"i AMS Be Mood f Man 9 vfs Needs ede itech Nhe ans wy reodsan les PP Re tae a Ne yuared mat wiry ett as tinh eh as Pyar toate : MOE the ane Moe ‘ Nook ahha A Wea god eT kei Mes hn do Ge Mes Cea ee Cree HARVARD UNIVERSITY e Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology e Th Entomologist’s Record AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY . CHALMERS HUNT, F.R.E.S. Le Price £4.50 net. a trae" ae ili CONTENTS 1975 Abraxas grossulariata Stephens, Melanism in the larvae of M. L. Street, 97 Abraxas grossulariata L. The Black Larva of H. C. Huggins, 268 Aglais urticae L. and Vanessa cadui L. at Slapton Sands, S. Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan, 300 Agrius convolvuli L. in Lancashire in 1974. H. G. Allcard, 59 Agrius convulvuli L. in Northampton- shire. P. J. Ghent, 56 Agrius convolvuli L. Warwickshire, A. F. J. Gardner, 56 Allan: An American’s_ Tribute. P. B. M. Ronald S. Wilkinson, 49 Allancastria Byrk (Lep. Papilionidae) in Lebanon. Notes on the two species of Torben B. Larssen, 205 Amphipyra pyramidea L. of A. berbera Rungs clustering under bark. R. W. J. Uffen, 201 Amphipyra pyramidea L. (sensu auct.) clustering under bark, A. A. Allen, 24 Anarta melanopa (Thunberg) (Lep.: Hadenidae) in Northumberland. B. Wallace and I. D. Wallace, 159 Anaspis (Col.: Mordellidae) New to Britain, with a Consideration of the Status of A. hudsoni Donis etc. Two Species of A. A. Allen, 269 Ancylis tineana Hubner. Rediscovery of M. W. Harper, 137 Aphantopus hyperantus (Linn.) ab. pallens Schultz and ab. lanceolata Shipp. Notes on the Ringlet. R. Revels, 283 Apocheima pilosaria D. and S, in early December. R. F. Bretherton, 64 Argyrocupha malagrida pipers An additional Race of C. G. Dickson and R. D. Stephen, 25 Autographa bractea D. and S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Somerset. G. S. Wollatt, 301 Autographa bractea D. and S. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Worcestershire. R, F. Bretherton, 255 Autographa gamma and Nomophila noctuella D. and S. in South Devon. H. L. O’Heffernan, 301 British Lepidoptera, 1973. Among the B. G. Withers, 70 Butterflies on Looe Island. G. Summers, 278 Butterflies: Spring and Early Summer 1974. Notes on British C. J. Luckens, 20 Butterflies: Summer and Autumn, 1974. Notes on British C. J. Luckens, 202 Butterfly Hunter. Reminiscences of a J. N. Marcon, 7 Calomotropha paludella Hiibner (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Surrey, R. F. Bretherton, 254 Canna Report 1972-1974. Isle of J. L. Campbell, 10 Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in December. Robert Craske, 56 Cathartus (Ahasverus) advena Watl. from Hay Stack Refuse in Kent. John Parry, 63 Chloroclystis chloerata (Mabille) in Kent. B. K. West, 175 Cionus and Cleopus (Col.: Curculioni- dae). Further Study on _ the Occurrence and Distribution of the Genera. P. Cunningham, 209 Clearwings. A few Notes on H. C. Huggins, 275 Clostera anachoreta (D. and S.) in Kent in 1974. Scarce Chocolate Tip. W. L. Coster, 125 Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (D. and arity West Sussex. R. Fairclough, Coleas croceus Geoff. in Co. Wexford and Co. Cork in 1975. K. G. M. Bond, 301 Coleophora fuscicornis Zeller. Breed- ing J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 267 Coleophora fuscicornis Zeller, 1847 (Lep.: Coleophoridae) a Species New to Britain. A. M. Emmet, 259 R. W. J. Uffen, 261 Coleophora trigeminella (Fuchs) and C. coracipennella (Hubn.) in North Kent. S. E. Whitebread, 300 Coleophora trochiella (Duponchel), Isophrictis striatella (D. and S.) and Ectoedemia _ erythrogenella (de Joannis) in North Kent. S. E. Whitebread, 175 Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1974. C. G. M. de Worms, 194 Collecting without a Light Trap in 1947. M, Britton, 213 Cosmetopus dentimanus Zetterstedt. A further note on P. J. Chandler and A. E. Stubbs, 147 Crambus uliginosellus Zeller, a newly recorded species in Kent. J. A. Watkinson, 58 Cranopygia Burr (Dermaptera) from India. On a New Species of the Genus G. K. Srivastava, 121 Crocidosema plebiana Zeller in Corn- wall. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 190 Cupido minimus Fuessy in 1975. A second brood of Colin Pratt, 254 iv CURRENT LITERATURE: 31, 159, 1Sf-192. 204. 208, 2393: 247; 256, 279, 280, 304 Daphnis nerii (Linn.) in North Hamp- shire. D. W, H. ffennell, 277 Deilephila elpenor (Linn.) in Septem- ber. D. W. H. ffennell, 277 Diacrisia sannio Hubner (Lep.:: Arctiidae). Aberrations of R. W. Watson, 255 Diarsia ?florida (Schmidt) and Xanthorrhoe munitata (Hubner) in Swaledale. R. F. Bretherton, 27 Dordogne, South West France, in May 1974). Lepidoptera. of ¢ eRe F. Bretherton, 33 Early Notes from Sussex during 1974. Further C. Pratt, 303 Epione parallellaria D, and S. and Hyles gallii Rott. in 1975. E. H. Wild, 278 Epiphyas_ postvittana (Walker) in Cornwall. Notes on the larva of J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 58 Erannis leucophraearia D. and S. in December. C. G. M. de Worms, 64 Essex Insects in 1974. H. C. Huggins, 60 Eublemma ostrina Hb. and Colias croceus Geoff. in Ireland in 1975. D, W. H. ffennell, 277 Euphyidryas aurinea Rott. A Second Brood Specimen and_ further notes on a Surrey Colony. C. J. Luckens, 60 Eupithecia irriguata Hibner in Hamp- shire in 1975. E. C. UL. Simson, 190 Eupithecia phoeniciata L. and Litho- phane leauteri Boisduval in Sussex in 1974. Ronald R. Pickering, 56 Eupithecia phoeniciata (Rambur) in Surrey, R. F. Bretherton, 279 Faked Insects. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 235 Glanville Revisited. “Lady” R. S. Wilkinson, 298 Graphopsocus cruciatus (L.). Some Aspects of the Biology of the bark louse. T. D. Heilbron, 132 Greece, July 1974, A _ Fortnight’s Collecting in R. F. Bretherton, Ao Adena caesia D. and S. and other Lepidoptera on Islay in 1975. Austin Richardson, 293 Hadena compta D. and S. at Woking. C. G. M. de Worms, 63 Hemaris fuciformis L, in Hampshire. M. R. Young, 300 Hemaris fuciformis Linn. in Hamp- shire. Another L. W. Siggs, 254 Heterographis_ oblitella (Zeller) in oa Kent. S. E. Whitebread, Hoy, Orkney. Lepidoptera on Guy Howard, 107 Hydraecia osseola hucheradi Mab. (Giant Ear) near Rochester, Kent. D. A. Saunders, 303 Hydrophilus piceus L. (Col.: Hydro- philidae) in Monmouth. M. J. Leech, 146 Hydrovatus clypealis Shp. in Sussex. John Perry, 63 Hyles gallii Rott. during 1973 with special reference to Records from 1972 and 1974. A Review of the Immigration of C. G. M. de Worms, 232 Hyles gallii Rott. in County Durham in; 19752; Lt heGeolky ae Humphreys, 193 Hyles gallii Rott. in Scotland in 1975. Bedstraw Hawkmoth kK. M. Gravener, 231 Hypena crassalis Fabricius from Kent in 1974. I. A. Watkinson, 25 Hyppa rectilinea Esp. (Saxon Moth) at Witherslack. D. M. Richmond, 56 Idaea vulpinaria Herrich-Shaffer. The Feral Foodplant of Least Carpet. R. F. Bretherton, 158 Interspecific Competition. Sevastopulo, 253 Iphiclides podalirius (L.) in Britain. The Scarce Swallowtail. R. S. Wilkinson, 289 Isles of Scilly. Butterflies in the G. Summers, 95 Isotrias rectifasciana (Haworth) in ee Kent. S. E. Whitebread, 18 Jamaica Revisited. C. G. M. de Worms, 1 John Abbot’s Birth Data. R. S. Wilkinson, 125 Late Dates in 1974. Some C. G. M. de Worms, 62 Lepidoptera, 1973. Among the B. G. Withers, 37 Lepidoptera in Perthshire and Inverness-shire, June 1974. M. W. Harper, 137 Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. R. M. Palmer, 181, 218 Leptidea sinapis Linn. in 1975. An Early Date for C.( Gy Mf ge Worms, 255 mete to the Editor. M. R. Young, 299 Lobophora halterata Hufn. f. zonata Thunberg at Woking. C. G. M. de Worms, 255 DG. Lozotaenioides formosanus (Geyer) in North West Kent. P. A. Sokoloff, 278 Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. schmidtii Gerh. in Surrey. K. J. Willmott, By) Lycaena phlaeas L. An unusual brood of T. D. Fearnehough, 191 Lysandra coridon (Poda). Notes on breeding Aberrations of the Chalk Hill Blue. R. Revels, 281 Macroglossum stellatarum L. in South Devon in 1974. H. L. O’Heffer- nan, 57 Macroglossum stellatarum L. in South Devon in 1974. H. L. O’Heffer- nan, 96 Macroglossum stellatarum L. in South Devon in 1974. H. L. O’Heffer- nan, 303 Macroglossum stellatarum L. on the Isle of Canna. J. L. Campbell, 278 Macrolepidoptera at Blackheath, North West Kent. Three Notable A. A. Allen, 27 Maculinea arion in the Hebrides. On the rumoured presence of the Eaapee rine Buttery. J... £. Campbell, 161 Meliana flammea Curtis (Flame Wainscot) in Sussex. Colin Pratt, 64 Meliana flammea Curtis in the Isle of Wight. T. D. Fearnehough, 212 Mellicta athalia Rottemburg in East Cornwall 1974. Capt. P. Gains- ford, 172 Microlepidoptera recently added to the British List. Notes on Two A. M. Emmet, 59 Migrant Lepidoptera in South West Scotland in 1975. R. J. Revell, 2h Migrant Moths in South Cornwall in August 1974. C. S. H. Blathwayt, 58 Mythimna l-album L, in Essex. G. A. Pyman, 58 Mythimna loreyi Duponchel in Corn- wall and the Isles of Scilly in 1975. Austin Richardson, 301 Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel) in South West Ireland with a Note on the Occurrence of other Migratory Lepidoptera. Tem- porary Residence of A. A. Myers, 302 Mythimna loreyi Dup. (The Cosmo- politan), Colias croceus Geoff. and other Immigrants in Cornwall in 1975. B. F. Skinner, 278 Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.) in Kent. Pos, Baker, 303 v Mythimna vitellina Hibn. and Meganola albula D. and S. in Surrey, 1975. H. Grey, 258 Neocnemodon Geoffe (Dip,: Syrphi- dae). A Key to the Males of the British Species of M. C. D. Speight and K. G. V. Smith, 150 Nepticulidae. Cornish J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 57 New_ Forest Mercury Vapour Light a ae for 1974. L. W. Siggs, New Forest M.V. Record. Another L. W. Siggs, 201 Northern France and Belgium: late May 1974, A Brief Visit to C. G. M. de Worms, 93 Nymphalis_ polychloros L. (Large Tortoiseshell) in Sussex in 1974. C. J. Luckens, 61 Opilo mollis L. Rearing of the Clerid Beetle. J. A. Parry, 23 Orange-tips in 1974. Early G. Summers, 212 Orgyia antiqua Linn. (The Vapourer). An Excess of D. Brown, 276 Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) paradisia borchi Haugum and Lowe, 1974. A. M, A. Low, 278 Orthosia stabilis L. in Early January 1975. C. G. M. de Worms, 64 Panolis flammea D. and S. (piniperda Panz.). An Early Date and Long Period of Emergence. C. G. M. de Worms, 255 Papilio demodocus Esp. on _ the Kenya Coast. Roosting Behaviour of the Butterfly Dianne O. Gibson and A. L. Panchen, 156 Papilio machaon britannica Seitz in Northamptonshire. The Swallow- oe Butterfly Miriam Rothschild, 7 Papilio pupae. Dimorphism in D. G. Sevastopulo, 109 Parallelomma vittatum (Meigen) (Diptera: Scatophagidae) in Spain. K. P. Bland, 124 Phasmida. A Key to the Subfamilies of J. T. Clark, 104 Phyllonorycter Hiibner (Lep.: Gracil- lariiidae). Notes on the Oak- pede Species of A. M. Emmet, Phyllonorycter messaniella Zeller. A Mass Emergence J. A. Watkin- SOM) 25 Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller). A Mass Emergence of S. E. White- bread, 171 Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Logan in Kent. A new Locality for I. A. Watkinson, 61 Pieris brassicae L. at Christmas. Larvae of G. H. Youden, 92 Vi Pieris ergane (Geyer). An aberration of A. A. Wilson, 57 Pieris napi L. Some Subspecific and Infraspecific Names in S. Bowden, 153 Pieris rapae in North America. Inter- specific Competition and _ the History of A. M. Shapiro, 17 Pincushion. Rise and Fall of the R. S. Wilkinson, 142 Plusia gamma L, and Nomophila noctuella D. and S. in S. Devon in 1974. H. L. O’Heffernan Poecilmitis Butler (Lep.: Lycaenidae) from the South Western Cape. Three New C. G. C. Dickson, 225 Poecilmitis from the Roggerveldt Mountains of the Cape Province (Lep.: Rhopalocera). A New Species of D. A. Swanepoel, 123 Precis octavia Cramer (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from East Africa. Three Aberrations of L. McLeod, 5 Psilidae (Diptera). Observations on Plant Associations of the P. J. Chandler, 13 Rhodometra sacraria in the Isle of Man. K. G. H. Bond, 301 Scotland, 1974. E. A. Sadler, 85 Scymnus nuilus Mulst., a Predatory Beetle on Aphids in Punjab. Preliminary Notes on the Biology of G. S. Sandhu and Uma Kanta, 176 Season 1974. A Wet D. Brown, 166 Silpha carinata Herbst.—A Remark- able Rediscovery in the British Coleoptera. D. R. Nash, 285 Skomer, A Visit to P. M. Heath, 67 Stenepteryx hirundinis (L.) ~ on Juvenile House Martin, G. B. Thompson, 255 Stenepteryx hirundinis (L.). S. N. A. Jacobs, 26 Swallowtails of El Salvador (Lep.: Papilionidae). Notes on_ the Duration of the Pupal Stage of some A. Muyshondt Sen. and Jun., 45 Syanthedon vespiformis L. (Yellow- legged Clearwing) in _ S.E. London (N.W. Kent) with Special Reference to the Breeding Site. pe on a Colony of A. A. Allen, Thera juniperata (L,) (Lep.: Geo- metridae) in North West England. Some Notes on Neville L. Birkett, 21 Theretra nessus Drury. Illegal Immi- grant by Courtesy of Crayford (Kent) Freight Services: P. J. Renshaw, 96 Thymelicus lineola Ochsenheimer (Essex Skipper) in the County of Avon. B. W. Moore, 26 Thymelicus lineola Ochsenheimer (Essex Skipper) near _ Battle, Sussex in 1974. G. Summers, 189 Tineidae.—Including two Species New to Science and four Species New e Nigeria. Nigerian K. P. Bland, 8 Tithonus L. ab. albidus Cockerell in the Isle of Wight. Pyronia D. Fearnehough, 175 Treasurer’s Notice, 257 Triaenodes simulans Tjeder (Trichop- tera Leptoceridae) from a River in S.W. Wales, R. A. Jenkins and M. D. Mold, 302 Troides hypolitus (Cramer, 1775) (Lep.: Papilionidae Troidini) With a Description of a New Genus. Jan Haugum and A. M. Low, 111 Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lep.: Arctiidae). New Aberrations of R. W. Watson, 267 Uresphita limbalis D. and S. poly- gonalis sensu. auct. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 1974. Pickering, 51 West Sussex to Wester Ross in 1974, T. J. Radford, 248, 294 Zeuzera pyrina L. in Yorkshire. Michael Reeves, 55 Zygaena (Lep.: Zygaenidae). A Rationale for Abnormal Male- dominated Sex-Ratios in Adult Populations of M. R. Shaw, 52 OBITUARIES C. A. W. Duffield, 127 C. W. Macworth Praed, 29 W. H. Storey, 126 Vil AUTHORS Allen, A. A., 24, 27, 47, 247, 269 ANticard, Hi. G., 59 Baker, P. J., 303 Birkett, N. L., 21 Bland, K. P., 98, 124 Blathwayt, C. S, H., 58 Bond, K. G. M., 301 Bowden, S. R., 153 Bretherton, R. F., 27, 33, 64, 82, 158, 234. 255, 279 Britton, M., 213 Brown, D., 166, 276 Campbell, J. L., 10, 161, 278 Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 57, 58, 190, 25s 239.267. 280 Chandler, P. J., 13, 147 Clark, J. T., 104 Coster, W, L., 125 Craske, R., 56 Cunningham, P., 209 Dickson, €. G. C., 129, 225 Emmet, A. M., 59, 240, 259 Fearnehaugh, T. D., 175, 191, 212, 299 ffennell, D. W. H., 277 Gainsford, P., 172 Gardner, A. F. J., 56 Gent, P..J., 56 Gibson, D. O., 156 Gravener, K, M., 231 Grey, M., 258 Harper, M. W., 137 Haugum, Jan, 111 Heath, P. M., 67 Heilbronn, T. D., 132 Howard, Ga 107 Huggins, Ff. vem 60, 260, 275 Humphreys, R. B., 301 Jacobs, S. N. A., 26, 304 Jago, N. D., 256 Jenkins, R. A., 302 Kanta Uma, 176 Larssen Torben, B., 205 Leech, M, J., 146 iow.vA. Mi. 111. 278 Luckens, C. J., 20, 60, 61, 202 Marcon, J. N., 7 Marshall, J. A., 204 McLeod, L., 65 Mold, M. D., 302 Moore, B. W., 26 Muyshondt, A., Sen. and Jun., 45 Myers, A. A., 302 Nash, D. R,, 285 O'Heiferman, H: L., 57, 96; 300; 301, 303 Panchen, A. L., 156 Parry, J. A., 23, 63 Pickering, R. R., 51, 56 Pratt, C., 64, 254, 303 Pyman, = yi 58 Radford, T. J., 248, 294 Reeves, M., 55 Renshaw, P. 56 Revell; R: 3... 277 Revels, R., 281, 283 Richardson, Austin, 293, 301 Richmond, D, M., 56 Rothschild, Miriam, 177 Sadler, E. A., 85 Sandhu, G. S., 176 Saunders, D. A., 303 Sevastopulo, D. G., 109, 253 Shapiro, A. M., 1 Shaw, M. R., 52 Siggs, L. W., 54, 201, 254 Simson, E. C. L.; 190 Skinner, D. F., 276,277 Smith, K. G, V., 150 Sokoloff, P. A., 278 Speight, M. C. D., 150 Srivastava, G. K., 121 Sinceeu vin io OW, Stubbs, A. E., 147 Summers, G., 95, 2125278 Swanepoel, D. A., 123 Thompson, G. B., 255 Uifen. Ro W.-5., 201 261 Wallace, B,, 159 Wallace, I. D., 159 Watkinson, I. A., 25, 58, 61 Watson, R. W., 258, 267 West, BK. 175 ee: Sob Lt 175. 189 18e. 3 Wigglesworth, Sir V., 208 Wild, E. H., 278 ray R. S.2 49, 125. 142) 289, 98 Willmott, K. J., 55 Wilson, A. A,, 57 Withers, B. G., 37, 70 Wollatt, G. S., 301 Worms, €."G. “Mi: ‘de, 15°29; (62/63. 64, 72, 93, 195; 232, 2555 280 Youden, G. H., 92 Young, M. R., 299, 300 The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation SPECIAL INDEX Vol. 87, 1975 For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of “A Check List of British Insects’’, Part 2, 1972 by Kloet & Hincks. Where the contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Regarding all the other Orders, any newly described taxa (species, Clarendon) type and taxa new to the British fauna by an asterisk. PAGE LEPIDOPTERA abbreviata (Eupithecia) ...... 40, 190221 abictaria (Eupithecia) .2...........5. 180 abietella (Dioryctria) ......... 73, 184 abruptaria (Menophra) ... 41, 70, 180 absinthiata (Eupithecia) ............ 220 acaciae (Nordmannia) ......... 73:,,..80 acanthadactyla (Amblyptilia) 137, 184 RECRISNUACEOMICEA). | ici .52.-.002 +00 250 acheronta (Historis) ............ 1 ee acteon (Thymelicus) ...... 9, 74, 203 saddens (Enlepidotis) ,. ....4....hs00. 6 adippe (Argynnis) ...... AO. She 202 admetus (Agrodiaetus) ... 77, 78, 80, 83 adusta (Blepharita) ...... 88, 108, 141, 215, 296 moustata: (bicdia) :....2.:..s:s...ide0.. 41 advena (O. opima) advenaria (Cepphis) ...... 41, 43, 94, 252 aegeria (Pararge) ... 11, 20, 34, 36, 74, 95, 164, 178, 193, 197, 248, 278 menualis (Desassa) \. cs... pc. 12, 78, 139, 168, 203, OS; 252 ahenella (Hypochalcia) ............ 184 albicillata (Mesoleuca) ............ ie albicolon (Sideridis) .................. 44 albifasciella (Ectoedemia) ......... 57 albimacula (Hadena) ... 44, 167, 215 albipuncta (Mythimna) ............ 170 albipunctata (Cyclophora) ... 186, 14, 294, 296 albovenosa (Simyra) ............ AS ay AZ albula (Meganola) ............ 258, 294 aibniata (Asthieria) i sass bs! divs 42 albulata (Perizoma) 42, 216, 219.251 genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold PAGE alceae (Carcharodus) ......... 78, .79 alectas: (EVERES) i... ccesecesces 34, 36 alchemillata (Perizoma) ...... 196, 219 alciphron (Lycaena) ...... 79, St5 83 alexanor:(Papilioy 222.3 6 346.5. os 81 alexis (Glaucopsyche) ......... 34, 36 alu: (CAN ICIA)) ys8- esas crc soaks 80 alni (Acronicta): .....c<.t0. 43, 56, 167 alniaria (Ennomos) ...... Toe 199, Zo2 alpicola.(Mestia) tics ee. stes, 159 alpina (Eudonia) _............ 138, 180 alpium (Moma) . 44, 54, 167, 197, pag alternaria (Semiothisa) ...... 194, 196, 197, 294 alternata (Epirrhoé) ... 108, 187, 293 alternella (Tortricoides) ............ 38 amalthea (Pseudochazara) ......... 81 amanda (LySAand Fa iii a es jenn wae 81 ambigua (Hoplodrina) ... 75, 169, 170, 195, 198, 250, 251, 296 ambigualis (Scoparia) ......... 139; 1382 amphrysus (Troides) ............... 116 anache@reta, (Clostera)) 2.3. ..4.5.-s0 1235 anassa (Empyreuma) ............... 6 anceps (Peridea) ... 40, 41, 166, 167, 249, 250, 251 andraemon (Papilio) ............ , 254 angustea (Budomia) .. <:.6jee+06c¥as« 183 annexa (Cosmosoma) ............-.- 6 annulata (Cyclophora) ... 40, 168, 251 anomala (Stilbia) ... 75, 169, 216, 293 ATUCKOS) CATACH) F298 ac oenienid’as sae 78 anthelea (Pseudochazara) ......... 78 antiopa (Nymphalis) 33, 34, , 78, 94 antiqua. (Oreyia)® \... 03.<.072, , 276 apicalisn(PDOSEGIA): |. rodpstrnties scclenmi 6 APILORDMS {QB ESI Nig cence hE scacleds 215 apollo (Parnassius) ...............0.. 80 aprilina (Dichonia) ............ LG, eh arcania (Coenonympha) ...... cf ee anchestay CE ReCis) co 2u.13- es. d ec aa 65 areola (Xylocampa) ................5. 248 argentimaculella (Infurcitinea) ... 28 areiades (EVEres). .) 5. dactucecadees «as 36 argiolus (Celastrina) ...... 36,,. 72; 179, 203, 249 argus (Plebejus) yl 78, 80, 197, 202, 294 arion (Maculinea) . 179 a 81, 161, PAGE aristaeus (Hipparchia) ............ aT armigera (Helicoverpa) ... 58, 69, 70 armoricanus (Pyrgus) ............... 78 antanenmes (CATICIA) 00000515 hace es 92 arundinata (Scoparia) ......... 141, 182 AsanGer (APUDA) os. .1.ses wee 4, 6 asiMialis CIEL YNG) .5). <0: ects e eee 71 aspersana (Acleris) ............ 138, 140 assimilata (Eupithecia) ............ 220 atalanta (Vanessa) ... 10, 36, 60, 68, 70, 742 76:95, 139, 204 251.299 = 302 athalia (Mellicta) ... 81, 84, 94, P2198 202 atomaria (Ematurga) ... 39, 41, , 138, 140, 224 airata (Odezia) eee. Se 224 atropos (Acherontia) ... 168, 253, 302 atropunctana (Hedya) ............... 138 aurage Ceanthia): 325.052 .020... 16, TTI aurantiana (Pammene) ............ 30 aurantiaria (Agriopis) ............... 223 aurea (Stiemellay vie hse 59 aurinia auesrclee ae PDE 2. G0, 91) 165; 172, 179 aurorina (Cotes 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 australis (Aporophila) ......... 76, 170 australis’ *(Coltasy 27)... -Y: , 34, 36 autumnaria (Ennomos) ............ 297 autumnata (Epirrita) ............... 219 avellana (Apoda) ......... 44, 167, 197 aversata (Idaea) ...... ii35, 162. 186, 199 azurius (Poecilmitis) ............... 1725 badiata (Anticlea) <..-2.2...%. 187, 213 Pala 2Oeestiay see eee 108, 169 bajularia (Comibaena) ......... 44, 70 banleiaita CDCl)». 2.2.6.0 s oe 93 barrettii (H. luteago) batis (Thyatira) ... 185, 197, 199, 295 Daton CP hilotes) te eit 34, 36 Dazochn (Stryman)” -+.23.5252.: eee beaufortia ileseep asi Ue ee: Pan 123 bellargus (Lysandra) . 9, 34, 36, 43, 74, 79, 0, 194, 199, 202, 204 berbera (Amphipyra) ...... 24. 735. 201 Heluide cerneclay 2. Leese 2A betularia (Biston) ... 41, 55, 223, 293 bicolorata (Hecatera) ... 167, 195, 252 Hicostella (Plenrota) Po: 137 bicruris (Hadena) ... 12, 68, 69, 195 MicUSpIs-CHArpyia) 5) one ic ee 41 bidentata (Odontopera) ...... 12. 5; 220, 246 bifaciata (Perizoma) ............ 71, 294 Pilaa ANY ta) +2. 2e. 2, a. 41, 294 bilineata (Camptogramma) ... 68, 139, 140, 187 bilunaria (S. dentaria) bimaculata (Lomographa) ... 41, 167 binaria (Drepana) ............... , 198 bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia) Tete 185 PAGE Diten @eacanobia)..2...194 72.2 12 biselata Cidaéa) .:..:22322222eeeee 186 bistortata (Ectropis) ............ 38, 224 bistriatella (Apomyelois) ............ 27 blandiata (Perizoma) 30, 90, ; 141, 180 blomeri (Discoloxia) ...... 41, 42. 54 boeticus (Lampidesy =. se 78 bombycina (P6lid)" 7.72.2 86 borelii (Gortyna) 2.223 217 bractea (Autographa) ... 30, 255, 295, 296, 301 brassicae (Mamestra) ......... 39, 62 brassicae (Pieris), ...-12536. 92 95, 108, 203;°278 breviberbis (Perissomastix) sk ees 100 brevilinea (Photedes) ......... TZ 2NG briseis: (Hipparchia) “22-22 77 brontes (Manduca)? 6 brumata (Operophtera) ...... 138, 139, 140, 171, 200, 219 brunnea (Diarsia) | eae 108, 141 brunnealis (Megastes) ............... 6 brunnearia (Selidosema) ............ 223 brunneata (Semiothisa) ... 87, 88, 222 caeruleocephala (Diloba) ...... 54, 171 caesia (Hadena)’ 2322s 293 caesiata (Entephria) ... 108, 140, 187 caja (Arctia) ....... [2 293 c-album (Polygonia) ... 9, 20, 36, 38, 78, 166, 178, 202, 204, 248 caledoniana (Acleris) ... 137, 138, 139, 140 cambrica (Venusia) ... 222, 293, 295, 296 camilla (Ladoga) > .2/°9; 1738) 497, 202, 203, 216, 294 cana (Eucosma)’ :.: 223 eee 140, 141 candacalis (Sylepta) .................. 6 caprana (Epinotia) ...... 137/138-1139 caprealis (Aglossa) .................. 180 capsincola (H. bicruris) capucina (Ptilodon) ... 171, 194, 293 carbonaria (Semiothisa) ............ 222 cardamines (Anthocaris) ...... 20, 21, 36, 41, 93. 955 1937 2 248, 250, 303 carduella (Agonopterix) ............ 280 catdur- (Cynthia)? <:)10, tia 36, 67, 95, 276, 297, 300, 302 carmelita (Odontosia) ... 39, 86, 166, 249 carniolica (Zygaena) ............ 52;°'° 85 carpinata (Trichopteryx) ... 85, 213, 214)) 222 cassius (Leptotés)* 7 b7122 ZEUS castatiea. CAestia) .:.3.52ueee 75, 169 castigata (E. subfuscata) cecilia’ (Pyronia) ..3.../222 22 77 cembrella (Scoparia) ............... 182 centaureata (Eupithecia) ......... 220 centrago (Atethmia) ............... ie: cerasivorella (Coleophora) ......... 300 PAGE cerisyi (Allancastria) ............... 205 cervinalis (Rheumaptera) ......... 42 cespitalis (Pyrausta) ......... 141, 183 cespitis (Tholera) ... 75, 169, 170, 199 chamomillae (Cucullia) Berths 39, 249 characterea (A. epomidion) charitonius (Heliconius) ...... Sea chenopodiata (Scotopteryx) ...... 187 CHa CAMPINPE) . 222.2525 00. os sone ss 140 chloerata (Chloroclystis) ...... 40, 175 cholorsata (Petrophora) ... 41, 85, 222 chrysitis (Diachrysia) ......... 108, 293 chrysoprasaria (Hemistola) ...... 294 chrysorrhea (Euproctis) ............ 168 eiais CNaSCIA) «622600. 44 cinctaria (Cleora) ... 39, 40, 85, 167, cinerea (Agrotis) ... 43, 44, 215, cingulata (Pyrausta) ............ 1 cinxia (Melitaea) circe (Brintesia) circellaris (Agrochola) eirasosCxantivia) s...0. 602)... 0. 6002s citrata (Chlorclysta) ............ ips clathrata (Semiothisa) ............... clavaria (Larentia) clavipalpis (Caradrina) ......... 56, Glavis CA Srotis) 2. oi.ce. ees. 54, cleopatra (Goneptoryx) ... 33, 36, Cc Gimiiz Carine) 43, c-nigrum (Xestia) 108, 200, 293, coerulata (H. impluviata) eoenata iClhera): ...) 221": 140, 141, columella (Strymon) ............ 2 comes CNocttia) ...... 220.04 62, 86, eomima.. (Hesperia): /5:..8702.: £95: comparella (Phyllonorycter) complana (Eilema) ............ Th compta (Hadena) ............... 63, concinnata (Chloroclysta) ......... confusa (Hadena) ...... 108, 140, fOFSMG919S,. 1965251, confusa (Haploa) ARVs» xirbagtyay confusalis (Nola) ... 39, 40, 41, 167, £375: 138; eect ees sesesees congelatella (Exapate) conigera (Mythimna) conjugata (S. marginepunctata) consonaria (Ectropis) ... 40, 41, conspersa (H. confusa) contingua (Lacanobia) ... 43, 55, convolvuli (Agrius) .. . 56, 58. 59, coracina .(@Psodos) .«...-:...:- 138, coracipennella (Coleophora) ...... coridon (Lysandra) ... 7, 8, 36, 71, 74, 81, 198, 199, 203. corylata (Electrophaés) ... 41, 42, 9 coryli (Colacasia) .. costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ... 168, 169, 295, 296, costella (Scrobipalpa) PAGE eottrelle(Poccilmitis) 6501. 22a 225 crassalis (Hypena) ............ 25) ia, crataegella (Eudonia) ............... 182 crataegi (Aporia) 33, 36, 78, 178 eratacsi: (i richiura) (23:4) Gas: 88 crenana . (Epmotiay ne 22 ose 141 crenata (Apamea) 108, 141, 293, 295 crepuscularia (Ectropis) ...... 55, 180 cresphontes (Papilio) ............... 45 cribraria \(Coscinia) wis 3) 2c 36 eribretia., (Miyelois) 2245. 23.3). 68 ee 180 cribrumalis (Macrochilo) ......... 215 crinanensis (Amphipoea) ... 169, 293 croceazo. .(Jodia)iaie ss ee 38 croceus (Colias) ...... 36, 78, 82, 94, 96, 276, 277, "301, 302 cruciana (Epinotia) PA Rees 4 oe 141 crudas(Orthosia)t 09.4) ono #93 cucullina (Ptilodontella) ...... 41, 44, 217, 252 culiciformis (Thamnosphecia) . 276 culmella (Chrysoteuchia) ......... 181 cultraria (Drepana) 2/235. 41, 73 eulirifera (Tiquadra) 222is).23 103 cursoria (Buxoa). 2024225! 123216 curtula (Clostera) ...... 167, 194, 249 cydippe (A. adippe) dahlir (Diarsia) 224558 73, 169, 296 daphne (Brenthis) ............... 725) OSE daphie..(Poccilmitis) #25. se 227 daphnis (Meleageria) ............... 78 daplidice (Pontia)oi 2 225s: 18, 36 dealbata (S. lineata) deauratella (Coleophora) ......... 264 debiliata (Chloroclystis) ............ 180 deceptoria (Lithacodia) ............ 128 decimalis (TE holera) Yee. tee 55 decrepitaria (Erastria) .......<..... 6 defoliaria (Erannis) ... 171, 200, 24223 degeneraria (Idaea) ............ Pte ly 24 dclicata \Cidalus): laente) ge 6 delphinii (Periphanes) ............... 280 demarniana (Epinotia) ............ 44 demodocus (Papilio) ......... 109, 156 demoleus 4@Papilia)® 20)...2......--: 109 dentaria \(Selemiay. 2.5.52. /..2:. 122238 denticulatus (A. cinerea) dentina (H. nana) deplana (Eilema) ............... Saat 73 derivata (Anticlea) ............ 187, 249 designata (Xanthorhoé) ... 12, 41, 42, 139, 141, 187 deyrollei (Allancastria) ay). otek 205 dia’'(Boloria) eee tes: , 36, 94 diamina (Mellicta) .................. 36 diana(Eutromiula)i io.cleeii:. Ae 29 didyma (Melitaea) ......... 34, 36, 79 didymata (Perizoma) ... 108, 138, 139iG219 difiins ((Cosmia).. 5; Colt nual 73 diluta (Cymatophorina) ...... 15,1297 dilutata: -(Epirrita) 342... 171;..298 eiiptetia” (Penipelia) seisc6255. 20-0. cee 184 iv PAGE dimidiata (daca) ih seiscd ellie 180 Gian Eurema)... ..kkesdsabseak 3, 4 dissoluta (Archanara) ... 72, 216, 2AT distentella (Phyllonorycter) 241, 245 distinctaria (Eupithecia) ............ 220 distinctata (Aleucis) ............ 38, 167 ditrapezeum | (Xestia) ¢2c4<.2...032 168 dodonaea (Drymonia) ... 41, 167, 250 dodoneata (Eupithecia) ............ 249 dolabraria (Plagodis) ......... 194, 197 domestica. (Cryphia) /.:54.24.2..2 62 dorcas., (Mestia)?'scazipse6. ce ti cliad dorylas (Plebicula) ... 34, 36, 78, 80 dromedarius (Notodonta) be Beste 195 dryas. (Minos), :.55...,622es ee: alee 36 duplaris (Ochropacha) ... 43, 107, 108, 186, 293, 294, 295 duponcheli (Leptidea) ......... 80, 81 edulis «(Casimitoa) horsiiitt }. dina: 45 efformata (Aplocera) ......... 73a, 199 egaea (Dinamiine) as: .2.05.. 245204 De iiped ezea. (Poly zomia)) je: i222s5005 Jo. his 80 egeria (P. aegeria) elathea,(Buremayn 2 2.120202 J. 28 see 4 elinguaria (Crocallis) ... 62, 223, 293 elpenor (Deilephila) ... 44, 195, 1965; 197.0277 eluchea (Marpesia) ............... Aind Slutats (CU dea), 5-42 eee ae 183 elyon .(Photedes) (2) thos fisentt a: ee 216 emareinata, (Ildadayac.2 404s. 2s 294 emortualis (Trisateles) ............... 167 emutaria (Scopula) ............ TAs. 206 ephialtes. (Zygaena)) 1.3.32. .2J22.00.- 85 epidaus, (Buritydes)! si20i2. 225. rae! 45 epiphron, (Brebia))<.34003).13, 2408 266 epomidion (Apamea) ............... 71 eremita (Dryobotodes) ............... 76 ervaiicy (PiRMS). 2. 2inceus tL. & SITS ericellan (Cramps). 5.620. -2see eee 180 eridania (Spodoptera) ............... 6 erosaria (Ennomos) ............ 71, 294 erythrogenella (Ectoedemia) 59, 175 euphorbiae (Acronicta) ... 86, 87, 300 rae eh (Boloria) ...... ds , 20, 40, iP, 94, 165, ites 193, 249, 303 evarete, (recis) cosks. 23. uel ze 5 exanthemata (Cabera) ............... 224 exclamationis (Agrotis) ............ 251 exeia (Spodoptera) 25/.. a2.) «eee: 302 exiguata (Eupithecia) ......... 41, 220 expallidata (Eupithecia) ...... 180, 296 exsoleta Cxyletia)) i2:.cttel! Jia. desde psi {2) extersaria (Ectropis) ... 167, 194, 197 extilis ({Apames).. .is.dtleits..se 296 fasana, (Psevdoips) (+ feiutsis; kas bieoe 167 fagaria (Dyscia) ............... 141, 225 fagata (Operophtera) ............... 219 FASCHAVRTOIUITHOA) @oucc05c0 odaeus soe oer 38 faci (Hipparchia), ..:,.: Jo) seove.28- ae VW fagi (Stauropus) ... 41, 167, 197, 252 falcataria (Drepana) ... 185, 194, 197, 249 PAGE falsella . (Catoptria) \2.:-.0.2:22.3.-iu 182 farinalis (Pyralis)ti.2cg8 eee 180 farinosa (Gonopteryx) ............ 78 fascelina (Dasychira) ... 168, 214, 215 fasciana (L. pygarga) fasciaria (Hylaea) ...... Li, Aes 197, 224, 293 fasciuncula (Oligia) 43, 108, 293, 295 fatua .(Hipparchia), ..2.. 22 77 fausta’ (Zygaena): sees. tec 35 ferrugalis (Udea) ... 76, 183, 277, 302 ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ............ 180 ferruginea (Rusia) =... disjeseeseeee 141 ferula (Satyrus)i.2325002 eee F9e05 BA festiva (D. mendica) festucae |(Plusia)..-22e4 74, 108, 168 fetialis (Scolidomia) ...............+« 103 ficus,,.(Pachylia). ...-2eeeee ere 339/a@ filigrammaria (Epirrita) ...... 215; 0249 filipendulae (Zygaena) ... 35, 52, ee. 140, 141, 198 fimbriata (Noctua) ...... 76, 199, 293 firmata) (Dhera): ie 16, 17. 218 flammea (Panolis) ... 40, 41, 249, 255 flammea, Senta) ..3eeos , 64, 212 flammeolaria (Hydrelia) ...... 168, 294 flavago (Gortyna) ............... 68, 70 flavicincta (Polymixis) ... 76, 170, 297 flavicinctata Entephria) sean 86, 180 flavicornis (Achlya) 038, niebs 193, 248 flaviventris (Conopia) ......... 2132215 flavofasciata (Perizoma) ...... 196, 219 flexula. (Laspeyria) _..2335923:20 197 flocciferus (Carcharodus) ......... 37 florida’ (Diarsia) .. .....233 eee 5739 floslactata (Scopula) ............... 180 fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 141, 187 fluctuosa(T etheella) :22:25.-2i--eeeeee D252 fluxa (Photodes)......42:s828eaee G23 2hed forficalis (Evergestis)./:..2) shes 183 formicaeformis (Conopia) ......... 276 formosanus (Lozoiaenoides) ...... 278 formularis (Bendis), .:.3420)) fee 6 fraxinata (Eupithecia): 42..2t.0% 180 fritillarius (Pyreus) 22 35; 38 fuciformis (Hemaris) ... 36, 249, 254, 300 fuliginaria (Parascotia) ............ 168 fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ......... 72 fulvata (Cidaria)»cticon:. Pao 218 fumata (S. ternata) furcata (Hydriomena) ... 88, 108, 199, 218, 293 furcatellus Cee ihe 140, 180 furcula (Harpyia) ... 11, 72, 195, 214, 249 furuncula (Mesoligia) ............... 199 furva’(Apaimea), ..cind:eee eden onee 295 fusca)i(Pyla),\....:... deadaceeebale eee 184 fuscalis (Opsibotys) ............ 137, Leo fuscantaria (Ennomos) ............ 199 fuscicornis (Coleophora) ... 259, 267 fusconebulosa (Hepialus) ... 108, 167 PAGE fuscopilliata (Ectabola) ............ 101 galathea (Melanargia) ... 9, 36, Je Sb, lanands: 3202, 254 252 galiata (Epirrhoé) A ae SF g251 gallii (Hyles) 201, 231, 232, 278, 301 gamma (Autographa) . es 10, il; 535s G2: 170, 196, 198, 249-127 7,293,, 296; 297, 301, 302 gerningana (Philedone) ............ 138 PEIyOuLCAMseita) 2 2225.6.6....4: 42, 43 SENG) GVECTE AE EO ee a Ce 6 Emippus (Danaus) ............-:. fies Bare CXANEMIA), 00.6 s0.06) 0d. adds 217 glareosa (Paradiarsia) ... 68, 69, 5 FS: 169, 170 glauca (L. biren) globulariae (Adscita) ............... 251 gnoma (Pheosia) ......... 194, 199, 293 gonodactyla (Platyptilia) ............ 184 goossensiata (Eupithecia) ... 107, 220, 293, 294 gothica (Orthosia) 38, 86, 248, 249 gracilis (Orthosia) ...... 86, 13% 139, 140, 197, 213; 215 graeca (Boloria) ............ 80, 81, 84 graminis (Cerapteryx) ......... 108, 293 BEAVEOERS CRIA): (220 call eiccns» held 45 grevillana (Apotomis) ............... 138 griseata (Lithostege) ......... 43, 44 PrISCAPALGEIMANGTA) J.2.......0006000 180 BPRISCHAVCACHEOIA) ii0601 docel0s ered dete 184 griseola (Eilema) ...... 199, 217, 294 grossulariata (Abraxas) ...... 97, 139, 140, 222, 268 Haemorrhoa,. (Uraga): !:..))2.4. 02.46: 6 halterata (Lobophora) ... 41, 42, 167, 223, 249, 255 lamella. (Crambus): i... ....2.00cn06.. 76 hanno (Hemiargus) ............... ac 5 Hesesial(huptoicta) ..............- Rae harpagula (Paleodrepana) ......... 35 harrisella (Phyllonorcyter) ... 240, 245 hastata (Rheumaptera) ...... 91, 138 mastiaivay (Aclerisy i ees. J. cedidee Gs 141 haworthiata (Eupithecia) ......... 294 haworthn (Celaena)». 22.05). .ccs.0e: 293 heegeriella (Phyllonorcyter) 240, 245 meena (Erodes) { ¢32iors2c226. 4. «ee 116 helopsa(Ammalo) 23 6250.2 6028 6 Renatica(Polia)) s22i95:/:): Se.ntt $55-215 hero (C. tullia) hexadactyla (Alucita) ......... 40, 181 hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia) 38, 74, 75, 167, 294, 296 hippocrepidis (Z. filipendulae) bitiatia. (vets) fecoscscr x13 958223 hispida (L. odites) hispidaria (Apocheima) ............ 248 homems (Papilio) isiysiee tsa2s5 42 2. s.225 6 ligula “@onistra), (22.0 os-8.). . ee 248 ligustri (Craniophora) ...... 197, 296 ligustri (Sphinx) ... 167, 195, 196, Deal limbalis (Uresiphita) GAR eee 5d linariata (Eupithecia) 43, 723 5; WSOni215 linearia (Cyclophora) ......... 168, 197 lineata \(Hiyles) ........2!.: 197 ,4232,-276 hneata Signa). {sae 1) eae. 94 lincola) (Budonia) 62.020. eee 180 lineola (Thymelicus) 26, 189, 203, 252 lisa. (Eurema), staat iii-ee. 3: Atlus lithoxylea ‘(Apamea), |. .<..40.22- 293 litoralis (Mythimna) ...... Tl $3. ZAG liturata (Semiothisa) ......... 199, 222 livornica (H_ lineata) lomicerac (ZY 2acha). 9.2.0... 5-540 140 loreyi (Mythimna) ...... 276.8301; 302 lotella (Anerastia) ............... 71, 184 LOEL UZ Y GACMA) + vcuciecdssit teas: 35, 90 lubricipeda (Spilosoma) 12, 43, 293 lucens (Amphipoea) ......... 16975293 lucernea (Standfussiana) ... 108, 141, 19550293 lucina (Hamearis) ... 20, 36, 43, 4, 95, 179, 949, 250 luciuosa. GEyta)s.. 2 SRN 42 heubris; CENYO): si: 14.2 ae 6 lunaria (S. lunularia) lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ...... 200, 297 lunula (Calophasia) ......... 199, 215 lunularia (Selenia) ...... 139, 167, 168, 222. 250 lupina (Hyponephele) ............... 7 lopulinus (Hepialus)\.2.4.250210. 44 luridata,.(Scotopteryx) (2.62. 8.i8 187 lunideolas(Bilema): 23.0422. 198, 199 lutea (S. luteum) luteago CHadena) ............ 195, 196 lutealis (U. elutalis) luteolata (Opisthograptis) ... 108, 222,250 luteum (Spilosoma) .................. 44 fotesa “(Rhizedsa) (sian 76, 169 lutulenta (Aporophyla) ...... 200, 216 lycaon (iiyponephele). ..33262.1.22 79 tychnidis,.(Agrochola)©i).2.¢; 2, 0323 297 lysander (Poecilmitis) ............... 123 MaAceAnA NW TACIErISN Ty ee) te 138 PAGE machaon (Papilio) ... 34, 36, 43, 17739290 macilenta (Agrochola) ............ 171 macularia (Pseudopantheria) 93, 222 maera (Lasiocommata) ......... 36;) 79 maerula .\(Anteos) 4.2 ety} malagrida (Argyrocupha) ......... 129 malvae (Pyrgus) ...... 20, 26, 34, 36, 94, 189, 194, 249 malvoides. (Pyrgus) 2.2 ee 34 mamurra( Pseudochazara) ... 80, 1, 84 Mannil.. (Pieris), ...5...ces eee 34, 36 marcellinus (Graphium) ............ 1 margaritata (Campaea) 62, 108, 197, 224 margaritella (Catopiria) ............ 182 marginaria (Agriopis) ......... STS Mmarginata (Lomaspilis) ............ 180 marginepunctata (Scopula) ... 55, 69,:73, 10, 1935236 maritima (Heliothis) ......... 215, 216 maritimus (Chilodes) "2722.2 254 martialis (U. ferrugalis) maura. (Mormo). ....545 255.296 mauritii (Coelonia) Awe eee 253 medusa. .(Erebia) .... 2322262 94, 95 megacephala (Acronicta) ......... 195 megera (Lasiocommata) ...... 36, 67,. 77, Toe? 95, 249 melanocephala (Lymire) mipey seer: S 6 melanopa: (Anarta) (..224232-e 159 melas “(Erebia)(;;)226401.08 80, 81, 84 mellinata (Eulithis) <.2) ee 188 mellonella (Galleria) ............... 184 mendica (Diaphora) ...... 40, 68, 195 mendica (Diarsia) 141, 194, "293. 295 menthastri (S. lubricipeda) menyanthidis (Acronicta) ...... 12: , 141, 214 mercurella (Eudonia) v2.1. ee 183 mesomella (Cybosia) ......... 251, 294 messalina (Eurema) messaniella (Phyllonorycter) 25, 171, 241, 243 meticulosa (Phlogophora) ... 248, 293 mi: (Callistege) -2..4202 eee 194 miata .¢Chloroclysta) (22238). eee 188 micacea (Hydraecia) ............ 67, 293 microdactyla (Adaina) ............ 185 milhauseri (Hybocampa) ......... 35 miniata (Miltochrista) ... 30, 168, 169 minimus (Cupido) ... 20, 34, 36, 42, 43, 95, 198, 251, 254 miniosa: ‘(Orthosia) 2.23). 22 249 minorata (Perizoma) .200-)2e 219 missipus (Hypolimnas) ............ 157 mnemosyne (Parnassius) ............ 78 monacha (Lymantria) ... 75, 76, 199 moneta..(Drepanodes))<2.1.2:...98e8 6 moneta (Polychrisia) ......... 2525279 monodactyla (Emmelina) ......... 39 monoglypha (Apamea) 108, 216, 293 montanata (Xanthorhoé) ... 108, 139, 141, 187, 293, 296 PAGE mMOMUSTS’ CASCIA) 22.02.62 .05..5 00808 4 mucronata (Scotopteryx) ... 187, 195 muelleriella (Phyllonorycter) 240, multistrigaria (Colostygia) ... 38, 21 munda (Orthosia) munitalis (Bonchis) .................. munitata (Xanthorhoé) 27, 108, 141, 187, 216, muralis (Cryphia) ......... 69, 71, murana (Eudonia) ............ 139, mauricata (ldaca) 22 ..5i6...66.6.0 8. murinata (Minoa) mygindiana (Olethreutes) ......... myricae (A. euphorbiae) myrtinana: (Ancylis) <):../..5.2...: myrtilli (Anarta) ...... 168, 216, nana (Hada) ... 12, 88, 141, 167, DAS: nanata (Eupithecia) 39, 68, 108, 144. 221, map (Pieris)7 12,48, 36, 95, 139, 153, 193, 194, 195, 199, 248, nebulata (Euchoeca) ...... 41, 42, mepulosa (Polia)...025/.)0.05...00. j nemorella (Crambus) ......... or! nemorivaga (Epinotia) neophanes (A. bistratiella) nerii (Daphnis) messus Clnerebra) 35.00... es eeesescseses meurica (Archanara) ......... 72 neustria (Malacasoma) 67, 198, ni (Trichoplusia) ............... 276, niavius (Amauris) ...............68. nigra (Aporophila) ...... Sis 7G: nigrescentella (Phyllonorycter) .. nigricella (C. coracipennella) nigroplaga (Ecpantheria) eeeceercce nimbella (Homeosoma) ...... 180, miobe CATBYNHNIS)*).. 20.220 .0602 212 miss (Eurema) , f ‘ { Dee ae ae } ey ‘ GORE hus ad aw PUL ee CORT Re Re GET ; tank ib gare : ee ? : , te " 1 5 Men OAR RD Aaa 23 Te ‘ Pee ie ‘ hy kes ieee pc Rane Khas hy ; “i bia NN x | 4 3 re P Oho ’ ie vy A . va ‘ ey P a i he mee CF Cr DEM TERRI Pe 7 Rie hee Gs nec eaege t ‘| : ¥ % iam | “wo f 4 Di a ih 4 Win ey ale A! Sas 7‘ ay x : k : i eine eh a a . nal ¥ ‘F'| hm ris Ses a a . ' rym J eet cs cee ste ang hb ete. F Lig eae oo") y a alate ae ce ay Py ; ; ts GT GN 4 ? ee ieee a , ek EERE APE T J ; pes 7 * » f : Ae UN ot Ge) ore PTE Lee | a 4 * ‘al Aa Li , ‘erm a i ‘ . ©) x " Ce a re ERECT) Shura nema hy $ oy y (aie J 4 £1 y t, i sy 5 ORD a pe od Mahan ca ear aoa el eM Bes ne «3 RETIRES | i { iN ental nhac ie he , Ht Lewy iphay bs A fel Se a oR aIh Cathe LHR A” 4 enn’ a y BH} : ee ar Fed, daha hees Meera oaa snared ak ee Alpin il tas Lion, RSE TORED: TEV! aRCEAD bo ASE nah e eee ele CR tu bane G te Say vy tk ens AO es Feat. BET kapeinseres +.) SCRE COT RTF restora ; i = me : { ya, % \ f :s ay iieuded Tae ore 7 net bars ee Ne vito tle ah aay. Dear ke eh ey ase vA he ATT 208%: F ie . siete a nec anty fi ea ea a Foe i rie" Lites at eatin VOL. 87, No. 1 January 1975 \ : : THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S Nie x: RECORD + AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION te Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.£.s. <5 with the assistance of \ = A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. 8 NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. Ss ° S. N. A. JAcoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY Nf Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. Sa H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 87 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 0QN DDD D DDD DD DDD DDD DAA ADA DAD DADO BLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p Yin Wen Ven Ven Vx Wz Vi Vs Va Wen Wes Wes Vet Wis Wie Wis Wis Vis Wie Vis Vit Wis Wer Wis Wis Wir Wes Wis Vis Wir Vie Vir Vr Vr Va a Va Va Va Vz Vz Vz VV P oI FRESHWATER LIFE By John Clegg 7232 1762 9 222 x 153 mm 296 pages £6.00 net This is the new edition of the popular reference book on the plants and invertebrate animals of ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. This edition has been extensively revised and, to meet the needs of the serious student, now includes more scientifically precise information. Besides giving details of the various groups of freshwater plants and animals, the book also has useful chapters on collecting specimens and on the practical applications of freshwater biology in the fields of water supply, sewage disposal and pollution. With 14 plates in full colour, 50 in black and white, and line drawings in the text. FREDERICK WARNE 40 Bedford Square London WCIB 3HE Jamaica Revisited: April, 1974 By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.ES. Three Oaks, Shores Road, Horsell, Woking, Surrey I thought it of interest to record some of my collecting in Jamaica at a different time of year from my first visit in Septem- ber 1971 when I had the company of Mr. Theodore Homer (vide this journal 84: 219-223 and 242-247). I had the oppor- tunity of revisiting this grand island through a further invitation from Dr. Charles and Mrs. Helen Goodall to stay with them at their lovely house three miles east of Port Antonio on the north-east coast. As before, during my three-week. stay with them my hosts gave me every kindness and lavish hospitality. I set out by air from Heathrow on 6th April and after stops at Bermuda and Nassau in the Bahamas we touched down at Kingston just as it was getting dark. A car was waiting to take me the 90 miles along the coast road so that it was quite late when I reached Williamsfield House. I had a very warm welcome from my hosts and found nothing had changed since my previous visit 24 years before. This was the period of heavy rains and we had a cloudburst my first night, but each morning the skies cleared and we were able to see what was on the wing. I was soon able to gauge several new species I had not seen in 1971 and most of these appeared in the garden of Williamsfield House. On the 8th, another fine day after rain, I had my first sighting of that very prevalent West Indian Swallowtail, Battus polydamas jamaicensis Rothschild & Jordan. This fine local form kept appearing on the rough bank below my host’s garden, but was by no means easy to waylay, as they seldom settled. But even more spectacular were the males of the bright yellow Papilio thersites Fab., an endemic species with an expanse of five inches. This grand insect was to be seen dashing about at great speed and almost impossible to net on the wing. A good many of the butterflies seen in 1971 were again apparent in the garden, especially the delightful little Nymphaline Mestra dorcas Fab., while Dryas julia delila Fab. was dashing about accompanied by an occasional Siproeta stelenes L. lazily sailing from tree to tree. I revisited my old haunts round the area of the house on the edge of the San San estate and saw several species of the commoner Euremas, notably E. nise Cramer, E. messalina Fab. and E. lisa euterpe Ménétriés. On the very warm afternoon of the 9th my hosts motored me to Rosselle Falls which was halfway between Port Antonio and Kingston. It was very sweltering at quite 90°F. in the shade when we climbed on to the plateau and saw most of the species already noted in the garden with the addition of canaus gilippus jamaicensis Bates and the Fritillary Euptoieta hegesia Cramer, but our main quarry the small endemic Swallowtail, Graphium marcellinus Doubleday, did not put in an appearance, though it had been prevalent in this area a few years previously. En route we had stopped near a banana 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 1S /i plantation where we caught sight of the huge nyphaline Historis odius Fab., also with an expanse of five inches. However, the following morning in the garden we were treated to a fine sight when one of this grand insect came to feed on a fallen and very over ripe bread fruit, but it was virtually unapproachable. The little blue Leptotes cassius theonus Lucas was swarming in the garden slope together with a few Hemiargus hanno Fab. and a sporadic Hairstreak Strymon columella cybira Hewitson. The lights of the Dragon Plaza below the house were quite produc- tive on the 11th with several species of Sphinges and other desirable night-flying species. Good Friday, 12th April, was an eventful day when in the heat of the afternoon we visited a spot called ironically Happy Hill in the direction of Port Morant. After seeing quite a galaxy of insects mainly species generally prevalent, the locality did not live up to its name as our car broke down on a very deserted route and we had to walk back the 24 miles to the main road where a taxi rescued us and we only got back at 10 p.m. On Easter Sunday we had a visit from Mr. Derek Stone, a very keen collector, who kindly invited us back to his house on the San San estate where we looked in vain for species of Phyciodes. My host had a free day from his medical duties on 16th April, another very warm occasion when we were tempted further afield to the edge of the Blue Mountains. We travelled up the broad valley of the Rio Grande, to near Moortown, then up a very bumpy road through Millbrook till it ended at a very wild spot called Four Feet. En route we had seen H. odius and a number of P. battus. At our final halting ground we were in the area where that splendid insect Papilio homerus Fab., had often been seen, but none obliged that day. However I have heard recently from Dr. Goodall, that he and Dr. Turner were treated in August 1974 to a fine sight of a fair number of this wonderful butterfly flying high up in a remote part of these mountains. Before we left we saw a large flight of the endemic green parrot emanating from the forests of the Blue Mountains. 17th April saw the reappearance of H. odius on the garden breadfruit, but it was always very wary. The first of the little endemic nymphaline Dynamine egaea Fab. were seen with its dimorphic sexes. On the after- noon of the 18th we penetrated to a very secluded part of the San San Estate which had proved so fruitful in 1971 and it was not less so on this occasion as after trying to take several Papilio thersites on the wing I spotted a pair about to mate on the ground, including the magnificent black female which managed to escape. However the male was quite a prize. It was at this period that a number of Skippers of various species were seen. Notably in this locality we saw another endemic species of large size and deep purple brown in colour, Astraptes jaira Butler, never a common insect. The next two days were fine and warm but most collecting was done in my host’s garden where the fine large females of B. polydamas were now becom- ing more prevalent. The next morning of the 21st saw us once JAMAICA REVISITED: APRIL, 1974 3 more on the San San estate where in a friend’s garden Dr. Goodall just missed another pair of P. thersites. Another very warm day broke upon us on 22nd April. In the drive leading to the garden I swept off a small Lycaenid which proved to be the rather scarce little Strymon bazochii gundlachianus Bates, named Gundlach’s Hairstreak, but a greater prize awaited later that day when I netted a large papilio in the garden which turned out to be the female of Papilio pelaus Fab. which is seldom seen and much more difficult to obtain than the male, especially in good condition as this example was. 23rd April was another scorcher at 88°F. in the shade when I accompanied Charles Goodall again to our special spot on the San San Estate where P. thersites were again careering round with plenty of Heliconia charitonius simulator Rober. In the morning I had spotted a spectacular moth on one of the pillars of the verandah of my host’s house. It proved to be the very special endemic Hypsid which has recently been named Stenognatha toddi Watson of which quite a number of specimens have now been recorded from many parts of eastern Jamaica. We set out early on the 24th intending to penetrate the mountains, but unfor- tunately another car disorder prevented our going as far as we had intended so we diverged from the main coastal road along a side route in the direction of Haining, where the chance capture of a small blue by Helen Goodall proved to be a female of the very local endemic species Leptotes perkinsae Kaye. The next three very warm days I concentrated on the lepidopterous inhabitants of the garden of my hosts which as in 1971 was possibly the most productive area I had met. Here the ubiquitous Dione vanillae L. was abundant skimming low over the herbage with almost as many Precis evarete zonalis Felder, always very wary and none too easy to net. The Skippers seemed to be more numerous and were engaging our attention. On 26th April, we netted a fine pair of the large brown tailless species with small transparent spots, Euphyes singularis insolata Butler. The next day we had the excitement of seeing but just missing a huge black female of Papilio thersites which dashed passed the house. The same afternoon another visitor was the large endemic brown and yellow Skipper Pyrrhocalles jamaicensis Schaus which was flitting about the flowers and very difficult to follow on the wing. That fine large all yellow Eurema dina parvumbra Kaye also put in an appearance. These nights too were quite productive both on the verandah of the house and at the Dragon Plaza centre with several huge Sphinges includ- ing Pachylia ficus L. and many interesting Arctiids, which will be enumerated later. On 28th April I set out by car with my hosts heading for Kingston. Our first stop along the coastal road was once more at the Rosselle Falls, where little of note was on the wing. However, as we neared the pass known as White Horses, there was a sudden wealth of insects on the wing. The chief and most spectacular species was the great Brimstone-like species Anteos maerula Fab. which was careering about the bush on 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 the main road, but most dodgy for catching. Several Papilio andraemon Hiibn. were about, the first seen on this visit, together with a few B. polydamas. An unexpected capture was a somewhat worn Historis acheronta cadmus Cramer, only slightly smaller than H. odius. We reached Kingston in the early afternoon when we had a warm welcome from Dr. Tom Turner whose grand collection of Jamaican butterflies we feasted over. Later that day he took us to the north of the capital to Stony Hill where, though very windy, several large Skippers were flying including Aguna asander jasper Evans. We put up that night at the Mona House Hotel. Helen and Charles Goodall motored back to Port Antonio the next morning when in great heat I collected in some fine rough ground behind the hotel. This produced many P. andraemon and B. polydamas, though difficult to follow among the dense growth, as also was Callisto zangis. A Nymphaline not seen before was Marpesia eluchea pellenis Godart. That evening, 29th April, I left by air and was back in England early on the 30th after yet another most enjoyable and profitable sojourn in Jamaica thanks to the kindness and hospitality of my hosts at Williamsfield House. I have thought it once more of interest to enumerate so far as possible the species of butterflies and moths we recorded, a good many of which we also saw in 1971, but many of these were in new localities. But we also saw quite a number of butterflies not noted in the earlier list and these are marked with an asterisk. Williamsfield House is indicated by the letters W.H. The nomenclature is taken from Jamaica and its Butterflies by Martin Brown and B. Heineman, published in 1972. BUTTERFLIES Papilionidae Papilio andraemon Hiibn. Only seen on this occasion in and near Kingston. *Papilio thersites Fab. Fairly numerous at W.H. and on the San San Estate and also seen near Morant Bay. A few females noted. Papilio pelaus pelaus Fab. One female taken at W.H., 22nd April. Battus polydamas jamaicensis Rothschild & Jordan. Plentiful round W.H. in both sexes and almost in every other locality visited. Pieridae Ascia monuste eubotea Godart. Mainly seen in numbers near Boston. ee Ge eee Cramer. Few seen at White Horses on 28th pril. Eurema messalina messalina Fab. Numerous round W.H. Eurema dina parvumbra Kaye. One taken at W.H. and another on San San. BUTTERFLIES 5 Eurema lisa euterpe Ménétries. Quite numerous at W.H. and in district. Eurema nise nise Cramer. Almost as prevalent as the fore- going. Phoebis sennae sennae L. Plentiful at W.H. and almost every- where else, including Kingston. * Anteos maerula maerula Fab. Many seen at White Horses near Kingston on 28th April. Satyridae Callisto zangis Fab. Only seen at San San and at Kingston. Danaidae Danaus gilippus berenice Cramer. Seen singly at Rosselle Falls and at Boston. Heliconidae Dione vanillae L. Plentiful at W.H. but not seen much any- where else. Dryas julia delila Fab. Seen mainly at W.H. and also at San San. Heliconius charitonius simulator Rober. Few at W.H. and in most other localities, including Mona Hotel, Kingston. Nymphalidae *Marpesia eleuchea pellenis Godart. A worn specimen taken on 29th April in the vicinity of the Mona Hotel, near Kingston. Historis odius odius Fab. Seen on several occasions at W.H., also near Rosselle Falls and at Millbrook. Historis acheronta cadmus Fab. One worn specimen taken near White Horses. Mestra dorcas Fab. Numerous at W.H. and abundant in parts of San San and elsewhere, especially near Haining. Dynamine egaea egaea Fab. Only seen in and near W.H. grounds. Precis evarete zonalis Felder (=lavinia L.). Fairly numerous at W.H. and on San San estate. Anartia jatrophe jamaicensis Moéschler. Seen almost everywhere but never in numbers. Few at W.H. Siproeta stelenes stelenes L. Occasionally at W.H. and on San San. Never common. Euptoieta hegesia hegesia Cramer. Only seen at Rosselle Falls. Lycaenidae Strymon columella cybira Hewitson. Few only seen in garden of W.H. *Strymon bazochii gundlachianus D. Bates. Three seen and taken at W.H. Leptotes cassius theonus Lucas. Abundant at W.H. and most other localities. *Teptotes perkinsae Kaye. One female of this rare insect taken at Haining on 24th April. Hemiargus hanno ceraunus Fab. A few at W.H. but. not generally common. Hesperidae Urbanus proteus L. A few seen at W.H. 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 S/T TS *Aguna asander jasper Evans. Seen only at Stony Hill, north of Kingston, on 28th April. * Astraptes jaira Butler. Taken only singly on San San. *Caberes potrillo potrillo Lucas. Taken at Rosselle Falls area. Gesta gesta gesta Herrich-Schaffer. Seen at Boston and on San San. Pyrgus oileus L. Numerous at W.H. and in most other localities. *Pyrrhocalles jamaicensis Schaus. Few seen only in garden at W.H Cymene tripunctus tripunctus Herrich-Schaffer. Seen in numbers near Boston. *Wallengrenia otho vesura Plotz. A few at W.H. and on San San. *FEuphyes singularis insolata Butler. Three or four seen or taken but only at W.H. MOTHS All the moths enumerated below were taken at Williams- field House or at the lights at the Dragon Plaza nearby. Sphinges Manduca sexta L., Manduca brontes Drury, *Pachylia ficus L., Eumorpha satellitia L., Enyo lugubris L., Xylophanes tersa L, Syntomidae Empyreuma anassa Forbes, *Uraga haemorrhoa Wkr., Cosmo- soma spec. near annexa H.-S., Lymrire melanocephala Wkr. Hypsidae Stenognatha toddi Watson. Arctiidae Idalus delicata Moschler, Ammalo helops Cramer, Ecpantheria nigroplaga Wkt. Notodontidae *Hippia lignosa Moschler. Drepanidae *Drepanodes moneta Druce. Noctuidae Asclapha odorata Linn., Teinoletis simoenta Guen., Panula inconstans Guen., Aglaonice otignatha Hamps., *Bendis formularis Hibn., *Perigea plagiata Wkr., *Spodoptera eridania Stoll, *Gonodonta incurva Sepp., *Dagassa aequalis Wkr., *Epidromia zetophora Guen., *Mocis latipes Guen., *Mocis repanda Fab., Cydosia nobilitella Cramer, *Eulepidotis addens Wkt., *Epitomiptera orneodalis Guen. Geometridae * Anisodes ordinata Wkr., Erastria decrepitaria Hiibn., Iridopsis vicaria Wkr. Cossidae *Xyleutes jamaicensis Wkr. Pyralidae PYRUSTINAE: Boeotarcha stimosalis Warren, Maruca testulalis Geyer, Sylepta prorogata Hamps., Sylepta candacalis Felder, Phostria apicalis Lederer. REMINISCENCES OF A BUTTERFLY HUNTER 7 CHRYSOAUGINAE: Bonchis munitalis Lederer, Megastes brun- nealis Hamps. In addition, there was a sizeable Notodontid, a small Noctuid and a small Cossid to which names could not be given by the Museum authorities and which may well prove to be undescribed species. As in 1971, I have had much valuable help in identifying the insects from members of the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) at South Kensington, to whom I would like to express especial thanks for all the trouble they have taken and in particular I would mention Mr. Alan Hayes, Mr. T. G. Howarth, Mrs. A. M. Lane (Miss Grogan), Mr. M. Shaffer, Mr. Alan Watson and, above all, Mr. W. H. Tams who did so much to determine many difficult species, especially among the Noctuidae. Finally, I would like to express once more my great indebtedness to my hosts Charles and Helen Goodall who did so much to make my second sojourn in Jamaica so enjoyable and so successful. Reminiscences of a Butterfly Hunter By the Rev. J. N. Marcon Raydale, Fittleworth, Pulborough, Sussex A year ago an absorbing article was written by Baron C. G. M. de Worms entitled “Memories of collecting in Britain during the last fifty years’ (in Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 6(1): 1-15). It may be of further interest to recall some of the delights of the chase in the halcyon days when butterflies were common in certain localities. For instance, my diary records 425 Boloria euphrosyne L. being seen in Abbots Wood in 1943; 477 B. euphrosyne and 998 B. selene in one day at Dunsfold in 1944; and nearing 500 Argynnis adippe D. & S. at the end of June 1943 in Vert Wood without traversing the same piece of ground. It is difficult to estimate the number of Agriades coridon Poda at Beachy Head in 1945; when they came off the hillside in the evening to settle on the field above the cliff-top, the corn was blue for half-an- hour or so with the expanded wings of the males; 100,000 or a quarter of a million? It is anybody’s guess. I began collecting enthusiastically in 1921. It soon became clear that the time was not available for butterflies and moths. If in 50 odd years I was fortunate in securing a fairish number of aberrations it must largely be attributed to the “‘luck of the game’, an urge to explore adjacent territory and a determina- tion to persist once a good butterfly had been spotted come what may — characteristics which are commonplace with every serious bug-hunter. On one occasion an insect (a melanic male Argynnis paphia L.) took eight hours to catch — three of one day, five of the next. Another time it was 24 days of unremit- ting search after a prize had been sighted (a black forewing 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 female adippe) before it was safely inside a pill-box. What revealed it was a doodle-bug exploding in the next field, which lifted me off the ground as I was lying flat: but the displacement of air had a satisfying effect, for within ten yards there was the treasure I had been searching for so long. Next year there was a male of exactly similar pattern in the same place, without the V1! A. coridon used to be favoured butterfly because of its large range of variation. Royston, and prior to that Princes Risborough, were favoured haunts —the latter for the large percentage of f. syngrapha found there. My visits to these localities were only when their hey-day was passed. But I was fortunate in living at Worthing soon after the Down near Shoreham was beginning to excite interest. Coridon were plenti- ful in the years before, during and to some extent after the Second World War (in fact it was at this latter period that the very best butterfly found there — an extrema female coridon —was taken by R. E. Stockley —a superb insect in prime condition). At Beeding they were so thick that in the evening at rest on the grasses it took an hour-and-a-half to search through 100 yards of the teeming butterflies. It was in these places that one would meet Castle Russell, Clifford Wells, Percy Bright cum chauffeur, Major Collier, Woollett, Labouchere, Hyde, Tetley, the two Craskes, Major-Gen. Lipscomb, Stockley, Ford, the Rev. Edwards, Col. Burkhardt and a number of other collectors. Nearly everyone caught something and a real gem was the talk of everyone for the rest of the morning. Often some of us used to work the Erringham Down in the morning, go back to a late lunch, rest for an hour or two and then make over to Beeding from 4 p.m. until supper time. My share of the spoils in these two places was a halved gynandro, an extreme gynandro, a fine ab. ultra-radiata male, seven male ab. melaina, 18 ab. pulla, six ab. viridiscens and three ab. livida. One used to favour the low-lying area of a down or wood as, one imagined, here there was a chance that a sudden drop in temperature at the critical stage in the insect’s development, which might result in an aberration, was more likely to occur —more scientific men would say, what rubbish! On one occasion all the collectors were either on or below the central path that runs across the down. I had fruitlessly searched there so climbed the steep bank above. There were rabbit-warrens at one end, and on traversing back and forth higher and higher each of three times I reached them there was a pulla or melaina. But this was not always the case. Chartres took a superb gynandro Agriades bellargus Rott. on the top of the hill at Lewes. “‘I noticed,”’ he said, ‘“what appeared to be two males in cop.” A counter to this was the day after war was declared in 1939. Chartres was there two hours before me, high up. I concentrated on the lower slopes and secured five varying forms of ab. radiata (two with only one wing of this sort) that REMINISCENCES OF A BUTTERFLY HUNTER 9 evening. A female ab. extrema in June a few years later on the same group of downs was another taken from the crest of the hill. It was after 7 p.m. and she would not settle. The white of the hindwings helped to keep it in view amongst others as she flew backwards and forwards near a clump of bushes. Fearful that she might escape over them and reaching the stage of near exhaustion I had to make a bid for her. Edging closer and closer and poised to strike, almost in desperation, at last I waved the net and happily she was inside —a monster! A few days later, 12th June, in the same spot a fine ab. polonus came my way. At Beachy Head in 1945 Chartres netted a beautiful male coridon ab. extrema. It was worth cycling up every available evening from the far end of Eastbourne in mid-to-end July (this was an exceptionally early year). One of my more fortunate days was when walking along the edge of the corn, just after the resting coridon had taken up their night quarters and closed their wings. Peering in three or four yards amongst the serried ranks there was a female underside which seemed slightly odd, but one could not say why. The remote chance of something out of the ordinary necessitated a sweep of the net. At once there was a flash of blue not brown; what could it be? The heart beat a tick or two faster. It was a halved gynandro. Time was elapsing and I must get home: walking hurriedly along the track I noticed an ab. ultra-radiata male perched. It did not take long to change its resting place! A slight ab. albescens extrema female completed the season’s excitement. The New Forest was a favourite hunting ground most years from 1924-1943. Latterly, Mr. and Mrs. Clarke used to offer me hospitality at Brockenhurst. I was fortunate to spend seven days there in 1941 and 1942, when Argynnis paphia L. showed considerable variation—a rare occurrence. The previous occasion had been 1918 and 1919; and prior to that, I am told, two years in the 1880s. My bag was six male and female A. paphia ab. melaina, eight ab. confluens of both sexes and eight Ladoga camilla L. ab. nigrina or ab. semi-nigrina. The years up to 1956 were a bonanza to the variety hunter, for each year there was at least one prolific species if one was luck enough to hit upon it. I was fortunate in securing an Polyommatus icarus Rott. ab. opalizans on the north face of the South Downs; a smoky Melanargia galatea L. at Lulworth Cove when hunting for Thymelicus actaeon Rott.; a halved gynandro of this species when looking for Maculinea arion L. in the Cotswolds, being directed by another collector to a nearby spot and swinging my net at a few galatea on approaching it; a halved gynandro bellargus when down at Folkestone for the day, to find 8-10 other nets at work; a fine melanic aglaia, three almost black selene and eight albino Maniola jurtine L., one of the loveliest insects to see flying and visible amongst its fellows 50 yards away. I was also fortunate in securing three Polygonia c-album L. ab. nigrocaria. Perhaps the most gratify- 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 ing piece of good fortune was an A. adippe ab. ultra-charlotta. The sun had gone in and 8-10 adippe parked themselves on bracken with wings outspread. One appeared to have confluent markings. All took wing as I approached except my quarry which hesitated. When barely within range it rose, but with a long stretch of arm it was netted. What a wonderful pastime we have, even shienseh agri- culture, afforestation, pesticides and cattle have divested large tracts of our enjoyment. I cannot complain, but rather be thankful for a rewarding hobby which renewed one’s strength in times of stress and increased one’s appreciation of the glory of nature. Isle of Canna Report, 1972-1974 By J. L. CAMPBELL Canna House, Isle of Canna, Scotland, PH44 4RS Except for a very fine April in 1974, and a short spell after midsummer, these three years have produced little really fine weather in the Hebrides, and we still look back to 1968 as the last really good summer we have had. On 30th June 1972, for example, I wrote in my dairy “End of coldest, wettest, stormiest June remembered’’, and on 18th July the same year “Saw first Meadow Brown. But the scarcity of butterflies in the most favourable places, rather their entire absence, is depressing. Occasional brassicae or napi in gardens is all’. 1972 is distinguished as the only year in my Hebridean experience, which goes back to 1933, in which absolutely no migrants of any kind were observed at all. However, I am glad to say that after the very find April of 1974, the butterflies revived in numbers very considerably. Migrants. On 7/1/73 the moth trap produced a very fine specimen of M. (L.) unipuncta Haw., already reported in the Record, Vol. 85, p. 107. The moth may have bred here, as a fresh specimen was taken in the trap on 20th September and three more on the 22nd. One of these is now in the Royal Scottish Museum. A dark specimen of E. occulta L. was taken in the trap on 25/7/73. V. atalanta L. first appeared on 26th June and was seen singly on six occasions, including a pupa on 25/8/73, until late September when two or three were seen on the 19th, 20th and 22nd. Only one specimen of P. cardui L. was seen. This was in my garden from Sth to 11th August and what was obviously the same specimen was seen again in the Haligary gulley about half a mile to the east, on the 14th. P. gamma L. was first observed on 2nd June, ten pale specimens were recorded up to 21st August, 16 or 17 dark fresh ones between 29/5/19 and iG), Si a3; In 1974, atalanta appeared first on 8th June, and was decidedly commoner than in 1973, 30 specimens being observed between then and the end of September, as well as a con- ISLE OF CANNA REPORT, 1972-1974 11 siderable number of larvae in late July and early August, some of which I reared. But again, I only noticed one specimen of cardui, near the shore at Coroghon Bay on 9th September. Gamma was not noticed until 22nd August, and only four specimens in all were observed, singly between then and 15th September. On 24/4/74 there was a specimen of A. ypsilon Rott. in the m.v. trap. P. aegeria L. continues to turn up singly once or twice a year. The records for this period are 14th and 27th August 1972, in the Haligary gulley; 21st August 1973, same place, and 25/8/73, in the wood near Tighard, probably the same speci- men; 22/7/74, a worn specimen in my garden, seen again on 3rd August, a day when a fresh specimen was also seen sitting on the library window-sill. Searches were made in the woods in all three summers under consideration, but no other speci- mens were noticed. Z. purpuralis. Not a single specimen was to be seen on the Tallabrig cliffs of Sanday, the main locality here, on 27/7/72, 6/7/73, or 17/7/73, and only one on 27/7/73; the weather has been bad during the emergence period of this moth for several years from 1970. But on 27/6/74 it was observed to be about on the cliffs again. In 1972 however it was seen several times in the Haligary gulley between 21st July and 15th August in a spot where 12 mated pairs from Tallabrig had been released in 1968; but it was not noticed there again in 1973 or 1974. B. selene L. was seen twice in 1972, on 13th June in the Haligary gulley, and on 27th July on the Talabrig cliffs. It has not been noticed in 1973 or 1974; nor was C. rubi L., which was last observed at the foot of the Haligary gulley on 11/6/72. The moth trap produced 4,607 specimens in 1972, on 37 nights, 5,066 in 1973 on 55 nights, and only 2,458 in 1974 on 47 nights. The last reduced figure was partly due to a fuel-saving reduction in diesel running hours, but after April in 1974 there were very few good trapping nights, even the better spells of weather being windy and showery. The only new species taken during these three years is M. oxycanthae, taken on 1/10/74. Other species of interest, besides the migrants already mentioned, were C. potatoria, three males taken on 17/7/73; I have only taken three speci- mens, all males, here previously, one each in 1949, 1963 and 1969, the first picked up dead on the road. D. coryli L., one on 5/5/72 and one on 18/5/72; only taken twice before, in 1961 and 1968. C. furcula, 17/6/74, only taken once before, in 1969. A. aversata, 20/7/72, only taken twice before, 1963, 1965. A. fumata Steph., 29/6/74, only once before (not in trap) in 1945. FE. prosapiaria L. has turned up each of these three summers, and is probably established on the island by now. The exceptionally fine April of 1974 produced 932 moths on 12 nights and would have produced more had I not had to leave the island on the 25th. This has only been approached 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15 /A/d5 in my experience by the April of 1964 when 626 moths were taken on four nights in the second half of the month, including 259 on 18/4/64. In 1974 the largest number on a single night was 144 on the 9th, including two specimens of D. vinula 15 days earlier than the previous earliest (24/4/64). D. vinula was not the only unusually early capture in the trap in April 1974. No fewer than 12 species which had never been captured in April before, were taken then, on an average about two weeks earlier than the earliest previous capture (the trap having been worked here since the summer of 1951). The unusually early species were: — M. rubi L., 15/5/74, previous earliest 30/5/64, 68. S. menthastri Esp., 18/4/74, previous earliest 5/5/53. A. menyanthidis View., 22/4/74, previous earliest 17/5/52; first capture since 1968. N. plecta L., 22/4/74, previous earliest 7/5/71. M. thalassina Rott., 24/4/74, previous earliest 5/5/69, ’71. M. glauca Hubn., 22/4/74, previous earliest 5/5/69. M. dentina Esp., 23/4/74, previous earliest 5/5/69, ’71. D. conspersa Esp., 16/4/74, previous earliest 2/5/55, °69. D. capsincola Hibn., 7/5/74, previous earliest 12/5/57, ’59. C. umbratica L., 22/4/74, previous earliest 2/5/69. A. tripartita Hufn., 23/4/74, previous earliest 6/5/69. C. designata Rott., 22/4/74, previous earliest 3/5/57. S. bilunaria Esp., 18/4/74, previous earliest 25/4/65. G. bidentata Clerck, 23/4/74, previous earliest 8/5/53. The butterflies also benefitted greatly from the excep- tionally fine April of 1974. There were no April hail showers to destroy the newly hatched larvae of V. urticae, of which hundreds were later seen in various places, and the butterfly, which at one time was hardly to be seen on Canna, became commoner than at any time since 1947. P. brassicae was abundant; A. aglaia was seen several times around the buddleia in my garden, which has never happened before; P. napi, C. pamphilus and P. icarus were common in the usual places; S. semele and M. jurtina were more numerous than for a long time. At least the summer of 1974 produced a revival of the island’s butterflies; but after so much wind and rain in the last few years, a summer like that of 1968 would be more than welcome. OBSERVATIONS ON PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PSILIDAE 13 Observations on Plant Associations of the Psilidae (Diptera) By P. J. CHANDLER Weston Research Laboratories, 644, Bath Road, Taplow, Maidenhead, Berks. The Psilidae are a small family of Acalypterate flies, whose identification is relatively easy, using the key by Collin (1944). Only one additional British species has been recorded since that date, by Wakerley (1959), bringing the total to 29. The phytophagous habit of the larvae has long been known as one of them (Psila rosae F.) is the Carrot Fly. Various authors have commented on plant associations of other species and these were summarised by Brindle (1965) who keyed the larvae of three species, representing the three genera. He was apparently unaware of the work of Osborne (1961) who com- pared the larvae and puparia of P. rosae and P. nigricornis Mg. as he stated that there were no published descriptions of the larvae of the latter. While there is little doubt that all of the Psilidae are plant feeders, remarkably little is known even today of their biology, possibly because most of them develop in the less obvious parts of their food-plants and few feed on plants of economic impor- tance. As I have observed probable plant associations of several species of Psilidae in recent years, it would perhaps be of interest to draw attention to some of these. The nomenclature used below follows Collin (op. cit.). Chyliza species. Plant associations have been recorded for three of the five British species. C. extenuata Rossi. A rather local fly which attacks Broom- rapes (Orobanche species). I have reared it in two successive years from puparia in the bases of the previous year’s dead stems of Orobanche elatior Sutton in chalk grassland at Leck- ford, Hants. (collected in iii.1973, emerging in early v.73; then in v.1974, emerging in early vi.74). Affected stems can be easily recognised as the base is markedly swollen below ground level, apparently due to gall formation induced by the presence of the larvae. They may be accompanied (usually higher up the stem) by the Agromyzid Phytomyza orobanchia Kalt., but when the latter only is present no swelling occurs. Previous records of C. extenuata are from Orobanche rapum-genistae Thuill. C. vittata Mg. This species is usually stated to attack the roots of the Bird’s Nest Orchid (Neottia nidus-avis L.), a record attributed by Séguy (1934) to Giard (1900). Brindle (op. cit.) quotes the description of the larva by vos de Wilde (1935). I have taken the fly in localities where Neottia is unlikely to occur so it may attack other Orchids or similar plants also. C. leptogaster Pz. This is the commonest species of Chyliza in this country and may be found under tree foliage or walking 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 about slowly, flexing its wings on low vegetation, tree trunks, logs or stumps. I have not observed any regular plant association which might throw light on its life history. Collin (op. cit.) quoted the formation of stem-galls on Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim. (Rosaceae), a southern European plant but this may refer to some other species of Chyliza as the taxonomy of the genus was chaotic at the time the record was made. Loxocera species appear to be specifically associated with Juncaceae. Brindle gave an account of de Meijere’s (1947) description of the early stages of this genus, found in the base of the stems of Juncus effusus L. which may have included L. albiseta Schrank as well as L. aristata Pz. Both species are most commonly found in this country by sweeping stands of Juncus; L. albiseta is the commoner in southern England to Lancs. and Yorks. and occurs in southern Ireland from Wicklow to Kerry but apparently doesn’t reach Scotland, while L. aristata is common throughout Scotland and Ireland but becomes local in south-east England. Whether or not they differ in their preferences for food-plants cannot yet be said. L. sylvatica Mg. I have now on several occasions swept this species in numbers from pure stands of the wood-rush Luzula sylvatica (Huds.) Gaud. and believe that there is a specific association with this plant. It has occurred on the plant at three Irish localities (Ennistymon, Co. Clare and Glenda- lough, Co. Wicklow, both late v.1970; Glen of the Downs, Co. Wicklow, 11.vii.1969) and three Scottish localities (Cramond Bridge, West Lothian; Den of Alyth, Perthshire and Feshie Bridge, Inverness, all late v.1973); then on 18.v.1974 a party, including Mr. A. E. Stubbs, Mr. E. G. Philp and myself, found a small colony of the fly localised to L. sylvatica along the margin of Farningham Wood, Kent, possibly the first record of the fly from south-east England. Psila (Camptopsila) lefebvrei Zett. This fly is frequent in Scotland and the north of England but does not apparently reach the south-east. On 6.viii.1972 I collected several on Fox- gloves (Digitalis purpurea L.) in the Glen More National Forest Park, Inverness, amongst sparse vegetation on a mountain stream. An association with a rush or sedge in the vicinity cannot, of course, be ruled out. P. (Pelethophila) fimetaria L. Brindle (op. cit.) states that this species, the largest British Psilid (8-9 mm. long) is recorded from Carex, without citing the source of the record. The fly is usually found amongst low vegetation in marshy woods where several Carex species commonly occur so such an association is not impossible and worthy of investigation. How little is known of the Dipterous fauna of Cyperaceae is shown by recent work on the North American Scatophagidae as it has been established that all species of Cordilura develop in the leaf- sheaths of Carex species, while nothing has been known of the biology of European Cordilura. One species of Cordilura has now been reared from Carex in this country by Mr. A. E. Stubbs and myself and an account of this will be published OBSERVATIONS ON PLANT ASSOCIATIONS OF THE PSILIDAE 15 by him at a later date. P. (P.) merdaria Collin is a very similar fly to P. fimetaria and will probably be found to have a similar life-history. P. (Psila) species. Although there are 15 British species of this sub-genus little is known of the habits of any species other than P. rosae and P. nigricornis mentioned above. Collin suggests that P. nigricornis as well as P. rosae was associated with Umbelliferae, saying both were present in cages erected on fields of carrots; Brindle, however, refers to records of nigricornis from the roots of cultivated Chrysanthemums, originally published by Kearns & Walton (1933) and by Osborne (1961). Several of the other species of Psila (sensu stricto) appear to be attracted to Umbelliferae or Compositae, but there is no definite evidence that any one species affects both families of plants equally. P. rosae, however, attacks cultivated Brassica species (Cruciferae) in addition to its usual Umbelliferous hosts. As Brindle noted, P. rosae develops not only in the roots of the cultivated species of Daucus, Pastinaca and Apium but also the wild Anthriscus and Heracleum; Collin recorded it from Hem- lock (Conium). P. pallida Fall. 1 have found this species on the foliage of Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L.) both at Leckford, Hants. and at Castletown, Caithness (numerous on the latter occasion) and an association is probable. I did also, however, take one female on Burdock (Arctium) at Bromley, Kent, so this species might possibly attack both Umbelliferae and Compositae. P. bicolor Mg. An association with Tansy (Tanacetum or Chrysanthemum vulgare L.) was recorded on two occasions by Haliday, first from Roundstone Bay, Galway, abundantly in early August exclusively on this plant (Haliday, 1837), then again at Great Blasquet Island, Kerry, July 1854 (Hogan & Haliday, 1855). There are no specimens of bicolor in Haliday’s collection and the possibility that the records refer to one of the similar bicoloured species cannot be discounted, but Osborne (1955, 1961) recorded both bicolor and P. limbatella Zett. from cultivated Chrysanthemums. I have only once collected P. bicolor, at Bromley, Kent on 16th August 1964, where the single female was walking about on the foliage of White Bryony overhanging a vigorous plant of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.). Being nearly related to Chrysanthemum and Tanacetum, the latter is a possible food-plant, but it is a common plant on waste ground and one might expect a fly feeding on it to be more frequent. P. nigromaculata Strobl. Brindle noted the record of the rearing of this species from the stems of the Devil’s Bit Scabious (Succisa pratensis Moench), originally published by Séguy. It is not often collected in Britain but should perhaps be looked for on its food-plant. It appears to be commoner in Ireland, where all records of the P. bicolor group (some published under the name of P. debilis Egger) for which specimens exist, refer to this species. Succisa is of general distribution there while Tanacetum is now more restricted there than it is in Britain. 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 P. humeralis Zett. Collin stated that this species is not uncommon in the Spey Valley in June. I have found it in June this year (1974) to occur more widely in Scotland, at localities in Perthshire and Aberdeenshire as well as in Inverness. At Granish, Inverness, in August 1972 I found it on Heracleum but at Glenfincastle, Perthshire, vi.1974, it was abundant on Sweet Cicely (Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop.), so an association with various Umbelliferae may again be possible in this species. Psila nigra Fall. and P. atra Mg. are both locally frequent in marshy grasslands, but these small black species are usually collected by sweeping and the variety of vegetation in localities where I have collected them has precluded any useful observa- tions on plant associations. A note on the Psila rosae group With respect to P. rosae and its relatives, there are three species in this country, distinguishable by the structure of the male genitalia. The hypopygia are figured for rosae and nigricornis by Collin; Wakerley figured his new species persimilis and the aedeagus of these three and of humeralis, because persimilis was found by him to vary in colour so that some Specimens approach that species. Lyneborg (1964) figured the entire hypopygium of the three species of this group. I have dissected the 18 males in my collection, which agreed in body colour with rosae. Of these, 14 were P. rosae, only four which were of a weak-bodied almost teneral appearance by comparison with the other 14 belonged to the other species. One from Chislehurst, Kent was P. nigricornis while two from Ireland (Dunamarc Falls, Cork, 14.x.73 and Muckross, Kerry, 2.vii.69) and one from the French Pyrenees (Ussat-les-Bains, Ariége, 26.v.71) belonged to P. persimilis. I quote these records as | am not aware of records of persimilis other than those published by Wakerley from Northumberland and Durham and Lyneborg (op. cit.) from Denmark. It is possible that I have selected more rosae than nigricornis from my net, if it is usually a more robust species, as Collin found nigricornis to be com- moner at times. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mr. A. E. Stubbs and Mr. P. Skidmore for useful discussion on this subject. References Ashby, D. G. and Wright, D. W. (1946). The immature stages of the carrot fly. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., 97(14): 355-379. Brindle, A. (1965). Taxonomic notes on the larvae of British Diptera. No. 22, The Psilidae, Entomologist, 98: 169-173. Collin, J. E. (1944). The British species of Psilidae (Diptera), Ent. mon. Mag., 80: 214-224. Giard, A. (1900). Sur la biologie de Chyliza vittata Mg., Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 316. Haliday, A. H. (1837). Notes, etc., upon Diptera, Ent. Mag., 4: 147-152. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION AND HISTORY OF PIERIS RAPAE 17 Hogan, A. R. and Haliday, A. H. (1855). Notes on various insects captured or observed in the neighbourhood of Dingle, Co. Kerry in July 1854, Nat. Hist. Rev. (Proc. Univ. Zool. Assoc.), 50-55. Kearns, H. G. H. and Walton, C. L. (1933). Psila nigricornis Meig. as a pest of chrysanthemums, Ann. Rep. Agric. Hortic. Res. Sta., Bristol, 1932: 95-96. ty Lyneborg, L. (1964). Danske acalyptrate fluer. 2. Psilidae, Platysto- midae og Otitidae (Diptera), Ent. Medd., 32: 367-388. Meijere, J. C. H. de (1947). Over eenige Dipterenlarven waaronder een galmug, die mijngangen maakt, en twee Dipteren, die gallen op paddenstoelen veroorzaken, Tijdschr. Ent., 88: 49-62. Osborne, P. (1955). A first record of Psila bicolor Mg. (Dipt., Psilidae) on cultivated chrysanthemums, Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 118. Osborne, P. (1961). Comparative external morphology of Psila rosae (F.) and P. nigricornis Mg. (Dipt., Psilidae) third instar larvae and puparia, Ent. mon. Mag. 97: 124-127. Séguy, E. (1934). Dipteres Brachycéres (Muscidae Acalypterae et Scato- phagidae), Faune de France, 28: 217-322. Wakerley, S. B. (1959). A new species of Psila Meigen (Diptera: Psilidae) from northern England, Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 28:107-108. Interspecific Competition and the History of Pieris rapae in North America By Dr. A. M. SHAPIRO Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A. 95616 Workers on a particular group of organisms often engage in discussions of quite general phenomena while maintaining a rigid parochialism. The recent discussion of interspecific com- petition in butterflies between Messrs. Sevastopoulo (1973), Ent. Rec., 85: 247) and Luckens (1974, Ent. Rec., 86: 71-72) is a case in point; although Luckens refers to competition as a recognised concept “‘in all fields of zoology’, both by and large act as though butterflies were likely to be unique among living things in their competitive relationships (or lack of them). Yet inter- specific competition has engaged the attention of both field and theoretical ecologists and has been studied in vertebrates, invertebrates, plants and microorganisms, and the literature of the subject is immense! A commonly held view among American ecologists is that interspecific competition is a very important organising force in biotic communities, acting on at least two levels: firstly, in cases where niche overlap is initially very great, by direct exclusion in ecological time; secondly, promoting divergence of the niches of partial competitors through natural selection in evolutionary time. Opponents of the concept of interspecific competition often point to the seeming rarity of documented instances in nature; its supporters observe that by their view episodes of competition are transient, leading to exclusion or ecological divergence, so that in most cases organisms in stable communities will already have divided up their resources before we ever get a look at them. 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 The most important instances for the study of processes operating in competition occur when species are introduced, as on a new continent, and their interactions with the pre- existing biota may be observed. An excellently documented case concerns the deliberately introduced entomophagous Hymenoptera of the genus Aphytis (DeBach and Sundby, 1963, Hilgardia, 34: 105/166). Even here the actual mechanism of exclusion is not understood, if the fact of exclusion is undeniable. Unhappily, many much less _ well-documented examples have gained unwarranted currency in the literature, and one of these is the case of Pieris in North America, cited by Luckens. I do not propose to trace the history of this reputed inter- action in the literature in this note, but very briefly the facts are these: Pieris rapae L. arrived in North America uninvited about 1860 and in the next several decades various authors recorded the decline and disappearance of the native species, P. napi L. and P. protodice Boisduval and LeConte, which many of them were inclined to attribute to the arrival of the immigrant. It seems clear that napi did disappear at least in parts of southern New England and western New York. It is equally clear that where the forest cover remained virtually intact, napi showed no such diminution even in the north- eastern states, nor anywhere in the west. Hovanitz (1962, J. Res. Lepid., 1:77) argues quite plausibly that the decline of napi was occasioned by removal of the forest with advancing agri- culture and urbanisation. However, we do have to account for the known presence of napi in such places as Harvard Yard, which had been in an unnatural state for very many years, and from which napi disappeared supposedly with the advent of rapae. 1 do not see any difficulty with this. In much of its Holarctic range P. napi occurs in open as well as forested habitats — in Britain it, not rapae, is found in sedgy swales, for example. In the absence of any competitor it undoubtedly moved out of the still-nearby forests into agricultural and urban New England, and was able to thrive until rapae, which was preadapted to such habitats, displaced it from them. Napi today is probably restricted to the habitats it held in the north east before the white man came — habitats now much reduced in area; those from it was ultimately ousted were man’s doing in the first place, and napi was, for a few decades, a beneficiary of civilisation before it became its casualty. Pieris protodice is quite another matter; I have been unable to find grounds to accept that it has been restricted either ecologically or geographically by rapae. Protodice is a Pontia, with the usual preferences of that subgenus; ecologically it is very nearly the equivalent of the European daplidice L. In the summer-arid and semi-arid parts of North America it is every- where the most abundant Pieris, at least below 1,500-2,000m, yielding to rapae only where agricultural irrigation is widespread or winters are cold or very humid or both. In the north east it is virtually restricted to the sunniest, driest, hottest places: INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION AND HISTORY OF PIERIS RAPAE 19 in fact it is today very abundant in railway switch-yards, urban vacant lots, and the like — places where Lepidopterists seldom go, so protodice does not appear on their lists. I have seen it flying by thousands in the very places where William Beuten- muller saw it in New Jersey 75 years before; yet F. M. Brown’s New Jersey correspondents assured him it is virtually extinct in that state (Brown, 1973, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 99: 107)! That it is climatically restricted is graphically demonstrated by its consistent inability to overwinter on the Piedmont a few kilometres north and west of Philadelphia, although it does so regularly on the Atlantic Coastal Plain within and south-east of the city. Similarly, it occurs abundantly about New York City in the boroughs of Queens and Kings (Brooklyn), which are on Long Island, and on Staten Island, but not on the adjacent mainland. In Europe Pieris rapae occupies an ecological position intermediate ‘between P. napi on one hand and P. daplidice on the other. In North America, where no corresponding species occurred, it has fit itself in between napi and protodice in similar fashion. In the absence of careful historical documentation it would be quite impossible to discriminate between the situation on the Continent, where the three species have presumably coevolved over a very long time, and in the U.S.A. where they have not. As usually happens the historical opportunity was largely missed, and the case requires a somewhat more cautious interpretation than that of Klots. This is all the more important since it has now gained entry to the British literature and could become proverbial there even as its significance is being revaluated at home; at any rate the reality or unreality of competition (even in one taxonomic group) should not ride on the fate of any particular example! To return to more general matters, the argument that herbivores cannot be in competition because they do not defoliate plants was at the heart of a noteworthy exchange in the ecological journals several years ago (Hairston, Smith, Slobodkin, 1960, Amer. Naturalist, 94: 421-425; Murdoch, 1966, Ibid., 100: 219-226; Ehrlich and Birch, 1967, Ibid., 101: 97-101). In this exchange it was pointed out that, for biochemical or other reasons, the amount of foliage we observe is not neces- sarily the same as the amount “available” to an animal. In a recent study (now in press) I examined temporarily sympatric populations of Pieris protodice and P. occidentalis Reakirt feeding on the same species of pepper-grass (Lepidium). Although the overall impact of both species on the plant popu- lation was minute, oviposition was very clearly non-random, with females of both species preferring isolated plants and those at the edges of dense stands, and these were commonly defoliated although the plants within the stands were untouched. I am certainly not willing to say there were “‘Cruciferae enough for all”! 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 Notes on British Butterflies: Spring and Early Summer 1974 By Dee. I EUCKENS 52, Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton, SO2 4JG A fine sunny day on 16th March brought the first Spring butterflies out when about 20 Gonepteryx rhamni L. and a lone Brephos parthenias L. were seen in a Romsey wood. Nymphalis io L. and Aglais urticae L. did not put in an appear- ance until about a week later, but were flying freely in our Southampton garden by the end of the month. My elder son came with me to the Isle of Wight on 29th March where we saw numerous larvae of Melitea cinxia L. out in the weak sunlight on the Undercliff. On the way back we saw a Water Rail in a ditch in the middle of Niton—an unusual location for such a secretive bird. Polygonia c-album L. appeared in our garden during the first days of April, and by mid-month Pararge aegeria L. and the three Spring Whites had joined them. A very early male Antocharis cardamines L. was seen flying along the road near Isfield in Sussex on 20th April but the main emergence was not until the usual time in early May — in Southern Hampshire at least. I went to look at a wood near Eastleigh on 15th May where 80% of the cardamines population are said to be dwarfed. The few Orange Tips on the wing were certainly smaller than typical specimens, but the small numbers precluded a significant assessment of frequency. Plenty of Hamearis lucina L. were flying in a favourite wood near Winchester two days later, and the females were already ovipositing. Clossiana euphrosyne L. was fairly com- mon in the coppiced areas and there were a few Pyrgus malvae L. and Erynnis tages L. about also. Beating Blackthorns caused me to get very wet indeed when I visited an Oxfordshire locality for Strymonidia pruni L. on a showery 24th May. A few larvae of this local hairstreak were obtained. Not far away male Euphydryas aurinia Rott. were flying in fair numbers during the spells of bright sunshine. The Whitparish woods on the Bank Holiday Monday held good numbers of C. euphrosyne, and also a few C. selene D. and S., but I was surprised to find I had the place to myself as far as fellow lepidopterists were concerned. Nearby, on Pepperbox Hill, Coenonympha pamphilus L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., P. malvae, E. tages and a solitary female Cupido minimus Fuessl. were on the wing. Single specimens of minimus were also flying on the downs near Winchester on 30th May; here at least the food plant is abundant, whereas on Pepperbox the Kidney vetch is very sparse. I drove up to the Midlands on the last day of the month, and staying with friends near Leicester spent a couple of days searching for Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. On the way north, SOME NOTES ON THERA JUNIPERATA (L.) 22, | I dropped into an Oxford locality for E. aurinia in order to release a large number that I had bred from this same stock. A quick look also, at a favourite ride in Salcey Forest, revealed an excellent showing of Leptidea sinapis L. But I drew a blank for palaemon, though I searched assiduously several areas where it was seen as recently 1969. Some sites looked suitable, and my expectations remained high — specimens of Lycaena phlaeas L., half-glimpsed in the sunlight caused severe palpita- tions on two occasions! Warm sunny weather was the rule in early June, and I was able to make several visits to a wood a few miles outside Southampton. C. euphrosyne and C. selene were still out in fair numbers, the first Vanessa cardui L. was seen, and a few larvae of Thecla betulae L. were obtained from blackthorns. In Southampton itself, Ochlodes venata Br. and Grey appeared in our garden on 10th June, and also many cardamines larvae on Sweet Rocket in the borders. I had never before seen Orange Tips flying anywhere near this part of Southampton, so their presence was something of a mystery. Rather unsettled conditions prevailed from mid-June to the end of the month, and this was really the pattern for the rest of the summer. Disaster befell one of my larvae of Apatura iris L., which was eaten by an earwig a few hours after its fourth moult, but the other pupated on 3rd June, remained 25 days in that stage, and finally emerged during a brief moment of sunshine on a day of wild and heavy showers. Some Notes on Thera juniperata (L.) (Lep.: Geometridae) in North-West England By Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT Kendal Wood, New Hutton, near Kendal, Cumbria LA8 0AQ I was much interested to read Mr. C. I. Rutherford’s account of the occurrence of Thera juniperata in Cheshire and Yorkshire. (Ent. Rec., 86:121) and it stimulated me to go through the records for this district which is mainly in VC 69. The species has always seemed to be a rather elusive one in this area in spite of the occurrence of much juniper locally. In early October 1957 I made a determined effort to find this moth and visited a few of the juniper localities—on the carboniferous limestone areas at Beetham and Arnside Knott and on the Borrowdale volcanic rocks between Little Langdale and Blea Tarn in central Lakeland. In both areas I operated mv light on nights when conditions seemed good, as evinced by the general numbers of other lepidoptera coming on the sheet. But nary a sign of juniperata. Retrospectively I now think that my search in 1957 failed because I was too early in the month, all my dates being prior to the middle of October. 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 In 1968 Mr. J. Briggs, who had taken up residence at Beetham and within a hundred yards of where I originally worked for the moth, took a specimen of juniperata resting on a wall within a few yards of his moth trap. This was of the pale southern form. He tells me that since that date he has taken the species every year except 1971. His earliest and latest dates for the moth are both in 1972 being 8th October and 6th November. I did not myself take the species in this district until 17th October 1969 when three males came to my mv trap here at Kendal Wood which is some 630 feet above sea-level. This was a welcome occurrence. No further specimens were then noted until one found on the outside of a friend’s house some three miles from me on 29th October 1973. A further record has come to my notice of a specimen taken at Ulverston on 27th October 1973 by Mr. D. W. Kydd and recorded in a locally-produced magazine — the Natural History of Cumbria, 1973, published by the Association of Cumbria Natural History Societies. All the specimens here noted are of the large pale southern form and quite different from race scotica (White) which I have had from the Aviemore district. Past records of the species in this district are few and not, perhaps, very reliable. In The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lanca- shire and Cheshire by John W. Ellis, revised by W. Mansbridge, 1940, p. 147, it states: “Scarce and local about Juniper in N. Lancs., Silverdale (A.E.W.), Warton (G.L.)’. “‘A.E.W.” refers to the late Albert E. Wright of Grange over Sands and I have in my keeping his record books. Under the present species he has written — “‘Heard of it being taken at Warton Crag, but never comes my way’. So it would seem quite certain that Wright never took juniperta at Silverdale, nor elsewhere in the district. Confirmatory evidence for this comes from the notebooks kept by the late Dr. R. C. Lowther, also of Grange over Sands, and he comments: “Vague reports. Yewbarrow Crag (G. Podmore). Moth is out very late in the year and I have myself worked for it in vain. . . . Never taken by A. E. Wright.” Mr. Rutherford’s suggestion that the species may have been imported with garden junipers from the south is interest- ing though obviously very difficult to prove-— OR disprove! The specimens and records by Mr. Briggs at Beetham suggest that the species is well established there on the naturally occurring junipers in his neighbourhood. The specimens I have taken here at New Hutton are nowhere near any known juniper! Sporadic and rather widespread occurences in these northern areas suggest either migratory tendencies or a recent northward spread such as has occurred in other species from time to time in recent years. I am extremely grateful to Mr. J. Briggs and Mr. D. W. Kydd for information and permission to incorporate their records in this note. REARING OF THE CLERID BEETLE OPILO MOLLIS L. 23 Rearing of the Clerid Beetle Opilo mollis L. By J. A. PARRY 38, Heather Drive, St. Michaels, Tenterden, Kent For several years past I have beaten from an old hedgerow in this vicinity specimens of this rare beetle, usually securing two or three each year. The optimum emergence period from these admittedly limited data would appear to be the three weeks from the last week in May to the middle of June. Last year, having secured both a male and a female on the same day, I thought I would attempt to breed the species, and accordingly put them together in a glass container with a piece of dead wood; they promptly (and briefly) mated, after which the male showed no interest in the female whatever. Both beetles were then put in a very large cage with several pieces of long-dead Whitethorne (Crataegus oxyacanthus), comparatively undecayed portions containing the larvae of Anobium fulvicorne St. being selected on the even chance that this species is the host of Opilo mollis in this locality. Both disappeared altogether, but the female was found dead on the floor of the cage after a fortnight. Presumably the dead male was eaten by woodlice, which could not be excluded altogether. On three occasions from August to November samples of the wood (which was kept outdoors and subject to weather) were split to pieces in fruitless attempts to discover progeny. No larvae other than those of Anobium fulvicorne were found, and so the project was considered a failure. However in June of this year, needing the cage, I took out the wood and before discarding it split a portion, thereby discovering a large larva, which had prepared a pupal chamber in a very hard dry part. This larva, which was later to produce an adult Opilo mollis, was superficially similar to that of Thanasimus. The skin was whitish and covered with a regular pattern of pink tubercles on the upper surface of each segment. The head was small, dark, and spatulate, the body hirsute and slightly swollen posteriorly. The larva was active and very mobile, clinging tenaciously to any rough surface with its well-developed thoracic legs. Later the passage of the larva was traced back from the pupal chamber for about two inches, to an old exit-hole of Anobium. It had enlarged the boring considerably, evidently consuming both the contents and some of the surrounding very hard wood, since the passage was now filled with large particles of excreta. The larva evidently therefore possesses the dual capability of free-ranging and woodboring. Several similar enlarged borings were found, showing that a considerable dis- tance in the wood had been traversed, and it seems unlikely that sufficient Anobium larvae could have been encountered to feed the larva to its full size. Probably, therefore, at least part of the nourishment is provided by the gallery contents, namely the excreta of the original inhabitants, and perhaps the wood from the enlarging operation. 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 The larva, reinstated in its pupal chamber, resealed it, and changed to a pinkish pupa. This stage lasted for four weeks, and the adult then emerged. The adult on emergence was straw- coloured, and remained so for five days, then gradually assuming the characteristic colours until on the ninth day it was fully mature. It is noteworthy that although the wood was kept outdoors in apparently natural conditions this adult was not ready to emerge until 6th August, long after the species is usually found. Two others emerged from other pieces of the wood on their own account in early July, together with a considerable number of Conopalpus testaceus Ol. from a rotten part of one piece. Grynobius excavatus K1|.* was not present. Notes and Observations AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA L. (SENSU AUCT.) CLUSTERING UNDER BARK; WITH A FEW COMPARATIVE REMARKS ON CON- CEALMENT, BEHAVIOUR, ETC.—On 30th August 1972, while searching for Coleoptera in a lane at Blackheath, not far behind my former garden, I was much surprised, on lifting a smallish piece of loose bark on the trunk of a moribund elm, when a Copper Underwing quickly emerged from beneath it and almost instantly flew off. From the crevice thus partly exposed there then came forth in rapid succession a series of specimens, one at a time, each immediately taking flight and coming to rest high out of sight in that or nearby trees. I was unprepared for quarry that did not wait to be caught, but concerned to see how long this curious exodus would last; in fact it was over in about ten seconds, during which, as far as I could estimate, seven moths made their escape. Judging by the smallness of the cavity —what little could be seen of it—they must have been quite tightly packed. Another rather odd feature was the presence of many earwigs under the covering bark, which one might have thought disturbing to the moths. The species is somewhat com- mon in the district at light, but whether it is the true pyramidea or the lately separated berbera Rungs (or conceivably a mixture) I fear I cannot at present say. Barrett. (1899, Lep... Brit. Isl.,., 51251) states thats pyramidea is ‘“‘only found in woods’’, and this seems to be the general idea among authors. It is, however, manifestly no longer true; for, as just seen, the moth can be common enough in a built-up suburb where nothing that could be called a wood has existed for very many years (and where other supposedly wood- land species such as Polia nebulosa Hufn. occur regularly). Further, Barrett (I.c.), whilst remarking on its habit of hiding in sheds, and that it probably rests by day in tree-holes or on the undersides of boughs but that evidence is lacking, makes no mention of its clustering under bark; nor do other authors *Dr. A. Strand has proved that the various supposed European Grynobius are but one variable species, G. planus F.—A.A.A. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25 that I have consulted. The subcortical habit—though not that of aggregation—is reminiscent of its smaller and less striking congener A. tragopoginis L., which I have often found when stripping loose bark from dead standing trunks (but always singly). The latter, moreover, reacts differently to disturbance: instead of taking wing at once and rising into the air, it scurries mouse-like to a new retreat and only eventually, if thwarted in that object, flies off keeping low and fairly straight. Such a difference is in harmony with the general tendency for Noctuids with coloured hindwings to start instantly into flght when dis- turbed at rest, while their more drab cousins seem to need to “get up steam” before they can take off. (A marked exception is afforded by Mormo maura L., which with its very ample wings moves off as swiftly as a Catocala.) In some species, among them the present one — and a host of others in a less pronounced degree — the light-shunning tropism that leads them to pass the day in some dark cranny is evidently so strong as to overcome fully the lamp-seeking one which appears strangely contrary to it, once the latter is satisfied. Thus it is, that such moths, entering a lighted room and basking for only a few minutes in the lamp’s rays, set off in a most purposeful manner to explore every nook and corner and finally settle down behind any available cover, such as a screen over a fireplace or against a wall. M. maura has even gone further and vanished up the chimney! — A. A. ALLEN, 49, Montcalm Road, London SE7 8QG, 23.x1i.74. RECORDS OF HYPENA CRASSALIS FABRICIUS FROM KENT IN 1974. — On the morning of 28th July 1974 I took in my garden trap in Sittingbourne a rather worn female Hypena crassalis. Unfortunately, despite making it feel at home by providing it with a healthy bilberry plant, no eggs were deposited. A few other examples of this moth have recently turned up, one by my colleague Steven Whitebread in a trap at Platt, near Sevenoaks on 22.6.74. This was at a meeting of the Kent Field Club at Mr. McClintock’s house where a trap had been run overnight. Crassalis had apparently been discussed prior to the trap being opened since one had previously been taken at Trottiscliffe. It was suggested that this latter moth might have come from the bilberry on Wrotham Heath, only a few miles away. This locality is recorded as possibly the most easterly for bilberry in Kent and could be the breeding site for all these three specimens. Unfortunately, bilberry is now becoming quite scarce in Kent and this is reflected in the increased scarcity of the moth.— Dr. I. A. WaArTKINSON, 2, Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. PHYLLONORYCTER MESSANIELLA ZELLER: A MASS EMER- GENCE. — On the afternoon of Sunday 28th October 1973 I was walking through the National Trust grounds of Clivedon House — the ancestral home of the Aster’s — on the banks of the Thames in Bucks. As usual at that time of the year, I was 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 constantly on the lookout for Phyllonorycter mines. A few mines on hornbeam and elm had been picked when I came across a large holm-oak. This whole tree was infested with P. messaniella, each leaf containing on average half a dozen pale blotch mines making it very unsightly. On moving closer I noticed that the tree was alive with myriads of messaniella adults flying freely around the branches. There must have been many hundreds, a fascinating sight in the autumn sunshine. Interestingly, none of the nearby normal oaks, some only yards away, sported any such number of mines, although when gathered, messaniella did emerge from some of these on the ensuing days. A curious observation on the holm oak was that not a single pupa case could be seen protruding from any of the mines —a small exit hole being all to show for a vacated mine. The usual habit in this group is for the empty pupa case to protrude for at least a short time until dislodged by tree move- ment. This was extremely calm weather, however, I assume the coarse texture of the holm-oak leaf prevented egression of the pupa case — Dr. I. A. WATKINSON, 2, Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent. THYMELICUS LINEOLA OCHSENHEIMER (ESSEX SKIPPER) IN THE COUNTY OF AvoNn.—It is worthy of note that this interesting little butterfly is still maintaining a precarious existence in North Somerset, now the new county of Avon. Turner in “‘Lepidoptera of Somerset’’ (1955) records it in the Taunton district “‘many years ago”? (The Victoria County History of Somerset). also at Hinton Charterhouse in 1947 and 1952 (J. A. J. Smith). In 1972 I again recorded a small colony in the Hinton Charterhouse/Wellow area. The habitat is a rough hillside pasturage with a good calcareous flora and much rough grass, especially Phleum pratense (Cats-tail grass), Agropyron repens (Couch), and Briza media (Common quaking grass). This small area holds strong colonies of Erynnis tages Linn. (Dingy Skipper), Pyrgus malvae Linn. (Grizzled Skipper), Ochlodes venata Linn. (Large Skipper) and Thymelicus sylvestris Poda (Small Skipper), the latter flying with lineola and making identification difficult. I have made extensive searches around Bath over a number of years but this is the only colony which I have been able to locate. Strangely enough, despite the fact that 1973 was an excellent butterfly year, lineola was very difficult to find in this area. — BRYAN W. Moore, Church Cottage, Batheaston, Bath. STENEPTERYX HIRUNDINIS (L.).— On the 30th of September, I came across a young house martin (Delichon urbica) sitting forlornly in the middle of the footway. I picked it up and brought it home, about a quarter of a mile, but it seemed to take no interest in being handled and sat quietly all the time. When I reached home, while showing it to my wife, a specimen of the blood-sucking fly Stenepteryx hirundinis (L.) dropped NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS IM | into my hand. Shortly afterwards, the bird seemed to show a little more interest in life and I placed it on a window cill out of reach of cats, and left it. In a short time it was gone, and a search below the window showed that it had not just dropped to the ground. Some years ago, when my daughter was a schoolgirl, she brought in a blackbird which she had picked up in the garden, and from which a specimen of S. hirundinis dropped. This bird, too, showed signs of returning interest in life, and shortly afterwards it flew away. These two cases leave me wondering whether this unplea- sant looking insect does inject some narcotic into the bird’s bloodstream while feeding. — S. N. A. Jacoss, 54, Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent BR2 9EE, 2.x.1974. DIARSIA ? FLORIDA (SCHMIDT) AND XANTHORHOE MUNITATA (HUBNER) IN SWALEDALE. —I stayed four nights, 28th to 31st July 1974, above Keld, at the head of Swaledale in Yorkshire North Riding. The house was on the 1,500 feet contour, with a wet, newly cut hayfield in front and moorland pasture behind: it was very exposed, and the weather was vile. The moth trap gave only 23 species, but two were of interest. On 30th and 31st there were five fresh examples of a _Diarsia species which I should like to call D. florida Schmidt because of their large size, pale pinkish colour, and date of capture, which is too early at that altitude for them to belong to a second brood of D. rubi Vieweg. They agree closely with my specimens from Inverness-shire, taken at Aviemore in early July and high above Dalwhinnie on Ist August. They also agree with the coloured illustrations of the typical form of D. florida from Askham Bog, which is a low level Yorkshire locality (Ent. Gaz., 2:71 and Plate 1). But D. florida was introduced by Cockayne in 1950 as essentially a fen insect, as its present English name, Fen Square Spot, indicates. I am not sure if it is right to attach these montane and Highland insects to it, despite their similar appearance and single-brooded character; or whether it is not better to regard them, and perhaps the fen D. florida as well, as biological races of D. rubi. Comment would be welcome. Three specimens of Xanthorhoe munitata also entered the trap, in all of which the usual pink central band was missing, the area between its defining lines being silvery grey like the rest of the forewing. Unfortunately, I thought that the first two were merely rain-washed, and released them; but the one which I kept is perfectly fresh. Since I saw none of the typical form this variant may be the local race. — R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey GU5 OLE. THREE NOTABLE MICROLEPIDOPTERA AT BLACKHEATH, N.W. KENT. — Apomyelois neophanes Durr.: I was much surprised to find that a dark Phycitid which came to my m.v. lamp on 21.vi.59 could only be this very local insect. As its larval 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1/75 pabulum, the black fungus Daldinia, appears to be scarce in this district — I have seen it but once, this year near Woolwich on an ash-——the moth seemed likeliest to have been a casual vagrant; however, a second specimen was taken in the same way on 7.vii.70 (after a very hot day with the shade temperature up to 88°F. in London), making that idea perhaps, rather less plausible. The species seems, from the literature, to have some constant association with furze (Ulex), which does flourish on an outlying part of Blackheath. I am not aware of a previous Kent record of A. neophanes; Beirne (1954, Brit. Pyralid and Plume Moths: 107) gives only Surrey, Hants. (with Isle of Wight), Dorset and Devon for its distribution. Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stt.: As Mr. E. S. Bradford (1971, Ent. Rec., 83: 342) has asked for records of this interest- ing little moth, I should mention having taken a specimen as long ago as 3.viii.56, flying against and settling on a fence in Blackheath Park (a residential tree-lined road); the exact spot was barely 50 yards from my former front garden. The deter- mination was carefully checked by Mr. S. Wakely. I have never met with it again and indeed should not expect a lichen-feeder to inhabit a London suburb; the Clean Air Act, which may ultimately recreate conditions suitable for them, was not then in force here. There are, however, old records of J. argenti- maculella for N.W. Kent: in “‘Woolwich Surveys’ (1909), p. 404, it is reported from Blackheath, Eltham, and Sidcup (Bower) and Dartford Heath (Stainton), and as being scarce. Mr. Bradford (antea: 170) gives only two present-day Kent localities, East Blean and Folkestone, both of course at the other end of the county. Mompha _ nodicolella Fuchs: Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (1970, Ent. Rec., 82: 301) has published the first record of this very local species in Kent, on a specimen from West Wickham (4.ix.63). I find that I had neglected to record one which came to my m.v. lamp on 2nd July 1960; it was named by comparison with bred examples from Horsell, Surrey, and further confirmed by Mr. Wakely; this should therefore be the earliest specimen so far known to have occurred in the county. In view of its abundance at one or two spots in London (Chalmers-Hunt, I.c.), the moth has probably by now gained a footing in some of the West Kent suburbs although it has not recurred to me at Blackheath. — A. A. ALLEN, 49, Montcalm Road, London SE7 8QG, 25.xii.74. OBITUARY 29 Obituary CYRIL WYNTHROP MACKWORTH-PRAED (1891-1974) The death of Cyril Mackworth-Praed on 30th June 1974, in his 83rd year, has removed from the Natural History scene not only one of the most eminent observers of wild life of his time, but also one who was equally well versed and erudite as a notable entomologist, as a distinguished ornithologist as well as an expert on wild plants and the larger mammals. Few people in recent times can have had a wider knowledge of some of the specialised branches of these subjects. It was probably back in his Eton days or when he lived in his youth on the Surrey downs that the incentive came to him to study everything connected with nature around him. His lifelong interest in the lepidoptera doubtless began at this period. Whenever he was able to take time off from his family stockbroking firm in the City, especially during the summer months, he loved nothing better than to observe the butterflies and moths near and at his fine home at Burley in the New Forest where he ran a large moth-trap regularly for over 30 years. He could virtually identify at sight every species that came to it down to the smallest of the micros. He built up over the years a most comprehensive collection of the British lepi- doptera, all beautifully set and arranged. The Scottish moors were one of his most rewarding hunting grounds. It was while serving as Colonel in the Scots Guards at Inverlochy Castle, near Fort William during the 1939-45 war, that he found the Chequered Skipper flying in that vicinity, which caused a great stir at the time since no one imagined this agile little butterfly occurred anywhere outside its usual haunts in the Midland counties. As far back as 1919 he discovered, also in the western Highlands, the littlhe moth Symaethis diana Hibn., of which very few examples have been found since. Cyril Praed also cast his net wide, collecting in Europe, in the Alps, the Pyrenees and Sardinia, also in Cyprus. Africa was the scene of several visits, the earliest being in 1914, a most adventurous occasion when he and friends were in pursuit of big game in what is now Tanzania. They found themselves under fire from the German settlers. This was their first realisation that war had broken out in Europe. He tells how they made a suitable reply with their arms before returning to British territory and then back to England to serve, as he did, with the Scots Guards for the duration of that war. Cyril Praed was possibly even better known as an orni- thologist. He was a member of the British Ornithologists’ Union for over 50 years and became its Secretary and Treasurer. The birds of Africa have always been of supreme interest to him. Between 1952 and 1973 were published, at first with the colla- boration of the late Capt. C. H. Grant, the African Handbook of Birds in six large volumes, all beautifully illustrated and covering all the species known south of the Sahara. For his services in this field he was awarded the O.B.E. Wild flowers 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 ISJP/is were another of his hobbies. He had a fine collection of pressed specimens from both the British Isles and Europe. His prowess with rifle, rod and gun was equally renowned and many stories are told of his remarkable feats with these weapons, whether on the moors or at Bisley where he competed for many years in the Queen’s Prize. In the Olympic Games in Paris in 1924, the rifle team he led won a gold medal. Many a large fish too did he land from the waters of the Hampshire Avon and other famous rivers. In fact, Cyril Praed was one of those people who excelled in everything he carried out. He was quite indefatigable, even pursuing butterflies in Kenya when he was nearly 80 but the onset of a serious physical disability began to curtail his energy and activities. Even when severely crippled he would go meticulously through the contents of his moth-trap at his Hampshire home. He was indeed a most inspiring personality and a most delightful companion in the field, always full of enthusiasm and cheerfulness. His loss will be very widely felt not only in the Natural History world, but among a very large circle of friends who admired his fine qualities. All sympathy is extended to his widow and to his three sons and two daughters. C.G.M. de W. PTYCHOLOMOIDES AERIFERANUS H.-S. AND PAMMENE AURANTIANA STAUD. IN MONMOUTHSHIRE. — On the evening of 10th July 1973, together with a friend Mr. R. C. Shillinglaw, I visited my favourite ““mothing”’ site in Tintern Forest and set up my m.v. light on a wooded hillside above the River Wye. After a hot humid day the night was warm and overcast and, with many moths flying, it proved a memorable occasion. Sixty-seven species of Macrolepidoptera came to the light, including Pseudoips prasinana L., Autographa bractea D. & S.., Miltochrista miniata Forst., Perizoma blandiata D. & S., and Semiothisa notata L., all five of which are of infrequent occur- rence in Monmouthshire. There were also many species of Microlepidoptera, the most notable being the Tortricid Ptycholomoides aeriferanus H.-S. This appeared plentifully on the sheet and I secured several specimens of both sexes. These were not recognised at the time but were later identified by Dr. J. D. Bradley. The first British record of this moth was from Kent in 1952 and subsequent records given by J. D. Bradley, W. G. Tremewan, and Arthur Smith (British Tortricoid Moths) are limited to eastern and southern England. Its range would there- fore appear to have now extended right across England into Wales. A second Tortricid which also appears to have rapidly extended its range westwards during the last two decades and has now turned up in Monmouthshire is Pammene aurantiana Staud. A single example of this moth, in fresh condition, CURRENT LITERATURE 3] appeared in the Robinson m.v. trap in my garden at Usk on 25th July 1973. As Monmouthshire is now included in Wales it would seem that these are probable first records for the Principality for these species. —Dr. G. A. Nem Horton, Plas Newydd, Usk, Monmouthshire. Current Literature British Museum (Natural History). Insects: Instructions for Collectors, No. 4a, iv. 169 pp., 37 illustrations, London, 1974. £1.50. This, the fifth edition, has been completely revised by Messrs. B. H. Cogan and K. G. V. Smith to take account of the many new techniques and advances that have been intro- duced in recent years. The handbook gives an up-to-date account of modern methods of insect collecting, packing and transport which will be of use to collectors, especially those whose insects are destined to go to the Museum. The preface and introduction are followed by sections on general collecting (pp. 13-62). Each order is then dealt with separately, including the Diplura, Protura and Collembola (pp. 68-150); and there is a section on Insects Ectoparasitic on Mammals and Birds (pp. 151-155). The work concludes with a short bibliography, appendix with notes on chemicals used, and an index.—J.M.C.-H. The Genus Aloeides and Allied Genera (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) by G. E. Tite and C. G. C. Dickson. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 29 (5) : 225-280, 5 plates, 2 folding maps, 32 text figures, 1973. £6.55. This is a revision of the genus Phasis Hiibner as inter- preted by Aurivillius (1924) with its species allocated to nine genera, five of which are new. Excepting those species already dealt with by the authors (in 1968, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 21 (7): 367-388), all Aloeides species are included, with eight new species and eight new sub-species being described and figured. There are keys to the genera and to the species and most sub-species of Aloeides. There are also details of the life histories of two species and addenda to “The Aloeides thyra complex”? (Tite and Dickson, loc. cit.), with descriptions of yet a further new species. The work concludes with a check-list of all the species and sub-species of Aloeides, a list of references and an index. The five superb colour plates include 150 natural size figures realistically portrayed from photographs of the actual specimens referred to in the text—J.M.C.-H. Geographical Variation of Maniola jurtina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) by G. Thomson. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 1973, 116: 185-227, 2 plates, addenda and corrigenda, 2. pp. 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/1/75 The author describes the form and geographical variation of the male genitalia in Maniola jurtina and examines the distribution of the various types encountered. There is a study of the morphological and genitalic correlations, so forming the basis of a revision of the sub-species and geographical races of M. jurtina in which two new sub-species are described.— J.M.C.-H. Insect Physiology by V. B. Wigglesworth, F.R.S. Science Paperbacks, 7th Edition, Chapman and Hall, London. EGS: This new edition, in larger type, has been much improved by use of numerous bold type sub-headings, to facilitate easy reference. There are a few minor textural additions including a clarification of the terms Moulting and Ecdysis; the probable action on localised gene function of chemical gradients on cuticle pattern; the activity of glial cells in maintaining Sodium and Potassium concentrations round oxons; recent ideas on insect vision and wave guides. The book ends with a short additional chapter on The Endocrine Systems. The Bibliography is revised. The writer, as always, combines conciseness with a lucidity which should attract both the general reader and the student.— Eciw: The Pollution Handbook by Richard Mabey. Penguin Educa- tional. 7Op. The main theme of this book is an account of the Advisory Centre for Education’s organised survey, by children, of air and water pollution. It is well illustrated by both photographs and good line drawings, and cannot fail to be of interest to all concerned with conservation. All school libraries should have a copy as an inspiration to what can be achieved with minimum cost by the absolute beginner, using indicator insects and simple chemical tests —E.H.W. The World of Moths by Michael Dickens and Eric Storey. Osprey. £2.25: There is a short introduction on the life cycle of, and hints on rearing, moths, followed by a naive attempt at justifying the place of insect dealers in the field of conservation. Such organi- sations dealing in exotic insects must rely on the mercenary activities of professional collectors, and claims that surplus stocks can be released in their own habitats can scarcely apply to most of the insects figured. These are mainly tropical moths selected for their visual appeal so that of the 108 species shown there are 39 Saturnidae, 30 Sphingidae and NO Geometridae. Many of the figures are “muddy” and of unnatural colour. There is no standardisation of size. C. sponsa is shown as much larger than C. fraxini. It is difficult to imagine who would benefit from this book. —E.H.W. Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p LIVESTOCK — please send 15p for current catalogue of Ova, Larvae, Pupae, Cocoons, etc. R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention ‘‘The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the “Hill” Interchangeable Unit Systems formerly produced by J.J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) IMAGO BUTTERFDIES a? ’ LEPIDOPTERA SUPPLY & RESEARCH SPECIALISTS Suppliers of Livestock ——— Exotic and European Over forty species listed Plus prospective list of species we hope to supply in the near future General Catalogue available on receipt of 30p (Overseas $1) This includes subscription to our annual mailing lists 62 HIGH STREET, CROYDON, SURREY, ENGLAND Please mention the “Entomologist’s Record” FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, SW16 2BQ, Engiand (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society The BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded 1894) Bilsington, Ashford, Kent England TN25 7JW. Tel. Ham St. 2513 As the oldest farm in the world we are justly proud of our reputation as suppliers of the finest entomological materials. For livestock and preserved specimens from all over the world; books new or old; breeding, storage and collecting equipment; educational displays, please write for lists and details of our Mailing Index. We urgently need suppliers of surplus collections, books and cabinets, and also reliable suppliers of livestock. Visitors especially welcome to look around the Butterfly Farm, please phone in advance. See our living and museum displays and our British Wildlife Sanctuary—to which a small charge will go. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 5p stamp to cover postage) to:— R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £1.50 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Rd., Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus Sp postage Also MARCROLEPIDOPTERA OF SPURN HEAD, E. YORKSHIRE (The Naturalist 1974). Price 25p, plus 34p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2 9JT XV International Congress of Entomology First Announcement The 15th International Congress of Entomology will be held in the beautiful capital city, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 19th-27th August, 1976, under the sponsorship of the National Academy of Sciences and the Entomological Society of America. Sessions will be held in the excellent meeting facilities of the Washington Hilton Hotel. Special events are being planned at national scientific and cultural centres. Two international airports near Washington give direct access from abroad. University housing will be available in addition to hotel facilities. The Organising Committee for the Congress is composed of Curtis W. Sabrosky (Chairman and President of the Congress), Ernest C. Bay (Secretary-General), Wallace P. Murdoch (Trea- surer), William G. Eden, Gordon E. Guyer, E. F. Knipling, Robert L. Metcalf, John V. Osmun, Ray F. Smith and Edward O. Wilson. The programme will emphasise plenary symposia, invitational speakers, specialised symposia/work groups/panel discussions, and special interest groups or informal conferences. Thirteen pro- gramme sections cover Systematics, Genetics, Physiology and Biochemistry, Toxicology, Ecology, Behaviour, Social Insects and Apiculture, Biological Control, Medical and Veterinary Ento- mology, Agricultural Entomology and Pest Management, Forest Entomology, Stored Products and Structural Insects and Pesticide Development, Management and Regulation. A Congress Brochure and application forms will be mailed in May, 1975. The Brochure will contain information on highlights of the scientific programme, receptions, tours, ladies’ programme, scientific, historical and other features of the Washington area, and useful data for visitors. PLEASE NOTE: Announcements of this Congress are not being sent to individuals, but are being publicised in journals and circulated to musems, departments, and other institutions. If you are interesed in receiving future information, including registra- tion forms, please send a postcard to the undersigned with your name and address, typed or in block letters, and also the section of your major interest. Dr. ERNEST C. BAY, Secretary General, XV International Congress of Entomology, P.O. Box 151, College Park, Md., U.S.A. 20740 AURELIAN BOOKS Antiquarian, Recent and New Books on Insects, Plants, Birds, Mammals and General Natural History bought and supplied Libraries purchased — Catalogues issued — Personal require- ments searched for. Please advise us of your wants Write or telephone AURELIAN BOOKS, Tumbledown Dick’s, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire Telephone: Much Hadham 2676 POSTAL BUSINESS ONLY ENTOMOLOGICAL DISPLAY MOUNTING CABINETS Wooden construction, of the finest quality, mahogany stained, with glass lid. Total dimensions 173” x 174” x 22” Price £3.25 each, plus 50p postage and packing M. L. HOW 36 Bush Grove, Stanmore, Middx. Telephone: 01-952 4064 BUTTERFLIES ON STAMPS Extend your interest to collecting Butterflies on stamps; many other insects also available Approval selections available, and packets for new collectors A. GRANGER 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds, LS18 5RE A guide to the natural history manuscript resources of the British Isles is being prepared by Gavin Bridson (Librarian, Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OLQ) and Anthony P. Harvey (Librarian, Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD). Relevant libraries, museums and other organisations are being surveyed by means of questionnaire. A particular problem of this survey is the wide scattering of material as shown by its presence in some unlikely locations and many individuals will, through their own researches, have come into contact with such items. They may also know of undocumented items in public and private collections and might be able to contribute valuable information. The compilers will be grateful for, and readily acknowledge, any such information. The results of this survey are to be published by the Bowker Publishing Co. Ltd. in 1975. A Survey of the Macrolepidoptera of Croydon and North East Surrey by L. K. and K. G. W. Evans. 133 pp. with 4 plates and detailed area map. Price £1.20 including post/packing. To be obtained from The Secretary, Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 96a Brighton Road, South Croydon, Surrey, CR2 6AD. For Sale. A number of specimens of rare or extinct British Butterflies Moths which I have acquired over the years by purchase and now wish to dispose of. Species include crataegi, daplidice, dispar, antiopa, lathonia, fraxini, all with data. Send S.A.E. for list to: — D. O’Keeffe, 51 Parkhill Road, Bexley, Kent. Waeey Full colour cataloguedyeor ‘ lepidoptera, published & f 5» photeprad y and ing done entirely within @pF i on, dn. the summer “each... month there is our Monthly Shit sha. further: cori logues almost every month’ oe e-catalogue s and details of our subscrigti meiling ia Worldwide | utterflies Ltd. Over Compton, Sherborne, Dorset. eee ee ee ee EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ““Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae’. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Ken. Back numbers.—our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.-—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The Maidstone Museum have recently set up a Kent Biological Archives and record Centre, which can now receive records based on the tetrad system (2 Km. sgq.), for all insect orders. In particular, a scheme is being set up to record both Macro and Microlepidoptera from 1971 onward. This is to run in parallel with the very successful plant scheme. The records will be available to any serious student of the Fauna or Flora of Kent. This ambitious scheme obviously must enlist the help of as many resident and visiting Lepidopterists as possible. For further information, please write to: S. E. Whitebread, 2 Twin Cottage, Grove Farm, Higham, Nr. Rochester, Kent, ME3 7NX. Records for other insect orders should be sent to Mr. E. Philp at the Maidstone Museum, St. Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. Wanted. — Samples of Apamea monoglypha (Dark Arches) from MV traps, to aid an investigation into the frequency of melanism in this species. We would like to obtain random samples, caught during the 1974 season, from any locality in the British Isles. If you think you might be able to help and would like further details please write to — J. eae Dept. of Zoology, University af Manchester, Manchester Wanted. — HYDROPTILIDAE (Trichoptera) Specimens or data from any part of the British Isles. Identification will be provided, if required, by the sender. Material to: — Miss J. E. Marshall, Entomological Dept., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London. Wanted. — Labelled British specimens of Carterocephalus palaemon, Colias hyale, C. australis, Anthocharis cardamines, Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion and Erebia epiphron. Needed to complete collection of British Butterflies for Plymouth Athenaeum. Available in exchange west country bred specimens of Polygonia c-album, Colias croceus, Euphydryas aurinia and Mellicta athalia——P. Jeffery, 1 Badminton Close, Harrow, Middlesex. Tel. 01-863 3686. Change of address. — B. R. Baker Esq. to 25 Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berks. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to: E. H. WILD, L.Inst.Biol., 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon, Surrey, CR2 8EF. Specimen copies supplied by Mr. Wild on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber. Changes of address, also enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes, to: S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2 9EE, Kent. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent BR4 0QN, England. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. SARUMAN (incorporating the Butterfly Centre) Business Reg. No. 1685058 V.A.T. Reg. No. 210 4043 36 Specialists in British and World Lepidoptera and Entomologica Equipment — Literature — Livestock — Photographs 58 HIGH STREET, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, “KENT TN1 1XF ENGLAND Telephone: Tunbridge Wells 31926 Hours: 9.30 a.m—5.30 p.m. except Wednesdays and Sundays Directors: Paul Smart, F.R.E.S., Gita Smart; Consultant: John Muirhead; Technical Staff: Trevor Scott, Chris Samson, F.R.E.S. Main catalogue ‘Butterflies Presented by Saruman’. 1000 plus species listed: equipment: books: etc., 40pp. inc. colour plates 85p plus 10p postage Supplementary lists (10 issued per year): 40p per annum Wanted to Purchase — Collections, Cabinets, Entomological libraries, large or small; Livestock, etc. In your replies please mention ‘The Entomologist Record’ CONTENTS Jamaica Revisited: April 1974. C. G. M. de WORMS Reminiscences of a Butterfly Hunter. REV. J. N. MARCON Isle of Canna Report, 1972-1974. J. L. CAMPBELL Observations on Plant Associations of the Psilidae eae P. J. CHANDLER i abit As ; Interspecific Competition and the ad of Pieris ead L. in North America. DR. A. M. SHAPIRO . es Notes on British Butterflies: Sama and chains Summer 1974. DR. C. J. LUCKENS . ae ay Some Notes on Thera juniperata (L.) (Lep.: ee in North-West England. DR. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT : Rearing of the Clerid Beetle Opilo mollis L. J. A. PARRY Notes and Observations: Amphipyra pyramidea L. (sens. auct.) Clustering under Bark; with a few Comparative Remarks on Concealment, Behaviour, etc. A. A. ALLEN Ka if F: Records of Hypena crassalis F. from Kent in 1974. DR. I. A. WATKINSON ae Phyllonorycter messaniella Z.: A Mass Emergence. DR. I. A. WATKINSON j Lea be is ae Le Thymelicus lineola Ochsenheimer oe cee in the a of Avon. B. W. MOORE Stenepteryx hirundinis (L.). S. N. A. JACOBS ... Diarsia ? florida (Schmidt) and Xanthorhoe munitata Hiubn. in Swaledale. R. F. BRETHERTON ki) Three Notable ay daa is at Blackheath, N.W. Kent. A. A. ALLEN . Ptycholomoides aeriferanus H.-S. and Pammene_ aurantiana Staud. in Monmouthshire. DR. G. A. NEIL HORTON ... Obituary: * Cyril Wynthrop Mackworth-Praed .. Current Literature ... 10 13 17 20 21 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 28 30 29 31 Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL VOL. 87, No. 2 February, 1975 THE ENTOMOLOGIST?’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 87 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 0QN Yaa VASA VAY Sa Vea Va VOSA Va VAY aaa Tee PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p : : : : : : : . 3 s3 s3 ss : : : : Va Vaasa Na Va Va Va Va Yea Ve Ven Va Yen Sain Vea Ve Vian Sie Vin Vain a Vea We Wik Wt Vik Vk Wit Wn Wie a ia Sa ia a a a Uh Studying Insects A Practical Guide R. L. E. FORD £2.95 net 0 7232 1705 X This is a revised edition of an earlier volume, Practical Entomology, and reflects the current emphasis on studying living insects rather than on collecting and killing them. Although primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, the book also covers groups such as ants, wasps and humble- bees, and has sections on breeding insects and on conserva- tion. With 16 pages of plates in colour and black and white. Colour i Identification \ Guide to British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.E.S., £3.95 net 0 7232 1710 6 This attractive and useful guide contains the 48 colour plates from T. G. HOWARTH’S larger work South’s British Butterflies. In addition there are sections on Variation, Conservation and Collecting, Families, as well as Information Tables, Glossary, Identification Key and Classified List of Butterflies. FREDERICK WARNE & CoO. LTD. 40 Bedford Square London WCI1B 3HE Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p LIVESTOCK W— please send 15p for current catalogue of Ova, Larvae, Pupae, Cocoons, etc. R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the ‘Hill’ Interchangeable Unit Systems formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) xS Monthly lists for the specialist Most comprehensive aan ye stocks of Lepidoptera 6 7 } from Tropical to Arctic Further details in our latest catalogue of specimens. Worldwide Butterflies Ltd. Over Compton, Sherborne, Dorset. NEW ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS MAHOGANY VENEERED CABINET WITH LOCKING DOORS. SOLID MAHOGANY DRAWS: 18” x 12” x 2”. CORKED WITH CAMPHOR CELLAND LIFT OFF FRAMES. SUPERB CONSTRUCTION THROUGHOUT. 40 DRAWER CABINET ONLY £475 INC. V.A.T. Cabinets with any number of drawers made to order pro rata. To view or purchase apply to:— S. H. GRAVENER. 01-654 0813 145, The Glade, Croydon, CRO 7QR, Surrey FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, SW16 2BQ, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society The BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded 1894) Bilsington, Ashford, Kent England TN25 7JW. Tel. Ham St. 2513 As the oldest farm in the world we are justly proud of our reputation as suppliers of the finest entomological materials. For livestock and preserved specimens from all over the world; books new or old; breeding, storage and collecting equipment; educational displays, please write for lists and details of our Mailing Index. We urgently need suppliers of surplus collections, books and cabinets, and also reliable suppliers of livestock. Visitors especially welcome to look around the Butterfly Farm, please phone in advance. See our living and museum displays and our British Wildlife Sanctuary—to which a small charge will go. A Survey of the Macrolepidoptera of Croydon and North East Surrey by L. K. and K. G. W. Evans. 133 pp. with 4 plates and detailed area map. Price £1.20 including post/packing. To be obtained from The Secretary, Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 96a Brighton Road, South Croydon, Surrey, CR2 6AD. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 5p stamp to cover postage) to: — R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £1.50 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Rd., Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers 50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus 5p postage Also MARCROLEPIDOPTERA OF SPURN HEAD, E. YORKSHIRE (The Naturalist 1974). Price 25p, plus 34p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2 9JT BD Lepidoptera in Dordogne, South West France, in May 1974 By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.ES. Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey SGU OLE My wife and I stayed from 12th to 27th May 1974 with friends in a converted farmhouse in the small village of St. Cirq, which lies between Le Bugue and Les Eyzies in the department of the Dordogne, South West France. This is lime- stone country of low hills with many south-facing slopes and narrow valleys, some with water meadows and marshes, in the angle formed by the junction of the rivers Vezére and Dordogne. It has long been famous for its caves, with their paintings and sculptures dating back for perhaps 20,000 years: Les Eyzies is pretentiously described in the guide-books as ‘“‘the capital of pre-history’. The area is also full of mediaeval churches and castles, many of them built when the kings of England were also dukes of Aquitaine. The country has a fine limestone flora, which was at its spring best while we were there, and it is also rich in lepidoptera, though it does not seem to contain any particularly rare species, at least among the butterflies. The climate is Atlantic rather than Mediterranean; we had mixed weather, with short spells of sunshine and warmth alternating with grey skies and rain with cold westerly winds. I had already briefly sampled the attractions of the district during a stay of three nights at Les Eyzies at the beginning of August 1963, while on the way to the Pyrenees. A very useful list of the Macro-lepidoptera of the region has been published by Monsieur C. Dufay, based on his collecting by day and with a light trap during the six months from April to September 1955. As he says, in so short a time the list could not be made complete, though even so it contains 90 Rhopalocera and 400 Heterocera. I was able to add to it four species of butterflies and three of moths in May 1974. In all 52 species of Rhopalocera were seen, which are listed at the end of this note. Of these 23 are not now resident or annually immigrant in Britain: two — Aporia crataegi L. and Cyaniris semiargus Rott., which were just beginning to emerge in abundance, were once British but are now extinct; and a further two — Colias australis Vty. and Nymphalis antiopa — are occasional immigrants with us. Probably because of the late spring some of the hibernating species, such as Gonepteryx rhamni L. and its southern cousin G. cleopatra L., were still numerous and in fair condition. But the main interest was the almost daily emergence of new species: our score at the end of the first two days was more than doubled by the end of our stay. The dominant butterfly throughout was the attractive Fritillary Mellicta parthenoides Kef., which occurred in vast numbers almost everywhere on the slopes, in the hayfields, and along the road verges. I was lucky to take a splendid male example of ab. rhoio Oberthiir, in which the hindwings under- side have a broad cream-coloured central band instead of the 34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 usual white spots and orange ground colour, while on both surfaces of the forewings the central black markings are wholly lacking. Other Fritillaries were very common: Melitaea phoebe Schiff., M. didyma Esp., M. cinxia L. mostly in the hayfields, Clossiana euphrosyne L., with a single C. dia L., in the woods, and M. diamina, surprisingly early, in the marshes of the Beune Valley above Les Eyzies. Among the other Nymphalines single, worn, examples only of Nymphalis antiopa L. and Araschnia levana L. were seen, but the Continental White Admiral, Limenitis reducta Stdgr., appeared on 15th May and became fairly common later in the week. The two Swallow Tails, Papilio machaon L. and Iphiclides podalirius L., were often seen even on the terrace of the farm house. Leptidea sinapis L. was by far the commonest Pierine, though Colias australis Vty. was locally abundant on the steeper slopes; I was glad to take a fresh female of Pieris mannii Mayer, which seemed to be rare. Among the Satyrids Pararge aegeria L. was notable for its rich orange yellow ground colour: all the speci- mens seen were fresh, so it seems that the April emergence to which we are accustomed in southern England does not take place in the Dordogne. Maniola jurtina L., on the other hand, appeared much earlier than in England: it was first seen on 24th May, and males became common on the two following days, though no females were seen. Notable among the Lycaenids were the delicate Everes alcetas Hfigg., which was locally common, flying along with Cupido minimus Fuesl. and quite hard to distinguish from it on the wing. The females of Lysandra bellargus Rott. were interesting. | saw none of the bright blue form which occurs rather further north around Angouléme; but all the Dordogne examples examined had a thin sprinkling of blue scales mixed with the brown ones on the upper side of all wings, which gives them a curious steely appearance. Other interesting Blues were Philotes baton Bergstr., which was local and not common and very variable in size; Glaucopsyche alexis Poda, of which I took a female which was heavily streaked with blue on the upperside; and the brilliant Plebicula dorylas Schiff., which was just emerging near Trémolat on our last full day, 27th May. Of the Skippers Spialia sertorius Hffg., with its bright orange underside, was common and conspicuous. Pyrgus malvae L., on the other hand, though seen in several places, was rather scarce and hard to catch. This was unfortunate, as I had hoped to collect a good series in order to determine whether there was any overlap in the distribution of the two sub-species (or species), malvae L. and malvoides Elwes and Ed. Monsieur Dufay states that he found malvoides on the south-facing slopes at Vilajou, but that further north at Tamnieés in the valley of the Grande Beune he met with malvae. I brought back only five males and two females. Of the males, one was taken at Vilajou, one a little further north at Saint Cirg, and three in the Beune Valey. Dissection shows that all are unambiguously malvae. Kt therefore seems likely that some LEPIDOPTERA IN DORDOGNE, SOUTH WEST FRANCE 35 overlap does occur at Vilajou, though I did not myself take the two sub-species flying together. Since malvae is usually only single-brooded and malvoides double brooded there may be some difference in their dates of emergence and flight in the spring. Other Skippers, which I was surprised to see so early in the season, were Pyrgus fritillarius Poda (carthami Hubn.), near Les Eyzies on 15th May, and Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, on the 18th. Our strongest impression was of the great total abundance of Rhopalocera in this Dordogne country, by comparison with the chalk and limestone areas of southern England. Explanation of this contrast must be speculative, but two obvious differences in the environment may be noted as possibly relevant. The first is in agricultural practise. Though the farms are many, they are mostly small and engaged in very various production: tobacco, wine, sheep and cattle, poultry and even rabbits, with little Jand under the plough. The hills, where they were not wooded, were well but not excessively grazed; and the many hayfields appeared not to be cut all at once but in small areas as grass was needed from day to day —a practise which must help the survival of the enormous numbers of butterflies which obviously breed in them. The second striking difference is the relative rarity of small birds in the area, which may be due to local shooting habits, though there was no evidence of indiscriminate bird slaughter while we were there. We were interested to see that two extensive areas beyond Les Eyzies had been set aside as total nature reserves, in which “‘la chasse”’ in any form was forbidden; but for the lepidoptera there seemed to be no need for such precautions. The butterflies were reinforced by four species of Burnets, Zygaena trifolii Esp., Z. hippocrepidis Hubn., Z. loti Schiff., and Z. fausta L., and by a fair showing of other diurnal moths. At night the ordinary electric light outside the house door produced an interesting selection. There were trees of the Large-leafed Lime (Tilia platyphyllos Scop.) on the terrace, and several Drepana harpagula Esp. duly came to the light. Other interesting species were Epicnaptera tremulifolia Hubn., which closely resembles our extinct E. ilicifolia L., Hoplitis milhauseri F., of which there is only one British record, and the fine Prominent Ochrostigma vellitaris Hufn. Our most dramatic capture was that of two male specimens of Saturnia pyri Schiff., which is the largest European moth, with a wing expanse of up to six inches. The first, after flying to the porch lamp, caused confusion by trying to intervene in the treatment of a car which had developed a crucial defect. The second, possibly disturbed by a bird, flapped down to the grass on the terrace during a pre-luncheon drinks session and allowed itself to be admired and photographed by the assembled company before capture. The village school mistress told us that a third had entered the school room, interrupted her class, and provoked sundry acts of indiscipline among her 12 pupils. Clearly an excessively self-assertive species! 36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 Other interesting Heterocera noted were Coscinia cribraria L., in an almost unmarked white form very different in its appearance, as well as in its emergence date, from our British sub-species; Cosymbia ruficiliaria H-S., which looks like an intermediate between C. porata L. and C. punctaria L., and may possibly be overlooked in Britain; and the fine Boarmid Synopsia sociaria Hubn. An example of Hemaris fuciformis L. was seen in the Beune Valley: it is not included in M. Dufay’s list. A full list of the Rhopalocera seen between 13th and 26th May 1964, with the dates when they were first seen, is as follows: Papilio machaon L., 13.5; Iphiclides podalirius L., 14.5; Pieris brassicae \::, 13.5; P. rapae L:, 13.5; P. mann Mayer 18.5, one female only in the Beune Valley; P. napi ie iss, Aporia crataegi L., 20.5, males common at Vilajou and Saint Cirq; Anthocharis cardamines L., 13.5; Leptidea sinapis L., 13.5; Colias crocea Fourc., 25.5., one only, Causse de Gramont; C. australis Vty., 13.5, becoming abundant on steep slopes everywhere; Gonepteryx rhamni L., 13.5; G. cleopatra L., 14.5, Beynac, Saint Cirg, few; Limenitis reducta Stdgr., 15.5, Beune Valley, few; *Nymphalis antiopa L., 15.5, one only, Beune Valley; Inachis ito L., 25.5, larvae nearly full-grown; Vanessa atalanta L., 20.5, one only; Aglais urticae L., 26.5, one worn, also larvae; Polygonia c-album L., 15.5, few; Araschnia levana L., 21.5, Limeuil, one worn male; Clossiana euphrosyne L., 13.5; C. dia L., 15.5, Beune Valley, one only; *Melitaea cinxia L., 18.5, Saint Cirg, many in hayfields; M. phoebe Schiff., 15.5, Saint Cirg., Vilajou, many; M. didyma Esp., 18.5; M. diamina Lang, 18.5, many males in marshes in Beune Valley; Mellicta parthenoides Kef., 13.5, abundant everywhere; Pararge aegeria L., 13.5; Lasiomata megera L., 13.5; L. maera L., 17.5; Maniola jurtina L., 24.5, males common; Coenonympha pamphilus L., 13.5; C. arcania L., 18.5, Saint Cirg, Vilajou, many; Callophrys rubi L., 14.5; Heodes tityrus Poda, 13.5; Lycaena phloeas L., 18.5; Everes alcetas Hffgg., 14.5, Saint Cirg, Beune Valley, locally common; Cupido minimus Fuess., 15.5; Celastrina argiolus L., 13.5, Saint Cirg, few; *Glaucopsyche alexis Poda, 17.5, Limeuil, Saint Cirg, few; Philotes baton Bergstr., 13.5, Saint Cirqg, on steep slopes, few; Aricia agestis Schiff., 26.5, Beune Valley, common in one place; Cyaniris semiargus Rott., 21.5; Plebicula dorylas Schiff., 26.5, Trémolat, males only; Lysandra bellargus Rott., 13.5, abundant on slopes and in hay- fields; Polyommatus icarus Rott., 18.5; Hamearis lucina L., 20.5, Vilajou, few; Pyrgus malvae L., 15.5, Saint Cirg, Vilajou, Beune Valley; P. fritillarius Poda 15.5, Beune Valley, Saint Cirg, few: Spialia sertorius Hffgg., 15.5, very common on slopes; Erynnis tages L., 13.5; Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey, 18.5. The following additional species were noted in the region ist/3rd August 1963: Pontia daplidice L., Argynnis paphia L., Vanessa cardui L., Melanargia galathea L., Minois dryas Scop., Pyronia tithonus L., Everes argiades Pall., Lysandra coridon (Species marked * are not mentioned in M. Dufay’s list.) AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 Ag | Poda, Carcharodus flocciferus Z., Thymelicus sylvestris Poda. We returned from St. Cirq as we had come to it, by driving our car for 400 miles to and from Le Havre and using the night ferry to Southampton, with a night’s stop on each journey in the Loire Valley to visit some of the chateaux. I had hoped to do some useful collecting on the way. But on the outward journey we had rain and grey skies until we were nearing the Dordogne, and even then saw few butterflies in the forests, which mostly still showed signs of damage from late frosts. On the return journey the weather was also poor, but a short stop on the edge of a marshy wood near Sées in Normandy gave me a pair of the Skipper Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. and a fine female Mellictat parthenoides Kef., which must be there near its north western limit. Reference Dufay, C. (1955). Les Lepidopteres du Périgord noir: I — “Macrolépi- doptéres’” de la Region des Eyzies (Dordogne). Rev. franc. Lépidoptérologie, 15: 89-102. Among the British Lepidoptera, 1973 By B. G. WrrHers, B.Sc. “Onaway’’, 18 Broadstone Road, Harpenden, Herts., ALS 1RG The beginning of the year was remarkable for its mild weather, and my first foray on 29th January was to Nomans- land Common, two miles from my home, armed with only a flashlight. The mild conditions had caused a curiously premature emergence of Agriopis marginaria F. along with many Theria rupicapraria D. & S.; and two males of Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. actually flew to the feeble beam of my torch. On subse- quent evenings the same species were noted in considerable numbers in this and other nearby localities. My first outing with the portable m.v. turned out to be a traumatic experience to say the least! The date in question was 19th February and the location again Nomansland Common. Operations com- menced at 6.00 p.m. and by 6.45 moths were flocking to the light, these including Eupsilia transversa Hutfn., Conistra vaccinii L., an abundance of A. philosaria, including five melanic specimens, and several Agriopis leucophaearia D. & S., among which were several melanic specimens and one fine example of the form marmorinaria. At 7.15, deciding to leave the equip- ment running while I returned home for a quickly snatched meal, I was horrified on my return to find that the generator (with the exception of the petrol filler cap), choke and m.v. lamp had vanished into thin air! The rest of the evening was spent contacting the police and combing the area for signs of the truant equipment. However, it was not until the next day that it was found by a local inhabitant and handed over to the police; it had been thrown in the bushes by some well-wisher or other, but was fortunately little the worse for its adventure. But this time, the story had reached the ears of the local press and this culminated in the hirsute physiognomy of Yours Truly appearing on the front page of the local newspaper—fame at 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15 /T/7 last! ! Undeterred by this contretemps I continued to operate the light in the area throughout the season although I never again left it unguarded. The weather in the first half of March was less favourable than in 1972 and I made few trips until the 17th when the m.v. light was operated at Symondshyde Great Wood; the sky soon cleared, however, revealing a full moon, and of eight species of macro noted the best were singletons of Achlya flavicornis L. and Ectropis bistortata Goeze (a melanic specimen). Warm days around this time brought out the first butter- flies in the Harpenden area, notably Aglais urticae L., while Tortricodes alternella D. & S. was common in the oak-woods of Nomansland and Symondshyde. Portable m.v. at Nomans- land Common on the 19th produced large numbers of moths, with Orthosia munda D. & S. in plenty, including one very dark specimen, and nine other species of macro. The weather continued fine and warm and I decided to make a daytime trip to Ashtead Wood in Surrey with the express purpose of renewing my acquaintance with Archearis parthenias L. A number of these were seen, but only one fell to my net in two hours. Butterflies were very numerous on this beautiful day, several Gonepteryx rhamni L., all males, being seen, along with three each of Inachis io L. and Polygonia c-album L. A number of A. urticae were also noted. On the 29th, a trip to Symondshyde Great Wood produced nine species of macro to the portable m.v., the most noteworthy being a heavily barred specimen of A. flavicornis and a number of Biston strataria Hufn., including a heavily suffused exampie. Diurnea fagella D. & S. was abundant and in great variety. Cold weather marked the first fortnight of April, and the only interesting occurrence was the emergence of my first female Alsophila aescularia D. & S. from Kentish stock on the 3rd. A marked improvement in conditions on the 14th found us in Surrey. Little was seen in the afternoon at Ashtead, but in the evening we found ourselves surrounded by other entomologists at Friday Street where the main quarry Jodia croceago D. & S. was conspicuous by its absence despite numerous m.v. and actinic lights and abundant sugar. Fifteen species of macro were noted by the assembled multitude and these included Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., Colostygia multistrigaria Haw., Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hufn. and an abundance of B. strataria. Our static m.v. trap running at Box Hill produced only common Orthosias and one Lycia hirtaria Clerck. A beau- tiful day dawned on the 15th and we drove from Surrey to the New Forest where a specimen of Aleucis distinctata H-S. was taken from the wall of one of those legendary Hollands Wood toilet blocks. In the Forest over 50 males of G. rhamni were noted with the first few females. We travelled back from the New Forest via Whiteparish to the Chilterns stopping near Ibstone to examine some sallows at dusk. These bushes pro- duced four specimens of Cerastis leucographa D. & S., along with numerous O. gothica, O. stabilis, O. incerta, a few Cerastis AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 39 rubricosa D, & S. and a single example of the plume Emmelina monodactyla L. A further C. leucographa was taken at sallows in Whippendell Wood near Watford on the 17th, while the trap in my garden produced a fine melanic male L. hirtaria and an early Mamestra brassicae L. among 50 moths, comprising ten species. The fine weather of the past few days gave way to very cold and unsettled conditions which persisted over the Easter period, and an abortive beating foray on Nomansland Common was brought to an abrupt end by a violent hailstorm. This rather uninteresting period was enlivened by the emergence in my cages of a number of Colocasia coryli L. bred from a female taken in the previous May at Symondshyde Great Wood. Among these were several melanic specimens. Weather conditions improved a good deal after Easter and on the 26th the first of four Cucullia chamomillae D. & S. appeared in the garden m.v. trap. I then set off on a two-day expedition to the New Forest, arriving there around mid-day when inspection of the Hollands Wood toilet blocks produced nine species of Macro- lepidoptera, including single specimens of Polyploca ridens F. and Odontosia carmelita Esp. In the afternoon I visited a large tract of heathland near Lyndhurst, where a big area had been razed by fire the previous season and only four male Saturnia pavonia L. were seen. This paucity may have been owing to the fire, but was more likely due to the atrocious early summer of 1972, as few pavonia were seen in other localities untouched by the fire. In the evening, despite rather cool, clear and misty conditions, the portable m.v. was operated in Hollands Wood above the campsite and between 9.15 and midnight 20 species of macro were attracted, including S. tetralunaria (two males), Eupithecia irriguata Hubn. (two fine specimens), Nola confusalis H-S., P. ridens (three) and L. hirtaria (several, including two of a beautiful golden ground-colour). A makeshift trap supporting an actinic tube placed in a nearby blackthorn thicket produced little of interest, apart from a further male S. tetralunaria. The morning of the 27th was again very sunny and warm, but more cloud developed during the afternoon and apart from a few Ematurga atomaria L. and a further singleton male S. pavonia, little was seen on the wing near Lyndhurst. Nocturnal operations were conducted in clear but rather mild conditions; the actinic trap was left hidden among blackthorn bushes close to Hollands Wood while I went to the heathland near Lyndhurst over- looking Matley Bog to operate a portable m.v. light. The pro- ceedings here opened with a run of Eupithecia nanata ssp. angustea Prout., most of which were in fine condition, to be followed by a number of O. incerta which varied a great deal in colour, and from then until 11.45 p.m. moths flocked to the light. In all 20 species of'macro put in an appearance and I was very pleased to take two fine specimens of O. carmelita, two of Cleora cinctaria D. & S., and one very fresh Clostera pigra Hufn. The actinic trap in the blackthorn thicket also produced a number of moths including one specimen of Panolis 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/ Tis flammea D. & S., and the camp lights attracted the first Diaphora mendica Clerck. of the season among 11 species. The first of May was a day to remember. Having learned that Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. had been noted in numbers in East Hertfordshire in 1972, I resolved this year to try for it in the Harpenden area. Nomansland Common was the obvious choice as blackthorn abounds there. After a few minutes a plump pale green larva with an interrupted pinkish dorsal stripe was dislodged from a large flowering blackthorn bush and within a few minutes a further two were beaten out; three more were beaten out a few days later and went down within hours. Four moths emerged towards the end of the month to confirm the identity of the larvae, and show chloerata to be present in yet another Hertfordshire locality. Portable m.v. light at Nomansland on the 2nd produced 12 species of macro including two melanic specimens of P. ridens: typical ridens appear to be distinctly uncommon in this area, and a further melanic example was noted at Symondshyde Great Wood on the 3rd. On the 4th, back at Nomansland, portable m.v. produced only seven species, but one of these was an example of MNycteola revayana Scop. The weather deteriorated the following day and wet, cold and windy weather was the main feature until the 11th when I, accompanied by spouse, made a weekend trip to the New Forest. Here, portable m.v. light was run on the heathland near Lyndhurst between 9.20 and 11.00 p.m. Despite a chill wind and a clear moonlit night, five specimens of C. cinctaria including one very pale specimen arrived, along with several Peridea anceps Goeze among a total of 11 species. The following morning a ground frost was in evidence in Hollands Wood campsite! The day of the 12th produced a mixture of cloud and sunshine and two specimens of Boloria euphrosyne L. were seen on the railway bank near Brockenhurst in the early afternoon. In mid-afternoon we adjourned to Whiteparish where several specimens of the longhorn Nematopogon swammerdamella L. were taken. The sky clouded over most conveniently at dusk and a very good concourse of moths arrived at the portable m.v. Between 9.30 and 11.30 nineteen species of macro were noted including good numbers of P. anceps, Ectropis consonaria Hiibn. and Thera variata D. & S., a few each of C. coryli and N. confusalis and one fine specimen of Cyclophora annulata Schulze. Two speci- mens of the fascinating micro Alucita hexadactyla L. were also taken. Warm but stormy weather was the predominant feature of the latter half of May and I spent several productive evenings with portable m.v. at Nomansland Common. The first of these was on the 17th when I took 20 species between 9.25 and 11.15, the best of which were Eupithecia abbreviata Steph. (several melanics), Drymonia ruficornis Hufn. (one female), N. revayana (one), Drepana binaria Hufn. (one) and Chloroclystis v-ata Haw. (two). On the 18th we made a trip to the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire where sultry and warm conditions prevailed. Portable m.v. in the Scenic Drive just off the Blakeney-Coleford AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 41 road produced a total of 34 species of macro which included an abundance of P. anceps (including one fine melanic male) and N. confusalis, several of D. ruficornis and Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S., and single specimens of P. flammea, Chesias rufata F., Drymonia dodonaea D. & S. and Xanthorhoe designata Hufn. On the 19th, at Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, I noted a number of Anthocharis cardamines males, and beat larvae of Philereme transversata Hufn. from buckthorn, also several different species of larvae from blackthorn including some Chloroclystis rectangulata L. The warm, humid weather continued and on the 21st, m.v. at Symondshyde Great Wood produced 12 species including several melanic C. coryli, a few male Dasychira pudibunda L. and single specimens of Biston betularia L. (melanic), Meno- phira abruptaria Thunb. and Petrophora chlorosata Scop. The last named was distinctly scarce this year—it is usually a veritable plague in May and June. On the 22nd things began to liven up with a really outstanding night’s sport at Nomans- land Common when 32 species of macro came to light in two hours. Foremost amongst these were six specimens of Lobo- phora halterata Hufn. and one Acasis viretata Hflbn., along with a further female D. ruficornis, two N. revayana, single specimens of Ligdia adustata D. & S. and Electrophaes corylata Thunb., a few Eupithecia exiguata Hiibn. and several each of Lomographa temerata D. & S. and L. bimaculata F. More settled conditions ushered in the beginning of the Spring Holiday and a visit to the Chilterns with portable m.v. on the 24th produced a fine Ptilodontella cucullina D. & S., two Stauropus fagi L., numerous Drepana cultraria F., an abundance of C. coryli and at dusk a specimen of Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. We drove on to Chipping Norton in the early hours of the 25th and later on that day visited the rough grass- lands and disused quarry at Kilkenny on the Cotswolds, about six miles from Cheltenham. There Erynnis tages L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L. were common and that ubiquitous Geometrid E. atomaria was in great abundance and variety with some very lightly marked white females. The following day we camped at Llandogo, in the Wye Valley. Walking along the river bank nearby in the evening we flushed a number of geo- metrids from the herbage, the best of which was an example of Euchoeca nebulata Scop. We then ran the m.v. in the woods above Tintern from 9.45 until 12.45 the next morning. It was an excellent night with 55 species, the best being single speci- mens of Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. and H. bifida Brahm. Others of note were C. advenaria, E. consonaria (including two speci- mens of the form waiensis), C. rufata, Perizoma affinitatum Steph., Plagodis pulveraria “L., Abraxas sylvata Scop., Dis- coloxia blomeri Curt., and Eilema sororcula Hufn. A Robinson’ trap operated nearby with an actinic tube attached produced 13 species including P. pulveraria and X. designata. The 27th dawned fine and bright, but skies soon clouded over, though not before I had noted several Panemeria tenebrata Scop. and 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/735 taken one, the first time I had seen this insect since 1963. Other species of interest were Tyria jacobaeae L. of which one specimen with dove-grey forewings was taken, and Saturnia pavonia L. the males of which were fairly common and, seemingly, in fresh condition. We journeyed back to Harpenden in the evening, arriving back at 10 p.m., whereupon I imme- diately hied to Nomansland Common and operated portable m.v. there until midnight. Outstanding among 40 species noted there were single specimens of Rheumaptera cervinalis Scop. and Tyta luctuosa D. & S. Also taken were two further L. halterata, one A. viretata and an abundance of F. corylata. On the 30th L. halterata and A. viretata were again noted at light among 31 species in the same locality. June opened with cool days and unseasonably cold nights. On the 1st of the month, a number of Asthena abulata Hufn. were noted flying about an hour before sunset around a small copse midway between the outskirts of Harpenden and Nomansland Common. This is the first indication that the species occurs in substantial numbers in the immediate area. A visit to Salcey Forest near Northampton on the 3rd showed Leptidea sinapsis L. to be much commoner than I have ever seen it before. The weather was unsettled with fairly frequent showers and we soon departed for home, visiting a spot on the way at Dunstable Downs just below Whipsnade Zoo. There we found a small colony of Cupido minimus Fuessly and I was delighted to take a specimen of this butterfly with much reduced spotting on the underside. I also took two specimens of Adscita geryon Hiibn. and noted Aricia agestis D. & S. and Polyom- matus icarus Rott. in some numbers. Much more settled conditions returned on the 6th and I took two days’ hastily arranged leave and headed for the Wye Valley via the Cotswolds. At Kilkenny in the afternoon lepi- doptera were in abundance and a specimen that I took of Coenonympha pamphilus L. had the apical eyespot practically obsolete. E. atomaria was again common, and several each of C. minimus, Perizoma albulata D. & S. and Parasemia planta- ginis L. were seen. This area is noted for a colony of Zygaena trifolii Esp. with a high percentage of confluent specimens and this occasion was no exception with several fine examples being seen. Continuing on my journey, I took the motorway down to the Wye Valley, arriving an hour before sunset. After pitching camp, I walked along the river bank, taking specimens of X. designata, P. affinitatum, and E. nebulata, and then drove to the woods above Tintern which had given me such excellent sport ten days previously. On this clear, but warm night, the portable m.v. produced 67 species including several D. blomeri, a female L. halterata, Tethea or D. & S., Hydriomena impulviata D. & S., B. crassalis, Lithacodia pygarga Hufn., and a few worn P. pulveraria. | returned to my lonely tent at 1 a.m. and the following morning headed once again for Charterhouse. This area has been designated an educational nature reserve so its continued survival is hopefully guaranteed. There are still some AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 43 prolific spots outside the reserve boundaries and these produced two specimens of P. tenebrata and one of Adscita statices L., several Boloria selene D. & S., one Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and a specimen of P. icarus with reduced hindwing spotting. From Charterhouse I proceeded to Bratton Camp near West- bury, Wilts., where many butterflies were on the wing. Lysandra bellargus Rott. was fairly common and is clearly recovering in numbers in this area. A few each of E. aurinia and Hamearis lucina L. were seen and P. geryon was very common in one area. C. minimus, Erynnis tages L. and P. icarus were all common, and I took an A. agestis with reduced spotting on the hindwing. Leaving this productive spot, I drove to Surrey where at White Downs I noted 58 species of moth including C. advenaria, P. affinitatum, Acronicta alni L. and several each of Lacanobia contigua D. & S. and Agrotis cinerea D. & S. Operations continued until well after midnight. The following day, the 8th, I returned to Harpenden briefly, collected my wife and departed again for the Breck district. That evening at our usual fenland venue we used both portable m.v. and an actinic trap. Moths came freely to the sheet and by 1 a.m. we had recorded 67 species. Oligia fasciuncula Haw. was very abundant and in great variety, while Earias clorana L. and Lacanobia suasa D. & S. were both fairly common. Other species of interest included Ochropacha duplaris L., Apamea unanimis Hibn., Eupithecia subumbrata D. & S. and E. linariata D. & S. However, it was when we went to inspect the actinic traps that the real surprises came in the form of a fine Mythimna obsoleta Hubn. inside the trap and a Lithostege griseata D. & S. resting on the grass nearby. On the 9th we drove on to the Norfolk Broads, pitching camp near Potter Heigham. I wished to renew my acquaintance with Papilio machaon L. and to introduce my wife to this splendid insect, and so we both walked up the long straight lane from the main Yarmouth road to Heigham Sound where we were almost immediately rewarded by the sight of a number of machaon flying some distance away among the reed-beds, and occasionally swooping over the dyke on which we were standing. Although local, this butterfly seems abundant where it occurs, and it is my confirmed opinion that, owing to the inaccessibility of many of its haunts, it is highly unlikely to be exterminated by even the most avaricious of collectors. The area we visited abounded with almost impenetrable brambles, thistle, nettles and burdock on the dykes, and treacherous terrain was in evidence among the reed-beds. We spent that evening with portable m.v. on the edge of a large reed-bed about a mile from Potter Heigham. The outstanding feature was the abundance of Senta flammea Curt., about 50 being seen in just over two hours. With these were five Simyra albovenosa Goeze, three Hydriomena impluviata D. & S., and a single Spilosoma urticae Esp. Spilosoma lubricipeda L. was very common, and one specimen was so marked as to be wrongly identified as a second urticae. 1 did not find out my mistake until the next at ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1; % day. In all 52 species of macro were noted along with the Pyrales Nascia cilialis Hiibn., Cataclysta lemnata L., and Nymphula nympheata L. Thus ended four days of hectic and very profitable collecting. Back in Hertfordshire my garden m.v. trap was graced by C. cucullina on the 11th, but portable m.v. at Nomansland on the following day produced only 26 species, the best of which was Eupithecia venosata F. Dungeness was our venue on the evening of the 15th where, despite a stiff breeze, 47 species of macro put in an appearance, the most noteworthy of which were Arctia villica L. (four), Hadena albimacula Borkh. (several) and A. cinerea (several, mostly past their best). Deilephila elpenor L. was common but only a few D. porcellus L. were noted. Hepialus lupulinus L. was abundant at dusk and included some almost white speci- mens. Owing to the ignominious collapse of our inflatable tent earlier, we were obliged to return to Harpenden that same night, arriving there just in time to hear the first blackbird serenading the dawn! After a few hours snatched sleep we were off again, on another trip to Breckland. During the late after- noon we explored an area around Herringswell and beat two specimens of Idaea trigeminata Haw. from bushes bordering a lane. Several males of Macrothylacia rubi L. were seen on some open ground farther on, and two specimens of the local Pyrale, Homoeosoma sinuella L. Once again we worked our chosen locality for m.v. light, the fen near Lakenheath, and despite some breeze and a full moon, boxed some fine moths including further specimens of L. griseata and M. obsoleta, Epirrhoe rivata Hfibn. (four), Sideridis albicolon Hubn. (one), Heliophobus reticulata Goeze. (one) and Acronicta tridens D. & S. (one). A total of 70 species of macro were noted in addition to three specimens of the Tortricoid moth Endothenia gquadrimaculana Haw. Less settled weather ushered in the folowing week but by Friday the 22nd it had improved again and we journeyed to Hampshire to operate portable m.v. at Havant Thicket. Despite clear skies and rather cool conditions I recorded 53 species of macro including two Apoda avellana L. and one very fresh Momium alpium Osbeck. Comibaena pustulata Hufn. was common including many in mint condition; other interesting species were Semiothisa notata L. (two), H. impluviata (one) and S. lutea (a virtually spotless male). Among numerous Tortrices I took a specimen of the local Epinotia demarniana Fischer. We then returned to stay with Mr. and Mrs. Peter Rogers who had most kindly offered to put us up for that night. The follow- ing day we drove on to the New Forest, and concentrated our daytime activities on an area of boggy heathland near Picket Post. Half a dozen specimens of Eustrotia uncula Clerck. were taken in the wetter parts of this area in the late afternoon and Crambus pascuella L. was everywhere. We operated the portable m.v. on the heaths between Lyndhurst and Beaulieu recording 50 species of macro between 10 p.m. and 12.30 a.m. (to be continued) 45 Notes on the Duration of the Pupal Stage of some Swallowtails of El Salvador (Lep.: Papilionidae) by ALBERTO MUYSHONDT and ALBERTO MUYSHONDT, JR. 101 Ave. N. |/322, San Salvador, El Salvador In the course of rearing, on several occasions since 1968, many individuals of the species Battus polydamas L., Papilio thoas L., P. cresphontes Cramer, and Eurytides epidaus Double- day, we have determined the usual time spent by these species in the pupal stage in El Salvador. Battus polydamas, whose larvae feed on several local Aristolochiaceae, takes from 10 to 18 days. Young reports in Costa Rica they take from 14 to 16 days (1971, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer., 60: 595-599). Papilio thoas, whose larva feeds on various species of Piperaceae, not on citrics as reported by several authors, takes 16-17 days as pupa. Ross’s records for Veracruz, Mexico, 10 days (1964, Jour. Res. Lep., 3(4): 207- 229). Papilio cresphontes, whose larva feed on Citrics and other Rutaceae: Ruta graveolens L., Casimiroa edulis Llave and Lexarza, takes usually 16 days. Eurytides epidaus, whose larva feeds on various species of Annonaceae, and whose pupa is dimorphic, being at times light green and at times light brown, takes in either case 10 days. Serrano and Serrano report two biological cycles a year (1972, Comunicaciones, 2a. Epoca. 1: 48-78). These have been the normal data obtained from rearing many individuals during practically every month of the year, whether in the rainy or dry season, except for E. epidaus, which has been reared only during June, July and August. The rainy season in El Salvador covers the months from May to October and the dry from November to April. Yet, on some occasions, the pupal stage of these species has been unexpectedly prolonged in some individuals. One of us (A.M.), reported a case of three pupae of B. polydamas out of a brood of seven, which lasted 110, 150 and 199 days respectively (1974, J. Lepid. Soc., 28: 174-175). One pupa of P. thoas, out of four eggs collected the same day at the same locality, spent from 4th December, 1973 to 30th April, 1974, producing a healthy male. Time elapsed as pupa was 147 days. A good friend of ours, Victor Hellebuyck, showed us one pupa of P. cresphontes which lasted from 24th December, 1972 to 23rd December, 1973, when a healthy male emerged. Total time as pupa was 364 days! During 1973 we collected nine larvae in third instar of E.. epidaus from a single tree of Annona purpurea Mocifio and Sessé, which pupated between the 22nd and 25th August. Five pupae did not emerge after the normal 10 days as did the other four, but were left in the pupating cage. After three months one of them was sacrificed to check if anything was wrong with it, and was found to be fresh and apparently healthy. Two months later a second pupa was dissected and again it 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 was found to be all right. So the remaining three individuals were left alone. All of the nine pupae were of the brown morph. On 27th February, 1974, a male emerged from one pupa that had formed on 22nd August, the pupal stage thus lasting 189 days. On 16th April, 1974, a female emerged from a pupa formed on 25th August, 1973, this after 234 days of pupation. The next day the remaining pupa produced a second female. This one also was from 25th August, 1973, and had lasted 235 days. It is worthwhile to emphasise that the nine larvae were kept at all times with fresh leaves of the same foodplant in individual plastic bags which were cleaned every day and kept under similar ambient conditions until pupation, when the pupae were transferred to a wooden cage with windows protected by mosquito-netting, until adult emergence. Ross (loc. cit.) mentions the results obtained by Comstock and Vazquez (Anales Inst. Biol. Mex., XXXI1: 339-448) with pupae of FE. epidaus tepicus Rothschild and Jordan, which spent nine days, having pupated during August. His own experience with four individuals of E. epidaus epidaus (Doubleday, Westwood and Hewitson), which is the same subspecies found in El Salvador, was 201 days in pupation. He warns the reader that his specimens spent three- and-a-half months under natural conditions in Mexico and nearly three months under laboratory conditions in Louisiana, U.S.A. before the adults emerged. According to data from the Servicio Meteoroldgico Nacional (1972, Almanaque_ salvadorento) in El Salvador, temperature conditions on the shoreline (where epidaus is very abundant at the beginning of the rainy season) are within maximums 31.1-32.5°C. (highest being April) and minimums 21.4-24.2°C. (lowest being January). The corresponding figures for San Salvador area, where our studies have been carried out, are 29-32.5°C. and 15.9-18.8°C. It is evident from these figures that temperature is not the factor causing the reported pheno- mena in the four species of Papilionidae; if very low tempera- tures occurred, it would be understandably a state of hibernation. Is rainfall then the responsible agent? Ross (loc. cit.) seems to give this thought some consideration: “‘It is likely that the eastern subspecies epidaus found in Veracruz under- goes a pupal diapause through the period of heaviest rains (September-January) and emerges as an adult after drier weather begins (February-March). To be sure, half the time my pupae were under artificial conditions. However, I believe that the 34 months diapause under natural field conditions is justification for the above suggestion.” In E] Salvador the rainy season ends in October, and from November to April it is dry. So rainfall does not seem to be the explanation either, especially when other specimens reared simultaneously did perform normally, adults having emerged within the expected time limits. We agree, with some reservations, with what F. Slansky says in his paper (as yet unpublished) on relationship of larval foodplant and voltinism pattern in temperate butterflies: ““What selective forces cause the complex voltinism pattern exhibited NOTES ON COLONY OF SYNANTHEDON VESPIFORMIS L. 47 by a number of butterfly species in which part of a brood becomes dormant while the remainder continues normal develop- ment (Scudder, 1889)? Perhaps this may allow these species to exploit marginally favourable periods while maintaining a reserve population for the usually favourable season . . .”’ Our reservations arise from the fact that in our experience the dormant pupae produced the imagines precisely during the period when conditions were dry, and it happens in El Salvador that the butterfly population diminishes to a minimum towards the peak of the dry season (February-April), and starts to build up again when the rainy season is well established (July onwards). It is our opinion Papilionidae in El Salvador (and most probably elsewhere as well) have delevoped the faculty of producing adults at different intervals in order to ensure the continuity of the species in case of disasters destroying the existing active population. Something like humans, their popular wisdom has come to the conclusion: do not put all your eggs in one basket! Notes on a Colony of Synanthedon vespiformis L. (Yellow-legged Clearwing) in S.E. London (N.W. Kent) with Special Reference to the Breeding Site By A. A: ALLEN, B.Sc... A-R2ES. 49, Montcalm Road, London SE7 80QG Whilst examining elm trunks with flowing sap, rot holes, etc., in an avenue just off Blackheath, on 29th July 1972, I came upon a fresh example of S. vespiformis at rest on a large rounded excrescence on the trunk of a wych elm —the first specimen of this handsome moth and I had met with in the district. Closer inspection of the woody swelling on later visits revealed quite numerous empty pupa-cases sticking up through emergence-holes which were scattered at random over it, but not one was to be seen outside its confines on the sound wood. The following year, however, a similar but smaller, smoother excrescence on the roots, just breaking through the soil, likewise had its quota of pupa-cases. The indications were thus of a strong but very restricted colony; and the peculiar preference shown was abundantly confirmed by the fact that on no other tree in the avenue, including fairly fresh stumps, was any sign of the species to be found by close scrutiny on any of the numerous visits made, except for a few more pupa-cases protruding from each of two much smaller swellings on nearby elms—the three trees that harboured the insect being the only ones in the avenue (out of a total of some 30) seen to be cankered. That the pupae 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 1ST 73 really were those of the clearwing was proved by breeding a moth from a living one dug out from under the surface; and a white larva earlier extracted from the large canker produced an identical pupa (enclosed in a tough leathery cocoon) though the imago failed to emerge. On 11th August 1972, in bright afternoon sunshine, a second specimen was found resting on the large growth. It was very sluggish, but a third which arrived in about 15 minutes was far more alert. All four moths obtained were females, to judge by their dorsally yellow tail-fans. The spot is deeply shaded for much of the day and thus little suited for seeing the clearwings in flight — difficult at the best of times; possibly they ascend high into the trees for sunlight. During the two following seasons, though no more adults were encountered, the extruded pupal shells were again present in good numbers— showing the colony to be well established. Further negative evidence serves to reinforce the note- worthy feature of this case: namely, that over the years, in the same district, on none of the several occasions when I have had suitable stumps of elm or other trees under obser- vation for Diptera, etc., in ideal weather, have I ever seen a trace of S. vespiformis in any stage as one would expect to now and then (either as a moth, or larvae under bark of recently cut wood) — given the fact of its occurrence in the area. Every- thing, therefore, seems to point to its virtual restriction in this district to morbid excrescences on trunks (and notably on elm) as the breeding site. I cannot help thinking that this is a habit of the species little known or seldom observed in our country, and Mr. B. R. Baker (of Reading), who is currently engaged in a study of the British Sesiidae, agrees. As to Continental authorities, he informs me that Seitz records the larvae “‘also in rough swellings and cancerous growths of old trunks” (but that the reference here is to oak) and lists also sweet chestnut, walnut and beech (under the bark) but, I understand, not elm. Of the few British works that I have consulted, only an early one (Newman) and a recent one (South, ed. 2) mention elm, but not in the context of these growths. Mr. Baker has examined the latter on oaks, but only found larvae in and under the bark of the stumps, which I believe is true of the majority of entomologists in Britain — certainly of myself up to the time of the experience reported above. Finally I would draw attention to two _ apparent inaccuracies in the descriptions — again in respect only of those standard British works that I happen to have seen. First, they describe the legs as (largely) yellow (Meyrick, Barrett, South), from which one would naturally presume the femora to be (largely) yellow, nothing being said as to their colour; in fact the femora are blue-black. Second, they describe the caudal tuft of the female as almost or quite all yellow (Newman, Barrett, South); in fact it is medially black beneath, with some admixture P. B. M. ALLAN: AN AMERICAN’S TRIBUTE 49 of yellow. These discrepancies, doubtless not very serious in themselves, did however lead me to wonder whether there could be two species mixed under the one name, and as beginners may be puzzled by them I think they should be pointed out. P. B. M. Allan: An American’s Tribute By RONALD S. WILKINSON 228 Ninth St. N.E., Washington D.C. 20002, U.S.A. Upon almost simultaneously receiving the April and May/ June issues of The Entomologist’s Record, 1 learned with great sorrow of the death of my friend and correspondent, P. B. M. Allan, on 31st December 1973. Readers of the Record might be interested in a few facts about the life of the “Old Moth-Hunter” supplementary to those given in his April obituary. He was born in 1884, the son of Alexander Allan and Frances Ann Hamilton-Beattie. In 1914 he married Elsie Kate, daughter of James Whitehead. Having been employed as reader at Smith, Elder & Co. in 1912 and as assistant editor of The Cornhill Magazine, 1912-14, from 1919 to 1932 he headed the publishing firm of Philip Allan & Co. He was elected F.R.E.S. in 1944, and the date of his M.B.E. was 1945. In his Record obituary, J.A. stated that Philip Allan was “the author of three books, A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip, Talking of Moths and Moths and Memories’. All this is true enough, but Mr. Allan’s versatility was reflected in a number of other books, either written, compiled or translated by him. For lepi- dopterists he produced another volume, Larval Food plants (London, 1949), a handbook of considerable utility. But Allan’s interests ranged far afield from collecting sites. To collectors of rare books, he is best known as author of one of the standard volumes on the subject, The Book-Hunter at Home (London, 1920; 2nd ed., 1922). His chapters on the formation and care of a library of antiquarian books and his plea for specialisation in book-collecting helped to guide several generations of book- men, and his book itself has now become uncommon and somewhat expensive due to the demand of present-day biblio- philes. In it, as in all his works, he demonstrated the wit and facility with language well known to readers of his entomo- logical volumes. The Book-Hunter at Home was also published in the United States, where it was well received and is still enjoyed by American collectors. P. B. M. Allan was of course himself a discriminating and knowledgeable collector of books who wrote from experience. Although his other volumes should receive but brief notice in an entomological journal, their range illustrates his versa- tility. Trout Heresy (London, 1936), a book for anglers, was published under his own name, but those who are familiar with his pseudonyms of “Old Moth-Hunter’” and ‘O.M.H.” may 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 not know that a number of his books appeared under other noms de plume. For example, as “Francis Cabochon’”’ he wrote a novel, The Golden Ladies of Pampeluna (London, 1934). As “OQ. Eliphaz Keat” he translated Alexandre Dumas’ version of a tale by E. T. W. Hoffmann as The Delectable Story of Princess Pirlipatine and the Nutcracker (London, 1924). As ‘Alban M. Phillip’? he wrote The Prison-Breakers: A Book of Escapes from Captivity (London, 1927) and compiled A Boy’s Book of Verse (London, 1924). The Prison-Breakers was reprinted in the United States as recently as 1971. As “Philip Murray” he produced a new edition of the exploits of Baron Friedrich von der Trenck as The Strange Adventures of Frederick Baron Trenck (London, 1927). Those interested in Allan’s other full-length efforts can trace them, at times with difficulty, in the printed catalogue of the British Museum. Of course Allan wrote numerous articles, and his entire biblio- graphy would fill a small volume. My own interest in the history of entomology was kindled long ago by reading A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip (London, 1937; 2nd ed., 1948), and during the course of research for many subsequent publications of my own, P.B.M.A. was a frequent benefactor. A few anecdotes about our relationship will illus- trate his kindness to other investigators. After a correspondence of some extent, Mr. Allan invited me to his home during my residence in England for the academic year 1965-66. Then into his eighth decade, he met me at the Bishop’s Stortford station with an automobile and driver. Although ill and having to walk with the aid of a stick, he entertained me with wit and vigour at a local inn at a fine luncheon with a Chateau Latour of excellent vintage. He recalled with vivid memory and considerable humour his early experiences with both moths and books, which antedated my own by half a century. We were then driven to his ancient and picturesque home at No. 4, Windhill. Mr. Allan’s library had recently been damaged by water, due to the failure of a workman to tighten a joint in a pipe, and under the circumstances a number of volumes were laid out to dry. Because of the situation he seemed disinclined to show me his books in toto, and I certainly did not press the matter. He was, however, kind enough to bring out several volumes which he especially wanted me to see. When in the course of conversation it came out that my copy of the 1937 edition of A Moth-Hunter’s Gossip unfor- tunately wanted its dust-jacket, he generously presented me with an almost pristine copy, which he inscribed “With every good wish to / my fellow-worker in / America, from /P B M Allan / 13. xi. 1965’. At the time of my visit, Mr. Allan had partially completed the typescript of a yet unpublished sequel to Moths and Memories, and we spent much of the afternoon discussing his new book and exchanging information. One of the chapters concerned the mysterious “‘Lady” Glanville of Melitea cinxia fame, a subject upon which he had already URESPHITA LIMBALIS D. & S.: POLYGONALIS SENS. AUCT. 51 contributed valuable comments to the Record. Upon hearing that I had recently been investigating the problem of Mrs. Glanville’s identity and was about to publish a paper about her in the Entomologist’s Gazette, he most graciously removed his own Glanville chapter from the typescript and presented it to me to use as I wished. During the afternoon he recalled much interesting information about his other books, such as the fact that due to wartime shortages less than one hundred copies of his scarcest entomological volume, Talking of Moths (Newtown, 1943) were printed, and that he had set much of the type with his own hands. As it happened, I never again saw P. B. M. Allan per- sonally; his illness thwarted several subsequently planned visits. We continued to correspond on topics ranging from our dis- agreement about the reason for captures of podalirius in England to his late advocacy of the old method of setting Lepidoptera on blocks wound with thread. When in January 1974 I was in London on a research trip, I was unable to reach Mr. Allan by telephone, and I sent a telegram requesting the pleasure of a visit, as I wished permission to dedicate my forthcoming book on the history of entomology to him. There was no reply, and until recently I was unaware of the reason; that P. B. M. Allan, in the words of his own “auto- obituary” (printed in the May/June Record) “‘went to earth” only a few weeks earlier. The “‘Old Moth-Hunter’’, now ‘‘box’d securely, lies relaxed at last’. To entomologists, his legacy is his charming and ably written volumes and papers on the British Lepidoptera. When I complimented him on his literary style, he insisted that Augustus Radcliffe Grote was much the better entomological writer in that regard. But P. B. M. A.’s readers will have to decide that for themselves; at any rate, his books and articles will continue to inspire investigators of both the subject and its history. The latter facet of his work must not be overlooked, for he was a pioneer in the recording of early aspects of British entomology. To workers in the evolving field of the history and bibliography of entomology, a phrase from his own epitaph has a double meaning which he did not imply but is yet relevant: ... ponder on the metamorphosis that awaits you. URESPHITA LIMBALIS D. & S.: POLYGONALIS SENS. AUCT. (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) IN 1974.— On 14th September, 1974 I took at m.v. light at Aldwick Bay, Sussex, a striking yet unfamiliar moth. I submitted it to Dr. J. D. Bradley who kindly identified it as this rare immigrant. —RONALD R. PICKERING, 4 St. Mary Abbots Terrace, Kensington, London, W14 8NX. Bo ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/IL/75 A Rationale for Abnormal, Male-dominated Sex-ratios in Adult Populations of Zygaena (Lep.: Zygaenidae) By M. R. SHAw Department of Zoology, University of Manchester A recent paper (Larsen, 1974) in this journal reports the discovery of an apparently male-biased population of Zygaena carniolica Scopoli in the Lebanon and speculates as to the possible biological significance of such a finding. This has stimulated the present author to submit part of the results from a study of the parasites of Zygaena filipendulae L. in the hope that some light may be shed on this interesting phenomenon. Most of the primary parasites of Zygaena, at least in England, show a high degree of host-specificity, and normally attack hosts of no other genus. For this reason, and also because the host colonies are often more-or-less static, Zygaena parasites will tend to act as delayed density-dependent mortality factors and, under certain circumstances, may attain a high percentage parasitism of their hosts. One of the genus-specific parasites of Zygaena in England is Mesostenidea obnoxius (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) which develops as a solitary ecto- parasite of pupae and prepupae inside the host. cocoons, Oviposition taking place after the host has spun up. During the summer of 1973 the author sampled Z. filipendulae cocoons at Abbots Moss in Cheshire, a site at which M. obnoxius was present, although at that time not particularly common. The moths which emerged from one sub-sample were sexed and, as a matter of routine, the lengths of their cocoons were measured. All of the cocoons containing M. obnoxius were measured in the same way, and these data are collected in histogram form below, where it will be seen that the parasite very definitely tends to select the largest cocoons available to it which are predominantly of female moths. The bionomic implications of this are interesting, for it appears that the parasite must exert an influence on the subsequent host popu- lation disproportionate to its actual level of parasitism. Although at first sight this suggests a potentially wasteful over- exploitation of the host by its parasite, it may possibly be of adaptive significance in permitting the out-of-hand rejection of Zygaena cocoons harbouring the usually abundant endo- parasitic Ichneumonid Casinaria orbitalis (Gravenhorst), which are presumably unsuitable for the development of M. obnoxius and also considerably smaller than those of healthy hosts owing to the parasite’s development in the growing larva. Returning now to the population of Z. carniolica discussed by Larsen, it was noted that of the 456 cocoons collected only 170 produced moths, and “most of the rest were parasitised”’. Supposing that a parasite of Zygaena cocoons behaving in a way similar to that found in M. obnoxius were present, it would be simple to determine roughly the level of parasitism Frequencies of cocoon length of Zygaena filipendulae from Abbots Moss, Cheshire, 1973 10 i) 8 Cocoons producing : male moths (one sub-sample) i 4 3 2 1 12 1 10 9 Cocoons producing 8 female moths 7 (from the above sub- 6 sample) : 4 3 2 1 10 g 8 Cocoons harbouring : Mesostenidea obnoxius e (total collection) 5 4 4 2 —_ 17, 18:19:20 21. 22:23) 24925). 26 727) 128 29) 30.31.32 33 Cocoon length (mm) 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 it would need to achieve in order to account for the anomalous sex-ratio observed. Of the 170 moths to emerge from the cocoons two-thirds were male; i.e. about 57 females were inexplicably ‘‘missing’” from the sample of 456 cocoons. A parasite attacking only female cocoons would produce this result at a level of around 12% (i.e. parasitising 25% of the other- wise viable host cocoons), and one attacking females and males in a ratio of 5:1 (below the lowest estimate for the bias reported here for M. obnoxius) would still require only an 18% level of representation to account for the results. For a colonial host likely to have specific parasites these figures are well within the range one might reasonably expect. Reference Larsen, T. B. (1974). A _ possibly Abnormal Sex-ratio in Zygaena carniolica Scopoli (Lep.: Zygaenidae). Ent. Rec., 86: 165-167. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1974 By L. W. Siccs Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 1974 was another poor year; indeed, the worst since the Robinson trap was started in 1962. The months of April, July and October were the lowest recorded and only March was above average. Nights without low temperature, rain or strong wind were exceptional. Specimens Species Nights Total Average Average March 17 1,186 70 8 April 30 1732 58 9 May 31 669 Die 12 June a) 2,986 103 32 July 31 4.410 142 43 August 31 3,818 123 37 September 30 1,698 a7 5) October on 709 23 6 November 20 439 22 5 The total number of species recorded was 316. In contrast to last year, only one species — Cerastis rubricosa D &. S.— put up a record. 211 specimens came to the trap, the previous highest being 187 in 1965. There were three additions to the Minstead list: — Agrotis trux lunigera Steph. _ Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (The first Hampshire record.) Eupithecia satyrata Hiibn. (determined by Mr. D. S. Fletcher). The following species, which are occasional here, were recorded: — Agrotis clavis Hufn., Tethea or D. & S., Moma alpium Osbeck, Elaphria venustula Hibn., Euxoa tritici L., Archanara sparganii Esp., Diloba caeruleocephala L., Idaea NOTES & OBSERVATIONS a) muricata Hufn., Scopula marginepunctata Goez, Chesias legatella D. & S., Ectropis crepuscularia D. & S. A late emergence of Lacanobia contigua D. & S. on 7th August is perhaps worth recording. Migrants In such a poor year generally an influx of migrants could not be expected, and, as the figures show, did not appear. Autographa gamma L. (47), Peridroma saucia Hibn. (porphyrea sensu Edelsten) (1), Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (13), Lithosia quadra L. (1), Rhodometra sacraria L. (1), Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (10), Plutella xylostella L. (maculipennis Curt.) (3). Polymorphism Biston betularia L. Idaea (Sterrha) aversata L. typical 86 (90%) remutata 56 (76%) carbonaria 4 (4%) aversata 18 (24%) insularia 6 (6%) Allophyes oxyacanthae L., typical 3, ab. capucina Esp. 2. Tholera decimalis Poda (popularis F.), typical 24, a pale ab. 1. Alcis repandata L., typical 48, ab. consonaria Hibn. 2. Eilema deplana Esp., typical 1, vars. 3. Notes and Observations LYCAENA PHLAEAS L. AB. SCHMIDTII GERH. IN SURREY, 1974, — This marvellous insect was spotted whilst avidly feeding from a clump of marjoram, but immediately on the sighting it took to the wing. Knowing of the usual habit of this species of returning to its favourite perches, I patiently awaited its further appearance and surely enough was rewarded, as it repeatedly came back, looking most odd in flight with its silvery white wings. I managed to take a really fine series of colour slides of the curious insect in natural positions and including one particularly fine shot of its underside when it held its wings tightly together. An interesting point to note here is that the insect was found in an adjoining Surrey field where in 1973 I photographed L. phlaes ab. radiata. It seems that there must surely be an aberrant strain here and I look forward to 1975 and what other extreme aberration this L. phlaeas colony may throw. — K. J. Wit_LmorTT, 34 Daybrook Road, Merton Park, London, SW19 3DH. ZEUZERA PYRINA L. IN YORKSHIRE.— On the evening of 21st August 1974 at about 8.30 p.m., in the company of my father and other members of my family, including my 12-year- old son who first made the observation, I saw a newly hatched Leopard Moth on the wall of The Feather Hotel at Pocklington, near York. Reference to South confirmed it as a male. MICHAEL REEVES, 25 Ashmount Drive, Rochdale, Lancs. [This species may now be more common in Yorkshire than formerly. Porritt (List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera (1904), 21) has ‘“This 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 species, very common in the south, is seldom seen with us”; on the other hand, Rutherford et al. (The Lepidoptera of Y ork- shire (1970), 46) have: ‘Not infrequently reported and quite widely distributed.’’—Editor.] AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. IN NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. — A specimen of this moth in perfect condition was found in Thrapston in Northamptonshire on 7th October 1974. I think it would be reasonable to assume this to be the offspring of a spring migrant. — P. J. Gent, 3 Irthlingborough Road, Welling- borough, Northamptonshire. [We presume our correspondent bases his assumption on the condition of the insect. However, the view held for many years that perfect condition precluded the possibility of immigration is no longer tenable, since it is now known that certain lepidoptera are capable of traversing immense distances with apparently little damage, if any, to wing structure. But are there any records for 1974 of spring convolvuli -or of the larvae or pupae? — Editor.] AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. IN WARWICKSHIRE IN 1974.—I had just returned from a collecting trip at Studland, Dorset, where I had searched tobacco plants for convolvuli without success. Two days after my return however, a worn male came on 18th August to the m.v. trap in my garden next to Hampton Wood, Warwickshire.— A. F. J. GARDNER, Wood Cottage, Grove Fields, Hampton Lucy, near Warwick. CARADRINA CLAVIPALPIS SCOP. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) IN DECEMBER. — I was surprised to find an apparently fresh speci- men of this common noctuid resting on the outside of my glass kitchen door here in the late evening of 22nd December, 1974. Going through the Record | find the following are of interest: A. A. Allen (vol. 69, pp. 245-6) quotes early dates 20.11.1957, 24.ii1.1957; and Cmdr. Harper (vol. 70, p. 29) quotes cases of specimens in Sussex and Inverness-shire as late as December and as early as March, also in a coal mine (in 19137?) all the year round! — ROBERT CRASKE, 29 Salisbury Road, Hove, Sussex, BN3 3AE. HyYPPA RECTILINEA Esp. (SAXON MOTH) AT WITHERSLACK. — My colleague K. Bevan and I were fortunate in each taking a specimen of this moth at m.v. on 15th June, 1974 at Witherslack. Dark specimens of Apatele alni L. and A. leporina L. also put in an appearance.—D. M. RicHMoND, 1 Walton Terrace, Staining Road, Blackpool. EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA L. AND LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BOISDUVAL IN SUSSEX IN 1974.—This year while operating in m.v. light intermittently and mainly at week-ends at Aldwick Bay, Sussex (SZ8998), I noted EF. phoeniceata to it as follows:— 24-25.vii (one): 17-18.viii (seven at two m.v. lights, and eight NOTES & OBSERVATIONS 57 at an actinic); 19.vili (two at 2100 hrs., one at 2145 hrs., one at 2200 hrs. and one other later); 13.x (one, much worn). My general impressions are: — (1) that phoeniciata is freely attracted to light but apparently more so to an actinic 8 watt lamp than to a 125 m.v. lamp; or, more readily enters an actinic trap than that of an m.v. when they tend to settle outside the latter. (ii) The moth is on the wing at dusk. (iii) The markings appear to conform more generally to fig. 2 on plate 140 of South vol. 2, new edition, 1961. I have already reported that L. leautieri is plentiful at Aldwick Bay. (cf. Ent. Rec., 86:29). It may be of interest that in 1974 on the night of 27th/28th October there were 22 leautieri in the trap there together with a number of other species including two Aporophyla nigra Haw. — RONALD R. PICKERING, 4 St. Mary Abbots Terrace, Kensington, London, W14 8NX. AN ABERRATION OF PIERIS ERGANE (GEYER).—On 29th May, 1974 I was collecting butterflies on the rocky slopes above Mlini, near Dubrovnik in Yugoslavia. | captured a number of specimens of P. ergane and noticed later that a female lacked the usual yellow markings on the underside, and is in fact wholly white except for the black tips on the upper forewings. I would be interested to know if this is a named or perhaps unique form, as I have not seen it mentioned in the literature. — A. A. WILSON, 9 Walton Way, Mitcham, Surrey, CR4 1HQ. CoRNISH NEPTICULIDAE.— Among numerous Nep mines which I collected in Cornwall in early September 1974, were those of Stigmella ulmivora (Fologne) an elm from Manaccan, a new county record; and Ectoedemia albifasciella (Heine- mann) on oak from Frenchman’s Creek, a new vice-county record. I am indebted to Col. Emmet for these determinations. —J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM L. IN S. DEVON IN 1974. — Since noting a M. stellatarum in my m.v. trap on 23rd June, I have recorded the following daylight sightings: — 28.vi (2), Pil) Avis (2). 19 vit Cl) 620-vin., (1), 23. (Le 26.van (hi); 20.vii (2), 2.viii (2), 8.viii (1). All moths were flying along the cliff face at the north end of Clapton Sands.—H. L. O’ HEFFERNAN, 3 Coombe Meadows, Chillington, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. PLUSIA GAMMA L. AND NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA D. & S. IN S. DEVON IN 1974.—P. gamma totals are:— 8th-3lst May (m.v. trap in use 21 nights), nil; June (29 nights), 58, with 26 on 24th; July (31 nights), 13; August (31 nights), 47, with 15 on 30th; Ist to 12th September (9 nights), 12, with 8 on 12th. Total for 8th May to 12th September, 130. N. noctuella totals are: — May, 1; June, 1; July, 2; August, 6; September, nil. 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 Total for 8th May to 12th September, 19. — H. L. O’ HEFFERNAN, 3 Coombe Meadows, Chillington, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. CRAMBUS ULIGINOSELLUS ZELLER, A NEWLY RECORDED SPECIES IN KEnT.—On the hot afternoon of Sunday, 29th July, 1973 I disturbed a pale looking Crambid from the central bog of Hothfield Common Nature Reserve. When set it appeared to be Crambus uliginosellus and this was subsequently confirmed when the specimen was identified by Mr. M. Shaffer at the British Museum (Natural History). This was the first time that this species had ever been recorded from Kent so a further look at the area was carried out by Mr. Steven Whitebread, who found it there again in 1974. Since uliginosellus is an insect of bogs and marshes, it seems likely that it is breeding there. — Dr. I. A. WATKINSON, 166 Sterling Road, Sittingbourne, Kent. NOTE ON THE LARVA OF EPIPHYAS POSTVITTANA (WALKER) IN CORNWALL. —I collected numerous larvae of this moth in West Cornwall, 8th-14th September, 1974, from which I bred a variable series towards the end of that month and throughout October. The larvae occurred to me at St. Ives, Carbis Bay, St. Michael’s Mount, Cadgwith, Mullion, Coverack, Porthleven, Penryn, Falmouth and the Lizard, and were mainly in the shoots of the cultivated purple veronica so prevalent in Cornish hedgerows and gardens. Others were on privet, also odd ones on bramble, ivy, rose, Potentilla sp., Filipendula ulmaria and Teucrium scorodonia. Although Bradley, Tremewan, Smith and Hargreaves (British Tortricoid Moths—Cochylidae and Tortri- cidae: Tortricinae (1973), 127) state that in Devon and Cornwall the larva “‘originally showed a preference for Euonymus japonicus but has since been recorded on other plants’, curiously I failed to find a single larva on Euonymus despite close and frequent searching of that shrub. — J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT. MYTHIMNA L-ALBUM L. IN Essex. — With regard to Mr. Dewick’s note on M. I-album and the editorial footnote (Ent. Rec., 86: 167), I can confirm that that is the first Essex record of this species. I should perhaps explain that | am a member of the Essex Naturalists’ Trust’s Panel which is producing a new Essex Macrolepidoptera and that I have been responsible for compiling the systematic list. We hope to publish it this coming autumn.—G. A. PyMaNn, Treyarnon, The Ridge, Little Baddow, near Chelmsford, Essex, CM3 4RT. MIGRANT MOTHS IN SOUTH CORNWALL IN AuGusT 1974. — While staying near Downderry for two nights the following single specimens of migrant moths appeared in my moth trap: Agrius convolvuli L., fresh female, 14th August; Helicoverpa armigera Hiibn. and Mythimna vitellina Hiibn. 15th August. — C. S. H. BLaTtHwayT, Amalfi, 27 South Road, Weston-super- Mare. NOTES & OBSERVATIONS 59 AGRIUS CONVULVULI L. IN LANCS. IN 1974.— A female Convolvulus Hawk-moth was found in the grounds of the Northern Lawn Tennis Club, West Didsbury, Manchester, at noon on 5th September by the Head Groundsman, Mr. Alan Arthington. — H. G. ALLCARD, 164 Brooklands Road, Sale, Cheshire. NOTES ON Two SPECIES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA RECENTLY ADDED TO THE BRITISH List. — It is natural to feel a kind of parental responsibility for species one has added to the British list and to be more than usually perceptive towards any extension of their known distribution. The note which follows concerns two such species: (i) Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibner (Ent. Record, 83: 291- 295; 84:286-287) This species has now been recorded from the following vice-counties: — VC 19 (North Essex), Littlebury; VC 25 (East Suffolk), Thorpness; VC 26 (West Suffolk), Barton Mills; VC 28 (West Norfolk), Croxton; VC 29 (Cambridge- shire), Chippenham Fen; VC 54 (North Lincolnshire), Woodhall Spa. It seems to be spreading apace and will probably be found in most places in the east of England where sycamores are plentiful. (ii) Ectoedemia erythrogenella Joannis (Ent. Record, 86: 129-130). Though only a year has elapsed since its discovery in Britain, it has already been recorded from the following vice- counties: — VC 9 (Dorset), Portland and Swanage (S. C. S. Brown); VC 11 (South Hampshire), Browndown (D. W. H. ffennell); VC 14 (East Sussex), Newhaven; VC 15 (East Kent), Dungeness; VC 16 (West Kent), Dartford; VC 18 (South Essex), Benfleet; VC 19 (North Essex), Heybridge and Fingring- hoe; VC 25 (East Suffolk), Cattawade to Shotley Gate. It has, in fact, been recorded from every coastal county from Dorset to Suffolk with the exception of the Isle of Wight, where it has not yet been looked for. and West Sussex. In this latter county I searched without success between Shoreham and Littlehampton (my only failure so far); the shores of Chichester Harbour should suit it well and it would be surprising if it did not occur there. In most of these localities it is abundant (far commoner than Stigmella aurella Fabricius). It always occurs close to the sea and seems to favour estuaries. When I first found it at Portland, I imagined it had arrived there direct from Vannes, the type locality situated at the southern base of the Brittany peninsula. Now that it turns out to be so common in south-east England, it seems more likely that it first extended along the north coast of France and then made the shorter leap across the Straits of Dover, where it spread northwards and westwards. It must have existed in this country for a number of years without detection for it now to be so well established. The northern and western bounds as given here mark the limits of search, not necessarily the actual range of the insect. 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15, Ais From larvae collected in October-November 1973, seven adults (five from Portland and two from Benfieet) emerged between the 28th of June and the 8th of July. Mr. Scarsdale Brown tells me he bred about 15 specimens from Dorset. The imagines correspond well with the description I made from French examples in the British Museum (Natural History) (loc. cit.), except that the head is not fuscous as I stated, but ranges from ferruginous to fuscous, most having the centre of the crown fuscous and the frons and sides ferruginous.— A. M. EmMeT, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, 2.xii.1974. Essex INSECTS IN 1974.— On 2ist July I caught a rather small female Mythimna unipuncta Haw. in my m.v. trap in the garden. It is perfect though not quite fresh. As I have bred unipuncta from Tresco and Portland and as, so far as I can trace, it is the only Essex record except half a dozen by Mr. A. J. Dewick at Bradwell, I killed and set it. Immigrants have been rare here this year, although we had a large late brood of Vanessa atalanta L. I cut down all my buddleias at the beginning of October but on 5th October there were five atalanta in the front garden, four sitting on roses and one on the wall of the house. I regret to say I have seen no Nymphalis polychloros L. this year.—H. C. HuccIns, 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. EUPHIDRYAS AURINEA Rott. — A SECOND BROOD SPECIMEN AND FURTHER NOTES ON A SURREY COLONY. — In a past issue of this magazine I wrote concerning a colony of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. near Guildford, Surrey (Ent. Rec., 84:289). At that time (1972), this colony appeared to have been destroyed by a heath fire, but the following year in August, during a rather hopeless inspection of the former habitat, I was surprised and delighted to see a large web of young larvae. In view of the precarious state of the colony I decided to keep a small proportion of these larvae in captivity, as an insurance policy against further mishap in the wild, and I took exactly 20 away. These hibernated on potted Scabious in our garden during the winter of 1973/74. This was particularly favourable to hibernating larvae (vide comments by Major-General Lipscomb, Ent. Rec., 86:170), and all 20 came through the winter un- scathed! As is usual with this species, they fed voraciously in early spring and pupated around the end of April and beginning of May. Roughly equal numbers of both sexes emerged and seven pairings were achieved—two of these pairs remained in cop. for nearly 48 hours. I chose a sunny warm afternoon on 11th June to take these fertile female aurinia back to their original locality, but though I stayed at the site over an hour failed to see a single wild specimen. Indeed there was a critical paucity of Scabious, NOTES & OBSERVATIONS 61 most of which seemed to have been eaten to the ground by unidentified coleopterous larvae; so I took my aurinia females home again where they subsequently deposited over 800 ova. Most of the resulting larvae are at present hibernating in their thick winter webs, and as I have learned that the food-plant appears to be flourishing once again at the Guildford site, | hope to release them there next year. One of these larvae, however, instead of hibernating matured rapidly (under virtually natural conditions and in spite of unfavourable weather) and pupated on 10th September. A male butterfly, somewhat duskier than typical examples from the locality, finally emerged on Ist October. During the last few days of September, after the pupa had darkened, ground frost became prevalent, so I brought the sleeved pupa inside at night. This was the only interference on my part. I have not heard before of aurinia producing a second emergence under these conditions. — Dr. C. J. Luckens, 52 Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton, SO2 4JG. A New LOCALITY FOR PHYLLONORYCTER NIGRESCENTELLA LOGAN IN Kent. — On Sunday, 14th July, 1974 my family and I accompanied John and Jean Roche on a brief trip to the Darent valley, perhaps the only known locality in Kent for Phyllonorycter nigrescentella. We soon located the mines of this species in the lower leaves of Bush Vetch (Vicia sepium). By this late date, however, many of the second generation of adults were evidently already out and many empty pupa cases were projecting from the mines. A number of apparently tenented mines was collected and I was delighted to be able to breed a fine series of this very attractive moth. Since the foodplant is so common and the above mentioned habitat nothing out of the ordinary I made a note to search my own area of Sittingbourne for the moth. A brief search was duly carried out in the late autumn of 1974 and in two out of the three areas looked at, the unmistakable mines were easily found. These were in tetrad TQ 85Z. However, I feel sure I haven’t just stumbled on a local colony and I believe the moth is just overlooked in Kent. It would benefit others interested in this group to make a determined search for the mines in their own areas. The mines are usually on the lower leaves of plants growing in ditches or in hedgerows; places where a degree of shade from higher foliage is given. Often several adjacent leaflets are mined, and very often the mines are buried deep in the grass. — Dr. I. A. WATKINSON, 166 Sterling Road, Sitting- bourne, Kent. NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (LARGE ‘TORTOISHELL) IN SUSSEX IN 1974. — At 5.45 p.m. on 6th July this year at least two specimens of Nymphalis polychloros L. were seen by my family and myself while we were walking in an area of heath and light woodland in Sussex. My mother, who was some 100 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 yards ahead with my younger son, first noticed two large, tawny butterflies flying round a small tree. One of these flew into some surrounding oaks, but the other fluttered down to a patch of bare ground, and sat basking with spread wings. Both my parents are reliable lepidopterists, so when I heard my father relaying the information that they could see a large Tortoise- shell, I covered those intervening 100 yards at a speed that would have been the envy of any Olympic sprinter! When I arrived the butterfly had moved to the trunk of a small tree, and indeed proved to be a superb female polychloros. Her wingspread must have measured a good 24 inches, and the late afternoon sun caught all the russet-gold hairiness of abdomen and inner wing margin. The six of us reverently admired her while she displayed there, until she eventually flew down to the bare earth again for a minute, then round in a wide circle to join her fellow in the oaks. After a wait of about 20 minutes I actually heard the next polychloros before I saw it as it flew past with an audible click of wings. This time it circled without settling, and then “‘struck”’ a large cherry tree at full speed. My parents were able to visit the locality regularly over the next few weeks, and in fact the following day saw another, rather more tattered specimen sunning on a post at about 12.10 p.m. In spite of fairly close observation, both by my parents and myself, no further Large Tortoiseshells have been seen for certain to date; though on 20th July my father thought he saw one fly up from a path in the same area, and on 23rd July my mother also records a probable but unconfirmed sighting. I hope these butterflies may prove to be the nucleus of a thriving colony in this very suitable area. I await next spring with considerable anticipation. — Dr. C. J. LUCKENS, 52 Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton, SO2 4JG. Some LATE DaTEs IN 1974. — In spite of a very lean autumn for lepidoptera in general there were quite a number of interesting late dates for species in the m.v. trap here as follows in chronological order, some being no doubt second broods: — 4th September, Campaea margaritata L: ; 8th Septem- ber, Unca tripartita Hufn.; 9th September, Epione repandaria Hufn.; 13th September, Mamestra brassicae L.; 14th September, Cryphia perla D. & Schiff., and Euproctis similis Fuessl.; 16th September, Crocallis elinguaria L.; 17th September, Cleora rhomboidaria D. & Schiff.; 19th September, Sterrha aversata L.; 26th September, Amphipyra tragopogonis Clerck; 15th October, Hypena proboscidalis L.; 18th October, Euschesis comes Hibn.; 6th November, Dysstroma truncata Hufn.; 8th November, Plusia gamma L.; 21st November, Thera variata D. & Schiff. — C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking. NOTES & OBSERVATIONS 63 HADENA COMPTA D. & S. AT WOKING. — On the evening of Ist August, 1974, I found a somewhat worn female of the Varied Coronet in my m.v. trap here, apparently the first record for this part of Surrey. Ever since its appearance in East Kent in 1948 this insect has been spreading through the eastern counties wherever sweet williams are grown, but it has apparently not extended its range westwards of Bucks., though it is now quite prevalent throughout the London area. Its occur- rence here is therefore not altogether a surprise. —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking, Surrey. HyYDROVATUS CLYPEALIS SHP. IN SUSSEX.—JI was pleased to take a series of this small Dytiscid beetle in a drainage ditch near Camber Castle, between Rye and Winchelsea in East Sussex, on 3rd October, 1973. It was present there in numbers clinging to a filamentous species of alga. This locality appears to be further east than the usual haunts of the species, although Mr. E. Philp of Maidstone tells me that he has come across the odd example in this area on previous occasions. — JOHN Parry, 38 Heather Drive, St. Michaels, Tenterden, Kent. [H. clypealis was first taken in East Sussex in 1937 by F. Balfour- Browne, but I do not know the locality; there are also single records for West Sussex (Chichester), West Kent (Higham) and East Kent (Romney area). South Hants. and Dorset may be regarded as its British headquarters. — A.A.A.] CATHARTUS (AHASVERUS) ADVENA WALTL FROM HAYSTACK REFUSE IN KENT. — Last winter I took a quantity of sieved refuse from an open barn housing baled hay and straw for examination at home, keeping the hay and straw samples separate. The barn is located at Newenden, near Tenterden, Kent. Both hay and straw samples contained large numbers of the beetle Cathartus (Ahasverus) advena Waltl together with very Many commoner species such as Mycetaea hirta Marsham, Cryptophagus affinis Sturm, C. scutellatus Newman, C. puncti- pennis Brisout and Aglenus brunneus Gyllenhal. A few Clambus pubescens Redtenbacher were also present. The straw samples contained smaller numbers (about 16 in all) of Carcinops 14-striata Steph., presumably from the droppings of rodents.— JOHN Parry, 38 Heather Drive, St. Michaels, Tenterden, Kent, 27.xi.1974. [From the later 1930’s onward, Ahasverus advena, up to then extremely rare in out- door situations, has been reported from a number of places in fermenting substances in the open, e.g. in profusion in a hay- stack in Windsor Park. — Cryptophagus punctipennis has for some time been reduced to a synonym of the very common and variable C. philosus.—Carcinops 14-striata has, I think, no special attachment to rodent or other dung, being usually found in well-rotted grass cuttings, compost, or other decaying vegetable matter. — A.A.A.] 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 ERANNIS LEUCOPHAEARIA D. & SCHIFF. IN DECEMBER. — I got quite a surprise in the morning of 30th December, 1974 to find a very black Spring Usher sitting on a window here, as I had never known this moth out before January, but perhaps it is not so remarkable considering the very mild spell during the last ten days of the year which has brought out the vegeta- tion weeks ahead of its normal appearance.—C. G. M. DE WorMs, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking. ORTHOSIA STABILIS L. IN EaRLy JANUARY 1975.—TI had a surprise this morning, 3rd January, to find a Common Quaker in my m.v. trap, an abnormally early date for this spring species which I have only known twice before at this period of the year. — C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking. MELIANA FLAMMEA CURTIS (FLAME WAINSCOT) IN SUSSEX. —JI took a male of this species at m.v. light here on 12th June, 1974 which Dr. J. V. Banner kindly identified for me. There are relatively few records of this moth outside East Anglia and the fens and I would be interested to hear of any other Sussex records or is this the first record of its occurrence in the county? It has been suggested that the specimen may have been an immigrant. However, as about 14 miles from the site of its capture there commence many acres of reed beds lining the numerous interlocked waterways at the mouth of the Ouse, could not this specimen have been one of a colony possibly started by immigration? It would be interesting to know if the native flammea differs in appearance from continental speci- mens. — COLIN PRATT, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. [We only know of one other Sussex occurrence. In 1964, G. Haggett (Ent. Rec., 76: 193) noted a flammea at light at Arundel on 17th May, which may well have been an immi- grant as two others appeared at light in widely separated localities in Kent on 24th May the same year and the only captures of this species in Kent for more than a century. — Editor.] APOCHEIMA PILOSARIA D. & S. IN EARLY DECEMBER. — Single examples came into my trap here on the nights of Ist and 3rd December, when minimum temperatures were around 50°F.: a curious sequel to a very cold October and poor November, I have seen this moth in December occasionally before, but never much before Christmas. — R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. AURELIAN BOOKS Antiquarian, Recent and New Books on Insects, Plants, Birds, Mammals and General Natural History bought and supplied Libraries purchased — Catalogues issued — Personal require- ments searched for. Please advise us of your wants Write or telephone AURELIAN BOOKS, Tumbledown Dick’s, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire Telephone: Much Hadham 2676 POSTAL BUSINESS ONLY ENTOMOLOGICAL DISPLAY MOUNTING CABINETS Wooden construction, of the finest quality, mahogany stained, with glass lid. Total dimensions 174” x 174” x 22” Price £3.25 each, plus 50p postage and packing M. L. HOW 36 Bush Grove, Stanmore, Middx. Telephone: 01-952 4064 BUTTERFLIES ON STAMPS Extend your interest to collecting Butterflies on stamps; many other insects also available Approval selections available, and packets for new collectors A. GRANGER 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds, LS18 5RE A guide to the natural history manuscript resources of the British Isles is being prepared by Gavin Bridson (Librarian, Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OLQ) and Anthony P. Harvey (Librarian, Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 SBD). Relevant libraries, museums and other organisations are being surveyed by means of questionnaire. A particular problem of this survey is the .wide scattering of material as shown by its presence in some unlikely locations and many individuals will, through their own researches, have come into contact with such items. They may also know of undocumented items in public and private collections and might be able to contribute valuable information. The compilers will be grateful for, and readily acknowledge, any such information. The results of this survey are to be published by the Bowker Publishing Co. Ltd. in 1975. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ‘“‘Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae”. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2 9EE, Kent. Back numbers.—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The Maidstone Museum have recently set up a Kent Biological Archives and Record Centre, which can now receive records based on the tetrad system (2 Km. sq.), for all insect orders. In particular, a scheme is being set up to record both Macro and Microlepidoptera from 1971 onward. This is to run in parallel with the very successful plant scheme. The records will be available to any serious student of the Fauna or Flora of Kent. This ambitious scheme obviously must enlist the help of as many resident and visiting Lepidopterists as possible. For further information, please write to: S. E. Whitebread, 2 Twin Cottage, Grove Farm, Higham, Nr. Rochester, Kent, ME3 7NX. Records for other insect orders should be sent to Mr. E. Philp at the Maidstone Museum, St. Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. Wanted. — Samples of Apamea monoglypha (Dark Arches) from MV traps, to aid an investigation into the frequency of melanism in this species. We would like to obtain random samples, caught during the 1974 season, from any locality in the British Isles. If you think you might be able to help and would like further details please write to — J. Muggieton, Dept. of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester NWS OPE Wanted. — HYDROPTILIDAE (Trichoptera) Specimens or data from any part of the British Isles. Identification will be provided, if required by the sender. Material to:— Miss J. E. Marshall, Entomological Dept., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London. Wanted. — Labelled British specimens of Carterocephalus palaemon, Colias hyale, C. australis, Anthocharis cardamines, Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion and Erebia epiphron. Neede to complete collection of British Butterflies for Plymouth Athenaeum. Available in exchange west country bred specimens of Polygonia c-album, Colias croceus, Euphydryas aurinia and Mellicta athalia.—P. Jeffery, 1 Badminton Cross, Harrow, Middlesex. Tel. 01-863 3686. Change of address. —B. R. Baker, Esq. to 25 Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berks. Wanted —for research purposes — parasitic Hymenoptera reared from identified Lepidopterous and other hosts. If you are willing to help and would like further details, please write to— Dr. M. R. Shaw, Dept. of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester 13. Wanted — Light Trap. Recorder needs portable trap, as designed by J. Heath, burning 8 inch 6 watt tube. As trap is wanted for both battery and mains operation, inclusion of a mains control unit, in addition to the balast unit, would be desirable. No batteries required. Buyer will view and collect anywhere in or near Oxfordshire; or purchase elsewhere by post.— C. Garrett-Jones, 16 Conduit Road, Abingdon, OX14 1DB. Abingdon 376. THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on (a) Leaf miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of candidates and of the plan of work proposed. Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces- sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer- ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In total, they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1975/76. Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may qualify. 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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. SARUMAN (incorporating the Butterfly Centre) Business Reg. No. 1685058 V.A.T. Reg. No. 210 4043 36 Specialists in British and World Lepidoptera and Entomologica Equipment — Literature — Livestock — Photographs 58 HIGH STREET, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 1XF ENGLAND Telephone: Tunbridge Wells 31926 Hours: 9.30 a.m.—s.30 p.m. except Wednesdays and Sundays Directors: Paul Smart, F.R.E.S., Gita Smart; Consultant: John Muirhead; Technical Staff: Trevor Scott, Chris Samson, F.R.E.S. Main catalogue ‘Butterflies Presented by Saruman’. 1000 plus species listed: equipment: books: etc., 40pp. inc. colour plates 85p plus 10p postage Supplementary lists (10 issued per year): 40p per annum Wanted to Purchase — Collections, Cabinets, Entomological libraries, large or small; Livestock, etc. In your replies please mention ‘The Entomologist Record’ CONTENTS Lepidoptera in Dordogne, South West France in ii 1974. R. F. BRETHERTON Among the British Lepidoptera, 1973. B. G. WITHERS . Notes on the Duration of the Pupal Stage of some Swallowtails of El Salvador (Lep.: Papilionidae) ALBERTO MUYSHONDT and ALBERTO MUYSHONDT, Jr. z Notes on a Colony of Synanthedon "vespiformis | (Y ellow-Legged Clearwing) in S.E. London (N.W. Kent) with Special Reference to the Breeding Site. A. A. ALLEN _P. B. M. Allan: An American’s Tribute. RONALD S. “WILKINSON 'A Rationale for Abnormal, Male-dominated Sex-ratios in Adult Populations of Zygaena (Lep.: Zygaenidae). M. R. SHAW . New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1974. L. W. SIGGS Notes and Observations: Uresphita limbalis D. & S.: polygonalis sens. auct. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in 1974. RONALD R. PICKERING ... me Lycaena phlaeas L. ab. schmidtii Gerh. in Mei is 1974. K. J. WILLMOTT bas Zeuzera pyrina L. in Yorkshire. MICHAEL REEVES . Agrius convolvuli L. in Northamptonshire. P. J. GENT O. Agrius convolvuli L. in Warwickshire in 1974. A. F. J. GARDNER , re a Me tie Caradrina clavipalpis ‘Scop. “CLep.: Noctuidae) in December. ROBERT CRASKE Hyppa rectilinea Esp. (Saxon Moth) at Witherslack. D. M. RICHMOND : Eupithecia phoeniceata ‘L. and Lithophane leautieri Boisduval in Sussex in 1974. RONALD R. PICKERING . An Aberration of Pieris ergane (Geyer). A. A. WILSON . Cornish Nepticulidae. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT Macroglossum stellatarum L. in S. Devon in 1974, ae: i O’HEFFERNAN . Plusia gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella D. & S. in S. "Devon in 1974. H. L. O7HEFFERNAN _.... Crambus uliginosellus Z. in Kent. DR. I. A. WATKINSON . Larva of Epiphyas tt ky (Walk.). J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT Mythimna l-album L. in Essex. G. A. PYMAN . Migrant moths in S. Cornwall, August 1974. C. Se BLATHWAYT _... Agrius convolvuli L. in Lancs. in 1974. H. G. ALLCARD . Notes on Two Species of Coe Sita ais arr to the British List. A. M. EMMET Essex Insects in 1974. H. C. HUGGINS . Euphidryas aurinea Rott.—A Second Brood Specimen and Further Notes on a Surrey Colony . DR. C. J. LUCKENS A New Locality for Phyllonorycter eee Logan in Kent. DR. I. A. WATKINSON __... Nypmphalis polychloros L. (Large Tortoishell) | ‘in Sussex in 1974. DR. C. J. LUCKENS . Some Late Dates in 1974. C. G. M. de WORMS Hadena compta D. & S. at Woking. C. G. M. de WORMS . Hydrovatus clypealis Shp. in Sussex. JOHN PARRY . E Cathartus (Ahasverus) advena Waltl from Haystack Refuse. in Kent. JOHN PARRY i Erannis leucophaearia D. & S&S. in ‘December, ‘CG Me & WORMS . de nes ay ee sok se sie Orthosia stabilis L. in Early January 1975. C. G. M. de ORMS Meliana flammea Curtis (Flame Wainscot) in Sussex. COLIN A pocheima pilosaria D. & S. in Early December. R. F. BRETHERTON .... ; by Mie Ni i fis - Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL VOL. 87, No. 3 LLL AAT S a ~ tne v a vy, Sw, A ~~, <7 A, te Yk YR DK DAK DA y at at vt mn WW wt yt at » ie Mob ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGIns, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 87 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to | Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 0QN March 1975 PUBLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 40p Studying Insects A Practical Guide R. L. E. FORD £2.95 net 0 7232 1705 X This is a revised edition of an earlier volume, Practical Entomology, and reflects the current emphasis on studying living insects rather than on collecting and killing them. Although primarily concerned with butterflies and moths, the book also covers groups such as ants, wasps and humble- bees, and has sections on breeding insects and on conserva- tion. With 16 pages of plates in colour and black and white. Colour Identification ‘ Guide to British Butterflies T. G. HOWARTH, B.E.M., F.R.ES., £3.95 net 0 7232 1710 6 This attractive and useful guide contains the 48 colour plates from T. G. HOWARTH’S larger work South’s British Butterflies. In addition there are sections on Variation, Conservation and Collecting, Families, as well as Information Tables, Glossary, Identification Key and Classified List of Butterflies. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. 40 Bedford Square London WCI1B 3HE Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p LIVESTOCK — please send 15p for current catalogue of Ova, Larvae, Pupae, Cocoons, etc. R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the ‘Hill’ Interchangeable Unit Systems formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. Cattle, Limited Precision Woodworkers P.O. BOX NO. 1 Oxford Road, Gerrards Cross, Bucks. Tel. Gerrards Cross 87131 (4 lines) Throughout the year we offer the widest range of Livestock! Full list in our latest catalogue Worldwide Butterflies Ltd. Over Compton, Sherborne, Dorset. NEW ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS MAHOGANY VENEERED CABINET WITH LOCKING DOORS. 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For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 5p stamp to cover postage) to:— R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. It’s official organ, Country-Side (published three times a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £1.50 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., ‘Willowfield’, Boyneswood Rd., Four Marks, Alton, Hants THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by W. A. SLEDGE, Ph.D., B.Sc. Annual subscription: £2.00 (post free) Single numbers S50p Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p, plus 5p postage Also MARCROLEPIDOPTERA OF SPURN HEAD, E. YORKSHIRE (The Naturalist 1974). Price 25p, plus 34p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2 9JT Plate I ‘ozIs TeInyeu [Xx Ayovewrxoidde soimstq | opisiopuy, 4 sdAJOT[Y oy[BJ “Qe :1YSII Wo}0g ‘Opisiopuyy P Sisuazpjou wusoJ [eordAy 234811 doy, ‘opistoddq 4 adAjol[y ayyey ‘qe :1Jo] Wono0g ‘opisioddg p sdAjojoxY eyesuey ‘qe :1J0] doy IOUPID YIADJIO S1IAdg 65 Three Aberrations of Precis octavia Cramer (Lep.: Nymphalidae) from East Africa By L. McLrop 25 Sleford Close, Balsham, Cambridgeshire, England Since 1964 the writer has carried out investigations of the environmental variation in many of the African species of the butterfly genus Precis. This genus is remarkable for the variation of wing shape, and pigmentation shown by some of its members. The investigations have especially focussed on two species, namely P. octavia Cramer and P. archesia Cramer. Both of these species exhibit extreme seasonal variation. During the course of these studies many hundreds of insects have been raised under laboratory conditions. Although the variation of pigmentation and wing pattern in P. octavia is probably the most extreme example in the Lepidoptera, this variation follows a set pattern (McLeod 1968). Any deviation from the normal range of variation can at once be seen. The investigations still continue and quantities of living insect material are frequently received by air mail from several regions of Africa. In 1972 a quantity of living P. octavia butterflies was received from Uganda. Amongst them was a very unusual aberration. This butterfly died soon after arrival, the possibility of breeding from it thus being lost. This butterfly is described below together with a new but less striking aberration which appeared in breeding stock during 1966. | The third aberration was briefly mentioned in print some 52 years ago (Poulton 1923) following its exhibition at the Royal Entomological Society of London. While writing on this specialised topic I take the opportunity of naming this “important” aberration. Precis octavia sesamus ab. falke ab. nov. Allotype °: Collected at 6,500 ft. near Sipi on Mt. Elgon, Uganda by Rev. H. Falke, 9th December, 1972. The insect was flying with many other normal P. octavia f. natalensis Staudinger. Two f. sesamus Trimen were also seen. Eight octavia, including this aberration, were sent alive by air mail to the writer. The specimen was exhibited at the Royal Entomological Society of London on 21st February, 1973, and at the Annual Exhibition of the British Entomological and Natural History Society on 2nd November, 1974. In the McLeod collection. This aberration varies from the typical form natalensis in that the black marginal band of the outer border is wider and extends inwards towards the wing base. This is most extreme on the hindwing, both upperside and underside, where the black marginal band actually joins the row of post-discal spots. On the forewing this only occurs in cellule 1b. The two rows of white lunules enclosed by the black 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/IL/75 marginal band are also greatly enlarged, especially the proximal row which are wedge-shaped. On the underside the black area at the wing base of the hindwing is extended and completely obliterates the four cream/pink circular areas normally enclosed by it. The black bar which traverses the distal end of the cell of the forewing joins on to the black area which runs from the wing base along the inner margin. This character may or may not be typical of ab. falke. It is also seen in f. transiens Wich- graf but ab. falke is somewhat different in lacking the dark brown areas which occur distal to this black bar. Precis octavia sesamus ab. langata ab. nov. Holotype ¢: Bred by the writer ex-Karen, Nairobi, Kenya, December 1966, together with many other f. natalensis. In the McLeod collection. This aberration differs from the typical f. natalensis in that the post-discal spots in cellules 5 and 6 of the hindwing join together to form a very short bar. This character is seen equally on both upperside and underside. It appears to result from the termination midway along its length of vein 6. Precis octavia sesamus ab. albonotatus ab. nov. Holotype ¢: Collected at 6,000 ft. near Karen, Nairobi, Kenya, by Dr. V. G. L. van Someren in June 1919. The speci- men was presented to Prof. E. B. Poulton and exhibited at the Royal Entomological Society of London on 12th October, 1923 (Poulton 1923). In the collection of the Hope Department of Entomology, University of Oxford. As in form sesamus Trimen, except that the circular areas distal to the post-discal spots of both fore and hindwings are white instead of red. The specimen is rather badly damaged on both hindwings. Although recorded in the southern race, ab. albonotatus is undoubtedly a result of the same genotype which produced the albinism of ab. kuali Heslop (Heslop 1959). Ab. kuali has been recorded from the north-western race (Heslop 1956). It was collected at New Kwale, Nigeria on 31st August, 1941 and is characterised by the orange/red pigment of f. octavia being replaced by white. This specimen is now in the City Museum, Bristol. This example of a single aberrant character appearing in the two extreme seasonal forms of a species is perhaps unique and worthy of note. A rare aberration of f. natalensis in which white patches occur on the hindwings was reported from Rhodesia (Pinhey 1949). Dr. Pinhey later stated that he was unaware of the whereabouts of this specimen and that it was not in the collec- tions of the National Museum, Bulawayo or the Department of Agriculture, Salisbury (Pinhey 1970). The writer has examined many collections in east and southern Africa and in November 1974 located a specimen in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, which may be the one mentioned by Pinhey. However, in the writer’s opinion it is not a genetical Plate II Precis octavia Cramer Top: ab. falke. Living specimen at rest. Bottom: typical f. natalensis collected at the same locality on the same date. Figures approximately xl natural size. wn A VISIT TO SKOMER 67 aberration but is the result of some physical interference or imperfection at the time of pigment deposition. The same lack of pigment in small areas of wing is frequently seen in the Argynnidae. Acknowledgements The writer is grateful to Mr. P. F. Bird of the City Museum, Bristol for colour transparencies of ab. kuali and also to Mr. E. Taylor, Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford for colour transparencies of ab. albonotatus. The writer is indebted to Rev. H. Falke, Kisubi, Uganda, the late Mr. R. W. Wells and Mr. T. Schofield of Natal, South Africa, and Mr. J. A. Whellan of Limbe, Malawi, for supplies of living P. octavia insects. References Heslop, I. R. P. 1956. White Varieties of two Vanessid Buiterflies. Entomologist, 89: 198. , 1959. Precis octavia Cramer ab. kuali ab. nov. Entomologist, McLeod, L. 1968. Constant Environment Experiments with Precis octavia Cramer. J. Res. Lepid., 7: 1-18. ——_——, 1973. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Series C, Vol. 38, p. 2. Pinhey, E. C. G. 1949. The Butterflies of Rhodesia. Salisbury, Rhodesia. ——., 1970. Personal communication. Poulton, E. B. 1923. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., xi. A Visit to Skomer By P. M. HEATH Churchill Hall, Stoke Park Road, Bristol My sister and I intended to visit this small island off the coast of Pembrokeshire during Ist to the 6th of September, 1973. I had no idea what the lepidoptera would be like, but took a portable blacklight with me. As it turned out, the Ist of September was a terrible day with lashing rain and howling winds and we were unable to cross to the island. We found a place to stay at St. Martin’s Haven and I ran my trap on the cliffs. There was nothing interesting to record but I list the species taken since the traps we ran later on Skomer, only a short distance away, yielded completely different results. The moths recorded were Luperina testacea D. & S., Diarsia rubi View., Gortyna micacea Esp., Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn., Malacosoma neustria L. and Noctua pronuba L. On the bracken surrounding the trap were several Ceramica pisi L. larvae. The 2nd of September proved to be a glorious day, the wind having dropped arid the skies cleared. While waiting for the boat to take us to the island, I saw my first Vanessa cardui L. for three years. The moment we landed on Skomer, Eumenis semele L. was observed and proved to be very common, but only at this one rock locality; on the other hand, Pararge megera L. was common both here and throughout the island. While walking to the chalets in the centre of the island, we saw Lycaena 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 phlaeas L., Aglais urticae L. and Vanessa atalanta L. Once again, the striking C. pisi larvae were numerous on the bracken and brambles. In the afternoon, a heavy fog set in and the fog-horn started. This was the weather and sound we were going to become very familiar with during our stay. Even though the weather was so bad, I decided to put the trap out that evening. I chose a sheltered spot a quarter of a mile along the path leading to the Garland Stone. The vegetation was mixed, con- sisting of heather, bracken and bramble. Despite my placing it behind a wall, the wind was so gusty I had to weigh the sheet down with rocks. On the way back from setting the trap, I found the path was swarming with toads and frogs. There were sO many it was impossible not to step on them. There were also numerous young shearwaters. These birds were still totally unable to fly and would rush off at your approach and dive noisily into the bracken. At one spot we were repeatedly “attacked” by a short-eared owl: no evening walk on the island was dull! I was pleasantly surprised in the morning to find I had quite a large catch. Among the 21 species taken, Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. was the commonest and there were several Gortyna flavago D. & S., Amathes agathina Dup., Antitype xanthomista Hiibn. and Arenostola pygmina Haw., together with a single Euxoa obelisca D. & S.—quite a promising start. The weather proved similar to that of the previous day, a good morning with fog coming down in the afternoon. Maniola jurtina L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L. were the only additional butterflies, both being common throughout the island. A single Euphyia bilineata L. was beaten from some bramble and we saw larvae of Diataraxia oleracea L. and Cycnia mendica Clerck. That evening I put my trap amongst some heather near a lake which had some reeds on the far side. As the weather was not too bad, I decided to stay for a while. I had not realised the implications of being almost on top of a great black-backed gull colony. These gulls made repeated close passes and in the dark on your own I can assure you it is a very frightening experience. When amidst a terrifying noise a gull landed on my head and then hopped on to the sheet, I decided to give up and returned to the chalet. The actual species I recorded in the morning were a bit disappointing but their numbers were surprising, for well over a hundred of both P. glareosa and A. agathina were present. It was interesting to find that the majority of both species were f. rosea Tutt; indeed, most species seemed to be brighter than those on the mainland. There were also a few additions to our previous records, the most interesting being Eupithecia nanata Hubn., Hadena bicruris Hufn., Lygris testata L., Amphipyra tragopogonis Clerck and Rivula sericealis Scop.; surprisingly for a light trap, V. atalanta was also present. The 4th of September proved to be a nice warm day but, A VISIT TO SKOMER 69 although many butterflies were flying, nothing fresh of interest was seen. That night I decided to run the trap about three- quarters of a mile along the path leading to the Wick. I expected this to be a superb site and so it proved. The trap was placed in a small, sheltered valley, which was covered in a mass of heather, and close to a small dried-up pond. I wish I had stayed with the trap but the night was clear and I thought little of the chances of a good catch. Yet the fact that in the morning I found some 712 moths in the trap speaks for itself. There were well over 300 A. agathina and 200 P. glareosa, which for a small blacklight with a 6-watt actinic tube, is really incredible. There were some other nice species as well, including Agrotis trux Hiibn., Scopula conjugata Borkh., Cryphia muralis Forst., Heliothis armigera Hiibn., Hadena rivularis F. and H. bicruris Hufn. Like an idiot, I did not stay in this sheltered valley for my two remaining nights’ trapping but moved to other sites I had previously chosen. The following day was pretty miserable with fog materialis- ing at regular intervals. The only highlight was when a very battered Lyncometra ocellata L. crawled out of my sleeping bag. That night I put the trap on a different path leading to the Wick. This was in a much exposed position with ferns as the main vegetation. Unfortunately I placed it in the middle of shearwater colony—with disastrous results as you will hear. After setting the trap I decided for a change to walk round the island using a Tilley lamp and beating tray. At the Wick I paused to shine the light on a clump of ragwort and saw a fresh specimen of Rhodometra sacraria L. feeding on the flower head. Shortly after this I netted a second but a third eluded me as it flew over a precipitous cliff. The rest of the walk was uneventful save for the capture of a second A. trux. After a restorative drink at the chalet, I went to look at the blacklight and found it surrounded by 30 young shearwaters. As I was only too well aware of the damage they could inflict, I kept guard over the trap for about an hour, but when the Tilley lamp went out I decided to retreat for it had turned cold and the dew was falling heavily. In the morning I hardly recognised the trap for it was on its side with the contents spread all over the ground. The sheet was a crumpled mess and saturated with dew. To cap it all, the battery had gone flat! Though few moths remained, there was one interesting addition in Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. Still, from the 700 odd specimens of the previous night to sink below 50 was rather a disappointment. Luckily the warden had just obtained a generator from the mainland and he was kind enough to unpack it so that my battery could be recharged. The 5th of September proved unfruitful, though the weather was good; only Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Nymphalis io L. were added to the week’s list. That night I put the trap in a sheltered spot near High Cliff. It was slightly boggy, a mixture of ferns and bramble being the predominant vegetation. As a last-ditch effort I stayed with the trap the whole night, and 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 pretty unrewarding it proved. I removed one clumsy shearwater who seemed determined to knock the trap over and a fat frog which was busy eating all the moths as they came along. Xanthorhoe spadicearia D. & S. was the only addition, but there was a welcome second FE. lichenea. The most striking feature was the total absence of any A. agathina despite the fact that the area of heather where it had been so numerous was only half a mile away. So even on a very small island it would have been easy to overlook this insect. P. glareosa on the other hand was prevalent throughout the island and was not restricted to the heather areas. E. obelisca was usually numerous at all the traps, as were A. xanthomista and G. flavago, all these moths generally regarded as being scarce. The occurrence of V. atalanta in plenty, several R. sacraria and a single H. armigera indicated that it was a good migratory year. We left on the 6th of September after a most enjoyable five days. The fondest memories I shall have will not be of the moths but the shearwaters—stupid and annoying but so very appealing and charming. There is still a lot to be found on the island. We recorded 48 species and I hope we shall have some further successes when we go again in 1974. The only records of the area prior to my visit were made by a past warden who listed 94 species; this has now been increased to 110. If anyone has any records of the area I should be very grateful to have them for in the near future it may be possible to publish a list of the island’s macrolepidoptera. Finally, I would like to thank John Davies, the warden, and Dr. Bray of the Nature Conservancy for permission to collect in the reserve and for all their help and advice. Among the British Lepidoptera, 1973 By B. G. WITHERS, B.Sc. ““Onaway”’, 18 Broadstone Road, Harpenden, Herts., AL5 1RG (concluded from page 44) the following morning. Several females of M. rubi were early arrivals and showed a remarkable range of size. Lycophotia porphyrea D. & S. was common and other noteworthy species included Mythimna pudorina D. & S., Boarmia roboraria D. & S., H. impluviata, C. pustulata and a very late M. abrup- taria. Little collecting was done the following week as we were preparing for our Continental holiday beginning 30th June. Our return on 12th July was marked by warm but stormy conditions and the garden trap was the only source of moths at this time, with one specimen of Plemyria rubiginata D. & S. on the 15th being the best of a poor bunch. An evening trip to the Chilterns on the 18th produced 50 species of macro in rather cool, damp conditions. D. blomeri was fairly common AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 71 with some very small specimens among their number, while Abraxas sylvata Scop. abounded as usual; singletons of Acronicta leporina L., Apamea characterea Hibn. and Mesoleuca albicillata L. were also taken. Weather conditions again deteriorated for several days and it was not until the 24th that I ran the m.v. on Nomansland Common where 65 species of macro were recorded in an hour and a half. Cosmia pyralina D. & S. was very common and mainly in mint condition while Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn. was abundant. Eilema complana L. was also well to the fore and other species of note were Ennomos erosaria D. & S. (a female which laid freely), Spaelotis ravida D. & S., Euphyia unangulata Haw., P. trans- versata and Eupithecia succenturiata L. Further evenings in the same locality on the 28th and 30th produced many of the species referred to above but nothing more of note. Warm weather on the 3lst prompted us to take a couple of days’ leave and make a trip to Dorset, where, near Studland, we were forced to camp on the roadside amidst a plethora of caravans and dormobiles whose occupants had found, as we had, that pitches on campsites in this area at this time are at a premium to say the least! We operated the m.v. light at Shell Bay within earshot of the ferry and moths soon arrived in numbers. Prominent among these were Mythimna litoralis Curt. which was fairly plentiful and a few M. straminea Treits. Per- haps the best of 35 species was a single example of Scopula emutaria Hiibn. The Pyrale Anerastia lotella Hiibn. also put in a welcome appearance. The following morning, 1st August, we dismantled the tent from the roadside and drove to Portland where butterflies, particularly Lysandra coridon Poda., were exceptionally abundant, and some good vars. of this species were taken in the evening by inspecting the resting thousands on the grass stems. One male var. fowleri and several var. basijuncta were among these, also one male with exceptionally large underside spots. I do not possess a copy of Bright and Leeds, so am at a loss to know what to call it. The memory of this brilliant day with the banks seething with coridon will long remain to cheer these dull winter days. That night we operated the portable m.v. near Church Ope Cove having pitched the tent on the cliff top in a stiff breeze. Two fellow entomologists, who had also been hunting coridon vars. bedded down alongside us. The light was first of all run with a sheet and produced hosts of moths, Noctua pronuba L. being in such numbers that they almost smothered the sheet and numerous individuals ascended the trouser legs of the onlookers giving: rise to unexpected and unseemly war dances. However, among these vulgar plebs were more select species such as Cryphia muralis Forst. (five specimens), Gnophos obscuratus D. & S., Perizoma bifaciata Haw. and two late Idaea degeneraria Hiibn. A number of Pyrales was also noted, including fine fresh specimens of Pyrausta cingulata L. and Oncocera semirubella Scop. and several Mecyna asinalis Hibn. At midnight the generator was refilled and the m.v. light ep: ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 attached to a Robinson trap and left overnight. The following morning the trap contained about a thousand moths, of which N. pronuba constituted about 90 per cent. Among this gathering we found single specimens of S. degeneraria and Agrotis trux Hiibn. During the Jate morning and early afternoon, we examined a large stand of reed mace at Lodmoor, and found pupae of Nonagria typhae Thunb. there in plenty which pro- duced some fine moths a week or so later. With weather conditions showing signs of deteriorating we drove the 120 miles to my parents’ home at Chipping Norton where we stayed overnight and operated a static Robinson trap there in the garden. Single specimens of S. ravida and Rhyacia simulans Hufn. were the most noteworthy insects in a good-sized catch which again comprised a large percentage of N. pronuba. We returned to Harpenden early in the morning of 3rd August. Owing to indifferent weather, little of interest appeared at the garden trap and on two trips made to Nomansland Common. The beginning of a heatwave on the 19th inspired us to travel to Suffolk where a total of 66 species of macro came to our favoured spot near Lakenheath. One of the first to arrive was a very fine specimen of Scopula rubiginata Hufn. and another equally fresh specimen of this species appeared much later in the evening. Arenostola phragmitidis Hiibn. was plentiful as was Semiothisa clathrata L. and a worn melanic specimen of the latter was taken. Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. was also surprisingly common and other items of interest were several each of Harpyia furcula Clerck and Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. and a single specimen of Photedes fluxa Hiibn. The early part of the morning of the 11th was occupied with setting the previous night’s prizes and later we drove on to Walberswick pitching camp on the dunes by the sea amongst a horde of other campers. Toadflax was growing in abundance nearby and a handful of this plant eventually produced about two dozen pupae of Eupithecia linariata D. & S. Portable m.v. operated in the middle of a nearby reed-bed produced a host of moths of 42 species, including Photedes brevilinea Fenn. in abundance along with considerable numbers of Archanara dissoluta Treits., A. neurica Hiibn. and S. albovenosa. A single specimen of Euxoa cursoria Hufn. was also taken, evidently a stray from the nearby sandhills. Despite a stiff onshore breeze, an actinic trap left outside the tent all night produced four each of Apamea oblonga Haw., and E. cursoria, also S. ravida, L. suasa, P. brevilinea and a single specimen of the local Crambid Agriphila latistria Haw. The heatwave continued and IJ decided to go to Chipping Norton to try for further R. simulans, and arrived there on the evening of the 13th having dropped my wife off at Harpenden. A further specimen of simulans was taken at m.v. light that night and during the day I found yet another at rest between wooden planks in a barn on a friend’s farm. A trip to Charlecote near Warwick was rather disappointing, largely due, I think, to a full moon. Three Cosmia affinis L. were noted, but no Cosmia AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 73 diffinis L. for which this area is renowned. I understand it was taken in numbers at sugar a day or so later—perhaps this method would have been a better bet, but I was not carrying any “‘sugar’ on this occasion. The commonest moth to m.v. was the tiny pyrale Acentria nivea Olivier which swarmed, and the only other “‘macro”’ of interest was a male Orgyia antiqua L. which arrived at the light at almost 11 p.m. I returned to Chipping Norton to find another R. simulans awaiting me in the static trap set in my parents’ garden. The next two days were very hot and being mainly occupied with social events, it was not until the 16th that I was able to visit Nomansland again; on this occasion 60 species of macro arrived at m.v. light within two hours. Among these were C. affinis, Amphipoea oculea L., Ipimorpha subtusa D. & S., S. ravida, Scoliopteryx libatrix L. and several Eupithecia icterata Vill. P. pruinata was still in evidence but by now well past its prime. The heatwave gave way to much cooler conditions the following day and it was in rather chilly and very clear weather that we ran our light in Nottinghamshire, among birches on the Edwinstone-Ollerton Road. Our main quarry, FEnargia paleacea Esp. failed to put in an appearance but a few fine specimens of Diarsia dahlii Hiibn. were a welcome consolation prize. Three specimens of Xanthia icteritia Hufn. also arrived (this seems very early for us southerners, but I understand the Species appears earlier in more northern parts), including one of the form flavescens. In all only 25 species were recorded by 11 p.m. and so we packed up and made the return journey down the M1 that night. On the afternoon of the 18th we made a quick trip to Surrey and, having pitched camp near Box Hill and arranged for a plug-in for the Robinson trap, hied to White Downs where both portable m.v. light and an actinic tube were operated. The cooler weather in the north had not yet reached the south-east and so this warm and rather hazy night saw 52 species of macro at the two lights. Horisme vitalbata D. & S. was fairly common and several D. cultraria were also noted. Other species of note included Aplocera efformata Guen., S. ornata, Amphipyra pyramidea L. and Eilema deplana Esp. A single specimen of Dioryctria abietella D. & S. at the actinic tube made a welcome addition to my growing collection of Pyralidae. The trap at the farm where we camped produced little of interest apart from a spate of rather worn H. vitalbata. However, one female of this species obliged with ova and I succeeded in breeding a small batch of pupae which await emergence in the spring. After a brief unsettled spell, fine, warm conditions returned in time for the Bank Holiday week- end, and on the 24th we travelled to Dorset, breaking our journey in the New Forest where two specimens of Scopula marginepunctata Goeze. were taken from the walls of the camp buildings at Hollands Wood. We called in on Donald Russwurm at Brockenhurst and were amazed at the number of butterflies on the Buddleia bushes in his garden. A. urticae predominated, 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 with 7. io a close second, and the occasional Vanessa atalanta L. Driving on to Dorset we found similar swarms of butterflies at Hemp Agrimony on the heathland between Stoborough and Arne, and an abundance of Pararge aegeria L. in the shadier spots. That night we again ran the m.v. at Shell Bay where we were surprised to see M. litoralis still flying, and other interesting species included A. vestigialis, Archanara sparganii Esp. (two males), Plusia festucae L. (three specimens) and Orthonama vittata Borkh. A Robinson trap with an actinic tube attached left on the heathland where we had pitched camp produced a number of Eulithis testata L. and little else of interest. During the daytime on the 25th, we drove out to Portland where we found a few L. coridon still flying, including a female virtually devoid of underside spots and a very worn var. fowleri of the same sex. Lycaena phlaeas L. and Hipparchia semele L. were also fairly common but rather worn. Later, at Lodmoor, we again investigated the reed mace bed but found that almost all the N. typhae had emerged. I was somewhat horrified to see a notice nearby announcing that this area is scheduled for development. I hope that the local Naturalists’ Trust members are maintaining a vigil over such matters as these, or maybe they are too busy policing their ill-managed hilltop “‘reserve’’ and devoting their funds to the prosecution of any innocent who inadvertently strays on to it. I sincerely trust that the latter is not the case. We returned to Shell Bay in the evening to operate the m.v. on one side of the road leading to the ferry and an actinic trap on the other side. The evening was warmer than the previous one with a slight breeze preventing any early mist from forming. It turned out an excellent one for moths, with 44 species, including three specimens of Ochropleura praecox L., a species I particularly wanted. Also of interest were P. festucae (two), N. typhae (two large females), Coenobia rufa Haw. (one), A. sparganii (one female), P. hippocastanaria and a female of the scarce Geometer Cyclophora pendularia Clerck which laid frugally: four healthy pupae eventually resulted. The Pyrales were well represented by Chilo phragmitella Hiubn.., Calamotropha paludella Hflbn., and A. latistria. Later in the evening we were visited by the warden of the nearby nature reserve and his assistant to whom I subsequently supplied a list of species taken in this locality in 1973. On the 26th, butterflies were abundant all over the Purbeck area in glorious, warm sunshine. Lysandra bellargus Rott. made a good showing near Corfe Castle and several Thymelicus acteon Rott. were also observed in the same area. A. urticae was especially abun- dant on Hemp Agrimony around Wareham, along with numerous /. io and V. atalanta and H. semele and Pyronia tithonus L. were in some numbers, but mostly very worn. The evening was less promising with a cool mist, but light on the edge of an Army Range between Wool and Stoborough pro- duced 40 species of macro. About the first insect to arrive was an exceptionally large female of Hepialus sylvina L. and the AMONG THE BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 1973 15 golden shower of Ennomos alniaria L. put in its usual appear- ance. Lymantria monacha L., Hoplodrina ambigua D. & S. and Tholera cespitis D. & S. were the only other species worthy of note. Early the following morning we began our journey home, stopping at Hollands Wood where a female Stilbia anomala Haw. was found on the toilet block walls. An unsettled and cooler spell followed, and it was not until 2nd September that I ventured forth again to Nomansland Common. On this occasion 20 species of macro were recorded in two hours including a second brood example of E. linariata and the first local specimen of X. icteritia. On the 3rd Ashridge was my venue when I noted 23 species. Chloroclysta citrata L. was quite common but worn and two females of EF. alniaria graced the sheet fairly early on. Later two melanic specimens of Thera obeliscata Hibn. arrived and these were soon followed by singletons of Paradiarsia glareosa Esp., X. icteritia and Amphipyra berbera Rungs. With the weather becoming even warmer I drove to Chipping Norton where I spent most of the day working on my car which needed attention. In the evening however I found time to run the portable m.v. for an hour or so two miles from the town, near the village of Cornwell. A female E. alniaria again showed up early, soon followed by Epione repandaria Hufn. Three specimens of Atethmia centrago Haw. and a single specimen of J. subtusa were also notable among a total of 22 species. The warm weather persisted, and on the 6th two specimens of Xanthia citrago L. were taken in a Robinson trap which I had established at Rothamsted Manor with the main purpose of capturing female craneflies for culture purposes. Three further specimens of this moth turned up subsequently during the month and I have resolved to beat the neighbouring lime trees in the spring, now that I know for certain that this species is relatively common in the area. Portable m.v. at Symondshyde Great Wood on the evening of the 6th attracted 26 species including two more E. linariata and one Photedes pygmina Haw. The Manor trap produced a further X. citrago and two very fine A. centrago on the 7th and in the afternoon we set out for the New Forest for the weekend. On arriving at Hollands Wood where we pitched camp we found the toilet block walls and windows a veritable El Dorado. The first moth I picked up was Xestia castanea Esp. and later, on the same building, specimens of Eupithecia phoeniceata Ramb. and Rhodometra sacraria 1. The second block produced a fine Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. That evening we operated the portable m.v. light near Rhinefield enclosure and placed an actinic trap on the edge of nearby heathland. The evening was very warm although clear and with the moon approaching full. Thirty-seven species of macro were recorded, notable among these being several each of X castanea, Xestia agathina Dup. and P. glareosa, two of the last mentioned being exceptionally pink in colour. Later another C. siterata arrived followed by two P. hippocastanaria and several Cymatophorima diluta D. & S. One specimen of 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/U1/75 Crambus hamella Thunb. was also taken. During the evening we were bothered by a number of hornets arriving on the sheet and a keeper who arrived to check our credentials informed us that hornets had been scarce this year—just our luck to be invaded! The following morning I took a further R. sacraria from the window of a campsite building and the day turned out again very warm and sunny. Butterflies, particularly V. atalanta and A. urticae, were very common. Night-time operations at Hollands Wood were somewhat marred by bright moonlight; however 28 species of macro were recorded, including a further C. siterata, several Cyclophora punctaria L. and late specimens of Noctua fimbriata Schreber and Lymantria monacha L. The ‘“ablutions blocks’’ produced three specimens of the immigrant pyrale Udea ferrugalis Hubn. A weekend in Chipping Norton in mid-September produced very little of interest, despite warm weather. The most notable feature was the number of V. atalanta at ivy bloom in several localities, up to 20 being seen on one small clump. On our return to Hertfordshire | operated the portable m.v. lamp in the Symondshyde area. A stiff breeze kept numbers of species down, but quality more than made up for quantity, single specimens of Dryobotodes eremita F., R. sacraria and Xanthia aurago D. & S. being notable among only 14 species. Little of interest was taken in the next fortnight, apart from a couple of Larentia clavaria Haw. in the Robinson traps locally. The weather was rather unsettled and cold until the end of the month. Rather warmer weather on 2nd October prompted me to drive down to Portland for an evening. A stop at St. Leonards, near Ringwood, produced a specimen of Aporophyla nigra Haw. at rest and I arrived in Weymouth in the late afternoon. A stiff sea breeze was blowing, and in the evening this picked up considerably so I was forced to find a sheltered spot to operate the lights. Most of the species I had come for put in an appearance, but in very small numbers. Three Mythimna l-album L. were early arrivals to the m.v. and later a couple of Leucochlaena oditis Hiibn. arrived; another welcome visitor was a specimen of the very grey local form of Polymixis flavicincta D. & S. We operated the actinic light over a Robinson trap and in this way captured single specimens of Aporophyla australis Boisd. and A. nigra. Ivy bloom was disappointing with one L. oditis being the only thing of interest. The final trip of any distance in 1973 was to Suffolk on 5th October where m.v. light a couple of miles from Tuddenham produced a good assemblage of macros of 21 species. Chesias legatella D. & S. occurred among broom bushes and later came readily to the light. X aurago was common but becoming worn and a number of species I seldom see turned up during the course of the evening. These included D. eremita (five speci- mens), Dichonia aprilina L. (one), Rhizedra lutosa Hubn. (two) and Thera firmata Hibn. (one). TT A Fortnight’s Collecting in Greece July, 1974 By C. G. M. DE WorMs Three Oaks, Shore Road, Woking, Surrey and R. F. BRETHERTON Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey PART I: By C. G. M. DE Worms The butterflies of Greece never seem to fail in interest or attraction with something novel usually appearing on each visit. It was with the intention of finding out what was on the wing in some of the mountainous regions at a rather later date than we had been there before that we once more set out on the night of 7th July. It was my third venture to that delectable country and the seventh of Russell Bretherton. We reached Athens about midnight and put up at the Alpha Hotel which was to be our haven later on. On the morning of the 8th we were visited by Mr. John Coutsis who was delighted to see us for the first time since 1971 and was able to give us a lot of very helpful information. After picking up a very efficient little Volkswagen we set out once more for the Peloponnese. Our first stop was at the junction of the road to Delphi where around the colourful bushes of Chaste Tree (Vitex agnus-castus ‘L.) was flying [phiclides podalirius L. with a number of Plebeius argus L. Our next halt by the side of the autoroute near Megara provided a surprise with three examples, all females of the smallest European butterfly, Freyeria trochylus Freyer. This tiny Lycaenid was very hard to see in the tall grass. Nearer Corinth a halt among some fir trees bordering the main road produced some fresh female Hipparchia fatua Freyer, a very handsome insect. After a refreshing bathe in the Gulf of Corinth we began ascending the tortuous road to Kalavryta which had only been completed shortly before our 1971 visit there. We again stopped by some fir woods just below the Megaspeleion Monastery. In this spot was flying quite an assortment, mainly of Lycaenids of which the most noteworthy were Agrodiaetus admetus Esp. and its slightly smaller relative A. ripartii Freyer, usually distinguishable by the cream streak on the underside of the hindwings. We reached Kalavryta in the late afternoon and had a warm welcome at the hotel Maria, our haven again as it was three years earlier. A very warm day dawned on 9th July when we decided to try some of the higher ground at 1,100m. beyond Megas- peleion. There was a small fairly open plateau where a galaxy of species was flying. By far the commonest was the Marbled White, Melanargia larissa Geyer. Next in abundance seemed to be Chazara briseis L. Among other Satyrids were an occasional Hipparchia fagi Scop., a single late male Kirenia roxelana Cramer, some uncatchable Hipparchia statilinus Hufn. settling on fir trunks, as well as a few Pyronia cecilia Vall., also Brintesia circe Fab., Lasiommata megera L. and what we took to be Hipparchia aristaeus senthes Fruhstorfer. Among the Nympha- 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/TI1/75 lines were Polygonia c-album L., Argynnis paphia L., Fabriciana niobe L., and Limenitis reducta Staud. The Skippers were represented mainly by a few Ochlodes venatus faunus Turati and Syrichtus proto Ochs. The only Lampides baeticus L. recorded for the trip was seen on this terrain. In all we saw quite 30 species of butterflies during the morning in this rich area. On 10th July we made our first assault on the Mt. Chelmos massif area which had proved so fruitful in 1971. We followed the same route on the rough mountain road with some ten hair- pins, leaving our car at about 1,400m. on the level track among the Greek firs and then ascending to the famous Cherkobus plateau by the winding path which took about an hour’s hard walk. The weather was ideal and on searching a small grassy clearing we saw the first Colias aurorina heldreichi Staud, flying round its prickly Astragalus foodplant. When we reached the main plateau it was soon apparent that this fine insect was in abundance and in better condition than we had anticipated at this late date. In fact we estimated seeing some four hundred individuals with many males past their best chasing newly emerged females of which we saw several of the white form f. fountaineae. Other Pierids noted included some strikingly marked female Pieris ergane Geyer with heavy black blotches on the forewings, also many Aporia crataegi L. just out at this altitude of nearly 5,000 ft. Blues were well to the fore with Plebeius pylaon sephirus Frivaldsky in great plenty in both sexes with the smaller P. argus L. flying in numbers. Of other blues we only saw single specimens of Aricia anteros Freyer and of Plebicula dorylas Schiff. Of the seven species of Hesperidae seen in the area the chief prize was a Spialia phlomidis H.-S., always a rarity together with a few S. orbifer Hiibn. Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthiir and Carcharodus orientalis Reverdin were distinctly scarce with an occasional Erynnis tages L. and Carcharodus alceae Esp. The F. niobe seemed a smaller race at this altitude and a contrast to the large Argynnis aglaia L. which was abundant. There were also some very worn Parnassius mnemosyne L. still fluttering and of course many Colias croceus Fourc. with several f. helice. The weather was so perfect that we decided to make a further assault on the mountain the following day, the 11th. On this morning in wending our tortuous way along the rugged road we halted several times at large clumps of a tall thistle with large blue flowers which were well patronised by many butterflies, in particular a stretch of some 50 yards not far from where we left the car for the final ascent. By far the most numerous species were Melanargia larissa Geyer and Pseudo- chazara anthelea amalthea Frivaldsky with both sexes in fine order. These were accompanied by an occasional Argynnis pandora Schiff. and Gonepteryx farinosa Zeller. There was a host of Agrodiaetus ripartii flitting among the grass with a few A. admetus and a sprinkling of Meleageria daphnis Schiff. On our way up to the plateau we disturbed single specimens of Nymphalis antiopa L. and N. polychloros L. Species which we A FORTNIGHT’S COLLECTING IN GREECE JULY, 1974 79 had not seen before on the plateau included Melitaea cinxia L., Brenthis daphne Schiff., Melitaea didyma Esp., Heodes phlaeas L. and Lysandra bellargus Rott. The next day, the 12th, we took the early morning train to the small station at Zachlorou, the scene of our successful collecting in 1971, but most species were getting over at this lower level. However, we were pleased to see our first Gonep- teryx cleopatra L., while several Limenitis reducta Staud. were sailing along the gorge. Among quite a lot of hairstreaks were a few Nordmannia acaciae Esp. There were a great many Argynnis paphia L. on the wing in this attractive spot together with a few Leptidea sinapis L., Syrichtus proto Ochs., Carcharo- dus alceae Esp., and Celastrina argiolus L. Yet another day with a cloudless sky saw us make a third attempt on the Mt. Chelmos plateau on 13th July. One of the chief insects of interest was a single male of Hyponephele lupinus Costa flying among a good many H. lycaon Hiibn. and Satyrus ferula Fab. Colias aurorina and Plebeius pylaon were as before in great plenty. On our return late that day to Kalavryta we had a call from John Coutsis to say that he had just been to Mt. Tymphris- tos on the edge of the Pindus range in Central Greece. It had proved so fruitful that he recommended us to turn our faces northwards which we decided to do. Our final day in this region was spent on 14th July motoring over the Aroania neck to the village of that name which was in sweltering heat. We happened to find a patch of the white ground elder so beloved by butter- flies and in this instance it was smothered in Lycaenids, mostly Hairstreaks and nearly all Strymonidia spini Schiff., in not too good condition, also with a fair admixture of N. ilicis Esp. and N. acaciae Esp. and a couple of Quercusia quercus L., which is an elusive insect in Greece. Here we saw the first Heodes tityrus Poda and H. alciphron Rott. There was also a few Carcharodus orientalis in this rich spot. We left Kalavryta early on 15th July and sped down to the coast where we had to wait a long time for the ferry at Aegion. We eventually embarked but did not reach the northern shore of the Guif of Corinth till mid-afternoon, so we considered it inadvisable to push on further north and booked up at the excellent Galini Hotel at Itea. After a refreshing bathe we went up half way on the Delphi road to Hrissos, but saw nothing of note on the wing. Early on the 16th we set out to the north and our first halt was on the top of the Gravia Pass where Lasiommata maera L. and L. megera L. were flying. We then dropped down into the plain after going behind the famous Pass of Thermopylae and after passing through the large town of Lamia we turned directly westwards and travelled over the high pass on the Veluchi range with 22 hairpins on the eastern side. We had a brief halt among some fir trees where the best capture was a dark female of Heodes alciphron Rott. Lower down on the western side of the pass we saw the first Melanar gia galatea L. in a very dark form as well as a very bright form of Heodes virgaureae L. We reached our destination, the fairly 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 large town of Karpenission in the late afternoon and put up at the local old Xenia which proved far from satisfactory. The morning of 17th July dawned extremely favourably when John Coutsis joined us from Athens at an early hour but before setting out for the heights of Mt. Tymphristos we moved to the Helvetia Hotel with much better amenities. Then we wended our way up some very steep bends on the mountain road till we reached a small plateau above the tree line at about 1,600m. with the massive peak of Mt. Tymphristos towering in front of us. Here our guide John Coutsis said was the richest region, though nearly always with a strong wind blowing as was on this occasion. On the lower fairly flat level we soon saw a good many Colias aurorina visiting the Astragalus and also what we dubbed the pincushion plant with its prickles and bright pink flowers. Here too we saw several f. fountaineae, the white females. As on Chelmos P. pylaon was quite numerous, but getting over. But as we ascended to the zone of shale, we came across the first Erebia ottomana bureschi Warren, the largest form of this very handsome species. They were fluttering over the steep slopes and difficult to waylay in the high wind. Further up there was another small plateau with a sheltered valley flanked by rocks which was a haven for many insects, especially Boloria graeca Staud. skimming swiftly low over the herbage at this near 1,800m. height. Among the rocks our companion took the first Erebia melas Herbst. We descended in the early afternoon and on the level near the road Russell Bretherton took a fine male of Pseudochazara mamurra graeca Staud. which was also one of our chief quarries. We then went a further mile up the road to some rocky slopes which did not yield much except in one spot near a small lake which was blue round its banks with a dancing mass of Plebeius argus L. On our descent in the late afternoon we halted at a rough path between some high rocks which harboured a spate of Lycaenids. Among them was a large form of Aricia allous Geyer, also Plebicula dorylas Schiff., many P. argus and the Skippers Spialia orbifer and Pyrgus serratulae Rambur. We made a further stop at quite low level where among some broom were flying a few Leptidea duponcheli Staud. with L. sinapis L., while our final halt on this mountain road was almost on the outskirts of Karpenission where a spring of drinking water came out of the side of the hill. Its overflow was smothered in Blues and Hairstreaks, with several Agrodiaetus admetus, A. ripartii, N. acaciae, S. spini and Polyommatus thersites Cant. We had also seen single specimens on the mountain of Parnas- sius apollo L., Inachis io L. (a purely mountain butterfly in Greece) and lower down a Polygonia egea Cramer. After our most successful and enterprising day John Coutsis once more took the road on his 200-mile journey back to Athens. Another glorious day greeted us on 18th July when we ventured to some of the forest area on top of the first pass in the direction of Domnitza. We soon came across a glade by the side of the road where the brambles were smothered A FORTNIGHT’S COLLECTING IN GREECE JULY, 1974 81 with butterflies, mainly Nymphalines. There were a lot of Brenthis daphne Schiff. in good order, also A. paphia and a few Mellicta athalia Rott. Further up the road was a large cluster of the ground elder which also attracted a host of insects including Heodes virgaureae and H. alciphron, a few Plebicula amanda Scheven and quite a number of Coenonympha arcania L. in a large and bright form. Yet further along the road we came across more stretches of the white elder flower which harboured quite a galaxy of insects as before with many A. paphia and also Fabriciana adippe olympena Verity with very clear under- sides lacking any pearly spotting. There were too a good many P. anthelea amalthea and M. galatea. On 19th July we made a second trip up the mountain road to our locality of the previous occasion again in excellent weather which tempted us up to the heights as before where we again saw a fair number of E. ottomana, but only a couple of E. melas and many fewer Boloria graeca both at this spot and a mile further up the road in a grassy plateau. On the way down we came across a very late Papilio alexanor Esp. and Russell Bretherton took a single Maculinea arion L., a late female. His first capture at low level on our final day the 20th, again up to Mt. Tymphrystos, was a fresh Cupido osiris Meigen, also further L. duponcheli. This time we concentrated on the low plateau near the mountain road where there was a rocky face. Here Satyrus ferula was flying in plenty settling on the pincushion plant which again attracted many Colias aurorina. But we were soon able to realise that P. mamurra had emerged in fair numbers and by adroit stalking among the rocks quite a number were waylaid together with a few seen on the short grass and occasionally on the pincushions flowers. They were extremely hard to follow in this terrain owing to their very cryptic coloration. On our way down we made a final halt by the fountain where we saw some worn Cyaniris semiargus Rott. and our final capture was a fresh male Lysandra coridon Poda. That evening we heard the ominous news that general mobilisation had been proclaimed throughout Greece following the Cyprus invasion. We set out from Karpenission early on 21st July on the 200-mile run to Athens in the hope of flying out that night as planned. We found the capital that Sunday a dead city and on reaching the air terminal were told the airport was closed and there was no means of leaving the country. Fortunately the hotel Alpha was able to accommodate us again. The next day John Coutsis showed us his new flat and his rearranged collection of Greek butterflies, a wonderful ensemble. On the 23rd after much despondency and rumours of war we heard at mid-day, after inquiry from British Airways, that a specially chartered liner was due to sail from Piraeus for Italy. We were lucky to be able to book a cabin and embarked during the afternoon, only to set out at 10 p.m. with 600 others on board. We sailed through the Gulf of Corinth, reached Brindisi in the early hours of the 25th, and were flown at once to London at no additional expense. So ended a most 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/II1/75 successful further trip to Greece with such an adventurous and unexpected conclusion. In all we recorded 104 species of butterflies between 8th and 21st July noted mainly in the region of Mount Chelmos in the Pelopennese and in the vicinity of Karpenission in the Veluchi range of Central Greece. PART II: Notes on selected species by R. F. BRETHERTON Colias aurorina heldreichi Stgr., Plebejus pylaon Fischer, P. argus L. and, to a lesser extent. C. croceus Fourc., were the dominant species on the Cherkobus plateau and in openings in the forest just below it (c. 1,500/1,700m.) during our visits on 10th, 11th and 13th July, all other species of Rhopalocera being relatively scarce. This dominance is probably due to their choice of the pink, spiny vetch (probably Astragalus cyleneus Lam.) as their foodplant, on which all four species were seen to oviposit; this is resistant to the heavy grazing which has denuded the plateau of much of its other vegetation. Males of C. aurorina were mostly worn, though good ones could still be picked; females were still emerging and many courtship flights were seen. We saw over a dozen of the traditionally very rare white female form, fountaineae Aigner: this looks on the wing like a large version of the Alpine C. phicomene Esp., but flies much more vigorously. Among the orange females there was considerable variation in the amount of blackish suffusion at the base of the forewings and over the hindwings, and in one specimen captured the pale marginal spots on the latter are joined to form a continuous band. The abundance of the species at this late date was surprising: on previous visits to the plateau on 24th and 26th June, 1968, it was distinctly scarce, most even of the females were worn, and no f. fountaineae were seen, while on 25th May, 1971 it was not seen at all, presumably because the emergence had not begun. We also found the species on Mt. Tymphristos, 60 miles to the north across the Gulf of Corinth, still in much the same condition though in smaller numbers at the same altitude ten days later. The race on Mt. Tymphristos seems to be more heavily suffused with black scales than that on Mt. Chelmos. These mountains are the northern and southern limits of its distribution in Europe as at present recorded. P. pylaon seems to have a rather wider distribution in the Peloponnese and a greater altitude range; but I know of no reports of it north of Mt. Tymphristos, and certainly it is separated by a wide gap from s.sp. sephirus Friv. in Yugoslav Macedonia and Bulgaria. The Greek form is in general larger and brighter in both sexes, and is closer to the alpine s.sp. trappi Verity; it probably deserves sub-specific status, using like the other European sub-species a separate Astragalus as its foodplant. There is, however, much individual variation in our specimens both from Chelmos and Tymphristos. Size ranges from 32mm. to 40mm. in both sexes. Most males have a distinct row of black marginal spots on the hindwings upperside; but A FORTNIGHT’S COLLECTING IN GREECE JULY, 1974 83 in some these are vestigial or absent. Females usually have three or four marginal orange spots on the hindwings; but at the extremes these may be almost invisible, or they may form a continuous band on both fore and hindwings. On the underside the black spots vary in size and number, and in one fine aber- ration most of them are confluent; and in the females the ground colour may range from pale grey, as in the males, to light brown. But I cannot detect any constant differences between specimens taken on the two mountains or previously on Mt. Parnassos. Agrodiaetus ripartii Frr. and A. admetus Esp. We found these species in many places from about 500m. on the road from the coast to Kalavrita to 1,100m. below the Cherkobus plateau, and also above Karpenission frequenting dry banks or water courses, especially near trees or bushes. Usually both were present together, but A. admetus was much the scarcer; that has also been my earlier experience. It is, however, not easy to separate them on the wing or in the net. The best character, in Greece at least, is the presence in A. admetus of rows of pale, orange centred, spots on the margins of both fore and hind wings underside; in A. ripartii these are absent or, at most, vestigial. A. admetus also has slightly fuller, more rounded, forewings and a browner, less grey, ground colour underside with stronger and more numerous ocellations on the hindwings, including two basal spots against only one in A. ripartii. Other often cited distinctions are unreliable in Greece. Mr. John Coutsis has pointed out (1972, Ent. Rec. 84, plate VIII) that the white streak on the underside hindwings, which is always present in A. ripartii in the French Alps, is often absent or very faint in Greek specimens: this is the case in 11 out of 27 specimens of both sexes in my own collection, from several different localities. On the other hand, A. admetus, which in Greece usually lacks the streak, occasionally has at least a short one. Again, the presence or absence of orange spots on the upperside of the females is not a reliable test; they may be either present or absent in Greek specimens of both species, although in alpine A. ripartii they are always absent. But it must be accepted that specific relationships in Agrodiaetus are extremely difficult to determine; chromosome counts, which so far as I know have not yet been made for these species in Greece, might yield surprising results. Heodes alciphron Rott. we found in small numbers and rather worn on the flowers of Danewort (Sambucus ebulus L.) at Aroania in the Peloponnese and again at about 1,200m. in the forest above Karpenission. The males are very heavily suffused with purple sheen and the females almost black; they are probably referable to s.sp. chairemon Frhst., which I found in 1972 250 miles further north in the mountains of Montenegro, and which is also widespread in Albania (Rebel & Zerny, 1931). But, as Mr. Coutsis has pointed out to me, these are very different from the bright, lightly marked form which occurs 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 in between in Greece itself, on the Pindos and Mt. Olympos. This distributional puzzle needs investigation. Boloria graeca graeca Stgr. was locally fairly common among rocky outcrops at 1,800/1,900m. on Mt. Tymphristos, well above the tree-line; males were mostly worn, some females still in good condition. This is probably the type locality from which Staudinger described the species in 1870, and also its southern limit in Greece; its distribution northwards there is apparently unrecorded, though it occurs in the rather different s.sp. balkanica Rebel throughout the northern Balkans and, as s.sp. brogotarus Frhst., in the French Alps and the Italian Appenines, where it is found down to the tree-line. The food- plant is, I believe, still unknown. Mellicta athalia Rott. was rather scarce and going over in the forest above Karpenission; Mr. Coutsis and I also found it in 1970 on the north side of Mt. Parnassos, which is its southern known limit in Greece. It is a variable but heavily blackened race, which looks much like s.sp. boris Frhst. from Bulgaria. Erebia ottomana bureschi Warren was fairly common in Mt. Tymphristos, on a grassy slope a little below the level of B. graeca; males were all fresh, but only two of the strikingly dimorphic females were caught. A main character is great size: up to 50mm. in the males and 52mm. in the females, which is much larger than s.sp. durmitorensis Warren in Montenegro and still more than s.sp. tardenota Praviel in the French Massif Central. Another feature is the bright colour of the underside, especially of the hindwings, which are mottled greyish white in the males and light greenish brown in the females; these also have a conspicuous reddish patch round the twin ocelli on the forewings upperside. Though the name ‘“‘oftomana’’ probably refers to Asia Minor, ““Veluchi Mts.”, almost certainly Mt. Tymphristos, is the original locality for the species in Europe; and it still seems to be the only recorded place for it in Greece, at least south of the frontier mountains. Pseudochazara mamurra graeca Stgr. was just beginning to emerge on Mt. Tymphristos at about 1,700m.; we saw only males, mostly on our last day, 20th July. Emergence seemed to be taking place at about mid-day on fairly flat ground covered with grass and large stones; but the insects soon took refuge among rocks on the sheltered side of ridge. There they often sat quietly for several minutes, and could therefore be captured after some rather athletic stalking—unlike the newly emerged Erebia melas Herbst which frequented similarly awkward ground a little higher up. But, sitting with closed wings, they were very well camouflaged and needed to be watched for in profile. They seemed to show little interest in the flowers which were attracting other species. So far as is known the species is in Europe found only on high mountains in Greece; but there it extends to Mt. Chelmos and the Taygetos in the Pelopennese, and to Mt. Parnassos, in forms which are similar to those of Mt. Tymphristos, and is found also further north in the Pindos in a much browner race, which may possibly turn out to be specifically distinct. SCOTLAND 1974 85 Heodes virgaureae balcanicola Graves is also probably at its southern limit in Greece on Mt. Tymphristos. We found it very commonly in the forest, feeding especially on the flowers of Danewort. The form seems to be identical with that found further north in the Balkans. Zygaenidae. We took such Burnets as came our way, with- out special search. I am indebted to Mr. W. G. Tremewan for identification of the following species and sub-species: Zygaena purpuralis hellena Burgefi, Tymphristos, 1,700m., three 17.7; Z. carniolica eurythaenia Holik, Tymphristos Forest, 1,100m., many 16.7; Z. ramburi helmosica Reiss, Cherkobus Plateau, 1,600m., three 11.7.44 (presumably the sub-specific type locality); Z. ephialtes tymphrestica Holik, below Megaspeleion, c. 500m., 9.7, a variable group on flowers on the wayside: in one specimen the usually red basal spots and abdominal band are bright yellow, while in others the outer white spots on the forewings are filled in to varying degrees with red. Scattered specimens also elsewhere, including the Tymphristos Forest. Scotland 1974 By EDwarD A. SADLER St. Christopher, West Tisted, Alfresford, Hants. Hearing at the beginning of May that the season in Central Scotland was well in advance of normal (which was not sur- prising considering the mild winter), and that Eurois occulta L. larvae were available, my friends Messrs. Meredith, Skinner and Rogers and I assembled near Bristol on the morning of 7th May, and piling into one car, drove the length of the country using the western motorways. We arrived in the Trinafour region of Perthshire at 4 p.m. that day, and were soon searching the roadside posts for the whitish form of Cleora cinctaria bowesi Richardson, finding six fresh specimens. Also present was a number of Acronycta menyanthidis scotica Tutt, among which was a female which laid a large batch of ova from which some of us reared the resulting larvae. This area was our intended scene of operations for that night when we hoped to find occulta larvae, but noted with some misgivings the condition of the bog myrtle which apart from very dried up catkins, looked devoid of life, with hardly a leaf-bud to be seen. After arranging accommodation at our usual hospitable farm, we put out six m.v. traps across the surrounding rough fields and then drove back to the Tummel area, where on our way up we had noticed things appeared more forward and with the birches in leaf, but found that the bog myrtle was in the same bare state as at Trinafour. At dusk we searched the leafy seedling birches for larvae of Polia hepatica Clerk, finding only a few fully-fed examples of this and a few other larvae coming up to feed as it grew dark. Some Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. came on the wing but were worn. Surprisingly, Petrophora cholorsata Scop. was well out among the bracken beds, though 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 not yet seen this season by any of us in the south. A sallow well in blossom had a fair number of moths in attendance, including Cerastis rubricosa D. & S., Orthosia gothica L., O. incerta Hufn. and O. gracilis D. & S.; some of the latter both here and later in the traps being attractively flushed with pink, and among them females which laid ova from which we ultimately obtained numerous pupae. We drove back to Trinafour in leisurely fashion as we understood that occulta larvae only come up to rest on the bog myrtle late at night. On arrival however, we found that two friends who had preceded us by a few days were already searching the plants and had found a few larvae. Joining in the quest we found occulta very few and far between, and looking very similar I noticed, at this one-third grown stage, to young larvae of Eugraphe subrosea Steph. and sharing with that species the awkward habit of dropping if one’s approach was not deft enough to secure them immediately. Our friends departed around midnight, having obtained enough larvae on this and previous nights to satisfy their require- ments, and I watched their going with some envy as we continued searching the plants with our lamps on into the night. At 2 a.m. we found ourselves not only tired, but with few larvae to show for our efforts, and one member of our party having had the misfortune to find nothing so far. The situation changed dramatically over the next hour however, and we began finding larvae commonly, some nearly half grown, which was surprising considering the apparent lack of nourishment and their reluc- tance to feed even when up on the foodplant, as all we found were just sitting quietly on the bare twigs. We noted later that our captive larvae preferred the catkins to the few leaf-buds of the plant we were able to find, and even ate these dry-looking morsels when tender young birch leaves were offered, though the latter and other alternatives were consumed readily once our supply of catkins was exhausted. Our larvae also fed freely in the daytime and another surprising thing was just how closely some Noctua comes Hiubn. larvae (gathered at the same time for the varieties which occur in this area) resembled some paler occulta larvae. Indeed, one of two were still doubtful until they went down for pupation weeks later, the smaller comes then going down leaving pale occulta to feed on to the truly grand proportions these interesting larvae eventually reach. We packed up at 3 a.m. having seen by then well over a hundred larvae, and these mostly in the last hour. Despite retiring at 4 a.m. we were up at 7.30 to inspect the intake at our traps, finding a fair sprinkling of Cerura vinula L., Polia bombycina Hufn., Xylena vetusta Hibn., O. gothica and O. gracilis, with single specimens of Odontosia carmelita Esp. and Acronycta euphorbiae myricae Guen. After breakfast we drove north to Aviemore, stopping at a roadside quarry on the way to collect a few Entephria flavi- cinctata ffavicinctata Hiibn. larvae which one of our party required, noting as we quickly shook the necessary number SCOTLAND 1974 87 from. the saxifrages, that they were as small as one would expect at this early date. On arrival in the Aviemore area we spent some time searching posts for myricae but only discovered one for our trouble. As usual a number of larvae of Lasiocampa quercus callunae Palmer were on the posts, mostly about one-third grown, and unusually, a fine male Endromis versicolor L., which must have been a rather late example, as there were newly hatched larvae of this species on the young birches nearby. We also visited the bilberry areas that afternoon, but with hardly a leaf to be seen, only carried out a brief token beating through the Semiothisa brunneata Thunb. colony, and obtaining one half grown Syngrapha interrogationis L. We hoped for better luck here in June when we intended to return. After dining at the Aviemore Centre we split up into two pairs at dusk, one couple working the broom bushes on Granish Moor for Chesias rufata scotica Richardson, the other two searching elsewhere for Paradiarsia sobrina Dup. larvae. Heavy rain clouds were now assembling, and an accompanying strong cold wind nullified the search for the latter, virtually no larvae of any kind being brave enough to come up to feed. We learned at 11 p.m. on reassembling that despite appalling conditions the few rufata required had been taken. We were by now grateful to seek the shelter of our car, and leaving Aviemore returned to Trinafour, calling at the occulta area of the previous night as we passed and finding there a good number of larvae in the half hour between 12.30 and 1 a.m. that we stayed, the night being much milder in that locality. Our inspection of the traps early next morning produced nothing new from the first night’s intake, and we packed them up before breakfasting preparatory to the long journey south, and arrived ten hours later at our respective homes after a very busy 64 hours absence. The morning of 9th June found Pat Meredith and myself journeying north and once again heading for Scotland on a six-day collecting trip. Our companions of the May visit, Messrs. Rogers and Skinner, had preceded us on this occasion by several days, and although forewarned that the weather was bad, we were unprepared for the coldness of the wind and threatening sky on arrival at Aviemore late that afternoon, the place looking just as grim as when we last saw it a month before! After settling into a bungalow on the edge of the reserve we contacted the advance party who were staying in another part of Aviemore, and commiserated with them over dinner on the unseasonable weather. Afterwards they helped us add our two traps to theirs located around the edge of the reserve, noting as we did so that a fresh snowfall was showing lower down the slopes of the Cairngorms than I had even seen it much earlier in the spring of other years. It was no surprise to learn that so far our friends had only seen one specimen of Hyppa rectilinea Esp., one of the very few moths which had 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 responded to their lights during their stay, and the coming night looked far from hopeful. At dusk I sugared the up-wind side of the reserve, approaching the task with more enthusiasm than the others, who were tired of putting sugar out night after night for nothing, and I ran out about 400 yards on a convenient deer-fence. With cold rain showers starting as darkness closed in, the other two sensibly retired to their lodgings for a night’s rest, leaving me the sugaring round as my companion Pat, had already gone off to search for the sobrina larvae he still required. I was delighted to find two rectilinea in attendance on the pitches at my first inspection, a new species for me, though the others had all obtained some specimens in previous years. A few Blepharita adusta Esp. and Hada nana Hufn. were the only other visitors. Two more rounds produced nothing new and with the rain getting heavy enough to wash my sugar patches away, I sought my companion, who had managed to find one sobrina larva and we agreed to call it a night. Meeting up with the others after breakfast the following morning, we decided to take advantage of rain-free conditions to visit the bilberry areas, where, over the past few days our friends had beaten and swept several brunneata larvae, but finding that the vegetation was still very wet we spent several messy hours in obtaining only a few larvae each for our trouble. Perhaps a word here on identification of this larva from numerous others on bilberry may not come amiss, as illustra- tions of this species are few and far between and not very accurate we have found. Without going into lengthy descriptions of colour and shape we found the simplest method was to observe the attitude of the newly captured larva on beating tray or sweep net. The larva of brunneata lies as if dead for a short period in a very characteristic tight horse-shoe shape. in which front and rear halves are touching, belly to belly. Hydriomena furcata Thunb. larvae when younger bear a super- ficial resemblance to those of brunneata but are less colourful; moreover, furcata tends to twist sideways with head tucked into its side, a characteristic that readily separates it from the larva of brunneata. One other aspect of the life of this local species which may be of interest is just where the majority of these larvae manage to hide themselves. Two members of our party have seen this moth flying abundantly in previous seasons over the areas we were beating, yet all our work on this and other occasions during our stay produced less than two dozen larvae, which may not sound many but is in our experience an unusually high number compared with our efforts of previous years. We have tried different dates, weather conditions and times of day and night without noticeable improvement, several times drawing a complete blank when larvae must have been present in considerable numbers. Among other larvae that we beat here were a few interrogationis and Trichiura crataegi L. and those of Eulithis populata L. and the previously mentioned furcata were common as usual. SCOTLAND 1974 89 By mid-day it was raining once more, so we called into one of our cars and headed for Rannoch, where an attempt some years ago to locate Conopia scoliaeformis Borkh. in the vast birch woods of that area had failed miserably. But armed this time with more precise information, we located a colony without any trouble, finding a few pupae, several larvae and some vacated cocoons of this season as well as some with parasitic cocoons. We regretfully abandoned our search at 8 p.m. having spent a pleasant afternoon in the sun for a change. Passing through the Dalwhinnie area on our return to Aviemore we were treated to a grand display of Red Deer feeding in small herds spread several miles along our road, and we must have seen between one and two hundred of this our largest animal, looking splendid in the late evening sun. Back at Aviemore the weather had not improved, and as we dined at the Centre overlooking the reserve we watched a similar night build up to the previous one, while one member of our party reminisced about a certain collector who in the past had sugared the line of posts bordering that side of the reserve we were looking at finding some 90 rectilinea on his patches! We were suitably impressed by these recollections of a bygone era, and though conditions looked grim we noticed a slight rise in temperature as we left the Centre, where we split up into two pairs with the others going to Craigellachie to sugar, while Pat Meredith and I tried the reserve once more, where we resolved to put out as large a sugaring round as possible. While my companion sugared posts at one end of the reserve, I renewed my patches of the previous night in the opposite direction until a new deer-fence bisecting this large birch wood was reached. I sugared down this through the middle of the wood until I emerged on the Aviemore side, but finding the legendary fence posts now new and freshly impregnated with wood preservative, I ignored these and instead sugared the birch trees along the wood’s edge until I met up with P.M.’s patches, the effect being that one half of this large wood was surrounded with our bait. As it was now dusk, a look at my friend’s patches produced three rectilinea immediately which was a hopeful start, and finding him already sobrina hunting I began inspecting my sugar where over the next hour or so I enjoyed good sport seeing an estimated 80 specimens of our quarry, as many as four being in attendance on some posts and I was able to select a fine series for myself and my companion in the one circuit, this really proving a “Saxon” night, as only the handful of other common species present showed. It was by now almost dawn, and with no time to inspect the patches a second time I sought out my friend who had taken a few more sobrina larvae despite the late date, and we retired to our beds once more in daylight, well satisfied with the night’s work. Comparing notes with the others later that morning, we found they had seen ten rectilinea on a much shorter sugaring round than ours. It was interesting to find that our four m.v. 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/73 traps had failed to take any rectilinea and very few other moths, and we helped our friends pack up their traps as they intended returning home at mid-day, and later packed up our own since we no longer needed rectilinea. The rest of the morning was spent bilberry beating, and a few more brunneata were added to the score despite heavy drizzle making conditions unpleasant. In the afternoon we visited Kincraig Wood, site of previous triumphs, but found that the council had made serious inroads into the open front part where we used to camp in our mad youth. However, all had not been entirely detrimental to the local wildlife, as a recently bull-dozed hillside had left a small sand face which now housed a thriving colony of some dozen Sand Martin’s nesting holes. With the weather brightening up for the first time since our arrival, we now visited Granish Moor, where we patrolled the Perizoma blandiata D. & S. colony sites for several hours but only took one example and the only specimen of this we were to see. After dinner that evening, we visited the field around Kingussie where there are colonies of Odezia atrata L.., and swept numerous larvae of this species from the flowers of Earth-nut. Selecting only the larger nearly full-fed examples, we gathered sufficient flowers to feed them on and dug up a few plants in case fresher food was required, sampling a nut- like root as we did so just to confirm that it does make good eating as we had heard. I have to report that after the first “nutty crunch’? my bulb tasted peppery, but my companion enjoyed his so much that I feared for the safety of the other plants, but need not have worried as the larvae fed up and pupated within a few days without requiring the fresh supply, though something it seemed went wrong in the rearing as for some unknown reason they all emerged dwarfed. An attempt to beat brunneata larvae that night produced three full-fed examples and numerous mosquito bites, one of these larvae spinning up the next morning. Retiring fairly early and in darkness for a change, we rose early the following morning to pack our possessions aboard the car, and after breakfast we headed west for the coast and the Isle of Mull, which was a new collecting ground for both of us. Our intention was to try for Zygaena loti scotica Rowland Brown, and knowing the species had been seen in fresh condition at the end of June in previous years, hoped we were not too early for it at this date (12th). I was pleased to obtain a good view of four Drake Eiders as we drove along the shore of Loch Eil, which allowed a fairly close approach on foot before they scurried off moorhen-like out on to the Loch to a safer distance. Not so pleasing was the rain which began falling as we approached the ferry, and we hoped the bad weather had not retarded things on Mull. Reaching the ferry at Lochaline at mid-day we crossed and found it drizzling on the island, and with such gloomy prospects before us set off at a steady pace along the narrow lanes with their posted passing places, but our pace quickened as the rain stopped and as it became apparent the sun might break through SCOTLAND 1974 91 we were soon hurtling by timid tourists at the passing places as if we had driven on Mull all our lives! By 2.30 p.m. we had reached the area near Loch Scridain where the most southerly of the two Joti colonies we knew occurred, but failing to locate the exact spot we not suprisingly found no sign of our quarry. It was by now almost sunny, and fresh Boloria euphrosyne L. and Euphydryas aurinea Rott. came on the wing along the shore. I was soon digressing from our task, searching among the numerous bi-valves strewn all over the beach for interesting specimens, but was hastily dragged away to drive to another Joti colony on the shore of Loch Tuath where I was able to accurately pin-point the site. There we instantly found freshly emerged specimens sitting singly or in cop. on the few projections such as plantain seed heads and dwarfed bracken fronds on this otherwise lawn-like sward, and were speedily able to box enough for our needs, after which with the sun out at last we spent some minutes watching lofi on the wing. We now agreed to push our luck further by visiting Calgary Bay which we knew held a colony of Zygaena purpuralis caledonensis Reiss, though our only information as to its precise whereabouts was that it occurred on a high steep bank above the bay. On arrival we found the whole bay on both sides for several miles fitted this description, and with no time for a prolonged search we drove aimlessly around the bay until the sand-dunes at the end came into view which looked vaguely like the species’ habitat on the Burren in Ireland. Having inspected these without much hope of success as they hardly fitted the description, a grassy slope nearby caught my eye, and as I climbed the fence at the bottom I was pleased to see specimens of caledonensis at rest on dead grass stems around me. As we began boxing these we found all around the fence area that the specimens were deformed in various ways, but that at higher levels they were fresh and perfect and with as many as five individuals clinging together on some stems, we once again quickly obtained what we required. With the afternoon now drawing on we made a dash for the ferry and mainland, but our hopes of reaching Trinafour by nightfall were abhortive. We only managed to reach Fort William by 10.30, so stayed the night at an isolated bungalow just out of town where we were not only made welcome at 11 p.m. with a freshly made pot of tea but found our room provided us with a magnificent and un-interrupted view of Ben Nevis from the window, where by chance the first clear night of our holiday gave us a perfect view of the whole mountain in clear detail even though nearly midnight, and its snow-capped summit appearing to almost overhang us. A truly splendid ending to a lucky day! We returned next morning to Trinafour in sunshine and after arranging a bed for the night at our usual farmhouse, we made for the nearby occulta area of our first visit, finding as hoped that Rheumaptera hastata nigrescens Cockerell was on the wing, and we spent several hours over the middle of the 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 day patrolling the now leafy bog myrtle beds netting seven specimens and seeing a few others. We kept one female alive and from ova that she laid obtained a number of pupae. We also flushed three Diacrisia sannio L. at this locality, including a single female which later oviposited. I was especially pleased to take my first specimen of Aricia artaxerxes artaxerxes F. when netting an unidentified grey insect which was being pursued by a Coenonympha pamphilus L. and obviously an early forerunner of the brood, as this and other suitable areas near-by failed to produce more. Dragging ourselves away from this productive spot, we now visited the nearby Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. colony where we swept all types of vegetation in the hope of discovering this elusive larva but met with no success, though among miscel- laneous larvae we did notice a few Lycia lapponaria Boisd. obtained from bog mytle. Although now mid-afternoon, we again drove to Rannoch for a last try for more scoliaeformis pupae, but despite our developing a better technique in locating these hidden workings over the ensuing four hours, little was added to our original number, as over a dozen were found to have recently emerged and as usual parasites had taken their toll as well; also, among the larvae found were some probably destined for next season’s emergence. Back at Trinafour that evening after dinner we caught up on some setting, until midnight when we deemed the time right for another try for /apidata, but once again we spent a cold and unprofitable hour sweeping and searching by torch-light, seeing much the same species as at our earlier attempt and we were forced to admit our first failure of the holiday, consoling ourselves with the thought that as far as we are aware no one else has located these larvae in the wild either! We packed up and left Trinafour next morning, passing reluctantly through the bog myrtle areas in sunshine on our way south, but as we intended trying for one more species further down in Scotland, we were unable to spend time looking to see if more nigrescens and artaxerxes had emerged. Our final quarry was the larva of Epione paralellaria D. & S., and reaching the locality by early afternoon, managed to sweep 13 small larvae of this species from dwarf sallow from which we later reared the moths. Thus ended a very successful holiday and we finally left Scotland and headed homewards. Two scoliaeformis emerged on our journey back, and it was nice to find occulta just starting to emerge from our pupae on arriving home. LARVAE OF PIERIS BRASSICAE L. AT CHRISTMAS. — Refer- ring to the extraordinary winter, while staying in Ferndown, Dorset at Christmas, I noted a number of larvae of Pieris brassicae Linn (Large White butterfly) still feeding on cabbage in the garden. Several others were crawling up the walls of the house and garage. There were a few fresh chrysalids on the walls. — G. H. YOUDEN, 18 Castle Avenue, Dover, Kent. 93 A Brief Visit to Northern France and Belgium: Late May 1974 By C. G. M. DE Worms Three Oaks, Shores Road, Woking, Surrey The north-eastern corner of France bordering the Belgian frontier is certainly a part of the continent of Europe that has not figured apparently for a long time in our entomological literature, especially as regards its lepidoptera. But most for- tunately on the Belgian side the recent Atlas Provisoire of the insects of that country published under the direction of M. Leclercq has greatly enhanced the knowledge of the distribution of species in several Orders. In particular many species of butterflies and moths of that country are enumerated together with excellent maps of 10 km. squares drawn up by M. Verstraeten at the headquarters of Sciences Agronomiques situated near Gembloux. It is perhaps surprising what a rich area this part of Europe is for many local insects. It was with this intention of sampling this region, somewhat neglected by British lepidopterists, that I got in touch with Major Anthony Bedford Russell who was stationed in this area in connection with his duties with NATO. He very kindly asked me to visit him at the end of May, when I duly set out in very unpropitious conditions on the 24th, travelling by boat to Calais and thence by train via Lille and Valenciennes to the big junction at Aulnoye where his wife met me. We drove the 10 miles to Bellignies, their home for more than a year in a part of the Chateau de Croy made famous in the 1914-18 war as a refuge for escaping British prisoners. En route we skirted the great Forét de Mormal, formerly one of the most prolific localities in France for the Apaturas. This was our venue on 25th May when my host drove me to the southern region of the forest which is about ten miles long by four in breadth. It is well-known that this grand area which is still very dense, was much ravaged in two wars and is now well tended by the local municipality so that regrettably much hornbeam has replaced oak and we could find little Salix anywhere along the paths or rides. We worked a big open area that had been recently cut. Conditions were very warm, but we were disappointed at the lack of insects. There were a few Clossiana selene Schiff. and Anthocharis cardamines L. Other butterflies seen were Callophrys rubi L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Pararge megera L., Ochlodes venata Br. & Grey and lots of brimstones. Among moths flushed were two Parasemia plantaginis L., one of which was the white male f. hospita which is usually associated with high levels in Britain. The small noctuid FEustrotia bankiana Fab. was also on the wing, while the commonest geometers were Minoa murinata Scop. and Pseudopanthera macularia L. The next morning, 26th May, dawned rather overcast. However, we set out early and soon after entering Belgium less than three miles from Bellignies, we got on to the big motorway from Dunkirk to the Rhine. It was not long before we did the 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 stretch to Namur where we turned southwards along part of the Meuse Valley towards Dinant. At this period about mid- day the clouds cleared and the rest of the day was of brilliant sunshine and very warm, which made for very good collecting as we soon found there was plenty on the wing to keep us busy in this delectable part of the Ardennes Forest. Our first halt was along a wooded road near the small village of Nassognes where near a large clump of nettles we took a female of Araschnia levana L. of the true spring form with its full map markings. On a nearby slope were flying Clossiana euphrosyne L. and Hamearis lucina L. which was to prove very prevalent in the district. We made a further halt near a marshy patch not far from St. Hubert. Here we met with the first Erebia medusa Schiff. which we were surprised to see on the wing at this somewhat early date in the north. We also came across Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. as well as Cyaniris semiargus Rott. in an adjoining wood. We had a picnic lunch among the beeches of the Forét de St. Hubert and from a large patch of bilberry was flying a number of the little Emerald Jodis putata L., which is very similar to J. lactearia L. but is absent from the British Isles. Our main quarry was Coenonympha hero L. which according to Atlas Provisoire was to be found around St. Hubert and Rochefort. We visited several likely-looking localities, but failed to find it in this part of the Ardennes. However, we came across at least two large slopes with rough grass and wooded background which was alive with butterflies. In each E. medusa was comparatively common and quite fresh, but all males. H. lucina seemed to be everywhere with quite a good sprinkling of C. palaemon. Leptidea sinapis L. was quite numerous as were Pyrgus malvae L. and Erynnis tages L. We were surprised to find Mellicta athalia Rott. already out and we also saw Clossiana dia L. and a single Colias croceus Four. En route home in a small wood my host caught a worn Euvanessa antiopa L. which must have been at least eight months old. We returned to the Chateau de Croy by a much more cross-country route through the southernmost parts of Belgium adjoining the French frontier. We were well pleased with the numbers and variety of insects we had seen on this 200-mile tour. After a promising start on 27th May conditions somewhat deteriorated till the afternoon when I accompanied my host once more to the Forét de Mormal. Again the most common butterfly was C. selene. More P. plantaginis were on the wing and we flushed a good many geometers, mainly Cepphis advenaria Hiibn., Perizoma affinitata Stepens and Idaea dealbata L. But a heavy thunderstorm put an end to our operations there. We were however welcomed on 28th May by a very fine warm day which we were able to put to very good advantage. We set out early to visit the great forest region which spans the area of Belgium between the Sambre and Meuse rivers. This large region seems quite unspoilt and we were able to visit a good many localities in it, starting off with the Forét de Chimay. Here in a clearing both C. euphrosyne and C. selene NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 95 were comparatively numerous and in good order. In another part of the great forest we walked up a wide ride lined with sallows and aspen and searched in vain for larvae of the Apaturas and of Limenitis populi L. which is prevalent in these forests in mid-June. Both the small fritillaries were again com- mon. Later we found a rough grassy slope bordering a disused quarry where E. medusa was flying. It was near the hameau of Aublain, a point for this species more westerly than any marked on the Atlas Provisoire. In this spot we also saw C. palaemon, Spialia sertorius L. and Cupido minimus Fuessly. In the later afternoon we halted in another part of the forest where we came across WN. lucina in another very westerly point of its range as well Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, a very early date for this Skipper. We returned to Bellignies via Beaumont and Malplaquet, scene of the famous battle in 1709. The grounds of the Chateau de Croy produced a good many A. cardamines and Pieris napi L. We recorded just 30 species of butterflies in the four days of quite profitable collecting in this very interesting part of northern France and southern Belgium. On 29th May I returned by the same route as I arrived, taking the Milan axpress at Aulnoye to Calais and reaching London the same afternoon after what had proved a most pleasant and profitable few days thanks to the kindness of my hosts. Notes and Observations BUTTERFLIES IN THE ISLES OF ScILLy.—I was interested in the article Late Autumn in the Isles of Scilly by Mr. R. P. Demuth (Ent. Record, 86: 72-73). I have been bird-watching in the Scillies during early October since 1968, but unfortunately have kept butterfly records only since 1971. The weather during my visits in 1971 and 1972 was, for the most part, warm and sunny, in 1973, colder but still fairly sunny, but in 1974 it was cold and showery with frequent strong winds, hence the paucity of sightings in the last two years, particularly in 1974. Detailed below are my sightings for the four years: 1971 (2nd to 9th October): Speckled Wood (Pararge aegeria), numerous — easily the most abundant species. Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta), common; seen on St. Mary’s, Tresco and St. Agnes. Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui), fairly common. Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas), a few seen, mainly on St. Agnes. 1972 (30th September to 7th October): Speckled Wood, common. Wall butterfly (Pararge megera), one on St. Mary’s. Red Admiral, common; particularly in the Abbey Gardens, Tresco. Painted Lady, only two seen. Small Tortoiseshell (A glais urticae), very few seen. Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina), one or two on St. Agnes. Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus), two blues swirling away in the wind on St. Agnes were almost cer- tainly of this species. Large White (Pieris brassicae), a few seen. Small White (Pieris rapae), a few seen. 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/11/75 1973 (29th September to 6th October): Speckled Wood, seen on St. Mary’s and St. Agnes, but fewer than in previous two years. Red Admiral, few; seen on St. Mary’s, Tresco and St. Agnes — most on the last named. Painted Lady, one seen on St. Mary’s. Small Copper, total of seven seen, all on St. Mary’s. Clouded Yellow (Colias croceus), one seen on St. Mary’s. Monarch (Danaus plexippus), a reliable report of one caught by schoolboys on St. Mary’s. 1974 (28th September to 5th October): Speckled Wood, few; seen on St. Mary’s and St. Agnes. Red Admiral, one seen on St. Mary’s. Small Copper, four seen on St. Agnes, one on Bryher. Large White, one or two on St. Mary’s and St. Agnes. Small White, one or two on St. Mary’s and St. Agnes. I have not kept any records of moths, but I clearly remem- ber on my visit to the island in October 1969 seeing a Humming Bird Hawk Moth (Macroglossum stellatarum) in the Abbey Gardens on Tresco.— G. SUMMERS, 23 West Close, Stafford, ST16 3TG, 9.x.1974. FURTHER RECORDS OF MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM L. IN S. DEVON IN 1974.—Since noting a M. stellatarum in my m.v. trap on 23rd June, I have recorded the following daylight sightings: — 28.vi (2), l.vii (2), 14.vii (2), 19.vii (1), 20.vii (1), 23.vii (1), 26.vii (1), 20.vii (2), 2.viii (2), 8.viii (1). All moths were flying along the cliff face at the north end of Clapton Sands.— H. L. O? HEFFERNAN, 3 Coombe Meadows, Chillington, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT BY COURTESY OF CRAYFORD (KENT) FREIGHT SERVICES: —THERETRA NESSUS Drury. — Tom Fox, a member of our local Field Club, was handed a Hawk Moth recently which he has passed on to me. The moth was found by Colin McIver (whose company use aluminium containers for export and import) when inspecting an empty container following its arrival from Australia to this country with a load of meat. The container, approximately 20 feet by 7 feet by 7 feet, is the type where as soon as the lid is sealed the built in refrigeration plant starts. One can only assume that the moth, having found a niche in an eyehole in the floor, was then frozen to death. It was in reasonably good condition apart from a tubbed thorax, and has been identified as Theretra nessus Drury, an Indo-Australian species. My thanks to Mr. Stanley Jacobs who took it to the British Museum for me, and to Mr. Alan Hayes of the Museum staff, who identified it.—P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent, 15.11.1975. AURELIAN BOOKS Antiquarian, Recent and New Books on Insects, Plants, Birds, Mammals and General Natural History bought and supplied Libraries purchased — Catalogues issued — Personal require- ments searched for. Please advise us of your wants Write or telephone AURELIAN BOOKS, Tumbledown Dick’s, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire Telephone: Much Hadham 2676 POSTAL BUSINESS ONLY ENTOMOLOGICAL DISPLAY MOUNTING CABINETS Wooden construction, of the finest quality, mahogany stained, with glass lid. Total dimensions 173” x 174” x 22” Price £3.25 each, plus 50p postage and packing M. L. HOW 36 Bush Grove, Stanmore, Middx. Telephone: 01-952 4064 BUTTERFLIES ON STAMPS Extend your interest to collecting Butterflies on stamps; many other insects also available Approval selections available, and packets for new collectors A. GRANGER 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds, LS18 5RE A guide to the natural history manuscript resources of the British Isles is being prepared by Gavin Bridson (Librarian, Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OLQ) and Anthony P. Harvey (Librarian, Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 SBD). Relevant libraries, museums and other organisations are being surveyed by means of questionnaire. A particular problem of this survey is the wide scattering of material as shown by its presence in some unlikely locations and many individuals will, through their own researches, have come into contact with such items. They may also know of undocumented items in public and private collections and might be able to contribute valuable information. The compilers will be grateful for, and readily acknowledge, any such information. The results of this survey are to be published by the Bowker Publishing Co. Ltd. in 1975. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of “Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae’. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2 9EE, Kent. Back numbers.—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.-—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. The Maidstone Museum have recently set up a Kent Biological Archives and Record Centre, which can now receive records based on the tetrad system (2 Km. sq.), for all insect orders. In particular, a scheme is being set up to record both Macro and Microlepidoptera from 1971 onward. This is to run in parallel with the very successful plant scheme. The records will be available to any serious student of the Fauna or Flora of Kent. This ambitious scheme obviously must enlist the help of as many resident and visiting Lepidopterists as possible. For further information, please write to: S. E. Whitebread, 2 Twin Cottage, Grove Farm, Higham, Nr. Rochester, Kent, ME3 7NX. Records for other insect orders should be sent to Mr. E. Philp at the Maidstone Museum, St. Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. Wanted. — Samples of Apamea monoglypha (Dark Arches) from MV traps, to aid an investigation into the frequency of melanism in this species. We would like to obtain random samples, caught during the 1974 season, from any locality in the British Isles. If you think you might be able to help and would like further details please write to — J. Muggleton, Dept. of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester MISH SPIE; Wanted. —HYDROPTILIDAE (Trichoptera) Specimens or data from any part of the British Isles. Identification will be provided, if required by the sender. Material to:— Miss J. E. Marshall, Entomological Dept., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London. Wanted. — Labelled British specimens of Carterocephalus palaemon, Colias hyale, C. australis, Anthocharis cardamines, Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion and Erebia epiphron. Neede to complete collection of British Butterflies for Plymouth Athenaeum. Available in exchange west country bred specimens of Polygonia c-album, Colias croceus, Euphydryas aurinia and Mellicta athalia.—P. Jeffery, 1 Badminton Cross, Harrow, Middlesex. Tel. 01-863 3686. Change of address. —B. R. Baker, Esq. to 25 Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berks. Wanted —for research purposes — parasitic Hymenoptera reared from identified Lepidopterous and other hosts. If you are willing to help and would like further details, please write to— Dr. M. R. Shaw, Dept. of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester 13. Wanted —Light Trap. Recorder needs portable trap, as designed by J Heath, burning 8 inch 6 watt tube. As trap is wanted for both battery and mains operation, inclusion of a mains control unit, in addition to the balast unit, would be desirable. No batteries required. Buyer will view and collect anywhere in or near Oxfordshire; or purchase elsewhere by post.— C. Garrett-Jones, 16 Conduit Road, Abingdon, OX14 1DB. Abingdon 376. THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on (a) Leaf miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of candidates and of the plan of work proposed. Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces- sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer- ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In total, they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1975/76. Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may qualify. Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, ’ Surrey GUS OLE, as soon as possible and in any case not later than 30th September, 1975. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’ASSIS-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to: E. H. WILD, L.Inst.Biol., 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon, Surrey, CR2 8EF. 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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. SARUMAN (incorporating the Butterfly Centre) Business Reg. No. 1685058 V.A.T. Reg. No. 210 4043 36 Specialists in British and World Lepidoptera and Entomologica Equipment — Literature — Livestock — Photographs 58 HIGH STREET, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1I 1XF ENGLAND Telephone: Tunbridge Wells 31926 Hours: 9.30 a.m.—S5.30 p.m. except Wednesdays and Sundays Directors: Paul Smart, F.R.E.S., Gita Smart; Consultant: John Muirhead; Technical Staff: Trevor Scott, Chris Samson, F.R.E.S. Main catalogue ‘Butterflies Presented by Saruman’. 1000 plus species listed: equipment: books: etc., 40pp. inc. colour plates 85p plus 10p postage Supplementary lists (10 issued per year): 40p per annum Wanted to Purchase — Collections, Cabinets, Entomological libraries, large or small; Livestock, etc. In your replies please mention ‘The Entomologist Record’ CONTENTS Three Aberrations of Precis octavia Cramer hs Daehn aise from East Africa. L. McLEOD .. ea A Visit to Skomer. P. M. HEATH ... Among the British Lepidoptera, 1973. B. G. WITHERS .. A Fortnight’s Collecting in Greece, July, 1974. C. G. M. de WORMS and R. F. BRETHERTON iit a ees Bak Scotland 1974. EDWARD A. SADLER A Brief Visit to Northern France and ee Late e te C. G. M. de WORMS Notes and Observations: Larvae of Pieris brassicae L. at Christmas. G. H. YOUDEN ... Butterflies in the Isles of Scilly. G. SUMMERS Further Records of Macroglossum stellatarum L. in S. Devon in 1974. H. L. O HEFFERNAN TN aes a Illegal Immigrant by Courtesy of Crayford (Kent) a Services: Theretra nessus Drury. P. J. RENSHAW ' Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL 96 96 VOL. 87, No. 4 NAS LOS Sa Sp So Se MSS SS a a a April 1975 LE ROEDER BEE ER EEE EEE THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 87 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 0QN DDD DDD ADD DAD AD ADDO PUBLISHED MONTHLY Yaa Va Va Sava a Va ae Vik a Ve Vin Win Whe Via Vin Wit it Yt Va Vik Vat Sa Sa IRR IRSA IR IASB SAT Via 38 PRICE 40p British Hawk Moth Identification Chart Illustrated by Richard Lewington, this large, attractive chart portrays the 17 species of hawk moths found in the British Isles. The illustrations, in full colour, portray both adult and caterpillar, and both Latin and common names for each species are printed on the chart. Size 442 x 548 mm. lilustrations: Death’s Head Hawk, Convolvulus Hawk, Spurge Hawk, Silver Striped Hawk, Lime Hawk, Humming-bird Hawk, Privet Hawk (illustrated above), Striped Hawk, Small Elephant Hawk, Elephant Hawk, Poplar Hawk, Broad-bordered Bee Hawk, Pine Hawk, Bedstraw Hawk, Oleander Hawk, Eyed Hawk, Narrow- bordered Bee Hawk. 50p net plus VAT Frederick Warne & Co Ltd 40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE Exotic Entomological Specimens LEPIDOPTERA — COLEOPTERA — MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS OF THE FINEST QUALITY WITH DATA 20 page Illustrated Catalogue, 20p LIVESTOCK — please send 15p for current catalogue of Ova, Larvae, Pupae, Cocoons, etc. R. N. BAXTER 16 BECTIVE ROAD, FOREST GATE, LONDON E7 ODP, ENGLAND FOR A PERSONAL AND INTERESTED SERVICE In your replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record” ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS Ten Drawer Unit Insect Sections Sole manufacturers of the ‘Hill’ Interchangeable Unit Systems formerly produced by J. J. Hill & Son Ltd. R. 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Price 25p, plus 34p postage The Editor of the Naturalist, Department of Botany, The University, Leeds, LS2 9JT Figure 1 (top) Figure 2 (bottom) oF Melanism in the Larvae of Abraxas grossulariata Stephens By M. L. STREET Depariment of Biology, Shenstone New College, Burcot Lane, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire Melanism is frequently found in lepidopterous larvae although it has not received as much attention as adult melanism. Heslop-Harrison (1932) records it in 20 species mostly within the family Geometridae. Black larvae of Abraxas grossulariata were first recorded in the county of Tyne and Wear as early as 1894 (Buckler, Ray Society). All later records were also from this region except for one record from Bromley, Kent (Adkin, 1905). Apart from the description by Buckler, all other authors make only a casual mention of intermediate forms. Most interest was not in the larvae themselves but in the possibility of obtaining adult aberrations from them. It is the purpose of this article to record that A. grossulariata has established a permanent polymorphism in its larvae in the county of Tyne and Wear and to describe some intermediate forms. All records in the North-East of England are from indus- trial areas. I have records from Tynemouth and Newcastle and other authors record black larvae from Blaydon, Birtley and Durham. The distribution seems to be localised and any records outside these areas would be of interest. In all cases the first instar is cream and it is not until the second instar that it develops the black markings that are maintained throughout the rest of larval life. The normal colouration in side view is of alternating black and cream areas (Fig. 1) producing a chequerboard effect. There are black rectangles on the dorsal surface and from side view these are followed by black dashes, followed by two further lines of black rectangles with a red stripe between them. On the ventral surface are two continuous black lines separated by a mid- ventral cream line which becomes broader and red between the legs. The first segment behind the head is also reddish. The completely melanic larvae and the intermediate forms occur when the black areas join up antero-posteriorly and spread dorso-ventrally to obliterate the cream areas. Stokoe (1948) States that there is a “‘completely melanic form save for a broken yellow colour immediately behind the head’. The Specimen in Fig. 1 was the nearest to a completely black form seen by the author. It had no yellow collar but there was still the red stripe between the legs. A sample of 30 full-grown larvae were taken off Black- currant bushes. Most of the larvae appeared to be superficially normal, but a closer examination showed that this was far from true. The degree of melanism was recorded in the table below and was based on the degree of expansion of the black areas antero-posteriorly to join and form a band. The black areas were labelled 1-4 beginning with the dorsal black patches and ending with those beneath the red stripe. 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/TWy7s TABLE 1 Degree of Melanism A B C D E Black \Onsi, 2) Sue | ls 2 3&4 4only | Normal nearly so | 4 in bands & 4 or2&4 | joined + heavy | joined joined dorso- ventral expansion No + 0) i} 2 10 7 % 1333 0 23,3 6.7 3333 23:3 Less than a quarter were normal, although in the first instance over half appeared so. In other samples the numbers of A, B, C & D were higher and it may be that the records of very creamy larvae (Walker, 1904) were in fact the odd normal larvae among a very high percentage of melanic forms. A typical category B larvae is shown in Fig. 2. Here the black areas have expanded dorso-ventrally to almost obliterate the cream ground colour. All the adults from these larvae were normal and matings produced a very high percentage of larvae which showed some degree of melanism. This indicates that this melanism is a Mendelian dominant character confined to the larva. Melanism is, of course, also found in adult A. grossulariata but this is a separate phenomenon. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mr. H. Pattison who collected the material which provided the greater part of the data for this article and Dr. B. J. Selman for reading the manuscript. References Adkin, B. W. 1905. Black larvae of Abraxas grossulariata, Ent. Rec., 17: 45. Buckler, W. 1897. The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths, 8: 151 Heslop-Harrison, T. W. 1932. Poc. Roy. Soc., B III: 188-200. Stokoe, W. J. 1948. The Caterpillars of British Moths, Series 11—Warne. Walker, S. 1904. Notes on the imagines of Abraxas grossulariata bred from black larvae, Ent. Rec., 16: 301-302. Nigerian Tineidae—Including Two Species New to Science and Four Species New To Nigeria By K. P. BLAND 63 Charterhall Grove, Edinburgh, EH9 3HT A small accumulation of microlepidoptera collected at light in Nigeria contained only eleven species of Tineidae, but four NIGERIAN TINEIDAE 99 of these proved to be new records for Nigeria and another two were new to science. Most of the specimens were collected on the campus of the University of Ibadan in the Western State of Nigeria. The species represented were: — Monopis hypopiasta Meyrick 1931 1 d Ibadan 23.XII. 1971 K. P. Bland. Only the second know exemplar of this species which was described from a single male from Cameroon. Unfortunately this specimen was exten- sively damaged and the genitalia preparation (Slide No. B134) lost in the post. I am indebted to Dr. L. A. Gozmany of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest for identifying this specimen. Monopis spec. nov. (non descrip.) 1 2 Ibadan 15.1.1972 K. P. Bland, Genitalia Slide No. B211. Specimen is too worn to be described fully. ° Alar expanse 8mm. Head mixed pale greyish-buff and fuscous, especially peripherally. Antennae dark fuscous with basal part of segments greyish. Forewings greyish-white with a brassy sheen, irrorated with fuscous especially around basal half of costa and around apex. Hyaline spot elongate-oval with a tendency to constrict medially. Many of cilia spatulate with fuscous tips. Hindwings greyish with a bronzy sheen. Cilia paler. Figure 1. Monopis spec. nov. °. Lateral view of genitalia with ovipositor retracted. ? genitalia (Figure 1); Subgenital plates moderately incised to introitus and with apical setae. Ductus sclerotized initially, followed by a small triangular sclerotized segment; rest of ductus long, simple and membranous. Bursa copulatrix cylindrical, without signa and situated at extreme anterior end of abdomen. Although the structure of the genitalia suggests the genus Crypsithyris Meyrick 1907, all the veins in the forewings, except the anal veins, are unstalked. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 Silosca licziae Gozmany 1967 1 2 Ibadan 15.11.1962 H. J. Sutton, Genitalia Slide No. B171. Easily distinguished from the closely related S. mariae Gozmany 1965 by the strong brassy sheen on the hindwings. Previously only recorded from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Congo and Uganda. Setomorpha rutella Zeller 1852 (see Corbet & Tams (1943) for synonyms) id+12 Ibadan 9.1.1972 and 28.XIJ.1971 K. P. Bland, Genitalia Slides No. B164 and B210. This species has previously been recorded from Nigeria and most other countries of Africa. It is frequently referred to as the Tropical Tobacco Moth. Perissomastix breviberbis (Meyrick 1933) = melanocephala (Meyrick 1933) = temptatrix Gozmany 1967 1 3 Ibadan 24.J.1972 K. P. Bland, Genitalia Slide No. B159 (see Figure 2a). This species has previously only been recorded from Central African Republic, Congo and Kenya. Figure 2. Lateral view of uncus of Perissomastix breviberbis (Meyrick 1933) (figure 2a) and P. similatrix Gozmany 1968 (figure 2b). NIGERIAN TINEIDAE 101 Perissomastix similatrix Gozmany 1968 1 ¢3 Ile-Ife 15.VII.1970 J. T. Medler, Genitalia Slide No. B135 (Bland) (see Figure 2b). This species was described from Nigeria but the present specimen lacks any rufous tinge to the head or labial palpi. Following Gozmany and Vari (1973), I have identified this and the previous specimen as separate species and illustrated the uncus in both cases. I do however feel that future specimens from West Africa will show the above two species to consist of a single rather variable species. I make this suggestion because: (i) The depth of the uncus just caudal to the joint in the uncus depends on the configuration of the thin ventro-lateral membrane of the uncus and varies with whether the uncus is partially extended (as in Figure 2a), or retracted (as in Figure —_ (ii) The genital characters in both these specimens do not correspond exactly with those quoted by Gozmany and Vari (1973) for the respective species. Ectabola fuscopilleata spec. nov. 3 Alar expanse 10mm. Head, labial palpi and forelegs (except for posterior aspect of femur) very dark brown. Antennae thick, infuscated at base then shining pale ochreous- greyish. Base and leading edge of tegulae dark brown, remainder pale ochreous-yellowish. Sides of thorax pale ochreous-yellow. Middle- and hindlegs pale ochreous, heavily suffused with dark brown scales; posterior aspect of hind tibiae with a dense tuft of very pale ochreous hair-scales. Forewings sublanceolate and pointed, with veins R4*> stalked. Colour of forewings sericeous, but shining, pale ochreous-yellowish; base of costa infuscated to 4; no pattern. Cilia concolorous. Hindwings sublanceolate and pointed with no veins stalked. Colour of hindwings pearly buff: cilia concolorous with forewings. 3 genitalia (Figure 3a & 3b): Uncus lobes fused dorsally and apically; uncus stout, with apex curved downwards; a dorsal patch of fine hairs towards tip and lateral aspect of uncus with stout spines; tip of uncus blunt with a transverse indentation so as to form a ventral lobe, which is somewhat bisected medially, and a slightly more pronounced, rounded dorsal lobe. Uncus lobes not fused ventrally towards base; a dense tuft of cephalicly-pointing fine hair on each side of base of uncus, projecting from this ventral aperture between the uncus lobes. Valvae rounded at tips; moderately hairy; four times as long as wide; ventral margin almost straight; dorsal margin with slight concavity in apical half. Aedaeagus boat-shaped in cross-section with dorsal aspect open. Dorsal and ventral margins of aedaeagus tapering towards each other caudally; ventral margin bending obtusely towards dorsal at caudal end. Vesica capped apically with an unusually shaped sclerotized structure—shaped like a double “‘bow-wave’’. 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/TV/T5 Figure 3. Genitalia of Ectabola fuscopilleata spec. nov. G. Figure 3a: Ventro-lateral view of genitalia —the true structure of the aedaeagus was not apparent from this angle. Figure 3b: Genitalia remounted and dissected out. Only the left valva is illustrated. Female and substrate of larva unknown. A single male taken at light at Ibadan University, W. Nigeria on 28th December, 1971 (K. P. Bland). Genitalia Slide No. B149. Holotype to be deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Externally very similar to E. pygmina (Gozmany 1965). Shape of the uncus differs markedly from that of E. pygmina and EF. perversa (Gozmany 1967) but is similar to that of E. laxata (Gozmany 1967), from which species it can be separated by the more slender valvae and different shaped aedaeagus. It can be separated from all its congenitors by the shape of the excrescence on the end of the extruded vesica. NIGERIAN TINEIDAE 103 Episcardia phlegethon Gozmany 1968 1 3 Ibadan 24.VII.196i H. J. Sutton, Genitalia Slide No. B172 (Bland). The male holotype was collected in Northern Nigeria by J. Simpson in 1910. Also recorded from Malawi and Tanzania. Syncalipsis typhodes (Meyrick 1917) 2 ¢o Ibadan 15 & 16.V.1958 H. J. Sutton. 8 ¢ Ibadan 14.X.1971 -21.1.1972 K. P. Bland. 1 od Serti, N.E. State BOA 970' J. FT. Medier. 1 2 Te-Ife, 9:1X.1971 J. T. Medler. 2 2 Ibadan 20 & 24.X.1971 K. P. Bland. Genitalia Slides No. B119A, B1l19B & BI120. This species has been previously recorded from Nigeria, Dahomey, Ivory Coast and Ghana. Scalidomia fetialis (Meyrick 1917)=endroedyi Gozmany 1965 =corrigata Gozmany 1967=spinignatha Gozmany 1968 partim Thirteen specimens all collected at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria by H. J. Sutton; 4 ¢ 11.V.1958, 18.X1.1958, 26.XII.1958 Qi 2 2615.V 1958, 26.X11.1958; 7°09 9.X%.1958,.26.Xh:1958 GB), 27.1X.1960 (3). Genitalia Slides No. B141, B154, B155, B169, B173, B207, B208 & B209 (Bland). In the last 7 females above the scrobiculated area on the last tergite agrees most nearly to specimens described as S. corrigata Gozmany 1967, while the other two females agree with those of S. fetialis (Meyrick 1917). The ‘“‘corrigata’’-like females also tend to be larger (22-27mm.) than the other females (18-22mm.). Specimens caught in November and December are darker than the others. Not previously recorded from Nigeria although it has been taken in Dahomey, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ghana, Cameroon, Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Rhodesia, Urundi and the Comores Islands. Tiquadra cultrifera Meyrick 1914 hedo bl. 2. Ibadan 20-X11.1971.and 15. KA971 K.P? Bland: 1 © Ibadan 13.XJ.1958 H. J. Sutton. Genitalia Slides No. B118 and B170 (Bland). This species has previously been recorded from Nigeria, Ghana and the Congo. I am grateful to Professor J. T. Medler and Mr. A. Oboite for the opportunity to examine some of their Tineid material. Specimens collected by H. J. Sutton are in the University of Ibadan Entomological Collection, the remaining specimens are to be deposited with the British Museum (Natural History), London and the University of Ibadan. References Corbett, A. S. & Tams, W. H. T. (1943). Keys for the identification of the lepidoptera infesting stored food products. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B. 113, 55-148. Gozmany, L. A. & Vari, L. (1973). The Tineidae of the Ethiopian Reriee Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 18, Transvaal Museum, retoria. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/IWG A Key to the Subfamilies of Phasmida By J. 5; }Cwark The Chestnuts, 30 Leicester Road, Uppingham, Rutland, LEIS 9SD With the increasing interest, particularly amongst amateurs, in the insects of the order Phasmida (stick and leaf insects) it seems timely to make available a key to the main subgroups. No such key has been published in English, but several have appeared in German. The key given below is taken without modification from Beier (1968), selected because it is the most recent full key to the order. Key to Families 1. On the underside of the end of the tibiae is an approxi- mately triangular, more or less depressed and sharply defined region, the apical area (see Fig. 1) ......... Phylliidae Tibiae lacking such! a-récion).!,. 2.22 ae Phasmatidae Key to Phylliidae 1. Not strikingly leaflike; abdomen with at the most small side lobes and not appearing strongly compressed; antennae not noticeably sexually dimorphic ............... 2 Strikingly leaflike; abdomen with large side lobes and appearing strongly compressed; femora and often also the tibiae lobed; male antennae long and bristled; female antennae scarcely as long as the head; male elytra scarcely as long as the thorax; female elytra almost cover ‘the entire abdomen... 2:2. 3a ee Phylliinae 2. Warsi 5-jomted La. JRO. AM eho Oe 5) Tarsi 3-jointed; small; wingless; confined to Cali- LORD 428 682 tps. suekel gale, apee bh. uot ere Timeminae 3. Apical areas of the four hind tibiae never extended into spines; femora sometimes quadrangular in section, but not regularly spined; mesonotum at least as long as the metanotum; wings or wing rudiments mostly present ... 4 Apical areas of the four hind tibiae often extended into spines, in which case the body has wing rudiments and the femora are almost always quadrangular and regu- larly strongly spined; alternatively the mesonotum is significantly shorter than the metanotum with wings absent 22.03/12). 20. eke te 6 4. The underside of the claws without fine comblike serra- tions; elytra, 1f present, never scalelikey)..j2:.clene) ga 5 The underside of the claws with fine comblike serrations; elytra, if present, small, scalelike and pointed ............ Aschiphasmatinae A KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES OF PHASMIDA 105 Femora indistinctly quadrangular, without a mid ventral keel, and not spiny; fore femora not compressed at the base; ocelli always absent; antennae very thin, as long asthe wody. indistinctly jomted) .. 2.2.2... 220-<) Korinninae Femora usually distinctly quadrangular and with a distinct, often spiny, mid ventral keel, or the fore femora distinctly compressed, especially basally; if the femora are without a keel then ocelli or wings are PES TELTIM pa Be BER oy Sas Bae ce WR a Pseudophasmatinae Antennae distinctly longer than the fore femora; winged TF OUTER tS ag 0 NORA NI Cite Sei es AS air be parasi a Do 7 Antennae shorter than the fore femora (except Xylica); CAINVRVSHINVIMIGICSS: sis cy ee eee Ree Bacillinae Wingless; prosternum never with rough double humps; apical area always without spines ............ Pygirhynchinae If completely wingless, then the prosternum has a rough double hump and the apical area lacks spines; when winged or with wing rudiments the apical area always ssereSmMAll SPINES 1250-028. 3 eee te eeness tee ee Heteropteryginae Key to Phasmatidae Antennae powerful and distinctly jointed, usually shorter than the fore femora but never as long as the body; in those with long antennae the ventral keel of the four rear femora is distinctly and evenly serrated or toothed and the animals are winged, or their mesonotum is at feasivas) Wnpias) the metanotwaty.... 226 e.ncoce cde ae ok oe 2 Antennae threadlike and indistinctly jointed, especially beyond the middle, longer than the fore femora, often body length; ventral keel of the four rear femora not evenly serrated, usually only with a few distal teeth or completely unarmed; wingless, mostly thin, sticklike BATE RIE Sih Aeiiadaer I 95 tiara Ie lees Bly eb Me gaia Oe ERA babi od ye 9 Antennae either longer than the fore femora, or those of the female at least distinctly serrated dorsobasally: wings or wing rudiments present or absent ............... 3 Antennae distinctly shorter than the fore femora; ventral edge of all femora smooth; sticklike or sturdy animals, if sturdy rather small and mostly smooth; male terminal segment not cleft or drawn out into lobes .................. Pachymorphinae . Fore femora distinctly quadrangular and serrated on the dorsal edge, or rarely 3-edged and then completely smooth (exceptions occur in some of the wingless Fore femora 3-edged, at least dorsobasally serrated; wings or wing rudiments exist, or alternatively the mesonotum is longer than the metanotum (some Indian forms with dorsobasally smooth fore femora and a short mesonotum have the terminal segment of the male cleft and drawn out into two lobes) .................. Phasmatinae 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1IV/75 Arolium Figure 1: Undersides of the ends of the middle legs of (a) Phyllium, Phyllidae; (b) Anismorpha, Phyllidae; (c) Carausius, Phasmatidae, to show the location of the apical area. 4. Old World forms, predominantly from the Indo- Australian ated \....o0cencsess acres se usm ven tece 1a cece eee New World forms (one genus in Madagascar); female genital operculum more or less extended and protruding fromthe end of the) abdomen ys. sae Phibalosomatinae 5. Female operculum and supraanal plate do not form a beak-shaped ovipositor; hind femora of the male never noticeably thickened and spied -\-.....7.. 2.25. es eeee Female operculum and supraanal plate form a beak- shaped ovipositor; hind femora of the male often notice- able thickened and strongly spined ......... Eurycanthinae 6. Ventrolateral edge of the mid and hind femora finely serrated, finely toothed or smooth; base of the fore femora’ ‘not compressed): hata. 3/28-0 es eos eee Femora at least partly edged with blunt teeth or lobes; fore femora often distinctly compressed ...... Xeroderinae LEPIDOPTERA ON HOY, ORKNEY 107 7. Gena not broader than an eye; elytra and wings usually well developed, the former relatively long, slender, oval, PO Tea AKL CURVEG: 6245 a0. cio eee coeuscsnesdaneeesosene 8 Gena broader than an eye; elytra and often also the IMIMSSESMONNOF AUSEME Ayes). ak el este. Platycraninae 8. Head without lobes; forms from Australia, New Guinea id VACA PASCAL Yih ke aa aN a eee Podacanthinae Head with two parietal lobes; forms from Central and S CULTS (ee RN Meroe eRe . Been SA meant ie Palophinae 9. Wingless (except Phantasca); mesonotum almost always SAO TAAMU Ne sMRCrATOUNM) y5.6)2 cc xekee ve acsage say oeace. 10 Winged or with distinct wing rudiments; if wingless then the mesonotum is longer than the metanotum, or at least the terminal segment of the male is not cleft and the female has no beak-shaped ovipositor ......... Necrosciinae 10. Male terminal segment never cleft and extended into DIDS Ga ate ae patie a eat eh Aan ae gg Heteronemiinae Male terminal segment cleft and extended into two lobes, which narrow in side view towards the rear, or at least have two finger-shaped curved medioveniral ‘DPD CESSES Sm ae a area My. Deitel ane aries Lonchodinae References Beier, M. 1968. Phasmida (Stab- oder Gespenstheuschrecken) in Kikenthal’s Handbuch der Zoologie, Berlin. Clark, J. T. 1974. Stick and Leaf Insects, Barry Shurlock & Co. Ltd., Winchester. De Vries, L. 1946. German-English Science Dictionary, McGraw-Hill, New York. Lepidoptera on Hoy, Orkney By Guy HowarpD 1 Brackenview, Mill Hill Road, Barnes, London, S.W.13 In July 1973, accompanied by my wife, I returned to Hoy to try to add to the list of Lepidoptera on the island. A visit in June 1969 had resulted in several new Orkney records and in particular substantiated the suggestion by Mr. Ian Lorimer that Berriedale, in the hilly north part of the island, was likely to be of special interest. On this occasion we rented a cottage at Saltness in the south of Hoy. We had a car and there is an adequate road up the east side with a branch westward to Rackwick in the north. We stayed from 21st July to Ist August. The weather was initially fairly sunny but deteriorated around the 26th, with a change to a northerly wind and colder conditions. Forty-three species of Macrolepidoptera were identified. Of these a number were confirmations of 19th century records. Among them was Eupithecia goosensiata Mab. which had hitherto seemed of dubious occurrence. Tethea duplaris L. is new to the Orkney list although it is known from the Shetlands. A thorough search was made for Lycaena phlaeas L. as South records the insect 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/IV 77s on Hoy from 1895 and it occurs in Caithness at the present time. However none was observed. The following is a list of the insects seen: Pieris brassicae L., a few. Polyommatus icarus Rott., com- mon, flying over sunny grassy banks by the beach at Saltness, Rackwick and Orgill; they often flew together with the next species. Maniola jurtina L. Coenonympha tullia Miull., a few worn examples at Rackwick. Hepialus humuli L., 1 typical male, Melsetter, 27.VII. H. fusconebulosa Deg., Melsetter—2 at m.v. light. Berriedale—common around 10.30 p.m. Tethea duplaris L., Berriedale—fairly frequent at m.v. light on 24.VII and 29.VII. Xanthorhoe munitata Hibn., common in fields at Saltness at dusk. X montanata Schiff., taken at dusk at Saltness and at m.v. light in Berriedale; common. Epirrhoe alternata Mull. Entephria caesiata Schiff., widespread on moorland. Eulithis populata L., Berriedale. Chloroclysta truncata Hufn., common. Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, Berriedale. Hydriomena furcata Thunb., common at m.v. light in Berriedale; very variable, ranging from a yellow ground colour to dark red-brown and melanic examples. Perizoma didymata L., Saltness. Eupithecia nanata angusta Prout., taken at m.v. light in Berrie- dale and on the moor above Saltness. FE. goosensiata Mab., fairly frequent at m.v. light in Berriedale. Campaea margaritata L., common at Berriedale; also seen at dusk at Melsetter. Opisto- graphtis luteolata L., Melsetter and Berriedale. Euxoa tritici L., common at m.v. light at Sands Geo S.W. of Melsetter on 30.VII from midnight. Rhyacia simulans Hufn., 1 taken on moor above Saltness, which has dark forewings and smokey hindwings. Standfussiana lucernea L., common on moor above Saltness; all of moderately dark colouration. Noctua pronuba L. Lycophotia porphyrea Schiff., very common. Diarsia brunnea Schiff., taken at Saltness; also common and very fresh at m.v. light in Berrie- dale on 24.VII. D. rubi View., common at Berriedale and Melsetter. Xestia c-nigrum L., 1 taken at m.v. light at Sands Geo. X. xanthographa Schiff., 1 taken at m.v. light at Melsetter. X baja Schiff., a few taken at m.v. light at Melsetter and Berrie- dale. Hadena conspersa Schiff., 1 taken at m.v. light, Berriedale: larvae common on Silene maritima in Geos, S.W. of Melsetter. Cerapteryx graminis L., taken at Melsetter. Mythimna impura Hiubn., flying at dusk at Saltness; very common at Sands Geo. Blepharita adusta Esper. Apamea monoglypha Hufn., very common at m.v. light on the moor at Saltness; considerable variation in the depth of brown with many markedly melanic. A. crenata Hufn., taken at Saltness at dusk. A. remissa Hibn., 1 taken at m.v. light, Melsetter. Oligia fasciuncula Haw., com- mon at m.v. light and also at Senecio flowers. Plusia chrysitis L., flying at Saltness at dusk. Chrysospidea festucae L., 1 at m.v. light, Sands Geo, 30.VII. Autographa pulchrina Hiubn., at m.v. light at Melsetter and Berriedale. Abrostola triplasia L., 1 taken at m.v. light at Melsetter and 1 on the moor at Saltness. Hypena proboscidalis L., Melsetter. DIMORPHISM IN PAPILIO PUPAE 109 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Mr. Ian Lorimer for help in identifying certain of these insects. I also thank Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton for identifying the specimens of Eupithecia goosensiata. Reference Howard, G. 1969. Moths on Hoy, Orkney, June 1969. Ent. Rec., 82: 192. Dimorphism in Papilio Pupae By D. G. SEvASTOPULO, F.R.ES. c/o Reynolds & Co., P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya (concluded from Vol. 86, p. 272) analysis of the pupal colours in these: — Green Brown Pink P. polytes 105 52 -- P. demoleus 105 13 6 In these figures I have not differentiated between the various shades of brown pupae, darker, paler or containing a certain amount of green, etc., but I have recorded the pink form of demoleus separately. a form which it shares with demodocus but is not found in polytes. Finally, a short while ago, I received through the kindness of Professor Clarke a copy of a paper (West, Snellings & Herbek, 1972) describing experiments with the American P. polyxenes asterius Stoll., establishing a definite relationship between the day/night ratio and the colour of the pupa, long day/short night (i.e. non-diapausing) pupae being mostly green and short day/long night (i.e. overwintering) pupae being brown, regardless of background, but non-diapausing pupae showed a certain flexibility, the colour being affected by the colour of the background and the light reaching the ventral surface of the pharate pupa. It was also noted that, whilst diapausing pupae were very uniform in tint, there was considerable difference in the shade of brown in non-diapausing pupae. It is not, I think, unreasonable to assume that: — 1. The chemical difference between the green and brown forms of all dimorphic Papilio pupae is the absence or presence of melanin, and, 2. That the production of the melanin is triggered off by Hidaka’s hormone. The question to determine is what is the stimulus required to activate the various ganglions and produce the hormone. Clarke & Sheppard found no indication of a genetical factor when working with polytes, but I cannot help feeling that a situation in which there were three genotypes, a definite green, a definite brown and an optional green/brown, would be almost impossible to detect satistically. A definite green or brown pupa, controlled genetically, could be a serious dis- 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 advantage to a species if the inherited colour was not combined with an inherited preference for suitable pupating sites. It is difficult to see how the day/night ratio can affect tropical species, where there is very little difference in length between the longest and the shortest day. Diapause seems to be quite haphazard in tropical Papilio species and, seeing that most species feed on evergreen trees and shrubs, the value of a brown diapausing pupa is much reduced. In my demodocus experiment, all factors were constant, except the actual nature of the surface on which the pupa was formed. The colour was the same, whether rough or smooth, and the pupating jar was in virtual darkness in a closed wooden box. There was, however, a complete absence of green pupae from larvae that had been reared in more or less crowded conditions. If movement does tend to produce brown pupae, it would provide an explanation for what Clarke & Sheppard term ‘“‘mistakes’’, i.e. mismatched pupae, as these could be explained by a larva that had travelled a long distance, and still finished up among leaves and produced a brown pupa, or one that had only wandered a short way and finished up on a tree trunk and produced a green pupa. It is possible that larvae that produce over-wintering pupae in temperate zones travel further than the summer larvae which are not going to produce diapausing pupae. West, in a personal communication, has suggested that the stimulus may vary from species to species, and even between different populations of the same species, but attractive as this suggestion may appear, I am reluctant to accept it. References Poulton, E. B. (1892). Further experiments upon the colour-relations between certain lepidopterous larvae, pupae, cocoons and imagines and their surroundings. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1892: 293-487. Hidaka, Toshitaka. (1956). Recherches sur le Déterminisme Hormonal de la Coloration Pupale chez Lépidoptéres 1. Les Effets de la Ligature, de l’Ablation des Ganglions et de l’Incision des Nerfs chez Prépupes et Larves agées de quelque Papilionides. A nnotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 29, No. 2: 69-74. Sevastopulo, D. G. (1948). The Colour Relationship between certain Pupae and their Surroundings. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (A), 23: 93-95. Oldroyd, S. Margaret. (1971). Biochemical Investigation on Various Forms of some Papilio species. Entomologist, 104: 111-123. Owen, D. F. (1971). Pupal Colour in Papilio demodocus (Papilionidae) i Relation to the Seasons of the Year. Journ. Lepid. Soc., 25: 71-274. Clarke, C. A. and Sheppard, P. M. (1972). Genetic and Environmental factors influencing pupal colour in the swallowtail butterflies Battus philenor (L.) and Papilio polytes L. J. Ent. (A), 46: 123-133. West, David A., Snellings, William M. and Herbek, Thomas A. (1972). Pupal Colour Dimorphism and its Environmental Control in Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll. (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society, LXXX, No. 4: 205-211. 111 Notes on the Status of Troides hypolitus (Cramer) 1775 (Lep.: Papilionidae: Troidini) with a Description of a New Genus, Notes on the Status of T. hypolitus cellularis Rothschild 1895, and the Apparent Dimorphi in the Male Sex of T. hypolitus sulaenis Staudinger 1895 By JAN Haucum, F.R.ESS. Lundhusvej 33, 7100 Vejle, Denmark and ANDREW M. Low, F.R.ES. Colne Mead, Mill Road, West Drayton, Middlesex The peculiar species Troides hypolitus Cramer stands, due to its numerous specialised characters, in an isolated position amongst the Birdwing Butterflies in the east. In spite of a super- ficial resemblance to the genus Troides Hubner, we have found that it has strong affinities to Trogonoptera Rippon. Our observations in this respect agree well with those of Zeuner 1943, who remarked upon the equally isolated positions of hypolitus and Trogonoptera, and who expressed some dissatisfaction over the position of Aypolitus in the genus Troides Hubn. We find that the characters of hAypolitus, though distinct, are in some ways intermediate between Troides and Trogonoptera, thus partially bridging the gap between these genera. The large number of distinct and highly specialised characters of T. hypolitus necessitates and justifies its elevation to generic status. The natural arrangement of the Birdwing genera is then as follows: 1. Ornithoptera subgen. 4:theoptera Rippon 1894 Boisduval 1832 subgen. Ornithoptera Boisduval 1832 subgen. Schoenbergia Pagenstecher 1893 2. Trogonoptera Rippon 1889 3. Ripponia, monobasic gen. nov. with type species hypolitus Cram. 1775 4. Troides Hubner 1819 It is apparent that the genera Trogonoptera, Ripponia and Troides have stronger affinities respectively than do Ornithoptera and Trogonoptera, though Trogonoptera also exhibits melanism and iridescent scaling. It is also apparent that the Trogonoptera and Ripponia are much more specialised than Troides. The geographical distribution of these genera is particularly interest- ing in this respect. There is an overlap of Ornithoptera and Ripponia in the Moluccas, while Troides overlaps geographically with both Trogonoptera and Ripponia throughout their ranges. Thus Trogonoptera and, Ripponia are true allopatric genera with distributions extending respectively in the following areas: — (1) Trogonoptera. Areas in the Malay Peninsula: Sumatra, Simeulue, Riow Lingga. Natuna Group: Borneo, Balabac, Palawan. (2) Ripponia. Talaut Group: Banggai, Sulawesi (Celebes). ue Group: Saparoea, Ambon, Buru, Ceran, Helmaheira, orty. 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V fia The geographical distribution (with Trogonoptera peculiar to the Malay area and Ripponia replacing it in Celebes (Sula- wesi) and the adjacent Moluccan islands to the east) does appear to support Zeuner’s theory that they are descendants of the same ancestral stock, having both later independently acquired different modifications and specialisations—such as the melanis- tic characters and iridescent wing-scaling of Trogonoptera, and the satiny white scaling and modified flight of Ripponia. The characters that distinguish Ripponia from the allied genera are as follows: (1) Specialised characters of venation (vein 8 of hindwing shorter than half the length of wing (fig. 1a): vein Figure 1: Simplified diagram of venation of male hindwing: (a) Troides helena cerberus, N. India. (b) Ripponia (Troides) hypolitus hypolitus, Ambon. 7 rising very steeply to the costal margin in a regular curve). (2) Specialised characters of scaling and pattern (male hindwing with a discal row of spots present: male/female hindwing with- out golden scaling inside cell: the golden scaling restricted to a row of submarginal spots) (for the scaling, see below). (3) Specialised characters of abdominal pattern and colouration (see below). (4) Genitalia of male sex (very distinct and only vaguely reminiscent of Trogonoptera: it has no resemblance to the Troides genitalia, and only a vague superficial resemblance to the genitalia of certain primitive forms of Ornithoptera) (figs. 2a, 2b, 2c). (5) Modifications of the dorsal fold in male, and of dorsal margin in female. These structures are described below. (6) Modifications of sexual dimorphism. (7) Structures of early stages (the dark larva differs somewhat from Troides larvae: a detailed description of the early stages was published by Straatman (1968). The pinkish-grey pupa differs from Troides pupae in colouration and markings, in having broadened wing- cases, and in having the dorsal abdominal processes bent). (8) Adapted mode of flight. (9) Geographical distribution. The male abdomen of hypolitus is usually described as being a strong or dark yellow (Boisduval (1836), Rothschild (1895), Fickert (1889), Rippon (1906), Jordon (1927), etc.). As NOTES ON THE STATUS OF TROIDES HYPOLITUS 113 5 mm. 5 mm. Figure 2a: R. (T.) hypolitus hypolitus 3 Figure 2b: R. (T.) hypolitus cellularis 3 genitalia. Right clasper. Amboyna. Coll. genitalia. Right clasper. South Celebes. P. Blandin. No. PBO102. Coll. P. Blandin. No. PBO103. 5 mm. Figure 2(c): R. (T.) hypolitus cellularis 3 genitalia. Right clasper, oblique ventral view of harp. S. Macassar distr., Celebes. Coll. J. Haugum. No. 8. far as we know, only Staudinger (1888) and Zeuner (1943), have described it correctly as being “‘striking reddish-orange coloured on segments 3, 4, 6 and 7’. The colour is, in fact, orange dorsally, but yellow laterally, becoming whitish ventrally in the fresh specimens examined by us (Macassar distr. 1973-74), but is often a darker, reddish-orange dorsally in museum material. Whether this latter coloration is a natural individual variation, or owing to alteration in the pigments due to age we are at present unable to say. We hope to discuss the significance of the modified black abdominal pattern in the male of Ripponia and Troides at a later date. : 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 Figure 3: Dorsal fold of ¢ HW, and dorsal margin of 2 HW in hypolitus, Trogonoptera and Troides. Section-cut through central part. : ; . hypolitus 2°, Celebes Ripponia b. hypolitus 2°, Celebes . trojana 2, Palawan . trojana 2°, Palawan . brookiana albescens oa.0 a 2, Malay Peinsula f. brookiana albescens 2, Malay Peninsula g. amphrysus ruficollis 2, Perak h. amphrysus ruficollis ©, Perak i. haliphon haliphon °& , Celebes Troides | | | | j. hypolitus 3, Celebes k. hypolitus 3, Ambon l. hypolitus 3, Celebes Ripponia . trojana 3, Palawan brookiana trogon Cc, f 4 [ Trogonoptera J | Sumatra 0. mirandus mirandus 3, Sabah : p. darsius 3, Celebes Troides ) ¢. oblongomaculatus papuensis 3, New Guinea NOTES ON THE STATUS OF TROIDES HYPOLITUS Fis The scent-organ or anal pouch of the male hindwing in hypolitus is of the type generally found in Troides. Little atten- tion has been given to this structure (which was described by Rippon in 1906), except by Zeuner (1943). The dorsal fold, covering the scent-scales within the anal pouch, is complete, that is recurved over the wing, the outermost portion is abruptly recurved so to close tightly in position when the scent-organ is not operated. In some specimens the outer portion of the folded-over flap has a double curve and recurve at the edge. The edge of the flap is not interlocking with a fold or groove in the wing as in Trogonoptera, nor does it have the narrow groove in the wing-membrane close to vein 1 which is found in at least some Troides: in hypolitus a tight enclosure of the scent is provided by that part of the membrane which supports vein | being angularly reset (or curved) and bent, this structure forming a minute step in the plane of the wing (it appears that this structure is somewhat individually variable in Aypolitus, as the “‘step’’ is angular in some males, while a regular curve is found in others, the latter condition being illustrated in the figure. It is often difficult to establish the normal position of the various dorsal folds and anal pouches in the Birdwings from examination of museum material, as these structures are fre- quently somewhat distorted in shape during the setting and drying processes, the above considerations being therefore based in all essentials upon recent, unset material). The actual angle, at which the fold itself is set, varies from that of Troides. The enclosure formed by the fold is somewhat narrower and higher than in Troides. The anal brush is long and dark, nearly black. Female Aypolitus with a downturned (negative) ‘“‘fold’’ at dorsal margin of hindwing, this fold is sometimes recurved and is unlike that of Trogonoptera. The actual margin of this area is constantly slightly recurved in the specimens examined for this character: this modification is not present in any Trogonop- tera females examined for this character, but may be present to a less pronounced degree in some Troides, though generally absent. The scaling of the male of R. (T.) hypolitus The black scales of the disc of forewing have a dark greenish gloss: they are in shape short, ovate, non-dentated and blunt, intermingled with a smaller quantity of similarly shaped but dentate scales. In the marginal areas of wing only non- dentate scales present Jordan (1895) found that these scales are much less denticulate than those of Troides, and this agrees well with our observations. Black scales on the disc of forewing, inside cell, are ranging from ovoid, elongated shapes to broad ones with irregular, blunt dentations. The greyish-white scales of the pale vein-stripes of the forewing underside are ovoid, prominently tri-dentate, and larger than the scales of the upper- side: intermingled with these scales are some ovoid or irregular, transparent scales without pigmentation. These scales are prominently irregular in shape: a short “‘knob’”’ is present on their stalk. The yellow scales of the hindwing ovoid, often widest 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 at base: the stalk is reset in the scale, not protruding basally. The plain white scales of the disc of the hindwing underside are bi- or tridentated, similar in shape to the greyish-white scales of the forewing vein-stripes, but smaller. In the area next to the dorsal fold the scales are either tridentate, or larger, bidentate. The scales of the dorsal fold (taken outside the upper edge) ovoid, bidentate, or irregularly tri- quadri- or multi-dentate, often asymmetrical in shape, with the teeth at apices long. The scales of the underside of dorsal fold prominently bidentate, variable in shape, often very slim with parallel sides, or being widest near base. Jordan, in the supplementary notes to Roths- child’s Revision, remarks that the scales on the underside of the fold are broadest towards the base and irregularly produced at the apex in two very long teeth in hypolitus and in Orni- thoptera, while these scales in Troides amphrysus and T. helena have partly three long teeth: in Trogonoptera most of these scales have three or four teeth. The apical teeth of the bidentate scales of the dorsal fold referred to above, are in some specimens extremely long and pointed: those scales bordering the edge of the fold very narrow. This appears to confirm Jordan’s observa- tions on the differences which are evident in the scaling of the dorsal area of the male hindwing in these related genera. Our observations also indicate that the differences in scaling are fairly constant, and may thus serve as a general aid in the classification of the Troidini genera. The black scales of the Aypolitus abdomen narrow, irregu- larly prolonged, ovoid, and often elongated and nearly hair-like with a smooth-tapering apex. Orange scales of abdomen irregularly ovoid, narrow, often more curved than the preceding, or irregularly bent. The tip of the black hairs of the dorsal fringe. irregular. Dimorphism in R. (T.) hypolitus sulaensis Staudinger, 1895 The geographical distribution of the little known subspecies sulaensis Staudinger comprises the islands of the Sulla or Sula Group: Sula Besi (Sulla Sanana), Sula Mangoli, and probably Talibabu, although we have not seen a specimen from that island. Although the subspecies sulaensis is located geo- graphically between the other subspecies of /Aypolitus, it is not intermediate in character. It is, apart from the consistent black abdominal markings, chiefly characterised by being dark and distinctly patterned in both sexes: in the male, by a very dentate hindwing, a pale suffusion along the forewing veins, and by the presence of yellow scaling bordering the discal veins, and a presence of such scaling within the cell on the hindwing under- side. According to Staudinger, all whitish areas of the hindwing underside being more or less strongly yellow “flushed”. This yellow scaling inside the hindwing cell has a strong tendency to follow the pseudoneuri. It has been considered that the orange colour of the male abdomen is a consistent character in this species. There is, how- ever, a tendency towards a darker, more reddish coloration in hypolitus antiopa and the nominate Aypolitus as referred to NOTES ON THE STATUS OF TROIDES HYPOLITUS 117 earlier. In subspecies sulaensis, a rare form occurs in which the orange colour is entirely replaced by a clear yellow, and a some- what more frequent form in which the orange is entirely replaced by a greyish white colour. This modification is also accompanied by modification of scaling on the wings in the latter form. Form alboabdominalis nov. ¢ Abdomen with orange colour replaced by creamy or greyish white. The yellow scaling on the disc of hindwing underside entirely absent. This form is thus lacking one of the most prominent characters of the subspecies to which it belongs. There is a short series in coll. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). Its status is unknown, but it may be found to be above that of an individual variation. Sula Besi and Sula Mangoli: Ulfola. Form fiavoabdominalis nov. ¢ Abdomen yellow. Stands intermediated between the nominate f. sulaensis and the above. For the sake of convenience we apply a name to the single specimen known in which the abdomen is yellow. Status unknown. One male in coll. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). For some time we were inclined to think it impossible to match any female specimens with the interesting forms enlisted above due to their variability. However, Mr. T. G. Howarth of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) now informs us that it does seem possible to recognise the corresponding forms of this sex, which he enlists as follows: flavoabdominalis female: abdomen ochraceous to bistre. One specimen known. Alboabdominalis female: abdomen plain silvery grey, i.e. as in nominate hypolitus except for a complete absence of yellow scales. It furthermore differs from nominate Aypolitus in having a paler and less vivid colour of the yellow areas of the hindwing. Locality as for the male form alboabdominalis. On the Status of R. (T.) hypolitus cellularis Roths., 1895 (celebensis Stgr., 1895) While preparing a Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies we realised the need for a strict view of the numerous subspecies and forms hitherto described, because many of these have been named unnecessarily. We accordingly found it convenient to readapt the term local form (f. loc.) for designating local popu- lations of a species or subspecies which in some way differ from the taxa to which it belongs, but which stands below a sub- specific level. Such forms are well known, especially in the Ornithoptera, and may, at least in some cases, be considered potential subspecies. It is in this way possible to sink a dubious subspecific name, but if one prefers so, to retain the name at the same time with the suffix f. loc. We find in hypolitus cellularis Rothschild such local popu- lations which differ in no important way from the nominate hypolitus (Cramer) of Ceram, nor from the sometimes darker hypolitus from Ambon (& Buru?). Those who may wish to apply a polynominal nomenclature may hereafter refer to the Celebean Aypolitus as hypolitus hypolitus f. loc. cellularis Roths- child (Celebes). The whitish scales of the pale vein-stripes of the 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1IV/75 forewing of both sexes are stated to be only sparingly present in the Celebean hAypolitus. This is an individually variable character, and not valid for the diagnosis of a geographical subspecies. There are no appreciable differences in the males of the various populations, and Rothschild himself admitted that the males of nominate Aypolitus and those of cellularis are practically indistinguishable. Some slight differences in the variable females is worth noticing: Celebean females tend to have less extended yellow scaling in the lower wing-areas of the upperside hindwing: lower part of the hindwing being purer white, dusted with dark scales, resulting in a grey appearance. In Ceram and Ambon females this area is often dusted with yellowish. This character is also individually variable. Celebean females are on average slightly smaller, and tend to have a darker and less yellow abdomen. Most markings are equally variable in Celebean and Ambon/Ceram specimens, and examples from either place, having no data of origin, may well be virtually impossible to identify. However, markings in which a somewhat more stable tendency of difference between the Celebean and Ambon/Ceram females, are evident in the abdominal patterns. In the abdomen of the female hypolitus there are two lateral rows of markings. In the females of hypolitus from Celebes there is a tendency towards diffusion of the upper row of spots, which are at the same time slightly enlarged. The Ceram females have the spots of the upper row small, but distinctly defined. The lower row of spots then, con- sists of spot which are small in the Celebean specimens but enlarged in Ambon/Ceram examples. However, none of the above enumerated differences are found in every specimen, and they do not support the hitherto subspecific status of the Celebean populations in our opinion. We therefore place the name cellularis Rothschild as a synonym of Aypolitus (Cramer). With regard to the geographical distribution of hypolitus (Cramer), the authors would welcome any supplementary infor- mation which may be forthcoming on its occurrence, especially on the islands Baru (from which one female specimen is recorded), Peleng and Banggai (between Celebes and the Sulla group) and from the Sangihe-Talaut group, north of Celebes. It is likely that the records from these northern islands misled D’Abrera (1971), as he states that the distribution of hypolitus includes the Philippines. Notes or requests should be addressed to the first author. Summary The present status of Troides hypolitus (Cramer) is dis- cussed: its standing as a species of the genus Troides is found unsatisfactory considering its distinct characters, some of which point to a relation with Trogonoptera. The male genitalia of hypolitus is found to be very distinct, having little or no similarity to the genitalia of Troides, being vaguely reminiscent of Trogonoptera. This species is therefore elevated to a generic rank, and the name Ripponia is proposed for the new genus. Various characters.of hypolitus are discussed, and importance FIRST RECORDS OF DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA: ANISOPTERA) 119 is placed upon generic differentiation in scaling. R. (T.) hypolitus cellularis Rothschild is placed as a synonym of Aypolitus (Cramer), and two new forms of Aypolitus sulaensis are described. Acknowledgements We extend our sincerest gratitude to T. G. Howarth, B.E.M.., F.R.E.S. of the British Museum for his kind assistance with our studies at that institution, and for improving and correcting this manuscript. References Haugum, J. P. and Low, A. M. Monograph of ihe Birdwinged Butter- flies of the East, Vol. 1 and II, under Bienen Jordan, K., 1895. Notes in Rothschild, Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemisphere, exclusive eh Africa. Nov. Zool., Vol. I. 1896... Supplement. Rippon, R. H. F., 1906. Icones Ornithopterorum. Rothschild, W. mS 1895. Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern Hemi- sphere, exclusive of Africa, Nov. Zool., Vol. II. Staudinger, O., 1894 (1895). Ueber einige neuere und neue Tagfalter des Indo- Malayischen Faunengebietes. D.E.Z. Iris, Vol. 7. Straatman, R., 1968. On the biology of some species of Papilionidae from the ‘island of Celebes (East Indonesia). Entomol. Berichten, deel 28. I, XIT Zeuner, F. E., 1943. Studies in the systematics of Troides Hiibner and its allies, Distribution and phylogeny in relation to the geological history of the Australasian Archipelago. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, Wl) XOX ...Part IIT, No. 1. First Records of Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) from Tripura (India) By TRIDIB RANJAN MITRA Department of Zoology, Calcutta University and GOPAL CHANDRA SEN The present note is based on a collection of specimens of dragonflies made by one of us (G.C.S.) in Agartala (Lat. 23° 15’N. and Long. 91° 15’E.) of Tripura, a state in Eastern India, during a short private visit in November 1970. Forty-two specimens belonging to seven species spread in five genera were collected. Though all the species are known to be cosmo- politan in distribution, it was considered worthwhile to publish a short note on this material since this is the first report on Odonata from Tripura. All the species recorded here belong to the family Libellulidae, spread in four of its subfamilies. Five are old world species and one is known from both old and new worlds. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Orthetrum sabina (Drury). 10¢ 3,32 °, Agartala, 6.xi.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. Recorded from almost all parts of India; also from Nepal, Somaliland, Mesopotamia, Persia to Samoa and Australia. Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum (Rambur). 302, ’, Agartala, 6.xi.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. The species is common in the plains and hills of India and extends to Tibet, Indochina and Hongkong. 120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 Neurothemis tullia tulla (Drury). 6¢ ¢, Agartala, 5.x1.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. Common in almost all parts of India. Its extra- India distribution extends to Ceylon, Burma, Siam, Indochina, Malacca and Hongkong. Neurothemis intermedia atlanta Ris. 22°, 13, 6.xi.1970: 399, 1c, 7-x1.1970: 1.2.03, 10.51.1970; 22.9" 11 xi ee G. C. Sen. This species is recorded from several places in peninsula India, Burma, Sikkim and Siam (Fraser, 1936). The length of abdomen of males is 18-19 mm. and that of hindwing 22-23 mm. of which Fraser (1936) is silent. Brachythemis contaminata (Fab.).2¢ ¢, Agartala, 4.xi.1970; 12, 5.xi.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. Excepting the Himalayas the species is recorded from all over India, also from Ceylon, Burma, Indochina, East China, Formosa, Philippines and south- wards to Sumatra and Java. Palpopleura sexmaculata sexmaculata (Fab.). 2d ¢, 1°, Agartala, 10.xi.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. The species is reported from Southern, Western and Northern India, but only from Bengal, Assam and Tripura in Eastern India. Elsewhere recorded from Tibet, Malaysia, Indochina and China. Pantala flavescens (Fab.). 12, Agartala, 4.xi.1970, coll. G. C. Sen. Reported from almost “whole of India, Ceylon, and Burma to as far north as Tibet’’ (Fraser, 1936). Borror (1945) recorded it from North America. Mitra and Mukherjee (1967), Mitra (1974) reported its migratory flight in Calcutta. Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to Prof. D. N. Ganguly, Head of the Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, for facilities, to Dr. D. N. Ray Chaudhuri of the same department for guidance and to Shri A. R. Lahiri for some help. References Fraser, F. C. (1936). Fauna of British India, Odonata, Vol. 3, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London. Borror, D. J. (1945). A key to the New World genera of Libellulidae (Odonata). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 38 (2), 168-194. Mitra, Tridib Ranjan & Mukherjee, Sirsir Kumar (1967). Story of Dragonflies (in Japanese) Part 3. Nature Study, 13(11), (No. 163) pp. 6(108)-7(109). Mitra, Tridib Ranjan (1974). Another Record of Migratory flights of the Dragonfly Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) (Odonata, Liebellulidae) in Calcutta. Ent. Rec., 86: 53 Addition and Correction In Vol. 86, p. 234, add to end of postscript to J. Perceval’s Butterflies of Majorca: “found there before’’ In Vol. 87, p. 31, beginning of line 5 from top should read: “for both these species’ 121 On a New Species of the Genus Cranopygia Burr (Dermaptera) from India By G. K. SRIVASTAVA Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta Superfamily: PYGIDICRANOIDEA Family: PYGIDICRANIDAE Subfamily: PYGIDICRANINAE Cranopygia angulata sp. n. Male: Size large, build stout. Head dark brownish black with a large yellow spot in middle; pronotum yellowish brown with two longitudinal fuscous stripes which meet posteriorly; elytra fuscous with an external yellow stripe extending all along the costal margin and another similar one along the sutural margin also, extending from humeri to a little beyond middle; wings yellowish, fuscous laterally; legs yellowish femora shaded with black. Head triangular, about as long as broad, somewhat depressed, sutures indistinct, posteriorly slightly emarginate. Eyes prominent, longer than genae. Antennae partly broken, only basal segment remaining, yellowish and cylindrical. Pro- notum about as long as broad, anteriorly truncate, laterally convex, posteriorly slightly emarginate in middle, median sulcus distinct. Elytra ample, posteriorly convex; a small triangular scutellum visible. Wings projecting well beyond the elytra, slightly shorter than the pronotum in length. Legs stout, normal. Abdomen covered with fine pubescence, gradually enlarging from base up to the ultimate tergite. Last dorsal segment with disc convex, rugose in posterior half, hind margin in middle straight, laterally oblique and gently emarginate, median sulcus in anterior half faint, obsolete in posterior half. Penultimate Sternite ample, lateral and hind margin rounded, latter slightly emaginate in middle. Forceps somewhat depressed, tapering, apices gently hooked, inner margin ventrally at base contiguous with one or two strong teeth, afterwards arched to enclose an oval space and finely crenulate, armed at middle with a strong triangular tooth. Genitalia as seen in fig. (fig. B). Female: As male but head sutures faint; penultimate sternite obtuse in middle posteriorly. Ultimate tergite not expanded posteriorly; forceps simple, contiguous, straight with apices gently hooked and crossing. Measurements (in mm.): Holotype Allotype Paratype 3 oi ' (from head to wing tips) Length of body 3b.9 30.7 18.9 Length of forceps 8.6 5.8 abdomen missing Material: INDIA, NaGAG Hits, Holotype ¢ (no further data) (Capt. Butler); E. BENGAL (now Bangladesh) (no further 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 data), Allotype ° (H. Stapleton); Paratype ¢ (abdomen missing) (no further data); all determined by M. Burr as Cranopygia eximia (Dohrn) and deposited in the collections of the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Affinities: This species belongs to the Siamensis Group of Hincks (1959) and comes close to Cranopygia burmensis Hincks in having almost similar parameres but differs by its larger size (40mm.) and comparatively longer distal lobes and virga. Figure 1: Cranopygia angulata sp. n. d: A. Ultimate tergite and forceps. B. Genitalia. Acknowledgements: I am thankful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta for providing necessary facilities. References Bey-Bienko, G. J. 1959. Results of the Chinese-Soviet Zoological- Botanical Expeditions 1955-1957 to South Western China. Ent. Obozor., 35(3): 590-627. Bharadwaj, R. K. and Kapoor, V. C. 1967. Dermaptera in the National Pusa collection. Bull. Ent., 8(2): 1-7. Hincks, W. D. 1959. A systematic monograph of the Dermaptera of the World, Part II, Pygidicranidae excluding Diplatyinae, 218 pp., 214 figs., London, British Museum (Natural History). Kapoor, V. C. 1966. On a new species of the genus Cranopygia Burr (Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae) from South India. Agra Univ. J. Res. (Sci.), 15(1): 47-49. Kapoor, V. C. 1966. Indian Dermaptera of the genus Cranopygia Burr (Pygidicranidae) with the description of a new species from Poona (India). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (13)9: 481-484. PLATE IV Poecilmitis azurius sp. nov. Fig. 1. Holotype ¢ Upperside. Fig. 3. Holotype ¢ Underside. Fig. 2. Allotype 2 Upperside. Fig. 4. Allotype 2 Underside. Figures natural size. 13 A New Species of Poecilmitis from the Roggeveldt Mountains of the Cape Province (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) By D. A. SWANEPOEL c/o J. J. Mostert, S.A.R. & H., Duiwelskloof, N. Transvaal, S. Africa Poecilmitis azurius sp. nov. Allotype: Roggeveldt mountains, 5.10.1970 (D. A. Swanepoel). Holotype: same locality and date, in the author’s collec- tion. Paratype: Roggeveldt mountains, 21.10.1973, in collection Dr. J. Kaplan. Diagnosis: a species close to P. beaufortia charlesi Dickson but differing in various respects. Basal blue extending further over the forewing than of that species, with the result that the spotting on the forewing upperside is faintly visible. Forewing upperside: apical area black with orange mark- ings. Orange markings in some males fairly distinct, in others indistinct. Spots on underside show through the basal blue. Cilia chequered. Outer margin fairly straight. Hindwing upperside: basal blue, rather restricted, running from about two-thirds from the base of inner margin upwards for about 2mm., then bulging slightly towards outer margin and then turning to base of wing. In P. beaufortia charlesi the basal blue extends towards the apical area of hindwing. Spots in areas 3,4, 5, 6 and 7. A very faint light blue over basal blue extending as far as marginal spots. This feature is absent in P. beaufortia charlesi. Spots in areas 3 and 4 not in line with those in 5, 6 and 7. Underside: markings similar to that of P. beaufortia charlesi. In the hindwing of some specimens the brown of basal and apical areas are much more prominent and inclined to be reddish. In the holotype this colour is not as intense. Dis- cocellular streak differently shaped than that of P. beaufortia charlesi. Female: as in many cases of the Poecilmitis complex this species and that of P. beaufortia and its subspecies are strikingly alike. Upperside: forewing outer margin broadly black and chequered. Spots on all wings well developed. Under- side markings similar to some specimens of P. lysander Penning- ton. This azure coloured species of Poecilmitis was first observed and netted by Messrs. C. Dickson and C. Wykeham in the Roggeveldt mountains in 1969. Much credit is due to them for opening the area to South African collectors. In 1970 the author took quite a number there including the allo and holotypes in cop. This species also shows some resemblance to P. psyche Penn. But in this complex there are others showing similarity to that species. The writer, however, regards this species a relative closer to P. lysander Penn. than to P. psyche Penn.., its 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15/1V/75 habits being more like that of P. lysander than that of P. psyche. Like most of the genus it is a rapid flier settling either on the ground or at times on short shrubs. It favourite localities appear to be at the foot of mountains. Parallelomma vittatum (Meigen) (Dipt.: Scatophagidae) in Spain By K. P. BLAND 63 Charterhall Grove, Edinburgh, EH9 3HT On 5th July, 1974, at 1,180m. by the Rio Ara in Garganta de Bujaruello in the Spanish Pyrenees, I found a single inhabited dipteran leafmine in Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchi- daceae). On 7th and 8th July, 1974 a careful search of the helleborines between 1,100-1,300m. in the woods of the Ordesa Valley (also in Huesca Province) yielded a further 17 similar leafmines in three different species of helleborine: — Number of plants Number of with mines live larvae Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz The 1 Cephalanthra longifolia (Huds.) Fritsch We 3 Cephalanthra rubra (L.) Wy -C. Rach 1 1 * One plant had two leaves mined. Of these 6 living larvae 3 successfully left the leafmine and formed a puparium, but only one of these yielded an imago (emerged 29th July, 1974), the other two becoming desiccated. Using Séguy (1934a) the imago was identified as Parallelomma vittatum (Meigen, 1826) (identity confirmed by Dr. J. R. Vockeroth, Entomology Research Institute, Canada) and was derived from a leafmine in Epipactis helleborine found in the Ordesa Valley. All the leafmines from the three species of Helleborine showed a similar form and hence most probably were made by P. vittatum. This appears to be the first record of this orchid-mining Scathophagidae from Spain; it is not mentioned in the catalogues of Spanish diptera by Czerny and Strobl (1909) or Séguy (1934b). Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr. J. R. Vockeroth, Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada, for his kind assistance and to Dr. R. P. Garcia, Instituto Nacional para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza, Huesca, for permission to collect insects in Parque Nacional del Valle de Ordesa, Huesca, Spain. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 125 References Czerny, L. & Strobl, G. 1909. Spanische Dipteren III, Verhandlungen zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft in Wien, 59: 121-301. Séguy, E. 1934a. Faune de France, Vol. 28, Diptéres (Brachycéres); (Muscidae acalypterae et scatophagidae), pp. 665-667. Séguy, E. 1934b. Diptéres d’Espagne, Memorias de la Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisio-Quimicas y Naturales de Zaragoza, 3: 4-54. Notes and Observations THE SCARCE CHOCOLATE-TIP (CLOSTERA ANACHORETA D. & S.) IN Kent IN 1974.—TI took a male specimen of this rare moth on the night of 16th/17th August, 1974 in an m.v. trap at Dungeness Bird Observatory, Kent. It was in good condition and one of very few moths in the trap after a clear cold night. This is apparently a new record for Dungeness, although it is recorded in the Lepidoptera of Kent (Vol. 2, p. 39) that a specimen of C. anachoreta was taken nearby at Lydd in 1953. — W. L. Coster, 10 Elms Farm Road, Elm Park, Hornchurch, Essex. JOHN ABBOT’S BiRTH Data. — John Abbot, entomologist, ornithologist and a pioneer of natural history in the American colonies and United States, has been the subject of brief articles, and is best known to entomologists as the contributor of manu- script notes and coloured drawings which were used by Sir James Edward Smith, with species descriptions written by Smith, in The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (London, 1797), the first work of importance on the Lepidoptera of the region. During a recent research trip to London to complete the collection of data for the section on Abbot to be printed in a forthcoming volume of Studies in the History of Entomology (which will furnish a biography of one of the more elusive of American naturalists and reprint the manuscript of his contri- bution to Smith’s book, elucidating Abbot’s role and settling the question of authorship of the “‘Smith and Abbot”’ species, which, as has been suggested, should properly be credited to “J. E. Smith’’), some unestablished facts about Abbot’s birth were discovered. In 1948, Charles Remington published a text of a brief unfinished autobiographical statement in John Abbot’s hand, found in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (Lepidopterist’s News, 2 (1948): 28-30). Remington’s transcription has been the basis of several derivative sketches of Abbot’s life (e.g. Elsa Allen, ‘John Abbot: Pioneer Naturalist of Georgia’, Georgia Historical Quarterly, 41 (1957): 143-157). I am indebted to Ms. Ann Blum for access to the 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 IS/1Vy 7% original MS. of Abbot’s ‘‘Notes on my Life’, still in the custody of the M.C.Z., in which he relates that he ‘was born in the Year 1751, the first of June Old Stile, at the West end of the Town London, in Bennet Street St James, my father was an Attorney at Law’. Bennet Street still exists. One block long, it runs west from St. James’s Street into Arlington Street. A search in the baptismal records of St. George’s, Hanover Square, which would have been Abbot’s parish church, revealed that John Abbot, son of John and Ann Abbot, was born on 31st May, 1751 and baptised on 9th June. Either Abbot erred in the recollection of his birth date by one day, or the parish record (established at his baptism) did so. At any rate, we now have new data about the birth of one of the most interesting of 18th century naturalists in America, with conclusive evidence concerning his parents’ names. — RONALD S. WILKINSON, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Obituaries WILLIAM HENRY STOREY, O.B.E. (1905-1975) With the death on 7th January, 1975 of Bill Storey at the age of 69, yet another distinguished field lepidopterist has been taken from us with unexpected suddenness. It was with great grief and shock for all who knew him that he passed away at his home at Great Bealings, near Ipswich, following a severe heart attack, though he had been apparently in his usual good health until then. He was born at Bromley in Kent in 1905 and after early education at Tenterden went on to Tonbridge School. It was between the wars that he became intensely interested in the British lepidoptera, obtaining a great deal of his knowledge about our many species from that great mentor, Dr. E. A. Cockayne, whom he often accompanied on field outings. By the outbreak of the second war he had already built up a very comprehensive collection of our butterflies and the macro- moths. After a short period in the advertising business he joined in 1938 the well-known firm of Messrs. Pye, the scientific instrument makers, based on Cambridge. Television was then in its infancy and it was this side that Bill Storey helped to develop when war service broke into his career. He served in the Royal Corps of Signals and held the rank of Captain when he was captured at the fall of Singapore. He remained a prisoner in Malaya until 1945 and used to tell many stories of his experiences at the hands of the Japanese. He rejoined Pye’s in 1947 and during the next twenty years travelled to many parts of the world on their behalf, eventually becoming a director and leading executive of the Company. For his out- OBITUARIES (27 standing services in furthering the sale of British scientific instruments abroad he was awarded the O.B.E. in 1968. It was in this post-war period while living in the vicinity of Cambridge that Bill Storey was able to make a thorough survey of the lepidoptera of that area and he published several notes in the 1950s in this Journal on his more interesting and unexpected records. The Stout Dart (Spaelotis ravida) was one of his local specialities. He did not seem to collect much far afield nor on his visits overseas. It was on his retirement from his professional duties in 1969 that he went to live at Great Bealings, in Suffolk. This proved an ideal spot for him to run his mercury vapour trap and sample the insects of a new area which he did to great advantage for the next five seasons. During this period he obtained a good many species which were scarce in that part of England, including the White Speck (Leucania unipuncta) and in 1974 probably the only Striped Hawk (Celerio livornica) recorded in Britain that year. But his most remarkable capture taken there in 1971 was a halved gynandromorph of the Barred Red (Ellopia fasciaria). He joined the then South London Entomological Society as far back as 1924 and was about to be made an honorary member on his completion of fifty years of membership. He also latterly belonged to the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society of which he became a keen supporter. His untimely end has indeed robbed the entomological world of one of its most enthusiastic adherents. Of the most happy and kindly nature he will be greatly mourned and missed not only by a large number of colleagues in the scientific sphere, but also by a great many friends with similar interests in natural history. It is certain that the whole-hearted sympathy of this large company will have gone out to his widow, four daughters and other surviving members of his family in their irreparable loss. — C.G.M. de W. CHARLES ALBAN WILLIAM DUFFIELD, M.C (1887-1974) There must be many collectors of our lepidoptera who used to visit Alban Duffield at his home with its superb setting beneath the downs at Brook, near Wye, in Kent and most of them will probably have sampled or observed the rich fauna and flora of those wonderful surroundings where he passed away on 9th December, 1974 at the advanced age of 87. For for half a century he had studied all branches of nature around him there and in particular entomology. He was born in June 1887 at Cranleigh in Surrey, his father being a schoolmaster in Holy Orders. He went on to Cambridge University in 1908 and then as a student to the Agricultural College at Wye where he joined the staff in 1919 as a lecturer and expert entomologist after serving in the Royal West Kent Regiment during the latter part of the 1914 War. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917. In 1931 he left the 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 87 15 /1V 75s College to join a commercial firm interested in the production of derris powder as a pesticide. During the 1939-45 War he threw himself wholeheartedly into the activities of the Home Guard, eventually commanding his local battalion. His great interest in most things entomological never flagged and it was probably while serving under Prof. Theobald at Wye College that he began to collect the Frog-hoppers (Cercopidae) of which he made a life-long study and brought together a first class collection on which he wrote quite a number of papers. In his latter years too he became keenly interested in bumble bees, also in the vagaries and theories of melanism. But not least among his many pursuits was that of the lepidoptera, mainly those species to be found on his own home terrain of which he built up a most comprehensive and valuable assemblage of insects. For many years after the war he ran a mercury vapour trap which brought in quite a lot of unexpected visitors, one of which was the small noctuid, the Pretty Marbled (Lithacodia deceptoria Scop.), a very choice and rare migrant to our shores. Several local species were a the Plumed Prominent (Ptilophora plumigera D. & S.) which source of attraction to visiting collectors to his home, not least sometimes used to abound there in mid-November. Alban Duffield was for a long time a member of the Folkestone Natural History Society. On one hot day in June 1948 he enter- tained a number of its members after a field meeting on the downs near his house, Pickersdane. When they sat down to tea, little did they realise that over their heads was a huge nest of nearly full-fed larvae of the Large Tortoiseshell feeding on a weeping willow. Perhaps providentially their host only spotted it after they had left. East Kent was his dedicated home from which he seldom travelled far afield, though he used to survey the country around, especially Dungeness. It was fortunate that he was able to negotiate for the Nature Conservancy to take over his down- land which is preserved as a heritage to his memory. It is also a happy thought that his fine collections are going to Maidstone Museum. He joined the then South London Entomological and Natural History Society in 1949 and lectured to it on several occasions. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Entomo- logical Society. His wife predeceased him by a few years. His cheerful presence will be greatly missed by entomo- logists who used to visit him annually and derive much pleasure from discussing the insect orders in which he specialised, for he was a real savant on the subject and above all on the natural history of his surroundings. All sympathy goes out to his son and daughter from all who were privileged to be numbered among his friends. — C.G.M. de W. AURELIAN BOOKS Antiquarian, Recent and New Books on Insects, Plants, Birds, Mammals and General Natural History bought and supplied Libraries purchased — Catalogues issued — Personal require- ments searched for. Please advise us of your wants : Write or telephone AURELIAN BOOKS, Tumbledown Dick’s, Green Tye, Much Hadham, Hertfordshire Telephone: Much Hadham 2676 POSTAL BUSINESS ONLY ENTOMOLOGICAL DISPLAY MOUNTING CABINETS Wooden construction, of the finest quality, mahogany stained, with glass lid. Total dimensions 174” x 174” x 22” Price £3.25 each, plus 50p postage and packing M. L. HOW 36 Bush Grove, Stanmore, Middx. Telephone: 01-952 4064 BUTTERFLIES ON STAMPS Extend your interest to collecting Butterflies on stamps; many other insects also available Approval selections available, and packets for new collectors A. GRANGER 42 Lee Lane East, Horsforth, Nr. Leeds, LS18 5RE A guide to the natural history manuscript resources of the British Isles is being prepared by Gavin Bridson (Librarian, Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1V OLQ) and Anthony P. Harvey (Librarian, Department of Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD). Relevant libraries, museums and other organisations are being surveyed by means of questionnaire. A particular problem of this survey is the wide scattering of material as shown by its presence in some unlikely locations and many individuals will, through their own researches, have come into contact with such items. They may also know of undocumented items in public and private collections and might be able to contribute valuable information. The compilers will be grateful for, and readily acknowledge, any such information. The results of this survey are to be published by the Bowker Publishing Co. Ltd. in 1975. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Separates of ““Emmet’s Notes on some of the British Nepticuli- dae’’. Price 35p per copy. Printed covers for the collection of 5 parts.— Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2 9EE, Kent. Back numbers.—Our supplies of certain back numbers are now a little reduced and we would be willing to buy in a few copies of Vols.: 75, 77, 79, 82 and 83 at subscription rates. Due to an error there are now no further stocks of the January 1973 issue, we would therefore be indebted to anyone who could part with this issue.-—S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. A Survey of the Macrolepidoptera of Croydon and North East Surrey by L. K. and K. G. W. Evans. 133 pp. with 4 plates and detailed area map. Price £1.20 including post/packing. To be obtained from The Secretary, Croydon Natural History and Scientific Society, 96a Brighton Road, South Croydon, Surrey, CR2 6AD. Wanted. — HYDROPTILIDAE (Trichoptera) Specimens or data from any part of the British Isles. Identification will be provided, if required by the sender. Material to:— Miss J. E. Marshall, Entomological Dept., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London. Wanted During 1975. — Livestock (ova, larvae or pupa) of Colias croceus (Clouded Yellow) and C. Hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow).—Please write stating quantity, price, and place of origin, to: D. J. Tolhurst, 13 Armytage Close, Hoo, Rochester, Kent, ME3 9AP. For Sale. — Large Brady Specimen Cabinet. Two columns of drawers separated by an equipment storage space with glass door. 16 lift off framed glass lid drawers each 15” x 174” x 2”. Equipment section with three adjustable shelves. 12 graduated drawers, 13” x 174”, ranging from 2” to 4” deep. Silver presentation plaque dated 1892. Very good condition. Reason for sale, 40 drawer Brady.—Rex, Newington (Kent) 842016 (evenings) or Medway 44310 day time. Wanted —for research purposes — parasitic Hymenoptera reared from identified Lepidopterous and other hosts. If you are willing to help and would like further details, please write to— Dr. M. R. Shaw, Dept. of Zoology, University of Manchester, Manchester 13. Wanted — Light Trap. Recorder needs portable trap, as designed by J. Heath, burning 8 inch 6 watt tube. As trap is wanted for both battery and Mains operation, inclusion of a mains control unit, in addition to the balast unit, would be desirable. No batteries required. Buyer will view and collect anywhere in or near Oxfordshire; or purchase elsewhere by post.— C. Garrett-Jones, 16 Conduit Road, Abingdon, OX14 1DB. Abingdon 376. THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on (a) Leaf miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of candidates and of the plan of work proposed. Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces- sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer- ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In total, they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1975/76. Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research in any part of the world may qualify. Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE, as soon as possible and in any case not later than 30th September, 1975. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. ’ TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to: E. H. WILD, L.Inst.Biol., 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon, Surrey, CR2 8EF. Specimen copies supplied by Mr. Wild on payment of 40p or sterling equivalent which will be taken into account if the person in question becomes a full subscriber, plus 10p postage. Changes of address, also enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes, to: S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2 9EE, Kent. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. RENSHAW, 53 Links Road, West Wickham, Kent BR4 0QN, England. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis™ to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. SS RSLS SSD SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. SSS SS SSS SS, SARUMAN (incorporating the Butterfly Centre) Business Reg. No. 1685058 V.A.T. Reg. No. 210 4043 36 Specialists in British and World Lepidoptera and Entomologica Equipment — Literature — Livestock — Photographs 58 HIGH STREET, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 1XF ENGLAND Telephone: Tunbridge Wells 31926 Hours: 9.30 a.m.—5.30 p.m. except Wednesdays and Sundays Directors: Paul Smart, F.R.E.S., Gita Smart; Consultant: John Muirhead; Technical Staff: Trevor Scott, Chris Samson, F.R.E.S. Main catalogue ‘Butterflies Presented by Saruman’. 1000 plus species listed: equipment: books: etc., 40pp. inc. colour plates 85p plus 10p postage Supplementary lists (10 issued per year): 40p per annum Wanted to Purchase — Collections, Cabinets, Entomological libraries, large or small; Livestock, etc. In your replies please mention ‘The Entomologist Record’ CONTENTS Melanism in the Larvae of Abraxas grossulariata Steph. M. L. STREET Nigerian Tineidae. K. P. BLAND A Key to the Subfamilies of Phasmida. J. T. CLARK Lepidoptera on Hoy, Orkney. GUY HOWARD Dimorphism in Papilio Pupae. D. G. SEVASTOPULO Notes on the Status of Triodes hypolitus (Cramer) with a Description of a New Genus, Notes on the Status of T. hypolitus cellularis Rothschild and the Apparent Dimorphi in the Male Sex of T. hypolitus sulaensis Staudinger. JAN HAUGUM and ANDREW First Records of Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) from Tripura (India). T. R. MITRA and G. C. SEN ... On a New Species of the Genus Cranopygia Burr (Dermaptera) from India. G. K. SRIVASTAVA A New Species of Poecilmitis from the Roggeveldt Mountains of the Cape Province (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). D. A. SWANEPOEL ... att als a ve mys a Parallelomma vittatum (Meigen) (Diptera: Scatophagidae) in Spain. K. P. BLAND ... Addition and Correction ... Notes and Observations: The Scarce Chocolate-tip (Clostera anachoreta D. & S.) in Kent in 1974. W. L. COSTER John Abbot’s Birth Data. R. S. WILKINSON ... Obituaries: William Henry Storey ... Charles Alban William Duffield 97 98 104 107 109 111 119 121 123 124 120 125 125 126 127 Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL VOL. 87, No. 5 May 1975 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.Rk.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JAcoBS, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY | Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 87 £4.00 Post free, for payment in sterling. _ £4.25 if payment is made in Foreign Currency. Is now due and should be paid to et. ~