 264 spini (Strymonidia) ........ 10, 83 splendana <“<(Cydia) oo are 276 splendidissimella (Nepticula) 79 Stabilis: (Orthosia)’ 22) sah ee 100 stannella (Euhyponomeuta) tae statilmus ‘(Hipparchia)y=. 22 iG ee stellatarum (Macroglossum) 6, 11, 246, 272 stismatella (Caloptilia), 222 .oee 31 stiamatica (X. rhomboidea) .... 222 straminata (Idaea) 17, 37, 417, 103, 173 straminea (Mythimna) 33, 36, 96, 275 straminea (Stenodes) .......... 276 strataria (Biston) 100, 101, 168, 169 Sstriana (Celypna) ~...2 2 eeee 38, 276 striata. (Spirits): ... 22.5. eee 11 strigilata. (Polypogon) .......... ri siricims (Olicia) “fora 36, 45, 276 strix CxXyleutes) .)/2225) ees 239 subfuseata (Eupithecia) ........ 37 sublustris (Apamea) 17, 45, 173, 174 subsericiata (Idaea) ...... 17i,. 172 subtusa (Ipimorpha) ............ 275 subumbrata (Eupithecia) .. 46, 220 subviolaceus (Allotinus) ........ 238 succedana (Cydia). /) 22250 38 suffumata (Lampropteryx) .. 46, 95 suspecta (Parastichtis) .......... 103 sylvata (Abraxas) 170, 172, 173, 219, 221 sylvata (Hydrelia) 2172 sissy 218 sylvestris (Thymelicus) 11, 34, 86, 87, 104, 123, 124, 132, 133, 184, 185, 223, 246, 276 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE symphita (C. tullia) syriaca (Hipparchis) ...... 7, 8, 165 syringaria (Apeira) 37, 96, 123, 219 taenialis (Schrankia) ...... 73, 103 teniatum (Perizoma) ....... 219 tages (Erynnis) 11, 19, 20, 46, 101, 130, 181, 267 tarsipennalis (Polypogon) . 37, 276 telecanus (S. pirithous) temerata (Lomographa) ........ 275 tengstromi (Nepticula) ........ 176 tentacularia (Herminia) ........ 46 tentaculella (Ancylolomia) ...... 71 tenuiata (Eupithecia) .......... 93 tersata (Horisme) ........ 173, 274 festaced Gluerina) 2... se. eee 276 testaceata (H. sylvata) Festa CEG@LIEMIS) 2... 6.6.60 31, 97 foieaiumaria (Selenia) .......... 54 thalassina (Laconobia) ...... 16, 35 thalassina (Nepheronia) ........ 266 PHAEIS | CEhOGRYLGES) oo... so oes 238 thersites (Plebicula) ............ 24 thoracella (Bucculatrix) ...... 63 PES POGCICTIOIS) kc acs oa oe ae © 264 HUGO aes) i ns 103 Biliae “(stiemella) ..........: 62, 63 timora (Discophora) ...... 207, 210 tipuliformis (S. salmachus) Papania (elossiana) ..... 2s +. si tithonus (Pyronia) 7, (9, 87, 104. 123, 124, 133, 150, 153, 184, 198, 199, 276 Hiyrus Coyeaena) ......... 42, 46 BLEW LISE CETETNATIS) oo wae s =n eiaie « 20.226 toeatea. Ceanthia). ...... 125, 222, 297 fouminans (Stismella) ...2.2.... tortuosalis (Episparis) .......... 239 tragopogonis (Amphipyra) ...... 275 transalpina (Zygaena) ....... 43, 47 transiens (Creatonatus) ........ 239 transversa (Eupsilia) 15, 18, 168, 224, 297 transversata (Philereme) 17, 174, 2A ae. Prapezina, (COsmia) «..4.,- 4. << 36, 275 Pee zient CANUA) .... os nsins so aie 239 tremula (Pheosia) .......... 34, 275 trepida (P. anceps) PAAR OMNIM, CRCSEA) o"): NST, 11 PAGE truncata (Chloroclysta) .... 66, 105 rrux.CAerotis) cae eo. 97, 236, 275 tullia (Coenonympha) 4, 5, 9, 122, 200 turbata (C. lineolata) typhae (Nonagria) .......... 36, 276 ulicetana (C. succedana) ulmariae (Nepticula) .......... 176 ulmicola (S. ulmivora) ulmivora (Stigmella) .. 64, 176, 293 UitlawatPyspessa)” 220. ssw. 44, 47 umbra (Pyrrhia) 45, 96, 171, 220 umbratica’ (Cucullia) 2.22. , 123 umbrosa "(Gortynay: i cu22 255 5e- 73 unangulata (Euphyia) ...... 16, 220 wnepla’:Chustrotia) ess. 2 o5 ss 220 undulata (Rheumaptera) ...... 96 unifasciana (C. consimiloma) unignalis, (Palorttay. o.. 22 23: 94, 105 unipuncta (Mythimna) .. 65, 68, 107, 135, 298 unipunctaba (Rhopobota) ...... 39 urticae (Aglais) 8, 19, 34, 45, 87, 94, 104, 112, 124, 128, 133, 140, 141, 168, 181, 185, 199, 225, 227, 276, 288, 289, 299 urticae (Spilosoma .... 16, 171, 245 witeaco (Hladena): . »esssiemdet. 22: 44 vaccinii (Conistra) ..«....: 224, 297 MaleriasCValeriay .25 osu e ects 210 Vallidaw€Precisytitace ces. wae ae 190 varia (L. porphyrea) variata (Thera) Dehn 83h 22 25 variecana “CACIEFIS)) fica. scars ones 276 v-ata (Chloroclystis) -...... Dis LOL vau-album (Nymphalis) .... 3, 8 vaucheri (Coenonympha) .. 25, 26 v-aureum (A. pulchrina) venata (Ochlodes) 11, 21, 34, 46, 122, 123, 124, 130, 182, 184 venosa (S, albovenosa) venosata (Eupithecia) .......... 47 venustula (Elaphria) ........ 93, 171 verbasci (Cucullia) 36, 41, 45, 95, 106, 169 versicolor (Oligia) ...... 36, 94, 221 vespiformis (Synanthedon) 3, 17, 171 vestigialis (Agrotis) ........ 93, 220 vetulata (Philereme) 174, 220 vwetusta: (Xylena) <\Itasbisdd iets 36 viciae (Zygaena) .......... 11, 146 vicinaria (Scotopteryx) ........ 46 willica: (Anetialntetiry) 6 on? 113: 102 villosella (Pachythelia) ........ 11 viminalis (Cleoceris) ...... tt r36 vinula (Cerura)<\ oct wee 47, 169 virgaureae (Lycaena) 3, 10, 46 viridella (A. reamurella) viridana . :‘CTortrix) S522 e: Se 38 viridaria (Phytometra) ........ 46 viriplaca (Heliothis) .... 11, 26, 220 vitalbata (Horisme) 97, 170, 173, 222 12 SPECIAL INDEX vulgaris (Danaus) iy .:...2%)s. 207, 210 vulgata (Eupithecia) .......... 46 w-album (Strymonidia) 19, 20, 2 On, hoe wauaria (Semiothisa). .¢.2.).2.:.. 37 weirana (Strophedra) .......... 63 w-latinum (Laconobua) ....... 95 woeberiana (E, formosana) woolhopiella (E. mediofasciella) xanthographa (Xestia) .... 105, 275 xanthomela (Euproctis) ........ 239 xanthomista (Polymixis) ...... 299 xerampelina (A. centrago) mylosteana CArchips)y ios - ne, 38 xylostella (Plutella) 94, 227, 228 MOUNSI: (AY SACIA) (oka itene sei # ene 115 ypsillon” CEnaGeta) oi ewes = ote ec 220 ZAMOrIA AATAOPAlA) | 2. ace ae ae 238 ziezac (Eligmodonta) 34, 103, IDA DB ete FA lee PAT LD) zoegana (Agapeta) ............ 276 wohra CCimattis)s, feels score he ae 25 zollikoferi (Luperina) ........ 158 COLEOPTERA Aeontum miUlleri...acjee/ lsc) 46% 40 Agrilus biguttatus ..........-. 12-14 Anisosticta 19-punctata ........ 40 Anobium punctatum -...-...-... 40 Aphodius fimetarius, rufipes .. 39 Aphthona venustula ...........- 40 Attacenus ‘pellio’ "(or 25.. Sle... 40 Cantharis tulvieollis”: 2... 2c... 40 Carabus granulatus, Broplermiaweus o.oo eae 39 Gassida PMIeInOSa ec ck uccc2 <4 40 Gateretes’ TUnIaprIS TS...) ee 40 Ceuthorhynchus ?asperifoliarum 39 Coccinella 7-punctata .......... 40 Galerucella ‘lineola 22. 2. 04.025). > 40 Gastroidea’ wiridulla 2... 2s 40 Gymnetron antirrhini .......... 39 Helophorus minutus ............ 39 Tathridius: nodifers 's-¢. 55.27 40 Euperus loneicornis 29.0) si... 40 Macroma melanopus ......-... 241-2 Melolontha melolontha ........ 122 Webria -brevicolls (2.0. 245... $e: 39 Wecrodes. -littoralis #72. ieee 40 Necrophorus investigator ...... 40 Notiophilus biguttatus .......... 39 Phyllobius virideaeris .......... 39 Phytonomus rumicis ............ 39 Pterostichus madidus, niger, CHI SArIS hoe Ri oat. l. lame: 39-40 Rhinoncus pericarpius .......... 39 Soric¢a, DYUnned: Gh ioousb . ater 39 Sitona ,puncticollisi <2! ). . 2. ce. 39 Tachinus marginellus .. ....... 39 Telmatophilus typhae .......... 40 Trichius fasciatus .............. 40 PAGE DIPTERA Actia. frontalis: }...4.in skid os See eee 22 Calliprobola speciosa ...... 225.20 Callomyia-elesans, 25... eee 259 Campylochaeta inepta .... 40, 288 Carcelia gnava, lucorum ...... 289 Ceriana conopoides ............ 258 Cerodonata hennigi ............ 260 Chaetorellia jaceae ............ 254 Chamaesyrphus lusitanicus .... 255 Cheilosia caerulescens ........ 259 Chloromyia melampogon ...... 256 Chiorops \eracilis..-. sean ee 260 Chrysopilus cristatus ~ 7 ss45eee 40 TACTUS [2 is). ... eee 258 leptogaster’ ..;... eee 261 Vitatta cc). ae ee 253, 256 Clusia’ fava... J.) ee 261 Clytiomyia Sp. : |... ae 254, 256 Cnemodon ‘vitripennis = -0. eee 261 Coenosia | trilineella. - ee eee 260 Compsilura ‘concinnata 42-37 eee 288 Criorrhina, floeccosa, i. soe 261 Dactylolabis transversa ........ 255 Delia eillicrura ..).2 see 260 trichodactyla |". 3> - eee 40 Delina ‘nivrita " .”. et eee 256, 259 Diaphorus nigricans” 44s 260 Dioctria atricapilla” (i) eee 260 clavipennis, wiedemanni .. 257 longicornis "| ).)2. 0 ee eee 260 TUPA. S22 os ic eb 256 Doryeera graminum 5... ee 258 Drosophila: (rev:) ) 2 eee 162-4 ananassae, andalusiaca, confusa, deflexa, fenestrarum, funebris, histrio, immigrans, obscura, phalerata, silvestris, subsilvestris }.°.}.203) 2 164 melanogaster ...... cn 163 Dysmachus hamulatus......... 258 Eccoptomera longiseta ........ 260 Eristalis aeneus’ .). 2.0.9... 257,258 SPECIAL INDEX 13 PAGE Mmapismelliata. ......-...0-+ 255, oF ERDISEE Cie. Sareea aw cde PS JESSE UST ae ee eer 255 Eriothrix rufomaculatus ........ 256 SEDMStOBUME ...5....2...06.% 40 mrnestia CONSObTina ..........-- 288 Humes hortilana $......0......- 289 Bustalomyia hilaris ...:..:.. 259, 260 EIS eS he ere 256 Meramangea Cuprea ...........: 261 Gymnopternus chalybeus ...... 217 Gymnosoma rotundatum 2538, 254. : ’ 25 9 Haematopota bigoti ........ 250, 257 PeReaees. AtAIGA. .. . . esse aies 250 PVA NG ekeeer hers oe. 40, 257 Hemipenthes morio ........ 257, 259 Hercostomus angustifrons, celer 260 RVs eye os CPt ek Se AS 217 Mieriamellatcus |.........58% 256 Hilara anglodanica, angustifrons, ME ielae ) EHOTAGCICH. os 5 .)s%0are aa 260 Homoneura interstincta ........ 260 BNR PE ee 2 oo ceaA a Soe Sw oN dae 258 Hybomitra ciureai, tropica .. 250, 258 GISHIMPUIENE S| ok ais eter «news, = 40 expomneatay | oh). 2 o apens0 250, 257 muenlifeldi, schinert ........ 250 EIVGEOted ITTItANS ~ on ea ss ees 40 Feeic) MCCKERN.. Soc e ce. oe ek des 254 Leptogaster cylindrica .......... 257 Leptopeza flavipes ............ 261 iernnaecnayia, Vulpina: *....2...626. 288 Mapakd MWICCRS occ ss ees 258, 260 SSI T SS jl nM oS ge eR 9 og ey SE 258 Liponeura cinerascens .... 254, 255 meispe melaleuca .2c6. 52. cas ees 258 Lispocephala brachialis ........ 255 BYP ss get pee RLS. ge dis ends 258 Macrophthalma europaea ...... 258 Merodon aeneus ...........208 254 clavipes, equestris ........ 259 Mierodon mutabilis .....)....... 259 Microphorus anomalus ........ 258 RAS SMSC SHO cnn eos ee eto 262 Minetia subvittata -..2.26l.<... 258 Mhintao THHVENtTIS ..2-2...6.6% 258 MigtapawuUsy AtEr ..6sceers ese cue 256 mipema DUCEALA . 2. ..6s. ss 257, 259 Memoria HOLAMS a... 22.22388 30-31 Sympetrum tandicola ........ 30-31 ORTHOPTERA Myrmecophila salomonis, sp. .. 118 Polyphaga aegyptiaca ........ 68 PLECOPTERA Allocapnia (review) .......... 74 Chioroperla apicalis’ 2-2 -e 50 Diora -bicaudata °"i shee 50 Isogenus nubecula .......... 50-53 Isoperla’* obscura. 2 o-7 eee 50 Rhabdiopteryx anglica ........ 50 TRICHOPTERA Athripsodes dissimilis .......... 39 Glyphotaelius pellucidulus .... 39 Hydropsyche instabillis, pelluci- dula. oho eee Lepidosoma: hirtoum . 2..2.,3232e 39 Limnephilus auricula, centralis, lunatus, luridus, sparsatus .. 39 Oesetis: testacea! 02 . Bee 39 Oligotricha. clathrata .2.225 229 50 Polycentropus flavomaculatus .. 39 Potamophylax latipennis ...... 39 Stenophylax sequax ............ 39 VOL. 85 No.1 January 1973 EEN GEIPED EID GED CIE ES EG MEE Ta 06 NE He GENE Ee SED OS: es SS THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.r.£:s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, 8.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGeIns, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.£.s | Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S H. B. D KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F-R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to NSD ESSED SEED SS ES) ELIE CSTE GET EoD BEHEM BEIEN GSIED OSI EN GSIED BEIM ESIEM FIED CSN OLIN OIE BEAYGNES 3 s Hon. Treasurer : Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent EDESED DES SS NS ETF ST ASST SD ATR ET ST AT AT ESESSVETO e aif: GS € € Fal ie @ w PUBLISHED MONTHLY 4 rg é = a S S BRITISH PYRALID AND PLUME MOTHS By Bryan P. Beirne £2.00 net Chief aims of this book are to provide as far as possible identification of the Pyraloidea superfamily of moths, and to summarize their habits, life histories and distribution in Britain. There are sixteen full-colour plates showing 216 species as well as detailed black-and- white illustrations. Leg Poe : ain 3 See ih eee ies, ~\ t j ips dQ : ; THORACIC SEGMENTS — ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS=—--| O¢ FA ANAL PLATE LIFE OF THE WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND By T. R. E. Southwood £1.75 net Based on the work of T. A. Coward A valuable handbook for the field biologist and entomologist, con- taining brief descriptions of the animals and plants in conjunction with information on habits, habitats and seasons. There is also much advice on how to make original observations in the field and proceed to more advanced studies. Mr Southwood has brought T. A. Coward’s standard work up to date while keeping the original’s easy-to-use format. Illustrated throughout. WARNE 40 Bedford Square London WCI1B 3HE Montenegro, July 1972 By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S. Mr Peter Cribb and I visited Montenegro from 8th to 22nd July 1972. We flew from London to the airport of Dubrovnik, picked up a hired car, and drove that evening to one of a complex of new hotels at Budua, on the Montenegrin coast of the Adriatic some 75 km. further south. We stayed at Budua that night and a further 3 nights at the end of our stay, but our main object was to sample the butterflies of the Durmitor massif—the highest in the western Balkans—in the remote north of the country. Durmitor consists of a jumble of bare limestone peaks about 15 km. long by 10 km. wide, lying from north to south and rising to over 2,500 m. (8,300 ft.). These peaks are separated by gullies and screes, still holding much snow, and by heavily grazed pastures from about 1,700 m. upwards. Below this there are large forests of spruce and, surprisingly, above the spruce, of beech and scrub maple. There are no streams, but many small lakes, of which the largest, the Crna Jezera (“Black Lake’’) at 1,400 m. is very beautiful. The massif is bounded on three sides by the gorges of the Piva and the Tara: the latter is said to be the deepest, as well as the longest, canyon in Europe. To the south there is a sub-alpine plateau of downland—the Brda—at a general level of about 1,450 m., dotted with farms and small settlements with characteristic high-pitched wooden houses. We made our base at the large village of Zabljak, which stands on the plateau immediately east of Durmitor and about 25 km. by road from the Tara gorge. Zabljak itself suffered much damage during the war, but it has been rebuilt and is now being expanded into an alpine holiday resort. There are two considerable hotels, in the newer of which we stayed, and simple shops which provide most of the essentiats, but it is still in many ways primitive. The supply of mains electricity was more often off than on while we were there, so that we often went to bed by candle-light; and the access roads, though they are freely used by buses and heavy lorries, are appalling, both across the 60 km. of high downland from Nicsics or alternatively through and from the Tara gorge. The latter route should, however, be easier when the fine road which is being built in the gorge is complete. The food was plentiful, but hard for strangers like ourselves to identify. We are much indebted to Mr Hans Epstein, of Ticino, Switzerland, who collected in Montenegro in early July 1971, for information and advice both about the coastal area and about Durmitor. The published literature is small. There are accounts by several British lepidopterists of collecting in Montenegro in the past; but most of these are concerned only with parts of the country near the coast, and the last of which I am aware dates from 1931. Of Durmitor the only account in English seems to be that by Mrs Mary Nicholl, who in late July 1901 penetrated, adventurously to Zabljak across what were then the borders of 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 2 ‘ SERBIA F > nr = TDOSNIA- oe v Serr pibvire HEACEGOVINA Dy i i TAR Oo PDURMITOR ror 2.534m. Zarate EB ) \P A \e YS 2 A SQ Mostnovac / . j 2 Ar ene TT es NV & GRO DUBROVNIK, Gir! # Binve iN OurR RoVTE >-> 4 Scale RO MILES = INCH. Austria-Hungary and Turkey. She camped for 4 nights on Durmitor before returning from its northern side to the Tara gorge by another route. She recorded 19 species of Rhopalocera taken above 5,000 ft., besides several others on the Brda plateau and in the Tara gorge. The mountain, and other parts of Monte- negro, were also worked by several Austrian entomologists at about this time, and in 1913 Dr H. Rebel published in the third part of his studies of Balkan lepidoptera a list for Montenegro which included their records as well as those of British collectors. This remains, I believe, the only list for the country. But it must be noted that the area covered is smaller than that of the present Republic of Montenegro, now a federal part of Yugoslavia. Large tracts of mountain country beyond the Tara in the north and also in the south east were added to the old Kingdom by the Balkan War of 1913; and after this was merged in Yugoslavia in 1919 the boundary was extended to include the coastal strip MONTENEGRO, JULY 1972 3 round the Gulf of Kotor, where we collected briefly on our way back to Dubrovnik airport. Rebel’s list of 1913 mentions 107 species of Rhopalocera for Montenegro, including 50 for the Durmitor and Tara‘area. Our own records, given in the Annex to this article, total 101 species, adding to Rebel’s list 23 species for (enlarged) Montenegro and 33 for the Durmitor and Tara. Rebel also listed 200 species of Heterocera; our own, very short, list adds over a dozen to these. Our collecting started in brilliant weather on 9th July, when we left Budua early for the long (232 km.) drive to Zabljak. We spent about 2 hours at various spots beside the secondary road which climbs steeply from the coast on the way to Cettinje. At one of these a great Blue, unmistakably Jolanaiolas Ochs., flew across the road: the car was stopped dead and the insect was smartly caught by Peter Cribb. Others were seen but missed, as were a couple of Coppers which were almost certainly the much desired Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre. Near the top of the pass Satyrus ferula F., Brintesia circe F., Chazara briseis L., Kirinia roxelana Cramer, and a few worn Melanargia larissa Geyer were to be had. But time pressed, and we could only promise ourselves another visit to this promising stretch of country on our return. There was also tempting ground between Cettinje and Titograd, above the Lake of Scutari, but we did not attempt any more collecting until in the afternoon we reached some flowery down- land between Nicsic and Zabljak. This, however, proved dis- appointing, despite its wonderful limestone flora, a few Fabriciana niobe L., and Mesoacidalia aglaja L., being almost the only species seen. We concluded that here, as elsewhere on the plateau in front of Durmitor, the shaving of the whole area for hay, which was just beginning, prevented the survival of most species of butterflies. We reached Zabljak at about 7 p.m., by that time very ready to take on trust the untranslatable menu for the hotel dinner. | On the next morning—as it turned out, the last of settled weather—we explored the beautiful, forest-clad Crna Jezera (“Black Lake’’) about 2 miles away on the approach to Durmitor. Operations started with a bang. While I was trying to decide whether an Erebia was ligea L. or euryale Esp. (the two often look much alike here), Peter Cribb netted a perfect specimen of Nymphalis vau-album Schiff. in a gully in the forest. We saw no more, but this capture extends the known range of this rare east European species by about 100 miles. Its condition, and the presence of sallow and alder in this gully, suggest that it was locally bred and not a vagrant. We then moved on to a spot where rocks fall to the lake too steeply for trees but are inter- spersed with patches of flowers and long, ungrazed, grass. This proved very rich in butterflies, though difficult to work. It yielded our first Erebia melas Herbst, the Coppers Heodes virgaureae L., H. alciphron Rott., Maculinea arion L., a nice small form of Meleageria daphnis Schiff., Spialia orbifer Hubn., Parnassius apollo L., in plenty, and many commoner species. 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 On the next day and again on the 16th we made our way by a devious path through the forest to the top of these slopes, far above the lake. We found this also very good ground, particularly for E. melas whenever a gap in the clouds allowed them to fly; males were just emerging, but we saw few females. Here I also took our only example of FE. pronoé Esp., for which we were probably too early. In damp places here and elsewhere we were interested to find Palaeochrysophanus hippothoé leonhardi Frhst. (candens auctt.). It is a much larger and brighter insect than the P. hippothoé of the Alps, and has a less regular pattern of spotting on the underside, wnich makes the females hard to separate from those of H. alciphron, in some places flying with it. It is considered by Beuret and others to be a species distinct from P. hippothoé. . On both days we walked from the top of these slopes further into the heart of the massif but were beset by clouds. The whole area below the screes was excessively grazed by sheep, and a couple of Erebia epiphron Knoch and singles of E. gorge Hubn. and E. medusa Schiff. were almost all we saw there. Because of the cloud cover this was not a fair test of the higher levels, but Mrs Nicholl seems to have had the same impression of the poverty of lepidoptera there: “‘butterflies were not at all plentiful ... L wasted one glorious day in the ascent of the second highest peak, which is moderately accessible and commands a fine view but yielded not one butterfly.”” She adds, however, that Durmitor is ‘“‘a cold, late mountain’’. A visit to the high levels in early August might give better results. On 17th July we drove some 15 km. on a very rough road to the Stozina Pass (1,884 m.) on the western side of Durmitor. Here we were favoured with fair amounts of intermittent sun- shine, though there was a cold wind. After disturbing no less than 9 Griffon Vultures from round a dead sheep we found some slopes near the top of the pass which, probably because of their steepness, had not been excessively grazed. Butterflies were numerous and interesting. We took good series of E. ottomana durmitorensis Warren, both sexes of which were fresh and very variable, flying along with many E. epiphron and P. hippothoe leonhardi, a very few Boloria graeca Stgr. and many of the curious Coenonympha which is discussed below., Under the rocks at the top of the slopes there were also a few E melas and an interesting very small form of Agrodiaetus damon. Schiff. There were also several very worn Parnassius mnemosyne L. This was a limited butterfly fauna, but certainly good as far as it went. At lower levels, we had been recommended to investigate an unusual form of Coenonympha tullia Muller which Mr Epstein had found last year in some peat bogs in the forest a few kilo- metres north east of Zabljak. After two false starts due to taking wrong turnings on the unsigned tracks, we eventually found a few of this insect there, but they were in very poor condition and clearly nearly over. We did, however, find the same insect in ome numbers and rather better condition higher up, both on the MONTENEGRO, JULY 1972 +) Stozina Pass and elsewhere, but on quite a different terrain of steep grass slopes rather than bog. We were much puzzled about its identity. It is much smaller than central European or British races, and has a very different appearance: the females much resemble those of C. pamphilus L. and the males those of C. glycerion Borkh. (iphis Schiff.). It is clearly related to C. tullia rhodopensis Elwes from Bulgaria and C. tullia italica Vty. from central Italy; but its colour is duller and it is much less well spotted. Indeed, all my males are totally devoid of spots on either side, and the females have only minute apical eye-spots on the forewings above and below and one or two small ones on the hindwings underside. Another curious feature is that in the males the central pale band on the underside hindwings is represented only by a rounded whitish blotch, as in C. glycerion. Mrs Nicholl recorded this insect both from the Herzegovina mountains and from Durmitor under the name C. symphita var. tiphonides, which Staudinger had (1901) erroneously applied to C. tullia rhodopensis Elwes (1900). Rebel (1903) pointed out that the association with C. symphita, an Asiatic species, was a mistake, and also that the Herzegovina insects differed greatly from rhodopensis. He named them var. occupata, and gave two excellent colour plates. This name should therefore be used for this very distinct sub-species of C. tullia. According to Rebel it is widespread in the mountains of Herzegovina and south Bosnia from 1,200 to 1,850 m., though a very different race of C. tullia occurs low down in north Bosnia. Gibbs (1913) reported a form transitional to rhodopensis from above Cettinje, but there seems to be no information on how far occupata extends in the moun- tains south-east of Durmitor. Unfortunately, we were rather too late for it, and few of our specimens are really fresh. The butterfly fauna which was richest both in species and in numbers was found on the lower edge of the forest at about 1,200 m. where the road from Zabljak to Plevlje drops towards the new bridge across the Tara Gorge. We visited these slopes on 12th and 18th July, on the second occasion in fairly good weather. Most of the usual sub-alpine meadow species were there in numbers, including Nymphalis antiopa L., Brenthis daphne Schiff., Clossiana titania Esp., a very dark form of Melanargia galatea L., Aricia allous Geyer, a few Maculinea alcon Schiff., and newly emerged male Lysandra coridon Poda of a small race very heavily bordered with black. But, though the numbers of butterflies here were large, the quality was rather disappointing. Poor weather prevented any thorough test of the sheltered bottom of the gorge, but then and on our way back to the coast we noted there Aphantopus hyperanthus L., Minois dryas Scop., and Fabriciana adippe Schiff. of the typical silver spotted form—not f. cleodoxa Ochs. which usually replaces it in the Balkans. We made no special search for Heterocera, but we collected some of those which we saw by day and also round the hotel lights—when there were any! We found 8 species of Burnets 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 895 15/1/73 and Foresters (Zygaenidae) on the slopes, including the black- and-white Zygaena ephialtes L., which was flying above the Tara along with great numbers of the similarly marked but much larger Syntomid Amata marjana Stdgr. The spruce forests, which were almost barren of butterflies other than Erebia ligea and E. euryale, contained many small Geometers; and interesting captures at the lights were the Bombycids Dasychira fascelina L. and Phragmatobia maculosa Gerning. The only Hawk moth was Macroglossa stellatarum L., of which full-fed larvae and adults were found at the same time in the centre of Zabljak. Two specimens of a Clearwing, Aegeria tipuliformis Clk. were caught on the flowers of Ground Elder (Aegopodium sp.). The butterfly fauna of Durmitor seems to be wholly central European in character. The Mediterranean and Asiatic species which are found in the mountains of Bulgaria and Macedonia have not penetrated to it through the tangle of high country to the south, nor have many species which are characteristic of the Alps, far beyond the Bosnian mountains to the north. In this it differs sharply from the Montenegrin coast, which seems to be a meeting-place for several species which have spread from the south or the north along the steep and traditionally sun-baked shores of the Adriatic. We shortened our stay at Zabljak in the hope of getting better weather on the coast; but in this we were disappointed: it was even worse! For the return journey we chose the longer but allegedly better route via the Tara Gorge. In the first half of the gorge reconstruction work in many places made the road almost impassable, but after that we suddenly came on to a fine tarmacadam surface which took us to a main road at Mojkovac and so through the Moraca Gorge to Titograd. The country looked eminently collectable, but ominous thunder and a lack of sun prevented us from taking much advantage of it. From Titograd we also took the longer road, which crosses an arm of the Lake of Scutari and then climbs over a steep pass to join the coast road a few kilometres south of Budua. But, as usual, a thunderstorm prevented any exploration of the marshes by the lake, though we saw from the road a number of hoopoes and unidentified water birds. At about 5 p.m., when we were just short of the top of the pass, the gearbox of our Bulgar Renault seized up almost completely—it had been making strange noises from the first day onwards, and this last climb proved to be the last straw. The hirers at Dubrovnik Airport efficiently provided rescue and a replacement car, but this naturally took some time, and it was 11 p.m. before we reached our hotel at Budua. We spent 20th and 21st of July in the comfortable if crowded hotel complex at Budua, enjoying the bathing and in the evenings the exploration of the old town, untouched on its promontory, but largely frustrated in our collecting by rain or cloud. We went in all four times for short periods to the ground on the Cettinje road which had promised so well on our outward journey, but in these weather conditions its promise could not be fulfilled. We MONTENEGRO, JULY 1972 a7 saw, but could not catch, one more Jolana iolas; and we collected many: seed-pods from its food plant, Colutea arborescens, in the hope of getting small larvae; but most of their inhabitants appear to be only those of Lampides boeticus L. The only other butterflies of interest were some brilliant second brood Melitaea didyma Esp., a very brilliant form of Celastrina argiolus L., Coeno- nympha pamphilus lyllus Esp. in abundance, and odd specimens of Pyronia cecilia Vall. and of Hipparchia syriaca Stdgr. On 22nd July, our last day, after spending the early morning on this ground, we decided to return to Cilipi Airport by the beautiful coast road which circles the Gulf of Kotor, instead of using the ferry to cross it near its mouth. But by noon the customary thunderstorms were beginning, and several short stops on the way yielded nothing more notable than some more M. trivia, Pyronia tithonus L., and a black Skipper seen but not captured which was either Gegenes pumilio Hoffmsg. or G. nostrodamus F. However, we completed our list at 6 p.m., just outside the airport, with a single Hipparchia statilinus: Hufngl. Our *plane left Yugoslav soil at 8 p.m., and we reached our respective homes before mid-night. Despite the bad weather, Montenegro had given us some enjoyable and rewarding experience—with, as one of us put it, at times an emphasis on the experience! Lepidoptera seen in Montenegro, 9th to 22nd July 1972 (Additions to Rebel’s list (1913) for Montenegro marked ee additions for the Durmitor/Tara only marked +.) Abbreviations: B.: Cettinje road above Budua, 300/600 m., 9 & 20/22.7. C.: Curovac, high pastures, c. 1,900 m. and forest peat bogs, c. 1,600 m., 14 & 15.7. D.: Durmitor, forest and slopes, 1,400/1,700 m. unless otherwise stated. K.: beside Gulf of Kotor, 22.7. S.: Stozina Pass, grass slopes, 1,850/2,000 m., 17.7. T.: forest and hay fields above the Tara bridge, c. 1,200 m., iets... 1G::. Lara sore, 12 & £9-7,,c. 3800 m: -Z.: Zabljak village and surroundings, c. 1,450 m., 10/18.7. Rhopalocera Papilio machaon L. Cettinje, 9.7; K. Few. Iphiclides podalirius L. Singly at low levels. B., near Titograd Parnassius apollo L. D., males abundant, females few. A brightly marked, medium-sized race which Rebel attaches to bosniensis Stichel. P. mnemosyne L. D., S., a few very worn. Pieris brassicae L. D., Z., few. P.rapae L. D., Z., T., B., K., common and fresh. P. mannii Mayer. D., a few of gen. I., worn; K., gen. II, flying with the next species. P. ergane G-H. B., K., many fresh: females very heavily marked, possibly gen. III. P. napinapi Ll. D., T., afew. P. bryoniae was not seen. tAporia crataegi L. T., common, but mostly worn. 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 +Pontia daplidice L. T., several. Leptidea sinapis L. B., gen. Il, common; D., T., common, apparently gen. I. +Colias crocea Fourc. B., K., D., T., S., but not numerous; several f. helice Huebn. (nothing was seen of C. balcanica Rebel, which was reported by Mrs Nicholl). Gonepteryx rhamni L. B., T., fresh. Limenitis reducta Stdgr. Cettinje, 9.7; TG and Moraca gorge, 19.7; K. *Nymphalis antiopa L. D., T., a few. *N. vau-album Schiff. D., one fresh male in a forest gully by the Crna Jezera, 9.7. The nearest previous record is probably from Travnik, Bosnia, 180 km. distant. *Inachis io L. D., T., much the commonest Vanessid. +Vanessa atalanta L. D., T., B., singly. V. cardui L. D., T., a few worn; B., K., common and fresh. - Aglais urticae L. B., D., S., many fresh. Polygonia egea Cramer. B., K., several on flowers of Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste Tree). P. c-album L. D., T., fairly common. Argynnis paphia L. T., many fresh; TG and Moraca gorge, 19.7. Mesoacidalia aglaja L. D., T., S., common. Fabriciana adippe Schiff. TG, Moraca gorge, in the typical form only. *F niobe L. D., T., C., common; all f eris Meigen. Issoria lathonia L. D.., T., singly. * Brenthis daphne Schiff. T., a few. Boloria pales balcanica Rebel. D., S., several seen, two taken. Clossiana euphrosyne L. D., few worn. C. titania cypris Meigen. T., fairly common but many worn. Melitaea phoebe Schiff. T., few worn. M. didyma Esp. D., T., C., common. M. trivia Schiff. B., K., fresh gen. II, 21/22.7. + Mellicta athalia Rott. D., T., not common. Libythea celtis Laich. B., one 9.7. | Melanargia galathea procida Herbst. D., T., just emerging: the blackest race I have seen anywhere. M. larissa herta Geyer. B., a few worn, 9.7. Hipparchia syriaca serula Frhst. B., several seen 9.7., one male caught 21.7; identity confirmed by dissection. But it differs somewhat, both in the Jullien organ and super- ficially, from the form of Syriaca found in Greece. Hemming (1943) introduced syriaca as a European species on the strength of specimens, one of which came from Montenegro. It may, however, be conspecific with H. lacyone Schiff. (H. statilinus Hfl.) Dalmatia, outside Cilipi airport, one male, Chazara briseis L. B., at the top of the Cettinje road, many fresh 9.7, MONTENEGRO, JULY 1972 9 Satyrus ferula F. B., in the same place, a few 9.7. Minois dryas Scop. TG., a few by the roadside, 19.7. *Brintesia circe F. B., 9.7., several. Erebia ligea herculeana Warren. D., C., T., abundant in and near the forest. E. euryale syrmia Frhst. D., C., T., abundant; very variable, some females hard to separate from those of E. ligea. E. epiphron ssp.? D., a few 1,700/2,000 m., S., plentiful on steep grass slopes. Large (males 39/42 mm.), and constant both in the reduction of size and number of spots and of the extent of the brown markings. Two specimens collected by Mrs Nicholl and Haig Thomas in Herze- govina, now in the B.M. coll., belong to the same race. It has opposite characters to f. retyezetensis, which Warren supposes to occur on Durmitor. E. aethiops aethiops Esp. T., a few, flying with E. ligea. E. medusa euphrasia Frhst. D., at 2,000 m., one worn female dat Te E. gorge gorge Hubn. D., at 2,000 m., one male, 11.7. E. ottomana durmitorensis Warren. (Listed by Rebel as EF. tyndarus var. balcanica Rbl.) S., males abundant, females emerging, 17.7. Very variable in both sexes in size (males 40/46 mm., females 43/49 mm.), in distinctness of the eye-spots, in the extent of the red markings, and in the ground colour of the hindwings underside. The characters used by Warren to distinguish durmitorensis from balcanica are not constant in my series. E. melas schawardae Frhst. D., S., fresh males numerous, few females seen; among rocks above steep grass slopes. Variable in the number of white-pupilled spots on the hindwings upperside; most of mine have three, but some none and one four. E. pronoe frithstérferi Warren. D., at 1,700 m., one male 1.7. + Maniola jurtina L. B., T., common; D., few. Very variable in size. + Hyponephele lycaon Kuehn. TC., T., males abundant; D., less common. *Aphantopus ‘hyperanthus L. TG., Moraca Gorge, locally common. *Pyronia tithonus L. K., 22.7., worn. *P. cecilia Vall. B., 22.7., a few fresh males. Coenonympha tullia occupata Rebel. C., in forest bogs, a few worn; on high pastures in better condition. D., S., on steep grass slopes and among rocks, 1,700/1,900 m., in fair condition (for description see text). C. pamphilus lyllus Esp. B., abundant, 20/22.7. C. arcania L. T., mostly worn. |Pararge aegeria L. T., B., many. {Lasiommata megera L. T., B., frequent. L. maera L. B., D., T., common. A large, brightly coloured form. 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 13/1/73 *I. petropolitana F. D., several very worn. Kirinia roxelana Cramer. B., at the top of the Cettinje road, one Scent9 27. Libythea celtis Laich. B., one fresh, 9.7. Nordmannia ilicis Esp. B., some very worn 21.7. Strymonidia spini Schiff. T., D., fairly common and fresh. +Lycaena phloeas L. D., one only; B., two only. Heodes virgaureae L. D., T., Moraca Gorge, common. Males large and very brilliant. H. ottomanus Lefebvre. B., two 9.7, one 20.7, males seen which were almost certainly this species. *H. alciphron alciphron Rott. D., T., fairly common but elusive. Males intermediate in amount of purple suffusion upper- side; females very large (up to 47 mm.) and black except for the hindwing marginal lunules. Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe leonhardi Frhst. (candens auctt.). D., C., S., fairly common in damp places, but mostly worn. Some females have copper suffusion upperside, others are black except for the marginal lunules and very difficult to separate from those of the last species; the more regular spotting underside, which is characteristic of other races of P. hippothoe, is less clear in leonhardi. Lampides boeticus L. B., 20/22.7, common among Colutea arborescens; later bred from larvae obtained in the pods. Cupido minimus Fuessly. D., a few fresh at 1,700 m. *Celastrina argiolus L. B., many fresh gen. II. *Maculinea alcon alcon Schiff. D., T., few and going over. Certainly of the alcon group, although eggs were found of Gentiana cruciata. *M. arion L. D., T., fairly common; large, tending towards obscura Christ. *Tolana iolas Ochs. B., one male taken, others seen, 9.7; one seen 20.7. *Philotes baton ? schiffermuelleri Hemming. B., 21.7, one. +Plebejus argus cleomenes Frhst. D., T., C., locally abundant. *Lycaeides idas L. D., T., scarce, flying with the last species. Aricia agestis calida Vty. B., K., Cilipi, a few fresh 22.7. *A4. allous ? montensis Vty. D., T., not commons a large form, male uppersides almost immaculate black, females with strong pale organge marginal lunules. Cyaniris semiargus Rott. D., T., a few worn. Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. S., 2,000 m., a few very small males. +Meleageria daphnis Schiff. D., T., a few fresh males. Lysandra coridon Poda. T., D., just emerging; males pale silvery blue with broad black margins. *T. bellargus Rott. K., 22.7, one. *Plebicula dorylas Schiff. D., two males, T., one male. +Polyommatus icarus Rott. B., D., T., fairly common. Pyrgus alveus alveus Hubn. D., C., S., fairly common (identity checked by dissection). + Spialia orbifer Hubn. D., several fresh 10.7. MONTENEGRO, JULY 1972 11 *Carcharodus alceae Esp. B., several fresh 21.7. +C. lavatherae Esp. D., 1,400 m., one 10.7. tErynnis tages L. B., 9.7; T., several. *Thymelicus actaeon Rott. B., common 9.7. *T. sylvestris Poda. B., T., common. T. lineola Ochs. T., common. +Ochlodes venatus Br. & Grey. T., several. Gegenes pumilio Hftsg. or nostrodamus F. K., near Risan, one seen 22.7. (Rebel records G. nostrodamus as “certainly seen’”’ at Medun in east Montenegro, but the two species were not then clearly distinguished.) Heterocera Macroglossa stellatarum L. B., D., T., Z., adults and full fed- larvae simultaneously. * Dasychira fascelina L. Z. +Lymantria dispar L. B., D., T., abundant. Phragmatobia maculosa Schiff. Z. Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda. D., T. Coscinia striata L. D., T., common. Lithosia lurideola Zinck. Z. + Arctia villica L. D. Apamea lateritia Hufn. D., flying by day. Bombycia viminalis F. Scotogramma marmarosa Borkh. D., by day. * Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. T., one, very large. *Taraca lucida Hufn. T. Plusia gamma L. D., B., very few. * Anaitis praeformata Hubn. Z. *Thera variata Schiff. D. T. cognata Schiff. Z. + Siona decussata Schiff. T., one. Ellopia fasciaria f. prasinaria Schiff. D. *Ematurga atomaria L. B., common. Amata marjana Stdgr. TG, abundant. *Procris budensis Spey. D., C., common. Zygaena carniolica jadrana Holik. B.; herzegovinica Burgeff, D. *Z. loti balcanica Reiss. D. *Z. osterodensis (scabiosae auctt.) koricnensis Reiss. *Z. angelicae herzegowinensis Reiss. D. *Z. lonicerae ? thurneri Holik. T. Z. filipendulae illyrica Holik. D., T. *Z. ephialtes ? ssp. TG. * Aegeria tipuliformis Clk. ssp. spuleri Fuchs. T., two on flowers of Aegopodium sp. The larvae here probably feed in Juniperus. +Pachythelia villosella Ochs. T., several empty cases. *Pyrausta flavalis Schiff. D. 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 Acknowledgments I am much indebted to Mr T. G. Howarth, Mr W. G. Tremewan and Mr M. Shaffer for help in the identification of some of the above species. REFERENCES Nicholl, Mrs De La B. (1899). Butterfly hunting in Montenegro, Bosnia and Hercegovina, 1902. The Lepidoptera of Bosnia and Montenegro. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 11: 1-8; 14: 141-146. Staudinger and Rebel (1901). Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palearctischen Faunengebiet. Rebel, H. Studien iiber die Leipidopterenfauna der Balkanlander. 1904, Teil II, Bosnien und die Herzegowina; 1913, Teil III, Sammelergeb- nisse aus Montenegro, Albanien, Mazedonien und Thrazien. Ann. K. K. Nat. Hof. mus. Wien, 19: 97-377, 27: 281-334. Elwes, H. J. (1900). On the Butterflies of Bulgaria. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 51: 183-206. Gibbs, A. E. (1913). Butterfly hunting in the Balkans. Entomologist, 46: 122-136. Haig-Thomas, P. (1931). June in the Balkans. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 43: 57-62. Warren, B. C. S. (1936). A Monograph of the Genus Erebia. Hemming, F. (1943). On the occurrence in Europe and the distribution of Hipparchia syriaca Stdgr. Entomologist, 76: 68-72. Beuret, H. (1952, 1954). Palaeochrysophanus candens H.-S., eine bisher verkannte Art. Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel, 2: 57-64, 4: 33-40. Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. (1970). A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. September 1972. Agrilus biguttatus F. (Col., Buprestidae) at Windsor; with some account of its history in Britain By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. As a postscript to my paper on the rarer Sternoxia (Col.) of Windsor Forest (1966, Ent. Rec., 78: 14-23), I am pleased to be able to report that my friend Mr G. Shephard had the good fortune to capture a specimen of this handsome and now very rare Buprestid (the largest of the many European Agrilus) on 30th July last, in Windsor Great Park, Berks. (It is the A. pannonicus Pill. & Mitt. of Kloet & Hincks, 1945, but that name has not found favour on the Continent and the Fabrician name is in almost universal use.) The present find makes a highly notable addition to the long list of rarities from Windsor Forest, for which there appears to be not even an old record; and indeed it was a question whether the species still existed in our country, AGRILUS BIGUTTATUS F. (COL., BUPRESTIDAE) AT WINDSOR 13 since its continued survival in a restricted part of Sherwood Forest, Notts., is somewhat dubious—or at best precarious until the habitat is conserved. Other British stations for it are now, alas, a matter of ancient history—see further below. Mr Shephard’s example, a female which later laid many eggs, and in very fresh condition but for a damaged leg, was beaten from the foliage of a fairly old oak. Despite much search, no other could be found, which was hardly surprising in view of the late date. The insect could have bred out of that or some other old oak near at hand, but perhaps a likelier source was either some boughs lying under an oak not far off, or else a long row of logs (many of them oak) at a greater distance, brought from another part of the park and placed end to end to mark out a new roadway. In all three cases, examination failed to disclose likely-looking workings or exit-holes, but these might well have been hard to detect, and we hope to resume investigations next year. It may be of interest to summarize what little is known of this as an indigenous British species. Apart from two old records (Hampstead and Cuckfield) by Stephens, of which nothing further is now known, the sole locality for very many years— which furnished all the specimens in our older collections—was the celebrated Darenth Wood in West Kent, also mentioned by Stephens, who says ‘‘on felled timber’ (1839, Man. Brit. Col.: 173). Fowler (1890, Col. Brit. Isl., 4: 70) writes on the adult habits “‘Found flying about old oak stumps, and settling on them’’. The following account is given by Rye & Fowler(1890, Brit. Beetles: 165): “Agrilus biguttatus . . . may be taken in all its stages in Darenth Wood at the end of June; its larvae work sinuous galleries in the damp bark of large oak stumps in open cuttings, that have been left for about two years in the ground, and turn to pupae in cells between the outer and inner layers; the perfect insects remaining quiescent therein for some time. This species . . . flies during the hot sunshine; and, on the least alarm, packs its limbs tight to its body, simulates death, and rolls to the ground.” The species seems to have survived at Darenth up to somewhere about the turn of the century—perhaps rather later. I have heard that two or three collectors (notably Dr G. W. Nicholson) made a thorough but fruitless search for it there during the 1910’s or 20’s; and nothing more seems to have been heard of the beetle in its old haunt. Yet conceivably, it may still linger on; the locality is far less worked than formerly, and on some of my visits there I have noticed what looked like ideal sites. We are only just beginning to realize that certain insects apparently manage to survive at an extraordinarily low density for very long periods in a given locality, provided that suitable habitats remain. An interesting new record appeared in Fowler & Donis- thorpe, 1913, Col. Brit. Isl., 6: 273, under Agrilus biguttatus F.: “Discovered in Sherwood Forest in numbers in July 1908 by Mr Donisthorpe, in a large living oak, in the thick bark.” The 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 captor must have published a full account elsewhere, but I have no note of it. He told me Gf memory serves) that he was being “shown round” by the forester when his eye chanced to light upon a specimen settled on a large limb fallen from an oak, and that on returning to the spot at the first opportunity he was able to locate the breeding site. I have, however, since been informed that the insect had previously been taken there by the late J. Kidson Taylor—a fact doubtless unknown to Donisthorpe. The subsequent history of A. biguttatus at Sherwood is sketchy, and I have seen nothing published; but Mr D. Tozer, who worked the Forest at a later period, obtained it sparingly in the Ollerton area. The examples he kindly gave me were taken in 1939; and he told me that they had to be dug (with much difficulty) out of the tree or trees in which they bred. This does not altogether square with the recorded habits of the beetle at Darenth. A fair inference, perhaps, is that while infesting living or at any rate standing trees its numbers are low and it is seldom seen; but that when oaks in its habitat are felled, conditions are created which favour its multiplication for a time at least, the stumps affording a breeding centre and focus of activity. One would also expect that like its congeners it should be procurable by beating the foliage of its host-trees, and possibly by sweeping near them. I would here draw attention to a little-known New Forest record of A. biguttatus, which does not appear in Fowler & Donisthorpe (1913). The species is included in a list of captures in that locality by the late J. R. le B. Tomlin (1902, Ent. mon. Mag., 37: 291), without any special remark or prominent notice, and is thus liable to be overlooked. Some years ago Mr Lionel Cowley kindly verified for me that a single specimen from the New Forest is extant in Tomlin’s collection in the Cardiff Museum. I know of no other such capture and it is evident that, in view of all the collecting done there, this Buprestid must be, or have been, excessively rare or local in the Forest. Finally, a specimen was taken by Mr B. L. J. Byerley in Bishop’s Wood, Batchworth, Herts. (near Northwood, Middx.), by general sweeping, on 27.vi.53; see Allen, 1958, Ent. mon. Mag., 94: 52. As there related, I joined the captor in a search for the species on 29.vi.57 (a very hot day)—without result. Nor has anything further been seen of it in the wood, despite frequent visits in season by Mr Byerley. It seems that the beetle is occasion- ally introduced into this country in timber from the Continent; it is possible, therefore, that the specimen in question was of adventive origin. 63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 3.x1.72. Mainly South Essex, 1971 By R. TOMLINSON Ray Cook and I had planned to visit Crabb Wood, near Winchester, to try for Trichopteryx polycommata D. & Schiff., for some time, so the afternoon of 28th March saw me riding the MAINLY SOUTH ESSEX, 1971 15 Honda to his home at Hookend. We set offin his car at 4.15 p.m., arrived at Crabb Wood about 7.45 p.m. with still a little light left. Ray noted that the Local Council had “‘tidied up”’ the area since he had last called there. Logs had been placed to prevent vehicle access into the grassy parts, shingle had been laid, and some undergrowth had been chopped down. We were pleased to see that plenty of privet thickets prevailed however, and after fortifying ourselves with coffee we began our rounds at the privet with torches at 8.10 pm. A strange wet mist insinuated itself upon our operations, presumably a common occurrence in this area of the Downs. Against this eerie atmosphere of dead quiet, mist and dripping trees we diligently searched for our quarry. Ray was the first to find polycommata about 6 feet up in a privet thicket and at rest. This was easily boxed and he found 2 more, while I also managed to box 2 specimens. I also boxed a Eupsilia transversa Hufn. which I found at rest. We left for home at 10 p.m. and the wet mist persisted for several miles along the road. On 20th April a melanic Lycia hirtaria Clerck turned up in my Robinson m.v. trap. This, I understand has been described by the late Dr E. A. Cockayne as being ab. nigra in the E.M.M. for 1948. On 2nd May, 3 female and 2 male Saturnia pavonia L. emerged in my breeding cage—the remaining 5 from the 29 cocoons of 2 years ago. On 6th May I had a female Bapta distinctata H.-S. in the garden trap and kept it in the hope of eggs, but she did not lay. A trip to the local Coombe Wood with the generator on 8th May with two friends brought several moths to the sheet, the most notable being Menophra abruptaria ab fuscata Tutt. A daylight visit to Coombe Wood on 18th May with John Chainey resulted in our seeing dozens and dozens of Adela viridella Scop. flying round trees of oak and wych elm, a very remarkable sight. By the gracious consent of Col. and Mrs P. V. Upton of the Essex Birdwatching and Preservation Society, I was allowed to run my generator and light and Heath trap upon their very large estate at Margaretting on 21st May. An area of rolling arable land surrounded by mixed woods, it had never known the net or light of a collector. It was a clear, somewhat cold night with no real surprises moth-wise. I did keep an example of Colocasia coryli L. and a Notodonta trepida Esper from the sheet. The Heath trap held only two Lithina chlorosata Scop. but I feel that the area has great potential. It has been jealously keepered for many, many years and may yet turn up a breeding established rarity or two. On 31st May I again ran the generator with two friends in Coombe Wood from 10 p.m. until 11.30 p.m. Of all that came in, I kept a Lobophora halterata Hufn. and a Deilephila elpenor L. Ray Cook and I drove to Ham Street on the evening of 12th June and ran two M.V. lights and the Heath trap along one of the woodland rides for 34 hours. We saw another collector’s 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 light right at the end of “our” ride and upon investigating found young Chris Renshaw, who explained that his father had dropped him off here and had gone on to Dungeness. In fact, much later, Mr Renshaw came up and introduced himself. Only 29 species of macros came to light and I kept Bena fagana Fab., Tethea or, D. & Schiff., Hadena thalassina Hufn. and a Chilodes maritima Tausch. From 1,000+ moths in the garden trap on Ist July, I was pleased to receive a Hadena compta D. & Schiff. I had been invited to run my light in one of the Essex Natural- ists’ Trust reserves, so on the evening of 2nd July, Albert Cox and I drove to the ‘“‘Backwarden’’, a somewhat wild 35-acre portion of Danbury Common managed by the Trust. Upon our arrival we were met by the resident warden, who led us to a cleared area where I set up the main light, after which I set up the Heath trap along an adjoining woodland path. Conditions were almost ideal, for it had been a sultry day. We ran the lights for 34 hours, and during this time several other interested people came, including Geoff. Pyman and his son. A really great night’s collecting ensued, no less than 79 recognisable species of moths showed up at the sheet, the best of which were Tethea or D. & Schiff., Mysticoptera sexalisata Retz., Laspeyria flexula D. & Schiff., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Dipterygia scabriuscula L., Euphyia unangulata Haw. Miltochrysta miniata Forst., Thumatha senex Hiibn. and Cybosia mesomella L. The Heath trap held 120+ moths, including three species which had not turned up at the sheet, so our night’s total was 82 species, a very fine night’s work indeed. The next day, 3rd July was the occasion of the field meeting here at Stanford-le-Hope of the British Entomological and Natural History Society which I led. This was in conjunction with the South Essex Natural History Society whose members included Miss N. G. B. Scarthe and Mrs N. Mansbridge, both really excellent amateur botanists, 12 of us in all. We drove to Mucking and worked the reed-beds. We had lunch and good conversation in the Linford ‘‘George and Dragon’’, then off to Coombe Wood. Afterwards George Prior and Eric Bradford came home with me and spent some time rummaging through my Robinson trap which contained more than 1,000 moths. Bradford was delighted to find 5 specimens of Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in it. This same night Ray Cook called and we drove in his car to Creeksea in this county where he set up his generator on the saltings whilst my Heath trap was set up about 125 yards away behind a low ridge. Unfortunately Cook’s ljght went wrong, and in the end we had to rely on my Heath trap. Our quarry was Leucania favicolor Barr., and I kept 8 of these, also a Scopula emutaria Hiibn. and 5 larvae of Malacosoma castrensis L. found on the saltmarsh grasses with a torch. One or two examples of Spilosoma urticae Esp. also came to the Heath trap. I paid another visit to Coptfold Hall on the night of 10th July with Mr Grimsell and his son. We ran the M.V. light and the Heath trap for 3 hours on this clear but mild night. This time the pro- MAINLY SOUTH ESSEX, 1971 17 ceedings were presided over by the powerful figure of Morgan White, the head keeper. Forty-one species of moths came to the sheet, the most notable of which were Colostygia pectinateria Knoch., Sterrha straminata Borkh. and Pseudoterpna pruinata ssp. atropunctaria Walker. The Heath trap held much the same species as the M.V. light with the addition of Diarsia brunnea D. & Schiff. The Robinson trap in my garden that night held 1,000 moths, including one Apamea monoglypha Hufn. referable to ab. infuscata White, 2 Hadena compta D. & Schiff., and 7 of the gammina form of Plusia gamma L. 11th July was a very warm day, so I was not surprised when Ray Cook drove over in the evening and suggested a trip through the Dartford tunnel to Trottiscliffe. Almost 40 minutes later we nudged the car through the Pilgrims’ Way and managed to park just off the road, scrambled up the slope with our gear and ran the main light over a sheet and the Heath trap 100 yards away and half-way up a grassy hill. We ran them for just over 2 hours and had 60 species of macros. We found that Ortholitha bipunctaria ssp. cretata Prout were very fresh, just emerged, in fact. Other prizes were Philereme transversata Hufn., Aspitates gilvaria D. & Schiff., Sterrha emarginata L., Leydia adnotata D. & Schiff., Apamea sublustris Esp., and I kept an example of the very attractive Phycitid Nephopteryx semirubella Scop. The Heath trap held over 100 moths, mainly a reflection of what we got at the sheet with 5 different species. Unfortunately, the 2 examples of Scopula ornata Scop. which turned up were past their best; we were obviously too late for this handsome moth. Two friends and I ran the trap over a sheet in Grays chalk quarry on the night of 23rd July for just over 2 hours, and I was elated upon receiving the first visitor, which was Lophopteryx cucullina D. & Schiff. Others of note were three Xanthorrhoe quadrifasciaria Clerck, Crambus pinellus L. and Evergestis pallidata Hufn. -On 29th July, from 2 pupae from the Creeksea castrensis larvae, there hatched in the breeding cage a male and a female. I had brought them through on plum leaves. This same night, the garden M.V. trap held almost 1,000 moths, among them a Cucullia asteris D. & Schiff. and an Apamea ophiogramma Esp. On 9th August I captured a Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff. in the garden trap. I ran the M.V. light by the reed-beds with three friends at the end of Wharf Road here on 13th August for 34 hours, but only 32 species of macros came in, the most notable of which was a Nonagria sparganii Esp. Ray Cook and I ran a light in Weald Park near Brentwood on the night of 11th September for 14 hours, in the hope of Dryobote eremita Fab., but the temperature dropped sharply after dark and not one did we see. Only 9 species came in and I kept 2 of them, Deuteronomos alniaria L. and a Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. It was a different story when Cook and I went to Ham Street Woods on 22nd September. It was a clear night but mild 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/75 and we ran a regular battery of lights and 12 sugar patches for 2 hours or so along one of the rides. Our main quarry was Asphalia diluta D. & Schiff. and 86 of them came in to our lights. We were each able to take a fine series of the moth. Nothing much came to our sugar. On 24th September the trap in my garden took about 100 moths, among them a single example of D. eremita, which I kept. Cook and I had another try for it in Weald Park on the night of 2nd October, but to no avail. On 9th October I drove to Little Baddow with Alan Hardy and his 2 sons, mainly to try for Gryposia aprilina L. We set up our main light over the sheet in the hollow square formed by Pheasanthouse Wood, Poors Piece Wood and Woodham Walter Common, and ran the light for 24 hours. It turned fairly cold after dark; the cloud cover cleared. We had 22 species into the sheet, and of these I had a perfect example of E. transversa, a Lithophane ornithopus ssp. lactipennis Dadd, and a Theras obliscata Hubn. About this time I had 14 Episema caeruleocephala L. emerge in a breeding cage, all that came through from eggs laid by a female taken on 24th October 1970 at One Tree Hill Woods. On 2nd November I rode to Martinhole Wood in the Langden Hills, and searched along the woodland paths for an hour with my torch. I kept one female Colotois pennaria L. and a male Operophtera brumata L. I made the last field trip of the year to Grays chalk quarry on 14th November with 2 friends. Our quarry was Ptilophora plumigera D. & Schiff., as on other visits I had noticed several maple trees and our hopes were high: had I not obtained C. cucullina from the same area earlier this season? We ran the light over the sheet for 24 hours but it was almost frosty and only | one moth came and went again, which appeared to be only Phlogophora meticulosa L. Somewhat disillusioned we packed up and went home, and neither time nor circumstance has permitted me to try there again, but after all, one lives in hope... . REFERENCE South, R. (1961). Moths of the British Isles, 1 and II. Observations on British Butterflies in 1971 By Dr C. J. Luckens Our first entomological excursion of the year really occurred in mid-February while my family and I were on holiday at Fordingbridge. En route to Dorchester on a won- drously warm and sunny day we stopped off at Hod Hill, and wandered up to the Dorset Naturalists’ Trust Reserve which maintains a famous colony of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. Though there had been a sharp frost during the night little groups of E. aurinia larvae were taking the sun all along the vallum—a sight to dispel the ‘winter blues’ of any lepidopterist. — OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1971 19 We had to wait until April 10th however for the first free- flying butterfly. This was a tattered Aglais urticae L. pounced upon by the family cat in my parents’ garden in Sussex, and rescued only in the nick of time. Back in Kent the following day we saw the first Swallow, and Gonepteryx rhamni L. was flying in fair numbers along the road through Orlestone Forest. The weather remained generally fine and warm thereafter for several weeks, and on April 21st we walked in Orlestone Forest again, seeing G. rhamni, A. urticae, Nymphalis io L. and Polygonia c-album L. The pupae of Celastrina argiolus L. that I collected as ova and larvae the previous August, started to emerge in my cages three days later. Out of nine pupae all but one were females, and the solitary male was the last out on May 6th. A warm sunny day on May 8th saw that delightful butter- fly Antocharis cardamines L.-L’aurore flying in the lanes and woods around Ashford. In the afternoon we went over to the Wye Downs and saw Pararge aegeria L. of the bright spring form, and the first Erynnis tages L. Along a shady part of the road three C. argiolus danced together in dappled sunlight among the trees. In company with Colonel C. A. W. Duffield, we returned to the Wye Downs three days later, and saw several butterfly species including freshly emerged Coenonympha pamphilus L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Callophrys rubi L. and Pyrgus malvae L. In the local woods Clossiana euphrosyne L. was already flitting among the violets. Colonel Duffield ’phoned me on the 18th to say that Hamearis lucina L. was about on the downs, so the following day we went up to look for it. The weather was not of the best however and soon after our arrival it clouded over. Though no H. lucina were seen, we noted fresh Pararge megera L., Polyommatus icarus Rott and an early Aricia agestis Schiff. C. rubi, E. tages and C. pamphilus were also flying in spite of cold conditions. That evening I walked along the Royal Military Canal and beat several larvae of Stry- monidia W-album Knoch—they were nearly fully grown al- ready. A few H. lucina were seen in the late afternoon sun during a quick visit to the Wye Downs on May 21st just before we travelled to Sussex for the weekend. That same evening near Haywards Heath we inspected two small Alder Buck- thorns that I had planted the previous autumn along a wood- land hedge in my parents’ garden—a notable ‘flight-line’ for Brimstones. To my mingled delight and dismay I found that each bush held over a dozen larvae in varying stages and as many ova still unhatched—far too big a population for either bush to support. On foliage cut from Buckthorns in the neigh- bourhood my parents reared the majority of these larvae, and subsequently had the pleasure of releasing over thirty imagines. The next day on May 22nd, my wife and son accompanied me to our favourite West Sussex wood. It was a perfect 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 spring morning and when we arrived we were delighted to find numbers of Leptidia sinapis L. fluttering along the rides. In addition to this local butterfly, there were plenty of C. euphrosyne of both sexes, a few early Clossiania selene Schiff. literally scores of G. rhamni, and the occasional P. icarus and C. rubi; the two Skippers E. tages and P. malvae, buzzed among the Trefoil and wild Strawberry. I netted a lovely Hemaris tityus L. which was hovering at a bugle spike and released it after it had been admired by ali. Later in the morning we saw a few more Bee Hawks, also presumably H. tityus, though we did not identify them positively. In the afternoon we drove up to the Chiddingfold area where in spite of cloudier weather there were even more small fritillaries on the wing, but to our surprise no L. sinapis were seen where they had been flying in fair numbers the previous July. Perhaps it emerges later in this wood. Our next outing was on Whit Monday when I was pleased to get away to the Wye Downs after a busy week-end on duty. A. cardamines was still flying in the lanes, and a few C. argiolus on the fringe of the downs, but on the chalk itself FP. icarus was at the height of its emergence and we saw several pairs in cop. P. megera was also very common. That same evening I returned to the Royal Military Canal and wandered along the banks tapping the lower branches of the Wych Elms. Two or three more S. W.-album larvae were secured, one of which already had the plum colour of pre- pupation. On June 2nd in rather dull conditions I went over to the Folkestone Downs. On arrival the weather improved out- standingly and many butterfly species were seen—P. aegeria, P. megara, C. pamphilus, L. phlaeas, P. icarus, A. agestis, C. rubi, P. napi, P. rapae, P. brassicae, E. tages and P. malvae were all present, and scores of Lysandra bellargus Rott. gladdened the eye all along one stretch of the steep hillside. In the late afternoon I returned to the Wye area and found a site where H. lucina was abundant in a sunny corner of the downs. Unfortunately L. bellargus has long been absent from this locality, though Horseshoe Vetch is still fairly plentiful. After this date weather conditions took a turn for the worse. Whereas early June over the last three years has been conspicuous for its hot and sunny weather, this year it was abnormally cold and wet—at least whenever I was free! On June 8th., when I had to go over to Hassocks in Sussex, there were spells of watery sunshine and I took advantage of them to visit the local downs. While we were at Hurstpier- point College about fourteen years ago, a friend and myself had found flourishing colonies of L. bellargus and Cupido minimus Fuessl. on these hills, and I was keen to find out if these colonies still survived. In the infrequent periods when the sun shone wanly I saw plenty of P. icarus and one male OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1971 PAK L. bellargus. No C. minimus showed up, though weather con- ditions may well have been the reason for its non-appearance. S. W-album imagines started to emerge in my breeding cages on June 14th, and continued to the end of the month; and on the 16th, after beating blackthorns in one of the woods around Ashford, I was delighted to obtain two half-grown larvae of another Hairstreak—Thecla betulae L. These were from bushes about five feet tall; up till then I had searched and beaten much smaller blackthorns in accordance with the popular belief concerning the egg-laying habits of this butter- fly. On the afternoon of the same day my wife and son came with me to Folkestone, and when the sun came out for a moment we watched the whole hillside come alive with the bright spread wings of L. bellargus. P. icarus and C. pamphilus were about in lesser numbers. Again there was a spell of wet weather, but in spite of a very gloomy forecast from the Meteorological Office, my wife and I left early on June 19th, to make the long trek to Nor- folk. The clouds broke up at intervals all afternoon confounding the dark prognostications of the weather-men and in one of these sunny spells we saw a single male Papilio machaon L. at Hickling. However no ova or larvae of this butterfly were seen, either there or at other Broads in the vicinity and at one of these latter sites which used to be a marvellous place for P. machaon the reeds had been burned over a wide area. The Hickling Nature Reserve had changed in many aspects since our last visit in 1968. We sadly missed the former Warden, Mr Bishop; and the reserve seemed to have become in general more densely overgrown with reeds, while the verges of the paths had been severely cropped, resulting in fewer sizable specimens of Milk Parsley. In relation to former visits Hicking was a disappointment, and in view of the above changes we personally found it hard to justify the re- cently imposed entrance fee. Another T. betulae larva was obtained in the Ashford woods on June 22nd—again on a bush about six feet high. At Folkestone on the same day a few C. minimus were about in very circumscribed areas on the downs. A pair in cop was spotted among the grasses. L. bellargus was still reasonably abundant but starting to get worn, and the first Ochlodes venata Br. and Grey. were flying whenever the sun broke through. Our holiday commenced on June 28th, and we made an early start on the long journey to Cornwall. At first the weather was dull and sultry, but on the last day of June, when we travelled south from Bude to escape persistent mist, the weather cleared in the afternoon and thereafter we had a fortnight of almost continuous sun. Driving through some narrow lanes that day, we passed a wood bounded by drystone (To Be Continued) 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 Callicera spinolae Rondani — Extended Range By C. O. HAMMOND, F.R.E.S. Of the 3 species of Hoverfly in the Genus Callicera recorded for Britain, C. spinolae is undoubtedly the loveliest and well worthy of the name Golden Hoverer-fly given to it by C. Morley when he recorded his first specimen for Suffolk at Brandiston Marshes in September 1942 and again at Monks Soham in October 1947. Previous to this the only specimen recorded for Britain was also taken in Suffolk at Southwold by J. W. Bowhill on Ist October 1928. On 19th September 1972 I was standing in the woodland garden at Houghton Hall near East Rudham in West Norfolk observing various Diptera and Homoptera when I saw what appeared to be a bee of the Andrena species flying near the ground in erratic flight common to the Hymenoptera; but when the insect made closer approach the brilliant bands of golden hairs on the abdomen and the brassy green-black of the rest of the body confirmed it must be a hover-fly and one new to me. Having no net I made a desperate grab at it and caught it in my hand! Though I kept the specimen, a female, alive in a large jar it died a few days later without depositing eggs. This is the first record for Norfolk. While attending the A.E.S. Exhibition at Holland Park School on 30th September 1972, I showed my specimen to Mr I. Perry who informed me that he had taken a female at Lode, near Cambridge on 19th September 1971, the first record for Cam- bridgeshire. Subsequent correspondence from Mr Perry stated that the identification of his specimen had been confirmed by Dr J. Smart of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. The specimen had a wing span of 28 mm.; mine was 32 mm. Males have not yet been taken in Britain; this may well be because they prefer to stay by the breeding sites waiting for the females to emerge, a habit I have frequently noticed with Calli- probola speciosa, Rossi, another lovely Syrphid. However, some females must wander in search for new breeding sites and visit flowers for feeding, angelica and ivy-blossom being favoured. Like most very rare Syrphids the flight period seems limited to 3 weeks or less. Whereas C. spinolae occurs from mid- September to early October. C. rufa occurs mainly in August; while C. aenea, the commonest and most widely distributed species, has been taken from mid-June to mid-August. A very detailed account of the breeding habits of C. rufa, the brassy-black species with rufous or black hairs, has been given by R. L. Coe who found the larvae in a decayed cavity partly filled with resinous water in an ancient Scots Pine near Braemar, Aberdeenshire. Some larvae, subsequently bred by him, took as long as five years to pupate. The early stages of C. spinolae and C. aenea are apparently unknown, though it is most likely that they too breed in rotten wood. GALLICERA SPINOLAE RONDANI—EXTENDED RANGE 23 C. aenea, metallic green with no conspicuous bands on the abdomen, was recorded from Windsor Forest, a female, by A. M. Low, 23.vi.57 on rhododendron; from Bromley, Kent, a female on goutweed, August 1959 by P. J. Chandler and the most recent record is of a male taken flying over a narrow drainage ditch with slow, almost hovering flight at a marsh near Sourton, North Devon on 16.vii.72 by Mr G. M. Spooner. It was thought worth while to illustrate the specimen taken in Norfolk this year so that collectors, other than Dipterists, might be conversant with the general appearance. Outstanding points in identification are the very long black antennae with a white arista, the copious golden hairs along the sides of the thorax and abdomen, the two wide bands of golden hairs on the abdomen, the saffron colour of the anterior portion of the fore- wings with a darkened tip, and the brassy green-black body. In the illustration the golden hairs have of necessity been indicated in black but the general make-up is remarkably like that of Calliprobola speciosa Rossi, shown as a colour plate in Flies of the British Isles, but C. speciosa has 3 bands of golden hairs on the abdomen in place of the 2 in Callicera spinolae. 34 Passmore Gardens, New Southgate, N.11. REFERENCES Coe, R. L. (1938). Rediscovery of Callicera yerburyi Verrall; its breeding habits, with a description of the larva. Entomologist, 71: 97-102. Coe, R. L. (1939). Callicera yerburyi Verrall; a synonym of C. rufa Schummel ; further details of its life history, with a description of the puparium. Ibid., 72: 228-231. 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 Coe, R. L. (1941). Callicera rufa Schummel; colour variation of the abdominal hairs, with a note on the longevity of the larva. Entomo- logist, 74: 131-132. Coe, R. L. (1943). Callicera spinolae Rond. taken in Britain, its redescription, with notes on C. aenea Fabr. and C. rufa Schumm. Entomologist, 76: 155-158. CHANDLER, P. J. (1967). The Hover-flies of Kent. Trans. Kent Fld. Cl., 3 (3), 1969. Colyer, C. N. and Hammond, C. O. (1968). Flies of the British Isles, Warne, Plate 20. The Middle Atlas: A Further Visit, May-June 1972 By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. The region which embraces Azrou and Ifran is indeed the most attractive part of the Middle Atlas and probably the richest for butterflies in the whole of Morocco. I had already sampled its species on two occasions in April and May, 1965 and again in May and June, 1969 (vide Ent. Rec., 77: 177 and 81: 286) so that I considered yet a further visit would be profitable rather later in the season to obtain some of the early summer species. I therefore flew to Gibraltar on 28th May, arriving in the evening to find that the car I had arranged to be at the airport was not forthcoming. However, after negotiation from the Rock Hotel, one was produced after 10 p.m., which was fortunate, as I was able to transport it the following morning to Tangier. Had this not been possible, I should have had to wait three days in Gibraltar as the car ferry was to be laid up in dry dock for this period. I set out from Tangier by the coastal route via Larache where I halted in some promising ground and saw the first spring butter- flies which included Gonepteryx cleopatra L. and Anthocharis eupheno L. as well as Euchloé ausonia Hibn., Colias croceus Fourc. and Aricia cramera Eschesch. I travelled on via Meknes, completing the 250 miles to Ifran by dusk. There I joined Major-General Sir George and Lady Ida Johnson at the large and rather old fashioned Grand Hotel where they had already been for a week and had been able to form a good idea of the season and the prevalence of the various species. It soon became evident on the following day, the 30th, that not only was it a very late year, but not nearly such a prolific one as I had experi- enced in the same area in 1969 at this time of the year. Most of the early May insects were still well on the wing at this altitude of nearly 6,000 ft. The chief species flying in the immediate vicinity of Ifran were Zegris eupheme meridionalis Lederer, Gonepteryx rhamni L., Euphydryas desfontainii Godart, Melitaea aetherie Hiibn., M. didyma Esp., Callophrys rubi L., and Plebicula thersites. Cantener with its very bright females; while that beautiful little Blue, Philotes bavius fatma Oberthur was exception- ally numerous together with a few of its smaller relative P. aben- THE MIDDLE ATLAS 25 cerragus Pierret. Cupido lorquinii H.-S. was also quite plentiful in one or two restricted localities. The last day of May was another very fine and warm occasion when I went on a voyage of discovery southwards to Boulmaine on the road to Midelt where there is a lot of rocky ground with chénes verts at a fairly high elevation, but little was flying there except A. eupheno, giving further evidence of the lateness of the season. At lower levels Lysandra punctifera Oberthiir was only just getting on the wing. June greeted us with another roaster when I accompanied Sir George and Lady Ida south on the road to the 7,200 ft. Col du Zad, turning off it easterly 14 miles short of the pass on the very rough track leading to the Taghzeft Pass which figures in so many accounts of collecting in this part of Morocco. After covering some 10 miles along this very bumpy track and bleak country, we turned off left before ascending to the Pass itself, since my companions had found a most fruitful small valley the previous week in this region. It was not long before we saw the first males of that superb Blue Plebicula atlantica Elwes, much more silvery than its common relative, P. dorylas Schiff. Shortly afterwards, I took several of another Lycaenid with purplish upperwings and a dull brown underside which mystified us. In fact, it was only when back in England that they were expertly identified as Plebeius martini Allard, another species confined to North Africa which is normally over by the middle of May. We took one Grayling which proved to be Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli, while the little Copper Cigaritis zohra Donzel was abundant on part of the rocky ground. The only Nymphaline was Melitaea phoebe Schiff. The following day saw me in that region towards Fez which had proved so rich in 1969 for that grand insect Berberia abdelkader Pierret. On arrival I ascended a small knoll where I did a sort of sentry-go round the summit making occasional successful sweeps at the little Satyrid Coenonympha yaucheri Blachier as they flitted by always hugging the stony ground at the tops of these small hills. Soon the big black butterfly, B. abdelkader appeared, but I only saw two males on this occasion. Iphiclides feithsameli Dup. and Issoria lathonia L. were also present with the first Aporia crataegi L. The next day, 3rd June, saw us once more on the Taghzeft Pass area where males of P. atlantica and P. martini were more numerous as also was L. punctifera. We also took some C. vaucheri on the higher ground. On the 4th the Forét de Jaba produced the first Melanargia galatea lucasi Rambur at least a fortnight later in appearance than in 1969. The Johnsons left on 5th June, en route for England. That morning I revisited the locality for B. abdelkader which was distinctly scarce compared with 3 years previously, though the males were well on the wing. On the 6th I moved to lower ground at the Panorama Hotel at Azrou which had been my haven on the two -arlier visits, but I missed the presence and help of M. Gallet who had returned to France, as he had unrivalled knowledge of Moroccan lepidoptera in general. 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/13 Another day in the Taghzeft Pass region on 7th June found males of P. atlantica really plentiful, but no sign of the striking female of this species. L. punctifera and C. vaucheri were also much more in evidence. The next morning of the 8th in very warm conditions as usual I explored the country round Ain Leuh which lies in the hills just off the road leading towards Marrakech. A good mountain road had been completed leading several miles into the forest beyond this small resort. On a limestone slope Maniola jurtina L. was flying in considerable numbers and I soon spotted several of that magnificent fritillary Argynnis pandora Schiff. sailing swiftly over the short herbage and settling occasion- ally on a low thistle from which they were not difficult to net. They were in a particularly large and bright form. Many small Skippers were flitting about too. These proved to be Pyrgus onopordi Rambur with an occasional Spialia ali Oberthir. At this altitude a few worn Zerynthia rumina L. were Still flying. Later I was about to choose a picnic site in the cedar forest when a large troupe of some forty barbary apes appeared, some carrying their young so that I hastily beat a retreat. 9th June was spent in the forest area above Azrou where P. pandora was to the fore with lots of L. punctifera; several Papilio machaon L. were also on the wing in this region. Another visit to Ain Leuh on 10th June provided further A. pandora which was becoming increas- ingly numerous, but there was no sign of the other two large fritillaries Argynnis auresiana Frihstorfer, and of A. lyauteyi, either in this area or round Ifran. Both these fine butterflies had also eluded me in 1969. I paid a final visit to the Taghzeft Pass on 11th June, another scorching day, when Blues were abundant, especially P. atlantica and I was also lucky enough to get some females of P. martini, but still none of atlantica. Melanargia occitanica Esp. (psyche Hiibn.) was the only new butterfly seen and in this late season there was no sign of Pseudochazara atlantis Austaut for which this locality is noted. My last active day on the 12th was spent in the Azrou Forest, seeing all the species already described from there with the addition of Polygonia c-album L. On 13th June I was rendered fairly inactive owing to a breakdown with my car, though M. galatea was numerous in the vicinity of the Panorama Hotel. I managed to get under way northwards early on 14th June and following the same coastal route as before reached Tangier that evening crossing to Gibraltar at an early hour on 15th June which afforded me the whole day to see what was on the wing, but it was very lean compared with 1969 and there was none of the Burnet Zygaean gibraltaica in the Almeida Gardens. I flew back to London late that afternoon after yet another very profitable sojourn in this northern part of Africa. Among the few moths seen at Ifran by day the commonest were Heamaris tityus L. and Heliothis dipsacea L. FURTHER NOTES ON THE AFRICAN LUNAR MOTH 27 Further notes on the African Lunar Moth Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) K. W. KUHNE A male of this spectacular moth was first described in 1969 by Dr E. Pinhey, Curator of the National Museum, Bulawayo, who also in 1972 described the female. The larvae are now described from observations made immediately prior to pupation. Four caterpillars were found at Mbala (formerly Abercorn, Zambia) on the previously described (Little, 1972) food plant. It is of interest to note that these were found not only on Monotes katangensis, but also on M. angolensis and on another as yet undetermined Monotes sp. tree. All these Monotes types have provided cocoons from which 10 moth specimens were obtained in August 1972. These adult larvae were plump lime-green smooth-skinned caterpillars between 64 and 7 cm. long, with 9 pairs of well- formed scoli side by side on the crescent of each segment except the 8th body segment which had a single centrally positioned scolus. These scoli were armed at the tips with short black bristles and some long sparse hairs (Figs. 1 & 2). Between each segment when extended there are pale to dark yellow bands shaded darker from above towards the underside. The tips of the four pairs of prolegs and of the claspers were dark yellow edged with brown. The upper and lower edges of the spiracles on the sides are marked by tiny silver spots. These caterpillars, although well camouflaged against detection by their close resemblance in outline and colouring to the fresh leaves of the Monotes trees against predators, were found during the period 5th to 19th October 1972. They were each placed in separate cages and provided daily with fresh food until it was noticed that the caterpillar had ceased to eat and had started wandering around on the ground under the foliage in a quite restless manner. This stage was reached shortly after collection by two of the larvae (one of which had incidentally been found on the ground at the base of a Monotes sp. tree) but for the other two after 13 and 14 days respectively after observation of a moult. The caterpillars then moved back on to the food plant and started making a shelter of leaves bound together with rough strands of silk before actually spinning their dense, firm pale straw-coloured cocoon. The colour of this cocoon weathers within a few days to silvery grey. Once spinning commenced the cocoons were completed in 24 hours and the four caterpillars were all in their cocoons by 25th October 1972. A pale straw-coloured cocoon was, however, also found on a Monotes sp. tree on 12th October and another on 18th October thus indicating an earlier final moult and earlier entry into the pupal stage in the cocoon in which approximately 10 months of life cycle is spent. By analysis of the present 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 Ales ‘ee Wh i1s\ ff} NAN Hi Wea q uta, ‘ \ ath iy \) vi i ine i V0 \\. i} ble KENNY FURTHER NOTES ON THE AFRICAN LUNAR MOTH 29 available data it would appear that there is approximately 2 months from the emergence of the moth from the cocoon to the return of the caterpillar to the pupal stage in the life cycle of this insect. The typical Argema-type cocoon and the dark brown obtect pupa are illustrated (Figs. 3 & 4). J. C. Little (1972) lists the emergence from cocoons in 1971 and refers to the 1968 and 1970 dates when specimens of this beautiful moth were first noticed. In 1972 the emergences from cocoons were earlier than usual although collections at a mercury vapour light trap gave virtually identical dates for the appearance of this moth. Emergence from cocoons in 1972: 10th August (1 g); lith 1 g); 21st (1 9); 22nd (1 9); 23rd (1 9); 24th (1 3); 28th (2 9, 1 3g) and taken at light trap Ist September (1 9); 10th C1; 3). Additional Notes 30th January 1972—first new season cocoon found on food plant. 10th August 1972—first moth emerged from cocoon—male. 11th August 1972—second moth emerged, also male. The timing of the eclusion from pupa follows: (a) fluffy funnel end of cocoon noticed to be moist—13.40 hrs. (b) funnel of cocoon noticeably swollen and slightly open and yellow spot showing—13.50 hrs. (c) gradual emergence of body—pulsing movement at irregular intervals of 5 to 15 seconds for next 10 minutes. (d) front leg and both antennae shot out—14.00 hrs. (e) followed a few seconds later by whole insect in compact bundle hanging on to twig by both front legs. (f) front wings extended—14.30 hrs. (g) hind wings extended—15.05 hrs. (h) at this stage front and hind wings held close together. A number of questions remain, the chief of these arising from paucity of numbers in specimens that have actually been caught. At what stage in the life cycle is any influence exerted to maintain the evidently very low population? From personal observation, when the moth emerges, it is very well disguised to fit in with the end-of-dry season foliage and fruits of the Monotes sp. food plant. Particularly during the day and before the moth is able to fly it is not readily visible to predators. The golden yellow long-tailed moth is illustrated in colour by Pinhey (1972) in his recent book on the Emperor Moths. In the larva stage its lime-green colourings combined with the projecting scoli match very closely the green foliage of the food plant. It is possible that in its immediate pre-pupal state of agitated “wanderlust’’, described by Pinhey (1968) that some larvae are damaged in falling to the ground, they would certainly also be readily visible to birds and lizard predators when moving up the brown tree trunk to commence building their cocoons. It would seem that the most vulnerable stage is after the larva has spun its cocoon and towards the end of the dry season when 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 bushfires could take their toll of these cocoons which are usually found in the lower branches rather than in the upper third of the Monotes trees. The shape of the cocoon itself, with its holes for water drainage (ventilation?) lends itself to parasitization, possibly by some wasp. The writer has noted that in some cocoons from which there had evidently been no eclusion, that the pupa remaining within the case is purely skeletal. In a number of these instances ants have been found inside the cocoon, and in one instance a cricket was found. The fact that most, if not all specimens taken at light traps, are found to have been badiy damaged can, it is believed, be put down to attack by bats and possibly nightjars, although there is no direct proof of this. Acknowledgments . I am indebted to Dr Elliot Pinhey in the first place for describ- ing and naming of the moth; to Field Assistants M. Sanane and A. Majembe of the International Red Locust Control Organisa- tion, Mbala, for their diligence in searching for and the care of the caterpillars; to Jim Little for continued encouragement and finally to my wife for her sustaining interest in the investigations into the life cycle of this insect. REFERENCES Little, Jamieson C. (1972). Notes on the African Lunar Moth, Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Ent. Rec., 84: 193-196. Pinhey, Elliot (1968). Introduction to Insect Study in Africa. Oxford Univer- sity Press, London. Pinley, Elliot (1969). A new African Lunar Moth (Lepidoptera Saturniidae). Arnoldia Rhod., 4: (22): 1-3. Pinhey, Elliot (1972a). The female of Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Arnoldia Rhod., 5 (23): 1-2. Pinhey, Elliot (1972b). The Emperor Moths of South and Central Africa. C, Struik, Cape Town. Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955, a synonym of Pantala flavescens (Fabr.) (Odonata, Libellulidae) By TripIB RANJAN MITRA, ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, CALCUTTA Among the unidentified odonata material preserved in the National Zoological collections of the Zoological Survey of India I came across a specimen from Calcutta, which was completely identical with Sympetrum tandicola Singh. This species was described by Singh (1955) from a single male specimen from the Upper chenab valley, Western Himalaya. The holo-type of S. tandicola, deposited in the Zoological Survey of India, was examined by me and, while agreeing perfectly with the specimen at my disposal, did not have the hairs on the posterior lobe of prothorax, a key character for determination of the genus Sympetrum Newman, 1833, according to Fraser (1936). NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ou A more detailed examination revealed that Sympetrum tandicola Singh does in no way differ from Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798); the characters of head and wing which form the basis of Singh’s species, and also those of prothorax, thorax, abdomen, genital organ and anal appendages are identical in the two species. I have, therefore, no hesitation in relating Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955 as a synonym of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798). Pantala flavescens is a circumtropical dragonfly known from tropical and subtropical parts of the Old and New Worlds. REFERENCES 1. Fabricii, J. C. (1798): Libellula. Ent. Syst., Suppl.: 283-286. 2. Fraser, F. C. (1936): Fauna of British India, Odonata, Vol. 3. Taylor & Francis Ltd., London. 3. Singh, Santokh (1955): Entomological survey of the Himalayas, Part V.—On two new species of Odonata. Agra. Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), Vol 4(1): 171-174 Notes and Observations CALOPTILIA STIGMATELLA FABR. (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE).— L. T. Ford, in his Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, gives only one generation per year for this species, showing the larval, pupal and emergence times as August to September. But I was surprised in mid-May 1972 to discover a typically rolled tip of a sallow leaf, at Bodelva, and it contained a larva, which I reared to produce a moth on 29th June. Although the species is common in Cornwall and conforms more or less to Ford’s timetable, it would appear that there is a tendency for an occasional (or freak) generation to occur earlier in the year.—JOHN L. GreGory, Lepidoptera House, Bodelva, Par, Cornwall. 18.xii1.1972. SPAELOTIS RAVIDA D. & SCHIFF IN NoRTH LANCASHIRE.—On the night of August 19th 1972, I caught a male of this species in my mercury vapour light trap in my garden. Dr N. L. Bir- kett has informed me that the only other Lake District record known to him is Ford’s record near Carlisle in 1921, so this may be a new record for vice county 69 (Westmorland and North Lancashire).—D. W. Kypp, 6 Yewbarrow Rd., Ulverston, Lancashire. 27.ix.1972. ARGYNNIS SELENE (D. & SCHIFF): SECOND Broop. Further to Mr Rutherford’s note (Ent. Record, 84: 114), I can also report the occurrence of a partial second brood of the Small Pearl- bordered Fritillary in the wild—but in 1972. I took a single male specimen here in Sussex on 20th August, this differing little in either appearance or size from normal specimens of the same sex and locality—COoLIN PRATT, Oleander, 5 View Road, Peace- haven, Sussex. 29.xi.1972. =2 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1/73 LATE SUMMER BUTTERFLIES.—Dr DE Worms in the June number of The Record (antea: 170) lists the unusually early appearance of certain spring butterflies—this year has also been remarkable for some very late appearances. I noted the first Meadow Brown on 28th June, when a single male was seen on the Westbury Downs; 2 more appeared 3 days later. The Purple Emperor was first seen at Blackmoor Copse on 24th July, when I watched 2 males flying round an oak tree in the late afternoon sunshine. A fresh female was sighted on 14th August. On 1st November, a warm day with hazy sunshine, I took my net out for a last walk over an extensive sweep of south-faeing downland. My optimism was not misplaced, and I netted 2 very fresh Chalk Hill Blues amongst a small number of both sexes that had obviously been out for some time. Meadow Browns, making up for their late start, were still about in some numbers with a high proportion of both sexes of recent emergence. For some reason they were very wild and difficult to net on the steep slope. Finally, I got back from the British Entomological and Natural History Society Centenary Exhibition to be telephoned by my sister, who lives on the outskirts of Bath, with the news that a few nights previously, she had seen a Painted Lady fluttering round the outside light over her front door—it had gbne by morning.—C. G. Lipscoms, Warminster. 17.xi.1972. SoME LATE DATES FOR 1972.—The especially late season which seems to have been the feature of 1972 has produced some quite late dates for a number of species. In particular, at Portland I was surprised to take Cryphia muralis Forst. on 7th October. In my m.v. trap at Woking, I noted the following species during the autumn months: 29th September, Cryphia perla D. & Schiff. ; Ist October, Apamea monoglypha Hufn.; 12th October, Rivula sericealis Scop.; 18th October, Catocala nupta L.; 28th October, Deuteronomos erosaria D. & Schiff.—C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 21.xi.1972. OCHROPLEURA PLECTA L. AB. RUBRICOSTA FUCHS IN DEVON.— On 25th August 1972, I took a moth in my m.v. trap in my garden on the outskirts of Brixham, Devon. In shape it resembled Ochropleura plecta L., but the forewings were deep brown, and the bright costal stripe and all the stigmata were obscured. The lower half of the forewings showed a whitish patch near the base. I submitted it recently to Mr Fletcher at the British Museum (Natural History), and he very kindly wrote to me informing me that the moth was undoubtedly O. plecta, and matched 2 specimens in the R.C.K. collection under ab. rubricosta Fuchs: 1 specimen being from Scarborough and dated 1886 and the other (@) from Abersoch, dated 1949.—J. W. PHILLips, 7 Beverley Rise, New Road, Brixham, Devon. 19.xi.1972. Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. 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WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS Montenegro, July 1972. R. F. BRETHERTON .. Agrilus biguttatus F. (Col., Buprestidae at Windsor; with some account of its History in Britain. A. A. ALLEN Mainly South Essex, 1971. R. TOMLINSON Observations on British Butterflies in 1971. C. J. LUCKENS . Callicera spinolae Rondani—Extended Range. C. O. HAMMOND .. The Middle Atlas: A Further Visit, May-June 1972. C. G. M. de WORMS Further Notes on the African Lunar Moth Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae. K. W. KUHNE ye Sympetrum tandicola Singh, 1955, a synonym of Pantala flavescens (Fabr.) (Odonata, Libellulidae). T. R. MITRA Notes and Observations: Caloptili stigmatella Fabr. (Lep. Gracillariidae). J. L. GREGORY Be a: Ja : Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff. in North Lancashire. D. W. KYDD Me ne : Argynnis selene (D. & Schiff.): Second Brood. COLIN PRATT Late Summer Butterflies. C. G. LIPSCOMB Some Late Dates for 1972. C. G. M. de WORMS Ochropleura plecta L. ab. rubricosta Fuchs in Devon. J. W. PHILLIPS iG! ae = si fe 24 27 30 cc ata i i a fT. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND 7 85, Nos. 2 and 3 | February/March 1973 3 & : THE = 69 ENTOMOLOGIST ts : 3 : RECORD & : 9 4 AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 7 S & oy Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:s. 9 aa with the assistance of 3} >3 A.A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B8.SC., F.R.E.S. Sy) p@ «0s NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. yf 4 S. N. A. Jacoss, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Ff Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S 39 { f Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S Ss v H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B.. B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. 9 1G ey Rg rT) : @ 4} J Ag J 2 a S 3 By ba te $i] I 3 | a ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 I) a £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. fy B £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. fy) S Is now due and should be paid to 8 a Hon. Treasurer: &% ey Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent (33 (EVER EVEV EVEL EV ELEBE LEV ESD ED E ‘PUB PUBLISHED MONTHLY DOUBLE NUMBER PRICE 80p f , Centipedes f of the Gy British Isles E. H. Eason £3.15 net 3 This book is the only fully comprehensive N F reference work to deal exclusively with the pk biology and ecology of British centipedes. All Sawa > the species to be found in the British Isles, Ne including those doubtfully recorded, are fully Y¢ ? described and illustrated. The book also gives ; i details of structure and life history, an account oe Q of the natural history of the group as a whole, Oz A an explanation of the principles governing vy distribution and classification, and an appendix Co I dealing with methods of collecting, preserving ¢ Roy and examining specimens. ISBN 0 7232 0026 2 — Flies of the et Be _~ British Isles 7 C. N. Colyer and C.O.Hammond £2.75 net This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English of the British Diptera, in- cludes full accounts of structure and of the more interesting life histories and habits. More than 250 representative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in colour, and numerous text figures drawn from specimens collected by the authors. There is a section each on the Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the Acalypterates, the Calypterates, and the Pupipara. In addition a long introductory section provides a detailed analysis of the structure of the fly. The book contains a glossary, a bibliography, and is fully indexed. ISBN 0 7232 0004 1 FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE eS eee 35 An Entomologist in Radnorshire, 197] By L. K. EVANS From 17th to 23rd July last year I was fortunate to be able to explore entomologically the little-known county of Radnorshire. My collecting having been previously confined almost entirely to the southern part of England, I considered this a venture into the unknown, and I found the experience both exciting and enjoyable. In view of the short time at my disposal I chose for working what I considered the most extreme habitats ecologically and the most widely separated geographically. As many of the national survey's 10 km. squares were covered as possible. As a lepi- dopterist I concentrated on the moths, but also took for identifica- tion examples of other orders: these were collected more or less casually. Entomologically, Radnorshire must be among the most neglected counties in Britain, hence I have thought it worthwhile to detail the insects observed in full, as far as it has been possible to have them determined. In this I follow the format of Chalmers- Hunt (1969), who reported on an expedition to neighbouring Breconshire. Even for the macrolepidoptera, the only published account of the Radnorshire fauna of which I am aware is that of Gordon Smith (1953), and the records contained therein are almost entirely the work of the Reverend F. M. B. Carr between 1911 and 1913. Of the 166 “macros” observed by me in 1971, no less than 88 do not appear on that list, which gives some idea of the extent of our knowledge on this subject! Despite its very beautiful scenery, Radnorshire is ecologically a rather uniform county. There is a marked lack of all kinds of deciduous woodland, and the sheep-grazing practised on almost all areas of upland reduces the diversity of habitats available to insects. It is perhaps not surprising to record, therefore, that nothing really startling was observed. Nevertheless, some moths did turn up unexpectedly: Leucania straminea Treits., abundantly at Newbridge; Apatele alni L., a melanic at an exceptionally late date; Apamea scolopacina Esp., and Lygephila pastinum Treits. One Hemistola immaculata Thunb. was taken in the marsh at Rhosgoch—a most unexpected capture for this type of locality. As a southern collector, I was also delighted to see such species as Plusia bractea D. & S., P. interrogationis L., and Apamea furva D& S. Of the localities visited, 4 sites were sampled with mercury- vapour apparatus: HUNDRED House (10 km. square, 32/15). Sheep-grazed hillside with bracken, few trees, some boggy spots. 17th to 22nd July. Traps sited variously at 700 ft., 950 ft., and 1,050 ft., but not all on the same nights, so no direct comparisons possible. NEWBRIDGE-ON-WYE (32/05). Marshy area and mixed woodland adjacent to the River Wye, altitude 450 ft. 19th and 21st July. 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 80 13a/ TTS LLANDEILO GRABAN (32/04). Open Calluna/Vaccinium moor, with bracken and stunted hawthorn. Altitude 1,200 ft. 20th July. RHOSGOCH (32/14). Swampy area with Typha, Alnus and adjacent pasture. Altitude 800 ft. 23rd July. More casual recording was also carried out at Aberedw (road- side verges); Felindre, Dddl (1,300 ft.), Moelfre, New Radnor, and Littlehill Common near Llanbister (1,200 ft.). Acknowledgments The following gentlemen have been most helpful in under- taking a number of determinations and I would like here to gratefully acknowledge their expert assistance: P. J. Chandler, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, P. N. Crow, L. H. Evans, E. Lewis, and P. E. S. Whalley. I would also like to record my appreciation of the hospitality shown to me by Mr and Mrs Ivor Davies of Hundred House whose home was used as a base for many nocturnal comings and goings. I am also in receipt of a most generous benefaction from Magdalene College, Cambridge, towards the cost of the trip. MACROLEPIDOPTERA Papilionoidea Pieris brassicae L., Hundred House, 17.7. P. rapae L., Hundred House. P. napi L., Hundred House; Aberedw; New- bridge; Rhosgoch. Maniola jurtina L., Hundred House; Aberedw; Newbridge; Littlehill Common; Moelfre; Rhosgoch. Coenonympha pamphilus L., Hundred House; Littlehill Common —rather pale specimens. Aglais urticae L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Vanessa atalanta L., Felindre, 21.7, one. Nymphalis io L., New Radnor, larvae on Urtica dioica. Argynnis aglaja L., Hundred House, 17.7, one. Clossiana euphrosyne L., Rhosgoch, 23.7, many, very worn. Ochlodes venata Brem. & Grey, Hundred House; Aberedw; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Hundred House; Aberedw; Newbridge. Sphingoidea Laothée populi L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Deilephila elpenor L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo. D. porcellus L., Rhosgoch, one. Notodontoidea Pheosia tremula Clerck, Rhosgoch, two. P. gnoma Fab., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch, very common. Notodonta ziczac L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch, abundant. WN. dromedarius L., Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Lopho- pteryx capucina L., Rhosgoch, abundant; Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo. Phalera bucephala L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Stauropus fagi L., Newbridge, 21.7, one. AN ENTOMOLOGIST IN RADNORSHIRE, 1971 30 Drepanoidea Drepana falcataria L., Newbridge, one. D. Jlacertinaria L., Rhosgoch, one. Bombycoidea Macrothylacia rubi L., Hundred House, larvae. Philudoria potatoria L., Hundred House, Newbridge. uproctis similis Fuessly, Newbridge. Nola cuculatella L., Llandeilo, one at m.v.l. Nudaria mundana L., Hundred House, frequent flying along stone walls at dusk. Thumatha senex Hubn., Rhosgoch, two. Lithosia lurideola Zinck., Rhosgoch, one. Cybosia meso- mella L., Newbridge, two. Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Hundred House; Newbridge. S. /utea Hufn., Hundred House; Llandeilo: Rhosgoch. Arctia caja L., Hundred House; Newbridge: Rhosgoch. Noctuoidea Thyatira batis L., Newbridge. Agrotis puta Hubn., Hundred House. A. exclamationis L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. Lycophotia varia de Vill., Hundred House, 2; Llandeilo, ca. 350, including many brightly-marked forms; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Graphiphora augur Fab., Hundred House, 6; Newbridge, 4; Rhosgoch, 8; almost all taken at a 6W actinic tube. Diarsia brunnea D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. D. mendica Fab., Llandeilo, abundant, including many very small examples; Hundred House; New- bridge; Rhosgoch. ?D. rubi View., Newbridge, 19.7, 2; Rhos- goch, 23.7, 5, all worn: probably referable to f. (?sp.) florida Schmidt. Ochropleura plecta L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. Amathes baja D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch—common and extremely variable in ground colour. 4. c- nigrum L., Hundred House; Rhosgoch. A. ditrapezium D. & S., Hundred House, 14; New- bridge, 13; Llandeilo, 4; Rhosgoch, 3—apparently a common insect. A. triangulum Hufn., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Axylia_ putris on Hundred House: Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Anaplectoides prasina D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Euschesis janthina D. & S., Hundred House. Noctua pronuba L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. Lampra fimbriata Schreber, Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Anarta myrtilli L., Llandeilo, larva on Calluna. Melanchra persicariae L., Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Polia nebulosa Hufn., Hundred House; Newbridge, including one very pale specimen. Diataraxia oleracea L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Ceramica pisi L., Hundred House, including almost obsolete forms; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. Hada nana Hufn., Llandeilo,'1. Hadena thalassina D. & S., Hundred House, 1; Newbridge, 1. H. rivularis Fab., Newbridge. Cerapteryx graminis L., Hundred House, plentiful at 700 ft., scarce at higher, sheep-grazed levels; Newbridge. Leucania pallens L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. L. impura Hubn., 356 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 TO7 TE ice Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. JL. straminea Treits., Newbridge, very plentiful amongst Phragmites. L. lithargyria Esp., Hundred House; Newbridge. Cucullia umbratica L., Newbridge, 3; Rhosgoch, 2. C. verbasci L., Aberedw, roadside Verbascum plants mostly destroyed by larvae. Xylena_ vetusta Hubn., Rhosgoch, a larva. Bombycia viminalis D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Apatele leporina L., Moelfre, 2 larvae on Alnus glutinosa. A. megacephala D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge. A. alni L., 21.7, Newbridge, 1 melanic ab. steinerti Caspari. A. psi L., Llandeilo, 3; Newbridge, 3; both gen. det. LKE. A. rumicis L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Craniophora ligustri D. & S., Hundred House, 18.7, 9. Rusina ferruginea Esp., Hundred House, 20.7, 1. Apamea lithoxylea D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. A. mono- glypha Hufn., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. A. epomidion Haw., Hundred House, 1. A. crenata Hufn., Hundred House, common and variable; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. A. remissa Hubn., Hundred House, 2 at 950 ft., 2 at 700 ft.; Newbridge, 6; Rhosgoch, 5. A. furva britannica Cockayne, Hundred House, 7 at 1,050 ft., 1 at 950 ft.; Llandeilo, 1 at 1,200 ft. A. scolopacina Esp., Newbridge, 4; Hundred House, 3. A. secalis L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Procus strigilis Clerck, Hundred House, 3; Newbridge, 2 33, gen. det. LKE. P. latruncula D. & S., Newbridge, 3 ¢3; Llandeilo, ¢; Hundred House, 3; all gen. det. LKE. P. versicolor Borkh., Newbridge. 3 3d, 2; Llandeilo, 3; Hundred House, g; all gen. det. LKE. P. fasciuncula Haw., Newbridge. Euplexia lucipara L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Phlogephora meticulosa L., Hundred House; Rhosgoch. Petilampa minima Haw., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Caradrina morpheus Hufn., Rhosgoch. C. alsines Brahm., Newbridge; Hundred House, uncommon. C. blanda D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge, plentiful, including 1 heavily suffused specimen. C. clavipalpis Scop., Hundred House, 1. Nonagria typhae Thunb., Newbridge, larvae in Typha latifolia. Cosmia trapezina L., Rhosgoch. Euclidimera mi L., Hundred House, a larva amongst grasses. Polychrisia moneta Fab., Newbridge, 19.7, 1. Plusia chrysitis L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo. P. bractea D. & S., Newbridge, 3; Hundred House, 2. P. festucae L., Hundred House, 1; Newbridge, 6; Rhosgoch, 7. P. jota L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch—generally abundant, with much variation in ground colour and the development of the Y-mark. P. pulchrina Hubn., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo, especially common; Rhosgoch—much variation in the development of the Y-mark. P. gamma Hubn., Hundred House, 18.7, 1, 22.7, 1; Newbridge, 19.7, 2; Rhosgoch, 23.7, 5. P. interrogationis L., Llandeilo, 1; Rhosgoch, 1. Unca triplasia L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Lygephila pastinum Treits., Hundred House, 1; Newbridge, 3. Rivula sericealis Scop., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch, abundant. Hypena proboscidalis L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Zan- AN ENTOMOLOGIST IN RADNORSHIRE, 1971 Ot clognatha tarsipennalis Treits., Newbridge. Z. nemoralis Fab., Hundred House; Newbridge. Geometroidea Hemistola immaculata Thunb., Rhosgoch, 1. Geometra papilionaria L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Pseudo- pterpna pruinata atropunctaria Walker, Hundred House; New- bridge; Littlehill Common; Rhosgoch; Llandeilo. Calothysanis amata L., Hundred House. Sterrha dimidiata Hufn., Hundred House; Newbridge. SS. straminata Borkh., Hundred House, 18.7, 1. S. aversata L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo. S. biselata Hufn., Hundred House; Newbridge. Xanthorhoé montanata D. & S., Rhosgoch, 23.7, abundant and in very fresh condition. X. ferrugata Clerck, Hundred House; Newbridge. X. spadicearia D. & S., Hundred House. YX. designata Hufn., Newbridge, 2. Orthonama lignata Hubn., Rhosgoch, 5. Ortho- litha plumbaria Fab., Llandeilo; Littlehill Common, abundant. Colostygia pectinataria Knoch., Hundred House; Newbridge: Llandeilo; Littlehill Common; Moelfre; Rhosgoch. Perizoma alchemillata L., Newbridge, 2._ Lyncometra ocellata L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Lygris pyraliata D. & S., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Littlehill Common; Rhosgoch, very abundant. L. populata L., Newbridge, 3; Rhosgoch, 1; Llandeilo, swarming at dusk over Vaccinium myrtillus. L. testata L., Llandeilo, reared from larvae found on Vaccinium and Calluna. Cidaria fulvata Forst., Newbridge. Thera obeliscata Hubn., Newbridge, 1. Mydriomena furcata Thunb., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Odezia atrata L., Hundred House, 21.7, by day, 9. Epirrhoé alternata Mull., Hundred House; Newbridge; Littlehill Common; Rhosgoch. L£upithecia pul- chellata Steph., Hundred House. . nanata angusta Prout, Llandeilo, 20.7, 1. . castigata Hubn., Llandeilo. E. Jariciata Freyer, Newbridge, 19.7, 1, and two “‘probables”. Chloroclystis rectangulata L., Hundred House, 1, melanic. C. coronata Hubn., Newbridge. Gymnoscelis pumilata Hubn., Hundred House; Rhosgoch. Abraxas grossulariata L., Hundred House; New- bridge. Lomaspilis marginata L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. Deilinia pusaria L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. D. exanthemata Scop., Newbridge, 3. Ellopia fasciaria L., Hundred House, 1; Llandeilo, 1; Newbridge, commonly. Campaea margaritata L., Hundred House; New- bridge, plentiful; Rhosgoch. Selenia bilunaria Esp., Hundred House; Rhosgoch. Apeira syringaria L., Newbridge, 21.7, 1. Crocallis elinguaria L., Hundred House; Newbridge. Ourapteryx sambucaria L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Opistho- graptis luteolata L., Newbridge; Llandeilo. Semiothisa liturata Clerck, Hundred House; Newbridge, abundantly; Llandeilo. Biston betularia L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch—a total of 8 type specimens, and 1 f. insularia. Alcis repandata L., Hundred House; Newbridge; Rhosgoch. Bupalus piniaria L., Newbridge, 2. /tame wauaria L., Newbridge, |: 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/11/73 Rhosgoch, 1. Zygaenoidea Zygaena trifolii Esp. (ssp. decreta Vty.), Newbridge, 1, very large specimen. Z. /onicerae transferens Vty., Rhosgoch, 1. Hepialoidea Hepialus humuli L., Hundred House, commonly, including empty pupa case projecting from anthill; Aberedw; Newbridge, dd at dusk. HA. fusconebulosa de Geer., Llandeilo, 4 at dusk; Hundred House, 1; New Radnor—2 pupa cases projecting from a mossy bank. #H. hecta L., Hundred House, 17.7, 3 at dusk. | MICROLEPIDOPTERA (det. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt unless otherwise indicated) Crambus perlellus Scop. (det. LKE), Newbridge. C. tristellus Fab., Hundred House; Rhosgoch. C. culmellus L., Newbridge; Llandeilo; Hundred House; New Radnor; Dd6l; Littlehill Common—occurring in swarms wherever the grass escaped grazing. C. inquinatellus D. & S., Hundred House, abundant; Newbridge; Llandeilo; Littlehill Common; New Radnor. C. hortuellus Hubn., Newbridge; Llandeilo; Rhosgoch. C. pascuellus L., Hundred House; Littlehill Common; Newbridge. C. margaritellus Hubn., Rhosgoch, 1. - Fig. 8A. S. pulcher L. valve (external view) x 146 o Fig. 8B. S. pulcher L. valve (internal view) X153 rr Fig. SC, S. pulcher Subuncus x 138 a Fig. 8D. S. pulcher Aedeagus SS a Plate IV Fig. 9A S. pirithous Both valves x 80 (approx.) Fig. 9B. S. pirithous L. valve+basal spines 153 2S Fig. 9C. S. pirithous Subuncus x 142 Es Fig. 9D. S. pirithous Aedeagus x 80 . Fig. 10A S. pirithous L. valve external ridge (ex Namutoni) of spines x 380 4 Fig. 10E. S. pirithous L. valve external view of 23 internal basal spines x 400 rf Fig. 10C. S. pirithous Subuncus x 132 * Fig. 10D. S. pirithous Aedeagus (6) % Plate V. Top half uppersides, lower half undersides A. S. pirithous ¢ E. S. babaulti ¢ I. S. pulcher ¢& (Namutoni) F. S. babaulti ¢ J. S. pulcher 3 EB. S. pirithous G. S. brevidentatis ¢ K. S. jeanelli ¢ C. S. pirithous ¢ H. S. brevidentatis 9° L. S. jeanelli 7 D: S. pirithous: ¢ 62 ' ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 60 lov 73 New Records of Microlepidoptera for the County of Somerset By A. M. EMMET On the 20th of September 1972, my wife and I paid a flying visit to Leigh Woods on the Somerset side of the Avon Gorge. Although we could only spend three hours on the ground, our visit resulted in the identification of thirteen species not pre- viously recorded from the county and the confirmation of eleven others listed by Turner (1955) as very rare or of doubt- ful occurrence. The purpose of the visit was to search for Stigmella tiliae Frey on the small-leafed lime, and most of our time was devoted to that tree; but we also searched for leaf- miners on a limited number of other pabula. In the notes which follow, the species are listed under their food-plants. Those marked with two asterisks are, apparently, new to Somerset; those marked with a single asterisk are new to Leigh Woods. In the case of previously recorded species, Turner’s estimate of their current status in the county is ap- pended in square brackets. Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sycamore) **Phyllonorycter geniculella Rag. Mines not uncommon. Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Agrimony) ** Nepticula fragariella Heyd. Tenanted and vacated mines. The species has been unusually plentiful in the’ south of England in 1972. Betula spp. (Birch) f ** Heliozela betulae Staint. Several vacated mines. **Cqloptilia betulicola Her. Vacated rolled leaves. Phyllorporia bistrigella Haw. Vacated mines. [Rare and local amongst birches. | *Nepticula lapponica Wocke. Several vacated mines. [Rare and local on birch]. Crataegus monogyna Jacquin (Hawthorn) Lyonetia clerkella L. Mines common; also on Malus. [Rather uncommon and local. ] **Stigmella paradoxa Frey (nitidella Hein.) Two vacated mines. The nearest previously recorded locality is in Oxford- shire. **S hybnerella Hiibn. Vacated mines common. Turner’s records for Nepticula ignobilella Staint, probably refer wholly or in part to hybnerella. **N epticula pygmaeella Haw. Vacated mines common. **N. crataegella Klim. Vacated mines common. Turner’s records for N. oxyacanthella Staint. probably embrace this species in the form of a first generation he falsely attributes to oxyacanthella. **Fectoedemia (Dechtiria) atricollis Staint. Several tenanted mines. NEW RECORDS OF MICROLEPIDOP'TERA FOR SOMERSET 63 Fagus sylvatica L. (Beech) Pammene weirana Doug. A larva between spun leaves. {Local and uncommon]. Fragaria vesca L. (Wild strawberry ) **Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) arcuatella H.-S. ‘Tenanted mines locally common. Vacated mines of N. fragariella Heyd. were also noted on this plant as well as on Agrimony (q.v.). Malus sylvestris Miller (Crab-apple) *Ectoedemia (Dechtiria) pulverosella Staint. Several vacated mines. [Possibly still occurs in some of the old orchards, but records are lacking]. Quercus spp. (Oak) **Eetoedemia (Dechtiria) albifasciella Hein. Tenanted and vacated mines in small numbers throughout the wood. Sorbus torminalis L. (Wild service tree) One of the purposes of the visit was to search for the mines of Stigmella torminalis Wood, which has not been recorded from Somerset. None was found, but as only one wild service tree and a few saplings were located, the failure cannot be re- garded. as conclusive. *Phyllonorycter corylifoliella Haw. Mines were common, as they were on Crataegus and Malus. This species seems to have been accidentally omitted from Turner’s list. P. mespilella Hiibn. A vacated Phyllonorycter mine with the pupal skin projecting was probably of this species. [Doubt- fully resident at the present time]. **Parornix scoticella Staint. Vacated mines and (on the same leaves) empty folded edges were almost certainly the work of this species which feeds on Sorbus aria agg. in the same manner. Thelycrania sanguinea (L.) Fourreau (Dogwood) Antispila pfeifferella Hiibn. Vacated mines. [Very local. | Tilia cordata Miller (Smail-leaved lime) Roeslerstammia erxlebella Fab. Tenanted mines common. The early feeding of this larva seems to be unfamiliar to most entomologists. It makes a small mine, nearly always at the tip of the leaf. It effects its first moult in the mine, which it then quits to feed externally. [Very rare, associated with birch and lime. ] Bucculatriz thoracella Thunb. The short, vacated mines, moulting cocoons and nibbled undersides of the leaves were abundant, but the larvae had all gone. [Formerly reported as very common near Bristol, but now very scarce. ] Stigmella tiliae Frey. Three tenanted mines (in one of these the larva proved dead) and about a dozen vacated mines, mostly of the first generation. They were found mainly on inner, more or less concealed leaves. During its early life the larva mines only the lower surface of the leaf and the track is invisible unless it is held up to the light. Later the mine 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 16/1773 occupies the whole thickness of the leaf, and is conspicuous. This last phase is brief, and the time for finding tenanted mines is correspondingly short. [A doubtful resident now]. **Coleophora hornigi Toll (paripennella auct.) Two larvae found feeding on this rather ususual food-plant. Hering (1957) does, however, record it on lime. What is the moral of this embarrassingly long catalogue of newly and rarely recorded species? First of all, the majority of them are not rare at all: they have just not been looked for. Until recently, there has been a dearth of lepidoperists interested in the smaller moths throughout Britain, and Bristol has been as hard hit as other parts of the country. I lived there from 1957 to 1963, but it was no until the last eighteen months that I took an interest in the micros, and I was still woefully ignorant of the whole subject. I was too reliant on my net, and my records were sketchy. Secondly, Turner was a very cautious man. He compiled an excellent list, but was apt to consider that the absence of re- cords for a species indicated the absence of the species itself. What in fact he was recording was a paucity of lepidopterists. An active and knowledgeable entomologist could turn up the majority of the moths he describes as probably extinct in the county. Thirdly, Leigh Woods constitute an entomological locality of tremendous possibilities. The vegetation is lush and varied, and there are many rare foodplants to be found. A detailed survey would yield rich results. This seems a good opportunity to make a correction and an addition to my Somerset notes of 1967. I there recorded Nepticula distinguenda Hein, as bred from mines taken at Shapwick on birch in 1965. At that time I knew nothing about leaf-mines and I did not even retain them. My determination was based on the bred imagines. Using Meyrick’s key I identi- fied some as distinguenda and others as Stigmella betulicola Staint. As Beirne (1945) does not depict the genitalia of either species, it is difficult to make a positive check of their identity. I am now of the opinion that they are all betulicola, a common and widely distributed species though unrecorded by Turner. Distinguenda on the other hand is a rare species, and although it is possible that it occurs at Shapwick, my record from that locality should be discounted. I have also found a specimen of Stigmella ulmivora Fol. in a series of Nepticula marginicolella Staint. bred in 1963 from elm mines collected in Leigh Woods. This too is a new county record. I have already recorded Phyllonorycter dubitella from Leigh Woods (Ent. Gaz., 22: 63). Finally, let me apologise to any lepidopterist who may have already recorded from Somerset, any of the species I am presenting as new to the county. I am unaware of any supple- ment to, Turner’s list for the microlepidoptera other than mv own notes of 1967. IRELAND, 1972 65 REFERENCES Beirne, B. P. (1945). The Male Genitalia of the British Stigmellidae. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 50B, No. 9, pp. 191-218. Emmet, A. M. (1967). Records of Lepidoptera in Somerset. Ent. Record, 79: 104-112. Hering, E. M. (1957). Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa. Uitgeverij Dr W. Junk, ’S-Gravenhage. Meyrick, E. (1928). A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. London. Turner, A. H. (1955). Lepidoptera of Somerset. Somerset Archaeolovical and Natural History Society. [reland, 1972 H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. Il spent my usual summer at Dingle, despite warnings from some of my friends here. J should say at once that it was most quiet and peaceful there, a good deal more restful than an English sea-side town at the week-end or one attracting football fans. It was, however, disappointing that only one couple of my usual friends from England came over, especially as now I am getting older, I missed my usual lifts to the mountains. I left England by the Swansea-Cork boat on 14th June; the railway ‘“‘go slow” had just ended and a telephone enquiry elicited the answer that I must not rely on the punctuality of the trains, so I was forced to hire a car from Westcliff to Swansea to make sure of not missing the boat. When I reached Ireland the weather was very unpleasant, not particularly wet ( do not mind that), but the coldest I have ever known in the country in my 35 visits, though several of these were in April and May. For the first month a catch of 50 in the M.V. trap might be considered good, but when a heat wave arrived at the end of July, 1,000 was not unusual. It was also the worst year for immigrants | have ever known; I saw but three Vanessa atalanta L. by day, and although I set the M.V. every night but 3 from 15th June to 5th September, there were only 7 immigrants in all, 5 Plusia gamma L., 1 Leucania unipuncta Haw. (a very nice female) and a huge female Celerio galii Rott! The last-named on 21st July calls for a little comment. It was a very wet night, and as my trap had got bashed about on my return last year, it let in a lot of water. Of course, the galii got below the egg cartons into the water and ruined herself as a specimen, which was pure cussedness, as over a dozen Deilephila elpenor L. were caught in the same night, and not one was injured. However, I managed to revive and feed her and she lived 3 days and laid 6 eggs. Only 1 of these hatched, but it gave me great pleasure to watch the larva pass through all the green stages to the final instar of chocolate with cream spots and a red head and horn. It pupated successfully and I have a fine healthy- 66 ENTOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL. 69 LOTS looking pupa which | hope will hatch in the spring. It was a great job feeding the larva as the nearest lady’s bedstraw was 2 miles away, but luckily I told Mr Michael Long, the well-known local naturalist, of my difficulty, and for the insect’s last fortnight he motored to Ventry every 2 days and brought me a supply. According to Baynes, there are only 9 previous records for galii in Ireland, and since the Donovan family’s big catch in the early 30’s, only 3 records of unipuncta. Other records that may be of interest are: Macrothylacia rubi L. On 16th June an enormous very dark female came to the trap, much the biggest and darkest I have. I have several times bred rubi from West Cork, and the bred female I have still is extra light. These rubi were bred from larvae seen racing over the heather when I was trout fishing in April 1916, when the rebellion was on and the South West (pace ““Ryan’s Daughter’’) was as quiet as it is now. I particularly mention this spring racing for although it is mentioned in several early books, Col. Frazer some years back queried whether it ever took place, or was an oft-repeated tale. If one of these larvae was dropped in a big chip-box it invariably spun a cocoon within 24 hours. Cryphia muralis Forst. This seems to be becoming more difficult to get every year, as houses get scraped down and painted. As the weather was poor for collecting expeditions, I searched even harder than usual and saw perhaps 30 in all. I only kept 4, one of these, a blackish green, and another, a new one to me, pale whitish grey and black. The markings of this specimen are the usual Dingle kind, quite unlike impar Warren. I have not yet seen a typical insect at Dingle. Luperina nickerlii s-sp. knilli Boursin.—l took but one in 1972, on 28th August, but it was nicely mottled, quite unlike the black ones I have previously seen at Dingle. Plusia festucae L.—This was in the trap almost every night, but still no gracilis Lampke. Perizome bifaciata Haw.—I| mentioned in a former note how I had taken an aberration with the wing from the 2 lines to the cilia pale buff, but had unfortunately dropped my forceps on it and ruined it. Last year I collected a bunch of Bartsia and placed it in a bag, and found quite a lot of larvae feeding. On my return I placed this bag beside me and some children, whose parents did not mind what they did so long as they only annoyed other passengers, raced round the Pullman lounge and one put his foot squarely on my bag. I reflected for a few minutes that King Herod was a much misunderstood social reformer, but on my return home found there were a few survivors, and bred half a dozen. They are exactly like my local ones, so the one I broke was evidently a rare aberration. Dysstroma truncata Hubn.—On 16th July a very pleasant Dutch family who were staying at Benners gave me a lift to the Conner. They had done so 2 days previously, but when we got there a nasty cold wind was blowing, so we went on a general tour. On the 16th, however, 1t was sunny and reasonably calm, NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 67 so we climbed another 1,000 feet (2,800 feet in all) up the Brandon Range. We saw but one moth, but this, when I caught it, turned out to be the mountain single-brooded race of truncata which Donovan wrongly referred to concinnata Steph. It was a male newly emerged, and the only moth we saw. It is a much brighter insect than those Donovan, Graves and myself have taken at Windygap about 1,000 feet up between Glengarriff and Killarney. These are usually dull grey with a small red spot. It is about two-thirds the size of lowland truncata and the forewings are narrower and more sharply pointed. It is odd that I have never seen this moth before, in one of my favourite places. I think it is the highest in which truncata has been taken in Ireland. Cleora lichenaria Hiibn.—A nice melanic male on 4th August. Pempelia dilutella Hiibn.—A very large specimen of light chalk-brown colouring on 25th July. Homoeosome nebulella Hiibn.—A. damaged specimen on 15th August, apparently the third authenticated Irish record. Notes and Observations NOTES ON THE AFRICAN LUNAR MOTH: Argema Kuhnei PINHEY (LEP. SATURNIIDAE).—I was very interested in Mr Little’s paper (Ent. Record, 84: 193) under the above heading. I have not found that the larva of the allied A. mimosae is particularly susceptible to virus infection, but the first instar-larva is difficult to start feeding. Once in the second instar I have not found them more difficult than any other larva of the larger Saturniids. Dale and Greenway (Kenya Trees and Shrubs) do not mention the genus Monotes (presumably it does not occur in Kenya) so that I am unable to determine the family to which it belongs. It is always helpful to know the family of a foodplant as it may be a help in rearing hitherto unbred related species. Incidentally, A. mimosae appears to be one of those species whose specific name, although botanical in origin, bears no relation to the actual foodplant, in this case Sclerocarya caffra Sond. (Anacardiaceae). From the Figure, the cocoon seems to be more solid than that of mimosae, which has numerous small perforations, or pinholes, all over it. I notice that both Mr Little and Dr Pinhey spell the word Lunar with a final “‘r’’; I was under the impression that the name was more usually written ‘“‘Luna’’ without the final “r’’, the specific name of the American species. Is it not strange that so large and conspicuous, and, judging from the number of cocoons found, not uncommon insect, should have remained unknown until just recently?—D. G., SEVASTOPULO, Mombasa, 2.xi.1972. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/11/73 THE OCCURRENCE OF POLYPHAGA AEGYPTIACA (L). (ORTHOP- TERA: POLYPHAGIDAE) IN BRITAIN.—Amongst some specimens in a box belonging to the late A. M. Morley of Folkestone, was a large insect that his daughter Joan gave me. It bears a label inscribed in Morley’s handwriting: “Folkestone Har- bour 16 vii 1954’. I submitted the specimen to Mrs J. A. Mar- shall (née Meadows) of the Department of Entomology, BMNH (S. Kensington), who determined it as an apterous & of Polyphaga aegyptiaca (L.), an inhabitant of S. Europe, E. Mediterranean and N. Africa. Dr Ragge tells me that so far as he is aware there is no previous record of the occurrence of this species in Britain, but that its status here is probably that of an importation. At Mrs Marshall’s request I have presented the specimen to the BMNH.—J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. LYONETIA CLERKELLA L. (LEP.: LYONETIIDAE).—On the 15th October 1972, I gathered a leaf from what seemed to be a stunted apple tree which had escaped from cultivation and was growing at the edge of a cliff at Polkerris, Cornwall. The leaf contained two typical mines of this species, but only one mine was occupied by a larva. In captivity this larva duly abandoned its mine and made a typical cocoon suspended by the usual reinforced strands of silk. Sometime in November a melanic moth emerged, having the forewings a uniform dark sooty brown, with the usual markings on the outer third of the wings only very faintly discernible against the general background colour. I would be interested to hear of any other record of melanism in this species.—JoHN L. GrREGory, Lepidoptera House, Bodelva, Par, Cornwall. 30.xii.1972. MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA IN HEREFORDSHIRE 1972.—During a year which was notable for the scarcity of the common migrant lepidoptera, it was pleasant to find 2 slightly damaged specimens of Celerio galii Rott., which appeared at light on the night of 20th/21st July 1972 in my garden in Ledbury. The only other © records that I can trace for this county were 2 examples recorded over a hundred years ago in 1870. The same night saw 14 Plusia gamma L., by far the largest number seen on a single night this year. Another interesting species which occurred the same night was Dioryctria abietella Schiff. No less than 6 examples appeared and all were worn. There is some controversy as to the migratory habits and status of this species. Certainly I have never recorded this species before in nearly 10 years of regular light-trapping in this area, and the simultaneous appearance of the other migratory species is suggestive of a migratory wave of insects in which this pyrale may possibly have taken part.—Dr M. W. Harper, Cotham, Upper- fields, Ledbury, Herefordshire, 12.xi.1972., OBITUARIES 69 LITHOPHANE SEMIBRUNNEA Haw. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) IN WEST Kent.—On the evening of 3rd November 1972, my wife found a specimen of L. semibrunnea (Tawny Pinion) at rest on the door of our kitchen.—D. S. Burrows, 22 Lime Tree Walk, West Wickham, Kent. 19.xi.1972. [This appears to be a rare moth in West Kent—Ed. ] Obituaries CLIFFORD EDWARDS (1886-1972) Clifford Edwards who passed away on July 27, 1972 at the age of 85, belonged to the fast dwindling band of field col- lectors, of a former generation who were fortunate enough to know many of our choicest localities in their heyday before the inroads on them of modern civilisation. Born in 1886 at Ruthin in North Wales, he came of a large family in which some of his late brothers were equally devoted to the pursuit of our lepidoptera. One of these was the Rev. W. O. W. Ed- wards, formerly vicar of Chilbolton. After being com- missioned in the Devon Regiment, and serving in the 1914 War he joined a commercial firm in the City of London, eventually becoming its chairman. It was from 1919 onwards that he transferred his affections from birds to butterflies and moths getting together over the ensuing years a most comprehensive series of the British macrolepidoptera. He was indefatigable in his search for a special quarry and travelled to most parts of the British Isles usually in company with Mr Bertie Dixon of Micheldever who greatly assisted him in their joint quest. The Highlands were a favourite hunting ground, as also was the west of Ireland in more recent times. In Shetland they were among the few to obtain the local form of the Northern Dart (Amathes alpicola). Clifford Edwards was an accom- plished breeder of difficult species and in 1961 was lucky enough to take a specimen of the Crimson-speckled Footman (Utetheisa pulchella) at his home at Westerham. It turned out to be a female which obliged with ova from which he bred a small number of this fine insect. From this generation was later bred a very large number of insects by Dr Kettle- well and his collaborators and thus afforded an insight into the genetics of this rare visitor to our shores. In his latter years, serious crippling curtailed his activities in the field but he was nevertheless always pleased to receive his old friends to talk over their respective captures. Clifford Edwards was a very charming personality, a first class entomologist and a staunch friend to many of us who will greatly miss his geniality and kindness, and who will wish to accord all sym- pathy to his widow and family. C. G. M. de W. 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/ TN 5 ARTHUR MACDOQNELL MORLEY (1879-1972) There must be many entomological visitors to Folkestone as well as other naturalists and friends alike who will have learnt with great sorrow of the passing there on October 6th, 1972 of Arthur Morley at the remarkable age of 93. During his fory-five years of residence in the well-known resort in Kent he devoted himself wholeheartedly to the study of the lepidopterous fauna of that region and did a great deal to enhance our knowledge of its general natural history. Born in Canada as far back as August 1879 he lived through the last two decades of the Victorian era. His family soon afterwards moved to California and he used to tell of his father riding into the village of Hollywood. He also vividly recalled a visit to New York in 1887 when his parents were en route to England. Soon after settling here he was sent to a preparatory school in Wales where Augustus John was another pupil. This promising young artist did a sketch in a notebook which Arthur always greatly treasured. Later at Tonbridge School one of his chief rivals in class was E. M. Forster, also like John eventually to become a recipient of the Order of Merit. Arthur Morley won a classical scholarship to Wadham College, Oxford where he had a brilliant career and on leaving the University first became an assistant mas- ter at Felstead School, and a few years later classical assis- tant to Dr Nairn, then Headmaster of Merchant Taylors. But a wholly scholastic life did not suit his outlook and early this century he joined the then Board of Education, becoming an H.M. Inspector of Schools. After holding posts at Exeter, Liverpool and elsewhere, he came to Folkestone in 1927 which was to be his home for the rest of his life. For his services in this field of education he was awarded the O.B.E. in 1945. He had inherited a large collection (mainly of exotic but- terflies) from his father, who had amassed them during travels in tropical regions. It was virtually from this nucleus that stemmed Arthur Morley’s abiding interest in this group of our insect fauna. It was not long after his arrival in Folke- stone that he began to reconnoitre the local countryside and discovered the riches round the woods near Hamstreet, at that time little-known area of the Kentish Weald and soon to become one of the chief hunting grounds of many lepidop- terists. He also worked Dungeness which had been neglected by collectors for many years, and this famous locality again yielded remarkable captures from 1930 onwards. Each sum- mer at Folkestone he used to concentrate on the local colonies of the Chalkhill and Adonis Blues which brought many fine aberrations. The famous Warren on the Folkestone cliffs engaged his special attention and it was there in 1937 that he rediscovered the little Rest Harrow moth (Aplasta ononaria Fuessly) which had not been seen there for many years. He was fortunate OBITUARLES og enough eventually to breed it, an achievement which had not been accomplished before in this country. Naturally over the years in such a rich part of England for lepidoptera, several rare species favoured him. One of the most outstanding was the Three-humped Prominent (Notodonta tritophus D. & S.) which came to his trap in Folkestone in 1958, a great rarity in Britain; and on another occasion to that trap in his garden the Scarce Black Arches (Nola aerugula Hiibn.). Earlier in 1946, a little geometrid moth on his home window proved to be the Subangled Wave (Scopula nigropunctata Hufnagel) which had not been recorded for many years, though it has since appeared in another part of Kent. Dungeness too provided him with some choice insects such as the Scarce Dagger (Apatele auricoma D. & S.) in 1933, and the very rare pyrale the Large Dactylis Grass Veneer (Ancylolomia tentaculella Hiibner) in 1938 only the second British record. He used to make annual visits to various parts of the Bri- tish Isles including the Highlands where he obtained most of of the local specialities. He also wielded his net to good advantage on the Continent with rewarding visits to France and the Alps before the last War. In 1945 while on an official visit to Palestine he was able to bring back a fine assortment mainly of moths as he also did later when he visited his son in Perth, Western Australia, in 1955. His fine captures from this trip he generously gave to the national collection at South Kensington. Arthur Morley soon became recognised as a leading naturalist especially following the publication of his list of the butterflies and moths of the Folkestone area extending to Dungeness. He closely identified himself with the Folkestone Natural History Society and for some ten years after the war was its President. During his tenure of office he did a great deal to foster the cause of preservation and to encourage the study of insects and other fauna, chiefly among the younger generation. He was also a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and a member of long-standing of the former South London Entomological and Natural History Society. His home in Radnor Park West was always open house to all entomologists and many others. Here he and his wife, Lois, who died in 1965, used to be most generous hosts. All who met Arthur Morley must have been struck not only by his great charm, but also by his ready wit, his amazing viva- city and remarkable vigour. Nothing seemed to daunt him— his joie de vivre was quite infectious, especially when one was fortunate enough to be his companion in the collecting field. His lucidity and general faculties remained unimpaired right to the end of his long and active life. Even on his 90th birth- day, he regaled an audience of his family and friends to anec- dotes of his youth and on the trends of modern education F2 KN'TOMOLOGIS'T’S RECORD, VOL. 60 15/18/ TS most of which were far from being to his liking. All who were privileged to know him feel they have lost not only a delightful companion but a really true and staunch friend. All sympathy goes out to his son and two daughters. C. G. M. de W. Current Literature Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Norway, Part III (Geometrae, Arctiinae, Zygaeninae, Psychinae, Cossinae and Jugatae) by Magnus Opheim. Lepidopterologisk Selskap, Zoolo- gisk Museum, Oslo, 36 pp. As with the first two parts of this catalogue, the species are listed and numbered on the left hand side of the double page, and combined with a distribution chart (columns for the various departments of Norway) on the remainder of the double page. A foreword in the English language points out that the nomenclature follows “Cat. Lepid. Fenniae et regionum adia- centium, I. Macrolepidoptera’. Helsingfors, 1962, and that lo species of Bombyces and Noctuoidea have been added to the Norwegian list since the publication of Part II. After the list are three pages of notes on certain species, and on the last page are charts showing the number of Geometrid species in the various provinces.—S.N.A.J. From Mr Opheim I also have a separate of his paper on the Norwegian species of Momphidae, including Mompha, Blastodacna, Batrachedra, Stathmopoda, Pancalia and Sorha- genia, in which he sinks Mompha divisella Herrich-Shaffer 1853 in M. decorella (Stephens) Stainton.—S.N.A.J. From Professor Alexander B. Klots I have two separates: North American Crambinae: Notes on the Tribe Chiloini, and a Revision of the Genera Eoreuma Ely and Xubidia Schaus (Lep. Pyralidae) from Journal of the New York Entomological Society LXXVIII, June 1970, No. 2: 100-120, in which he de- scribes 6 new species and figures genitalia of 15 species in all. He also designates a lectotype for Spermatophthora multiline- atealla Hulst, here included in the Genus Xubidia: and Notes on the Life History of Zastusa dora (W. H. Edwards) Lep. Hesperiinae, from Journal of the New York Entomological Society LXXIX June 1971 No. 2: 84-88, in which he describes the ecology and adult behaviour, and also the early stages of this skipper with his customary thoroughness. Although the species is a common one, its life cycle was previously un- known.—S.N.A.J. From Teodoro Monteiro O.S.B. I have four separates, publi- cations of Instituto de Zoologia “Dr Augusto Nobre” Faculty of CURRENT LITERATURE 13 Portugese Sciences: No. 105 Lépidoptéres de I’Algarve, which gives a map of the Algarve province, notes on its entomological history, the localities visited and Climate, Flora and Fanua. He points out that while he does not set out to give a complete catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the province now, he hopes to do so, and the present work deals with the Geometridae. The species are listed with comments, and in some cases, genitalia drawings. Some species are new to the Portugese list. No. 111. Révision des Espéces portugaises du Genre Procris Fabricius (Zygaenidae, Lep.) gives an account of the species examined with genitalia drawings. 113. Le Genre Euchromius Guenee au Portugal (Lep. Crambidae) deals with 5 species with genitalia drawings. 116. Discestra pedrosai n.sp.: un Noctuidae nouveau pour la Peninsule Iberique, et quatre autres nouveaux pour le Portugal (Lep. Noctuidae), in which D. pedrosai is described and illustrated in a halftone plate with similar species and genitalia dissections. There is also a halftone plate illustrating Discestra sodae (Rambur), Orthosia miniosa (Denis & Schiffer- muller), Gortina umbrosa (Warren), Allophyes alfaroi Agenjo and Grammodes geometrica Fabricius, all new to the Portugese list, with genitalia drawings in the text. The text of all these papers in in the French language.— S.N.A.J. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society, Vol. 5 Part 1, £0.65. Pages 1-21] carry a paper on The Distribution of Snail-killing Flies (Diptera Sciomyzidae) in Ireland by P.J. Chandler, with a tabular analysis of Haliday’s publications, manuscripts and collection of Sciomyzidae. There is also a distribution table and map. Pages 21-26 give an account of the 1971 exhibition with a plate of noteworthy and aberrant Lepidoptera. This part also carries an obituary notice for Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby. Part 2. starts with an account of the indoor meeting on 13th January and the annual general meeting on 27th January. The Presidential Address took Wicken Fen as the scientific subject, with special reference to its Microlepidoptera, giving an historical account of the fen, followed by an appendix giving an account and list of Microlepidoptera recorded from Wicken. There are obituaries for Captain John Ellerton R.N. and A. J. Wightman. Part 3. carries a further instalment of G. M. Hagget’s Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler, with two coloured plates, one illustrating larvae of Amphipyra berbera Rungs and A. pyramidea Linn. for comparison: the other shows larvae of Schrankia taenialis Hiibner and of Gortyna borelii Pierret. This is followed by a paper by R. F. Bretherton on Eastern Immigrants and resident natives; a survey of some British Lepidoptera.—S.N.A.J. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/LNY¥T5 From Dr U. Parenti I have Revisione degli Elachistidi (Lep: Elachistidae) palearctici I. I Tipi di Elachistidi del Museo di Storia Naturale di Parigi. This treats of the types of species described by P. Chretien. A. Constant, E. Dattin, J. de Joannis, S. le Marchand, E. Meyrick and E. L. Ragonot, in the Paris Natural History Museum, with 13 plates illustrating male and female geni- talia—S.N.A.J. From H. Zoerner I have Minenstudien I, Beitrag zur Kenntis der Lebenweise von bekannten und unbekannten Minieren (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera und (?) Hymenop- tera). Mines in Alisma, Anchusa, Anthemis, Cardaria, Crambe. Cynoglossum, Echium, Fagus and Hypericum are mentioned. with text drawings of 7 mines. These are dealt with after the manner of M. Hering. The Classification, Evolution and Dispersal of the Winter Stone- fly Genus Allocapnia by Herbert H. Ross and William E. Ricker. Illinois Biological Monographs 45. 166 pp. £4.25, American University Publications Group Ltd. The introduction mentions the origin of this study and the fact that some 200 people, listed in the acknowledge- ments, offered help. The study opens with a note on the phylogenetic position of Allocapnia, followed by one on its systematic treatment in which there are keys to the sexes, to the males and to the females. There follows an account of 38 species, which are divided into 10 groups. This is followed by a chapter on their phylo- geny, accounting for the 10 groups. Next is a chapter on Geographic Dispersal, with a note on an early ancestral type. The next chapter is on Dispersals and Time, with dispersal patterns, and then a summary. The full list of helpers, who formed the “Winter Stonefly Club” is given, and then three pages of literature cited. The section from p. 103 to 162 is devoted to illustrations, diagrams and distribution maps. There are profile drawings of d and ¢& A. mystica and ¢ A. vivipara. There are phylogenetic dia- grams of the Capniidae showing the position of Allocapnia. and of Allocapnia showing the position of the species. There are 22 distribution maps, a generalised diagram of climates in eastern and central U.S., and a diagrammatic summary of pertinent features concerning dating, climates, and name cor- relation of the Pleistocene and late Pliocene in south eastern North America. The printing and paper are good, and the book is bound in a strong paper cover. It should be extremely useful to many grades of students both for the actual matter discussed and as a model for the building up of a discussion.—S.N.A.J. CURRENT LITERATURE Pa A Silkworm is Born by Ann Stepp. Oaktree Publishing Co. 96 pp, £1.25. This book is another item in the Sterling Nature Series. and is intended for those who might take up the raising of silkworms as ahobby. In my school days there were few schoolboys, or girls, for that matter, who had not at one time or another gone in for silkworms, and the more success- ful were able to augment their pocket money with their in- dustry, but the fashion seems to have passed, possibly owing to the decreasing number of mulberry trees. The book gives a chapter on the processing of silk, and also a short history of the silk trade. The whole is illustrated copiously by photo- graphs of various aspects of the subject.—S.N.A.J. Hewitson on Butterflies, 1867-1877, with a Preface by Dr L. G. Higgins. E. W. Classey Ltd., £4.80. This valuable book is a collection of reprints of papers by W. C. Hewitson which, though of considerable importance. are considered great rarities today. The forward by Dr Higgins sets out the items here repro- duced, with the dates of the publication of the original papers. He also gives an account of Hewitson’s activities. The papers are: “Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hes- periidae’’, “Descriptions of some new species of Lycaenidae’’. “Equatorial Lepidoptera collected by Mr Buckley’, and “Bolivian Butterflies collected by Mr Buckley”. These reproductions are printed on good paper and would seem to be faithful replicas of the originals; they are well bound together in cloth boards with gilt lettering. They form a very important item for entomological! libraries, both public and private, and Mr Classey is again to be complimented for having brought another rarity within reach of those in- terested.—S.N.A.J. The Biology of the Heteroptera by N. C. Miller, 2nd (Revised) edition xiiit 206 pp.+5 pl. E. W. Classey Ltd., £4.50. The Introductions of the first and second editions com- mence this book: in that of the first edition, the author ex- plains the division of the Hemiptera into Homoptera and Heteroptera, and explains his handling of the sub-order. His introduction to the second edition sets out the additions and corrections made. Part 1 gives a general account of the Heteroptera, and is divided into six chapters, Chapter 1 listing family and sub- family names in pages 3 to 7; Chapter 2 goes into the develop- ment of the insects from egg to adult, which development, unlike the metamorphoses of most insects, is a gradual one without the dramatic changes. Chapter 3 is on the legs of the Heteroptera, with two pages of line drawings illustrating the great diversity of functional development in the various families. Chapter 4, on stridulation goes into various cases 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 Lo/MI773 noted, but the author points out that as no tympanal organs have been noted in any families but the Corixidae, he assumes them to be solely nervous reactions. Chapter 5 ennumerates the enemies of Heteroptera and Chapter 6, the association of Heteroptera with mammals and birds as parasites and also as food. Part 2, pp. 49-175 deals with the families of Heteroptera, and goes through the sub-order systematically, giving some account of the genera included in each family. This section is illustrated by 5 halftone plates of photographed insects, which are not too satisfactory, many of the figures being too dark to show more than the outline, but the line drawings in the text are excellent. The 18 pages of references will give the student ample opportunity for further study, and the index, which follows, completes the book. The customary good printing and binding apply also to this book, and it should be a very useful addition to the shelves of all entomological libraries ——S.N.A.J. The World of Butterflies by Michael Dickens and Eric Storey, 127 pp. Osprey Publishing Ltd., £1.95. This book is intended more to direct attention to the beauty of butterflies and to accentuate the loss to mankind that would be involved in their destruction by “progress”. At first sight this may seem too idealistic, but if materialism is allowed to extinguish the human side of our life, the loss will be irreparable, and there will be nothing left to make life worth living. To avoid this, the authors recommend breeding from the egg (where high percentage hatches may well be ex- pected as against the low percentage of wild insects reaching maturity) and releasing surplus insects at the place from which the parents were taken.* The subject of butterflies is well set out in the introduc- tion, and this is followed by coloured figures of 108 species from any parts of the world, in most cases one to a page, with a standarised commentary below it under the headings of Scientific name, family, common name, wingspan, range, habits and habitat, foodplants, sexual dimorphism and sub- species and similar species. The book is well printed on good paper, and the colour work in practically all cases is very well produced. It should be attractive to the dilittante collector, and also to a large number of nature lovers, whose attention it may well direct towards the closer study of some of the world’s butterfly fauna.—S.N.A.J. *Reverting to the suggestion that surplus insects should be returned to the original habitat, this should be done with extreme caution, for overcrowding the food supply is just as sure a death as in the oviposition of an ichneumon or the beak of a bird.—Ed. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (91) E. pulchellata Stephens: Foxglove Pug. Native. Woods, shingle beach, waste places, etc.; on Digitalis purpurea. Frequent and recorded from all divisions, except 2 and 4. The moth is univoltine it seems, appearing on the wing from late May to early August. In 1921, however, H. G. Gomm (Diary) found one at rest on a wall at Margate on May 7, an exceptionally early date; and in 1907, A. R. Kidner (Diary) records taking one at Blackheath on September 9, perhaps a second generation example. The species is especially plentiful at Dungeness, more so there it seems than anywhere else in the county. On June 1, 1952, I counted some eighty specimens there resting on the leeward side of a black hut (C.-H.); on June 7, 1950, there were 76 inside a derelict house (E. C. Pelham- Clinton); and on June 11, 1932, de Worms (Entomologist, 66: 50) saw the moth in “swarms... flying round sallow bushes”. Wakely (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1955: 78) records the larvae as plentiful at Dungeness in flowers of D. purpurea on July 9 1955; and A. J. L. Bowes (Diary) found the larvae abundantly there on this in August 1934. VARIATION.—The following abs. are in R.C.K.:—guttata Cockayne, > holotype, Lydd, August 3, 1937 (cf. Ent. Rec., 65: 167); reducta Bastelb.., one, bred Kent, May 10, 1940, E. A. Cockayne; ab. “dull ochreous’, bred Kent, May 18, 1940, E. A. Cockayne. First Record, 1831: Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 280). E. irriguata Hubner: Marbled Pug. Resident, now long extinct. Woods [on oak]. 1. Birch Wood, rare (Stephens, Haust., 3: 290); larva found September 1841, imago bred April 29, 1842 (Douglas, Entomologist, 1: 358). 6a. Darenth Wood, rare (Stephens, loc. cit.). [8. Dover, in “woods” (Webb, 1891; Webb, 1899). Wanting confirmation (CeH).1: [13. Tunbridge Wells* (M. M. Phipps in Knipe, 1916). Wanting confir- mation (C.-H.).1. FIRST RECORD, 1831: Eupithecia variegata (Stephens, loc. cit.). E. exiguata Hiibner: Mottled Pug. Native. Woods, hedgerows, bushy places; on hawthorn, oak. 1. West Wickham, three, May 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week Int., 8: 4); common, June 1, 1861 (Fenn, Diary); May 22, 1949, June 2, 1954, 1957 (C.-H.). Lewisham, May 21, 1861; Blackheath Park June 4, 1861, very common; Courtfleet Wood, Erith, June 13, 1884 (Fenn, Diary). Lee (V.C.H., 1908). Kidbrook; Bexley; Eltham (Wool. Surv., 1909). Forest Hill (Cansdale, Ent Rec., 2: 69). Petts Wood, 1950 (E. Evans); frequently (A. M. & F. A. Swain). Orpington, one, June 1958 (R. G. Chatelain). 2. Gravesend; Faversham (H. C. Huggins). 3. Broad Oak, May 22, 24, 1939, June 5, 1944 (C.-H.). 5. Farnborough*, common (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Chels- field, one, May 24, 1950 (A. M. & F. A. Swain). High Elms, larva on hawthorn (D. R. M. Long). 6. Fawkham Green, larva October 1930, imago emerged May 1931; Ridley, larva, October 11, 1931, imago emerged May 1932 (A. R. Kidner, Diary). (92) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/11/73 6a. Darenth, larvae found feeding on oak (Machin, Entomologist, 4: 128). Chattenden (Chaney, 1884-87); June 4, 1892 (Fenn, Diary). Graves- end district* (H. C. Huggins). 7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, 1884-87). Westwell, common (Scott, 1936: Scott, 1950). 8. Wye*; Brook* (Scott, 1950). Folkestone Warren (Knaggs, 1870). Dover district, ‘common in the woodlands” (E. & Y., 1949). Dover, a few (B. O. Gardiner). 9. Thanet (H. C. Huggins). Birchington, June 10, 1952 (W. D. Bowden). 11. Hoads Wood, larva on hawthorn (Cue MS). 12. Ham Street (G. V. Bull); in Orlestone Woods, April 10, 24, 1939 (C.-H.); in Orlestone Woods, June 2, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton). Kingsnorth (Scott, 1935). Ashford (P. Cue). Thanington, one, June 1, 1950 (R. Chees- man)+. West Ashford, one, May 10, 1960, one, May 25, 1960 (M. Enfield). Willesborough, one, 1959 (D. Youngs); one May 1960, one, June 1960. one, June 1961 (M. Singleton). Ashford, a larva, imago reared Apri! 1961 (M. Singleton). 13. Tunbridge Wells* (Knipe, 1916). Goudhurst, one, 1959 (W. V. D. Bolt). 14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). 16. Folkestone, one or two (A. M. Morley). First REcorD, 1860: West Wickham (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 4). E. insigniata Hiibner: consignata Borkhausen: Pinion-spotted Pug. Resident, perhaps native. Old apple orchards; [on apple]. The species is widely distributed in Kent, but appears to be mainly Wealden and very scarce. According to Barrett (Lep. Br. Isles, 9: 35). its apparent rarity in Britain “doubtless arises from its habit of keeping about the tops of the apple-trees.” 1. Near Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust, 3: 290). 8. Wye, one, bred 1906, in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H.). 10. Otford, one imago taken off an apple tree at the Bull Inn (L. W. Newman teste W. A. Cope), nine in R. C. K. bred, Otford, May 1909, L. W. Newman (C.-H.). 11 Tonbridge, one April 23, 1871 (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). 12. Ashford district, exhibited (Chittenden, Proc, S. Lond. nat. Hist Soc., 1899: 107). “Mid. Kent” [?Ashford district], ¢ and 9 taken by G. H. Heath, May 13, 1913 (Heath, Trans. Cy Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc-. 1912-13: 35). Willesborough, one in m.v.I. trap, May 22, 1955 (W. L. Rud- land). Ashford Town, in garden, at m.v.l., two fresh, May 12, 1954, one worn, June 11, 1956, one, May 8, 1958, one, May 9, 1961 (Cue MS.; Cue, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 23). 13. Pembury (Stainton, Man., 2: 84). 14. Sandhurst, one, May 25, 1929, one, May 15, 1932, one May 16, 1932. one, May 14, 1939 — all at light (G. V. Bull; Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1935-36: 39). Wittersham, one taken by R. C. Tuely (Tweedie. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962: 48). First RECORD, 1831: Taken “near Birch-wood” (Stephens, Haust., 3: 290). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (93) E. valerianata Hiibner: Valerian Pug Native. Damp woods; on Valeriana officinalis. [6. Rochester district*, 1905, “in breeding cage” (Ovenden, Ent. Rec.. 18: 18).] 11. “Benenden 5.8.1946 G. V. Bull’, one so-labelled in my coll. (C.-H.). Hoads Wood, about 12 larvae on flower heads of V officinalis, July 22 and August 2, 1958, from which I bred a single imago May 15, 1958, also an Apanteles sp. parasite (C.-H.); larvae, July 1960 (Cue MS.). 12. Ham Street, one in RCK labelled: “Ham Street, bred 1950, G. Haggett” (C.-H.). First (CONFIRMED) RECORD, 1946: G. V. Bull. [(E. pygmaeata Hiibner: Marsh Pug Records almost certainly based on misidentification. 5. Chevening, May 3, 1912 (Gillett, Diary); in light trap, one, May 20. 1914, by F. Gillett (Prideaux, Entomologist, 47: 228).)] E. venosata Fabricius: Netted Pug. Native. Chalk downs and rough chalky places, Kentish rag quarries. ete.; on Silene cucubalus. 1. [West Wickham], 1861 (Huckett, Ent. week. Int., 10: 115). West Wickham, larvae on S. cucubalus, 1947, imagines reared (C.-H.); 1951 (E. E. J. Trundell). Erith (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Wilmington (L. T. Ford). Orping- ton, 1954 (L. W. Siggs). 2. Dartford Marshes, one, June 17, 1962, three at bladder campion flowers, May 27, 1964 (B. K. West). 3. Oldridge Wood, larvae (J. A. Parry). 5. Farnborough* (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Chevening, larva 1911; June 8, 1912; May 21, June 6, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Lullingstone (D. R. M. Long). 6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Otford (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1992: 50). Gravesend, on fences, one, May 24, 1912, one June 11, 1915 (F. T. Grant); (H. C. Huggins). Swanley, 1917 (Colthrup, Ent. Rec., 30: 73). Shoreham (S. F. P. Blyth). Longfield, a few larvae, July 5, 1931 (Kidner, Diary), Eynsford (Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond. ent. Hist. Soc., 1932-33: 89). Pinden; Horton Kirby (E. J. Hare). Otford and Farn- ingham, larvae, July 6, 1958 (A. J. Showler) 6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 290); larva, July 12, 1903 (Kidner, Diary); (S. F. P. Blyth). Cobham Great Wood, one, May 23. 1868 (J. J. Walker MS.). 7. Faversham (see First Record). Darland Hill (Chaney, 1884-87). Westwell (Scott, 1936). 8. Folkestone Warren, larvae on S. cucubalus (Knaggs, 1870). Dover Cliffs, June 24, 1932; Ewell Minnis, June 5, 1933 (J. H. B. Lowe). Wye (Scott, 1936). Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). Adisham, larvae on S. cucu- balus, 1947 (C.-H.). Deal*, two, August 18, 1899 (H. D. Stockwell, Diary). Dover, one, 1945 (B. O. C. Gardiner). 11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Wateringbury (V.C.H.., 1908). 12. Great Chart, one, June 23, 1956, in Goldwell Quarry (C.-H.). (94) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/7 TLE 73 First REcORD, 1799: Phalaena decussata ... “taken at Faversham by Mr Crewe” (Donovan, Nat. Hist. Br. Ins., 8: 38). E. centaureata Denis & Schiffermuller: Lime-speck Pug. Native. Saltmarshes, woods, gardens, shingle beach, waste ground, etc.: on Senecio jacobaea, Polygonum aviculare, Aster tripolium, Pim- pinella major, Knautia arvensis, Peucedanum officinale, dahlia. Fre- quent and recorded from all divisions except 7 (probably occurs). “Generally common” (V.C.H. 1908). The larva appears to be a fairly general feeder on the flowers of both cultivated and wild plants. It has been recorded as having been found on Senecio at Dungeness, September 24, 1955 (E. C, Pelham-Clinton); on S. jacobaea at Chatham (Mathew, Entomologist, 23: 347); on Knautia arvensis at Shoreham, and on dahlia at Littlestone (D. R. M. Long). J. W. C. Hunt found it on “Scabious” [K. arvensis] at the North Foreland; Edelsten (Entomologist, 78: 192) recorded finding it in numbers in the Faversham district on Peucedanum officinale; and I have taken it on, and in each case reared it from, Polygonum aviculare, Sharnal Street, August 30, 1964, bred May 1965, on Aster tripolium, Seasalter, September 13, 1964, bred June 22, 1965, and on Pimpinella major, High Halstow, October 20, 1968, bred June 1969 (C.-H.). The moth is apparently bivoltine, first appearing on the wing in May (usually during the latter half) and continuing throughout June to about mid-July with what may be a partial second generation in August and September. D. R. M. Long’s earliest date at Bromley is May 138, 1961, his latest there September 22, 1965, with maximum daily total six on June 22, 1961. H. G. Gomm (Diary) records taking an imago in 1921 at Sarre on May 2, and in 19538, W. L. Rudland took one at m.v. light as late as October 3. VARIATION. — The following aberrations are in RCK. — centralisata Stgr., one, Bickley, August 22, 1911, W. Rait-Smith; obscura Dietze, one, Lewisham, 1901; ab. having “median shade developed’, one, Greenwich, September 1890. FIRST RECORD, 1858: Folkestone (Tompkins, Diary). E. trisignaria Herrich-Schaffer: Triple-spotted Pug. Native. Woods, wet copses; on Angelica sylvestris, Pastinaca sativa. 3. Blean, one or two larvae on A. sylvestris, imago reared (H. C. Huggins). 5. Andrews Wood, Shoreham, one, July 15, 1956 (C.-H.). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Otford* (V.C.H., 1908). 8. Wye district*, larvae plentiful on P. sativa (Reid, Ent. Rec., 20: 13). 10. Sevenoaks* (V.C.H., 1908). 12. Brook (C. A. W. Duffield, in Scott, 1950); larvae on A. sylvestris, 1958 and 1959, an imago bred (Cue MS.). First (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1908: Kent [Wye district], September 1907, larvae “plentiful, though local, on Pastinaca sativa” (Reid, Ent. Rec., 20: 13). Prout (Entomologist, 41: 54) refers to P. C. Reid (in litt., 21.ix.1907) as having noticed that trisignaria ‘were on the larger and more rampant plants along the edges of and just inside a conse.” Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Dlustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record’”’ ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS TEN DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS STORE BOXES INSECT DISPILAY CASES MICROSLIDE CABINETS Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) LIVESTOCK SILKMOTHS—British and Foreign Hawk Moths SILKWORMS—Stick Insects, ete. My 16 page illustrated catalogue for 1973 describes many species and includes list of food plants, etc. Catalogue 15p. Overseas $1.00 (or equivalent) sent by Air Mail. R. N. BAXTER 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, ODP, England In Your Replies Please Mention The Entomologist’s Record: FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, 2BQ, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. 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WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT SOUTHS BRITISH BUTTERFLIES T. G. HOWARTH bem, rres. Richard South’s standard work on British butterflies has long been a classic in the entomological world, and now T. G. Howarth has brought it completely up to date, while taking care to retain the charm and character of the original book. The text has been rearranged in a more logical and readily accessible order, be- ginning with the most primitive species and ending with the most specialized. A valuable feature of this edition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of butterflies. The beautiful illustrations in colour of many of the adult species are by A. D. A. Russwurm, and the early stages are by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk—altogether 48 colour plates. 320 pages, 57 distribution maps, cased with laminated colour jacket and slip case. Published : April 17th. 0 723214999 £10.50 net FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE it Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae, II By A. M. EMMET The current notes follow the pattern set by the first series and cover much of the same ground: that is to say, there is not much extension of the range of food plants. But there is plenty of new material. Three new species are added to the British list and one to the Irish list. Evidence is produced to show that three species hitherto considered to be British do not in all probability occur in this country. Three supposed species are reduced to synonymy. There is the first description in English of the imago of a species hitherto only recorded here from its mine and there are tables for the determination of some of the neps not in Meyrick (1928). Two life histories which have been erroneously described in our standard text- books are put right. Ten species of doubtful status are dis- cussed and with some of them arguments are put forward for their retention or rejection as ‘good’ species. Attention is drawn to some of the errors in Beirne’s Male Genitalia of the British Stigmellidae, and there is more besides. There is enough to justify me in once more putting pen to paper. Yet there is still much to be done, for knowledge breeds an aware- ness of ignorance, and problems, in this fascinating group, grow like hydra’s heads. The most important recent publication on the Nepticulidae has been Notes on Nepticulidae I by Roland Johansson. This paper, which is written in English, appeared in Entomologica Scandinavica 2, 241-262, and was published in 1971. It falls into two parts, the first a general introduction and the second a revision of the oak-feeding neps of the ruficapitella group. I shall draw extensively on the second section in due course under the heading Quercus, but here I should like to discuss some of the interesting points raised in the introduction. First of all, Johansson discards the name _ Stigmeiila (Schrank 1802) because it is a generalised description only without reference to a designated genotype; moreover, Schrank’s description is inaccurate as applied to the Nepticuli- dae in that he says that the palps are absent, the tongue is pre- sent and the wings are rolled. Johansson therefore reverts to the name Nepticula (Heyden 1843) which was in general use until Fletcher re-introduced Stigmella in 1934. Thank you, Johansson! In saying this I expect I speak for every micro- lepidopterist in the country. Nevertheless, there is still a problem. Johansson’s revision came too late for full cognisance to be taken of it in the new edition of Kloet and Hinck’s Check List, which was already in page-proof form and too far advanced for major alterations. The list, therefore, retains the name Stigmella. The purpose of the check-list is to give us standarisation of nomenclature and this can only be attained if we accept its rulings whether we like them or not. So I feel that in the interests of unifor- mity we should follow Kloet and Hincks unless an amendment 78 KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 895 LS/1IV 77S is published. Beirne (1945) divided the Nepticulidae into nine genera as shown in my previous notes (Ent. Record 83: 76): Johansson splits them into only two groups. The first of these, Nepticula, embraces Beirne’s first two genera, Stigmella and Nepticula. Beirne’s distinction was based solely on characters of the male genitalia such as the shape of the uncus, but was not reflected in the biology of the insects or the external characters of the imagines. Few people could remember whether a moth was a Stigmella or a Nepticula or could see why this should be so. In principle, therefore, I welcome this change, but will continue to use Stigmella for the reason given above. Johansson recognises that his genus Nepticula is rather un- wieldly, so he subdivides it into two groups of associated speces under the name of a member of the group. Thus we have the aurella group, the ruficapitella group, the oxycan- thella group and so on. This is convenient only when the groups are homogeneous, but in some cases it appears that they are not. The remainder of the Nepticulidae (Beirne’s genera 3-9) are lumped together by Johansson into a single genus Trifurcula Zeller 1848 (sensu lato), but he retains Beirne’s divisions as sub-genera. To divide one half of the family into groups and the other half into sub-genera is untidy and I cannot believe this policy will find wide acceptance. Johansson makes two further changes in Beirne’s nomen- clature: he prefers Ectoedemia Busck 1907 to Dechtiria Beirne 1945 on the rule of priority, and Scoliaula Meyrick 1895 to Bohemannia Stainton 1859 on the grounds that the latter name is preoccupied. The new Kloet and Hincks concurs with the former but not with the latter amendment. Johansson gives a useful list of the British and Scandina- vian species of Nepticulidae classified as has been indicated. Nine of the British species are marked with an asterisk signifying “Status of species uncertain, in all probability synonymous with the preceeding species.” ‘Two more are marked with a double asterisk, meaning “Status of species uncertain.” One of these latter is zgnobilella Stainton and I hope I shall be able to settle this case once and for all in the notes which follow. I have no knowledge of the other species, castanella Stainton; the new Kloet and Hincks list regards it as doubtfully synonymous with ruficapitella Haw. I do not know whether Johansson is expressing his per- sonal opinion or current continental doctrine in his allocation of single asterisks, but I propose to consider each case. In some instances I have little of consequence to say, in others a good deal. I am sure that one of his asterisked species is synonymous and two are not; for the remainder I express my views with varying degrees of uncertainty. My opinions are based on biology rather than morphology and so may supple- ment the work of more professional naturalists. NOTES ON SOME OF THE BRITISH NEPTICULIDAE, IJ 79 I shall now proceed to discuss the pairs or groups of questionable species. (1) aurella Fabricius *nitens Fologne splendidissimella Herrich-Schafter *gei Wocke fragariella Heyden *dulcella Heinemann I am treating these three pairs together as they belong to the same group. I have not yet studied them in detail, so I have little of moment to say. I have already discussed the case of nitens (Ent. Record 83: 78-83), coming to the tentative conclusion that it is a good species; but my mind is still open. It seems that nitens has been scarce in recent years and further study has been held up for lack of material. Certainly gez, as understood in this country, is not the same as splendidissimella which is a distinctive species as an adult. Our gei has the aurella pattern, that is to say the forewings have the basal third of a metallic hue, the outer two thirds purple or purplish fuscous, and a metallic gold or silver fascia just beyond the middle. It is quite likely that splendidissimella sometimes feeds on Geum, but (in Britain, at any rate) so does this other species. There are certainly two species which feed on Fragaria and you can tell from the mine which one you are going to breed. That which comes from the larger mine with dis- persed frass is what we call fragariella, while the little moth coming from the finer mine with the thin median line of frass is our dulcella. The adults look quite distinct and both do not necessarily occur in the same locality. I shall now give a table comparing the species under discussion but omitting splendidissimella. It is based on insufficient material and represents a starting point, not a con- sidered conclusion: it is there to be criticised and to provoke correction. Many heads have been scratched over these species during the last hundred years and there is more scratching to be done before we reach a final answer. The description of wing-colours is difficult because they are structural rather than pigmental; this means that they look different when seen in different lights or from different angles. Possibly they look different to different people. This may explain the confusing contradiction in the descrip- tions of the several species in our literature. Moreover, the species are not strictly host-specific but from time to time trespass on each other’s foodplants. For this reason the series in collections get mixed and entomologists imagine a degree of variation that does not exist. It is well known that the genitalia of this group provide little help in determination. I wonder whether an analysis of the structure of the scales, especially those of the basal part of the forewing, would offer a surer basis for distinction. 15/1V/73 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 80 DILDBDL Iapeo1q pos sed 0} AaATIS useys ysitdaund eB UVM UMOIG YyIeqd 9zu01q aAITO IO YSsIUMOIg OFM oduelo YSIMOTIAA IIb "UIU G-F Dd) 129]"p snisapo “y ‘snappr snqny ‘n1uvb 017 DiUuowby MOIIBU ‘pos 9a[bd UMOIQ ystjdand dsaq o[dind uayjo if | | eB4ysoo ‘useIs Asseig | OFIYM YSTMOT[SA asueio Ajqissod = ‘ys YOR TA wu 9-¢ PuawobD4} SOUITJOWIOS ~ dds snqny 4 a]Darwd “5 WNUDGIN WNAat pros ajed 0} AsATIS e[dind yefora deeq a[dind a10ul e4Ss09 ‘aTdind Azuo1g SPIGM YSTIMOTIIA snoosnj-osuei0 4 ‘asueio P ee Se 136 piUowlby IOATIS YSIMOTLPA snoosnj efdind deeq | snsoouynaf ~Y fi})919adsa ‘snqny | ueplos yoy “ym joys Azuoig aidand | Uus}JO e4SO0 ‘UdeId oTpeyour =. UT TTA sya M yoe[q 0} IdUeIO ‘UIUI 9-G ajdind doaq o[dind esuelo aed asuei1o d90q suaqvu pain in ae ene ean, a syueldpooy Blosez (9) § Iayno (q) a ¥ [Teseq (®) SSUIMIIO sdedakq pes uedssurm “te ainyeay (Io be Continued) BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN CATALONIA IN JUNE 1971 81 Butterflies collected in Catalonia in June 1971 By OTAKAR KupRNA, F.R.E.S. This paper gives a short account of butterflies collected in Catalonia, Spain, during a fortnight from 6th to 20th June 1971. The main aim of this trip was to explore a low range of lime- stone mountains Sierra de Garraf located approximately between the city of Barcelona and the town of Sitges along the Mediterranean sea-coast, where Sagarra (1912) found Pieris manni Meyer and other interesting species. Unfortunately, this area was found to be full of cement-works and suffering from considerable pollution in general, a by-product of the recent industrialisation of Catalonia. Also the weather was rather unsettled in Spring 1971 and unusually cold during the whole month of May causing an unexpected delay in emergence of many species. Although the number of species actually met with is therefore somewhat limited, it may be of some interest to record the results of my collecting in Sierra de Garraf and other localities in Catalonia, from which we mostly have no recent records (Manley and Allacard, 1970). Nearly all further mentioned species are in my collection except Hesperiids, that are in the collections of the Royal Scottish Museum in Edin- burgh and were determined by E. C. Pelham-Clinton. A list of localities: Segur (Province of Tarragona). A village some 15 km south- west of Sitges on the costal road. Collected on 10th June on sandy soils covered with poor grass and numerous flowering Compositae near the sea-coast. Cubellas (Province of Barcelona). A village some 12 km south- west of Sitges on the coastal road and railway. Collected mainly on rough ground in dried-up river-bed of Rio Foix and in a few suitable places along the above mentioned road on 15th June. Sitges (Province of Barcelona). A town some 40 km south-west of Barcelona on the sea-coast and main railway from Barcelona to Valencia. Collected mainly on the hillsides of ‘“Prubellas’” on various types of ground: sandy soils, pine wood, slopes covered with various species of shrubs, etc., on 8th, 12th, 13th, 17th and 18th June. Garraf (Province of Barcelona). A village at the foothills of Sierra de Garraf, some 10 km north-east of Sitges on the coastal road and railway to Barcelona. Collected on steep and hardly accessible slopes of limestone hills facing the sea on 9th June. Martorell (Province of Barcelona). A town north-west of Barcelona at the confluence of rivers Noya and Llobregat. Collected mainly in meadows along the road to Esparra- guera on 16th June. Olesa de Montserrat (Province of Barcelona). A village on the narrow gauge railway line Barcelona-Manressa. Collected 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/1IV/73 among orchards near the river Llobregat on 16th June. Aereo Montserrat (Province of Barcelona). A narrow gauge railway and cable car junction under the famous Monas- terio Montserrat. Collected in the deep valiey of the river Llobregat on 11th June. Monistrol (Province of Barcelona). Another village on the river Llobregat and narrow gauge railway Barcelona-Manresa. Collected on grassy hillsides and pastures on 11th June. A list of species: Papilio machaon hispanicus Eller—Abundant: Segur, Sitges, Olesa. Pieris brassicae L.—Found only near Sitges, 1d and 192 12.vi.71 and another specimen near Cubellas. Rare at the time, perhaps just the beginning of the Summer brood. Pieris rapae L.—Although nearly a hundred specimens were taken and studied in order to ascertain whether P. mannii Meyer still occurred in the area (Sagara, 1912) all speci- mens proved to be the former species. Very common: Segur, Sitges, Garraf, Aereo Montserrat, Olesa. Pieris napi dubiosa R6éber—Found only in a smail spot near Garraf: 1¢ and 49 ° 9.vi.71. Pontia daplidice L._—Only two specimens were taken: Cubellas, 1° 15.vi.71 and Olesa, 1d 16.vi.71. Leptidea sinapis L.—Not recorded from Catalonia for some 60 years (Manley and Allacard, 1970). Sporadic in pine woods on the top of “Prubellas’”’ near Sitges: 1d 8.vi.71, 1° ivi Tp b6T17.ya4.71. Anthocharis belia euphenoides Stgr.—A single freshly emerged female found in Aereo Montserrat 11.vi.71. Colias crocea Geofroy—Common almost everywhere, in some localities whitish females ff. helice Hb. and helicina Obth. numerous.—Sitges, Olesa, Martorell, Segur, Cubellas, Aereo Montserrat. | Gonepteryx cleopatra L.—Sporadically, but not rare on bushy hillsides, mostly freshly emerged specimens: Garraf, Sitges, Aereo Monserrat. Gonepteryx rhamni L.—Only one male seen but not taken near Aereo Montserrat, 11.vi.71. Vanessa atalanta L.—The only specimen seen near Sitges 16.v1.71: Vanessa cardui L.—Becoming common near Sitges and Cubel- las. Melitaea didyma occidentalis Stgr.—Males abundant near Sitges, single specimens also taken near Cubellas and Aereo Montserrat. The only female taken in Monistrol Dwi. . Melitaea phoebe occitanica Stgr—-Only two specimens found: Cubellas, 12 15.vi.71 and Sitges, 1d 17.vi.71. Melanargia lachesis Hb.—Several males of both M. galathea L. and M. lachesis Hb. available in my collection from Spain, France, Italy and. Czechoslovakia: have been. dissected. BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN CATALONIA IN JUNE 1971] 83 There appears to be a probably constant difference in the male genitalia (i.e. uncus) supporting on morphological grounds the opinion that lachesis Hb. is not conspecific with galathea L. Apart from the fact that both species are known to be sympatric in France (Bretherton, 1966) and Spain (Manley and Allacard, 1970) without inter- breeding. The intermediate forms known to occur along the distributional frontier between galathea L. and lachesis Hb. (Higgins and Riley, 1970) seem to be only superficial and therefore of limited taxonomic value. The individual variability in markings is characteristic of the whole genus Melanargia Meigen (i.e. Wagener, 1961). However, further investigation will be required to estab- lish the fact beyond any doubt. WM. lachesis Hb. found abundant: Sitges, Aereo Montserrat, Monistrol, Olesa, Martorel. Melanargia occitanica Esp.—Only two very worn specimens taken: Monistrol, 2d ¢ 11.vi.71. Pararge megera L.—Abundant: Sitges, Cubellas, Segur. Pararge aegeria L.—Only a few specimens found on open rock hillsides near Sitges. Lasiommata maera L.—A single male taken near Garraf, 9.vi.71. Coenonympha dorus Esp.—Abundant in restricted spots: Sitges. Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp.—Common and widely distributed: Sitges, Garraf, Segur, Cubella, Monistrol, Olesa, Martorel, Aereo Montserrat. Pyronia bathseba Fabr.—Common and later becoming worn in Sitges and Garraf, single specimens found elsewhere: Segur, Aereo Montserrat. Pyronia cecilia Vallantin—Less common than P. bathseba Fabr. and probably not fully out yet, as only one female was taken among more numerous males: Sitges, Segur, Cubellas. Nordmannia esculi Hb.—Uncommon at the top or Prubellas near Sitges and in Garraf. Strimonidia spini Schiff.—Only a few specimens taken: Sitges. Lycaena phlaeas L.—Only two males found, possibly just the very beginning of second brood: Cubellas, Aereo Mont-. serrat. Lampides boeticus L.—Garraf, 1¢ 9.vi.71. Syntarucus pirithous L.—Only Sitges: 1d 8.vi.71 and 1d and 1° 12.vi.71, a few other specimens seen. Celastrina argiolus L.—Sitges, 1° 8.vi.71. Aricia cramera Esch.—Cubellas, 12 15.vi.71. Polyommatus icarus Rott—Common: Garraf, Sitges, Olesa. Plebicula escheri Hb.—Aereo Montserrat, 1¢ 11.vi.71. Lysandra hispana H.-Sch.—Rare near the coast and just emerg- ing inland: Sitges, 1¢ 12.vi.71, Aereo Montserrat, 2d¢d 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 “SVIVITS and 1° 11.vi.71, Monistrol, 1d 11.vi.71. Carcharodus aleceae Esp.—Sitges, 12 13.vi.71 and Cubellas, Pe hy ver. Carcharodus boeticus Rambur—Olesa, 1d 16.vi.71. Thymelicus actaeon Rott.—Abundant: Sitges, Garraf, Segur, Olesa and Cubellas. Acknowledgments My thanks are due to Col. W. B. L. Manley for a gift of Melanargia spp. from Spain and Italy, to Dr Colin Smith for a gift of Melanargia lachesis Hb. from Madrid and M. galathea L. from Jaca and to Professor T. Weis-Fogh for his support of this work. All names quoted for localities throughout the text corres- pond with Mapa militar de Espana, 1:200.000, published by Servicio geografico del epercito in 1968-69, sheets 9-4 and 9-5. REFERENCES Bretherton, R. F. (1966). A distribution list of the butterflies (Rhopalo- cera) of western and southern Europe. Trans. Sce. Brit. Ent., 17: 1-94. Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. (1970). A field guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe. London. Manley, W. B. L. and Allacard, H. G. (1970). A field guide to the butterflies and burnets of Svain. London. Sagarra, I. de (1912). Contribucio a un catalech dels Lepidopters de Catalunya II (Fam. Pieridae). Butll. Inst. catal. Hist. nat., 12: 33-46. Wagener, S. (1961). Monographie der Ostasiatischen Formen der Gattung Melanargia Meigen. Zoologica, Stuttgart, (Heft), 108: 1-222. Observations on British Butterflies in 197] By Dr C. J. Luckens (Concluded from page 21) walls which were bulging with Cow Wheat. As this was the area for Mellicta athalia Rott. this wood seemed worth ex- ploring, and sure enough we found a weak colony of this intensely local butterfly. The locality was not previously known to the Cornwall Naturalists Trust, but if athalia is to survive here, action must be taken speedily. In the very spot where the half dozen or so butterflies were flying a crop of young conifers were growing up, and the cow wheat, all but swamped was confined to a path circling the plantation. We started to explore the valleys north of Bude on July Ist, our objective being to find Maculinea arion L. I might add however that we decided beforehand that no collecting would be attempted at all. At Welcombe where we commenced, plenty of Argynnis aglaia L.. were flying in the hot sun with early Eumenis semele BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN CATALONIA IN JUNE 1971 85 L. and Melanargia galathea L. just emerging. There were also a few P. icarus and C. rubi about, and the odd specimen of C. selene, some still in good condition. The following morning I set off by myself over the cliff path and into several coastal valleys, finishing up near Hart- land. It was very hot and I saw many butterflies in incomparable surroundings — this North Devon cliff scenery is bettered by none (except perhaps the soaring Skye coastline of my youth). A. aglaia, already rather worn, was out in numbers dashing about in the sun, M. galathea in lackadaisical flight was pre- sent locally, and again late C. rubi and C. selene were noted. During the morning I encountered Mr Jenkyn of Stoke, who was deputising for the warden of one of the Devon Naturalists Trust Reserves. He was gloomy about the prospects of sur- vival for M. arion in Britain. However around midday we twice saw large slatey-blue butterfiies flying past and purpose- fully, in a manner quite unlike P. icarus, and though identifi- cation could not be made for certain, Mr Jenkyn was of the opinion that these were probably M. arion. That afternoon my wife and I revisited our newly dis- covered locality for M. athalia near the South Cornwall/Devon border. While I was standing waist deep in the young conifers watching these fritillaries, a full-grown Vixen suddenly bounded out of the bushes opposite and onto the path, where she stood about twenty feet away, blinking rather blearily in the sunlight. Suddenly she caught sight of my immobile form and coming even closer, peered with sleepy enquiry, screwing up her eyes as if to get me in better perspective. She trotted down the track a few yards to get a different angle, and then back again, all the time peering and wrinkling her eyes in puzzled curiosity. Eventually she decided that I was an excrescence on the landscape of no importance and sat down and scratched her ear with an air of boredom. I watched her for a long time as she sat on her haunches in the sun, until she eventually trotted off about her business. A day already memorable for rare butterflies was further en- hanced by this unusual encounter. ft returned to the North Devon valley the following day, and on arrival at about 4 p.m. had a close view of another large grey-blue butterfly in flight which I am sure was not P. icarus. A short time later, while walking through some rushes, I suddenly spotted a butterfly at rest on a stem a few feet in front of me, and to my intense excitement I realised that I was looking at a female M. arion—the heavily spotted grey underside was unmistakable. As I approached closer, she flipped up, circled the clump of rushes several times making as if to resettle, and then changed her mind and flew strongly up the rough hillside where I failed to follow her. While I was searching for her resting place I disturbed a sun- lazy black Adder, the existence of which Mr Jenkyn had told me about the previous day. 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/TV/73S On July Sth, we travelled to South Cornwall again, to a County Naturalists Trust Reserve near Callington. In this locality M. athalia was flying in fair numbers but very worn. My impression is that the West-Country race of butterfly is more secretive in its habits in comparison to the Kent race that I know well. Even in hot sunny conditions the athalia I saw in Cornwall seemed to spend a lot of time with wings spread at rest, and on the wing, flight was low and fluttering. There were a few very worn C. selene about in the wood, and dozens of M. galathea. Over a sunlit bramble patch in the centre of the wood the first Argynnis paphia L. were sailing. The remainder of the afternoon was spent by the Upper Fowey river, where we swam in a clear shingly pool hidden by gorse and surrounded by the low hills of Bodmin Moor. During the rest of our stay in the West Country I managed to cover, on foot, all the coastal valleys between Welcombe and Hartland Point. I sunburned badly, lost a lot of weight but saw no more M. arion. Several valleys look outwardly ideal for this fastidious insect — large clumps of Thyme on Lasius flava Ant mounds, sheltered by gorse bushes, were not uncommon features; an eternal optimist I cling to the hope that M. arion will soon make a come-back and perhaps re- colonise some of its haunts which remain suitable. We started our homeward journey on July 10th, and stop- ped fleetingly in the New Forest en route. Limenitis camilla L. and A. paphia seemed scarcer than usual in one of our fa- vourite glades. After staying at Haywards Heath over the weekend I went over to Hampshire on the Monday to look for Apatura iris. L. Plenty of fresh L. camilla were about, a few Thecla quercus L., P. C-album and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, but the main quarry was not to be seen. Two Roe deer put in an appear- ance however, and I had a good view of a weasel scampering over the forest path. On my way back Plebejus argus L. was emerging on a stretch of heath beside the road, and the same butterfly was abundant on Chailey Common the following day. After our return to Ashford we paid a visit to Blean Woods on the 14th, and here at the opposite side of the country, we were once again looking at M. athalia. The colony that we have watched for five years now was still thriving, and we saw many specimens in fresh condition. We motored over to Haywards Heath the following week- end and from there revisited some Hampshire and West Sussex localities for A. iris, on July 19th, I saw one of these splendid butterflies flying high over some oaks in a locality on the Hants. border, and that turned out to be the only definite sighting I had of iris for the season. I renewed aquaintances with Mr C. Wyatt however, and had a long talk with Mr R. Smith who that year had reared and released over forty ima- gines from ova laid by a female A. iris the previous summer. In the afternoon my parents accompanied me to a West Sussex wood where many species of butterfly were on the BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED IN CATALONIA IN JUNE 197] O7 wing. Male L. sinapis of the second brood were already about with plenty of P. icarus, A. paphia and L. camilla. A worn A. aglaia was netted for identification and then released. Three days later, back in Kent, Thymelicus lineola Ochs. was emerging in a coppiced wood near Shadoxhurst; flying in company with its congener T. sylvestris and also many Maniola tithonus L. in fresh condition. After practice one can soon separate these two skippers in the field by the underside coloration alone, referring to the distinctive antennae only in cases of doubt. In some of the rides of Orlestone Forest we found T. lineola and T. sylvestris in roughly equal proportions, while in others (in the same woodland block) T. lineola was inex- plicably absent. On the Wye downs the proportion of lineola to sylvestris was about one to five. On July 23rd, a hot and sunny day, two specimens of Argynnis cydippe L. were seen in a wood near Ashford. This seems to be a scarce and local butterfly in Southern England nowadays, and I have never yet seen it in the New Forest where seemingly it was once common. During the last few days of July and early August L. camilla, P. c-album and T. quercus were fairly common in Orlestone Forest. A single C. argiolus was seen on the fringe of Romney Marsh on the Ist of August, but this butterfly by no means came up to expectations this year, after its abun- dance in 1970 — the only other second brood specimen seen was a worn female on September 18th, feeding at a bramble patch. A wide selection of commoner butterflies including fair numbers of M. galathea were flying on the Wye downs on Au- gust Sth, and altogether sixteen different species were re- corded. But after a good start to the month, August weather became rather cold and windy by the 10th, and very few butterflies were about at Folkestone on that date. However. conditions were better on August 18th when I went over to a locality near Eastbourne where last year we re- corded several of the more local chalk lepidoptera. Plenty of Lysandra coridon Poda and L. bellargus were out on this oc- casion, with numbers of P. megera, A. urticae, P. icarus, A. agestis, and one or two E. semele and Hesperia comma L. This is the only place in Sussex that I know for H. comma though it is an insect that’s fairly easily overlooked, and in my experience flies only in bright sunshine. We had another beautifully fine day on August 25th, when we walked along the downs behind Folkestone. L. bellargus was about in large numbers but with very little variation pre- sent. Some of the females in the spring brood had been very dark with prominent orange lunules, and heavily suffused with blue scales, but this striking form was absent among the late summer butterflies. We found L. coridon conspicuous by its absence at Folkestone this year. I saw only one specimen flying with L. bellargus, but A. agestis and P. megera were 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/IV/73 again fairly common in their second broods. A very welcome bonus at the end of the season was pro- vided by Vanessa atalanta L., which started to appear in num- bers towards the end of August and continued well into the autumn. In fact the last butterfly of our 1971 season was a fine fresh Red Admiral seen by my wife in our garden on No- vember Ist, after we had moved to Southampton. Up until then we could always be sure of seeing one or two feasting on the fallen apples during the extremely mild and sunny days of September and October. We commenced the season with E. aurinia larvae and the last real entomological expedition was in search of the same when my father and I went on August 28th, to look for a locality near Guildford where this insect occurs. I had rather hazy direction but we found the place straight away and saw several larval webs within minutes of arrival. I collected a few caterpillars from one of the largest nests and these are now hibernating in their winter web on potted Scabious. We are looking forward to releasing the aurinia imagines next June in their place of origin. 32 Thorold Road, Southampten, Hants. Cotton Jassid: A Nomenclatural Correction By N. P. CHOPRA Deparment of Entomology, Haryana Agricultural University Hissar, Haryana, India A short note on the nomenclatural status of the cotton jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant) by Kapoor and Sohi (1972) in which the authors have advocated to retain the generic name Amrasca following Ghauri (1967) and replace the specific name devastans Distant 1918 to biguttula biguttula Ishida 1913 following Dworakoswka (1970) cannot escape severe criticism from taxonomists. The authors state that ‘when anew genus Amrasca has already been accepted widely and Empoasca devastans has many common characters enough to put it in Amrasca, there is full justification that the cotton jassid should be placed in Amrasca”’ although they have not examined the type species of Amrasca or other related genera. They have overlooked the fact that Amrasca Ghauri was pro- posed for a new species of Mango leafhoppers, A. splendens to which Empoasca devastans was transferred while Sundap- teryx Dworakoswka was proposed especially for the type Chlorita biguttula Ishida 1913 (=Empoasca devastans). The authors’ argument to retain the so called widely accepted generic name Amrasca for devastans Distant and reject Sundapteryx, which is a perfectly valid name, does not hold ground unless Sundapteryx is formally synonymised with Amrasca. It may be mentioned here that the time lag between the publications validating Amrasca and Sundapteryzx is only three years. Therefore, following the code of Zoological PLATE VI Zygaena adsharica tbilisica n ssp. Holotype ¢, wingspan 28 mm . adsharica tbilisica n. ssp. Allotype 2, wingspan 29 mm. . adsharica tbilisica n. ssp. Paratype ¢, wingspan 29 mm. . adsharica tbilisica n. ssp. Paratype 2, wingspan 30 mm. adsharica ziganacola n. ssp. Holotype ¢, wingspan 30 mm. . adsharica ziganacola n. ssp. Allotype 2, wingspan 29 mm. . adsharica ziganacola n. ssp. Paratype 2, wingspan 27 mm. . adsharica ziganacola n. ssp. Paratype <, wingspan 28 mm. 1 VE, 3. Z 4,Z BieL 6. Z (POs 8. Z DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW RACES eke) Nomenclature, it is evident that at present the correct scientific name of the common Indian cotton jassid must be Sundapteryx biguttula biguitula Ishida 1913. Kapoor and Sohi’s publication (1972) does not validate the generic name Amrasca for the Indian jassid. References Dworakoswka, 1., (1970). On some genera of Typhlocybini and Em- poascini (Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Bull. Pols Sei... biol: sci. ser.,..18:, 707-16. Ghauri, M. S. K. (1967). New mango leathoppers from the Oriental] and Austro-Oriental regions (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B), 36: 159-166. Kapoor, V. C. and Sohi, A. S., (1972). The nomenclatural status of cotton jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant). Entomologist’s Rec. 84: 51. On Zygaena (Mesembrynus) adsharica Reiss (Lep. Zygaenidae): Description of two new races* By Huco REISS AND GUNTHER REISS Zygaena adsharica Reiss was described as a subspecies of Z. araratensis Reiss from specimens (in coll. H. Burgeff) from Achalzich (Chambobel and Adshara Mountains), Transcauca- sia, (H. Reiss, 1935). H. Reiss (1930: 9, pl. lh; 1933: 251) ori- ginally misidentified adsharica as erebaea Burgeff. Koch (1939) separated adsharica as a species distinct from araratensis, his material originating from Borshom, Georgia. Biological and distribution studies should verify Koch’s assumptoin. Haaf (1952) figured the ¢ genitalia of adsharica from Achalzich under the name erebaea Burgeff. H. Reiss (1953) illustrates adsharica. Holik and Sheljuzhko (1955) treated adsharica as a species, basing their conclusions on material from north- west Transcaucasia, especially from the neighbourhood of Borshom. Of the population described below, only 1 ¢ from Tiflis was available to them. Alberti (1958) figured the geni- talia and placed adsharica as a subspecies of Zygaena brizae Esper. We consider that Zygaena adsharica Reiss is one of the brizae group species that through isolation has evolved and developed into races, that differ materially from one another. Zygaena adsharica ssp. thilisica n. ssp. We have 1 3d, labelled Grusia, Tbilisi, 28.5—9.6 1964. leg Slaby; further, 5 °° labelled Georgia, Tbilissi Umgebung, 500-600 m, 15 and 19. 6 1970 (worn), leg. Muche, 2 3d with similar data, 18. 5. 1971, leg. Muche, 1 ¢, 20. 5. 197], leg. Muche, and 19 dd, 8 2° from the same locality, 500-600 m, 30.5. to 1. 6. 1971 (likewise worn), leg Muche. The flight period begins in the middle of May. 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 1S/1IV 7/73 Wingspan: 3 dd 26 mm, 5 dd 27 mm, 8 dé 28 mm, 5 $8 29 mm,1¢ 30 mm; 1 2 23 mm, 1 2 25 mm, 22 9 26 mm, 1? 27mm, 3 °° 28 mm, 4 2? 29 mm, 4 2° 30 mm. The antennae are distinctly clubbed in the males; in the females somewhat narrower. Thorax black with blue sheen. The abdomen is shortly haired in both sexes. The legs are blue- black, on the sides somewhat dirty yellow. The wing shape is pointed. The blue-black scaling of the forewing is thin. The streaks show a bright light carmine red. Thered of the hind- wing is even lighter, almost translucent. A limited enlarge- ment of the streaks formed of spots 3-5 of the forewing is rare. The blue-black, likewise thinly scaled hindwing border is narrow in all specimens, sometimes only distinctly seen on the apex, otherwise extending along the inner margin. The black fringes are distinct. The underside is like the upperside only more matt. We name this race thilisica n. ssp. after the locality. Holotype 3, 18. 5. 1971, wingspan 28 mm; Allotype °, 20. 9. 1971, wingspan 29 mm, and Paratypes in coll. Reiss. The figures show the form and length of the antennae, the wingshape, the size and form of the forewing streaks and the hindwing border. In coll. Reiss is a series of Zygaena adsharica Reiss from Cagveri, ca 900 m, near Borshom, which according to Holik & Sheljuzhko (1955) does not differ from the nominate race from Achalzich. According to the data labels these specimens were taken by Slaby from 7-10. 7. 1967. Further there are 13,5 22 of adsharica leg. Neuschild, from Abastuman, 1909, from the Grusia Mountains, 1909, and from Borshom, 1910. Compared with tbilisica, adsharica is on average smaller. The antennae are shorter. The blue-black scaling is denser and the red brighter. The forewings are more rounded at the apex. The forewing streak consisting of spots 3-5 some- times diffuses outwards. The blue-black hindwing border is more thickly scaled, in breadth variable, but always broader than that in tbilisica. Compared with tbilisica, Zygaena araratensis Reiss (1935) from Kasikoparan, West Armenia, is smaller. The two syn- types (dd) were further described, a lectotype (wingspan 21-1 mm) was designated, and the genitalia of the latter were illustrated by Reiss (1961). The antennae are shorter and more lightly clubbed. Forewing streak (3-5) is suffused outwardly compared with tbilisica. Z. araratensis and adsharica tbilisica are similar in the almost matt scaling of the wings and the narrow hindwing border. The genitalia preparations of 2 dd, 1 2 of tbilisica n. ssp. and the photomicrographs were prepared by Mr Fr. Heller, * The order follows the systematic catalogue by Reiss and Tremewan (1967). DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW RACES 9] Museum fiir Naturkunde, Stuttgart, and show that this sub- species belongs in the brizae group. We are grateful to Mr Heller for his help. Zygaena adsharica ssp. ziganacoia n. ssp. We received from Mr Rasse 1 ¢, 1 ¢& labelled Asia minor sept., near Hamsikoy, Zigana Pass, 1400-1600 m, 7. 1970 and 9 éd6,5 29 from the same locality, 20 and 25. 7. 1971. The Zigana Pass (Zigana Dagli) lies in north-east Turkey, ca 50 km south of Trapezunt (Trabzon). The wingspan is very variable: 1 ¢ 23 mm, 2 dd 25 mm, Pcie tm, 2.316.206 mm, 1yd 29 mm, 26d .50 mm, ~]*°? Pam 27, mm, 1 °° 26 mm, tO 29 mms lo’ 50 mm: Compared with the above mentioned series of Zygaena adsharica from Borshom, Abastuman and the Grusia Moun- tains in coll. Reiss, the new race appears to be larger and more robust, especially in the dd. The abdomen, expecially in the 3d, has longer hairs. The dark ground colour of the streaks and hindwings is darker. In 2 2° the forewing is almost without a sheen. The red of the forewing streak (3-5) is somewhat suffused outwardly. The blue-black hindwing border is on average essentially broader, especially in the ¢¢. The black fringes are longer. The underside is similar to the upperside, but rather more matt. We name this race ziganacola n. ssp. after the locality. Holo- type d,7. 1970, wingspan 30 mm, Allotype &, 20. 7. 1971, wing- span 29 mm, and the Paratypes in coll. Reiss. We are indebted to Mr Fr Heller, Museum fiir Naturkunde, Stuttgart for the genitalia preparations and the photographs. The figures on the plate show the shape and length of the antennae, the wing shape, the size and form of the forewing streaks and the hindwing border. We thank Mr Muche and Mr Rasse for sending us the ma- terial and the opportunity of describing it. References Alberti, B., (1958). Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidop- tera). Mitt zool. Mus. Berl., 34: 335, 336; 1959, ibidem, 35 Burgeff. H., (1914.) Kommentar zum palaearktischen Teil der Gat- tung Zygaena des von Chr. Aurivillius und H. Wagner heraus- gegebenen Catalogus Lepidopterorum Mitt. mtinch. ent Ges., 5 44, 45, pl. 5, figs. 12-15. Haaf, E., (1952.) Uber die Genital morphologie der Zygaenen (Lep.). Veroff. Zool. Staatssamml. Miinch, 2: 151, 153, 156, pl. 5. Holik, O. & Sheljuzhko, L., 1955. Uber die Zygaenenfauna Osteuropas, Kleinasiens, Irans, Zentralasiens und Sibiriens. Mitt miinch. ent. Ges., 44/45: 92-95. Koch, M., 1939. Zygaena Fab. V. Eine Zygaenenausbeute aus Georgien. Mitt. miinch ent. Ges., 29: 404, 405. D? ENTOMOLOUOGIS'1’S RECORD, VOL. 85 IS/1IV 715 Reiss, H., (1930). In Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde Supple- ment, 2: 9, pl. 1h; 1933, ibidem, 2: 251. —_——, (1935). Neues uber asiatische Zygaenen, im besonderen die Zygaenentauna von Ak-Schehir in Kleinasien. Int. ent. Z., 29: 139, 140, pl., figs. —-——, (1953). Uber drei Zygaenen, die als regressive Endemiten bezeichnet werden konnen, deren Entstehung vermutlich in der \Pliozanzeit erfolgte.. Z. wien. ent. Ges., 38: 131, 138; pl *10, figs 7-9. ———, (1961). Uber Zyygaena araratensis Reiss, im besonderen Festle- gung der Lectotype ¢. Ent. Z., 71: 205, figs. 1-3. Reiss, H. & Tremewan, W. G., (1967). A systematic Catalogue of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae). Series ent., 2. Dr W. Junk, The Hague Hugo Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15B1. Dr Gunther Reiss, 7 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Barchet 23. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1972 By L. W. Siccs Another disappointing year for numbers of lepidoptera visiting the Minstead trap. Specimens Species Nights Total Average Average March 20 1296 65 9 April 30 2250 75 9 May af | 648 2h 8 June 30 910 30 16 July on 5470 176 30 August aA 53004 116 40 September 26 1800 69 19 October 26 1443 30 16 November 11 040 49 8 Comparison with the average daily catch over the 10 years may be of interest :— 1962-71 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1962-5 March 438 62.93 020° TAO 20M eee April 114 110. 92). LOD) 95 OSG ea eee May 44 S516) Sa" SO) SS SOME ee eae June 158 76° 343° (84... 179) (125) ATP iaG July 254 181. 209 190°. — 226) Tea ivaet August 238 202° 242.) 272) 2352. (81S. 297 wee September 116 81 Taj Lot,, 130 90 95 ae October 54 49 54) 62 — 45 38 65 November 23 21 32 14 15 23 Le 27 It will be noted that there is a great deal of variation. This is probably due to weather conditions, i.e. temperature, especi- NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS FOR 1972 93 ally at night, humidity and wind. The minimum night tempera- ture for June 1970 was 10°C and for 1972 7:5°C. The average catch was 343 and 30 respectively. The largest catch in 1972 was on 21st July with 787 specimens of 104 species, when the maximum day temperature was 24°C and the minimum night temperature was 16°C. A comparison of 1972 with the 10-year averages shows that numbers were up in March and November, average in October, but down in all other months. We had a warm, sunny spell in the second half of March, but the high November figure was due to three special nights, 243 on 2nd with a minimum tem- perature of 8°C after a sunny afternoon and misty evening; 102 on oth with a minimum temperature of 12°C, a new moon and some drizzle; and 85 on 6th with a minimum of 12°C. For the rest of the year, the weather was notoriously poor with nights colder than usual. It is not surprising that most species came in far fewer numbers than usual. On the other hand, the fact that 10 species showed a “best ever” record in 1972 suggested further analysis. With two exceptions, the larvae hibernate and pre- sumably have benefitted from the rather mild weather during the past winters. The figures for the eight hibernators are: — Previous best 1972 since 1961 Cybosia mesomella L. 120 719 Idaea (Sterrha) aversata L. peas 193 Polia nebulosa Hufn. 125 42 Ourapteryx sambucaria L. A7 ol Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn. 63 OF Apamea characterea Hiibn. (epomidion E Haw.) 16 9 Campaea margaritata L. 93 oN Thera variata Schiff. 50 40 Of the two exceptions, Lomospilis marginata L. 283 (198), had an influx of 89 specimens in 4 consecutive days in July, but I can suggest no reason for Euplexia lucipara L. 44 (19). There were four additions to the Minstead list :— Tethea or Schiff. Perizoma (Colostygia) didymata L. Hepialus hecta L. Elaphria (Hapalotis) venustula Hiibn. The following species, which are not common here, were recorded: —Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Polia bombycina Hufn. (nitens Haw.), Cerapteryx graminis L., Arenostola phragmitidis Hubn., Apamea ophiogramma Esp., Cucullia asteris Schiff., Catocala nupta L., Polychrysia moneta F., Scopula imitaria Hiubn., Larentia clavaria Haw., Pelurga comitata L., Eupithecia tenuiata Hbn., Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn., Selidosema brun- nearia Vill. 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 80 15/1V/73 The local colony of Lithophane leautieri Boisd. has pros- pered; 31 were recorded. Oeoegia (Procus) versicolor Borkh., a recent novelty here, is flourishing with 15 recorded this year. MIGRANTS. Worse than ever! Lithosia quadra L. (5), Agrotis zpsilon Hufn. (13), Lycophotia (Peridroma) porphyrea Schiff. (4), Autographa (Plusia) gamma L. (73), Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (1), Palpita unionalis Hibn., (1), Plutella xylostella L. (maculipennis Curt.) (1). POLYMORPHISM. Biston betularia L. Idaea (Sterrha) aversata L. typical 103 (80%) remutata 168 (75%) carbonaria 15 (12%) aversata 57) (259%) insularia 10 ( 8%) Eilema griseola Hibn. (typical 8, flava 1) Alcis repandata L. (typical 88, conversaria 6) Ectropis bistortata Goeze (biundularia Borkh). (typical 11, melanic 1) The great bonus of the season was the appearance of Ourapteryx sambucaria L. ab. olivacea Standfuss (see Ent. Rec., 84: 248) and Timandra griseata Petersen (amata sensu auct.) ab. nigra Rebel. (see Ent. Rec., 84: 241.) REFERENCE Kloet, G. S. and W. D. Hincks (1972). A Check List of British Insects, Part 2. Lepidoptera. Second Edition (revised). Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. Warwickshire and Beyond, 1972 By Davin BROWN Although most collectors will agree that the 1972 weather was poor and moths few, here in Warwickshire I had a quite remarkable season for I discovered on my doorstep good colonies of three very rare species for the county, Xylomyges conspicillaris L., Arenostola fluxa Hubn and Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff. Fluxa was indeed a new species entirely for the County list. The season commenced at Charlecote on the mild night of January 22nd when my M.V. trap produced 4 Phigalia pilo- saria Schiff and one Conistra ligula Esp. During February I was, no doubt like many others, pre- vented from running my M.V. trap due to the coal strike and consequent call for economy in the use of power. As it hap- pened weather conditions at this time were far too cold for anything to be on the wing. On the 16th March I spotted my first butterflies of the year —2 Aglais urticae L. enjoying the spring sunshine in Victoria Park, Lemington Spa. I paid my usual spring visit to Ryton NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS FOR 1972 95 Wood on March 17th. ‘Ten species of Macro including. 16 Apocheima hispidaria Schiff. came to light. The next day Achlya flavicornis L. was a welcome addition to my Charle- cote list. But it was on the night of Sth April that I had a most marvellous discovery in a nearby wood which is rich with Ash and Privet. The heath trap produced 4 perfect T. poly- commata. Obviously this wood has never been explored pre- viously by Entomologists and expectations of further discover- ies are high. On other nights further polycommata came to light while others could be found resting on the privet hedges. Orthosia populeti Fab. also proved very plentiful in this wood. On April 14th M.V. at Oakley Wood produced 110 moths in- cluding 5 Panolis flammea Schiff. while on the same night Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. appeared in my home trap and again on May 3rd together with X. conspicillaris, Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., C. verbasci L. and Lampropteryx suffu- mata Schiff. The M.V. trap at Walton railway embankment on the 7th May yielded Clostera curtula L. and at Charlecote further conspicillaris. On the night of May 19th I had an unusual, yet unfortun- ate, bonus of moths in my light trap. An adjacent barn of hay went up in flames. The blaze singed a stand of Poplars and with my garden being situated to the leeward an abnormal quantity of Poplar feeding species were forced to transfer their quarters. There were high numbers of Prominents and the Puss moth. Curiously the village fete was held in the pad- dock adjacent to the burnt out barn on the following day— the shell and twisted remains proving an added attraction. On the 29th June I set out to explore Ham Street Woods, which to me were fresh grounds. I was lucky to be allowed to operate my M.V. trap from a local farm, however, little of note appeared. I found Ham Street Wood most disappointing, especially after reading in the Record the prolific experiences of other collectors. Admittedly climatic conditions were far from good but I am still of the opinion I would have caught more in local Warwickshire woods had I stayed at home. On every night at Ham Street I drew a blank. On 2nd July I decided to try Dungeness where at least something proved to be flying! By 1.00 a.m. a long list of species had been made including two new to me, Hodena W-latinum Hufn. and H. lepida Esp. The following day it was a delight to see Melitaea athalia Rott. still in good abundance at Blean Wood near Canterbury. I made steps for home on 4th July. During the first half of July my garden trap attracted good numbers of Polia nitens Haw and Apamea ophiogramma Esp. On July 15th I found myself in Cambridgeshire staying at the same farm as last year in the village of Swaffam Priors. I was again allowed to operate my M.V. trap. I was also lucky with regard to weather conditions for it was hot and sunny during the day and each evening at dusk a thick cloud cover ap- 96 EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 60 bLo/dV 7% proached from the East Coast to give very warm and muggy nights. An interesting list of species was thus acquired.— Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff., P. nitens, Hadena bicolorata Hufn., H. conspersa Schiff., H. lepida, Heliophobus calcatrippae View., Eumichtis adusta Esp., Apatele aceris Linn., Leucania obsoleta Hiibn., Lygephila pastinum Treit., Gastropacha quer- cifolia L., and Apeira syringaria L. Meanwhile I motored to Wicken Fen each evening and operated my blacklights. During my ten day stay 115 species of macros were recorded at blacklight in the Fen. Some of the more interesting species were:—E. adusta, Meliana flammea Curt., Leucania straminea Treit., L. pudorina Schiff., L. obsoleta, Simyra venosa Borkh., Craniophora ligustri Schiff., A. ophiogramma Esp., Coenobia rufa Haw., Chilodes maritima Tausch., Lithacodia fasciana L., Earias clorana L., Zanclog- natha cribrumalis Hubn., Thumatha senex Hubn., Cybosia mesomella L., Sterrha interjectaria Boisd., Mesoleuca albicil- lata L., Perizoma sagittata Fab., Rheumaptera undulata L., Anticollix sparsata Tr., Epione repandaria Hufn., and Phrag- mataecia castaneae Hubn. Arriving back in Warwickshire on 22nd July my home trap on this night attracted 3 A. ophiogramma, 3 Pyrrhia umbra Hufn and Unca trigemina Werneberg. The night after M.V. at Oakley Wood produced Rhyacia simulans Hufn., 10 Polia nebulosa Hufn, P. nitens and on the following night an- other simulans, and Spaelotis ravida Schiff. It was a delight on the 26th July to visit Ryton Wood and confirm the continued presence of Limenitis camilla L. gliding as usual along the rides of this large Oak Wood in the sum- mer sunshine. They were in very fresh condition and evi- dently only just emerged. The Heath traps at this wood on the following evening produced Boarmia roboraria Schiff. This was a memorable occasion for it is now some fifty years since this beautiful species was last recorded at this famous old locality. I journeyed over to the Wyre Forest on 29th July where Minoa murinata Scop. was flying freely in the sunshine. How- ever, the main object of my visit was to assess the extent of Argynnis adippe Schiff. It is, sadly, a butterfly which has long disappeared from all its old Warwickshire haunts. I searched without success in many suitable looking parts of the Forest. Before leaving I decided to have a quick look along the dis- used railway embankment near Bewdley and was immediately rewarded by the sight of two specimens basking in the waning sunshine. On July 31st I set out to North Wales on the wettest holli- day I can ever recall, for from approximately 11.00 a.m. on this day until my return on August 2nd it rained continuously. Nevertheless I set up my moth traps in the Sychnant Pass near Conway. Despite the driving rain and a strong per- sistent breeze Amathes ashworthii Doubl. soon appeared, NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS FOR 1972 97 still in good condition. Other species of note were:—Dauarsia dahli Hiibn., Amathes ditrapezium Schiff., Apamea furva Schiff., Nudaria mundana L., Colostygia olivata Schiff., Epirr- hoe galiata Schiff. and Gnophos obscurata Schiff. The follow- ing night 16 ashworthii appeared together with Agrotis truz, 2 Sterrha eburnata and 2 Entephria caesiata Schiff, plus the previous night’s species. Despite the rain I returned home highly satisfied with my trip. At Charlecote on August 5th Strymonidia W-album Knoch was numerous on bramble flowers, still in mint condition— quite a contrast with 1970 when this butterfly was in a worn state before the end of June! My garden trap that evening produced R. simulans, followed on the next night by Anaplec- toides prasina Schiff. On August 11th I took a second trip over to Cambridge- shire trying my lights in Chippenham Fen after dark. A re- warding 61 species of macro appeared on this cool and windy night. Species worth a mention are 5 C. curtula, Arenostola fluxa Hubn., 4 A. phragmitidis Hubn., 3 C. rufa, 12 C. mari- tima, Lithosia complana L, and 6 Lygris testata L. The follow- ing night was spent at Wicken Fen where 62 species were noted including Harpyia furcula Clerck, S. ravida, S. venosa, Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff, 14 A. phragmitidis, and Z. Crib- rumalis. By searching the reeds and grasses many A. fluxa and Nonagria dissoluta Treit were located. Fully grown lar- vae of Phlogophora meticulosa L. were also plentiful. The night of 14th August proved to be the warmest of my stay and among some 50 species recorded at Wicken, 2 H. furcula, 2 S. venosa, E. clorana and 15 Lithosia griseola Hubn. were the best. In my M.V. trap at Swaffam Priors that night 8 E. ochroleuca, 2 A. phragmitidis and Horisme vitalbata Schiff. turned up. I returned home from this interesting expedition on the 15th August. I spent an enjoyable evening on the 16th August watching numerous Mormo maura L. flying around an illuminated water-wheel on the Avon near Warbrick. On 21st August I headed down south for a few days stay- ing at Lulworth. It was nice to witness such a profusion of butterflies on the downs compared with this seasons scarcity in Warwickshire. A beautiful white variety of G. obscurata (ab. calceata Staud.) was netted after being disturbed from amongst some rocky ground. Over at Ballard down, Swanage, the hillside was alive with Lysandra coridon Poda but no not- able varieties were found. Back again in Warwickshire on August 28th I found a thriving colony of A. fluxa in a local wood which I had been meaning to explore for many years previously. On 30th August I blacklighted in Hay wood near Birmingham. This wood is a unique habitat in Warwickshire for it has an abun- dance of ling growing along its rides, it was therefore hardly surprising to find Parariarsia glareosa Esp. in abundance. 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1IV/73 I was pleased to welcome Dennis O’Keeffe at home on Ist September. By previous request I hoped to arrange a supply of Cosmia diffinis L. Accordingly we set up my two M.V. traps confidently in the garden. He then powered me off to Chesterfield to join Brian Elliot in whose domain we set up three heath traps and worked M.V. lights from two generators hoping to attract Enargia paleacea Esp. But unfortunately the sky became very clear to produce almost frosty conditions. Even so 4 paleacea did appear. Dennis and I arrived back at Charlecote at 1.20 a.m. I felt very guilty that my traps could only supply him with one diffinis! Two days later I was happy to arrange a further invasion from the South. This time Bernard Skinner came to try for diffinis. Having rather more time on his hands I took him to a local lane lined with elms. He had far better weather conditions than Dennis and his 2 M.V. traps and blacklights produced 19 diffinis altogether. Warwick County Museum contacted me on the 12th Sep- tember to confirm identification on a large hawkmoth. It was, in fact, Herse convolvuli L. caught only a few miles away at Harbury. A search of the broom bushes in Waverley Wood near Leamington Spa on the evening of 3rd November produced 20 Chesias legatella Schiff. I then tried ivy blossom growing over old walls in the nearby village of Weston under Weverley. Moths were feeding in plenty, especially P. meticulosa and Agrochola lychnidis Schiff., but only singles of Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. and C. ligula. My final collecting expedition of the year took me south to Marlow hoping to locate Ptilophora plumigera Schiff. It was the night of 5th November and I set up two blacklights in the woods on the valley slopes near Medmenham. It was to prove rather a slow evening as there was little on the wing, indeed my interest tended to be diverted by the glows across the valley of numerous bonfires and the coloured patterns of fire- works in the sky. I was about to abandon the trip when suddenly about 9 p.m. two specimens, one of each sex, arrived at my lights. Neverthe- less, further waiting proved abortive and with the sky clearing and the temperature falling I had to be content with this small catch. My year was pleasantly completed when a fellow Warwick- shire collector and myself made a non-collecting visit to Brian and Mrs Elliott at Chesterfield. Time went all too quickly in enjoying seeing his meticulously arranged collection, visiting an impressive exhibition by his local Natural History Society, and before heading back to the Midlands partaking of their excellent hospitality. Charlecote, Warwick. ON THE NEST OF HALICTUS 99 On the Nest of Halictus (Seladonia) jucundus komensis Cockerell (Hymenoptera : Apoidea, Andrenidae) G. R. CUNNINGHAM—VAN SOMEREN (Concluded from page 49) | A ee | eae a sib 1 cm, eS 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1V/TS Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1972 By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.E.S. The year 1972 opened with some very mild weather which was prevalent virtually throughout January with no really wintry periods. On the 16th of that month, Mr J. A. Green- wood accompanied me to Horsell Common where we were pleased to find quite a number of sticks of sallows apparently inhabited by second-year larvae of Aegeria flaviventris Staud., but as usual they were very difficult to bring through to maturity. February was equally congenial as a whole, again with no periods of cold weather which extended into March. Biston strataria Hufn. was on the wing by the last week of February with Achlya flavicornis L. soon to follow in the first days of March which in its second week saw the start of one of the warmest early spring spells during that month. For two weeks from the 13th to 27th the daily temperature was well over 60°F. and sometimes 70°F. with the result that there was a rush of early species with many of the hibernating butterflies on the wing. The sallow blossom burst into full bloom during the second half of March and was nearly over by the start of April in many parts of Southern England. During a visit to Dorset on March 19, Brimstones and Small Tortoiseshells were prevalent in many local gardens. On 29th March Mr J. L. Messenger and I set out to spend the Easter holiday in the Wye Valley, making our head- quarters at the very comfortable Beaufort Arms Hotel at Tin- tern as we had done in 1967 at this time of the year. We were able to set up our static m.v. trap in the car park of the hotel with very profitable results, especially with a good number of Gypsitea leucographa Schiff. as nightly visitors. Weather conditions were reasonably mild and rainy. The last day of March, Good Friday, we went over to Usk on a visit to Dr Neil Horton who had quite a flow of the spring species to his trap as well. April opened with a very congenial day. Poly- gonia c-album L. was especially numerous in the woods around Tintern. That evening we motored to Ledbury where we were entertained by Dr Michael Harper and his wife and after dark worked some nearby sallows which produced besides the com- mon Orthosias Cerastis rubricosa Schiff., Xylocampa areola Esp., Nycteola revayana Scop., Earophila badiata Schiff., Eupi- thecia abbreviata Stephens, while some bushes near our host’s house provided a single Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff. On our last evening April 2, near Tintern, we tried our m.v. lights in some woods slightly inland up one of the valleys leading into that of the Wye. In spite of rain there was quite a run of the usual spring species, including G. leucographa, Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. and Orthosia munda Schiff. as well as a single O. advena Schiff. and Lycia hirtaria L. Four nights running the static trap at the Beaufort Arms had yielded just on 400 insects with plenty of the common Orthosias, mainly O. stabilis COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1972 101 Schiff. O. incerta Hufn. and O. cruda Schiff. with a fair admix- ture of O. gracilis Schiff., also O. gothica in the ascendancy. On 2nd April there was a single Lithophane socia Hufn. Geo- meters were chiefly represented by Earophila badiata in some quite variable forms, also dark examples of Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. and an occasional Colostygia multistrigaria Haworth. Our last night we had one Chlorochlystis coronata Hiibn. Biston strataria was very numerous and there was a late Phigalia pedaria F. On Easter Monday, 3rd April, we went on to stay with Mr and Mrs Ronald Demuth at their fine home at Oakbridge, near Stroud, but it was an unfavourable night for the capture of any insects. We returned to Surrey on 4th April well pleased with our sojourn at Tintern and visits to the Forest of Dean. Most of April was quite mild with average temperatures which brought out Orange-tips and the Holly Blue by the middle of the month as well as Saturnia pavonia L. On 21st April Mr Messenger and I beat sloe blossom near Kirdford and obtained several of the characteristic stumpy larvae of Chloroclystis chloérata Mabille, a Pug akin to C. rectangulata L. which Mr E. C. Pelham Clinton had bred out in 1971 and recognised as a British species for the first time. Later on when I compared my recently bred specimens with a small series I bred out in 1944 near Salisbury from the larvae also beaten from sloe, I realised I had had this new species in my collection for 28 years masquerading as C. rectangulata. ‘The next day, the 22nd, I joined a party of the British Entomo- logical Society at Effingham Common where we found larvae of C. chloerata Mab. quite numerous on sloe. In fact this in- sect was later found to occur in most localities over a wide area of Southern England wherever sloe blossom was in some plenty. On April 23rd I motored to the New Forest to stay as be- fore with Admiral Torlesse, but conditions were very. unpro- pitious and virtually nothing of interest appeared at light in that region. The last week of April was still very mild with most of the early spring butterflies starting to appear, though the few warm days which ushered in May saw a fair spate of the Pierids which were reasonably numerous in the Chidding- fold area on the 7th, in particular Pieris rapae L, and P. napi L. But very cool conditions set in about the middle of the month which were to have a big influence on the whole sub- sequent season. However, a comparatively warm day on 21st May brought out quite a number of species again in the Dunsfold region. On this occasion Leptidea sinapis L. was now well on the wing together with a fair showing of Clos- siana euphrosyne L., Gonepteryx rhamni L., Pararge aegeria L., Pyrgus malvae L. and Erynnis tages L. The last week of May too was far from spring-like. I left Morocco on 27th May returning on 15th June, having missed probably the coldest first half of June this century in Great Britain. 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/IV/73 I was welcomed back to a fortnight of very inclement and wet weather with the daily temperature seldom rising above 65° F and never exceeding 70° F for the whole month which is almost unheard of. The result was that no really profitable collecting was possible and there were very sparse numbers of insects at light. On the last day of June I paid my custo- mary midsummer visit to the East Kent woods making my headquarters at Ashford. But even in this rich region three nights running a m.v. trap in the Orlestone woods near Hamstreet produced a very meagre harvest compared with most seasons at this time of the year. The month of July started with a fairly warm day, but provided very little of note. The only species worth recording that night in the woods was Euphyia luctuata Schiff. which is still holding its own in that part of Kent. In spite of very promising conditions after a mild day on 2nd July only about a dozen species were seen at light. These included Deilephila elpenor L., Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Dasychira pudibunda L., Plagodis dolabraria L., Alcis repandata L., Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop. and Biston betularia L. By now the year was well behind the average for normal dates of emergence and in some instances such as that of seeing P. punctinalis Scop in early July, denoted its continuing in the wing nearly a month later than its usual time of appearance in early June. However, there were signs of an improvement in this very bleak summer when I motored to Portland on 7th July with Mr J. L. Messenger. We once more made our headquarters at the Pennsylvania Castle Hotel where we were again given facilities for setting up our static m.v. trap in the garden overlooking the cliff at Church Ope Cove, but we struck on the whole fairly inclement conditions which precluded much night work and by day too the sun only shone fitfully. We met Mr H. E. Chipperfield on the evening of 8th July, but again it was far too windy to do any profitable collecting along the cliffs. To give an idea of the lateness of the season Plebeius argus L. was only just starting to appear among the many old quarry workings, mainly on the western face of the peninsula. However, when Mr Messenger revisited this area a month later with Mr Bretherton, this little Blue was in very good numbers with a spate of Lysandra coridon. Poda. Maniola jurtina L. too was also only just on the wing too. Three nights running our static trap at the hotel did not produce a very large harvest. Arctia villica L. came on the first two nights with one example having almost spotless hindwings. There were several Dasychira pudibunda L. also Philudoria potatoria L. and Hippocrita jacobaeae L. Among the noctuids Leucania l-album L. was by far the commonest species, while Caradrina ambigua Schiff. was fairly numerous. Other species seen included Habrosyne derasa L., Spilosoma lutea Hufn., Heliphobus reticulata Vill., Hadena rivularis F., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., A. clavis Hufn., Leucania pallens L., Plusia gamma L., COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1972 103 Crocallis elinguaria L. an early date. Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. and Aspitates ochrearia Rossi. None of the lecal coastal species were noted. We returned to Surrey on 10th July after a brief stop in the New Forest where we found a few larvae of Orthosia gracilis Schiff. in tents on the bog myrtle, but no butterflies were seen. The next day summer at last arrived with the thermometer rising into the 70’s and for the next ten days insects emerged in a real spate both night and day. In the Chobham area Plebeius argus L. was at last well on the wing on 13th July. It was very a warm day on the 15th when I toured the Chidding- fold and Petworth areas, but was disappointed to see so few insects. The next afternoon of the 16th I joined Dr J. Holmes in the Woolmer forest region where again P. argus was now appearing in fair numbers. During the subsequent week the temperature more than once topped 80° F. On 21st July near Bisley, light attracted a good many species including Mimas tiliae L., Notodonta ziczac L., Philudoria potatoria L., Thyatira batis L., Nola cucullatella L., and the geometers Perizoma alchemillata L., Xanthorhoe quadrifasciairia Clerck. Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn., Ellopia fasciaria L., Semiothisa liturata Clerck, Alcis repandata L., Sterrha biselata Hufn. and Bupalus piniaria L. On 22nd July I paid another visit to the New Forest. En route I stopped in Alice Holt Forest for a short time in very warm conditions with 75°F in the shade, but little was moving except an occasional Limenitis camilla L. and a few Aphan- topus hyperanthus L. Apatura iris L. was apparently not yet out. I once more stayed with Admiral Torlesse at Sway. That evening a Heath light placed in one of the rides of Rhinefields Enclosure attracted several species which included Hyloicus pinastri L., Miltochrista miniata Forst., Ellopia fasciaria L., Laspeyria flexula Schiff., Boarmia roboraria Schiff., Sterrha inornata Haworth, Orthesia plumbaria F. and Ourapteryx sambucaria L., while the only visitors to the sugar were Apamea epomidion Haworth and Schrankia taenialis Hiibn. The next morning the trap at Sway contained at least 350 insects, among which were Hyloicus pinastri L., Dasychira fascelina L., several Cucullia asteris Schiff., a single Chilodes maritima Tausch, a rarity in the Forest, as well as Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. The next day, 23rd July, was somewhat of a disappointment, as so little was on the move at this height of the summer period. Argynnis paphia L. was only just starting to get on the wing, while hardly anything of note came to light in Holmesley Enclosure that night, except a few B. roboraria Schiff. The trap at Sway lodge next morning produced some more C. asteris, D. fascelina and a few Apamea scolopacina Esp. and one Semiothisa alternaria Hiibn. On the morning of 24th July I called on Mr L. W. Siggs at Minstead and he showed me a remarkable aberration of Ourapteryx sambucaria he had just taken in which the ground colour was a bright sort of 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/7 1V SBS emerald green all over. I then went on to the woods at White- parish, just south of Salisbury, where I met Dr John Eagles of Corsham. We were pleased to find a colony of Melanargia galatea L. with many of this delightful butterfly flying together with a few A. paphia L., L. camilla L. and many Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, but once again Apatura iris L. did not oblige. I returned to Surrey that evening. Another fine and warm day greeted me when I met Mr Messenger and Mr R. Bretherton on White Down near Gomshall. Argynnis aglaia L. was careering about near the ground in fair numbers. Mr Bretherton had the good fortune to take a couple of the Clearwing Bembecia scopigera Scop (tchneumoniformis Schiff.) by meticulously sweeping the low herbage near flowers. Very few other butterflies were seen, not even L. coridon Poda at this quite advanced date. 29th July was another very fine day in the 70’s. By now Plebeius argus L. was in full flight on the Surrey commons and quite fresh. Later that day I revisited Alice Holt Forest en route to Dorset, but yet again no Purple Emperors put in an appear- ance. I went to stay with my relations near Blandford and on 30th July accompanied them to Hod Hill where Marbled Whites were in plenty and there was a good showing of Chalk- hill Blues and Meadow Browns. On my way home, the last day of July, I once more went to the Whiteparish woods where M. galatea, Maniola tithonus L. and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda were all in fair numbers. On the downs near Winchester L. coridon too was reasonably numerous. August opened with a very wet and thundery day. On the 3rd I flew out to Malaya en route to Australia to attend the 14th International Congress of Entomology in Canberra, the third week of the month, thence to New Zealand, returning home via Fiji and Vancouver, the middle of September. Some very congenial weather welcomed me when I got back on the 18th, with the thermometer well in the 60’s, and plenty of the late summer insects on the wing, in particular the Pieridae— mainly P. papi L. and P. rapae L. On the afternoon of 25th September I travelled by train to the Essex coast to stay with Mr Benjamin Fisher in he Thorpe-le-Soken area. It was a very cool night and the searching of Peucidanum officinale after dark, failed to reveal any Gortyna boreli Mab, of which he had the first one at light a few nights previously. Ennomos autumnaria Wernb. was one of the few visitors to the static trap, apparently quite common now in those parts. The last days of September were equally fine and warm, as was Ist October when I visited Mr Denzil ffennell at Itchen Abbas. Whites and Aglais urticae L. were still flying. The first week of this month saw the temperature over 65°F each day and this high level was well maintained when I once more travelled to Portland on October 6, staying as usual at the Pennsylvania Castle Hotel, but it was far too windy for much to be flying that night. Very misty conditions pervaded the area on the 7th when I motored over to Beer in South Devon to see Mr George COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1972 105 Woollatt. He showed me a fine Celerio galii Rott he had taken there in July, also a Jersey Tiger with almost melanic fore- wings and a complete absence of the cream stripes. But no insects were forthcoming in that region. The night of 7th October was more propitious when I ran my m.v. light on the cliff overlooking Church Ope Cove, but there were not many visitors, only Aporophyla nigra Haworth. Antitype flavicincta Schiff., Omphaloscelis lunosa Haworth Amathes xanthographa Schiff., and A. c-nigrum L. However, this lack of insects at this spot was well compensated for by quite a spate at the static trip in the grounds of the hotel with over 300 insects on this and the following nights. A surprise arrival was a very late and somewhat worn Cryphia muralis Forst., also a Nycteola revayana Scop. However, two of the coastal species were well to the fore. These were Leucochlaena hispida Gey., and Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn, in a very variable series with some very pale specimens. Leucania 1-album L. was once more in abundance as was A. nigra Haworth with some eighty examples. Other noctuids included Euschesis comes Hiubn., Caradrina ambigua Schiff., Agrotis ipsilon Hufn., A. xanthographa Schiff., Phlogophora meticulosa L., A. flavicincta Schiff., O. lunosa Haworth, Agrochola lychnidis Schiff. and a few Plusia gamma L. The geometers were mainly represented by a few Larentia clavaria Schiff., Xan- thorhoé designata Hufn., Dysstroma truncta Hufn and Aspitates ochrearia Rossi. An unexpected visitor among the Pyrales was the pearl-white Palpita unionalis Hiibn on the 7th, a migrant which had become quite scarce in recent years. 8th October was a very dreary foggy day, but a large bank of Artemisia absinthii yielded quite a number of larvae in all sizes of Cucullia absinthii L., but a fine wall of ivy that night proved a virtual blank. I motored back to Surrey on the 9th. The rest of October provided some very fine autumn condi- tions which kept butterflies on the wing till right to the end of the month, Polygonia c-album L. was especially plentiful on michaelmas daisies, but Pyrameis atalanta L. seemed wholly absent in the south-east of England, though it was quite pre- valent in the more westerley regions. On the 25th October, there were a good many Oporinia dilutata Schiff. at my sister’s garden at Virginia Water. The first week of Novem- ber was extremely mild with the temperature almost 60° F on occasions right up to the 7th of the month when a cold snap set in and numbers of insects declined rapidly. The re- mainder of November was for the most part very bleak with a milder spell returning in the last few days. I visited the Folkestone area on Ist December, but the only insect seen in that vicinity were a few Operophtera brumata L. This was the final observation for the year. To sum up, 1972 was in general opinion a most dis7ppoint- ing year for numbers of our lepidoptera, possibly largely due to the most inclement June of the century which made it an 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/1V/73 extremely late season. Such species as Euphydryas aurinia were mainly on the wing in July, quite a month later than normal. Migrants too were very scarce and except for a few Pyrameis cardui, the only outstanding species to visit our shores was a small influx of Celerio galii Rott. during the second half of July. Notes and Observations CUCULLIA VERBASCI LINN. oN RoMNEY MarsH.—On 7th May 1972, | found a specimen of Cucullia verbasci, Mullein Shark, in my Rothamsted trap at Boulderwall, Dungeness, Kent. Later in the year, on 28th June, Mr E. Carpenter of Lydd showed me a plant of Verbascum thapsus, Mullein, with some 30 larvae of verbasci, on the outskirts of Lydd town. These had been discovered by his brother on the previous day. These appear to constitute the first record of this species for Romney Marsh.—R. E. Scott, Boulderwall, Lydd. Kent) 21775. THE ORANGE Tip (EUCHLOE CARDAMINES L.) OVIPOSITING ON DAME’S VIOLET (HESPERIS MATRONALIS) — I have collected Orange-tip eggs in this county for many years, mostly, I sup- pose, in the hope of rearing a good aberrant form, but until May 1972 I only ever found the usual 1, 2 or 3 eggs on a plant of Jack by the Hedge (Alliaria petiolata), Cuckoo flower (Cardamine pratensis), Charlock (Sinapis arvensis), and Hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale). However, I thought my experience in 1972, a poor season in this county for carda- mines, might be of interest. During May, in Hazleborough Woods, I was watching some butterflies, the large white (Pieris brassicae L.), the small white (P. rapae L.), the green veined white (P. napi L.) and the orange-tip flying round and feeding on a clump of the white flowers of Dame’s Violet (Hesperis matronalis), some dozen plants in all. On taking a closer look, I saw the flowers and bud clusters had many eggs on them, and took six flower heads at random. These flower heads had 6, 7, 10, 12, 15 and 22 eggs respectively, all cardamines, many of which were freshly deposited. From these, reared singly as they are such avid cannibals, especially in the early stages, I had 56 pupae, only one of which was of the green form. Now why were there so many eggs on these plants? There was not an abundance of females; only four were seen that day. Did the same females fly around and around the ridings hitting the same spot time after time? Or was priority given to this foodplant for ovipositing? In good years cardamines ova can be found throughout the town, giving the impression that the females are great travellers.—J. H. Payne, 10, Rane- lagh Road, Wellingborough, Northants, 1.1.1973. OBITUARY 107 PLUSIA INTERROGATIONIS L. IN NorFoLk.—When visiting Mr Patrick Kearney after Christmas at his home at Cley-next-Sea in North Norfolk, I was most interested to note among his captures from his m.v. trap a very dark specimen of the Scarce Silver-Y which he had taken there on Ist August 1972. The insect in question was appreciably different from the forms usually associated with the Highlands, the north of England, Ireland and Wales, where it is a resident species. This speci- men was much darker with a less mottled appearance and ap- proximated well to a short series in the Natural History Museum coming from Lulea in Finland. It would seem that its source of origin was some part of Scandinavia. I gather that there have been other records of this species in southern Eng- land in 1972, and that there was quite an influx also in Holland where it is seldom seen. R. F. Bretherton (Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1972: 106) gives a summary of records for these apparently migrant P. interrogationis, mentioning probably about 30 since 1945. There were no less than 14 during 1955. The only other record for Norfolk seems to have been in August 1964.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 4.11.73. LEUCANIA UNIPUNCTA ON THE ISLE OF CANNA IN JANUARY.—On 4th January 1973, there began a spell of calm high-pressure weather which lasted for a week, the temperature during that time being around 43° or 44°. On the evening of the 5th I put on the m.v. trap and next morning found one specimen of P. meticulosa L. and one of H. defoliaria Clerck. On the morning of the 7th there were five specimens of H. defoliaria in the trap, and to my great surprise, a perfect specimen of L. unipuncta Haw., paler than that depicted by South. _ On 9th January there were two specimens of P. meticulosa in the trap, and on the tenth and the eleventh specimens were noticed in the house. I have found this moth in mid-winter before (17/12/66); but of the three specimens of L. unipuncta in the Canna collection, all very worn, taken previously, two were caught in October and one in May, the last in 1966. Can there have been a mid-winter migration of L. unipuncta and P. meticulosa recently?—J. L. CampsBeE.., Isle of Canna, Scotland. Obituary SIR COMPTON MACKENZIE As is well known, Sir Compton MacKenzie died at his home in Edinburgh on November 30th, St Andrew’s Day 1972. What is perhaps not quite so well known is that he was a life- long lover of lepidoptera. Entomology was one of the many interests he maintained throughout his life; although he had not collected butterflies since his schooldays, he was always glad to discuss them. 106 EN'TOMOLOGIS'I’S RECORD, VOL. 80 15/1V/73 In Octave Two of his “My Life and Times” (p. 99) he tells how, when eleven years old and returning from a school vacation spent in France with a collection of butterflies he had made and packed in eight cigar boxes, his collection was ruined by an officious customs officer who insisted on opening every single one of the cigar boxes with a chisel, in spite of protests from other passengers. ‘“‘In that moment” wrote Mac- Kenzie “I declared a vendetta against bureaucracy and I have maintained it all my life.” One of the consequences of that vendetta was his comic novel “The Red Tapeworm”. Late in life Sir Compton MacKenzie became the owner of a charming converted farmhouse sixty miles north of Toulouse, in the foothills of the Dordogne, where much of the land had gone back to scrub oak and juniper after phylloxera had wiped out the vines before the first War. The main motive for the acquisition of this haven was peace and quiet for writing, away from the crowded summers of the Edinburgh festival — he wintered in Edinburgh. But I am sure that a strong secondary motive was the abundance of the local butterflies, which gave him great pleasure. Within a quarter of a mile of his house there could be found as many species of butterflies as occur in Britain, if not more. Insects of all kinds were favoured there, not only by the terrain and climate, but by the fact that traditional methods of farm- ing were still followed locally which meant that there was no chucking around of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides; and also, I am afraid, by the local habit of hunting small birds. There were very few small birds to be seen there, and this must have relieved the pressure on the lepidopterous population. The writer was only able to take advantage of invitations to this beautiful spot for short spells in early May and late October, but even in that time he observed twenty-five species of butterflies there, including P. podalirius and P. machaon. In a sheltered little valley behind the house there were strong colonies of C. hyale and L. bellargus, and oc- casional specimens of C. croceus and L. rivularis on the wing in October, and of M. deione, E. aurinia, M. cinxia and C. dia, all on the wing together in early May. What a delightful thing to have on a property of 13 acres. The writer is certainly not the only amateur entomologist who was indebted to the inspiration of Sir Compton Mac- Kenzie’s interest in butterflies, which in this case went back to Barra days in the early 1930s. One of Sir Compton’s latest books, published in 1970, was Butterfly Hill, no. 13 of the Early Bird series. It was written to interest small boys in butterflies and their conservation; let us hope that it has won many converts to entomology in the present generation of schoolboys and their sisters. J. L. Campbell) Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. 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Highest prices paid Please Mention the Entomologist’s Record BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription 75p per annum Full details and application form obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Road, Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus 4p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2, 9JT THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND — The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made trom this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on (a) Leat miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of the candidates and of the plan of work proposed. It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary for field work, for the study collections, for attendance at conferences, or exceptionally for the costs of publica- tion of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1973. Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may quality. Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, as soon as possible and in any case not later than 30th June 1973. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ‘““Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. “Coleoptera of Sussex—I am at present revising the Victoria County History of Sussex list of Coleoptera (published in 1905, compiled by W. W. Fowler). I would be most grateful if any readers having records of Coleoptera from Sussex (vice counties 13 & 14) would contact me. Records of rare and common species are needed. It is hoped that a revised list will be published in the not too distant future.’—J. Cooter, 174 Seaforth Gardens, Stoneleigh, Ewell, Epsom, Surrey. Hertfordshire Ants—Would any readers having records or sightings of ants of any species in Hertfordshire kindly send an indication of species, date and grid reference plus any .ocality details, to the address below, to help with a survey currently being undertaken.—P. J. Attewell and S. D. Mackey, 69 Thornbury Gardens, Borehamwood, Herts. WANTED—Mahogany butterfly cabinet, about 20 drawers. Brady or similar quality.—R. Fairclough, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate, Surrey. Wanted to Purchase—A high quality 40 drawer solid mahogany insect cabinet. Any offers please to Dr J. V. Dacie, 10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. BACK NUMBERS—Prof. T. C. R. White of the newly established Univer- sity of the South Pacific, has appealed for back numbers of the Ent. Rec. and any other entomological journals to help stock the biology section of their library. The University caters mainly for the South Pacific islands (Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, etc.) and although receiving financial aid from many countries including Britain, it will be many years before the essentials of a library are built up. Any help will therefore be greatly appreciated. Please contact Prof. White at School of Natural Resources, University of South Pacific, SUVA, Fiji; mentioning Entomologist’s Record. SS BR ES THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) fhe following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to Dr IAN WATKINSON, “Windrush,” 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. Specimen copies supplied by Dr Ian Watkinson on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber. Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price. and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. [ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae, II. A. M. EMMET .. Butterflies collected in Catalonia in June 1971. OTAKAR KUDRNA Observations on British Butterflies in 1971. C. J. LUCKENS Cotton Jassid: A Nomenclature Correction. N. P. CHOPRA On Zygaena (Mesembrynus) adsharica Reiss (Lep. Zygaenidae): Description of two new races. HUGO REISS and GUNTHER New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1972. L. W. SIGGS Warwickshire and Beyond, 1972. DAVID BROWN On the Nest of Halictus (Seladonia) jucundus komensis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Andrenidae). G. R. CUNNING- HAM—VAN SOMEREN . Ag fi rs ue Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1972. C. G. M. de NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS: Cucullia verbasci Linn. on Romney March. R. E. SCOTT The Orange Tip (Euchloe cardamines L.) Ovipositing on Dame’s Violet (Hesperis matronalis). J. H. PAYNE .. Plusia interrogationis L. in Norfolk. C. G. M. de WORMS Leucania unipuncta on the Isle of Canna in January. J. L. CAMPBELL OBITUARY: Sir Compton Mackenzie 17 84 89 100 106 106 107 107 107 SES eR a EO SR Rt a, ei me a PO TE RE LENT Tt. BUNCLE AWB CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND Vi VOL. 85, No. 5 May 1973 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD S AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION 3 Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.£.s. with the assistance of Tr)" AY 7a\h a Y 1 rig? 4 Ne ae ape i(a? A 3 ee ‘ av) e _< A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. oq S.N. A. JACOBS, F.R.ES. S. WAKELY +4 9 Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. Wr reer Whelba reeves a’ -—— rerrdr se) 3 i! @ §) cry i« 2 wy a _—_ Wa/N a) ca — i eae ——— BSI seare: 5 NOE Dina ‘a ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 gs £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. q £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. is Is now due and should be paid to EATIGS) Kariecie ay Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent a APES ESP SSSAS AS AS APasaseDsassseseasesesesesgsaee rs = “ese Ores: PU UE i LISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p SOUTH’S BRITISH BUTTERFLIES T. G. HOWARTH seo, Fres. Richard South’s standard work on British butterflies has long been a classic in the entomological world, and now T. G. Howarth has brought it completely up to date, while taking care to retain the charm and character of the original book. The text has been rearranged in a more logical and readily accessible order, be- ginning with the most primitive species and ending with the most specialized. A valuable feature of this edition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of butterflies. The beautiful illustrations in colour of many of the adult species are by A. D. A. Russwurm, and the early stages are by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk—altogether 48 colour plates. 320 pages, 57 distribution maps, cased with laminated colour jacket and slip case. Published : April 17th. 0 723214999 £10.50 net FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WCI1B 3HE PLATE VII 109 Temperature Effects on Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) by GEORGE THOMSON F.B.E.S. While it would be misleading to say that a great deal of fruitful research has been undertaken with livestock of the species, it is true that Maniola jurtina has featured fairly pro- minently in the breeding and rearing cages of those who par- take of this time consuming activity. Most of the articles resulting from these ‘experiments’ have been devoted to expressing anguish at the difficulties of obtaining ova from the females or of bringing the young larvae through the pre carious winter season, although a few have dabbled in minor genetic problems. The effects of temperature on the melanin pigments of the Pieridae and Nymphalidae as well as some moths are well known, but there is no record of such experi- ments on jurtina or any other Palaearctic Satyrid as far as I know. It has been suggested by those who are not familiar with the complex nature of the species that the occurrence of the known geographical phenotypes is the direct result of environmental conditions, particularly temperature, but, as was pointed out by Graves (1930) who probably knew the species better than any of his contemporaries. “The theory that the Atlantic climate is the cause of the modification of jurtina in the direction of hispulla or of hispulla in the direction of jurtina is arguable, but it does not explain why maritime conditions produce such dissimilar results in Jersey and Brittany on the one hand and in the Scilly Isles on the other, or why the humidity of Cumbria and Merioneth has affected variation quite differently from the humidity of Tyrone”. This enigmatic situation could, in part, be explained in terms of selective forces working within rigidly isolated populations or population groups, and perhaps, in individual cases, as the result of the various remarkable phenomena which have been detected in the species—sympatric evolution (Ford, 1964) and temporal sub-speciation (Thomson, 1971). But unless the effects of environmental influences on the organism have been determined, the danger that data could be totally. mis- interpreted remains likely. Key to Plate VII Figures 1-12. Maniola jurtina 2 9°, experimental material: last larval instar and pupae kept at 30° C. Figures 1, 7 and 12 showing areas of wings in which scales have been detached during emergence (previously referred to f. cinerea Cosm.). Figures 13-16. Maniola jurtina 9 2, Dunblane, Perthshire, July 1972: collected in locality from which experimental material was obtained. (Figures 1-7, 9-11: uppersides; 8-12, 16: undersides) 110 ENTOMOLOGIS!’S RECORD 1b/V 7/73 It was with this in mind that an attempt was made to resolve these problems. It is known that the critical period during which temperature has its effect on the resulting wing patterns is that of the late larval and early pupal stages. The use of swept larvae was, therefore, considered to be a satis- factory way of obtaining the livestock on which temperature experiments were to be carried out. It was hoped that a great number of these creatures would be obtained without too much trouble, but the experience of six nights work producing only twenty four larvae proved this to be rather optimistic in spite of the fact that expert advice on this methed of collect- ing was kindly given by Mr W. H. Dowdeswell. The total sample was taken from one locality, a railway embankment in Dunblane where the species is commion, and was collected over the period from May 21 until June 15 [May 21 (3), 27 (8), June 4 (7), 5 (4), and 15 (2)]. This was divided into two groups one of thirteen larvae which was to be reared through at a constant temperature of 30°C from the final larval instar, and the other into three sub-groups for periods of the first one, two and three weeks of the pupal stage at 6°C. The high tem- perature was maintained by a 100 wait electric light bulb en- closed within a one foot square metal box acting below the ‘rearing box’. Fresh foodplant had to be supplied at least once a day, sometimes more often, as the heat quickly dessicated the grass. The low temperature group was kept in a domes- tic refridgerator. Both groups were kept in total darkness throughout the feeding period; even when foodplant was changed this was done in dark red light. Larval/pupal period High temperature: A remarkable acceleration of the growth rate was immediately noticed, the larvae feeding at gluttonous rate twenty four hours a day. Two of the fifteen larvae died as larvae and a further three as pupae. Larval size varied a great deal, but many pupated when still relatively small. Pupation took place between June 2 and 25 [June 2 (4), 3 (1),250(2),°8 (1) 12 (1°99 (1) 235 (1) and’ 25 (1) ae een markings varied considerably but they seemed to be far more lightly marked on average than those illustrated in the avail- able literature or in that most eloquent description by New- man (1874). “The colour of the chrysalis is pale apple-green, freckled with whitish or yellowish green, and adorned with purple- black markings, of which the more conspicuous are first, two dorsal series, commencing behind the head, passing on the fourth, seventh, eight and ninth segments, and continuous on the remainder; secondly, a series passing over the ears, and occupying the dorsal margin of the wing cases; thirdly, an angulated longitudinal stripe on the wing cases, dividing them into two nearly egual parts; fourthly, a shorter stripe nearer the tip of the wing cases; and fifthly, the cases of the fore and middle legs.” TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MANIOLA JURTINA (L.) Ii) The only one of the markings described above which was conspicuously present in all of the pupae was the ‘angulated longitudinal stripe’, the remainder of the markings being more or less obscure. There was no correlation, however, between pupal markings and those of the imagines. The emergence. began on June 11 and continued until July 3, and on the fol lowing dates: June 11 (1 with a further 2 dissected from the pupae), 14 (1), 19 (1), 24 (2), 30 (1), July 1 (1) and 3 (1). All the butterflies were female except a single male dissected on June 11. The period spent in the pupae ranged from seven to sixteen days, averaging 10.8 days, which represents between a half and one third of the period normally spent in the stage. Those which emerged later tended to have been those which had remained in the pupae longer, but not to a significant degree. Low temperature: The larvae were initially placed at 6°C but when the fully grown larvae became totally inactive it was realised that pupation was not likely at that temperature and were placed at room temperature. By this time they had become appreciably larger than those kept at the high tem- perature. Pupation took place on July 11 (1), 12 (1), 13 (2), 20 (1), 21 (2), 23 (1), and 25 (1)., immediately after which they were returned to the refridgerator. Their colour varied a great deal tending to be rather lightly marked as was the case with the high temperature group. It was presumed that this divergence from the norm was due to local or geo- graphical variation and not temperature. All of the nine pupae died within a short time of being removed from the refridgerator. Comparison of the imagines Because of the 100% mortality in the low temperature sample, the females reared at 30°C had to be compared with a series from the emergence in the same year (1972) and locality from which the larvae had been swept. Although it would be impossible to find out exactly what were the pre- vailing conditions in the locality during the late larval and pupal stages, it is certain that the temperature during that period never exceeded 20°C. During the period from the end of May. until the middle of July, when the jurtina from which the sample was taken would have been in these early stages, the temperature range was about 7°-13° (night) and 12°-20° (day). It would be safe to say, therefore, that the ‘wild’ sample lived through considerably colder conditions than those reared artificially. The species emerged in the locality on the July 13 and was on the wing until September 5. This was a week or so later than is usual in the area, but the spring and early summer had been remarkably unseasonal. The upperside fulvous markings of the wings were modi- fied by the high temperature, but only within certain limits. The length of the submarginal fulvous band on both fore and hindwings was unchanged (i.e. the total number of inter- (ip ENVOMOLOGIST’S RECORD La/V 7 is spaces in which the colouring is present). However, in all of the reared specimens the ground colour invaded the fulvous in one or more of the following ways: a) as a suffusion of the dark scales of the ground colour (f. huenei Krul.) b) by an encroachment of the ground colour along the nervures. c) by reducing the width of the fulvous band, usually by an increase in the width of the outer margin. Two of the specimens were rather small with a wingspan of only 43 mm and 46 mm compared to the average for the locality of about 52 mm. Effects other than these were not pronounced although there was an indication that the size of the apical eyespot and the intensity of the underside dark medial line and outer margin of the forewings were in- creased, but more material would be required to confirm this. Three of the individuals had the appearance of an ‘albino’ type which is encountered more or less frequently in many parts of Britain and Central Europe and which, until now, I have placed under the name of f. cinerea Cosm. These forms are often reported to have scales which are malformed, lying at odd angles or totally lacking in some parts of the wing. The fact that three of the specimens resulting from temperature experiments were affected in this way one of them also lacking a great number of scales on the underside, seemed to be more than coincidence. Examination of the empty pupal cases of these individuals revealed that the missing scales were still adhering to the inner surfaces. Undoubtedly, the high temperature and consequential low humidity prevented the wing membrane from effecting a normal release. The scale malformation can thus be explained simply as a result of dessication, and the many published notes attributing this aberration to disease are shown to be misguided. It should be pointed out, however, that all the specimens which go under the name of f. cinerea are not due to improper emer- gence and reference to the relevant literature (Thomson, 1969) will assist in the identification of this form. Ford (1945) and others have reported that a high tempera- ture tends to restrict melanin production and a low one pro- mote it. The results of experiments on Aglais urticae (L). are well known. The situation is reversed in the Pieris species and, as the brown colour in jurtina is, presumably, a melanin, this is also the case in this species and related Satyrids. Temperature effects in wild populations The effect of temperature on the wing markings of the species must be insignificant compared to its genetic make up, particularly if we consider the fact that these races which are more brightly marked with fulvous in the south of Europe must be subjected to considerably higher temperatures than those of central Europe. The subspecies hispulla Esper of TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MANIOLA JURTINA (L.) 113 Spain and jurtina of North Africa differ from the races found further north, in France and Britain, to a greater extent than from each other. However, the modification of the fulvous in ssp. jurtina (and f. fortunata Alpheraky from the Canary Islands) in relation to that of hispulla (with its typically un- broken submarginal fulvous band) could well be largely en- vironmental as they show the same tendencies which have been seen in the experimental material. The narrowing of the rather distinctive fulvous band of the individuals from the late emergence on the Isle of Wight (Thomson, loc. cit.) and parts of southern Europe could also be due to temperature alone but there are great dangers in drawing any conclusion in this field as many of the late emerging specimens could well be appearing at a much later date because of cool conditions prevailing in the early stages. The rather brightly marked females from south-east Sweden could well be the result of cooler conditions in the north than those to which ssp. janira of Germany are subjected. Perhaps the best illustration of the temperature effect on the wing markings of other Satyrid species in the wild can be seen in the British Pararge aegeria (L.) This butterfly is in- teresting in that it passes the winter either as larvae or pupae. Those which ‘hibernate’ in the pupae, and thus in the relatively cool conditions of our winter, emerge in April, while those which winter as larvae pupate in spring and pro- duce a brood in May and early June. The individuals of Generation I, part 1 (as termed by Ford) are much more extensively marked with fulvous than the specimens from Generation I, part 2. It is likely that all of the first brood aegeria from the west of Scotland pass the winter as larvae as they do not emerge until the end of May, thus passing through the pupal stage in spring. The markings of these butterflies are almost as light as the Generation Il, part 1 specimens from the south of England; in some cases more so, reflecting the effect of the cooler conditions in the northern part of Britain. It is notable that the typical aegeria from southern Europe is, like jurtina, more extensively marked with fulvous than its northern counterpart, indicating, perhaps, a strong physiological as well as evolutionary relationship. The total mortality of the low temperature sample, although disappointing, is interesting as it could suggest the limits to which the species can be subjected and, consequently, the reason for the range of the species in northern Europe and in the mountains. Jurtina does not fly much further north than 62° in Scandinavia although it is found in the Norwegian valleys a little further north. The species is not commonly found in places above about 1,000 metres in Central Europe and 1,500 metres in southern Europe. There are some notable exceptions to this, particularly the colony at Verbier in the Swiss Valais where the butterfly can be taken commonly at 1,750 metres. The inability of this insect to withstand seven 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/V/TS days at a temperature of 6° would strictly limit the northern and altitude distribution of jurtina and there is every possi- bility that it would do so to something very close to that which we find to-day. Because of the inadequate numbers involved in this study, a few female juriina were set to lay during the summer. Some 500 eggs were obtained. An attempt was made to force the hatching of 50 of the ova by placing them at 20°C but all died within a day. A similar fate met 50 first instar larvae which were treated likewise, and it was concluded that the remain- ing stock would not be exposed to high temperatures until they had reached at least the fourth instar. This would seem to show that the immature stages of this species are very intolerant of temperature excesses, whether they be high or low, which is remarkable when we consider the very wide distribution of the butterfly. Conclusions 1. Temperatures of 6°-30° C maintained throughout the last larval instar and pupal stages had no effect on the pupal markings of Maniola jurtina. 2.A low temperature of 6° C prolonged the larval stage and encouraged the development of larger than normal larvae, but placed at this temperature for only seven days at the pupal stage created a 100% mortality. 3. A temperature of 30° C reduced the pupal stage to between one-half and one-third of the normal period, and reduced the fulvous markings on the upperside of the forewings and hindwings, but only within certain genetically deter- mined limits. There was also an indication that the size of the apical eyespot was increased and the medial line on the underside of the forewings darkened, but not greatly or consistently. 4.While the effects of temperature can be seen in wild populations, the factors producing the known phenotypes of the geographical races are genetic and not environmental. 3. The northern and altitude limit of the species is possibly determined by the inability of the pupae to withstand low temperatures for periods as short as a few days. 6.The form huenei Krul. is directly, and the form cinerea Cosm. is indirectly the result of unusually high temperatures during the immature stages. REFERENCES Ford, E. B. (1945). Butterflies, New Naturalist Series, London: 240-244. , (1964). Ecological Genetics, London. Graves, P. P. (1930). Entomologist, 63: 79-80. Newman, E. (1874). The Illustrated Natural History of British Butter- flies and Moths, London: 92-93. Thomson, G. (1969). Ent. Record, 81: 10-11, 116. ————, (1971). Ent. Record. 83: 87-90. Backcroft, Dunblane, Perthshire, FK15 OBL. 4.x11.72 ON ZYGAENA (AGRUMENIA) YOUNGI ROTHSCHILD 115 On Zygaena (Agrumenia) youngi Rothschild (Lep., Zygaenidae)* By Huco RErss AND GUNTHER REISS Zygaena youngi Rothschild was described in 1925 from 1 ¢ taken above Azrou, Middle Atlas, Morocco, as follows ‘75. Zygaena young? sp. nov. Differs from orana and its subspecies by its much larger size, more brilliant red colour and in having the seventh outer spot longer and straighter. Expanse 23 mm. 1 3 above Azrou, Middle Atlas, 1800 m=6767 ft, Juni 1925.” The description of the 3 Type in Seitz, Suppl. 2 by Hugo Reiss (1930) reads “A 3, found in June above Azrou (Middle Atlas), 1800 m, has on the forewings a light blue gloss and bright red coloration. Spot 2 somewhat enlarged, spots 3, 4 and 5 are so close to one another that they are weakly connected by their lighter surroundings. Spot 6 is placed more vertical than in orana and is almost without the light edging, whilst from spot 5 it is relatively widely separated. On the underside the forewing spots are weakly confluent. Antennae clubbed, round at the extremity. Head, thorax and abdomen deep black and fairly strongly haired. Outer sides of legs black-brown. We figure the Type from the Tring Museum.” The figure on plate 35a Shows too much yellow content in the red, and the edging of the spots is too strongly emphasised. Tremewan (1961) figures the Type 3 of Z. youngi Roths- child, 23 mm, 1.6.1925 (Hartert & Young); further, 1 ¢, 22 mm, from Lake Sidi Ali, Middle Atlas, 2250 m, 8.6.1925 (Hartert & Young), that was originally described as Z. orana media Rothschild (see also Reiss & Tremewan, 1960, with figures of the Type ¢ and the ¢ genitalia). Alberti (1958) placed younai as a subspecies of Zygaena maroccana Rothschild. We would like to follow the opinion of Lord Rothschild and place youngi as a species, until biological knowledge which at present is lacking, is published. Wiegel (1965) wrote that he and his wife had studied the biology of Z. youngi. This will be published eventually. He says in advance that Z. younqi is a good species. We received in exchange from Wiegel 1d 12 of Z. youndai, leg. H. and Ch. Wiegel, labelled Aguelmane de Sidi Ali, 2100 m, 19.5 and 23.5.1965: also 1 ¢ 1 2 labelled south of Azrou 2000 m, 13.6 and 22.6.70. From the above mentioned specimens it can be seen with certainty that the population of youngi from the ‘“‘Tache de Taza” (Tazafleck), Middle Atlas, that was described but not named by Reiss (1943), is different from the nominate race of youndgi. For the population from Tazafleck we propose the name timeliltica subsp. nov. For the variation of the race we refer to the description made in the year 1943. *The arrangement follows the systematic catalogue of Reiss & Tremewan (1967). 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/V/73 In the year 1943 Hugo Reiss had before him from coll. Le Cerf: 8 dd 622 from a Cedar forest near Timelilt, about 15 km east of Djebel Ahmar, 1400-1700 m, 25 and 26.6.1928; 3 dd 2 2° from a forest near Taffert, south-south-east of Djebel Ahmar, about 15 km from the Military Post 1565, at the foot of the north side of the Djebel bou Iblane chain, 1500-1600 m, 21.6.1929; 3 dd 1 2 from the Military Post 1565 of Djebel Ahmar, 1700-1765 m, 17-21.6.1928 and 24, 27.6.1929; 1 d 1 2 from the high valley of the Oued Soufouloud, near the village of Kzar el Kebir, 2200 m, 28 and 30.6.1929. All these localities lie south of the valley of the Oued Zloul. In addition 1 d 1 2 valley of the Oued Zloul, 1200 m, 17.6.1928 Of these specimens, 12 dd5 9 22 (Types and Paratypes) are in coll. Le Cerf in the Natural History Museum, Paris. In coll. Reiss are found as Paratypes of timeliltica, 2¢ ¢ 12 from a Cedar forest near Timelilt, Middle Atlas, 1400-1700 m, 25 and 26.6.1928, leg. Le Cerf; 1 5 1 2 from a forest near Taffert, Middle Atlas, north side of the Djebel bou Iblane chain, 1500- 1600 m, 21.6.1929, leg. Le Cerf and 1 3 from the Military Post 1565 of the Djebel Ahmar, 1700-1765 m, 27.6.1929, leg. Le Cerf. Z. youngi timeliltica appears on average somewhat larger than youngi youngi, the wingspan and size of the forewing spots, and the edging of the latter, can be seen in figures 35-39 (1943). The red appears less brilliant. The yellow-white edging of the forewing spots is, when present, narrower and some- what paler than in youngi. Forewing spot 1 is strongly en- larged, extending along the costa as far as spot 3 in 10 dd 9 29, and as far as spot5 in2 dd 2 22. Spot 2 is enlarged, and in 10 dd 4 22 is broadly enlarged almost to the height of spot 3. Spots 1 and 2 are generally confluent with the red scaling from their base along half their length, then are separated by the blue-black ground colour, but in 2 dd 1 2 these spots are completely confluent with red scaling. Spot 3 generally reaches in size spot 5. Spot 4 is in size to spots 3 and 5. In 736.6 28 spots 3, 4 and 5 are approximately of the same size. Spot 6 is almost always parallel with the axis of the body in set specimens; it is narrowly bow-shaped, generally narrower in the upper half and in 2 dc broken up by the dark veins. Spots 3 and 4 are, in comparison with those of youngi youngi, more or less widely separated in 2 dd 4 22, otherwise (1 d excepted) these spots are joined by the yellow- white edging. In 1d 1 2 the forewing spots are without the pale edging. 4 dd 4 22 show distinct yellow-white edging around spots 2,3, 4 and 5. 3 dd 2 2° have spots 3, 4 and 5 narrowly connected with yellow-white scaling along the veins, and in 3 36d, 1 @ this yellow-white edging is suffused and connected to spot 2, as in the Type ¢ of youngji, see figure 39 (1943). The remaining specimens have rudimentary edging. In all specimens, spots 1 and 6 are without pale edging of the spots. In the specimens of youngi youngi before us, 1 5 2 2° have rudimentary yellowish edging around spots 1 and 6. 1 ¢ 2 22 of youngi have, when compared with timeliltica, a dis- COLONY FISSION IN THE HOUSE ANT LF tinct narrow line of yellow scales along the inner margin of the forewing, that however is joined to spots 2 and 4 only in 1 3d; in 2 22 the edging of spot 2 is enlarged and is only narrowly separated from spot 4 by the dark ground colour. This yellowish line even goes as far as spot 4in 1d 1 9. The dark hindwing border often appears in timeliltica somewhat less strong than in youngi; in the latter it is gener- ally visible as a distinct blue-black peg before the fold which is often less distinct in timeliltica. The underside of the wing is somewhat more matt in timeliltica than in young. REFERENCES Alberti, B. (1958). Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der Gat- tung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera). Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl., 34; 1959, ibidem, 35. Reiss, H. (1930) In Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supple- ment, 2:21; pl. ‘aa. ——— (1943). Die Zygaenen Marokkos, insbesondere die vom Mittel- Atlas und vom Rifgebirge. Z. wien. ent. Ges., 28: 362-365, pl. 36, figs. 35-39, pl. 45, figs. IV, V, pl. 46, fig. IX. Reiss, H. & Tremewan, W. G. (1960). On the synonymy of some Zygaena species, with descriptions of a new species and sub- species from Morocco (Lep., Zygaenidae). Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent., 9(10): 454-465, pl. 22, fig. 13; pl. 23, figs. 7, 8. (1967). A systematic Catalogue of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae). Series ent., 2. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague. Rothschild, W. (1925). List of the Lepidoptera collected April to end of June 1925 by E. Hartert and F. Young in Morocco. Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc, 5: 338. Tremewan, W. G. (1961). A Catalogue of the types and other specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) of the Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae). Bull. Brit. Museum (nat. Hist.) Ent. AlOCl) » 202. Dl, ola fic 3a..d0 61, figs. 1, 2. Wiegel, K. H. (1965). Beitrage zur Kenntnis einiger Arten der Gattung Zygaena Fabr. in Hohen Atlas von Marokko (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Mitt. miinch. ent. Ges., 55: 138, footnote 8. Hugo Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15 BI. Dr. Giinther Reiss, 7 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Barchet 23. Colony Fission in the House Ant Monomorium indicum Forel (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) By B. L. BRApDOoo AND R. K. BRADOO Dept. of Zoology, Dayanand Anglovedic College, Abohar (Pb.) India ABSTRACT. Some observations on colony fission and nest mates of the house ant Monomorium indicum Forel, from Pun- jab, are given. 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1S/V TS Introduction Colony fission (sociotomy) is one of the methods of foundinyz new colonies among some social insects (Grasse and Noirot 1948, Ribbands 1953, Butler 1955) and social spiders (Bradoo, 1972). In certain species of ants, colony fission has been re- ported by Elton (1932), Ledoux (1950), Gosswald (1951), Duncan-Weatherly (1953), Schneirla (1956), Vanderplank (1960), Soans and Soans (1971). In this process, a considerable section of the population leaves an old nest and proceeds out- wards forming a long column in which all the castes in the society are present. After covering some distance, they finally separate from the old nest and establish a fresh independent colony in a new nest. Observations The observations on Monomorium indicum Forel, as re- ported here, were made at 4 p.m. on 19th August 1972, at Abohar, Punjab. It was the second day of the first showers after a long summer and the sky was cloudy. The temperature at the time of observation was 25:5 degrees centigrade and the relative humidity was 86%. Numerous workers of M. indicum were emerging from a small opening located in the wall at the base of a cupboard in my room. They moved quickly along the cemented floor and many workers were carrying the whitish immature stages in their mouthparts. Simultaneously, some workers were also returning to the nest. But those coming out were more numerous, in a prominent trail that moved out through a nearest door into the compound. About 40 feet away from the original nest, the trail of workers entered a small crevice at the base of an adjoining house in the com- pound. While observing the back and forth movement of the workers, two winged ants (reproductives) were found moving slowly at two different places in the trail, surrounded by a large group of workers. At times, the winged ants moved out- side the long trail but the surrounding workers forced them back for the onward journey till they finally entered the new nest. The workers that emerged from the old nest were also ac- companied by two types of nest mates, namely, a small black, unidentified Thysanuran and a minute apterous cricket of the genus Myrmecophila Latr. Both these nest mates ran very quickly with the workers up to the new nest in the compound. The crickets emerged one at a time from the nest exit after every 3 to 10 minutes. A total of thirty specimens of Myrme- cophila, in different stages of growth including a few adults were collected by us. When disturbed, they rushed back to the old nest. When killed or disabled they were carried by the workers to the old nest. Schimmer (1909) records in his monograph that Myrmecophila salomonis Wasm. lives in the nest of Monomorium salomonis (1..) from Tunis. The second nest mate of M. indicum observed during colony fission also emerged as single individuals from the old nest COLONY FISSION IN THE HOUSE ANT 119 and these black Thysanurans moved very fast among the workers, dodging every worker that came in front from the opposite side. Many individuals of different sizes of this nest mate were also collected during about one hour duration. When killed or disabled, they received the same treatment as the crickets. Soans and Soans (1971) reported colony fission in a South Indian species, Monomorium gracillimum Smith, from Kerala State, but they have found no nest mates in this species. The movement of the ants between the two nests (old and new) lasted for more than four hours and by 8 p.m., no ants were observed emerging from the old nest. We estimate that during this four hour duration, at least 130 Myrmecophila and about 65 to 70 Thysanurans would have reached the new nest along with a large number of workers. However, all those workers that emerged from the old nest did not necessarily move into the new nest, as some of them returned from mid- way and many others came out of the new nest and moved to- wards the old nest. But no reproductives or immature stages were returning from the new nest. For most of the time, there was an intermixing of the workers of the two colonies along the trail and by 8 p.m., the number of ants gradually decreased and finally no individuals were found moving between the two colonies which apparently had become well separated and estabished independently. Hence, in M. indicum, colony fission involves not only the separation of a large number of workers, immature stages and a few winged reproductives but also a considerable number of their nest mates. Acknowledgements We wish to thank Dr B. Bolton, British Museum, Natural History, London, for identification of the ant, and Principal N. D. Grover, Dayanand Angtlovedic College, Abohar, for the facilities. References Bradoo, B. L. (1972). Some observations on the Ecology of social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch (Araneae: Eresidae) from India. Oriental Ins. 6 (2): 193-204. Butler, C. G. (1955). The World of the honey bee. MacMillan Co., New York. 226 pp. Duncan-Weatherly, A. H. (1953). Some aspects of the biology of the mound ant Iridomyrmex detectus Smith. Australian J. Zool. 1: 178-192. . Elton, C. (1932). Territory among wood ants (Formica rufa L.) at Picket Hill. J. Anim. Ecol. 1: 69-76. Gosswald, K. (1951). Uber den Lebensablauf von Kolonien der Roten Waldameise. Zool. Jb. 80: 27-63. Grasse, P. P. and Noirot, C. H. (1948). La sociotomie: migration et fragmentation chez les Anoplotermes and Trinervitermes. Be- haviour. 3: 146-166. Ledoux, A. (1950). Recherche sur la biologie de la fourmi fileuse Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.). Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. 11 12): 313-461 120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/V77s Ribbands, C. R. (1953). The behaviour and social life of honey bees. Bee Research Association Ltd. London. 352 pp. Schimmer, F. (1909). Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Gryllodeen- gatung Myrmecophila Latr. Z. wiss. Zool. 93: 409-534. Schneirla, T. C. (1956). A preliminary survey of colony division and related processes in two species of army ants. Insectes soc. 3: 49-69. Soans, A. B. and Soans, J. S. (1971). Colony fission in the ant, Mono- morium gracilliimum Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68: 849-850. Vanderplank, F. L. (1960). The bionomics and ecology of the red tree ant, Oecophylla sp. and its relationship to coconut bug Pseudothera pluswayi (Brown). J. Anim. Ecol. 29: 15-33. The Robinson Pattern Moth Trap — Trial Modifications After much experimentation over the last five years, I have modified my basic Robinson pattern moth trap to ensnare those insect losses that occur subsequent to initial capture. The following data were converted from an experimental two feet diameter aluminium dish, to that of a conventional profession- ally made twelve inch dish—this being the normal trap that is bought. Ideally, sheet aluminium should be used for the follow- ing modifications, but doubtless other less expensive materials could be employed. A smooth interiored cylinder is attached to the inside of the existing insect entry aperture. The dimensions should be such that the diameter is sufficiently large to enable an interior lip of approximately one or two centimetres to be formed by the original aperture edge, and, in length roughly equi-distant to the floor to tube measurement. The second of the three interdependent additions consists merely of a refinement to the existing water tray. A very shallow cone is formed from a circle of metal, and after a one centimetre hole is drilled through the apex, is attached to the original tray. This component should be of a diameter exceed- ing the tray by approximately four centimetres. The final, and most important, refinement is a small cone attached to a stem forming an arrow shape. The cone’s diameter is approximately half that of the tube, and the height half that of the cone’s diameter. The stem is shaped into a ‘battlements’ contour, to provide for the release of water when attached to the centre of the new rain trap. Its length should be sufficient to produce a measurement of six centimetres from floor to cone tip. In conclusion, there are four aids to prevent insect losses once trapped:— 1. The cylinder prevents medium and high flying insects within the trap from finding the exit so easily. COLLECTING AND OBSERVATION NOTES 1972 124 2. The inner cylinder baffle makes an accurate vertical flight of some inches necessary for effective escape. 5. The rain trap lip prevents success from fioor level flights. 4. The arrow shaped constricture allows easy entry but severely restricts exit. Should any reader require further information regarding techniques, detailed measurements, or a diagram, please write to me as below. Colin Pratt, ‘Oleander’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. Collecting and Observation Notes 1972 By D. M. RicHMOND AND K. BEVAN The first trip of the year, undertaken with the perennial and boundless optimism appropriate to the occasion, was to Witherslack on 25th March. By dint of much traversing of the moss and anxious peering into cloud-laden sky, a solitary Archiearis parthenias L. (Orange Underwing) was spotted. Subsequent visits to the same locality on 26th March and Ist April produced only two further specimens of this insect, and of its usual partner Achyla flavicornis L. (Yellow Horned) nothing was seen. No doubt it was merely displaying a sen- sible respect for the dreadful weather which we would have done well to emulate. For another ten days or so the windy, cloudy and often wet, weather continued. The 12th April, however, was in- spiringly fine and prompted a quick visit to Witherslack. A number of Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Brimstone) and Nymphalis io L. (Peacock) were observed and raised our rather despon- dent hopes. On 16th April we journeyed to the Wyre Forest. N. 10 was well in evidence and one Polygonia c-album L. (Comma) was taken—a female which refused to perform in the breeding cage. Unfortunately, shortage of time precluded but a short reconnaissance of the northern part of the Forest. Witherslack, on 23rd April produced the first Callophrys rubi L. (Green Hairstreak) of the season and, on Srd May, obligingly delivered up four Odontosia carmelita Esp. (Scarce Prominent)—a species which was again noted on 6th May, being then accompanied by some fine, dark specimens of Notodonta trepida Esp. (Great Prominent). Three days later on 9th May the spring brood of Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue) was emerging. On 12th May, the woods at Witherslack were not very pro- ductive—only one O. carmelita and one Colocasia coryli L. (Nut-tree Tussock) being taken. Things improved rapidly within a few days, and on 20th May, with the moon at first quarter, the same woods produced a profusion of insects. N. trepida was abundant, about fifty specimens visiting the light 122 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/V/T3 during a period of about two hours, accompanied by numerous C. coryli, Drymonia dodonaea Schiff. (Marbled Brown) Thera variata Schiff. (Spruce Carpet), Bapta bima- culata F. (White-pinion Spotted), Thyatira batis L. (Peach- blossom), Drepana binaria Hufn. (Oak Hook-tip) ots Noto- donta ziczac L. (Pebble Prominent). After this outburst of activity the weather again took charge, with heavy rain, strong winds and low temperatures making further expeditions out of the question until 28th May when a quick visit to a local, unused railway cutting was made. Despite the cold wind, intermittent bursts of sunshine tempted Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue) Pieris nap L. (Green-veined White) Pararge megera L. (Wall Brown) Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper) Coenonympha pamphilus L. (Small Heath) and Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (Cinnabar). Another visit to Witherslack on 3rd June was notable for the complete absence of moths and an overpowering quantity of Melolontha melonlontha (Cockchafer) — one or two of which gained access to our car by hiding themselves in our haversacks. At three a.m. in the morning, and in the darkness of a motor car, one’s reaction to these huge insects crawling up one’s trouser leg is quite extraordinary! On the basis of a fairly good weather forecast for North Wales, 10th June found us in Anglesey with the specific pur- pose of seeking Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary). The day was cool and windy but, fortunately, fine with some sunshine. Our rather tedious car journey was rewarded, after much diligent searching, by one example of this species. It was a male and in such sparkling condition that we concluded we were a little to early to see this fine butterfly in any num- bers. On the following day, in an endeavour to help the Biological Records Centre put another few dots on its distribu- tion maps, we explored the south bank of the River Ribble near its estuary and were pleased to record some common butterflies in this, hitherto, uncharted area. M.V. in our home locality produced Plusia festucae L. (Gold Spot), and a belated Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (Herald) together with some melanic Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. (Scalloped Hazel) on 16th June. Taking advantage of a sunny day on Ist July, we rambled over Arnside Knott. We were surprised to see a female G. rhamni so late in the year and, apart from a few Argynnis selene Schiff. (Small Pearl — bordered Fritillary), Ochlodes venata Br & Grey. (Large Skipper) and one Diacrisia sannio L. (Clouded Buff), it was all that we did see! On 8th July we verified the continued existence of a colony of Coenonympha tullia Mull. (Large Heath) in west Lancashire seeing about thirty specimens in a period of about two hours. The colony thus seems secure, but we noted that areas of the heath are, apparently, fired from time to time. Next year, COLLECTING AND OBSERVATION NOTES 1972 123 if possible, a population sample will be taken to help establish the status of this colony. O. venata also exists here, one of its few localities in Lancashire. The 7th July, at Witherslack, was a good night for guality if not quantity—Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. (Green Arches), Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Grey Arches) and Apatele alni L. (Alder Moth) succumbing to the lure of the light on the moss. It seemed that the season was improving and so it proved on 14th July when Witherslack yielded up a few of the good things which it keeps in store for persistent customers. Plusia bractea Schiff. (Gold Spangle), Polia hepatica Clerck. (Silver Arches), Ceramica pisi L. (Broom Moth), Crani- ophora ligustri Schiff. (Coronet), Apatele leporina L. (Miller) and Cucullia umbractica L. (Shark) all jostled for positions on the light sheet, interspersed with Plusia pulchrina Haw. (Beautiful Golden Y), P. festucae — one of which was a strikingly dark specimen. Deilephila elpenor L. (Elephant Hawk) and Laothoe populi L. (Poplar Hawk) were quite com- mon and whirled about, disturbing the scores of Drepana falcataria L. (Pebble Hook-tip). Eventually, we had to turn for home and leave all but the selected specimens to the tender mercies of the bat which had been our constant companion throughout the night. On 19th July, three specimens of Nola cucullatella L. (Short-cloaked Moth), an insect which is not common in this area, came to local m.v. Witherslack, on 2ist July, produced something of a sur- prise — a solitary Celerio galii Rott. (Bedstraw Hawk). PP. bractea Schiff. was again in evidence along with A. prasina. A number of Apeira syringaria L. (Lilac Beauty) also appeared and were joined by Thapophila matura Hufn. (Straw Under- wing) and C. pisiz. Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emerald) was abundant, as was N. ziczac. One Jodis lactearia L. (Little Emerald) was observed. Great Orme was visited on 25th July on a fine day, and a delightful afternoon spent sitting on the steep hillside watch- ing Eumenis semele L. (Grayling) and Plebejus argus L. (Sil- ver-studded Blue) disporting themselves in the hot sunshine. P. argus ssp caernensis was abundant along the lower path- ways — now that it has been placed on the endangered list perhaps it will long remain to delight the eye with its quick- silver blue flight. The following day, 26th July, a quick trip to Beetham re- vealed O. venata, Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus) and E. semele. On 27th July we returned to the Wyre Forest and noted an abundance of Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Ringlet) and Thymelicus silvestris Poda. (Small Skipper) with a few Maniola tithonus L. (Gatekeeper) and Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) for company. 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD T5/V ILS Lrebia aethiops Esp. (Scotch Argus) was just emerging on Arnside Knott on 28th July and a number of T. sylvestris, A. agestis and Argynnis adippe Schiff. (High Brown Fritillary) were also noted. The day was warm, though sunless. The Ist to 3rd August were spent in the delightful village of Hurley, Berkshire — _ the weather, unfortunately, not matching the beautiful surroundings. Heavy rain, leading to floods in the area, precluded much activity but, during the few fine hours M. tithonus and O. venata were abundant on Ashley Hill and a few specimens of P. aegeria, P. c-album, O. venata and T. sylvestris were observed in Great Wood. M.V. in the garden of our host, in the village of Hurley produced Euschesis janthina Schiff. (Lesser Broad-border), E. inter- jecta Hubn. (Least Yellow Underwing), S. libatrix, Leucania pallens L. (Common Wainscot), L. pudorina Schiff. (Striped Wainscot) and Ellopia fasciaria L. (Barred Red). P. bractea was still flying at Witherslack on llth August but there was little of note otherwise. On 12th August, a worn male and female M. tithonus were taken at our local railway cutting and another six specimens (males and females) were seen. We are not sure of the status of this insect on the Fylde coast, except that it cannot be said to be common. In a combined total of about forty-five years collecting in this area we had not seen tithonus until this year. Nor have we ever seen it in the general area of Morecambe Bay (Witherslack, Arnside, Beetham etc.) despite the post-1960 records published by the Biological Records Centre (any information about this species in the Blackpool area would be of interest to the writers). For some reason, which is not apparent from our diaries, nothing much was undertaken for the remainder of August until 3lst when we went again to the Wyre Forest. During a period of about three hours no less than fifteen species of butterfly were noted there as follows: Pieris brassicae L. (Large White), P. rapae L. (Small White), P. napi (Green- veined White), Aglais urticae L. (Small Tortoise-shell), Nym- phalis io L. (Peacock), Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Brimstone), Argynnis paphia L. (Silver-washed Fritillary), Aphantopus hyperantus L. (Ringlet), Maniola jurtina L. (Meadow Brown), M. tithonus L. (Gatekeeper), Polygonia c-album L. (Comma), Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood), Coenonympha pam- philus L. (Small Heath), Ochlodes venata Br & Grey (Large Skipper), Thecla quercus L. (Purple Hairstreak). Our previous experience of T. quercus had been restricted to one or two specimens taken, with much effort, at a locality in Westmorland. Here, in the Wyre Forest, on a steamy, sultry aftrnoon this species, apparently unaware of what is reported to be the normal flight characteristic, descended to the low herbage alongside the Dowles Brook, and there scores of specimens fluttered before our delighted and astonished gazes — a memory of the 1972 season which it is very pleasant SEX RATIO IN THE POPULATION OF MICRONECTA SCUTELLARIS 125 to recall. Witherslack, on 2nd September, was still producing P. bractea and a solitary Pterostoma palpina Clerck. (Pale Promi- nent) was taken. On 14th September local m.v. attracted Cirrhia gilvago Schiff. (Dusky Lemon Sallow), Eumichtis lichenea Hubn. (Feathered Ranunculus) and on 16th September at Witherslack Atethmia xerampelina Esp. (Centre-barred Sallow) Citria lutea Stroem. (Pink-barred Sallow). Tf. variata and Amathes castanea Esp. (Neglected Rustic) came to light. A local moss-land, just outside Blackpool was visited on 20th October and we were able to record some common moths for the Biological Records Centre. Notably absent from this area this year have been Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral) and V. cardui L. (Painted Lady). Other commitments have prevented further activities but, overall, we consider it to have been a year in which results have justified the (for us) rather large number of trips taken. D. M. Richmond, 1 Walton Terrace, Staining Road, Black- pool, Lancs. K. Bevan, Wayside, Staining Road, Blackpool, Lancs. Sex Ratio in the Population of Micronecta scutellaris (Stal) (Fam. Corixidae : Hemiptera) By J. M. JuLKA* (Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore) Micronecta scutellaris (Stal) is one of the commonest aquatic bugs inhabiting fish ponds. It is most abundantly found in the shallows on the littoral zone of ponds, resting on aquatic plants, stones or any other submerged obiects. The present studies are based on the material collected at regular intervals, from February 1963 to January 1965, from a perennial fish pond at Barrackpore. All collections were made with a wooden hand net of conventional design (30cm. diameter) using organdi cloth of fine mesh. The net was operated from six equally spaced stations around the pond. An effort was made to standardize the individual collection by visiting the specified station every time, collecting at arm’s length and, after two sweeps, moving to the next station. For all standard net sweeps, mouth of the net was completely dipped into the water and speed was kept reasonably constant. In determining the sex ratio, 6470 and 25,451 specimens were examined. Tables I and II show the monthly sex ratio between the males and females. A glance at the tables would reveal that in most of the months there is a preponderance of the females. The data, where the number of the individuals *Present address: Zoological Survey of India, 27 Chowringhee Road, Calcutta, 13. 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD VSIV SES is more than 40, was subjected to statistical treatment by means of ‘Chisquare Test’, under the hypothesis that a 1:1 ratio exists between the males and the females. The chi- Square values in most of the cases were highly significant against this ratio and indicated that the population did normally have more females than males in these months. Only in July 1964 were the males significantly more numerous than the females. However, Crisp (1962) did not find any marked difference from 1:1 ratio of males and females in Corixa germari (Fieb.). TABLE | Sex ratio of Micronecta scutellaris (Stal), 1963-64 Number of specimens Sex ratio Month examined Male Female Chi-square = Feb. ’63 44 fone 11-0 0-001 March 336 1 2-4 58-33 <0:001 — April 165 1 1-6 8-29 <0-01 May 4974 1 1:3 105-96 <0-001 June 95 1 1:2 0-54 >0-05 July 304 1 2-7 66-35 <0-001 *August 3 1s yet aE — — *Sepe: 13 All females — —_ *October oo —— — Nov. 116 1 Z 13-79 <0-001 Dec. 228 1 1-1 0-35 >0-05 Jan. ’64 127 1 1-1 0-20 >0-05 *Chi-square not applied due to inadequate data. TABLE II Sex ratio of Micronecta scutellaris (Stal), 1964-65 Number of specimens Sex ratio Month examined Male Female Chi-square P Feb. ’64 1597 i ies aes 1 43-97 <0-001 March 1248 1 1°5 58-41 <0-001 April 106 1 15 3h 0-05 May 1778 1 3:3 50-76 <0-001 June 1410 1 1:6 69-93 <0-001 ** hualy. 4520 1 0:8 42-06 <0-001 August 12458 1 1-1 10-99 <0-01 Sept. 246 1 2:2 32°06 <0-001 Oct. 278 1 2 31-78 <0-001 Nov. 286 1 2°4 47-05 <0-001 Dec. 1258 1 1477. 95-16 <0-001 Jan:* 60 248 send oa i 0-26 0-317 **Vales significantly more numerous than females. The author is grateful to Dr B. S. Bhimachar, former Director, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrack- pore, for his able guidance. Thanks are also due to the Ministry of Education for the award of a Senior Research Scholarship, during the tenure of which these studies were carried out. References Crisp, D. T., 1962. Observations on the biology of Corixa germari (Fieb.) in an upland reservoir. Arch. Hydrobiol., 58: 261-280. PLATE VIII Anthocharis damone Boisduval Above—Larva, lateral view. Below—Pupa, dorsal and lateral views. THE LARVA AND PUPA OF ANTHOCHARIS DAMONE 127 The Larva and Pupa of Anthocharis damone Boisduval from Greece (Lep. : Pieridae) By Joun G. Coutsis, B.A., M.Arch. The full grown larva of Anthocharis damone is approxi- mately 113 inches in length and is identical in shape to that of Anthocharis cardamines L. The head is light blue-green with dense and minute dark blue-green dots and numerous, short, whitish hairs. Sides of head with a white line, ending frontally into a round whitish spot. The body has a light blue-green upperside, shot with very numerous and small dark blue-green dots and covered with short, whitish hairs. Ventral area same as dorsal one, but ground colour a shade darker. Sides of body with a white line that bears a well defined lower edge and a rather fuzzy upper edge. The spiracles are white and are placed along the upper edge of the white lateral line. Each body segment has two minute sub-dorsal wartlets, one on each side, that bear a short black bristle. Prolegs and true legs same colour as the rest of ventral area. The pupa has a length of just under 1 inch and has the same shape as that of cardamines. At first it has an overall bright green colour, but this is eventually replaced by drabber hues. Dorsum light sandy-grey. Ventral area dirty grey-white; veins of wing cases somewhat lighter coloured. Sides of body with a supraspiracular dark grey-green line, that extends from the last abdominal segment to the front end of the head pro- minence, being interrupted only by the antenna case. Upper- side with a narrow mid-dorsal dark grey-green line, that ex- tends from the last abdominal segment to the base of the head. All body segments have two minute sub-dorsal blackish spots, one on each side, the ones on the first abdominal segment being decidedly the largest. Wing cases with a small black spot in the discoidal area. There are traces of a grey-green, ventral line, on each side and along all abdominal segments. Larvae obtained from eggs laid in the wild on the flower buds of Isatis tinctoria L. and subsequently bred in captivity on same plant. It is worth noting that the pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hiibner, apart from being heavier, has a head prominence that is markedly bent downwards, whereas damone has it slightly bent upwards. REFERENCES Coutsis, John G. (1971). The Larva and Pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hiibner from Greece. Ent. Rec., 84: 73. 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/V/7T3 Observations on British Butterflies in 1972 By A. P. GAINSFoRD, F.R.E.S. As soon as the first warm sunny day in March heralds the Spring a dry leaf swept up and animated by the morning breeze will occasionally catch the eye of the entomologist and maybe he will hesitate for just a brief moment. Is it P. c-album L., N. io L., A. urticae L. or even N. polychloros L. already awakened from hibernation through the long months of Winter? This year the 14th of March was just such a day and a visit to Grenofen near Tavistock was amply rewarded with sightings first of Polygonia c-album L. at about eleven a.m. followed a few minutes later by a solitary Nymphalis io L. and then, by midday, literally scores of Gonepteryx rhamni L. of both sexes. Aglais urticae L. was seen in Plymouth towards the end of February, but the first one I met with was on the coast at Millandreath, near Looe in Cornwall, during he afternoon of the 15th March. A spell of lovely weather followed for just ten days, but practically none of the butterflies which appeared so suddenly on the 14th ventured forth again that month. On the 23rd a Pieris rapae L. fluttered into our garden, a very early visitor indeed, and N. io were out in strength along the south-facing cliff path west of Polperro with a few A. urticae among them. On the 25th of March the weather broke up and became cold again and more normal for the time of year. Easter was dull and wet and April commenced with gales, showers and mists over the coasts and hills. Very strong winds varying from west to north-west persisted for the first half of the month together with sleety showers and generally stormy con- ditions with only a few gleams of sun from time to time. The 17th of April dawned clear and bright and rather warmer, and although I had beaten several males and a female Celastrina argiolus L. out of the Ivy bushes on Battern Cliff at Downderry, Cornwall, on the 10th, I had not seen any flying of their own free will. Now they were active and plentiful, to- gether with both sexes of Pararge aegeria L. A few P. rapae were struggling to beat along lanes on the higher ground against the fresh wind and a Pieris brassicae L. flapped awkwardly over a hedge near Polbathic. The 18th showed C. argiolus to be common; once again at Polperro, and rather more fresh than most of the Downderry population. Pleasant weather with good sunny periods continued despite strong north-west to north-east winds, and a walk along the coast from Bovisand to Heybrook Bay on the 20th revealed the presence of several Lycaena phlaeas L. The first Pieris napi L. flew over the garden on the 21st at 1 p.m. The cold north-east wind persisted and the brief periods of sunshine could only be enjoyed in well sheltered places. It was at Sowden’s Bridge, deep in a little Cornish valley near Pelynt, OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1972 129 where I first noticed Anthocharis cardamines L. on the 25th. Two males were seen amongst prolific Garlic Mustard, Ragged Robin, Bluebells and other pretty wild flowers which still trans- form some of the nooks and crannies of our badly treated country lanes into fairyland. By the following day they were plentiful in the Seaton Valley near Downderry, but the weather was deteriorating. By the 29th the wind had veered to the south-west and the sky became overcast with rain following. Gales with lashing showers took over until the end of the month. The Ist of May was memorable for the early showing of Argynnis euphrosyne L., almost the ‘April Fritillary” as it was known to Ray and the early entomologists prior to 1752. Despite the wind the sunshine was warm after a poor start to the day and a chance inspection of a steep hillside with a southern aspect recently cleared by the Forestry Commission and smothered with Spring flowers offered first a male and then a female on Dandelion low down where the sun’s rays were strongest. The 2nd turned out to be the most exciting day of the year. Taking my mother from Downderry to Looe in the afternoon, IT paused at Sowden’s Bridge to enable her to pick some Prim- roses. A cardamines was by now quite common and the approaching cloud had not yet obscured the sun. As an after- thought I took my net as well as my camera and entered the woods along the fishermen’s footpath. I happened to notice what I thought was a female cardamines some twenty yards or so away flying towards me, and almost at once it veered off across the stream. A gust of wind wafted it back again and as it passed close by I netted it with a gentle follow-through stroke. I examined it casually, and at once could hardly believe what I saw. It was a freshly emerged male with the usual bright orange forewing markings replaced with pale pinkish buff and the moss-green on the underside of the hindwings with plain dark grey. Subsequently it was pronounced best and rarest British butterfly shown at the Centenary Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural History Society in London on the 4th of November last and described by the Rev. John Marcon as “a once in 75 years long.” So far the season had looked reasonably encouraging, but the situation was now about to change quite dramatically. It rained solidly all day on the 3rd of May and continued dull, thundery and misty with another whole day of rain on the 6th. It remained cold with a great deal of rain and strong winds throughout the month and very few butterflies were seen. Despite these depressing conditions the sun did occasionally break through, and on the 17th A. cardamines was found to be plentiful at Hill Bridge near Marytavy. The weather suggested that a trip to Wembury Point for Pyrgus malvae L. would be a waste of time. Instead I found it at Lydford on the 19th flying with A. euphrosyne, and ten days or so later it was quite com- mon in this favoured spot. 130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Lo/ Vi FS On the 22nd I took a fresh male L. phlaeas ab. obsoleta at Hill Bridge. Having carelessly missed it twice it returned yet a third time some ten minutes later to offer me another chance. The same afternoon I drove across the Moor to Stover, near Newton Abbot, where last year A. euphrosyne had been so numerous, but despite reasonable conditions and plenty of Bugle there were no more than half a dozen to be seen. Two Erynnis tages L. were noticed, the first and last of our season. Strong winds up to force 9 persisted for a week or so and planned trips to Dorset, Wilts, Huntingdon and Norfolk were all completely abortive. Apart from a few species it was now apparent that most emergences would be late, delayed and extended by the con- tinuing bad weather. Among the few was the delicate little Leptidea sinapis L. brought out by some warm morning sun in their Woodbury habitat near Exeter on the Ist of June. This brief experience of Summer was over by early afternoon and the cold winds and canopy of cloud with periods of rain set in yet again. Another butterfly apparently determined not to be beaten was the rare and very local Melitaea athalia B., and I was more than surprised to see the first male on the 3rd, a very early date even for a good season. Their locality near Brent Tor supports colonies of at least twenty eight species and the few sunny periods early in the day brought out some Euphydryas aurinia R., one slightly crippled Polyommatus icarus R. and a very very fresh Coenonympha pamphilus L. Despite atrocious weather with more gales and long periods of heavy rain some short-lived appearances of a watery sun on the 7th prompted three more to fly, and a lone Ochlodes venata B. & G. accompanied them. The first female M. athalia showed itself on the 9th. Rain delayed an intended visit to Maidencombe near Tor- quay to check on the Cupido minimus F. site until the 10th, but the more hopeful early morning sunshine was soon interrupted by frequent and heavy showers. However, two males were seen over a period of about two hours intensive searching. The Kidney Vetch looked very sparse and has declined rapidly over the last few years. As the greater part of the area is quite out of reach the causes can only be natural ones. Facing due south over Torbay some hundreds of feet precipitously above the sea, it is a place of impressive beauty. The, next three days were continuously wet and cold until 4 p.m. on the 13th when the sun broke through and a quick inspection of a wood at Lowleybridge near Launceston resulted in finding three Argynnis selene S. struggling to get out of the saturated undergrowth. Then, suddenly, as though to remind us of what we were missing, the 14th was a most lovely sunny day with a clear blue sky until dusk. Sightings at the M. athalia locality near Brent Tor included about 30 athalia, 5 E. aurinia, 10 P. malvae, 10 A. euphrosyne and 3 A. cardamines. At the old EF. aurinia site at Hill Bridge only 3 males could be OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1972 | found in an hour’s search. Almost at once conditions returned to the cold, wet and windy pattern of the last six weeks. On the 19th I postponed a trip to Bicester for Strymonidia pruni L. on the advice of Mr John Heath of Monks Wood, and also a visit to Whixall for Coenonympha tullia M. on the 23rd. There was no improvement on the 24th. New Forest and South Wiltshire lore states that if there is no really warm weather by Midsummer Day then there will not be any after- wards either—a depressing prospect if taken too seriously. The aiternoon of the 26th however, allowed us briefly to feel the full power of the sun, and a hasty drive to Luckett on the River Tamar resulted in the satisfaction of seeing M. athalia strong again in the Cornish Reserve. Two male Maniola jurtina L. were the first to be observed. On the 29th another moist, cloudy day with a little sun in the afternoon, the first Argynnis aglaia L. emerged at Grenofen, and “flaming” June ended with leaden skies, rain and mist and a cold, dismal wind much as it had started. July began with no improvement in the forecast, and I set off on the 2nd for Bicester to look for S. pruni with very little hope of success. The rain barely ceased all day though I reached the various localities I had planned to visit with an almost desperate determination, refusing to recognise the in- evitable results. Then, hearing on my car radio that there would be no change in the weather for several days I had to admit defeat and decided to cut my losses and drive home. I finally reached Tavistock at 10 p.m. with over 450 miles behind me since early morning. By the 6th only one or two more A. aglaia were out at Grenofen, and very few M. jurtina where hundreds should be in evidence. On the 7th, a warm bright morning, | went to Bovey Heath to see if Plebejus argus L. had yet appeared, but found only a few C. pamphilus sheltering from the cold wind. A glimpse of the woods near Becka Falls at Manaton, Devon, where Limenitis camilla L. flies was yet another re- minder of the lateness of the season, for the Bramble blossom was only just beginning to burst from the bud in sunny places and no butterflies at all were about. By early afternoon mist and drizzle had set in again. A dull morning on the 10th cleared to give good sunehiis after mid-day and over 80 M. athalia were counted in under two hours at the site near Brent Tor, but some evidence of the incongruity of this season was provided by the sight of a fresh female E. aurinia and several P. malvae including an extreme ab.taras. The first female M. jurtina made its debut shortly afterwards. Then at last the weather changed dramatically to clear skies with really warm sunshine and on the 12th of July I made another pilgrimage to Oxfordshire for S. pruni at Hell Coppice and Waterperry Wood, and again drew a blank. I learned later that it did in fact show up in very small numbers 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD to/7V/T3 about three weeks late, but not in the areas | had visited. The next day was very warm and I spent it in the New Forest around Lyndhurst and Brockenhurst. It felt more like early June than mid-July and Argynnis paphia L. was only just beginning to emerge. No L. camilla were to be seen but Aphantopus hyperanthus L. was everywhere in abundance. A rather tedious drive to Dorchester at mid-day merely sub- stantiated my suspicion that Strymonidia w-album K. would be absent as yet from my favourite locality there. By the 14th it was evident that we were in the midst of high Summer and once again the old lore was proved wrong and the influence of icebergs said to be further south in the Atlantic than usual a somewhat lame story. My good friend Donald Russwurm felt that P. argus must by now be out and we visited a favourite site of his just out of Brockenhurst at about 10 am. After a while a few of both sexes were seen where normally it would be in hundreds. Several were already worn. The hot weather continued, but in the south-west it became overcast and sultry. The 19th was very hot indeed and down in the river valley at Grenofen in the afternoon it felt like a tropical jungle. M. jurtina was now in plenty and A. aglaia females were beginning to come out. A lone female Melan- argia galathea L. flapped past to my considerable surprise. I have never seen it anywhere in this district before. On the 2ist a single Argynnis adippe S. settled on a fern in the same place, and in this season of unlikely events it was a female. A. aglaia and A. adippe are without doubt among the most splendid of all butterflies to watch in their tireless and wild flight activity. They can literally zoom away when disturbed and rocket up the edge of the forest and away above the tops of the highest trees and out of sight in seconds. It is exhilarating to witness the quite amazing power of these remarkable insects. However, another week showed that both species were to be scarce, and they were soon over. Also at Grenofen, the following day, Thymelicus sylvestris P. and fresh P. c-album were on the wing. On the 23rd July another walk through the site near Brent Tor revealed the establishment of a large colony of A, paphia feasting on the Bramble blossoms over a wide area. A few well-worn M. athalia must have been about the last after a flight of nearly eight weeks and their ground was now occu- pied by M. galathea in strength. I also saw two faded Vanessa cardui L., a very scarce insect this year. By the 25th, in this beautiful weather, I could not resist another look into the little wood south of Dorchester for S. w-aleum. Enormous stands of Milk Parsley had grown up smothering the Bramble which was even now mostly only in bud, and no butterflies were to be seen apart from a few M. jurtina and A. hyperanthus. I drove on, a little despondently, to Carey’s Manor Hotel at Brockenhurst where I had booked NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Les a room for two nights. The New Forest looked more inviting than it had done a fortnight ago, but it still lacked the fullness of bloom thai one would normally expect. Maniola tithonus L., A. hyper- anthus and T. sylvestris were very common everywhere, bui L. camilla and A. paphia were far less plentiful than usual. and only two paphia ab. valezina could be found in two days. Another inspection of the area near Brockenhurst provided all the evidence required to establish the fact that P. argus was comparatively low. Apatura iris L. had a reasonable showing at Chiddingfold, but I did not see any at Alice Holt and could not spare the time to wait until evening from arrival in the early afternoon. Calling at Winchester on the 27th to pick up one of my sons who had been staying with friends, I spent an hour on St Catherine’s Hiil to find Lysandra coridon P. in enormous numbers, flying as usual in company with M. galathea, T. sylvestris, A. urticae and hundreds of M. jurtina. After so many surprises and disappointments, I felt quite a sense of relief to see before me a carpet of butterflies in better than normal strength and more or less on time. (To be continued) Notes and Observations CLOSTERA CURTULA LINN. ON ROMNEY Marsa. — On 13th August 1972, I found a specimen of Clostera curtula, Large Chocolate-tip, in my Rothamsted trap at Boulderwall, Dunge- ness, Kent. This appears to be the first record of this species for Romney Marsh.—R. E. Scott, Boulderwall, Lydd, Kent. ZAwto: HYLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG (BEDSTRAW HAWKMOTB) IN FLINT- SHIRE.— Mr Jonathan Williams (aged 15) of 2 Brookdale Way, Waverton, Chester, has advised me that he found a larva of gallii feeding on Rosebay Willow-herb on the British Steel John Summers Nature Reserve, Shotton, Flintshire on 9th September 1972. The larva was in its final instar when found and pupated seven days later. Mr Williams has since informed me that he has successfully reared the moth.—P. J. Baker, Mount Vale, The Drive, Sandhills Lane, Virginia Water, Surrey. BIOLIGICAL EVIDENCE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAR- PESIINAE AND EUNICINAE (LEP. NYMPHALIDAE). — It is always satisfactory when evidence of relationship between allied groups is shown by other than normal criteria employed by museum taxonomists. Such a case has recently occurred. When breeding various members of the Eunicine genus Asterope Hiibn. (boisduvalli 134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD lb/V AS Wilgrn. and trimeni Auriv.) it was noted that the larvae in the first two instars constructed a column of frass and silk from the edge of the leaf on which it rested between feeds. Re- cently I have bred the Marpesiid Cyrestis camillus Fab. ele- gans Bsd., and the first instar larva has exactly the same habit. Larvae of the two sub-families are totally different, the larva of Asterope having a subdorsal, lateral and sublateral series of fine branched spines and a pair of small spines on the head, whilst the larva of camillus is smooth with a pair of very large erect smooth outcurved processes on the head and an erect dorsal process on the Sth and 11th somites. The foodplants of Asterope belong mainly to the Euphor- biaceae, although boisduvalli is also recorded as feeding on Sterculiaceae (Sterculia spp.) and Bignoniaceae (Kigelia moosa), whilst Cyrestis, both in Africa and Asia, feeds on Ficus spp. (Moraceae), the Asiatic genus Chersonesia Dist. also feeds on Ficus spp. The Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae contain latex, Sterculiaceae and Bignoniaceae do not. It would be most interesting to know if the Oriental and South American Marpesiids and the many South American Eunicids share this peculiar habit of constructing a silk and frass perch in early instars——D. G. SEVASTOPULO, Mombasa, LG. 1972: AN UNUSUAL INSTANCE OF XENOPHAGY.— On the 21st of October, 1972, I picked a Nepticulid mine which I did not re- cognise from a birch sapling at Rowney Wood in north Essex. I kept the mine by itself in a 1 inch glass tube lined with damp sphagnum, and though the larva fed up slowly, in due course it vacated the mine and vanished into the moss. The tube was amongst a batch which I brought indoors into a warm room in early February and on the 22nd of that month an imago of Nepticula floslactella Haworth emerged. I searched through the moss and found the cocoon which is white and covered in loose, flossy silk as is characteristic of floslactella. A re-examination of the mine also shows that its characters are typical of floslactella, while my notes record that the larva, which mined dorsum upwards, had the obscure chain of dark spots on the venter which is found in that species. N. floslactella normally feeds on hazel and hornbeam, on the former of which it is common in Rowney Wood. As far as I know, there are no previous records of its occurrence on birch. Other lepidopterous leaf-miners which will eat both birch and hazel include Bucculatrix demaryella Stainton (which mines only when young) and several Coleophoridae such as serratella Linn. (fuscedinella Zell.), fuscocuprella H.-S., orbitella Zell. and binderella Koll. — A. M. EMmMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, 7.111.1973 OBITUARY 135 TELEIODES (TELEPHUSA) ALBURNELLA ZELL IN HAMPSHIRE.— Among a number of micros which Mr D. W. H. ffennell has recently identified for me is a male specimen of T. alburnella which was taken in my m.v. trap at Minstead (New Forest) on 28.vii.72. I understand that this is the first record of this species for Hampshire.—L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. THE WHITE SPECK MoTH AND KENT BLACK ARCHES IN SURREY — A female Leucania unipuncta Haw. came to my trap on the night of the 6th November. She laid over three hundred fertile ova during the following four nights. This arrival was the more welcome in such a year as this when even Plusia gamma L. has been scarce, and not one Nomophila noctuella D. & Schiff. has been seen. Another first record here was a Nola albula D. & Schiff. on the 7th August. — R. FarrcLoucH, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Surrey, 28.1x.1972. Obituary ARTHUR THOMAS POSTANS who passed away on February 15 at his home, 13 Stanfield Road, Winton, Bournemouth, at the age of 81, was the most enthusiastic and meticulous entomologist it has ever been my pleasure and good fortune to know. A hairdresser by profession he was in business in Ports- mouth for many years until being bombed out in 1941, when he and his family moved to Bournemouth. It was some years after this that I came into contact with Arthur Postans and I will never forget his method of setting insects, which was immaculate. He also kept really comprehensive records in diaries of his observations and captures which might well prove of great interest to the Entomologist’s Record. I would say without hesitation that Arthur Postans was a man who did his civilian job with enjoyment and to perfection whilst pursuing his life- time hobby with even greater enthusiasm. His collection is one, nay—the finest I have ever seen in private hands and would provide many surprises to entomolo- gists over the whole country. He despised the idea of buying specimens and many of his rarest ones he bred and reared himself. His collection would be well worth consideration by any Museum or Trust interested in adding to their exhibition, a collection of specimens par excellence in every detail and with complete data. The death of Arthur Postans is not merely the loss of a dedicated entomologist but also that of a gentleman and a friend. Arthur Postans leaves a daughter, Mrs Iris Carter, who resides at Wimbledon Park, S.W.19. W. Harley Greaves, M.P.S., Bournemouth. 136 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/V/73 Current Literature Ichneumonoloia Orientalis. II. The Tribe Rhyssini by M. K. Kemath & V. K. Gupta, 1972. Published by the Associa- tion for the study of Oriental Insects, c/o Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-7 (India). 1 am glad to see this excellent monograph. I must first congratulate the persons who started Oriental Insects to pro- mote research in systematics. By bringing out such mono- graphs, the association for the study of Oriental Insects is giving an excellent approach in the elaboration of the fauna of Oriental Region. The monograph deals with 7 genera, 101 species and 40 sub-species. Out of these 47 are new species and 23 new subspecies. In the introduction the taxonomic position of the tribe Rhyssini and its economic importance has been dealt with briefly. The members of this group are parasites of sircids which infest conifers. Thus they may be of great value in the contro! of sircids. Recently, Rhyssa perusaroria hima- layensis Wilkn. has been exported from India to Australia and New Zealand for the control of Szrex noctillo F. The list of the museums with their complete addresses will be of great help to other workers. This is followed by the nicely drawn historical resume comprising the works from 1829 to the present. The taxonomic characters used in the text have been clearly explained with the help of good line drawings. For easy understanding of Indo-Australian genera a table of comparative taxonomic characters is given which increases the efficiency of their dichotomous key. Keys to all the species and sub-species have also been drawn. The excellent way of giving distributional tables and maps of species and sub- species is really worth praising. The presentation of monograph is very attractive. The plates of the species and sub-species showing taxonomic characters are self explanatory. 63 references are given which are arranged alphabetically. The monograph deserves its place in all the institutional libraries and even personal libraries.—V. C. Kapoor, Associate Professor of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. Wild Life Conservation and Dead Wood by Alan E. Stubbs, illustrated with photographs by David J. Carter. Devon Trust for Nature Conservation, 18 pp., £0.20. This useful little pamphlet gives an account of many of the insects associated with dead wood. It also draws attention to the regrettable habit of tidy-minded “conversationists” of removing dead trees before they give shelter to so many interesting insects.—S.N.A.J. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (95) E. intricata Zetterstedt ssp. arceuthata Freyer: Freyer’s Pug. Resident. Gardens; foodplant unknown. The species first appeared in Kent in 1951, since when it has occurred regularly in a number of localities and may be increasing its distribution yet. 1. Petts Wood, two, June 21, 1951, one, May 21, one, May 25, one, June 12, 1952 in A. M. & F. A. Swain coll. (C.-H.). West Wickham, three at m.v.l., May 25, 1952 (Chalmers-Hunt, Entomologist, 86: 55); one on fence, May 1953, one on fence, June 7, 1957, three in m.v. trap, June 10-13, 1963, one in m.v. trap, July 7, 1971 (C.-H.). Orpington, one, July 1955, one, June 1957, two, June 1958 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, in m.v. trap, June 22. Mee, Ey sune 9° (1); 21 ‘(1)-- 1966" (CD. R-* MM: Long)? 5. Westerham, two, July 3, 1951 (R. C. Edwards)?+. 11. Aylesford, three, 1955, one, 1956, two, 1957 (G. A. N. Davis); are all in my coll. (C.-H.). 12. Ashford Town, in garden, one, June 25, 1955, one, June 1956, four, 1957, one, 1958, one, 1959, two, 1962, one, 1963 (Cue MS.). West Ashford. five at light, June 1960, one at light, June 1961 (M. Enfield); Wilkes- borough, one at light, July 1961 (M. Singleton)?+. 13. Tunbridge Wells, two, c. 1955 (L. R. Tesch)+. 14. Goudhurst, one, 1958 (W. V. D. Bolt)7. 14. Goudhurst, one, 1958 (W. V. D. Bolt)7. 16. Folkestone, five in m.v. trap, June 22-August 16, 1956, one, 1959 (A. M. Morley). First (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1953: West Wickham (Chalmers-Hunt, Entomologist, 86: 55). E. satyrata Hubner: Satyr Pug. Native. Chalk downs, open woods; on Succisa pratensis. 1. Chislehurst, May 24, 1890 (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 1: 64). Eltham (A. H. Jones, in Wool. Surv., 1909). West Wickham, June 10, 1950 (R. F. Birch- enough); 1951 (E. E. J. Trundell); one, June 19, 1963, one, July 4, 1971, both in m.v. trap (C.-H.). Sparrow Common, Crofton, larva on flower-head of S. pratensis taken by F. A. Swain, 1948, imago reared June 2, 1949, speci- men in A. M. & F. A. Swain coll. (C.-H.); six larvae on flowers of S. pratensis, August 9, 1963, from which three imagines reared (F. A. Swain); four imagines, June 6, 1963 (C.-H.). Bromley, one at light, July 1, 1963 (D. R. M. Long). 5. Farnborough* (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Chevening, May 18. 29, 31, June 3, 1914, two, May 30, 1918 (Gillett, Diary). Halstead (R. E. Frampton teste S. Wakely). Biggin Hill, three, May 17, 1952, two, May 20, 1953 (C.-H.); swarmed at dusk, June 4, 1954, 19 taken, but could have taken many more (R. F. Birchenough). 6. Sevenoaks*, 1885, H. Vaughan, two, in BMNH (C.-H.). Shoreham* May 26, 1890 (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 1: 294). Strood*, larvae, 1904 (Ovenden. Ent. Rec., 10: 294). Cuxton, June 5, 1908 (Ent. Rec., 21: 32). Birling Downs, June 15, 1912, May 29, 1915 (F. T. Grant). 6a. Chattenden, five, June 18, 1884; June 8, 1889 (Fenn, Diary); eight bred, 1885 in R.C.K. (C.-H.); June 14, 1913 (F. T. Grant). Chattenden (Tutt. Ent. Rec., 4: 229, 249). Cobham Woods, June 8, 1912 (F. T. Grant). (96) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15 /V Ts 7. Westwell, 1907, 1908, in R-C.K. (C.-H.). Chatham*, one, 1908, W. Crocker, in R.C.K. (C-H.). 8. Folkestone (see First Record); three in BMNH, Folkestone, 1879, W. Pudey (C.-H.). Brook (C. A. W. Duffield teste Scott, 1964). : VARIATION.—In R.C.K. are ab. caeca Dietze, one, North Kent, 1918, iy W. Newman; ab. limbopunctata Dietze, two, Westwell, bred June 1907, L. B. Prout. FIRST (PUBLISHED) REcORD, 1880: Folkestone (Ullyett, Rambles of a Naturalist Round Folkestone, 146). E. absinthiata Clerck: Wormwood Pug. Native. Woods, gardens, waste places, etc.; on Senecio jacobaea, Soli- dago virgaurea, S. canadensis, Artemisia vulgaris, Achillea millefolium, Aster tripolium. Frequent and recorded from all divisions, except 4 (probably present). “Generally common” (V.C.H., 1908). The principal foodplant in Kent seems to be S. jacobaea. I have taken numerous larvae on this at Dungeness, and there are many records of the finding of the larva on this plant at other localities in the county. I have also found the larva on S. canadensis in my garden at West Wickham; on A. vulgaris at Vauxhall near Canterbury; in numbers on S. virgaurea in Blean Woods; on A. millefolium at Ramsgate, and in each case reared them (C.-H.). Mathew (Entomologist, 25: 292) records finding the larvae at Chatham on A. tripolium. The moth appears to be regularly bivoltine, the first generation appear- ing on the wing in late May and June and again in late July and August, sometimes continuing into September. VARIATION.—There is considerable variation in the degree of subterminal pale spotting ranging from a continuous row in which they are joined to form a line, to occasional total obsolescence except for the pale posterior spot which is never absent in my experience. There is also much variation in size, one that I bred from a larva on A. millefolium from Ramsgate being exceptionally large with alar expanse 27mm. As regards ground colour, a specimen in my coll. labelled “Tunbridge Wells, 11.viii.1914” is pale whitish ochreous; and another which I took at Halling, June 29, 1958, is by contrast greyish purple-brown (C.-H.). First REcorD, 1858: Folkestone, between July 24 and August 1, 1858 (H. Tompkins, Diary). E. goosensiata Mabille: Ling Pug. Native. Heaths; on Calluna vulgaris. 1. West Wickham (see First Record); four, June 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 4). Bostall Heath, July 17, 22, 1865, worn, August 4, 1866 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.) St. Pauls Cray Common (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Chislehurst, several, 1891, in R.C.K. (C.-H.); one, August 8, 1906, four, August 4, 1909 (S. F. P. Blyth) Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Dartford (V.C.H., 1908). Hayes Common, larvae abundant, October 8, 1919, September 29, 1920 (Kidner, Diary). Abbey Wood, one, July 15, 1952 det. D. S. Fletcher (A. J. Showler). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). 8. Kingsdown district (Shepherd, Entomologist, 17: TSP 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (97) 12. Ham Street, one, August 5, 1936, taken by A. M. Morley (Scott, 1950). Hothfield, one larva on C. vulgaris, September 9, 1961, reared June 16, 1962 (C.-H.).; three larvae August and September 1961, reared 1963 (Cue MS.). 13. Tunbridge Wells (Knipe, 1916). FIRST RECORD, 1858: West Wickham (Stainton, Man., 2: 89). E. assimilata Doubleday: Currant Pug. Resident, perhaps native. Gardens, hop-fields; on Ribes nigrum, Humulus lupus, probably also on R. rubrum agg. Note: In the past, the larva was often troublesome in Kentish hop- gardens where it destroyed the growing tips of shoots. However, it appears that nowadays owing to modern methods, assimilata is less fre- quent in hop-gardens. 1. Buckle & Prout (Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1900: 70) state that in the London area [in metropolitan Kent] it is ‘“‘“generally common in gardens on red currant and hop”. Beckenham, 1863 (Leigh, Week. Ent., 2: 118). Chislehurst (Cockerell, Entomologist, 18: 20). Sydenham, common c. 1888 (Sellon, Ent. Rec., 2: 164). Greenwich, on black currant (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 199). Westcombe Park (J. W. Tutt, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Black- heath; Lee (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Eltham (V.C.H., 1908). Sidcup, larva, September 10, 1925; tweive larvae on currant, September 1936; larvae, September 26, 1£37 (Kidner, Diary). Orpington 1957 (L. W: Siggs); three, August 1958 (R. G. Chatelain). Bexley (L. T. Ford). Petts Wood, one, June 9, 1937, in A. M. & F. A. Swain coll. (C.-H.). Blackheath, apparently rare (A. A. Allen). Abbey Wood, one, August 21, 1952, det. D. S. Fletcher (A. J. Showler). West Wickham, one, May 25, 1952, gen. det. D. S. Fletcher (C.-H.); August 2(1), 8(2), 24(1) 1963 (R. F. Birchenough). Bromley, larva on R. nigrum (D. R. M. Long). 2. Sheppey, one, July 10, 1869 (Walker MS.). Near Upnor*, not common, May, August (Chaney, 1884-87). 3. Whitstable, one, 1948, one, 1949 (P. F. Harris)7. 5. Farnborough* (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Downe (R. F. Birchenough, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1357: 139). 6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). 6a. Cobham, one, May 19, 1912 (F. T. Grant). 7. Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). 8. Dover (E. & Y., 1949). 9. Margate, one, August 30, 1950 (W. D. Bowden)t. 10. Sevenoaks, July 29, 1920, June 1, August 21, 1922 (Gillett, Diary). 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, two, 1955, gen. det. D. S. Fletcher (G. A. N. Davis). 12. Ashford, one, in garden, c:1953 (P. Cue). West Ashford (M. Enfield). Willesborough, one, 1959 (D. Youngs). 13. Tunbridge Wells (Knipe, 1916). Goudhurst, one, 1957 CWoe'Ve? BD! Bolt)7. 14. Sandhurst, one, August 1, 1939, one, May 30, one bred, August 1, 1948 (CG. V. Bull): now in my coll. (C.-H.). Appledore (P. Cue MS). 16. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Folkestone Town (A. M. Morley). (98) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/73 VARIATION.—In R.C.K. is a “dark brown ground” ab., two, North Kent. 1924, L. W. Newman. First REcorD, 1863: Beckenham (Leigh, Week. Ent., 2: 118). E. expallidata Doubleday: Bleached Pug. Native. Woods; on Solidago virgaurea. 1. Plumstead (Clark, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1900: 69). Farningham Wood, several larvae, September 29, 1929, larvae fairly plenti- ful as follows: September 25, 1930, September 19, 1931, September 27, 1932. September 30, 1933 (Kidner, Diary). 3. Blean, larva and imago (H. C. Huggins); (L. T. Ford). Thornden Wood. swept one larva from S. virgaurea in a clearing among many larvae of E. simulata, September 20, 1953, reared August 25, 1954 (C.-H.). Canterbury (J. A. Parry). Littlebourne, one, August 8, 1955 (P. B. Wacher). East Blean, larva on S. virgaurea seedheads, October 29, 1967 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 80: 127). 6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Shoreham, several, 1948 (H. E. Hammond). 6a. Darenth Wood, two, August 8, 1861, amongst ragwort (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 196); two larvae, September 28, 1932 (Kidner, Diary). “Kent” [Darenth Wood?]* (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 4); (Crewe, Ent. Ann., 1862 48). 8. Folkestone Warren, one (Knaggs, 1870). Covert Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). 10. Sevenoaks, August 13, 1920 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham, larvae (Ennis, Proc S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1932-33: 105); (S. F. P. Blyth). Seal Chart (S. F. P. Blyth). 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Headcorn, three imagines at rest one night on golden rod flowers, c. 1935 (W. A. Cope). Wateringbury, one. 1910, two bred 1911, in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H.). Hoads Wood, one, c. 1953 (P. Cue). Sevenoaks Weald, one, August 17, 1960, at mv,l. (E. Sadler). 12. Ham Street, a few flying, August 22, 1932 (de Worms, Entomologist 66: 106); sometimes common (Scott, 1936); one, August 27, 1954 (P. B. Wacher); September 15, 1950 (R. C. Edwards); larvae in Orlestone Woods. September 29, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); an imago taken, Orlestone Woods, September 8, 1962 (M. Singleton); August 14, 1965 (D. W. H. ffennell). 13. Goudhurst, two ,19607 (W. V. D. Bolt). 16. Folkestone, one on fence in garden, August 18, 1957 (A. M. Mor- ley). First RECORD, 1860: “Eupithecia pallidaria ...I possess specimens of this insect bred from larvae found in Kent, by Mr Gorham, on Solidago virgaurea”’ (M’Lachlan, Zoologist, 6944). Alternatively, we may cite for the same date: Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8:4. E. vulgata Haworth: Common Pug. Native. Gardens, woods, etc.; on hawthorn, yarrow, Solidago virgaurea, Heraclium sphondylium. Frequent and recorded from all divisions except 4 and 7, but is doubtless present in both. “Generally common” (V.C.H., 1908). Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s: Record” ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the “Hill’ Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross. Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) | LSAT ITE LEIS FE EINE D DIET SE IEEE IEEE OT DI NETO ELE PTE EEL LIVESTOCK SILKMOTHS—British and Foreign Hawk Moths SILK WORMS—Stick Insects, etc. My 16 page illustrated catalogue for 1973 describes many species and includes list of food plants, etc. Catalogue 15p. Overseas $1.00 (or equivalent) sent by Air Mail. R. N. 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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on (a) Leaf miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of the candidates and of the plan of work proposed. It is envisaged that awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary for field work, for the study collections, for attendance at conferences, or exceptionally for the costs of publica- tion of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1973. Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may quality. Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, as soon as possible and in any case not later than 30th June 1973. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ““Emmet’s Notes on some oi the British Nepticuli- dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. “Coleoptera of Sussex—I am at present revising the Victoria County History of Sussex list of Coleoptera (published in 1905, compiled by W. W. Fowler). I would be most grateful if any readers having records of Coleoptera from Sussex (vice counties 13 & 14) would contact me. Records of rare and common species are needed. It is hoped that a revised list will be published in the not too distant future.”’—J. Cooter, 174 Seaforth Gardens, Stoneleigh, Ewell, Epsom, Surrey. Hertfordshire Ants—Would any readers having records or sightings of ants of any species in Hertfordshire kindly send an indication of species, date and grid reference plus any :ocality details, to the address below, to help with a survey currently being undertaken.—P. J. Attewell and S. D. Mackey, 69 Thornbury Gardens, Borehamwood, Herts. WANTED—Mahogany butterfly cabinet, about 20 drawers. Brady or similar quality.—R. Fairclough, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate, Surrey. Wanted to Purchase—A high quality 40 drawer solid mahogany insect cabinet. Any offers please to Dr J. V. Dacie, 10 Alan Road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. BACK NUMBERS—Prof. T. C. R. White of the newly established Univer- Sity of the South Pacific, has appealed for back numbers of the Ent. Rec. and any other entomological journals to help stock the biology section of their library. The University caters mainly for the South Pacific islands (Tonga, Samoa, Fiji, etc.) and although receiving financial aid from many countries including Britain, it will be many years before the essentials of a library are built up. Any help will therefore be greatly appreciated. Please contact Prof. White at School of Natural Resources, University of South Pacific, SUVA, Fiji; mentioning Entomologist’s Record. WANTED URGENTLY—For illustration, half dozen late instar larvae of the Transparent Burnet moth, Zygaena purpuralis, from Ireland or Scot- land. Postage etc. refunded.—W. G. Tremewan, 16 Orchard Ave. Woodham, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3EB. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS Alt material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to Dr IAN WATKINSON, “Windrush,” 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. Specimen copies supplied by Dr Ian Watkinson on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber. Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, Engiand. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE-COs L Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. AE EE EE TL I TL EEE LS EET ELE TT TS SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. a EPS PET I IESE EN SS LES TLS EE IE NC 2 IES HELE LEE LESS LE ILL EEL IDLE EE ETE ELLE LLL I WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS Temperature Effects on Maniola jurtina (L.). GEORGE. THOMPSON Uy ge cu oe ted oe ie che, ae On Zygaena (Agrumenia) youngi Rothschild. H. & G. REISS .. 115 Colony Fission in the House Ant Monomorium indicum Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). B. L. & R. K. BRADOO .. ‘117 The Robinson Pattern Moth Trap—tTrial Modifications. C. PRATT 120 Collecting and Observation Notes 1972. D. M. RICHMOND & K. BEVAN oe ay: ae oe ne Br a che cau Se Sex Ratio in the Population of Micronecta scutellaris (Stal (Hemiptera: Corixidae). J. M. JULKA .. ay id see ee The Larva and Pupa of Anthocharis damone Boisduval from Greece (Lep.: Pieridae). J.G. COUTSIS .. Ps es fs 127 Observations on British Butterflies in 1972. A. P. GAINSFORD .. 128 NOTES and OBSERVATION: Clostera curtula Linn. on Romney Marsh. R.E. SCOTT .. 133 Hyles gallii Rott. in Flintshire. P. J. BAKER .. a eine ieee Biological Evidence of Relationship between the Marpesiinae and Eunicinae (Lep.: Nymphalidae). TDs lee: SEVASTOPULO ea he ae a a os ae An Unusual Instance of Xenophagy. A. M. EMMET .. why. ee Teleiodes (Telephusa) alburnella Zell. in Hampshire. L. W.SIGGS .. oe RN se aepu ast a win ae The White Speck Moth and Kent Black Arches in Surrey. R. FAIRCLOUGH a ae re ap He eae OBITUARY: Arthur Thomas Postans Bi big ie Ba oy s) 135 CURRENT LITERATURE: | F265 oN). Ne we id Mi. 7 ee SUPPLEMENT: Lepidoptera of Kent .. We e ve (95)-(98) saa T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND watts £ hoot Tey THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.r.E:s. with the assistance of NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGeIns, F.R.E.s. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.&. oe ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 4 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, 8.SC., F.R.E.S. j Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent SIG CID CD BLISHED M MONTHLY PRICE 40p EDLSESSUSESSSSESOSESESOSISESESOSOSOBETOVETNS SOUTH’S BRITISH BUTTERCLIED T. G. HOWARTH seo, rres. Richard South’s standard work on British butterflies has long been a classic in the entomological world, and now T. G. Howarth has brought it completely up to date, while taking care to retain the charm and character of the original book. The text has been rearranged in a more logical and readily accessible order, be- ginning with the most primitive species and ending with the most specialized. A valuable feature of this edition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of butterflies. The beautiful illustrations in colour of many of the adult species are by A. D. A. Russwurm, and the early stages are by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk—altogether 48 colour plates. 320 pages, 57 distribution maps, cased with laminated colour jacket and slip case. Published : April 17th. 0 723214999 £10.50 net FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE PLATE IX CASTALIUS HINTZA (TRIMEN) SSP. KROONI Fig. 1 ¢ Holotype (upperside). Fig. 2 ¢Paratype (underside). Tyger Valley, SWA. Fig. 3 2 Allotype (upperside). Fig. 4 © Paratype (underside). Otavi, S.WA. Figures twice natural size (Photo: H. N. Wykeham) Note: Basal colouring in Fig. 3 should be light blue not violaceous. T= lot A new race of Castalius hintza (Trimen)* (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from South West Africa By C. G. C. Dickson No. 28 Trimen based his original description of Lycaena hintza on specimens from the present Eastern Cape Province (King William’s Town and the Bashee River) and it is considered that representatives of this butterfly from South West Africa differ sufficiently from topotypical material to form another race, as described hereunder. Castalius hintza krooni subsp. nov. Male. Upperside Differs from the nominate race in the presence of generally quite conspicuous patches of white scaling on all wings and in the more sharply defined dark and light divisions in the cilia of the forewings. Forewing. Besides the one which frequently occurs in area 1b and adjoins wing-margin (and which is sometimes present in nominate specimens), white patches are nearly always visible in areas 2 and 4 (beyond the dark discal spots of underside which partially show through the wing) and, in the more extreme specimens, also in area 6, while others may occur incipiently else- where on the wing. Marginal dark marking in the form of semi- detached spots in the more extreme examples, including the holo- type. Cilia with the blackish divisions at end of veins narrower and better defined in relation to the more prominent white spaces, than in nominate specimens. Hindwing. White patches more prominent than in forewing; in the more extensively marked specimens such as the holotype, occurring in areas lc-6, with some of the upper ones very elongated and the inner-marginal area itself conspicuously white. The dark marginal marking tending to be more broken up (as in the forewing) than in nominate race and, as in the holotype, frequently edged inwardly with white scaling. Cilia much as in the nominate race. Underside All wings much as in nominate specimens, allowing for some individual variation; the dark and light spaces in the cilia generally more neatly defined. Length of forewing: 10-0-12-5 mm. (12:5 mm., in holotype). Female. Upperside White portions of wings as a whole more extensive than in nominate race, though not always so, in the forewing. * Tycaena hintza Trimen, 1864. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd Ser., 2: 177. Lycaena hintza Trimen, 1887. South African Butts., 2: 79, pl. 8, figs. 1, la. 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VI/73 Forewing. Cilia with the dark portions, though finer, well defined, as in the male. Hindwing. Dark marking in general finer than in nominate race. Underside All wings as in the male and, as in that sex, with the markings frequently less heavily developed than in nominate specimens. Length of forewing: 11-75-13-0 mm. (11-75 mm., in allotype). Body and ancillary portions as in the nominate race, although the underside of the thorax and the legs may be a little whiter in the present race. 6 Holotype, SOUTH WEST AFRICA: Otavi; 22.1x.1971 (Dr D. M. Kroon); specimen to be presented by Dr Kroon to the Transvaal Museum. | Q Allotype, SOUTH WEST AFRICA: data as holotype, 29.xi1.1971; also allocation of specimen. Paratypes presented to British Museum (N.H.), data as holo- type, 1 ¢ (D.M.K.); Tiger Valley, 4.1.1972, 1 9 (D.M.K.). British Museum Reg. Nos. Rh. 17310 and 17311. Paratypes in the author’s collection, as holotype, 1 ¢; Water- berg, 29.11.1971, 1 ¢ (D.M.K..). Paratypes in Coll. Dr D. M. Kroon, as holotype, 22.1x.1971, 1 3, 29.xi1.1971, 4 gd, 1 9; Windhoek, 27.xii.1971, 1 g, 18 (D.M.K.). The average size of C. hintza krooni is below that of nominate specimens, but there is much variation in the size of individual specimens of both these races. From a preparation which has been made by Dr L. Vari of the Transvaal Museum, the male genitalia agree with those of nominate examples. Although the distribution of C. hintza will not be continuous, owing to gaps occurring between populations in many instances, there is likely to be an irregular cline in part of its range between the Eastern Cape and South West Africa. Certain Natal males show some definite indication of the white patches in the hindwing, anyway, as do others from the Transvaal. A small male from Lucerne near Zeerust, in the extreme Western Transvaal, taken by Mr A. L. Capener on 16th November 1948, is not far removed from C. hitza krooni. This new race does, however, have a very wide distribution in South West Africa. The type material is all from this territory. A pair of Rhodesian specimens (Farm “Sabi Star”, Chitora Valley, 12-15.1x.1972) captured by Dr Kroon, much resemble S.W.A. examples of this butterfly. It must be mentioned that a small proportion of S.W.A. males do have the white marking very largely suppressed in the forewings; but even in these specimens it has been clearly apparent in the hindwings. Mr K. M. Pennington encountered this insect, many years previously, when collecting butterflies in South West Africa. This race is named with pleasure after Dr D. M. Kroon, who has furnished the following note concerning specimens he observed in the field: ““At Windhoek I took them singly, flying low in a dry OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1972 159 sheltered valley, often settling on low bushes, in particular a thorny dark green bush, ? Zizyphus sp. They were not uncommon. Further north at Otavi it is much hotter and many specimens were seen and taken along the mud of a small stream, together with several other small Blues, including Syntarucus pirithous (L.), Zizeeria knysna (Trimen) and others.”’ The earlier portion of the life-history of C. hintza hintza has been described and illustrated in colour by Clark and Dickson in Life Histories of the South African Lycaenid Butterflies, pp. 69, q-PI. 32 (1971). “Blencathra’’, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. Observations on British Butterflies in 1972 By A. P. GAINSForRD, F.R.E.S. (concluded from p. 133) The all too brief spell of real Summer came to an end on the 30th of July with some rain and a considerable drop in temperature. With the fate of Maculinea arion L. now fore- most in my mind I had arranged to meet Bob and Rosemary Goodden at the “secret” site on the north Cornish coast, but continuous rain throughout the morning and heavy showers during the afternoon spoilt any chance we might have had of seeing any butterflies. A solitary saturated figure in the depths of the valley turned out to be Jeremy Thomas of Monks Wood rounding off his intensive study of this most critical species and its ecology. Apparently the flight period had been very late and brief in the extreme, lasting from about the 21st to the 27th only but surprisingly encouraging in numbers which added up to some thirty or so butterflies. Much extremely useful information on the ant hosts had been obtained and we were able to hear a good deal about the fascinating and so far successful breeding with stock brought home from Brittany which Bob Goodden is carrying out so ingeniously and painstakingly at Sherborne. The first week of August was mostly wet with strong winds but another spell of hot, sunny weather began on the 11th, and, with only short-lived interruptions, continued until the 26th of October in the south-west. A. paphia flew on strongly into October being seen in fair condition on the 12th after a very good season indeed, and the last few M. athalia were seen as late as the 12th of August. E. semele were about a fortnight overdue at Kit Hill, but as plentiful as ever, and the last few were flying on the 4th of October. N. 10 was missing until about the 16th of August, and then slowly became as abundant as ever. At Hill Bridge on the 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VI/73 lst of September they were to be seen in large numbers on the prolific Devil’s Bit Scabious, making as beautiful a picture under a deep blue sky flecked with white cumulus as any seen this year. Thecla quercus L. was both late and scarce in Devon, and it was not until the end of August that I noticed one or two around the higher branches of a single oak near Lydford, and I saw no Thecla betulae L. at all despite good weather con- tinuing until the third week of October. This latter butterfly is now quite rare in the south-west. On the 14th of September I found a few freshly emerged V. cardui at Hannafore, Looe, where they had been common a year or two ago in August. No less than six V. atalanta sought nectar from the practi- cally dead blossoms of a small Buddleia in my garden at about mid-day on the 6th of October, and on the 12th they were plentiful on the coast, especially at Polperro where they settled frequently on the flower buds of Ivy together with V. cardui, A. urticae and P. rapae. The late L. phlaeas made_ a poor showing, but G. rhamni were everywhere as indeed were P. aegeria. A. agestis and P. icarus however, usually so common down here in late Summer, were indeed hard to find, and the same could be said of the late brood of P. megera. On the day before the weather finally broke up, the 25th of October, I counted no less than sixteen A. urticae, two N. io, two V. atalanta and a V. cardui all together on a single clump of Sedum spectabile in the front garden of a little house at Heybrook Bay. Reviewing it all in retrospect one would hardly be justified in calling it a poor season for our butterflies. Some species enjoyed a particularly good flight season while others were brief and weak. But what emerged as the outstanding dif- ference from an average year was the strange company some of them kept as a result of Nature’s timing being upset. The hardy ones were reasonably punctual and even early, but the majority were delayed by anything from one to as much as seven weeks. Emergences were in many cases interrupted and extended, and sometimes there were flowers but no butterflies or the butterflies but no flowers. Surprises were many, but no harm has necessarily resulted except at the hand of man himself. In these enlightened times while more and more thoughtful people devote their time and energy to the conservation and protection of our sinking butterfly populations is it sad to relate that highly destructive practices are still being permitted which can only have disastrous effects. An instance must be the bulldozing clear of all vegetation of so many of the rides in the Old Rockingham Forest complex and even at Castor Hanglands and spraying with weed-killer between the young conifers by the Forestry PLATE X Aneurus nepalensis n.sp., female, holotype. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ANEURUS 141 Commission, and there is every indication that C. palaemon may have been exterminated. At Castor Hanglands it had been driven into only one ride the previous year and has been declining rapidly for some time. I have made enquiries which indicate that not one specimen was seen this season. Doubtless we still have the colonies in Inverness, but these are of a distinctly different race. If any reader can supply any up to date information concerning this species in England I should be very glad to have it. The last sighting for this year was on top of Pew Tor, Dartmoor, where two A. urticae gambolled among the rocks in warm sunshine on the 19th of December. It may not be long. the way things seem to be going, before a butterfly or two may be encountered at some time during every month on the calendar. Mulberry House, Whitchurch Road, Tavistock, Devon. November 1972. A new species of the genus Aneurus Curtis 1825, from Nepal (Hemiptera : Aradidae) By NicHoLas A. KorMILEV and ERNST HEIss Abstract: The authors describe a new species of the genus Aneurus Curtis, 1825, from Nepal, which they propose to name Aneurus nepalensis n. sp. and give a key for all oriental Aneurus species known up ito now. Zusammenfassung: Aus der orientalischen Region sind bis heute 16 Arten der Gattung Aneurus Curtis, 1825, s. str. bekanntgeworden, deren Beschreibungen sich zum Teil in sehr verstreutem Schrifttum befinden. Der letzte Bestimmungs- schliissel wurde von BERGROTH vor rd. 60 Jahren fir die damals bekannten Arten publiziert und ist heute iiberholt. Die Autoren haben daher eine neue, ale bekannten Arten dieser Region umfassende Bestimmungstabelle zusammenges- tellt und beschreiben eine neue Art Aneurus nepalensis n. sp. aus Nepal. Sixteen species of the genus Aneurus Curtis, 1825, s. str., were recorded from the Oriental Region, to which we may add one more, from Nepal. The last key for the Oriental species of the genus Aneurus Curtis was constructed by Bergroth almost 60 years ago and now is out of date. Therefore we are offering a new key. We wish to express our thanks to Dr W. R. Dolling, British Museum (N.H.), for sending us data for Aneurus indicus Bergroth and Aneurus greeni Distant. 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VI/7T3 Key to the Oriental Aneurus species Spiracles III and IV ventral and not visible from aboves ov. .2isodseuy. 1) ..ohits.cmes. wlese. he eee 2 At least spiracles III to V ventral and not visible from abovel! .20.9%..280!. #2itinage. ae. Lon.ledt. aden °. Anterior process of head short, reaching °, of antennal segment 1; antennal segment II shorter than II. (CHINA, Fukien, Kwantung) eRe Ts nitidulus Kormilev, 1955. Anterior process of head longer, at least reaching tip of antennal seoment Ve 25. go. cace- cies qeamep ace eee eee 3. Anterior process of head only reaching tip of antennal segment I; antennal segment I shorter than [1 ......... 4. Anterior process of head produced beyond tip of antennal segment I; antennal segment I as long as II. (INDIA, VIET NAM, TAIWAN ...... sinuatipennis Bergroth, 1914. Antennae longer, 1.75 X as long as head’s width across eyes; antennal segment II as long as III. (CHINA, Hainan) «eect eee eee insularis Kormilev, 1970. Antennae shorter, only 15 X as long as head’s width across eyes; antennal segment II longer than III. (VIET NAM) oe eee eee tainguensis Kormilev, 1970. Spiracles III to V ventral and not visible from above. (BURMA?) 2:2. eae et indicus Bergroth, 1892. Spiracles III to VI ventral and not visible from above ... 6. Antennal segment I longer than II, lateral borders of pronotum not sinuate. (INDONESIA, Sumatra) cues conviva Bergroth, 1914 Antennal segment I at most as long as II; lateral borders of ‘pronotum), sinwate: .. 4 ico. ev ¥en. 2220.8 . sab dgaseh eeeeeee ‘¢ Lateral borders of pronotum with a tooth on hind lobe anteriorly: CNERAW) (seo. ei ceee eee nepalensis n. Sp. _ Lateral borders of pronotum without tooth... cmscesse 8 a: Antennal segment I as long as II .................cceeeeeees 9. Antennal segment I shorter than II .....................00. 11. Antennal segment II longer than III, IV distinctly longer than II+1II. -(INDONESTIA, Sumatra) | ........5...00-0secusss) sbaee 10. socialis Bergroth, 1914. Antennal segment II as long as III, IV shorter than Dh dk de aeiecthns es oe ee ood eth eces Se 10. Exterior borders of connexivum VII (<‘) regularly rounded; paratergites reaching tip of hypopygium; connexivum VII (9) separated from tergum VIII by angular projections of tergum VII, which are reaching outer border of abdomen. (INDIA) .....................cce00: sublaevis Bergroth, 1914. Exterior borders of connexivum VII (<*) firstly strongly sinuate, then arcuate; paratergites not reaching tip of hypopygium; connexivum VII (9) reaching tergum VIII, angular projections of tergum VII not reaching outer bor- der of abdomen. (CHINA, Yunnan) —.........ccccccceceeeees yunnanensis Hsiao, 1964. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS ANEURUS 143 11. Anterior process of head produced beyond tip of antennal SOGINGME Heating. foactat cist: dea aviseep s abdevas wo pclayercee EZ. Anterior process of head at most reaching tip of antennal Beemment the ila. jecet: . spbeetipadise: auetal- toads eppraressteeeeenes 16. BAI olor SET. SPECIES) « O HOVER i419) AMIN», sien siecqa sce « aipeldple o oeme'eimes LS: Smaller species, 9. less than.4.5 MM. .........2....css000. 14. i5ioeoenum. concolor.) (CHINA ,, -Patwall) + ses swrsie as iemes 23-2 eee The ground colour of the body and antennae is black with a slight blue-green sheen. The hairing of the body is weak. ° The double yellowish patagia is indicated. The tegulae are tipped with yellowish. The antennae are more strongly clubbed in the 3d than in the 2°. The legs are yellow on the outer sides. The wing shape is generally pointed. The blue-black ground colour of the forewings is present only at the apex on both the upper and underside. The red of the forewing spots is a very delicate carmine-rose, the red of the hindwings is even more delicate, almost translucent. Spot 1 of the fore- wings runs along the costa, which in the °° is dusted with yellow, as far as the small spot 3 with which it is joined by red scaling. The larger, almost square spot 4 is separate from spot 3 and has the tendency to be lightly connected to spot 2 in the male. The large almost triangular spot (5-6) is always free and has no connection with spots 3 and 4. The forewings are, with the exception of the blue-black apex, dusted with yellowish scaling. The hindwing border is absent. The fringes are darker than the ground colour of the apex of the forewings, outwardly tipped with yellow. The under- side is as the upperside but somewhat matter. We name this race ssp. tatvanensis n. ssp. after the locality. Holotype 3, wingspan 28 mm, allotype °, wingspan 28 mm, and all paratypes in coll. Reiss. The illustrations (figs. 10, 11) show especially the size, the form of the wings, the antennae and the spot pattern. Zygaena loti antiochena Staudinger from Antiochia, Asia Minor, and loti phoenicea Staudinger from Malatia, Taurus, Asia Minor, are thickly scaled and show very strong dusting of scales in the confluent forewing spots. Zygaena loti anatolica Burgeff from Eski-Shehir, southern Anatolia, Asia Minor, is on average smaller, and has above all a somewhat warmer red and smaller forewing spots, espe- cially spots 5-6. It shows a stronger inclination to confluence of the forewing spots. The yellowish scaling of the fore- wings is lacking in the d or is only slightly represented. A narrow blueblack hindwing border is also present. Zygaena loti eriwanensis Reiss from the vicinity of Erivan, Armenia, and loti aktashi Koch from Khashkhash Dagh, Aktash, Kars, West Armenia are above all more strongly scaled, show a warmer red and reduced spots 5-6 on the fore- wings. The yellowish scaling of the forewing is lacking in the ¢ or is only lightly represented. Zygaena loti suleimanica Reiss from Tacht i Suleiman, Hasankif, Elburz Mountains, Northern Iran, 1000 m, is larger with more pointed wings. It has smaller forewing spots, especially spots 5-6. The red of the forewings is a warm, more mixed with yellow, carmine-red and the hindwings show a dark rose-red. The yellowish scaling of the forewings is lacking and is replaced by the yellowish edging of the spots. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Hels l2: Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Diese Fig. 16. PLATE XV Z. loti tatvanensis n. ssp., holotype ¢, wing span 28 mm. Z. loti tatvanensis n. ssp., allotype 9°, wing span 28 mm. Z. filipendulae schuberti n. ssp., holotype ¢, wing span 31 mm. Z. filipendulae schuberti n. ssp., allotype 9°, wing span 35 mm. Z. filipendulae schuberti n. ssp., paratype ¢, wing span 36 mm. Z. filipendulae schuberti n. ssp., paratype 9, wing span 36 mm. Z. lonicerae Scheven ssv. G4 Tatvan, wing span 27 mm. FAUNA OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF LAKE VAN 195 A narrow blue-black hindwing border is present. 6. Zygaena (Zygaena) filipendulae Linne ssp. schuberti n. ssp. We received 1 J 1 ¢, labelled Asia Minor, Lake Van region, Bitlis, 1700 m, 6.1970, leg. Schubert, and 6 d¢ 6 &¢% labelled Asia Minor, Lake Van region, Tatvan, 1800 m, 6.1971, leg. Schubert. Wingspan: 1d 30 mm, 2 dd 31 mm, 2 dd 32 mm, 2 do 33 mm;1 2 31 mm,5 22 35 mm, 1d 36 mm. The dark ground colour of the body, the antennae and the legs is shining blue- black. The hairs of the body are short. The antennae are more lightly clubbed in the °° than in the dd. The wing shape is pointed. The black ground colour of the forewing shows a blue sheen; in some 22 a blue-green sheen. The red of the forewing spots, which are confluent in pairs—1-2, 3-4, 5-6, and the hindwings, is a light warm carmine-red. Spot 1 runs along the costa, spot 2 likewise shows an inclination to confluence, so that both almost reach spots 3 and 4 but are separated by the dark ground colour. Spot 3, which is confluent with spot 4, sometimes inclines to be enlarged towards spots 1-2. The largest spot of the forewings is the rounded spot 5, which is connected to the generally smaller but likewise rounded spot 6. In 3 2° spot 5 is so strongly enlarged, that spots 5 and 6 form a broad band. Only in 1 do with reduced forewing spots is spot 6 so small that it is separated from spot 5 by the dark ground colour. In 1 2, spot 2 narrowly reaches spots 3-4. The blue-black hindwing border is narrow, being strongest at the apex and reaching the tornus. Towards the tornus a small blue-black indentation is found, especially in the dd. The fringes are black. The underside of the forewings is somewhat matt, and in the spot area is covered with thick red scaling which is so dense in the 2° that the spots are indis- cernible. We name this characteristic race ssp. schuberti n. ssp. after its collector. Holotype ¢, Tatvan, wing span 31 mm, allotype °, Tatvan, wing span 35 mm, and all paratypes in coll. Reiss. The genitalia preparation and photograph of 1 ¢ of ssp. schuberti kindly prepared by Mr F. Heller, Natural Museum, Stuttgart, are identical with the genitalia of filipendulae. The illustrations (figs. 12-15) show the size, wing span, the form of the antennae, forewing spots and hindwing border. Zygaena filipendulae syriaca Oberthir from the region of Akbés, Syria, and filzpendulae hadjina Rebel from Hadjin, Taurus, Asia Minor, are larger and more robust. The sheen on the body and forewings is weaker. The red is duller. The forewing spots 3 and 4, likewise 5 and 6, are separate. The red streak on the underside of the forewing is lacking. The blue-black hindwing border is broader. Zygaena filipendulae anodolitia Reiss from Ak-Schehir 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VIL1/73 shows a weaker sheen on the body and forewings. The red is brilliant. The hindwing border is narrow. The forewing spots are smaller, spots 5 and 6 are just about separate. Zygaena filipendulae kulpiensis Reiss from Kulp, West Armenia, Asia Minor, is smaller. The sheen on the body and forewings is weaker. The red is rose coloured, hardly light. The hindwing border is quite narrow. Zygaena filipendulae zangezurica Holik & Sheljuzhko from the village of Ochtshi near Kafan Zangezur Mountains, Nachitshevan, Russian Armenia, 2,500-2,500 m is, according to the description, more strongly haired on the body and with- out any sheen. The red is darker. The forewing spots are smaller. The hindwing border is broader. On the underside the red dusted spot area is scarcely noticeable. 7. Zygaena (Zygaena) lonicerae Scheven ssp. We have before us 1 cd, labelled Asia Minor, Lake Van region, Tatvan, 1800 m, 6.1971, leg. Schubert. Wingspan 27 mm. This specimen is illustrated (fig. 16). Biological studies should follow and further material must be obtained. References Burgeff, H. (1926). Kommentar zum palaarktischen Teil der Gattung Zygaena des frueher von Ch. Aurivillius und H. Wagner, jetzt von E. Strand herausgegebenen Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Mitt. munch. ent, Ges., 16: 15. Haaf, E. (1952). Uber die Genitalmorphologie der Zygaenen (Lep.). Veroff. zool. Staatssamml. Miunch., 2: 148, 151, 156, pl. 4, Reiss, H. 1930). In Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supple- ment 2: 9, 35, pl. 1g, 3n, 30. Reiss, H. (1932). Altes und Neues tiber Zygaena corycia Stdgr., Z. graslini Led., Z. cambysea Led. und Z. cuvieri Boisd, Int. ent. Z., 26: 269-280, 1 pl. Reiss, H. (1933). Uber einige seltene asiatische Zygaenen (Lep.). Int. ent Zt 268 147154005 A Spl. Reiss, H. (1937). Neues tiber die Zygaenenfauna des Elbursgebirges und ihre Beziehungen zu den Faunen Nordafrikas und der Pyrendenhalbinsel, Ent. Rdsch., 54: 452-456. Reiss, H. & Tremewan, W. G. (1960). On the synonymy of some Zygaena species with descriptions of a new species and sub- species from Morokko, Lep. Zygaenidae. Bull. Br. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 9(10): 460, pl. 22, figs. 3, 4, pl. 23, figs. 11-14. Reiss, H, & Tremewan, W. G. (1967). A systematic catalogue of the genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae). Series ent. 2. Dr W. Junk, Den Haag. Tremewan, W. G. (1961). A catalogue of the types and other specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) of the genus Zygaena Fabricius, Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae. Bull. Brit. Mus, (nat. Hist.) Ent.10(7): 239-313, pls. 50-64. Hugo Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15 B1. Dr Giinther Reiss, 7 Stuttgart 1, Fritz-Eisas Strasse 26. PLATE XVI Charaxes brutus alcyone Stoneham (typical) upper and under side. Photo. by Robert Smiles. ome : * 3 ap ei Mea 5 Sind res : er ar tM sek on ; | PLATE XVII Charaxes brutus alcyone f. nigribasalis f. nov. upper and under side. Photo. by Robert Smiles. CHARAXES BRUTUS CR. 197 Charaxes brutus Cr., alcyone Stoneham, f. nigri- basalis f. nov. (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) By D. G. SEvasToPuLo, F.R.E.S. Upper surface of both wings similar to the normal. Under surface:—Area external to the transverse discal white band normal, the white band itself appearing slightly wider than normal on the forewing due to the disappearance of the uppermost brown markings external to the last white- bordered black mark in the normal, and with faint streaks of chestnut scaling in interspaces 4, 5 and 6. Basal markings of the forewing entirely black and white. The cell black with two short paired longitudinal white streaks, with a very faint white line transversely above and below the lower pair. The bases of interspaces 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 filled in with black with a faint whitish submarginal line, and a white speck in 2 and 3. Interspace 1 with a large black spot surrounded by white. Basal markings of hindwing with the normal brown mark- ings reduced to a slight patch of scaling on either side of the pre-costal vein, a faint streak parallel to the inner margin in interspace la and a more prominent streak in interspace 1. Otherwise the normal black markings slightly broader and the white extended to replace the normal brown. The markings are extremely intricate and are probably best understood by studying the figure. Three specimens, all females, of this very striking form were caught in fermented fruit traps in August 1972 at Nyali, a residential estate on the North Mainland immediately adjacent to Mombasa Island, by Commander W. A. E. Hall, R.N., at that time commanding the Kenya Navy, and his son Nigel. Two of the specimens were perfect and were preserved, one subsequently being very kindly presented to me, and which I designate as holotype. It is being presented to the British Museum (Natural History) and bears a hand written label ‘Beach Rd., Nyali. August 1972’. The second specimen is retained in the Halls’ collection. The third specimen was in a very ragged condition and was, most unfortunately, released instead of being kept for eggs, which might have given some clue to the genetics of this form. Seeing that all three specimens were caught in the same small area and at approximately the same time, there can be little doubt that they were all members of the same family. Trapping has been continued in the area in the hope that the same gene combination may occur, but so far with- out SUCCESS. Mombasa, 9.xii.72. 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 15/VilV 73 Notes on the Butterflies of Corsica, 1972 By A. L. Pancuen, M.A., Ph.D., and M. N. PANCHEN (Concluded from page 153) Further up the valley, where a stream from Monte Rotondo joins the Restonica, we saw many specimens of Fabriciana elisa, which is endemic to Corsica and Sardinia. The altitude was perhaps over 1000 m and the habit of the butterfly much more than that of a woodland form as one would expect of A. paphia at home. Bretherton and De Worms noted that F. elisa was beginning to decline in numbers by August 2nd but the specimens we took on August 12th were very fresh in ap- pearance. We followed the stream up a little way from the road and there F. elisa and A. paphia were flying together and settling on rocks in the stream, being particularly at- tracted to large dark-centred daisy-like Compositae. Thus PF. elisa was apparently absent from the lower more open part of the valley and we saw no P. pandora higher up. In the nearby Gorges du Tavignano just out of Corte we again encountered Limenitis reducta flying in the partially dried-out river bed and also Brintesia circe. Vizzavona was disappointing. The tiny hamlet, consisting mostly of hotels, is situated in a clearing in the forest and the station yard is noted by Bretherton and De Worms as being particularly good collecting. We took only one very worn P. c-album although Pyronia tithonus was present. Another worn P. c-album was taken in a small roadside clearing near our camp in the pine and chestnut forest. The two specimens seem to have been representative of the first brood unlike those seen at Calvi (see below). Pararge aegeria was also present in the forest, but the only numerous species we saw was A. paphia. One group of bramble thickets bordering a woodland path had many speci- mens including one or two f. valesina. More profitable than Vizzavona itself was a trip on August 16th to the village of Bocognano, some 10 km. SW of Vizzavona. There in a field adjoining an abandoned orchard A. paphia was again common and we took a good valesina specimen. Brintesia circe was also very numerous and Hippar- chia aristaeus was common. We took one specimen of Colias crocea f. helice (again as at Calvi the only specimen of the species we saw) and. Hipparchia neomiris. We also took two specimens of [phiclides podalirius, a badly worn and tattered female and a male in fresh condition. They must surely have represented different generations, but the female, like that from St. Florent, was too worn to confirm the characteristic pale yellow colour of the first brood. We were disappointed that we did not knowingly see Papilio hospiton Gene during our stay on Corsica. We saw several Papilio swallowtails from the car but usually at low altitudes and it is almost certain that they were P. machaon. NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF CORSICA, 1972 199 We looked for P. hospiton on open slopes with fennel near Corte but in vain. We also did not see two other notable en- demic forms Pieris napi dubiosa Rober and Aglais urticae ichnusa Hb. In the case of the latter we were almost cer- tainly between broods, but like Bretherton and De Worms, we failed to find any larvae or pupae on nettles (or these of Inachis io). Our list of species taken or seen is as follows: Papilio machaon L. Pararge aegeria (L.) Iphiclides podalirius (L.) Lasiomatta megera Leptidea sinapis (1..) paramegaera (Hb.) Pontia daplidice (1.) Coenonympha corinna (Hb.) Pieris rapae (L.) Coenonympha pamphilus (L.) Pieris brassicae (L.) Pyronia tithonus (L.) Gonepteryx cleopatra (L.) Maniola jurtina hispulla Gonepteryx rhamni (L.) Esper. Colias crocea (Geoffrey) Brintesia circe (Fabr.) f. helice Hipparchia aristaeus aristaeus Charaxes jasius (L.) (Bonelli) Limenitis reducta Staudinger Hipparchia neomiris (Godart) Issoria lathonia (L.) Lycaena phlaeas (L.) Fabriciana elisa (Godart) Syntarucus pirithous (L.) Argynnis paphia immaculata Celastrina argiolus (L.) Bellier Plebejus argus corsicus Pandoriana pandora (Schiff.) Bellier Vanessa cardui (L.) Aricia agestis (Schiff.) f calida Vanessa atalanta (L.) Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) Polygonia c-album (L.) Carcharedus alceae (Esper) Discussion Two characteristic features of the Corsican butterfly fauna are emphasised by Bretherton and de Worms, the paucity of species and the high proportion of endemic species and sub-species. The endemic forms are generally not con- fined to Corsica but are endemic to the land surrounding! the Tyrrhenian Sea, i.e., Corsica, Sardinia, Elba and the lesser islands and occasionally mainland Italy and Sicily. Argynnis paphia immaculata Bellier is a very character- istic endemic sub-species differing from A. paphia paphia in the reduction of the “silver-washing” in the females and its virtual loss in the males (Bretherton and De Worms, 1963), a general reduction in the upper hind wing pattern but a golden suffusion and often a somewhat darker postdiscal area with better defined spots. It is endemic to Corsica, Sardinia, Elba and Giglio with transitional forms reported from Sicily and elsewhere (Higgins & Riley, 1970). There was considerable variation in the few specimens we took. Of three males, all from Corte. two lack the silver wash but differ from one another in the distinctness of the under hindwing lines and post-discal spots; the third has the silver: wash developed to some extent but not to the degree seen 200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/Villy 7s in typical English specimens. Found elsewhere, it would probably be regarded as transitional. The same type of varia- tion is visible in the females. One fine large normal female from Vizzavona has the silver washing as well developed on the discal and postdiscal stripes as most English females. Three other normal females (all from Corte) continue as a graded series, the last having virtually no silver. Three valesina females show a similar range. However, all the Corsican specimens of both sexes lack the pale lilac back- ground in the postdiscal and marginal areas seen in English specimens and have a general greenish-gold background over the underside of the hindwings. We noted, as did Bretherton and De Worms, that the commas, Polygonia c-album, appeared rather like the British spring brood form hutchinsoni. This applied particularly to the two probably first brood specimens from Vizzavona which had even more reduced upper markings than hutchinsoni. However, even 5 fresh specimens from Calvi, while varying in their fulvous colour from almost as pale as the Vizzavona specimens to a colour approaching that of English summer forms, had pale hutchinsoni-like underwings. Only the speci- men caught in the trap at Calvi had the very dark brown undersurfaces seen in second brood English forms. Like Bretherton and De Worms, we could see little differ- ence between the Pararge aegeria of Corsica, listed by them as P. a. sardoa Verity, and typical P. argeria aegeria from southern France. Our Corsican specimens are perhaps more heavily marked. However, our one female L. megera paramaegera is very distinct from the type subspecies, with the forewing postdiscal striae absent behind the middle S2. Our specimen of Coenonympha pamphilus seem to accord better with form latecana Verity (vide Higgins & Riley) than with the western Mediterranean C. pamphilus lyllus Esper of Bretherton and De Worms, Corsican list. By far the most interesting case of intraspecific variation concerns our specimens of the Corsican Heath Coenonympha corinna Hb. Unfortunately we did not appreciate the signifi- cance of this until we had left Corsica, and we collected only half a dozen specimens. The species is normally divided into two subspecies, C. corinna corinna (Hb.), endemic to Corsica and Sardinia, and C. corinna elbana Staudinger from Elba and the Italian mainland. The difference between the two subspecies parallels that between the extremes of the related C. tullia whose three indigenous subspecies form a stepped N.-S. cline in Great Britain (Ford,1957, Higgins & Riley, 1970). Typical C. c. elbana is distinguished from C. c. corinna by the number and develop- ment of the postdiscal ocelli, particularly on both sides of the hindwing. Typical elbana have 3 blind ocelli on the upper hindwing of which two are very poorly developed. On the under surface there are open ocelli in S1, s2, s3, s4 and a large one in s6. There is usually also one in s5. NOTES ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF CORSICA, 1972 201 In C. c. corinna the spot pattern is much reduced. There is rarely more than one spot on the upper hind wing. The ocelli on the lower hind wing are very variable but if developed usually confined to s2, 3, 4 and 6. Occasionally,however, specimens occur from Corsica with ocelli in sl and so. Our specimens from Corsica have one ocellus or none on each upper hindwing together with the irregular pale post- discal band characteristic of C. c. corinna below, but in the pattern of under hindwing ocelli they fall clearly into two groups. The three highland specimens, all from the Restonica valley, are typical Corsican forms, with minute ocelli confined to s2, s3, s4. The lowland specimens on the other hand (2 from St. Florent, 1 from near Calvi) approach the elbana condition. A large male from St. Florent has under hindwing ocelli at all six sites (including slb and so), although these are not so large as in typical elbana. There is also a second ocellus anterior to that on the under forewing, often found in elbana. The other two, both females, lack the s5 spot and the second forewing ocellus, but have a vestigial sl spot. One of us (A.L.P.) recently had the opportunity te inspect all the specimens of Coenonympha corinna in the British Museum (Natural History) in both the national and Rothschild collections. Of some sixty specimens from Corsica only two specimens had ocelli on unh. sl and sS. Both unfortunately were unlocalised. The only specimen bearing 3 spots on each up.h. was from Ajaccio and thus probably a relatively lowland specimen. No other specimen in the Museum has data indicating that it was from a lowland locality but many came from the central mountain regions. Our sample is obviously ridiculously small, but systematic collection over the whole island might establish that the low- land specimens approach the elbana condition whereas those from the central mountains are typical or extreme corinna. We have also, of course, sampled only one of the two annual broods and many other explanations of the differences between our tiny samples are possible, but the idea of an altitude-dependant cline is appealing. We hope to return to Corsica in the not too distant future to investigate this problem fully. Acknowledgements We are indebted to Mr R. Vane-Wright of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History) for making available the Museum’s specimen of C. corinna to us. We should also like to thank the members of our family who helped us. Mrs Rosemary Panchen made the Charxes trap and typed this manuscript. Julian, Harriet and Joanna Panchen caught some specimens. 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VIII/73 References Bretherton, R. F. & De Worms, C. G. (1963) (with a note by Johnson, G.) Butterflies in Corsica 1962. Entomologists Rec. J. Var., 75, 93- 104. Ford, E. B. (1957) Butterflies . (3rd Edn.) London: Collins, New Naturalist Ser. Higgins, I. G. & Riley, N. D. (1970). A field guide to the butterflies of Britain and Europe. London: Collins.. Owen, D. F. (1971). Tropical butterflies. Oxford: U.P.. Notes and Observations FLIGHT HABITS OF HYDRIOMENA FURCATA THUNB. (LEP.: LAREN- TIINAE).—I have just re-read an appeal by W. C. Minnion (in Ent. Rec., 71: 87), for records of the daylight flight of “The July High-flier’” (Hydriomena furcata Thunb.) which appears to have different flight-habits depending on the locality and to fly by day in West England but only by night in East England. Here, about midway along the North French coast, it does both, and in some spots is very active by day. It is a common woodland species here; there are some woods on level plateau, but most are on valley slopes too steep for cultivation. These steeply sloping, very shady woods, are often coppiced and have very scanty undergrowth; the trees are of many deciduous species, but where the following observation was made were Salix, Betula, Fraxinus, Quercus and Fagus, mostly tall, close- growing, with a high leafy canopy and few lower branches. On 13th July 1969, on a hot summer’s day, in the deepest shade of such a wood, on a steep north-west facing slope, large numbers of this moth were seen flying and samples were caught for identification; they were commonest on the lower half of the slope. The moth also comes commonly to light in July in all woodland habitats, whether flat or sloping, in this region—E. P. WILTSHIRE, 23, av. Foch, 76600, Le Havre, France. 20.i11.1973. HYLES EUPHORBIAE L.: SpuRGE HAWK IN SuRREY.—I had the great good fortune to take a perfect male of Hyles euphorbiae L. in my garden trap this morning. Following a very warm day the wind was S.E. light and the sky clear. Minimum night temp. 52°F.—E. H. WiLp, ‘He Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Surrey. 27.v.1973. PHAEOMYIA FUSCIPENNIS Mc. (DIPTERAH SCIMYZIDAE) IN NoTTINGHAMSHIRE.—A small dark-winged Sciomyzid, new to me, that alighted on our living room window at Stapleford during lunch on 12.vii.1972, traces to fuscipennis Mg. in Knut- son & Lyneborg (1965), Danish Acalypterate Flies, 3: Scio- myzidae, and apparently was not previously known from Notts. It is a female. — O. M. Warts, 6 Northwood Street, Stapleford, Nottingham. 22.v.1973. CURRENT LITERATURE 203 HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS LINN. IN HANTS. — On 12.v.73 Mr Robin Fletcher saw and photographed a specimen of fuci- formis on Honesty (Lunaria annua L.) at Linwood in the New Forest. As the Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 2, (Lepidoptera Part 1.) 1973 published by the Nature Conservancy shows records for 1961 onwards in only fifteen 10 km. squares in the whole of the British Isles, this sighting seems worthy of record. Other specimens were seen and one photographed in the same place in May 1972.—L. W. SIGESz EGIRA CONSPICILLARIS L. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) IN MONMOUTH- SHIRE.—The night of 18th/19th May proved the warmest ‘so far this year and, for the first time, the number of species of lepidoptera in my garden m.v. trap reached 25. They included a single specimen of Egira conspicillaris L., a female in fresh condition and referable to var. melaleuca View. This is, I believe, the first time this species has been re- corded in Monmouthshire although, geographically, its appear- ance here is not wholly surprising as it is known from the adjacent countries of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Glamorgan, and across the Bristol Channel from Somerset.— Dr G. A. Net Horton, Plas Newydd, Usk, Mon. 20.v.1973. Current Literature South’s British Butterflies by T. G. Howarth, 48 coloured plates, 27 text figures and 57 maps, 4to., pp. xiv+210. Warne, London, 1973. £10.50. Mr Howarth of the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.) needs no introduction here, as he has the reputation of being one of the foremost authorities on the butterflies not only of this country but of the World; and, in collaboration with the talented artists Mr A. D. A. Russwurm and Mr R. B. Davis has produced here the best book on the butterflies of Britain since the publication in 1924 of Frohawk’s monumental Natural History of British Butterflies. We are told the book is a revised edition of South’s classic, yet this rich quarto is so unlike the ‘South’ we know — that inexpen- sive pocket wonder with the outstanding coloured plates — that we must consider it as a distinct work. The book falls fairly readily into four main parts. The first (pp. 1-20) treats o fthe life cycle of a buttefly, de- scribes methods of collecting and includes appropriately a note on conservation. We particularly like the general system of presentation 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VUI1/73 in the next section (pp. 21-160), which deals with each species in accordance with the nomenclature and in most cases the classification of the new edition of Kloet and Hincks, A Check List of British Insects (1972). Here we have a Description of the Imago, followed by Details of Variation, Time of Appearance, Habits, History, Ovum, Larva, Pupa, and Distri- bution; with each subject separate by headed so that the facts are readily accessible. It is open to criticism that though the foodplants are given fairly fully, we are sometimes left in doubt as to whether or not they are the natural ones, and so infer that the subject of feral pabula continues to be a neglected one (who for example can specify the natural food- plants in Britain of the various races of Plebejus argus L.?). On the other hand, unlike many of his predecessors, Mr Howarth cites numerous references to the _ published literature thus adding much to the importance of the work, and also introduces an interesting feature by in- cluding species that are suspected casuals, escapes or intro- ductions, with in each case giving adequate documentation of the sources of his information. Many of these curiosities are illustrated here for the first time in a book on British butter- flies, Mr Russwurm having admirably figured in the text these and a number of other unusual forms. The third part entitled “Colour Plate Section” consists of 24 plates of the adults reproduced from Mr Russwurm’s paintings, and 24 plates of the early stages copied by Mr R. B. Davis from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. This section is an especially attractive feature of the book, and we greatly ad- mire the enlarged larval segments which are better than any we have yet seen. We are also delighted with the many illustrations of butterfly aberrations that have occurred com- paratively recently and including some which we suspect are figured here for the first time. A very serious criticism, however, is the deliberate enlargement of the figures of the perfect insects. This was a grave mistake, as it has had the effect of making these illustrations noticeably less realistic, and of creating a further disadvantage in that the additional space occupied could well have been used to include many more examples of unusual forms. Finally, there follow the provisional distribution maps of the resident species prepared by Mr John Heath at the Biolo- gical Records Centre, Monks Wood, with two maps to each page; a classified list of all the species with an indication of the status of each; a key to identification based mainly on wing colouration and structure; and lastly, a short biblio- graphy, index and glossary. The text is well and clearly printed on good paper, the numbered plates gathered together in one section is a boon for ease of reference, and the whole volume is attractively produced in strong dark blue buckram enclosed in a slip case.—J. M. C.-H. Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page [Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS | Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO... 1: Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. 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ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. | I a a a EE WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL | LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE _ PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS % - vorer- ee ee Te ge ath Rw te APO Ree Eee yp SRE & List of Grecian Butterflies, Additional Records, 1972. J. G. COUTSIS Ra ae poe af ae ae ue cs eS . My Experiences with the Macroiepidoptera, 1972. B. G. WITHERS 168 & The social and Solitary Wasp and Solitary Bee Distribution Maps r. Scheme. M. E. ARCHER .. ne a ae as Peeeiee i? + “ § Revised Plate to Dickson’s “New race of Castalius hintza” .. 175 : Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae, II. A.M. EMMET .. 176 Observations on British Butterflies in 1972. C. J. LUCKENS 181 A Guide to Sending Insects for Identification. V. C. KAPOOR 186 Collecting Again in South Australia. P. C. HAWKER .. iS: 189 On Zygaena Fauna of the Neighbourhood of Lake Van in Asia Minor (Lep., Zygaenidae). H. & G. REISS .. ah eee i! SA aCe. ret tt A era S Charaxes brutus Cr., alcyone Stoneham, f. nigribasalis f. nov (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). D. G. SEVASTOPULO .. 197 Notes on the Butterflies of Corsica, 1972. A.L.& M.N. PANCHEN 198 "e 4 % Notes and Observations: Flight Habits of Hydriomena furcata Thunb. E. P. WILT- SHIRE ie ae Be As ae re bs ee Hyles euphorbiae L.: Spurge Hawk in Surrey. E.H. WILD 202 Phaeomyia fuscipennis Mg. (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in Nottinghamshire. O. M. WHITE .. ays wk BS 202 _ Hemaris fuciformis L. in Hants. L. W. SIGGS .. .. 208 Egira conspicillaris L. in Monmouthshire. G. A. N. HORTON ie se we Ae a A sy) ees Current Literature: South’s British Butterflies. T. G. HOWARTH an Co 203 T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS. SCOTLAND THE & ENTOMOLOGIST’S 893 = RECORD . 4 Bb AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION & é Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s. & with the assistance of € A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.RE.S & NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. > S. N. A. JAcoss, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY \ Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S @ H. B. De KETTLEWELL, M.A, M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. eS > Ke & S & & [8 & Tk @ B ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: PUBLISHED MONTHLY Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent VOL. 85, No. 9 September 1973 & DENGLALGLSLALELANGLOLHNGIDADE: ASSESSES AS GTAP SIATSAPED ASST SD ASD AFAPSESEDOVSSIOE South's British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £10.50 net 0 7232 1499 9 Richard South’s classic work has now been brought com- pletely up to date, with the text arranged in a more logical and readily accessible order. A valuable addition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of species. The 48 colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, o7 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. Colour Identification Guide to — British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £3.00 net 0 7232 1710 6 This attractive and useful guide contains the 48 colour plates of adults and early stages from the book above. In addition there are sections on Variation, Conservation and Collecting, Families, as well as Information Tables, alg Identification Key and Classified List of Butter- es. FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE a See ee ee 1 | | 205 A Brief Collecting Tour in Malaya, August 1972 By C. G. M. DE WorMsS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S. The Malay Peninsula is indeed possibly the richest region in south-east Asia for its lepidoptera and in particular for providing some of the most spectacular butterflies that exist. Much has been written about them by various collectors and general naturalists over the years. The most recent account has been that of Mr A. G. Batten in his paper “A month in Malaysia in the footsteps of Corbet and Pendlebury”, giving illuminating details of his exploits in February and March 1968 in various parts of the Malayan jungle and other types of terrain (Ent. Rec., 82: seq.). Fired by this colourful narra- tive I felt that this wonderful region would be a good stepping stone on my way to attend the 14th International Congress of Entomology to take place in Canberra in August 1972. When Mr Henry Barlow heard of my possible plans, he most kindly invited me to stay a few days with him in Kuala Lumpur where he had been based for some two years. Accordingly I set out by air on the afternoon of 3rd August and after stops at Damascus, Djoubai and Dacca, I landed just twenty-four hours later local time in this lovely capital of the Federated Malay States. I had a most cordial and warm welcome from my host who motored me through the main parts of this fine city to this villa on the outskirts where I was most lavishly entertained that evening. He expounded to me his ideas for the few days collecting at my disposal and where we were likely to see the choicest species. Early on the morning of the 4th in the cool of the day we set out by car to cover the 40 miles to the capital of the adjoining state of Negri Sem- bilan. This was Seremban, quite a large town with a distinct colonial appearance about most of its wide streets. After fix- ing up at the very well-appointed Carlton Hotel run by a Chinese proprietor we joined forces at the local club with Mr Giles Roche who had motored that morning the 250 miles from Singapore. After a break for refreshments we set off in very sultry conditions to a spot in the nearby hills following a very winding route which ended at the Pantai Reservoir where we got permission to collect. As this was the end of the road, we collected up our equipment and went on foot into the edge of the large forest which continued uninterruptedly up the slopes. It was not easy to file along the rather rough path bordering the torrent above the small reservoir. Shortly after we had started along it, we caught sight of our first birdwing, the magnificent black and yellow Troides helena cerberus C. & R. Felder, sailing about high up and always somehow just out of reach, even of a long-handled net. We next came across a pair of that shade-loving group of the speckled Danaiids, the large floppy and quite scarce species Ideopsis hypermnestra Westwood with its semitransparent winks, having an expanse of almost 7 inches. Various 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD 1lo/iX7Ts members of the Graphium group of Swallow-tails were dashing about when we returned to the upper end of the reservoir where we saw three TI. helena flying together and just got a glimpse of a female of Rajah Brooke’s birdwing Trogonoptera brookiana Wallace with its distinct white streaks on the forewings dashing through the forest canopy. It was a great thrill seeing this monarch of Malayan butterflies for the first time. Later that afternoon we halted by a local river where there were plenty of small Satyrids flying along its banks, mostly Ypthimas and a num- ber of skipper species. We returned to Seremban at dusk where we sampled a very good Chinese meal. The next morn- ing of the 6th, a Sunday, Henry Barlow and I again joined forces with Giles Roche and this time went back towards Kuala Lumpur again through groves of rubber plantations. We once more turned up towards the mountainous area along a valley known as Ulu Langat where there was a large parking space, already filled with many cars of the populace, making the most of the fine and hot week-end. We walked up the winding path skirting the river-bed and it was not long before we met a galaxy of lepidopterous life. Two large Pierids were the dominant feature of the lower end of the Valley. These were Appias lyncida Cramer with its brilliant yellow under- side, while around high bushes was flying the giant Orange-tip Hebomoia glaucippe L. The damp parts of the paths were buzz- ing with innumerable minute Blues mostly of the genus Naca- duba and of species very difficult to distinguish. Henry Bar- low had brought a tinful of prawns which had been allowed to putrefy. The aroma was almost overpowering, but they certainly did their work with batches placed at intervals along the path, in attracting many fine species. The Graphium were easily lured, in particular G. sarpedon L. Some splendid members of the Nymphalidae were equally attracted. Among these was the grand red-brown Charaxes polyxena L. and its near relatives Polyura athamas Drury and P. hebe Butler. The long grass was in some place dancing with several species of the bright yellow Euremas. But we were much disturbed at seeing groups of students with long nets catching birdwings and other spectacular species which were eventually to be sold for ornamental purposes, a most reprehensible trade which the authorities are doing their best to suppress. On our way back down the valley we had our first sighting of several male T. brookiana with their wonderful flash of iridescent green markings, as they sailed past, occasionally only some six feet from the ground, but always extremely diffi- cult to catch. We motored back to the capital that evening. My host had invited to dinner Mr ‘Wickie” Fleming and his wife Alix, both extremely ardent collectors and now un- doubtedly the leading residents on Malayan butterflies. Later that evening I motored with them to their home some forty miles to the north at Bukit Rotan where I was able to view A BRIEF COLLECTING TOUR IN MALAYA, AUGUST 1972 207 their fine collection comprising some 900 out of the thousand species of butterflies now recorded in Malaya. The following morning their garden was alive with insects, including a large number of the Daniids, especially Danaus vulgaris Butler and Euploea mulciber Cramer. We left their residence about 8.30 a.m. on the 7th and drove some 35 miles in a north-westerly direction through some grand country till we reached a strip of virgin forest at a spot called Bukit Tarek. A former army road had been driven through this forest tract which still at times harbours tiger and the small Sumatran Rhino. But by an unfortunate oversight the decomposed prawns had been left behind. In spite of this omission we were kept busy stalk- ing the many species that were flying up and down this grand forest road. Some of the most interesting were several species of the Euthalias, a large genus of Nymphalines. Among these were two commoner species Euthalia iapis Godart and E. monina F. The chief feature of this genus is the marked sexual dimorphism. The males are most handsome with their black forewings and hindwings with a bright blue border. The more sombre females are nearly twice the size of the males and mainly dull grey or brown with a mottling of white flecks. Gliding round much of the undergrowth were several species of Neptis, chiefly N. hylas L. which occurs also in Eastern Europe. Another spectacular Nymphaline was Moduza procris Cramer looking very like our White Admiral. Two other mem- bers of this family worth noting were Hypolimnas antilope Cramer which mimics an Euploea. My hosts were also most interested in my capture of a female of Idrusia nyctelius euploeoides C. & R. Felder which mimics Euploea diocletianus F. It is apparently quite a rare form. Several species of Graphium were on the wing, especially G. evemon Bdv. ~ On our way home from this delightful collecting locality we called on Harry Traill at his home on the banks of the local river. I had already met him at the home of Henry Barlow. He showed us his collection, mainly of moths which he was amassing, all taken in the vicinity of his house, and probably with many unknown species among them. Early on the next morning of 8th August the Flemings drove me again from Bukit Rotan under very sultry conditions up to the Gombak Valley, one of the best known collecting grounds in that region, somewhat to the north-east of Kuala Lumpur. The winding road rises steadily to 2,000 ft. We halted by a small villa where we went through the garden leading down to the fast flowing river which ran along the bottom of the forest- clad slopes. Our beat was by the shaded banks of this stream along which my host had placed batches of very aromatic prawns at intervals. It was not long before we saw a T. brookiana sailing high above, along the route of the river to be followed by several others, all males. Also skulking among the undergrowth was the Amathusiid Discophora timora Westwood. But only a few Graphium and Nacadubas patron- 208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ DOTS ised the prawn patches, which was disappointing. However, as We were about to leave in the afternoon we caught sight of the superb large Nymphaline Prothoé calydonia Hewitson of the Charaxes group, basking near a tree in the garden of the villa, but it eluded our efforts to catch it. We then made our way a few more miles up the Gombak Valley to the hilly country on the Selangor-Pahang border where there was rather an ancient-looking wayside café, well patronised by the local populace and also by a galaxy of moths that were settled all over the walls and ceilings attracted to strong lights after dark. We spent quite a time boxing and netting as many as possible which included some huge Cossids measuring quite 5 inches in expanse. Towards evening we made our way a short distance further to the Genting Sempah Tea Estate which had just been acquired by Henry Barlow. It was approached by a grassy track and consisted of a large mansion surrounded by the re- mains of what were once the tea ridges on the side of a steep hillside, now well overgrown, and the home of many kinds of choice lepidoptera. At dusk we could hear the gibbons crying in the thick forest on the local mountainside. Later that evening we were all treated to a sumptuous meal which Mr Barlow had brought up from his city home, but it was not till the next morning, 9th August, a very hot one, that we were able to appreciate the richness of this spot for butterflies. The grassy herbage in the immediate vicinity of the house was alive with Lycaemids, mostly the sky blue Jamides celeno Cramer. The whole garden seemed to harbour a choice selection of this family. At intervals would appear the very elusive Arhopala with their cryptic undersides but superb purple or green uppersides. They usually flew singly and were by no means easy to net. We took several species of this big genus, the most local being Arhopala opalina, only found so far in that small area of Malaya. The Nymphalines were well to the fore, in particular the Neptis and their close relatives the Parathyma of which P. nefte Cramer was the most numerous species. Near a waterfall we took a male of the magnificent Polyura delphis Doubleday, a very large insect with a white upperside, black tips to the wings and six tails. During the morning I walked down the grassy ride and sheltered under a tree to avoid the extreme heat when a Troides helena just eluded me to be followed by a T. brookiana which came from behind at shoulder height. Among species flying in this wonderful spot was the larger female of Euthalia dirtea Fab., black with yellow flecks, also the large Satyrid Neorina loewii Doubleday with a large white patch on the hindwings. When I returned to the waterfall, I found the Flemings had had an equally good harvest with their long-handled nets. As I ap- proached them, a huge butterfly swooped low and was easily taken. It was a perfect male of T. brookiana. During the afternoon we repaired to the house for a late A BRIEF COLLECTING TOUR IN MALAYA, AUGUST 1972 209 lunch and then began the home journey to Kuala Lumpur, well pleased with our catch. On the way we stopped again at the wayside café and took a lot more moths at rest round the walls. Henry Barlow once more entertained me at his home that night, and early next morning took me to the main rail- way station where I caught the daytime train on the 250-mile run to Singapore, which I reached in the afternoon of 10th August. Here I was met by Giles Roche and Tom Parker of whose fine collection I saw a portion. We then went on to dine at a local club, after which my hosts drove me to the airport, where I took a plane late that night, which landed me early on the 11th at Darwin, in the Northern Territory of Australia, and its most northerly city. So ended a most delightful and profitable five days in these wonderful Malayan surroundings. I must express my extreme gratitude to my hosts, Henry Barlow and the Flemings for all their kindness in conducting me to some of the best localities round the capital where we saw nearly a hundred species of butterflies and a large selection of moths of great diversity, as will be noted in the ensuing list of records and observations. The list that follows embraces almost all the species of but- terflies we captured or definitely observed on the wing. It in- cludes a good many names that appear in Mr Batten’s list for his visit in 1968, but in it he did not enumerate any Lycaenidae or Hesperidae: Localities are given where known. Subspecific names are added in most instances, taken mainly from Corbet and Pendlebury’s “Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula” (1956 edition). PAPILIONIDAE Trogonoptera brookiana albescens Rothschild. Female seen at Pantai reservoir. Males at Ulu Langat, Gombak Val- ley and at the Genting Sempah Tea Estate. Troides helena cerberus C. & R. Felder. At Pantai, Ulu Lan- gat and Tea Estate. Atrophaneura neptunus Guérin Hénévilla. A scarce species seen only at Bukit Tardi. Papilio polytes romulus Cramer. Pantai Reservoir. Papilio memnon agenor L. Only seen at Pantai. Graphium sarpedon luctatius Fruhstorfer. Seen in all locali- ties. Graphium evemon eventus Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek, Ulu Langat and Gombak. Graphium bathycles bathycloides Honrath. PIERIDAE Leptosia nina malayana Fruhstorfer. Bukit Rotan and Gom- bak Valley. Appias lyncida vasava Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat, Bukit Tarek. Appias indra plana Butler. Tea Estate only. Saletara liberia distanti Butler. Hebomoia glaucippe aturia Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat, many 210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/TX/73 seen but not captured. Valeria valeria lutescens Butler. Bukit Tarek. Eurema hecabe contubernalis Moore. Generally distributed. Eurema andersomii Moore. Ulu Langat and Bukit Tarek. Eurema sari sodalis Moore. Eurema simulatrix tecmessa Nicéville. Ulu Langat. Gandaca harina distanti Moore. Panati Reservoir. DANAIDAE Danaus aspasia Fab. Danaus vulgaris macrina Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat and Bukit Rotan. Danaus menelaus sinopion Fruhstorfer. Euploea mulciber Cramer. Pantai, Bukit Rotan, Ulu Langat. Ideopsis hypermnestra linteata Butler. Pair only seen at Pantai Reservoir. SATYRIDAE Neorina lowi neophyta Fruhstorfer. Gentang Sempah Tea Estate. Ypthima fasciata torone Fruhstorfer. Near Seremban. Ypthima baldus newbaldi Distant. Tea Estate. Mycalesis anapita Moore. Mycalesis fuscum C. & R. Felder. AMATHUSIIDAE Discophora timora perakensis STICHEL. Goailtank Valley. Discophora timora perakensis STICHEL. Gombak Valley. NYMPHALIDAE Ariadne ariadne L. Bukit Tarek. Cupha erymanthis lotis Sulzer. Precis atlites L. Bukit Tarek. Precis iphita horsfieldi Moore. Ulu Langat. Symbrenthia anna selangoraha Corbet. Rhinopalpa polynice eudoxia Guérin-Ménéville. Tea Estate. Hypolimnas antilope anomala Wallace. Bukit Tarek. Doleschallia bisaltide pratipa C. & R. Felder. Bukit Tarek. Cyrestis nivea nivalis C. & R. Felder. Bukit Tarek. Vindula arsinoe erotella Butler. Bukit Tarek. Phalantha alcippe alcesta Corbet. Cethosia hypsea hypsina C. & R. Felder. Ulu Langat. Neptis hylas mamaja Butler. Ulu Langat and Bukit Tarek. Neptis nata cresina Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek and Tea Estate. Neptis duryodana nesia Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek and Tea Estate. Parathyma kanwa Moore. Tea Estate. Parathyma nefte subrata Moore. Tea Estate. Moduza procris milonia Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat. Lebadea martha malayana Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek. Euthalia iapis puseda Moore. Bukit Tarek. Euthalia monina Fab. Bukit Tarek. Euthalia dirtea dirteana Corbet. Tea Estate, female only. Idrusia nyctelius euploeoides C. & R. Felder. Bukit Tarek, female only. (to be continued) MONT VENTOUX, 1972 211 Mont Ventoux, 1972 By L. McLeop, B.Sc., F.R.E.S. The very mild winter weather in England during the 1971- 72 winter was also experienced throughout France. My first visit to Vaucluse in 1972 was in January when I motored down to search for suitable accommodation to inhabit later in the year. The sun was shining brightly and once in Vaucluse I had to drive the car with the windows open, because it was so warm. While visiting small villages in the Carpentras region I was surprised to observe Vanessa atalanta L. flying on three separate occasions in Carpentras, Crillon-le-Brave and Caromb. On the Mediterranean coast atalanta can be found flying throughout winter months (Elliot 1953, Tutt 1897) but this is unusual for Vaucluse. While working in northern France during February and March I observed on several occasions Gonopteryx rhamni L. and Vanessa atalanta traversing the autoroute north of Paris. In normal years one would not expect to see these butterflies emerge from hibernation until April. I settled in Vaucluse with my wife and daughter on 24th April. The house I had chosen for the season was in the village of St. Pierre de Vassols, some 10 Km. from Carpentras, near to Bedoin and to Mont Ventoux. The season was well under- way when we arrived and insects were already fairly numer- ous. I was already too late to collect Erebia epistygne Hb. which is on the wing during late March and early April. As usual in this area, butterflies were abundant throughout the season and the majority of species recorded in previous years were to be found in the same localities (McLeod 1972). I will therefore confine my account to items of special in- terest. There were some noticeable reductions in numbers of cer- tain species. Gonopteryx cleopatra L. was not nearly as com- mon as in previous years. I collected some larvae but these were parasitised by Ophionine Ichneumonids, perhaps account- ing for this year’s decline in numbers. In contrast Parnassius apollo L. had greatly increased in numbers and many were to be seen throughout the summer months with a wider distribution than in the previous five years. My species list for the Ventoux region was increased by six bringing the total to 122. The main capture of interest was a single Pandoriana pandora Schiff. taken while feeding at flowers of Red Valerian at Les Valettes on 2nd July. At first T thought it was a very dark Argynnis paphia ° but on cap- ture, it was seen to be a pandora oc. Vanessa io L. was noted on two occasions on Ventoux. I also recorded this species in the Luberon Mountains 25 Km. to the south. It is not usually found in either area. (Dufay 1965). Several species to be found in the Luberons do not occur 212 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1X/73 on Ventoux but occasionally a species will spread when condi- tions allow it. This was obviously the case with Chazara bri- seis meridionalis Stg. This season I recorded this Satyrid for the first time on Ventoux. Normally it is quite common in parts of the Luberon Mountains but not in the Ventoux area. Although several males were seen, the only female taken was of form pirata Esper. Libithea celtis Laich was also added to my list. It appeared widespread throughout the region and I took specimens at Mazan (600 ft.) in May, Gorges de la Nesque (1650 ft.) in early July and on Mont Ventoux (4300 ft.) in late July. In past years I have found part of the V8 road from Le Barroux to Suzette to be a fairly profitable area for collecting certain species of Lycaenids and Hesperiids. During May I found a nice colony of Glaucopsyche melanops Boisduval, just off this road near to a stone bridge. Several of the specimens which I examined lacked spots on the h/w underside. Adjacent to an apple orchard and vineyards where I work near Mazan, there are some pleasant grassy meadows border- ing a stream. I often spend my lunch break photographing and collecting insects in these meadows. It was here that I collected Lampides boeticus L. and Everes argiades Pall. in past years. During June of 1972 I collected some Everes alcetas Hffgg. the Provencale short-tailed blue flying together with E. argiades. I also managed to breed some L. boeticus which I found as larvae in some garden peas purchased in a local market. The rather rare Lycaenid Jolana iolas Beth-Baker is revuted to occur in a localised area near to Ventoux (Dufay 1965). I have not yet discovered the exact whereabouts of the breeding site of this butterfly but intend to search again during 1973. One of my ambitions is to photograph the life-cycle of this large Lycaenid. During May 1972 I encountered Monsieur M. Leenhardt of Montpellier who was also searching for the breeding site. Again the marbled white Melanargia galathea L. which occured over 4000 ft. on Ventoux during June were of the dark form procida. Later in the season the percentage of this form fell, indicating that this very dark form is not a racial character or a direct result of altitude. Low temperature is probably the inducing factor. Previously I had noted the occurence of several species of Burnet Moths on the mountain (McLeod 1972). During this season I decided to collect samples of as many species as I could find without going out of my way to search for them. During late June and July these moths were extremely abundant on flowers especially in the lavender fields of the Toulerenc Valley and on wild lavender up to 4500 ft. On my return to England in the autumn, Mr W. Tremewan kindly confirmed identification of the following thirteen species. MONT VENTOUX, 1972 213 Zygaena occitanica arida Dujardin . lavandulae consobrina Germar carniolica diniensis Herrich-Schaffer loti achillalpina Burgeff . hilaris chrysophaea Le Charles fausta apocrypha Le Charles gallica gallica Oberthur romeo parvorion Holik . purpuralis hyporea Dujardin . transalpina dufayi Dujardin ephialtes lurica Dujardin . filipendulae oberthueriana Burgeft . lonicerae Scheven I collected several specimens which had greatly reduced spotting on the forewings. Unfortunately these were not an additional species but an aberrant form of Z. filipendulae. My wife and I had a rather unusual experience while collecting in gorges near to the Forét de St. Lambert on 9th ' July. We heard a rustling coming from dead leaves and twigs at the base of a tree. Suspecting a snake to be the cause of the disturbance we approached carefully and were very surprised to find a tortoise. Its condition was such that it was obviously doing very well for itself, and it was most annoyed to be picked up and examined. I took some photo- graphs before letting the tortoise depart rapidly across rocky scree. Is it possible that tortoises live in these mountainous areas? This individual was found many miles from any habi- tation and it is not likely that an escapee would ever arrive at this. location. There were one or two events of entomological interest during the season. During May the BBC Natural History Unit were resident at Beaumes de Venise, with the object of filming a documen- tary tribute to J. H. Fabre. Unfortunately my work kept me very busy at this time, but I did manage to meet some mem- bers of the team. The film was shown on the BBC “World About Us”’ series on 8th October. Local entomologists arranged a small exhibition at Bran- tes, a very picturesque provencale village facing Mont Ven- toux from the north. The exhibition, although small, de- picted many of the unusual insects of the area, and was open to the public throughout August. As well as the entomologists, the majority of local people are greatly disturbed by the fact that the summit of Ventoux is to become a military base. The entry restrictions that this will incur will be very inconvenient to everyone. As usual in such cases, little or nothing can be done to prevent this happening despite the enormous opposition in the area. AI- ready military roads cut their way up the mountainside and armoured cars are not an uncommon sight. Various posters can be seen in Carpentras denouncing the project with head- NNNNNNNNNNNWN 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/ DEST ing such as “Ventoux en danger” and “Provence Occupée’’. Undoubtedly parts of the summit which are now well known for their Erebia species will be restricted areas at some future date. At present Mont Ventoux is renowned for the rare Erebia scipio Boisduval. It has to be seen whether this military take-over will be detrimental to the insects of Ven- toux cr help conserve them. References Dufay, C. (1965-1966). Contribution a la Connaissance du Peuplement en Lepidoptéres de la Haute Provence, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. de Lyon. Elliot, N. (1953). Overwintering of Migrant Lepidoptera on the Cote d’Azur, Entomologist, 86: 118-125. McLeod, L. (1972). Mont Ventoux and the Dentelles de Montmirail 1968-1971, Ent. Rec. J. var., 84: 156-163. Tutt, J. W. (1897). On a collection of Spring Rhopalocera made in the Riviera, etc, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 9: 249-255, 279-282. A NoTE ON CHRYSOTEUCHIA CULMELLA (L) (LEp.: CRAMBINAE) — There has been much discussion in the literature of insect migration concerning the ability of lepidoptera and other insects, to alight on water and take off again. There are now numerous records of this ability, well authenticated, but most records refer to rather large species of butterflies or moths. A day or two ago I was by the side of the small swim- ming pool in my garden here taking the water temperature. I disturbed a small grass moth (Chrysoteuchia culmella (L)) which alighted on the water of the pool about three feet away from me. When on the surface I noticed that the wings of one side were outspread and I felt sure it would be trapped by the surface film. However, after a few seconds and to my considerable surprise the specimen took off without any apparent difficulty. The water at the time was completely calm and I believe this condition is a prerequisite for this performance, certainly for smaller species. I suspect however, that this ability to take flight from a water surface to be not rare. My mercury vapour trap operates within 15 yards of the pool and it is only the odd moth that I find caught on the surface of the pool. I feel that many more specimens must get into the pool when approach- ing the light but are able to get out again. Usually the specimens found in the pool are delicate ones — waves and the like. I rarely find any of the more robust noctuids. It is possible that these larger species are able to flutter across the surface until they reach the side and climb out. Years ago, when working sallows bordering a stream I remember dis- turbing a specimen of Orthosia gracilis (D. & S.) which fell into the edge of the stream under the sallow I had tapped. This moth fluttered, on its back, across the surface of the water until it came to the bank of the pool, climbed out and flew off!—Dr Nevi.Le L. BrrKett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, 2viii.1973. ELEMENTARY GENITALIC SLIDE PREPARATIONS - 215 A Beginner’s Guide to Elementary Genitalic Slide Preparations By Dr D. M. Kroon With identification of species becoming steadily more subtle even in the larger Southern African butterflies such as Satyridae, it has now become a necessity either to prepare ele- mentary genitalic slides oneself, or have ready access to some- one willing and able to prepare specimens for identification. In some Genera this is the only method available at present for separation. Males are separated with greater ease than fe- males but the association of the two often establishes the identity of the latter. Excellent accounts of various methods, their merits and drawbacks, are discussed in detail in Cotterell’s Monograph of the Lepidochrysop Methymna Group, 1965. Janse, in The Moths of South Africa, Vol. 1 (1932) similarly outlines the actual method of slide preparation and taxonomic nomencla- ture. The 1970 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica fea- tures an excellent schematic diagram of the male and female genitalia. Such detail is less important for the beginner, but with practice details tend to fall into place and become second nature when comparing slides later. Outlined below are some notes and a simple method of making slides which I hope beginners will find useful. For refinements, and more detail, readers are referred to the above mentioned works. The MOST IMPORTANT requirement is to adopt a system of labelling the preparations and specimens so that no con- fusion is possible, and also to preserve both. Specimens and slides thus labelled are of scientific value whereas if one is lost the other’s value is considerably decreased. Certain minimum requirements are essential before com- mencing work on genitalia. Some sharp needles and hooks (fine crochet needles do well), fine pointed forceps (No. 4 or 5 obtainable from any jeweller’s suppliers), and a watch glass form the first essentials. Chemicals required are fresh 10% caustic potash, xylene and Canada balsam which can be thin- ned with xylene to the required consistency. Clear mountants are also commercially available. Glass slides and cover slips complete the ordinary requirements. The most expensive item is of course a microscope. One recent model, The SWIFT, has a stereozoom lens system, with direct or transmitted light. Several other features such as depth of field, width of field, and a comfortable working dis- tance are features of this instrument. This sturdy instrument, manufactured in Japan under American licence, is far cheaper than Continental models. Staining of butterfly slides is usually 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1IX/73 unnecessary, and successive dehydrating alcohol solutions can also be dispensed with but for permanent slides I recommend their use. Method of slide preparation: The hinder portion, or the complete abdomen, is broken off and submerged in fresh cold caustic potash solution for 24 hours. For more rapid treatments the specimen may be boiled in the caustic potash for } hour. The now limp abdomen is transferred to a watch glass containing water or 50% alcohol. With needles, forceps or tiny brushes the abdomen is now cleared of debris and scales and the genital armature dis- located. For the further dissection of the armature finer needles and forceps are used. The ventral aspects of the uncus and subuncal structures are of importance as is the actual relation of the various parts to each other. The left valve is now gently dislocated from the main portion of the mount where it forms a joint or pseudo-joint with its right counter- part and the sternite to which it is attached. Once separated these structures are dehydrated either by exposure to air, or passing them through successive concentrations of alcohol from 50% to absolute. After removal from the absolute alcohol the specimen is cleared by immersing it in xylene. From here the structures are transferred to a drop of medium- thick balsam on a slide and their position arranged as re- quired. To prevent crushing of the specimen, broken cover slips, or pieces of celluloid of appropriate thickness are in- serted between the slide and the cover slip to support the lat- ter. Filling of deficiencies under the cover slip is achieved by placing thin balsam at the edge, when it is drawn in by capil- lary action. To prevent confusion with slides, specimens should all bear similar identification numbers. Dissection of dried specimens of, for instance, Syntarucus without damaging the abdomen by breaking it off is also pos- sible. Correct species identification is possible in this group in which the valvular structures differ so markedly. What I do is place the mounted specimen in the vertical “end-on” position on a vertical piece of cork. The exposed hinder end can then be cleared of debris, scales and other matter with fine forceps or a brush, exposing the valve and making identification pos- sible. HYLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG IN HAMPSHIRE.—I wish to re- cord that I took a 2 H. gallii in my m.v. trap at Boldre on Ist August 1973. — H. G. M. Mipp.LETon, Anns Cottage, Sandy Down, Hants., SO4 8PP. SOME NOTTINGHAMSHIRE DIPTERA (DOLICHOPODIDAE) 217 Some Nottinghamshire Diptera (Dolichopodidae) By O. M. WHITE I had the pleasure of finding three species of Argyra in my net after sweeping over a metre or two of damp earth where dense sallow canopy threw heavy shade. Only males of A. argyria Mg. were caught, but both sexes of A. atriceps Lw., the latter, I believe, not previously noted in Notts., and A. confinis Ztt. Site, Attenborough gravels, at 13512 hrs., 20.vii. 1974: A. leucocephala Mg. now seems to be commonest of the genus in Notts., frequenting .marls almost to valley floor levels, but I have not yet found A. diaphana Fabr., nor A. argentina Mg., which were common enough in Carr’s time and found in about a dozen sites. The next two species are also from Attenborough, in- cluded because I see no other Notts. records: Hercostomus nanus Macq. do, 29.vi.1971, just after noon, communis foli- age, and Porphyrops nasuta Fln. one ¢d, 17.viii.1971, at noon, by sweeping over a muddy footpath shaded by sallows. In the same area, males of Gymnopiernus chalybeus Wied. were perching on Glyceria maxima foliage during the afternoon of 15.vili.1972. The species is known from other Notts. localities, e.g., Bulwell, and its absence from several county lists, such as those of Cheshire and Lincolnshire, puzzles me. I am grateful to Mr E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca for drawing my attention to Collin’s paper on the British species of Argyra (Ent. mon. Mag., 79: 114-117), from which mine were identified, and the Staff of Stapleford Library for their trouble in obtaining that paper during the postal strike. 6 Northwood Street, Stapleford, Nottingham. A note on the Cicadellid, Erythroneura cassiae Ahmed By A. S. Sout AND V. C. Kapoor A number of specimens belonging to both the sexes of E. - cassiae were collected from Ludhiana in the months of Sep- tember and October, 1971. Adults of this are greenish yellow and the immature forms are milky white covered with waxy material. It is interesting to note that the cicedellid breeds heavily during these months on Cassia fistula Linn. (Amaltas). Ahmed (1970, Pakistan J. Zool. 2 (1): 29-42) described this species from Pakistan on Amaltas. In taxonomic description he stated that the aedeagus lacks processes. After comparing with this species, we thought ours as a new species due to the 218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1X/73 presence of apical aedeagal processes. Later, Dworakowska of Warszawa, Poland, suggested that ours is the same as that of Ahmed, and this character might have been missed by him. Dr Anufriev of USSR after studying the paratypes of Ahmed’s species also came to the same conclusion that aedeagal pro- cesses are also present in E. cassiae (Fig. 1—dorsal view and Fig. 2—lateral view of aedeagus showing apical processes). (| 1 2 il. ra QA i es ee ee ee Thus the presence of apical processes in aedeagus is an important additional character in E. cassiae. We express our sincere thanks to Professors and Heads of Zoology and Entomology Departments for the facilities pro- vided. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (India) LYONETIA CLERKELLA L. (LEpP.: LYONETIIDAE).—With refer- ence to Mr John L. Gregory’s note (Ent. Record 85:68)I took an example of this species similar to the one described by him on 16th October 1968 in Needwood Forest, Staffordshire. I also have a specimen from Danbury, Essex taken in 1950 which is heavily marked with fuscous, giving the appearance of a dark insect rather than a white one.—R. G. WARREN, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs. MY EXPERIENCES WITH THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1972 219 My Experiences with the Macrolepideoptera, 1972 By B. G. WirHErs, B.Sc. (Concluded from page 174) in Llandogo again kindly permitted the running of a Robin- son trap in their garden while we headed for the area between Tintern and Chepstow where we found a sheltered spot surrounded by high clifis and forest in which we could operate portable m.v. The light was lit at 10 p.m. and soon moths began to arrive freely. D. blomeri and A. sylvata were both fairly common and mostly fresh. B. crassalis was still in evidence, but very worn, and a specimen of Atolmis rubricollis L., also rather past its prime, showed fairly early. Then I netted a geometer which at first I took to be Xanthor- hoé ferrugata Clerck and almost threw away. However, some sixth sense caused me to give the insect a second glance, and I saw to my delight that it was Perizoma taeniata Steph.; this specimen was quickly followed by two others. South records taeniata as occurring in the Tintern area, but it has seemingly not been recorded there for many years. Then at 11.45 I remarked to my wife that, although we had been very successful in this locality, it was a pity that we had not taken Drepana harpagula Esp., a species for which this area is renowned. I had hardly uttered the words when a fine specimen of harpagula fluttered on to the sheet, to be fol- lowed ten minutes later by a second. We packed up the equipment at 12.30 a.m., having recorded fifty-eight species of macro—a really outstanding night. The following mor- ning the Robinson trap at Llandogo contained over a thou- sand moths of ninety-one different species. L. populi and A. prasina were usually abundant, about fifty of each being noted. JL. populi were sitting ail round on the vegetation making a most charming sight. Among the other moths were Apatele alni L., A. sylvata, D. blomeri, Apeira syringaria L., Cosymbia porata L., C. punctaria L., H. testaceata, T. firmata, Apamea scolopacina Esp., and a heavily marked Spilosoma lubricipeda L. We left Llandogo at 10 a.m. to begin a long and rather harrowing journey to the Derbyshire moors near Matlock. This joruney was undertaken principally to evade possible thunderstorms which had been forecast for most southern counties. The freshness of the moors in the Beeley area was a pleasant change from the sultry woodlands of the South, and when we lit up at 9.30 it was pleasantly cool — mist formed soon after dark and moths flocked in once again. Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. was very common and variable and both Entephria caesiata Schiff. and Epirrhoé galiata Schiff. were in fair numbers. Notodonta dromedarius L. was present as a fine melanic form, and later in the eve- ning Lycophotia varia Vill. was abundant. Then, just before midnight, I noticed a large moth on the sheet whose arrival 220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1X/73 I had not observed. I recognised it instantly, albeit incredu- lously, as Celerio galii Rott. I was later to learn that there had been a substantial immigration of this species, but sureiy none could have been recorded in a more incongruous local- ity than a high Derbyshire moor! The following morning, 20th July, we journeyed back down the Mi to Harpenden, where we had a welcome night’s rest. On the evening of the 21st, we hied to Ashridge, where the best moth to m.v. light among 40 species was a fresh specimen of L. cucullina. A Breckland fen between Lakenheath and Brandon was our venue on the evening of the 22nd. Conditions were ideal, the evening being very warm and cloudy with little breeze, and from 9.30 when the m.v. light was lit up until we departed at 1 a.m. moths appeared in prodigious numbers. L. populi, D. elpenor, Philudoria potatoria L., Agrotis vesti- gialis Hufn., Scopula immutata L. and Pelurga comitata L. were all abundant and Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hubn., Peri- zoma_ flavofasciata Thunb., Leucoma salicis L., Apamea ypsillon Schiff., Lygephila pastinum Treits. and Eupithecia linariata Schiff. were common. Among the other species of interest to us, the following occurred: Euphyia unangulata Haw. (a few), Earias clorana L., (one), Comacla senex Hubn. (a few), Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff. (two), Eustrotia uncula Clerck. (one), Plusia festucae L. (three), Bena prasinana L. (one), Epirrhoe rivata Hiibn. (one), Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. (one), Apamea ophiogramma Esp. (one), P. vetulata (one), Sterrha muricata Hufn. (one), Leucania pudorina Schiff. (one) and at 12.45 the best prize of all, a single Perizoma sagittata F. This last specimen was avidly pursued through the the seething melée of moths on the sheet and finally cornered. By this time moths were everywhere; the several square yards of sheet were almost obliterated from view, while the surrounding vegetation and the air above us were both seething with moths. Our clothing was smothered with insects (notably several large L. populi each!) and the cups of coffee we poured out from a vacuum flask were soon in- vaded by the winged hordes. Pill boxes and killing bottles were soon full to overflowing, and with moths still as abun- dant as ever we reluctanly decided to call it a night, having recorded a phenomenal 117 species of Macrolepidoptera. We switched off the generator and packed up the equipment amid the purring of innumerable wings, bringing to an end a most outstanding ten days of which this last night was the undoubted. climax. During the next few days little entomological activity was undertaken apart from the operation of the garden trap at Harpenden; this produced several more H. compta and P. umbra, a single specimen of P. rubiginata and four Sterrha interjectaria Boisd., all of the last named species being taken on the 23rd. A further evening on the Breck on the MY EXPERIENCES WITH THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1972 221 28th in rather cloudy, damp conditions produced sixty-nine species to m.v. light, comprising many of the species taken the previous week, but in smaller numbers, and in addition two specimens of Apatele tridens Schiff. and a large T. ocu- laris were noted. A trip to Ashbridge on the following night produced forty-six species to m.v. light despite rather cool, clear conditions, of which an abundance of Biston betularia L., almost entirely of the form carbonaria, and singletons of M. albicillata, T. duplarig and Zeuzera pyrina L. were the most noteworthy. Conditions were again cool and clear on 4th August when we arrived in the Buckinghamshire Chil- terns at 9.15. The moths, however, seemed oblivious of this and arrived at the m.v. lamp in large numbers. The air was full of C. linearia, and A. sylvata, together with a fair number of Hydriomena furcata Thunb. At 10 p.m. I netted a moth which on closed scrutiny proved to be Trisateles emortualis Schiff., a late specimen in very fair condition. Also noted were a few D. blomeri, several X. quadrifasiata, a few Procus versicolor Borkh., a good number of Eilema deplana Esp. and singletons of D. cultraria, C. ligustri (a melanic speci- men) and D. ribeata (a female), Fifty-six species were noted in all, contributing to another really excellent night’s sport. The Robinson trap at Harpenden produced my third speci- men of L. cucullina on the same night. As the previous night in the Chilterns had been so good, we returned on the 5th in similar conditions to those of the 4th. Forty-seven species were noted on this’ occasion; E. deplana appeared in good numbers. A. sylvata was a positive plague and P. versi- color, D. blomeri and a very distinctly marked female H. fur- cata were also notable captures. The last insect to be taken on this occasion was an Apatele leporina L. of very pale ground colour. Weather conditions deteriorated on the following day and it was not until 14th August that I was able to make another trip to the Chilterns. The evening was warm, rather misty and calm; the generator was started at dusk and run until 11 p.m. In this time sixty-seven species were recorded. A. sylvata was still abundant and D. cultraria was, to my delight, fairly common. Other notable species were P. versicolor, D. blomeri, E. deplana, Cosmia pyralina Schiff., and late, worn specimens of both P. bicolorana and P. transversata. Light at Symondshyde the following night produced females of L. populi and Notodonta ziczac L., the latter of which provided me with a healthy crop of ova. Eilema.complana L., Erem- obia ochroleuca Schiff. and; Pseutoterpna pruinata Hufn. were also noted. Strong moonlight on the 24th was responsible for a very poor turnout of moths near Maidenhead. On the 26th we once again made the journey via the M1 to Derbyshire; here, on the moors near Matlock a persistent moderate wind was blowing from an easterly direction and 222, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1o/ ESS very little came to m.v. light at first. The wind abated some- what at 10 p.m. and in a short period five Amathes castanea Esp., including four fine red specimens, arrived. Searching the heather and bilberry produced large numbers of Lygris populata L., Colostygia didymata L., the small moorland form of H. furcata, and a fully fed larva of S. pavonia which spun up two days later. A few Oporinia filigrammaria H-S were found at rest on the stone walls also a fully fed larva of Lasiocampa quercus L. var. callunae, which was crawling across the road. We returned home on the 27th and made our final trip to the Chilterns on the 29th where a number of D. cultraria, including several females, one worn P. trans- versata and one E. pulchellata were the most interesting of forty species attracted to m.v. between 8.30 and 11 p.m. September opened with fine weather with warm days but cool, misty nights. Such was the case when I motored over to my very productive Breckland fen on the first of the month. Despite fairly low temperatures fifty-three species were attracted to the m.v. between 8.30 and 10.45; among these were two Tholera cespitis Schiff., two Scotogramma tri- folii Hufn., of the pale Breckland form, large numbers of Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn., two A. pygmina Haw. and singletons of Gortyna flavago Schiff., C. senex, E. linariata, Aspitates ochrearia Rossi. and P. comitata. The following night, at Ranmore, despite a moderate breeze, forty-one species were noted; these including five Atethmia xeram- pelina Esp., one each of A. scolopacina and E. deplana, a few H. vitalbata and two Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. A further specimen of A. xerampelina and a worn Amathes stigmatica Hiibn. were among twenty-seven species taken in the Robin- son trap operating at Box Hill on the same night. On the following day Vanessa cardui L. was noted at Box Hill and Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Lysandra coridon Poda. were still in fair numbers; two Aspitates gilvaria Schiff., well past their prime, were also observed. On 10th September my wife began a short period of ‘ento- mological widowhood’ when I departed for three days in Dor- set with my parents, who were caravanning near Weymouth. The weather had been particularly foul on the previous day but it improved somewhat on my journey, although a strong wind persisted for most of the time. I made a brief stop in the New Forest to inspect the Hollands Wood camp site where several moths of interest, including Asphalia diluta Schiff., A. castanea, T. cespitis and Citria lutea Stroem., were taken from the walls of the toilet blocks. I arrived in Weymouth at about 4 p.m. and, although the wind was still high, I operated port- able m.v. for a short time in a spot sheltered by cliffs near Church Ope Cove, Portland; my main quarry on this occasion was Leucochlaena oditis Hubn. and just before I left at 9.30 p.m. found one at rest in the grass near the m.v. lamp; it was a male in fresh condition. Other species of interest were E. MY EXPERIENCES WITH THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1972 223 galiata, A. ochrearia and Gnophos obscurata Schiff. During the following day a number of butterflies were seen in the Port- land area, including V. atalanta, P. icarus, L. coridon, Pararge megera L., Lycaena phlaeas L., M. jurtina and Thymelicus syl- vestris Poda. That evening the m.v. was run in the same locality as on the night previous, this time from 8 p.m. to 10.45. The wind was still boisterous at the cliff top but in the shelter of the cliffs it was hardly noticeable. Moths arrived in fair numbers, but it was quite late before L. oditis began to arrive; by the time I left, however, I had recorded over a dozen, all males, and mostly fresh. Scopula promutata Guen. and a further G. obscurata were also worthy of mention among twenty-two species. A daytime trip to the New Forest on the following day produced little apart from some second brood specimens of Campaea margaritata L., but on my return jour- ney, I stopped at a camping site near Ferndown to inspect the illuminated ‘loo’ there, and was rewarded with my first ever specimen of Stilbia anomala Haw. That evening operations with m.v. light were carried out in the area not far from Wool where I had had considerable success on several previous occa- sions. The evening was much warmer than of late with little wind and a good cloud cover. One of the first moths to arrive was a specimen of Mormo maura L., an insect I have rarely met with before. The abundance of Deuteronomos alniaria L. and Opisthograptis luteolata L. provided a very attractive spectacle, the moths landing in dozens on and around the sheet like drops of gold. Among these were also P. glareosa (two of a pink form), A. diluta, Amphipyra pyramideca L.., T. firmata and many commoners, making a total of forty-one species between 8 and 11 p.m. On the following day, the weather showed signs of breaking again and I decided to re- turn home, with a brief stop in the New Forest to examine the now renowned Hollands Wood Ablutions blocks. These were very productive, three Amathes agathina Dup., one A. cas- tanea, two A. diluta and two T. cespitis being taken from among a host of commoner species. Just as I had finished my rounds, it began to rain heavily and this continued for the rest of my journey. A cold spell set in for the next week and apart from a few T. cespitis and one M. maura, very little of interest appeared in the garden trap at Harpenden. A week-end in the New Forest from the 22nd to the 24th of September was somewhat spoilt by clear, moonlight nights, with poor attendance at m.v. light. A number of interesting species were noted however, and these included two further A. agathina, one A. castanea and one L. ornitopus. Late butterflies were fairly numerous on the sunny afternoon of the 23rd, the most noteworthy of which were one Vanessa atalanta L. and late specimens of Eumenis semele L. Back in Hertfordshire the usual autumn species were just beginning to emerge, a further indication of the lateness of the season here. A trip to Symondshyde Great 224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD la/IXV73 Wood on the 29th produced my first ever Dryobotodes eremita F. and a fine female Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. Ranmore on the following night produced A. diluta, T. cespitis, Tiliacea aurago Schiff. and Aporphyla lunula Stroem. despite a cold easterly wind. October opened with sunny days but cold nights. A brief stop at Ashridge on the way home from visiting relatives in Oxfordshire on the 2nd was notable only for the very large number of D. alniaria which descended from the surrounding birch trees to the sheet in swarms. During the first week of the month a spate of T. aurago came to light in Harpenden, and other notable October moths in our area were single specimens of Rhizedra lutosa Hibn. (on the 11th), Griposia aprilina L. (on the 17th), and Thera juniperata L. (on the 24th). The last trip of the year was made to Ranmore on 5th November in mild but very misty conditions. The main quarry was Ptilophora plumigera Schiff. and although no males came to the light between 4.45 and 7.15, I had the good fortune to pick up a female from the grass under a maple tree very near the site of the m.v. light. Female plumigera, I am reliably in- formed, do not fly until midnight and so I consider this find a considerable stroke of fortune. (Unpredictability in the female obviously extends to the moth world!). I regrettably did not keep the specimen for eggs, as I suspected that she was a virgin and did not wish to risk a good specimen (my only one to date). Besides this specimen, several Conistra vaccinii L. and three specimens of Eupsilia transversa Hufn. were taken among ten species. My season ended with the emergence in late November and early December of several specimens each of Erannis durantiaria and E. defoliaria, including females of both species. In retrospect, I can say that the past season was an ex- tremely productive and enjoyable one, even though the ele- ments did their worst. Most of my efforts were admirably re- warded, and I must acknowledge the considerable help of in- numerable friends and acquaintances, whose contributions to the making of such a season, whether as advisors or as kindly hosts, have been much appreciated. However, I feel I owe the most to my wife who, although a novice to the sport, has been my almost constant companion in the field. Her stoicism in the face of climatic vicissitudes and her practical help in sus- taining me, both gastronomically and spiritually, even during my most difficult forays, have been remarkable. Moreover she is actually looking forward to the coming season as much as Iam! On this note. I bring to a close this success story with great hoves for 1973. ‘Onaway’, 66 Cravells Road, Harpenden, Herts. NOTES CND OBSERVATIONS 225 Notes and Observations NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. IN SoutH Essex.—On 3rd August I was very surprised to see a specimen of this butterfly on a buddleia in my front garden. Although not fresh it did not appear to be damaged it was there for about half an hour and I could easily have captured it had I so wished, but as it appeared to be a female and there are still a good many elms near, I left it in hopes. There were several other insects of the group on my three buddleias, 2 Vanessa atalanta L. and 3 Nymphalis io L. all freshly emerged, and about half a dozen Aglais urticae L. The last time I have any record of polychloros in this district was in 1950, when one or two were seen on buddleias in this road on the grass verge opposite my house. The butterfly had before that been seen every year since 1942.— H. C. Hucerns, 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff on Sea. AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. AND HYLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG IN THE NEw Forest.—On the night of July 26th-27th 1973 a male A. bractea (Gold Spangle) came to my m.v. trap here. One wonders where he came from. On the night of August Ist-2nd 1973 a male H. gallii appeared in the trap.—L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE IN 1972 AND 1973.—During the twenty odd years in which I have run a m.v. trap in Gloucestershire I have never seen A. bractea, which is a very rare wanderer so far south, but last year single specimens appeared in the trap on July 20th, 21st (a female) and 31st. I left for Orkney on 3rd August, so, there could have been more. This year there were two on 19th July and a few since then, so they are obviously breeding in the immediate neighbourhood. Our garden, between Stroud and Cirencester, is surrounded by rough open woodland which, further north, would be considered an ideal locality for bractea.—R. P. DEmMuTH, Watercombe House, Oakridge, Glos.., 25.vii.73. (In view of these occurrences and Mr Siggs’ record for Hampshire, it would be most interesting to hear if bractea has appeared elsewhere in the south.—Ed.). EUHYPONOMEUTA STANNELLA (THUNBERG) (LEP.: YPONOMEU- TIDAE) IN DOVEDALE.—It may be of interest to record that this species is still to be found in a very restricted area on the Staffordshire side of Dovedale, where it was discovered by the late H. W. Daltry in 1926 (Entomologist, January 1929). On 6th June 1973 the moths were found in numbers. It seems strange that although the food plant, Sedum telephium, occurs in several of the Derbyshire dales and no doubt in similar places elsewhere, the moth has never been found in any other locality in the British Isles. — R. G. WarREN, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs. HyLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG IN ARGYLLSHIRE.—My friend Alan Harding, of East Tilbury, captured a fine specimen of 226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1X7 7% H. gallit at Loch Eck, Argyllshire on the morning of 16th July 1973. It had presumably been attracted by some neon strip lights at the caravan site there. — R. Tomuinson, 51 King Street, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex, SS17 OHJ. EXTENSION OF RANGE OF PARARGE AEGERIA (L.) IN SCOT- LAND.—On 20.viii.1972 I observed a few individuals of this species in a garden at North Strome, W. Ross, an area well outside the range shown by Heath (1970, Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 1, Lepidoptera Rhopalo- cera. Biological Records Centre). My belief that I had found the most northerly colony on the west coast was shattered when soon afterwards I received a letter from Mr J. M. C. Fenton stating that he had seen a Speckled Wood in the Scottish National Trust garden of which he is Warden at Inverewe, W. Ross, about 35 miles further north. At almost the same time I received from Dr R. Richter of Burghead, Moray, a record of Speckled Woods seen in Culbin Forest, Nairn, two specimens of which were collected and presented to the Royal Scottish Museum. This is not the first record from the Moray Firth area: in 1956 Davison recorded P. aegeria from the north-east end of Loch Ness (Entomologist 89: 15) and in 1969 Hulme published a record from the Black Isle (Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 81:284). However Dr Richter tells me he has collected in the Culbin area for many years and has never seen the species there before. In view of the complete absence of records before 1956 it seems probable that P. aegeria has colonized the Moray Firth area within the last 20 years. — E. C. PetyHam-Cuinton, The Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, 14.v1.1973. STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE FLETCHER (LEP.: PTEROPHORIDAE) IN STAFFORDSHIRE.—Mr F. Harrison of the Derbyshire Entomological Society recently mentioned to me that S. saxifragae had been found in gardens in that county and suggested that it might well be found in Staffordshire also. I looked for it on plants of mossy saxifrage in my own garden but could find no trace of it. However, on 23rd June 1972 I visited Mr G. A. Lovenbury at Wall Grange, near Leek, Staffs. and he told me that he had seen a plume moth in the garden which was unfamiliar to him. On looking round we soon found a plume moth sitting on a clump of mossy saxi- frage and this proved to be S. saxifragae. More have been seen since. It would be interesting to know if this species is becoming introduced to gardens in other parts of the country.—R. G. WarREN, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs. HyLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG AND OTHER LEPIDOPTERA IN NortH Wates.—A specimen of H. gallii came to flowers of phloxi in my garden on 28th July; this is an unusual migrant for the north Wales coast. Other migrants for this year are NOTES CND OBSERVATIONS Dat Autographa gamma (L.), plentiful from 27th June to present date; Plutella xylostella (L.) (maculipennis Curt.) from 2nd July being abundant 12th to 23rd; from faded condition, I suspect an incoming of Autographa pulchrina (Haw.) at the end of June. All above noted at Glan Conway. Butterflies appear to have recovered from the scarcity of the past two years in the region of the Conway Valley. Boloria selene (D. & S.) was common on appropriate high ground in late June and early July; Aglais urticae (L.) after a period of relative scarcity, has become plentiful again and a good number of Celastrina argiolus (L) were seen in May. The portable light trap has been well attended compared with 1972. A feature has been Autographa bractea (D. & S.) for 56 have been noted instead of the usual odd specimens. Tetheella fluctuosa (Hubn.) has been plentiful in the woods from early June and was still found in good condition on Slst July. Mompha ochraceella (Curt.) has been bred from Epilobium and I have clearly overlooked this species. Though the moth has not yet emerged and the identification is made from its long case, the most interesting find has been Coleo- phora inulae Wocke in numbers on Pulicaria dysenterica L. near Llandudno. Is Meyrick’s distribution ‘‘Surrey, Hereford, local” still good?—H. N. MicHAELIs, 5 Glan-y-Mor, Glan Con- way, 6.viii.1973. WINGLESS MoTHS AND A FROG AT THE LIGHT-TRAP.—I was interested in Mr Sokoloff’s account of finding a wingless fe- male Agriopis marginaria Fab. on the outside of his light-trap; but I think the conclusion that it had crawled towards the light is non-proven. At various times I have had the wing- less females of that species and also of A. leucophaearia D. & S. and Operopthera brumata Linn. inside my trap. These were, however, all paired with males, which had presumably carried them into the trap from wherever the pairings began. It is at least possible that Mr Sokoloff’s lady marginaria was similarly carried to the outside of the trap and there aban- doned by her lover. Two nights ago, when I was surveying my trap before going to bed, I was startled by a series of loud thumps on its cellaphane collar. These were caused by a large frog, which was trying to jump from the ground to the bulb. Perhaps fortunately both for the frog and the bulb, it could not' quite make it, and after about a dozen jumps it abandoned the attempt. When last seen it appeared to be stalking some of the moths which had settled on the surrounding grass. It is an open question whether its frantic leaps were occasioned by attraction to the bulb or by a desire to catch the moths which were buzzing round it.—R. F. BrRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey.—6.7.75. AN IMMIGRATION OF THE D1AMonD-Back MotuH?—During the weekend of 14th to 16th July this year we had a very strong and persistent wind from the north east associated with a low 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1 is pressure system in south east England. At the time I won- dered whether or not some interesting species might occur in the subsequent week. On the 19th, a few specimens of the diamond-back moth (Plutelia xylostella (L.)=maculipennis (Curtis)) appeared in my trap here on the outskirts of Kendal. On the night of 21st/22nd July there were well over one hundred specimens of this moth in the trap. On subsequent nights numbers dropped to just the occasional specimen and in the last few days no more have occurred. It would appear that an immigration occurred over the week-end of the 14th to 16th in association, with the easterly wind. Tt will be recalled that a vast immigration of this species occurred in 1958 and was again associated with a period of persistent winds from the north east. It would be of much interest if other observers found a similar influx of this species at the same time.—Dr NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, near Kendal, 26th July 1973. APHANTOPUS HYPERANTUS L. Oviposirinc — There are two butterfly species in Britain which some books say drop their eggs “haphazardly as they fly along’. I commented on one, Melanargia galathea L. (Marbled White) last year in Ent Rec. 84: “93’(125). This afternoon I saw four eggs laid by the other, A. hyperantus L. (Ringlet), all during sunny intervals while the insect was at rest on grass blades. Shortly before the sun appeared she opened her wings flat. Soon after it appeared a few very slight heaves of the abdomen were followed by the extrusion of the pale greenish egg, which dropped on to the corner of a hindwing and stayed there until she flew to a nearby Centaurea flower. After drinking, she flew to another blade of grass and the routine was re- peated, but the next egg fell to the ground immediately. The third egg followed after about a minute and fell, while a fourth egg, after a similar interval, again lodged on the hind- wing until proceedings were interrupted by the attentions of an importunate male.—C. F. Cowan, Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamstead, Herts., HP4 1PL. 11.vii.1973. Current Literature British Butterflies, Series 1 and 2, text and photographs by George E. Hyde. Jarrold Colour Publications, Norwich, 1973. Price 20p each. These two reasonably priced little books form an illus- trated introduction to all the butterfly species found in the British Isles. They consist of 32 pages each and include altogether 80 illustrations of which 50 are in colour. Except that the insects are not shown natural size (though the true measurements are given), and some are considerably larger than that, e.g..the Marbled White is here the size of the Purple Emperor, these are on the whole remarkably good reproductions of the work of a master photographer. The text is lucidly written in a pleasant style and by someone who obviously knows his subject well.—J.M.C.-H. Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Dlustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP. | ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. 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British and Tropical Lepidoptera supplied, common and rare; also cabinets, equipment, books, prints, etc. Catalogue of 1000 species (200 shown in colour), 85p + 10p postage We are open daily except Wednesdays and Sundays Note—We are always anxious to purchase surplus butterflies, books and complete collections, especially British. Highest prices paid Please Mention the Entomologist’s Record BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION © has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s. official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is. the oldest-established British magazine devoted. to general natural history - : Membership subscription 75p per annum Full details and application form obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Road, Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) _which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus 4p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2, 9JT EXHIBITION of hard-paste porcelain original sculptures by PATRICK O’HARA depicting British Wild Flowers and Butterflies (and other insects) 3rd-25th October 1973 This is probably the first time in the last 100 years that original porcelain sculptures of this delicacy have been made and exhibited in England. | The artist is a dedicated conservationist, as well as being a sculptor and naturalist, and many rare and endangered species will be depicted in this show. Amongst the butterflies are:— Polygonia c-album, Nymphalis polychloros, Gonepteryx rhamni, Callophrys rubi, Argynnis euphrosyne and Hamearis lucina. Other insects included in sculptures are Dytiscus beetle, Pyrochroa coccinea and Hydrometra stagnorum. Further information may be obtained from either:— Moorland Gallery, 23 Cork Street, London W1. (Tel. 01-734-6961) or Brookside Studio, Long- don, Tewkesbury, Glos. (Tel. 068-46-2761). (A percentage of sale price is being donated to County Conservation Trusts). OF INTEREST TO COLLECTORS We are compiling a list of collectors who wish to obtain Butterflies not generally listed, including aberrational forms, races, sub-species, gynandromorphs, etc., from various parts of the world including the U.K. Write stating wants to :— R. E. STOCKLEY, F.R.ES., 1 Marsh Street WARMINSTER Wiltshire, BA12 9PG THE ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY will be held at HOLLAND PARK SCHOOL Airlie Gardens, Campden Hill, Kensington, W.8 on Saturday, 29th September 1973 from 12.30 p.m. to 4.30 p.m. a Light refreshments will be available and there are good parking facilities. Nearest Underground is Notting Hill Gate and buses 27, 28, 31, 46 and 52 run along Kensington High Street SS TE TE ER ELT SEE TO EV ae TL a THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOCISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 3p stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close. Stanmore. Middlesex. THE MOTHS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO THE MOTHS OF AMERICA, one of the most significant publications in the history of American entomology, will contain full-colour photographs of all 10,000 + species of North American moths. The colour photography has been done with great care and attention to detail, and must be seen to be believed. THE MOTHS OF AMERICA, written by authorities in each group treated, constitutes a thorough review of the North American moths, with descriptions of new genera and species where appropriate. In addition to the colour photographs of adults, illustrations of genitalia or other Structures are included where necessary to assure accurate identification. The comprehensive text gives a full taxonomic treatment, including synonymy, plus information on distribution, foodplants, biology, and other aspects of each species. THE MOTHS OF AMERICA will be published in over 100 parts, over a period of about 20 years. Each part is individually priced, according to its size, number of colour plates, and number of copies printed. Three to five parts are expected each year. Special pre-publication/subscription prices, about 20% less than the regular list prices, apply to subscriptions for the entire work and to orders received prior to the publication of specific parts. (NOTE: The only way to get the parts already published at the reduced prices is to subscribe to the entire series.*) ALREADY PUBLISHED: Fascicle 13, Part la, Pyralidae: Scopariinae & Nymphulinae, by Dr. Eugene G. Munroe. 1972. 134 pp. £8.75 (£7.00 to subscribers). Fascicle 13, Part 1b, Pyralidae: Odontiinae & Glaphyriinae, by Dr. Eugene G. Munroe. 1972. 116 pp. £8.75 (£7.00 to subscribers). Fascicle 20, Part 2a, Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, in part (Citheroniinae and Hemileucinae, in part), by Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson. 1972. 153 pp., 11 colour plates, 19 figs. £15.00 (£12.50 to subscribers). Fascicle 20, Part 2b, Bombycoidea: Saturniidae, in part (Hemileucinae, in part, and Saturniinae), by Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson. 1972. xxi+121 pp., 11 colour plates, 11 figs. £15.00 (£12.50 to subscribers). Fascicle 21, Sphingoidea, by Dr. Ronald W. Hodges. 1971. xii+158 pp., 16 plates (14 in colour), 8 halftones, 19 figs. £10.00 (£8.15 to subscribers). IN PREPARATION: Fascicle 20, Part 1, Bombycoidea (excluding Saturniidae) (i.e., Lasiocampidae, Mimallonidae, Apetelodidae and Bombycidae), by Dr. J. G. Franclemont. Fascicle 13, Part 1c, Pyralidae: Evergestiinae, by Dr. Eugene G. Munroe (including 14 colour plates for all 3 parts of Fascicle 13, 1). Fascicle 6, Part 2, Gelechoidea: Oecophoridae, by Dr. Ronald W. Hodges. Fascicle 22, Part 2, Lymantriidae, by Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson. Also in preparation: Notodontidae, Cosmopterygidae, Walshiidae, and Sesiidae. THE MOTHS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO belongs on the shelf of every serious lepidopterist and in every significant library. Please make sure that your local library subscribes, so that this important reference work will be available to you and your colleagues in the future. A fully descriptive brochure, with sample colour plate and order form, is available on request. E. W. CLASSEY LTD., 353 HANWORTH RoaD, HAMPTON, CLASSEY ‘a MIDDLESEX, TW12 3EN, ENGLAND. PUBLICATIONS *If you wish to subscribe to the entire work EASY TERMS are available for you to buy the parts already published. ey er sh Ne ieee ene iibhnd ate ahs ie | ny Vee Anretao aye vehi AO aY ue garinaeyensaniomresndern ro tee oem os ma ‘ 1" pag hienipenees net poet wha hind tying eranied hae petra em rvh en hepamasy ey mANIC ; ' . * Ld ay th wae tu eee. i, hg hi Y ‘ ‘ U6 Sh eel A re | f > fii ipa : en iM ry it sharpie aby) spon hy ; cat ay a. ITC ry boson. quent ‘ Ao pe 4 o andbiiatsb of hartge a sires Ch ; 5 ora BOA 4 Sahar oe i PRES TCH bap) Le >t 8 At vit SE hie nt ' pie be Shae We rua mis be 4a? ; hy A Le Grn bik oe YARD» hed tt 5 Se rR ae a) al } ’ (a | if PAN Mi on | Pa bts ieramenrete 4 VRE ik Pvt nth yy he Me tabi ety ney mt a : “reiki! bs. Gt he at BA Whe SEOOTT Wed Se La OD ORE Te tar un ALi h ROR shite Os LOR TRY OOS | a pe me aN ind} ai ‘an ‘i Sig, py bpetey a a eM tiyhey id ME te aS rar 1 rs ee Key ai Ga eM aye : ow il benhsta 3 vel va td Pe EL i MT at ey ne at aati tueewnente ( ae <9 CRS PRY 00.6 " eat all eae pei bck? MAD Med i Meas | ean A, 10l vd _ Bong = i xq 5 Ven ay Lay of " dasorenedeas, OF OR ibe stake " ind 8: - oak " veg tee th Nae AAT NTO DD Pagh bik Rew arsed Ape py Oe ant y Me Ws iaowerlan ai ¢ n Mii! uf . 7 cng (ph sth ay T ts ae tata Cie. : gnu (eueny NUAY af VON moe uae i Atay ious iy nt y a % 5 jb Soph) orem 87 spit: q anit, Reape apg Bh it apbott:. 7 hls eh (if noes 2 aeakgwoel ay 1 »aibiend bak Sobitdels pM cota gay 2 e ‘ vd i ath y Ad iy amrK rig Bw ANN Wh A akg ; 1) Vode orit no enmoled in) rh: sR nOrk +3 ip 1 f } ; \ me? J eal r DOC Gad aye SRM aos Net eitier ete: Taal wie uy AN pas, Want . ictativve ocd ts “oy nn onary UBT NORA cae rhe by ran Tae larger 44) Riss | wal 4 Gr ¢ P | «ante. Sashey voy herent five Mi ane MAAN hy ain | . a Rib tepan (aiea at cn 2 Henan ahah 12. i teat at ifn ye ae if v ; At Hh plow i , . yong meget tor ang ites dt Nc eR AMA AP TA SO ‘hk i 1 ih jee rs i, nae 8 ve 18h ‘ ; Be AR Hons Hi gaomt ein | SOA ea ae OMAS susdiane Miche pal ancl ee eth Ey oat, % bt ie hi i this bf Me nie Deck vis fi Lm,’ besa Ban ih is WeUict BRentA Dy 9 fanart SHR Ae: i He. hays ‘t's "iy Rs At tant ‘Mbaikantig n wnlbyecanh esi UO tel Ve } , if pon wi) EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of “Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. Request for Information — Hothfield Local Nature Reserve, Kent (TQ/9645). I am preparing a paper on the insects of Hothfield LNR for presentation at a symposium on the area to be held in April 1974 (full details: —G. H. Morgan, 1 Somerfield Close, Maidstone, Kent.) I would be very grateful to receive any records of even common species of lepidoptera, or indeed any insect groups, not included in J. M. Chalmers- Hunt’s account on the Lepidoptera of Kent (Ent. Rec. (1960), 72, 41 et seq.), in the compilation of Dr. E. Scott (Trans. Kent Field Club (1964) 2), or in the Kent Education Committee Booklet: Environmental Studies at Hothfield (this booklet is available from Mrs B. Dodds, Fairbourne Mill, Harrietsham, Kent)—Full acknowledgement will of course be made.— J. C. Felton ,20 Gore Court Road, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME10 1QN Back numbers—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane. Bromley, Kent. Butterflies (including rare specimens, moths and other insects—on stamps —Sale or exchange.—A. Grainger, 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds. For Sale—MV moth trap, all fittings, new 1972.—J. C. Sutton, 157 Belper Road, Bargate, Derbyshire. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS Alt material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to Dr IAN WATKINSON, “Windrush,” 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. Specimen copies supplied by Dr Ian Watkinson on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber. 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SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. WE SPECIALISE IN TROPICAL LEPIDOPTERA A copy of our current Specimens List will be sent on request and Wants Lists are invited . Surplus specimens and complete collections of tropical butterflies purchased Our New Showroom is completed and collectors wishing to examine and select from the large stock of set and papered specimens now on display are welcome to visit us By Appointment for which please telephone Tenterden 2920 or write to :— THE BUTTERFLY CENTRE PLUMMER TENTERDEN KENT CONTENTS A Brief Collecting Tour in Malaya, August 1972. C.°G: M de WORMS Mont Ventoux, 1972. L. McLEOD Beginner’s Guide to Elementary Genitalic Slide Preparations, D. ~ . M. KROON. Some Nottinghamshire Diptera (Dolichopodidae). O. M. WHITE Note on the Cicadellid, Erythroneura cassiae Ahmed. A. S. SOHI and V. C. KAPOOR My Experiences with the Macrolepidoptera, 1972. B. G. WITHERS Notes and Observations: Note on Chrysoteuchia culmella (L.) N. L. BIRKETT . Hyles gallii Rott. in Hampshire. H. G. M. MIDDLETON Lyonetia clerkella L. R. G. WARREN . Nymphalis polychloros L. in South Essex. H. C. HUGGINS Autographa bractea D. & S. and Hyles gallii Rott. in the New Forest. L. W. SIGGS .. ‘ aS ~~ : Autographa bractea D. & S. in Gloucestershire in 1972 and 1973. R...P. DEMUTH. : Euhyponomeuta stannella (Thun) in Dovedale R. G. WARREN Hyles gallii Rott. in Argyllshire. R. TOMLINSON Extension of Range of Pararge aegeria (L.) in Scotland. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher in Staffordshire. R. G. WARREN f . a & ae : Hyles gallii Rott. and other Lepidoptera in North Wales. H. N. MICHAELIS ahs a = ie iz Wingless Moths and a Frog at the Light-trap. R. F. BRETHERTON ; cits oe bine An Immigration of the Diamond-back Moth? N. L. BIRKETT Aphantopus hyperantus L. Ovipositing. G. F. COWAN Current Literature T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND VOL. 85, No. 10 October 1973 PD EFEDLETED ESE ESED CEN ESED ESD ED ESD IED IED ELEM Ce: Oe) (ee THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.r.£:s. with the assistance of A. AL ‘ALLEN, B.S.C., A-R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, 8.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A, M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. a —_—_ EIQLETD ANE DESDE DED SN SED ENNELY SACS CE ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. es) @ Is now due and should be paid to é @ Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent IGHESESOSES GSES EPEPSS SS EDAD ES EPASDGSeEPESEsevee® ‘PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p Colour Identification Guide to British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £3.00 net 0 7232 1710 6 This attractive and useful guide contains the 48 colour plates of adults and early stages from the book above. In addition there are sections on Variation, Conservation and Collecting, Families, as well as Information Tables, Glossary, Identification Key and Classified List of Butter- flies. South's British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £10.50 net 0 7232 1499 9 Richard South’s classic work has now been brought com- pletely up to date, with the text arranged in a more logical and readily accessible order. A valuable addition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of species. The 48 colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, o7 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WCIB 3HE PLATE XVIII Coenonympha males Top left—1. Up is normal arcania; Un is like darwiniana, and the H ocelli are yellow-ringed, with outer brown rings. Top right—2. Normal arcania, Up and Un. Mid. left—3. Up is normal arcania; Un is like darwiniana, but the H ocelli, although faintly yellow-ringed, lack the outer brown ring. Mid. right—4. Up is like darwiniana, or even gardetta; Un is nearly arcania, but the inner edge of the white band H is rather regular. as in darwiniana. Bottom—5. Up is similar to No. 4; the Un H ocelli are yellow-ringed. and have faint outer brown rings. The Un F margins are rather like gardetta. 229 Coenonympha: A Mixed Population of arcania, darwiniana and gardetta By Major A. BEDFORD RUSSELL During a pause near Grenoble (Isére) on the way to the South of France last summer, I found fresh C. arcania and C. gardetia sharing some clearings in the conifer forest at about 9000 feet, on 3lst July. With them were a few insects having the facies characteristics of darwiniana, in varying degrees. The four examples taken were all fresh males (see plate). Un- fortunately—or even inexcusably—I was not thinking about darwiniana at the time, and was merely collecting a sample series of the two species in this locality; I don’t doubt that I could have found more examples, and females. The data on distribution, habitat and time of flight given in two recent works (Bretherton 1966, and Higgins and Riley 1970) show that arcania and gardetta can fly together, in July and between 900 and 1500 metres, “though this rarely happens”. Hoffman, 1946, wrote of the “Zusammenfliegung”’ of these two species near Salzburg. It appears that darwiniana has at some time been regarded as a separate species; Bretherton calls it a form of arcania, as did Lang in 1884, and Higgins and Riley place it firmly as a supspecies thereof. Bretherton writes of it as being found above 1500 metres, and Higgins and Riley place it in sub-alpine meadows at 5000 ft or more, rarely lower. The presence of darwiniana individuals in one of the rare, mixed arcania-gardetta populations, on 3lst July at around the 9000 ft level, seems to indicate the possibility of some inter- breeding. These insects were found near the lower limit for gardetta and darwiniana, and at a high altitude for arcania. They were flying very late for arcania (unless the latter were representatives of a second brood), but at about the peak period for gardetta and darwiniana. Both for date and altitude, arcania was the outsider. If interbreeding between gardetta and arcania were physiologically feasible, it would be tempt- ing to regard darwiniana as the result. If interbreeding be ruled out, then it seems that the “darwiniana”’ were either aberrations of arcania, which I doubt, or representatives of some variational trend that affects arcania colonies at high altitudes. There are a few Malayan butterflies whose montane representatives differ to some extent from their lowland ones. Perhaps, in time, that locality will hold no more arcania, and even no more gardetta,—only darwiniana. It would be most interesting to know whether darwiniana has been recorded elsewhere flying together with either of the species, or both. 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/73 Hydrillula palustris (Hubner) in Lincolnshire By RB. E. M. PILcHER Since several people have now visited the Lincolnshire coast in order to obtain a series of that normally elusive insect Hydrillula palustris and generally with considerable success, it may be of interest to describe the stages which have led to its discovery in a number of sites in this County. My interest in the moth began when I was up at Cambridge and used to join my father in Wicken Fen in the days when old Barnes, the keeper, allotted one a length of drove in the fen, a number of sugaring posts, a vertical sheet and a lamp, and left one to it. We never found palustris but one day we joined a group of collectors who were listening with every evidence of distress to the tale of how someone the previous night had killed a female palustris. We knew it was a rare moth but 1 do not think we had appreciated the extreme rarity for we knew that twenty years previously, in 1902, a male had been taken in Lincolnshire but we did not know where. Having the type of habitat at Wicken in mind, and later that of Woodwalton, we worked assiduously, as opportunity offered, those areas of fenland which still persisted at that time between the wars. We turned up many interesting species but no palustris. My father died in 1942 and when, after the war, it was possible to resume collecting again, I was joined by two younger friends who without any special interest in my quarry were only too pleased to collect the other species my father and I had discovered. No palustris appeared and we decided that if it occurred at all in the Lincolnshire fens, it must have a very low population density. In 1968 I retired and left the fens to go and live in the Lincolnshire Wolds. Although I ran a Robinson trap all the following year my main occupation was the recovery of a rather neglected garden. In the winter of 1969 I reduced the height of ten foot hawthorn hedge at the bottom of my pad- dock to about three feet so that the following year my light trap overlooked an area of pasture and a freshwater marsh. On 20th June 1970 a male palustris appeared in the trap. It seemed certain that the moth had come from Calceby Beck marsh, the marsh my paddock overlooks, and in the following year, 1971, I placed two Heath traps in the marsh. On the 6th June a second male appeared. I was joined a few days later by two friends but in spite of using five traps of both Robinson and Heath varieties, no more palustris appeared. Calceby Beck marsh presents certain problems from the moth trapping point of view. It can only be worked with the co-operation of the farmer for he grazes rather more than a hundred bullocks in the marsh and surrounding pasture. These beasts have been hand-reared since the first few days of their existence and have nothing but extreme friendly feelings for human beings. If a man walks into the field, the beasts rush to him with every HYDRILLULA PALUSTRIS (HUBNER) IN LINCOLNSHIRE PENI evidence of pleasure, they crowd round him and refuse to be parted from him, following him wherever he goes. This well- meaning behaviour of the beasts makes trapping impossible unless the farmer agrees to confine the beasts to a small field while trapping is in progress. The farmer did this willingly enough for two weeks but after that the beasts were short of grazing and he had to let them out. I therefore moved to a second site about half a mile away, Swaby Beck marsh, where two male palustris appeared on two successive nights. That same year, 1971, I also ran a static trap at the Gib- raltar Point Nature Reserve and on the Sth June a male palus- tris appeared in it with a second specimen on 15th June. This was not as surprising as one might have imagined for the cap- ture of my first specimen the previous year had stimulated me to make a more thorough investigation of that 1902 specimen, and as | recorded in E.R. 83, p.23, when I reported the capture of my first specimen, it had been taken by Messrs Musham and Arnold on the 21st June 1902 in the coastal sandhills at Theddlethorpe. After I had learnt of this coastal capture 1 had regarded Gibraltar Point Reserve as a likely habitat, rather better than Theddlethorpe, but I felt that if I was going to look for palustris on the coast, Saltfleetby must be the first choice. Here a marshy area of freshwater dune _ slacks gradually tails off at either end into dry juncus-fringed coarse grassland. I had now in 1972 two large areas to explore, Gibraltar Nature Reserve, an area of more than 1500 acres with one area almost as likely as another to produce palustris, and the Theddlethorpe-Saltfleetby Nature Reserve of about 1200 acres, differing from Gibraltar Point in that one small area appeared to be so much better than any other. This seemed rather a big task for one person to achieve within the period of no more than three weeks during which palustris might be expected to fly. When, therefore, Bernard Skinner wrote to me and asked if he could help, I welcomed the opportunity of having someone at a site I could virtually pin-point while I worked the wide and more uncertain area of Gibraltar Point. I expected that we should have many blank nights but in the event I was very wrong. On his first night at Saltfleetby, 10th June, Skinner found palustris the commonest moth in his traps, some twenty-five being present in the morning. On the next night we saw only seven—how quickly one drops to the word “only” when one describes what such a short time pre- viously would have been a record night. On the next night, 12th June, at 9.50 B.S.T. I found a male on a stem of Agrostis with a little Equisetum for several yards around. I did not stay longer at Saltfleetby that night but went on to Gibraltar Point where seven more palustris appeared in my trap and five more on a second visit later in the week. Meanwhile O’Keefe had paid a most successful visit to the Saltfleetby site (see E.R. 85, p.55). Za2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD S/R TS The first palustris appeared at Saltfleetby on 10th June and the last on 26th. At Gibraltar Point the first appeared on the 9th and the last also on the 26th. Only males were seen although prolonged searches were made in the hopes of find- ing a female at rest or a pair in cop. This year, 1973, there appeared to be no useful purpose to be served in visiting Saltfleetby where the moth was known io occur in what amounts to abundance in this normally rare species. On 14th June, because it had been named as the site of capture of the first specimen, I made a single visit to Theddlethorpe and a single male appeared as if to vindicate the honour of those two original recorders. I also visited the extremities of Gibraltar Point and was surprised to find how widespread the moth is there. Meanwhile, as if to remind me of the site that started it all, a male palustris appeared on 17th June in the trap in my garden. I have no doubt that H. palustris is at present enjoying a period of exceptional plenty in Lincolnshire but it must have always been there, possibly at a low level of population den- sity for anyone who looked assiduously for it. I searched too long in the fens and the wrong sort of habitat. The cause of the periodic fluctuation in numbers of a species is generally complex, but I believe one favourable factor can be found here, the gradual drying out of its habitat. When I first knew Saltfleetby, over fifty years ago, the area was knee-deep in water in winter and ankle-deep throughout the summer. Now in summer one can walk over almost all the area dry shod and much of it remains dry throughout the winter. It was very noticeable how the moth favoured the dry areas and avoided the marshy (but still not water-logged) parts. It had been hoped to include a note on the larval habitats and the foodplant but this has not been possible. Both Calceby Beck and Swaby Beck marshes have a very rich flora with abundant Meadowsweet, and this is presumably the foodplant. It has been impossible to examine litter from mowing because the bullocks eat the litter as fast as one grows. Nor has it been possible to examine litter at either Gibraltar Point or at Saltfleetby. In these reserves we have a mowing programme carried out aS a means of assessing methods of grass land management. A fly-mow has been used which does not provide satisfactory litter. More orthodox mowing with the scythe or Allen scythe has not been permitted until the results of other methods have been assessed. This year I shall, however, be able to mow as I wish and some information may be obtained. A single larva was found, rather late in the year, at Saltfleetby in litter and this larva nibbled with no great enthusiasm at Rubus caesius (which I think is the natural foodplant here), Lycopus europaeus, a likely alternative, and Meadowsweet. Meadowsweet is virtually absent from Gibraltar Point and can- not be the food plant; there is very little at Saltfleetby and HYDRILLULA PALUSTRIS (HUBNER) IN LINCOLNSHIRE 233 none near what appears to be the metropolis of the insect there. The larva seemed unlikely to thrive and was released. Palustris must be widespread in Lincolnshire. It cannot be due to any exceptional insight on my part that I have found it in all the five sites in which I have looked for it since the cap- ture of my first specimen. There are still several coastal areas between Gibraltar Point and Cleethorpes where I would expect it to occur. There are also many inland marshes, notably around Lincoln and Gainsborough, which would, I am sure, repay a visit. I hope itis not being too naive to hope that some collectors at least will see the greater credit to be obtained by taking a series from a hitherto unknown locality rather than from a site bearing the imprints of innumerable moth traps. A Melanic Larva of Lasiocampa quercus L. ssp. callunae Palmer in Caithness, Scotland By BERNARD KETTLEWELL Black eggar larvae are found regularly only in two areas of Britain, the Lancashire and Cheshire sand-hills (where such melanic larvae always produce black moths referred to as “olivacea’) and the Yorkshire moors around Ilkley. Here there are two forms of melanic larvae, “black silky” which always produces melanic imagines, and “chocolate” which give rise to a proportion of these as well as f. typica. We have demon- strated that this is the result of “crossing-over” which D. R. Lees showed was 8:9 per cent in one brood and 25-6 per cent in another. The inheritance of all melanic forms, both larval and imaginal is recessive. Though the frequency of the f. olivacea phenotype forms up to 70 per cent of the population in Caithness, no melanic larva has been found in the many thousands we have collected until 1972, when my wife found a solitary one at Breamore in which the ground colour was jet black with lateral white mark- ings. There was a deficiency of the longer hairs. It was highly cryptic as it sat on a heather stem in flower bud. In my opinion this larva was different from both the Yorkshire melanic larvae, chocolate and black silky. Unfortunately it died as a pupa just prior to hatching. I have reproduced a colour print of it in The Evolution of Melanism (1973, Claren- don Press). A further point of interest is that the Yorkshire, Lancashire and Caithness “olivacea” are each controlled by different genes, though phenotypically they appear similar. On the continent such melanism has been found to exist in Den- mark, and also in Eastern Germany. Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. 234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/ 73 “They were Irish Gannets ” By H. C. ‘Hucerns, F.R.E.S. Several years ago when I was staying at Dingle, one of the waitresses was a student physiotherapist from Dublin, on holiday work. As her home was Westport, Co. Mayo, we had many talks about that county, which I had not visited for fifty years. The Skelligs are two rocky islets off the Kerry coast, which may be seen from any high position in the Dingle area. There is a lighthouse on Great Skellig (Skellig Michael) where there are also some tenth century monastic ruins; Little Skellig, which is uninhabited, contains the second largest gannet colony in the world, the largest being at St Kilda. At the last count there were 20,000 pairs and the island is much over-full, yet not one pair will nest on Great Skellig, only a few miles away, and surplus pairs have filled the Bull, near Dursey, and have now worked right round to the Saltees off Wexford. | There would appear to be no reason for this boycotting of Great Skellig, and a friend and I discussed it over lunch with- out finding a solution. When the conversation flagged my little physiotherapist touched my shoulder and said “Excuse me, Sir, but they are Irish gannets’’. In the course of the last fifty odd years I have noticed a similar anomaly amongst Irish insects, I am not referring par- ticularly to dates, but divergences from British habits. Before going into these, however, I will conclude the story of my Dingle Celerio gali Rott. mentioned in my note in the Record 85/65. The pupa was beginning to colour up on 10th June, so as I was leaving for a fortnight in Ireland on 16th June, Mr Donald Down kindly took charge of it. On the 19th, a beautiful male emerged, which he photographed, killed, and set for me. I have bred gali before, some four specimens in 1914, but those were from pupae L. W. Newman obtained from eggs laid by a female G. B. Oliver caught in Cornwall, whereas this one was from the only egg that hatched from half a dozen laid by a female caught at Dingle on 21st July 1972. Itis the largest male I have, as big as any of my females although its mother, which ruined herself in the moth-trap was far larger, the biggest I have ever seen. I reared the moth from the egg in a glass-topped metal box, 315 inches in diameter X? in depth. When the larva stopped feeding, I put in about half an inch of earth and the same depth of dried sphagnum. It began to race round the box and kept this up for over 24 hours and then spun a flimsy cocoon in the sphagnum. I was interested in this racing, which reminded me of the newly hatched larva of Catocala fraxini L., which does the same on leaving the egg before beginning to feed. I discussed this with Cockayne who had also noticed it and he suggested THEY WERE IRISH GANNETS 253 it was because the larva is a big food-consumer in its later stages, so the young ones scatter to avoid clearing the tree of leaves. T exvect he was right, he usually was, but surely galii would not need to go more than three or four yards before pupating. I will now go on to my “gannets”’. Clossiana euphrosyne L. In Ireland only found in the Burren. Usuallv it flies wildly over the rough country and is difficult to catch, though I have occasionally seen it by the roadside. Although Burren insects are usually as early as those of Southern England I have never seen euphrosyne be- fore the first week in June and in 1964 Baynes and I took and released two very fair specimens in the first week in August. Hepialus lupulina L. In May 19561 saw an abundant flight of this moth in full sunshine on three occasions in the middle of the afternoon on the side of the coastal road from Bally- nalacken to Ballvvaughan. On the other hand I have never seen the dusk flight (universal in Southern England) in Ireland, although I have found lupulina commonly in my moth-trap wherever I have set it at Dingle, Inch, Ballynalacken and Bantry. Donovan (p. 19) describes it as rare and in small numbers: this is probably due to the absence of the dusk flight as he did little collecting with a light, and I have often had a score in a night. Sterrha muricata Hufn. Various times are given for its natural flight, at the only locality where I found it commonly in Ireland it flew freely of its own accord about 4 p.m. G.M.T. on sunny afternoons. This was in two swamps in the Leigh- White demesne at Glengarriff, the only place where more than an odd specimen has been found. I regret to say that this is now Glengarriff State Forest and the swamps drained and planted with firs. Euphyia bilineata L. This moth follows no rule in Treland. On many of the swampy bogs it is quite normal, on other similar ones it grades to a dark ribbed form like Calocalpe undulata L. On most cliff sides it is the ordinary yellow, but for no apparent reason in others varies from hibernica Prout to nearlv unicolourous dark brown. On these cliffs it lives in any kind of grass or vegetation, down to the clumps of rag- wort at the foot, yet the s.sp. isolata Kane lives only in the clefts in the rocks on the cliff side and is never found hiding in vegetation. So far. this form has only been found on Tearaght and Inishvickilaun in the Blaskets, where no other appears. Abraxas arossulariata L. About two miles down the coastal road from Ballynalacken the larva of this insect feeds literally in thousands on hazel. Of course several insects feed on hazel in the Burren where their usual food-plant does not grow, such as Tethea duplaris L. and Epinotia solandriana L. where there is no birch, but in this case of qgrossulariata there is as much blackthorn in the hedge as hazel, yet only the hazel, which is almost defoliated, seems chosen. 236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 Pseudopanthera macularia L. On the bare higher ground in the Burren this moth, which is usually associated with wood- land glades flies wildly about in the company of Ematurga atomara L., from which it is difficult to distinguish when seen against the skyline. Pyrausta funebris Stroem. In the south of England I have always seen this moth in wide rides in woods, or more especi- ally in the second and third years after felling in clearings where coppicing (now unfortunately becoming rarer) is prac- ticed. In the Burren it may be seen anywhere amongst the rocks and terraces, which is not perhaps so remarkable as there are few woods. But at Glengarriff in West Cork I have never seen it in the extensive woodlands, where there is plenty of goldenrod, but have found a good number buzzing along the sides of rocky streams on dry bogs with no vegetation except the foodplant, some clumps of heather, and an occasional bramble. Pempelia dilutella Hiibn. This moth runs to a large size in the West of Ireland, often exceeding P. ornatella D. & S. in size, for which it is easily mistaken in the Burren. The curious point, however, is that in Ireland I have never been able to put it up in the afternoon or evening. I have on the chalk in Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Hants., never failed to do so. In 1961, Baynes and I took a pressure lamp to the top of the cliff above Coomenoole beach. It was not a good night, we saw only eight insects, 3 Agrotis trux Hiibn., 2 Hepialus humuli L. and 3 dilutella. These were very large, of a deep crimson colour with white markings. Naturally I was anxious for more and have visited the place, where there are extensive beds of thyme, on at least a dozen occasions in the afternoon and early evening without result. When I was staying at Ballynalacken Castle early in August 1964 the large brown form, so like ornatella, came into my moth trap nearly every night, but al- though I worked the surrounding grounds every day and at all hours I never saw one fly. Platyptilia calodactyla D. & S. In England I have always found this moth in woodlands, similar to those of funebris with which it often co-exists. After my wife took the first authenti- cated Irish specimen in a grassy bohireen in 1962, Baynes visited Dingle with me in the followng year to find out more. We found it locally common but always on road-banks, except on two occasions in gardens, one at Miltown and the other at Benners Hotel in Dingle itself. Here part of the garden was then overgrown with weeds and amongst these were calo- dactyla and Perizoma blandiata D. & S. Subsequently the gar- den was entirely cleared up and “made a perfect picture” with no more rare moths. A reported occurrence of Maculinea arion L. in South West Ireland. Some twenty-five years ago a report was in general circula- tion that arion had been discovered on an island: in the Heb- THEY WERE IRISH GANNETS 237 rides. So far as I am aware this never appeared in print” and subsequent searching has produced no confirmation. A similar record was made eleven years ago to Mr E. S. A. Baynes which was investigated by him, my wife and myself. Baynes did not write on the subject, and as I am unhappily the sole survivor of the investigators and rumours may still circu- late in Dublin, it seems to me desirable to put the facts on record. In 1962, a youth called at the National Museum at Dublin and asked to see the “Blues”. After examining them he told the curator of the insects that he had discovered the Large Blue at Dunboy, in West Cork. He was very sensibly referred to Mr Baynes to whom he gave further details, though he had no specimens. Baynes did not know Dunboy and as he knew I had been over most of that part of Ireland wrote to me for an opinion. I replied that from the soil it seemed a most unlikely place (I knew Dunboy well) and we left it at that. In 1963, my wife and I went as usual to Dingle for the sum- mer and Baynes joined us there. He had come chiefly to find the local distribution of calodactyla which my wife had dis- covered the previous year, but he was still interested in this arion record and after reveating the story, produced a sketch- map of the place in which there was a large space marked as covered with wild thyme. I still said the soil was not suitable and we agreed that this record, like the Hebridean one was “very Rhum”. However, at the end of the week as the time was right and the weather splendid we agreed to make the trip. On arriving at Dunboy we varked the car just in front of the ruins of the fine house of the Puxleys, burnt out in the “troubles’’. Mv wife got out first and whilst Baynes and I were unpack- ing the boot went along with her net. Jn a counvle of minutes she returned and said. “There’s vour Large Blue, Ted” and showed a very fine male icarus, like those that occur at Bel- mullet. Baynes however insisted we must look at the thyme- bed. sn we went through a squashv farm vath to the place marked on the map at the back of the ruin. Here, exactlv where the thvme-bed was marked, was a big patch of dwarf lousewort, it was growing on a wet acid bog in which thyme if planted would have been dead in a month. A number of the big icarus were flying about, which gave a final answer to the supposed record. () J. W. Heslop Harrison, The Passing of the Ice Age (in The New Naturalist: A Journal of British Natural History, p. 89, pub. Collins, 1948) refers to the «presence on Rhum of such species as the Large Blue.,, ”’ However, we have never had confirmation of this record. 238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 A Brief Collecting Tour in Malaya, August 1972 By C. G. M. DE WorMS, M.A., PH.D., F.R.E.S. (concluded from page 210) Prothoé calydonia Hewitson. Gombak Valley. Polyura athamas samatha Moore. Ulu Langat and Bukit Tarek. Polyura hebe chersonesus Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek. Polyura delphis concha Vollenhoeven. Tea Estate. Charaxes polyxena crepax Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat. LYCAENIDAE Pithecops corvus Fruhstorfer. Gombak Valley. Allotinus subviolaceus alkamah Distant. Castalius roxus pothus Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat and Bukit Tarek. Jamides celeno aelianus Fab. Plentiful at the Tea Estate. Athene emolus goberus Fruhstorfer. Athene lycaenoides miya Fruhstorfer. Nacaduba nora superdates Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat and Gombak Valley. Nacaduba helicon merguiana Moore. Ulu Langat. Nacaduba dubiosa lumpura Corbet. Gombak Valley. Curetis santana malayica C. & R. Felder. Ulu Langat. Arhopala centaurus nakula C. & R. Felder. Bukit Tarek. Arhopala eumolphus maxwelli Distant. Tea Estate. Arhopala opalina azata Nicéville. Tea Estate. Arhopala zambria Swinhoe. Tea Estate. Arhopala buddha cooperi Evans. Tea Estate. Spindasis lohita senana Fruhstorfer. Pantai Reservoir and Ulan Langat. Eooxzylides tharis distanti Riley. Bukit Tarek. Catapaecilma major emas Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat. Remelana jangula travana Hewitson. Tea Estate. Loxura atymnus fuconius Fruhstorfer. Ulu Langat and Bukit Tarek. Sithon nedymond Cramer. Bukit Tarek. RIODINIDAE Zemeros flegyas albipunctata Butler. Bukit Tarek. HESPERIDAE Ampittia discorides camertes Hewitson. Iambrix salsala Moore. Seremban district. Iambrix obliquans Mabille. Koruthaialos sindu C. & RB. Felder. Bukit Tarek. Isma protoclea iapis Nicéville. Seremban district. Hidari irava Moore. Bukit Tarek. Potanthus trochala tytleri Evans. Telicota augias L. near Seremban. Notocrypta paralysos asawa Fruhstorfer. Bukit Tarek. Pelopidas conjuncta Herrich-Schaffer. A BRIEF COLLECTING TOUR IN MALAYA, AUGUST 1972 239 The following species of Moths were, except for the Zygaenidae those identified from captures at the wayside cafe at the top of the Gombak Valley, almost on the Pahang- Selangor border. SPHINGIDAE Daphnusa ocellaris Walker. COSSIDAE Xyleutes strix L. Xyleutes leuconotus Walker. ZY GAENIDAE Artona fulvida Butler. NOTODONTIDAE Gangarides rosea Walker. LYMANTRIIDAE Euproctis xanthomela Walker, Euproctis digramma Boisduval, E. azela Collenette. ARCTIIDAE Asura interserta Morse, Creatonatus transiens Walker. AGARISTIDAE Longicella mollis Walker. NOCTUIDAE Heliothis assulta Guenée, Anua trapezium Guenée, Thyas dotata Fab., Episparis tortuosalis Moore. GEOMETRIDAE Thalassoides spec., Agathia laetata Fab., Plutodes discigeria Butler, Fascelina albiscata Walker, Boarmia lioptilaria Swinhoe, Carecomotis biclavata Fletcher, Sarcinodes restitutaria Walker. In the identification of the 89 species of Malayan butter- flies listed above I was greatly helped on the spot by Mr and Mrs Wickham Fleming and by Mr Henry Barlow and. later by reference to that classic work, “The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula” by Steven Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury (1956 edition) kindly lent me by Mr A. G. Batten as also was a smaller but egually helpful work ‘Common Malayan Butterflies” by Prof. R. Morrell. I must also express my warmest thanks to Mr T. G. Howarth of the British Museum (Natural History) for much help and advice in indentifying some of the smaller species, especially among the Lycaenidae, while to Col. J. N. Eliot I am extremely indebted for his assistance with the difficult genus Arhopala. My final gratitude goes to Mr Alan Hayes and to Mr W. H. Tams, both of the Museum, for naming 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 a diversity of moths belonging to several families, among which there was at least one small unknown Lasiocampid and a diminutive Euproctis also undescribed. REFERENCES Batten, A. G. (1970). A Month in Malaysia in the footsteps of Corbet and Pendlebury. Ent. Rec., 82: 7-12, 44-48. Corbet, A. Steven and Pendlebury, H. M. (1956). “The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula”’. Morrell, R. ‘Common Malayan Butterflies”. Amathes (Paradiarsia) glareosa (Esper) f. edda Staudinger on the Mainland of Scotland By BERNARD KETTLEWELL AND CHARLES GIBSON Last year (1972), as anticipated, we found the melanic form of this species in northern Caithness. Of 45 glareosa taken in three localities, 20 were f. edda and from this small sample, it appears that, away from sand dunes, the frequency is about 50 per cent. Previously, over the past few years, one of us (H.B.D.K.) had sampled over 30,000 specimens from 22 localities in Shetland. Here, 97 per cent were f. edda on the northern-most island of Unst. Southwards, there was a cline over the 54 miles length of Shetland to Dunrossness, where the frequency is under 2 per cent. Lorimer and Ffennell have recorded this form in Orkney and Fair Isle, 37 and 15 per cent respectively. The majority of f. edda from Unst are extremely dark, less so from Dunrossness. Orkney edda are substantially paler. The new Caithness specimens are silvery grey but never- theless quite distinct. I (H.B.D.K.) have recently figured the Shetland and Orkney edda in The Evolution of Melanism (1973), and given details of how the frequency of this form may be largely influenced by the predation of migrating birds on their landfall. The Common Gull (Larus canus) appears to be one of the main pre- dators. f. edda is likely therefore to be found in limited coastal areas of heather peat in Caithness and not in the moun- tains of Sutherland. Abroad it is found locally on the coasts of Denmark. f. edda is dominant to f. typica but not completely so, as except in Unst, the majority of heterozygotes are some- what paler. Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford. HYPENA OBESALIS TREITSCHKE IN WARWICKSHIRE. — On the night of 26th August 1973, I took here in my m.v. trap a good 2 specimen of Hypena obesalis. This appears to be only the third record of this species in Britain (cf. Ent. Rec., 81: 336).— Davip Brown, Charlecote, near Warwick. VARIATION IN THE PRONOTAL SPOTS 241 Variation in the Pronotal Spots in Macroma melanopus Shaum (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidae: Cetoniidae) By R. K. KACKER Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta-12 While studying a small collection of 9 examples of the Cetonine beetles, Macroma melanopus Shaum, from Shillong (Meghalaya), I came across an interesting instance of pronotal variation. 5 ammnm Figs. 1-5. Pronotum of M. melanopus showing variation. Fig. 6. Hypothetical type of pronotum. 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD } 15/X/73 Originally this species was described by Hope (1841) as M. nigripennis, but subsequently Shaum (1848) also described the same species as M. melanopus. Arrow (1910)-has preferred to retain the latter name as valid. This species is distributed over north-east India (Khasi Hills, Jantia Hill, Manipur, As- sam), Bangla Desh (Sylhet), Burma (N. Khayen Hills) and Siam. Identity of this species can be made by its black elytra with clypeus, angular basal prolongation between the eyes, lateral and hind margins of pronotum except a black spot in the middle of lateral borders, sides of the metasternum, hind coxae and antennal club yellow (Fig. 1). | In the present series of specimens an interesting case of variation in the pronotal spots has been observed. There is evident prolongation of the middle black patch, towards the basal angles of the pronotum (Fig. 2), which ultimately tends to give rise to two small spots (Fig. 4). In another specimen a distinct downward extention of middle black patch towards the base of pronotum has been observed which joins the base of the pronotum (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). There is a strong presump- tion that the species with 5 spots, four lateral and one basal, may be found in nature if intensive survey is made (Fig. 6). There is no evidence whether this type of variation in the pronotal spots is due to geographical distribution since all these specimens are collected from the same locality in Shil- long. However, their genetical significance cannot be ruled out for the reason that they are from the same population sample. I am grateful to Dr A. P. Kapur, Director, Zoological Sur- vey of India, for kind facilities and Shri K. S. Pradhan, Super- intending Zoologist, for various help. References Arrow, G. J. (1910). Fauna Brit. India, Coleoptera: Lamellicornia : (Cetoniinae and Dynastinae), p.219. Hope, F. W. (1841). Trans. Ent. Soc., 3: 65 Shaum, H. R. (1848). Verz Lamell. Melit., 60. Argema kuhnei Pinhey and A. mimosae (Bsd.) (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) A Comparison By D. G. SEvasToPuLo, F.R.E.S. Mr Kuhne’s detailed notes on A. kuhnei (1973, Ento- mologist’s Record, 85: 27-30) reveal a number of differences between it and the better known A. mimosae. There is a considerable difference in the appearance of the full grown larvae, the scoli of mimosae are fleshy cones, the base extending to both margins of the somite and meet- ing that of the opposite scolus mid-dorsally, whilst that of kuhnei, judging from the figure, is an erect Eiffel Tower ARGEMA KUHNEL PINHEY AND A. MIMOSAE (BSD.) 243 atfair. Generally the larva of mimosae is a far stouter and more compact larva than that figured for kuhnei. The colour is much the same, mimosae being a beautiful green with the intersegmental divisions whitish, spiracles greenish yellow with a white dot at each end. Thoracic legs reddish purple, prolegs green with yellow feet. Head brown. The fourth in- star larva is very similar to the adult. The first instar larva is orange tinged with blackish with a black head and a sub- dorsal, lateral and sublateral series of small fleshy scoli. The second instar larva is at first scarlet, gradually becoming green as the instar progresses, the scoli of the first instar being replaced by fleshy cones. The third instar is inter- mediate between the second and fourth. All my larvae have been reared from ova laid by captive females, so that I am not in a position to comment on their habits in the wild. The only food-plant recorded for mimosae is Sclerocarya caffra Sond. (Anacardiaceae). The family Dipterocarpaceae, to which Monotes belongs, does not appear to grow in East Africa. The cocoon of mimosae, as noted in a short paper (1973, Entomologist’s Record, 85: 67) appears to have more per- forations than that of kuhnei. I cannot agree with the sugges- tion that these perforations are for drainage or ventilation; the normal Saturniid cocoon is fully waterproof. It appears more likely that these holes may give vertebrate predators the impression that the pupa has been parasitised and the parasites have emerged. Some Lasiocampids, Dollmannia purpurascens (Auriv.) for example, produce a similar effect by incorporating small tufts of very short black setae in the fabric of the cocoon. The Arctiid Nyctemera apicalis Wlk. covers its cocoon with numerous multi-celled pellets of white froth, produced from the anus, and containing an oily liquid with a strong Cocinellid-like smell, which gives the appear- ance of a mass of ichneumon cocoons. The pupa of kuhnei appears to be stouter and more con- tracted than that of mimosae. I cannot comment on the duration of the pupal stage as all my pupae have died, if sprinkled they rot and if left un- sprinkled they dry up, and it would appear that they have a very narrow tolerance of humidity. Unlike kuhnei, with its comparatively short flight period, mimosae flies all through the year. I have not noticed that mimosae is particularly subject to damage, an occasional tail is broken off but that is to be expected given the shape of the moth, and I wonder if the reason for the greater apparent damage to kuhnez is due to its being caught in traps. My mercury vapour lamp stands against a rough-cast wall, on which the moths attracted settle. Bats do capture mimosae, as I frequently find severed wings near the lamp. As regards the natural camouflage of these moths, I can- not do better than quote Seitz, Indo-Australian Bombyces, 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 p. 497:—‘In fact it is rather difficult to discover an Actias sitting amongst the leaves of bushes. Only freshly hatched specimens resting on trunks or posts to stretch their wings are more easily found. In a valley of Ceylon, where I daily collected without ever seeing any Actias, one day after the leaves of the small trees had been singed black by a planta- tion fire, I was surprised to see the great number of Actias selene which sat in the burnt foliage, now visible from afar aS so many green spots, their protective colour rendered in- effective.” Mombasa, 13.v.73. Notes and Observations NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. IN CORNWALL IN 1973.—Mr Alexander Gray, of Treswithian near Camborne, phoned me to say that he and his wife had seen a Camberwell Beauty (N. antiopa L.) in their garden on 17th August. They immediately recognised the butterfly, as they had both seen it previously on the Con- tinent, and I am therefore quite sure that this is a reliable report. As far as I am able to ascertain, this is the first record of the species for Cornwall since 1949, when one was men- tioned in Entomologist, 83: 130, but without date, locality or name of observer. — Dr F. H. N. Smith, Turnstones, Perran- coombe, Perranporth, Cornwall. 20.viii.-1973. ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES L. AB. DECOLORATA CARUEL IN SussEx.—On 12th May 1973, | took a remarkable @ ab. of this butterfly which Mr D. Carter of the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist) has kindly identified as an extreme form of ab. decolorata Caruel. My specimen is characterised particularly by the yellow coloration of the normally dark green markings on the under- side hindwings, and the replacement of the normal blackish markings on the upperside forewings and hindwings by those of a very pale grey. I should be interested to hear from anyone who may have knowledge of this unusual form. — CoLIn Pratt, Oleander, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. HyLes GALLU Rott. In YORKSHIRE.—On the morning of 2nd August 1973, my friend Mr P. Gunson found a rather worn. specimen of this moth in his m.v. trap at Emley. It was a °, and after feeding on honey it laid a few ova during the following days. This is the second gallii to have occurred here, Mr Gunson having taken one in excellent condition in his m.v. trap on the night of 9th July 1971. — N. Guu, 26 Mount Pleasant, Emley, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire, HDé ORY. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 HYLES GALLII ROTTEMBURG IN NORTHUMBERLAND AND DurHAM.—On 18.7.1973 a fine specimen of this probable mi- grant was brought into the Hancock Museum having been captured in the bathroom of a house in High Heaton, New- castle upon Tyne (NZ 26). A second specimen was also brought to this Museum soon after the previous one. It was captured on 19.7.1973 in another part of the city (near Walker Gate) on the windowsill of an upstairs window. A third speci- men was seen (but not captured) by two lepidopterists on 23.7.1973. It was feeding in flight at flowers of Rose-bay Willow-herb about 9.45 p.m. B.S.T. at Plessey Woods not far from the railway bridge over the River Blythe between Stannington and Bedlington, north of Newcastle upon Tyne (NZ 27). A fourth specimen was reported as caught in Stanley, County Durham, (NZ 15), on 23.7.1973. It was given to a young collector who set it and sent us the information. The immigration would seem to have taken place at its earliest on the night of 17/18 July when the wind was south- easterly and the weather broken.—A. G. Lone, Deputy Curator, Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne. ARGYNNIS PAPHIA L. ARRIvES.— The Silver Washed Fritillary appears never before to have been recorded from this 10-km square (TL Q1) although noted before 1960 from five of the eight adjacent squares. On 13th August 1973, a fairly fresh male visited the flowers of Buddleia and Phlox here for ten minutes at midday. Rather late in the season, perhaps he was a tourist exploring the green belt. Let us hope the fe- males do likewise. This is the 22nd butterfly species seen in my small garden here since 1965. — C. F. Cowan, Little Gaddesden House, Berkamsted, Herts., HP4 1PL. 1.ix.1973. AGDISTIS BENNETII (CURTIS) AWAY FROM SALTMARSHES.—On the night of 11th-12th August 1973, I took in my m.v. trap at Woodstock Farm south of Sittingbourne, a perfect specimen of Agdistis bennetii. I have subsequently taken two further specimens in the same trap. This year also I have noted a specimen in a garage at Ospringe near Faversham, and a col- league has taken one in his trap at Newington, both south of the A2. All these records are several miles from the nearest growth of Limonium, perhaps confirming the record of C. A. W. Duffield when he took the moth high on the North Downs at Brook (27.6.51). It is interesting however that for two years I operated a trap nightly in South Hampshire only 200 yds. from extensive salt marshes yet I never took the moth then. Are these Kent specimens more prone to travel than their Hampshire cousins? Other salt marsh species recorded at Woodstock Farm are: Spilosoma urticae Esp. (26.6.73), Leucania favicolor Barr. (27.6.73) and Amphipoea paludis Tutt. (29.8.73).—I. A. WaTKIn- SON, 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/A/ 1S MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM L. IN DORSET AND HYLES GALLII Rott. IN DEvon.—I should like to report the capture of M. stel- latarum at Worth Maltravers near Swanage, Dorset, on the afternoon of 28th July 1973; and that I took a ° of H. gallii on S0th July 1973, in an m.v. trap at Axminster, Devon. The galliz laid about 100 ova, the larva from which are at present thriving. Many Vanessa atalanta and Cynthia cardui were noted in this part of Devon during the fortnight that we were there.—P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent. 12.viii.1973. SCOLIOPTERYX LIBATRIX LINNAEUS (LEP. OPHIDERINAE) ON PopuLus.—A neighbour, having brought to me a female poplar hawk moth (Laothoe populi Linnaeus), which had laid some 70 eggs, I thought that I might as well do something to boost the local population of that species. I put most of the larvae out on local trees when they were about half grown but kept about a dozen for the amusement and instruction of my grand- children. On two occasions I unknowingly brought in a larva of S. libatrix (Herald Moth) with food collected for the populi lar- vae, once on Populus niger and once on P. italica both gathered in the Bromley, Kent, neighbourhood. P. B. M. Allan (Larval Foodplants: 81) definitely mentions P. nigra but South (Moths of the British Isles (1961) Vol. I: 385) only mentions it as a possibility, on the strengh of a pupa of S. libatrix having been found spun in poplar leaves. Both my larvae have now “spun up in poplar leaves”.—S. N. A. JAcoss, 04 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE. PACHYCNEMIA HIPPOCASTANARIA HUBNER IN KeENT.—I took a specimen of this moth from the m.v. trap in my garden at West Wickham on the morning of 19th August 1973.—D. Bur- Rows, 22 Lime Tree Walk, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 9ED. (This is only the third record of occurrence of this species in Kent to our knowledge for more than fifty years.—Ed.). THYMELICUS SYLVESTRIS PopA (SMALL SKIPPER) IN NUMBERS IN DEVoN AT Damp Sanp. — On July 27th, 1973, at mid-day, whilst picnicking with my family by the River Webburn, in a deciduous wood near Ashburton, we noticed several small but- terflies on a patch of damp sand at the water’s edge. Closer investigation showed there to be as many as six Small Skippers (T. sylvestris Poda) drinking on the sandy margin which was only a few yards square. Although the usual woodland butterflies were flying strongly in the same area, including paphia, cydippe and ven- ata (the latter being as numerous as sylvestris), and the day was exceptionally hot and sunny after a number of wet cloudy days, only sylvestris was seen quenching its thirst in this fashion. — D. Burrows, 22 Lime Tree Walk, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 9ED. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 INTER-SPECIFIC COMPETITION IN BUTTERFLIES.—In his recent paper on collecting in Jamaica (1972, Entomologist’s Record, 84: 219-223) Baron de Worms writes with reference to Papilio andraemon Hbn. ‘“‘a species which apparently invaded Jamaica from Cuba as recently as about 1945 and has now displaced several other species of Papilio in some regions of the island, as the larvae infest citrus trees’. How exactly does Baron de Worms visualise this displacement being effected? Surely there is citrus enough for all. I put exactly the same question to Dr Luckens with regard to a similar remark concerning Argnnis aglaia L. and A. cydippe L. (1972, Entomologist’s Record, 84: 76) but have re- ceived no reply. — D. G. Srevastoputo, F.R.E.S., Mombasa. tiey-1S%S: HyLeEs GALLI Rott. IN SUSSEx.—I took a single female Bed- straw Hawk moth in good condition from my experimental m.v. trap (see Ent. Rec., 85: 120) here on the night of 27th July. This specimen was carrying many eggs but unfortunately these proved infertile. I also took a ¢ gallii here on 30th July. — Coutw Pratt, “Oleander”, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex 23.viii.1973. HyYLES GALLI RoTT. IN WORCESTERSHIRE.—On the night of 14-15th July 1973, a specimen of H. gallii was taken in my son’s light trap. It had been a wet night and the specimen, a well worn female, subsequently laid eggs of which 101 were fertile. Nearly all these have been successfully reared to the pupal state mainly on willowherb, although bedstraw and fuchsia were accepted though not so available. This capture I believe constitutes a new County Record. — G. J. James, 97 Evendene Road, Evesham, Worcs, WR11 6QA. HyYLES GALLII Rott. IN SouTH WESTMORLAND. — At about 3.00 a.m. on. 21st July 1973, while checking the insects on the house wall overlooking my m.v. trap, I found a female Bed- straw Hawk with a slightly damaged forewing. While boxing this, a male of the same species flew in and alighted only a few feet away, and was easily secured. Placed in a large larval cage the pair appeared to be in cop. the next day. On 23rd July, again at about 3.30 a.m., I discovered a third gallii — a female — in approximately the same place, but this managed to escape later after I had photographed it. ~ I gave the captive female fresh supplies of Galium verum and Epilobium angustifolium in an attempt to induce her to lay, but without success, finally sleeving her out on a fuschia bush, but she died on 29th July without having laid any ova. None of the three specimens was in perfect condition, and last year Mr A. Watson and I found. two fully grown gallii larvae about 11, miles from here (see Ent. Rec., 84: 290) which sug- gests the species had survived the very mild winter. — J. Briccs, Frimley House, Deepdale Close, Beetham, near Miln- thorpe, Westmorland, 3.ix.1973. 248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 Current Literature Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 2. Lepidoptera (Moths—part one) edited by John Heath and Michael J. Skelton: The Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, 1973. £1. This second part of the Provisional Atlas deals with the Lasiocampidae: Saturniidae: Endromidae: Drepanidae: Thy- atiridae: Sphingidae: Notodontidae: Lymantriidae: Arctiidae: - Nolidae. It contains the first 101 species of moths and is based on the observations of some 800 recorders spread over the country whose reports, together with some additional data abstracted from the literature, have been collated by Messrs Heath and Skelton and the staff of the B.R.C. Broadly speaking, migrant and extinct species have been omitted, but some such as Lithosia quadra L. (which may be a temporary resident dependant upon periodic immigration) have been included. The publication follows the nomenclature and arrangement of the second edition of Kloet and Hincks, A Check List of British Insects, Part 2: Lepidoptera. In general, the format is the same as that of Part 1 (But- terflies), except that in Part 2 the Irish Grid has been used for all records from Ireland. Consequently, the change in format necessitated by this new map will be the standard for all future parts. In order that the final atlas may be as accurate and as com- prehensive as possible, we hope that those who notice any errors of omission or commission in these provisional maps will accordingly notify the B.R.C. at Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. The editors and their staff at the B.R.C. would also welcome enquiries from pro- spective recorders who should write to them at that address.— J.M.C.-H The Horse Flies of Europe (Diptera, Tabanidae) by Milan Chvala, Leif Lyneborg & Josef Moucha. 1972 Entomo- logical Society of Copenhagen. These three authors have collaborated to produce what will ’e for many years the standard work on European Horse Flies. The presentation of information has been well planned and is always concise. Although the English is sometimes idiomatically inaccurate this does not seem to have led to any serious errors of meaning. There are several short introductory chapters which deal in general terms with various aspects of the family. The systematic and faunistic works which have been published on the Tabanidae are historically reviewed. It is stated that no work on the Tabanid fauna of Ireland is known, but this is not strictly correct as there was a paper by O’Rourke (1969, Irish CURRENT LITERATURE 249 Nat’s Journal, 16: 230-1.) dealing with the Irish records of the genus Tabanus (s.l.). The systematic tables of the distribution by country of the 176 European species demonstrate the in- crease in species number from north to south and from west to east, the highest totals being from European Russia and the Mediterranean countries. In the following chapter the types of distribution displayed by each species group is discussed in turn and the species are arranged under twelve headings ac- cording to their apparent distribution patterns. About 30% of the European speces are known from one country only and the need for more intensive collecting in some areas is stressed. There are general chapters on the life history, morphology of the adult fly, economic importance with special reference to transmission of diseases and techniques for collecting and rearing. The curious adaptability of the larvae, which can vary the number of instars according to nutrition, is discussed. All larvae are carnivorous from the third instar but can be classified into three types by habitat, ranging from aquatic through mud to dry soil, a few species being xerophilous. On p. 43 referring to larval food it is said that they never attack the larvae of Coleoptera but although possibly true in the field it is apparently contradicted on p. 47 when mealworms are said to be suitable food for larvae when rearing in the labora- tory. In the chapter on morphology the distinctive characters of Tabanid structure are dealt with, drawing attention to the features used most frequently for identificaton of species; the method of sucking blood is also described here. Some in- teresting methods for collecting or trapping both adults and larvae are briefly described in Chapter 6. The keys to the genera and species are straightforward and easy to use. The bulk of the text consists of descriptions of each species by which they are fully characterised and the accurate illustration provided of the important diagnostic features of practically all species are useful for confirmatory purposes. Illustrations concentrate on the structure of the frons (especially in the female), the antennae and palpi of both sexes and in the Chrysopsinae the characters of the abdominal pattern are well covered. Following the descrip- tion of each species brief notes are given on the variation, synonymy, dates of occurrence and distribution. ‘3 This descriptive portion is followed by a full list of refer- ences to the literature on world Tabanidae and an index to the species and genera dealt with in the text. The book is completed with eight excellent plates, five of them in colour. The latter include whole insect drawings of twenty-four re- presentative species, the abdomens of three further species, a larva from each of the major groups and a typical pupa. The three black and white plates depict wing patterns of Chrysops and Haematopota. As this work will no doubt be widely used to determine 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 British material a number of changes in the constitution of the British Fauna as compared with the recent Handbook on the British species by Oldroyd should be noted. Hybomitra ex- pollicata Pand. had already been added to the British List by Lyneborg (1972, Ent. mon. Mag., 108: 33-4). Another addition has been made by the separation of Haematopota grandis Mg. from H. italica Mg., both of them occurring in Britain, but this is balanced out by the sinking of Tabanus verralli Old, (=perplexus Verr.) as a synonym of T. sudeticus Zell., there being a complete intergradation of characters between these forms. Characters additional to those given by Oldroyd for the separation of the females of this species from those of the other large British species T. bovinus L. are provided. A few name changes might also be mentioned. Chrysops pictus Mg. of Oldroyd (=quadratus Mg. of most British authors) becomes C. viduatus F.; Hybomitra schineri Lyneborg of Oldroyd be- comes H. ciureai Séguy, while the formerly accepted name of latistriatus Brauer is restored to Oldroyd’s Atylotus nigrifacies Gobert. Although the accuracy of the text is very high a few errors have crept in with respect to distribution, especially referring to the Irish List. On p. 224 Hybomitra tropica L. is wrongly recorded from England although not so in the table on p. 22; on the other hand according to the table it occurs in Holland, Sweden, Norway and Finland, countries which are omitted in the text. According to the tables in Chapter 3, eight species are recorded from Ireland. Two of these, i.e. Hybomitra- distinguenda Verr. and Haematopota bigoti Gob. as far as I am aware have never been collected there. On the contrary however, three species for which there are fully authenticated Irish records are omitted. These are Hybomitra muehlfeldi Brauer (upon which the record of H. distinguenda was pro- bably based), Tabanus bromius L. and Chrysops caecutiens L. The Irish List at present therefore stands at nine species. The value of this work to all interested in the Dipterous Fauna of Britain and Europe cannot be overemphasised. The only comparable work in recent years was Collin’s volume on the Empididae. One could wish that time were available to taxonomists to treat other groups of flies to a similar stan- dard. P. J. Chandler. Emperor Moths of South and South-Central Africa by Elliot Pinhey: 4to; xiit+150 pp+43 pl. (14 in colour): C. Strick (PTY) Ltd. Cape Town. U.K. Distributor E. W. Classey Ltd. £3.50. In compiling this book, the author has been at some pains to ensure that it should be useful to a wide range of readers from hobby rearers to collecters, amateur entomologists and even professional entomologists. In his preface he gives a rough idea of the family Satur- niidae and their interest to the public, and he makes a plea for the insect fauna to be included with big game as part of CURRENT LITERATURE 201 the African heritage of nature (certain pest species excluded). ‘ihe list of acknowledgements contains many well-known names and shows that, as usual nowadays, entomologists both professional and amateur work together in a harmony which might well be copied in other walks of life. Of the eleven chapters, Chapter 1, headed Introduction, very truly lives up to its name, opening with a few words on the Emperor Moths and continuing under sub-headings of Scien- tific Description, covering head, legs, wings and veins in both simple and a little more technical language. This is followed by Sex Differences, Parallels (where some families are men- tioned as being close to families in other faunal areas), Habits of the Moths, Life Cycles and Rearing, Caterpillar Groups, Protective Devices and Economics and The Silkworms. Chapter 2, headed Structure, has text figures illustrative cf various anatomical details, including neuration and other wing features. Chapter 3, on collecting and preserving gives the customary instructions. Chapter 4, Classification, gives simplified keys to the sub- families and a list of sub-families, tribes and genera. The chapters which follow are devoted each to a sub- family, and headed by a vernacular name for the group, some- times with genitalia figures. The species are keyed and then dealt with in detail with scientific and vernacular name, refer- ence to text figures and plate numbers; description, genitalia, larva and distribution. The plates occupy a section in the middle of the book (with the exception of the frontispiece) and illustrate many species, both in colour and half tone. The colour work is ex- ceedingly good, but the coloured plates exhibit a standard error throughout: they are said to be reduced by two thirds instead of to two thirds natural size. The half tone plates illustrate the species concerned at natural size. After the descriptive chapters there follow a page of literature references, a list of derivations of scientific names, a glossary of scientific terms, a list of species with larval food plants, a host plant index giving plants, each with a list of attached species, and a general index. The book is well bound in cloth boards with gilt letter- ing: the paper is good and the printing both good and clear. It should make a handsome addition to the library of any lepidopterist, and, having in mind the populartiy of rearing purchased larvae of this family, it should be very welcome to those who follow this hobby, possibly bringing their interest into more scientific lines.—S.N.A.J. The Principles of Insect Physiology by V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S. Seventh edition (1972); viiit872 pp; Chapman & Hall, £7.50. U.K. only. In the preface it is pointed out that the major advances of the past seven years, amounting to some ten per cent of 252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/X/73 the text, are printed under appropriate captions in an addenda section at the end of each chapter, where the many new references may also be found. This system has the double advantage of keeping the price far below what would have been the cost of a totally re-written book of this size, and the additions, printed as separate addenda for each chap- ter makes them obvious to the student without his having to work through the whole book again. For the new student, these addenda are readily available close to the pages on which he is working. The addenda are printed with a page reference and a sub-title, and there is a cross reference in the text printed in square brackets, [see p. 20], at the appropriate place, so there is no excuse for missing any of the addenda. The addenda are printed before the bibliographical references, and new references occasioned by the addenda are listed after the references to the original text. It would be presumptuous on my part to review this book, on which so many professional entomologists and physiolo- gists have been weaned, but as an amateur, there is no harm in my stating that the book is packed with marvels both in insect structure and in the ingenuity of research workers in devising the experiments from which so much knowledge has been gained, and one’s mind boggles at the thought of these delicate experiments being performed on so small subjects as insects. Since the publication of the first edition in 1939, the book has retained its place as a standard textbook on its subject, and has been kept up to date by the publication of revised editions since then, and today it is an absolute must to the student of insect physiology. The book is very well printed on excellent paper, and is strongly bound in cloth boards with a strong paper jacket. The text is amply illustrated by means of charts and beauti- fully executed line drawings. No institution teaching physi- ology can afford to be without a copy in its library, and this could well be extended to every student of the subject, for the volume would be a proud possession for life, nothwith- standing the fact that one can foresee a series of new editions as more and more work is done. Public libraries, too, will doubtless find this a welcome addition to their scientific sec- tions.—S.N.A.J. Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society; Vol. 5, Part 4. (February 1973). This part contains the paper, read by Mr T. G. Howarth, on the Conservation of the Large Blue Butterfly (Maculinea arion L.) in West Devon and Cornwall. The Proceedings cover indoor meetings from 10th February 1972 to 9th November 1972, and Field Meetings from 21st May 1972 until 8th July 1972.—S.N.A.J. Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON, E7 ODP. ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit System formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) TREES SETLIST PDEA A EAE. BEBE LEE LEEDS LHD ATE, LIVESTOCK SILKMOTHS—British and Foreign Hawk Moths SILKWORMS—Stick Insects, ete. My 16 page illustrated catalogue for 1973 describes many species and includes list of food plants, etc. Catalogue 15p. Overseas $1.00 (or equivalent) sent by Air Mail. R. N. BAXTER 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, ODP, England In Your Replies Please Mention The Entomologist’s Record FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, 2BQ, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society the BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded 1894) Bilsington, Ashford, Kent England TN25 7JW. Tel. Ham St. 2513 As the oldest farm in the world we are justly proud of our reputation as suppliers of the finest entomological materials. For livestock and preserved specimens from all over the world; books new or old; breeding, storage and collecting equipment; educational dis- plays, please write for lists and details of our Mailing Index. 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Highest prices paid Please Mention the Entomologist’s Record BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s’ official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription 75p per annum Full details and application form obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Road, Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus 4p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2, 9JT NOTICE TO ENTOMOLOGISTS The Board of Directors of the Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia (SHILAP) (Entomology Room, Esc. Tec. Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid-3, Spain) has evidence that Vol. 26 (1970) of the Iberian Entomologist Review “Graellsia”’ has been really published after April 13, 1973, and not on March 15, 1971 as is printed on its covers. In consequence, and in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, no priority rights on descriptions of nov. ssp. and/or f. of Iberian lepidoptera can be claimed by two papers included in said Vol. 26, signed by R. Agenjo (who is in turn Director of the Review) taking March 15, 1971 as “date of publica- tion’, because the exact, correct, and proven one is April 13, 1973. The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature and the Zoological Records staff have already been warned of the above subject; but the rectification requested by SHILAP last June from the GRAELLSIA Secretariat has not been satisfied by any acknowledgement to date. “GRAELLSIA” subscribers can verify this statement, as distribution of Vol. 26 (1970) took place during June-July 1973. Madrid, September Ist, 1973. SOCIEDAD HISPANO-LUSO-AMERICANA DE LEPIDOPTEROLOGIA (SHILAP) OF INTEREST TO COLLECTORS We are compiling a list of collectors who wish to obtain Butterflies not generally listed, including aberrational forms, races, sub-species, gynandromorphs, etc., from various parts of the world including the U.K. Write stating wants to:— R. E: STOCKLEY, F.R.E:S., 1 Marsh Street WARMINSTER Wiltshire, BA12 9PG THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOCISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 3p stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ‘“Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. Request for Information — Hothfield Local Nature Reserve, Kent (TQ/9645). I am preparing a paper on the insects of Hothfield LNR for presentation at a symposium on the area to be held in April 1974 (full details: —G. H. Morgan, 1 Somerfield Close, Maidstone, Kent.) I would be very grateful 1o receive any records of even common species of lepidoptera, or indeed any insect groups, not included in J. M. Chalmers- Hunt’s account on the Lepidoptera of Kent (Ent. Rec. (1960), 72, 41 et seq.), in the compilation of Dr. E. Scott (Trans. Kent Field Club (1964) 2), or in the Kent Education Committee Booklet: Environmental Studies at Hothfield (this booklet is available from Mrs B. Dodds, Fairbourne Mill, Harrietsham, Kent)—Full acknowledgement will of course be made.— J. C. Felton, 20 Gore Court Road, Sittingbourne, Kent, ME10 1QN. Back numbers—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. Butterflies (including rare specimens, moths and other insects—on stamps —Sale or exchange.—A. Grainger, 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds. For Sale—MV moth trap, all fittings, new 1972.—J. C. Sutton, 157 Belper Road, Bargate, Derbyshire. Celerio galii—The Bedstraw Hawkmoth—I have records of four Celerio galii being caught in July including one on the Ocean Weather Ship ‘Weather Monitor’ stationed some 400 miles west of Scotland and 200 south of Iceland. I understand that other specimens of this immigrant Hawk- moth have been caught and would welcome details of date, time and place of any captures. — R. A. French, Entomology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ. (a I PT IE TE SE EE EE TE TL IE LOT Te TE TLE TE LE LE ELIT ES EP TA ES, SY BE THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d@’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS Alt material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to Dr IAN WATKINSON, “Windrush,” 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. Specimen copies supplied by Dr Ian Watkinson on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber. Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. \ Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. | SE I CE a a a LL FE A IT OE aT SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. CONTENTS Coenonympha: A Mixed Population of arcania, darwiniana and gardetta. A. BEDFORD RUSSELL .. ae ee “i os) eee Hydrillula palustris (Hiibner) in Lincolnshire. R. E. M. PILCHER.. 230 A Melanic Larva of Lasiocampa quercus L. ssp. callunae Palmer in Caithness, Scotland. BERNARD KETTLEWELL .. a my “They were Irish Gannets”. H. C. HUGGINS .. ne Ae Ra) A Brief Collecting Tour in Malaya, August 1972. C. G.M. de WORMS-~_ 238 Amathes (Paradiarsia) glareosa. (Esper) f. edda Staudinger on the Mainland of Scotland. BERNARD KETTLEWELL and CHARLES GIBSON .. ar ns oe a gt .. 246 Variation in the Pronotal Spots in Macroma melanopus Shaum. R. K. KACKER .. ott ye oe op: aE Ps aA ‘3 )\ cag Argema kuhnei Pinhey and A. mimosae (Bsd.)—A Comparison. D. G. SEVASTOPULO di be Zig wy ce oa, ee ee eae Notes and Observations: Hypena obesalis Tr. in Warwickshire. DAVID BROWN .. 240 Nymphalis antiopa L. in Cornwall in 1973. F.H.N. SMITH .. 244 y Anthocharis cardimines L. ab. decolorata Caruel in Sussex. COLIN PRATT: .. a ne ie es .. 244 Hyles gallii Rott. in Yorkshire. N. GILL . ae 244 Hyles gallii Rott. in Northumberland and patie A. G: LONG he é Ae a - | 2658 Argynnis paphia L. Arrives. C. F. COWAN .. # 245 a Agdistis bennetii (Curtis) Away from Saltmarshes. I. A. WaT. 4 KINSON .. ce na é : ae . 249 Macrogiossum stellatarum L. in Dorset and 1 Hyles gallit Rott. a in Devon. P. J. RENSHAW .. a6 246 Scoliopteryzx libatrix L. on Populus. S. N. A. JACOBS -. 240099 Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibner in Kent. D. BURROWS 246 Thymelicus sylvestris Poda in Numbers in Devon on he 2 Sand. D. BURROWS .. fe 246 Inter-specific Competition in Butterflies. D. mee SEVASTOPULO 247 q Hyles gallii Rott. in Sussex. COLIN PRATT .. si .. 2a Hyles gallii Rott. in Worcestershire. G. J. JAMES os oo | eee i Hyles gallii Rott. in South Westmorland. J. BRIGGS .. ie | if : Current Literature ie BY aw Sos iS be ay -. 248 a T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND | VOL. 85, No. 11 November 1973 i a tact THE — ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.RE.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. iC: HuGems, F.B-E:S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S H. B. D, KETTLEWELL, M.A. M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. PLEASE MAKE A SPECIAL NOTE The annual subscription for Vol. 86 (1974) will remain £4.00 for payment in Sterling, £4.25 for payment in Foreign Currency, and is DUE on JANUARY Ist, 1974 See inside back cover for further details ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent NING ANSNGANAMN SAGAN NEMGOGAN GOGH SOSON GO GMEOGANETN VPSPEASSUADASSSAsSSeSasaseSeSESesesesaseseseses ‘PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p Studying Insects A Practical Guide R. L. E. FORD oF £2.50 net 0 7232 1705 X This is a revised edition of an earlier volume, Practical Entomology, and reflects the current emphasis on studying living insects rather than on collecting and: killing them. Although primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, the book also covers groups such as ants, wasps and humble- bees, and has sections on breeding insects and on conser- vation. With 16 pages of plates in colour and black and white. South’s British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £10.50 net 0 7232 1499 9 Richard South’s classic work has now been brought com- pletely up to date, with the text arranged in a more logical and readily accessible order. A valuable addition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of species. The 48 colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, 57 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE 253 Collecting mainly Diptera in France during May and early June 1971 By P. J. CHANDLER I spent the period from 22nd May to Sth June 1971 in France, when I had my first experience of collecting on the continent. in view of the rarity of accounts of excursions abroad by dipterists in the British journals and the lack of any, as far as I am aware, from France, it would perhaps be of interest to British coliectors to comment on some of the results of my activities there. The majority of the species seen or collected were found to belong to the British fauna, this probably being due to the earliness oi the visit, but many of these were nevertheless new to me and some insects very rarely taken in this country were found to be common. A sprinkling of exotic species was pre- sent in most of the localities visited which added to the interest of the fauna; all such species (i.e. those not on the British list) mentioned below are marked *. The following account is in no way intended to be exhaustive of the species collected, allusion being made only to those of special interest. Upon ariving at Dieppe to be greeted by rain on the after- noon of 22nd May, I made rapidly for the Pyrenees with the intention of spending most of the time in that district. Brief stops were made en route, the first on 23rd May being in a roadside wood to the north of Saintes in Charente-Maritime. Insects were numerous there as they were in most localities sampled in France. Captures included Parallelomma paridis Her. (Scatophagidae), which as a larva mines the leaves of Herb Paris (Paris quadrifolia L.) and the Shield Bug parasite Gymnosoma rotundatum L. (Tachinidae), which was to prove of frequent occurrence in the Pyrenees and Auvergne; the latter species used to occur locally in the London area twenty years ago, but has not been found in the last decade probably due to climatic changes. A brief stop was made the following morning near Gorlin in the Basses-Pyrenées but as at Saintes most insects seen were common British species. Several localities in the Basses-Pyrenées were sampled on 25th May. In a flowery field under plane trees at Lurbe St. Cristau the tiny Sympycnus annulipes Mg.* (Dolichopodidae) was among the captures; this was formerly on the British list but all our specimens are apparently S. dessouterz Par., differ- ing in its shorter antenna. A male of Chyliza vittata Mg. (Psilidae) was walking about on plane foliage; it has been reared from the Bird’s nest Orchid (Neottia nidus-avis L.) but . occurs in localities in Britain where this plant is absent. Rhingia rostrata L. (Syrphidae) was equally common here and at the next locality visited with R. campestris Mg.; they were smaller with darker abdominal sutures than British rostrata (for notes on the British status of R. rostrata see Chandler, 1969). 234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/ XV is At the Bois du Bager, visited later in the morning, Syrphids were abundant on various flowers in the rides, mostly ‘British’ species but two males of the beautiful little golden-haired bulb fly Merodon aeneus Mg.* were taken at the flowers of Ox-eye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.) as were Gymnosoma rotundatum and a Clytiomyia species* (Tachinidae). Other flies swept included the Trypetid Chaetorellia jaceae R.-D. In the afternoon, I ascended the Col d’ Aubisque; as the road was blocked by snow I descended again, stopping just below the village where the slope was clothed by beech woods contain- ing a variety’ of mountain flowers. Diptera were sparse there apart from a few small Nematocera but these included the Mycetophilid Leia beckeri Land.*, known only from the moun- tains of North Africa until recorded recently from the French Pyrenees by Matile (1967). On the following day the weather had deteriorated, heavy rain preventing further collecting in this area so I moved east in the hope of escaping it. The rain stopped briefly at about 9.0 p.m. when I took the opportunity to investigate a meadow in the valley floor near Ussat-les-Bains by the road to Ax-les- Thermes (Ariége). Beating the ivy growing on the rock face at the rear of the field produced a lot of small Diptera and also the comparatively large yellowish grey crane-fly like insect Liponeura cinerascens Lw.* (Blepharoceridae), belonging to a distinctive family not represented in the British Isles; they have aquatic larvae, living only in running water. The rather Beris-like metallic blue green Stratiomyid Actina nitens Latr.*, the Empid Piatypalpus major Zett. (females only) and a Webervia species (Tachinidae) were numerous in the meadow. The day ended with heavy rain while I stopped overnight at Ax-les-Thermes and it was showery again on the morning of 27th May. Having approached Andorra as far as Mérens-les- Vals I turned back as the vegetation was too wet to collect and decided to ascend the road over the hills to Quillan. Bright periods during the day gave good collecting at several places in the department of Aude. Near the village of Espezel a meadow containing the small white and yellow flowered daffo- dil Narcissus poeticus L. was investigated. I was delighted to find that this plant was frequented by the Scatophagid fly Norellia spinipes Mg., recently added to the British list by Mr A. E. Stubbs and myself (1969) on material collected in part on Narcissi, in the leaf bases of which the larvae probably de- velop. It was of particular interest that spinipes rather than the southern European species tipularia F. should occur at this mountain locality. Also swept up in this meadow were several teneral Pegomya silacea Mg., an entirely pale yellow Antho- mylid fly, a male of Orellia distans Lw.* (Trypetidae) and a very small dark male of Alophora obesa F. (Tachinidae). During a sunny period in the afternoon, immediately following a brief but heavy shower, a productive time was spent in the Forét du Pays de Sault near the Col de Coudon COLLECTING MAINLY DIPTERA IN FRANCE Pee at the beginning of the descent to Quillan. The brightly coloured little Paragus bicolor F.* (Syrphidae) was swept up from sparse vegetation on a stony path near the road; this species has been on the British list but our species is apparent- ly P. finitimus Goeldl. (see Pedersen, 1972). Descending along a tree-lined track, males of Bombylius venosus Mikan* (Bombyliidae) and Chrysotoxum elegans Lw. (Syrphidae) were flying in the sunshine. Then, in the lower parts where shady conditions prevailed, the attractively marked Muscid Lispo- cephala brachiaiis Rdi., scarce in Britain and the tiny hover fly Chamaesyrphus lusitanicus Mik.* were swept. Several of the large striking Otitid fly Otites formosa Pz.* were sitting on the vegetation in a ditch. On a nearby large clump of Myrrhis odorata L. flowers, bordering a meadow surrounded by coni- ferous forest, the large striking saw-flies Tenthredo albicornis F.* and Macrophya montana Sch., the large red-bodied wasp Priocnemis perturbator Harris* and many common Diptera were present; one female of the dark Rhagionid fly Rhagio maculatus De Geer* was taken on the foliage of this plant. In a small meadow enclosed in the woods various flies taken in- cluded the large black Empid Empis (Pachymeria) ciliata F.*, more robust than our largest species of the family E. (P.) tes- sellata F. which also occurred here and with coarsely pennate legs in the female. Taking the Perpignan road from Quillan, a brief evening visit was paid to the Forét de Gesse, where a rich locality, con- sisting of woodland and riverside field in the deep valley, was found. That evening, captures included Dactylolabis transversa Mg. and a large intensely marked Nephrotoma species* (Tipulidae). The yellow and black saw-fly Tenthredo koehleri Klug* was numerous, usually lying motionless on its side with- in the flowers of buttercups, stitchwort and Geranium nodo- sum L. Two other striking saw-flies were taken on Myrrhis flowers, i.e., a male of the purple winged black Tenthredo vidua Rossi* and both sexes of the red Dolerus germanicus F.*. On the following morning some more time was spent in the same spot when the large striking flat-bodied female of the Tachinid Phasia crassipennis F.*, superficially similar to our Alophora hemiptera F. turned up on Myrrhis flowers. Among other insects taken on this occasion, were Bombylius venosus*, Priocnemis perturbator*, and my first specimen of the dis- tinctive black Tachinid with yellow wing-bases, Zophomyia temula Scop., which is of very sporadic occurrence in the British Isles. Leaving the Forét de Gesse I travelled on to the vicinity of Vernet-les-Bains, stopping first in wooded meadows by the river near Escouloubre (Aude), where Liponeura cinerascens* was again taken on riverside vegetation and several saw-flies swept in shade included Arge rustica L., Tenthredo albicornis* and a male of the Rhogogaster picta Klug group, presumably belonging to one of the two species whose males were unknown 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/7X1/ Ts to Benson (1952). On the opposite side of the road where con- ditions were more sunny, the abundant insects feeding at the Myrrhis flowers included the Tachinids Phasia crassipennis*, a Clytiomyia species*, Zophomyia temula, Gymnosoma rotun- datum, Voria trepida Mg. and Eriothrix rufomaculatus Deg. (the typical form of the latter*), also the saw-flies Macrophya annulata Geoff. and Tenthredo vidua* (one female). Rhaphium albomaculatum Beck. (Dolichopodidae) and Plesioclythia dor- salis Mg. (Platypezidae) were also captured at this locality. After the ascent through conifer plantations an open land- scape of grassland with occasional patches of coniferous forest and villages dotted about was reached. A collection was made in open mountain grassland, marshy in places, near Puyvalador (Pyrenées-Orientales) where Norellia spinipes was found to be numerous on Narcissus poeticus and the smaller black Scato- phagid Delina nigrita F., a leaf-miner of Orchids, was also taken. The tiny short-winged black Tipulid Molophilus ater Mg. was abundant. Upon reaching Vernet-les-Bains, a brief evening visit was paid to the orchards above Casteil, but little of note other than Bombylius venosus* and Gymnosoma rotundatum was found. On the following morning, 29th May, some insects were swept from a scrubby slope just north of the town when one male of Neurigona pallida Fall. (Dolichopodidae), normally a woodland insect, was surprisingly among the captures and several females of the attractive small green and black saw-fly Rhogogaster picta Klug were beaten from dog-wood (Cornus species). Several other localities in the Pyrenées-Orientales were sampled on that day. Although the weather was now fine as it was to be for the remainder of my stay in France, this district proved disappointing as it is so intensively cultivated on the lower slopes. The best results were obtained on derelict fields now grown up with scrub on a hillside near Llauro. Apart from Chyliza vittata and the ubiquitous G. rotundatum a number of species not previously seen in France were obtained, including Ptiolina obscura Fall (Rhagionidae), Hercostomus nigrilamel- latus Macg. (Dolichopodidae), Eustalomyia histrio Zett. (An- thomyiidae) and one male of the Stratiomyid Chloromyia mel- ampogon Zell.*, a little larger and paler than our common British species C. formosa Scop. Also found was one female of a Phasia looking rather different from the typical P. crass?- pennis found at other French localities in having the disc of the abdomen black leaving only a narrow yellow margin (in- stead. of a narrow black-stripe on a yellow ground) and in the wing markings being less intense and more discrete; this speci- men agrees with material labelled as P. magnifica Girschn.* (=leucoptera Rdi.) in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collec- tion but this species is doubtfully distinct and the genus appar- ently requires revision. In a small area of cork oak woodland near St. Ferréol, insects were sparse but included a single female of the orange Rhagionid Chrysopilus laetus Zett. and one male of the small yellowish brown Dioctria rufa Strobl* COLLECTING MAINLY DIPTERA IN FRANCE yen it (Asilidae). The latter species (determined by Mr H. Oldroyd) is not included in the key to the French Asilidae by Séguy (1927), being previously recorded as far as can be ascertained only from Spain. Finally, in a chestnut coppice near Lamanére, Myopa buccata L. (Conopidae) was caught at hawthorn blos- som, Bombylius venosus* again occurred and one female of the saw-fly Rhogogaster genistae Benson, closely related to R. picta mentioned above, was also taken. After an overnight stop at Canet Plage, I proceeded along the coast road, briefly investigating an area of rather arid thorn scrub near Miréval, midway between Seté and Mont- pellier (Hérault). Here Bombyliids were in evidence, includ- ing Systoechus ctenopterous Mikan*, Bombylius ater Scop.* and Hemipenthes morio L.*. Little else was about here but Eristalis aeneus Scop. (Syrphidae), the saw-fly Aprosthema peletieri Vill.* and the bees Prosopis pictipes Nyl. and Anthi- dium 6-dentatum Latr.* were also taken. I arrived in the vicinity of the Camargue that evening when a brief stop was made in fields near Astouin (Bouches-du- Rhone). Here large numbers of small black Dioctria and several Leptogaster cylindrica De Geer (Asilidae) were sitting on the stems of long grass and reeds. The Dioctria comprised black legged males which ran to D. claripennis Vill.* and red legged females which ran to D. wiedemanni Mg.* in the keys provided by Séguy (op. cit.); he only described these sexes re- spectively of these species and I am inclined to regard them as being the two sexes. of the same species; this hypothesis was further suggested by my finding the same two forms together on the following day at Salin-de-Giraud. Confirmation of this is, however, required as a sexual difference in the colour of the legs is not normally found in this genus. On 31st May the whole of the day was spent visiting locali- ties in the Camargue district (all in Bouches-du-Rhone). A fea- ture of most stops, including that at Astouin on the previous day, was the attraction of large Tabanidae to the car, fre- quently trapping them inside it; most of those coming were Tabanus autumnalis L. and Hybomitra expollicata Pand. al- though the smaller species of Haematopota also came, especially H. pluvialis L. but also one female of H. bigoti Gob. at Salin-de-Giraud. The first stop near Mas-Thibert produced a few insects, swept from rough grassland near dykes and a wasp of the genus Polistes* was found sitting on its small paper nest attached to a reed stem. The best find at this spot was a single male of the small rather Conopid-like Tachinid Plesiocyptera rufipes Mg.*, a Mediterranean species of which there are specimens in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collec- tion from Portugal and Crete; these differ, however, from my specimen in having rather darker legs and genitalia. Then a few miles further down the road (on the east bank of the Rhéne) a strip of reeds and marsh plants bordering rice beds was very productive of insects especially Hymen- optera. The beautiful iridescent purple Ruby-Wasp Tetrachry- 258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/AP sis viridula Rossi* was among the many Aculeates. Diptera were less exciting here but among them were Eristalis aeneus (Syrphidae), Odontomyia ornata Mg. and O. argentata F. (Stra- tiomyidae), Dorycera graminum F. (Otitidae), Lipara lucens Mg. and L. similis Schin. (Chloropidae). Having crossed the ferry over the Rhone a brief stop was made on scrubby ground near Salin-de-Giraud, where in addition to some of the species mentioned above the elegant Dolichopodid Poecilobothrus ducalis Lw. was captured. Marshy ground and saltmarsh sampled near the Etang de Vaccares produced few insects and little novelty, but during the afternoon very good collecting was had on a narrow strip of marshy ground bordered by elm trees near Albaron. Stra- tiomyids were very numerous on the elm foliage, especially the pale greenish yellow Oxycera trilineata F., also several Odontomyia ornata and Stratiomys furcata F. Tabanids, includ- ing T. autumnalis and males of Hybomitra ciureai Séguy (= schineri Lyneborg of Oldroyd, 1969) and H. tropica L.* were settling on elm branches and, resting on the foliage of one tree was a Single example of the large striking wasp-like Syrphid Ceriana conopoides L.*; the larvae of the latter fly, which was once reputedly British (see Verrall, 1901) develop in rotten elm wood. Ceriana is rather reminiscent of our very scarce Doros conopseus F. but differs most noticeably in its remark- able prolongation of the head on which the antennae are borne. Sweeping low vegetation produced many of the shining tessellated Muscid Lispe melaleuca Lw.* and at rest on reed stems under the elms were two of the large light grey Tachinid Macrophthalma europaea Egger*, a good deal larger fly than its close relative with which we are more familiar in Britain, i.e., Dexiosoma caninum F. Finally in the Camargue area, I visited one of the large salt lakes to the south of Salin-de-Giraud, where sweeping the very windswept coarse vegetation on the embankment pro- duced a remarkable variety of small fry, among them Micro- phorus anomalus Mg. (Empididae), Orchisia costata Mg. and Lisvocephala miki Strobl* (Muscidae), Homoneura notata Fall. and Minettia subvittata Lw.* (Lauxaniidae) and the rather ele- gant slender bodied Tachinid Mintho rufiventris Fall. In view of the difficulty of access to most of the Camargue, however, I decided not to spend longer but to begin my journey north- wards at a more leisurely pace than originally intended. On Ist June, therefore, I started via Nimes to Alés and thence to Villefort. Shortly before reaching the latter town, I did some collecting on a grassy hillside partly covered with gorse and hawthorn scrub grading into bracken. One female each of Phasia crassipennis* (Tachinidae) and Chyliza extenu- ata Rossi (Psilidae) were found sheltering amongst the bracken in the heat of the day; C. extenuata develops in the root-stock of broom-rapes (Orobanche species). Among. other insects taken here were one male of the small grey brown Asilid Dysmachus hamalatus Lw.* and one female of the saw-fly ee COLLECTING MAINLY DIPTERA IN FRANCE 259 Rhogogaster genistae. Taking the road to Mende, I stopped on the ascent to the Col de Tribes to collect in a steep meadow below woodland, through which a little stream was trickling. Plenty of Narcissus poeticus was present and Norellia spinipes was again found; this plant was later seen to be abundant in all the meadows around Mende. The large black Empid Empis ciliata*, first seen at the Col de Coudon was abundant, feeding at various flowers. Other insects taken here included both sexes of the Syrphid Tropidia fasciata Mg.* a rather larger duller fly than our T. scita Harris; Delina nigrita (Scatophagi- dae); Callomyia elegans Mg. (Platypezidae): Urytalpa ochracea Mg. (Mycetophilidae); Orellia distans* (Trypetidae); Merodon equestris F. (Syrphidae); Actia frontalis Macq. and Zophomyia temula (Tachinidae); Bombylius venosus* (Bombyliidae) and the saw-flies Arge thoracica Spin.*, Tenthredo obsoleta Klug. and T. zonula Klug.*. Collecting for that day was then curtailed as I proceeded to Ardes-sur-Couze in the Auvergne (Puy-de-Déme) where I stayed the night. Then, on the bright sunny morning of 2nd June a few hours were spent in the marvellously flowery meadows of that area, where insects were exceedingly numer- ous and various. Here Hogweed, Meadow Clary (Salvia praten- sis L.) and ox-eye daisy were the most attractive elements of the flora to the Diptera. Many species of Syrphids were about and here the fine insect Merodon clavipes F.*, formerly thought to be British, was found as were Microdon mutabilis L. and Cheilosia coerulescens Mg.*, a species with lightly macu- lated wings. As at Miréval, Bombyliids were much in evidence. Bombylius discolor Mikan and B. venosus* were taken at Sal- via flowers, while B. ater* was rapidly flitting about, pairs in copula of the latter being seen and several Hemipenthes morio* were sitting on the mud of a dried up stream. The orange females of Bibio hortulanus L. (Bibionidae) were abun- dant on hogweed flowers and a female of Eustalomyia hilaris Mg. (Anthomyiidae) was taken from a tree-trunk. Also caught here were the Phasiine Tachinids Gymnosoma rotundatum, Phasia crassipennis* and Alophora obesa; the Calliphorids Sarcophaga ebrachiata Pand. and Pachyophthalmus signatus Mg; the Conopid Myopa buccata; one female each of the hairy- eyed grey Tabanus species, T. quatuornotatus Mg.* and T. nemoralis Mg.*; the saw-flies Arge thoracica* and A. melano- chroa Gmel. and the wasp Clypeocrabro clypeata Sch.*. During the afternoon of that day I passed through Cler- mont Ferrand on to the Chatel-Guyon road, stopping briefly at a roadside pond between Chateauneuf-le-Briand and St. Gervais d’ Auvergne (Puy-de-Déme). Sweeping the marsh vegetation around the pond produced a variety of common saw-flies but Diptera were strangely scarce, only Zophomyia temula being worthy of note. I then continued rapidly to the Forét de Troncais (Allier) where about an hour was spent. This consists of high oak forest with bracken bordering the rides but a lack of flowers which no doubt accounted for the paucity 260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/XI/73 of Diptera. One worker of the Hornet, Vespa crabo L. was, however, seen. I stopped for the night at St. Amand-Mont- Rond (Cher),where Xylomyia marginata Mg. (Xylomyiidae) and Scaeva selenitica Mg. (Syrphidae) were caught rather sur- prisingly that evening, both sitting on low grass. On 3rd June I proceeded northwards with the intention of reaching the Forét de Rambouillet near Paris. For this reason, I made only two brief stops en route, firstly at St. Hilaire (Eure-et-Loir), where a short time was had sweeping in rough grassland and scrub adjacent to orchards. Here several of the small black and white Stratiomyid Nemotelus pantherinus L. were taken, in an unlikely situation for the marsh-loving flies of that genus; Ulidia erythrophthalma Mg. (Ulidiidae) was also captured. Then in the middle of the very warm afternoon a good catch was made of smaller Diptera by sweeping in the shadier parts of an oakwood situated between Dangeau and Tlliers (Eure-et-Loir). Here the fauna was almost entirelv British but one male of the slender little Asilid Dioctria longi- cornis Mg.* was obtained and also worth noting are Pyratula zonata Zett. (Mycetophilidae) and Homoneura interstincta Fall. (Lauxaniidae). Having accomplished my intention, the oppor- tunity was taken that evening to sample the insects of the Forét de Rambouillet (Seine-et-Oise), when results were similar although slightly better than the woodland sampled earlier in the day. Species of Hilara (Empididae) were abun- dant along the shaded woodland streams, including H. thor- acica Macg., H. lurida Fall., H. anglodanica Lund. and H. angustifrons Strobl.; Hercostomus celer Mg. was among the Dolichopodids taken. On the following day, 4th June, the morning was spent at Rambouillet, several distinct areas within that large forest be- ing investigated. The high woodland areas visited again gave similar results, although Apemon marginata Mg., Pyratula zonata (Mycetophilidae) and Eustalomyia hilaris also occurred. The banks of a canal at La Cerisaie, however, proved very pro- ductive. Sweeping the marginal vegetation gave Diaphorus nigrcans Mg. and Rhaphium longicorne Fall. (Dolichopodidae), Eccovtomera longiseta Mg. (Heleomyzidae), Cerodontha hen- nigi Now. (Agromyzidae), Coenosia trilineella Zett. (Muscidae), Lipara lucens and Chlorovs aracilis Mg. (Chloropidae), while several Dioctria atricapilla Mg. (Asilidae) were about. A curious assemblage of species normally associated, in the British Isles at least, with coastal sand-dunes and not found inland, was present on a small area of white sand bearing sparse vegetation, which had been deposited near the canal and by the side of a road bridging it. These were Sciapus maritimus Beck. (Dolichopodidae), Trichoscelis obscurella Fall. (Trichoscelidae) and Thereva annulata F. (Therevidae). Also present on the sand were Delia cilicrura Rdi. (Anthomyiidae), Hercostomus angustifrons Staeg. and Chrysotus femoratus COLLECTING MAINLY DIPTERA IN FRANCE 261 Zett. (Dolichopodidae) and Senotainia conica Fall. (Calliphori- dae). Starting northward again in the afternoon I stopped by some flooded gravel pits described as the Etang de St. Ouen (Eure). Insects were sparse in the coarse herbage around the pits but via a causeway between them I followed a track, which crossed a railway into a shady wood. Small Diptera were numerous amongst the shady vegetation in the wood, these including such species as the Empids Microphorus cras- sipes Macq. and Leptopeza flavipes Mg. and the Psilid Chyliza leptogaster Mg. Upon re-crossing the railway, however, it was noticed that sunlit ash and hazel foliage overhanging the track on the pit side, i.e., facing the wood, was attracting a number of flies. The best part of an hour was spent at this spot, catching insects as they alighted on the foliage. The pre- sence of a rotten hazel trunk in the immediate vicinity prob- ably accounted for the appearance of Xylomyia marginata and the Syrphids Xylota segnis L., Ferdinandea cuprea Scop. and Criorrhina floccosa Mg., also perhaps for some of the Sphecids taken there. Among the many insects found in this situation were Neurigona pallida, one female (Dolichopodidae); Plesio- cluthia dorsalis and Paraplatypeza atra Mg., a few of each (Platypezidae): Cnemodon vitripennis Mg. (Syrphidae): Phoro- cera obscura Fall. (Tachinidae); the Pompilid wasps Anoplius miaerrimus Scop. and Pompilus spissus Schiddte and the Sphecids Pemphredon lugubris Latr.. Trypoxylon figulus L. and T. attenuatum Smith; also one female of the Tabanid Chrysops caecutiens L. which alighted on me. Perhaps most remarkable of all was the appearance in quick succession of one female each of the large flat-bodied saw-flies Pamphilius vafer L. and P. hortorum Klug.: insects of the genus Pamphilius very rarelv come my way and then only as single individuals. These cap- tures were then a fitting conclusion to this trip, which apart from a brief sojourn at Elbeuf (Seine-Maritime) in the evening, when little other than Clusia flava Mg. (Clusiidae) settling on a tree stump was seen, was now brought to a close. When I returned to Dienpve the following morning it was again raining as it had been a fortnight before. Identifications of species have been made as far as possible from the most recent works available; the majority are my own but some aid was kindlv given by Mr H. Oldroyd for some Brachycera and by Mr A. C. Pont for some Muscidae. The Aculeate Hymenoptera were named in entirety by Mr K. M. Guichard to whom my thanks are due. References Benson, R. B. (1952). Hymenoptera 2, Symphata. Section (b), Handbk. Ident. Brit. Ins., Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., VI, 2 (b): 51-137. Chandler, P. J. (1969). The Hover Flies of Kent (Diptera, Aschiza- Syrphidae and Pipunculidae), Trans. Kent. Field Club, 3 (3): 139-202. 262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/XI1/73 Chandler, P. J. & Stubbs, A. E. (1969). A species of Norellia R.-D. (Dipt., Scatophagidae) new to Britain, Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 2 (4): 120-124. Matile, L. (1967). Note sur les Mycetophilidae de la region pyreneenne et description de quatre especes nouvelles, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, P22 ¥2A-D17. Oldroyd, H. (1969). Diptera Brachycera Section (a) Tabanoidea and Asiloidea, Handbk. Ident. Brit. Ins., Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., IX (4): 1-132. Pedersen, E. Torp. (1972). De danske arter af slaegten Paragus Lat- reille (Diptera, Syrphidae), Saertryk af “Flora og Fauna’, 78: 1-6 Seguy, E. (1927). Dipteres Brachyceres (Asilidae), Faune de France, 17: 1-190. Verrall, G. H. (1901). Platypezidae, Pipunculidae and Syrphidae of Great Britain, British Flies, VIII: 1-691. London. Plemyria rubiginata (Denis & Schiffermuller) ab. egregia ab. nov By G. H. MARILLIER This aberration is characterized by the dark medial area of the forewing being broadened at the posterior margin re- ducing the area of white distad of the basal area, as illustrated. Holotype 3. Scotland: Aberdeen, Aug. 1925 (G. H. Maril- lier) in R. C. K. collection, British Museum (Natural History). I would like to thank Mr D. S. Fletcher for having arranged for the photograph to be taken and for helping me with the description. THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 263 The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills By D. G. SEvasTopuLo, F.RB.E.S. The Shimba Hills National Reserve occupies an area of 74 square miles (192 square kilometres) some twenty five miles south west of Mombasa and some ten miles inland from the sea. The coastline here runs from roughly south-west to north-east, the seaward side of the Reserve itself being more or less parallel to the coast and fairly regular in outline, whilst the landward side has two irregular projections running in- land. The maximum height is about 1,500 feet. The area consists of grassy scrub with patches of forest and large isolated trees; on the seaward side the forest is rain forest in type although the actual rainfall is far short of the accepted minimum for this type of forest, the deficiency appears to be made good by the heavy condensation from the clouds blown inland from the sea. On the landward side the patches of forest are more of the dry, Brachystegia type, not unlike parts of the Arabuku-Sekoke Forest. My principal collecting areas have been the Makardara Forest (rain type) and the Marere Forest (dry Brachystegia). A very little collecting has been done in the Lower Shimba Forest, but this is difficult of access and has only been visited very rarely. Names in the following list are in accordance with Peters’ A Provisional Check-List of the Butterflies of the Ethiopian Region (1952). Where known, I have added the names of the larval food- plants. PAPILIONIDAE Papilio dardanus Brown, tibullus Kirby — Common all through the year in all areas. Main female form hippocoon F., with occasional f. salaami Suff. P. constantinus Ward, constantinus — Fairly common all through the year in all areas. P. nireus L., lyaeus Dbl — Common all through the year in all areas. P. demodocus Esp. — Common all through the year in all areas. P. ophidicephalus Ob., ophidicephalus — Fairly common all through the year in all areas. The larvae of the preceding all feed on various species of Rutaceae, Clausena, Fagara, Teclea and Toddalia spp., also on Citrus presumably from pips dropped by picnickers. The larvae of the following species, which constitute the subgenus Graphium, all feed on Annonaceae — Annona, Artabotrys, Monodora and Uvaria spp. P. pylades F., angolanus Goeze — Common all through the year in all areas. P. leonidas F., leonidas —- Not uncommon all through the year in all areas. It is a good mimic of Danaus limnicae Cr., and Dr The Hon. Miriam Rothschild suspects that it may be 264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/X1/73 a Mullerian mimic, in the same way that Papilio antimachus Drury is, and contains poisonous alkaloids. P. philonoe Ward, philonoe — Common all through the year in all areas, usually keeping to the edges of forest. P. evombar Bsd., antheus Cr — Common in all areas, I have no records for July and August. P. policenes Cr., policenes — Probably the least common of the group. No record from the Marere Forest and no records for January, June to August and November and De- cember. P. polistratus Gr. Sm., sisenna Mab — Common in all areas, no record for September. P. porthaon Hew. — Probably the most common of the group in ail areas, but no record for July. P. colona Ward — Common in all areas all through the year. P. kirbyi Hew., kirbyz — Not really common anywhere. No records for July and August, probably more seasonal than any of the other species, being commonest at the start of the long rains. PIERIDAE Apovias lasti Gr. Sm., lasti — Common all through the year in ail areas. Larvae on Ritchiea and other Capparidaceae. A. epaphia Cr., epaphia — Common all through the year in all areas. The female varies considerably. Larvae on Ritchiea and other Capparidaceae. A. sabina Feld., undei Suff —Not common at Makardara, not recorded from Marere. Records for February, April, May September and December. Larvae on Drypetes sp. (Euphorbiaceae). Anaphaeis gidica Godt., westwoodi Wallgrn — Not com- mon anywhere. Records for all months of the year except March. A. creona Cr., severina Stoll. — Records for all areas all through the year. Sometimes present in enormous numbers, sometimes completely absent. Does not appear to be resident, its presence being due to migration. Larvae on Capparidaceae but not found in this area. A. aurota F. — The remarks against the preceding species apply to this also, but I have no record of its occurring in September. Belenois thysa Hpffr., thysa — Common in all areas all through the year. The female varies from white to ochreous. Larvae on Ritchiea (Capparidaceae). Dixeia spilleri Spiller — Uncommon at Makardara, no re- cord for Marere. No records for March, October or No- vember. D. doxo Godt., Iiliana Gr. Sm — Present in all areas, but not common. Recorded in all months of the year except April. Mylothris chloris F., agathina Cr — Common in all areas throughout the year. All larvae found have been feeding on THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE SHIMBA HILLS 265 Osyris abyssinica (Santalaceae), but presumably also feeds on the several species of Loranthus (Loranthaceae). M. poppea Cr., rhodesiana Riley — Uncommon in the scrub surrounding the Makardara Forest. Recorded for all months except January, March, May and December. Leptosia alcesta Stoll., alcesta — Common in all areas all through the year. The larva feeds on Capparis spp. (Cap- paridaceae) but I have not found it in the Shimba Hills. Pontia glauconome Klug, glauconome — A single speci- men on the outskirts of the Makadara Forest in December. Pinacopteryx eriphia Godt., lactezpennis Btlr. — Occurs all through the year in all areas but always rarely, probably a wanderer from the lower, surrounding areas. Does not appear to breed in the Shimba Hills. Colotis calaig Cr., calais — Occurs all through the year, uncommonly in the Makardara Forest area but more com- monly in the more open parts of the Marere Forest. Larvae feed on Salvadora persica (Saivadoraceae), which is not re- corded from the Shimba Hills. C. protomedia Klug — Recorded from January to June and also in August from the more open parts of the Marere Forest, not seen around Makardara. C. ione Godt. — Recorded from all areas all through the year, but more common in the grassy parts of the Marere Forest. Larvae on Capparis spp. (Capparidaceae), but not found in the Shimba Hills. C. regina Trim. — A single example on the outskirts of the Makardara Forest in June. C. hetaera Gerst., hetaera — Not uncommon in the open parts of the Marere Forest all through the year, no records from Makardara. What were, presumably, larvae of this species found on Capparis sp. (Capparidaceae). C. danae F., pseudacaste Btlr. — Fairly common all through the year in the grassy parts of the Marere Forest. The larva on Cadaba sp. (Capparidaceae), which has not been recorded in the Shimba Hills. C. eucharis F., evarne Klug — Fairly common all through the year in the grassy parts of the Marere Forest. The larvae of this, and of the next species, also feed on Cadaba sp. C. auxo Luc., incretus Btlr. — Recorded all through the year from the grassy areas in and around both the Makar- dara and Marere Forests. Sometimes considered a form of C. eucharis, but this is one of the rare cases where I have found them to be sympatric. C. antevippe Bsd., zera Lucas — Found in the more open parts of both the Makardara and Marere Forests throughout the year. Larvae on Maerua sp. (Capparidaceae). C. evippe L., omphale Godt. — Found in all areas through- out the year, one of the few Colotis species to be found in moderately thick forest. Larvae on Maerua sp. C. daira Klug, jacksoni Sharpe — Recorded in the more open parts of the Marere Forest in February, July and Sep- 266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/7 X77 tember. Rare. C. evagore Klug, antigone Bsd. — Uncommon all through year in the more open areas. Food plant Maerua angolensis (Capparidaceae). C. eris Klug, erzs — Fairly common in the more open parts of the Marere Forest but rare around the Makardara. Food-plant Capparis sp. Eronia cleodora Hbn., dilatata Btlr. — Not uncommon in all areas all the year. E. leda Bsd. — Rare in all areas. Records for all months except September. Nepheronia thalassina Bsd. — Not uncommon all through the year in the Makardara Forest, no records from Marere. N. argia F., varia Trim. — Not uncommon in all areas throughout the year. N. buqueti Bsd., buquetz — Not uncommon throughout the year in the Marere Forest, no Makardara records. Larvae feed on Salvadora persica. Catopsilia florella F—Very common throughout the year in all areas. Larvae on Cassia spp. (Papilionaceae). Migrates frequently in vast numbers. Eurema hecabe L., senegalensis Bsd. — Very common throughout the year in all areas. Larvae on Albizzia spp. and occasionally on Dichrostachys glomerata (all Mimosaceae). E. brigitta Cr., brigitta — Common in all areas all through the year. Both seasonal forms, brigitta Cr and zoe Hppfr., occur. DANAIDAE Danaus chrysippus L. — Common all through the year in all areas. Mostly f. dorippus Klug, f. chrysippus much less common and f. albinus Lanz the rarest of all. Larvae on various Asclepiads. D. limniace Cr., petiverana Dbl. & Hew — Fairly common all through the year in all areas. Larvae on various Ascle- piads. Amauris niavius L., dominicanus Trim. — Common throughout the year in all areas. The male imagines are attracted to bunches of dried Heliotropium indicum (Boragin- aceae). Larvae on various Asclepiad creepers. A. ochlea Bsd., ochlea — Occurs all through the year in the Makardara Forest, sometimes in very large numbers. No record from Marere. SATYRIDAE Melanitis leda L., africana Fruhs. — Common throughout the year in all areas. Attracted to fermenting fruit bait. Lar- vae on grasses (Gramineae). Gnophodes parmeno Dbl., diversa Btlr. — Uncommon in the Makardara Forest. Recorded for all months except March and May. Attracted to fruit bait. Larvae on Grasses. (to be continued) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 267 Notes and Observations ANARTA MYRTILLI (L.) (LEP.: NocTuIpDAE) ATTRACTED To M.V. Ligut.—At Studland, Dorset, on August 15th, 1973, an m.v. light was operated at the edge of heathland from 11 p.m. B.S.T. until nearly 1 a.m. It was a warm, calm, slightly hazy night with a full moon. The light was well patronized through- out the two hours, especially by four species each of which contributed more than a dozen individuals — Noctua pronuba L., Actebia praecox L., Eilema griseola Hiibn. (mainly ab. flava Haw.) and surprisingly Anarta myrtilli L. a day-flying species active normally only under sunny conditions. No butterflies or other day-flying moths appeared.—B. K. WEsT, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. NOTES ON THE PUPATION AND EMERGENCE OF ZYGAENA LONI- CERAE SCHEVEN. — The newly-made cocoon is thin and trans- parent and soon after its completion the larva turns round within the cocoon and collects with its mouthparts a drop of yellow fluid exuded at the hind end and proceeds to rub this into the cocoon. This process is repeated several times. It would seem that this fluid gives the cocoon its papery texture and that the amount used determines the colour of the cocoon which varies from almost white to yellow. The larva then rests for about three days before it pupates. Some larvae attempt to build a cocoon, twice making a silken pad and then apparently giving up and merely pupating on the ground. The adult moths emerge no worse for the lack of a protective cocoon. A few days after pupation the pupa stridulates inter- mittently for about a day, curving its head and thorax violently from side to side and producing a sound exactly like that of a grasshopper. After about two weeks the pupa bursts through the cocoon and the adult moth emerges. Climbing up to a suitable support it hangs upside down and folds its wings over its back in the manner of most butterflies, until in about fifteen minutes they are fully expanded. The moth then lowers them into the normal resting posture. — I. C. Beavis, 104 St James Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 14.vii.1973. ERYNNIS TAGES L. IN LANCASHIRE. — According to the Pro- visional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 1: Butter- flies (1970), this butterfly is apparently absent from a vast area of Lancashire. We therefore think it of interest to record that we found it commonly from 1969 to 1973 in a railway cutting near Blackpool, which locality we first visited in 1969. One of us (K.B.) has been observing and collecting Lepidoptera in West Lancashire for 40 years, but until 1969 had never before seen tages in the County. — K. BEvan and D. M. Ricumonp, Staining Road, Blackpool. 268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 60 15/ yt NEPTICULA AURELLA (FAB.) IN SCOTLAND.—This species ap- pears to be much less numerous in Scotland than it is in England, and the only published record for Scotland to my knowledge is that of Reid (List of the Lepidoptera of Aber- deenshire and Kincardineshire, 32). When on a visit therefore to central and south-west Scotland in April this year, I kept samples of any mines found on Rubus and submitted them to Col. Emmet who was able to confirm them as being those of N. aurella. They occurred to me at the following localities: Ruthwell (Dumfriesshire); Kirkcudbright (Kirkcudbrightshire); Newton Stewart (Wigtownshire); Ayr (Ayrshire); Glen Coe and Pulpit Hill, Oban (Argyle Main).—J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. CoLIAS CROCEUS FOURC. AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES IN DORSET IN SEPTEMBER 1973.—With the apparent scarcity of the Clouded Yellow in recent years it was pleasing to see a solitary male on the wing flying over fleabane by the shore at West Bexington in Dorset on 8th September 1973, when I was in the company of Mr J. L. Messenger. I gather there have been a good many records of this butterfly in the south of late. But the butterfly population generally in those parts was quite phenomenal in the prolonged warm spell. We happened to come on a small garden at West Bay where I counted no less than 70 small tor- toiseshells feeding all together on a few heads of the cultivated Sedum with several Red Admirals which was also very numerous as also was Pieris rapae. But a notable absentee was the Comma and no Painted Ladies were observed.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. Mytumna (LEUCANIA) L-ALBUM (LINN.) IN SUSSEX.—On the night of 20th-2ist September 1973, a night when parts of S.E. England recorded over 6” of rain, a male l-album was attracted to my actinic light on the cliff edge at the Eastbourne side of Beachy Head. I tried on subsequent nights, with the help of the Eastbourne Natural History Society, to confirm that the insect was breeding there, but I saw no further specimens. The specimen was in good condition and arrived when condi- tions on that and on previous nights were not conducive to migration; I have little reason to doubt therefore that the species is now breeding this far East. On 17th October 1969 I recorded this species in Old Bursle- don near Southampton Water and it is also recorded from the Isle of Wight. It would be interesting therefore to hear of any other records of this moth in the South East. It is worth noting also that Eumichtis lichenea (Hubn.) was abundant on the lower slopes of Beachy Head in the latter part of September 1973, and was also to be found less com- monly on the upper slopes and on the nearby shingle expanse of the Crumbles at Langley Point.—I. A. WaTKINSoN, 2 Fair- leas, Sittingbourne, Kent. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 269 THE Lonc, Hot SummMER.—Whilst the remarkable weather of 1973 has been bringing the vast upsurge in the butterfly population to the notice of several national and local news- paper reporters, the moths have not been enjoying the lime- light. Observers in Weymouth cannot fail to have noticed the extraordinarily large numbers of two species which, in any normal year can be said to be common though not very abundant. In the earlier part of the summer, the Large Yellow Underwing (Noctua pronuba L.) constituted greatly more than half the total moth population observed. I was away for a week in the middle of August, and on returning found that this position had been taken over to an even greater extent by the Silver-Y (Plusia gamma L.). — BR. HARRINGTON, 5 Freemantle Road, Weymouth, Dorset, 9.1x.1973. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN KENT IN 1973. — Andrew Holmes, a young local collector, showed me today, a specimen of the Camberwell Beauty which he took at the Keston end of Hayes Common, Kent, on 3lst July 1973. The butterfly was on buddleia of which there is a number of bushes close by. It is a male and in good condition. — D. Burrows, 22 Lime Tree Walk, West Wickham, Kent, 1.x.1973. LAMPIDES BOETICUS (L.) THE LONG-TAILED BLUE IN WARWICK- SHIRE IN 1973. — On the morning of 30th August 1973, a Long- tailed Blue was captured by Dr P. Crisp at the National Vege- table Research Station near the village of Charlecote. Roger Smith and I, who are compiling the Warwickshire List of Macrolepidoptera, were soon consulted by the Warwick County Museum to whom it had been reported. Both feeling rather dubious about the genuineness of this rare insect, we set out to make the fullest possible enquiries. We were shown the butterfly, a male in very fresh condition. It had been caught flying in one of the greenhouses which was in-use for bean growing. We were concerned with the possibility that the station had imported plants from abroad, but were assured that no plants had been imported. We were given permission to search the extensive grounds: some of the fields contained beans but despite close search of these and other areas found no further boeticus. The specimen is now set and in my pos- session pending transfer to the Warwickshire Collection at the County Museum. — Davin Brown, Charlecote, near Warwick. HYLES GALLII (ROTT.) IN CORNWALL. — Mr G. B. Miller of Penzance informed me that a Bedstraw Hawkmoth was cap- tured there on 23rd July. It was found on Aubretia, and his photograph of the living moth confirmed the identification.— Dr F. H. N. Smiru, Turnstones, Perrancoombe, Perranporth. Cornwall, 20.ix.1973. 270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/XI/73 RHODOMETRA SACRARIA (L.) IN NorRTH LANCS. AND SOUTH WESTMORLAND.—1| found a male specimen of R. sacraria in the Rothamsted trap operated at Leighton Moss R.S.P.B. Reserve near Silverdale, on the morning of 7th September 1973. The same evening at about 10.30 p.m., I found two female sacraria resting on the outside of my m.v. trap at Beetham, three miles further north in Westmorland, and the following morning, 8th September, two males inside the trap. One more male ap- peared at the Beetham trap on 9th September. Four sacraria were also at m.v. light operated by Mr C. Scott at Arnside, just inside Westmorland, two on 8th September, two on 9th September. None of the above specimens was in fresh condi- tion.—J. Briccs, Frimley House, Beetham, near Milnthorpe, Westmorland, 28.1x.1973. HERSE CONVOLVULI L. IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE IN 1975. — On September 27th, Mr Eric Britnell, the enthusiastic recorder of Entomology for the Middle Thames Natural History Society, brought me a large & Herse convolvuli Linn. (Convolvulus Hawk) for identification. He had found it resting on dead leaves on a footpath in High Wycombe. It was just alive and in a worn state, having lost one antenna. I fed it, but it lived just two more days. It is now set. — G. H. B. OLiver, Corydon, Amer- sham Road, Hazelmere, High Wycombe, Bucks. A Late DATE FOR SPILOSOMA LUBRICIPEDA (L.) IN N. LANCS.— I found a perfectly fresh male S. lubricipeda in the Rotham- sted trap at Leighton Moss, Silverdale, N. Lancs., 19th September 1973. Is this species partially double brooded? This is the third specimen I have found in late Summer in the last three years in Silverdale. — J. Briccs, Frimley House, Beetham, near Milnthorpe, Westmorland, 28.ix.1973. AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — I was most interested to read of the recent recordings of this moth in Southern England. I recorded two from my garden trap at Charlecote on the nights of 10th and 14th July 1973; both were males, the first in mint condition but the second rather worn. These are the first captures of this species in Warwickshire. Its nearest known breeding ground is some 40 miles away to the west of Wyre Forest, Worcestershire. — Davip Brown, Charlecote, Warwick. AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. IN GLAMORGAN AND STAFFORD- SHIRE.—In view of the recent reports of the southward spread of this species it may be of interest that I found one example at rest in Gelli-hir Wood, Gower, Glamorgan on 18th July 1973. In Staffordshire, A. bractea was first recorded in 1964 from the Churnet Valley in the north of the county, where it now ap- pears to be well established, and one or two have been seen in places farther to the south.—R. G. Warren, Wood Ridings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 2th THECLA BETULAE (L.) IN DEvon. — On 14th September, a warm sunny day at Bishop’s Nympton, near South Molton, Devon, I was picking blackberries by the stream, when I saw a bright brown butterfly flying round the top of a young oak tree about 15 ft. up. Presently it came down a bit and settled on an oak leaf, and later lower still to settle on bramble. On both occasions I studied it through my binoculars. It was a Brown Hairstreak and appeared to be a female.—PETER Hoce, 35 Vine Court Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. TN13 3UY, 28.ix.1973. HyLES GALLII (RoTT.) LARVAE IN YORKSHIRE.—On 9th September 1973, my friend Mr P. Gunson and I visited an area of waste land at Wombwell near Barnsley to search for larvae of Cucullia absinthii L. We found the larvae on the flowers of wormwood which grows there so abundantly, but our attention was soon diverted from searching for this species after Mr Gunson spotted two larvae of H. gallii on Chamaenerion angustifolium, which grows there in some plenty. We immedi- ately set to work searching for more and to our amazement in less than two hours had found thirty-five. Most were nearly full grown and some were quite active in the hot afternoon sunshine. They were chiefly found on the short rather stunted plants which grow on the otherwise almost bare parts of the area. The next evening we again visited the locality and in the short while before dark found five more gall larvae. On Ist September, I found two galli larvae on Chamae- nerion whilst looking over a large area of waste land at Barlow near Selby with Mr S. M. Jackson. I visited this locality again on 6th and 8th September finding four more, but here they were much harder to come by than at Wombwell.—N. GILL, 26 Mount Pleasant, Emley, near MHuddersfield, Yorkshire, Pixel 973: ABUNDANCE OF PLUSIA GAMMA L. AND OTHER MOTHS AT PoRT- LAND, SEPTEMBER 1973.—After several lean years the Silver-Y has returned in force and was very much in evidence at Port- land when I was there with Mr J. Messenger in early Septem- ber. The climax seemed to be on the 9th when we recorded some 60 examples on our sheet when we were running an m.v. light on the undercliff on the east side of the peninsula, but our static trap in the garden of the Pennsylvania Castle Hotel produced just short of 300 that night with no abnormal forms. I gather another collector running a trap in that vicinity on the Bill had as many as some 1200 to his light. The prolonged warm spell had brought out most of the autumnal species almost a fortnight earlier than their normal time of appearance, notably Leucochlaena hispida Hufn., Aporophyla australis Boisd., Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn., and the second brood of Leucania l-album L. But no other out- standing migrant species put in an appearance.—C. G. M. de Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 2i2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 89 15/XI/T3 EarLy APPEARANCE OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIA (CLERCK) IN S. WESTMORLAND.—By far the earliest date I have had E. defoliaria in 18 years of operating m.v. light was on 19th September 1973, when I found a none too fresh looking male resting on the wall near the light.—J. Brices, Frimley House, Beetham, near Milnthorpe, Westmorland, 28.ix.1973. HyLES GALLI (RoTT.) AND MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM (L.) LARVAE IN NortH Lancs.—On a visit to Sandscale Warren, at Roanhead, near Barrow-in-Furness on Sth September 1973. with Mr Arthur Watson of St Annes-on-Sea, we found fifteen larvae of H. gallii, three quarters to full grown. They were confined to an area of about 2,500 square yards, feeding on stunted Galium verum growing among the litter of holiday makers and picnic parties (despite a nearby notice of £100 penalty for leaving litter). The larvae had little cover, and were fairly exposed while feeding. In the same area, Mr Watson found a full grown larva of M. stellatarum feeding on the same foodplant. On another visit on 10th September, a further eight gallii were seen, again in the same restricted area, but on this occasion one was feeding on Chamaenerion angustifolium. Although there are several acres of sandhills in the district, with an abundance of both foodplants un- spoiled by the public, no more larvae were seen despite a care- ful search—J. Brices, Frimley House, Beetham, Milnthorpe. Westmorland, 25.1x.1973. Current Literature Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society 6, part 1. £0.65. This part contains ‘Memories of Collecting in Britain dur- ing the past fifty years’ by Dr C. G. M. de Worms, a paper which shows some of the seasonal fluctuations and environ- mental changes during that period. There is also a supplement for 1972 of Col. A. M. Emmet’s ‘“‘Microlepidoptera of Wicken Fen” which adds 12 species to the list and mentions a further 9 species found last year of which there had been no recent record. It might be as well to draw attention to a slight error which might give rise to ambiguity : following Yponomeuta plumbella (D. & Schiff.) comes “Y. den- tella Fabricius”. This should have been Ypsolopha dentella Fabricius. By Allan E. Stubbs there is an account of a Tipulid fly. Molophilus lackschewitzianus Alexander, new to the British Isles, with a text figure of the male hypopygium. Proceedings include accounts of the Centenary exhibition with two plates, indoor meetings from 23rd November to 11th Jan. 1973 and field meetings to Oxford and the Isle of Wight. The indices for 1972 are included with this issue.—S.N.A.J. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (103) Bromley, bred ex larva 1929, B. H. Armstrong, one, Bromley, July 17, 1931, B. H. Armstrong; disparata Hiibner, one, Bromley, bred ex larva 1929, B. H. Armstrong. FIRST RECORD, 1831: Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.). E. subumbrata Denis & Schiffermiiller: scabiosata Borkhausen: Shaded Pug. Native. Chalk downs, salt marshes, rough fields, flowery banks, etc.; on “Scabious” [Scabiosa succisa], Pastinaca sativa, Senecio jacobaea. 1. Bexley district (L. W. Newman, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Petts Wood, 1948 (A. M. Swain, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1957: 147). West Wickham, 1950 (E. E. J. Trundell in de Worms, loc. cit.). Bromley, one at m.v.l., July 10, 1966 (D. R. M. Long). 2. Royal Oak, Sheppey, two, June 6, 1868 (J. J. Walker MS.) Sheerness, common (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 184; idem, Ent. mon. Mag., 9: 163): 1873 (Hodgson, Ent. mon. Mag., 10: 180). Chatham* (Mathew, Entomologist. 25: 292); 1899 (Ash, Ent. Rec., 11: 273). Strood*, larvae (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 16: 294). Kingsferry, two, June 26, 1949 (C.-.H.). 3. Herne Bay (Boyd, Ent. mon. Mag., 5: 147); larvae, July 1868 (Vaughan, Ent. Ann., 1869: 140). Chelsfield; Whitstable (P. F. Harris). Eddington (D. G. Marsh). 4. [Wingham]*, a larva on S. jacobaea, reared (Hammond, Entomologist. 2:94). 5. Chevening, May 23, June 1, 1914, two, June 17, 1916 (Gillett, Diary). Chelsfield (S. F. P. Blyth). Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Biggin Hill, one May 17, 1952 (C.-H.). 6. Eynsford, common (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 122). Shoreham* (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 1:64). Cuxton (Tutt, Ent, Rec., 4:229): 1908 (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 32). Otford (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1902:50). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). Farningham, June 7. 1932, larva, July 11, 1933 (A. R. Kidner, Diary). Pinden (E. J. Hare). 7. Sittingbourne (H. C Huggins). Westwell (Scott, 1936); 1948, 1954 (E. Scott). 8. Folkestone Warren, common (Knaggs, 1870); six, June 21, 1949 (C.-H.). Dover (Coverdale, Entomologist, 16: 220); ‘“‘all around” Dover (Webb, 1891): common, June 24, 1932 (J. H. B. Lowe). Ewell Minnis; Whinless Down (E. & Y., 1949). Kent [?Wyel]*, imagines bred from P. sativa (Reid, Ent. Rec., 21: 57). Wye Crown, June 9, 1934, June 10, 1939; a larva swept from Scabious, August 1931 and reared (A. J. L. Bowes); numerous at dusk including a pair in cop, May 28, 1949, one, May 30, 1953 (C.-H.). Brook, larvae (P. Cue). Chilham Downs, June 10, 1951 (W. D. Bowden). 9. Margate, June 28, 1951; St Peters, one, June 17, 1957 (W. D. Bowden). 12. Ashford Warren, one, June 1, 1960 (M. Enfield). Ham Street, July 2, 1962 (de Worms, Entomologist, 96: 55). Hothfield Bog, one, July 4, 1963 (M. Singleton). 16. Folkestone Town, a few (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—In RCK are the following aberrations:—abrutaria H.-S., two, Folkestone, 1904; obscurata Lempke, two, Wye, 1908. L. B. Prout; impuncta Lempke, two, Herne Bay, bred 1909, L. B. Prout; ab, with “median area feebly marked’, one, Herne, Bay, bred 1909. J. E. Gardner. (104) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/XI1/73 First Notice, 1868: Royal Oak, Sheppey, June 6, 1868 (J. J. Walker MS.). E. millefoliata Rossler: Yarrow Pug. Resident, perhaps native. Coastal waysides, maritime shingle beach, sandhills and waste places by the sea; on Achillea millefolium. 2. Stoke Saltings, larvae on A. millefolium, September 20, 1962, reared June 14-16, 1963 (C.-H.). 3. Herne Bay, one, August 3, 1951 (D. G. Marsh). Broad Oak, one at m.v.l., June 14, 1952 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 217). 4. Sandwich, one, July 15, 1939 (Richardson, Entomologist, 82: 72; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 41; idem, Ent. Gaz., 3: 104); one in RCK, August 16, 1939, A. J. L. Bowes (C.-H.); larvae on A. millefolium, September 16, 1971 (C.-H.). Ickham, one at light, 1957 (D. G. Marsh). 8. Folkestone, October 7, 1951, seven larvae on Dover Hill, five larvae at Capel, all found by G. Haggett( A. M. Morley). 9. Ramsgate, larvae collected with A. millefolium by A. H. Lanfear, autumn 1947, imagines reared (Wakely, Entomologist, 82: 139; idem;, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 3); from A. millefolium I beat 22 full- grown larvae, September 20, 1953 (C.-H.). 11. East Malling, one, 1951+; Aylesford, one, 1951f, three, 1952-537 (G A. N. Davis). 12. Ham Street, 9, August 7, 1933 (de Worms, Ent. Rec., 64: 53; idem, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1951-52: 49); 9, at m.v.l., July 30, 1951 (C.-H., Ent. Rec., 63: 217).. Willesborough, one at light, July 1959 (M. Singleton). 15. Hythe Rifle Range, 43 larvae, September 18-30, 1950 (Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1950-51: 36). Dungeness, two at m.v.l., August 3, 1951 (C.-H.).; 1952 (Kettlewell, Ent. Rec., 65: 305); larvae plentiful, 1955 (de Worms, Entomologist, 88: 95; Bretherton, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1956: 21); a few larvae, September 24, 1955 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton); few larvae, September 29, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); 1957 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 15). Greatstone, 1963 (Wakely and C.-H., Ent. Rec., 76: 94). Lydd, larvae half-grown, September 28, 1966 (de Worms, Entomologist, 100: 103). 16. Folkestone, three larvae, October 5-22, 1950, by A. M. Morley (de Worms, Entomologist, 84: 153); three moths, 1951 (Morley, Ent. Rec., 64: 174); larvae, October 4, 1953 (de Worms, Ent. Rec., 65: 328); larvae scarce, 1957-58, owing to reduction of the foodplant (A. M. Morley). VARIATION—In RCK is ab. uniformis Dietze, one, Sandwich Bay, bred July 13, 1950, E. A. Cockayne. First (PUBLISHED) REcoRD, 1949: Pegwell Bay near Ramsgate (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 3). The species was first found in Britain at Ham Street in 1933, however, but the specimen taken was not identified until many years later (cf. de Worms, supra). E. simpliciata Haworth: subnotata Hubner: Plain Pug. Native. Salt-marshes, river banks, waste ground, derelict sites; on Chenopodium, Atriplex. “Generally common” (V.C.H., 1908); but the records show it to be fairly local (C.-H.). LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (105) 1. ‘“‘Met with the larva in some plenty in waste ground near Bexley” ‘Harpur Crewe, Ent. Ann., 1861: 138). Lewisham district, not scarce on Dalings (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 196); Lee and Blackheath areas, July 14, 1861 (Fenn, Diary), may refer. Westcombe Park; Bexley district, abundant ‘Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley, 1900 (Carr, Entomologist, 34: 108); several annually, 1966-68 (D, O’Keeffe). Chiselhurst, common (S. F. P. Blyth). Sidcup, one, July 15, 1910, one, August 3, 1912, one at light, July 17, 1928, four at light, July 1935, July 10(1), 17, 1936, three, 1937, two, 1938, one August 13, 1939 (A. R. Kidner, Diary). Petts Wood, July 12(1), 14(1), 18(1), 1937, common 1948; St. Mary Cray, one, August 20, 1948 (A. M. & F. A. Swain). Orpington, 1948 (L. W. Siggs); one, July 1955, one, August 1956 (R. G. Chatelain). West Wickham, 1951 (E. E. J. Tundell); July 24(1), 30(1), August 1(1), 2(1), 1963 (R. F. Birchenough). Abbey Wood, 1952 (A. J. Showler). Blackheath, two at m.v.l., 1959 (A. A. Allen). Bromley, one, 1963, three, 1965, three, 1966 (D. R. M. Long). 2. Sheerness, two, June 24-25, 1868 (J. J. Walker MS.). Near Sheerness, 1871, abundant among Chenopodium, also at rest on fences, etc. (Walker, Ent. mon. Mag., 8: 184). Chatham, larvae on Chenopodium and Atriplex ‘Mathew, Entomologist, 23: 347). Gravesend, very common, July 11, 1865 ‘Fenn, Diary). Gravesend; Sittingbourne; Faversham (H. C. Huggins). Greenwich Marshes; Plumstead Marshes (J. W. Tutt, in Wool. Surv., 1909). New Brompton (Chaney, 1884-87). Marshes near Strood, a few larvae on Chenopodium, July 26, 1908 (Ovenden, Ent. Rec., 21: 33). Sheppey, July 23, 1935 (J. H. B. Lowe). Stoke Saltings, two, August 1, 1962; Kingsferry, June 26, 1949 (C.-H.). 3. Herne Bay, July 25, 1933, August 2, 1934; July 21, 1935 (A. J. L. Bowes). Den Grove, Sturry, one, 1936; Broad Oak, one, July 18, 1944, one, August 5, 1951 (C.-H.). 4. Deal, July 22, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 203-204); one, July 28, 1891, one, August 6, 1892 (Fenn, Diary). Westbere, one, July 24, 1946 (C.-H.). 5. Farnborough*, occasionally (H. Alderson, in Wool. Surv., 1909). 6. Gravesend, June 24, 1911 (F. T. Grant). Pinden (E. J. Hare). 6a. Near Darenth Wood (see First Record). Chattenden Roughs ‘Chaney, 1884-87). 8. Elms Vale, Dover, one, July 12, 1905 (Stockwell, Diary). Whinless Down (E. & Y., 1949). 9. Cliftonville, one, 1950; North Foreland, one, 1950; Margate, one, July 29, 1955 (W. D. Bowden). 11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). 12. Canterbury City, larva and imago (J. A. Parry). Ashford (Scoit, 1936). Brook* (Scott, 1950). 13. Tunbridge Wells* (Knipe, 1916). 14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull). 15. Dungeness, one, July 26, 1935 (A. M. Morley). 16. Folkestone (Knaggs, 1870); one or two taken in the town (A. M. Morley). VARIATION.—In RCK are the following named abs.:—brunnea Lempke, one, Brockley; variegata Lempke, one, Sheppey. First Recorp, 1831: “Very abundant near Darenth Wood” (Stephens, Haust., 3: 287). (106) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 85 15/X1/73 E. indigata Hiibner: Ochreous Pug. Resident, perhaps native.; [on Pinus sylvestris] 1. Birch Wood (see First Record). Dartford*, two April 1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 4). Dartford Heath, two, June 15, 1876 (Fenn, Diary). West Wickham Wood, April 21, 1863 (Fenn, Diary); 1867 (Barrett, Ento- mologist, 3: 330); scarce amongst Scotch fir (1889) (Sheldon, Ent. Rec.. 1: 70). West Wickham, one in m.v. trap, June 1, 1963 (C.-H.). Forest Hill (Cansdale, Ent. Rec., 2: 69). Bostall and Abbey Woods, on pine trunks. May 11-15, 1863 (21), May 7-16, 1865 (40) (Fenn, Diary). Plumstead (V.C.H., 1908). Erith, one, May 17, one, June 8, 1884; Pauls Cray Com- mon, one June 7, 1890 (Fenn, Diary). Orpington, one, May 1953 (R. G. Chatelain); one, May 13, 1954, one, 1955 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, at m. v. 1 1960 (4), 1962 (1), 1963 (1), 1964 (3), 1965 (2), 1966 (2); earliest date May 13, 1964, latest date July 1, 1962, with maximum numbers (2) on May 26. 1960 and May 16, 1965 (D. R. M. Long). 3. Blean, one, May 28, 1908, one, May 15, 1905, in J. P. Barrett coll. (C.-H.). Oldbridge Wood, c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). West Blean Wood, one, June 15, 1950 (W. D. Bowden). 5. Meanfield Wood, one, May 30, 1955 (R. G. Chatelain). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Eynsford, one, May 18. 1934, B. H. Arm- strong, in RCK (C.-H.). 7. Westwell (Scott, 1936). 8. West Wood, one, May 19, 1953 (A. M. Morley). 10. Seal Chart, one, June 18, 1887 (Fenn, Diary). Sevenoaks (V.C.H.. 1908). 11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). 12. West Ashford, one at light, May 18, 1960 (M. Enfield). Ashforce Town, one in garden, May 8, 1961 (P. Cue MS.). 13. Tunbridge Wells* (Knipe, 1916). First ReEcorpD, 1851: Birch Wood (Douglas, Zoologist, 3247). E. pimpinellata Hiibner: Pimpinel Pug. Native. Chalk downs, rough chalky places; on Pimpinella saxifraga 1. Wilmington*, a larva, October 5, 1910 (A. R. Kidner, Diary). Or- pington, one, 1955, one, 1956 one, 1957 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, one. August 18 1960, one, August 17, 1961, both in m.v. trap (D. R. M. Long). 4. Ham Marshes, one, June 9, 1891 (Fenn, Diary); numerous, bred 1905 (J. P. Barrett coll.). Note: The locality was probably the rough chalky field adjoining the fen (C.-H.). 5. Biggin Hill, about 12 larvae, October 13, 1957; Shoreham, two larvae October 13, 1957 (A. J. Showler). 6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Birling, 1903-06, odd ones kicked up from the grass (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford, one larva, October 13, 1957. Wrotham, one larva, October 19, 1958 (A. J. Showler). 7. Westwell, one at light, August 9, 1955 (C.-H.). 8. Folkestone.—Warren, scarce in spring (Knaggs, 1870); one, Wind- gate Hill, August 11, 1936, one, August 3, 1937, 17 larvae on the downs. August 31-September 4, 1937 (A. M. Morley); the Well between Sugar- loaf and Middle Hill, 14 larvae on P. saxifraga growing on the shaded parts of the down, September 12, 1953, imagines bred August 1954, larvae locally plentiful with four on one plant, September 18, 1955 (C.-H.). Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p R. N. 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REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THESCOST: Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. (I RT ELITES SL OLED SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. |e TS ET I ELS ED TREASURER’S NOTICE The annual subscription will remain at £4 for 1974 despite the further increases in our costs. It is now due and the Treasurer would be grateful if remittances could be sent, by those intending to renew their subscriptions, before 31st December 1973 (subscriptions paid before 15th January 1974 are £3.75). Prompt pay- ment is the simplest way of keeping our costs down. If there are still any subscribers who have not yet increased their Bankers Orders to £3.75 will they kindly do so before the 1974 payment 1S a The Treasurer most earnestly appeals to any who wish to withdraw their support to give notice as soon as possible and to return the January 1974 number if they receive it before giving notice of cancellation. The Treasurer points out that in accordance with the usual ‘trade practice’ subscriptions are deemed to be renewed unless cancelled. CONTENTS Collecting mainly Diptera in France during May and early June ¥! 197... 2. J. CHANDLER -.% a A Te eh . . 2a Plemyria rubiginata (D. & S) ab. egregia ab. nov. “Gi 7H 4 MARILLIER .. val ra ae ene ms es abe .. 2620 The Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. D.G. SEVASTOPULO.. .. 263 _ Notes and Observations: a Anarta myrtilli (L.) attracted to m.v. light. B. K. WEST .. 267 Notes on the Pupation and Emergence of Zygaena lonicerae ‘ag scheven!;” Iy°C. BEAVIS, —._. ab: ae iy ey 2b Erynnis tages L. in Lancashire. K. BEVAN and D. M. z RICHMOND oe 267 > @ _ Nepticula aurella (F.) in eueeat 4. M. CHALMERS- HUNT 268 A Colias croceus Foure. and other Butterflies in Dorset in ‘= September 1973. C. G.M. de WORMS .. ae es ah eee Mythimna (Leucania) l-album (L.) in Sussex. I. A.WATKIN- | ‘q SON aa att: 1 Ee The Long, Hot Summer. R. HARRINGTON... .. 269 Nymphalis antiopa (L.) the Camberwell Beauty in Kent in 7 1973.'° D, BURROWS... 269 39 Lampides boeticus (L.) the chee Blue in Warwickshire ; in) 1973: DAVID BROWN =. .: le oo Hyles gallii (Rott.) in Cornwall. F. H. N, SMITH .. ee - Rhodometra sacraria (L.) in North Lancs. and South Wast- morland. J. BRIGGS ..... . -..) 20 Herse convolvuli L. in Buckinzhamshire, 1973. GH Ee 4 OLIVER ae .. 2108 A Late Date for Spiiecane eee ce in N. ‘ame J. a BRIGGS... 270 9 Autographa bractea D. & S. in Warwickshire. ‘DAVID BROWN 270 Autographa bractea D. & S. in Glamorgan and Staffordshire. “a R. -G: WARREN .2550 2 Pee Thecla betulae (L.) in Devon. PETER HOGG . a Hyles gallit (Rott.) Larvae in Yorkshire. N. GILL .. .. 271 Abundance of Plusia gamma L, and other Moths at Portland, . September 1973. C.G.M.de WORMS... .. . 271 4 Early Appearance of Erannis defoliaria (Clerck) in South Fs Westmorland. J. BRIGGS .. ... 272 Hyles gallii (Rott.) and Macroglossum ialintaine Larvée in ai North Lancs. J, BRIGGS .. .. 4, 9 Current Literature -. 0 2 wc P01 ae Sy 1 ee rn Supplement: The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. 3 .. .. (103) am é . T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND DENENELENEALCNGOAERENEDEAEINE THE ( ENTOMOLOGIST’S c RECORD ‘toa AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (2 ir Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:s. o with the assistance of f A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. ¥ NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY t Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S NS H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. sgt "he > Ke PLEASE MAKE A SPECIAL NOTE The annual subscription for Vol. 86 (1974) will remain £4.00 for payment in Sterling, £4.25 for payment in Foreign Currency, and is DUE on JANUARY Ist, 1974 See inside back cover for further details PAY GSIRY EE NCSD OSD ONES SETI CSET ED ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 85 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: ' Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p AD SES OSH lS GP OF OF SF GD ES EP ES EP ASPSASAPseBseseyBeweEso ee Studying Insects A Practical Guide R. L. E. FORD £2.50 net | 0 7232 1705 X This is a revised edition of an earlier volume, Practical Entomology, and reflects the current emphasis on studying living insects rather than on collecting and killing them. Although primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, the book also covers groups such as ants, wasps and humble- bees, and has sections on breeding insects and on conser- vation. With 16 pages of plates in colour and black and white. South’s British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S. £10.50 net 0 7232 1499 9 Richard South’s classic work has now been brought com- pletely up to date, with the text arranged in a more logical and readily accessible order. A valuable addition is the inclusion of illustrated aberrations of species. The 48 colour plates include illustrations of adults by A. D. A. Russwurm and of the early stages by R. B. Davis copied from the originals of F. W. Frohawk. With 320 pages, 07 distribution maps, colour identification key, index/ glossary, cased binding, laminated colour jacket, slip case. FREDERICK WARNE & CO LTD 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE 273 Lepidoptera of South and Central Cornwall, 1973 By E. H. Wixp ann J. E. MARSHALL We have been unable to trace a county list of the lepidop- tera of Cornwall and, although the north coast is often visited for its specialities, the south coast has been somewhat neglected apart from Col. Rossell’s occasional notes on immi- grants. Thus, in an attempt to help fill this gap in our know- ledge, we hired a transit van for the first fortnight of August and, accompanied by Mrs E. H. Wild and L. K. Evans, set out with an immense amount of equipment to explore the region around Fowey. Our headquarters was the ‘“‘Coach House” at Menabilly (M) occupied by Miss Marshall’s uncle and situated in Lord Rash- leigh’s huge wooded estate on the headland between Fowey and Polkerris where we were given complete freedom to col- lect. The woods ,at one time an experimental area associated with Kew, are dominated by oak and beech with dense rhododendron and bamboo cover. A stream runs through a deep marshy valley and the old paths are overgrown and often impassable. Palms and other exotics grow among the native trees and lichens festoon the vegetation. The cliffs reach 200 feet in places and the shore is rocky. E. H. W. ran a Robinson trap on the front lawn of the “Coach House’. L. K. E. also ran a trap in open parkland 200 feet away but, after cows had twice snapped the cables and overturned the trap, he moved it to a drive outside the park fence. A Heath trap was also run in a nearby narrow ride. Our adventures were many and L. K. E. drove the van into some improbable places in search of potential sites. Once we even used a small boat to carry the lights to an otherwise in- accessible cove between Polkerris and the Little Gribbin. 158 species (macros, pyrales and plumes) were recorded on the estate. A further 24 species were collected using generators and portable lights at other sites which were: Par Marshes (P); Goss Moor (GM); Caerhays (C) and Portholland (PH). A full list of species is given below together with the locali- ties. The list of Tortricoidea has been added by Miss Marshall. Although rather a commonplace lot, there were a few interest- ing surprises. A number of birch feeders will be noticed in spite of the absence of this tree from this part of the country. One of the commonest insects at the Menabilly traps was Lithosia quadra L. with a nightly average of about 40, the maximum for one night being 72. The proportion of 22 to d3 was about 1:20. We did not find it outside the estate where it appears to be very well established. Discoloxia blomeri Curt. turned up on four nights between Ist and 10th August—very late dates. Eilema caniola Hiibn. appeared twice in the traps at Menabilly and once at Caerhays. A single Mythimna putres- cens Hiibn. at Menabilly and two at Caerhays were all we could find of this species. Alcis jubata Thunb. was fairly com- mon at Menabilly though not elsewhere. 274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/XI1L/73 Apart from Vanessa atalanta L. and Udea ferrugalis Hiibn., no immigrants were seen. Except for the night of August Ist, the weather was gener- ally unfavourable, being wet and windy during the first week followed by a warm spell with clear nights and a bright moon during the second. Although not within the scope of this paper, it is worth recording that on the journey home we drove into a stubble field near Buckfastleigh, Devon, for a coffee-break and caught three Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda on the hedgerows. SPECIES LIST Alucitoidea Alucita hexadactyla L. (M). Pyraloidea Chrysoteucha culmella L. (all). Crambus perella Scop. (M.C.). Agriphila tristella D. & S. (all). A. geniculea Haw. (M). Catoptria pinella L. (M.C.) Scoparia cembrella L. (PH). Eudonia resinella L. (M). E. mercurea Haw. (C). Evergestis forficalis L. (M.P.C). Eurrhypara hortulata L. (M). E. coron- ata Hufn. (M.PH). Ebulea crocealis Hiibn. (M.GM.C). Udea lutealis Hiibn. (C). U. olivalis D. & S. (M). U. ferrugalis Hibn. (M). Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (M). Pleuroptya ruralis Scop. (M.C.PH). Hypsopygia costalis F. (M). Achroia grisella F. (PH) Eurhodope marmorea Haw. (PH). Phycita roborella D. & S. (M). Dioryctria abietella D. & S. (M). Pterophoroidea Pterophorus pentadactyla L. (M). Adaina microdactyla Hiibn. (M). Oidaematophorus lithodactyla Treits. (C). Bombycoidea Malacosoma neustria L. (all). Macrothylacia rubi L. (M.C.PH.P.). Philudoria potatoria L. (all). Geometroidea Falcaria lacertinaria L. (M). Drepana cultraria F. (M),. Thyatira batis L. (M). Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn. (M.C.). Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. (M). Hemithea aestivaria Hibn (M). Cyclophora linearia Hiibn. (M). Scopula marginepunctata Goeze. (M.PH). S. imitaria Hiibn. (M). Idaea biselata Hufn. (M.P.PH). I. dimidiata Hufn. (M.C.PH). I. aversata L. (all). Orthonama vittata Bork. (M). Xanthorhoe spadicearia D. & S. (all). X. ferrugata Clerck. (M). X. fluctuata L. (M.PH). Scotopteryx chenopodiata L. (M.C). Catarhoe cuculata Hufn. (M.PH). Epirrhoe alternata Mull. (all). E. galiata D. & S. (M.GM.C.PH). Captogramma bDilineata L. (M). Cosmorhoe ocellata L. (PH). Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S. (M.PH). Chloroclysta citrata L. (M.GM). Hydriomena furcata Thun. (M.GM). Horisme tersata D. & S. (M.GM). Melanthia procel- LEPIDOPTERA OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL CORNWALL 1973 275 lata D. & S. (M). Perizoma affinitatum Steph. (GM). P. alchemillata L. (M). P. flavofasciata Thun. (PH). Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl. (M). E. pulchellata Steph. (M.PH.) E. centauriaria D. & S. (M). E. icterata Vill. (M). Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Haw. (M). Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (M). Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. (M.). Abraxas grossulariata L. (M. C. GM. PH.). Lomaspilis marginata L. (M.GM). Ligdia adustata D. & S. (C). Semiothisa alternaria Hiibn. (M). S. liturata Clerck. (M). Opisthgraptis luteolata L. (M.P.). Epione repan- daria Hufn. (P). Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. (M). Selenia dentaria F. (M.PH). _ S. tetralunaria Hufn. (M). Crocallis elinguaria L. (M.GM.PH). Ourapteryx sambucaria L.(M.C.). Biston betularia L. (all). Peribatodes rhomboidaria D. & S. (M). Alcis repandata L. (M). A. jubata Thun. (M). Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. (M). Ectropis histortata Goeze (M.C.) Cabera exanthemata Scop. (P.GM). Lomographa temerata D. & S. (M). Campaea margaritata L. (M). Hylaea fasciaria L. (M). Gnophos obscuratus D. & S. (M.P.PH). Sphingoidea Sphinx ligustri L. (M). Laothoe populi L. (M). Deilephila elpenor L. (M). Notodontoidea Phalera bucephala L. (M). Notodonta dromedarius L. (GM.P.C). Eligmodonta ziczac L. (M.GM.C). Pheosia gnoma F. (M). P. tremula Clerck. (M). Ptilodon capucina L. (M.P). Pterostoma palpina Clerck. (PH). Noctuoidea | Euproctis similis Fuessly. (M). Lymantria monacha L. (M.PH). Thumatha senex Hiibn. (M.GM). Multochrista miniata Forst. (M.P.). Ezlema griseola Hiibn. (M). E. caniola Hiibn. (M.C). E. deplana Esper. (M.P). E. lurideola Zinck. (M.P.C). Lithosia quadra L.(M). Arctia caja L. (M..GM). Spilosoma luteum Hufn. (M.GM.C). Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. (M.P. GM.C). Agrotis segetum D. & S. (M). A. exclamationis L. (M.GM.C).