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Entomologist’s
Record

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

EDITED BY
J. M. CHALMERS HUNT, F.R.E.S.

Price £6.50 net.

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iii

CONTENTS 1976

Aberdeenshire and _ Kincardinshire.
Lepidoptera of A. M. Palmer,
121, 196, 286

Abraxas grossulariata L. (Magpire
Moth). An invasion of J. L.
Campbell, 264

Acentria nivea (Col.) at light. R. G.
Warren, 136

Acherontia atropos L. and Ayles
gallii. Larvae of A. G. Long, 19

(Acherontia atropos L.) in Northants.
Death’s Head Hawk moth J. F.
Burton, 30

Agarthidium rotundatum Gyllenhaal
and A. spherulum Reitter (Col.:
Anistomidae). C. Johnson and J.
Cooter, 181

Agriopis marginaria Fab. f. fuscata
Moseley at Woking. C. G. M. de
Worms, 156

Agriopis marginaria Fab. f. fuscata
Moseley in North-west Kent.
P. A. Sokoloff, 217

Agrius convolvuli (L.) at Batheaston.
B. W. Moore, 270

Agrius convolvuli L. in Pembroke-
shire. G. A. Neil Horton, 00

Aloeides (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae).
Further Notes on Species of the
Genus G. E. Tite and C. G. C.
Dickson, 177

Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida).
India Cotton Jassid A. S. Sohi,
236

Ancylis tineans Huibn. and Epinotia
crenana Hibn. (Lep.: Tortri-
cidae) in Scotland in 1975. J. R.
Langmaid and M. Harper, 232

Anthocharis gruneii H.-S. from
Greece. J. G. Coutsis, 37

Anticollix sparsata (Treits.) in Staf-
fordshire. R. G. Warren, 135

Apatele euphorbiae ssp. myricae Gn.
in the West of England. A Second
Brood of H. C. Huggins, 82

Apatura iris L. Successful Hibernating
of Second Instar Larvae of C. J.
Luckens, 26

Archanaria sparganii (Esper). The
Foodplants of G. E. Hyde, 56

Archips oporana L. (piceana P. & M.)
New to Suffolk. H. E. Chipper-
field, 58

{Argynnis lathonia L.) in Surrey,
1976. The Queen of Spain Fritil-
lary K. J. Willmott, 333

Argynnis paphia (L.) in Surrey. A
Gynandromorph of R. F. Brether-
ton, 267

Aricia anteros Freyer on Mt.
Taygetos. J. Brown, 314

Auction of Library Duplicates from
the Royal Entomological and
Linnean Societies. B. O. C.
Gardiner, 321

Autographa bractea D. & S. in
Monmouthshire. G. A. Neil
Horton, 71

Autographa bractea D. & S. in
Norfolk and Mythimna unipuncta
Haw. in Cambridgeshire and
Dorset. G. A. Ford, 81

Autographa gamma L. f. bipartita
Orstadius at Woking. C. G. M.
de Worms, 19

Avian Predation so Important in
Keeping Down Butterfly Popula-
tions? Is. A. Muyshondt and A.
Muyshondt Junr., 283

Banffshire. Macrolepidoptera of D. A.
Barbour, 1

Beetles Captured in the Moccas Park,
Herefordshire during 1975. A
Note on the J. Cooter, 319

Biston strataria Hufn. with Biston
betularia L. f. insularia. An
attempt to cross L. W. Siggs, 100

Blackberry Fruit during September
1975. Moths at J. Platts, 164

Breconshire in 1976. Butterflies in
J. P. Sankey Barker, 303

Butterflies in Early May 1976. Pro-
fusion of C. G. M. de Worms,
164

Butterflies in 1975. Part II. Observa-
tions on British C. J. Luckens,
145, 233

Calimotropha paludella (Hiibner) in
Surrey. R. Fairclough, 27
Calypterate Flies (Diptera) observed
during, Recent “Years:;, P2 J:
Chandler, 14

Camberwell Beauty in Camarthen-
shire. F. Passmore, 336

Camberwell Beauty in Cheshire. The
P. Groves, 266

Camberwell Beauty in Huntingdon-
shire. Andrew Guthrie, 336

Camberwell Beauty in North Essex.
The Sir Geoffrey Eley, 336

Camberwell Beauties in the Isle of
Man in 1976. L. S. Garrard, 265

Camberwell Beauty in 1976; A
Beanest, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt,

6

(Cramptogramma Obiliniata L.). An
early” “Yellow. Shell™ J 17.
Chalmers-Hunt, 148

Carausius morosus (Br.), The Effect
of Air Currents on the Behaviour
of R. H. Stabler, 44

iv

(Catocala fraxini L.) and other Immi-
grants in Norfolk in 1976. The
Clifden Nonpareil 7. N. D. Peet,
266

Catocala fraxini (L.) in Aberdeen-
shire. M. R. Young, 299

(Catocala fraxini L.) in Norfolk. The

Clifden Nonpareil E. A. Ellis, 323

Cataplectica farreni Walsingham (Lep.
Epermeniidae) in Kincardinshire.
J. R. Langmaid, 29

Cercopis vilnerata Ill. (Hemiptera
Homoptera; Cicadoidea). A New
Form of Dianne O. Gibson, 261

Chloroclystis _chloerata — (Mabille).
Records of A. M. Emmet, 160

Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. at West-
cliff-on-Sea. H. C. Huggins, 239

(Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille) in
1975. The Slor Pug M. Britton, 67

Cochylidia implicitana (Wocke) and
Aethes smeathmanniana (Fab.) in
Lancashire. E. F. Hancock and
JoSease Charles, LOL

Chrysotoxum festivum (L.) (Diptera,
Syrphidae) The Puparium of.
M. C. D. Speight, 51

Chrysomelidae (Col.) including
Amendments and Additions to
the List. Notes on some British.
A. A. Allen, 220, 294

Coleophora. Notes on the Pupation
Sites of Four Species of the
Genus. S. E. Whitebread, 28

Coleophora ochrea (Haworth) in
Dorset in 1976. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt, 206

Coleoptera from N.E. Essex. Some
Interesting. D. R. Nash, 39

Colias aurorina heldreichi Staudinger.
An Extension of the Known
Range of. J. Brown, 299

(Colias croceus Geoffrey) in Ireland
in 1975. The Clouded Yellow.
J. P. Sankey-Barker, 56

Colias croceus (Geoffrey) and
Mythimna vittelina (Hubner) in
South Wales in 1976. B. Skinner,
270

Colocasia coryli L. f. melanotica
Haverkampf at Woking. C. G.
M. de Worms, 271

Collecting Controversy — Facts
Wanted. B. O. C. Gardiner, 110

saree Diary 1975. D. Brown, 73,
8

Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain
fae 1975. C. G. M. de Worms,
18

Collecting Notes January-June 1976.
R. G. Chatterlain and OD.
O’Keeffe, 330

Cork. A Year in Co. J. E. Chainey,
226, 249

Commophila aenana_ (Hibn.) in
Hampshire. J. R. Langmaid, 239
Cosmopteryx drurella (Fabricius) in
Dorset in 1976, not C. schmidi-
ella Frey. A Correction. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 270
Cosmopteryx schmidiella Frey redis-
covered after 75 Years. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 182
Cosmopteryx zieglerella (Huibner)
(eximia Haworth) (Lep. Mom-
phidae) in Essex. A. M. Emmet,
3 |

(Cyclophora_pupillaria WHiibner) in
Kent. Blair’s Mocha. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 267

Cydia prunivorana (Ragonot)=lobar-
zewskii sens. auct. Lep. Tortri-
cidae) Bred. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt, 268

Cybaeda dentalis (D. & 8S. (Lep.
Pyralidae) on the Hampshire
Mainland. R. Dickson, 102

Denmark. Collecting Butterflies in.
Poul Svendsen, 47

Digitivalva perlepidella (Stainton) in
Herefordshire. John R. Lang-
maid, 212

Dolochopodidae (Diptera). On the
feeding habits of four species of
adult. O. M. White, 94

East African Lepidoptera—XIII. The
Genetics of. D. G. Sevastopulo,
72

Elaphira venustula (Hubner) in Suf-
folk. J. Roche, 52

Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.).
H. C. Huggins, 207

Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.). A
Further Note on. T. C. Dunn,
334

Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.) in
County Durham. A_ Belated
Record of. D. A. Sheppard, 136

Erebia on the French Massif Central.
Notes on the. M. J. Perceval,
241, 324

Eriopygodes_ imbecilla (Fabricius)

2 (Lep. Noctuidae) as a Resident
British Species. The Discovery of.
G. A. Neil Horton, 246

Eumichtis lichenea (Hiibner) (Lep.
Noctuidae) Feathered Ranunculus
on the Hampshire Mainland. R.
Dickson, 112

Eupithecia phoeniciata Rambur in the
New Forest. L. W. Siggs, 299

Eurois occulta (L.) and Sphecia bem-
beciformis (Hiibner) at Light and
the Larva and Pupa of Herse
convolvuli (L.) in Kent in 1976.
T. W. Harman, 231

Eustrotia bankiana Fab. (Silver

| Barred) in Surrey. G. Botwright,

240

Everything Comes to Him. B. R.
’ Baker, 83

Exomelia Fennah 1957 (Homoptera
Fulgoroidea, Flatidae). A New
Name for. &. G. Fennah, 314

Gloucestershire. Microlepidoptera in.
J. Newton, 98

Gonepteryx cleopatra Linnaeus 1767
(Lepidoptera, Pieridae) in Greece.
Notes on. J. Brown, 93

Green Islands of the Nepticulidae.
A. M. Emmet, 207

Green Islands of the Nepticulidae.
E. H. Wild, 103

Hazards of the Chase. J. N. Marcon,
23

Helicoverpa armigera (Hiubn.) and

Autographa gamma (Linn.) f.bipar-
tita Orstadius in Hampshire.
Cc. G. M. de Worms, 99

Hemaris fuciformis Linn. in Hants.
L. W. Siggs, 270

Herse convolvuli L. in Sussex. Colin
Pratt, 232

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller). Fur-
ther Records of. P. A. Sokoloff,
318

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller) in
Britain. The Status of. J. A.
Watkinson, 333

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller) (Lep.
Pyralidae) in Norfolk. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 282

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller) (Lep.
Pyralidae Phycitinae) in Essex.
G. S. Robinson, 180

Hipparchia algerica sardoa Spuler
1902 Type Locality Sardinia. Syn.
Papilio aristaeus Bonelli 1826
(Invalid Homonym). JL. G.
Higgins, 30

Hummingbird Hawk in the Isle of
Man in 1976. L. S. Garrard, 323

Hunting for Lepidoptera in 1975.
W. L. Coster, 127, 149

| Hydraccia osseola hucherardi Mab. as
a Breeding Species in the Medway
Valley. Confirmation of. P. J.
Jewess, 318

|Hyles livornica Esp. (Striped Hawk)
in East Sussex. A. E. C. Adams,
304

|Idaea humillata (Hufn.). A Note on.
S. E. Whitehead, 268

|\Inachis io L. A Second Brood?
C. G. M. de Worms, 264

(nachis io L.) on the summit of
Caeder Idris (2,927 ft.). Merio-
neth. The Peacock. J. P. Sankey
Barker, 160

v

Isles of Scilly and Cornwall in June
1975. Lepidoptera in. G. Sum-
mers, 29

Lampides boeticus L. (Lep. Lycae-
nidae). The first recorded Breed-
ing in Britain. P. Smart, 87

Lampyris noctiluca L. (Coleoptera
Lampyridae). Rearing the Glow-
worm. A. Wootton, 64, 217

Leafmining Lepidoptera from the Isle
of Wight. New Records of. A. M.
Emmet, 272

Lepideptera Records from Kent 1975.
Some Interesting. S. E. White-
bread, 281

fete te the Editor. G. Christensen,
1

Lithophane leautieri (Boisd.), Dichmia
areola (Esp.) and other Moths
flying in Winter in mild Weather.
E. P. Wiltshire, 271

Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. (Tawny
Pinion) in North Kent. J. Platts,
206

Lycia zonaria atlantica (Harrison) in
oe Uist. Austin Richardson,
16

(Lymantria dispar L.) in 1976. The
Gipsy Moth. L. W. Siggs, 268

Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep. Lycae-
nidae) and other species, Summer
1976. Aberrations of. A. D. A.
Russwurm, 305

Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep. Lycae-
nidae) Summer 1975. Abberra-
tions of. A. D. A. Russwurm, 81

(Macroglossum stellatarum LL.) in
London. The Hummingbird
Hawkmoth. Dennis Burrows, 248

Macroglossum. stellatarum (L). in
Lancashire. E. F. Hancock, 71

Macroglossum stellatarum Linn.
(Lepidoptera Sphingidae). An old
Migration Record and Notes on
Hiberation of. Torben Larsen,
14

Maize Shoot Fly in India. Occurrence
and Biology of. K. K. Kaushal,
27

(Mania maura) in Wales. Abundance
of The Old Lady. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt, 136

Mania maura Linnaeus (Old Lady);
An extended aestivation or an
unusual Hiberation. S§. N. A.
Jacobs, 103

Manx Camberwell Beauties in 1976.
Further Reports of. JL. S.
Garrard, 266

Medetera Fisch. (Dipt. Dolochopo-
didae) in Britain. A New Species
of. A. A. Allen, 77

Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) on
Sorchum. New Oviparous Morph
on. S. K. David, 28

vi

Migrant Lepidoptera on and near the
Coast of N.W. France. Six Years’
Notes on. E. F. Wiltshire, 165

Microlepidoptera from the Isle of
Wight. Six New Records of. P. J.
Johnson, 271

Migrants on ‘The Lizard. Late August
1976. C. G. M. de Worms, 335

Migrants in 1975. Some West Country.
C. G. Lipscomb, 97 :

Miris striatus (Hem. Miridae) in
Suffolk. David Ridley, 259

(Mormo maura L.) on Mull, The Old
Ladq. P. Wormell, 240

Moth Records from Perthshire. Three
Interesting. B. Morrison, 335

Myrmecozela ochraceella (Teng-
strom). Collecting. R. Fairclough,

79

Mythimno obsoleta Hubn. (Obscure
Wainscot) in Sussex. C. Pratt,
120

Mythimna unipuncta on the Isle of
Canna. J. L. Campbell, 56

New Forest Mercury Vapour Light
Records for 1975. L. W. Siggs,
155

Nola aerugula (Hiibner) and other
Interesting Occurrences at Dover.
G. H. Youden, 267

Nycterosea obstipata F. in Sussex and
Surrey in 1975. R. F. Bretherton,
135

Nycterosea obstipata F. (The Gem) in
Sussex, 1975. C. Pratt, 43

(Nymphalis antiopa) in Wales in 1976.
The Camberwell Beauty. J.
Firmin, 304

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in North East
Essex. J. Firmin, 303

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Norfolk,
August, September 1976. E. A.
Ellis, 269

(Nymphalis antiopa L.) in Kent in
1976. The Camberwell Beauty.
A. E. Aston, 255

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Kent in
1976. E. G. Philp, 304

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Caithness.
H. B. D. Kettlewell, 285

Nymphalis antiopa (L.), Hyles gallii
(Rott.) and other Immigrants in
Essex in 1976. G. A. Pyman, 304

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) Camberwell
Beauty in Surrey. R. F. Brether-
ton, 264

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) and_ other
Immigrants in the Eastbourne
District in 1976. M. Hadley, 269

(Nymphalis polychloros) in Kent in
1976. The Large Tortoiseshell.
G. H. Youden, 280

Nymphalis_ polychloros L. (Large
Tortoiseshell) in Kent and Hamp-
shire. C. P. J. Samson, 176

QOeciacus hirundinum (Jenyns) (Hem. |
Cimicidae) in Norfolk. D. R.
Nash, 265

Orthosia cruda D. & S. in January.
C. G. M. de Worms, 76

Pammene_ luedersiana Sorhagen. A
second Record from Scotland.
A. M. Emmet, 88

Panchlora nivea (L.) Cockroach in |
Buckinghamshire. A. Wootton, |
195

Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Waved |
Black) in East Sussex. A. E. C. |
Adams, 314

Perizoma taeniatum (Stainton) in
Northumberland. M. E. Eyre,
136

Phyllocnistis xenia Hering, 1936, a |
recent addition to the British List
of Lepidoptera. E. C. Pelham ©
Clinton, 161

Phyliocnistis xenia Hering—its Food-
plant and Life History. A. M.
Emmet, 306

Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zeller) in
Hampshire. J. R. Langmaid, 240

Phyllonorycter roboris (Zeller) and P.
cavella (Zeller). The Voltinism
of. A. M. Emmet, 158

Fhyllonorycter ulicicolella (Stainton)
in Hampshire. J. R. Langmaid,
225

Platypalpus Macquart (Dipt. Empidae)
including a Species New to
Science, two New to Britain, and
New Synonymy. Notes on Some
British. K. G. V. Smith and M.
Chvala, 137

Platypus parallelus F. (=linearis
Steph.) (Col. Scolytidae) recap-
tured in Britain after 159 Years.
A. A. Allen, 57

Plebicula golgus Hubner and other
Butterflies in the Sierra Nevada
anys 1975. C. G. M. de Worms,

Plebejus pylaon brethertoni Brown in
Attica. J. Brown, 195

Polia hepatica Clerk (tincta Brahm);
Silvery Arches in Gloucestershire.
J. Newton, 102

Provence Revisited. C. G. M. de
Worms, 12

Resta A Note from the S.N.A.J.

Say’s American Entomology (Phila-
delphia 1817). Some Bibliograpical
Notes on Thomas. R. S. Wilkin-
son, 204

Scilly during August 1975. Butterflies
on the Isles of. J. C. Beavis, 194

Scopula emutaria (Hubner) in South
Wales. R. G. Warren, 136

‘Shiffermuellaria procerella (Denis &
Schiffermiller 1775) (Lep. Oeco-
phoridae). A Species New to
Britain. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and
Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, 211

‘Sicily in 1975. Collecting Lepidoptera
and Other Insects in. A. Valletta,
113

‘Sicily. Late September in. A. Summers,
239

‘Skyros, Greece. Spring Butterflies on
the Island of. J. C. Coutsis, 33

‘South African Butterflies. Six New.
C. G. C. Dickson, 273, 307

‘Sphaerophoria virgata Goddlin (Dipt.
Syrphidae) New to the British
Isles. M. C. D. Speight, 300

‘Stephensia brunichella L. bred from
Ground Ivy. J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt, 160

'Stigmella auritella (Skala) (Lep. Nep-
ticulidae). A Species New to
Britain. A. M. Emmet, 105

'Stigmella samiatella (Zeller 1839) and
S. svenssoni (Johannson 1971)
(Lep. Nepticulidae). The Status
in Britain of. A. M. Emmet, 315

‘Spongovostox Burr (Dermaptera,

Labiidae) from Nigeria. A New

Species of. A. Brindle, 53

‘Stratiomyid Flies. Northern Records
of some. A. Brindle, 256

‘Suffolk. Unusual Captures in. Rev.
Guy A. Ford, 225

‘“Sugaring”’. Prideaux J. Selby, the
Doubledays and the Modern
Methods of. R. S. Wilkinson, 23

‘Summer 1976—A Preliminary Review
of the Effect on Lepidoptera of
the Long Drought, based on
Dane Trap Records. E. H. Wild,
2

|Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) again
in Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 255

'Tachinidae—2. Some Records of
Bred. T. H. Ford, 68

'Tineidae (Lep.)—With Description of
a New Species and a Previously
Unknown Female from Ghana.
Reads of African. K. P. Bland,

’ Treasurer. From our P.J.R. 329

‘“Tuddenham, Suffolk. East or West?
A Plea. D. R. Nask, 266

‘Unusual Foodplants. Two Species of
Microlepidoptera reared from.
A. M. Emmet, 79

Vanessa atalanta L. in Staffordshire.
Hibernated. R. G. Warren, 147

‘Winters on some British Autumn
and Spring flying Lepidoptera.
The Effect of mild. D. W. H.
ffennell, 157

Xanthia citrago (L.) in West Ross
V.C. 105). N. L. Birkett, 266

vii

Young’s Letter. Apropos of Dr. H. C.
Huggins, 119

Yponomeutidae. The early Stages of

ine Species of. A. M. Emmet,

CURRENT LITERATURE: 25, 31,

32, 38, 55, 96, 104, 118, 134, 154,
175; 237.262, 302,

OBITUARY:
Wakely, 209

Stanley Howard

AUTHORS

Adams, A. E. C., 304, 314

Agassiz, Rev. D. J. L., 211

Allen, A. A., 57, 77, 220, 294

Aston, A. E. C., 304, 314

Baker, B. R., 83

Barbour, D. A., 1

Beavis, I. C., 194

Birkett, Neville L., 266

Bland, K. P., 20

Botwright, G., 240

Bretherton, R. F., 135, 255, 264, 267

Brindle, A., 53, 256

Britton, M., 67

Brown, D., 73) 89

Brown, J., 93, 195, 299, 314

Burrows, BD 240

Burton, i F, 30

Campbell, J. L., 56, 264

Chainey, J. E., 226, 249

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 136, 148, 160,
oe 206, 211, 267, 268, 270, 282,
3

Chandler, P. J., 14

Charles, J. S. S., 101

Chatterlain, R. G., 330

Chipperfield, H. E., 58

Christensen, G., 101

Chvala, M., 137

Cooter, J., 181, 319

Coster, W. L., 127, 149

Coutsis, J. G., 33, 37

David, S Kes

Dickson, GC: G CAlii7273.. 307

Dickson, R., 102, 112

Dunn, rie G: 334

Eley, Sir Geoffrey, 336

Ellis, E. A., 269, 323

Emmet, A. M., 79, 88, 105, 159, 160,
207, 218, a7) 306, S155 323

Fairclough, R., a7 719

Fennah, R. G., 314

ffennell, D. W. H., 157

Firmin, J., 303, 304

Vill

Ford, Rev. G. A., 81, 225
Ford, T. H., 68

Gardiner, B. O. C., 110, 321
Garrard, C. S., 265, 266, 323
Gibson, Dianne O., 261
Groves, A., 266

Guthrie, A., 336

Hadley, M., 269

Hancock, E. F., 71, 101
Harman, T. W., 231
Harper, M., 232

Higgins, L. G., 30

Horton, G. A. Neil, 71, 99, 246
Huggins, H. C., 82, 119, 206, 239
Hyde, G. E., 56

Jacobs, S. N. A., 103, 262
Jewess, P. J., 318

Johnson, C., 181

Johnson, P. J., 271
Kaushal, K. K., 27
Kettlewell, H. B. D., 285
Langmaid, J. R., 29, 212, 227, 240
Larsen, Torben, 148
Lipscomb, C. G., 97

Long, A. G., 19

Marcon, Rev. J. N., 213
Mayshondt, A., 283
Mayshondt, A. Junr., 283
Moore, B. W., 270
Morrison, B., 335

Nash, D. R., 39, 265, 266
Newton, J., 98, 102
O’Keeffe, D., 330

Palmer, R. M., 121, 286
Passmore, F., 336

Peet, T. N. D., 266

Pelham Clinton, E. C., 161
Perceval, M. J., 241

Philp, E. G., 304

Platts, J., 164, 206

Pratt, C., 43, 120, 232

Pyman, G. A., 304

Renshaw, P. J., 329

Richardson, A., 160

Ridley, D., 259

Robinson, G. S., 180

Roche, J., 52

Russwurm, A. D. A., 81, 325

Samson, C. P. J., 176

Sandhu, G. S., 27

Sankey Barker, J. P., 56, 160, 303 ©

Sevastopulo, D. G., 72

Sheppard, D. A., 136

Siggs, L. W., 100, 155, 268, 270, 299

Skinner, B., 270

Smart, P., 87

Smith, K. G. V., 137

Sohi, A. S., 236

Sokoloff, P. A., 217, 318

Speight, M. C. D., 51, 300

Stabler, R. H., 44

Summers, G., 29, 239

Svendsen, Poul, 47

Tite, G. E., 177

Valletta, A., 113

Warren, R. G., 135, 136, 147

Watkinson, I. A., 334

White. O. M., 94

Whitebread, S. E., 28, 268, 281

Wild, E. H., 103, 260

Wilkinson, R. S., 23, 204

Wiltshire, E. P., 165, 271

Wootton, A., 64, 195, 217

Wormell, P., 240

Worms, C. G. M. de, 12, 19, 56, 59,
He 99, 156, 164, 18332642 7ie

Youden, G. H., 267, 280

Young, M. R., 299

VOL. 88, No. 1 January, 1976
595.7059
EWT

——
pact ;

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.k.E.S.
with the assistance of
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NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HucaIns, F.R.E.s.
S. N. A. JAcoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY

eae aes

Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.

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Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire
By D. A. BarBour*

The old administrative county of Banffshire (Watsonian
vice-county 94) is bordered on the West by Morayshire, on the
East by Aberdeenshire, and in the South-west by East Inver-
ness-shire. All three of these areas have in the past attracted a
great deal of attention from both resident and visiting collectors,
and comprehensive accounts of their macrolepidoptera have
been published. Harper (1954 and later supplements) gave a
very full list for the much-visited Badenoch area of East Inver-
ness-shire. Palmer (1974 and in press) did the same for the
counties of Aberdeen and Kincardine. Morayshire has not had
a comprehensive list this century, but frequent notes have been
published on collecting visits to the Forres and Culbin areas.
Banffshire by contrast has received very little attention and no
proper county list has been published, in spite of the fact that
the Lepidoptera of the county are essentially very similar to
those of its better-known neighbours.

The notes in this list are based on my own collecting during
a semi-permanent stay at Aberlour (on the western side of the
county) from June 1968 to October 1972, and frequent visits to
the area since. Apart from Aberlour itself, the only part I have
worked at all intensively is that around Ballindalloch and the
lower part of Strathavon, also in the west of the county. For
this reason the list is in no way representative of the whole
area of this long and very varied county, which stretches from
the Arctic-alpine habitats of the mountain tops of the Cairngorms
to a narrow coastal plain and cliff-dominated coastline. In
particular it is deficient in coverage of the coastal districts and
eastern end of the county. I have been able to remedy this
deficiency only to a limited extent by reference to the few
published records for Banffshire (the older of these I quote
fairly fully), and by including records kindly supplied to me
by the small number of lepidopterists who have visited the
county. The nomenclature and classification used in the list are
those of Kloet and Hincks (1972).

N.B. General comments on status — ‘‘common’’, “occa-
sional’, etc. —refer specifically to the Aberlour area unless
otherwise stated.

HEPIALOIDEA
Hepialidae
Hepialus humuli L. Common.
H. hecta L. Common.
H. lupulinus L. Rare: once only at Aberlour.
H. fusconebulosa DeGeer. Common.

ZYGAENOIDEA
Zygaenidae
Zygaena filipendulae L. Locally distributed on the coast
(Edwards 1854, Brown 1901, Brown 1902). Colonies found
near Portknockie, Buckie, and Portgordon.

* The Hollies, Longmorn, by Elgin, Morayshire.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

HESPERIOIDEA
Hesperiidae
Erynnis tages L. Taken by Mr. Tait in Banffshire (Traill 1878).
Two colonies found, near the shore about half a mile to
the east and west of Portknockie (Slater 1964).

PAPILIONOIDEA

Pieridae

Pieris brassicae L. Most abundant (Gregor 1857). Very com-
mon, at least in all the lower districts.

P. rapae LL. Often too plentiful (Gregor 1857). Common.

P. napi L. Common, but less plentiful than other Pieris species
(Gregor 1857). Very common.

Anthocharis cardamines L. Rather common (Gregor 1857).
Aberlour (Brown 1894, 1896); Dufftown (Smith 1949,
Morison 1965). Common in suitable habitat throughout.

i)

Lycaenidae

Callophrys rubi L. Common on the Hill of Badds, near Macduff,
1856 (Gregor 1857). Strathavon, one, 26.v.1973.

Lycaena phlaeas L. Quite common (Gregor 1857). Common in
many places, appearing in May/June and again in August/
September. Has increased in the last 3-4 years.

Cupido minimus Fuessl. Occasional (Gregor 1857). Found near
Portknockie in same places as EF. tages (Slater 1964). Still
present to W. of Portknockie, June 1973.

Aricia artaxerxes F. A colony found on the coast, July 1902
(Brown 1902); another discovered there in July 1972 (P.D.).
In 1973-74 I found it flying in a limestone area near
Tomintoul.

Polyommatus icarus Rott. Common everywhere (Gregor 1857).
Common throughout the county; single-brooded.

Nymphalidae

Vanessa atalanta L. Not in very great plenty: one Macduff 1854
(Gregor 1857). One or two seen most years at Aberlour.

Cynthia cardui L. Recorded sporadically (Gregor 1857, Brown
1902, Gowan 1918). The biggest recent invasion was in
August 1969, when it was common everywhere around
Aberlour.

Aglais urticae L. In great abundance (Gregor 1857). Common.

aia on L. One near Banff, August 1872 (Traill

Inachis io L. Edwards had one caught at Duff House, near
Banff (Smiles 1905).

Boloria selene D. & S. Two colonies found on the coast near
Troup Head, July 1972 (P.D.). Locally quite common, in
Glen Rinnes and near Loch Park.

B. euphrosyne L. Rather scarce in some districts (Gregor 1857).

oe at Aberlour, common in the valley bottom near Loch
ark.

b

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE 3

Argynnis aglaja L. Moderately common in places along the
coast (Brown 1902; P.D.). Common in the Avon valley,
above Tomintoul.

Satyridae

Erebia aethiops Esp. Common in nearly all grassy spots, from
around 1,200 feet near Tomintoul, to the coast at Portgordon
and Portknockie. It has evidently colonised Banffshire in
the past century, as Gordon (1861) had no record east of
Forres.

Maniola jurtina L. In profusion all over the county (Gregor
1857). Common everywhere.

Coenonympha pamphilus L. Quite common in the upper parts,
less so round Banff (Gregor 1857). Locally common.

C. tullia Mill. Pair in cop., Glen Rinnes, 13.vii.74.

BOMBYCOIDEA
Lasiocampidae

Poecilocampa populi L. Moderately common. Larva on birch
in Strathavon.

Trichiura crataegi L. A few taken at m.v. light light in Strath-
avon, 14.vili.65 (E.C.P.-C.).

Lasiocampa quercus callunae Palmer. Common on most moors,
adults usually flying only in odd-numbered years: in July
1974 however both sexes were flying at Ballindalloch.

Macrothylacia rubi L. Common.

Saturniidae

Saturnia pavonia L. Occasional on moors (Edwards 1854).
Moderately common.

GEOMETROIDEA
Drepanidae

Falcaria lacertinaria L. One Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893 (Horne
1893a). One at Aberlour, 21.v.70.
Drepana falcataria L. Two at m.v. light, Aberlour, July 1971.

Thyatiridae
Thyatira batis L. One at Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893 (Horne 1893a).
Two records only at Aberlour.
Ochropacha duplaris L. Moderately common amongst birch.
Achlya flavicornis L. Common in the birchwoods of Strathavon,
rare around Aberlour.

Geometridae

Archiearis parthenias L. Common in the birchwoods of Strath-
avon, also at Buchromb.

Alsophila aescularia D. & S. Moderately common, evidently a
recent colonist of North-east Scotland.

Geometra papilionaria L. Moderately common.

Cyclophora albipunctata Hufn. Taken at Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893
(Horne 1893a).

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Scopula ternata Schrank. Locally commen in Strathavon.

Idaea biselata Hufn. Common.

1. aversata L. Common.

1. straminata Borkh. One at Ballindalloch, July 1974.

Xanthorhoe designata WHufn. Dufftown (Gordon 1861).
Moderately common, partially double-brooded.

X. munitata Hiibn. Local, in damp spots on moorlands.

X. spadicearia D. & S. Moderately common in many places.

X.montanata D. & S. Very common.

X. fluctuata L. Common, double-brooded.

Scotopteryx chenopodiata L. Common.

§. mucronata Scop. Common in parts of Strathavon.

S. luridata Hufn. Common on the coast, near Portknockie.

Epirrhoe alternata Mull. Common.

Camptogramma bilineata L. Moderately common.

Entephria caesiata D. & S. Common on all moors.

Anticlea badiata D. & S. Moderately common.

A. derivata D. & S. Moderately common.

Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S. Common. The ab. piceata
Steph. is frequent and formed 14% (42/306) of the popu-
lation in a wood near Aberlour where I sampled it during
1971-73.

Cosmorhoe ocellata L. Common.

Coenotephria salicata Hiibn. The single-brooded mountain form
flies on Cairngorm (D.W.S.) and Ben Rinnes.

Eulithis prunata L. Moderately common.

E. testata L. Common.

E. populata L. Glenfiddich (Gordon 1861). Common. The dark
brown form occurs as a rarity.

E. mellinata F. One or two specimens at light most years at
Aberlour.

E. pyraliata D. & S. Common.

Ecliptoptera silaceata D. & S. Moderately common.

Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. Moderately common.

C. miata L. Moderately common.

C. citrata L. Very common.

C. truncata Hufn. Common.

Cidaria fulvata Forst. Common.

Plemyria rubiginata D. & S. Locally common amongst alder.
The ab. fumosa Prout (?semifumosa Cockayne) occurs in
Strathavon. i

Thera firmata Hiibn. Common.

T. obeliscata Hiibn. Common.

I’. cognata Thunb. Moderately common in Strathavon.

I’. juniperata L. Common amongst juniper in Strathavon: rare
at Aberlour.

Electrophaes corylata Thunb. Moderately common.

Colostygia olivata D. & §. Occasional.

oy i aba Haw. Common on moorland and in birch-
woods.

C. pectinataria Knoch. Common.

Hydriomena furcata Thunb. Moderately common, especially
where sallow grows.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE 5

H. impluviata D. & S. Common amongst alder; the ab. obso-

letaria Schille occurs regularly.

H.. ruberata Freyer. Taken at Ballindalloch, 11.vii.1893 (Horne

1893b). Aberlour, one at light, 30.v.71.

Epirrhita dilutata D. & S. Common.

E. autumnata Borkh. Very common.

E. filigrammaria H.-S. Occurs on moorland in Strathavon.

Operophtera fagata Scharf. Larvae caused severe defoliation of

birch in the Cabrach, 1957-59 (G.D.M.).

Perizoma affinitatum Steph. Two records only for Aberlour.

P. alchemillata L. Moderately common.

P. minorata Treits. A colony found on limestone grassland in

the Avon valley above Tomintoul, 27.vii.74.

P. blandiata D. & S. Aberlour, one at m.v. light, 1.viii.71.

P. albulata D. & S. Common.

P. didymata L. Very common.

Eupithecia pulchellata Steph. Occasional.

E. intricata Zett. Taken at Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893 (Horne
1893a).

. satyrata Hiibn. Common.

. absynthiata Clerck. Moderately common.

goosensiata Mab. Taken at Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893 (Horne

1893a).

. assimilata Doubl. Moderately common.

vulgata Haw. Moderately common.

. subfuscata Haw. Moderately common.

. icterata Vill. Common. All three forms illustrated by South

occur.
. indigata Htibn. In pinewoods, Aberlour, Marypark, and
Strathavon.
. nanata Hiibn. Common.
. abbreviata Steph. One at m.v. light, Aberlour, 13.iv.72,
possibly a stray from the stand of oak on the opposite bank
of the Spey.
E. pusillata D. & S. Common, especially amongst juniper in
Strathavon.

E. tantillaria Boisd. One taken in a spruce wood at Aberlour,
ZONAL

Chloroclystis rectangulata L. Two at light, Aberlour, July 1973.

Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Haw. Moderately common on a hillside
at Aberlour, 24.v.71.

Chesias legatella D. & S. Common.

Carsia sororiata Hiibn. One taken on the north-west slope of
Ben Rinnes, 19.1x.72.

Aplocera plagiata L. Moderately common.

Odezia atrata L. Banffshire (Gordon 1861). Locally common in

grassy spots near the rivers Spey and Avon.

Venusia cambrica Curt. Common.

Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. Common in birchwoods, Aber-
lour and Strathavon: the ab. fasciata Prout is frequent.
Semiothisa liturata Clerck. One at m.v. light near a pine wood,

Marypark, 25.vii.72.

mo om mmm minh

6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

S. wauaria L. Occasional.

Petrophora chlorosata Scop. Common at Delfur Lodge, May
1957 (D.W.H.F.). Common at Aberlour: evidently a relative
newcomer to the North-east.

Opisthograptis luteolata L. Common.

Ennomos alniaria L. Common.

Selenia dentaria F. Moderately common.

S. lunularia Hiibn. Rare. Aberlour, two only.

Odontoptera bidentata Clerck. Moderately common. Larvae, of
the striking ‘“‘lichened’’ form, on birch in autumn.

Crocallis elinguaria L. Occasional at Aberlour, common in
Strathavon.

Colotois pennaria L. Common.

Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. Taken by Mr. G. Stronach at
Dailuaine, near Aberlour; larva in Strathavon, 26.v.74.
Lycia hirtaria Clerck. Common amongst birch, particularly in

Strathavon.

Biston betularia L. Moderately common.

Agriopis aurantiaria Hiibn. Moderately common.

A. marginaria F. Moderately common.

Erannis defoliaria Clerck. Rare: singles at m.v. light, Aberlour,
30.x.71, and Ballindalloch, 23.x.74.

Peribatodes rhomboidaria D, & S. Common.

Alcis repandata L. Common.

Ectropis bistortata Goeze. Common.

Ematurga atomaria L. Very common.

Bupalus piniaria L. Common in most Scots Pine woods.

Cabera pusaria L. Very common.

C. exanthemata Scop. Common in damp spots.

Campaea margaritata L. Common.

Hylaea fasciaria L. Mortlach (Gordon 1861). Moderately com-
mon in pinewoods.

Gnophos obfuscatus D. & S. Occasional, Aberlour and Strath-
avon.

Psodos coracina Esp. Flying on the S. side of Cairngorm, 1962
(D.W.S.); and near the summit of Ben Rinnes, 6.vii.71.

Dyscia fagaria Thunb. One in Strathavon, 26.v.74.

SPHINGOIDEA
Sphingidae
Agrius convolvuli L. One at Banff and two at Macduff, 1853
(Edwards 1854). One at Ballindalloch, 1860 (Gordon 1861).
Acherontia atropos L. One taken in a potato field at Mount
Clary (Edwards 1854). Keith, one, 15.x.08 (Welsh 1909).
Laothoe populi L. Moderately common: larvae on sallow and
aspen.
Macroglossum stellatarum L. Once at Banff (Edwards 1854).
Hippotion celerio L. Troup, one, 3.ix.1879 (Tutt 1904).

NOTODONTOIDEA
Notodontidae
Phalera bucephala L. Larvae quite common around Aberlour,
September /October 1970; one at m.v. light, 1.vii.71.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE 7

Cerura vinula L. Widespread as larvae, not common in the
Aberlour area.

Harpyia furcula Clerck. Banff, Rev. W. Gregor (Gordon 1861).
Local, on moorland where sallow is common.

Notodonta dromedarius L. Moderately common as larvae on
birch and alder.

Eligmodonta ziczac L. Common as larvae, on sallow and aspen.

Pheosia gnoma F. Common amongst birch throughout the area.

Ptilodon capucina L. Common at m.v. light; larvae on alder,
aspen and sallow.

Odontosia carmelita Esp. Delfur Lodge, May 1957 (D.W.H.F.).
Two taken at m.v. light, Aberlour, May 1972.

Pterostoma palpina Clerck. Taken at m.v. light, Craigellachie,
1960 (D.W.H.F.). Two specimens at Aberlour, May 1971.

NOCTUOIDEA
Lymantriidae

Orgyia antiqua L. Two specimens only (Edwards 1854). Larva
found in a garden at Buckie (Smiles 1905). Moderately
common in most places.

Dasychira fascelina L. Moderately common as larvae on most
moors.

Arctiidae

Parasemia plantaginis L. Local, on moorland.

Arctia caja L. Moderately common.

Spilosoma lubricipeda L. Common.

Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. Common as larvae everywhere.

Noctuidae

Euxoa tritici L. Occasional at Aberlour.

E. nigricans L. Occasional at Aberlour.

Agrotis exclamationis L. Occasional.

Ochropleura praecox L. One at m.v. light, Aberlour, 18.viii.72.

O. plecta L. Moderately common.

Eugnorisma depuncta L. Dufftown (Gordon 1861). Three at m.v.
light, Strathavon, 14.vili.65 (E.C.P.-C.). Common in mixed
woodland around Aberlour, also at Ballindalloch.

Noctua pronuba L. Very common.

N. comes Hiibn. Common, though not seen in numbers before
1971: the dark form curtisii Newman forms about 30% of
the population around Aberlour.

N. fimbriata Schreber. One at Den of Eden, 1853 (Edwards
1854). Aberlour, two only.

N. janthina D. & S. Very common.

Graphiphora augur F. Strathavon, a few, 14.viii.65 (E.C.P.-C.).
Moderately common at Aberlour, also Dufftown.

Paradiarsia sobrina Dup. Local: taken at m.v. light in Strath-
avon.

P. glareosa Esp. Occasional at Aberlour.

Lycophotia porphyria D. & S. Very common.

Diarsia mendica F. Common.

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

D. dahlii Hiibn. Common in woodland at Aberlour.

D. brunnea D. & S. Moderately common.

D. florida Schmidt. Common.

Xestia c-nigrum L. Common.

. triangulum Hufn. Common.

. baja D. & S. Common.

. castanea Esp. Occasional on moorland, Aberlour and Strath-

avon.

. sexstrigata Haw. Common.

. xanthographa D. & S. Very common.

. agathina Dup. Rather rare: larva near Marypark, 27.vi.71;

two at light, Aberlour, 6.1x.72.

Naenia typica L. Moderately common.

Eurois occulta L. One at m.v. light, Aberlour, 19.viii.71.

Anaplectoides prasina D. & S. Occasional at m.v. light, Aber-
lour, Ballindalloch and Strathavon.

Cerastis rubricosa D. & S. Occasional.

Anarta cordigera Thunb. Singles taken on a hillside in Strath-
avon, 19.v.72 and 21.iv.74.

A. melanopa Thunb. Moderately common near the summit of
Ben Rinnes, 4.vi.72.

Hada nana Hufn. Two taken at m.v. light, Ballindalloch, 24 and
25.vi.74.

Polia hepatica Clerck. Three taken at sugar in Strathavon,
25.vi.74.

P. nebulosa Hufn. One at m.v. light, Aberlour, 22.vii.72.

Mamestra brassicae L. Common.

Lacanobia thalassina Hufn. Moderately common.

L. oleracea L. Common.

L. biren Goeze. Occasional on moorland.

Ceramica pisi L. Local: occurs as larvae on sallow on some
moorlands, but rare near Aberlour.

Hadena rivularis F. Occasional at light.

H. bicruris Hufn. Common.

Cerapteryx graminis L. Common everywhere.

Panolis flammea D. S. Moderately common on Pinus contorta
at Aultmore, also noted at Aberlour and Buchromb.

Orthosia stabilis D. & S. Not common at Aberlour, taken at
m.v. light, Ballindalloch.

O. incerta Hufn. Very common.

O. gothica L. Very common.

Mythimna conigera D. & S. Moderately common.

M. ferrago F. Moderately common.

M. impura Hiibn. Common everywhere.

M. pallens L. One at m.v. light, Aultmore, 26.v11.73; seems not
to occur at Aberlour.

M. pol tied L. Singles at m.v. light, Ballindalloch, 25.vi.74 and

.Vii.74.

Cleoceris viminalis Dup. A number taken in Strathavon, 1931
(Griffith 1932).

Dasypolia templi Thunb. Moderately common.

Aporophyla nigra Haw. In my experience rare at Aberlour, but
K. Stronach took it quite commonly at light in 1974.

dedede be de de

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE >

Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. Local: occurs on bilberry-covered
hillsides in Strathavon.

Xylena vetusta Hibn. Singles at light, Keith, 11.x.70; and Aber-
lour, 1974 (K.S.).

X. exsoleta L. Occasional.

Allophyes oxyacanthae L. Two at m.v. light, Aberlour, Septem-
ber/October 1971.

Blepharita adusta Esp. Occasional at Aberlour; six taken at
m.v. light, Ballindalloch, 22 and 25.vi.74.

Antitype chi L. Common.

Eupsilia transversa Hufn. One at m.v. light amongst oak at
Blacksboat, 13.x.74.

Conistra vaccinii L. Moderately common, before and after
hibernation.

Agrochola circellaris Hufn. Moderately common at Aberlour.

A. macilenta Hibn. Five taken at m.v. light, Blacksboat, 15.ix.74
and 13.x.74.

A. litura L. Moderately common.

Xanthia citrago L. One at light, Aberlour, 3.ix.69 (cf. Harper
(1960), Hulme (1969), Palmer (1974) — this species is clearly
now established in several parts of North-east Scotland).

X. togata Esp. One at light, Strathavon Lodge, September 1960
(D.W.H.F.).

X. icteritia Hufn. Common.

Acronicta megacephala D. & S. One at m.v. light, Aberlour,
Sev. 2:

A. leporina L. One at sugar, Dalnashaugh, 25.v.1893 (Horne
1893a). Larva on birch, Strathavon, 15.ix.72.

A. psi L. Moderately common, larva on birch.

A. menyanthidis Esp. Common on nearly all moors, larva on
sallow.

A. euphorbiae D. & S. Pupa found on a moorland fence at
Aberlour, 7.v.72. Two on a fence post, Strathavon, 26.v.74.

A. rumicis L. Moderately common.

Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck. Common.

Mormo maura L. One at Aberlour, 26.vii.61, another taken at
m.v. light, 20.viii.71. [The only published record from the
North-east is that of the late Commander Harper (1969)
for Culbin. A number was taken at Findhorn by visiting
collectors, ca. early fifties (Harper pers. comm.) and I have
also taken it near Elgin.]

Rusina ferruginea Esp. Common.

Euplexia lucipara L. Moderately common.

Phlogophora meticulosa L. Rare: one at Aberlour, autumn
1962.

Enargia paleacea Esp. Occasional.

Cosmia trapezina L. One at light, Aberlour, 6.1x.72.

Hyppa rectilinea Esp. Singles at m.v. light, Ballindalioch,
22.vi.74, and at sugar in Strathavon, 25.vi.74.

Apamea monoglypha Hufn. Very common.

A. lithoxylaea D. & S. Moderately common.

A. exulis assimilis Doubl. Two at m.v. light, Strathavon,
14.viii.65 (E.C.P.-C.).

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

A. crenata Hufn. Moderately common, the typical form in
roughly equal numbers with ab. alopecurus Esp.

A. remissa Hiibn. Moderately common, ab. obscura Haw. some-
what commoner than the typical form.

A. sordens Hufn. Moderately common.

Oligia strigilis L. Moderately common. .

QO. fasciuncula Haw. Mortlach (Gordon 1861). Common every-
where.

Mesoligia literosa Haw. Moderately common.

Mesapamea secalis L. Very common.

Photedes minima Haw. Common.

P. pygmina Haw. Common.

Amphipoea lucens Freyer. Moderately common in woodlands,
Aberlour and Strathavon.

A. crinanensis Burr. Two at m.v. light, Aberlour, August 1971.

A. oculea L. Common.

Hydraecia micacea Esp. Very common.

Celaena haworthii Curt. Common on all moors.

Hoplodrina blanda D. & S. One on a ragwort flower, Port-
gordon, 9.viii.74.

Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. Common.

Stilbia anomala Haw. Moderately common on moorland, Aber-
lour and Strathavon.

Colocasia coryli L. Occasional, Mulben (G.D.) and Aberlour.

Diachrysia chrysitis L. Common.

Plusia festucae L. Singles at light, Strathavon, 14.viii.65
(E.C.P.-C.), Aberlour, 3.vii.70, two at Ballindalloch, July
1974.

Autographa gamma L. In varying numbers from year to year.

A. pulchrina Haw. Common.

A. jota L. Common. Although this species is almost unknown
in the adjacent district of Badenoch (Harper 1954, 1972),
at Aberlour it is equally abundant with pulchrina.

A. bractea D. & S. Moderately common.

Syngrapha interrogationis L. Moderately common on moorland.

Abrostola triplasia L. Common.

Scoliopteryx libatrix L. Aberlour (Gordon 1861); also known to
Edwards (Smiles 1905). One at m.v. light, Aberlour, 28.v.72.

Phytometra viridaria Clerck. Singles netted in Strathavon,
26.v.73 and 28.vi.74. — :

Hypena proboscidalis L. Common.

Acknowledgements

I should like to thank the following people who have helped
me in my collecting and in the preparation of this list.

My brother, Mr. J. Barbour, for his frequent help in the
field. Mr. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton,
for assistance with literature references. Mr. and Mrs. R.
McOnie, for allowing me to operate my Robinson trap at their
home in Ballindalloch. Mr. M. J. Skelton (Biological Records
Centre, Monks Wood) for supplying names and addresses of
visiting recorders. Mr. P. Down, Mr. G. Downie, Mr. D. W. H.

MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF BANFFSHIRE 1]

ffennell, Dr. G. D. Morison, Mr. R. Palmer, Mr. E. C. Pelham-
Clinton, Mr. R. W. Scott, Mr. G. Stronach, Mr. K. Stronach,
for supplying me with their records: these are quoted with
initials in the list.

References

Brown, H. H. (1894). Euchloé cardamines in Moray. Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hist., 3: 183-4.

Brown, H. H. (1896). Euchloé cardamines in Moray. Ann. Scot. Nat.
Hist., 5: 192-3.

Brown, H. H. (1901). Anthrocera (Zygaena) jilipendulae in Banffshire.
Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 10: 240.

Brown, H. H. (1902). Lepidoptera in Banffshire. Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.,
11: 254.

Edwards, T. (1854). Notes on the Lepidoptera of Banffshire. Naturalist,
4: 127-32.

Gordon, G. (1861). List of Lepidoptera hitherto found within the Pro-
vince of Moray. Zoologist, 19: 7663-75.

Gowan, J. (1918). Painted Lady Butterfly in Banffshire. Scot. Nat.,
30: 268.

Gregor, W. (‘W’) (1857). Contributions to an Entomology of Banffshire
(Butterflies). Naturalist, 6: 87-89.

Griffith, A. F. (1932). Captures in 1931: Lepidoptera. Entomologist,
65: 163-4.

Harper, G. W. (1954). The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire —
Newtonmore District. Ent. Rec., 66:58, 90, 124 ef. seq.

Harper, G. W. (1960). The Macrolepidoptera of Inverness-shire:
Newtonmore District. Supplement No. 5, Ent. Rec., 72: 14.

Harper, G. W. (1969). Inverness-shire in 1968. Ent. Recc., 81: 105-7.

Harper, G. W. (1972). Inverness-shire in 1971. Ent. Rec., 84: 65-66.

Horne, A. (1893a). Banks of Avon at Dalnashaugh, Banffshire, 25th
May 1893. Br. Nat., 3: 171.

Horne, A. (1893b). Banks of Avon at Ballindalloch, Banffshire, 11th
July 1893. Br. Nat., 3: 212.

Hulme, D. C. (1969). Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepidoptera Records.
Ent. Rec., 81: 170.

Morison, G. D. (1965). A note on the distribution of the Orange Tip
Butterfly Anthocharis cardamines L., in N.E. Scotland. Proc. S.
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1965: 77-78.

Palmer, R. M. (1974). Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardine-
shire. Ent. Rec., 86: 33-44.

Slater, W. (1964). Cupido minimus Fuessl. and Erynnis tages L. in Banff-
shire. Entomologist, 97: 152.

Smiles, S. (1905). Life of a Scotch Naturalist. Popular Edn., London,
John Murray.

Smith, F. W. (1949). The distribution of the Orange-tip Butterfly,
Euchloe cardamines, in Scotland. Scot. Nat., 61: 32-35.

Trail, J. W. H. (1873-4). Vanessa antiopa in Banffshire. Scot. Nat., 2: 20.

Traill, J. W. H. (1878). Lepidoptera of Dee. Trans. nat. Hist. Soc.
Aberd., 1878: 28-42.

Tutt, J. W. (1904). A Natural History of the British Lepidoptera, Vol.
4. London.

Welsh, W. C. (1909). Death’s Head Moths. Trans. Aberd. wkg. Men’s
nat. Hist. Soc., 2: 96.

i2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Provence Revisited: late August 1975
by C. G. M. DE WorMS, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.*

During the latter half of July 1973, General Sir George
Johnson and I visited Provence in southern France, mainly in
search of Erebia scipio Boisd. (vide Ent. Rec., 86: 49-53). It had
always been my intention to revisit this grand region at a later
date with the object of finding its near relative Erebia neoridas
Boisd. This species is the last of this large genus to appear on
the wing, nearly always during the latter part of August. It had
hitherto always eluded me.

Mr. Leonard McLeod who lived in the vicinity of Mont
Ventoux during the summer months and whom we met in 1973,
once more extended an invitation to me to try my fortune at
this later period. Accordingly I set out by plane on August 21st,
reaching Marseilles airport in the early afternoon where I picked
up a very roomy Peugeot and was soon speeding along the
autoroute northwards, reaching the attractive small town of
Carpentras the same evening. Here I put up at the spacious
Hotel du Fiacre with its Louis XV furniture. This was to be
my base for the subsequent week. But I was greeted with a
very heavy thunderstorm and deluge which broke up the fine
and long hot spell. However, though the morning of the 22nd
broke dull, the afternoon was fine so that I was able to revisit a
lot of the ground we had surveyed two years previously as
well as a new area of Mont Ventoux to the north of this fine
mountain. After lunching at the small town of Malaucéne, I
took the steep road up to the ski-lift ground lying to the north
of the main ridge. It was not long before I saw what was
obviously an Erebia which on capture turned out to be E.
neoridas flying among some of the short grass slopes. Both
sexes were on the wing and some had obviously been out for
about a week. I then ascended to the summit of Mont Ventoux
at 6,500 ft. and looked over some of the white screes in the
hope of seeing some late female E. scipio, but none was forth-
coming, though the insect had been quite plentiful a few weeks
earlier. On descending through the forest on the southern side,
I came across another grassy bank which also produced E.
neoridas, a few Arethusana arethusa D. & S. and late Melanargia
galatea L.

__ On August 23rd, after a delay owing to car trouble, I
joined Mr. McLeod and his family on Mont Ventoux. After
lunching at a restaurant in the ski-lift area we made our way
to the summit in very fine though windy conditions, but nothing
was on the wing on the high screes. We then made our descent
by a very winding road that turns back beneath the summit
where a few E. neoridas were flying, but they became increas-
ingly plentiful on the borders of the road that leads from the
south side up to the higher ground. Flying with this insect on
the rough banks was Hyponephele lycaon Kuhn, both sexes,
also several Colias australis Verity, some worn female Satyrus

* Three Oaks, Horsell, Woking, Surrey.

PROVENCE REVISITED: LATE AUGUST 1975 13

ferula Fab. and many A. arethusa. Lysandra coridon Poda and
Heodes phlaeas L. were also on the wing. The following morning
of August 24th was very fine when I revisited the Gorge de la
Nesque which had proved so productive in 1973. And I was
not to be disappointed. About half way along the road above
the gorge some white scabious was alive with butterflies, mainly
L. coridon, but with quite a number of Lysandra bellargus Rott.
Another feature was the appearance of several Limenitis
reducta Staud., quite fresh at this late date which seemed to
indicate a second brood. Both Papilio machaon L. and Iphiclides
podalirius L. were still on wing, as also were Fabriciana adippe
D. & S. and Issoria lathonia L., and a very small specimen of
Melitaea didyma Esp. A small glade by the side of the road
which had been very prolific in 1973 again provided many
species. The large Satyrids were represented by Hipparchia fagi
Scop., Satyrus actaea Esp. and Brintesia circe Fab. Among the
Lycaenids were a very small male Plebicula dorylas D. & S.
(possibly representing a late brood), Heodes tityrus Poda and
Polyommatus icarus Rott. The two species of Skipper noted
were Pyrgus foulquieri Oberthur and Hesperia comma L. A fine
Colias croceus Fourc. f. helice Hiibn. was secured and several
of what appeared to be Colias hyale L. It was altogether a most
productive day.

The next two days were spent on the slopes of Mont
Ventoux in very fine weather, especially on the 26th when the
border of the road leading up towards the southern slopes was
alive with E. neoridas at about 3,000 ft. and I also saw it on
the edge of the high screes at nearly 6,000 ft. It was also
abundant along all the routes at the appropriate level together
with some fine H. fagi, a few Hipparchia alcyone D. & S. and
H. semele L. Among new species noted were Mellicta athalia
Rott., Pyrameis cardui L., Aglais urticae L., Coenonympha
pamphilus L., and C. dorus Esp. But an interesting record was
seeing a male Thecla betulae L. feeding at a flowerhead, a
species seldom seen on the wing. In fact this was a new record
for Mr. McLeod’s list for the area. A few Gonepteryx cleopatra
L. were still flying on the mountain’s slopes. But my last day
for collecting in that delightful region was marred by by having
had my hired Peugeot car stolen from a public car park by
night with the loss of a good deal of entomological equipment.
However, I was able to get a new car the same day from
Avignon and on the 28th sped down to the autoroute to Mar-
seilles airport where I embarked on a plane that afternoon and
was back in London two hours later after what had proved a
most rewarding brief reacquaintance with this grand part of
southern France.

Altogether 38 species of butterflies were observed between
August 21st and 28th, as well as a good many Callimorpha
hera L.

14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Notes on Some Uncommon Calypterate Flies
(Diptera) Observed during Recent Years
By PETER J. CHANDLER*

The information presented here brings together notes on
various miscellaneous species of flies belonging to the Families
Tachinidae (chiefly Phasiinae), Muscidae and Anthomyiidae,
Although my personal experience of the species dealt with
provides the stimulus to their inclusion in this account, reference
is also made to recent observations by other collectors on the
same species.

TACHINIDAE
Graphogaster fasciata Macquart

I took a single female of this brightly marked little fly by
sweeping along rides in mixed deciduous woodland at Dering
Wood, Kent, 27.vi.1971. G. fasciata is widespread in Britain but
rarely recorded. A male of the much larger Tachinid, Servillia
lurida Fabricius was taken at the same spot; I have only other-
wise seen this fly in Windsor Forest, Berks., where it is occa-
sional.

Phania vittata Meigen

A rather striking, moderate-sized fly, shining black except
for the bright orange abdomen bearing a black median stripe
broadening posteriorly to include the long curved genital seg-
ments. P. vittata was added to the British list by Barfoot (1957)
on a single male collected by him at Whippendell Wood, Herts.
Despite the conspicuous appearance of the insect, no other
records of the fly have appeared. In Europe it is recorded as
a parasite of Pentatomid bugs.

During the ‘“‘Crane Fly Recording Scheme” week at Rogate
in July 1974, I was delighted to find a fine male of this fly
sitting on bracken along a fairly open ride between deciduous
woodland and a conifer plantation at Durford Heath, West
Sussex, 24.vii.1974, on an overcast afternoon. The entire insect
was figured by Barfoot (op. cit.) and a photograph of my speci-
men is being published currently by the British Entomological
and Natural History Society in the account of their 1974 Annual
Exhibition.

Subclytia rotundiventris Fallén

Another Tachinid with a black thorax and orange abdomen,
like the last a parasite of Pentatomid bugs. I found a single
female by sweeping among birch scrub on gravel workings at
Brimpton Common, Berks., 14.ix.1969. Van Emden (1954)
Esher Common, Surrey, as well as a second capture of an adult
only recorded it from two localities in Hampshire and Andrewes
(1966) added a record from Wiltshire. Allen (1967) fully dis-
cussed his rearing of the fly from the bug Elasmostethus at
at that locality and referred to a rearing from Elasmucha at
Silwood Park, Berks. Allen commented on the deviation of his

* Weston Research Laboratories, 644, Bath Road, Taplow, Maidenhead,
erks.

NOTES ON SOME UNCOMMON CALYPTERATE FLIES 15

specimens from the descriptions of van Emden; my female also
has central black tergal spots as well as marginal black markings.

Ocyptera interrupta Meigen

Also quite distinctive, slender bodied, shining black with
red sides to the abdomen, this is probably another bug parasite
although its hosts are apparently unknown. Like so many of
the Phasiinae, it is probably more frequent than actual captures
indicate but it appears to be scarce outside the south coastal
counties. Van Emden (op. cit.) gave the distribution as Surrey,
Sussex to Devon, Cambs., and Suffolk. Records from Kent and
Berks. were added by Smith & Bates (1956), Isle of Wight by
Andrewes (1956) and Wilts. by Andrewes (1966), Herts. by
Edwards (1956). Uffen (1961) recorded it as being numerous in
aspen scrub at Ham Street, Kent, 14.vi.1958.

I have found O. interrupta on two occasions only, first at
Hazeley Heath, Hants., 18.viii.1968, when one was swept from
open scrubby sallow carr. Then, on Silchester Common, Hants.,
20.vill.1972, another was swept from Juncus in open birch
scrub. It appears to be particularly characteristic of fairly open
scrub, which is presumably the habitat favoured by its hosts.

Cinochira atra Zetterstedt

My experience of this species has suggested that it is by
no means as uncommon as has been supposed. Van Emden
(op. cit.) gave the distribution “Hants. to Cornwall to Hereford
to Notts.”. I first took the fly indoors at Bromley, Kent on
18.viii.1966 but did not see it again until 29.viii.1971, when
one was swept from low vegetation in birch woodland at Wisley
Common, Surrey. On 4.vi.1972 it was obtained at the edge of
woodland adjoining fen at Leckford, Hants. On 21.vi.1972 it
was swept from low vegetation in woodland by Budworth Mere,
Cheshire, to the north of the distribution area mentioned above.
It was not, however, until 8.ix.1974 that I found the fly in
numbers, when it was frequently seen in the net while sweeping
mixed vegetation in woodland at Gracious Pond, Chobham
Common, Surrey. Finally, several were seen again in Pett’s
Wood, Chislehurst on 22.ix.1974, this time in woodland of a
drier nature than the other localities.

Although C. atra was placed in the Rhinophorinae (pre-
dominantly woodlouse parasites) by van Emden, it is known
to be a parasite of Lygaeid bugs and is now usually placed in
the Phasiinae. Although it is small (up to 3 mm.) and mainly
black, C. atra is easily recognised in the net because it stands
high on its legs and runs with a characteristic gait.

Mintho rufiventris lacera Rondani
A very elegant and distinctive species, with its laterally
compressed abdomen bearing orange-red side patches and its
orange femora, Mintho is widespread at least in south-east
England but is rarely seen, although it curiously turns up in
houses and gardens more often than elsewhere. Most records,
as evidenced by the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) collection, are

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

indeed from the London area. Sussex, Oxford and Norwich are
the known limits of its distribution in this country. Its occur-
rence in semi-domestic situations is probably because it is a
parasite of moths of the genus Pyralis, of which the larvae
develop in such places.

I have a female collected in his garden at Sittingbourne,
Kent by Mr. J. C. Felton, 11.ix.1973, but although I had
collected the species far from any human habitation in the
Camargue area of France (Chandler, 1973b) I had not until
recently seen the fly alive in Britain. On 14.vi.1974, two males
appeared on a garden hedge at Bromley, Kent, within a few
minutes of seeing the equally unlikely Megamerina loxocerina
Fallén (Megamerinidae) in the same spot. An account of the
latter is currently being published elsewhere. The Mintho were
alighting and running about on the sunlit foliage of the Greater
Bindweed (Calystegia sp.) growing over the hedge. I had never
seen M. rufiventris in the Bromley area before but there is a
specimen collected at Bromley by Mr. L. C. Bushby in the
Maidstone Museum. The only other recent record of Mintho of
which I am aware is from Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, 20.vi.1973
by Mr. D. G. Down, the specimen now being in the collection
of Mr. R. M. Payne.

Elodia convexifrons Zetterstedt

Van Emden (op. cit.) recorded EF. convexifrons only from
four British localities in Hants., Berks., Surrey and Gloucs.
Three Tineid hosts have, however, been recorded, all of them
living in Polyporaceous fungi growing on dead wood. Knole
Park, Kent, with its old beech woods rich in fungi, is an excel-
lent locality for one of these moths, Scardia boleti F., which -
develops in the bracket fungus Pseudotrametes gibbosa Fr. The
thick white brackets of this fungus are common on beech
stumps in Knole Park and they frequently contain larvae of
S. boleti. | have reared the moth on several occasions and I am
indebted to Mr. Eric Bradford for kindly identifying it. From
material collected on 12.ix.1971, four E. convexifrons were
reared during x.1971, having pupated within the larval skins
of the S. boleti. I had, however, previously reared odd examples
of E. convexifrons from an unnamed Lepidopterous larva in the
smaller bracket fungus Bjerkandera adusta (Willd. ex Fr.)
Karst. collected x.1967, the fly emerging in iii.1968, also from
Knole Park, and earlier still from P. gibbosa collected on Hosey
a ee Westerham on 25.ix.1966, the fly emerging on
3.vi.

Admontia (= Trichopareia) species

I have previously recorded (Chandler, 1966) the rearing
of A. maculisquama Fallén (as T. seria Meigen, the name under
which it is included by van Emden) from the larva of the Crane
Fly Tipula irrorata Macquart. Since then, I have collected adults
of this species from Burnham Beeches, Bucks., 1.vii.1967:
Pamber Forest, Hants., 11.vii.1970; Durford Heath, Sussex,

NOTES ON SOME UNCOMMON CALYPTERATE FLIES 7

25.vii.1974 and Inholm’s Copse, Sussex, 26.vii.1974 (all by
sweeping in woodland).

I have also reared a single example of A. seria Meigen
(= T. decorata Zetterstedt of van Emden) from a larva of Tipula
flavolineata Meigen, which was developing in a rotten birch
stump at Ashstead Common, Surrey, 21.v.1972. The fly emerged
on 23.vi.1972. Van Emden (op. cit.) quoted only two British
localities, Epping Forest, Essex (reared from Ctenophora bima-
culata L.) and the New Forest, Hants.

All of the British Admontia species probably develop
exclusively in Tipulid larvae. Both A. seria and A. maculisquama
were recorded as parasites only of Ctenophora and Tanyptera
species, which have in common with the two Tipula species
mentioned above that they develop in decaying wood. an uncom-
mon larval development medium in the Tipulidae.

Otherwise in this genus, I have only found two specimens
of A. blanda Fallén at Wisley Common, Surrey, 7.vii.1968 on
low vegetation by a woodland stream.

Drino (= Phorcida) lota Meigen

Van Emden (op. cit.) said of this species that it was very
rare, but quoted several localities from Hants., Kent, Surrey,
Gloucs., Somerset, Hereford, Scotland and Ireland. The Surrey
record was from Weybridge and the various recorded Lepidop-
terous hosts included the Elephant Hawk Moth (Deilephila
elpenor L.).

During the British Entomological and Natural History
Society field meeting held at Bookham Common, Surrey on
15.viii.1971, Mr. W. Parker collected a larva of the Elephant
Hawk, from which to his great dismay, a Tachinid fly emerged
on 29.x.1971. This fly, which he kindly passed on to me, proved
to be a female of D. lota, which is an addition to the compre-
hensive list of the Diptera of Bookham Common compiled by
Mr. L. Parmenter.

ANTHOMYIIDAE
Eustalomyia hilaris Zetterstedt

This fly, strikingly marked although very similar to the
other three British species of the genus, was reinstated on the
British list by Smith (1971) on specimens collected in his garden,
where (Smith, 1974) it has apparently now disappeared. It is
therefore of interest to note that I took a single male of the
genus on a recently fallen beech trunk in Windsor Forest,
Berks., on 3.viii.1974, which was subsequently found to belong
to E. hilaris. One or two others were seen alighting on the trunk
at the same time.

I have previously recorded my experience of the other
three species (Chandler, 1973a). Since writing that account, I
have obtained additional females of EF. festiva from Harting
Pond, Sussex, 28.viii.1972 and 27.vii.1974 (one on each occasion,
the first sitting on a log by the pond); Knole Park, Kent, 8.x.1972,
by bore holes on a beech log; Bix Bottom, Oxfordshire,

18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

17.viii.1972, by bore holes on a standing ash trunk. Of E. histrio,
I have caught two males which were at rest on beech trunks in
diffuse sunlight at Bix Bottom, on 24.vi.1973, near to where
the E. festiva was taken. The male of E. festiva, which is cer-
tainly the commonest species in my experience, has curiously
eluded me.

MUSCIDAE
Phaonia apicalis Stein

I swept a female of this fly from shrubs by a small wood-
land pond at Longrope Wood, Orlestone Forest, Kent,
17.vii.1973, a spot where several other scarce Diptera were
collected at the same time. Fonseca (1968) gave only one British
record, based on a specimen collected by Mr. L. Parmenter in
Blean Woods, Kent, 23.vii.1964, stated to be a male, but Mr.
A. C. Pont has informed me that the fly was in fact a female.
Since the publication of the Handbook, Mr. Fonseca has
apparently collected P. apicalis at a small wood in East Kent,
so it appears to be a Kentish speciality.

Piezura miki Strobl

This species is apparently much less frequent than its close
relative P. graminicola Zetterstedt. Fonseca (op. cit.) recorded
it only from two localities (in Kent and Berks.), while Andrewes
(1969) added a record from Wilts. I swept one female from a
ride in Wittenham Wood, Berks., 8.viii.1971.

Fannia metallipennis Zetterstedt

[ have reared a male of this species from a squirrel’s drey,
from which the puparium was collected on 18.viii.1972 at Leck-
ford, Hants. while it was being examined by coleopterists. The
fly emerged in mid April. Fonseca (op. cit.) gave no rearing
records for this species, which he recorded from twelve British
localities.

Fannia gotlandica Ringdahl

This species appears rather local in southern England,
north to Cambs. (nine localities mentioned by Fonseca) and is
known to develop in rotten elm wood. I have only obtained
females myself. The first was taken: in the old beech woodlands
at Knole Park, Kent, 12.x.1968, where Mr. A. Allen (1966) had
previously collected it. Since then I swept one example from
low vegetation in ash woodland at Wittenham Wood, Berks..
8.vill.1971, and another was beaten from box bushes in the
Water Garden at Leckford, Hants., 4.vii.1971. Most recently, on
3.viii.1974, I found three females flying around and alighting
on rotten beech stumps in Windsor Forest, Berks.

Acknowledgements
[ wish to thank Dr. C. H. Andrewes, Mr. E. C. M. d’Assis
Fonseca and Mr. A. C. Pont for information on some of the
species dealt with above, also Mr. J. C. Felton and Mr. W.

NOTES ON SOME UNCOMMON CALYPTERATE FLIES 19

Parker for enabling me to include mention of the captures made
by them.

References

Allen, A. A. (1966). Paraclusia tigrina Fallén (Dipt., Clusiidae) and
Fannia gotlandica Ringdahl (Dipt., Muscidae) in W. Kent. Ent. mon.
Mag., 102: 137.

Allen, A. A. (1967). Subclytia rotundiventris Fall. (Dipt., Tachinidae),
a new host and county record. Ent. mon. Mag., 102: 198.
Andrewes, C. H. (1956). Helocera delecta Mg. and other uncommon
Diptera in the Isle of Wight. J. Soc. Brit. Ent., 5: 164-165.
Andrewes, C. H. (1966). Uncommon Phasiinae and other flies in a
Wiltshire wood (Diptera: Tachinidae). Entomologist, 99: 195.
Andrewes, C. H. (1969). Piezura miki (Strobl) in Wiltshire (Dipt.,

Muscidae). Ent. mon. Mag., 104: 148.

Barfoot, S. D. (1957). Phania vittata Meig., a Tachinid fly new to
Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 93: 85. Plate V.

Chandler, P. J. (1966). Notes on some uncommon Diptera. Ent. Rec. J.
Var., 78: 80.

Chandler, P. J. (1973a). Diptera and other insects associated with decay-
ing elms at Bromley, Kent. Ent. Gaz., 24: 329-346.

Chandler, P. J. (1973b). Collecting mainly Diptera in France during
May and early June 1971. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 85: 253-262.

Edwards, J. (1956). An additional British record of Ocyptera interrupta
Mg. (Dipt., Tachinidae). Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 283.

Fonseca, E. C. M. d’Assis (1968). Muscidae in Handbooks for the
identification of British Insects, Vol. X, Part 4 (b): 1-119.

Smith, K. G. V. and Bates, J. K. (1956). Some records of Ocyptera
interrupta Mg. (Dipt., Tachinidae). Ent. mon. Mag., 92: 22.

Smith, K. G. V. (1971). Eustalomyia hilaris Fallén (Dipt., Anthomyiidae)
confirmed as British with notes on other species of the genus. Ent.
Gaz., 22: 55-60.

Smith, K. G. V. (1974). Nephrocerus flavicornis Zett. (Pipunculidae) and
other rare Diptera in North London. Ent. mon. Mag., 109: 197.

van Emden, F. I. (1954). Tachinidae and Calliphoridae in Handbooks
for the identification of British insects, Vol. X, Part 4 (a): 1-133.

AUTOGRAPHA GAMMA L. PF. BIPARTITA ORSTADIUS AT
WOKING. — On the morning of 23rd October, 1975 I was about
to throw out a solitary Silver-Y from my trap when to my
surprise I noticed that the ‘““gamma” mark was broken. This is
apparently a very rare variety of this common moth and there
are only three examples of it in the Rothschild-Cockayne-
Kettlewell collection in the Natural History Museum.—C. G. M.
DE WorMsS, Three Oaks, Horsell, Woking.

LARVAE OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. AND HYLES GALLII
Rotr. IN NORTHUMBERLAND. —A fully grown larva of the
Death’s-Head Hawkmoth Acherontia atropos L. was brought to
this Museum on 8.ix.1975 from Cockle Park Experimental
Station, Morpeth, Northumberland. It was found feeding on
potato leaves by Mr. B. Mitchell.

A larva of the Bedstraw Hawkmoth Hyles gallii Rott. was
found by Capt. H. V. Green at Fell Cottage, two miles north of
Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on 9.x.1975. It was feeding
on Rose-bay Willow-herb and was about threequarters grown.
It duly pupated after about a week. — ALBERT G. LONG, Deputy
Curator, Hancock Museum, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Records of African Tineidae (Lepidoptera) — with
Description of a New Species and a Previously
Unknown Female from Ghana
By K. P. BLAND*

A collection of moths made by M. B. Usher in Ghana from
1971 to 1973 and now in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edin-
burgh, included the following Tineidae collected at light: —

Ceratophaga vastella (Zeller 1852) two ?¢; Mole National —

Game Reserve, 19-21.vi.1972. Gen. slide L.0581.
Crypsithyris hemiphracta (Meyrick 1926) one 6; Mole National

Game Reserve, 9°15’N., 1°50’W., 18-19.i.1973. Gen. slide

L.0597 and one ? from same locality but dated

19-21.vi.1972. Gen. slide L.0575.

According to Gozmany & Vari (1973), this species is only
known from the male type from Rhodesia. The present male
agrees with the holotype in genitalia (see Figure 1) and wing
pattern but is considerably smaller — 8.5 mm. wing-span as
opposed to 11 mm. in holotype. The dark fuscous suffusion
along the posterior part of the costa and along the termen is
more pronounced than is implied by Meyrick’s description.

2 Alar expanse 9 mm. Externally indistinguishable from
male. 2° genitalia (see Figure 2): Very similar to those of C.
miranda (Gozmany 1966) having the same short ovipositor with
blade-like papillae anales and the dense curtain of bristles
covering the ostium. Differs from C. miranda in the absence of
a three-pronged signum and in the more complex shape of the
prebursal thickening of the ductus. This thickening 1s cylindrical
with one side of the posterior rim produced into a rounded
tongue, while the other side is reflected forwards into a beak-
shaped projection.

Crypsithyris faleovalya spec. nov.; Holotype ¢@; Ghana,
Samreboi, 5°37’N., 2°34’W., 5.i.1973, M. B. Usher. Gen.
slide L.0595. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.

é Alar expanse 11 mm. Antennae shining dark fuscous.
Palpi fuscous with pale tips. Head covered with erect orchreous-
yellow hairscales. Thorax pale shining orchreous with some
fuscous anteriorly. Tegulae fuscous anteriorly then pale
ochreous. Forewings with pale greyish subhyaline spot at 4; this
spot elongate-oval with a slight constriction before the middle:
Ground colour of forewings pale shining ochreous, sparingly
sprinkled with dark fuscous and pale orange: Basal 3 of costa
suffused with dark fuscous which expands into a diffuse triangu-
lar patch at 4; apex of this fuscous patch not reaching the
subhyaline spot: An extensive dark fuscous suffusion extending
from apex along termen almost to tornus: A diffuse fuscous
dot on dorsum at 4: Terminal cilia pale greyish ochreous,
except immediately below apex and at tornus where pale
ochreous: Underside of forewings shining dark fuscous with
a slight sheen, except below fold where pale ochreous. Hind-
wings shining ochreous-fuscous; cilia paler.

* 63, Charterhall Grove, Edinburgh EH9 3HT.

RECORDS OF AFRICAN TINEIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) 21

0-5 mm

Figure 1: 4 genitalia of Crypsithyris hemiphracta Meyrick 1926.
Lateral view with left valve omitted.

Figure 2: @ genitalia of Crypsithyris hemiphracta Meyrick 1926.
Ventro-lateral view.

Figure 3: @ genitalia of Crypsithyris falcovalva spec. nov. Lateral
view with left valve omitted.

8 genitalia (see Figure 3): Uncus lobes fused and hairy.
Gnathos arms separate, slender and with slightly upturned
points. Saccus stout and apically dilated. Valvae sparsely but
evenly haired; expanded towards apex but with conspicuous
ventro-apical emargination extending almost half distance to
base; tip falcate, incurved and sharply pointed. Aedaeagus
moderately long (700#), stout and anteriorly dilated. Vesica
covered with triangular squamiform cornuti.

2 unknown.

Assigned to the genus Crypsithyris on the basis of the
genitalia and the character of the subhyaline spot, although all

pp ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

the veins in the forewing appear to be unstalked. Superficially

similar to C. miranda (Gozmany 1966) but easily distinguished

from all its congeners by the shape of the valvae.

Perissomastix stibarodes (Meyrick 1908) 2 4 ¢; Mole National
Game Reserve, 19-21.vi.1972. Gen. slide L.0590 and Bolga-
tanga 10°48’N., 0°52’W., 15-17.i.1973. Gen slide L.0591.

Perissomastix sericea Gozmany 1966, 5 3&4; Kumasi,
17.xii.1971, 25.xii.1971 and 19.iii.1972 (3). Gen. slides
L.0585, L.0586, L.0587, L.0588 and L.0589.

Scalidomia horridella (Walker 1863) 2 2 6; Mole National Game
Reserve, 19-21.vi.1972. Gen. slides L.0577 and L.0578. This
species has not previously been recorded from Ghana, being
mainly confined to the southern and eastern parts of Africa
(i.e. South Africa, Rhodesia, Angola, Tanzania, Congo and
Rwanda).

Scalidomia_ fetialis (Meyrick 1917) 1 @+1 2; Kumasi,
17.xii.1971 and 17.vili.1971. Gen. slides L.0579 and L.0580.

Pitharcha chalinaea Meyrick 1908, 1 2; Kumasi, 1x.1971. Gen.
slide L.0576. A rather small specimen, having a wingspan
of only 17 mm. This species has not been previously
recorded from Ghana, although it has been taken in Nigeria,
Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast.

Tiquadra cultrifera Meyrick 1914, | 2; Kumasi, 13.1.1973.
Among other African material in the Royal Scottish

Museum the following are of interest: —

Phereoeca praecox Gozmany & Vari 1973, 1 ¢: GHANA,
Accra, 1x. 19735 RK, Hope. Gen: slide 120598:

Perissomastix breviberbis (Meyrick 1933) 1 @; MALAWI,
Bungulo, Nkata Bay, 850 m., 3.vi.1962, D. R. Gifford. Gen.
slide L.0584. This species has not previously been recorded
from Malawi—only from Congo, Central African Republic,
Kenya and Nigeria.

Acknowledgement

_ [am grateful to Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton of the Royal
Scottish Museum for allowing me to examine these specimens,
and for his useful advice and criticism.

Reference

Gozmany, L. A., and Vari, L. (1973). The Tineidae of the Ethiopian
Region. Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 18.

CORRIGENDA

Reference “‘Dimorphism in Papilio Pupae”’ by D. G. Sevastopulo
(antea 87: 109), insert at beginning before “‘analysis”: ‘The
containers in the Calcutta experiments referred to above
could be classed as smooth, and the following is an’’.

Reference ““A Key to Males of the British Species of Neocne-
modon Goffe (Dipt.: Syrphidae)” by M. C. D. Speight and
K. G. V. Smith (antea 87: 150): line 20 from bottom for
“usable” read ‘‘unusable’’.

23
Prideaux J. Selby, the Doubledays and the
Modern Method of ‘“‘Sugaring”’
By R. S. WILKINSON, Ph.D., F.LS., F.R.E.S.*

Allen (1965) and Wilkinson (1966) have intensively examined
the early history of ‘“‘sugaring’”’ for moths and other insects, but
more remains to be said about the origin of our modern method
of painting trees and posts with a saccharine mixture. As part of
an overall survey of the subject, my own paper suggested the
priority of Abel Ingpen (1827) in publishing an account of a
“sugaring’’ method in England utilising artificial bait; he found
that ‘“‘Sheets of paper smeared with honey water, beer, and
sugar, or sugar sprinkled over them would answer the purpose”
of attracting insects. Most of Ingpen’s methods reflect the
experience of the London entomologists with whom he asso-
ciated, and it is not known how many years prior to 1827 the
baited paper technique might have been used.

Allen (1965) called attention to the seminal suggestions of
Prideaux J. Selby of Twizell in developing an improved method
of “‘sugaring’’. Selby, perhaps best known for his contributions
to ornithology, knew of Edward Doubleday’s suggestion that
an emptied sugar hogshead would attract nocturnal Lepidoptera
(Doubleday, 1833), but he did not have access to these exhausted
casks, and thus experimented with an empty beehive or “‘skep’’,
recommending that the hive ‘should be well anointed on the
exterior with honey’’. Selby’s baited beehive was reported by
Duncan (1836) as a method for collecting a variety of moths.
Of greater interest to those who would trace the history of
artificial bait is a letter from Selby to F. O. Morris suggesting
the idea of painting trees with honey. Yet Selby seemed to reject
such a method as “it would require a much greater consumption
. . . Wasps, Bees and other insects would devour every particle
during the day’. Morris (1837) published the idea, quoting
from Selby and crediting him, but Selby himself chose to retain
his daubed beehive, and continued to report a number of species
of Heterocera taken on it (e.g. Selby, 1839).

No definite link has previously been established between
Selby’s suggestion and the first successful efforts of Henry
Doubleday in painting trees with a sugar mixture. In the intro-
duction to H. Noel Humphreys and J. O. Westwood, British
Moths and their Transformations, dated 1841 (Humphreys and
Westwood, 1843-45), it was reported that ““Mr. Doubleday has
recently tried the experiment of brushing a mixture of sugar
and water upon the bark of trees where moths are likely to
abound, and found the plan perfectly successful’. J. W. Douglas
(1842) and Doubleday himself (1842) reported the success of
the method, but no credit was given to Selby for the idea. In
fact, despite the general accolade given to Henry Doubleday for
the method of “sugaring’’ trees, a curious thing happened after
the Epping entomologist’s death. In 1881 James English, who
had been hired as a collecting assistant by Doubleday in 1836,

* 228, Ninth St. N.E., Washington, D.C. 20002.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

read a paper before the Epping Field Club in which he claimed
to have devised the method of baiting trees while his employer
was away in Paris. Henry’s brother Edward was then at Epping,
and was said to have complimented English on his invention
(English, 1882).

The Paris journey to which English referred was, however,
made after the publications of Douglas and Doubleday in 1842.
Allen (1965) accepted English’s claim, inferring that the old
man had forgotten the date, but Doubleday’s priority was
reasserted by P. B. M. Allan (1965) and Wilkinson (1966)
because English’s assertions differed with the course of events,
and it was certainly pertinent that he waited to press his claim
until well after the death of Henry Doubleday in 1875.

The true facts of the origin of the Doubleday practice of
baiting trees with sugar are revealed in a letter in the papers
of the eminent American entomologist Thaddeus William Harris
(1795-1856), now in the Science Museum, Boston, Massa-
chusetts. On 19th October 1841, Edward Doubleday wrote in
one of an extended series of letters to his friend Harris about
the results of his and Henry’s efforts in the collecting season:
“Our success this year in capt[urin]g Lep[idopter]a has been
owing very much to adopting a plan first introduced in a notice
by Mr. Selby of Twizel House, Bedford,—brushing over the
trunks of trees near our house with sugar. Every tolerably fine
evening a row of lime trees in one of our fields is sugared well
for three or four feet from the ground, and in addition boards
similarly sugared are put out in a little plantation at the bottom
of another field. Twice or thrice before 9 or 10 o’clock Henry
visits these with a lantern and some nights takes 100 moths.
He also sends a boy out occasionally into the woods to employ
the same plan there. In the woods sometimes there are swarms
of particular species. One boy counted 70 specimens of Glea
Vaccinii on one tree. My brother finds that coarse strong smelling
sugar is to be preferred, and he generally puts a moderate
quantity into a pan of water & brushes it on with a large paint
brush just after sunset. I think you would succeed in this way
getting a great many moths.” (An inaccurate transcription of
Doubleday’s letter was published in a selection of Harris’ corres-
pondence published by Samuel Scudder with a memoir in 1869:
the present Harris papers were previously in the custody of the
Boston Society of Natural History.)

Not only does this very pertinent letter explain in detail
the Doubleday practice of baiting trees with sugar in 1841, but
it reveals the true source of the idea. The credit for proposing
the method must go to Prideaux J. Selby. However, Henry
Doubleday’s lustre is little diminished, for the results of his
practical application of Selby’s idea made the “sugaring” of
trees a standard entomological procedure. As for English, the
credibility of his assertion is even further lessened.

Acknowledgements
[ am grateful to the staff of the Library of the Science

CURRENT LITERATURE 25

Museum, Boston, for permission to examine the Harris Papers,
and for their considerable courtesy to me during my research
Visit.

References

Allan, P. B. M. (1965). A note or two about sugaring. Ent. Rec. J. Var.,
77: 161-162.

Allen, D. E. (1965). The origin of sugaring. Ent. Rec. J. Var., 77: 117-
ite

Doubleday, E. (1833). Singular mode of capturing Noctuae. Ent. Mag.,
1: 310.

Doubleday, H. (1842). Polia occulta. Entomologist, 1: 407.

Douglas, J. W. (1842). Notes on captures. Entomologist, 1: 358-359.

Duncan, J. (1836). The natural history of British moths, sphinxes, &c.
Edinburgh.

English, J. (1882). The first night’s ‘‘sugaring” in England. Epping Forest
Natur. Field Club Trans., 2: 32-35.

Humphreys, H. N., and J. O. Westwood (1843-45). British moths and
their transformations. London.

Ingpen, A. (1827). Instructions for collecting, rearing and preserving
British insects. London.

Morris, F. O. (1837). Letter from Prideaux John Selby. Naturalist, 2:
147-148.

Science Museum, Boston. T. W. Harris Papers.

Scudder, S. H., ed. (1869). Entomological correspondence of Thaddeus
William Harris, M.D. Boston.

Selby, P. J. (1839). The fauna of Twizell. Ann. Natur. Hist., 3: 361-375.

Wilkinson, R. S. (1966). The invention of ‘“‘sugaring’ for moths in
nineteenth-century England. Mich. Ent., 1: 3-11.

Current Literature

Bumblebees by Dr. D. V. Alford. 352 pp. 16 colour plates. 210
line drawings. 15 black & white photographs. Keys to
species. 27 distribution maps. Vice county records. Pub.:
Davis-Poynter Ltd. £25.

This work clearly bears the stamp of an enthusiastic and
careful field worker, and will clearly establish itself as the
definitive authority on the group. As the author explains, these
are difficult insects to identify, but the straightforward keys with
the accompanying line drawings are not difficult to use. Of
special interest is the chapter on Enemies and Nest Commensals.
There is an invaluable section on the Collecting and Domestica-
tion. The behaviour and ecology are dealt with in the greatest
detail. It is unfortunate that the wide circulation it deserves will
be prohibited by the very high cost. — E.H.W.

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Successful Hibernation of Second Instar Larva
of Apatura iris L.
By Dr. C. J. LUCKENS*

Since it has been stated that iris larvae entering hibernation
after only one moult never survive the winter (vide Ent. Rec.,
72.257, and Notes and Views of the Purple Emperor, p. 166),
[ thought it might be of interest to record the fortunes of a first
instar larva found in a West Sussex wood in August 1974.

It was evident from the head/body ratio that this larva had
hatched from the ovum only two or three days previously. It
was confined in a plastic box, and it proceeded to the first moult
within the week, after which it was sleeved by itself on a small
potted sallow in the garden. For the purposes of this note I shall
refer to this as larva A.

At this time an iris ovum was found in Alice Holt Forest,
and from this, larva B hatched four days later. Larva B, which
proved to be a convenient control, moulted eight days after
hatching and thereafter rapidly overtook A in both size and
general development. Both frequently fed simultaneously and
a regular meal time for both was about two hours after dusk,
but it was noticed, even at this stage, that larva A had a smaller
appetite.

Larva B then went into set for the second moult in early
September, and completed ecdysis after the usual three to four
day immobility. I watched A very carefully, but from mid-
September on it grew hardly at all, fed only sporadically (though
[ tried stimulation with direct sunlight, etc.), and both larvae
went into hibernation at the end of October — B in a fork and
the smaller, browner A against a bud. Both were situated side
by side, on separate sleeved sallows, in our north-facing back
garden.

Larva B remained virtually immobile until it emerged from
hibernation in early April. Larva A moved at least twice during
the winter, to the base of the bush for several weeks in Decem-
ber, and then back to a terminal spray, where it remained until
it came out of hibernation two or three days after B. A still
looked much smaller than B and seemed to take longer to
regain its green colour, but both recommenced feeding vigorously

and their subsequent progress during spring 1975 is summarised
below.

Larva 2nd moult 3rd moult 4th moult Pupa Imago
A 29.4.75 195275 14.6.75 30.6.75 17.7.75 normal 2
B -- 4.5.75 PSL VAIS) 14.6.75 6.7.75 normal ¢

Mr. H. G. Short informs me that occasionally he has had
Continental iris larvae successfully hibernate in their second
instar but those of British origin attempting to do so have died

during the winter. I would be interested to hear of any similar
records of this occurrence.

*52, Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton SO2 4JG.

27

Occurrence and Biology of Maize Shoot Fly

in India
By G. S. SANDHU and K. K. KAUSHAL*

Maggots of four different species of flies injuring maize
seedlings during spring and autumn 1970-72, were observed in
the Punjab. The most common and the principal species was
identified as Atherigona naqvii Steyskal (Muscidae: Diptera).
Earlier it has been recorded as pest of wheat (Steyskal 1966) and
barley (Srivastava et al. 1969). This is the first record of A.
naqvii infesting maize.

Preliminary biology was studied by rearing the fly in the
laboratory on maize during February-April 1972. The white,
minute (0.72 X 0.16 mm) rice grain shaped eggs, sculptured
with horizontal longitudinal ridges, were laid singly or in small
batches on the stem above the ground or just below ground
level, and also on the undersurface of cotyledonary or first leaf
of young seedings. The eggs hatched in 1-3 days. The larva
fed on leaf surface in the funnel primarily as ‘whorl maggot’.
Irregular slits and deformed leaves were formed as a result of
attack. Dead-heart also appeared in a few cases. Seedlings that
grew fast recovered from the damage to some extent. But in
most of the severely attacked plants tillering was initiated at an
early stage. Due to pushing out of the central leaves the larva
did not reach maturity, and it appeared that mortality occurred
during this process. The maggots were reared on fresh tender
stems and changing the food as and when it was necessary. The
total larval period recorded was 15-18 days, while the pupal
stage lasted for 8-9 days. Adult flies survived for 1-2 weeks on
yeast-glucose (dry) food.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mr. A. C. Pont of the British Museum
(Natural History) London, for the identification of the maize
shoot fly (other flies have been submitted for identification), and
Dr. O. S. Bindra, Professor and Head, Department of Ento-
mology, for facilities provided.

References
Srivastava, K. P., Young, W. R., and Bhatia, S. K. (1969). A new record
of stem fly Atherigona naqvii Steyskal causing damage to barley.
Indian J. Ent., 31: 290-91.
Steyskal, G. C. (1966). A new species of Atherigona rondani (Diptera:
Muscidae) causing damage to wheat in West Pakistan. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Washington, 68: 53-56.

*Both of Dept. of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana (Punjab), India.

CALAMOTROPHA PALUDELLA (HUBNER) IN SURREY. — In reply
to Mr. Bretherton’s query about this moth (Ent. Rec., 87: 254),
I recorded one here on the same night — 17th-18th July. Pre-
viously the trap had produced two in 1967, curiously enough on
the same date.— R. FaircLouGu, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane,
Leigh, Reigate, Surrey.

28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Notes and Observations

NOTES ON THE PUPATION SITES OF FOUR SPECIES OF THE
GENUS COLEOPHORA Husn.— Whilst at Mr. David Wilson’s
house at Much Hadham, Hertfordshire, on 14th June, 1974, I
found four cases of Coleophora albitarsella Zell. attached, ready
for pupation, to his kitchen ceiling. They had clearly originated
from the herb garden outside the back door. What struck me
was that the larvae had pupated high up and not as stated by
Ford, A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera (1949),
“attached to a stem low down or on rubbish on the ground”’.
The only other case of this species I have found was feeding on
Marjoram at Cuxton Warren, Kent, on 10th June, 1975. This
pupated on the lid of its container. As the case is slightly curved,
long thin and black, could it not be that the full fed larva
wanders away from its feeding place to find a suitable bush or
tree on which to pupate, posing as a twig? Whenever I have
previously found feeding of this species in June, I have never
found the case, despite close and careful search.

If this theory is correct, then the invasion of scrub on
downland might be beneficial to the species and when looking
for the case, plants near to and amongst the scrub might be
more productive.

I have also had a similar experience with Coleophora
lithargyrinella Zell. At Ellenden Wood, Kent, on 17th May,
1975, I found a larva of this species attached to the sunny side
of a mature Oak at a height of about 6 feet. The tree was on the
edge of a young Chestnut coppice, carpeted with Stitchwort.
Ford (1949) states the pupation site as “‘attached to a stem’’.
The near prostrate, brown case was well hidden in a crack of
the bark. The whitish case of the other Stitchwort feeding
species, Coleophora solitariella Zell. is certainly more suited to
pupating amongst the chlorotic vegetable matter that one finds
under the thick growth of Stitchwort growing under roadside
hedges.

On Ist June, 1975, at Ashford Warren, Kent, I found a
case of Coleophora caespititiella Zell. (agrammella Wood.), the
larva of which had bored into the pith of an old broken stem
of a Juncus sp. The larva bored deeper, after I had opened the
stem a little. This is a very late date for the larva, as the moth
normally emerges at the beginning of June. The explanation
probably lies in the fact that this larva turned out to be parasi-
tised. —S. E. WHITEBREAD, 2 Twin Cottage, Grove Farm,
Higham, Nr. Rochester, Kent, 15.xi.75.

New OviparouS MorPH ON MELANAPHIS SACCHARI
(ZEHNTNER) ON SORGHUM.— Although Melanaphis sacchari
(Zehntner, 1901) is known in all tropical countries of the world
as a sorghum or sugarcane aphid, its sexual morphs have so far
not been noted on any of these plants. Collections taken in
Ludhiana, Punjab, in the latter half of February 1972 on

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 29

sorghum, contained many apterous oviparous females with the
usual swollen hind tibiae with many pseudosensoria. The abdo-
men of each female contained four to five eggs. The colony
consisted of creamy yellow nymphs and yellow or purple adults,
and both apterous forms were oviparae. The discovery of ovi-
parae on sorghum makes the aphid holocyclic on sorghum.
Further studies are in progress.—S. K. Davin, Professor
Emeritus, E3, M.I.G. Flats, Cowley Brown Road, Combatore,
2, 641002, Tamil Nadu; and G. S. SANDHU, Dept. of Entomology,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

CATAPLECTICA FARRENI WALSINGHAM (LEP.: EPERMENIIDAE)
IN KINCARDINESHIRE.— On 26th June, 1975 I took a single
specimen of this moth at Muchalls, Kincardineshire. This is
apparently the first Scottish record for the species, which has
previously been reported only from Cambrideshire, Norfolk and
Northamptonshire. It is believed to feed on seeds of Pastinaca
sativa L., but, if my memory serves me correctly, mine was
taken on Heracleum sphondylium L. while I was looking for
specimens of Cydia aurana Fab. — Dr. JOHN R. LANGMAID, 38,
Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Portsmouth,
PO4 ONH.

LEPIDOPTERA IN THE ISLES OF SCILLY AND CORNWALL IN
JUNE, 1975.—I made a further trip to the Isles of Scilly from
14th to 21st June, 1975. Based on St. Mary’s, I visited St. Agnes,
Tresco, Bryher and the uninhabited island of Samson. The
weather was mainly warm, sunny and breezy with a few light
showers but, unfortunately, the short excursion to Bryher was
virtually ruined by the only heavy rain of the week.

I noted the following butterflies. Speckled Wood (Pararge
aegeria L.), common on St. Mary’s, fairly common on St. Agnes
but very few seen on Tresco. Meadow Brown (Maniola jurtina
L.), a few on St. Mary’s only. Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta
L.), a few on St. Mary’s and one seen on St. Agnes. Small
Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae L.), only two seen, both on St.
Mary’s. Large White (Pieris brassicae L.), common on St. Mary’s
and a few on St. Agnes and Tresco. Small White (P. rapae L.),
common on St. Mary’s, fairly common on St. Agnes and a few
on Tresco and Bryher. Green-veined White (P. napi L.), com-
mon on St. Mary’s. Small Copper (Lycaena phlaeas L.), one
on St. Mary’s and one on St. Agnes were the only sightings.
Common Blue (Polyommatus icarus Rott.): Recorded on St.
Mary’s, St. Agnes and Samson, imbibing almost exclusively at
Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). Seen in small
numbers in several localities on St. Mary’s. Bird’s-foot Trefoil
was growing in profusion on Wingletang Down, St. Agnes but
a short search during a dull period produced only two speci-
mens. The flower was also well in evidence at the northern end
of Samson but, unfortunately, a thorough scrutiny would have
meant encroaching on a tern colony which was, of course, out of
the question; a limited search, however, revealed four specimens
of icarus.

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

Whilst not equipped for serious moth-hunting, I noted the
following during the week — mainly disturbed from the under-
erowth. Yellow Shell (Euphyia bilineata L.), one on St. Mary’s,
three on St. Agnes and one on Samson. Cinnabar (Callimorpha
jacobaeae L.), two on St. Agnes. Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena
filipendulae L.), one on St. Agnes. Small Blood-vein (Scopula
imitaria Hb.), one on Tresco. Red-necked Footman (Atolmis
rubricollis L.), common on Tresco, usually flying around tree-
tops. Common Rustic (Apamea secalis L.), one on Samson.
Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet (Xanthorhoe ferrugata Cl.), one
on Samson.

I spent the next week at Fowey, Cornwall and in the imme-
diate vicinity recorded Speckled Wood, Meadow Brown, Large
White, Small White, Green-veined White, Large Skipper
(Ochlodes venata B. & G.), Red Admiral, Small Tortoiseshell,
Common Blue, Ringlet (Aphantopus hyperantus L.), Orange-tip
(Anthocharis cardamines L.) and Wall (Pararge megera L.).

The most interesting sighting, however, was of two Marsh
Fritillaries (Euphydryas aurinia Rott.) along the St. Austell to
Fowey road about a mile and a half from the latter. They flew
from the grass verge into an adjoining field settling briefly on
some Foxgloves before flying purposefully away. Were they
“migrating” to a new locality? The only day-flying moths noted
were four Six-spot Burnets near Gribbin Head, and three fresh
Garden Tigers (Arctia caja L.) at Bodinnick.— G. SUMMERS,
23, West Close, Stafford, Staffs. ST16 3TG.

DEATH’S-HEAD HAWKMOTH (ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.) IN
NoOrTHAMPTONSHIRE. — Mr. William Pedley, a fellow member
of the Wildlife Sound Recording Society, informed me recently
that an acquaintance of his, Mr. James Dudley of Hartwell,
Northamptonshire, discovered two well grown larvae of this
species in a potato patch on an allotment near that place known
as Little Jeffs. The first larva was found on 6th September and
the second on 12th October, some 50 yards away. Both are now
in the possession of Mr. Pedley who has promised to let me
know if and when the moths emerge. — J. F. Burton, B.B.C.

Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, BS8 2LR,
6.xi.1975.

HIPPARCHIA ALGIRICA SARDOA SPULER 1902 TyPE LOCALITY
SARDINIA. SYN. PAPILIO ARISTAEUS BONELLI 1826 (INVALID
HOMONYM). — In a recent article Mr. O. Kudrna has pointed out
that the name of Papilio aristaeus Bonelli accepted everywhere
for 150 years, is an invalid homonym. Therefore the beautiful,
brightly marked form from Sardinia and Corsica needs another
name, which should be sardoa Spuler, 1902. The butterfly is
too well-known to need description here, and the purpose of
this note is to establish Spuler’s name sardoa in place of the
familiar aristaeus of Bonelli. It is suggested that Aritso should
be accepted as the precise locality. — L. G. Hicarns, Fockles-
brook Farm, Chobham, Woking, Surrey.

31

Current Literature

A Guide to the Butterflies and Larger Moths of Essex compiled
by J. Firmin, F. D. Buck, A. J. Dewick, D. G. Down,

H. C. Huggins, G. A. Pyman and E. F. Williams. 152 pp.,

4 plates and folding map. The Essex Naturalists’ Trust,

1975. Stiff wrappers. £2.50.

Based to some extent on the exceedingly rare Harwood’s
Lepidoptera of Essex (1903), this handy guide though making no
claim at being comprehensive, fairly summarises the county’s
Macrolepidoptera for the past 50 years, and also includes some
of the more important earlier records.

In an introduction full of interest, one reads about the
fathers of Essex lepidopterology, among them the celebrated
John Ray of Black Notley, Dr. Maclean and W. Harwood (both
of Colchester) and the two veterans, Paymaster-in-Chief G. F.
Mathew and the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows of Mucking. The many
changes that have taken place in Essex this century are out-
lined, and there are brief details of the history and status of
some of the more notable of its Macrolepidoptera.

Then follows the main part of the work, the Systematic
List, unfortunately arranged according to Heslop (1964), though
happily without that author’s vernacular nomenclature. Alto-
gether 690 species are admitted as having been reliably recorded
for the county, including 55 for which there is no known occur-
rence since 1925. Many of the more interesting records are for
Bradwell-on-Sea, the site of A. J. Dewick’s huge trap, and
without doubt one of the most productive light sources ever
operated.

A list of contributors, references consulted, and an index
of specific and English names concludes this very welcome
addition to our county Lepidopteras. A similar volume dealing
with the Microlepidoptera is under consideration. — J.M.C.-H.

The Social Behaviour of the Bees —a comparative study by
C. D. Michener. The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1974. xii + 404 pp.
£12.50.

In numbers of described species (one hundred thousand) the
Order Hymenoptera ranks as one of the largest with the Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera. Of this vast number twenty-thousand
are bees, placed in the superfamily Apoidea. To the layman
the most familiar of these is perhaps the cosmopolitan and
highly social Honeybee. However, the majority of the Apoidea
are solitary, although various forms of sociality occur, from
mere aggregations to the most advanced eusocial colonies,
culminating in the true honeybees.

Professor Michener, one of the world’s leading authorities
on bees, presents an authoritative account of the social behaviour
in the Apoidea. He discusses virtually every aspect, including
such fundamentally important topics as communication among
the members of the various types of society, division of labour,

32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1/76

determination of sex and caste, maintenance and control of nest
conditions, and the organisation of defence. He presents a
masterly synthesis of many previous publications and papers,
with an emphasis on the recent literature, up to early 1973. The
thirty chapters, profusely illustrated with over two hundred
tables, graphs, line drawings, and excellent photographs, is
divided into three main sections. The first dwells on the study
of all the groups of bees. In this he discusses the development,
structure (including sense organs) and function of adult bees
and their early stages; the origin, ancestry and evolutionary
history of bees (including useful notes on the eight Apoid
families); the systematic position of social bees; nests, and
colonies. The second section is devoted to comparative social
behaviour. Here the various kinds of societies, from simple
sleeping clusters and aggregations (the latter often characteristic
of the solitary species), through parasocial and subsocial
behaviour, to the most highly evolved of the eusocial colonies,
that of the honeybees, is described and discussed. The social
significance of the nest and its contents is also discussed at some
length. The final part is concerned with the natural history of
bees, in which the author describes the nests, nesting behaviour,
and life cycles of representatives of three groups of semisocial
bees (the Orchid Bees (Euglossini), Halictidae, and the allo-
dapine bees of the family Xylocopidae), and the eusocial
bumblebees, stingless honeybees, and true honeybees.

The work is certainly the most comprehensive book on the
subject produced in recent years and will remain a major source
of reference for many years to come. — G.R.E.

Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopaedia (English Edition).
Vol. Il: Insects. 643 pp. 100 coloured plates. Pub.: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Co. Price £12.

This volume, one of a series of 13, covers all the Insect
Orders. Each chapter is by one or more specialists on the Order
concerned, but a consistent style has been maintained throughout
by the skilled translation by Bierderman-Thorson.

This is a superb work, beautifully bound and printed, with
hundreds of line drawings set opposite the text in wide margins.
The colour photographs are of the highest quality, and the
coloured drawings are clear, though individual insects are num-
bered in a somewhat random way.

An excellent introductory chapter by Prof. P. Reitschel, on
general features, is folowed by others on each order in turn,
often down to family level, with the emphasis on behaviour of
representative species in fascinating detail, much of which
appears for the first time in print outside continental or
American journals. The known fossil record of most orders is
discussed. At the end of the book is a dictionary of common
names in four languages.

A very readable and stimulating book for both beginner
and specialist and excellent value for remarkably little cost.
Highly recommended. — E.H.W.

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,
(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and of the plan of work proposed.

Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces-
sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer-
ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In
total, they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1975/76.

Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research
in any part of the world may qualify.

Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan
of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is
sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer,
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE, as soon
as possible and in any case not later than 30th September, 1975.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. —Separates of Col. Emmet’s “Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae”, 35p, postage 9p, and “Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 11p. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —1 would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. —S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BR2 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 —Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project — figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
35mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. — P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdy., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEca, F.R.E.S.

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS

All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR
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CONTENTS

Macrolepidoptera of Banffshire. D. A. BARBOUR ... 1
Provence Revisited: late August 1975. C. G. M. de WORMS 12
Notes on Some Uncommon Calypterate Flies (Diptera) Observed
during Recent Years. P. J. CHANDLER ... 14
Records of African Tineidae (Lepidoptera) — with Description of
a New Species and a Previously Unknown Female from Ghana.
K. P. BLAND . ae é 58 ane sia Hee 20
Prideaux J. Selby, the Doubledays and the Modern Method of
“Sugaring”. R. S. WILKINSON ... See a2 a: 23
Successful Hibernation of Second Instar Larva of Apatura iris L.
DrvG. Je LUCKENS ... 26
Occurrence and Biology of Maize Shoot Fly in India. G. S.
SANDHU and K. K. KAUSHAL .... 21
Corrigenda 22
Notes and Observations:
Autographa gamma L. f. bipartita Orstadius at Woking.
C. G. M. de WORMS .... 19
Larvae of Acherontia atropos L. and Hyles gallii Rott. in
Northumberland. A. G. LONG a os 19
Calamotropha paludella (Hiibner) in Surrey. R. FAIRCLOUGH 2H
Notes on the Pupation Sites of Four Species of the Genus
Coleophora Hiibn. S. E. WHITEBREAD ... 28
New Oviparous Morph on Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner) on
Sorghum. S. K. DAVID and G. S. SANDHU 28
Cataplectica farreni Walsingham in Kincardineshire. Dr. J. R.
LANGMAID se ae ay 4 “Or 29
Lepidoptera in the Isles of Scilly and Cornwall, June 1975.
G. SUMMERS va abs 29
Death’s-head Hawkmoth (Acherontia atnopos L: in North-
amptonshire. J. F. BURTON ... 30
Hipparchia algirica sardoa Spuler 1902 Type locality Sardinia.
syn. Papilio aristaeus Bonelli 1826 (Invalid homonym). L. G.
HIGGINS ... a a an 30
Current Literature ... aa ace apt a By 2S Sies2

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

i

VOL. 88, No. 2 February, 1976

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\ = NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGIns, F.R.E.S.

ne : S. N. A. Jacoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY

NS Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.

mS : H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.
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Spring Butterflies on the Island of Skyros, Greece
By JoHN G. Coutsis, M.Arch.*

The island of Skyros is situated in the Aegean sea at
approximately 39 degrees of latitude north and 25 degrees of
longitude east and has an area of about 200 square kilometres.
It is separated from the Greek mainland by a distance of about
40 kilometres, a condition which ensures the geographic isola-
tion of non-migratory species and the creation of endemic
populations.

The records that follow were made between 30th April and
6th May, 1975 and were realised in the northern half of the
island, which happens to be relatively well watered and quite
lush by local standards.

Map of Greece

PIERIDAE

1. Pieris brassicae Linnaeus. A few males in the plains and
near the coast.

2. Artogeia rapae Linnaeus. A small number of individuals
of both sexes in the plains and near the coast.

* 4, Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece.

34

10.
ie

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

Euchloe crameri Butler. A few females of the first brood in
open places both in the plains and on hillsides; worn and
going over.
Leptidea sinapis Linnaeus. All recorded specimens of the
first brood. Male forewing 17-19.5 mm., female forewing
16-19 mm.; small, but otherwise indistinguishable from
nominate form. Abundant in watered or moist gulleys; some
in light woodland.
Gonepteryx cleopatra Linnaeus. A few in tatters, un-
doubtedly representing hibernated specimens. Recorded
over hilly country.
Colias crocea Geoffroy. A small number of males observed
by the sea shore.

NYMPHALIDAE
Vanessa atalanta Linnaeus. Recorded singly at various
localities.
Vanessa cardui Linnaeus. Recorded singly at various
localities.

. Polygonia egea Cramer. Two males recorded over hilly

country.

SATYRIDAE
Maniola jurtina Linnaeus. Two fresh males recorded on
hillsides. The species just coming out.
Lasiommata megera Linnaeus. Quite abundant on hillsides
and gulleys.

LYCAENIDAE
Callophrys rubi Linnaeus. Both sexes with forewing 11.5-13
mm.; small, but otherwise indistinguishable from nominate
form. Quite abundant on hillsides and in gulleys.
Lycaena phlaeas Linnaeus. A few recorded at various
places.
Celastrina argiolus Linnaeus. One male of the first brood
recorded on a hillside.

. Glaucopsyche alexis Poda mironi ssp. nov. Male forewing

11-14 mm., smaller than either nominate form, or Greek
mainland forms; upperside ground colour blue as in Greek
mainland forms; black marginal borders 1 mm. wide at
their widest point. Underside ground colour pale grey, as
in Greek mainland forms; forewing black post-discal spots
as a rule in an incomplete series, usually faint and often
obsolete; hindwing black post-discal spots as a rule absent,
occasionally present singly as mere traces; reduction of
black spots greater than in any other known European
form; base of hindwing underside with metallic blue-green
powdering entering and often extending over discal area,
as in Greek mainland forms. Female forewing 12-13 mm.
Upperside ground colour dark brown, as in Greek main-
land forms and without basal blue flush, often present in
nominate form. Underside as in male, but ground colour
grey-brown. Male genitalia as in Greek mainland forms.
Male holotype, female allotype, 20 male and 3 female para-

PLATE, tl

Figs. 1, 4, 7. Spialia orbifer orbifer Huebner. & upperside; first brood.
Mainland Greece.

Fig. 10. Spialia orbifer orbifer Huebner. @ underside; first brood.
Mainland Greece.

Fig. 2. Spialia orbifer anavalsae ssp. nov. @ holotype, upperside. Skyros
island, 3.v.75.

Figs. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11. Spialia orbifer anavalsae ssp. nov. @ paratypes,
upperside. Skyros island, 30.iv.75 to 6.v.75.

Fig. 12. Spialia orbifer anavalsae ssp. nov. @ paratype, underside.
Skyros island, 4.v.75.

SPRING BUTTERFLIES ON THE ISLAND OF SKYROS 35

Male genitalia of Glaucopsyche alexis mironi ssp. nov.

Fig. 1. Right valve; side view, innerside.

Fig. 2. Aedoeagus; top view.

Fig. 3. Aedoeagus; side view.

Fig. 4. Labides and falces; bottom view.

Fig. 5. Genitalic apparatus with valvae and aedoeagus removed; side

view.

types in author’s colection. The species was found to be
quite abundant in gulleys and the surrounding hills. Male
genitalia as in Greek mainland forms.

16. Philotes vicrama Moore. A fair number recorded on hill-
sides.

HESPERITIDAE

17. Spialia orbifer Huebner anavalsae ssp. nov. All recorded
specimens first brood males. Forewing 11-13 mm.; upper-
side ground colour dark brown, as in first brood of
nominate form; white spots larger and more intense than
in nominate form; post-discal white spots of forewing as a
rule in a complete series, instead of being interrupted as is
the case with first brood of nominate form. Underside as
in first brood of nominate form, but forewing white post-
discal spots forming a complete series and ground colour
of hindwings often very dark olive-grey, darker than any
examples of first brood of nominate form. Male genitalia
as in nominate form. Male holotype and 8 male paratypes

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

in author’s collection. The species was found in small num-
bers in gulleys and surrounding hills. _

It is interesting to note that this subspecies bears a
close superficial resemblance to subspecies hilaris Stau-
dinger, which has been recorded from Syria, Palestine,
Lebanon and Iran.

Male genitalia of Spialia orbi fer anavalsae ssp. nov.
Left valve removed; aedoeagus detached.

18. Carcharodus alceae Esper. A couple of females recorded
in the plains by the sea.

19. Reverdinus orientalis Reverdin. A single female recorded
on a hillside.

As can be seen from these records, the total number of
species found in Spring on the island of Skyros is small (19)
and in no way compares with the number of species found
during the same period on the Greek mainland (as many as 57

PLATE III

e
Fj
2
7
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z
Ni

goto on nan iat

paws cH. pa keebn tar obi fe Boe a-

TGC.

Anthocharis gruneri H.-S.
Fig. 1. Egg.

Fig. 2. Larva, lateral view.
Fig. 3. Pupa, lateral view.

THE EARLY STAGES OF ANTHOCHARIS GRUNERI H.-S. 37

species at Delphi). Another aspect of interest is the relative
scarcity of individuals per species, none being overly abundant
and common, as is so often the case on the mainland.

References

Evans, W. H. 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia
and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History).

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. (Second Edition, 1973). A Field Guide
to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe.

Larsen, T. B. 1974. Butterflies of Lebanon.

The Early Stages of Anthocharis gruneri H.-S.
from Greece

By JoHN G. Coutsis, M.Arch.*

The egg (Fig. 1) is spindle-shaped and bears 17 to 18
vertical ribs and numerous horizontal reticulations extending
between the ribs. At first it is shiny light blue, later becomes
orange and, prior to hatching, dark grey. In shape it is slightly
less elongated than the egg of Anthocharis cardamines L. It is
laid on the stalk of Aethionema saxatile L. (Cruciferae). Time
lapse between egg laying and hatching, about four days.

The full grown caterpillar (Fig. 2), when at rest, is approxi-
mately one inch in length, being slightly shorter than that of
either cardamines or Anthocharis damone Boisduval. Sides with
a white spiracular line which has a well defined lower edge and
a fuzzy upper edge, subtly smeared with yellow-green. Spiracles,
dirty white. Area above spiracular line, light blue-green with
numerous violet spots, the ones situated mid-dorsally topped by
a black wartlet. On first thoracic segment black wartlets tend
also to invade the sides. Area below spiracular line, dark blue-
green, similarly bearing numerous violet spots. Prolegs and true
legs, dark blue-green with a number of black wartlets on the
sides. Head, light blue-green with numerous black wartlets. All
violet spots and black wartlets carry a single whitish hair. Each
body segment, furthermore, bears a small number of black warts,
each with a single black bristle; there are usually three of them
above the spiracular line and one below it on each side, per
segment. Time lapse between hatching and pupation, about 15
days.

The pupa (Fig. 3) has a length approximately ? of an inch,
being shorter than that of either cardamines or damone. At
first it has an overall shiny green ground colour, darker on the
dorsum and lighter on the ventrum and wing cases, but in about
a week’s time this colour is replaced by drabber tones. Sides
with a weakly defined dirty white spiracular line. Dorsum, light
blue-grey, subtly speckled with poorly defined brown spots.
Ventrum, sandy coloured. Wing cases, light brown, veins, sandy.
Sides with a dark brown supraspiracular line, most prominent
above wing cases, and interrupted by antennal case. Dorsum
with a mid-dorsal brown line, extending from base of head to

* 4, Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece.

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

tip of abdomen. Ventrum with a ventro-lateral, poorly defined,
brown line, extending along all abdominal segments. Wing cases
with a discocellular black spot. All body segments with a single,
sub-dorsal black spot. Head prominence tipped with brown.

Six specimens bred in captivity from eggs laid in the wild
on Aethionema saxatile.

Reference
Coutsis, John G. 1973. The Larva and Pupa of Anthocharis damone
Boisduval from Greece (Lep.: Pieridae). Ent. Rec., 85: 127 and plate
VIL.

Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore by W. A. Fleming.

2 vols., roy. 8vo., xx + 157 pp. + 90 coloured plates.

Classey Publications, 1975. £19.50 p.f.

This work professes to be an illustrated record of all species
of butterfly confirmed to have been captured in West Malaysia
and Singapore, as well as to figure the most widespread sub-
species in all those areas where more than one subspecies is
represented. The author admits to being a collector but not an
entomologist, consequently his book is less advanced than
Corbett and Pendlebury, The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsular
(1956) though more so than Morrell, Common Malayan Butter-
flies (1960), and may in fact be considered as being compli-
mentary to both.

The first 24 pages are by way of introduction. They include
three maps, details of nomenclature, distributional notes on the
text and plates, the main descriptive features of a butterfly, and
a glossary. Most of this matter is repeated in volume 2. In the
main text that follows, each species and subspecies is allotted
about three lines in which are given: its distribution with
references to the maps, references to the numbered plates, and
the foodplants (when known). The letterpress concludes with
an index of 22 pages of scientific names.

Far and away the most important part of this work is its
coloured illustrations, which number altogether 1,600. These
are reproductions of photographs of specimens, many of which
are in the author’s collection. Both the photography and repro-
ductions are very fine indeed, and every example is shown natural
size, though mention of the date and locality of each specimen
figured would have added interest as well as given even greater
authenticity to the illustrations.

The book is well printed and on good paper, but the covers
of the bindings are of plastic. As each volume is quite thin, we
cannot understand why the book was produced in two volumes:
this seems quite unnecessary and must have added considerably
to the cost. A single volume in a cloth binding and omitting
the duplicated introductory matter would surely have been
preferable. Apart from these few strictures, however, this is a
handsome and worthwhile publication, and one that we feel
sure will serve its purpose of enabling collectors adequately to
identify their captures. — J.M.C.-H.

Loe)
oO

Some Interesting Coleoptera from
North-East Essex

By Davin R. NasH*

The areas in the immediate vicinity of Colchester, Bright-
lingsea, Clacton and Frinton appear to have been relatively
well-worked for beetles, but few modern records of Coleoptera
seem to have been published for the extreme north-eastern tip
of Essex. Although I have not collected in this area at all
seriously, since my chief interest centres upon the faunas of
Suffolk and Wiltshire, the following notes upon some of the
more interesting Coleoptera taken in this under-recorded part
of the county over the last few years may be worth placing
on record. Whenever possible, National Grid references are
given. Nomenclature for the Carabid subgenus Ophonus follows
Lindroth (1974).

CARABIDAE

Cychrus caraboides (L.): one specimen found among rub-
bish in a sandy pit in a rough field beside Hall Lane, Harwich,
28.v.68 and another under a stone nearby, 22.vi.68 (TM 241308);
one under a rotting log by a stream near Cox’s Hill, Lawford,
7.vii.68 (TM 093317). A generally distributed but never common
species.

Leistus rufomarginatus Duft.: a single example taken
running among Urtica dioica L. growing beside a lane near the
Harwich Comprehensive School, 12.vi.72 (TM 242306). This
recent immigrant was first recorded in this country by Crowson
(1942) from Kent, but no further specimens were taken until
1953, when it was discovered in Suffolk by Gilbert (1954). Since
this latter date, the insect has proceeded to establish itself
extremely successfully. Up to the present time, the beetle has
been recorded from about a dozen counties and it appears to
be spreading steadily westwards from its initial foothold in S.E.
England. The species was originally recorded for Essex by
Hammond (1968) who reported its occurrence in three localities
in the south of the county.

Chlaenius nigricornis (F.): a single specimen of this local
species was brought to me having been found close to the
Harwich Comprehensive School in the spring of 1968.

Badister sodalis (Duft.): one example of this locally distri-
buted insect was found near the estuary of the River Stour at
Wrabness, 22.v.68.

Harpalus rubripes (Duft.): a male and female of this some-
what local insect from under stones in the Essex Naturalists’
Trust’s gravel pits at Great Holland, 20.iv.72 (TM 203195).

Pristonychus terricola (Herbst): two specimens were brought
to me in May, 1968 having been found in a butcher’s cellar in

* 266, Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex.

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

Harwich where, apparently, the beetles were common. I have
not taken the insect out-of-doors in Essex. Lindroth (1974, p. 79)
considers the species rather rare, although this has not been my
experience in Suffolk and Norfolk where I have found it both
indoors and outside in several localities over the past few years.

Agonum marginatum (L.): found commonly under wood
and debris beside a rubbish-filled pool on a refuse tip near the
harbour, Bathside, Harwich, 17.vi.71 (TM 256323). This habitat
has now been almost totally destroyed. Although usually stated
to be a common species (vide Lindroth, ibid, p. 82), neither I
myself nor my friend Mr. C. Barham have found this to be the
case and it appears to be recorded from only four localities (all
coastal) in Suffolk. (Mr. Barham has a single Essex record —
one example beside a pond at Bures Hamlet, 25.vi.74.)

Brachinus crepitans (L.): one example from under a piece
of card near Parkeston Quay, Harwich, 17.v.72 (TM 236321).
Recorded at the same time from surrounding rubbish were
Harpalus (O.) rufibarbis F. (=subpunctatus Steph.; seladon
Schauberger), Amara aenea (Dg.), A. lucida (Duft.), and A.
apricaria (Pk.). The presence of Brachinus in this locality was
brought to my attention by a schoolgirl who showed me about
half a dozen specimens which she had found the previous
autumn. Apparently (as is often the case once this local species
is found), the beetles were very common at that time quite close
to the spot where I found my single specimen.

TROGOSITIDAE

Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.): one dead example of this
cosmopolitan stored products species was found in a cupboard
containing bran, corn, and pony pellets at the Harwich Com-
prehensive School, 16.xi.71. Also found in the same cupboard,
9.ix.71, were the following more common stored products species
— Calandra granaria (L.), Ptinus tectus (Boield.) (common in
bran), and Stegobium paniceum (L.) (abundant in pony pellets).

COCCINELLIDAE

Harmonia quadripunctata (Pont.): two examples of this
comparatively recent addition to our Coleopterous fauna were
found hibernating under the loose bark of a post fencing a small
isolated plantation of immature Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
at Mistley, 23.ii.70 (TM 120310). First recorded in Britain from
Blythburgh in Suffolk in 1939 (Morley, 1941), I have found this
conspicuous Ladybird to be common in several localities in
E. Suffolk, whilst Mr. Barham has also found it equally common
in the Norfolk pine woods.

MYCETOPHAGIDAE

Litargus connexus (Geoff.): a single specimen of this local
species was found beneath the loose bark of a standing, dead,
Beech (Fagus) on Cox’s Hill, Lawford, 16.ii.75 (TM 093314).
Also present were several examples of Aridius bifasciatus
(Reitt.) and Rhinosimus planirostris (F.), Tetratoma fungorum

SOME INTERESTING COLEOPTERA FROM NORTH-EAST ESSEX 41

(F.) (singly), and hibernating Adalia bipunctata (L.).

Mycetophagus piceus (F.): one example of this scarce*
Mycetophagid was found in the mould-impregnated wood of a
prostrate, red-rotten Oak trunk near Dairy House, Mistley,
26.xii.74 (TM 112313). This locality is merely a small strip of
woodland which contains among its predominantly younger
age-class trees, a few older trees which are the remnants of the
older woodland which once covered the area. Although recorded
from macrofungi, this species unlike most other British members
of the genus, appears to be found much more commonly in the
rotten wood of old decayed Oaks. It seems often to be recorded
with the Anobiids Dorcatoma chrysomelina Sturm and/or D.
flavicornis (F.) (vide Ash, 1924; Moore, 1957b), presumably
because the state of decay of the wood required for the latter
species to develop successfully, is often brought about by the
growth of the moulds and fungi upon which the Mycetophagid
feeds. (Skidmore and Johnson (1969) found M. piceus in the
red, rotting wood of a dying Oak previously attacked by the
fungus Laetiporus (=Polyporus) sulphureus. Searching the same
tree two years later they found larvae of D. flavicornis, but could
no longer find any trace of M. piceus.)

TENEBRIONIDAE

Blaps mucronata Latr.: one example of this species was
given to me which had been found crawling along a road in
Harwich, 6.xi.68. Recently, it was suggested (Brunt and Collins,
1970) that this beetle was becoming increasingly uncommon.
Both Mr. A. A. Allen (1971) and myself (Nash, 1973) have
published evidence supporting the view that although the insect
is perhaps becoming scarcer inside buildings because of improved
standards of cleanliness, it seems able to adapt itself quite
efficiently to living in the open.

Helops caeruleus (L.): larvae and adults found abundantly
in several dead Willows (Salix? fragilis L.) in meadows beside
the estuary of the River Stour at Wrabness, 26.v.68 and 29.v.69
(TM 166315). I have been told that the species occurs in a
Harwich garden but have only seen a drawing (clearly repre-
senting this species) as evidence. Fowler (1891) records this very
local insect from nearby Clacton and other Essex localities.
Recently (Buck, 1971), it has been found only a few miles farther
down the coast on the Essex Naturalists’ Trust’s reserve at
Fingringhoe Wick. In Suffolk, the beetle appears to be very
much scarcer and I know of only three localities.

MELOIDAE

Meloe proscarabaeus L.: a single male was found crawling
up the outside wall of a classroom at the Harwich Compre-

*In my experience this is hardly a scarce species (in the sense that
M. populi F., for example, is truly scarce) — except insofar as it is
restricted by its special habitat, which I have always found to be solely
as described by Mr. Nash. In such situations it is not uncommon in
(e.g) the New and Windsor Forests. — A.A.A.

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

hensive School, 13.v.70. There was a narrow grassy border
around the base of the wall, and flowerbeds nearby, but no
sign of any species of Solitary Bees in whose nest the beetle
could have developed. Subsequent observation failed to reveal
further specimens or evidence of suitable hosts — a most curious
record. This very local species, like the other most frequently
encountered British member of the genus, violaceus Marsh.,
appears to have become even scarcer in recent years, most
probably as a result of destruction of habitat. M. proscarabaeus
is also recorded by Buck (1971) from Fingringhoe Wick. I have
found proscarabaeus in only one Suffolk locality (in the early
1960’s) and this habitat has since been destroyed as a result of
building activities. I have searched the near vicinity for this
colony but without success.

CERAMBYCIDAE

Prionus coriarius (L.): a single example of this spectacular
insect was found crawling near an old stump right on the edge
of a private lake at Great Bromley during the mid-1960’s
(TM 083264). The beetle was released after examination and
owing to an unfortunate oversight the exact date and sex of the
specimen were not noted. Buck (1965) reported the occurrence
of a female Prionus at light at Great Horksley and stated he was
unaware of any other recent records for the Colchester area
(Cumming (1959) exhibited on example taken by J. Firmin in
Colchester, ix.58), nor of this species being attracted to light.
I have personal light records of two females flying around the
lamps of a camp at Danbury, near Chelmsford, vii.68, and also
of a male which I found at a lighted shop-window near the
town centre in Ipswich, Suffolk, 19.viii.62. S. E. Allen (1958)
recorded nine examples at light over a period of four years at
Liss in Hampshire.

CHRYSOMELIDAE

Crioceris asparagi (L.): one specimen brought to me which
had been found beneath old Asparagus growing in a garden in
Harwich, 3.x.71 (TM 236308). I subsequently visited the garden,
but careful search yielded no further specimens. Although this
insect is not generally considered to be rare, few records of its
occurrence seem to be published and this is the only specimen
which I possess.

Chrysolina oricalcia (Mill.): a single example of this local
Chrysomelid found squashed on my garage floor at Lawford,
6.1.70 (TM 098310). The garage is cold and draughty and this
seems an unusually early date for such a species to be active.

Acknowledgements
I thank Mr. A. A. Allen for identifying specimens of
Harpalus (O.) subpunctatus for me, and Mr. F. D. Buck for
issuing me with a permit to collect at Fingringhoe Wick and
Great Holland Pits. I am also grateful to my friend, Mr. C.
Barham, for checking his records of the species discussed here
and allowing me to publish his record of Agonum marginatum.

SOME INTERESTING COLEOPTERA FROM NORTH-EAST ESSEX 43

References

Allen ,A. A. 1971. On the present-day incidence and habitats of Blaps

eee Latr. (Col., Tenebrionidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag.,
07: ;

Allen, S. E. 1954. Other insects at light — 2. In Hampshire. Bull. amat.
Ent. Soc., 13: 65-66.

Ashe, G. H. 1924. Coleoptera in Worcestershire. Entomologist’s mon.
Mag., 60: 261.

Brunt, A. M. and Collins, M. 1970. Blaps mucronata Latr. (Col.,
Tenebrionidae) in Berkshire. Enfomologist’s mon. Mag., 106: 2.
Buck, F. D. 1965. Prionus coriarius (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) at light in

N.E. Essex. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1965: 34.

Buck, F. D. 1971. Coleoptera records in News from established reserves
—Fingringhoe Wick. Bulletin of the Essex Naturalists’ Trust,
Autumn, 1971: 10-11.

Crowson, R. A. 1942. Leistus rufomarginatus Duft. (Col., Carabidae) new
to Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 78: 281-282.

Cumming, N. St. J. 1959. Exhibit of Prionus coriarius (L.) in Record of
Exhibits at the Annual Exhibition. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1959: 29.

Fowler, W. W. 1891. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, Vol. V.,
Reeve & Co.

Gilbert, O. 1954. A further record of Leistus rufomarginatus Duft. (Col.,
Carabidae) in Britain. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 90: 148.

Hammond, P. M. 1968. Leistus rufomarginatus Duft. (Col., Carabidae)
in Essex. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 104: 74.

Lindroth, C. H. 1974. Handbdk. Ident. Brit. Ins., Vol. IV, Part 2.
Coleoptera — Carabidae. Royal Entomological Society.

Moore, B. P. 1957a. The British Carabidae (Coleoptera), Part II: The
County Distribution of the Species. Entomologist’s Gaz., 8: 171-180.

Moore, B. P. 1957b. Exhibit of Dorcatoma sp. (Anobiidae) and Myceto-
phagus piceus (F.) (Mycetophagidae) from old oak in Langley Park,
Bucks. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1957: 11.

Morley, C. 1941. Suffolk Ladybird new to Britain. Trans. Suffolk Nat.
Soc., 4: 247-248.

Nash, D. R. 1973. A note on the occurrence of Blaps mucronata Latr.
(Col., Tenebrionidae) in Suffolk. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 109:
7A

Skidmore, P. and Johnson, C. 1969. A preliminary list of the Coleoptera
of Merioneth, North Wales. Entomologist’s Gaz., 20: 139-225.

NYCTEROSEA OBSTIPATA F, (THE GEM) IN SUSSEX, 1975. —
Further to South’s comments on this species (Moths of the
British Isles (1961), 2: 131) regarding the probability of early
immigrants giving rise to descendants, I have been fortunate
in taking three male specimens this autumn. They occurred in
my experimental moth trap at this address on 26th, 31st October
and lst November. Tentatively, I believe this may lend some
slight support to the possibility of generations bred in Britain
in the wild, when one considers the close dates of capture com-
bined with the same point of capture, but especially as all
specimens were of the same sex. Given the sex/time/emergence
link often encountered in lepidoptera, this final point is I believe
statistically significant.— COLIN PRaTT, “Oleander”, 5, View
Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. [The late Percy Cue
found a feral obstipata larva in Kent in 1961 from which he
reared the moth; and on one night there that year, we counted
some 20 moths of both sexes at rest on rushes within the space
of a few yards.—Editor.]

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

The Effect of Air Currents on the Behaviour of
the Indian Stick Insect Carausius morosus (Br.)
By R. H. STABLER*

It has long been known that some stick insects exhibit
curious side to side swaying movements and that they can be
stimulated to perform these movements by being blown on. The
reasons for such movements are still far from clear, although
Rupprecht (1971) claimed to have established that these move-
ments were both a method of adjusting body temperature and
a deterrent to predators. My observations render the first hypo-
thesis unlikely, whilst anyone wishing to locate the otherwise
completely camouflaged individuals of C. morosus has merely
to breathe gently on the vegetation which contains them.

In the following experiments a colony of C. morosus was
kept in a glass cage with a gauze top through which air currents
could be directed. The air currents were provided by an electric
fan blowing air over a grid of constantan heater wire. I was thus
able to subject the insects to a variety of temperatures and to
three different air speeds. The temperatures quoted below were
measured at the top of the cage, i.e. at the nearest point to the
heater.

The colony was subjected to 15 different conditions (all
possible combinations of three air speeds and five different air
temperatures) and the results are most concisely expressed in
grid form. In this grid each row represents a constant air speed
and each column a constant air temperature, so that the sums
of the rows and columns express the behaviour with only one
variable. The grids are set up as follows:

slow current
medium current
fast current

PAD eas aa is ame | amie eames be

I distinguished 22 patterns of behaviour:
A. Movement of the fore B. Movement of one hind

limbs; these often waving. limb only.
MMI I-3¢72) 3 17 B42 THE AO 7
Abs (Onka)).3 20 Bi Svodks HG 6
BS ie SA iS 20 Onsl a1seiwvl 4
13111410 9 | Ai; 68 Geel

C. Arching of the end of the D. Swaying from side to side
abdomen. ~ with six limbs anchored.
2 a oe 17 hr PT ERS 26
ce. Pe ae eee ily Lett eo ae 28
“is ais es Ree 19 3; Si, copa 26
2 a Rc a as 5, 16427422 ao

* Sixth Form, Uppingham School, Uppingham, Rutland.

EFFECT OF AIR CURRENTS ON INDIAN STICK INSECT 45

E. Swaying from side to side
with four limbs anchored,
the front limbs extended.
6

Pa salig. {kl cps
Ae BPS 94
Seah 9050" | 899
15 Roo 7 11" |

F. Slight antennal movement.

DED ee? Or iO 13
Swear Or0 8
Serr 0 ao. 0 4
Gee. ae |
H. Movement of the _ hind

abdomen.

Ce 0 ais 8) 5
ie OO 5
a 0 OO 1
dh Tham yel ae

J. Rapid climbing on twigs,
using four limbs, the front
limbs often waving.

BOS AS? ee a 6
HOM? sh; 5 9
OY JOGA O 2

PMOse8 7 2Zin6

K. Rapid descent to the bot-
tom of the cage.
Sie ie ioe LT AO 34
> NOLhA c+. 6 35
STN I a 35

1745.48. 36,18

M. Ascending to the top of
the cage, and then swaying

as in D.

gp datas sivigiind)” titd
BY -guweilg 29> 620
178 S38 PH 8
6 gonial oR per

O. Waving one leg only.

D/E. Data for both forms of
swaying combined.

7121414 4 51
SS 17056 49 52
Oo: 7 16. 39" 8 48

20 24 47 39 14

G. Slight swaying backwards
and forwards, with fore
limbs waving.
Ona: SOs

SN W

I. Rapid climbing on twigs,
using all limbs.

L 2. Ok at 9
L-Oy ated 3 6
(a a Lge RC 6
2a 6: iD gd

I/J. Data for both forms of
climbing combined.

|e a Sls 15
2 Ob 3is2i& 15
Oak 2h wdtel 8
3

S147 ld

L. Rapid movements on the
base of the cage.

One tO. 1s 8
OO loca de 5
tS iS a, 4 14
te Bnd On NS

N. Rapid ascent and descent
on the sides of the cage.

OT a 1
OOO 00 0
3

ORC! AF 52

P. Moving to a region of best
shelter from the air current,

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

An G2) 540 17 ds -2reelyypd ato 18
Dee Nie Oj D 16) O-2k ,Orul 3 15
Ped, 40,70 i 2,39 raw 22
12- Veg a” 0 36 6 imho) 35

Q. Seeking shelter in the V. Unmoving; pressed against
foliage. the wall of the cage.
O20" 0 24 6 7 3.2 20s 16
0. 0% O4\0:,33 3 3235 Zou 9
On 0 0S 4 4. 27 3. 4-53 16
0 1 0 2 to 14° 8 17 4. 38. 4

W. Unmoving; free standing X. Reflex immobility.
with spread limbs.

10857 4°56 35) O COMI 04 5
|e ie a a 40 Ie ples; sesh S85 9
iS 99> of S12 49 23°00" Sipal 9
S327 US 16 27. 3: 48. 4210

Y. Standing vertically in one Z. Moving, but rapidly be-
corner of the cage. coming still as in V, W or

xe

Sumi De (Ole 12 Ov O00 Saloat p)
Gjes: (34plei0 13 2th Oi fORR4 |
3) Song 90 17 Le 2. antl nee 8
ie as 8 ld | 33 f ew

The numbers in these grids represent the numbers of
individuals showing each particular form of behaviour. There
were 20 animals in the colony and each treatment was given three
times, so that the highest number which could appear within
the grid is 60.

It can be seen that the commonest form of behaviour was
swaying, though even at its highest (30°C. and medium air speed)
less than 30% of individuals gave this response. If Rupprecht
is correct in his belief that swaying is a temperature control
mechanism, then one would expect the swaying response to
increase with increasing temperature, yet the grids show clearly
that swaying decreases above 30°C.; similarly one might expect
to find that swaying was less necessary at higher wind speeds
yet the grids show that the response is effectively independent of
air speed.

The colony was also subjected to human breath, which
elicited eleven of the categories of response as follows:

A6, Bl, D14,E.12;G3, H118;K 11 4 veo
All individuals performed some form of movement, and _ this
time 41% of the responses were some form of swaying.

Reference

Rupprecht, _R. 1971. Bewegungsmimikry bei Carausius morosus Br.
(Phasmida). Experientia, 27: 1437-1438.

47

Collecting Butterflies in Denmark
By PouL SVENDSEN*

In the following account I shall try to give a survey of the
butterflies you might be able to find in Denmark.

Denmark covers an area of some 43,000 square km. and
consists of Jutland, which is connected with Germany to the
south; Seeland, with the capital Copenhagen; and Funen,
Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in the Baltic between Sweden and
Germany. Furthermore, there are a lot of small islands. The
country is situated between the 58th and 55th degrees of latitude,
and the climate is temperate, with a mean 0° celsius in winter
and 16° in summer. The temperature rarely sinks to more than
10° below O° and rises very rarely over 30°, although in the
summer of 1975, the temperature rose to 36° in August.

Denmark is a very flat country, and nowhere does the land
rise to more than 400 ft. above sea level. The country is inten-
sively cultivated, except for some areas in western Jutland, and
the northern part of Bornholm, which is the only place you can
find rocks. 10% of Denmark is covered by woods, in the east by
beech and in the west, spruce.

Denmark is very poorly supplied with Rhopalocera — only
93 species have been found here. The only Papilionid to be
found in Denmark is Papilio machaon L., whose distribution is
now very local. You might be able to catch the butterfly in south-
west Jutland, but it is a rare species and now declining. The
only Parnassid which has been resident in Denmark, Parnassius
mnemosyne L., is now extinct; its last locality was a wood in
Jaegerpris in northern Seeland, where it has not been seen for
several years. P. apollo L. which is local in Sweden, has occa-
sionally been blown over from there, but it cannot establish
itself in Denmark.

We have 11 species of Pieridae, of which the commonest
are Pieris napi L., P. rapae L. and P. brassicae L. These three
are distributed all over the country. Leptidea sinapis L., which
is a rare species, is only to be found in Bornholm, in Almin-
dingen in May. Anthocharis cardamines L. is common in woods
all over the country in May and June. Pontia daplidice L. is a
very rare species in Denmark; you might be able to catch this
butterfly on Bornholm, or in Jutland, but several years may go
between the capture of this delicate insect. The Hawthorn
butterfly, Aporia crataegi L., the biggest of the whites, flies
locally in central and southern Jutland; it has also been found in
Seeland where it is now extinct. We have three Colias species:
C. palaeno L. is extremely rare, and only found on a few moors
in Jutland and Seeland, in July. C. hyale L. and C. crocea
Geoffroy immigrate in spring from the south, and give rise to
an indigenous brood in August-September, but it is not every
year you can catch these two species. C. hyale is the easier to
get, while C. crocea is very scarce. Gonopteryx rhamni L. is

* Paelestykkerne 18, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark.

48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

common all over the country in August-September, and again
after hibernation in April-May.

The family Nymphalidae consists of 27 species. We have
recorded two Limenitis. The big L. populi L., which has been
found in Lolland, but is now extinct, and the smaller L. camilla
L., which can be found in several woods over the country.
A patura iris L. is growing more numerous year by year, and is
mainly distributed on Bornholm, but also occurs on Lolland-
Falster and Seeland.

Five Melitaeniae have been recorded. Two Euphydryas
species, though FE. maturna L. has only been taken once in 1890,
whereas £. aurinia Rott. is not uncommon in northern Jutland, but
is now extinct in Seeland. We have three Melitaea species flying
in June, of which M. cinxia L. is generally distributed, M4. dia-
mina Lang is caught on the islands, but not in Jutland, and
M. athalia Rott. is local in Jutland, Seeland and Lolland.

We have nine Argynninae in Denmark. Boloria aquilonaris
Stichel is found in July, where bogs with quagmire are present.
Clossiana selene D. & S. is common throughout in woods in
June. C. euphrosyne L. is hardly so common and mostly found
in South Seeland. Brenthis ino Rott. occurs on moors in July,
but only on the islands, not in Jutland, and is not common.
Issoria lathonia L. is common on poor soil all over the country.
The larger fritillaries are: Fabriciana adippe L., which is not
uncommon in woods on Seeland, but rather rare in Jutland.
F. niobe L. occurs in July, in northern Jutland and North See-
land and is rather common. Mesoacidalia aglaja L. is common
throughout the country in July and August. Argynnis paphia L.
is rather common in woods, all over the country.

There are ten Vanessinae in Denmark. Araschnia levana L.
like Apatura iris is growing more numerous year by year, and
is distributed in South Denmark in two broods, in May and
again in August. Vanessa cardui L. and V. atalanta L. are
rather common and widespread. Polygonia c-album L. is rare
and local on Seeland and Bornholm in August-September and
again after hibernation in April-May. Nymphalis l-album Esp.
has only been taken a few times in Denmark and is a rare
immigrant from the east. N. polychloros L. is now declining in
Denmark, and is mostly taken in Seeland and on Bornholm.
N. xanthomelas Esp. is a rare immigrant from the east, and has
only occurred a few times on Bornholm. N. antiopa L. is distri-
buted all over the country, but is not common, though most
frequent in Northern Seeland and on Bornholm. Inachis io L.
and Aglais urticae L. are well distributed and often very
common.

_ Fifteen Satyridae have been recorded, six of which are non-
resident, as follows: Lopinga achine Scop. and Lasiommata
maera L. are both distributed in Sweden and South Europe:
Lasiommata petropolitana Fab., distributed in the Alps and in
Fennoscandia; Melanargia galathea L., distributed in Central
Europe; Erebia ligea L. distributed in Sweden and in the Alps,
and Pyronia tithonus L. in Central and Southern Europe. Resi-

COLLECTING BUTTERFLIES IN DENMARK 49

dent species are: Lasiommata megera L., rather common all
over the country in May-June and in August. Coenonympha
hero L. is found in a very small area in South Seeland, where
it is often common; and C. arcania L. is rather common in June-
July in a few oak woods near the city of Viborg in Northern
Jutland. C. tullia Miller, which is a very local species, occurs
in meadows in Jutland, Funen and Seeland. C. pamphilus L. is
distributed throughout the country and is often numerous. Also
numerous and generally distributed are Aphantopus hyperantus
L. and Maniola jurtina L. Hipparchia semele L. is common
everywhere in Denmark on sandy soil in July and August.

The family Riodinidae is represented by Hamearis lucina
L., an extremely local butterfly that has not been caught in Den-
mark for several years. It was only found in one small wood in
Seeland, where it is perhaps now extinct.

The family Lycaeninae is represented by 19 species. We
have six coppers, of which Heodes alciphron Rott. is not resident,
and has only been recorded twice from the island of Falster,
having possibly been blown over from Germany. H. virgaureae
L. is rather common on meagre soil all over Denmark (except
on the island of Funen); whereas H. tityrus Poda can only be
found at Svanninge Bakker on Funen, though some years ago
it was taken on Seeland but is probably now extinct there. The
largest copper, Lycaena dispar ssp. rutilus Werneburg, was not
discovered in Denmark until 1934, in one locality on the island
of Falster, but we have not seen it for 12 years and it is now
considered to be extinct. By contrast, L. phlaeas L. is common
everywhere. Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L. was once very
common on moors, but is now declining owing to drainage, but
can still be found on several moors, particularly on Seeland.

We have 13 blues in Denmark. Celastrina argiolus L. is
found on moors in many parts in May and June and sometimes
in August as a partial second brood, but the species is now
declining. Cupido minimus L. is widely distributed but very
local. Glaucopsyche alexis Poda has only occurred once as a
single specimen, at Roden skov Lollan in 1957, but I think it
likely this species will be taken again. Maculinea arion L., which
is a rather rare butterfly with us, is found in the northern parts
of Seeland, on Bornholm and in Jutland but is most frequent
on the island of Moen. M. alcon D. & S. is only to be found in
North and Southern Jutland, and on the island of Laesoe where
it is rather common. Lycaeides idas L. and Plebejus argus L.
fly in July-August and are rather common on meagre soil; P.
argus L. occurs mainly in Northern Seeland, in Jutland and on
Bornholm. Aricia agestis D. & S. is locally distributed through-
out Denmark in May-June and July-August. A. artaxerxes F.
is rather numerous in July-August, but is limited in its distribu-
tion to three places: Tornby in Vendsyssel (Jutland), Roervig
(Northseeland) and Hammeren (Bornholm). Cyaniris semiargus
Rott. is distributed throughout Jutland and also occurs in North-
seeland and on Bornholm, but is only common in Jutland.
Vacciniiana optilete Knoch is a rare and very local species

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

found only on a few quagmire moors in different parts of the
country, including a few in Northseeland. Polyommatus icarus
Rott., our commonest blue, is generally distributed. Lysandra
amanda Schn. is locally distributed and moderately common in
Jutland, south of the inlet Limfjorden, and on Seeland and
Funen, but is absent from Bornholm.

Six members of the subfamily Theclinae have been recorded
from Denmark. Thecla betulae L. follows the sloe and flies in
August. Quercusia quercus L. is distributed among oak all over
the country and is often numerous. Nordmannia ilicis Esper is a
very rare and local species, found in a few places in Jutland
near the city of Randers. Strymonidia pruni L. has been
recorded from central Seeland and Lolland, but is also a very
rare species and flies in July. S. w-album Knoch is more
numerous and is generally distributed. Callophrys rubi L. is
generally distributed all over the country, but is absent from
Bornholm.

We have eleven species of Hesperidae. Pyrgus malvae L.
is found in most parts of Denmark in May and June. P. armori-
canus Obth., which flies in May and August, is locally distributed
in the north-western parts of Seeland, especially near the coast
and on Bornholm. Then there is the very doubtful species P.
serratulae Rbr., with only two specimens recorded in 1908-09
from Jutland and Lolland, but the specimen from Lolland
belongs to the alpine form. Erynnis tages L. is rather common,
especially in Northseeland in May-June, but has not been
recorded from Bornholm. Of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall.
there have been only two specimens recorded from Bornholm
in 1954, both of which are very doubtful. C. silvicolus Meig.
was first discovered in 1941, and is now numerous in a few
woods in Lolland. Also taken in Lolland as well as in Falster
is the extremely rare Heteropterus morpheus Pall., which has
been caught about a dozen times since 1939, especially in Roden
skov in Lolland, but it is several years since we last heard of
its capture. Thymelicus lineola Ochs. is generally distributed in
July and August. 7. sylvestris Poda is only found west of Store-
baelt, ie. in Jutland and on Funen, where it is just as common
and widespread as 7. lineola. Hesperia comma L. is a rare
butterfly found only in a few places, but most commonly on
Bornholm and on Seeland, in July-August. Ochlodes venatus
Brem. & Grey is generally distributed.

ORTHOSIA OPIMA HUBN. AND LYGRIS PRUNATA L. IN WAR-
WICKSHIRE, 1975.—I took two male Orthosia opima in my
garden trap at Hampton Wood on the 22nd and 26th of April.
I know of only one other record of this species for the county:
E. A. Laxon’s capture of four specimens at Kenilworth in 1899.
On the 4th August, a single Lygris prunata L. came to my
Hampton Wood trap, and the first Warwickshire prunata to my
knowledge. — A. F. J. GARDNER, ‘‘Willows End’’, 29, Charlecote,
Warwickshire.

51
The Puparium of Chrysotoxum festivum (L.)

(Diptera: Syrphidae)
By MartTIN C. D. SPEIGHT*

Coe (1953) mentions a puparium of Chrysotoxum festivum
being found “under loose turf in a cultivated field in April’, but
so far as I know neither larva nor puparium of this species has
ever been described or figured. I hatched a male of C. festivum
on 15.5.1975, collected as a larva in March of the same year
from a nest of the ant Lasius niger L. The ant’s nest was beneath
a stone in damp grassland beside a limestone lake in Co.
Galway, Ireland (Irish grid ref. M2237). To judge from Dixon’s
(1960) description of the larva of C. verralli, the larvae of C.

Figure 1: Features of the puparium of C. festivum: (a) spiracular
plates of posterior spiracular process, surface view; (b) out-
line of posterior end of puparium from above; (c) silhouette
puparium from above.

SYMBOLS USED: c=so-called “circular plate”; p=posterior spiracular
process; t=triangular protuberance.

*Forest and Wildlife Service, Dept. of Lands, Dublin, 2.

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

verralli and C. festivum are wellnigh identical in form and
colour, except for characters of the posterior respiratory pro-
cesses. Described as being ‘‘as long as breadth at base” in C.
verralli, these are wider than long in C. festivum. From the
illustration of the larval spiracular plates of C. verralli provided
by Dixon it is apparent that in that species their “‘circular plates”
are separated by more than the width of one “circular plate’’.
In C. festivum these ‘‘circular plates” are closely opposed, being
a shorter distance apart than half the width of one “circular
plate” (see fig. la). Both larva and puparium of C. festivum
bear a prominent, dorso-ventrally flattened, triangular protu-
berance to either side of the posterior spiracular process (see
fig. 1b). The puparium itself is of a uniformly pale-brown colour
and has a somewhat waisted appearance (see fig. Ic). It is
9.5 mm. long and has a maximum depth of 3.5 mm.

The larvae and puparia of the other Chrysotoxum species
known from the British Isles do not appear to have been figured,
though the larva and puparium of C. bicinctum have been
described by Beling (1882) and the egg of C. cautum is described
and figured by Chandler (1968). It is of some interest that the
C. festivum larva recorded here was found with Lasius niger,
since Dixon’s C. verralli larva was found with the same ant
species. As yet the feeding habits of Chrysotoxum larvae remain
obscure, but there is circumstantial evidence suggesting they
are aphidophagous on root aphids tended by ants. Seguy’s (1961)
Statement that “Les larves se développent dans les bois
décomposé ou les liquides qui s’écoulent des plaies des arbres”
would seem rather unlikely to prove correct, seeing the circum-
stances of discovery of Chrysotoxum larvae found to date. There
were certainly no trees or shrubs (or remains of same) larger
than a gorse bush within 100 yards of the spot at which the
C. festivum larva described here was found.

References

Beling, T. (1882). Beitrag zur Metamorphose einiger zweifligeliger
Insecten aus den Familien Tabanidae, Leptidae, Asilidae, Empidae,
Dolichopodidae und Syrphidae. Arch. Naturgesch., 48, (1), 187-240.

Chandler, A. E. F. (1968). A preliminary key to the eggs of some of
the commoner aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in
Britain. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 120, (8), 199-218.

Coe, R. L. (1953). Diptera Syrphidae. Handbooks for the identification

_ of British Insects, 10, (1), 98 pp. R. ent. Soc., London.

Dixon, T. J. (1960). Key to and descriptions of the third instar larvae
of some species of Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain. Trans.
R. ent. Soc. Lond., 112, (13), 345-79.

Seguy, E. (1961). Diptéres Syrphides de Europe occidentale. Mem. Mus.
Nat. d’Hist. naturelle Paris, A, Zoologie, 23, 243 pp.

ELAPHRIA VENUSTULA (HUBNER) IN SUFFOLK.— On 3rd
July, 1975 I took a specimen of this moth at Thorpeness, Suffolk.
Mr. Chipperfield tells me that it is uncommon in Suffolk, the only
previous record to hand being of three or four specimens taken
at Blythburgh on 25th June, 1937.—J. Rocue, 16, Frimley Court,
Sidcup Hill, Sidcup, Kent.

53
A New Species of Spongovostox Burr
(Dermaptera: Labiidae) from Nigeria
By A. BRINDLE*

A good deal of work has been done in recent years by
Professor J. T. Medler, of the University of Ife in Nigeria, in
connection with a survey of the insects of that country. This
will result in a check list of the genera of insects recorded from
Nigeria together with an adequate reference collection at Ife,
primarily for teaching purposes at the Faculty of Agriculture.

During the course of this work Professor Medler has sent
a large number of Dermaptera to the present author, which were
particularly useful since Nigeria has been poorly known as far
as Dermaptera are concerned, and the records so obtained have
been published in the first part of The Dermaptera of Africa
(Brindle, 1973). This covers all the families of the order except
for the Carcinophoridae.

In more recent batches from Professor Medler, however,
there have been two males of a striking new species of Spongo-
vostox, which is described and figured in the present paper,
together with indications of its separation from other species
of the genus already known. It seems appropriate to dedicate
this new species to Professor Medler in recognition of his work
on the insects of Nigeria, and this I am pleased to be able to do.

Spongovostox medleri sp.n.

Black, rather dull; basal antennae segments yellowish-
brown; pronotum very narrowly pale on posterior margin; elytra
with an obscure pale lateral stripe which does not reach the
posterior margin; wings with a very small pale apical spot, and
with a larger pale spot on the external margin by the end of
the elytra; apices of femora, and all tibiae and tarsi yellowish
to yellowish-brown, tibiae vaguely darkened on external margins;
segments 2-3 of tarsi also darkened. Cuticle of head, pronotum,
elytra, and wings, smooth, rather dull, weakly and irregularly
punctured and pubescent, pubescence short, sparse and yellow;
abdomen more shining, almost glabrous, finely punctured, for-
ceps almost smooth and glabrous.

Male (fig. 1): head strongly transverse, eyes large and
somewhat protuberant. First antennal segment short, much
shorter than distance between the antennal bases, second seg-
ment transverse, third nearly three times as long as broad, fourth
about half as long as third, fifth nearly twice as long as broad,
rather conical; distal segments narrow, slightly longer than third,
all segments pubescent. Pronotum transverse, widened pos-
teriorly, lateral margins straight and reflexed dorsally, posterior
margin weakly convex. Elytra and wings fully developed, lateral
tubercles on third tergite almost absent, those on fourth large.
Last tergite transverse, depressed medially. Penultimate sternite
with posterior margin evenly rounded. Each branch of forceps
trigonal at base, cylindrical distally, almost straight, except

* Department of Entomology, Manchester Museum.

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

Figs. 1, 2. Spongovostox medleri sp.n., male and male genitalia.

CURRENT LITERATURE 55

at apex, inner margin with irregular small crenulations.
Pygidium pentagonal ventrally, each lateral angle with a rounded
protuberance, posterior margin deeply excised. Length of body
9-9.5 mm., forceps 2.75-3 mm. Genitalia fig. 2.

Female: unknown.

Holotype ¢, Nigeria: Ile-Ife, W. State, Sept. 1971, black
light trap, J. T. Medler (British Museum (Natural History)):
paratype ¢, same data but 30th Dec. 1971, and not at trap
(United States National Museum).

In Brindle (1973, p. 178) this species keys to the qguadri-
maculatus group, although the wings are only paler at extreme
base. In that group it would key to gestroi, to which medleri
is closely related. These can be separated as follows: —

1. Blackish-brown to yellowish-brown; pronotum broadly
whitish on lateral or posterior margin; wings white for basal
half; tibiae and tarsi yellow; parameres of male genitalia
evyenly-andstromply: curved .....5..icsce3cse--<s gestroi (Burr)

— Black; pronotum very narrowly pale on posterior margin;
wings whitish only at base; tibiae and tarsi partly darkened;
parameres of male genitalia not curved and of unequal

WAL Doe RE nicht oreecen® nudes h aheie tess penta’ medleri sp.n.

Reference

Brindle, A. 1973. The Dermapiera of Africa, Part 1. Ann. Mus. Roy.
Afr. Centre. in 8° Zool. No. 205, pp. 1-335.

Current Literature

Macrolepidoptera of Fiji and Rotuma: A taxonomic and
geographical study by Gaden. S. Robinson, Ph.D. 361 pp.

15 maps, 173 text figures. 17 plates of 357 species. 10

habitat plates. Bibliography 16 pp. Limp covers. Price

£10.50. Published by E. W. Classey Ltd.

The publishers are to be congratulated for issuing this
thesis in book form. It is fortunate that this monumental study
should have been made at this time, in an area where con-
servation is not practised, before the destruction of the primary
rain forest causes the extinction of a unique fauna.

After a history of collecting in the islands, the geography,
geology, climate and vegetation are reviewed. Then follows
an account of light-trapping methods with a sophisticated
statistical analysis of the results, which will fascinate all those
who keep trap records. A systematic account, illustrated by
superb photographs and line drawings, covers all the species
known, and the probable course of colonisation and speciation
are discussed. It is a pity that the order of the photographs
does not follow that of the text.

The author has overlooked the probability that low levels
of dominance in the absence of dominant plant species suggests
that there are no polyphagous species present, or that poly-
phagy could account for the high levels of dominance at Santo
3 and Narabut.

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

This is a definitive work, invaluable for future dynamic
studies of change, and alas, extinction in the Pacific Islands.

May we hope for a companion volume, giving a subjective
account of the problems and adventures encountered by the
author while compiling this thesis? — E.H.W.

Notes and Observations

THE CLOUDED YELLOW (COLIAS CROCEUS GEOFFROY) IN
IRELAND IN 1975.— My brother T. C. Sankey-Barker tells me
that he saw four of this species at Aghadoe, Killarney, very near
the lake (Lough Leane), on 8th September, 1975. — J. P. SANKEY-
BARKER, Plas Llangattock, Crickhowell, Breconshire.

THE DarK FORM OF POLYMIXIS FLAVICINCTA D. & S. AT
WOKING. — The normal form here of this prevalent autumn
insect has a dull grey ground colour to the forewings with a
light covering of yellow freckles. But on 25th September, 1975,
I was surprised to see for the first time a much darker specimen
exactly similar to the usual form from the West Country, mainly
from Devon and Cornwall. Can it be that ova may have occurred
on imported garden plants from those regions as such plants are
one of its favourite pabula so that a new form has been intro-
duced to this area? —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Shores
Road, Woking, Surrey.

THE FOODPLANTS OF ARCHANARA SPARGANII (ESPER). — Mr.
D. W. H. ffennell mentions in the October issue the finding of
larvae and pupae of this species in the stems of Typhus angusti-
folia, and raises the point of previous recordings of the same
foodplant for the species. He may be interested to know that
this foodplant appears in P. B. M. Allan’s Larval Foodplants.
A few years ago I collected several larvae and pupae of A.
sparganii from stems of both Typhus latifolia and T. angusti-
folia, also from Iris pseudacorus growing in close proximity in
a locality near Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex. — GEORGE E. HYDE,
26, Warnington Drive, Bessacarr, Doncaster, South Yorkshire,
DN4 6SS.

MYTHIMNA UNIPUNCTA HAW. ON THE ISLE OF CANNA. —
Three specimens of the ‘‘American Wainscot” came to lighted
windows of my house on the evening of 4th December, and
another on that of Sth December. The weather was mild and
drizzly, temperature 50°F., wind S.W., force about 4. The moths
appear to have come with the anti-cyclone that approached
from the S.W. around that time. Identification has been con-
firmed by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton. — J. L. CampBELL, Canna
House, Isle of Canna, Scotland, PH44 4RS. [We should be
interested to hear if there are any British records of unipuncta
for further north. — Editor.]

THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and of the plan of work proposed.

Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces-
sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer-
ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In
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Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research
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Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan
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as possible and in any case not later than 30th September, 1975.

THE BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

(Founded 1872)

Indoor meetings are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursdays of each month
except August, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street, London, with
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Hon. Sec.: Mr. G. Prior, F.R.E.S., 23, Manor Way, North Harrow,
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EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. — Separates of Col. Emmet’s “Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae’”’, 35p, postage 9p, and “Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —1 would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. — S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BRZ 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 —Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project — figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
3-5mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. —P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8IF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdv., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
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ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEca, F.R.E.S.

TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS

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any loss or damage.

CONTENTS

Spring Butterflies on the Island of Skyros, Greece. JOHN G.
COUTSIS

The Early Stages of Anthocharis gruneri H.-S. from Greece.
JOHN G. COUTSIS

Some Interesting Coleoptera from North-East Essex. D. R. NASH

The Effect of Air Currents on the Behaviour of the Indian Stick
Insect Carausius morosius (Br.) R. H. STABLER

Collecting Butterflies in Denmark. POUL SVENDSEN .

The Puparium of Chrysotoxum festivum (L.) (Diptera: Syrphidae).
MARTIN C. D. SPEIGHT ... ana ae

A New Species of Spongovostox Burr (Dermaptera: Labiidae) from
Nigeria. A. BRINDLE

Notes and Observations:
Nycterosea obstipata F. (The Gem) in Sussex, 1975. C. PRATT

Orthosia opima Hibn. and Lygris prunata L. in Warwickshire,
1975. A. F. J. GARDNER ....

Elaphria venustula (Hiibner) in Suffolk. J. ROCHE

The Clouded Yellow (Colias croceus Geoffroy) in Ireland in
1975. J. P. SANKEY-BARKER

The Dark Form of Polymixis flavicincta D. & S. at Woking.
C. G. M. de WORMS ...

The Foodplants of Archanara sparganii (Esper). G. E. HYDE

Mythimna unipuncta Haw. on the Isle of Canna. J. L.
CAMPBELL

Current Literature

The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Volume 3. J. M. CHALMERS-
HUNT

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

33

37

39

44

47

31

53

43

50

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PUBLISHED MONTHLY

VOL. 88, No. 3

March, 1976

"Se aie © aap SioRatiaiaibene”

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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.£.s.
with the assistance of

A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINs, F.R.E.S.
S. N. A. JAcoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar) S. WAKELY

Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

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Freshwater Life
By John Clegg

This is the fourth edition of the reference book on the plants
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detailed information on the aquatic environment in which
these organisms live. The book contains a survey of the study
of freshwater organisms, a section on the physical and
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freshwater biology to mankind in the fields of water supply,
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14 full colour plates 50 in black and white
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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,
(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and of the plan of work proposed.

Awards would be made to assist travelling and other expenses neces-
sary for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at confer-
ences, or, exceptionally for the costs of publication of finished work. In
total, they are not likely to exceed £150 in 1975/76.

Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research
in any part of the world may qualify.

Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan
of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is
sought, to R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S., Hon. Treasurer,
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE, as soon
as possible and in any case not later than 30th September, 1975.

THE BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

(Founded 1872)

Indoor meetings are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursdays of each month
except August, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street, London, with
a programme of Exhibits and Lectures. Field Meetings are held on most
weekends throughout the Summer in many parts of the country. There is
an Annual Exhibition in the Autumn. The Society has fine reference
collections of most Orders of Insects, and an extensive library from which
books may be borrowed at meetings, or by post. Proceedings are published
quarterly, free to all members, who also receive an address list of members.
Membership: Entrance Fee 50p. Annual Subscription for full members £4.
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LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA —
AN APPEAL

At present there is no work which adequately illustrates the
larvae of the British Lepidoptera. To remedy this it is proposed
to publish, in Volume 11 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland, coloured illustrations of as many species as
possible.

Living larvae of many species are required for photographing
in a standard way as a basis for colour drawings. Donors of larvae
will be provided with duplicate transparencies if required. Good
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positions are also needed. Transparencies will be copied and the
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Lepidopterists who are willing to contribute to this project
are invited to write to one of the addresses below for a list of
requirements.

DeGarter, J. Heath,

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British Museum (Natural History), 104 Needingworth Road,
Cromwell Road, St. Ives,

London, Huntingdon,

SW7 5BD. Cambs. PE17 4JY.

WANTED. I require urgently specimens of larvae of Melolontha melo-
lontha. Must be healthy live specimens as they are required for cine
filming. —Send to or contact Rodger Jackman, 44 Old Torquay Road,
Paignton, Devon (Telephone: Paignton 42913).

=i |
Platypus parallelus F. (=linearis Steph.) (Col.:
Scolytidae) Recaptured in Britain after 150 Years
By A. A. ALLEN*

While collecting (or rather, selecting) insects attracted to
my mercury-vapour lamp at Blackheath on the night of 15th
August, 1973, I was surprised to see a beetle of the distinctive
woodboring genus Platypus settle on the brightly illuminated
wall—since our single native species, P. cylindrus F., had never
appeared in the district. Greater still was my astonishment
when the visitor, safely tubed, was seen to be obviously not
P. cylindrus,*and therefore a. species not ‘‘officially”” on the
British list. Through the good offices of Mr. R. T. Thompson
at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) the insect was duly passed
to Mr. F. G. Browne (of the Commonwealth Institute of Ento-
mology), our authority on the genus—a very numerous one
in the tropics. Mr. Browne was able to identify it as a 2 Platypus
parallelus F.—the most widely distributed of all the species—
with a slight element of uncertainty because of the lack of
distinctive specific characters in that sex. However, all things
considered, the probability of this determination being correct
seems so high that I propose to accept it, for present purposes,
without further question; particularly since P. parallelus (as
will be seen) has in fact occurred once before in Britain, and
might thus be expected to recur.

Stephens (1832, /Il. Brit. Ent. Mand., 5: 419) described this
species, apparently on a single male, under the name of P.
linearis—a name by which it has long been widely known; but
recently (S. L. Wood, 1973) it has been shown to be identical
with the Bostrichus. parallelus of Fabricius (1801, Syst. El.,
2: 384). It is usually smaller, of a paler colour (chestnut or rusty
yellow-brown), than our native species; from which the male
may be at once known by the three irregular processes at apex
of elytra, of which the lateral ones are longest. The female
lacks these processes and differs further in the smooth
elytra—the sulcate striae and raised intervals being represented
by rows of very small, fine, shallow punctures on an even,
smooth, shining surface. Other differences from cylindrus (in the
female) include a longer antennal club, much larger eyes, and
details of the elytral apex.

Platypus parallelus is a widely-ranging species both in
tropical and subtropical America from Argentina to Texas, and
throughout tropical (and according to Schedl, southern) Africa.
It has been recorded from a large number of host-trees,
especially in the latter continent—at least 82 species in 25
families. Mr. Browne writes that it is essentially a secondary
borer in the wood of dying or recently cut trees, and when found
in apparently healthy ones (for the most part weakened by
drought, etc.) it usually fails to breed; and that it shows no
marked host preferences. I have seen no record of its importa-
tion into Europe, but such a species must surely get introduced
in timber from time to time.

* 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

The two British records have a certain interest beyond that
of obviously imported insects. It is in any case remarkable that
my capture as above is apparently the first known since
Stephens’s day; though one or two exotic Platypus spp. have
occasionally been found here in foreign logs, etc.—e.g. P. hintzi
Schauf. (=penetralis Sampson)—the present one seems not to
be among them. Moreover both the captures of P. parallelus in
this country relate to insects taken at large, and not in, on,
or near known foreign timber or merchandise. Stephens’s data
for his P. linearis, as usual on the meagre side, are: “Taken
near Sydenham by P. H. Desvignes, Esq.” (.c. supra) and “‘Old
post: Sydenham: 6” (1839, Man. Brit. Col.: 206). The locality,
like Blackheath, is in the suburbs of London—though then
doubtless comparatively rural. Probably only a single specimen
was concerned, as his description fits the male alone, but the
most we can deduce with certainty is that no female occurred.

Again in the case of my specimen, no known source of
exotic provenance can be suggested; certainly there was none
in the garden or immediate vicinity, though, of course, the
nearest Thames-side docks and wharves are not too distant for
a flying insect to have come from—perhaps some three miles.
Even so, a much nearer source seems far more likely.

One might speculate that such a widespread and _poly-
phagous species must be remarkably hardy and adaptable and
could possibly, therefore, breed—at least for a few generations
—in the open in Britain; it is, perhaps, not out of the question
that it might at some time gain a permanent footing. My capture
could even be a sign that it was already happening; at all events,
a sharp look-out should be kept for the beetle.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. F. G. Browne for his kindness
in examining and reporting on the Blackheath specimen and
for much useful information on the species.

ARCHIPS OPORANA L. (PICEANA P. & M.) NEw TO SUFFOLK.
— This large tortrix moth which is described as very local and
uncommon and recorded only from Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset,
Berkshire and Oxfordshire by both Meyrick and the Ray
Society’s “British Tortricoid Moths’? was not even mentioned
by the late Claude Morley in his 1937 Memoirs of the Suffolk
Naturalists’ Society which contained the latest county list of
lepidoptera. | was therefore surprised when Mr. Donald Down
showed me a specimen he had taken when we were collecting
together in Dunwich Forest in 1974. He had the identification
checked by Mr. H. C. Huggins. On 5th August, 1975 I took
another specimen in the same area. These are presumably new
records for Suffolk. On this latter occasion I was accompanied
by Mr. B. W. Weddell and Baron Charles de Worms and our
total species of macrolepidoptera recorded that evening was 120.
Pa E. CHIPPERFIELD, The Shieling, Walberswick, Suffolk,

1.1976.

59

Plebicula golgus Hubner and other Buttterflies
in the Sierra Nevada, July, 1975
By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.*

Many spring visitors to Granada must have seen the grand
range of snow-capped mountains of the Sierra Nevada lying
to the south, but very few can have delved into their magnificent
fauna and flora or more especially their wealth of lepidoptera
which have been sampled periodically by a good many specialists
from European and other countries. Encouraged by reports of
the experiences there of Major General Sir George Johnson in
1974 and Mr. Denzil ffennell in 1973 I decided to try my own
luck in these delectable regions in 1975. I set out on 7th July
and flew direct to Malaga arriving in the early afternoon, and
decided to make straight for my destination in the small Simca
I picked up at the airport. After negotiating the maze of streets
in that huge city, I eventually found myself on the old mountain
road to Granada which I did not reach till 8 p.m. after covering
some 85 miles by this tortuous route. [t was nearly dark when
I started making the steep ascent up the fine Sierra road which
reaches 11,000 ft. at the summit and is now the highest metalled
route in Europe. Half way up I finally put up at the very
comfortable Hotel Nogal (walnut) where I found the owner
had spent several years in England. The chief visitors round
the hotel lights were quite a spate of Cream-spot Tigers. The
morning of the 8th broke fine and warm and this was to be the
daily feature of the whole of my fortnight’s stay. On the rough
bank opposite the hotel were flying a bright form of Plebeius
argus L., also Pyronia bathseba Fab. | left this delightful spot
situated at just over 5,000 ft. during the morning and made my
way to the higher levels. It was quite a revelation to see the
change in the floral zones. Leaving the lavender-covered slopes
I soon came on a big area at between 6,000-7,000 ft. enveloped
in almost a matt of a flat creeping and very prickly astragalus,
somewhat similar to that on which Colias aurorina heldreichi
Staud. feeds on in the Peloponnese. At almost 7,000 ft. the
scene changed to a region of a large broom in full flower. It
was at this point I saw someone also with a net and it turned
out to be Mr. Huisenga and his wife from Holland on the same
quest as myself.

The chief quarry was a few species of butterflies endemic
to this high altitude, mainly the small blue Pebicula golgus
Hiibn. and the satyrid Pseudochazara hippolyte Esp. | descended
the sloping road to about 7,000 ft. to the new ski resort which
was to be my headquarters for the rest of my sojourn. I put
up at the well-appointed Hotel Sol-y-Nieve with its large
swimming pool which was most refreshing each evening after
a day with the net in the blazing sun. Later that day I explored
the higher regions which became quite alpine at just over 8,000
ft. This was the altitude of the large Parador Hotel. Above this
point the true screes begin which were to prove so productive

* Three Oaks, Shores Road, Woking, Surrey.

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/111 /76

later on, but on this occasion a high wind was blowing and
virtually no insects were on the move. However, I came across
another collector, Dr. Calle of Madrid with his wife. The only
other species seen this day were Colias croceus Fourc. and a
very bright form of Pyrgus fritillarius Poda.

One great drawback at the ski centre, in spite of its massive
buildings of hotels and apartment blocks, was the absence of
any form of filling up station for petrol. The only means of
getting replenished was to make the 20-mile tortuous descent
to Granada which I did on 9th July to find the thermometer
there standing at nearly 90°F. quite early in the day. However,
on the way up I stopped at about 5,000 ft. where there is a deep
valley with a very luscious vegetation just below the effigy in
wood of a large bull which we dubbed ‘Toro bravo’’. This was
in some ways the most prolific area for lepidoptera in this part
of the Sierra Nevada. Melanargia lachesis Hiibn. was in many
ways the most plentiful of the lower level species; and A poria
crataegi L. was also well to the fore. This locality was to be
my venue for the next three days under very warm conditions.
On the 10th after lunching at the very nice restaurant Viboras
just above the main collecting area, a slope adjoining it produced
quite a big colony of Mellicta parthenoides Kef. with both
sexes in great plenty in a very restricted marshy piece of ground,
as I never found this insect elsewhere during my trip. A small
Lycaenid caught in this spot proved to be Aricia montensis Verity.
A further visit on the 12th saw the first Gonepterix cleopatra L.
and Coenonympha dorus Esp. with a lot of P. bathseba and P.
argus flying among the lavender and a tall sage. The intervening
day, 11th July, I spent exploring the higher ground and
motoring up towards the summit of Pico Veleta at just over
11,000 ft. This extension of the road is fairly recent and did
not exist when Dr. Lionel Higgins was in this region in 1947
and Col. W. Manley in 1959. Both of them found P. golgus in
good numbers at about 8,500 ft. where there is a small plateau
sheltered by a large cliff with a big snow strip still extant. It was
in this area that I first saw this little Lycaenid on the 13th when
the wind had given way to a very warm day at this altitude:
but the single male seen on the way back to the hotel that
evening eluded me when, as usual, I stopped at some damp
ground by the fairly steep road of descent. Here I was surprised
to see a fine Iphiclides feisthameli Dup. Another day at the
5,000 ft. level on the 14th produced, again surprisingly, Libythea
celtis L., a very late Melanargia ines and Hipparchia alcyone
D. & S. 15th July indeed proved quite a field day when the
high ground was revisited and especially the sloping screes
which at first sight looked quite barren but for small tufts of
grass and matts of ground juniper. The slopes were in fact
studded with the most exquisite small alpine plants including
violas and tiny leguminosae, mainly trefoils and clovers. It was
not long before I saw several male P. golgus on the flat area,
but when I descended the screes, it was evident that they were
much more plentiful on the rough slopes. Most of the males

PLEBICULA GOLGUS IN THE SIERRA NEVADA 61

were quite fresh, while the females were just appearing. This
most attractive little Blue was at one time thought to be only a
mountain form of P. dorylas D. & S., but even Hiibner in 1813
gave it specific rank. Its general morphology and isolation at
this altitude together with its ecology have confirmed this view.
Another interesting little Lycaenid flying on these screes was
Aricia morronensis Ribbe. It never appeared much more than
a few inches from the ground and was very difficult both to
see or catch. They were in big numbers and seemed to be
confined to the steep slopes and were never to be seen on the
flat areas. That afternoon I espied another net and its bearer
proved to be Monsieur Desmarets from Nantes. We collected
together with his family and besides the two Lycaenids men-
tioned he took the very seldom seen Agriades glandon zullichi
Hemming regarded by Col. Manley as a good species. We also
saw the first Erebia hispania Butler. Its general appearance
and especially its underside is so different from its relative race
rondoni Oberthur in the Eastern Pyrenees that this insect too
may well be a separate species. The next three days were devoted
to the high ground in glorious conditions. On the 16th both
P. golgus and A. morronensis were becoming quite abundant
and I watched a good many females of the former as they settled
on various small plants on the steep screes to see if I could
observe any laying, but I could not find any ova. On the 17th,
I was surprised to take a single male Plebicula escheri Hiibn.
flying among the P. golgus. Earlier that day I had visited a
rough area at the junction of the high road to the Parador and
the descent to the ski resort by the straight route. At this spot
some pylons cross the rugged ground. Several Melitaea didyma
Esp. in a small form were flying together with FE. hispania. On
18th July I had an early rendezvous with M. Desmarets by the
Parador which seemed to be the lowest level at 8,000 ft. for
P. golgus, which proved to be even more plentiful than on the
previous days and on one scree slope the males were getting up
at almost every step. He told me that a few days before he had
seen quite a lot of butterflies in the Sierra de Alfacar some 20
miles east of Granada. This region I visited on 19th July. Many
Hipparchia semele L. were flying by the main road to Almeria
at Porto de Moro with a few Lysandra albicans H.-S. There were
some fine fresh Brintesia circe D. & S., while the smaller species
included many P. argus with some worn Strymonidia spini
D. & S. which I also took later that day at 5,000 ft. on the road
up the Sierra Nevada. The only Skipper seen was Thymelicus
acteon Rott. On the high screes on the 20th, I met Senor Jimenez
who had come up from Granada where he lived and was the
leading expert on the lepidoptera of the region. He was most
interesting about his experiences and was on his way to find
Parnassius apollo nevadensis Oberthur on the high Sierra to
the west, a little-known locality for this local race. He pointed
out to me a spot in the deep valley below where a few days
before he had taken several Pseudochazara hippolyte williamsi
Romei for which I had been searching in vain. On the way

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/111 /76

home near the Parador I came across the first [ssoria lathonia
L. and Argynnis aglaia L. My last collecting day on the 23rd I
met Dr. Gross of Cologne on the P. golgus ground. I happened
to mention P. hippolyte and he pointed to a spot in the distance
at about the 7,000 ft. level which I knew. He said a few days
earlier he had found this Satyrid reasonably common along
the ridge which runs from the Agricultural Hostel at the junction
of the road to the ski resort right along to the Parador just
above the broom-covered slopes. So I sped off to this area that
afternoon. As I arrived a strong breeze started, but it was not
long before I saw a P. hippolyte on the rocky slope behind the
hostel. During the next few hours I saw several more of this
agile species always pitched among the rocks and in spite of
many efforts none found their way into my net. I was glad to
have seen this very localised insect in situ, as it apparently
does not occur between the Sierra Nevada and the Urals, that
is to say if the inhabitant of these far-off mountains is in fact
the same species. Erebia hispania was becoming quite numerous
in this rocky region near the pylons.

Early on the morning of 23rd July I set out down the
mountain road to Grenada and at the boundary of the province
joined the fine new motorway into Malaga which cuts through
the lower mountain range by a series of tunnels. I reached the
noon after what had proved a most enjoyable and on the whole
airport by midday and was back in England by the late after-
successful visit to this most attractive part of Spain.

Though I only recorded just 40 species of butterflies since
the number in this region is not excessive, I have thought it
worth enumerating them with some notes. All references are
to the Sierra Nevada unless otherwise stated.

Iphiclides feithsameli Dup., a single specimen seen at 7,500
ft. Pieri brassicae L., a few seen near Malaga. Pieri rapae L.,
some seen in mountains near Malaga. Pontia daplidice L.,
occasional near Granada and at about 5,000 ft. Aporia crataegi
L., numerous at 5,000 ft. level on 9th July. Euchloé ausonia
Hibn., few noted from 7,000-8,500 ft., mainly near the Parador.
Colias crocea Fourc., quite numerous at all levels, including a
few f. helice. Gonepteryx cleopatra L., seen at about 5,000 ft.
and in Sierra de Alfacar. Pyrameis cardui L., two recorded at
about 8,000 ft. Aglais urticae L., several seen at from 7,500-
8,500 ft. Argynnis aglaia L., several noted at about 8,000 ft.
Issoria lathonia L., also observed near the ski resort at 7,000 ft.
Melitaea didyma Esp., a few small specimens seen at about
7,500 ft. Mellicta parthenoides Kef., a small colony quite isolated
at 5,500 ft. Libythea celtis Laicharting, a single specimen at
5,000 ft. on 14th July. Melanargia lachesis Hiibn., very numerous
from lower levels to about 6,000 ft. Melanargia ines Hoffmans-
egg, one female taken on 14th July at 5,000 ft. Hipparchia
alcyone D. & S., seen in the Sierra de Alfacar and at 5,000 ft.
Hipparchia semele L., noted near Malaga, in the Sierra de
Alfacar and at 5,000 ft. Pseudochazara hippolyte williamsi
Romei, only seen on 22nd July at about 7.500 ft. Brintesia circe

PLEBICULA GOLGUS IN THE SIERRA NEVADA 63

Fab., observed in the Sierra de Alfacar and at 5,000 ft. Erebia
hispania hispania Butler, first appeared on 15th July and
occurred from 7,500-9,000 ft. on the steep Sierra. Maniola
jurtina L., numerous up to 6,000 ft. Pyronia bathseba Fab.,
common at about 5,000 ft. and in Sierra de Alfacar. Coeno-
nympha dorus Esp., numerous in the 5,000 ft. level region.
Lasiommata megera L., taken at about 6,000 ft. Strymonidia
spini D. & S., a few in Sierra de Alfacar and at 5,000 ft. level.
Plebeius argus hypochionus Rambur, plentiful at all levels up
to 7,500 ft. Aricia montensis Verity, seen at 5,000 ft. and also
at 7,500 ft. Aricia morronensis Ribbe, abundant on steep scree
slopes at about 8,500 ft. Plebicula escheri Hiibn. f. agengoi
Higgins, one male taken at about 8,500 ft. on screes. Plebicula
golgus Hiibn., first seen on 13th July at about 8,500 ft., both
sexes plentiful by 18th July with several pairs observed from
8,000-8,500 ft. Lysandra albicans H.-S., only seen in Sierra de
Alfacar. Agriades glandon zullichi Hemming, two males taken
by M. Desmarets on screes at 8,500 ft. level. Polyommatus
icarus Rott., noted from 5,000 ft. to 8,500 ft. Pyrgus fritillarius
nevadensis Oberthur., several of the large bright form at about
7,500 ft. Pyrgus serratulae Rambur, only two seen at about
7,000 ft. Carcharodus baeticus Rambur, seen at 7,500 ft. level.
Thymelicus acteon Rott., only noted in the Sierra de Alfacar.
Thymelicus sylvestris Poda., a few at about 5,000 ft.

Few moths were observed. Besides Arctia villica already
mentioned several Macroglossa stellaturm L. were seen, and on
the high screes the very striking large pyrale Loxostege clathralis
Hiibn. with its silver latticed wings, together with Pyrausta
limbopunctalis H.-S.

References

Fernandez-Rubio, F, and Gomez Bustillo, M. R. 1972. Les Rhopalo-
céres et Zygénes de la Sierra Nevada, Alexanor VII, part 8,
pp. 339-345.

Fernandez-Rubio, F. and Gomez Bustillo, M. R. 1974. Mariposas de la
Peninsula Iberica, 2 vols.

Haig-Thomas, P. 1929. Two trips to Central and Southern Spain. Ento-

Higgins, L. G. 1948. Butterflies in Granada. Entomologist, 81: 25-29,
49-53.

Higgins, L. G, and Riley, N. D. 1974. A Field Guide to the Butterflies
of Britain and Europe (2nd edition).

Hiibner, J. 1808-1813. Sammlung europadischer Schmetterlinge, 1, pl. 136,
figs. 688 and 689.

Manley, W. B. L. and Allcard, H. G. 1970. A Field Guide to the
Butterflies and Burnets of Spain.

Ribbe, C. 1909-1812. Beitrage zu einer Lepidopteren-Fauna. von
Amdalusien (Sud-Spanien) Macrolepidopteren. Dr. ent. Z, Iris,
23: 1-395 (2 plates). :

Seitz, A. 1906. Macrolepidoptera of the World, vol. 1 Palaearctic.

Seitz, A. 1932 Ibidem. Supplement to vol. 1.

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

Rearing the Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca L.
(Coleoptera: Lampyridae)
By ANTHONY WOOTTON*

So far as | am aware, no one has hitherto been successful
in rearing the now increasingly local glow-worm (Lampyris
noctiluca L.), a sexually dimorphic beetle, from ovum to imago,
although a number of enthusiasts have reared out imagines from
well-grown larvae. This is scarcely surprising, perhaps, since the
whole cycle extends over three calendar years, and the larvae
need rather special care and attention.

It may be worthy of record, therefore, that I can claim to
have completed the glow-worm’s life cycle in captivity, over the
period July 1973 to June 1975. In July 1973, I collected a num-
ber of copulating adults in the New Forest of Hampshire and
obtained fertile ova from them. (This coincided with my parti-
cipation in a B.B.C. “Living World” programme on glow-worms,
the recording for which was done on location on the evening
of July 3rd, actual broadcasts being made on July 22nd and
25th.)

The following are annotated extracts from my diary
recording the salient points in the whole project. Regrettably
they are incomplete in some respects, notably in that dates and
numbers of ecdyses were not fully recorded. I must emphasise
that no attempt was made to “‘force”’ the larvae by keeping them
artificially warm during the winter hibernation.

1973

Friday, June 29th. About 11 p.m., in very hot and humid
conditions, found a pair of L. noctiluca in cop. in ditch by
gravelled ride; the female was still glowing strongly.

Sunday, July Ist. Saw many glow-worms, most of them
mating pairs (females still glowing), low down in vegetation, in
ditches and at bases of bracken clumps, but very widely spaced.
Collected some of these which later produced many ova in
captivity. The ova are spherical, about | mm. in diameter and
pale yellow in colour.

Tuesday, July 3rd. Found one female L. noctiluca in ditch
and one pair in cop. on rough mud track.

Wednesday, July 4th. Several hundred ova have now been
produced from the collected pairs. These were laid in plastic
boxes, lined with regularly dampened blotting paper. Many of
the ova have the area of blotting paper immediately around
them stained a dark brownish yellow: this does not appear to
ee although the eggs themselves glow strongly after

ark.

Thursday, July 5th. This evening several female glow-worms
were observed at the bases of bracken fronds, by roadsides and
in grass by rides. The females characteristically cling to the
tops of the vegetation in a gentle curve, the glowing tail segments
at the same level as the head. At least four male glow-worms
were attracted to the light of the research hut in evening.

* 40, Roundhill, Stone, Nr. Aylesbury, Bucks., HP17 8RD.

REARING THE GLOW-WORM, LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA L. 65

Wednesday, August 15th. There was a substantial emer-
gence of larvae from my ova today. About 5 mm. long, most
are dark grey or blackish, though others are paler, but all have
distinctive white blobs at the lower outer corner of each body
segment. They frequently feed communally, after one has over-
come a small snail, and they progress by hitching up their tail
ends behind them, rather like a looper (lepidopterous) caterpillar.

Wednesday, September 12th. Several larvae have now shed
their natal skins. They are generally much darker than at birth
and the two white spots on each segment are consequently more
pronounced. There have been casualties, due mainly to moulds
and possibly overcrowding, but most seem to be thriving and
are feeding on the small snails provided.

1974

Saturday, April 13th. A total of 29 larvae have successfully
overwintered. During the colder months, the blotting paper
lining of the larval boxes was kept damp, renewed as necessary,
and a few fresh snails inserted as necessary. Little feeding was
observed during the winter, even in mild periods; however the
larvae have recently attacked some fresh snails. Two or three
larvae are now approaching } inch in length, although the
majority appear to be still in their first instar (c. } inch).

Saturday, April 27th. The larvae exhibit some fairly marked
food preferences. They seem much to prefer the rather flat,
many-spiralled snails (e.g. Oxychilus sp.), up to 4 inch in dia-
meter, commonly ignoring equally large but more spherical
snails, though they attack and eat very small Helix aspersa, for
example. One banded snail (Cepaea sp.) was quite ignored over
a long period and eventually removed. Frequently a killed snail
is only partly liquefied by the larva’s digestive enzyme. In such
instances it is then left to putrefy, though sometimes the larva
appears capable of consuming the inert semi-solid flesh (or
perhaps sucking at it?).

Wednesday, May 29th. At least eight larvae have now
changed their skins for the second time and are more than
+ inch in length. I have a feeling that growth may have been
accelerated by non-examination (and continuous darkness) for
a couple of days.

Saturday, June Ist. A large proportion of larvae have now
completed their second ecdysis and are feeding well. This even-
ing, with the aid of a hand lens, I watched a larva cleaning itself
subsequent to feeding. The white terminal ‘“‘brush’’, capable
of extrusion from the last segment, is tubular with a multi-
branched tip, and is sticky, giving something of the impression
of a hog’s-hair brush. The larva “‘washed”’ its legs, mouthparts,
head and top of first body segment, rather like a human being
using a sponge. It rested at intervals and appeared to clean its
sponge from time to time by rubbing it gently on the damp
blotting paper.

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76
1975

Wednesday, June IIth. After heavy casualties, caused
mostly by mould whilst over-wintering, all but two of the
remaining ten larvae have now pupated. Three are males, c. 4
inch long or less, darkish brown in colour, with elytra clearly
defined. Five are females, larger and larviform, pale greyish and
dirty pink in colour.

Friday, June 20th. The cycle was completed today with the
emergence of a perfect adult female. She glowed very brightly
in the evening, the three luminescent segments at the end of her
abdomen clearly exposed and the area immediately around the
insect brightly illuminated.

Sunday, June 22nd. A total of three adult females and one
male have now emerged. Two male pupae and two female pupae
remain. Two larvae have yet to pupate.

Monday, June 23rd. A further male and female have
emerged. Just subsequent to emergence the male’s elytra were
a lovely cream colour, as were the wings (splayed beyond the
elytra) and the thoracic shield, although the latter is dark centred.

Tuesday, June 24th. The latest count is of four females and
three males, one of the latter emerging slightly deformed. One
further female died in pupa form. There are still two larvae,
rather more than 4 inch long. Matings have taken place and a
large number of ova has been produced. These latter in turn
began to produce larvae on August Ist.

Summary

The life cycle of Lampyris noctiluca L. appears normally
to extend over two complete years: ova laid in July 1973
produced larvae which hibernated the following winter, recom-
menced feeding in spring 1974, overwintered again, and matured
in late June 1975. However, not all larvae appear to mature in
the third summer; two were still in larval form in July/August
1975 and showed no signs of feeding or growth. Evidently
moisture is necessary for all stages of successful rearing, since
the insects are very prone to dessication. The high mortality rate
was presumably due to various causes: moulds (unavoidable),
possibly over-crowding, and also when very small to drowning /
smothering in snail slime. Killed snails need to be removed
rather quickly after the larvae have obviously abandoned them
since putrefaction quickly sets in, and scrupulous cleanliness
in general is necessary at all times. The larvae feed only spora-
dically and often seem to go for days without feeding. Some
sort of shelter, for skin changing, etc., is preferable and the
larvae thrive and grow better in subdued light. Very large snails,
e.g. adult Helix aspersa, Cepaea sp., etc., are invariably ignored,
even by last instar larvae. Favourite prey seems to be Oxychilus
sp. and similarly shaped and sized snails. Ova produced in 1973
hatched after about six weeks; those incestually produced in
1975 in a slightly shorter period.

REARING THE GLOW-WORM, LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA L. 67
Some notes on differences between adult Lampyris noctiluca
L. and larvae

Since adult L. noctiluca are often described as larviform
in appearance, suggesting that the two are difficult to distinguish,
a few points of difference are perhaps worth mentioning. Adult
females are uniformly greyish-brown, with a thin, pale, slightly
raised median line, unlike the larvae which are usually black
with a white or brownish-yellow spot at the basal corner of each
segment. The rounded thoracic shield of the female is similar
to that of the male and very different in appearance from the
flat, undifferentiated structure of the larva, whose body is more
tubular. The leg structure is simpler in the larva. The antennae
are relatively long (c. 2.5 mm.) in the adult male and female,
short (c. | mm.) and peg-like in the larva. The mouthparts are
typically extended beyond the thoracic shield in the larva,
covered in the adult. There is a tinge of pink about the first few
body segments and around the head (ventral surface) of the
adult. Progress is strongly looping in the larva, more dragging
in the adult female. The glowing area of the larva is confined
to a pair of small dots on the last segment, whereas the adult
female’s (and male’s) last three segments are uniformly and
strongly luminescent on the ventral surface (whitish in appear-
ance when not glowing).

THE SLOE PUG (CHLOROCLYSTIS CHLOERATA MABILLE) IN
1975. — After unsuccessfully attempting for two years at beating
for the larva of this new British moth in the New Forest and
Berkshire, I again tried the New Forest on 16th March. On
this occasion after beating much sloe blossom, I obtained a
small greenish-grey geometrid larva which later became lighter
in colour as well as showing a very faint pinkish-brown dorsal
line. This larva, and two others from Effingham, Surrey, that
were more easily recognisable proved to be chloerata, as well
as a very young grey wriggly creature from which the moth
finally materialised on 19th April. I also beat four full-fed
chloerata larvae from topmost branches of sloe at Maidenhead,
Berkshire. Following a tip from Mr. Skinner I kept all beaten
blossoms in a large tin from which in due course a further moth
emerged.

On the fine warm night of 2nd July while collecting by the
Kennet at Thatcham, I boxed a Pug from the flowers of Common
Valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and anticipating Eupithecia
valerianata Hb. was soon disappointed to see that it was far
too large. However, since it appeared suspiciously like a worn
specimen of one of my bred chloerata, I showed it to Mr. D. S.
Fletcher who kindly confirmed it as that species. I would be
interested to know if the imago of chloerata has been taken on
any other occasion apart from at m.v. light? — MICHAEL
BRITTON, 27 Patricia Close, Slough, SL1 SHT, Berks.

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

Some Records of Bred Tachinidae — 2
By Tr.) HeBorp*

Since my first list of bred Tachinidae (Ford 1973), I have
received further material from several correspondents, notably
a collection bred by Mark R. Shaw, for which I am extremely
grateful.

The initials shown after individual records are those of
the following, who have identified the host species in most cases.
(JC) John Culpin, (FH) Fred Harrison, (WR) William Reid,
(DS) David Sheppard, (MRS) Mark R. Shaw, and (TS) Miss
Tracey Smith.

Each record is followed either by (a) three dates, repre-
senting collection of host larva, emergence of parasite larva
from host and emergence of parasite imago from its puparium;
or (b) two dates, representing collection of host larva and eclo-
sion of parasite imago, where the puparium is formed within
the host remains. A line instead of a date indicates lack of data.

The nomenclature used here is that of the new edition of

Kloet and Hincks’ “‘Check List of British Insects (Diptera)”’
which is due to be published shortly, of which I was able to
consult, by courtesy of Dr. R. W. Crosskey, a draft copy of his
section on the Tachinidae. Where these names differ from those
used by van Emden (1954), whose paper was used to determine
the parasites, those of the latter are given in parentheses.
Athrycia curvinervis (Zett.) (Voria trepida var. curvinervis)
2 males, 2 females (one per host) ex prepupae of Lacanobia
oleracea (L.) 15.x.72, 6.vii to 7.viii.73; Chislehurst, Kent, (MRS).
2 males, 1 female (one per host) ex larvae of Mamestra brassicae
(L.) 1x.73, x.73, 18.vi to 8.vii.74; East Didsbury, Manchester,
(MRS). 1 male ex larva of Euplexia lucipara (L.) 14.x.72,
18.x.72, 25.vi.73; Chislehurst, Kent (MRS). In my first list
(Ford 1973) I recorded a specimen of Voria trepida (Mg.) from
a larva of L. oleracea (L.). Unfortunately this specimen has
since been accidentally destroyed, but I now suspect, in the light
of Dr. Herting’s recent paper (Herting, 1973) that this was a
male curvinervis, as I find that all the material in my possession,
both bred and captured, consists of this species.
Blepharomyia amplicornis (Zett.), 3 males, 1 female (1 per
host) ex larvae of Opisthograptis luteolata (L.) 22.viii.73, 25.viii.
to 11.1x.73, 7.v. to 22.vi.74, East Didsbury, Manchester, (MRS).
Periscepsia spathulata (Fall.) (Wagneria lentis), 1 male, 1 female.
ex larva of Xestia xanthographa (D. & S.), 25.ii.74, :
13.v.74; Holloway, Derbyshire, (FH). First recorded from this
host by Hammond and Smith (1953) and again in 1955, it
would seem that xanthographa is a regular host of this species.
Elpe (Campylochaeta) inepta (Mg.), 1 male ex larva of Ematurga
atomaria L., 21.ix.74, 26.ix.74, 1.iii.75, (forced emergence);
Edwinstowe, Notts. The records listed by Audcent (1942) for
this host are all continental. In fact the only British record given
by him for this Tachinid is by K. G. Blair, ex a larva of Epirrhoe
galiata (D. & S.).

* 39, Ashbury Drive, Sheffield, S8 8LE.

SOME RECORDS OF BRED TACHINIDAE — 2 69

Pelatachina tibialis (Fall.), 3 males, 3 females (1 per host) ex
larvae of Inachis io (L.), 7.vii.73, 20.vii.73, iv.74, Woodchester
Park, Stroud, Glos. (MRS). 5 males, 3 females ex larvae of
Aglais urticae (L.) (1 per host) viii.73, viii.73, iv.74; Ringinglow,
Sheffield, Yorks.

Lypha dubia (Fall.), 2 males (1 per host) ex larvae of Operoph-
tera brumata (L.) 31.v.73, , 7 and 11.iv.74; Hell Coppice,
Bucks. (MRS). 1 male ex larva of O. brumata, 31.v.73, :
14.iv.74; Otmoor, Oxon, (MRS). 1 male ex larva of Erannis
defolaria (Clerck), 16.vi.73, , 22.1v.74; Holmesfield, Derby-
shire.

Eurithia anthophila (R-D) (Ernestia radicum), 1 female ex larva
of Lacanobia oleracea (L.) 18.x.73, 30.x.73, 28.vii.74; Staveley,
Derbyshire.

Eurithia (Ernestia) consobrina (Mg.), 1 male ex larva of L.
oleracea (L.) 15.x.72, 20.x.72, ; Chislehurst, Kent, (MRS).
1 male ex larva of Amphipyra tragopoginis (Clerck) 31.v.73,
Levi.73, ; Rotherham, Yorks. Both the above failed to
emerge from their puparia although the imago was fully formed.
On dissection, both were seen to be male consobrina by the
very distinctive genitalia.

Tachina (Echinomyia) grossa (L.). In 1974 I received a specimen
from Paul Winter which had been bred from a larva of Lasio-
campa quercus (L.), Yorkshire. No further data could be
obtained.

Compsilura concinnata (Mg.), 1 female ex prepupa of Euproctis
similis (Fuessly) 14.vi.74, , 10.vii.74; Lymm, Cheshire.
The parasite puparium was formed inside the host cocoon,
(MRS). 1 male ex larva of E. similis, LQEViel3s:
Ilkeston, Derbyshire, (JC).

Exorista (Tachina) fasciata (Fall.), 2 males, 1 female (1 per
host) ex larva of Macrothylacia rubi (L.) ix.72, 4 to 15.x.72;
Wareham, Dorset, (MRS). 1 female ex larva of Zygaena filipen-
dulae (L.) 16.vi.73, , 10.vii.73; Carew, Pembrokeshire.
The parasite puparium was formed inside the host cocoon. A
female of this species was bred in 1965, also from filipendulae
from Yn-is-las, Cardiganshire.

Smidtia conspersa (Mg.), 1 female ex pupa of Eperrita dilutata
(D. & S.) 31.v.73, 26.iv.74; Hell Coppice, Bucks. (MRS). This
is a very interesting record since Audcent (1942) lists only
continental records for conspersa, including one ex dilutata
(Stein, 1924), but I cannot find any record of it having been
bred in Britain from any source.

Cyzenis (Monochaeta) albicans (Fall.), 4 males, 9 females (1 per
host) ex pupae of Operophtera brumata (L.), 31.v. and 7.vi.73,
7 to 26.iv.74; from Hell Coppice, Bucks.; Otmoor, Oxon; Millers
Dale and Monks Dale, Derbyshire, (MRS). The puparia of the
parasites were all formed inside the pupal shells of the hosts.
Pales pavida (Mg.), 1 male ex prepupa of L. oleracea (L.),
15-% 72, , 21.1.73; Chislehurst, Kent, (MRS). 1 male, 2
females ex larva of Apamea crenata (Hufnagel) (det. THF),
17.xii.74, 20.xii.74, 8.1.75, (forced emergence), Castle Eden Dene,

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/111 /76

Co. Durham, (DS). Audcent (1942) does not include crenata in
his list of hosts, and I cannot find any subsequent record, so
that this would appear to be the first British instance of a
Tachinid from this host. However, pavida has been bred from
A. unanimis (Hiibn.) and A. monoglypha (Hufn.).

Phryno vetula (Mg.), 1 female ex larva of Lastocampa quercus
(L.); Totley, Sheffield, Yorks., (WR).

Carcelia lucorum (Mg.), 2 females ex larva of Arctia caja (L.),
30.vi.73, , 14.vii.73; Rotherham, Yorks., (TS). The para-
site puparia were formed outside the body of the host, but
inside the cocoon of the latter. This has been the case on the
three occasions that I have seen this species bred.

Nilea (Eumea) hortulana (Mg.), 1 male, 2 females ex larva of
Acronicta psi (L.) 12.viii.73, 31.viii.73, 1 to 12.vi.74; East Dids-
bury, Manchester, (MRS).

Phryxe heraclei (Mg.) (Zenillia latilobata), a brood of 13 from
one larva of Philudoria potatoria (L.), Woodchester Park,
Stroud, Gloucestershire, 30.vi.74, vii.74, 29.vii. to 8.viii.74,
(MRS). Seven other broods of this species were bred by Mr.
Shaw from potatoria larvae, from Abbotts Moss, Cheshire. Four
larvae produced one fly each, two larvae two flies each, and the
seventh larva produced three flies. P. potatoria appears to be
the only host recorded in Britain for heraclei.

Phryxe (Zenillia) nemea (Mg.), 4 males, 4 females (1 to 3 per
host) ex larvae of Abraxas grossulariata (L.) 9.vi.74, 16.vi.74,
circa 30.vi.74; Carnforth, Lancs., (MRS). 2 males, 1 female ex
pupa of Lacanobia oleracea (L.) 15.x.72, 22 to 30.11.73; Chisle-
hurst, Kent, (MRS). 2 females ex larva of Phlogophora meticu-
losa (L.), 28.1.73, 6.11.73, 22.11.73; Headington, Oxon, (MRS).
1 male, | female ex larva of Dicestra trifolii (Hufn.) viii.74,
, L.v.75; Sidmouth, Devon, (FH). | female (rather small)
ex larva of Operophtera brumata (L.) 16.vi.73, 26.vi.73, 5.vii.73;
Holmesfield, Derbyshire.

Phryxe (Zenillia) vulgaris (Fall.), 1 female ex pupa of Pieris
rapae (L.), 9.1x.73, 4.v.74, 28.v.74; Gawsworth, Cheshire,
(MRS). 1 male, | female ex pupa of Aglais urticae (L.), 18.viii.70,
29.vili.70, 13.x.70; and 1 male from another pupa; Otmoor,
Oxon, (MRS).

Pseudoperichaeta nigrolineata (Walker) (Zenillia roseanae B&B)
1 female ex larva of Pleuroptya ruralis (Scopoli), 9.x.73, 28.iii.74,
16.vi.74; East Didsbury, Manchester, (MRS).

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank Dr. R. W. Crosskey of the British Museum
(Natural History) for permission to use his new List of the
British Tachinidae, also all correspondents who provided
material. I hope that they will continue to preserve any Tachi-
nidae they may breed in the future.

Postscript
Since the above article was submitted to the Editor, the

specimen of Athrycia corvinervis (Zett.) bred from Euplexia
lucipara (L.) was sent to Dr. B. Herting of the Staatliches

SOME RECORDS OF BRED TACHINIDAE — 2 71

Museum fur Naturkunde, Stuttgart, for examination. He kindly
confirmed the determination, and added that this was an
interesting new host record. I should like to record my thanks
to Dr. Herting for his kindness and courtesy.

References

Audcent, H. 1942. A Preliminary List of the Hosts of some British
Tachinidae. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 8: 1-42.

Emden, F. I. van. 1954. Handbooks for the identification of British
Insects, Vol. X, Pt. 4(a). Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond.

Ford, T. H. 1973. Some Records of Bred Tachinidae. Entomologist’s
Rec. J. Var., 85: 288-90.

Hammond, H. E. and Smith, K. G. V. On some Parasitic Diptera and
Hymenoptera bred from Lepidopterous Hosts. Part I, 1953. Ento-
mologist’s Gaz., 4: 237-279. Part II, 1955. Entomologist’s Gaz.,
6: 168-174.

Herting, B. 1973. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der europaischen Raupenfliegen,
XIII. Stuttgarter Beitrdge zur Naturkunde, Nr. 254: 1-18.

Stein, P. 1924. Die Verbreitetsten Tachiniden Mitteleuropas nach ihren
gattungen und Arten. Arch. Nat., 90A (6): 1-121.

AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. IN MONMOUTHSHIRE. — With
reference to Mr. R. F. Bretherton’s recent note (Ent. Rec.,
1975, 87: 255) on the southward spread of Autographa bractea
D. & S. and its occurrence in Worcestershire, it may be of
interest to record its appearances in Monmouthshire where it
now seems to be of not infrequent occurrence.

1969 saw its first arrival in the m.v. trap which I had been
running regularly in my garden at Usk since 1966. Single speci-
mens turned up on 15th July and Ist August. A friend, Lt. Col.
R. B. Humphreys, who also occasionally runs a trap at Usk,
recorded two specimens here on 13th July and one on 14th
July. A trap in Wentwood Forest, operated by Mr. and Mrs. R.
Dean, produced two on 30th July and singles on 4th and 8th
August.

The speices was not seen here during the following two
years but 1972 saw its reappearance in my Usk trap with two
freshly-emerged insects on 22nd July and a single moth on 6th
August.

Three were recorded the following year at Usk and one
arrived on the sheet whilst I was using a m.v. light near White-
brook in the Wye Valley on 10th July.

There were no records for 1974, but in 1975 one came to
light near Abertillery in north-western Monmouthshire on 13th
July and another appeared in my garden trap on 4th August. —
Dr. G. A. Nem Horton, Plas Newydd, Usk, Gwent.

MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM (L.) IN LANCASHIRE. — I saw
a specimen of Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) at phlox flowers
in my garden on 2nd September, 1975 and a further specimen
was seen by Mr. D. W. Kydd about one mile from here on 23rd
September. Neither of us had seen this species previously in
the north of England and it seems possible that 1975 was an
exceptional year for this migrant.— E. F. Hancock, “Abbots-
ford’’, Belmont, Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 7HD.

iP ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

The Genetics of East African Lepidoptera — XIII*
By D. G. SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S.?

Danaus chrysippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) (2). In an
earlier paper (1969, Entomologist, 102: 149) I gave details of
some broods reared in captivity that indicated that f. dorippus
Klug was dominant to nomino-typical chrysippus, and suggested
that the two types of variation, viz.: black and white versus
plain apex to the forewing, and tawny versus white coloration
of the hindwing were controlled by two sets of alleles, with both
dorippus and alcippus dominant to chrysippus.

A recent brood has indicated that alcippus is recessive, but
has confirmed the dominance of dorippus. The female parent, a
nomino-typical chrysippus, had a slightly enlarged white spot
in cellule 3 internal to the pre-apical white band, but was other-
wise normal. She laid a total of 38 eggs over a three-day period
and then died. The foodplant, Calotropis procera, does not
keep well, so the female was provided with fresh leaves daily,
and each day’s egg production was kept separate, the eggs being
cut out of the leaf and left to dry out to prevent mildew. All
the eggs coloured up, the black larval head being plainly visible,
but only 16 hatched. Out of the first two days’ layings there
were 15 hatchings and 15 failures, but only one out of the eight
eggs laid on the third day hatched.

Of the 16 larvae, two were accidentally crushed, and the
remaining 14 were divided into four batches in the 4th instar.
All pupated successfully, but one batch of three pupae died from
a virus infection. Emergences, all females, were: f. chrysippus
L., 4. f. dorippus Klug, 3. f. alcippus Cr., 1. f. albinus Lanz, 3.
The 6:5 ratio for the dorippus/chrysippus type of forewing
accords with the expected 1:1 for a heterozygote/recessive
pairing. There has never been any suggestion that the white
hindwing is either sex-linked or sex-controlled, so the only two
ratios to be considered are the 1: 1 of a recessive /heterozygate
pairing or the 1:3 of a pairing between two heterozygotes. The
ratio in the present brood of 4:7 falls between these two, and
in any case the brood was too small from which to draw definite
conclusions, but I think the probability, taking into account the
incidence of the various forms on the Kenya coast, is that the
pairing was between a heterozygote.(dorippus) and a recessive
(chrysippus), both parents being heterozygous for the white
hindwing gene. I have seen neither chrysippus nor albinus in my
garden during the last two years and I have never seen alcippus
in my 20 years residence here.

It seems probable that there was some connection between
the failure of some eggs to hatch and the absence of males, and
it is tempting to assume that the 15 that failed to hatch out of
the first two days’ layings would have produced males.

‘ Previous papers in this series appeared in The Entomologist.
2 P.O. Box 95026, Mombasa, Kenya.

Collecting Diary, 1975
By DavipD Brown*

The year opened for me on a tragic and disheartening note,
for on 17th February, I drove to the nearby wood where only
recently I had discovered Trichopteryx polycommata D. and
Schiff. in some abundance. Apart from this, the wood had for
many years been a most attractive area to visit, situated on a
hillside. Imagine my dismay when, as I approached, all that
was visible was a barren expanse, two heavy bulldozers and
piles of spoil. The only privet and ash remaining clung to the
hedgerow bordering the narrow lane. It will be a miracle if
polycommata survives this devastation, but I can only continue
to work the surrounding foliage in the hope that the species
has managed to hold on.

Nocturnal expeditions began on the cold, wet and windy
evening of 8th March when the Derbyshire trio of Brian Elliot,
Tony Harman and John Culpin came for Apocheima hispidaria
D. and Schiff. in local Ryton Wood. However, the night proved
to be too cold for their quarry, and only three species of macros
appeared at the galaxy of mercury vapour lights. Achlya flavi-
cornis Linn., Alsophila aescularia D. and Schiff. and Phigalia
philosaria D. and Schiff. A selection of larvae was found feeding
on the new honeysuckle buds, including Polia nebulosa Hibn.

Local Oversley Wood, which provided so many surprises
last year, was visited on 3lst March. Sallow-shaking revealed
a few Orthosia gothica Linn., O. cruda D. and Schiff., O. stabilis
D. and Schiff. and Conistra vaccinnii Linn. M.V. lamps _ pro-
duced these species in greater numbers, and also 24 Orthosia
populi Fabr.

The New Forest, Hampshire, on the following evening saw
13 species of macros at light, including three Xylena vetusta
Hiibn., but it proved too early for Orthosia miniosa D. and
Schiff.

I travelled to the Lake District on 7th April for a few
days, hoping for miniosa at Witherslack. The weather was
diabolical, and nothing bothered to venture out at night time.
Accordingly I followed suit on the last two evenings and stayed
in the warmth and comfort of the hotel overlooking Lake
Windermere, relying on my Heath trap in the wooded grounds,
but with little success. It was very kind of Dr. Neville Birkett
to find time to allow me to visit him at his home near Kendal
one afternoon to discuss local Lepidoptera and browse through
his impressive collection.

Gypsitea leucographa D. and Schiff. was my quarry on
12th April in a wood in the Chilterns. A detailed sallow-shaking
round with my friends Andrew Gardner and Pat Meredith gave
us ample specimens for a series each. The M.V. traps produced
many more, all in mint condition.

I had a final unsuccessful effort to obtain a female miniosa
in the Wyre Forest, Worcestershire on 25th April. However, it

* 25 Charlecote, near Warwick.

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/Ut1/76

was an excellent year for Chaonia ruficornis Hufn., which really
abounded ai the M.V. lights.

On 11th May, Andrew Gardner and I managed to obtain
a number of Parasemia plantaginis Linn. larvae in Derbyshire,
with the kind help and guidance of John Culpin. The larvae,
which were fully fed, seemed distinctly localised on the hillsides.
At home they soon pupated and produced a fine series for each
of us.

Seaching the limes in Charlecote Park on the evenings of
16th and 17th May produced a good number of fully fed Tiliacea
citrago Linn. larvae. The usual method of finding the larvae on
the leaf growth around the base of the trunks is prevented by
large deer herds in the park which keep this growth down, but
by examining the trunks shortly after dusk, numbers of larvae
were seen progressing upwards in search of food, whence they
were easily boxed.

The Wye Valley at Tintern on the warm night of 7th June
produced a good 87 species of macros at M.V. light, including
30 Ectropis consonaria Hibn., a new species to me. However,
much to my annoyance [I failed to rear the resultant larvae as
they all died when almost fully-fed.

Two days later, in woodland in the Chilterns, I managed
to complete my series of Colocasia coryli Linn. with some very
fresh and variable examples.

On 12th June, I travelled down to Surrey, where I tried
beating the oaks for miniosa larvae in a favourite locality. After
a few hours, large numbers of O. stabilis, O. cruda, Biston
strataria Hufn. and Lycia hirtaria Clerck larvae had fallen into
my sheets and tray, with a sprinkling of Poecilocampa populi
Linn. and Nycteola revayana Scop., but no miniosa. This last
named species does appear to be very elusive and is far from
common these days. The day had been hot and tiring, but after
a refreshing snack tea, I headed towards my scheduled venue
for night operations, Tilgate Forest. Immediately on arrival
down the extremely rough track, I met Brian Withers. After
carting my heavy equipment down into the alders, I was just in
time to witness the end of the dusk flight of Hapalotis venustula
Hubn. M.V. light attracted 40 species of macros, including
Stauropus fagi Linn., Drymonia dodonaea D. and _ Schiff.,
Cybosia mesomella Linn., Xanthorrhoe designata Hufn.,
Hydriomena_ coerulata Fabr., Euipithecia tantillaria Boisd.,
Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., Semiothisa alternata D. and Schiff.,
Bapta bimaculata Fabr., EF. consonaria and Pseudoboarmia punc-
tinalis Scop., but no bicuspis although Brian caught two.

I packed up my equipment the next morning and continued
to Dungeness where 40 species visited the M.V. traps, including
45 Agrotis denticulatus Haw., some of which laid well. The
larvae were reared nicely on dock. Hada nana Hufn., Hadaena
bicolorata Hufn., H. albimacula Borkh., H. lepida Esper., and
FH. w-latinum were all common, with a few Deilephila porcellus
Linn. and Arctia villica Linn. The most unusual species was a
single Agrotis ripae Hiibn. The following night I left an M.V.
trap and an actinic running at Dungeness and went over to

COLLECTING DIARY, 1975 Wis)

Camber, where I worked two M.V. lights and another actinic
on the sandhills. | obtained 12 Heliophobus albicolon Hiibn..,
seven A. ripae, 15 Caradrina ambigua D. and Schiff., one
Mesotype virgata Hufn. and 29 other species. The traps at
Dungeness contained 32 species, including a single Calophasia
lunula Hufn.

The next evening was clear and cold in Hamstreet Woods
and I drew a blank—hardly surprising, as the temperature was
44°F. and at 4 a.m. I left for Dungeness where it was a few
degrees warmer. The traps there were full of moths by com-
parison and included another /unula. That afternoon I met Peter
Renshaw, who was planning to spend the night at Hamstreet
until he learned of my experience there. We both gave Ham-
street a wide berth and set up at Dungeness and Camber
respectively. At Camber I managed to select sufficient fresh
albicolon to complete my series.

On the 20th June I was at Tintern with Andrew Gardner
after Drepana harpagula Esp. Michael Leech was present when
we arrived. Despite all the lights in the vicinity, only a few
harpagula appeared. Eighty other species turned up, including
Atolmis rubricollis Linn.

A female Trisateles emortualis D. and Schiff. visited an
actinic in the Chilterns on 30th June, but refused to lay. I
changed direction on Ist July and made for Cambridgeshire,
where things proved to be unusually slack, especially in the
Fens. The only species worthy of mention from two nights’
collecting in Chippenham Fen were: Chilodes maritima Tausch,
Leucania pudorina D. and Schiff., Phragmataecia castaneae
Hiibn., Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn., and Brian Withers,
once more by day beating amongst the reeds, produced
many Sterrha muricata Hufn. and a late Eustrotia bankiana
Fab.

My next expedition to Wales found that even a lepidop-
terist’s world is a small one. I had gone to this area after
recalling an article by Dick Chaterlain in The Record. In Corris
Woods a few years ago, he had recorded nearly 50 Mythimna
turca Linn. I allowed myself ample time before dark on the
evening of 5th July to find the mystery site he referred to. After
driving around the area for an hour, I found what I thought
looked a suitable place. No sooner had I set up my traps when
who should turn up but Dick Chaterlain. To my amazement
this was the exact location where he had found turca so plentiful
in 1967.

The night was warm and calm with a fair amount of cloud
cover early on, which kept the temperature high. Our four
M.V. traps and two actinics recorded a staggering 110 species
of macros. Unfortunately, turca must have emerged early this
year due to the heat wave, and the few examples to appear were
worn or chipped. Other notable species were: four D. porcellus,
over 40 Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn. in lovely condition, 15 Amathes
ditrapezium D. and Schiff., one A. ashworthii Doubld., 20
Anaplectoides prasina D. and Schiff., including several females
which laid well, 15 Polia nebulosa Hufn. in some attractive white

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/II1/76

forms, 20 Craniophora ligustri D. and Schiff., five Autographa
bractea D. and Schiff., two Plusia festucae Linn., one Bomolocha
crassalis Fab., one A. rubricollis, six Mysticoptera sexalata
Retz., two Eucoeca nebulata Scop., five H. flammeolaria, 14
Venusia cambrica Curtis, seven Abraxas sylvata Scop., one
Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. and two Gnophos obscurata D. and
Schiff.

I stayed another night, leaving the traps running in these
woods and travelled to another wood a few miles south of
Machynelleth to join Dick Chaterlain. Here, much the same
species as at Corris the previous night appeared with more
cambrica and two more turca. I arrived back at Corris at
2.30 a.m. to find a further two turca and a very fresh festucae.

Next day, I travelled to Conway and set about searching for
larvae of Nyssia zonaria D. and Schiff. I found 17 larvae in six
hours, many of which were hidden well amongst thick mats of
marram grass. Unfortunately, a high percentage of these were
parasitized. For the evening operations, I made the short journey
to the Sychnant Pass, where my generator decided not to
function. I had to be content with two actinics. Nevertheless, I
obtained 14 ashworthii, six Agrotis trux Hiibn., three Apamea
furva D. and Schiff., one Sterrha eburnata Wocke, and one
Entephria caesiata D. and Schiff. A new sparking plug from a
local garden centre persuaded the generator to start in time
for the next night’s activities. Again in Sychnant Pass, eight
ashworthii, 25 trux, 10 furva, two fresh eburnata and three
Nudaria mundana Linn. were noted.

After a brief visit home, I was off north again on 11th July
in the company of Andrew Gardner for a long journey to
Scotland. We stopped at Witherslack for the first night and
operated our eight moth traps in the famous “Black Tom’s
Lane’. It was interesting to observe Discoloxia blomeri Curtis,
a species one usually associates with more southerly quarters.
A. bractea, Unca trigemina Werneb., N. mundana, C. mesomella
and V. cambrica were also noted. We left Witherslack at 9 a.m.
and arrived at Struan at 5 p.m., where we immediately set about
sweeping the bog myrtle for larvae of Poecilopsis lapponica
Boisd. We feared we would be too late with the summer heat
wave in Scotland, and our fears were confirmed after two hours,
when we he had only obtained a number of larvae of Orthosia
gracilis D. and Schiff. and a few Apatele menyanthidis View.
Driving on to Aviemore, we worked M.V. lights at Granish
Moor. After a cool and dull day, the sky cleared to give a
bitterly cold night. A few Polia hepatica Clerck, one Dasychira
fascelina Linn., A. bractea, two E. caesiata and three Gnophos
obfuscata D. and Schiff. braved the cold.

(To be continued)

ORTHOSIA CRUDA D. & S. IN JANUARY. — Another mild start
to this year, 1976, has brought insects out some weeks ahead of
normal, and I was surprised to see a Small Quaker in my m.v.
trap here on 12th January. — C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks,
Shore’s Road, Woking, Surrey.

4)

A New Species of Medetera Fisch. (Dipt.:
Dolichopodidae) in Britain
By An A-VALGEN, B.Sc:, A.R&CS
Medetera oscillans n. sp., 3 2

A middle-sized Medetera belonging to the impigra-jugalis
group of species, of moderately stout build, noticeably less
slender and long-legged than e.g. the truncorum-group species,
or the common M. jacula Fall. For its description, I cannot do
better than give almost verbatim that drawn up by my friend
and colleague Mr. E. C. M. d’Assis Fonseca.

Epistoma metallic green, bluish-green, or occasionally purplish,
rather coarsely and very densely alutaceous with traces of ridges, dusted
greyish just below antennae and along facial suture; clypeus shining
darker green or aeneous, quadrate to transverse, smoother and much
more finely alutaceous, narrowly dusted whitish each side. Antennae
entirely black, 3rd segment about as long as wide, arista practically
apical, distinctly longer than face. Frons dusted greyish, the metallic
green ground-colour mainly visible. Postocular cilia pale yellow.

Thorax dusted brownish-grey on disc, sides and scutellum greyish.
Acrostichal bristles well developed, hindmost longer than distance
between the rows; the small bristles of the posthumeral patch numerous.
Propleural bristles consisting of one strongish pale yellow bristle with
2-3 short pale hairs close above it. Scutellum with 4 bristles.

Abdomen dark aeneous-green to sage-green, or very slightly bluish-
green, moderately shining, thinly dusted greyish; abdominal pubescence
yellowish. Male hypopygium slender.

Legs not very long, black with only the knees yellowish. Middle
tibia with the normal pair of dorsal bristles near base. Coxal bristles light
brown. Hind femur with long pale anteroventral bristles towards apex;
middle femur with an almost complete row of longish pale antero-
ventrals. Hind tarsus with 2nd segment 17 as long as metatarsus.

Wings with apical section of postical vein varying from distinctly
more to slightly less than 14 times as long as hinder crossvein; cubital
and discal veins strongly convergent so that first posterior cell at hinder
crossvein is quite 4 times as wide as at tip. Halteres entirely yellow.

Length 3.25-3.75 mm.

KENT, NORTH-WEST: Blackheath, Charlton, Abbey Wood,
especially (so far) the first-named district; chiefly on poplar
trunks, vi-viil.

Holotype ¢: Blackheath, 17.vi.70 (A. A. Allen), in the
author’s collection; allotype 2, ditto, 7.vii.73, in coll. British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), London; paratypes (?) ditto, various
dates, in the latter collection and those of Mr. E. A. Fonseca

and the author.

This species might be traced (with some doubt) to melan-
cholica Lundb. in existing keys (for the Palaearctic fauna,
Thuneberg, 1955; Negrobov & Stackelberg, 1971; and for the
British fauna, Collin, 1941, Ent. mon. Mag., 77: 141-5), were
it not for the short arista of the latter—only as long as the face.
Its original description, however (Lundbeck, 1912, Dipt. Danica,
4: 235-6), shows that the two species must in fact be very
different—melancholica being considerably smaller and much
darker with the propleural bristles and postocular cilia above
black instead of yellow, etc. In Collin’s key the new species
might run out to cuspidata Coll. because of the unequal pro-

149 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG.

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/U1/76

pleurals, but again the latter’s short arista, dark halteres and
coxal bristles, sexual characters and smaller size, forbid the
identification.

Compared with impigra Coll., jugalis Coll. and their
immediate allies, oscillans differs by its smaller vein-ratio?, viz.
less than 2; in those species it is greater than 2. M. impigra
(which appears to be rather common in some districts) has a
darker abdomen—‘‘more black than greenish-black”’ as Collin
rightly says—which moreover is darker-haired; the clypeus
longer than broad, most bristles dark (but not postoculars), and
the tiny bristles of the posthumeral patch much fewer. M. jugalis
(a much rarer species which I have not seen) would seem to be
more like impigra than oscillans, but its abdominal pubescence
is almost whitish and third antennal segment smaller and shorter,
evidently wider than long. The present species is on average
rather larger than its nearest allies; an apparently useful pointer
to it lies in the markedly greenish cast of the abdomen, combined
with the general size and build and of course the vein-ratio.

When Mr. Fonseca was recently studying some flies of this
genus that I had submitted to him, he detected among them a
species which could not be satisfactorily determined from any
of the available keys. The earliest capture of this insect was
a 2 on 9.vi.64 from the trunk of an old Lombardy Poplar
(Populus italica) at Abbey Wood—a collecting-site I have briefly
described elsewhere, e.g. 1962, Ent. Rec., 74: 244. On 17.vi.70
a é occurred on a dead and decayed cherry tree in my garden
at Blackheath. I next met with it on 1.vil.71 on one or two trees
of P. italica at the end of a row fringing a sports-ground in the
same general area, on which at some other times M. diadema L.
has been plentiful; here both sexes of oscillans were present,
but the small sample collected (in ignorance of its interest) was
not promptly enough dealt with and became ‘‘wet’’. This is
unfortunate because all specimens taken since then have been
females. Such were found at intervals during June and July,
1972-3, on a log of black Italian poplar (P. X canadensis), and
on nearby trunks of elm (U/mus procera) infested by Scolytus
beetles, in a lane not far behind the end of my Blackheath
garden. The earliest date I have noted is 9.vi, the latest 7.viii. A
few more occurred in 1973, but later that year the poplar log
was removed, after which the species was seen only twice more
at the locality (8 and 23.vii.74, on elm). In the present year,
1975, my sole captures of M. oscillans were of two 22: one
here at Charlton on the trunk of a hybrid poplar (apparently
alba Xitalica) in a park (20.vi), the other at the Abbey Wood
locality already mentioned on a dead P. italica (22.vii). I failed
to find any at either of its previous stations at Blackheath.

I incline to the belief that M. oscillans will prove largely
attached to poplar as a host tree—its presence on others, such

i.e., the ratio of the length of last section of postical vein to that of

the outer crossvein. At Mr. Fonseca’s suggestion, I have named the
species in allusion to the fact that this sometimes exceeds, and at
others falls short of. the norm of 1.5.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 79

as elm, being most likely dependent on their proximity to poplar
on which it is breeding. This, at least, is suggested by the
evidence so far available. The single example from my Black-
heath garden could have been a stray from the breeding-site
in the vicinity, not then discovered. It would seem further to
be a species whose numbers may fluctuate a good deal from
year to year, and in which females tend to predominate heavily.

My best thanks are due to Mr. Fonseca for drawing my
attention to this unexpected addition to the fauna, for generously
inviting me to describe it, and for his constant and invaluable
help. It may be of interest to mention in passing that I have
taken in the same area what appears to us to be another new
species of the genus, the description of which, however, must
await the discovery of more material.

Notes and Observations

COLLECTING MYRMECOZELA OCHRACEELA (TENGSTROM). —
Finding this moth was one of the high spots of a very successful
fortnight in Scotland in 1975. On the 29th June we were round
Loch Rannoch and late in the hot afternoon struck up into the
woodland looking for the wood ants’ nests. These were not easy
to find being quite small compared with those in Southern
England. Having located a nest we used the bee-smoker on the
surrounding vegetation which was mainly heather. As nothing
appeared we smoked the nest itself and were delighted to disturb
four of the yellow moths. More than an hour passed in the
fruitless smoking of other nests before we hit upon a rather
larger one where we were able to see plenty of ochraceella. It
was noticeable that they kept close to the debris of the nest,
usually sitting on the dry stalks of grasses in the bare perimeter
area. One dead moth was seen being carried by the ants, and
the moths were quick to flit from their perches when an ant
touched them. Nevertheless they obviously survive in a sort of
partnership with the ants, their larvae feeding on the refuse in
the nest. One cannot help wondering though how the moths
emerge from below, surrounded as they are by swarms of
voracious ants ready and able to seize anything that moves. —
R. FaiRCLOUGH, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate,
RED SPZ..

Two SPECIES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA REARED FROM
UnusuaL Foopp.ants. — (i) Leucoptera spartifoliella (Hubner).
The life-history of Trifurcula pallidella Zeller is not known, but
it has been supposed that it mines the bark of dyer’s greenweed
(Genista tinctoria). One of the localities where 7. pallidella
used to be taken is Ditchling Common in Sussex. Accordingly,
my wife and I visited the locality on the 24th April, 1973 to
search for its larva. We found that the bark of Genista was
indeed being mined by a lepidopterous larva; so we dug up a
plant which was infested and took it home with us. I extracted
one of the larvae from its mine in order to describe it and
was immediately aware that it was not a nepticulid. In due

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/11/76

course the larvae vacated their mines and spun white cocoons
on the branches of their foodplant. These exactly resembled
the cocoons of Leucoptera spartifoliella which I happened to be
rearing simultaneously on broom (Sarothamnus scoparius) in
order to compare its life-history with that of Trifurcula immun-
della (Zeller). The adults from the larvae on Genista and
Sarothamnus emerged together in early June and were indis-
tinguishable. I took imagines from both cultures to Dr. J. D.
Bradley at the British Museum (Natural History) and he could
not find any differences in the genitalia either. There is, there-
fore, no ground for regarding the moths from the two foodplants
as distinct, and Genista is assumed to be an alternative foodplant
of L. spartifoliella.

There is no question of these larvae on Genista being those
of the phyllophagous Leucoptera wailesella (Stainton) (con-
sidered to be conspecific with L. laburnella (Stainton) by many
entomologists). L. spartifoliella is univoltine and its larvae feed
from October until March, April or even early May, according
to the temperature of the season. L. wailesella, on the other
hand, is bivoltine with larvae occurring in June and August;
the second generation overwinters in the cocoon. L. wailesella
is found at Ditchling on the same plants as L. spartifoliella, but
its larvae had not yet started to mine the leaves at the time
of our visit.

Hering, in his Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von
Europa (1: 467), follows tradition in stating that 7. pallidella
mines the bark of Genista tinctoria, though he admits that he
is unable to describe the mine. 7. pallidella is one of our largest
nepticulids and is distinctly bigger than L. spartifoliella. Since
the relatively thick bark of Genista is scarcely able to accom-
modate the larva of the latter species, it seems to me most
unlikely than JT. pallidella could feed in the same manner.
Possibly mines of L. spartifoliella have been seen on Genista
in localities where 7. pallidella occurs and have been wrongly
attributed to that species.

(ii) Calybites phasianipennella (Hibner). The usual food-
plants of C. phasianipennella are species of Rumex and Poly-
gonum. On a visit to Wicken Fen on the 23rd August, 1975, I
took a larva of this species feeding on a leaf of yellow loosestrife
(Lysimachia vulgaris); the same leaf contained both the early
Phyllonorycter-type mine and the- cone made from a strip
partially severed from the edge of the leaf. The adult emerged
on the 29th September.

In August, 1962, I found similar mines on yellow loosestrife
at Woodwalton Fen, but bred no adults. At the time I did not
recognise the species responsible, though later I came to’ know
what it must have been, having read Hering’s description of
the mine on this foodplant (loc. cit., 1: 647). I was therefore
glad to get confirmation that C. phasianipennella feeds on
Lysimachia in Britain as well as on the continent.— A. M.
EmMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex) 30979.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. — Separates of Col. Emmet’s “Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae”’, 35p, postage 9p, and “‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —I1 would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. —S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BR2 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 —Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project — figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
3-5mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. —P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdv., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE.

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CONTENTS

Platypus parallelus F. (=linearis Steph.) (Col.: Scolytidae) Recaptured ~
in Britain after 150 Years. A. A. ALLEN iy A Ms Sif)

Plebicula golgus Hiibner and other Butterflies in the Sierra Nevada,
July, 1975. C. G. M. de WORMS ... bh pp ae Lae 59

Rearing the Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca LL. (Coleoptera:
Lampyridae). A. WOOTON et ach Sut se ao 64

Some Records of Bred Tachinidae —2. T. H. FORD me ans 68

The Genetics of East African Lepidoptera— XIII. D. G.
SEVASTOPULO fee a a We aie Me ae 72% ¥

Collecting Diary, 1975. D. BROWN _... me 595 a es 73

A New Species of Medetera Fisch. (Dipt.: Dolichopodidae) in
Britain. A. A. ALLEN se al we hk rae 3) V7

Notes and Observations:
Archips oporana L. (piceana P. & M.) New to Suffolk. H. E.
CHIPPERFIELD ... poe sh. Lx Joe as ba 58

Orthosia cruda D. & S. in January. C. G. M. de WORMS _... 76

Collecting Myrmecozela ochraceella (Tengstrom). R. FAIR-
CLOUGH: We ae ate ae Be es Bt 79

Two Species of Microlepidoptera Reared from Unusual Food-

plants. A.M EMMET 059) 00.09/00) 0 S00 \55 Seat
The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Volume 3. J. M. CHALMERS- j
HUNT ee) ee) erie) ar

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VOL. 88, No. 4 April, 1976

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,
(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,
(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and of the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
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Applicants need not be resident in the United Kingdom, and research
in any part of the world may qualify.

Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan
of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is
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Secretary, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11
3AF as soon as possible and in any case not later than 30th September,
1976.

THE BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SOCIETY

(Founded 1872)

Indoor meetings are held on the 2nd and 4th Thursdays of each month
except August, at the Alpine Club, 74 South Audley Street, London, with
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LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA —
AN APPEAL

At present there is no work which adequately illustrates the
larvae of the British Lepidoptera. To remedy this it is proposed
to publish, in Volume 11 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great .
Britain and Ireland, coloured illustrations of as many species as
possible.

Living larvae of many species are required for photographing
in a standard way as a basis for colour drawings. Donors of larvae
will be provided with duplicate transparencies if required. Good
colour transparencies of reliably identified larvae in natural resting
positions are also needed. Transparencies will be copied and the
originals returned.

Lepidopterists who are willing to contribute to this project
are invited to write to one of the addresses below for a list of
requirements.

D. J. Carter, J. Heath,

Department of Entomology, Editor (MBGBI),
British Museum (Natural History), 104 Needingworth Road,
Cromwell Road, St. Ives,

London, Huntingdon,

SW7 SBD. Cambs. PE17 4JY.

WANTED — GEOMETRIDAE, LARENTIINAE for work in connection
with Volume 8 of “The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland”. In my attempt to breed and study the species of this group, I still
require livestock of some of the more local species and sub-species. I would
be most grateful to hear from anyone willing to assist by supplying ova or
larvae and would be happy to make exchanges where possible. I also need
adults of a few of those species requiring genitalia preparations for deter-
mination. The “Pugs” are important in this respect and in particular
Eupithecia fraxinata (Crewe)/innotata (Hufri)/tamarisciata (Freyer) and
E. goosensiata (Mab.). Also Chloroclysta concinnata (Steph.) and C. citrata
pythonissata (Milliere). — J. Reid, 44 Hawthorn Way, Royston, Hertford-
shire.

PEATE IV

12

—
—

Photo: J. F. Kimber

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81

Variation in Lysandra coridon Poda (ep::
Lycaenidae), Summer 1975
By A. D. A. Russwurm*

The prolonged sunshine during the summer of 1975 gave
excellent opportunities for Mr. H. G. M. Middleton and myself
to examine Lysandra coridon Poda for variation. We visited a
number of localities but concentrated mainly on the Portland
area where the species appears in great profusion and is
reminiscent of some of the famous breeding grounds of the
past.

In spite of the extaordinary abundance of the species at
Portland, the area has not to my knowledge produced anything
outstanding in the way of variation except for the fowleri forms.
All the more remarkable when this year there appeared a large
number of named aberrations not previously recorded from the
area. This indicates that the varietal strain of many different
forms has always been present but has had to await certain
conditions to bring them to the fore. If one looks around for
an explanation, these aberrant forms might well have been
produced by out-of-season temperatures. Early in June the
weather was very cool and several degrees of ground frost
occurred at the time when the species was pupating and this
might well have been the cause.

Our first visit to the area was on Sth July to examine
Plebejus argus Linn., when we took several varieties of this
species including some discreta forms and one radiata. This
visit is mentioned only to record that the males of L. coridon
were out in some numbers giving indications of a very early
season. We were fortunate in securing this information as by
the end of the first week in August when the species should
have been in its prime it was nearly over.

The plate shows a selection of the most outstanding aber-
rations but omits colour forms which included viridescens,
ultraviridescens and a female inequalis with a streak of blue
male colouring across the right hand wing. All specimens were
taken between 15th July and the end of the month, those shown
on figs. 1, 4 and 8 were captured by Mr. Middleton the
remainder were taken by the author. The aberrations are named
according to Bright and Leeds.

* Coridon, Ober Road, Brockenhurst, Hants.

AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. IN NORFOLK AND MYTHIMNA
UNIPUNCTA HAW. IN CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND Dorset. — With
reference to the records of these two species in the last issue of
the Entomologist’s Record, 1 took a single A. bractea at light
at Dilham, Norfolk in August 1958; also, single specimens of
M. unipuncta at light at Balsham, Cambridgeshire in September
1966 and at Portland at dusk in June 1938.— Rev. Guy A.
ForpD, The Rookery, Farmhouse, Norton, Bury St. Edmunds,
Suffolk, 8.1.1976.

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

The Second Brood of Apatele euphorbiae
s.sp. myricae Gn. in the West of England
By H. C. Huaains, F.R.E.S.*

With regard to Mr. d’Arcy’s query about August myricae
in Galway, it has been known for many years that this moth
has a second brood in Western Ireland. It is mentioned by
Donovan (Cat. Macrolepidoptera of Ireland, p. 34) and Baynes
(Rev. Cat. Irish Macrolepidoptera, p. 42 and Suppl., p. 10).

Dr. de Worms suggested a few years ago that this second
brood was part of one long brood as the period of emergence
in so many Irish insects is a much extended one. This, however,
is not the case for two reasons. Firstly, the insect appears in
May and the first fortnight of June and then disappears com-
pletely until early August. In the Burren I have taken it in the
first fortnight of June and never again until 15th August, 1964.
I have also totally failed to see it at Dingle, Co. Kerry, except
for one specimen mentioned later, from the second week in
June until mid August, although except for 1965 I stayed there
the whole summer from 1964-1972, apart from short visits else-
where. After mid August I have taken it at Dingle and also at
Inch in 1967.

The second reason is that the larva has been found in June
and July in Cork and Kerry and bred out in August. Donovan
(op. cit.) mentions taking the larva at Courtmacsherry, Co. Cork
in June and July 1901 and breeding the moths about a month
afterwards. Baynes (op. cit.) records finding the larva at Slea
Head, Dingle, Co. Kerry, 5.vii.61 and breeding the moth
20.viil.61.

The details of the Baynes record are very vivid to me still.
Baynes and I were on Coomenooole beach, then a fine collecting
place before the new road filled it with motors, picnic parties
and bathers, when we saw about 20 feet up on the cliff a larva
feeding on dock. Baynes did not know it, but I had one preserved
in my collection so recognised it at once. The ascent was 20 feet
sheer but by a circuitous climb of over 25 feet it might be
reached. The business seemed a bit doubtful (we were both over
70) as there was not only the risk of a slip and broken bones
but also that of dislodging small stones and causing the larva
to drop into a crack. However, as Baynes had no southern Irish
myricae then, he tried it and succeeded to my relief.

The odd specimen I mentioned previously, is a fresh male
taken at Dingle at M.V. on 15.vii.69. I am of the opinion that
this moth, which I still have, is a very early one of the second
brood. The winter of 68/69 was very mild in that part of Kerry,
a friend to whom I wrote that my garden was under snow in
February, replied that the temperature had not gone below
50°F. even at night in Tralee. I think therefore that my July
specimen is the result of an early pairing in May.

*65, Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

83

“Everything Comes to Him...”
By B. R. BakEr*

The approach of our family holiday in Cornwall planned
for mid September was anticipated with more than usual
pleasure upon hearing from Bernard Skinner that he had taken
some notable immigrant Lepidoptera in those parts in late
August. The details of these captures he has already reported
to the Record.

Thus happily we set out on 13th September and headed for
our usual cottage mid-way between Looe and Fowey, arriving
late that afternoon in a torrential downpour. However, by the
following morning the storms had passed on eastwards and
Cornwall was rewarded with a run of brilliantly sunny days
and clear, starry skies at night. The moon was approaching full
and all in all mothing prospects did not seem too encouraging,
but my wife Heather showed commendable resourcefulness by
suggesting that we prospect for a suitable lamping ground in
readiness for the nights ahead.

The Talland Bay area was chosen as suitable for night work
and thence we turned our thoughts to other matters. Even so,
when waiking the sunny cliff near Polperro it was impossible
not to notice the occasional Macroglossum _ stellatarum
(Linnaeus) hovering over red valerian; the tell-tale signs of
Celastrina agriolus (Linnaeus) larvae on the ivy berries and the
local abundance of Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus) on the ivy
blossoms.

That night light was tried over at Talland; one 80 watt up
in a field and a second down on the beach. After the effort of
laying out the cables, I slung on my rucksac, climbed back down
to the beach and sat by the sheet. Luperina testacea (D. & S.)
started to come in followed by several Gortyna flavago (D. & S.)
and we seemed to be in business. Suddenly, the steady note of
the engine, somewhere above in the blackness of the cliffs,
ceased abruptly and only the standby Tilley hissed out its lesser
light. No amount of tinkering could induce the Honda to regain
life, and one could but rather disconsolately pack away all the
gear and drive back to Pelynt.

A glorious sunny Monday morning found us motoring over
to Plymouth where, we were assured, a multiplicity of Honda
service agents existed. Exist they may have done in times past
but we can confirm their extinction by 1975. The “race’”’ how-
ever still denfinitely exists in Exeter, though this news was not
received with any obvious enthusiasm by my wife and daughter.
We therefore all agreed to meet up again at 6 p.m. that evening
and Heather and Anne departed to enjoy their day in Plymouth.
Before pushing on to Exeter I thought it worthwhile to attempt
once more the repair myself and in the centre of a Plymouth
car park I stripped down the engine, cleaned the valve seatings,
did a decoke, reassembled the bits, prayed all would be well,

* 25, Matlock Road, Caversham, Reading, Berkshire, RG4 7BP.

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

and pulled the starter rope. The engine fired, it continued firing,
the sun still shone and our dog awoke to the unexpected bonus
of a half-day’s inspection of Plymouth. We all met up again
in good form at 6 p.m.

No engine trouble that night—no moths either. The moon
illuminated the empty sheet and I had a reasonably early night
to bed.

Tuesday was another brilliantly sunny day. Mevagissey was
seen to best advantage and our picnic on the cliffs near Dodman
Point was enlivened by a pair of Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus) who,
after chasing each other and exhibiting some wonderful acro-
batics, each made four-point landings, coyly crawled under a
tuft of dead grass, paired, lowered respective forewings and
then merged completely into the background of brown and
yellow stalks. It was while I was abortively trying to find some
larvae of Eupithecia distinctaria constrictata Guenée that I
noticed the abundance of Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus) on these
cliffs. We noticed a female purposefully crawling over the dock
leaves and this set us searching for eggs. We found 27, Anne
easily coming out top, with my contribution, as far as I recall,
being the odd seven.

Talland that night saw my light but briefly. The air seemed
freezing, so the gear was again packed away and I walked the
Polperro cliff path exploring ivy blossom with the Tilley.

Mythimna l-album (Linnaeus) was there, very fresh, with
a sprinkling of Peridroma saucia (Hiibner) but it was scarcely
worth climbing that steep path high above the sea and forcing
oneself to edge past that rather eerie solitary stone cross
whose very shadow seemed to jerk in and out of the Tilley’s
circle of light in a distinctly unnerving way.

The following night I again unrewardingly explored the ivy,
but not in the vicinity of that cross—no sir! not on one’s own.

By Thursday I had to decide on a change of scene and I
also knew that it had to be The Lizard; but first there was the
morning to enjoy out on the cliffs near Fowey. It was on return-
ing from this trip that the car, quite out of character, failed us
completely. Eventually, patient coaxing persuaded it to return
to Pelynt, but coaxing alone was not the way to head for The
Lizard.

I deemed the trip to be off and left the car in the village
garage with my uninformed version of her relapse. The verdict
came after lunch—‘‘Petrol starvation, you had an insect in your
main jet. We’ve blown everything through—you’ll have no more
trouble’’. Music in one’s ears.

So, with all equipment on board, even down to the treacle
pot, I took leave of Heather and Anne at 3.30 p.m. saying
that I would be back at the cottage in time for breakfast next
morning.

I was well provisioned for a night out, but somehow seemed
to lack any marked enthusiasm for the trip. Perhaps the torren-
tial rain and black skies over St. Austell served to deepen my
gloom, but was there really much point in pressing on?

“EVERYTHING COMES TO HIM...” 85

By Truro the storm seemed to have moved away, the roads
down here had not felt rain, neither had they in the vicinity of
Helston. The last few miles across the peninsula served to
reawaken enthusiasm, and the 6 p.m. weather forecast, listened
to in the Lizard car park, was the best tonic any Lepidopterist
could wish for. “Cloud coming in from the west, wind veering
to southerly, dropping to light.”” And with all this welcome news
the promise of a night temperature of respectable proportions.

I prospected for a plug-in for one of the traps and finally
induced a local resident to afford me this facility; but the day-
light seemed to linger—the holiday makers still came to this
southernmost point and I had to bide my time. Now at least one
could begin preparing the first trap—plug in to the agreed mains,
run out the cable, arrange the egg trays and switch on.

The fact that the bulb remained pale and cold registered
only too well, but the cause of yet another hitch in this hitch-
fraught week would have to wait a while. I rejected sophisticated
equipment and reached for the treacle pot.

As I approached my already prospected posts, old P. B. M.
Allan’s words were in my ears: “...a good night’s sugaring
on a bleak coast is rare indeed. If you happen to pull it off,
you may have the night of your life! ”’

Now, not only were the first moths awing but the dusk
flight of holiday makers also still persisted. Little groups of
them would sidle past along the narrow path as I tried, unobtru-
sively to paint my posts. But at last it was finished, and the
Honda could now be installed further along the cliffs. No
trouble with this part of the plan, and soon a blue light steadily
grew brighter in the dark bowl of the cliffs, whilst high above
the circling flash of the Lizard Lighthouse wheeled over the
sky.

I went back to the problem lamp. As I neared it there was
the most almighty report, the ground seemed to shake and a
halo of stars leaped heavenwards. Seconds later, another bang
and yet more stars; in a most unexpected way P.B.M.’s words
seemed to be coming true! Now whatever the reason | only
know that when I touched the previously dead bulb it came to
life—I prefer to thank those stars, but perhaps it was the result
of those earth tremors.

Much later in the night I learnt that the Cadgwith lifeboat
had been launched but was unable to learn the reason for the
alarm.

And now, for those posts. It seemed as though all the
woodlice in Cornwall had heard of the feast for they blotted
out the treacle; there was scarcely edge room for the earwigs
let alone moths, should they choose to visit. They certainly
forsook the first post; on the second a solitary Agrotis segetum
(D. & S.) was braving the crustacean hordes; but on the third
post a moth, with wings still aquiver in the torchlight, made me
forget all intruders. As I leant over to box the wainscot it
underwent lift-off and I switched off the torch. The wait seemed
like an hour (in reality it was 10 seconds at most) before the

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

merest chink of torchlight was again played on the post. The
moth was back there. Some inexpert boxing took place and I
retreated to the car, and, with doors and windows closed, bottled
my first wunipuncta—the time was dead on 9.30 p.m.

The next two hours flew by. I spent them trying to will
each member of a concourse of gamma into a single ni—but to
no avail.

At 11.30 p.m. I was back among the treacle and there,
sandwiched with the crustaceans was a docile, palish wainscot.
This too was inexpertly boxed and within the safe confines of
the car was given some reverence. Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel);
and only the third moth of the treacle run!

I could now allow myself to think of food and took the
supper basket back to the sheet, to sit there and tell all those
gamma the good news and enjoy the best cup of coffee I'd ever
known.

At 1.30 a.m. there was one more moth on the posts—this
unipuncta was a lady and she was therefore carefully bedded
down with a tempting assortment of grasses.

On such a night as this was proving to be it seemed wrong
to seek sleep for from where I sat on the cliff one was looking
out on to an ocean now lit with shafts of intermittent moonlight,
now bright, now faint as they attempted to pierce the curtain
of heavy cloud. Further out still, points of light oscillated with
each other as their ships passed in the night.

At 2 a.m. I tidied the sheet, removed an entranced Tettigonia
viridissima, squared up the outer defences of egg trays and
found the empty polythene bag which had covered the choke.
For some unknown reason I inflated the bag, tucked it in between
the egg trays with its open end facing seawards, and then sought
sleep in the car.

When I woke at 6 a.m. I was being studied, at a respectable
distance, by a solitary fisherman—an orange sky was ever
brightening into another summer’s day and I hastened up the
cliffs to inspect the trap.

Gamma was still in the ascendancy and little groups of
them took off as I carefully lifted off the top cone. Exactly 160
of them deigned to stay in the trays and be counted—and with
them—was very little else. I can only recall a few pallens, and
last of all, tucked in the corner of that polythene bag was yet
another pallens. Or, could it be . . . ? I wonder how many
Mythimna loreyi (Dup.) bear a label “‘Cornwall; to plastic bag;
19.ix.75””!

The second trap yielded many commoners, some genuine
pallens, a nice xanthomista, and a brace of unipuncta.

I drove back over the peninsula towards distant Pelynt and
breakfast thinking of those words of old P.B.M.: “The night
of your life’. Truly everything comes. . . it was well worth the
walt.

87

Lampides boeticus L. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) the
First Recorded Breeding in Britain
By PAuL Smart, F.R.E.S.*

For some time it has been believed that the first report of
the Longtailed Blue breeding in this country was that of L. H. S.
Chevallier’ and L. Christie’. This event, following the capture
of a female in July 1952 at Ranmore, near Dorking in Surrey,
is also noted by T. G. Howarth’.

Recently a much earlier breeding success was brought to
my attention by Mr. Roderick Cavaliero of Tunbridge Wells.
The account of these events follows in his own words:

“I found the female resting on a blade of grass in a waste
patch between houses some quarter of a mile from the sea at
Bexhill, Sussex. It was 7.0 p.m. on 31st July, 1945—I was 17
at the time. It was in good condition but faded (and much
smaller than its progeny!) I rather unthinkingly killed it then
and there and having identified it wrote to the Times. The
Course of Nature column (date lost but this could be had from
the Times) dealt generally with the coincidence that two speci-
mens had been sighted that summer and chided me for killing
a female that might have laid eggs.

The rebuke was well-given because the waste land was
covered thickly with Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius). But she
had already done her stuff. I cannot remember when I started
looking for larvae but the date of the Times column would
establish it (about middle to end of August, I guess). My mother
and I after several hours searching eventually found our first
larva, well advanced, probably in its final larval stage and we
found over a dozen others. I lost a few since they gnawed their
way through the gauze of the boxes I kept them in, but I
eventually saw the following emerge from pupae:

19.9.45: 2 88,2 22

DOD AS PID. 6-6
2094S: OMS.
22.9.45: pre
ZI 9 ASS VLG

I mated one pair of those which emerged on the 19th
September and the female laid eggs, presumably on the broom
which may still have been in flower. Unfortunately my record
fails there as I have lost the diary I kept of progress. I had the
usual trouble of cannibalism and foodplant—I think I kept them
going on domestic pea pods but I did have a second brood, all
males, two of which I have kept in my collection. I lost a few
which became very ragged waiting for females to emerge and I
damaged one or two on the setting board. The second emergence
must have been about the middle of November. I felt I had made
history of a sort and wrote again to the Times but with no
response.”

* The Saruman Museum, St. Giles in the Wood, Beckley, Rye, Sussex,
TN31 6SB.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

The Cavalieros must be congratulated on the dilgence of
their search for the larvae since these are not easily found,
frequently burrowing deep into the flower buds. That such a
relatively large number was discovered strongly suggests there
had been more than one female in the area. It is interesting to
note that while the Times mentioned only one other capture,
in fact 1945 was the year in which the largest numbers of this
rare migrant were recorded. C. B. Williams* gives a total for
the year of 31, although the Cavaliero record may not have
been included. Further, this year was outstanding for the num-
bers of other rare migratory species recorded, especially Pontia
daplidice L.

Obtaining a second brood was praisworthy but not unusual.
In suitable habitats abroad this species is continuously brooded.
I have examined all the specimens in Mr. Cavaliero’s collection,
including the original worn female which is, as he comments,
rather small. He kindly allowed me to have three specimens
from the original brood (a male and two females) which are now
in the British collection at the Saruman Museum. I am grateful
to Mr. Cavaliero for his notes enabling me to set the record
straight on this point. Those who believe that our names are
in some way linked to our fates may find some significance in
the fact that “‘Chevallier’”’ and ‘“‘Cavaliero”’ translate the same!

References
(1) Chevallier, L. H. S., 1952. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 64: 274-7.
(2) Christie, L., 1953. Entomologist’s Gaz., 4: 202-4.
(3) Howarth, T. G., 1973. South’s British Butterflies, p. 75.
(4) Williams, C. B., 1958. Insect Migration, p. 226.

PAMMENE LUEDERSIANA SORHAGEN: A SECOND RECORD
FROM SCOTLAND. — This species was placed on the British List
by G. H. Youden on the evidence of a specimen captured at
Aviemore, Inverness-shire on 23.v.64 by the late D. G. Marsh
(Ent. Rec., 86:197). On 21.vii.75 my wife and I collected
spinnings of Myrica gale at Tulloch Moore in the same area. A
female P. luedersiana emerged from these in a warm room on
26.i.76. I must add that there is a remote possibility that the
foodplant was Pofentilla erecta, since the breeding container
bears the label ‘“Myrica spinnings + Potentilla erecta (2),
Tulloch Moor, 21.vii.75”. I remember well including the
Potentilla spinnings because I was certain that they contained
Acleris aspersana (Hiibner) and that confusion would not arise.
One A. aspersana duly emerged on 11.viii.75 but the other
spinning, which may not even have been tenanted, produced
nothing. The P. Iuedersiana larva left its foodplant and pupated
in the tissue lining of the container. Unfortunately I did not
describe it or the spinning, having no reason to think I had
anything unusual. As far as I can estimate after the lapse of
time, the map reference of the spot where we took the larva is
NH(28)966160. Take plenty of insect repellant or you yourself
will be repelled by the mosquitos. — A. M. EMmMeT, Labrey
Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.

89
Collecting Diary, 1975

By Davip BRrown*
(concluded from page 76)

Heavy and persistent rain the following morning prevented
any field work and it was little consolation to learn from the
locals that they had just experienced a ten week drought
(slightly exaggerated with the morning’s heavy rain! ). However,
it brightened up late in the afternoon for /tame brunneata
Thunb. to appear commonly and in lovely condition. Perizoma
albulata D. and Schiff. and Scopula ternata Schrank were flushed
in numbers from the heather.

In the evening we operated our M.V. traps high up in the
mountains in pouring rain. Apart from getting a good soaking,
15 Apamea exulis Lefebre var. assimilis arrived in variable
condition. The next night was far too windy even to consider
a repeat at this high altitude and we settle instead for the lower
heathland, but nothing new was taken.

Things had calmed down on 15th July and we found our-
selves high up in the clouds again after more exulis var.
assimilis. The mountain was enveloped in cloud and we got
drenched whilst setting up our traps. The rain showed no signs
of stopping so we retired to the car until the morning when a
further 19 exulis were found, some of which were worn, also
early specimens of Plusia interrogationis Linn. and Trichiura
crataegi Linn. Two Xanthorrhoe munitata Hibn. and five E.
caesiata were also welcome visitors. Not content with two nights
of continuous rain in the mountains, we meekly decided to make
it a hat-trick and, despite another drenching, we were able to
complete a fresh series each of exulis.

As exulis and numerous other species were early, we
gambled on a trip up to Findhorn for Euxoa cursoria Hufn.
Two nights there confirmed that we were too early. Agrotis
vertigialis Hufn. was the most common species, with a few
Arenostola elymi Treits., A. furva, Eumichtis adusta Esp., A.
bractea, Chesias rufata Fab. and G. obfuscata. Despite this
disappointing catch, the sea and dunes at Findhorn were plea-
sant and we were able to wander along the coast in reasonable
daylight until midnight.

Business necessities called A.G. home on 19th July, but I
was able to remain on at Struan, where sweeping produced more
larvae of menyanthidis, gracilis, and a few young Macrothylacia
rubi Linn. M.V. lights near Trinafour that evening on a very
warm night brought in 18 Euxoa occulta Linn., including several
females which laid prolifically. Also a worn A. menyanthidis,
five P. hepatica, two A. bractea, two Plusia gracilis Lempke and
over 40 G. obfuscata.

The following day I tried searching and sweeping for more
menyanthidis larvae. Five hours of hard labour resulted in only
seven more menyanthidis larvae, many O. gracilis and rubi
larvae, and a hand full of blisters! Butterflies were early too,

* 25 Charlecote, near Warwick.

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

with Erebia aethiops Esp. and Argynnis aglaia Linn. well out.
Trapping at Trinafour that evening produced nothing new.

Further south on the 21st July I got another good soakng
in some woods near Lanark, but precious little else. I had
planned a few nights collecting in the Lake District, but it was
the centre of a deep depression. Poor visibilty and heavy spray
on the motorway at Scap Fell made drving hazardous and I
felt I had had enough soakings for one expedition, so pressed
on homewards for warmth and shelter.

I had one evening at home to dry out before travelling to
a wood near Bromsgrove, Worcestershire for Apamea scolo-
pacina Esp. On 26th July, I travelled to Tilshead in Wiltshire
for Oria musculosa Hiibn. On arrival I was surprised to find
that harvesting had not started, especially after noting several
harvesters at work whilst driving down. O. musculosa was very
plentiful and in immaculate condition. Eremobia ochroleuca
D. and Schiff. was very abundant and a fresh C. lichenaria was
taken in an actinic placed close by a conifer plantation.

The end of July and first part of August was exceptionally
hot with the thermometer regularly well into the nineties, and
in the garden a record high of 95°F. was recorded on 4th
August. The night was the warmest for 90 years with a minimum
of 70°F. I was in the Wyre Forest, where heavy thunder storms
broke out at 2 a.m. Apart from excessive numbers of horse
flies, the traps contained 59 species of macros, including three
Enargia paleacea Esp., two Diarsia dahlii Hibn., one Harpyia
furcula Clerck, and two Lygris populata Linn.

The heat wave brought good numbers of Cosmia diffinis
Linn. and C. affinis Linn. to my garden trap—sadly, perhaps,
the last year they will be in such profusion with the drastic and
tragic spread of the Dutch elm disease in the neighbourhood.
Surprises in the garden trap were the first two Nonagria dissoluta
Treits. on 6th August, followed a few days later by a perfect
specimen of Heliothis peltigera D. and Schiff.

I ran over to Brindley Heath in Cannock Chase on the
8th where an early Antitype chi Linn. appeared with H. furcula,
six Amathes castanea Esp., four Stilbia anomala Haw., and 43
other species; good for a clear and cold night. I travelled to the
Chilterns on 11th August for Amathes stigmatica Hiibn.
Although none appeared, an interesting 54 species were
recorded, including some lovely forms of both Lithosia deplana
Eps. and L. griseola Hiibn., three Horisme vitalbata D. and
Schiff., two Melanthia procellata D. and Schiff., one Cosymbia
annulata Schulze, and one Colostygia olivata D. and Schiff.

Later in the month I decided to explore Derbyshire and
called in at Chesterfield, where John Culpin very kindly gave
me detailed instructions as to the best collecting areas on the
moors. The evening was calm and mild, with a good cloud
cover. The most interesting species to light and sugar were as
follows: 12 D. dahlii, 10 A. castanea, six Paradiarsia glareosa
Esp., one Lampra fimbriata Schreber, 15 Parastichtis suspecta
Hiibn., six A. chi, 40 Lithomoia solidaginis Hibn., one Nonagria

COLLECTING DIARY, 1975 9]

typhae Linn., one Hydraecia lucens Freyer, one P. interro-
gationis, over 100 Hydriomena furcata Thunbg. in some lovely
forms, 40 L. populata, 35 Lygris testata Linn., and two Oporinia
filigrammaria H.-S., the last mentioned being a new species to
me.

John Culpin joined me next day when we tried beating for
larvae of Cucullia absinthii Linn. Even at this early date many
of the larvae were fully fed, proving once again what an early
season it was. I returned to the moors early in the evening and
searched a long round of posts. L. solidaginis was extremely
abundant on some posts. Many were also found wrapped round
barbed wire fencing, giving excellent camouflage. By the end
of the extensive round I must have seen well over a hundred
solidaginis plus a single Celaena haworthii Curtis. Lights on
the moors than night produced the same species as previously.

On my way to Essex on 23rd August I made a slight
detour to the Chilterns for the night in a second attempt for
stigmatica, but without success. The next day I continued on
my way to Hornchurch, where Bill Coster welcomed me at his
home. Cucullia asteris D. and Schiff. larvae were beaten quite
commonly off sea aster plants, and some nearby wormwood
produced a few C. absinthii larvae. We travelled to Kent in
the afternoon and made a check in local potato fields for
Acherontia atropos Linn. larvae: needless to say, without
success! Some nearby reed beds contained a few N. typhae and
Nonagria sparganii Esp. pupae. We later set up two traps at
Dungeness and then collected some C. lunula larvae which were
quite common on the yellow toadflax. Then we travelled a few
miles inland and set up six more moth traps in an attempt for
early Hydraecia hucherardi Mabille. Although the night was
clear, a number of interesting species appeared: two Caradrina
ambigua D. and Schiff., one Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn., two Non-
agria sparganii, one Hydraecia sp., but only two hucherardi at
Bill’s trap. Back at Dungeness, little of interest was found in
the traps.

The next day we tried searching for Gortyna borelii Pierret
pupae in another part of Essex. The ground was rock hard
with the recent drought and locating pupae was laborious. A few
hours searching did, however, produce a limited number. For
night operations we travelled to the Breck district in the hope
of Euschesis orbona Hufn., a species neither of us had met
with. The night was rather cool and misty, and after an early
burst of activity around the lights, things became very slack
by 12.30 a.m. The local Breck form of Discestra trifolii Hufn.
was very abundant amongst 24 commoner species.

Returning to the Midlands, my next nocturnal expedition
was to Salcey Forest in Northamptonshire on 2nd September,
where my quarry Asphalia diluta D. and Schiff. proved to be
very common and in lovely condition. Further visits on 9th and
29th September produced little of note.

Aporophyla nigra Haw. on 20th September was a great
surprise in the garden trap and added another new species to
the Warwickshire list.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

On 4th October I made the first of three attempts for
Lithophane leauteri Boisd. Andrew Gardner and I started from
Warwickshire at 2.30 p.m., and on arrival at Studland, Dorset,
found Bill Coster with his traps already in position. We set up
ours, then all three travelled to Durlston Head, Swanage, where
we set up further traps, and B.C. and A.G. obtained one
Leucania unipuncta Haw. each. Other interesting species were:
E. lichenea, A. nigra, Aporophyla australis Boisd., Leucochlaena
hispida Geyer, D. templi, Leucania l-album Linn., Peridroma
porphyria D. and Schiff. and Scopula conjugata Borkh. Mean-
while, the traps ‘back at Studland had only produced two
leauteri.

With this disappointing expedition, we hoped for better
luck two weeks later, but unfortunately it was the same story,
as my generator again failed and I only managed a single
leautieri once more. Andrew Gardner had better luck and
obtained five. Things were not much better at Durlston Head
where there was a stiff breeze. Although the traps were posi-
tioned carefuly in good shelter, only two templi obliged.

The third time proved lucky with leautieri on 25th October.
Climatic conditions were ideal, heavily overcast at 54°F. By
midnight 14 /eautieri had arrived, adequate from which to select
a nice series. I quickly packed up my equipment in the dark
and set off for Swanage in a bid to catch the late-flying templi.
By 1.20 a.m. my four traps were all in position and working.
I had a snack supper and then settled down for the night. The
next morning only one templi was found on going through the
traps. With this low tally, I decided to try Portland, where
weather conditions were still good when I set up my traps on
the cliffs above Church Ope Cove. Early on E. lichenea, A.
nigra and L. hispida were all far more common than at Swanage
and I hoped templi would follow suit. The next morning I found
none in my two M.V. traps, but curiously two in an actinic
placed by a large overhanging rock near the sea. I gambled on
spending another night at Portland in the hope that fempli
would appear in better numbers. However, the sky cleared and
the wind strengthened and only one templi appeared.

I drove back to Warwickshire the following morning for
my hibernation, feeling that the season had not been very
successful, yet memorable as being the best summer weather-
wise I could remember. I hope for better hunting this year.

CORRIGENDA

Reference “‘Notes on a Colony of Syanthedon vespiformis
L....” by A.A. Allen (antea 87: 47), par. 1, line 5: for
“and” read “that”.

Reference ““Two Species of Anaspis (Col., Mordellidae) New to
Britain...” by A. A. Allen (antea 87: 269), p. 272, line
13: for “‘not not” read “‘and not’’.

Reference “‘Spring Butterflies on the Island of Skyros, Greece”
by J. G. Coutsis (antea 88: 35), lines 2 and 3: delete ‘Male
genitalia as in Greek mainland forms’’.

93

Notes on Gonepteryx cleopatra Linnaeus 1767
(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Greece
By J. BROWN*

Gonepteryx cleopatra Linnaeus does not seem to be wide-
spread in the Balkans. It is rare in Albania (Rebel & Zerny,
1931) and in Jugoslavian Macedonia (Thurner, 1964). It is not
known from any other part of the Balkans, except for Greece,
and Thurner (loc. cit.) has suggested that G. cleopatra is not
endemic to the northern Balkans because of the absence of its
foodplant (Rhamnus alpina Linnaeus). In Greece, this insect
is widely scattered, flying on Mt. Taygetos, Mt. Chelmos, Mt.
Parnassos, Mt. Olympos, Mt. Pilion, Mt. Cholomon and the
southern Pindos at 1,200 m., and in the area of Argos. It flies
in July and August.

The Greek subspecies of G. cleopatra is similar to G.c.
cleopatra in the male, except that the underside of the hindwing
of Greek specimens has a yellowish green ground colour. How-
ever, the females of the Greek insect are remarkable; the ground
colour of the female is yellow. The hindwings are often deep
lemon yellow, slightly flushed orange. The forewing is paler.
The females of G. cleopatra from Mt. Chelmos seem universally
bright yellow, the females from Mt. Taygetos show a low
frequency of a paler form and the females from the southern
Pindos show the paler form in about 50% of individuals. The
paler form differs significantly from the bright yellow form but
is still pale yellow. Thus, the proportions of the bright and paler
forms seem to vary locally.

In its yellow females, the Greek subspecies of G. cleopatra
resembles G.c. fiiori Turati & Fiori. The Greek subspecies differs
from this Rhodian endemic in its smaller size, less rounded
wings and slightly paler female ground colour. The similar
populations of Rhodes and the Peloponnesos are separated in
the south by what is a distinct subspecies in Crete, in which
the female is small and white. Thus, the Peloponnesian sub-
species might not be consubspecific with G.c. fiori unless it is
joined to the Rhodian population by intermediate populations
in N. Greece and W. Turkey. Certainly, G. cleopatra occurs on
the Dalmatian coast as the subspecies G.c. italica Gerhardt but
our present knowledge suggests that G. cleopatra is absent from
N. Greece and W. Turkey.

References

Dacie, J. V., Dacie, M. K. V. and Grammaticos, P., 1972. Butterflies in
Northern and Central Greece, July 1971. Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var., 84: 257-266.

Kudrna, O., 1975. A Revision of the Genus Gonepteryx Leach.
Entomologist’s Gaz., 26: 3-37. ‘
Rebel, H. & Zerny, H., 1931. Die Lepidopterenfauna Albaniens.
Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, KI., 103: 37-161. ‘
Thurner, J., 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslavisch Mazedonieas.

Posebno Izd. prirod. Muz. Skopje, 1: 3-59.

* 12, Browning Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

On the Feeding Habits of Four Species of Adult
Dolichopodidae (Diptera)
By O. M. WuiTE*

Colyer and Hammond (1951), in Flies of the British Isles,
desribed the feeding habits of the Dolichopodidae generally, and
of Sciapus maritimus Becker in particular. The following is an
attempt to describe those of four species, and is based on
observations of adults in my garden (in one case, at a short
distance from there) at Stapleford, Notts. during 1974 and 1975.

I watched a female Dolichopus griseipennis Stannius drop
the food it was masticating (19.viii.74), and saw that this was a
fragment of some whitish substance of which many more were
on the surface of the maturing compost that formed the imme-
diate part of this arena. The fly retrieved this fragment which
it had probably dropped in mistake, resumed feeding in the
head-up position for a minute or so, and finally discarded the
residue then hardly 0.1 mm. in length and apparently unidenti-
fiable. Almost a year later I noticed several aphid exuviae
falling on to the same spot (8.vii.75), and when examining the
lateral parts of their abdominal segments, I realised that these
were apparently similar to the fragment partly eaten by
egriseipennis. Another female of the same species fed on the
surface of a slightly moist, decaying leaf (20.viii.74), in the
head-down attitude.

During some 20 hours occupied in watching both sexes of
griseipennis (30.vii to 20.viii.74), | saw no indication of predatory
behaviour on the part of the half-dozen or so individuals which
were usually present, although frequent sallies were made by
them to overflying or perching insects of any size up to that of
Vespidae (Hymenoptera) and on one occasion to my hand,
producing a surprisingly strong impact (31.vii.74).

The intruder would always leave after such a sally, and
erisseipennis would then return to its perch: in the instance of
my hand, griseippenis itself left, to cccupy a new perch. I think
such sallies were probably territorial and/or simulatory in
function. Small, live pedestrians, such as Collembola, were
always ignored, even when at a centimetre or so from grisei-
pennis, and this occurred in both sexes of the latter.

A female D. trivialis Haliday fed at aphid excretions which
were in their sticky (second) stage (21.vi.75), moving from one
such spot to another on a leaf of meadow-sweet (Filipendula
ulmaria), and a female D. ungulatus Linn. in a nearby damp site
also fed at aphid excretions (12.vii.75), on a leaf of reed-grass
(Phalaris arundinacea). Scrapings from similar spots of aphid
exreta contained many, apparently viable micro-organisms.

An unidentified female Dolichopus that entered the house
and perched on an upturned cup (9.vii.75), accepted undiluted
honey, placed close to the fly’s front tarsi. The fly reacted by
making short walking movements and within a few seconds its
front tarsi were on the honey and it had inserted its mouthparts
rather deeply into the latter. It withdrew almost at once, adopting

* 6, Northwood Street, Stapleford, Nottingham, NG9 8GH.

ON FEEDING HABITS OF FOUR ADULT DOLICHOPODIDAE 95

a head-up attitude, but in doing so, the fly had drawn out a
thread of honey attached to its mouthparts and was at first
unable to free itself. After making some movements with its
mouthparts, Dolichopus ejected a tiny bubble of honey and
succeeded in freeing itself, after which it lowered its foreparts,
inserted the tips of the labella into the honey and commenced
to feed in the usual head-down attitude. The insect showed no
difficulty in detaching its mouthparts and front tarsi from the
honey before it moved to a second, similar droplet, at a distance
of about a centimetre where it fed for a minute or so, after
which it flew out of a window that I had carelessly left open.

A female Chrysotus gramineus Fallén that had perched on
a leaf of meadow-sweet, captured a very small green, apparently
immature collembolon (13.vi.75) by means of a quick flight
to its intended prey on the opposite lobe of the same leaf, where
gramineus instantly turned about and was then facing me in the
head-up attitude, when I saw part of the collembolon projecting
from the fly’s labella. At this moment, both were easily captured,
the fly releasing its prey which adhered to the glass tube I was
using and appeared to be dead. Further instances of similar
predation were then noticed on the upper surfaces of the leaves
of broad bean plants (Vicia faba). | saw two dark-coloured
Collembola, the second of which I estimated to be about twice
the size of the first, being captured by one individual Chrysotus
in about three minutes. I suspect that the first of these prey might
have been incompletely masticated when the second one was
captured.

I took several Collembola directly from the broad bean
foliage where Chrysotus hunted. Mr. Walley, to whom I sent
specimens, kindly informed me that three dark specimens were
Smynthurus pallipes and two pale ones, S. aureus and S. luteus,
also that he thought the foliage would be safe, which later
inspections confirmed. Chrysotus selected the darkest examples
(pallipes) for prey, with the exception of the first instance noted
above.

On the first 25 broad bean plants the numbers of Collembola
fell from 1,264 individuals to 480 (including all species) from
20.vi.75 to 28.vi.75, while Chrysotus increased from four indi-
viduals to ten during the same period. After the supply of
springtails had so decreased, only one Chrysotus remained on
the broad bean plants, and apart from a single gramineus which
hunted, apparently without success among the border plants,
I was unable to find any further specimens in the garden. C.
gramineus actively avoided reddish-coloured mites which I
believe were Tetranychidae (Acarina). One Chrysotus which
made a strike upon a small parasitic hymenopteron, apparently
discovered its mistake when it made contact with its intended
praye, because it instantly flew onwards. A male gramineus was
itself captured by a female Empidid, Tachydromia minuta
Meigen (Diptera).

Only females are recorded here as I was unable to find any
males which were feeding. The mouthparts of male gramineus

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

are more slender than those parts in the female, but they appear
to be functional. It would be interesting to know something
about the feeding habits of the males.

I am very grateful to Mr. E. C. M. d’Assis Fonseca for
generously allowing me the use of his manuscript tables of the
British Dolichopodidae, for checking the critical species and
helping with this note, and to Mr. G. Walley of the Natural
History Museum, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, for his deter-
mination of the Collembola.

Current Literature

Classification of the Acridomorphic Insects by W. M. Dirsh.
170 pp. with glossary and bibliography. 74 text figs. Pub-
lished by E. W. Classey Ltd. £9.80 including postage.
The author notes the conservative nature of Acridologists,

many of whom still use the obsolete and confusing taxonomy of

the 19th century for the higher taxa. Often Mayr’s hierarchic
scale is not adhered to because the terms are undefined.

In 1962 the old Order Orthoptera was split into eleven
Orders, Orthoptera being retained in a narrower sense, and all
were placed in the Superorder, Orthopteroidea. Since then the
author has revised this several times and in the present work he
divides the Orthopteroidea = Orthoptera (sensu constricta) into
ten Orders. The Eumastacoidea and Acridomorphoidea, each
containing three Superfamilies, are the subject of this book.

The main characters used in classification are discussed,
and the Orders are reviewed, with keys, to family level, under
Diagnosis and Distribution.

For each family, one species of the type genus is illustrated
by fine line drawings and details of genetalia.

While the revised taxonomy will doubtless provoke dis-
cussion, this is a soundly based and much needed revision. —
E:H.W.

Also received, and only obtainable in Europe from E. W.

Classey Ltd. of Farringdon, Oxon: —

The Swallowtail Butterflies of East Africa (Lep.: Papilionidae)
by R. H. Carcasson, F.R.E.S., with b. & w. illustrations
by the author. 30 pp., plus plates. Limp covers. £1.80.

A fine reprint of this important work.

Geographic Variability in Speyeria (Lep.: Nymphalidae) with
comments, records and description of a new sub-species
by A. H. Moeck. 48 pp. Paper Bound. £2.00.

In this reprint of a paper read to the Milwaukee Ent. Soc.,
1975, the author recounts the findings and results of 30 trips
covering 150,000 miles to 1,500 localities in the U.S.A. in the
search for intermediate forms in the various species, subspecies-
complexes of Speyeria, in an endeavour to show that each
complex is probably a cline of a single species. — E.H.W.

97

Some West Country Migrants in 1975
By Major General C. G. Lipscoms*

In spite of a glorious summer the commonest migrants,
with the exception of P. gamma which swarmed everywhere,
seem to have been disappointingly scarce.

I had news of a single V. atalanta towards the end of April,
when it was seen in a friend’s garden, but then there was a big
gap and it was not until August that singletons began to appear
on the buddleias. They remained scarce for the rest of the
autumn but I did find a few larvae in my garden in October
which produced butterflies in November.

V. cardui has been equally thin on the ground and at no
stage did the numbers build up either from fresh migrants or
from the progeny of earlier arrivals.

On 15th August I noticed several M. stellatarum hovering
over flowers on a hillside near Mere more normally associated
with L. coridon—an unexpected place to find them—one, which
didn’t look normal, was captured and proved to have the
orange of the hindwings replaced by dirty white. Unfortunately
it was worn and so was not kept.

There were reports of sightings of odd C. croceus in Wilt-
shire towards the end of August and on 9th September I saw
a fine fresh ab helice flying over downland near Salisbury but
they too remained scarce and only two were seen in the latter
part of September during a visit to S. Devon. However, two
friends who were touring in S. Ireland during the last fortnight
of August, reported independently seeing a number of the butter-
flies, an indication of the direction their main migration had
taken.

On the morning of 21st September, my wife and I were at
Start Point in S. Devon. There was a stiff westerly breeze
blowing but in spite of this large numbers of P. rapae were
coming in off the sea on a wide front. One big patch of a low
growing hawkweed on the top of the cliffs was smothered in
the butterflies with others waiting to take their turn on any
unoccupied flower heads. I noticed too that pairing was taking
place on this feeding ground, a pointer that copulation takes
place after, not before, migration. By the afternoon most of the
butterflies had dispersed inland.

On 30th September I found a female H. convolvuli at rest
in a glass porch at the back of my house. I carried the lady out
into the garden resting on one of my fingers and placed her on
a suitable tree trunk where she at once settled down.

As the light began to go I visited her and found she was
up on her legs and with her wings vibrating strongly. She
reminded me of one of our wartime bombers warming up its
engines prior to take-off. Suddenly she was airborne and zoomed
away into the night.

* Crockerton House, Warminster, Wilts.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire
By J. NewTon, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.*

A few more species have come my way since submitting in
1972 my last list of additions (Ent. Rec., 84: 278-281) to The
Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire by T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher
and C. G. Clutterbuck. Four of these (marked with an asterisk)
are new to the county; others have been taken in new parts of
the county or have turned up again after a long absence.

GELECHIIDAE

* Acanthophila alacella Z. A fresh male was in my m.v.l.
trap at Avening on 16th July, 1975. There are old records of
its occurrence in the neighbouring counties of Hereford and
Oxford, but it seems to be one of those species which has never
been common anywhere.

Brachmia gerronella Z. Only once before, in Perkins’ list
of 1901, has this species been recorded from Gloucestershire. I
was therefore pleased to see one in my trap at Avening on
19th July, 1974.

Scrobipalpa costella Humphreys & Westwood. Records of
this species are few and old, the last being that by Clutterbuck
in 1927. Meyrick (1927) gives it as local. My first specimen
was at light at Avening in August 1974, and again there in 1975
when I had three in the trap.

BLASTOBASIDAE

*Blastobasis lignea Wals. A dark form of this species
appeared in my Avening trap on 17th August, 1975. I am
grateful to Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton for its determination.

MOMPHIDAE

Mompha orchraceella Curt. This species has only been
reported sparsely in the county, the last time in 1911. On 11th
July, 1973, I had three specimens at Avening.

TORTRICIDAE

*Lozotaenioides formosanus Geyer. A fine specimen came
to light in my garden in. Tetbury on 2nd August, 1975. The
species was added to the British list by R. W. Parfitt who
captured the first specimen in N.W. Surrey in 1945. Since then
it has extended its range, and for several years I have known
of its occurrence in the Trowbridge area of Wiltshire.

*Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hiibn. On 10th July, 1973, I
was pleased to see two specimens flying over flowers in a nursery
garden at Wickwar. Considering the larva of this species has
been known to feed on almost every garden plant, it is not
surprising that it has reached Gloucestershire.”

111, Oxleaze Close, Tetbury, Glos.

2 But what is surprising is that there is apparently no known record of
the occurrence in Gloucestershire of this conspicuous moth prior to
1973. — Editor.

MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE 99

Acleris hastiana L. In my 1972 list I stated that there was
very little variation in the species in the county. Just to be
contrary, at Inglestone Common, on 17th April, 1974, I took a
late female of the form divisana Hiibn., dark brown with a
beautiful white costa. This moth, from hibernation, had
undoubtedly laid most of her eggs by this date but it laid 15
more during the following three days before dying. I reared
11 larvae, and moths appeared from 17th to 31st July. None
of these has the white costa of the parent, but one has a cream
costa, and another light brown. The remaining nine are all
more or less of the usual grey-brown form, with no distinctive
costa.

Dicrorampha_ simpliciana Haw. One fresh specimen, the
first I have seen in the county, was in my trap at Tetbury on
24th August, 1974. This species has only been recorded once
before from Gloucestershire: Sandhurst, 1940, C. G. Clutter-
buck. Rather surprising this since the foodplant Artemisia
vulgare is widespread, but seems to be in quantity only on the
banks of the Severn.

COCHYLIDAE
Cochylis flaviciliana Westwood. Until 1973, when I had a
specimen in my Avening trap on 17th July, the only record for
the county was of a number noted by J. W. Metcalfe at Stroud
in 1917. I saw two others at Avening on 9th July, 1974, and
a further two there in July 1975. Elsewhere I have only met
with the species at Stevenage, Hertfordshire, in 1965.

References
Bainbrigge-Fletcher, T. and Clutterbuck, C. Granville, 1937-43. Micro-
lepidoptera of Gloucestershire. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Club,
27: 183 et seq.
Meyrick, E., 1927. Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera.
Newton, J., 1961. Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. Ent. Rec., 73:

86-88.
——_—_—_—— 1972 . Ent. Rec., 84:
278-281.

HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (HUBN.) AND AUTOGRAPHA GAMMA
(LINN.) F. BIPARTITA ORSTADIUS IN HAMPSHIRE. — On 30th
October, 1975 I took two specimens of H. armigera (Hibn.) here
in my m.v. trap. On 23rd January, 1976 a Ringwood specimen of
A. gamma (Linn.) emerged in my outdoor pupa cage, and has
the broken gamma mark referred to by C. G. M. de Worms in the
January issue (antea 88: 19).— K. H. Bose, 3, Strode Gardens,
Sandy Lane, St. Ives, Ringwood, Hants., BH24 2LF.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. IN PEMBROKESHIRE IN 1975.—A
male of this species, taken last year in Pembrokeshire, was
recently handed to me. The moth, which was in fair condition,
was found on 11th October at Tenby resting on the wall of a
house in the old part of the town about a hundred yards from
the sea. — Dr. G. A. New Horton, Plas Newydd, Usk, Gwent.

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

An Attempt to Cross Biston strataria Hufn. with
Biston betularia L. f. insularia
By L. W. SiGcs*

On 27th May, 1974 I was fortunate enough to take a female
B. betularia of the darkest form of f. insularia which laid a
considerable number of eggs enabling me to have a supply of
pupae in the winter of 1974-75.

I believe that previous crosses between these species have
generally been made with typical betularia and that f. insularia
has not been used. In January 1975 I brought some female
pupae into a warm room and kept them moist so that they
emerged when male strataria were available, both from a brood
I was rearing and from wild stock taken at M.V. and in an
assembling trap.

A pairing between a female betularia f. insularia and a
wild typical strataria, took place on 27th February and a batch
of eggs was laid. I sent some to Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell,
Professor P. M. Sheppard of Liverpool, and Mr. A. G. Liebert
of Somerset, and kept some myself.

My larvae ate readily, but grew slowly, especially in the
final instar and then failed to go down in the peat provided and
all dried up.

Dr. Kettlewell obtained a few pupae, but they and the rest
of the larvae dried up, though he still has a small number of
pupae of his 1974 hybrid betularia f. carbonaria female X
strataria male living.

Mr. Liebert also noted that the growth in the final instar
was significantly slower than in typical strataria. Four or five
pupated and a number went to ground but did not pupate. All
were subsequently found dried up.

Dr. J. A. Bishop who reared the Liverpool batch for
Professor Sheppard had very few deaths. Four moths emerged
in the summer about two weeks after pupation (none with their
wings formed properly) and they looked insularia-like. Two
remained alive as pupae and it is hoped they will come out
successfully. Dr. Bishop infers that hybridisation interferes with
the obligatory diapause that is present in betularia and strataria.
He thinks that the main reason they did not expand their wings
was that, since immediate emergence was not anticipated,
a satisfactory place for them to do so was not provided.

On the results of Dr. Kettlewell’s, Mr. Liebert’s and my
broods, Dr. Kettlewell feared there might be a lethal virus
disease, but Dr. Bishop’s results showed that this is not
necessarily so and we have hopes yet. I have kept the insularia
strain going and hope to repeat the experiment in 1976.

I am grateful to the three gentlemen who tried out the cross,
for their comments.

I should welcome any further comments on the drying up
of larvae before and after pupation.

* Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hampshire.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 101

LETTER TO THE EDITOR
Dear Sir,

Dr. M. R. Young’s letter (antea 87:299) prompts me to
write in reply. I agree with much that he says and especially
with his remarks on “scalps”. However, the subject of nature
conservation is so important that we all of us have to do some-
thing, and NOW; but I cannot see that the collector is guilty,
and—provided that he collects judiciously—I should like to say
something in his defence.

We often read that collectors have extirpated this and that
species. Such remarks though, are just what governments and
other authorities look for to try to excuse their inadequate
efforts at conservation with the words: ‘‘We have done all we
can!”’ But to consider the problem from another point of view.
How many specimens can a collector kill in a year? I suggest
not so much as a titbit. In Formosa (Taiwan) butterflies are
caught in millions for “industrial purposes’, and according
Pfaff’ with no weakening of species, as only males are killed.
But the same article states that man-made changes in the forest
vegetation cause an immediate decline in butterfly populations,
and my own experience’ definitely supports this. In fact the
guilty party is not the collector, but the authorities who
encourage conifer mono-cultures in our woods, the draining of
swamps and other changes detrimental to nature, most of which
are absolutely unnecessary. May I give an example: Parnassius
mnemosyne L. was years ago a common butterfly near Jaeger-
spris in Denmark. Suddenly the locality came under “‘forestry
management” and the old oak wood was changed to one of
spruce or some other conifer. Needless to say, P. mnemosyne
has now completely gone. The collectors? Has there ever been
a collector who for example could eradicate P. apollo L. from
a locality? But farming and the planting of spruce can cause its
complete disappearance (and that of other species) within a few
years. — GEORGE CHRISTENSEN, Monemvasia, Lakonias, Hellas,
Greece.

1 Pfaff, G., 1975. Massenfang von Schmetterlinge auf Formosa, Das Tier,
No. 2. Hallwag, Bern & Stuttgart. t

2 Christensen, G., 1975. Wer Rotter Aus... ?, Ent. Zeitschrift, 85 (21),
246-248.

Notes and Observations

COCHYLIDIA IMPLICITANA (WOCKE) AND AETHES SMEATH-
MANNIANA (FAB.) IN LANCASHIRE. — On the 18th August, 1974
we visited a locality on the coast near Rampside, south of
Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire (SD 22-67-). Lepidoptera were
few, except for Agrophila straminella (D. & S.), which was
abundant. We were fortunate, however, to put up from the grass
a single specimen of Cochylidia implicitana (Wocke). This was
just before sunset, and no others were noted that evening. A

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

second visit on the following day produced a further four
specimens, also swept or disturbed from the grass near the
shore at sunset. One of the foodplants of C. implicitana,
Tripleurospermum maritimum ssp. inodorum, abounds along this
part of coast, but all the specimens of implicitana noted were
in a relatively small area and a thorough search failed to reveal
it elsewhere. Bradley, Tremewan and Smith (British Tortricoid
Moths, 1973) give Walney Island as the most northerly record
for this species, where it was taken by Dr. Birkett in 1955 —
(Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 67:331). A visit in search of
implicitana was made to Walney on the 20th August, but a
lengthy search of areas where the above foodplant was present
proved in vain. Three localities (SD 18-66, SD 196655 and
SD 19-64-) were examined, but a strong breeze hampered the
search. In the second of these localities, however, a specimen
of Aethes smeathmanniana (Fab.), a species described by
Bradley, Tremewan and Smith as scarce in Lancashire and
Cheshire, was swept from Chenopodium sp. Its foodplants
Achillea millefolium and Centaura nigra were present here. —
J. S. S. CHARLES, Flat 4, 13 East Grove Road, Sheffield, S10 2NN
and E. F. Hancock, “Abbotsford”, Belmont, Ulverston,
Cumbria, LA12 7HD.

CYNAEDA DENTALIS (D. & S.) (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) ON THE
HAMPSHIRE MAINLAND. — A single specimen came to mercury
vapour light on 6.viii.71 on the brow of Portsdown Hill, and two
more on 3.vii.75 in the same place. The foodplant, viper’s
bugloss, grows freely on the steep bank below the road. There
have been reports of the species before, but none were con-
sidered entirely satisfactory by Goater (Butterflies and Moths of
Hampshire and the Isle of Wight). More recently Mr. S. A.
Knill-Jones records capturing a specimen away from the food-
plant at Freshwater, 28.vii.74 (Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist Soc..,
1975, 7:95).— Dr. RicHarD Dickson, MB.BChir., College of
the Resurrection, Mirfield, Yorks., WF14 OBW.

POLIA HEPATICA CLERCK (TINCTA BRAHM): SILVERY ARCHES
IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. — I was delighted to see in my home trap
a male specimen on 18th June, 1975. At first I regarded it as
just a casual wanderer, but after looking up previous recordings,
I find it is not in Donovan’s Catalogue (1941) but in the first
Supplement (1946) by Mr. Austen Richardson there is an entry
from Perkins’ list (1901) for Kimberland. This is a part of the
county which has changed considerably, and much of it is now
a developed area. In Richardson’s third Supplement (1972)
three records are given: Toddington and Almondsbury (1954)
and Tortworth (Michael Wood) 1964. Now in 1975 we have it
in Tetbury. I am left wondering if maybe it is not an adventitious
species after all. These localities are all south of the Severn
but are well apart. It may be that it has been overlooked or
that we have too few observers covering the area. — J. NEWTON,
11 Oxlease Close, Tetbury. Glos.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 103

GREEN ISLANDS OF THE NEPTICULIDAE.—In the newly
published Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland,
Vol. 1, Col. A. M. Emmet, in his introduction to the Nepticuli-
dae, states that the green islands in fallen leaves containing
mines have never satisfactorily been explained. During a past
meeting of the B.E.N.H.S. there was a discussion on this topic,
following an exhibit of larval mines, and I suggested a possible
explanation which was acceptable to most members present,
though the details have never been published. Further observa-
tions on changes during leaf fall tend to confirm my suggestion.

The needs of a living leaf cell are water, carbon-di-oxide
(for photosynthesis) and salt, mainly nitrates (for protein
synthesis). When in the autumn a leaf dies it does so because
an abscissus layer of cork forms across the base of the petiole
and this cuts off the supply of water and salts from the roots,
so that all synthesis stops. The vascular tissues of the leaf
become empty and starch can no longer be removed from the
leaves. The cells die and their contents decay. Guard cells in
the lower epidermis collapse, leaving the stomata open and
water evaporates. As the leaves dry out shrinkage tends to close
the stomata.

If the leaf is mined, however, the living larva produces
CO, and water by its own respiration, while the decaying frass
in the mine provides a source of nitrogenous material and
additional heat. It is suggested that this source of the three basic
materials is enough to keep a patch of cells around the mine
actively metabolising, and that such a patch, with functional
chlorophyll, will form an island sealed off by the dead cells
surrounding it.

Col. Emmet mentions, in his account of the mines of
Ectodemia intimella (Zeller), that the mines are often water-
logged. Where else, except from larval respiration, could this
water be derived, since the leaf cuticle is impermeable to water,
the stomata are closed and the normal supply cut off. When the
larva vacates the mine the island soon vanishes. — E. H. WILD,
112, Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon, Surrey, CR2 8EF.

MANIA MAURA LINNAEUS (OLD LaDy): AN EXTENDED
AESTIVATION OR AN UNUSUAL HIBERNATION? — On Sunday, 18th
January, before shedding my gardening clothes, I decided to
scrub the floor of my bug-room. I was well on with the job
when a strange shadow passed in front of me; I looked up and
was surprised to see a large moth flying clumsily around the
room light, and I was able to distinguish it as Mania maura
Linnaeus. After one or two widening rounds, it disappeared,
and I took it that it had returned to its resting place. Being
only a “macro”, I did not bother further with it, and it only
occurred to me later on that this species does not usually
hibernate. —S. N. A. Jacoss, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
23.i.1976. [This is most interesting and we should like to hear
of any other cases of suspected hibernation in this species. —
Editor. ]

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1V/76

Current Literature

The Dictionary of Butterflies and Moths in Colour by Eric

Laithwaite, Allan Watson and Paul E. S. Whalley, xlvi +

296 pp. (144 in colour). 9” * 12”. Michael Joseph, London

1975. £12.50.

This is really two books in one. Eric Laithwaite, better
known as Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering at Imperial
College, London, provided the introduction from the viewpoint
of an enthusiastic amateur lepidopterist. The dictionary section
was compiled by Messrs. Watson and Whalley of the British
Museum (Natural History).

Professor Laithwaite is always lively and interesting and,
while much of what he has to say may arouse controversy, his
very personal approach is refreshingly different in the field of
entomological literature. Observations that small tortoiseshells
often choose airing cupboards for hibernation, white admirals
seldom fly more than a foot from the ground, and Neotropical
owl butterflies (Caligo) habitually rest upside down, will raise
a smile from any competent field lepidopterist. Further, the
reader should not be carried along by the eminence of Professor
Laithwaite in other fields of science. For example, his comments
on the production of colour in Morpho butterflies are based
on fallacious arguments. Such imperfections, however, do not
detract from the charm and readability of his contribution.

The “‘dictionary”’ is far less satisfying. It must be accepted
that even selected world butterfly and moth genera cannot be
extensively covered in a single volume. Nevertheless, what has
been achieved is needlessly marred by a high proportion of
errors. It is perhaps significant that both authors are specialists
in moths since the greatest numbers of these relate to butterflies.
Incidentally, the latter receive a large space allocation bearing
in mind their small numbers in relation to the rest of the
Lepidoptera.

Several of the species figured are misidentified or the names
transposed and there are far too many careless errors in the
text. Two examples will suffice:

The inclusion of Battus crassus Cr. in the genus Eurytides
in both fig. 97 and the text on page 207 betrays a fundamental
lack of knowledge, since this is an Aristolochia-Papilio and a
member of the Troidini. Eurytides belongs to the Leptocircini.
A single dictionary entry, that for Nymphalidae, contains no
less than 21 mis-spellings of generic names and at least eight
genera are placed in the wrong subfamilies (one in fact appears
twice! ).

The quality of the colour photography and printing is high
although it is a pity several figures show a random mixture of
species from different families and geographical regions without
indicating this. Some specimens are much enlarged and others
reduced in scale, again, regrettably, without comment.

To summarise, this is an attractive introduction to world
Lepidoptera but merited more careful planning and execution,
particularly since the price is not inconsiderable. — P.E.S.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. — Separates of Col. Emmet’s ‘‘Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae”’, 35p, postage 9p, and “‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —1 would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. — S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BR2 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 — Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project — figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
3-5mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. — P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdy., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE.

Wanted —I1 require urgently live healthy specimens of Melolontha
melolontha (either sex), required for filming. — Please send to or contact
Rodger Jackman, 44 Old Torquay Road, Paignton, Devon TQ3 2RA.
Telephone Paignton 42913.

ane ll aia
a ha

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on I5th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
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CONTENTS

Variation in Lysandra coridon Poda, Summer 1975. A. D. A.

87

RUSSWURM 81
The Second Brood of Apatele euphorbiae s.sp. myricae Gn. in the

West of Ireland. H. C. HUGGINS : 82
“Everything Comes to Him...” B. R. BAKER ... 83
Lampides boeticus L.: the First Recorded Breeding in Britain.

P. SMART
Collecting Diary, 1975. D. BROWN ... 89
Notes on Gonepteryx cleopatra L. in Greece. J. BROWN ... 93
On the Feeding Habits of Four Species of Adult pata

(Diptera). O. M. WHITE ... 94
Some West Country Migrants in 1975. al General C. G.

LIPSCOMB ua aes s Ae re 97
Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. J. NEWTON . 98
An Attempt to Cross Biston strataria Hufn. with Biston betularia L.

f. insularia. L. W. SIGGS .. 100
Letter to the Editor. G. CHRISTENSEN 101
Corrigenda 92
Notes and Observations:

Autographa bractea D. & S. in Norfolk and Mythimna unipuncta

Haw. in Cambs. and Dorset. Rev. G. A. FORD ... 81

Pammene luedersiana Sorhagen: A Second Record from Scot-

land. A. M. EMMET ... 88
Helicoverpa armigera Hiibn. and ge gamma L. f.
bipartita Orstadius in Hants. K. H. BOBE . 99
Agrius convolvuli L. in Pembrokeshire in 1975. Dr. G. A. N.
HORTON ... d = Bp Ae at Bh ae 99
Cochylidia implicitana Wocke and Aethes smeathmanniana Fab.
in Lancashire. J. S.S. CHARLES and E. F. HANCOCK... 101
Cynaeda dentalis D. & S. on the i a mainland. Dr. R.
DICKSON : a) y 4p Be ee 2
Polia hepatica Clerck (tincta Brahm): Silvery Arches in —
Gloucestershire. J. NEWTON tte : 102
Green Islands of the Nepticulidae. E. H. WILD ... 103
Mania maura L. (Old Lady): An Extended Aestivation or an
Unusual Hibernation. S. N. A. JACOBS .. BP OB:
Current Literature ... : : oe ee 96, 104
The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Volume 3. J. M. CHALMERS- |
HUNT eis hero)

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

VOL. 88, No. 5 May, 1976
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Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.r.£.s.
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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

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awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
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LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA —
AN APPEAL

At present there is no work which adequately illustrates the
larvae of the British Lepidoptera. To remedy this it is proposed
to publish, in Volume 11 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great.
Britain and Ireland, coloured illustrations of as many species as
possible.

Living larvae of many species are required for photographing
in a standard way as a basis for colour drawings. Donors of larvae
will be provided with duplicate transparencies if required. Good
colour transparencies of reliably identified larvae in natural resting
positions are also needed. Transparencies will be copied and the
originals returned.

Lepidopterists whe are willing to contribute to this project
are invited to write to one of the addresses below for a list of
requirements.

Dee Carter. J. Heath,

Department of Entomology, Editor (MBGBI),
British Museum (Natural History), 104 Needingworth Road,
Cromwell Road, St lves:

London, Huntingdon,

SW7 SBD. Cambs. PE17 4JY.

WANTED — GEOMETRIDAE, LARENTIINAE for work in connection
with Volume 8 of “The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland’’. In my attempt to breed and study the species of this group, I still
require livestock of some of the more local species and sub-species. I would
be most grateful to hear from anyone willing to assist by supplying ova or
larvae and would be happy to make exchanges where possible. I also need
adults of a few of those species requiring genitalia preparations for deter-
mination. The “Pugs” are important in this respect and in particular
Eupithecia fraxinata (Crewe)/innotata (Hufri)/tamarisciata (Freyer) and
E. goosensiata (Mab.). Also Chloroclysta concinnata (Steph.) and C. citrata
pythonissata (Milliere). — J. Reid, 44 Hawthorn Way, Royston, Hertford-
shire.

105

Stigmella auritella (Skala) (Lep.: Nepticulidae):
A Species New to Britain
By A. M. EMMeT*

Amongst the Nepticulidae in the W. H. B. Fletcher collec-
tion, now housed in the Department of Zoology, University of
Cambridge, there is a series from Woodthorpe, Lincolnshire
(a village five miles west of Maplethorpe) which were reared
from an unspecified species of Salix. Fletcher had separated
these specimens from his Stigmella salicis (Stainton) and labelled
them Nepticula diversa Glitz: S. diversa is now regarded as a
synonym of S. obliquella (Heinemann). The specimens certainly
look different from S. salicis, but equally so from S. obliquella.
They are small and dark and at first I wondered whether they
might belong to S. vimineticola (Frey), a central and southern
European species to which British specimens of S. obliquella
were incorrectly ascribed by our older entomologists, but which,
nevertheless, could ultimately be found in this country.

Ss “h/ bs A Fat \\ A wn : . < Z :
UY ff, W/' a MWS WN ° =
y dl I " ER v \\ NN AN NSS SS
an Aes IANS WW . ws
ih \ AS WY Qyes
j .)
\\

\\

S.N.A.S:
26-¥11.1975~

Fig. 1: Stigmella salicis Stainton.
Fig. 2: Stigmella auritella (Skala).

At my request, Dr. J. Smart sent some of the Fletcher
specimens to Dr. J. Klimesch in Austria, who dissected the
genitalia and gave his opinion that they were certainly not S.

*Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15) Vie

24- 1975.

Figs. 3, 4: Stigmella salicis Stainton. Larval mines, natural size and
enlarged.

Figs. 5, 6: Stigmella quritella (Skala). Multiple larval mines, natural
size and enlarged.

STIGMELLA AURITELLA: A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 107

vimineticola, but might be Stigmella auritella (Skala, 1932);
however, he could not be certain, as the specimens had been
damaged in transit.

If S. auritella did indeed occur in Britain, the best locality
to search for it seemed to me to be the west of Ireland, where
mines of a nepticulid I had hitherto supposed to be S. salicis
occurred plentifully on Salix aurita. Accordingly, in July, 1974,
when I was on holiday in Connemara, I collected a number
of these mines at Ballynahinch and bred 25 adults during the
ensuing month. The imagines resembled those in the Fletcher
collection. Compared with specimens of S. salicis bred from
Salix caprea and S. cinerea in England, they are smaller and the
wings appear relatively longer and narrower. Whereas in S.
salicis the basal area of the forewing is yellowish fuscous, the
apical area dark purplish fuscous and the intervening fascia
broad and yellowish, in the Irish specimens base and apex alike
are dark fuscous, completely or virtually without any purplish
tinge and the narrower fascia is composed of pale, almost colour-
less scales. In S. salicis the terminal cilia of the forewings
are creamy white; in the Irish specimens they are silvery white.
S. salicis has the hindwing and its cilia yellowish grey, whereas
in the Irish specimens these are pale grey without the yellowish
tinge. In short, the Irish specimens are smaller, more slender
and with a more marked contrast between their dark and pale
scaling.

S.N.8.9.
7. 4.1976.

Figs. 7, 8: Stigmella auritella (Skala). Solitary larval mine, natural
size and enlarged.

In life history,too, there are differences to be observed.
The mines of S. salicis are usually (not always) solitary and the
mined leaves are to be found most commonly between 4 and
7 feet from the ground. The Irish species on Salix aurita is
much more gregarious, as many as four mines sometimes being

108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

present in quite small leaves. Low bushes are preferred, most
mines occurring within a foot or so of the ground and many
on dwarf bushes half buried in the grass. The mines also tend
to be smaller and more compact; their colour is discussed below.

During December, 1974, Mr. E. S. Bradford kindly made
genitalia dissections of three males and two females from the
Irish material and of a similar number of typical English S.
salicis. No differences were to be observed between the female
genitalia, but with the males there was a clear divergence in
the arrangement of cornuti on the aedeagus which was constant
for the two groups; furthermore, the genitalia of the Irish speci-
mens were distinctly smaller. After making drawings of all six
male genitalia, Mr. Bradford declared himself convinced that
there were two species.

Accordingly we sent the dissected specimens, together with
their genitalia preparations and Mr. Bradford’s drawings as well
as additional specimens which had not been dissected, to Dr.
Klimesch. He replied as follows: —

“Your §S. salicis (Stainton) agree perfectly with my speci-
mens bred from Salix caprea.

‘The genitalia of your material bred from Salix aurita from
Ballynahinch does not differ from our specimens bred from
Salix aurita. It is right, the Irish specimens are smaller and
several ones have relatively narrower wings than those from
Austria. Nevertheless, I am of the opinion that all examples
belong to the same form = auritella. The most characteristic
feature of the genitalia seems to me the ‘Cornutal plate’ which
is missing in salicis. The study of numerous auritella material
confirms my opinion that the hitherto problematic auritella
is indeed a good species.”

Professor Hering (1957) in his key to the leaf-mines on
Salix separates the mine of S. auritella from that of S. salicis
by the colour of the frass, which he declares to be reddish in
the former and black in the latter. This was a matter for
concern, since the frass in my supposed S. auritella mines was
black and did not differ in this respect from that in my S. salicis
mines. Accordingly, I consulted the Hering herbarium at the
British Museum (Natural History) and studied the type material
mines of S. auritella, collected by Skala himself. In these, too,
the frass was black like that of S. salicis. 1 drew Dr. Klimesch’s
attention to this point and he replied, ‘““Hering’s statement that
the frass of the auritella larva is red-brown does not seem to be
a characteristic feature of this species. Evidently the colour of
the frass changes under the influence of the weather (sun and
moisture) as we can observe in the mines of many species.” I
also consulted Skala’s original reference (Skala, 1932), where
I found that he described the mines on Salix aurita as being less
variable, paler and lighter brown than those of S. salicis on
Salix caprea; he did not make any mention of the colour of the
frass. His description matches my Irish mines well, for they too
are more brownish than the mines of S. salicis. It is possible
that Hering inadvertently tranferred the epithet “‘reddish’’ from
the mine to the frass.

STIGMELLA AURITELLA: A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN 109

9 10
Fig. 9: Male genitalia of Stigmella auritella (Skala).
Fig. 10: Male genitalia of Stigmella salicis Stainton.

Though at present S. auritella is recorded with certainty
only from Co. Galway, it probably also occurs freely in Britain
wherever its foodplant is common. This is likely to apply in
particular to Scotland, Wales and the western parts of England.
In all these areas I have observed vacated mines with the
characteristics of S. auritella.

My thanks are due to Dr. Klimesch for his advice, to Mr.
Bradford for the preparations and drawings of the genitalia
and to Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs for his figures of the mines and
adults.

Summary

Stigmella auritella (Skala, 1932) is added to the British List
on the evidence of Irish specimens bred from Salix aurita L.
The mine and imago are compared with those of Stigmella
salicis (Stainton, 1854).

References
Hering, E. M., 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa.
*s-Gravenhage.

Skala, H., 1932. Zur Falterfauna des oberen Muhlviertels. Kranch. ent.
Jahrb., 42: 101-107.

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

Collecting Controversy — Facts Wanted
By BriAN O. C. GARDINER*

The arguments for and against collecting continue to rage.
It is becoming more and more clear that parties on both sides
have taken up entrenched positions and there is a tendency
to fire broadsides and make statements which are totally
unsupported by evidence. A_ particularly bigoted outburst
against the ‘trade in wild butterflies’ has appeared in the
conservation journal Oryx and is by Professor D. F. Owen,
better known perhaps for his book on Tropical Butterflies
(Owen, 1974). This article contains a number of mis-statements
of fact and it is as well to take these one by one and refute
them with the appropriate evidence. The article is in fact typical
of many of the conservationist arguments which throw forth
wild and unproven allegations, unsupported by facts, and
pointedly ignore counter arguments which have been published.

Firstly, the editorial comment on Professor Owen’s article
states that “In Britain there are no restrictions on collecting,
importing, buying or selling of butterflies...”

There certainly are restrictions. No one may freely collect
in any Nature Reserve, whoever it belongs to, or is managed
by, without consent, and consent to collect certain species is
certainly refused, as for instance the Swallowtail Butterfly at
Wicken or the Large Copper at Woodwalton Fen.

No restrictions on importing? Why, I have a letter from
the Board of Trade informing me that I must have an import
licence to import butterflies from countries other than those
belonging to the Commonwealth! A recent article (Moon, 1975)
has drawn attention to the fact that under the Destructive Pests
and Diseases of Plants Order, 1965, certain livestock is banned
from being imported and a licence is required.

Professor Owen’s article states ““Dealers . . . also produce
and market butterfly jewellery made from the iridescent wings
of spectacular Morphos .. .”” And why not? This is a century-
old custom and I have already stated that it is this trade that
is protecting Morphos, the demand causing them to be bred,
not collected (Gardiner, 1973). Quite apart from personal com-
munications from colleagues who have been to South America,
there is a very interesting and unequivocal article (Wiltshire,
1959) from which it is worth quoting: — ‘‘These dazzling blue
giant (Morpho) butterflies provide Brazil with a minor industry
and article of export. . . . In order to cope with orders of
thousands at a time, these professionals (German entomological
dealers) of course breed the Morphos. This practice would
appear to guarantee the survival of the species so used .. .”
Why is such a definite statement by a lepidopterist of such
standing as Mr. E. P. Wiltshire so pointedly ignored by the
Conservation Lobby? Obviously it is a great embarrassment
to them.

* A.R.C. Unit of Invertebrate Chemistry and Physiology, Department of
Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge.

COLLECTING CONTROVERSY — FACTS WANTED lH

Another statement of Professor Owen is that ‘Butterflies
are conspicuous and easy to collect’’. Quite frankly, and I have
both collected and bred, I personally find it far less work to
breed two or three thousand butterflies than I do to catch two
or three hundred and in my experience caught speciments are
not of the 100% Al condition demanded by the dealers.

I do wish Professor Owen had stated where all these
auctions are, where old collections are constantly coming up
for sale, and can be acquired for quite a small sum. My own
experience is that old collections rarely come up for sale and
when they do prices go through the roof. For details of (pre-
inflation at that!) prices realised at auctions (see Gardiner,
1968, 1970).

I have personally seen, and so doubtless have many other
people, the extensive breeding arrangements for swallowtails at
two of the well-known entomological traders. This species is
so easy to rear it is just not a financially viable proposition
to go and catch them for sale. I only wish I had had the £5 a
pair they are stated to be worth for the many thousands I have
bred.

There is no known proved instance of any butterfly or moth
ever having been exterminated by over-collecting. Indeed in
the case of the Large blue this has been proved not to be so
(Muggleton, 1973). The Large copper is often quoted as having
been exterminated by over-collecting and perhaps this can never
be proved conclusively one way or the other. What is so very
obvious however is that before the early 19th century drainage
schemes it had a wide distribution in the fenlands of eastern
England. A good account of the utter devastation caused by
the drainage of Whittlesea Mere is given by Jenkins (1859).
Contemporary writers vary on possible causes of its extinction
and while Jenkins (1859) attributes it “* . . . to the discovery
of the larva, to the unceasing attacks of collectors, and to the
burning of the surface-growth of the Fens . . .”’, Douglas (1859)
states * . and was not at all rare; for almost any quantity
could be bought of the London dealers. But suddenly there
came a flood at a time when the insect was in the larva state:
all the broods were drowned, and afterwards there was not a
solitary specimen to gladden the eyes of a collector.”

It would appear that the frequently made statements that its
extinction was due to over-collecting are based on this statement
of Jenkins, but his qualifying remark “... and to the burning
of the surface-growth . . .” is invariably ignored as indeed
is also the devastation caused by the (very profitable) drainage
schemes and the conversion of large areas to monoculture
farming.

Another fact frequently forgotten was that the Large copper
was not the only species to become extinct in the Fens about
the middle of the last century. The Scarlet tiger and Rosy marsh
moth are two further examples, but perhaps the most intriguing
was the Gipsy moth which a few years later was to devastate
the shade trees of North America and is still a major pest

bEZ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

species. Numerous attempts have been made to re-introduce
this species in England; none has_ succeeded.

Further contemporary accounts of the drainage of the Fens,
the former localities and the disappearance (and the first failed
reintroduction of the Gipsy) are given by Miller & Skertchly
(1878) in their famous book on the Fenlands.

Is it not significant that not only the Large copper became
extinct? Why are the collectors not also castigated for causing
the extinction of the Gipsy moth? Quite obviously there needs
to be a great deal of research done, but the selection of but
one species for “‘special cause” of extinction by ‘‘over-collecting”
when other species became extinct contemporaneously show bias
and disregard of other factors which I would venture to suggest
have all the implications of climatic change, for after all so
many of our Lepidoptera are at the northern limit of their
range and above all it should not be forgotten that new species
have moved in. That this is indeed the case has recently been
clearly presented by Heath (1974).

References

Dougias, J. W., 1859. A lament for the Large Copper. Ent. Weekly
Intel., 7: 95-96.

Gardiner, B. O. C., 1968. The butterfly sale of the century. Ent. Rec. &
J. Var., 80: 133-132.

, 1970. Auction. Ent. Rec. & J. Var., 82: 330-332.

, 1973. The insect trade. Bull. amat. ent. Soc., 32:

131-133.

Heath, J., 1974. A century of change in the Lepidoptera. Jn Hawksworth,
D. L. (Editor). The Changing Flora and Fauna of Britain, 6: 275-
292. Academic Press, London.

Jenkins, E. C. F., 1859. A lament for the Large Copper. Ent. Weekly
Intel., 7: 79-80.

Miller, S. H. and Skertchly, S. B. J., 1878. The Fenland Past and Present.
Leach & Sons, Wisbech.

Moon, D. J., 1975. Licences needed to breed pests. Bull. amat, Ent.
Soc., 34: 1-3.

Muggleton, J., 1973. Some aspects of the history and ecology of blue
butterflies in the Cotswolds. Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 6: 77-84.

Owen, D. F., 1974. Trade threats to Butterflies. Oryx, 12: 479-483.

Wiltshire, E. P., 1959. First impressions of the tropical forests of South-
eastern Brazil and their Lepidoptera. J. Lepidopt. Soc., 13: 79-88.

EUMICHTIS LICHENEA (HUBNER) (LEP.: NOCTUOIDEA)
FEATHERED RANUNCULUS, ON THE HAMPSHIRE MAINLAND. — On
the morning of 30th September, 1975 there were 2 6 ¢ Feathered
Ranunculus in the mercury vapour trap at lower Titchfield
Haven. These were of the normal green form. The only main-
land Hampshire record accepted by Goater (The Butterflies and
Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 1974) was of a
female taken at Lymington in August 1947. I wonder if this
is a breeding species here? This fine Reserve has also provided
Mythimna loreyi (Duponchel) and the only Hampshire Senta
flammea (Curtis), both taken by Jackson (Proc. S. Lond. ent.
nat. Hist Soc., 1958:31; and Entomologist, 1952, 85: 43).—
Dr. RicHarD Dickson, MB.BChir., College of the Resurrection,
Mirfield, Yorks., WF14 OBW.

113

Collecting Lepidoptera and Other Insects in
Sicily in 1975
By ANTHONY VALLETTA, F.R.E.S.*

Sicily, the island nearest to Malta, has lately been my
favourite collecting place. I have paid five visits there since
1969 and written accounts of the first three.

This time I stayed from 7th-14th May at Zafferana Etnea
on the slopes of Mt. Etna and some 800 metres above sea level.
I decided thoroughly to explore the area there about Albergo
del Bosco (Emmaus) by collecting some 200m. higher up and
100m. lower down. My nine floor hotel with so many balconies
and terraces, and surrounded as it was by woods of chestnut
and oak and a very rich flora, would have been an excellent
place for collecting moths, but owing to lighting restrictions
only the most essential lights were in use. However, I found
one didn’t need to exert oneself too much as both in the hotel
grounds and by the roadsides leading to the volcano there grew
an enormous abundance of wild flowers of different species such
as Cherinthe major, Geranium sanguineum, Lathyrus nissolia
and Centhranthus ruber, all of which attracted a great variety
of insects.

I left Luga Airport on 7th May at 10.55 Malta time, but
owing to poor visibility the schedule 25 minutes journey took
nearly an hour. On arrival at Catania Airport my intimate friend
Signor Sebastiano Distefano was waiting to drive me to Zafferana
in time for lunch. That afternoon the weather being misty was
poor for butterflies, but hymenoptera were active and several
species of bumble-bee were noted at various flowers, mostly
honey-wort and shaggy vetch, among which were Bombus
lucorum L., B. agrorum F., B. pratorum L. and Anthophora
pilipes F. That evening at the hotel I noticed the geometers
Eupithecia breviculata Donz. and Idaea seriata Schrank, and
the Noctuoid Antophila anaphanes Boursin.

The following day was fine only till 8.30 a.m., but having a
quick look by the hotel I netted a ‘“‘blue’’ which I thought was
Glaucopsyche alexis Poda, but was surprised to find instead
Cyaniris semiargus Rott., a species I had never before taken at
this locality. It seems a colony of semiargus has lately formed
close-by as later I encountered six more including both sexes.

On the 9th, it being fine, butterflies were out in full force.
As early as 8 a.m. both G. alexis and Anthocharis cardamines
L. were mating on the heads of the pin-cushion flower at the
entrance to the hotel, and by 9 a.m. more butterflies were on
the wing: Euchloe ausonia Hb., Pieris napi meridionalis Heyne,
P. rapae L. and curiously enough Leptidea sinapis sartha Ruhl.
another species taken for the first time in this locality, also
Pararge aegeria sardoa Vty., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Coeno-
nympha pamphilus L. and Vanessa cardui L. 100m. higher up
I came across the much desired Anthocharis damone Boisd., a
male. Those were the species on the wing that morning, but

* 257 Msida Street, B’kara, Malta.

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

other insects were also noticed on the different flowers, such as
the small green beetle with the swollen femur — Oedemera
nobilis Scop., both males and females, the long-horn beetle
Cartallum ebulinum L., the hopper Cercopis sanguinolenta Il.
and quite a variety of hymenoptera new to me.

The 10th being bright and sunny, my friend agreed to drive
us to a higher altitude, but before his arrival I saw near the
hotel several G. alexis, C. semiargus and another A. damone (a
fresh male). Distefano and I then ascended to 1,100 m. and
had four stops coming down, collecting in different types of
habitat. Our first stop was at a place where the scanty vegetation
consisted of a few shrubs and patches of cruciferous plants, and
among the few insects noted there were Pieris mannii todaroana
Pincit and Lycaenopsis argiolus L. The second stop at 1,000 m.,
although covered with a variety of flowers produced only A.
cardamines, several Colias crocea Fourc. and a few P. rapae.
The third locality was a mass of yellow asphodel (A. lutea) a
wonderful sight, and there the skipper Pyrgus malvoides Elw.
& Edw. was quite common together with Aglais urticae opima
Vty. and Pararge megera L. The fourth and last stop being at a
lower level and warmer was more fruitful, with I/phiclides
podalirius L., Zerynthia hypsipyle Schulz. and most of the other
butterfly species already noticed. The following two days the
weather was most depressing with few butterflies being seen
and none of note. However, further down at Dagala, now and
then a ray of sunshine encouraged insects to fly, and on a
labiate plant examples of the metallic green beetle Chrysomela
menthastri Suffr. were quite absorbed in the propagation of the
species.

On the 13th, though dull at this altitude, it looked much
brighter elsewhere, so my friend decided to go further north-east
of the island. Accordingly we proceeded down the coast along
the autostrada from Giarre as far as Taormina Nord and then
some distance further north to some waste ground on a hillside
covered with many species of wild flowers, though mostly made
up of Bellardia trixago, Centranthus ruber, Bartia sp., Bellis
sylvestris and Chrysanthemum coronaria. In the bright sun we
noted the Syntomid Amata marjana Stauder, and I was particu-
larly pleased to take the Sesiid Bembecia chrysidiformis var.
sicula Le Cerf. and the Ascalaphid Ascalafus longicornis. We
also disturbed the Noctuids Synthymia monogramma Hibn.,
Heliothis peltigera D. & S. and the Geometer Aspilates ochrearia
Rossi. Several Hemiptera were noticed, the most common being
Pyrrchocoris apterus L., Rhinocoris erythropus L., Graphosoma
lineatum L. and Lygaeus pandurus Scop. var. militaris F. A
few beetles were also taken: Scarites buparius Forst., Chrysomela
banksi F., C. grossa F., Omophlus lepturoides F. and Otior-
rhynchus sulcatus F.

The 14th was again a miserable day with no sun, but the
15th was at last sunny all day and a public holiday in Catania.
My friend drove me to Adrano, my favourite collecting place
where in previous years I had taken 26 species of butterfly

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN SICILY IN 1975 BS

in under two hours. This locality known as Contrada Rovolito
and 660 m. above sea level, is mostly planted with pistacio,
prickly-pear, almonds and olives, but the flora is very rich in
the narrow sheltered lanes. The first butterfly taken was /.
podalirius L. followed by the only P. mannii. Gonepteryx Cleo-
patra L., mostly females, were all tattered, C. crocea was fairly
common as were P. icarus, A. agestis, C. pamphilus, P. megera,
A. cardamines and P. daplidice. The only skipper taken was
Reverdinus marrubii Rbr. At 1.00 p.m. we went to the only
restaurant in the town of Adrano, which is also a night club,
and after lunch I took a look at the huge dining-room, and to
my surprise found the inner hall smothered with Arctia villica
L. attracted by the lights of the previous evening; but very soon
I was spellbound when I saw two huge moths, not quite dead,
pinned to a shelf at the bar: they were Saturnia pyri D. & S.
the largest moth in Europe. What a surprise! The padrone
seeing me so excited quite willingly presented me with one
of them. He told me that every year these huge moths visit the
lights and often scare the customers. Before leaving we found
outside, two huge beetles resting on their backs and waving
their legs, these were Oryctes nasicornis L. That evening | was
invited to dinner some 20 km. from Catania, somewhere in the
Vaccarizzo area on the way to Syracuse in open country not
far from the coast. There several species of moth visited the
lights including Hyles livornica Esp. and Lamoria anella D. & S.
It may be of interest to add that during my stay in Sicily H.
livornica was noticed in Malta and maybe the specimens seen
that evening in Sicily were the arrivals of that migration.

The 16th was another warm sunny day and that morning
we drove to Carlentini, and on to Lentini, two closely situated
towns at a level of 200 m. and 56 m. respectively. Maniola
jurtina hispulla Esp. were very common, especially the males
which were just emerging; we also encountered the first seen
Papilio machaon sphyrus Hiibn. and Thymelicus acteon Rmb.
(all males). A sight I shall never forget was the large number
of Amata marjana resting on the flower-heads of the pin-cushion
flower, most of which were mating. This area is also rich in
hymenoptera of which the following were seen: Scolia flavifrons
F., Eumenes pomiformis F., Eucera ruficollis, E. longicornis L.,
Anthidium septemdentatum L., A. fonstainesii Lep., Chalico-
doma sicula Rossi and different species of Osmia, Halictus and
Polistes. The following species of Coleoptera were noticed on
Ferula communis and Angelica archangelica: Labidostomis
taxicornis F., Agapanthia irrorata F., Cartallum ebulinum L.,
Omoplus lepturoides F., Nacerda melanura F., Scarites nuparius
Forst.; and on Chrysanthemum coronaria, I noticed Anthraxia
ignipennis Hiibn., and on a Leliaceae plant, Exosoma lusi-
tanicum L. Several species of hemiptera were also collected:
Eurydema ventrale Kol., Caloris nemoralis F. and its forms
picea Cyr., and hispanica F.; Reduvius personatus L., and
Eurygaster austriaca Sch.

My second visit to Sicily this year was from 26th to 31st
July. The first thing that struck me was the same dryness of

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

vegetation as in Malta, especially on the low ground. On the
27th I went up Mt. Etna through Nicolosi to the Refugio
Sapienza (1,905 m.). The vegetation there was rather sparse with
only patches of Achillea tomentosa (Yellow Milfoil), Heli-
chrysum_ stoechas (Stinking Everlasting) and Saponaria
ocymoides (Rock Soapwort) to give colour to the otherwise
dreary expanse of lava. On these plants numerous species of
Procris were noticed and were easy to collect by hand. Among
the butterflies were Heodes alciphron Rott. (mostly females and
already past their best), /ssoria lathonia L., Philotes baton
Berg; also Hipparchia fagi major Esp., Chazara briseis turatii
Fruhst. and Hipparchia semele blachieri Fruhst., but owing
to their excellent camouflage when resting on the larva and very
fast and elusive flight these three were not so easily taken.

On the 28th I again paid a visit to my favourite haunts of
Zafferana (900 m.) where the weather as usual was cloudy, but
by beating the dry vegetation large numbers of Pyronia cecilia
Vallantin were disturbed as well as hundreds of the common
Lycaenids together with M. jurtina hispulla and C. pamphilus
lyllus. Later, as the weather improved, Agapetes galathea
procida Hbst. appeared, and to my great surprise Hipparchia
statilinus maritima Rost. which I never expected to see on the
slopes of Etna and is not mentioned by Sichel (1963a). There,
the ant-lions Creolon plumbeus Oliv. and Morter hyalinus Oliv.
were also noticed resting on the stalks of different plants. Both
the 29th and 30th were very hot and sunny; on the 29th I saw
G. cleopatra and P. machaon at the blossoms of bougainvillea
near Aci San Antonio (161 m.); and the following day at Santa
Maria di Licodia (442 m.), 7. podalirius was very common but
difficult to net as the locality is full of fruit trees, also seen
were Polygonia egea Cr. and Pyrgus malvoides Elw. & Edw.

The 31st was a date to be remembered as I never saw so
many species of butterfly at one time. I again visited the slopes
of Etna on this occasion stopping at a height of 1,700 m. and
walking down to 1,400 m., and though sunny it was deliciously
cool and refreshing up there after the heat of Catania. At that
height vegetation consists mostly of oak, chestnut and Genista
which was still covered with the yellow flowers and on these
hundreds of Lampides boeticus L., quite small in size, were
sipping the nectar together with a few Syntarucus perithous L.
and Lycaenopsis argiolus L. On the higher branches of oaks
several Quercusia quercus L. were zig-zagging in a most compli-
cated way. In between the rows of trees, A. galathea and P.
aegeria flew in numbers. But what struck me most was the great
number of the huge H. fagi major Esp. that flew fast and rested
only on the larva or the tarmac of the road; however, one could
attract this butterfly quite easily by baiting with banana skins
and water melon rind, so much so that wherever there were
people picnicing, one would notice it flying about and then dive
down on what was left behind. I was surprised to count nine on
a single water melon rind, but as soon as one flew away, all the
others followed suit just as rabbits or birds do. On the open

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN SICILY IN 1975 Liz.

ground P. cecilia, H. alciphron, A. urticae, I. lathonia, P.
armoricanus, O. venata, A. lineola, C. crocea and the usual
Lycaenids were common. Further down at a hight of 1,500 m.
among a vast expanse of Genista, I. podalirius, Brenthis daphne
Esp., M. didyma meridionalis Stdgr. and Panoriana pandora
D. & S. were flying freely. Among the low vegetation Hippocrita
jacobaeae, Sterrha sacraria and the micros Melasima lugubris
Hiibn. and Bradyrrhoa luteola La Harpe were disturbed. It
really was an enjoyable day.

On Ist August, I visited Contrada Ogliostrello, near
Taormina, on the heights of Castel Mola (550 m.), and there the
commonest butterfly was Stoperia proto Ochs. resting on thistles
by the road-side.

The following is a list of the Rhopalocera noticed: Papilio
machaon sphyrus Hiibn., Iphiclides podalirius L., Zerynthis
hypsipyle Schultz, Pieris brassicae L., P. rapae L., P. napi
meridionalis Heyne, P. mannii todaroana Pincit, Pontia daplidice
L., Leptidea sinapis sartha Ruhl, Euchloe ausonia romana
Calberla, Anthocaris cardamines turritiferens Vty., A. damone
Boisd., Colias crocea Fourc., Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Vanessa
cardui L., V. atalanta L., Aglais urticae opima Vty., Polygonia
egea Cr., Issoria lathonia L., Melitaea didyma meridionalis Stgr.,
Pandoriana pandora D, & S., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Philotes
baton Berg., Cyaniris semiargus Rott., Glausopsyche alexis
Poda, Lycaenopsis argiolus L., Cosmolyce boeticus L., Syntaru-
cus perithous L., Lycaena phlaeas L., Heodes alciphron aetnea
Turati, Aricia agestis D. & S., Quercusia quercus L., Pararge
aegeria sardoa Vty., P. megera australis Vty., Maniola jurtina
hispulla Esp., Coenonympha pamphilus L., C. pamphilus lyllus
Esp., Hipparchia fagi major Esp., H. statilinus allionia f.
maritima Rost., H. semele blachieri Fruhst., Chazara_ briseis
turatii Fruhst., Pyronia cecilia arminii Stdgr., Agapetes galathea
L., Pyrgus malvoides Elw. & Edw., P. armoricanus Ob., A podaea
aceteon ragusai Vty., Stoperia proto Ochs., Adopea lineola clara
Tutt, Ochlodes venata esperi Vty., Reverdinus marrubii Rbr.

References

Bernardi, G., 1961. Le Peuplement des Iles Mediterraneennes et le
Probleme de_ I’Insularite-Colloques Internationaux du _ Centre
Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique.

Bretherton, R. F., 1965. Sampling the Butterflies of Sicily. Ent. Rec.,
77: 168-176.

Greenwood, J. A. C., 1968. Brief Visits to Austria, Malta and Sicily in
1967. Ent. Rec., 80: 29-32. :
Hesselbarth, G. and Valletta, A., 1969. Collecting round Taormina,

Sicily. Ent. Rec., 81: 234-7.

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies
of Britain and Europe.

Mariani, Mario, 1939. Fauna Lepidopterorum Siciliae. Mem. Soc. Ent.
Ttals,, 17 129-187.

Sichel, Giovanni, 1955. Primo Contributo alla conoscenza dei Ropaloceri
della zona montana Etnea. Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze
Naturali in Catania, Serie VI, Vol. X.

5 IRS Y/. Secondo Contributo alla conoscenza di Ropalo-
ceri della zona montana Etnea—Osservazioni biometriche su Aglais
urticae L. Estratto dal Bol. Zoologia, Vol. XXVI fasc. II.

118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

, 1959. Terzo Contributo alla conoscenza di Ropalo-

ceri della zona Etnea. Estratto dal Bol. di Zoologia, Vol. XXVI
, 1963a. Quarto Contributo alla conoscenza della

fauna Ropalocerica Etnea. Considerazioni Zoogeografiche. Estratto
dagli Atti dell’Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia Rendi-
conti, Anno X 1962, 113-118.

—_________. 1963b. Fragmenta Entomologica, Vol. IV fasc. 5.

Valletta, A., 1970. Collecting on Mt. Etna, Sicily. Ent. Rec., 82: 203-208.

—_—_____—, 1971. Mt. Etna Re-visited. Ent. Rec., 83: 234-236.

Verity, R., 1940-53. Le Farfalle Diurne d'Italia. Vols. I-V.

Current Literature

Born on the Wind. The extraordinary world of insect flight
by Stephen Dalton. Foreword by Prof. H. Evans. 74 colour
plates. Chatto & Windus. £5.50.

A beautifully produced book which will fascinate ento-
mologists and photographers, and appeal to the non-specialist
reader. The superb photographs reveal much that was unsus-
pected about the flight of insects. The scattering of scales by
moths taking off explains why only the bred insect is perfect.
Prof. Evans’ introduction is informative on energy factors
involved in flight.

Basic aerodynamics are discussed and insect flight is shown
to be based on different principles. The Pterygota orders are
reviewed. Some of the opinions are not supported by observa-
tion. Vespa vulgaris is not only a fruit and nectar feeder—its
main diet is insect protein and fat. Pieridae are not weak fliers—
many are active migrants. Does Acherontia atropos only feed
on honey from bees nests, and how often?

The book ends with a full account of the photographic
techniques used and the research needed to overcome the
problems involved. — E.H.W.

Mites Injurious to Economic Plants by L. R. Jeppson, H. H.
Keifer and E. W. Baker. Roy. 8vo., pp. xxiv+614, 138
text figs., 116 plates. University of California Press, 1975.
£19.50
This comprehensive and authoritative digest of the mites

known to produce injury to plants used for food, fibre or

aesthetic purposes is divided into the following chapters:

Introduction to Acari; Population ecology; History of chemical

control and mite resistance to acaricides; Principles of

chemical control of plant-feeding mites; Biological enemies
of mites; Mites and plant diseases; The Tetranychidae Donna-
dieu; Injurious tetranychid mites; The Tenuipalpidae Berlese;

The Tarsonemidae Kramer; The Tydeidae, Tuckerellidae,

Pyemotidae, Penthaleidae, Astigmata, and Cryptostigmata;

The Eriophoidea Nalepa; Injurious eriophyoid mites.

Over 700 references are given in the specialised biblio-
graphies. The three appendices include (1) common and
scientific names of plants, (2) scientific names of pesticides, and
(3) synoptic keys to groups and genera of the Eriophyoidea.
A host plant index and general index conclude the work.

119

Apropos of Dr. Young’s Letter
By H. C. Huaains*

At the risk of sticking my neck out I will say that with a
few reservations I agree with Dr. Young (vide his letter in
Ent. Rec., 87: 299).

I am very glad that the indefensible practice of visiting a
well-known locality for a rare or highly localised species year
after year until perhaps a drawerful of exactly similar examples
has been amassed has now become a thing of the past. The only
good reason I can discover for taking a rare or even moderatelly
common insect which does not vary, after a small series for
reference has been obtained, is the capture of one or two to
vouch for its occurrence in a new county or district for the
purpose of a local list. I have assisted in the preparation of
several of these and both my coadjutors and myself have often
been troubled by a record, old or new, unaccompanied by a
specimen. Often there may be the problem of misidentification,
especially with micros, but also a species may have been sub-
divided fairly recently, as in the case of Plusia festucae L. and
P. gracilis Lempke.

I have had cases where good photographs have been sub-
mitted, but these, if taken from a living insect, cannot show
details of the hind-wings, palpi, or antennae; moreover, in the
case of difficult insects no anatomical confirmation is possible.
Even the best colour plates offer no facilities for a preparation
of genitalia. Also, in some cases a rather long series of a varying
insect is necessary to give a true picture of its position. As an
instance I will cite Maniola jurtina s.sp. iernes Graves. Several
writers convey the impression that the amount of tawny colora-
tion in both sexes is much larger in the Irish insect than in the
typical race. This is not necessarily so, the constant difference
is in the underside, a fair proportion of iernes are quite as dark
as southern English ones, the two darkest females I have are
from Cork and Clare and are quite different from the fine form
approaching hispulla most collectors associate with iernes. This
mistaken opinion has arisen from visitors to the country selecting
the more extreme forms, especially professionals like the late
Sabine. Cockayne always impressed on me the importance of
making, in the case of a fairly common insect, a random
collection of 20 or 30 to give a true idea of the race.

Another practice I deprecate is the growing one in these
days of motors of only keeping personally collected specimens.
Of course it is a pleasure in looking at a bug to remember the
circumstances of its capture, the scenery and possibly the
companionship. In 1950, Philip Graves, my wife and myself
went to Goleen, Co. Cork, to take Argynnis aglaia L., which
is very local in that county and more highly coloured than in
Southern England. The place where it was found was a nasty
rocky field where pursuit was most difficult, especially as it was
a gorgeous hot day. Philip got none, I caught four males which

* 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

I shared with him, and my wife a very large female insect, which
Cockayne found to be larger than any at Tring. I never look
at that butterfly, which she caught by standing at a clump of
thistles, without recalling the scene.

I myself, if a butterfly or moth does not vary, do not care
whence my short set came. My series of Limenitis camilla L.
consists of a dozen; of these nine were given to me by the Rev.
C. R. N. Burrows over 70 years ago, one was netted here in
1946 for the sake of the locality, another in the autumn of 1947
to vouch for the unusual second brood, and the twelfth is an
ab. nigrina bought at the Rev. J. N. Marcon’s sale. In my
numerous visits to the New Forest I must have seen thousands.

Even rare insects I treat in the same way. Some years ago
when Perizoma sagittata F. turned up in numbers in a certain
locality, I was offered a lift by a collector who had taken larvae
in the preceding year and was going for more, to accompany
him to the spot. I told him I had a short bred set given me in
1909 by Charles Fenn of brevilinea fame and they would suffice,
even if slightly faded. As Fenn was then an old man they are
probably about a hundred years old, but I have never regretted
my decision. I have only once seen sagittata alive. I netted a
female quite fresh but obviously full of eggs in a well-known
locality where the moth is rare and let her go again.

I do not wish to give the impression that I never take a
long series but only that I take short ones where the insect
does not vary, or produce local races. I have a drawer of
Euphyia bilineata L. from various localities in the west of Ireland
and a half a drawer of Cryphia muralis Forst from the same
country.

But if moths fade, as many do, well let °em. Once the true
colours have been fixed in the eye, and possibly entered in a
notebook, a deterioration in colour is vexatious but scientifically
irrelevant. Allowance for such fading must be noted in making
a description; Donovan (Cat. Macrolep. Ireland, p. 77) describes
the mountain form of Calostygia didymata L. as very dark
brownish-black, whereas it is jet-black when fresh and his were
evidently old specimens; a friend of mine (now deceased).
renewed his ‘“‘emeralds” every ten years, a sufficiently silly
procedure. Of course, some like Thetidia smaragdaria F. do
not fade at all, my own, bred from the Kentish locality I dis-
covered (now destroyed) in 1922 are still quite fresh in colour.

MYTHIMNA OBSOLETA HUBN. (OBSCURE WAINSCOT) IN
Sussex. — Further to a previous note regarding Meliana
flammea Curtis (Flame Wainscot) in Sussex in 1974 (Ent. Rec.,
87: 64), examination of a catch at m.v. light on the night of
16th June, 1975 revealed the presence of a male L. obsoleta-——
identification kindly confirmed by Dr. J. V. Banner and Mr. G
Botright. — Coin PrarrT, ‘“‘Oleander’’, 5 Peacehaven, Newhaven,
Sussex.

121

Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire
By R. M. PALMER*
PART 3
Micropterigoidea — Tortricoidea

293 species are included in the main list, of which 105
belong to the Tortricoidea. A further 70 species (36 Tortricoidea)
are listed separately; these have not been found recently but
appeared in earlier publications to which reference has been
made. The list is considered to be far from complete and lengthy
supplements are anticipated since it is clear that a considerable
amount of work remains to be done on the microlepidoptera of
this large and varied area. The information included here
without dates refers to the years 1970-75 inclusive (1973-75 in
the case of the Rothamstead trap at Banchory).

The format is as in previous sections (Ent. Rec., 86, 33-44,
273-84, 87, 180-88, 218-24) but earlier published records have
been included even for the common species. I have been advised
that a division of the Aberdeenshire records into vice-counties
would be helpful. As the majority of records relate to S. Aber-
deen (V.C. 92) this is most simply achieved by listing the
localities in V.C. 93. These are Collieston, Forvie N.N.R.,
Fraserburgh, Fyvie, Gight Woods, Huntly, Logie Buchan,
Pitcaple, Pitscurrie, Rattray Head, Turriff and parts of
Bennachie.

Acknowledgements

The preparation of the third part of the list would virtually
have been impossible for me to undertake unaided at the present
time. A large proportion of the records has been provided by
Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton who has also identified many of my
own specimens, read the final manuscript and suggested various
improvements. Dr. R. Dickson has also aided me by identifying
material. To both of these lepidopterists for their invaluable
help, to all those who have provided records and whose names
appear in Parts 1 and 2, to Col. A. M. Emmet, Dr. M. Harper,
Mr. P. Hulme and Mr. P. Smith who have also provided records,
and to my wife for many hours spent in typing I extend my
sincerest thanks.

References

I have had recourse to additional references. These are: —
Bankes, E. R., 1907. Ent. Mon. Mag., 143: 257-8.
Bradley, J. D. and Fletcher, D. S., 1974. Ent. Gaz., 25: 219-223.
Heath, J., 1976. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland,
Vol. 1.
Langmaid, J. R., 1976. Ent. Rec., 88: 29.
Morison, G. D., 1953. Trans. R. Highl: Agric. Soc. Scot., 65: 64-5.
Shaw, M. W., 1956. Plant Path., 5: 75.

Species on previous lists for which there are no recent
records: Micropterix thunbergella F., Eriocrania haworthi
Bradley, Hepialus lupulinus L., Nepticula marginicolella Sti.

* 2 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen.

122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

Lampronia rubiella Bjerk., L. morosa Zell., Adela fibulella
D. & S., Cossus cossus L., Zygaena trifolii Esp.*, Solenobia
inconspicuella Stt., Trichophaga trapetzella L., Niditinea fusci-
punctella Haw., Tinea pellionella L., Leucoptera lotella Stt.,
Caloptilia leucapennella Steph., Calybites auroguttellla Steph.,
Pyllonorycter spinolella Dup., Glyphipterix fuscoviridella Haw.,
Argyresthia semitestacella Curt., Cedestis gysseliniella Zell.,
Ocnerostoma_ piniariella Zell., Prays fraxinella Bjerk., Rhigo-
gnostis annulatella Curt., Coleophora lutipenella Zell., C. vitisella
Gregs., C. murinipennella Dup., Amphisbatis incongruella Stt.,
Agonopterix alstroemeriana Cl., Teleiodes sequax Haw., Lita
solutella Zell., Scrobipalpa atriplicella F. von R., Caryocolum
marmoreum Haw., Syncopacma sangiella Stt., Mompha miscella
D. & S., Pandemis corylana F., Pseudoargyrotoza conwagana
F., Olindia schumacherana F., Cnephasia longana Haw., Tortri-
coides alternalla D. & S., Aleimma loeflingiana L., Acleris
comariana L. & Z., A. lipsiana D. & S., Olethreutes arbutella
L., O. olivana Treits., O. cespitana Hibn., Ancylis uncella
D. & S., A. diminutana Haw.*, A. mitterbacheriana D. & S.,
A. apicella D. & S., Epinotia maculana F., E. sordidana Hibn.,
E. caprana F., E. bilunana Haw., E. immundana F. von R., E.
cinereana Haw., E. rubiginosana H.-S., Epiblema farfarae Flet.,
Blastesthia posticana Zett., B. turionella L., Rhyacionia pini-
vorana L. & Z., R. duplana logaea Durr., Pammene splendi-
dulana Guen., P. argyrana Hiibn., Cydia pomonella L., C.
cosmophorama_ Treits., Dichrorampha senectana Guen., D.
simpliciana Haw., Hysterophora maculosana Haw., Aethes
rubigana Treits. and Cochylidia subroseana Haw.*.

* Species considered to have been recorded in error.

MICROTERIGOIDEA
Micropterigidae
Micropterix aureatella Scop.

A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1907).

K. Banchory, one, 1943 (G.M.); Mergie, 1975 (R.M.P.,
M.R.Y.).

M. aruncella Scop.

Rare (Reid, 1893).

A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1960, 1970; Braemar, one, 1969,
one, 1970; Dinnet Muir; one and Crathie, 1969
(E.C.P.-C.); Bieldside, 1975 (M.R.Y.); Gight Woods,
1975 (R.M.P.).

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.).

M. calthella L.

A. Bennachie (Reid, 1893). Drum Castle Woods, 1975
(R.M.P.).

ERIOCRANIOIDEA
Eriocraniidae
Dyseriocrania subpurpurella Haw.

Common (among birch — suggests mis-identification) (Reid,

1893).

A. Tillyfoure Oakwood, 1975 (M.R.Y,).

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 123

Eriocrania sangii Wood
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1974 (R.M.P.).
E. semipurpurella Steph.
Scarce (Reid, 1893).
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1974 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T.

HEPIALOIDEA
Hepialidae

Hepialus humuli L.

Common (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Common.
H. sylvina L.

A. Fyvie (Trail, 1878); Aberdeen (Reid, 1893); Fintray

(R.M.P).

K. Muchalls, Banchory (Trail, 1878); Cove (E.P.).
H. hecta L.

Locally abundant (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Common.
H. fusconebulosa DeGeer

Abundant (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Abundant.

NEPTICULOIDEA
All records provided by Mr. Pelham-Clinton unless other-
wise stated.

Nepticulidae
Stigmella ruficapitella Haw.
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1971, mines on Quercus.
S. hemargyrella Kollar
Empty mines on Fagus sylvaticus: —
A. Ordie (E.C.P.-C.); Aberdeen, 1975 (P.H.); Monymusk,
1975 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
S. nylandriella Tengs.
Empty mines on Sorbus aucuparia: —
A. Glentanar, Dinnet and Crathie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.); Drum
Castle Woods, 1975 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
S. luteella Stt.
Common (Reid, 1893).
A. Ordie, mine on Betula verrucosa, 1971.
S. hybnerella Hibn.
A. Mines on Crataegus monogyna, Braemar, 1969, 1970;
Crathie, “1971.
S. malella Stt.
A. V.C. 92 (Emmet, 1976 in Heath, M.B.G.B.I., Vol. 1).
Nepticula salicis Stt.
Larvae occasionally (Reid, 1893).
A. Ordie, mines on Salix atrocinerea, 1971.
N. assimilella Zell.
A. Crathie, empty mines on aspen, 1971.

124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

N. tengstroemi Nolcken.
A. Lecht Road, near Cock Bridge, larvae on Rubus
chamaemorus (A. M. Emmet and E.C.P.-C.).
N. floslactella Haw.
K. Banchory, mines and one larva on Corylus, 1973.
N. sorbi Stt.
A. & K. Mines common on S. aucuparia, E.C.P.-C.,
R.M.P.).
N. aurella F.
Rather scarce (Reid, 1893).
A. Tyrebagger Hill, empty mines on Rubus fructicosus
(R.M.P.).
N. splendidissimella H.-S.'
A. V.C. 92 (Emmet, 1976 in Heath, M.B.G.B.I., Vol. 1).
N. lapponica Wocke.
A. & K. Mines common on Betula (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
N. confusella Wood
A. & K. Mines on Betula.
Ectoedemia argentipedella Zell.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1964; Ordie, one mine on
Betula, 1971.
E. mediofasciella Haw.
A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1907). Ordie, one empty mine,
Morrone Hill N.N.R., mines on B. pubescens, 1971.
E. pulverosella Stt.
A. Mines on Malus, Cambus ’o May, 1973.
Fomoria weaveri Stt.
A. Very rare, Braemar (Reid, 1893). Morrone Hill N.N.R.,
one, 1970.
Trifurcula immundella Zell.
A. Crathie, one, 1973.
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961.

Opostegidae
Opostega crepusculella Zell.
A. Ordie, 1971.

Tischeriidae
Tischeria ekebladella Bjerk.
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1970.

INCURVARIOIDEA
Incurvariidae

Phylloporia bistrigella Haw.
A. Invercauld, 1975, one (R.M.P.).
Incurvaria zinckenii Zell.
A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1907); Larvae or signs on Betula;

1 Col. Emmet informs me that the source of this record is Salvage (in
Tutt, 1899-1914, Vol. 1, p. 245); that the locality is Braemar and that
he is currently conducting a critical study of supposed Scottish speci-
mens of this species.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 125

Newkirk and Ordie, 1959; Ballater, 1969: Crathie and
Dinnet Muir (E.C.P.-C.). Imagines; Dinnet Muir
(E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.), Fintray, 1975 (R.M.P.).
I. masculella D. & S.
(Abundant among birch (Reid, 1893) suggests misidentifica-
tion of zinckenii).
A. Fintray, 1975 (R.M.P.).
K. Mergie, 1975 (R.M.P., M.R.Y.).
Lampronia oehlmanniella Hiibn.
A. Braemar, 1962 (E.C.P.-C.); Gight Woods, 1975
(R.M.P.).
L. capitella Clerck.
A. Ballater, larvae on blackcurrant buds, 1955 (Shaw,
1956).
Nematopogon swammerdamella L.
Common in woods (Reid, 1893).
A. Tillyfoure Oakwood, 1975 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T., 1973.
N. panzerella F.
A. & K. Locally common (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
Adela rufimitrella Scop.
A. Pitscurry Moss, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

ZYGAENOIDEA
Zygaenidae
Zygaena exulans subochracea White
A. Hills near Braemar.
Z. filipendulae anglicola Tremewan
A. Ardoch, Loch Shangie (Trail, 1878); Kintore (Reid,
1893); Cults (Cowie, 1902); Birse (W. Mc’W.): Forvie
N.N.R., Collieston, Fraserburg (R.M.P.).
K. Coast South of Aberdeen (Trail, 1878); Muchalls (Reid,
1393; I.M:P.).Cove (E-P.).

TINEOIDEA
Psychidae
Psyche casta Pallas.
A. Crathie, cases, 1969 (E.C.P.-C.).

Tineidae
Myrmecozela ochraceella Tengs.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., in nests of Formica rufa gp.
(E:€. P.-C):
Nemapogon picarella Cl.
A. Glenlui, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
Triaxomera fulvimitrella Sodoffsky
A. Specimen labelled Braemar, 1894, Buchan—Hepburn
Coll., Royal Scottish Museum; Dinnet Oakwood
N.N.R., one larva on bracket fungus, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
Monopis rusticella Hiibn.
Abundant in outhouses (Reid, 1893).
A. Park, bred from birds nests (E.P., R.M.P.). Inver and
Fintray, 1974 (R.M.P.).

126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

K. Banchory R.T.
M. weaverella Scott.

kK. Banchory Raleione; 1975.
Tineola bisselliella Hummel

A. Aberdeen, bred, 1938 (G.M.).
Tinea semifulvella Haw.

A. Near Aberdeen (Reid, 1893). Cambus ’o May, one, 1973

(EE P.-C):

K. Banchory R.T., common.
T. trinotella Thunb.

A. Near Aberdeen (Reid, 1893).

K. Banchory R.T., one, 1973.

Ochsenheimeriidae
Ochsenheimeria bisontella L. & Z.
A. Glentanar, one; Cambus ’o May, one; Dinnet Muir,
1971 (EC PG).

Lionetiidae
Leucoptera laburnella Stt.
A. Mines and pupae on Laburnum; Cragiebuckler, Aber-
deen (P.H.) and Dyce (R.M.P.), 1975.
L. spartifolieila Hibn.
Abundant among broom (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Abundant on broom (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
Bucculatrix capreella Krog.
A. Crathie, Glen Cairn and Cambus ’o May, 1970, pupae,
larvae or larval signs on Achillea millefolium
(2. CR_@):
B. demaryella Dup.
A. Dinnet Muir, one, 1969; Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one,
L970V(E JE PECS!

Gracillariidae
Caloptilia elongella L.
Not rare among alders (Reid, 1893).
A. Ballater, larvae on alder; Ordie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. Banchory R.T.
C. betulicola Hering
A. Kintore, one, i974 (R.M.P.), Crathie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
C. alchimiella Scop.
(Local among birch (Reid, 1893) ? misidentification.)
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1970, and larvae on oak,
1971; Ballater, one, 1969 (E.C.P.-C.).
C. syringella F.
Local, abundant among lilac (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common larvae on privet, lilac and ash (E.C.P.-C.,
BA ita Visbw)s
Aspilapteryx tringipennella Zell.
A. Rare near Pitcaple (Reid, 1893).
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one and one mine on Plantago
lanceolata, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.); Muchalls, one, 1972
(R.M.P.); Banchory R.T., one, 1973.

(to be continued)

1247

Hunting for Lepidoptera in 1975
By W. L. CosSTER*

My season opened with the emergence of a short series of
Endromis versicolora L. in March. These were bred from an
egg batch found on a young birch growing on open moorland
just north of Aviemore in May 1974. Several of the larvae
died however, and a few more produced deformed pupae. Of
the remaining dozen or so all but three emerged this year
though this may have been because they were brought into a
warm room in late February. Around this time a few larvae of
Macrothylacia rubi L. started to move around in the Spring
sunshine. These were collected somewhat half-heartedly last
September as I was told by a friend that although it was quite
easy to overwinter them they would refuse to pupate in the
Spring. I had heard that if one dropped them into a bucket
of cold water and didn’t remove them until they were on the
point of drowning then they would spin up. Whether such
barbaric treatment works or not I cannot say, for I decided
on a somewhat less drastic method. I placed each larva in a
separate container and kept them at a temperature of 70°F.
Much to my surprise, within 24 hours all had started spinning
their cocoons, the imagines emerging some two weeks later.

The first collecting trip of any note was on the 10th of
April, when with Bernard Skinner, I visited the Isle of Wight
for the first time. On crossing to the island we headed for the
area where we hoped to find larvae of Melitaea cinxia L. On
this bright morning we soon found several nests along the
undercliff, the larvae sitting quite exposed to the sunshine. They
were quite small however (some half inch or so) but the few
larvae we took gave no trouble, feeding up well on garden
plantain, the imagines emerging in June.

My next excursion took me to Ham Street Woods on the
evening of the 12th April. Running the lights there in mild
conditions I was surprised at the abundance of Eupithecia
abbreviata Stephens, as over 200 of this pug were seen and
nearly all in excellent condition. Only a couple of Orthosia
populeti F. were noted however. The following night was also
mild and Ray Cook and I swept many larvae from the ling
growing on Chobham Common. These were mainly Perconia
strigillaria Hiibn. with a few Amathes castanea Esp. and Dyscia
fagaria Thunb. At the traps we were running, some 20 species
had arrived, by far the best of which were three Dasycampa
rubiginea D. & S. (the one female refused to lay) but a few
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hiibn. and Odontosia carmelita
Esp. were also welcome visitors.

On the 20th, Ray Cook and I spent three hours in pouring
rain and biting winds on the slopes of the Cader Idris in North
Wales. Our objective was the larvae of Amathes ashworthii
Doubl., but in these conditions searching the heather was very
difficult and we returned to the car extremely wet and with only
five larvae for our labours. Similar fortune made that night at

*10 Elms Farm Road, Elm Park, Hornchurch, Essex.

128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

Borth Bog one to forget, for after a few hours searching bog
myrtle not a single larva of any description was seen, let alone
Coenophila subrosea Steph. that we had hoped for.

I was in Ham Street Woods again two days later, when
O. populeti was commoner than on my previous visit, and a
single O. miniosa D. & S. also appeared amongst the usual
spring commoners. The next day on the River Test, in Hamp-
shire, larvae of Panaxia dominula L. were to be found quite
commonly feeding on the comfrey that grows along the bank
of the river, often several on a single plant. As was the case
with cinxia however, the larvae were smaller than one would
expect at this date. Leaving this attractive area I continued my
journey down to the New Forest where in cold conditions only
a handful of moths came to light that night, the best being
singles of O. carmelita and Selenia tetralunaria Hufn. Searching
the toilet blocks in Hollands Wood camp site the next morning,
I was surprised at the numbers of moths attracted to the lights
which included a female O. miniosa from which I eventually
obtained many pupae, the larvae giving little trouble when kept
on the young foliage of oak. Driving through Brockenhurst |
noticed a large patch of sloe blossom, but on beating this I
could find no sign of Chloroclystis chloerata Mab., though three
specimens emerged from the beatings, which I kept until early
June. On Beaulieu Heath that morning I found a fine plump
female Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. at rest on a pine trunk.
Owing to her size, I was not surprised that she laid a number
of eggs over the following days, but I found the larvae difficult
to rear and it was with some relief that I greeted the emergence
from these of a nice series in the autumn.

On the 25th I was once again at Chobham Common, though
this time with Bernard Skinner. Sweeping the heather produced
much the same as before but in addition I found nine fully-fed
Polia hepatica Clerk. larvae on young birches. At the lights
both O. carmelita and Chaona ruficornis Hufn. were quite com-
mon as was P. hippocastanaria, although the latter was going
over at this date. Local trips to Thorndon Park, Brentwood, in
the next few days found Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S.
common as usual at early dusk, and at the traps a few Bapta
distinctata H.-S. and Colostygia multistrigaria Haw. were seen,
together with the annual Saturnia pavonia L. female.

At 6.30 a.m. on the 4th of May, Ray Cook, Don Down
and Peter Follett assembled at my house for another crack at
ashworthii larvae. We arrived on the ground at 11 o’clock in
lovely hot sunny weather, in stark contrast to the previous trip,
and in these conditions we found the larvae much commoner
than before, although one had to cover a lot of ground to get
into double figures. However, in a couple of hours the number
of larvae collected was sufficient to allow our minds to wander
on to less important matters such as food and drink, so we
decided to return to the car for lunch. This having been
consumed, we made a brief visit to the spectacular woodland
near Corris where a few larvae of Thera variata subsp. britanica

HUNTING FOR LEPIDOPTERA IN 1975 129

Turner were beaten from the spruces. Back at the ashworthii
ground more larvae were found, again more commonly on the
higher areas, especially at the base of a large rock outcrop, this
presumably providing shelter from the more normal weather
found in these parts. We returned home later that evening well
satisfied with the trip.

The New Forest was again my venue on the 8th when
searching pine trunks with Peter Verdon proved rather dis-
appointing, only a single Cleora cinctaria D. & S. being found,
but this fortunately was a female from which a few pupae were
eventually obtained. That night in the Brockenhurst area,
running the lights until dawn, produced five EF. irriguata Hiibn.
(although all males and rather worn ones at that), one Acasis
viretata Hiibn., five O. carmelita and three Celama confusalis
H.-S. amongst a hoard of Notodonta trepida Esp. A couple of
days later at Abinger, Surrey, Ray Cook and I took several
Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. as they were flying over their
foodplant in the later afternoon sunshine. From a female taken
in this manner, I reared many examples of the summer brood
and the half dozen or so that did not emerge will presumably
do so next spring. Running the lights at Friday Street that night
drew a blank owing to cold conditions and small consolation
was given by the larvae of Diarsia brunnea D. & S., that were
to be had on the bilberry.

The 13th found Ray Cook and myself at nearby Dartford
Heath. There we both took a few Chesias rufata F. on the
broom bushes after dark and later found larvae of Oporophyla
lutulenta D. & S. quite plentiful on low herbage. These gave
surprisingly little trouble and we reared them successfuly on
garden plantain, the moths emerging quite late in September.
Also found were a few full-fed larvae of Ortholitha plumbaria
F. and when bred looked far superior to even the freshest of
caught specimens.

On the 10th at Box Hill, Surrey, larvae of E. sobrinata
Hiibn. were to be obtained quite easily by beating the juniper
bushes that grow on the steep chalk slopes. In the hot sunshine
Ectypa glyphica L., Euclidimera mi Clerk., Phytometra viridaria
Clerk., Ematurga atomaria L., Erynnis tages L., Pyrgus malvae
L. and Callophrys rubi L. were all in evidence flying on the
open downland. Over at Friday Street that afternoon, searching
spun up leaves of bilberry produced a number of Chloroclystis
debiliata Hiibn. amongst hoards of Hydriomena furcata Thunb.
and more of both species were swept after dark. Two nights
later at Mitcham Common with Bernard Skinner, many Tiliacea
citrago L. larvae were found, fully fed on lime and from these
a good series emerged in August.

I was very surprised to obtain 14 larvae of F. inturbata
Hiibn. by beating maple flowers at my local wood in Thorndon
Park, which later produced several specimens with definite
melanic tendencies. Spurred on by this success, I visited the
North Kent Downs twice over the next few days and on both
occasions found inturbata quite common, though often high up

130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

on its foodplant, seemingly whereever this occurred. Another
local trip to the much underworked Epping Forest towards
the end of the month was also rather profitable as nine larvae
of Pseudoips prasinana L. were beaten from oak, together with
swarms of the normal spring stuff. Several larvae of Quercusia
quercus L. were somewhat of a surprise, as indeed is the finding
of any of our less-than-abundant butterflies in Essex these
days.

On the 29th Bernard Skinner and I were in the Chidding-
fold region on what turned out to be a most successful day.
Within a short time my colleague had found an Apatura iris
Linn. larva on a large Salix caprea bush although a couple of
hours searching and beating failed to reveal any more.’ The
day was warm and hazy and Leptidea sinapis L. was very easy
to capture as it flitted up the woodland rides and a single
example of Hemaris fuciformis L. was also taken in fine condi-
tion. Several Minoa murinata Scop. were taken during the course
of the day but the hoped for female failed to appear. The best
insect of the day however was an aberration of Rheumaptera
hastata L. that had the black markings so reduced that I thought
it was a particularly lively specimen of L. sinapis when I netted
it.

A week later we were back in the same area and several
more male murinata were taken, although there was still no
sign of the elusive females. On the way back we called at Friday
Street as I needed Cepphis advenaria Hiibn. but we were a little
too early as only a few fresh examples were seen flying over
the bilberry. At nearby Box Hill we were also a little early for
Zygaena trifolii Esp. and only a few were seen at rest on the
grass stems in the late afternoon. On the shingle at Dungeness
that night we found larvae of Lasiocampa trifolii D. & S. quite
commonly in a restricted area feeding on both grass and broom,
though mainly on the former. Little was seen at the lights
however, apart from Agrotis denticulatus Haw. which was
reasonably common for such a cool clear though still night.

At Wye Crown the next evening, I was joined by Dennis
O’Keeffe in what were it seemed excellent conditions, with heavy
cloud cover and rather warm temperatures. Just after dusk
however, the sky cleared and the temperature plummeted, thus
very little came to light and the few A. denticulatus that braved
the cold were all rather worn.

Two nights later, surprisingly the weather forecast was
actually correct (well, nearly anyway!) when Ray Cook and I
visited Gussett Wood in the Chilterns, and we had our first
mild night for months. After such a lean spring for light
trapping it was nice to see a lot of moths at the traps and the

1 We consider it preferable to search rather than to beat for iris. The
habit of the larva of this species of attaching itself to a silken pad
when not feeding renders it particularly vulnerable to injury if
violently dislodged. Moreover, those larvae that fall to the ground
unrecovered, even if uninjured, will almost certainly perish from
starvation. — Editor.

HUNTING FOR LEPIDOPTERA IN 1975 131

commonest was undoubtedly Colocasia coryli L., with a good
proportion of melanics, though unfortunately all rather worn
at this date. Other species of note were two Apatele alni L.,
two Discoloxia blomeri Curt., five Bapta bimaculata F., two
Ectropis consonaria Hiibn. and a number of Thera variata
D. & S. The next morning we continued our journey to Otmoor,
where in early morning sunshine a small number of Euphydryus
aurinia Rott. was seen, together with a few E. assimilata Doubl.,
that appeared to be flying quite naturally and rather high over
the ground at this early time of day. Little else was seen
however.

The next night, the 9th of June, Ray Cook and I were in
Wicken Fen, where in cool, clear conditions there were few
moths at light, but these were mainly “‘fen’’ insects and included
one Simyra venosa Borkh., two Meliana flammea Curt. and a
few Eumichtis adusta Esp. At dusk only a few M. flammea and
a single Chilodes maritima Tausch. were seen. The next morning
working an area near Lakenheath was even more disappointing
as there was no sign of the usual Breck species despite the
warm, sunny conditions. This weather prevailed as we made
the tedious, seemingly never ending, journey to Saltfleetby in
Lincolnshire. As we approached the east coast however, we
entered a belt of cloud and by the time we reached the actual
coast itself, the temperature had dropped from around 21°C.
to 10°C. Wandering around the reserve I was surprised by the
number of orchids growing in the damper areas and one had
to walk carefully to avoid treading on them. That night, although
still cloudy, the temperature dropped even further and when
inspecting the traps the next morning I was surprised to find
no sign of a ground frost. Despite this I was very pleased to
note two specimens of Hydrillula palustris Hibn., both in
actinic traps. One was in a Heath trap placed in a very sheltered
spot in the bramble bushes (the only moth in it, | might add),
the other was in the 20 watt actinic trap run from the generator.
There were no palustris in the M.V. traps, although these
contained by far the greatest number of moths.

On the 13th I travelled down to the New Forest again, this
time with Peter Follett, stopping on the way at the locality on
the River Test where I had taken the dominula larvae in April.
Here I was too late for Plusia chryson Esp., as only one was
found and this pupated the same evening. I was rather surprised
however, to find two larvae of P. dominula still about, though
this time feeding on hemp agrimony. In the forest I was pleased
to flush four specimens of Chlorissa viridata L. from the heather
but failed to obtain ova. A few P. strigillaria were also seen.
That night in Parkhill Enclosure, 72 species were recorded under
clear skies, although the night remained warm. The best of
these were: four A. alni, one Lithosia sorocula Hufn., one
Moma alpium Osbeck, seven Hadena contigua D. & S., one
Craniophora ligustri D. & S., and one E. consonaria.

The next day we travelled up to Woolhampton Marsh,
Berks. to join the British Entomological Society field meeting,

132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

led by Brian Baker. In the afternoon several larvae of Gortyna
petasitis Doubl. were dug up from the roots of butterbur but
half of these later proved to be stung and from the four moths
that did emerge two were hopeless cripples. That night condi-
tions were almost perfect and at my traps alone I recorded 93
species. These included a fair number of Leucania obsoleta
Hiibn. (though at this date going over) and all four main forms
of C. maritima. Other species of note were one A. alni, two
X. designata and a few each of A. leporina L., Apamea unanimis
Hiibn., Mysticoptera sexalata Hiibn., Euchoeca nebulata Scop.,
and B. bimaculata. Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. was surprisingly
common and an almost spotless example of Spilosoma lubri-
cepeda L. was taken.

I confirmed my belief on 19th June that Ham Street was
having a bad year, when singles of Harpyia bifida Brahm., T.
fluctuosa and Euphyia luctuata D. & S. were the only moths
of note. Local trapping about this time produced a few Selenia
lunaria D. & S. and a host of Apamea infesta Ochs. amongst
many common species; but a single C. chloerata appeared in
my garden trap.

I was at Wicken Fen with Ray Cook on the 24th and Peter
Follett joined us just before dusk. it was a cloudy night and
would have been ideal but for the persistent N.E. wind. Several
fen insects appeared however, although only in small numbers
and included C. maritima, M. flammea, L. obsoleta, S. venosa,
L. pudorina D. & S., L. straminea Treits., Eustrotia bankiana
F., A. unanimis, E. adusta, Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn. and
Phragmataecia castaneae Hiibn. The next morning at Lakenheath
we were very pleased each to take a single Heliothis viriplaca
Hufn., this being a new species to both of us. I also took two
Lithostege griseata D. & S. in mint condition, and can only
conclude that the emergence of this species was considerably
retarded this year.

The next night, in the company of Bernard Skinner, I had
my first decent light trapping session in Friday Street, Surrey,
when between us we ran six traps until 4 a.m. The commonest
moth was 7. fluctuosa, and Bomolocha crassalis F. was also
very common, scores of both these local species being seen.
C. debiliata was also in good quantity and I was pleased to find
a single Hapalotis venustula Hiibn. and two Rheumaptera
undulata Linn. in the traps, together with three fine Anap-
lectoides prasina D. & S.

On the 28th of June, Ray Cook and I set off for the
Western Isles of Scotland in the late afternoon and driving
through the night we reached the Sound of Mull late next
morning, after only some two or three hours of snatched sleep.
Crossing the ferry we found a tortuous track awaiting us, on
which it was impossible to travel more than 10 m.p.h. but
thankfully, after about a mile this ended and we were able to
resume normal speed on quite reasonable roads, though these
were often single track. We reached Loch Tuath in glorious
sunny weather and on visiting the Zygaena loti D. & S. locality

HUNTING FOR LEPIDOPTERA IN 1975 rs3

were disappointed, though not altogether surprised, to find that
loti had been out some time and few fresh specimens could be
found. Z. purpuralis Brunn. was also there, but again going
over and not very plentiful. Amongst the butterflies, 4. aglaja
scotica Watkins was quite common though difficult to catch and
Maniola jurtina splendida Buchanan White was in evidence
though not common. Singles of Hipparchia semele atlantica
Harrison, Coenonympha tullia scotica Staud. and Boloria selene
insularum Har. were also taken, the Jast named in shreds. A
few worn C. pamphilus rhoumensis Harr. were also about,
flying in company with Odezia atrata L. Moving on to Calgary
Bay, we found Z. purpuralis abundant on a steep grassy slope
that was facing south, and there we found enough fresh examples
from which to select a good series. Also seen there were a few
Gnophos obscurata D. & S. which were disturbed from the
bare rocks. Several larvae of E. pulchellata Steph. were found
in the flowers of foxglove and it is hoped that these will produce
ssp. hebudium Sheldon that is said to occur in the Hebrides.

That night we camped on the edge of Loch na Keal,
running the lights in a nearby wet area that was covered in
bog myrtle. It was a cold night but by dusking we were pleased
to take a few Orthonama lignata Hibn.; also, female Lasiocampa
quercus callunae Palmer which bear a remarkable resemblance
to bats, as they fly powerfully by in the half-light. By now we
were extremely tired and returned to the tent for some sleep,
only to be awakened some two hours later by the local bobby
who told us we would have to switch off the lights. He was
accompanied by a rather feeble looking old dear whom (we were
later to hear) had been given certain responsibilities by the new
landowner, which she took rather too seriously.

In the morning I found the traps contained a very dark ?
Macrothylacia rubi L. (which subsequently laid) and several
Diarsids, which are the nearest yet that I have seen to D. florida
Schmidt. Also present were a few Ceramica pisi scotica Tutt
and Plusia festucae L. The weather was now cloudy and damp,
so we left Mull and drove up to the Isle of Skye, not arriving
at Talisker Bay until the afternoon. At this awe inspiring
locality we soon found Z. lonicerae jocelynae Tremewan had
already emerged and was common in one restricted area, sitting
on grass stems in company with Z. purpuralis. Also taken in
this area were some nice dark forms of Euphyia bilineata L.
which are presumably referable to ssp. atlantica Staud. which
were flying freely even in the drizzly overcast conditions. We
were so impressed with the area that we decided to run the
lights out along the base of the cliff as it looked as if it was
going to be a good night. This took a long time to achieve
because of the rocky terrain and it was dark by the time we lit
up. In the morning the traps contained a number of species,
the commonest of which was G. obscurata. Also of note were
eight Setina irrorella L., two Amathes ditrapezium D. & S., a
few dark Hadena conspersa D. & S. and singletons of Ammo-
grotis lucernea L., Plusia bractea D. & S., Thera cognata

134 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

Thunb., G. obfuscata D. & S. and Anaitas plagiata scotica
Rich. Later that morning after packing up the equipment, we
collected heads of sea campion and these later produced many
larvae of H. conspersa. Silene heads from Mull also contained
conspersa, also several larvae of E. venosata which it is hoped
will prove to be of a distinct Hebridean form. Leaving the
island and travelling across country to Aviemore, we promised
ourselves that we would return to the Western Isles for a longer
stay at some future date.

In Aviemore we quickly ran out four m.v. traps at the
north end of the town and then set about finding accommoda-
tion. This proved no easy task, and I would advise anyone who
plans to visit this area of the Highlands to book in advance.
However, after some time we did manage to get bed and
breakfast and had our first good night’s sleep of the trip.

(to be continued)

Current Literature

The Insects and Plants of Portsdown by D. Appleton, M.

Bryant, R. Dickson and G. Else. Sm. 4to., stiff wrappers,

pp. ii+90. Duplicated and published by R. Dickson (1975).

Price 40p, plus 13p for postage and packing.

We highly praise this enterprising little work, and
welcome the interesting information it contains on the area
of chalk down north of Portsmouth Harbour in south-east
Hampshire. Of the lepidoptera, coleoptera and aculeate hymen-
optera, there are annotated lists of 308, 233 and 74 species
respectively. The lepidoptera portion, though otherwise excellent,
is unfortunately marred by innumerable references to foodplants
presumably copied from some general textbook, but with
no evidence that the species occur on these at Portsdown.
— J.M.C.-H.

Insect Hormones by V. J. A. Novak. Second English Edition.
Pp. xxii+600, 73 text figs., 44 plates. Chapman and Hall,
1975. £16.80.

In this revised and enlarged second Ennglish edition the
author presents a wide range of material from a thorough
appraisal of insect and endocrine systems, to a complex dis-
cussion on the phylogenetic origin of neurohormones. The
book deals with methods and techniques in insect hormone
research; the metamorphosis hormone; entocones, natural and
synthetic substances with insect hormone activity; hormones
and morphogenesis; hormones and diapause; the neuro-
hormones; the protohormones; incompletely known substances
with allegedly hormonal characteristics; the exohormones;
effects of insect hormones on other animal groups and vice
versa; and finally, the theoretical and practical significance of
insect hormones.

There is a bibliography of over 2,100 references. Three
indices complete the work: one of topics, one of zoological
names and one of authors.

135

Notes and Observations

NYCTEROSEA OBSTIPATA FP. IN SUSSEX AND SURREY IN 1975.
—I would not dispute that immigrant N. obstipata can, and
quite often do, produce at least one generation of off-spring in
Britain; but I do not accept that Mr. Pratt’s capture of three
males in the same place on 26th, 31st October and 1st November
(Ent. Rec., 88: 43) gives in itself even slight support to the idea
that this happened in 1975. One has to look at the wider circum-
stances. N. obstipata seems to have been very scarce earlier in
this season, and Mr. Pratt does not cite any previous occurrence
at Peacehaven from which, after a suitable interval, these
examples might have resulted as off-spring. On the other hand,
I had a male N. obstipata in my own trap at Bramley in west
Surrey on the night of 30th/31st October (the only one of the
year); and I have been told of an as yet unpublished capiure
elsewhere on the same night of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner,
which often arrives as an immigrant along with N. obstipata.
For what they are worth, these records taken together with
Mr. Pratt’s suggest a small immigration at the end of October,
1975, rather than local breeding. The lamentable cessation of
publication of the Annual Migration Records since 1968 has
made it very difficult to form any firm views on such questions.
Is it too much to ask that readers of the Record should help
to fill the gap by publishing more of their own records, especially
of the “second class immigrants”’ such as N. obstipata, Heliothis
peltigera, Spodoptera exigua, which are not only interesting in
themselves, but can also often throw light on the origins of the
rarer immigrants which do get reported? — R. F. BRETHERTON,
Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey 5GU OLE.

ANTICOLLIX SPARSATA (TREITS.) IN STAFFORDSHIRE. — It
may be of interest to record the discovery of A. sparsata,
hitherto unknown in Staffordshire, at Loynton Moss, an area
of reed swamp and fen carr in the west of the county. The
locality is a Reserve of the Staffordshire Nature Conservation
Trust, having been the subject of a rescue operation in 1969
when the Trust secured 33 acres out of 130 which had been
purchased for reclamation for agriculture.

A single example of sparsata was taken there in 1973, and
in September, 1974 I found larvae readily on the Lysimachia
growing around the margins of the carr. I took only six, and
from these I bred five moths. Four of the five were extremely
dark, almost black — darker, in fact, than any specimens of
sparsata 1 have seen from elsewhere.

The locality is very isolated, one of a few surviving
remnants of a once extensive complex of meres and fens in
Shropshire and West Staffordshire. It may be that in this isolated
colony a distinctive form of the species has developed. — R. G.
WARREN, Wood Ridings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-
on-Trent.

136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V/76

ABUNDANCE OF THE OLD LADY (MANIA MAURA L.) IN WALES.
—Dr. T. N. D. Peet in his interesting ““Notes on the Moths of
Hickling and Wheatfen Broads” (1975, Proc. Trans. Norfolk
& Norwich Nat. Soc., 22: 156-166) says this species “‘has declined
in numbers all over the British Isles in recent years...” It
may therefore be worth recording that at Llanafan Fawr,
Breconshire, on 9th August, 1975, Dr. H. G. Parker and his
family and [ noted some two dozen maura at sugar, with on
one patch as many as eight. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

SCOPULA EMUTARIA (HUBN.) IN SOUTH WALES. — On 29th
June, 1975, I took an example of this species at Whiteford
Burrows in the Gower Peninsula. So far as I am aware it has
not previously been found in Wales. — R. G. WARREN, Wocd
Ridings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.

PERIZOMA TAENIATUM (STAINTON) IN NORTHUMBERLAND. —
Three males of this species were caught at an m.v. lamp on
Sth August, 1975, about two and a half miles north-west of
Allendale Town. This is apparently the first record of its capture
in Northumberland. — D. A. SHEPPARD, Department of Agri-
cultural Biology, Close House Field Station, Heddon-on-the-
Wall, Northumberland; and M. E. Eyre, Department of
Agricultural Biochemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne.

A BELATED RECORD OF EPIBLEMA GRANDAEVANA (L. & Z.)
IN CounTY DurHAM. — I caught a single specimen of this moth
on the sea-cliffs at the mouth of Castle Eden Dene on 24th
July, 1972. Of the known foodplants only coltsfoot (Tussilago
farfara L.) occurs there. Mr. T. C. Dunn kindly confirmed the
identification. —D. A. SHEPPARD, Department of Agricultural
Biology, Close House Field Station, Heddon-on-the-Wail,
Northumberland. [This would appear to be a particularly notable
re-discovery. The species seems only ever to have been found in
County Durham, and it would be interesting to know when it
was last taken there. Some 30 years ago L. T. Ford (Guide to
the Smaller British Lepidoptera, 71) noted it as “‘perhaps now
extinct’’. — Editor.]

ACENTRIA NIVEA (OL.) AT LiGHTt.—On a number of
occasions between 19th July and 9th August, 1975, I operated
a Heath trap with a sheet in various sites in Staffordshire. A.
nivea came to the light on each occasion, some entering the
trap but the great majority flying on to the sheet, upon which
they fluttered around in dizzy circles. In each instance there
were potential breeding places for A. nivea not far away, in the
form of ponds or ditches. The behaviour of the moths seems
to indicate a dispersal flight in search of fresh breeding-grounds,
and the sheet no doubt represented a water surface. —R. G.
WarREN, Wood Ridings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-
on-Trent.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. —Separates of Col. Emmet’s “‘Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae’’, 35p, postage 9p, and “‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —I would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. — S$. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BR2 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 — Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project —figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
35mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. — P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdv., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE.

Wanted —1 require urgently live healthy specimens of Méelolontha
melolontha (either sex), required for filming. — Please send to or contact
Rodger Jackman, 44 Old Torquay Road, Paignton, Devon TQ3 2RA.
Telephone Paignton 42913.

(8 ca NR SE ae

Technician

Insect Rearing

Shell Research Limited are looking for a
laboratory technician with ‘A’ level passes or
possibly even ONC/HNC in the Biological
Sciences to join their Biological Evaluation
Division at Sittingbourne in Kent. The
Division is responsible for the screening and
evaluation of new pesticides, and as part of
this work, some 20-30 species of insect are
reared in large numbers in a modern and
spacious insectary. You will be expected to
work as part of the team responsible for the
culture and hygiene of these insects and
experience in insect rearing would be
advantageous. Species are reared both on
artificial medium and on their natural food
and new species are colonised as and when
required for specific areas of work. You
should, therefore, be interested in insect
nutrition and know something of insect pests
and diseases. The work is carried out in our
excellently equipped laboratories located on a
450 acre farmland site. You would be able to
join our Pension Fund, enjoy flexible working
hours, good sports facilities, staff restaurant
and be offered a competitive salary. Please
telephone or write for an application form to:
Mrs. M. J. Hunt, Personnel Division, Shell
Research Limited, (E.14), Sittingbourne,

Kent MEg 8AG. Telephone: Sittingbourne
24444 extension 203. S ih e B |

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEcaA, F.R.E.S.

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Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they
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All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc.,
but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for
any loss or damage.

CONTENTS

Stigmella auritella (Skala) (Lep.: Nepticulidae): A Species New to

Britain. A. M. EMMET 105
Collecting Controversy — Facts Wanted. B. O. C. GARDINER... 110 -
Collecting Lepidopetra and Other Insects in Sicily in 1975. A.

VALLETTA 113
Agropos of Dr. Young’s Letter. H. C. HUGGINS ... 19
Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. R.M.PALMER 121
Hunting for Lepidoptera in 1975. W. L. COSTER 127
Notes and Observations:

Eumichtis lichenea Hb. (Feathered Ranunculus) on the Hamp-

shire mainland. R. DICKSON 112

Mythimna obsoleta Hb. (Obscure Wainscot) in Sussex. C.

PRATT 120
Nycterosea obstipata F. in Sussex and Surrey in 1975. R. F.
BRETHERTON 135
Anticollix sparsata (Treits.) in Staffordshire. R. G. WARREN — 135
Abundance of the Old Lady (Mania maura L.) in Wales. J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT 136
Scopula emutaria (Hb.) in South Wales. R. G. WARREN 136
Perizoma taeniatum (Stainton) in Northumberland. D. A.
SHEPPARD and M. E. EYRE ... 136
A Belated Record of Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.) in County
Durham. D. A. SHEPPARD ... 136

Acentria nivea (Ol.) at Light. R. G. WARREN ... 136

Current Literature ... Me ae ue A nae = 118, 134

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

VOL. 88, No. 6

June, 1976

50) oo igen alanis

gS SS SS SS So Se Ss SS Se SS SS Ss A A eS

PUBLISHED MONTHLY

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ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S.
with the assistance of

A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.

NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGIns, F.R.E.S.
S. N. A. JAcoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar)

Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B-CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

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Endpapers show bird shapes keyed to a colour fore-edge index
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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,
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(d) General entomology,

in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
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Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
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LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA —
AN APPEAL

At present there is no work which adequately illustrates the
larvae of the British Lepidoptera. To remedy this it is proposed
to publish, in Volume 11 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great —
Britain and Ireland, coloured illustrations of as many species as
possible.

Living larvae of many species are required for photographing
in a standard way as a basis for colour drawings. Donors of larvae
will be provided with duplicate transparencies if required. Good
colour transparencies of reliably identified larvae in natural resting
positions are also needed. Transparencies will be copied and the
originals returned.

Lepidopterists who are willing to contribute to this project
are invited to write to one of the addresses below for a list of
requirements.

D. J. Carter, J. Heath,

Department of Entomology, Editor (MBGBI),
British Museum (Natural History), 104 Needingworth Road,
Cromwell Road, St.-Ives;

London, Huntingdon,

SW7 SBD. Cambs. PEI7 4JY.

WANTED — GEOMETRIDAE, LARENTIINAE for work in connection
with Volume 8 of “The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland’’. In my attempt to breed and study the species of this group, I still
require livestock of some of the more local species and sub-species. I would
be most grateful to hear from anyone willing to assist by supplying ova or
larvae and would be happy to make exchanges where possible. I also need
adults of a few of those species requiring genitalia preparations for deter-
mination. The ‘Pugs’? are important in this respect and in particular
Eupithecia fraxinata (Crewe)/innotata (Hufri)/tamarisciata (Freyer) and
E. goosensiata (Mab.). Also Chloroclysta concinnata (Steph.) and C. citrata
pythonissata (Milliere). — J. Reid, 44 Hawthorn Way, Royston, Hertford-
shire.

137

Notes on Some British Platypalpus Macquart
(Dipt.: Empididae), including a Species New to
Science, Two New to Britain and New Synonymy

By KENNETH G. V. SMITH!
and MILAN CHVALA2

The following notes were accumulated during the study of
European species of Platypalpus in preparation for the Tachy-
dromiinae volume of the Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica
series by one of us (Chvala, 1975) and the routine collection,
acquisition or determination by the other (K.G.V.S.). Oppor-
tunity is taken to draw attention to all changes or additions to
the British List of Platypalpus since the comprehensive mono-
graph by Collin (1961). This justifies the nomenclature used in
the genus in the revised Kloet and Hincks Check List of British
Insects (Smith, 1975) although the new species described and
some other information was not to hand in time for inclusion in
that work. Collin’s (1961) arguments for the usage of Tachy-
dromia Meigen for this genus are not now accepted by other
workers in the family and we follow world opinion on the use
Platypalpus Macquatt.

For convenience the species treated are listed alphabetically.
Additions to the Check List are marked*, additional distribution
records are given only for the scarcer species.

P. albicornis Zetterstedt. — Collin knew this as a British
species from only two males and six females from Cambs.,
Oxford and Suffolk. In the British Museum (Natural History)
is one female: Herts., Letchworth, 20.v.1923, F. W. Edwards.

P. albifacies Collin. — We can add one record to the nine
counties listed by Collin: Andrewes (1965) has added Wilt-
shire: — Devon, Torquay, 15-29.vi.1960, J. R. Vockeroth
(specimens in Entomological Research Institute, Ottawa).

P. albocapillatus Fallén. — We can add one Irish record to
the distribution given by Collin of this sea coast species: Eire;
Galway, Streamstown Bay, near Clifden, 20.vii.1967, C. E. Dyte.

P. alter Collin. — Known from only three females from
Loch Garten, Inverness, until males were described from Glen
Einich in the same county (Smith, 1969).

*P. analis Meigen.— New to Britain, the only known
specimen is a male: Sussex, Slindon, 17.vii.1951, G. E. Shewell
(see Chvala, 1975: 200). P. analis is a large (3.5-4.2 mm.) species
with a yellowish abdomen, a very small polished sternopleural
spot and irregularly tri-quadriserial acrostichal bristles. In Collin
(1961) it keys to couplet 130,131 containing palidiventris Meigen
and extricata Collin from which it can be distinguished by the
characters given above. Abroad it occurs from Scandinavia along
the Baltic coast south to central Europe.

P. annulatus Fallén. — To the 11 counties listed by Collin
we can add the following: Surrey, Headley, 17.viii.1941, G. E.

1 Department of Entomology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London,
S.W.7.

2 Department of Systematic Zoology, Division of Entomology, Charles
University, 128 44 Prague, Czechoslovakia.

138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

Shewell; Sussex, Slindon, 16-20.vii.1951, G. E. Shewell (both
in E.R.I., Ottawa); Ayr, West Kilbride, 4.vii.1948, C. N. Colyer.

P. aristatus Collin. — Collin had seen specimens from only
Hereford, Oxford and Suffolk. Andrewes (1965) found it in
Wiltshire and we can add the following: Devon, Torquay,
20.vi.1960, J. R. Vockeroth; Hants., New Forest, 28.v.1950,
C. N. Colyer; Herts., Knebworth, 6.v.1923, F. W. Edwards;
Surrey, New Malden, 16.vi.1932, R. L. Coe.

P. aurantiacus Collin. — This is the only yellow British
Platypalpus with two pairs of vertical bristles and was known
from only two females; Suffolk, Orford, 20.vi.1907, J. E. Collin
(the type) and Suffolk, Ampton, 26.iv.1912, C. G. Nurse, until
Mr. P. J. Chandler took two females in Surrey (Chandler, 1967).
On 26.v.1974 Mr. J. W. Ismay took a female at Seamere, Norfolk
(grid ref. 53/033012) and on 29.v.1975, in company with the
owner Mr. C. Gosling, he and K.G.V.S. revisited the same
locality and collected eight males and six females by sweeping
Dog’s Mercury (Mercurialis perennis L.). On the same day
Ismay took a female at Bawburgh, Norfolk (grid ref. TG157087).
The male closely resembles the female except for the blackish
genitalia which are illustrated in figs. 1 and 3.

P. articulatus Macquart.— Collin records this from only
Cambs., Suffolk and Surrey, since when Mr. John Ismay has
taken a female at Cringleford, Norfolk, 11.vi.1974.

P. commutatus Srobl (=interpola Collin syn.n.). Collin
really described his species interpola because Strobl’s description
of commutatus was inadequate. However, an examination of the
type has established this synonymy. Collin recorded interpola
from Aberdeenshire, Inverness and Sutherland. We have seen
undoubted commutatus from Inverness, Cairngorm, N.R., Glen
Enich, 5.1x.1966, D. M. Ackland.

P. cothurnatus Macquart.— Collin recorded this species
from Cambs., Hereford, Notts., Oxford and Suffolk. We can
add the following: Devon, Torquay, 20.vi.1960, J. R. Vockeroth;
Gloucester, Westbury, Bristol, 12.vi.1961, M. Ackland.

P. cryptospina Frey (=tantula Collin)— This synonymy
was established by Chvadla (1972). Collin had seen specimens
from Berks., Hants., Orford, Suffolk and Westmorland. We can
add the following: Devon, Torquay, .19.vi.1960, J. R. Vockeroth;
Sussex, Slindon, 21.vi.1961, 16.vii.1951, G. F. Shewell.

P. difficilis Frey (=interjectus Lundbeck). This synonymy
was established by Chvala (1972). See also P. tuomikoskii Chvala
below.

P. excisus (Becker). — This species has been confused with
P. nigritarsis (Fallén) from which it may be distinguished by the
shallow median excision beneath the middle tibiae in the male
(figs. 4 & 5) and by the colour of the mid femora which are
darkened on the whole length above. The genitalia are figured
by Chvala and Kovalev (1974) who first recorded it from Britain:
England, Beachy Head, Sussex, 14.v.1943, one female, G. E.
Shewell (in E.R.I., Ottawa). We can now add the following
records: England: Cambs., Newmarket, 19.vi.1886, G. H.

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH PLATYPALPUS MACQUART 139

Verrall; Norfolk, Marthom, 13.vi.1904, G. H. Verrall. Wales:
Glamorgan, Porthcawl, 13.v.1904, J. W. Yerbury. Scotland:
Arran, Catacol. Sept. 1920, J. Waterton.

Figs. 1-3, Platypalpus aurantiaca Collin, male genitalia; 1, right
perandrial lamella from inside; 2, perandrium with cerci; 3, left
perandrial lamella.; 4, male hind tibia of Platypalpus excisus (Becker);
5, male hind tibia of Platypalpus nigritarsis (Fallén); 6-9, Platypalpus
inexpectatus sp.n., male genitalia; 6, detail of right perandrial lamella;
7-8, two views of perandrium with cerci; 9, left perandrial lamella.

P. exilis Meigen. — This uncommon species resembles P.
aurantiacus Collin but has only one pair of vertical bristles and
is distinguished by the characters mentioned under that species
above. Collin (1961) records it from Devon, Hereford, Oxford,
Anglesey, Suffolk and Cambs. in England; Brodie and Dunphail
(Elgin), Flowerburn and Dingwall (Ross) in Scotland. Andrewes
(1965) has found it in Wiltshire and we can add the following
distribution: — England: Hants., Farley Down, 20.v.1936, F. W.
Edwards; Herts., Letchworth, 14.vi.1923, F. W. Edwards; Hunts.,
Woodwalton Fen, 9.vi.1968 [?D. M. Ackland]; Norfolk, Sea-
mere, 29.v.1975, J. Ismay and K. G. V. Smith, Ringland,
29.v.1975, J. Ismay, K. G. V. Smith, Swanton Novers (N.N.R.),

140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

27.v.1975, J. Ismay. Wales: Glamorgan, Porthcawl, 1.vi.1906,
15.vi.1906, 9.vii.1906, J. W. Yerbury. Scotland: Sutherland,
Golspies, 14, 16.vi.1904, J. W. Yerbury; Perth, Killin, Bienn nan
Eachan, 31.v.1932, F. W. Edwards.

P. fasciatus Meigen. — We can add the following records to
the distribution given by Collin. Andrewes (1965) has found it in
Wiltshire: — England: Dorset, Throop, 5.vii.l1941, G. E.
Shewell; Herts., Baldock, 8.vii.1933, F. W. Edwards. Scotland:
Aviemore, vii.1903, J. J. F. X. King; Midlothian, Edinburgh,
Musselburgh, 28.vii.1906, A. E. J. Carter; Peebles, Stobo,
17.viii, J. W[aterton].

P. incertus Collin. — Collin gives Cambs., Hants., Surrey,
Oxford, Suffolk. We can add: — Bucks., Wormsley Park, J. E.
Collin (B.M. 1935-602); Sussex, Slindon, 16.vii.1951, G. E.
Shewell.

Platypalpus inexpectatus sp.n.

Diagnosis. Yellow species of the P. ciliaris-group, meso-
notum polished with dark median stripe, 4 to 6-serial minute
acrostichals separated from multiserial dorsocentrals. Antennae
short, black; legs yellow with last tarsal segment black and mid
tibia apically swollen and covered by dense coating of whitish
pile on apical half.

Male. Head black in ground colour and rather densely dark
grey dusted. Frons broad, as deep as antennal segment 2 and
widening opposite hind ocelli, face very linear. Vertex and upper
half of occiput clothed with numerous short adpressed pale
hairs, anterior pair of ocellar bristles minute, vertical bristles
not differentiated. Lower half of occiput with longer erect pale
hairs. Antennae black, segment 3 slightly longer than deep, arista
much longer. Palpi yellow and finely pale haired, rather large
(slightly shorter than the black proboscis) and somewhat pointed
at tip.

Thorax deep yellow to yellowish-brown, mesonotum
polished with a broad dark median stripe which is narrower
posteriorly and disappears in hind quarter of mesonotum. Whole
of pleura except largely polished sternopleura, humeri, narrow
mesonotal margins inclusive of postalar calli, and scutellum with
metanotum, greyish dusted. All thoracic hairs pale with the
exception of the apical pair of long scutellar bristles which are
brownish. Acrostichal and dorsocentral bristles minute; former
irregularly 4- to 6- serial but disappearing on posterior quarter
of mesonotum, narrowly but distinctly separated from multiserial
dorsocentrals which become longer posteriorly. Large bristles
not very long: 2 notopleural, 1 postalar, and outer pair of
scutellars; humeral bristle very minute, scarcely differentiated
from other pubescence.

Legs yellow but last tarsal segment on all three pairs con-
trasting black. Armature and shape of legs practically as in
P. ciliaris: fore femora slender, longer pale hairs antero- and
posteroventrally; mid femora only very slightly stouter, some-
what swollen on basal half with long dark bristles in two more

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH PLATYPALPUS MACQUART 141

widely separated rows and conspicuous whitish pile between the
rows; the bristles in posterior row especially long, not much
shorter than femur is deep; apical slender half of femur with
much shorter black bristles ventrally in two rows closer together
and without whitish pile between them. Hind femora slender
with longer pale hairs dorsally and ventrally. Fore tibiae only
finely short haired; mid tibiae ventrally with a row of black
bristly hairs, apical half of tibia swollen and covered by dense
coating of whitish pile; no apical spur. Hind tibiae densely pale
haired everywhere, posteriorly at tip with a comb of pale bristly
hairs. Tarsi slender and short haired but all metatarsi with
somewhat longer and more densely placed pale hairs ventrally.

Wings large and almost clear with brown veins, vein R4+5
and M practically parallel on apical sections, second basal cell
slightly longer than first basal cell. The vein closing anal cell very
recurrent, anal vein distinct. Squamae yellowish-brown with long
pale fringes, halteres whitish-brown, stalks yellowish-brown.

Abdomen subshining dark brown on tergites, yellowish on
sternites, clothed and scattered pale hairs becoming longer on
posterior margin of last segment. Genitalia (figs. 6-9) rather large,
as deep as abdomen: periandrial lamellae yellowish, right
lamella (fig. 6) large and almost rectangular, left lamella (fig. 9)
smaller and narrower, apically pointed. Cerci conspicuously
broadened and dark apically, narrow base pale yellow.

Length: body 2.6 mm., wing 3.3. mm.

Female. Unknown.

Holotype male: England, Devon, Heathfield, 2.ix.1960 leg.
J. R. Vockeroth; deposited in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.),
London.

The new species resembles superficially P. pectoralis (Fall.)
owing to its yellow ground-colouration andthe presence of a
dark median stripe on the mesonotum, but it has much more
in common with P. ciliaris (Fall.), particularly the separated
acrostichals on the mesonotum, the same armature on mid
femora, and mid tibia similarly swollen on apical half with a
dense coating of whitish pile. However, ciliaris is a black species
in ground-colour like P. parvicauda (Coll.), with more distinct
hair-like and mostly quadriserial acrostichals, and very conspi-
cuous globose male genitalia. P. parvicauda has the acrostichals
bi- to tri-serial, very small male genitalia and the small bristles
on the apical slender part of the mid femora confined to a few
small spines near the tip. There are two “‘yellow” species of the
same group, which need to be compared with the above newly
described species, viz., P. pectoralis (Fall.) and P. mikii (Becker),
the latter especially in its pale form tristriolata (Oldenberg, 1939)
with yellowish mesonotum with a dark median stripe. Both
these species have the black ventral bristles on mid femora
almost uniformly long, becoming gradually shorter towards tip;
pectoralis has a somewhat longer antennal segment 3 (about
twice as long as deep) and basal segments often brownish,
acrostichals and dorsocentrals numerous even if small, evenly
and densely distributed over mesonotum inclusive of its posterior

142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

quarter, mid tibia practically not swollen, with only slight coating
of whitish pile at tip; mikii has the mid tibiae as in the new
species and ciliaris, but conspicuously velvety brown on the
swollen apical half, mesonotum with distinct hair-like quadri-
serial acrostichals, pleurae mostly shining and antennae with
very short segment 3 and basal segments yellow. The male
genitalia of the new species are, with the large and apically
flattened cerci, quite distinct from those of all other related
species.

P. infectus Collin—This remains a very little known species
in Britain recorded from Suffolk and Sussex by Collin (1961)
and Wiltshire by Andrewes (1965), but it has been found to
occur not uncommonly in Scandinavia (Chvala, 1975).

P. leucocephalus vy. Roser.— Collin records this from
Cambs., Kent, Oxford, Suffolk and the Isle of Wight (Hants.)
and Andrewes has found it in Wiltshire. In the British Museum
(Natural History) there is a single female over the label leuco-
cephala from one of the Hereford localities mentioned by Collin
for his closely related luteola, however it is quite distinct on
the characters given by Collin, the major one being the shining
sternopleural spot: Hereford, Stoke Wood, 20.vi.1910, J. H.
Wood.

P. leucothrix Strobl. — Recorded by Collin from only Kent,
Gloucester and Surrey. We can add one further record: Sussex,
Slindon, 16.vii.1951, G. E. Shewell.

P. longimanus Corti.— This species was added to the
British List from specimens taken by Sir Christopher Andrewes
in Wiltshire (Smith, 1969). It has not been found since.

P. longiseta Zetterstedt (=extricatus Collin). — This
synonymy was only recently established (Chvala, 1971) and over-
looked in the Check List (Smith, 1975). Collin gives no Welsh
or Irish records and we can thus add: Wales: Glamorgan,
Porthcawl, 21.vi.1906, J. W. Yerbury. Eire: Co. Clare, The
Burren, Kilnaboy, 1960, R. L. Coe.

P. luteus Meigen. — We can add four counties to the distri-
bution given by Collin, and Andrewes adds Wiltshire: — Berks.,
Wytham Wood, 1.vii.1968; Somerset, N., Failand, 1.viii.1959,
A. C. Pont; Middlesex, Wood Green, 18.vii.1951, C. N. Colyer;
Surrey, Coulsdon, 25.vii.1941, G. E. Shewell (E.R.I., Ottawa).
Chandler (1967) has recorded the species from Kent.

P. major Zetterstedt.— Collin records this large species
from Berkshire [Bagley Wood is not Oxford], Hereford, Sussex
in England; Glamorgan in Wales; Cromarty and Elgin in Scot-
land. Andrewes found it in Wiltshire and Chandler has found it
in Kent. We can add: — England: Devon, Torquay, 19.vi.1960,
J. R. Vockeroth; Gloucester; Chedworth, 5.vi.1936, F. W.
Edwards; Somerset; Leigh Woods, Bristol, 24.v.1961, M.
Ackland. Scotland: Inverness, Craigellachie, near Aviemore,
20.vi.1968, M. Ackland.

P. optivus Collin. — Recorded from Glamorgan, Hereford,
Oxford, Cambs., Suffolk and Hants. by Collin and Wiltshire by
Andrewes, we can add: Berks., Bagley Woods, 3.vii.1966, M.

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH PLATYPALPUS MACQUART 143

Ackland; Bucks., Bradenham, 29.v.1949, C. N. Colyer; Devon,
Torquay, 25.vi.1960 and Hay Tor, Dartmoor, 22.vi.1960, J. R.
Vockeroth; Gloucester, Bristol, Westbury, 31.v.1961, M.
Ackland; Somerset, N., Weston-super-Mare, 5.viii.1962, M.
Ackland.

P. pallidicornis Collin. — Collin had seen this from Cambs.,
Kent, Essex, Herefordshire and Suffolk. We can add the follow-
ing: Hunts., Wood Walton, 9-11.vi.1939, R. L. Coe: Oxford,
12.vi.1967, M. Ackland; Sussex; Bilsham, 18.vi.1951, G. E.
Shewell.

P. pallidicoxa Frey (=agilella Collin). — This synonymy
was established by Chvala (1972) after being proposed by Frey
(1943) but not accepted by Collin (1961).

P. parvicauda Collin.— We can add two counties to the
distribution given by Collin: Suffolk, Woodbridge, 31.viii.1907,
J. W. Yerbury; Scotland, Ayr, Fairlie, 8.vii.1948, C. N. Colyer.

P. pictitarsis Becker.— Recorded by Collin from only
Berks., Cambs., Essex and Oxford, we can add: Sussex,
Bilsham, 18.vi.1951, G. E. Shewell.

P. praecinctus Collin.— Collin had seen specimens from
only Essex, Kent, Suffolk and Surrey. Andrewes has found it
in Wiltshire and we can add the following: Sussex, Ditchling
Common, 1.vili.1951, G. E. Shewell.

P. pseudociliaris Strobl (=calcarata Collin). — This
synonymy was established by Chvala (1972). Collin recorded it
from Hereford and Oxford in England and from Inverness,
Perth and Sutherland in Scotland. We can add the following:
Devon, Torquay, 25.vi.1960, J. R. Vockeroth.

P. pygialis Chvala (=albiseta Panzer var. pygialis Collin). —
Originally described (Collin, 1961) from Norfolk (Upton) this
was raised to species by Chvala (1973) who also recorded it from
Czechoslovakia and the European part of the U.S.S.R. Since
Collin described the ‘‘variety”’ after 1960 the name pygialis on
acquiring specific status was attributed to Chvala in accordance
with Article 1S5e ii and 10b of the /nternational Code of Zoo-
logical Nomenclature.

P. strigifrons Zetterstedt.— Collin comments that this is
essentially a sea-coast species and records it from Glamorgan
(Wales), Essex, Kent (England) and Aberlady (E. Lothian),
Cromarty (Ross and Cromarty) and Nairn in Scotland. The
following are additional records: — England: Cambs., Snailwell,
17.ix.1908, G. H. Verrall; Devon, Torquay, 22.viii.1960 and
Dawlish Warren, 25.viii.1960, J. R. Vockeroth; Dorset, Studland,
19.viii.1906, 1.ix.1906, J. W. Yerbury; Norfolk, Palling on Sea,
8.viii.1906, J. W. Yerbury and Waxham, viii.1923, F. W.
Edwards; Suffolk, Aldeburgh, 18, 29.ix.1907, J. W. Yerbury and
Leiston, 26.ix.1907, J. W. Yerbury. Scotland: Inverness, Nethy
Bridge, 19.vi.1905, J. W. Yerbury. Eire: Arklow, vii.1940, B. P.
Bierne; Wicklow, Killoughter, 15.viii.1951, K. G. V. Smith.

P. subtilis Collin. — Collin said that he knew this species
only from Herefordshire, but in the British Museum there are

elsh specimens from the Verrall collection over this name but

144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

labelled ‘‘? maculimana’” (as were the Hereford subtilis):
Abergavenney, Monmouth, 12.viii.1910, G. H. Verrall.

*P. tuomikoskii Chvala. — An addition to the British List.
Collin (1961) included material of this species from Barton Mills,
Suffolk, under interjecta Lundbeck (=difficilis Frey, see above).
This species may be separated from difficilis as follows:

1. Third antennal segment almost four times as long as deep;
arista only half as long as third antennal segment ............

Sele OM Tae dae kos aerate eee PEPE ea eR difficilis Frey
— Third antennal segment at most three times as long as deep;

arista as lone aS Segment 3 ve. nce oa tuomikoskii Chvala
Related non-British species are discussed by Chvala (1972).

Acknowledgements

We thank Messrs. D. M. Ackland, A. C. Pont, C. E. Dyte,
G. E. Shewell and Dr. J. R. Vockeroth for the loan of material
collected by them. Mr. John Ismay of the Norwich Castle
Museum kindly placed his Norfolk records at our disposal and
arranged for K.G.V.S. to visit certain Norfolk localities. Mr. C.
Gosling kindly allowed access to his property at Seamere where
the male of P. aurantiaca was discovered.

References

Andrewes, C. H., 1965. The genus Tachydromia Meigen in South Wilt-
shire. Entomologist, 98: 5-6.

Chandler, P. J., 1967. Eight new county records for Kent and one for
Surrey of Empididae. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 102: 93.

Chvala, M., 1971. A revision of the Scandinavian Tachydromiinae
(Dipt., Empididae) described by J. W. Zetterstedt. Ent. Scand., 2:
1-28.

Chvala, M., 1972. Notes on Scandinavia Platypalpus (Dipt., Empididae)
with description of four new species and new synonymies. Ent.
Scand., 3: 1-11.

Chvala, M., 1975. The Tachydromiinae (Dipt., Empididae) of Fenno-
scandia and Denmark. Fauna ent. Scand., 3: 1-336.

Chvala, M., 1973. European species of the Platypalpus albiseta-group
(Diptera, Empididae), Acta ent. bohemoslov., 70: 117-136.

Chvala, M. and Kovalev, V. G., 1974. Revision of the palaearctic
Platypalpus nigritarsis-group (Diptera, Empididae), with special
reference to P. excisus Beck. Acta ent. bohemoslov., 71: 250-259.

Collin, J. E., 1961. British Flies 6. Empididae. Cambridge.

Frey, R., 1943. Ubersicht der palaarktischen Arten der Gattung Platy-
palpus Macquart (=Coryneta Meig.) (Dipt., Empididae). Notul. ent.,
23-19)

Smith, K. G. V., 1969. Platypalpus (Cleptodromia) longimana Corti, new
to Britain and the male of P. altera (Collin) (Dipt., Empididae).
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 105: 108-110.

Smith, K. G. V., 1975. Empididae Jn Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D.
A Check List of British Insects, 2nd Edn. Handbk. Ident. Br.
Insects, 11: 46-52.

CORRECTION

Reference ‘The Second Brood of Apatele euphorbiae s.sp.
myricae Gn. in the West of England” by H. C. Huggins (antea
88: 82), for “England” read “‘Ireland’’.

145

Observations on British Butterflies in 1975, Part I
By Dr. C. J. LucKENs*

The early months of 1975 will certainly be remembered for
their abnormal weather, and this had unpredictable effects on
butterfly populations later in the year. In late January green
shoots on sallow and hawthorn were in evidence in the New
Forest, larvae of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Clossiana
euphrosyne L. were already out of hibernation, and my wife
found two specimens of Pararge aegeria L. flying in our garden
shed where I had been overwintering pupae in open cages.

By contrast, Easter was extremely cold, and there were still
heavy snow showers on Sth April, while I was waiting to cross
over to the Isle of Wight. Conditions improved while I was on
the island, however, and I went with Dr. C. H. McCleery to the
south coast, where we explored selected stretches of the under-
cliff. We found larvae of Melitaea cinxia L. so abundant at one
site that we had to tread very carefully to avoid crushing them.
Further along the coast large colonies were found right on the
edge of a narrow cliff top path, where they could hardly fail to
be trampled on, and some of these were transferred to safe sites
just over the edge on the steep slope of the undercliff.

It was 11th April before I saw the first free-flying butterfly
—Gonepteryx rhamni L.—beside the road on the outskirts of
Southampton. Four days later we went to stay in Sussex, and on
the 16th the weather smiled, and I lost no time in getting to the
wood where we had seen Nymphalis polychloros L. the previous
summer. Amidst the calls of chiff-chaff and cuckoo, Polygonia
c-album L., G. rhamni, Nymphalis io L., Aglais urticae L., and
Brephos parthenias L. flew in the warm sunshine, but the large,
tawny butterflies that I was particularly looking for were not
to be seen, nor was I to find them at any time this year. The
early spring Whites were flying in our Southampton garden the
day after our return, 22nd April. Three days later, a few P.
aegeria and the first male Anthocharis cardamines L. were seen
on the edge of the downs near Stockbridge. A. cardamines was
also noted in our garden on 28th April—an unusual location—
but I can only conclude that the Sweet Rocket in the borders
keeps a small colony going, as I have never seen a single example
of this butterfly elsewhere in the city. G. rhamni also breeds
naturally every year on the buckthorn bushes we planted in
the garden when we first came, but this species can be seen
all over Southampton, and is a noted wanderer.

The weather was wet and cold in early May, and on the
10th, though there was a slight improvement, it was a rather
dismal, and ultimately unsuccessful, job beating for Strymonidia
w-album Knoch. along the Royal Military Canal in Kent. Many
trees had been felled, presumably because of Dutch Elm disease.
There were plenty of cardamines ova all along the roadside
through Orlestone Forest however, and as we drove along
nightingales’ song filtered through the trees every few hundred

* 52 Thorold Road, Bitterne, Park, Southampton, SO2 4JG.

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

yards. The first male Clossiana euphrosyne L. were flying in a
Romsey wood on 18th May, and two days later this species was
to be seen in a locality near Winchester. Several Hamearis
lucina L. were also flitting about the clearings, but definitely in
reduced numbers from last year.

The lower branches of oaks in Alice Holt produced a dozen
Thecla quercus L. larvae in just over an hour on 23rd May, but
the following day when I went with Mr. K. A. Harrison to the
Oxford area we drew a complete blank for the blackthorn-
feeding hairstreaks, though we tried in several different places.

En route to Haywards Heath on 26th May, a visit to a West
Sussex wood revealed ovipositing Callophyrys rubi L., a few
Pyrgus malvae L., and a fair showing of Leptidea sinapis L. 1
got the impression that this latter species was somewhat lower
in numbers than usual, and of C. euphrosyne and the two Bee
Hawks there was absolutely no sign.

My parents had agreed to come to Southampton to look
after our children and other assorted livestock, and my wife
and I set off for Scotland on 3ist May. We stayed over the
weekend in the Morecambe Bay area, and during a tour of the
surrounding countryside the following day we came across a
small wood virtually defoliated over a remarkably wide area
by a mixed population of Tortricoid and Geometrid caterpillars.
On Monday, 2nd June, we headed north in bitterly cold and
rainy conditions, which brought sleet and snow on both Shap
Fell and Beattock Summit. The Pennines and Southern Uplands
were covered in snow to amazingly low levels, but as we reached
the Highlands we noticed that the snowline appeared to have
risen to about the 2,000-feet level. The following day there was
a sudden dramatic change in the weather, and in fact our ten-day
visit was, happily, to coincide with an unprecedented heat wave
in Scotland. It was extremely hot on the afternoon of 3rd June
and the whole of the 4th, when we re-explored the wooded
countryside around Fort William and the Great Glen. In two
widely-separated sites in this area the scarce and elusive Cartero-
cephalus palaemon Pall. was on the wing. It was interesting to
find C. euphrosyne, itself a scarce and local butterfly in the
Highlands, also flying with this rare skipper, as I believe
euphrosyne has had a parallel decline to the point of extinction
in the English Midland localities: it formerly shared with
palaemon. Presumably the ecologica! preference of the two
species are quite similar. The other association was with bugle
flowers. Generally speaking, the rule of the thumb seemed to be
no bugle, no palaemon, and this applied even where the habitat
otherwise looked eminently suitable. There were a few Clossiana
selene D. & S. of both sexes flying in this same area, and these,
along with the tattered condition of some of the male palaemon,
gave the first hint of the advanced state of the season in the
Highlands. Scottish selene normally first appear toward the end
of the second week in June and often continue beyond the end
of July. Other interesting wildlife seen during these two idyllic
days included several Roe deer and a pair of Goosanders in the
River Lochy.

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERELIES IN 1975, PARTI 147

Sth June saw a return of wet and windy, but fairly mild
conditions, when we travelled east to Speyside and visited the
excellent Kincraig Wildlife Park of Scottish animals. We stopped
on the way back beside some of the marshy areas of the Spey
valley where we had seen A. cardamines in the past, and, as
quickly as possible in the steady downpour, collected a small
harvest of cuckoo flower with the delightful orange ova attached.

Before leaving the area the following morning, we took
another look at the best palaemon colony. Several of these
attractive little butterflies were darting about in the bright
sunshine: but in spite of careful observation I could find no
females ovipositing, and thus failed in cne of my objects, which
was to determine the preferred foodplant of the Highland race.

On our way south to Oban that afternoon, we stopped at a
favourite site in ““Apuinn uaine’ where F. aurinia is normally
abundant, but to our disappointment saw only two specimens
in just over an hour. This pretty butterfly was out in fair
numbers the following day, in a locality south of Oban, but
was also quite worn at a date when the species is normally in
its first flush in Argyll. The large and bright, univoltine Polyom-
matus icarus Rott. was just appearing in the same locality.

The heatwave continued, and on Iona on 9th June, there
was a profusion of Pieris brassicae L. and a surprise Vanessa
atalanta L.—the first of the season. The next day Coenonympha
tullia Mull. was well out (about two weeks early) on A’ Mhoine
Mhor, near Lochgilphead—indeed some males were already
showing signs of age. In the same area EF. aurinia was either
already over or below observation numbers in what used to be
a strong colony.

Southward bound on 11th June, we stopped overnight in
Westmorland again and the next morning visited Meathop Moss.
In this contradictory season it was hardly a surprise to find the
southern tullia well behind their Scottish counterparts. Only a
few newly emerged males were flying in the very hot sunshine
in a section of the moss rapidly being invaded by birch and
pine scrub. A pair of long ears in a birch bush belonged to a
small, staring Roe fawn, which refused to move even when [
approached to within a few yards; and, a bit further on, an
equally small but less intrepid fox club was flushed out of some
thick heather.

The M6 enabled us to get home in record time the same
day. Various commitments over the next few weeks restricted
entomological excursions to localities near to home, and these,
in the main, proved unproductive.

HIBERNATED VANESSA ATALANTA L. IN STAFFORDSHIRE. —
On 29th February, 1976, an example of V. atalanta was seen on
the wing on Cannock Chase. At such an early date this must
surely be an instance of successful hibernation and the same Is
probably true of another butterfly seen in the Coombes Valley
in the north of Staffordshire in April. —R. G. WARREN, 32
Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs.

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/VI1/76

An Old Migration Record and Notes on
Hibernation of Macroglossa stellatarum Linn.
(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

By TORBEN LARSEN*

In 1761 a scientific expedition, sponsored by the Danish
king, left for Arabia Felix under the leadership of Peter
Forsskaal, a Swedish botanist and disciple of Linné. The expedi-
tion ended a disaster, with the death of all but one of the
members, the famous Carsten Niebuhr, but Forsskaal’s diaries
survived and were belatedly published by the Swedish Linnéean
Society nearly 200 years later (Forsskaal, P. (1950): Resa til
Lyckliga Arabien, Uppsala). The diaries give what must be the
first written evidence of the migratory habits of Macroglossa
stellatarum. Between the Straits of Gibraltar and Marseille,
about the first of May, he writes: “Several Sphinx stell. (atarum
ed.) flew over the ship; unknown whether they came from land
or were brought along as chrysalids which hatched due to the
heat.” The latter hypothesis is untenable and they were
undoubtedly migrating from Algeria towards the north.

I am not aware how much additional knowledge has been
accumulated since Williams (Migration of Butterflies, 1930)
assumed that stellatarum was continuously brooded in the
Mediterranean area and did not hibernate, but it may be of
of interest to note the pattern in Lebanon. During my four
years in that country, I gained the distinct impression that it
spends the time from October/November till February/March
hibernating in caves and crevices, though a few specimens may
be seen on the wing in the winter months. Often specimens may
be found dead on the windows of disused houses in spring,
much in the manner of Aglais urticae Linné and Inachis to
Linné in Europe. However, my most interesting observation
was near the coast at Batroun in February 1974 when I needed
some goatskins to match some we had bought the previous year.
The right colour was not available in the displayed stock, so I
went to browse in a cool, semi-dark storeroom which had been
untouched for months. Between the layers of stored skins were
scores of hibernating stellatarum, immobilised but fully alert.
On being disturbed they started their usual warming-up process
of wing quivering and were capable of flying within a few
minutes. There were probably hundreds concealed in the piles
of skins and, though possibly induced by exceptionally good
hibernation conditions, it was difficult to avoid the impression
that the assemblage was gregarious in a more active sense.

* 18-20 Lower Regent Street, London, S.W.1.

AN EARLY YELLOW SHELL (CAMPTOGRAMMA BILINEATA L.).
— This moth is rarely seen in May, but this year one occurred
in my garden at West Wickham, on the 29th.—J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT.

149

Hunting for Lepidoptera in 1975
By W. L. CosTER*

(concluded from page 134)

Throughout our stay in Aviemore we had good weather with
mainly sunny days and mild, sometimes cloudy nights, and our
static traps generally had a reasonable number of moths in
them, the best of which were Pheosia gnoma F. (quite common
and predominantly of the much darker Scottish form), Tethea
or scotica Tutt (one worn example), L. callunae (several females,
including one very dark purplish brown specimen from which
eggs were obtained), Eurois occulta L. (one male), Polia hepatica
Clerk (several), C. pisi scotica (several, but a bit ragged at this
date), Leucania impura scotica Cockayne (several), Apatele psi
L. (a few of the large, pale, Scottish race), Hyppa rectilinea
Esp. (a few worn specimens), P. festucae (quite common), P.
interrogationis L. (one), Xanthorhoe munitata Hiibn. (one on
last day), Perizoma blandiata D. & S. (two) and Venusia
cambrica Curt.

During the daytime a search was made for /tame brunneata
Thunb. on the high grown above Aviemore, but the season
was not as advanced there as on the west coast and we didn’t
find any, although we were later to hear that it was just starting
to emerge on much lower ground, as we were leaving. We were
just right for C. tullia scotica Staud. however, and we each
took a fresh series; just off the Cairngorm road, Aricia
artaxerxes F. was just emerging, with only a few males being
seen both here and at Struan. Specimens of Scopula ternata
Schrank and Entephria ceasiata D. & S. were frequently dis-
turbed during the day, especially when working the high moor-
land areas, and Perizoma albulata D. & S. was common in many
places at dusk whilst searching for P. blandiata, although the
only examples we were to see of this species came to light. A
quite successful attempt was made for larvae of E. versicolora,
about a score being found on the stunted birches that grow
quite openly on Granish Moor.

Apart from our static traps, several excursions were made
at night with portable equipment, the first of these being on
2nd of July, when we trapped on the high ground just below
the conifer line up the Cairngorm road. In mild conditions we
saw some insects but little of note, though the moorland form
of Alcis repandata L. was common and a few ceasiata turned
up. Working at this altitude was made very unpleasant by
thousands of minute biting flies that descended on us whenever
we were stationary, thus we were virtually forced to keep moving,
sweeping many larvae of Lygris populata L. from the lush
bilberry in the process and from these bred a variable series
at the end of the month.

The next night we trapped at Struan by the famous
lapponaria posts, whilst sweeping the abundant bog myrtle

*10 Elms Farm Road, Elm Park, Hornchurch, Essex.

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

there in the hope of larvae of this species, but instead we each
had to be content with a few larvae of C. cinctaria bowesi. Also
seen were a few Orthosia gracilis D. & S., and Ray Cook found
two larvae of Xylena vetusta Hiibn. I also found two larvae of
A. lutulenta luneburgensis Freyer in a neighbouring field feeding
on foxglove. Amongst the many species taken at the static
traps at Aviemore, the best were three Syngrapha interrogationis
L. and three Nudaria mundana L.

On the Sth we travelled over to Braemar, where (after
obtaining the necessary permission from the landowners), we
started the long climb up towards the high plateau where we
were told Z. exulans Hohe. occurred. On the way up S. ternata
was very common and some Parasema plantaginis L. were also
seen with a small number of its var. hospita, though somewhat
worn at this date. Noticeable by its absence, both here and
elsewhere, were larvae of L. callunae which were abundant in
late May 1974. It would be interesting to see whether this
conspicuous larva is common again in 1976.

On reaching our target area, we spent several hours search-
ing for the burnet and it was with considerable relief that I
saw and netted a fresh male specimen as it buzzed low over
the ground in the hot sunshine. This was the only one we were
to see however, despite covering the ground several times. We
were later to learn that it was found commonly in a very
restricted area a few days after our attempt.

Leaving Aviemore the next day, we travelled south to Ben
Lawers, where in brilliant sunshine once more, Erebia epiphron
Knoch. was very common on the grassy slopes but yet again
we had missed the best period and all were in tatters, some of
the males being barely recognisable. Also seen there were a
few Epirrhoe tristata L. and X. munitata, the latter which were
disturbed from bare rock faces were in mint condition. We also
saw a few Pierids presumably referable to P. adalwinda thomsoni
Warren. Leaving this spectacular area, we continued south till
we reached Filey in Yorkshire. Early the following morning
we awoke and made our way to the cliffs below the town and
soon found cocoons and imagines of the latomarginata form
of Z. lonicerae. With this final success we returned home well
pleased with the trip, in which we had recorded 138 species of
macrolepidoptera.

On the 10th July, Peter Follett and I visited the North
Kent Downs on a mild evening, and several interesting species
were recorded at the lights, including Ortholitha bipunctaria
D. & S., Euphyia cuculata Hufn., Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata
Clerk., Plemyria rubiginata D. & 8., Melanthia procellata D. & S.,
Horisme vitalbata D. & S. and H. tersata. 'm afraid I was a
little lazy this month and it was not until the 18th that I visited
the New Forest again. There in the afternoon sunshine, Plebejus
argus L. was well in evidence on Beaulieu Heath and moving
to Parkhill Enclosure, I was pleased to see Argynnis paphia L.
and Ladoga camilla L., though both were in small numbers and
of the former no f. valesina were seen. That night I ran the
lights in this same area, but the cool clear conditions meant that

HUNTING FOR LEPIDOPTERA IN 1975 151

little was seen, though I was pleased to take three male Lithosis
quadra LL. The only other insects worth mentioning were
singletons of Craniophora ligustri D. & S. and Boarmia roboraria
D. & S. amongst a few Lymantria monacha L.

On the 29th I returned to the Chiddingfold region of Sussex,
where I found the second brood of L. sinapis quite common,
but there was no sign of A. iris, though I was informed that
a few had been seen in this area the previous week. It was a
pleasant day however and I noted 14 species of butterflies.
Leaving Chiddingfold I drove across to a lake in East Sussex,
where I was pleased to find pupae of Nonagria algae Esp.
common in the stems of reed mace, that was growing amongst
the bulrush at the lake perimeter. Due to the very hot weather
however, many of these subsequently dried up, despite frequent
spraying.

On the Ist of August I travelled down to Dungeness, where
in mild but breezy conditions little came to the five traps I ran
till midnight, the only species of note being many Lithosia
pygmaeola Doubl. and two Apamea oblonga Haw. On the Sth
I was operating my lights in Walberswick reed beds, in Suffolk,
an area I had never visited before. The daytime temperature
had been well up in the 80’s so that despite the clear skies it
remained very mild throughout the night and kept the traps
going till dawn, at which time moths were still flying! In the
centre of the reeds I had not expected much variety, but J listed
an astonishing 109 species of macros, the commonest of which
was Arenostola brevilinea Fenn, of which most were in excellent
condition and I was able to select a fine series. Celaena leuco-
stigma Hibn. and A. phragmitidis Hiibn. were also very
common and two A. ditrapezivm and a single Epione repandaria
Hufn. were noted amongst the hoards, together with a few
Cucullia asteris D. & S., Nonagria neurica Hibn., N. dissoluta
Treit., Coenobia rufa Haw., C. maritima, A. oblonga, S. venosa
and Z. cribrumalis.

The next night I was joined by Mr. George Baker on
Southwold sand dunes where in superb warm and still conditions
I ran my lights whilst we searched the marram grass. I was
told that Euxoa cursoria would be much commoner at these
heads than at light, but on this occasion little could be found
feeding on them and in a couple of hours I had only four
cursoria. On checking the traps however, I was surprised to
find they contained cursoria, and by the time I packed up at
12.30, I had seen over 50 of this variable moth. My local com-
panion was equally surprised and told me he’d never seen such
a catch on the dunes over the many years collecting in the area.
Also at the lights were well over a hundred E. tritici L., a few
Leucania litoralis Curt. and a single A. brevilinea amongst many
commoners.

The rest of the month was mostly spent locally and during
this time the trap in my garden was catching an average
of six Hadena suasa D. & S. a night, which is about half the
number I usually get in a season. This species was also much

152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/VI/76

commoner than usual at Bury Farm, Cranham, where I was
now running some traps regularly. At Thorndon Park during
this time I cut out many pupae of Nonagria typhae Thunb.
from reed mace and some nice ab. fraterna Tr. were obtained
later that month, including one really black specimen. Whilst
in this locality I was very surprised to discover a small colony
of Aricia agestis D. & S. in a very damp flowery meadow. This
area often floods in winter and is in stark contrast to the usual
well-drained downland haunts of this small butterfly. Light in
this vicinity showed Cosmia affinis L. and C. diffinis L. to be
much less common than formerly, but this is only to be expected
with most of the elms now dead owing to Dutch elm disease,
although I was surprised to find a single diffinis in my garden
trap on the morning of the 20th. On the 26th, Dave Brown came
over to stay for a few days and the joint collecting we undertook
during this time I shall leave for him to detail in his annual
collecting notes.

On the 2nd of September I plugged a couple of traps in at
Dungeness Bird Observatory and then drove to Rye, where I
set up my portable equipment along the side of a canal where
a few plants of marsh mallow were growing. It was a clear and
somewhat chilly night, but by searching the foodplant I
eventually found a pair of Gortyna osseola hucherardi Mab. in
cop. and on inspecting the traps around 11 o’clock found a
further two males together with a few Atethemia xerampelina
Esp. (from which many ova were obtained), these being the
only species of note. By now it had become very cold and with
no additions in the next half hour I packed up and returned
to Dungeness where the only notable moth was a male L.
trifolii. In the morning I beat sea buckthorn at Camber for
E.. innotata Hufn. but found only Semiothisa alternata D. & S.
larvae, but these were quite common and very welcome.

I was at Bradwell-on-Sea, Essex, with Peter Follett on the
6th of September, once again in clear, cool conditions (are the
Met. Office ever right?), but several of the second brood of
Leucania flavicolor Barrett appeared at the lights, together with
a single female Trichiura crataegi L. This year was undoubtably
a good one for 7. crataegi, as at Bury Farm on the night of the
4th, ten specimens of this species were recorded, including three
females and two nights later another six were taken in the same
locality in company with a few male Ennomos autumnaria
Wernb. and the first Spaelotis ravida D. & S. of the year. This
last named insect was relatively common at this locality last
year from late July onwards, but this year (possibly due to the
hot, dry summer) it appeared very late and only a dozen or so
were recorded throughout this month. Another local trip to
the North Kent Downs on the 10th with Ray Cook, was made
for E. denotata Hiibn., the larvae of which were found to be
abundant in seed heads of the local nettle leaved bell-flower
and we now have many pupae of this pug overwintering.

The morning of the 18th found Bernard Skinner and myself
heading towards Brancaster Bay on the North Norfolk coast,
hoping we would not be too late for larvae of E. extensaria

HUNTING FOR LEPIDOPTERA IN 1975 153

Freyer. On arrival we found that the sea wormwood was quite
widespread and common and at some distance inland from the
actual coastline. Sweeping this plant produced a few fully fed
larvae and although we probably just managed enough for our
needs over a couple of hours, a week or two earlier we would
undoubtably have found the larvae much commoner. Fortu-
nately, virtually none of the larvae we collected proved to be
stung and most pupated in the next few days. Leaving Bran-
caster, we stopped at Chippenham Fen on the way back and
found a few larvae of EF. trisignaria H.-S. amongst what we
took to be E. tripunctaria H.-S. (many of which were in fact
E. centaureata D. & S.) on the Angelica heads.

At Wicken Fen on the 24th we were both “‘pug’”’ hunting
again and on this occasion Ray Cook joined us. Searching the
scattered Angelica heads in the main part of the fen was very
unproductive, producing only a few centaureata and a couple of
trisignaria. We then moved across to an area just outside the
fen where we found the foodplant growing commonly and there
trisignaria larvae were to be had in comparatively large num-
bers, up to nine on a single plant, although many plants had
none at all. With the sky threatening rain, we decided to push
on and try for E. pimpinellata Hiibn. before the weather broke.
We stopped at several likely looking places along the Cambridge-
shire roads and a few larvae of this species were found on the
scattered plants of burnet saxifrage, but it was not until we
came across a large patch of the foodplant growing on a small
sandy bank alongside a busy main road, that we found the
larvae in any numbers. The purple or green larva is very well
camouflaged as it sits well up on its foodplant, often at right
angles to the stem and although obvious when spotted, the
three of us could search a patch of the foodplant in turn and
all find larvae that had been previously overlooked. It is worth
mentioning that this larva should not be swept, as it is very
tenacious and often damaged in this process. It is also very
highly stung.

Two days later, whilst visiting Thorndon Park, I noticed
a few patches of burnet saxifrage growing on the slope of a
steep hill and on searching these I obtained several larvae of
E. pimpinellata, which constitute the second Essex record for
this species. That same afternoon I was pleased to find larvae of
another local pug, E. millefoliata Rossler, abundant in seed
heads of yarrow growing on a railway bank at the rear of a
friend’s garden only 200 yards from my home. Subsequently,
this pug was found commonly in several areas along the Thames,
so perhaps this knowledge will reduce the number of collectors
participating in the “find the yarrow plant” competition that
takes place annually on the shingle at Dungeness.

I had wanted to visit Swanage and Studland for sometime
and on hearing of migrants taken earlier in the season I thought
it worthwhile to try my luck in these Dorset localities, so J
drove down on the 3rd October. At Studland I managed to
obtain permission to plug in at a hotel and ran two lights there

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/VI1/76

whilst I operated the portable equipment all night at Durlston
Head, giving me a total of five traps. I stayed three nights and
was joined by Dave Brown and Andrew Gardner on the night
of the 4th. The best migrants seen during my stay were Herse
convolvuli Linn. (one at each locality on the last night), Leucania
unipuncta Haw. (two at Durlston), Heliothis peltigera D. & S.
(one at Studland on the 4th). The few indigenous moths seen
amongst hoards of Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and Plusia gamma L.
were eight Lithophane leautieri Boisd. at Studland and three
Dasypolia templi Thunb. at Durlston Head, whereas Eumichtis
lichenea Hiibn., L. l-album L. and Aporophyla nigra Haw.
were in evidence at both localities. I returned home in the early
hours of the 6th, well pleased with my first visit to this part of
the country.

The last trip of any consequence this season was to Chobham
Common with Ray Cook on the 2nd of November. There we
obtained several of what we hope are Oporinia autumnata
Borkh. females which subsequently laid. The most noteworthy
moth at the lights however, was undoubtably EF. repandaria, an
extremely late date for this species.

So ended my 1975 season, and one which will surely be
remembered for its long hot summer, but no less for its
extremely cold late spring.

Current Literature

Moths in Colour by Lief Lyneborg. Illustrated by Niels
Jonsson. English edition translated by Campbell Ferguson
and edited and supervised by H. J. Midwinter. 177 pp. 43
colour plates. Blandford. £2.50.

The latest in the Blandford colour series, it figures and
describes some 5% of the species of western Europe. The value
of such books is doubtful since they frustrate more than help
the would-be identifier.

The plates are very good and the text is harmless except
when dealing with distribution in Britain, where the Editor’s
supervision suggests neither knowledge of, nor reference books
on, the subject.

Species stated not to be found in Britain include: senex,
albula, irrorella, pyritoides, c-nigrum, exulis, venustula, elymi,
bankiana, aescularia, nubilalis, costalis, nigrata and semirubella!

“Calamia tridens is found locally over most of England,
but has only recently been found in Ireland.” Is this the Dark
Claddagh Dagger? ‘“‘Carmelita, as its name implies, is very rare,
and is known from a few isolated localities in the South of
England.”

Beehawks belong to the Sesiidae, while a jolly sounding
insect called Blomers Ripplet occurs in mountain country only.

An entertaining book! If it reaches a second edition it
might be sub-titled ““A Midwinternight’s Dream’. — E.H.W.

155
New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records
for 1975
By L. W. SiGcGs*

Details of the catch in the Robinson Trap at Minstead in
1975 are as follows: —

Specimens Species

Nights Total Average A verage
March Si 305 10 3
April 28 939 33 6
May 28 283 10 5
June 29 1,365 46 19
July 31 3,925 127 40
August 3] 5.736 185 a1
September 29 972 34 10
October 30 695 23 6
November 16 254 16 5

These figures show that the trend in recent years of average
catch per month continues to fall, and the figures for March,
April, May, July, September and October are the lowest so far.
Much has been written of the “‘glorious summer” of 1975 and
it is true that in August there was a welcome spell of warm
days in the New Forest. Nights, however, were not unduly warm
in that month and throughout the year they were disappointing.

As a result, the annual catch of most species was down,
some alarmingly so, as the following figures for the common
Orthosiids, comparing 1975 with their peak year 1965,
illustrate: —

1975 1965
Orthosia cruda D. & S. 29 1,924
Orthosia stabilis D. & S. 654 2322
Orthosia incerta Hufn. 234 1,467
Orthosia munda D. & S. 12 192
Orthosia gothica L. 282 1,406

Most species were well below average and only two made
a record for the best year yet, viz. Agrotis puta Hiibn. 814
(previous record 236) and Mythimna pallens L. 473 (384). In
both cases the second brood was exceptionally high.

The total number of species recorded was 308.

There were two additions to the Minstead list: —

Heliothis peltigera D. & S.

Scopula immutata L. (the first record for the New Forest
since the 1940s).

The following species, which are occasional here, were
welcomed: —

Euxoa nigricans L., Anaplecta prasina D. & S., Archanara
sparganii Esp., Apamea ophiogramma Esp., Acronicta mega-

* Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hampshire.

156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/VI1/76

cephala D. & S., Xylena vetusta Hiibn., Conistra ligula Esp..
Nycteola revayana Scop., Scopula floslactata Haw., Mesoleuca
albicillata ., Horisme tersata D. & S. (the second record for
Minstead), Lomographa bimaculata Fab.

Migrants

Rather better numbers than for the past few years. Two
new records for Minstead, Heliothis peltigera D. & S., and
Margaritia sticticalis L. (which is also new for the New Forest).

Autographa gamma L. (551), Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (19),
Lithosia quadra L. (six, of which four were female), Heliothis
peltigera D. & S. (one), Orthonama obstipata Fab. (one), Nomo-
phila noctuella D. & S. (177), Margaritia sticticalis L. (one),
Plutella xylostella L. (maculipennis Curt.) (37).

Polymorphism
Biston betularia L. Idaea aversata L.
typical 24 (92%) remutata 53 (70%)
carbonaria one (4%) aversata 24 (30%)

insularia one (4%)

Alcis repandata L. typical 74, f. consonaria Hibn. three.
Xanthia icteritia Hufn. typical 16, ab. flavescens Esp. two.
Eilema_ griseola Hibn. typical 21, ab. flava Haw. three.
Eilema deplana Esp. Variation in this species is considerable,
but at the moment I have insufficient information to name them.
I think I had 10 typical females (although all but two were of a
pale form) and one typical male. There were two female
varieties; six of one and one of the other. The latter had orange
forewings and typical ochreous grey hindwings. The British
Museum has no similar specimen. There were two male varieties;
three of one and one of the other. (I have had yet another male
variety in earlier years.) I am trying to find out more about this
variation and should be glad to hear from anyone who has
information on the subject.

AGRIOPIS MARGINARIA FAB. F. FUSCATA MOSLEY AT WOKING.
—I was most interested to find that the only example of the
Dotted Border in my m.v. trap here on 25th March, 1976 was
the melanic f. fuscata Mosley with its deep-brown forewings and
dusky hindwings. I had only met with this form previously in
Lancashire, since it is comparatively numerous in those northern
areas of England and especially in Delamere Forest, Cheshire.
Its presence in the southern counties is, however, apparently
becoming more frequent, since South’s Moths of the British
Isles (1962 edition) mentions its occurrence both in Essex and
Surrey so that it would be of interest to know of other records
for this county or even in the London area. Mr. Denzil ffennell
tells me he took several examples of this form in the vicinity
of Eton College in the 1930s. —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three
Oaks, Woking, Surrey.

157

The Effect of Mild Winters on Some British
Autumn and Spring Flying Lepidoptera
By D. W. H. FFENNELL*

The mild winter of 1974/75 had a considerable effect on
the flight period of some of our Lepidoptera which emerge in
the cold months of the year. For example, here in the South of
England, Conistra ligula (Esper), which is not usually seen after
the middle of December, was still coming to a light trap in the
last week of January; whereas A pocheima pilosaria (D. & S.),
which normally emerges in the first mild spell of January or
February, but certainly not before daylight hours are lengthening,
appeared as early as 12th December.

I have sometimes wondered what happens to such species
in more southerly parts of Europe, where mild winters are a
normal feature of the climate, and I had expected that those
species which emerge with us in the autumn, oviposit and die
in the same year, would probably do the same further south,
perhaps persisting late into the winter; and that those which
hibernate with us, flying again and ovipositing in the spring,
would probably maintain this habit, but hibernate only uneasily
or not at all. Spring emerging species might logically be expected
to appear a little earlier just as in Scotland, compared to southern
England, they appear later.

I have recently been fortunate to spend two short winter
periods in the extreme south of Spain in a latitude more
southerly than any other part of Europe except the tips of Sicily
and Greece. The locality is the foothills behind San Pedro de
Alcantara in the Province of Malaga, about three miles inland
from the sea in the Marbella plain, and about half way between
Malaga and Gibraltar. On each occasion I ran a 6 watt actinic
tube on a Heath trap throughout the period.

The first visit was 17th-20th December, 1972. Captures
included 16 resident British species, of which those which fly
here only in the autumn were: Eupithecia phoeniciata (Rambur),
A porophyla nigra (Haw.), Allophyes oxyacanthae (L.), Polymixis
flavicincta (D. & S.) and Agrochola lychnidis (D. & S.). Three
of the commonest species seen on that occasion were /daea
seriata (Schranck), Gymnoscelis rufifasciata (Haw.) and Chesias
rufata (Fab.), none of which are cold season moths in Britain.
Both in the natural vegetation and in gardens Genista species
are common in the area, so that a representative of the genus
Chesias was not unexpected; what was surprising was that it
should have been rufata rather than legatella (D. & S.), which
flies in October in Britain. The really amazing captures, however,
were two specimens each of Menophra abruptaria (Thunb.) and
Xylocampa areola (Esper). The latter does sometimes respond
to mild weather at the beginning of the year in Britain—I
recorded one on 2nd February in 1975—but abruptaria is out
in April and May here, and I would never have expected to see
it towards the end of the year.

* Martyr Worthy Place, Winchester, Hampshire.

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1/76

My second visit was 3lst January to 7th February, 1976. On
this occasion (seven nights trapping against three in 1972) the
list included 22 resident British species. Of those British
autumnal species taken on the December visit only A. nigra and
A. lychnidis were seen again, both getting very worn; in addition
there were examples of Conistra vaccinii (L.), Caradrina clavi-
palpis (Scop.) and Nycteola revayana (Scop.). This time the
surprise was a fresh specimen of Lithophane leautieri (Bois.),
which must either hibernate there after an autumn emergence
and fly again in the spring, or emerge at favourable opportunities
during the winter. The three species in my second December list
—1. seriata, G. rufifasciata and C. rufata—were all still common
and in many cases fresh, evidently also emerging on suitable
occasions throughout the winter; and the two surprises of the
December list—M. abruptaria and X. areola—were seen again,
the latter now commonly. The only additional British spring
species to appear was Colostygia multistrigaria (Haw.), but this
may have been due to the fact that the spring rains only began
while I was there, too late for me to see anything of species
emerging as a result of their arrival.

It seems therefore that many of species which live in
southern Europe as well as in Britain are on the wing throughout
the winter in the mild regions, and that it is the harshness of
our climate which has caused them here to divide into autumn
and spring fliers. I had always imagined that, as with many
plants flower development can only take place when the rate
of increase or decrease of daylight hours is suitable for them,
so there would be a mechanism which would inhibit a spring
flying moth from emerging in the autumn, and vice versa.

My faith in this theory was shaken, however, by the records
of A. pilosaria in Britain in 1974 before 21st December, the
shortest day; and from my Spanish records it seems clear that
there is no reason why, if the winter climate in Britain continues
to become milder, we should not see some of our early spring
species, such as X. areola, appearing in the autumn and flying
through the winter, hibernating perhaps only sporadically or not
at all. Our autumn species, too, would persist until the spring
as A. nigra and A. lychnidis do in the south of Spain. Agrochola
macilenta (Hiibn.) comes to mind as a species which might do
this, as it remains on the wing in mild winters in Britain long
after A. lychnidis is over. It was still fairly common in Here-
fordshire in early December 1967 (ffennell, Ent. Rec., 80 (1):
28), so that perhaps it can already extend its flight period into
the second half of our winter.

Notes and Observations

THE VOLTINISM OF PHYLLONORYCTER ROBORIS (ZELLER) AND
P. CAVELLA (ZELLER). —In my recent paper on the oak-feeding
species of Phyllonorycter (Ent. Rec., 87: 240-245), I made the
tentative suggestion that P. roboris might be univoltine and Mr.

EFFECT OF MILD WINTERS ON SOME BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA 159

D. W. H. ffennell (ibid. pp. 245-247) produced potentially con-
tradictory evidence. However, my recent experience with the
species lends support to the theory of a single generation. On
the 30th of August, 1975 my wife and I recorded leaf-mines on
the army training area to the north-west of Ollerton in Notting-
hamshire, a locality forming part of Sherwood Forest. Amongst
other material, I picked five mines on oak which obviously
belonged to P. roboris; these mines were still tenanted and there
was no sign of other mines of this species from which the adult
had emerged. There was a rent in the lower epidermis of one
of the mines and with the aid of transmitted light and a micro-
scope I could see through this hole that the occupant was a
prepupa in its cocoon. I kept the mines under observation for
six weeks but nothing emerged. So I overwintered the mines
out of doors and brought them into a warm room in mid-
February. On the 13th of March a specimen of P. roboris
emerged from the mine with the rent. Now the textbooks give
the larval feeding time of P. roboris as ‘“‘7 and 9-10’. If these
figures are correct, my August prepupa must surely have been
late generation 1 and not early generation 2; in that event it
had no business to delay emergence till the following year.

On the same day in March as the imago of P. roboris, a
parasite emerged from another of the mines. This has been
identified by Dr. M. Shaw of Manchester University as Clostero-
cerus trifasciatus Westwood, an interesting species which,
presumably after an earlier generation on some other host,
attacks Phyllonorycter species feeding on Fagaceae, “arriving in
the Phyllonorycter complex right at the end of generation 1
mine availability”. This means that it is generally a hyper-
parasite as it has come too late for healthy generation | hosts.

It is worth mentioning that the mines of P. roboris are
so distinctive and easy to recognise once they have been seen,
that without waiting for a confirmatory adult I confidently sent
the record, which is new for Nottinghamshire, to Mr. S. N. A.
Jacobs who is currently advertising in this journal for Phyl-
lonorycter records.

In his letter to me, Dr. Shaw drew attention to another
species of Phyllonorycter which, though described in our text-
books as bivoltine, is, in his experience, univoltine. This is
P. cavella which feeds on birch. In Cheshire mines of this species
are “only slightly less common than P. ulmifoliella in autumn’’,
but from “around a thousand generation 1 rearings on birch,
we have only recorded cavella 5 times . . . and these were
probably just abnormally advanced cavella mines collected at
the end of our (arbitrary) concept of generation 1”’. This species
could be univoltine in Cheshire but bivoltine in the south-east
of Britain, where it is relatively uncommon; however, the capture
of two fresh specimens on the 17th of June, 1971 at Holmwood
in Surrey, where I was collecting in the company of our editor,
suggests that it is univoltine throughout its British range.

Stainton in his Manual describes these two species as
bivoltine and subsequent literature has echoed his opinion. The

160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/V1I/76

instances I have cited are too few to be the basis of positive
deductions. If we are to get the facts right in Volume 2 of The
Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland we need more
information with the utmost urgency: 1977 will be too late. —
A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex, 23.11.76.

THE PEACOCK (INACHIS 10 L.) ON THE SUMMIT OF CADER
IprIs (2,927 FT.), MERIONETH.—On 10th April, 1976, my
friends Mr. and Mrs. Shand noted two Peacocks on the summit
of Cader Idris. The butterflies were attempting, with remarkable
persistence, to fly against the wind, presumably to reach a less
exposed position on the warmer southern slopes of the mountain.
I have occasionally seen Vanessas up to about 2,400 ft. on the
Black Mountains but never higher. — J. P. SANKEY-BARKER, Plas
Llangattock, Crickhowell, Breconshire.

RECORDS OF CHLOROCLYSTIS CHLOERATA (MABILLE). — Mr.
M. Britton asks ‘‘if the imago of chloerata has ever been taken
on any other occasion apart from at M.V. light” (Ent. Rec., 88:
67). It comes to lighted windows. I have three specimens so
taken, viz. Summertown, Oxford, vi.47 and 25.vi.52, and Saffron
Walden, Essex, 22.vi.70. A further record is of a specimen I
reared from Waterperry Wood, Oxon, on 5.vi.52.—A. M.
EmMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex, 27.11.76:

STEPHENSIA BRUNNICHELLA L. BRED FROM GROUND Ivy. — A
larva which I found mining a leaf of Glechoma hederacea
(Ground Ivy) near Dartford, Kent, on 25th April, 1976, to my
surprise on 24th May produced an imago of S. brunnichella.
This is a previously unrecorded foodplant to my knowledge.
The larva usually mines the leaves of Calamintha clinopodium
(Wild Basil) and is not scarce on this at Mickleham, Surrey
whence I bred a number of second generation moths in August
1971. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

LYCIA ZONARIA ATLANTICA (HARRISON) IN SOUTH UIST. —
Mr. R. P. Demuth and I were interested to see this insect flying
freely on the sandhills near Howmore towards 1 p.m. BST on
20th April, 1976, in fine, warm weather. We also found three
males and a female at rest on nearby posts, but none on herbage
as at Conway. I have previously seen it flying at about 4.30 p.m.
in Barra in 1962. We were also shown a specimen which had
come to a lighted window in the military camp on Benbecula.
Our chief quarry, however, was the male Stellers Eider which
we had seen in grand plumage a few days previously, along with
over 100 Longtails in winter and summer plumage. — AUSTIN
RICHARDSON, Orchard Cottage, Box, Stroud, Glos.

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as complete as possible. — §. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
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Wanted during 1976 and 1977 — Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
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PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdy., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE.

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CONTENTS

Notes on Some British Platypalpus Macquart (Dipt.: Empididae),
including a Species New to Science, Two New to Britain and

New Synonymy. K. G. V. SMITH and M. CHVALA ... SJ!
Observations on British Butterflies in 1975, Part I. Dr. C. J.
LUCKENS 145 ©
An Old Migration Record and Notes on Hibernation of Macroglossa
stellatarum L. (Lep.: Sphingidae). T. LARSEN ... 148
Hunting for Lepidoptera in 1975. W. L. COSTER 149
New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1975. L. W. SIGGS = 155
The Effect of Mild Winters on Some British Autumn and Spring
Flying Lepidoptera. D. W. H. FFENNELL 157
Notes and Observations:
Hibernated Vanessa atalanta L. in Staffordshire. R. G.
WARREN ... 147
An Early Yellow Shell (Camptogramma bilineata L.). J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT 148
Agriopis marginaria F. f. fuscata Mosley at Woking. C. G. M.
de WORMS 156
The Voltinism of Phyllonorycter roboris (Zeller) and P. cavella
(Zeller) A. M. EMMET 158
The Peacock (Inachis io L.) on the Summit of Cader Idris
(2,927 ft.), Merioneth. J. P. SANKEY-BARKER ... 160
Records of Chloroclystis chloerata (Mabille). A.M.EMMET... 160
Stephensia brunnichella L. bred from Ground Ivy. J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT 160
Lycia zonaria atlantica (Harrison) in South Uist. AUSTIN
RICHARDSON 160
Current Literature 154
The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Volume 3. J. M. CHALMERS-
BUNT, x. a4 443 ve es ye Bee ae we CESS}

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London, Huntingdon,

SW7 SBD. Cambs. PE17 4JY.

WANTED — GEOMETRIDAE, LARENTIINAE for work in connection
with Volume 8 of ‘The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland’’. In my attempt to breed and study the species of this group, I still
require livestock of some of the more local species and sub-species. I would
be most grateful to hear from anyone willing to assist by supplying ova or
larvae and would be happy to make exchanges where possible. I also need
adults of a few of those species requiring genitalia preparations for deter-
mination. The “Pugs” are important in this respect and in particular
Eupithecia fraxinata (Crewe)/innotata (Hufri)/tamarisciata (Freyer) and
E. goosensiata (Mab.). Also Chloroclysta concinnata (Steph.) and C. citrata
pythonissata (Milliere). — J. Reid, 44 Hawthorn Way, Royston, Hertford-
shire.

161

Phyllocnistis xenia Hering, 1936, a recent addition
to the British list of Lepidoptera

By E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON*

The genus Phyllocnistis (Zeller), now separated from
Gracillariidae as a distinct family Phyllocnistidae (Kloet and
Hincks, 1972) has for many years been known to include two
British species. In 1925 Waters introduced a third species to
the British list under the name P. tremulella (Zeller, 1843),
now considered a synonym of P. labyrinthella (Bjerkander,
1790). But in 1928 he withdrew the record realising that his
specimens were after all only lightly marked forms of P. uni-
punctella (Stephens, 1834) (then known as P. suffusella (Zeller,
1847) ).

On 9th September, 1974 I discovered in a small area of
scrubby woodland near Dover some mines on Populus
canescens (Grey Poplar) of very striking appearance (fig. 1).
These agreed with those of P. unipunctella in their resemblance
to a much contorted trail of mucus left by a snail on the
upper surface of a leaf, but differed in having a strong line
of frass in the centre of the whole length of the mine, in this
respect resembling the mine of P. saligna (Zeller, 1839). Some
small folds on leaf margins showed that some larvae had
pupated in the usual Phyllocnistis manner and from one of
these the first moth emerged on the following day, to be
followed by a few others within the following week. In 1975
the site was visited by other microlepidopterists who reported
that mines were abundant.

I was straight away faced with a difficulty about the
identity of this species. Hering (1957) recognised two species
with mines with a central frass track in leaves of Populus,
Phyllocnistis xenia (Hering) on Populus alba (White Poplar)
and P. labyrinthella (Bjerkander) usually on Populus tremula
(Aspen). It seemed possible that a Phyllocnistis on Populus
canescens, a species in some respects intermediate between P.
alba and P. tremula, might demonstrate that the Phyllocnistis
associated with all three Popuius species were the same. Hering
described P. xenia in 1936, but by 1957 he was doubtful of the
distinction and stated that it was perhaps identical with P.
labyrinthella. The differences described as separating the two
in the adult stage are slight, P. xenia having a pure white
ground colour, no ochreous colouring between the two most
basal costal strigulae and no dark spot on the middle of the
dorsum: this last character is undoubtedly variable and in
most specimens I have seen the spot is present. The two species
have not been separated in the collection of the British Museum
(Natural History). If we are to treat them as one we should
use the older name, P. labyrinthella (Bjerkander) for our
species.

* Department of Natural History, The Royal Scottish Museum, Chambers
Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF.

162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

Grohe SHAS A
“eeu {UX 197#
—_! ise

Figure 1. Mines of Phyllocnistis xenia Hering in leaf of Populus \

canescens.

PHYLLOCNISTIS XENIA HERING, 1936 163

However, the following facts support the contrary view.
Although Phyllocnistis xenia was described by Hering (1936)
from Populus alba, at that time P. canescens was often
regarded as a variety of P. alba and Hering did not himself
distinguish them. Lt. Col. Emmet has pointed out to me that
the foodplant of Ectoedemia turbidella (Herrich-Schiffer) is
stated by Hering (1957) as Populus alba, whereas in fact it is
confined to P. canescens: thus Hering may well have mis-
identified the foodplant of Phyllocnistis xenia. Further evidence
of distinction is provided by the position of the mine: according
to Hering P. xenia always mines the upperside of the leaf,
P. labyrinthella often the underside. P. labyrinthella inhabits
northern and P. xenia southern Europe (type locality Torre
del Mar, Andalusia, Spain) and I am indebted to Dr. J.
Klimesch for the information that both occupy the same terri-
tory in central Europe. Such an overlap is good evidence of
specific distinction.

In such doubtful cases it is better to err by treating one
species as two rather than to make the opposite error by
including two species under one name: on this principle and
on the balance of evidence so far obtained I propose to treat
the species as separate and record our species as Phyllocnistis
xenia Hering.

Phyllocnistis xenia is easily separable in the adult stage
from the other two British species of Phyllocnistis: to put the
differences in the form of a key:

1. Forewing with two grey longitudinal streaks from base,
the space between usually filled with ochreous

P. saligna (Zeller)
No dark longitudinal streaks from base of forewing ......

2. Forewing with four costal strigulae: dark spot on
dorsum, if present, diffuse and within basal quarter:
often extensive grey and ochreous suffusion in median
PUN Me ees acted clone oe ciolcal ssn ono bases P. unipunctella (Stephens)
Forewing with five costal strigulae, the apical one some-
times indistinct: dark dorsal spot, if present, small and
at about one-third from base: clear white without
sulfusion in median’ area’ .4.24.9..853.. 5.0% P. xenia (Hering)

A photograph by Mr. D. E. Wilson which shows the
characters of P. xenia very well was printed in Proc. Trans.
Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 8 (1): plt. 3, fig. 24 (1975).

At present this species is known in only one British
locality. Having such a conspicuous mine it would surely not
have been overlooked for long and therefore seems likely to
be a quite recent arrival in Britain.

In addition to those already mentioned, my thanks are
due to Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs for the fine drawing of a mined
leaf of Populus canescens illustrated as fig. 1.

References

Hering, E. M., 1936. Blattminen von Spanien. Eos 11 (1935): 331-384,
pit. 16.

164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

, 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa.
*s-Gravenhage.
Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1972. A check list of British insects
(Edn. 2). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 11 (2), Lepidoptera.
Waters, E. G. R., 1925. Three additions to the British list of Tineina.
Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 61: 82-89.
, 1928. Tineina in the Oxford district (part). Ento-
mologist’s mon. Mag., 64: 172-178.

Notes and Observations

PROFUSION OF BUTTERFLIES IN EARLY May 1976. — The
phenomenally warm spell which struck the south of England
with three successive days of shade temperatures at over 80°F.
during the second week in May, had a remarkable effect on
the butterfly population. On May Ist, I visited a favoured
haunt on the Surrey-Sussex border, but in spite of fairly mild
conditions hardly an insect was apparent. However, when I
revisited this locality on May 9th in company with Dr. John
Holmes it was a very different picture in the short heat-wave.
Butterflies seemed everywhere and in fair profusion. By the
end of our visit we had recorded no less than a dozen species,
ten of which were of this year’s origin. Leptidea sinapis L.
was flying in most of the rides, but only the males together
with many Anthocharis cardamines L. and Pararge egeria L.
Pieris rapae L., P. rapae L. and P. brassicae were also much
in evidence. Clossiana euphrosyne L. was already well under
way, and we also noted Heodes phlaeas L., Celastrina argiolus
L. and Pyrgus malvae L. Other collectors had also seen Callo-
phrys rubi L. Of the hibernators both sexes of Gonepteryx
rhamni L. were everywhere and we saw a single Inachis io L.,
not a bad score for so early in the season. —C. G. M. DE
Worms, Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking, Surrey.

EarRLy APPEARANCE OF HYLOICUS PINASTRI L. AND OTHER
Motus AT WOKING. — The remarkable heat-wave that broke
in early May brought out moths in quantity, especially on the
night of May 9th, 1976 when the temperature did not fall
below 60°F. all night here. Among a big concourse at my m.v.
trap was a Pine Hawk which I had only once before seen at
such an early date, in the 1950’s. Hippocrita jacobaeae L. was
another unexpected visitor with a good assortment of the
Prominents, notably Notodonta trepida Esp. which seems in
great plenty this year.—C. G. M. pe Worms, Three Oaks,
Shore’s Road, Woking, Surrey.

MorTHS AT BLACKBERRY FRUIT DURING SEPTEMBER 1975. —
I found the following moths at a small patch of over-ripe
blackberries in Darenth Wood on 21st September, 1975:
Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., two, Phlogophora meticulosa L., two,
a fresh female Aporophyla lutulenta Schiff. and a single
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. — J. PLatts, 11 Maydowns Road,
Chestfield, Kent.

165

Six Years’ Notes on Migrant Lepidoptera on and
near the Coast of N.W. France
By E. P. WILTSHIRE*

I resided from early 1969 to early 1975 at Le Havre (Seine
Maritime), on the northern tip of the Seine estuary. Despite
holidays elsewhere in some years (detailed later), I was able
to collect and observe Lepidoptera during six successive
summers, and indeed whole years; while excluding from this
article the results of the more distant holiday-trips, I include
the observations made on two or three visits, none longer than
a fortnight, to more western points on the coasts of Normandy
and Brittany. I entered regularly in my customary diary all
my captures and observations; these gave the names, not only
of species taken, but of those seen and not captured, when
the identities were sure; also the exact numbers, or if numerous
some indication thereof; the weather conditions were also
noted.

The dividing line between migrants and non-migrants is
not sharp. The total number of Lepidoptera species which I
captured in the Le Havre district was about 600. Among these
many entries, comparatively few were of explicit observations
of migratory movements or swarms; yet many were of recog-
nised or suspected migrants. I have decided to include these
in this article and to comment on the records of each separately
in the light of the observed or supposed migration of each.
The main lists of migrants which I have consulted for this
purpose are: (A) G. F. Cockbill and M. E. Gibbs in C. B.
Williams and others (1942): 105-142; and (B) U. Eitschberger
and H. Steiniger (1973): 145. The former deals with the British
Isles, the latter with Central Europe. As N.W. France is closer
to the British Isles, I have felt justified in trying to steer a
middle course between the two. I have included some species
of whose migration the earlier work furnished strong evidence
even though omitted in the later list. There is, of course, a
general agreement between the two systems; but the lists and
groupings are not identical.

The 31 selected species are as in the following list, and
the accompanying Table summarises the records synoptically.

RHOPALOCERA

Papilio machaon (L.) bigeneratus Verity; Colias croceus
Geoff.; Gonepteryx rhamni (L.); Pieris brassicae (L.); P. rapae
(L.); P. napi (L.); Cyaniris semiargus (Rott.); Vanessa atalanta
(L.); Cynthia cardui (L.); Aglais urticae (L.).

HETEROCERA

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hiibn.); Udea ferrugalis (Hubn.);
Nomophila noctuella (Den. & Schiff.); Orthanama obstipata
(Fabr.); Macroglossum stellatarum (L.); Euproctis chrysorrhaea
(L.); Euproctis similis (Fuessly); Leucoma salicis (L.); Arc-

* 140 Marsham Court, Marsham Street, London, SW1 P4JY.

166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

SYNOPTIC TAsLs \W YEARS
jumber of records in year of each species is shewn at end of each year,
fJ= 1-5 individuals seen on each observation

Oz 6-10 ditto

@= 11- innumerable ditto

% = see note in text under "individual species”

t= larva observed

H= adult hatched from cantive pupa.

YEAR
> MONTH

3456 789101/3 456 78 910193 45678 910113 4567 8910118 456 78 91084 567 89101

tornis l-nigrum (Miill.); Agrotis segetum (Den. & Schiff.); A.
ipsilon (L.); Noctua pronuba (L.); Peridroma saucia (Hubner);
Xestia c-nigrum (L.); Mythimna I-album (L.); M. albipuncta
(Den. & Schiff.); M. unipuncta (Haw.); Apamea monoglypha
(Hufn.); Phlogophora meticulosa (L.); Hoplodrina ambigua
(Den. & Schiff.); Autographa gamma (L.).

The problems in N.W. France are two-fold: what degree
of dependence on immigration from further south (or other
directions) is there in each of the recorded species; and what
role does the district play in immigrations to the British Isles?
The answer to the former question often depends on an
answer to another query, not always easily answered, namely

SIX YEARS’ NOTES ON MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 167

whether a species regularly over-winters in the district. Doubt-
less an elaborate marking and release campaign would be
required for the second question, which incidentally asks
whether the district is ever a departure bridge-head for those
migrants, whose arrival bridge-heads on the south coast of
England are well-known. If William the Conqueror in 1066
sailed from Normandy to Hastings, might not the migrant
lepidoptera have had a similar starting-point in their aerial
invasion so often landing at Dungeness, near Hastings?

Past records of Lepidoptera movements on the coasts of
Normandy or Brittany, if they exist, might supplement my
own, but except for a few short reports, dealing, as far as
Lepidoptera are concerned, mainly with movements in different
directions on the beaches of Deauville by Pieridae in August
(C. Lane, 1955, 1957; M. Rothschild, 1963, 1971) I have found
none, certainly nothing comparable to the exhaustive summary
of C. B. Williams er al. (1942) regarding arrivals in the British
Isle. I therefore hope that my own records will help to show
what actually happens in N.W. France and that where they
fail to do so they will perhaps inspire others to continue
studying these problems there and elsewhere.

After the individual notes, which endeavour to deduce the
local status from the known life-history and the local observa-
tion of each species, some more general remarks and
conclusions will be attempted.

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL SPECIES

Under each, as far as possible, will be considered (1) its
phenology, (2) the hibernating stage, (3) whether regular in
the district or further west in N.W. France, (4) numbers seen,
and behaviour if remarkable, (5) whether larvae were found,
and (6) local status, and/or origin.

RHOPALOCERA

Except where otherwise indicated, these were diurnal
records, usually in sunlight.
P. machaon bigeneratus. As the subspecific name would indi-
cate, the French form is usually two-brooded; but potentially
the species is tri-voltine, possibly multivoltine. The pupa hiber-
nates, but may also aestivate in its hottest habitats. It was seen
in one year only (for the 1973 record refers to the Mts. d’Arrée,
in Brittany, where machaon is better established; at any rate,
J. Chérel 1967: 33, discussing 50 years’ collecting in Brittany,
said the species is infrequent in Finisterre but fairly common
in other parts of Brittany). The one example seen near Le
Havre was probably the 2 which laid the egg from which the
larva, found later on fennel at the same spot, hatched. French
colleagues reported that 1970 was ‘“‘a good year” for P.
machaon which was appearing outside its usual area; its good
years, however, do not correspond with the “good years” for
migrants. It must be categorised as an occasional immigrant
which fails to establish itself.

168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

C. croceus. Multivoltine. Hibernating stage, not known. Very
infrequently seen but when seen, in larger numbers than the
preceding. Larva not seen. An occasional immigrant which
fails to establish itself in the district.

G. rhamni. Univoltine. Hibernates as an adult. Seen every
year, appears stable, seldom numerous. Larva not seen. Usually
in woods, but occasionally on more open ground. Was not
included by Williams (1942) among migratory species, but
recent works (Larsen 1975: 67; Zucchi 1975:9) show that it
may perform local migrations in July. In this district, a stable
resident, possibly migrating a little in good years.

P. brassicae. Bivoltine or multivoltine, with pupal hibernation.
Seen every year, but later than the two congeners which follow.
Does this indicate that it cannot survive the local winter?
Probably is more numerous in suitable weather than indicated,
as I did not always attempt to disiinguish the species when
“‘whites’”? were seen flying across open country. Probably a
resident, and marginal immigrant.

P. rapae. Bivoltine or multivoltine, with pupal hibernation.
Was noted every year early in the year. Repeatedly appears
in large numbers where there would appear to be insufficient
pabulum. On the top and also the lower slopes of Cap la Héve
it was observed in large numbers at the same time as very
large numbers of the lady-bird Coccinella 7-punctata (L.) in
1971; the previous year, at same season but further west in
the Bay of the Seine, a similar observation was made (M.
Rothschild 1971). Both species have been similarly observed
in S. England but no attempt to correlate the phenomenon
seems to have been made. During six years I never searched
vegetable gardens, hence the lack of records of the early
stages. A resident migrant.

P. napi. Bilvoltine or multivoltine with pupal hibernation.
Seen every year and, except for 1973 when I was away in
May, early in the year. Usually in woods or rough country,
very steady in numbers and regular throughout the year. The
larva was not seen. Was mentioned in C. B. Williams ef al.
(1942) without obvious evidence of migration. Bretherton
(1966: 16) said of this species: “‘not usually migratory and
developing definable subspecies”. My own observations here
would confirm this, and Larsen 1975 considered it non-
migratory in the Lebanon. It is only listed here because it is
often included in lists and studies of European migrants. A
resident, seldom migratory, if at all, here.

C. semiargus. Bivoltine, with pupal hibernation. Was not seen
every year; but it is localised, and I did not discover its habitats
in my first two years, and in the last did not revisit them.
The larva was not seen. In some years singletons only were
seen, in others moderate numbers only. No tendency to
migrate could be noted, and it is not regarded as a migrant
by Eitschberger and Steiniger 1973. It is included here because
its status and possible migration into England has been dis-
cussed by authors. A resident, not very firmly established in

SIX YEARS’ NOTES ON MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 169

the Le Havre district, possibly with a slight wandering
tendency.

V. atalanta. Univoltine, or bivoltine; the over-wintering stage
is the adult, but it is questionable whether the term ‘“‘hiberna-
tion” can be applied to it (see B. J. Lempke 1971). Noted every
years in fair numbers. Although its phenology, with long adult
stage, is similar to that of G. rhamni (above) it always appears
somewhat later in the year; this might be argued to indicate
an inability to over-winter locally; the winters at Le Havre
are not severe, but damp, prolonged, and capricious; in view
of the observation by W. Fassnidge (1938: 61) of the larva as
common on the Cote d’Azur in April, the May butterflies at
Le Havre may well have immigrated from the South of France.
In S. Europe where its hibernation has been observed (e.g.
Italy, see Verity, 1950: 338) usually the same individual, hatch-
ing in mid-summer, both aestivates and hibernates but a small
number mature sexually precociously and produce a second
autumnal brood, from which the larvae seen in early spring
are probably derived. But all this is far from clear-cut and
more studies are required over a wide area. In our district it
is probably a regular immigrant unable to survive winters. In
one year only, 1969, was a clear migration observed: several
of this species together with C. croceus were seen flying across
fields between Le Havre and Etretat on October 25th-27th,
and the last examples of these two species were noted on
November Ist; having crossed the Seine estuary from south-
west to north-east, they crossed the harbour jetty at right angles
and continued over the sea towards Cap de la Héve. This same
headland seems to act as a loadstone to migratory insects, as
already noted under rapae.

Cynthia cardui. Potentially multivoltine. Whether any stage
is particularly the hibernating one is not clear, as it cannot
survive severe winters, but probably if there is one, it is the
adult. At Le Havre it failed to appear at all in three of the
six years. It was abundant in the late summer of 1969 and one
example came to light on 8th August, 1969, together with
more numerous examples of the Noctuidae N. pronuba and
A. gamma, listed below. Larvae were not noted. It must be
categorised as an occasional immigrant unable to establish
itself locally. Its real headquarters are the fringes and oases
of the Saharan-Sindian desert. (See my 1946 article and also
my book, 1957:31. In this connection, a query in the 1946
article can now be deleted: would contemporary readers kindly
substitute the letter ‘‘a’’ for the sign “‘?”’ in cols. VII and VIII
of Table 1 in the line starting “‘DO”’ (=desert oases); as I said
in my book, “‘in the plains the butterfly disappears after early
summer except for a few individuals which persist in oases of
the plains throughout summer’”’.)

A. urticae. Bivoltine, hibernating as an adult. Noted every
year, seen early in the year in every year save one. A resident
migrant.

170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

HETEROCERA

With one exception, M. stellatarum, which was only seen
in sunlight by day, and, of course, A. gamma, which is both
diurnal and nocturnal in flight, the following records were
all nocturnal or crepuscular, and most were of moths attracted
to light, a few being attracted to sugar or flowers.

O. nubilalis. Bivoltine or multivoltine. Hibernates as a larva in
stems of its foodplant, but has difficulty in surviving winters
in N.W. Europe. Only seen in two years, and late in the
summer. Not numerous; larvae not seen. An occasional immi-
grant, probably unable to survive winters.

U. ferrugalis. Multivoltine, hibernating stage unknown. Only
seen in one year, but then in several examples coming to light
in October on the coast north of Le Havre, presumably immi-
grants. Larvae not seen though in some years they are found
all over the British Isles. An immigrant, unable to survive
winters.

N. noctuella. Multivoltine, the pupa hibernating. Only seen in
one year and one example. Larvae not seen. An occasional
immigrant, unable to survive winters.

O. obstipata. Potentially multivoltine, probably only bivoltine
in France and the British Isles. Only seen in one year and one
example. Larvae not seen. An occasional immigrant, unable to
survive winters.

M. stellatarum. Not noticed at all in the Le Havre district;
the two examples, seen in June 1974, were recorded on the
west coast of the Cotentin peninsula (facing Jersey). (?)Bivol-
tine. Hibernates as an adult, but restlessly, often indoors in
subtropical climates. An occasional immigrant, not over-
wintering locally, apparently more frequently to be found
further west than the Le Havre district.

GENERAL REMARKS ON LYMANTRIIDAE SPECIES. Of the four
Lymantriid species which now follow, all except A. /-nigrum,
are listed by Williams et al. (1942) but none by Eitschberger
and Steiniger (1973). The earlier work gives evidence of swarms
immigrating into the British Isles of the first three; as for
A. I-nigrum, its occasional captures in England must be due
to immigration, as it does not reside there. Despite their
affinity, similar phenology, and similar habitus, the four
Lymantriid species are very different in status.

E. chrysorrhaea (= phaeorrhaea) (“The Brown-tail’’). Univol-
tine, the larva hibernating gregariously. Its main breeding
places are rather degraded terrain. The absence of records
of adults in some years is due to not looking for them, not to
their disappearance. Its larvae were seen to survive winters
without difficulty in repeated years; it must therefore be con-
sidered a resident. Migratory tendencies were not observed.
E. similis (‘The Gold-tail’”’). Univoltine, the larva hibernating
gregariously. Its main habitat is woodland. Larvae were
observed at least once. No migratory tendency was noted. A
resident.

SIX YEARS’ NOTES ON MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 171

Leucoma salicis (“The White Satin’). Univoltine, the larva
hibernating. Its main habitats are poplar avenues or planta-
tions. Though not captured every year it is doubtless a
resident. No tendency to migrate was noted.

Arctornis l-nigrum. Univoltine, the larva hibernating. Though
found in many parts of France it is everywhere scarce and
unpredictable. Does it migrate or is it just a secretive resident?
Possibly at Le Havre it is a marginal immigrant.

FAMILY: Nocturpas. The twelve listed members of this family
have different types of behaviour and probable origin.

A. segetum. Univoltine, hibernating as a larva. The larva was
not observed. In 1969, the best year for other migrants, the
moth was not even observed, and in no year was it common.
Nevertheless, it is presumed to be a resident. No migratory
tendency was observed.

A. ipsilon. Multivoltine. Which stage can diapause is uncer-
tain. Only seen in three of the six years, but common in 1970,
which British observers considered a “‘poor year for migrants’’.
An occasional immigrant unable to establish itself.

N. pronuba. Univoltine, hibernating as a larva, in some years
quite common. The larva was not observed. A resident migrant.
P. saucia. Multivoltine. What stage it hibernates is uncertain;
indeed whether it can survive cold winters or is capable of
diapause in any stage is unclear. Seen in two years only, each
time a singleton in September. An occasional immigrant.

X. c-nigrum. Partially bivoltine. Usually the larva hibernates
but in some years some individuals pupate, and these pupae
produce an earlier brood of the adult. However, larvae were
not observed in the district. The moth was noted every year.
Certainly a resident, perhaps also migrating.

M. albipuncta. Potentially multivoltine. The larva is the
hibernating stage in N. Europe, but probably severe winters
kill it off. It was not seen locally. The moth was not noted
every year. In view of its migratory reputation, probably a
marginal immigrant.

M. I-album. Potentially multivoltine. The larva is the hiber-
nating stage in N. Europe, but is probably killed off by severe
winters. It was not noted, but the moth was seen in four
of the six years. Probably a resident, but perhaps only a
marginal immigrant.

M. unipuncta. Multivoltine. Whether any stage can diapause
is uncertain. Appeared in one year: one autumnal individual,
doubtless an immigrant. Occasional immigrant.

P. meticulosa. Bivoltine, the autumnal brood usually common.
Noted every year. In one year, larvae, evidently of different
broods, were observed. The larval stage hibernates. A migrant
resident.

A. monoglypha. Univoltine, the larva hibernating. Larva not
observed and moth not noted every year, yet the species is
doubtless resident; no migratory tendencies were observed; it
is not in the list of Eitschberger & Steiniger (1973) but the

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

records from lightships around the British Isles (C. B. Williams
et al., 1942) have shown it immigrates.

Hoplodrina ambigua. Probably bivoltine, the larva hibernating.
Was not noted every year, and the first brood in some years
was not noted. Indications are that it depends on immigration
to maintain its footing in the district. A marginal immigrant.
A. gamma. Multivoltine. Whether any stage can diapause is
uncertain. Has been seen every year, in some years in May;
often very common later in the year. A regular immigrant.

General Remarks

CLIMATE OF THE LE HAvreE pistTrRIct. Being slightly south of
lat. 49.50 N., Le Havre lies about half a degree further south
than the extreme southernmost point of the British Isles,
excluding the Channel Isles. It is about 75 miles (120 km.)
due south of Newhaven, or 95 miles (or 150 km.) S.E. of the
south tip of the Isle of Wight. It is at the half-way point
between the mild west and the colder north-east shores of
Northern France. The mouth of the Seine separates it from
Honfleur and the beaches of Deauville and the D-day beaches,
which are all visible in clear weather; but it actually faces
south with its back against the chalk plateau of the Pays de
Caux, whose average height is about 100 m. (300 ft.) and
slightly protects it from the cold northerly and easterly winds.
Its slopes thus have a favourable aspect, and, before urbanisa-
tion, were probably, compared with neighbouring localities, an
exceptionally favoured natural habitat. However, it is exposed
to the frequent southerly and westerly gales; the weather is
changeable and windy, and, of course, damp. In six years I
saw snow lie there only once, and then for only a day or two
(December 31st, 1970). The mean annual precipitation in the
area is about 1,000 mm., and the mean annual temperature
about 10°C. Most Frenchmen consider its climate bad, but
the records show that it has more sunshine than Rouen and
other cities of Normandy.

COMPARISONS WITH THE BRITISH ISLES. Were these six years
favourable or unfavourable for migrants; and were they
meteorologically exceptional? Detailed statistics would be out
of place here. A span of six years should be enough to make
up for gaps due to absence or shortcomings of technique, and
to give a reliable impression of the fauna’s reaction to the
climate and the annual meterological variations. If the years
were peculiar one would expect the meteorological divagations
affecting phenology of lepidoptera to be roughly similar in
England and N. France; C. G. M. de Worms in his well-known
annual summaries of the season in England (1970, 1971, 1972,
1973, 1974 and 1975) may be abridged and perhaps over-
simplified as follows: Years, good for migrants: 1969, 1973.
Years, bad for migrants: 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974. The six
years were thus predominantly unfavourable in the British
Isles, and doubtless also in N.W. France. This surely suffices
to explain the poor showing in my table of many well-known

SIX YEARS’ NOTES ON MIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA 173

migrant species. However, comparing the details, it is evident
that many well -known migrants were not once recorded by
me during the whole six years though noted in smaller or
greater numbers in the British Isles; but one or two species
of well-known migrants coincided in both countries in their
appearances. Some discrepancies seem easier to explain than
others, e.g. the East Coast immigrants from Scandinavia such
as V. antiopa and C. fraxini, and the American immigrants,
usually most frequent in the extreme south-west of the British
Isles, such as D. plexippus L. and V. virginiensis Drury, would
find more accessible landing-points than the Le Havre district.
Perhaps the huge migration to the British Isles in 1973 of
H. gallii Rott., which started in Holland, can be similarly
explained as that of an East Coast migrant. But there are
many other well-known migrants, such as A. atropos (L.),
Agrius convolvuli (L.), Rhodometra sacraria (L.) and M.
vitellina (Hiibn.) whose failure to show up in six years at Le
Havre is less easy to explain; possible the high currents of
wind which are believed to bring these migrating masses from
their southerly points of origin tend to reach the South-west
or South-east of the British Isles and entirely to miss the Seine
estuary area? Or is it that one cannot usefully compare the
two lots of records because a single worker in a limited district
is not comparable to the team of recorders over the whole
British Isles whom C. G. M. de Worms summarised? There
are of course species where there is no discrepancy: here
the principal names are C. croceus and A. gamma; and, if less
closely corresponding, A. atalanta and V. cardui.

My own entomological activities were not primarily
directed to observing migrants; their purpose was rather to
form a local collection (now in the Natural History Museum,
Le Havre) and to publish a local list (achieved in E. P. Wilt-
shire 1974, 1975). Observations of migrants were incidental to
these work programmes. My absences from the district on
long holiday trips were as follows: 1969: September 6th-27th
(England). 1970: June 13th-July 16th (Pyrenees). 1971: June
12th-July 9th (W. Alps). 1972: June 20th-July 10th (Norway).
1973: May 13th-26th (Crete); June 22nd-July 7th (Savoy Alps).
1974: July 8th-August 4th (England).

These absences were not made in the months when
migrants were commonest in the British Isles and my presence
in the district in these months in some years to a great extent
rectifies the failure to record, apart from possible unusual
conditions.

I feel therefore that there must be some significance in
the discrepancies and the coincidences, and that tentative
conclusions are permissible based on the comparison of my
records with those made in the British Isles.

Conclusion

As many species have been categorised tentatively above,
space need not be wasted here on comparing these groups
(residents, marginal immigrants, regular immigrants, occasional

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

immigrants, resident migrants) with published systems and
categories. Infrequently appearing species, such as P. machaon
and M. unipuncta may be very dissimilar, in geographical
status, phenology, and migratory capacity. Infrequency,
furthermore, may denote unfavourable conditions affecting
different parts of the world.

The district of Le Havre has a number of well established
residents, some of which have been observed in swarms
suggesting migration (e.g. P. rapae) while others have only
been reported to migrate elsewhere (e.g. G. rhamni, P. napi,
A. chrysorrhaea, E. similis, L. salicis, X. c-nigrum, P. meticu-
losa), both groups may supply migrants to Britain in “‘good
years’, though this has not been demonstrated. Others, less
well established at Le Havre, may have supplied immigrants
in the past but now be in a State of decline (C. semiargus); in
this category one might perhaps place P. crataegi (L.), extinct
now in Britain and Le Havre, though last reported from the
former in 1922 and the latter about 30 years ago.

The district appears to be often missed by long-range
immigrants from the sub-Tropics or Tropics (e.g. V. cardui,
M. stellatarum, A. atropos, N. noctuella) but is crossed almost
annually from nearer sources by immigrants such as P. brassi-
cae, V. atalanta and A. gamma, which presumably breed there
every year and may proceed to more northerly regions. The
period studied was predominantly unfavourable for migrations.

References

Bretherton, R. 1966. A distribution list of the butterflies of Western and
Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 17 (1): 1-94.

Chérel, J. 1967. Notes sur la faune armoricaine. Alexanor, 5 (1): 33-37;
(3): 121-128; (4): 173-178.

Eitschberger, U., and Steiniger, H. 1973. Appeal for international
co-operation in the research of the migration of insects. Atalanta,
4 (3): 134-192.

Fassnidge, W. Lepidoptera at Cavalaire, Var, France, in April 1937.
Ent. Rec., 50 (6): 61-63.

Lane, C. 1955. Insect Migration on the North Coast of France. Ent.
mon. Mag., 91: 301-306.

Lane, C. 1957. Insect migration at Deauville, France. Entomologist, 90
(1135): 305.

Larsen, T. 1975. Provisional notes on migrant lepidoptera in Lebanon.
Atalanta, 6 (2): 62-74.

Lempke, B. J. 1971. Problems around Vanessa atalanta Linné. Ent. Rec.,
83: 199-204.

Rothschild, M. 1963. A Further Note on Insect Migration on the North
Coast of France. Ent. mon. Mag., 99: 163-164.

Rothschild, M. 1971. A large migration of the Seven-spot Ladybird
(Coccinella septempunctata L.) at Deauville, France. Entomologist,
104 (1293-5): 45-48.

Verity, R. 1950. Le Farfalle diurne d'Italia, vol. quarto. 380 pp. 15 pit.
Marzocco, Florence.

Williams, C. B., Cockbill, G. F., Gibbs, M. E., and Downes, J. A. 1942.
Studies in the migration of Lepidoptera. Trans. R. ent. Soc. London,
92 (1): 101-283.

Wiltshire, E. P. 1942. Some notes on migrant Lepidoptera in Syria, Iraq
and Iran. Entomologist, 73: 231-234.

Wiltshire, E. P. 1946. Studies in the Geography of Lepidoptera IV:
some Middle East migrants, their phenology and ecology. Trans. R.
ent. Soc. London, 96 (10): 163-182.

CURRENT LITERATURE 175

Wiltshire, E. P. 1957. The Lepidoptera of Iraq. Govt. of Iraq. 162 pp.
17 plts. figs.

Wiltshire, E. P. 1974. La région du Havre et ses papillons (1973).
Actes du Cong. extr. du Cent. Soc. geol. de Norm. Amis du Mus.
du Havre, 61: 191-202.

Wiltshire, E. P. 1975. La région du Havre et ses papillons, Pt. 2. Bull.
trim. Soc. geol. de Norm. Amis du Mus. du Havre, 62 (2): 111-119.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1970. A review of Lepidoptera in Britain during
1969. Suff. Nat. Hist., 15 (3): 224-226.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1971. Ditto. 1970. Ibid. 15 (5): 431-433.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1972. Ditto. 1971. Ibid. 16 (1): 38-39.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1973. Ditto. 1972. Ibid. 16 (3): 173-176.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1974. Ditto. 1973. Ibid. 16 (5): 351-355.

Worms, C. G. M. de. 1975. Ditto. 1974. Ibid. 17 (1): 60-64.

Zucchi, H. 1975. Gemeinsame wanderung von Pieris brassicae L.,
Gonepteryx rhamni L. un Vanessa atalanta L. Atalanta, 6 (1): 9.

Current Literature

Natural History Auctions 1700-1972: A Register of Sales in

The British Isles. Compiled and with an Introduction by

J. M. Chalmers-Hunt. Contributory Articles by S. Peter

Dance, Peter G. Embrey, W. D. Ian Rolfe, Clive Simson,

William T. Stearn and Alwyne Wheeler. xii+189 pp.

f'cap. Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications Limited, 36 Dover

Street, London WIX 3RB. 1976. Price £12.50 (plus 75p

postage and packing).

At first one would wonder whether this subject could be
of interest wide enough to justify so much exacting hard work,
but it at once becomes clear from the author’s introduction
that the book affords a very useful tool for those naturalists
interested in locating the material dealt with by authors of a
bygone age.

There are seven contributory articles outlining the various
divisions applicable to Natural History Sales: the first, by
the author, is headed Entomological Sales, conducted since
1663. This gives many interesting instances of particular sales
of important material, and the picture of such sales as it
changes through the years. The second is headed Zoological
Specimens other than Insects, Mollusca and Birds, by Alwyne
Wheeler, who points out that owing to the greater difficulties
incurred in preserving and storing such material, such sales
were less frequent than insect sales. The chapter quotes several
sales with indications of the destination of much material.

The third division, by William T. Stearn, is headed
Botanical Auction Sales. The author gives an interesting
account of the development of the study, resulting in the birth
of historic herbaria, and it would seem that the greater part
of this valuable material was passed on by gift or bequest
rather than by sale, so that most of it went to The British
Museum (Natural History), Kew, or to the major universities.

The fourth division, Ornithology, by Clive Simson, gives a
history of the collection of bird skins, stuffed specimens and
eggs. Much space is taken up with accounts of the known
examples of Great Auk eggs, and the author points out that

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

the Protection of Birds Act of 1954 makes such sales without
licence illegal.

The fifth division is by W. D. Ian Rolfe, who points out
that fossils have usually appeared in sales amongst bric-a-brac,
and quotes extracts from catalogues which strike a decidedly
humourous note. Sir Hans Sloane’s collection, which founded
the British Museum (Natural History), is quoted but the author
states that fossils do not seem to have inspired many serious
collectors. Minerals, by Peter G. Embrey, is the title of the
next section, and the author observes that specimens under this
title may be classified as minerals, jewellry, or works of art
according to the manner in which they have been handled.

Finally Shells, by S. Peter Dance, commences by pointing
out that the durability of shells, the ease with which they may
be preserved, and also the beauty of many of them, serve to
endear them to the collector, and have caused them to appear
in many sales and the true conchologist is not such a frequent
figure. However, several collections and their sales are
mentioned.

Part II, the Register of Natural History Sales, opens by
listing signs and abbreviations used, and abbreviations used
for catalogue locations. The next 123 pages carry sale details
in five columns, date, source, contents, auctioneer and sale
catalogue, and reference. Chronological order has been main-
tained as far as possible, items whose dates are unknown or
are uncertain have been listed separately at the end. In this
way something over 1,500 entries appear. Finally, there is an
index of collectors, vendors, etc., which makes access to the
Register as simple as possible.

The publishers are to be congratulated on their having
produced a fine book, excellently printed on excellent paper,
and strongly bound. The edition is a limited one, but the book
should be available to all research workers in the natural
history sphere. —S.N.A.J.

NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (LARGE TORTOISESHELL) IN
KENT AND HAMPSHIRE. — In mid-July 1965, I found a number
of larvae of this butterfly at Allington Lock, near Sandling,
off the river Medway, and about one mile west of Maidstone,
Kent. Several were on a lower branch of an old elm, and these
did not seem to be feeding but wandering away from the
foliage or dropping to the ground presumably seeking a place
for pupation. Unfortunately the majority of the larvae were
found dead on the river bank below the elm, having been
trampled. I do not collect myself, but of a few that a friend
kept, one pupated within a week but was parasitised.

In early August 1967, I observed an adult polychloros in
the woodland behind Hurn Airport, near Bournemouth. The
insect flew some 15 feet above the ground on to a large branch,
and though fairly high up was clearly recognisable as this
species. —C. P. J. Samson, 116B Boxley Road, Maidstone,
Kent, M14 2BD.

PEATE V

Aloeides: — (1) holotype @ upperside, (2) holotype @ underside, (3)
allotype 2 upperside, (4) allotype @ underside of A. pringlei; (5S) holo-
type ¢ upperside, (6) holotype @ underside of A. rileyi; (7) holotype &
upperside, (8) holotype ¢ underside of A. taylori.

177

Further Notes on Species of the Genus Aloeides
(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
By G. E. Tire’ and C. G. C. Dickson, M.Sc.?

A gratifying result of the publication of two papers by
the present authors (1968 and 1973) is the increased interest
in this genus that has been shown by entomologists, especially
those in South Africa. Many specimens have been sent to the
authors for identification; some of which, do clearly represent
species new to science, and render the following descriptions
desirable. To avoid needless repetition, the characters of the
wing pattern are referred to by the terms previously suggested
(Tite and Dickson 1968: 370, figs. 1-2), and reference is made
chiefly to those characters which exhibit significant differences.
Acknowledgements are made to the authorities of the Hope
Department, University Museum, Oxford, in particular to
Professor G. C. Varley, to the late Mr. K. M. Pennnington of
Baigowan, Natal, and to Mr. V. L. Pringle of Huntly Glen,
Bedford, Cape Province.

Aloeides pringlei sp. n.
Pit. V, figs. 1 to 4

The discovery of this species by the late Mr. K. M.
Pennington and Mr. V. L. Pringle is described below in Mr.
Pringle’s own words: ‘On the 12th November, 1969, Mr.
K. M. Pennington and I climbed the Great Winterberg as he
was anxious to see if any butterflies worked their way up to
the top around mid-day as they so often do. There was not a
sign of anything on the top. We then worked our way down to
the lower slopes, and it was at an altitude of approximately
6,800 ft. according to the Trigonometrical Survey Map that
K.M.P. caught two specimens of this Aloeides and immediately
remarked on the bright and distinctly marked underside, and
said that he thought it could prove to be an interesting dis-
covery. The top of the Winterberg is 7,772 ft.

“In 1970 two visits to the spot during November yielded
nothing, it was a particularly bad year as we had had no rain
during September-November, and a severe frost on the 6th
November and cold weather almost throughout. There were
very few butterflies out anywhere in this area.

“On the 23rd November, 1971, I again visited the area,
and on this occasion found a few specimens out, these I sent
on to K.M.P. He was then more certain than before that this
insect was at least different from anything which he had come
across.

“K.M.P. again visited us in November 1972 and on the
13th we revisited the area, and on this occasion found them
flying in fair numbers, most of them freshly emerged, but a
few had been out a few days. It was from this collection that
I sent the specimens to you (G.E.T.) and to Mr. Dickson. I

196 Dundale Road, Tring, Hertfordshire, HP23 S5BZ.
2 Blencathra, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town 8001.

178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

went up again on the 21st November and found a few still
flying, these appeared to be fairly worn, but I did take three
fresh specimens. On this occasion, I also found two specimens
at the foot of the mountain.

“The area in which this Aloeides is found appears to be
very restricted and a wide search shows that the species is
confined to quite a small area covering a slight depression
running down into the valley. The soil is sandy loam and the
stone and rock all sandstone, the entire area being overgrown
with a coarse Danthonia grass and an encroaching shrub
Chrysocoma tenuifolia. The locality is subject to snow cover
during the winter, and faces the cold west winds.”

On capturing the first specimens, Mr. Pennington was
struck by their resemblance to Aloeides pallida pallida, and the
capture of further examples has confirmed that there is close
affinity with that species. The new species can be distinguished
from pallida by its rather less robust build, the deeper tone
of the ground colour on all wings above, the narrower blackish
margins above, and by the complete absence of a cloudy dusky
area surrounding the spots of the submarginal series in areas
1, 2, and 3 on the underside of the forewing.

Length of forewing: ¢ 16-17 mm.; 2 17-18.5 mm.

Facies: Apart from the normal difference in wing shape,
the sexes do not differ in colouring or markings. On the upper-
side, the ground colour is clear tawny-orange, only slightly
deeper in tone than that of Aloeides vansoni; the veins are of
the same hue, and are not darkened by dusky scales as in
Aloeides thyra, but a darkening of dusky scales is present at
the bases of the wings. On the forewing, the distal band is
much as in A. pallida grandis, but is slightly narrower, being
approximately 2.5 mm. in width at vein 3, widening slightly
as it approaches the hind angle; its inner edge is straight and
clear cut. The apical patch is large and triangular, its lower
edge meeting the inner edge of the distal band below vein 5.
The grey-white fringes are heavily chequered with fuscous at
the vein ends. On the hindwing, the apical patch extends from
two-thirds of the costa to vein 4 in the form of a band; its
inner edge is somewhat irregular, with a clouding of dusky
scales extending into the orange area. From vein 4 to the
tornus, the discal lunules are strongly marked and continuous.
The fringes are dingier and less obviously chequered than are
those of the forewing.

On the underside, the forewing is tawny-orange, with a
triangular black patch in the angle of the median vein and
vein 1A, followed in some individuals by an irregular double
black spot in the same cellule. The three cell spots are heavily
ringed with black, and have shining white centres, the discoidal
one being bipupilled. Five spots comprise the median series:
that in area 2 is black, often tending to obsolescence; that in
3 is larger and rounded; those in areas 3 to 6 are all black,
inwardly marked with white, the one in 6 being dash-like in
shape, and placed diagonally; the spots in areas 4 and 6 are
placed well distad of those in areas 2, 3 and 5. In the marginal

FURTHER NOTES ON SPECIES OF GENUS ALOEIDES 179

series, the black spots in areas 1, 2 and 3 are large, but are
quite without the clouding of dusky scales which is so obvious
in A. pallida, except that one male does exhibit some slight
clouding near the spot in area 1. The spots in areas 4-7 are
smaller, and are marked with white inwardly. In some
examples, including the holotype, the costal and distal areas
are coloured olive-fuscous; in others, this colour is replaced
by deep crimson. On the hindwing, the ground colour also
varies individually from olive-fuscous to crimson; the whitish-
grey spotting is arranged much as in A. pallida grandis, the
marginal and median series being edged outwardly by a dentate
dusky line, and the costal and basal spots ringed with black.
There is no indication of white marginal dots on either wing.
The male genitalia offer no definite distinguishing characters.
Holotype ¢. CAPE PROVINCE, Winterberg, xi.1972 (V. L.
Pringle), in University Museum, Oxford.
Paratypes. CAPE PROVINCE: Winterberg, xi.1969 and 1972
(K. M. Pennington and V. L. Pringle), 4 28, 2 2°
(including allotype), all in University Museum, Oxford.

Aloedes rileyi sp. n.
Plt. V, figs. 5, 6

Length of forewing: ¢ 14 mm.

Only known in the male, it is similar in size and appearance
to that sex of Aloeides oreas (Tite and Dickson, 1968). The
upperside of the forewing differs in that the blackish distal
band is narrower, being only 1.5 mm. at vein 2, and increasing
only slightly in width towards the apex; the band-like apical
patch is not noticeably widened at its juncture with the distal
band, and does not extend below vein 6. There is no indication
of a discoidal spot. On the upperside of the hindwing, the
apical patch is narrow, and its inner edge is not inwardly
angled. The fringes are whitish and very heavily chequered
with black.

On the underside, the forewing is tawny orange with the
costa and apical area a pale olive-brown. In the cell, the
median spot is approximately the same distance from the
discoidal spot as it is from the basal spot. All three spots have
white centres ringed with black, and the discoidal spot is
bipupilled, appearing like a figure 8. At the base of the wing
is a wedge shaped dusting of dusky scales, but there is no black
spot at the base of space 1. The hindwing ground colour is
olive-brown with darker shading at the outer edges of the
cream spots. The general pattern of the spotting is as in oreas,
and the median series takes the form of an undulating band,
without any really sharp projections. In space 7, the median
spot is placed approximately mid-way between the basal and
distal spots. The fringes on the forewing are grey, heavily
chequered with olive-brown, those of the hindwing being deep
olive-brown, only feebly lightened between the veins.

The species is named with pleasure in recognition of Mr.
N. D. Riley, who first called attention to the complex then

180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

lumped under Aloeides thyra L. (Riley 1938: 233-244), and
thus pioneered the elucidation of the group.
Holotype ¢. LESOTHO: Butha Buthe, 13.1.1940 (K. M.
Pennington), in University Museum, Oxford.
Paratype. Data as holotype, 1 ¢, in University Museum,
Oxford.
Aloeides taylori sp. n.

Plt. V, figs. 7, 8

Length of forewing: ¢ 12.5 mm.

The male is similar in appearance to that sex of A. rileyi.
It differs on the upperside of the forewing in that: the apical
patch is definitely triangular, its lower edge extending to vein
5; the distal band is wider, being 2 mm. at vein 2, its inner
edge being noticeably concave between the veins; there is a
definite indication of a discoidal black spot. The hindwing
differs from A. rileyi: by the larger apical patch, which is
obtusely angled inwardly, and extends to vein 5; the distal
lunules are somewhat narrower. On both wings, the fringes
are pale grey-fuscous, heavily chequered with black at the
vein-ends.

On the underside, the forewing is like that of the previous
species, differing by: the presence of a distinct black spot at
the base of space 1, near and below the median cell-spot; this
median cell-spot is placed much nearer to the basal cell-spot
than it is to the discoidal spot; the interspaces of the fringes
are much whiter, but are heavily chequered with the ground
colour at the vein ends; the discoidal spot has a single white
pupil, taking the form of an elongated oval. On the hindwing,
the median spot in space 7 is moved outwards, and almost
touches the distal spot. The fringes are chequered as those
of the forewing, but the interspaces are greyish and far less
clearly defined.

The species is named after Mr. E. Taylor of the Hope
Department, University Museum, Oxford in recognition of
many years of friendly co-operation with both authors.
Holotype ¢. ORANGE FREE STATE: Golden Gates,

3.x.1954 (K. M. Pennington), in University Museum,

Oxford. .

References

Tite, G. E., and Dickson, C. C. C. 1968. The Aloeides thyra Complex
(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), Bull Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), 21 (7):

367-388.

71973. The Genus Aloeides and
allied Genera (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist.
(Ent.), 29 (5): 225-280.

Riley, N. D. R. Descriptions of New or Little known South African
Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera), Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 87: 233-245.

HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA (ZELLER) (LEP.: PYRALIDAE:
PHYCITINAE) IN Essex. — I collected a female of this species at
light in my garden on 15.v.1976.— Dr. G. S. RoBInson, 21
Lakeside, Rainham, Essex.

181]

Agathidium rotundatum Gyllenhal and
A. sphaerulum Reitter (Col.: Anisotomidae)
By COLIN JOHNSON! and JONATHAN COOTER?

Hlisnikovsky (1964), in his recent monograph of the genus
A gathidium, maintains rotundatum and sphaerulum (=reitteri
Ganglbauer) as separate species. He gives the distribution of
the former as Norway, Sweden and Finland, the latter as
western and central Europe. Several characters are given in
the key to separate them, and the antennae, body form and
puncturation, and the aedeagus are figured.

Whether these two species really are distinct has been the
subject of much dispute in the past, and Munster (1935) has
given an illuminating historical review on the subject. Certainly
the problem was complicated by Reitter’s misinterpretation of
Gyllenhal’s species, a point clarified by Palm (1946), who pro-
posed the new name pseudorotundatum for rotundatum sensu
Reitter, a central European species. Palm, like Munster, con-
sidered sphaerulum to be synonymous with rotundatum Gyll.

For some time, we have been very doubtful as to whether
we really possessed two species in Britain. Joy’s characters
(1932) of the male left mandible and puncturation of the
dorsum do not correlate well, and the two types of left
mandible, i.e. enlarged and enlarged with a tooth (or horn),
often occur in specimens collected together. According to
Hlisnikovsky, both species may have a horn on the male’s
enlarged left mandible. Regarding puncturation, it seems to
us that there is a continuous gradation, not two distinct forms.
Added to this, specimens collected by C.J. in coniferous forests
in Scotland and Norway (the latter definite rotundatum, cf.
Hlisnikovsky’s data) in precisely identical situations could not
be distinguished externally nor by the aedeagus from southern
English specimens associated with deciduous woodland.

In an attempt to sort out this impasse, we have obtained
for study five specimens of both rotundatum and sphaerulum
from Hlisnikovsky’s collection in the National Museum of
Natural History, Prague. All specimens are sexed, and the
males (three of each species) have their aedeagi extracted.
Despite the apparently quite definite distinctions given by
Hlisnikovsky, we confess that we are unable to find a single
character which will constantly separate the two series, other
than the different determination and locality labels. We feel
justified therefore in treating sphaerulum Reitter as being
synonymous with rotundatum Gyllenhal, the latter name
having priority, thus following Munster and Palm.

In Britain, rotundatum, like many others of the genus,
seems to be mainly a forest species, or at any rate to occur
in places where there has been some degree of natural wood-
land continuity. There are scattered records over most of the
country, although the absence of natural woodland is clearly

1 Department of Entomology, Manchester Museum.
2 Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow.

182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

a limiting factor. The species seems generally to be scarce
outside the Scottish Highlands, and is usually met with or
associated with slime fungi on dead wood, or in rotten wood.
In the Caledonian pine forest areas it is much more frequent
in the experience of C.J., often clustering in numbers on the
small, fresh, fawn-coloured slime fungi (Reticularia) which
occur in groups on the trunks of dead pines, usually where the
bark has been at least partially detached.

Acknowledgements

For the loan of material from Hlisnikovsky’s collection,
we are indebted to our colleague Dr. Josef Jelinek, Prague.

References

Hlisnikovsky, J., 1964. Monographische Bearbeitung der Gattung
Agathidium Panzer (Coleoptera). Acta Ent. Mus Pragae, Suppl. 5.
255 pp.

Joy, N. H., 1932. Practical Handbook of British Beetles. 2 vols. London.

Munster, T., 1935. Some Norwegian Agathidium. Norsk ent. Tidsskr.,
3: 360-1.

Palm, T., 1946 Om nagra kritiska A gathidium-arter (Col., Liodidae).
Ent. Tidskr., 67: 171-5.

COSMOPTERIX SCHMIDIELLA FREY REDISCOVERED AFTER 75
YEARS. — On the afternoon of 3rd June, 1976, I had the good
fortune to sweep into my net a fine specimen of this exquisite
little moth. Further sweeping and close search produced no
others despite warm, sunny and windless conditions. The
locality where it was captured is a rough flowery field at Arne,
Dorset, with a very rich mixed vegetation including several
species of vetch, but I could find none of the recorded food-
plant Vicia sepium there.

Both E. R. Bankes and W. H. B. Fletcher used to get
schmidiella in the 1880’s, and I possess specimens from these
men of that date. Bankes’s locality was at Corfe, Dorset.
Fletcher, who first introduced the species to the British List
(cf. Ent. mon. Mag., 1886, 23: 111), got his near Angmering,
Sussex. In 1901, a single specimen was taken at Shalbourne in
Wiltshire, but so far as I am aware the species had not been
seen since.

Stainton (Natural History of the Tineina, 12: 30-38, plt. 1,
figs. 3, 3a, 3b) gives a full life history of the species as well as
admirable coloured illustrations of the moth, larva and larval
mines. There is also a good coloured figure of the moth
together with its ab. obsoleta Bankes in the ‘“‘First Supplement
to the Lepidoptera of the Isle of Purbeck’’ by E. R. Bankes,
published in Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Field Club,
Volume 10 (1889). — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

183

Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1975
By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.*

As mentioned at the end of my account for 1974, the year
1975 opened with a quite phenomenal spell of mild weather
bringing out the early geometers such as Erannis leucophaearia
Schiff. and Theria rupicapraria Schiff. by the end of December
and even Orthosia stabilis Schiff. and O. gothica L. in the
first days of January which saw daffodils in bloom by the middle
of the month. Most vegetation was equally precocious too
with the early Prunus and almond blossom out by early
February. These amazingly mild conditions persisted virtually
throughout the first two months of the year with the daytime
temperature seldom less than the upper 40’s or above 50°F.
Achlya flavicornis L. first appeared near Woking on February
17th together with the first Apocheima hispidaria Schiff.,
Orthosia incerta Hufn. and even Panolis flammea Schiff. March
opened with some very congenial weather with most of the
sallows well in bloom by the first week. The sloe blossom too
was showing signs of just breaking at this early date. Eupithecia
abbreviata Stephens was seen on the 3rd, a very early appear-
ance of this small geometer. But on March 12th a real touch
of winter set in which, except for a brief respite in the third
week of the month, persisted right to its end. In fact it turned
out to be one of the coldest Easters on record with heavy
snow over the holiday during the last days of March. This
inclement spell put back the season very considerably.

The first week of April too was far from springlike with
the thermometer in the 40’s almost daily and it was not until
the 11th that much more congenial conditions started to set
in. On April 13th several Brimstones were flying on Horsell
Common in company with Archiearis parthenias, still on the
wing. In the Chiddingfold area that day the sloe blossom was
fully out, though it had started to bloom in early March, such
were the vagaries of this extraordinary start to the year. During
this period I had been in touch with the Highlands to enquire
if the great post-Easter blizzard was giving way to thaw and
was pleased to get reassurance that this was so.

Accordingly, early on the morning of April 14th, about 7
a.m., the Rev. Anthony Harbottle called for me in his Renault
and we were soon speeding up the M1 and M6 in heavy rain
which did not prevent us from reaching Carlisle by lunchtime.
Proceeding along the new dual carriage route through the
Lowlands and by-passing Glasgow and Stirling we made a halt
at Crieff and were having tea in the Dunalastair Hotel on Loch
Rannoch after covering 540 miles. On the moors above Ran-
noch we were delighted to see a company of Whooper Swans
all trumpeting away in a small loch. On arrival we were told
that a few nights earlier Mr. Denis O’Keeffe and another
collector had had facilities for plugging in their m.v. trap at
the Loch Rannoch Hotel on the edge of the large birch wood.

* Three Oaks, Shore’s Road, Woking, Surrey.

184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

The hotel, which was being redecorated, was empty so that we
were able to connect up from one of the bedrooms to very
good advantage as conditions had turned very mild. Next
morning some 70 moths had come to the trap, including both
Swordgrasses (Xylena exoleta L. and X. vetusta Hubn.) as well
as a fine assortment of Orthosia incerta Hufn. in its red and
yellowish forms, also lots of Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh.
with many banded examples. Orthosia stabilis Schiff. was in
good numbers with a few O. cruda Schiff., about its most
northerly limit. But there were hardly any O. gothica L. and
only one Achlya flavicornis. However, several of the large
form of Lycia hirtaria Clerck were present. But a disappoint-
ment was the absence of Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp. which
we had also hoped to see that night on the north side of the
loch where it had been so plentiful in 1958. But none of this
fine moth were forthcoming here. The only visitors to sugar
were a few O. incerta, O. gothica and both Swordgrasses. The
morning of the 15th saw a dead calm on the loch and we were
treated to the fine sight of three Golden Eagles sailing round
the heighis of Schiehallion. Shortly afterwards we set out
further north reaching Struan about midday, but here again
no Nyssia lapponaria Boisd. were to be found on the fences
bordering the road by the small chapel where they had been
abundant about this date in 1969. The only insects at rest were
a fine female of the handsome form of A. flavicornis and a
single female of A. parthenias which we hunted in vain in a
wood at Kincraig that afternoon. Later we reached our haven,
the Lynwilg Hotel, just south of Aviemore, which I had not
visited since 1969. En route there was plenty of snow by the
roadside over the Drumnochter Pass, while the Cairngorms were
alive with skiers at this late date. In the later afternoon we
paid a short visit to Granish Moor, north of Aviemore, but
nothing was to be seen on the railway posts. However, we
were treated to a grand sight of seeing several skeins of wild
geese flying north which was a very good omen.

That evening sugar on posts by the main road near
Kinrara yielded once more both species of Swordgrass, but
the sallows which were just at their best only provided a few
variegated O. incerta. The morning of the 16th saw us once
more on Granish and this time A. parthenias was very active
about midday and my companion with much agility caught
several, one of which had very pale orange hindwings. Some
fresh A. flavicornis were found at rest and we saw the first
male Endromis versicolor L. careering over the heathland.
But birch sap runs provided nothing at Kinrara after dark that
evening. A further visit to Granish Moor on April 17th pro-
duced a few more Orange Underwings on a very sunny and
mild day, but heavy rain set in after dark which did not prevent
some large L. hirtaria visiting our Heath lamp on the lower
road leading to Kinrara, together with some A. flavicornis and
O. incerta. There was still no sign of any Rannoch Sprawlers
which may well have come out in the fair spell before Easter.

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1975 185

We fortunately had facilities for running our large m.v. trap
from mains at the Lynwilg Hotel. It shone over fields at the
back overloooking the small loch. The three nights produced
just over 100 insects and a dozen species, most of them coming
on the 17th when there was quite a flood of some 50 A. flavi-
cornis. The Orthosias too were well to the fore with some
extreme gothicina forms of O. gothica as well as quite a lot of
O. incerta in its many shades, with plenty of O. stabilis, equally
variable. We were pleased to see the local form of O. populeti
Fab. and singles of X. exsoleta and Scoliopteryx libatrix L.
also appeared. Among the geometers were Chloroclysta miata
L., Colostygia multistrigaria Haworth, T. carpinata and L.
hirtaria.

Wet set out south again on the morning of April 18th,
and once more drew a blank at Struan. After a halt in Dunkeld
we retraced our route south via Crieff to Carlisle and on to
near Kendal where we put up at the very comfortable Heaves
Hotel which had also been a haven in 1969.

That evening after calling at the well-known Derby Arms,
we penetrated the upper woods at Witherslack where we
searched the small ashes in vain for Trichopteryx polycommata
Schiff. Earophila badiata Schiff. was the only geometer that
put in an appearance at light, while the sallows were equally
unproductive. However, our m.v. light back at the hotel did
attract some 80 insects comprising all the regular Orthosias,
including several well-marked O. munda Schiff. as well as a
very smoky example of the local form of Trichopteryx car-
pinata Borkh. There were also single specimens of Anticlea
derivata Schiff., Colostygia multistrigaria and Biston strataria
Hufn. The following morning, April 19th, we set off south-
wards again and following the motorways, were back in Surrey
in the afternoon to find the temperature in the upper 50’s.
On the 20th it was above the 60°F. mark when I went over to
the Chiddingfold area to find quite a lot of sloe still out, but
beating it assiduously failed to provide any larvae of Eupithecia
chloerata Mab. There was some very springlike weather for
the rest of April and on the 22nd over 70°F. in the shade was
registered. It was equally fine when I motored to Dorset to
stay with my relatives near Blandford, on April 25th, and
there was almost a heat-wave the next day when we visited
Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour. But in spite of the warmth
no butterflies were observed. However, several Brimstones
were seen on the 26th in the Bridport area. It was again over
70°F. on April 28th when I set out for the New Forest. At
Holt, near Wimborne, I was joined by Mr. and Mrs. R. Hatton
and during lunch we saw the first Pieris rapae L. and Antho-
charis cardamines L. but on a walk over the local heath in
the afternoon we only flushed a few Ematurga atomaria L. I
then went on to Sway to stay with Rear-Admiral D. Torlesse,
but a thick mist prevented any night operations. However, his
m.v. trap run in his garden had a few welcome visitors, includ-
ing a fresh Odontosia carmerlita Esp. together with some very

186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

pale Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. Other insects comprised Noto-
donta trepida Esp., Cucullia chamomillae Schiff., Earophila
badiata and Lycia hirtaria. | returned to Surrey on the 29th
in much cooler conditions.

May opened with a fairly cool spell which continued for
the first half of the month. On the 4th I went over to the woods
near Durfold and was surprised to see a Wood White already
on the wing. Pieris rapae L. and P. napi L. were already well
out in my garden at Horsell. A week later on May IlIth, I
visited Alice Holt Forest where Orange-tips were well to the
for. After several days of heavy rain with low temperatures
at the middle of the month a distinct improvement set in on
the 19th with just over 70°F. in the shade the next day which
saw Ematurga atomaria L. in plenty on Chobham Common.
May 23rd saw me again in the Durfold area, this time with
Dr. John Holmes, but virtually no butterflies were forthcoming
in spite of fairly promising conditions. On May 24th, I travelled
to the Costwolds to stay with friends near Stroud, and the
next day went on to visit Mr. Ronald Demuth at his home
near Bisley in that region, but it was far from favourable for
any night operations.

The Bank Holiday, May 26th, he drove me and his wife
up the M5 to Cannock Chase where it was fine and quite warm
but of course full of the populace. The searching of some of
the older birch trunks failed to reveal any cocoon of Harpyia
bicuspis Borkh. A few Whites and Orange-tips were the only
lepidoptera seen, nor was anything on the move in the fir area
near Rugeley. The fine spell only lasted another day and gave
way to some very cool days to see the month out, especially
when [ went to stay with Mrs. Hawley at Bodenham, near
Salisbury, on the 3lst. There was not much let-up on June Ist
when we went over to Martin Down, near Cranbourne. Apart
from a few Whites we noted Erynnis tages L. and flushed
Electrophaés corylata Thunb. from bushes. The next day, the
2nd, saw me in the New Forest, where I motored through
Wood Fidley enclosure seeing only a few Brimstones. However,
the very unspringlike conditions had a very marked change
for the better on June 6th when the thermometer stood in the
upper 70’s and this was the start to the remarkable summer
period that lasted into September. On the 7th I accompanied
Mr. Russell Bretherton and Mr. J. L. Messenger to the Durfold
Woods where Wood Whites were by now in numbers with
quite a lot of both Pearl-bordered Fritillaries. Butterflies
were in fact now emerging fast with the sudden warmth. There
were plenty of Brimstones with Pararge egeria L., P. megera
L. and Coenonympha pamphilus L., as well as Commas.
Among moths flushed from the herbage were the tiny noctuid
Panemeria tenebrata Scop. with the geometers Cepphis
advenaria Hibn., Eupithecia lariciata Freyer, Anagoga pul-
veraria Y. and Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. The next day, the
8th, another very warm one, I went to Duncton Down, south
of Petworth, but little was flying except late Callophrys rubi

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1975 187

L. and a few Pyrgus malvae. L. I was once more in the Chid-
dingfold area on June 9th, this time with the Rev. Anthony
Harbottle and his son Charles, with the temperature in the
high 70’s. Wood Whites and the smaller Fritillaries were again
much in evidence with quite a number of the small geometer
Minoa murinata Scop. among the wood spurge. In_the after-
noon we went on to the Sheepleas, near Horsley, which JI had
not visited for many years, but there was no sign of Hamearis
lucina L. for which these downs used to be famous. However,
Polyomatus icarus Rott. was well out with a few female
Orange-tips and Green Hairstreaks. We also found at rest a
newly-emerged Deilephila porcellus L.

The very warm weather continued without a break until
the 14th and on June 12th the thermometer reached 82°F. in
the shade in Surrey. My next outing took me on the 15th over
to Dr. John Holmes, near Bordon, in rather cooler conditions.
His m.v. trap at his house had a lot of visitors, including
Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn., Hadena w-latinum Hufn., Plusia
pulchrina Haworth, P. chrysitis L. and Celama confusalis H.-S.
We then went on to Noar Hill, near Selborne, arriving about
midday in rather duller weather. Common Blues were in fair
plenty flying in the chalky hollows with Erynnis tages L. Those
two day-flying noctuids Euclidera mi Clerck and Ectypa
glyphica L. semed to be everywhere. The latter half of June
saw a return of the heat-wave with just 80°F. on June 2lst
when I was on Chobham Common where E. atomaria was still
in force. On the 27th I set out for Kent to pay my customary
midsummer visit, but the weather had taken a turn for the
worse and it was far too windy to venture forth that night.
However, I tried my m.v. light in the Hamstreet Woods, but it
became very cool and there was only a handful of visitors,
including Diarsia festiva Schiff., Plusia pulchrina and Spilosoma
lutea Hufn. June 28th was fine after early rain, but scanning
posts at Dungeness yielded nothing of note nor was anything
special on the wing. I returned to Surrey the last day of the
month.

The first days of July were once more bathed in sunshine
and summer warmth. On the Ist Plebeius argus L. was already
well out on Chobham Common and the common Whites were
now quite abundant. It was a very sultry evening when I ran
my m.v. light on the edge of the Common with a large oak
wood in the vicinity. One of the first visitors was a female
Drymonia dodonaea Schiff., which is seldom seen in the wild.
Of some 20 other species seen up until midnight Habrosyne
pyritoides Hufn., Diarsia brunnea Schiff., A pamea crenata Hufn.,
Lithacodia fasciana L., Laspeyria flexula Schiff., and the geo-
meters Comibaena pustulata Hufn., Hemithea aestivaria Hubn.,
Electrophaés corylata Thunb., Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn.,
Hydriomena furcata Thunb., Chloroclystis rectangulata L., Bapta
temerata Schiff. and Ellopia fasciaria L. It was again very warm
when I joined Dr. J. Holmes in Alice Holt Forest, but nothing
of note was seen up until midday, except the first Limenitis

188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

camilla L. and a few Large Skippers. That afternoon Silver-
studded blues were in plenty on Chobham Common. The
following day, July 7th, I left for Southern Spain returning
some two weeks later on July 23rd.

During my absence there had been quite a break in the fine
spell which soon was back when I revisited Alice Holt Forest
on the 25th. By now L. camilla was fairly numerous and even
Argynnis paphia L. was on the brambles. But there was no sign
of Apatura iris L. that day, though several had been seen there
from about July 10th onwards and also in a large wood in the
Woolmer Forest area which I visited on the 27th meeting Dr.
Holmes there. White Admirals, Peacocks, Speckled Woods and
Purple Hairstreaks were to be seen flitting among the oaks in
the great heat, but no Purple Emperors obliged. However, I
caught sight of this fine insect the following day, the 28th, in
the Durfold district where apparently it had been fairly prevalent.
The second brood of Leptidea sinapis L. was well out already.
The temperature soared to the upper 80’s the last days of July.
On the night of the 30th quite a concourse of moths came to
my m.v. light, again near Chobham Common, with 37 species
up until 11.30 p.m. One of the earliest was a female of Clostera
pigra Hufn., followed by Drepana binaria Hufn. and Phrag-
matobia fuliginosa L. Among the few noctuids were Coenobia
rufa Haw. and Parascotia fuliginaria L. The geometers were
predominant, including Hemithea asetivaria Hiibn., Sterrha
subsericeata Haw., Xanthorhoé quadrifasciata Clerck, Mysti-
coptera sexalisata Hubn., Pseudoterpna pruinata Hufn., Lygris
testata L., Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., Eupithecia absinthiata
Clerck, E. haworthiata Doubleday, EF. nanata Hiibn., Chloro-
clystis rectangulata ., Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. and
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Hibn.

It was decidedly cooler when I set out on a brief tour of
East Anglia on August Ist. My first halt after visiting the Breck,
was to stay with Mr. Tony Palmer at his delightful house near
Saxthorpe, north of Norwich. The heat-wave had returned on
the 2nd when we motored over to Catfield Marsh, bordering
Barton Broad. We were pleased to see Papilio machaon L. on
the wing at this somewhat late date, together with several almost
full-grown larvae, but the only other butterflies both in this
region and later near Horsey Mere were a lot of Maniola
tithonus L. with a few Coenonympha pamphilus L. The next
day, the 3rd, which was equally hot, we explored some wooded
areas, the Holt Lows, in the morning and Buxton Heath in the
afternoon. Here again M. tithonus seemed to be the predomi-
nant species besides a few Peacocks and Whites. I had run my
m.v. trap in the garden of my host for three nights with quite
interesting results. Of 56 species of the macro-moths noted and
a total of over 300 inviduals, the only sphingid seen was
Laothoé populi L. The prominents were represented by Pheosia
tremula Clerck, P. gnoma Fab., Pterostoma palpina Clerck,
Notodonta dromedarius L., N. ziczac L., and Lophopteryx
capucina L. The commonest noctuid was Eremobia ochroleuca

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1975 189

Schiff., with Arctia caja L. almost equally numerous; Philudoria
potatoria L. was also plentiful. Other noctuids noted included
Euschesis interjecta Hubn., Euxoa tritici L., Apamea ophio-
gramma Esp., Procus literosa Haworth and Plusia iota L. Among
eleven species of geometers were Geometra papilionaria L.,
Euphyia unangulata Haworth, Perizoma alchemillata L.,
Deuteronomos erosaria Schiff., Crocallis elinguaria L. and
Abraxas grossulariata L.

On the morning of August 4th I set out from Norfolk in
quite tropical heat. In fact, the next five days proved one of
the warmest spells of the century with shade temperatures above
90°F. daily over most of England. After skirting Norwich I
travelled southwards into Suffolk, halting near Frostenden in
the possible hope of seeing Nymphalis polychloros L. which had
been so prevalent in that vicinity in the late 1940’s, but none
were apparent. After putting up at the Crown Hotel in South-
wold, I went on to visit Mr. D. Chipperfield at Walberswick.
With him was staying Mr. B. W. Weddell from Trowbridge.
They told me of the big harvests obtained the previous week
in the marshes which we tried that night. They placed two
Heath strip lights among the reeds, while I had my large m.v.
apparatus on the edge of the reedbed. Insects began arriving
soon after dusk, but the temperature fell fairly fast with a
very pronounced dew on the foliage with the result that only
26 species came to my m.y. light up until midnight. These
included Leucania straminea Treits., Arenostola phragmitidis
Hiibn., Phragmatobia fuliginosa L., Eremobia_ ochroleuca
Schiff., Thalpophila matura Hufn., Eilema complana L., Philu-
doria potatoria L. and the geometers Lygris pyraliata Schiff.
and Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb. But no Nonagria neurica
Hiibn. appeared here or at the reedbed lights, which did, how-
ever, attract such marshland species as Simyra venosa Borkh.,
several Arenostola brevilinea Fenn and Chilodes maritima
Treits., including f. wismariensis Schmidt as well as Cucullia
asteris Schiff. The intense heat on August 5th was relieved only
by bathing in the sea. It was almost too hot for the butterflies
in the Thorpeness area that afternoon. A few Inachis io L. were
flying near the seashore. However, the night operations proved
one of the most prolific in all my collecting experience. I
accompanied Mr. Chipperfield and Mr. Weddell to a specially
selected spot in Dunwich Forest and as soon as we illuminated
the thick woodland with the same apparatus as the previous
night, insects started coming in almost a flood and by the time
we packed up at about 12.30 a.m. we found we had recorded
no less than 120 species of the macros. One of the earliest
arrivals was quite a spate of Eilema deplana Esp. It was the
first time too that I had seen both the Magpies Abraxas grossu-
lariata and A. sylvata Scop. together on the sheet, also the two
Hooktips Drepana cultraria Fab. and D. binaria Hufn. Four
species of the Hawkmoths were recorded, Laothoé populi L.,
Hyloicus pinastri L. and both Elephants Deilephila elpenor L.
and D. porcellus L. A. welcome visitor among the Prominents

190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

was Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff. together with P. tremula
Clerck and P. palpina Clerck. Both Tethea ocularis L. and
T. duplaris L. were present, also a huge female Gastropacha
quercifolia L. The Arctiids included many Arctia caja L., also
Eilema griseola Hubn., E. complana L. and Miltochrista miniata
Forst. There were a couple of Pseudoips bicolorana Feussl. and
several Lymantria monacha L. Among the Noctuids were
Apatele leporina L., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Amathes ditra-
pezium Clerck, Euschesis interjecta Hubn., Cosmia pyralina
Schiff., Coenobia rufa Haworth, Zenobia subtusa_ Schiff.,
Laspeyria flexula and Zanclognatha nemoralis F. Among a good
many species of the geometers were Pseudoterpna pruinata
Hufn., Scopula imitaria Hiibn., Xanthorhoé quadrifasciaria
Clerck, Mesoleuca albicillata L., Melanthia procellata Schift.,
Euphyia unangulata Haworth, Thera firmata Hubn., Perizoma
alchemillata L., Eupithecia succenturiata L., Semiothisa notata
L., Selenia tetralunaria Hufn., Deuteronomos erosaria Schift.,
Eupalus piniaria L., and quite an incursion of Deileptinia ribeata
Clerck, altogether a most remarkable concourse of insects.

During my couple of nights in this rich area Mr. George
Baker kindly let me run my static m.v. trap in his garden at
Reydon, just outside Southwold, as he did for my 1970 visit.
This time again I was not to be disappointed, especially on the
night of August 5th with just over 220 individuals and 60
species of the macros, the largest of which by far was a huge
Sphinx ligustri L. Lophopteryx capucina L. was the only
Notodont. The noctuids were in plenty, including several A grotis
vestigialis Hufn., also Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in its large ochreous
form. E. nigricans L. seemed to be having a good year. Both
the Spectacles (Unca triplasia L. and U. tripartita Hufn.) were
present together with Arenostola phragmitidis Hubn., Cosmia
diffinis L., Plusia iota L., several Cucullia asteris Schiff. and
Eustrotia uncula Clerck, a surprise visitor. Among the geo-
meters Chesias rufata Fab. appeared at this date with Eupithecia
centaureata Schiff., [tame wauaria L., Ellopia fasciaria L.,
Pelurga comitata L., Crocallis elinguaria L., as well as a few
Hepialus sylvina L.

Intense heat persisted the next day, August 6th, when I
made my way further along the East Coast via Ipswich and
Manningtree to the holiday resort of Walton-on-the-Naze,
swarming with populace, and then on to stay with Mr. Ben
Fisher at Beaumont-cum-Moze. After dark we ran our m.v.
light in one of the localities for Gortyna borelii Mab., but with
no sign of larvae. However, insects flooded to the illumination
with 60 species of macros up until midnight. The only hawk-
moth was Laothoé populi L.,; Malocosoma neustria L., Euproc-
tis chrysorrhaea L. and E. similis L. were fairly late arrivals
with the two Footmen (Eilema complana L. and E. lurideola
Zinck.). There was no lack of noctuids and geometers. Among
the former were Cerapteryx graminis L., Eremobia ochroleuca
Schiff., Thalpophila matura Hufn., E. nigricans, E. tritici, A.
phragmitidis, C. rufa, several Nonagria dissoluta Treits., Celaena

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1975 19]

leucostigma Hubn., Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff., Procus furun-
cula Schiff., Euschesis interjecta and Amathes sexstrigata Haw.
Among many geometers were Sterrha interjectaria Boisd., S.
dimidiata Hufn., S. biselata Hufn., Scopula imitaria Hibn.,
Ortholitha chenopodiata L., Eupithecia subnotata Hiibn., E.
icterata Vill., E. absinthiata Clerck, Crocallis elinguaria L.,
Deuteronomos alniaria L., A. grossulariata, Biston betularia L.
and Chiasmia clathrata L. We also saw Zanclognatha cribru-
malis Hiibn. and Hypena proboscidalis L.

I left this part of Essex early on August 7th in sweltering
heat (90°F. in shade) and after visiting relatives en route, got
back to Woking fairly late with the thermometer still in the
80’s. On the 8th it was even hotter at 92°F. as a shade tempera-
ture. There was a short break in the heat-wave for the next
three days. However, quite a number of insects came to m.v.
light again on the edge of Chobham Common on August 10th.
Among 27 species, these included an influx of at least ten
Notodonta dromedarius L., also several Coenobia rufa, Cryphia
perla Schiff., as well as Drepana falcataria L., D. lacertinaria
L. and Plusia gamma L. Geometers were mainly presented by
Cosymbia punctaria L., C. albipunctata Hufn., Semiothisa alter-
naria Hiibn., Eupithecia absinthiata and P. hippocastanaria,
Hepialus sylvina was also among the visitors. That afternoon I
had visited Pewley Down on the outskirts of Guildford to find
the many Chalkhill Blues already well past their best. The second
brood of Polyommatus icarus Rott. was well out. After several
more very hot days it was decidedly cooler on August 15th
when I revisited the Durfold area to find the Wood Whites still
in fair plenty with some late Argynnis paphia L. and a glut of
Brimstones. My m.v. light run in my sister’s garden at Virginia
Water on the 16th provided Hadena rivularis Fab., Hydraecia
nictitans L., Cosmia trapezina L., Perizoma alchemillata, Eupt-
thecia icterata and Ophisthograptis luteolata L. In spite of
continuance of the warmth nothing was on the move on White
Down, near Gomshall, on the 17th. It was rainy and quite cool
on August 20th, also on the 21st when I flew to the south of
France returning on the 28th.

The temperature was back in the lower 80’s even on August
29th, but dropped back to the 60’s by the 31st. However, it
warmed up considerably on September Ist when Mr. J. L.
Messenger and I set out for Wales, travelling by the M4 over
the Severn Bridge and then on by the Brecon, Llandeilo and
Carmarthen route, reaching St. Davids in Pembroke during the
early evening. Our haven was the Whitesands Bay Hotel, which
overlooks the large bay of that name. We were fortunate in
putting up in one of the annexes situated on the low cliff,
especially as we were able to have facilities for running our
static trap from it. We set out early on the morning of the 2nd
to explore southwards along the rocky coast which reminded
us of Cornwall. Passing through Broadhaven we halted at
Marloes which is one of the embarkation havens for the offshore
islands of Skomer and Skokholm, though we did not venture

192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

on to them. Butterflies were flying in good numbers in the warm
sunshine with a lot of Aglais urticae L., Pieris napi L., a few
Small Heaths, Walls and Small Coppers. After making our way
to the edge of Milford Haven, which I had not seen before, we
returned by the inland route via Haverford West. Most of
September 3rd was spent at the delightful little cove at Solva
where Tortoiseshells were again abundant as they were also on
the rough ground between our hotel and annexe where we saw
a few Pyraneis atalanta L. as well. The 4th saw us to the north
of St. Davids in the direction of Fishguard where we visited
Porthgain and another charming small bay at Abereiddy where
P. rapae, P. napi and Common Blues were again flying. On the
5th, another fine day, we saw the first Painted Lady on valerian
at Solva. We spent the whole of September 6th on an expedition
to southern Pembroke, travelling first to Saundersfoot then in
the afternoon via Tenby to Manorbier where, on a walk down
to the bay, we again saw many Whites and Tortoiseshells. We
returned through Pembroke town over the fine bridge now
spanning Milford Haven to Broadhaven and back by the coastal
route. The next afternoon, the 7th, we explored on foot the cliffs
towards St. David’s Head where matts of Silene maritima failed
to reveal any larvae or pupae of Hadena barrettii Doubleday
which is quite prevalent in this region.

Unfortunately the weather broke on the 8th when I[ took
Mr. Messenger to catch the London express at Fishguard on his
way back to Surrey. The ground windows of the big hotel over-
looking the harbour where we had lunch, were smothered with
Plusia gamma L., evidently quite an invasion. I stayed on at
White Sands Bay until the end of the week, September 13th, but
conditions during the whole period were very unpropitious and
unproductive both by day and night. Several further visits to
Abereiddy yielded nothing of note as here too were plenty of
matts of Silene maritima, though we did not venture out with
the portable generator. We ran our m.yv. light trap for 11 nights
at the annexe. It provided some 525 individuals, comprising
39 species of the macros. The first nights were by far the best
with 100 insects on September 3rd. The predominant ones were
Euxoa tritici L., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn. in a very bright form,
Luperina testacea Schiff., Amathes xanthographa Schiff. (some
very richly coloured individuals), Gortyna micacea Esp. with
several Gortyna ochracea Hibn., Stilbia anomala Haworth,
Arenostola pygmina Haworth, Tholera cespitis Schiff., and T.
popularis Fab. The first Antitype xanthomista Hiibn. put in an
appearance on September 6th in a slightly paler form than those
prevalent in Devon and Cornwall. The same date saw the first
Amathes castanea Esp in both grey and red insects. Other
species mosty seen in singles included A porophyla nigra Haworth
on the Sth, also Plusia festucae L., Amathes sexstrigata Haworth,
A. glareosa Esp., Schrankia costaestrigalis Stephens, with the
geometers Anaitis plagiata L., Scopula promutata Guen., Lynco-
metra ocellata L. and Crocallis elinguaria L.

Early on September 13th I left this delightful part of Wales

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1975 193

and travelling by the same route as we came, I reached the Wye
Valley in the late afternoon putting up at the Beaufort Hotel
at Tintern which had been a haven for me on several previous
occasions. But again a night of heavy rain brought the tempera-
ture down considerably and it was very cool but sunny on the
14th when I visited Dr. and Mrs. Michael Harper at their new
home set in the country just outside Ledbury. But only a few
late Whites, mostly R. napi L., were on the wing as there were
on the 15th when I was with Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Demuth,
near Bisley, just outside Stroud. Their buddleias also attracted
a number of Large Whites and Small Tortoiseshells. That
evening I returned to Surrey.

On September 19th I was once more on the road south-
wards to stay with my relatives near Blandford. The following
day with the temperature still in the low 70’s I scaled Hod Hill
where there were still a good many Small Tortoiseshells and
Whites, mainy P. napi. I also met up with these butterflies later
while visiting friends at Childe Okeforde and also that afternoon
with Mr. N. Wykes at his home at Uploders, near Bridport.
His buddleias were very well attended too. On the 21st, Heodes
phlaeas L. was also flying in the garden at Winterborne Stick-
land where I was staying. On my way home on September 22nd
the New Forest was my venue with visits to several friends
including Mr. L. W. Siggs, at Minstead, Mr. Gilbert Nixon, at
Rhinefields, and finally Mr. D. Russwurm on the outskirts of
Brockenhurst. It was a grand day and the buddleias in each
garden were alive with insects and in the last of the three were
several Red Admirals and two Painted Ladies. I was back at
Woking again that evening.

Fairly mild and congenial weather saw out the end of
Sepembter and it was particularly pleasant when I visited Mr.
Denzil ffennell at Martyr Worthy, near Winchester, on the 28th,
but only a few Whites were to be seen either there or in Alice
Holt Forest en route. The first ten days of October were very
mild and fairly sunny with the 60’s still about the average daily
temperature. A cool spell set in the middle of the month, but a
certain amount of warmth returned during the final ten days
with 65°F. in the shade on the 30th. Autumn moths were reason-
ably numerous, especially Aporophyla nigra Haworth. The very
pleasant conditions continued well into November, but a distinct
change for late autumn weather was prevalent when I set out for
Kent on the 14th in thick fog. However this lifted when I reached
Forest Row, and Ashdown Forest was looking at its best for
this time of year with leaves changing. Later that day the downs
at Westwell presented a similar picture but with no lepidoptera.
When I reached Folkestone the fog returned followed by a gale
when I visited Mr. G. Youden at Dover on November 16th.
This had hardly subsided on the 17th when I called on Mr. M.
Tweedie, near Rye, and I had a very stormy and wet journey
back that day to Surrey with an empty collecting bag.

The rest of November was on the whole very mild with
the temperature reaching the lower 50’s almost daily. On the

194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

25th I went to the downs at Oaken Grove, between Guildford
and Dorking. It was a favourable night for Ptilophora plumigera
Schiff., but none appeared at m.v. light which however attracted
a lot of Poecilocampa populi L. as well as a few Conistra vaccinii
L. and the first Operophtera brumata L. But for a cold snap
for a few days in the middle December, the year ended once
more on a very mild note especially at the Christmas period,
though insects were not as plentiful or precocious as a year
previously.

So ended a year which will certainly be long remembered
as producing one of the longest and hottest summers of the
century. It certainly brought out quite a spate of the lepidoptera,
though migrants were not very forthcoming until near its end
in late August which saw an amazing invasion of several species
in the south-western areas with a record number of the noctuid
Mythimna loreyi Dup. 1975 was indeed a most memorable year
compared with its immediate predecessors.

Butterflies on the Isles of Scilly during August 1975
By I. C. BgeaAvis*

From 17th to 30th August, 1975, while staying on St.
Mary’s, I also visited several of the other islands; namely,
Tresco (25th), St. Agnes (18th), St. Martin’s (20th), Bryher
(23rd), Samson (27th), Tean (21st) and Great Ganilly (26th).

The following are a few notes on the species recorded.

Pieridae

Colias croceus (Geoff. in Fourc.)

A few specimens on St. Mary’s. One f. helice Hiibn. taken
on the south side of the island on the 30th.
Pieris brassicae (L.)

Fairly common. Noted on St. Mary’s, St. Agnes, Tresco, St.
Martin’s and Bryher.
Pieris rapae (L.)

Common. Noted on St. Mary’s, Tresco, St. Agnes, St.
Martin’s, Bryher, Samson, Tean and Great Ganilly.
Pieris napi (L.)

Uncommon. St. Mary’s only.

Lycaenidae
Lycaena phlaeas (L.)
Uncommon on St. Mary’s, St. Martin’s and Great Ganilly.
Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)
Common on St. Mary’s, Tresco, St. Agnes, St. Martin’s,
Bryher, Tean and Great Ganilly.

Nymphalidae
Vanessa atalanta (L.)
Common on Tresco. Fairly common on St. Mary’s and
Bryher. A few specimens noted on Samson, Tean and Great
Ganilly.

* 104 St. James’ Road, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

BUTTERFLIES ON THE ISLES OF SCILLY, AUGUST 1975 195

Cynthia cardui (L.)

A few specimens on St. Mary’s, St. Agnes and Great
Ganilly.
Aglais urticae (L.)

Common on St. Mary’s, Tresco and St. Martin’s.
Inachis io (L.)

Single specimens noted on St. Mary’s, Tresco and Great
Ganilly.

Satyridae

Pararge aegeria insula Howarth

Common along shady roads and footpaths on St. Mary’s,
St. Agnes and St. Martin’s. One male approaching ab. saturatior
Cramb. taken on St. Agnes.

From ova laid by a female taken on St. Mary’s I bred a
number of specimens, which emerged in early January 1976.
These presumably represent the first generation, and differ from
the August examples in that the upperside markings are more
orange, the underside is generally more brightly coloured, and
the central part of the greyish-violet submarginal area of the
underside hindwing extends towards a discal patch of the same
colour.

Maniola jurtina cassiteridum Graves

The commonest species noted. Numerous on St. Mary’s,
Tresco, St. Agnes, St. Martin’s, Bryher, Samson, Tean and Great
Ganilly.

PLEBEJUS PYLAON BRETHERTONI BROWN IN ATTICA. —
I should like to report the existence of a small colony of
Plebejus pylaon brethertoni Brown on Mt. Parnis (near Athens)
at 800 m. in June, 1975. P.p. brethertoni has previously been
recorded only from Mt. Parnassos, Mt. Tymphristos, and the
Peloponnesos. Its presence in Attica suggests that its full dis-
tribution may yet be unknown.—J. Brown, 12 Browning
Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.

PANCHLORA NIVEA (L.) COCKROACH IN BUCKINGHAMSHIRE.
— On 11th March, 1976, I was given a pale green cockroach
which had been found amongst some bananas at St. John’s
Hospital, Stone, Near Aylesbury. The insect lived for about
ten days, feeding on small scraps of food, including cat meat
(!), and when it finally died I sent it to the British Museum
(Natural History) for positive identification. It was confirmed
(by Judith Marshall) as the Cuban cockroach, Panchlora nivea
(L.), which David Ragge’s Grasshoppers, Crickets and Cock-
roaches of the British Isles (Warne 1965) tells us is a native
of Central and South America and the West Indies, and is
frequently brought into Britain on West Indian bananas. —
ANTHONY WooTTon, 40 Roundhill, Stone, Nr. Aylesbury,
Bucks., HP17 8RD.

196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire
By R. M. PaLMer*
(Continued from page 126)
Parornix betulae Stt.

Scarce among birch (Reid, 1893).

A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1904); Dinnet Muir, larvae on
Betula pubescens, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.); Fintray, 1975
(R.M.P.).

P. scoticella Stt.
A. Larvae on S. aucuparia; Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R.,
Glentanar and Crathie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. Banchory R.T., one, 1973; Mergie, 1975 (R.M.P.).
P. torquillella Zell.

A. Crathie, larvae on Prunus spinosa, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Phyllonorycter heegeriella Zell.

A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
P. quercifoliella Zell.

A. Aboyne, 1971; Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1971, imagines
and mines on Quercus (E.C.P.-C.).

P. sorbi Frey.

A. Mines on S. acuparia, Crathie, 1970, Dinnet Oakwood
N.N.R., Morone Hill N.N.R. and Ordie, 1971
(E.C.P.-C)):

P. junoniella Zell.

A. Larvae rare, Bennachie (Reid, 1893); Glen Clunie, one,
1953; Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1960, and one, 1970;
Newkirk, 1973; Ballater, mine on Vaccinium vitis-idaea,
1969 (E.CLP.-C,).

P. corylifoliella Hubn.

A. Mines on Betula, 1971 at Ordie, Morrone Hill N.N.R.,
Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, and Dinnet Muir, one
(E.C.P.-C.); Kintore, 1974 (R.M.P.).

P. maestingella Mull.
(Abundant in birchwoods (Reid, 1893) ? misidentification.)
A. & K. Abundant, mines on beech (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
P. alnifoliella Hubn.

Scarce among alders (Reid, 1893).

A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., mines on Alnus, 1971
(E.C.P.-C.).

P. ulmifoliella Hubn.

A. Ordie, one, 1971; mines on B. pubescens Dinnet Oak-
wood N.N.R., 1971; Morrone Hill N.N.R., Crathie and
Cambus ’o May, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).

YPONOMEUTOIDEA
Sesiidae
Sphecia bembeciformis Hibn.
A. Near Fyvie (Reid, 1893); scarce, Culter, Skene, Cluny
(Cowie, 1902); Aberdeen, one, 1955 (E.P.); Braemar
(W. McW.).

* 2 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 197

Synanthedon salmachus L.
A. Kemnay (W. McW.).
Thamnosphecia culiciformis L.
A. Castleton (Braemar) (Trail, 1878); Logie Elphinstone
Woods (Reid, 1893); Braemar (W. McW.); Crathie and
Dinnet Muir, larvae and pupae in birch stumps
1970-71 (E.C.P.-C.).
Bembecia muscaeformis Esp.
K. Coast south of Aberdeen (Trail, 1878); Muchalls,
larvae in rhizomes of Armeria maritima (Reid, 1893);
Cove, 1974 (R.M.P.); Muchalls, 1974, and larvae and
pupae in A. maritima, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

Glyphipterigidae

Anthophila fabriciana L.
Common among nettles (Trail, 1878).
A. & K. Locally abundant, larvae on Urtica dioica
(E.C.P.-C., R.M.P., M.R.Y.).
Eutromula pariana Cl.
A. Cambus ’o May, larvae on Malus, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
Glyphipterix simpliciella Steph.
Common among grass in wet places (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Locally abundant (E.C.P.-C., M.R.Y., R.M.P.).
G. thrasonella Scop.
A. Rattray Head, one, 1954 (E.C.P.-C.); Kemnay, 1975
(R.M.P.) (M.R.Y.).

Yponomeutidae

Argyresthia laevigatella H.-S.
A. Braemar, one, Clagganhoul, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
A. praecocella Zell.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1960; 1964 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. Banchory, among juniper (Reid, 1893).
A. arceuthina Zell.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).
A. aurulentella Stt.

A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1959, 1971; Glen Derry, one,
and Carn Crom (Cairngorm N.N.R.) at 2,500 ft.+,
1971 (E.C.P.-C.).

A. brockeella Hubn.
A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1907).
A. & K. Common.

A. goedartella L.
A. & K. Common.

A. pygmaeella Hubn.

A. Ordie, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.); Corby Loch and Hare-
stone Moss, bred from sallow catkins, 1974 (R.M.P.);
Kemnay, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

A. retinella Zell.

A. & K. Common.
A. conjugella Zell.

A. & K. Common.

198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

A. pruniella Cl.
A. Near Aberdeen (Reid, 1893); Crathie, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
A. curvella L.
A. Dyce (R.M.P.).
A. albistria Haw.
A. Crathie, one, 1970; 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Yponomeuta evonymella L.

A. Craibstone, larvae on Prunus padus, 1952 (Morison,
1955); Ballater, one, Ordie, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.);
Dyce, one, 1973 (R.M.P.).

Y. padella L.

K. Maryculter, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).
Y. cagnagella Hiibn.

A. Dyce, 1975 (R.M.P.).
Kessleria saxifragae Stt.

A. Near Braemar on yellow saxifrage (Reid, 1893);
Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1959; 1960, one, also larvae and
pupae on Saxifraga aizoides (E.C.P.-C.).

Pseudoswammerdamia combinella Hubn.

K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

Swammerdamia caesiella Hubn.
Common among birch (Reid, 1893).
A. K. Quite common.
S. compunctella H.-S.
A. Ballater, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
Paraswammerdamia spiniella Hubn.
A. Bieldside, one, 1974 (M.R.Y.).
P. lutarea Haw.

A. Kemnay, 1975 (R.M.P.); Harestone Moss, 1975
(MER-.Y:):

K. Banchory. R.T., common, 1975; \ Mergiesi975
(M.R.Y.).

Cedistis subfasciella Steph.
A. Glen Luibeg, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
Atemelia toquatella Zell.

A. Bennachie, one; Pitcaple, one (Reid, 1893); Dinnet

Muir, 1971, larvae on small birches (E.C.P.-C.).
Ypsolopha dentella Fab.

A. Bennachie, 1973; Fintray, 1974; Dyce, common,
larvae on honeysuckle (R.M.P.); Aberdeen, one, 1974
(E.P.); Udny (M.R.Y.).

Y. parenthesella L.

A. & K. Common (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.); larvae on B.

pubescens (E.C.P.-C.).
Y. ustella Cl.
A. Logie Buchan bridge, one, 1975 (M.R.Y.); common
among oak (Reid, 1893).
Y. vittella L.
A. Bieldside, 1975 (P.S.).
Plutella xylostella L.
Abundant (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Sometimes abundant.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 199

P. porrectella L.

Once only (Reid, 1893).

A. Dyce, 1972 (R.M.P.).

K. Cleanhill Wood, one, 1975 (P.S.).
Rhigognostis senilella Zett.

Common (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Common.

Schreckensteintidae

Schreckensteinia festaliella Hubn.
A. Common, larvae on young canes of wild raspberry
(Morison, 1953).

Epermeniidae

Phaulernis fulvigutella Zell.
Common (Reid, 1893).
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Cataplectica farreni Wals.
K. Muchalls, one, 1975 (Langmaid, 1976).
Epermenia chaerophyllella Goeze.
A. Fintray, 1975 (R.M.P.); larvae on Heracleum at
Glassel, 1932 (G.M.) and Crathie, one, 1970
(E:C.P<C.):

GELECHIOIDEA
Coleophoridae

All records provided by Mr. Pelham-Clinton unless other-
wise stated.
Coleophora serratella L.
A. Common; larvae or larval signs on Betula (E.C.P.C.,
R.M.P.).
C. viminetella Zell.
Abundant, larvae on sweet gale (Reid, 1893).
A. Dinnet Muir, 1971, larvae swept; 1973, cases on
Myrica; Ordie, 1973.
C. glitzella Hoffman
A. Crathie, one, 1969.
C. arctostaphyli Meder.
A. Braemar (Cuttwell, 1907; Bankes, 1907); Dinnet Muir,
1970, one larval sign on Arctostaphylos.
C. orbitella Zell.
A. Crathie, one, 1969.
C. pyrrhulipennella Zell.
A. Dinnet Muir, one, 1969 and 1973; larvae swept, 1971.
C. albicosta Haw.
Rare among gorse (Reid, 1893).
K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); Banchory R.T., 1973;
Mergie, 1975 (R.M.P.).
C. trochilella Dup.
Ke St. Cyrus N.N.R., b96!.
C. virgaureae Stt.
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961.

200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

C. annulatella Tengs.
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1974 (R.M.P.).
C. sylvaticella Wood
K. Near Banchory, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).
C. taeniipennella H.-S.
A. Rattray Head, one, 1954.
C. glaucicolella Wood
A. Crathie, one, 1953.
C. alticolella Zell.
Abundant in wet meadows (Reid, 1893).
A. Larvae on Juncus squarrosus—Morrone Hill N.N.R.,
1964, 1970; Cambus ’o May, one, and Crathie, one,
1970; Glen Muick, 1971.

Elachistidae

All records provided by Mr. Pelham-Clinton unless other-
wise indicated.
Elachista argentella Cl.

A. Abundant, Nigg (Reid, 1893).

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961; 1975 (M.R.Y.); Banchory
R.T.; Muchalls, Catterline and Mergie, 1975 (R.M.P.,
IMORY 3):

. gleichenella F.

A. Crathie, one, 1970.
. regificella Sirc.

A. Crathie, one, 1971.
. bisulcella Dup.

A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1970; Ordie, one, 1971.
. rufocinerea Haw.

A. Fintray, 1974 (R.M.P.).

K. Durris, 1975 (R.M.P.).
E. pulchella Haw.

A. Braemar, one, 1970; Cambus 0’ May, one, 1973.

E. humilis Zell.

A. Glen Clunie, one, 1953 (E.C.P.-C.); Harestone Moss,
1975 (MER Y..):

E. alpinella Stt.

A. Near Aberdeen (Reid, 1893); Glen Clunie, one, at
3,000 ft., 1953.

E. kilmunella Stt.

A. Glen Clunie, 1953; Braemar, 1962, and one, 1969
(E.C.P.-C.); Lecht Road, near Cockbridge, 1975
(A.M.E.).

E. atricomella Stt.
A. Ballater, 1973.
E. albifrontella Hubn.

A. Ballater, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.); Kemnay and Gight

Woods, 1975 (R.M.P.).

Oecophoridae

Schiffermuelleria similella Hiibn.
A. Braemar, one, 1970; Glentanar, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.);

a =a Ss fF

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 201

Udny, one; Inver, one, 1975 (M.R.Y.); Ballater, one,
197570R NEP):
Batia lambdella Don.
K. Banchory R.T., one, 1974.
Borkhausenia fuscescens Haw.
A. Crathie, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.); Bucksburn, 1974 (R.M.P.).
Endrosis sarcitrella L.
Abundant in outhouses (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
Pleurota bicostella Cl.
Common on hills and moors (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
Diurnea fagella D. & S.
Common (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common in birch woods.
Hofmannophila psedospretella Stt.
Common (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
Pseudatemelia josephinae Toll.
A. Crathie, one, 1970, one, 1973; Cambus ’o May, one,
1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
Semioscopis avellanella Hubn.
A. Scarce, Logie Elphinstone Woods (Reid, 1893).
K. Banchory R.T.
S. steinkellneriana D. & S.
K. Banchory R.T., one, 1974.
Depressaria daucella D. & S.
A. Logie Buchan Bridge, one, 1975 (M.R.Y.).
D. pastinacella Dup.
Abundant (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common, larvae on Heracleum (E.C.P.-C.,
R.M.P.); parsnip (E.C.P.-C.).
D. silesiaca Hienemann
A. On Achillea millefolium; Crathie, larvae, 1970; larvae,
1973; empty spinnings, Cambus o’ May, 1973
(E.C.P.-C.).
Levipalpus hepatariella L. & Z.
A. Dinnet Muir, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Agonopterix heracliana L.
Abundant (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
A. ciliella Stt.
A. Larvae on Angelica; Cambus 0’ May, one, 1970; Ordie
and Glentanar, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
A. arenella D. & S.
Abundant everywhere (Reid, 1893).
A. Tyrebagger Hill, 1968 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T.
A. liturella D. & S.
Very common among Cantaurea nigra (Reid, 1893).
A. Nigg, one, 1972 (R.M.P.).
K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894).

202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/VII-VIII/76

A. ocellana F.
A. Dyce, one, 1973 (R.M.P.).

A. assimilella Treits.
A. Larvae abundant on broom (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); Banchory R.T.; larvae

common on broom (R.M.P., M.R.Y.).

A. scopariella Heinemann
A. Tyrebagger Hill, common among broom (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T.

A. ulicetella Stt.
A. & K. Common.

A. nervosa Haw.
Scarce among broom (Reid, 1893).
A. Dyce, 1974 (R.M.P.); Balmedie, 1975 (M.R.Y.).
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.); Banchory R.T.

Gelechiidae

Exoteleia dodecella L.

A. Crathie, one, 1953, one, 1973; Glen Derry (Cairngorm
N.N.R.) one; Braemar, one, 1970; Cambus 0’ May,
1973 (E.C.P.-C.).

Xenolechia aethiops H. & W.
A. Braemar (Cruttwell, 1907); Fintray, one, 1974
(R.M.P.).
Teleiodes proximella Hibn.
Common among small birches (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
T. alburnella Zell.
A. Cambus 0’ May, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
T. paripunctella Thunb.

A. Larvae on Myrica, Dinnet Muir and Ordie, 1971

(E.C.P.-C.).
Byotropha similis Stt.

A. Glen Clunie at 3,000 ft., one, 1957; Crathie, one,
1970; Dinnet, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.); Kemnay, one,
1975 (R.M.P.).

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.).

B. galbanella Zell.

A. Braemar, 1955; Dinneet Oakwood N.N.R., one, Glen
Derry (Cairngorm N.N.R.) one, and Morrone Hill
N.N.R:, one, 1970 (E.GC.P.-C.); sInvercauld, . 1975
(RUM.P:, M.-R?Y.):

K. Banchory, one, 1954 (E.C.P.-C.).

B. terrella D. & S.
A. & K. Not uncommon (E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.).
B. politella Stt.

A. Near Aberdeen (Reid, 1893); Rattray Head, one, 1954;
Glen Derry (Cairngorm N.N.R.), one, 1970; Crathie,
one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C,).

Chionodes fumatella Dougl.

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.); one, 1974

(R.M.P.).

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 203

Mirificarma mulinella Zell.
A. & K. Common.
Lita virgella Thunb.
Common on heaths (Reid, 1893).
A. Crathie, one, 1969; Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1960
(E.C.P.-C.), and one, 1973 (R.M.P.).
Neofaculta ericetella Hubn.
Abundant on heaths (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Abundant on heaths.
Scrobipalpa samandamensis plantaginella Stt.
A. Forvie N.N.R., one, 1957 (E.C.P.-C.).
S. artemisiella Treits.
A. Crathie, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.); one, 1975
(R.M.P.).
S. acuminatella Sirc.
A. Crathie, larvae on Cirsuim arvense and C. palustre,
1970 (E.C.P.-C.).
Caryocolum vicinella Doug.
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.).
Anacampis populella Cl.
A. Glentanar and Crathie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Acompsia cinerella Cl.
A. Crathie, one, 1970; Cambus 0’ May, one, 1970; one,
1973: (E:C. P.-C);
K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); St. Cyrus N.N.R., 1961
(E.C.P.-C.); Banchory, one, 1974 (R.M.P.).
Anarsia spartiella Schrank.
A. Ordie, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Hypatima rhomboidella L.
A. Tyrebagger Hill, one, 1973; Fintray, one, 1974
(R.M.P.); Dinnet Muir, one, 1975 (M.R.Y.).
Dichomeris juniperella L.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).

Blastobasidae
Blastobasis lignea Wals.
K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961 (E.C.P.-C.); one, 1974
(R.M.P.).

Momphidae
Mompha locupletella D. & S.
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).

M. conturbatella Hiibn.
A. Crathie, one, 1974; Gight Woods, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).

M. raschkiella Zell.
A. Larvae mining Chamaenerion angustifolium, Cambus
0’ May, Ordie and Glentanar, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).

(to be continued)

204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = _15/VII-VIII/76

Some Bibliographical Notes concerning Thomas
Say’s American Entomology (Philadelphia, 1817)
By Dr. RonaLp S. WILKINSON*

The duties of an editor, considered by some to be limited
to debating with contributors over the content of papers and
urging printers to keep up schedules, sometimes transcend
such practical necessities and lead to discoveries which are not
only gratifying but exciting.

Upon first reading the typescript of Dr. Cyril dos Passos’
article on Thomas Say’s American Entomology (1817), which
will appear in Vol. I, No. 1 of SBNH: Notes of the Society
for the Bibliography of Natural History in America, 1 was
reminded by Dr. dos Passos’ remarks that only a few copies
of Say’s little fascicle were known to exist. Among the rarest
of entomological publications, the 1817 Say qualifies as a
separate imprint because although it was to be “Vol. 1, No. 1”
of the author’s projected American Entomology, the project
temporarily foundered, and when the first volume of the
American Entomology was finally printed in 1824, the preface
in the lone fascicle was discarded and a new one was substi-
tuted. The text accompanying the six 1817 plates was con-
siderably altered, some changes in names were made, and the
plates with their new text were distributed within the volume,
reset of course.

Say later claimed that the 1817 fascicle was not “‘properly
published’’. To be precise, in the preface to the first volume of
American Entomology (1824) he stated that ‘“‘Six plates of the
present volume, together with their accompanying text, were
printed off in the year 1817, but as they were never properly
published, it has been thought advisable to include them in the
present work’. Say’s criteria for ‘“‘proper publication” are
unclear here, but the fascicle was obviously printed for some
sort of distribution and meant to be only the first part of an
extensive survey, inspired by Edward Donovan’s The Natural
History of British Insects, which had been published in parts
between 1792 and 1813.

My correspondence with various librarians established the
fact that as many as eleven of the fascicles of the 1817 Say are
still extant, and the more remarkable fact that almost all of
the copies are still in their original boards, as issued. Copies
were located at the Linnean Society of London; the Zoological
Society of London; the Royal Entomological Society of
London; the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University; the John Crerar Library, Chicago; the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City; the New York
Public Library, New York City; the Museum of Science,
Boston (Boston Society of Natural History); the American
Philosophical Society, Philadelphia; the American Antiquarian
Society, Worcester, Massachusetts; and the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (American Entomological

* The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540, U.S.A.

THOMAS SAY’S “‘SAMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY” 205

Society). Some of these copies are of interesting provenance,
having belonged to such entomologists as Stainton, Hagen and
Scudder.

Until this “‘census’’, it was not known exactly how the
1817 American Entomology was issued, but that is now quite
clear. In the case of the two copies which have been well
known to scholars, the AMNH copy is obviously rebound, and
the RESL copy is in boards with an octagonal paper title
vignette pasted on the front board. This copy had been
assumed to be in a later binding, with the vignette cut from
the original wrapper and applied. However, as descriptions
and photocopies began to arrive from other libraries, it became
increasingly apparent that the RESL copy is indeed “‘as issued”’
in its original boards, and that there were no wrappers
involved. It is interesting that a number of the other librarians
also assumed that their copies had been bound at a later time
with the application of a paper cutout from original wrappers.
Photocopies proved that the octagonal vignettes were all
precisely superimposed, and a personal research trip to examine
a number of the fascicles has left the matter beyond doubt.
Say had his fascicles printed and bound in paper-covered
boards, with an octagonal title vignette applied with adhesive
to the front board. The label depicts two cherubs, one pursuing
a generalised butterfly and another grasping at a beetle of the
genus Alaus (Coleoptera: Elateridae), bears the title AMERI-
CAN ENTOMOLOGY, identifies the lone fascicle as “Vol. 1.
No. 1” and is signed “‘Kneass, Young & Co. Sc.”’.

My examination of a number of copies has resulted in the
following ideal description: engraved title, [A]*B—D*, 6
coloured plates. Only B,', C,' and D,' are signed, as B, C, and
D. Pagination: engraved title, [i] —x, 22 pp. Contents, with
names used by Say: engraved title, verso blank; [A,"] printed
title, verso blank; [A,"]—[B,’] Preface; plate of Papilio
philenor; [B."] —'[B;"] its text; [B,’] blank; plate of Geotrupes
tityus; [B4"] —[C,"] its text; plate of Nemognatha immaculata;
[C."] —[C."] its text; plate of Notoxus monodon and Notoxus
bicolor; [C3™] —[C,"] text for monodon; [C,"] — [C,"] text for
bicolor; plate of Berytus spinosus; D,*—[D."] its text; [D2]
blank; plate of Cicindela formosa and Cicindela decemnotata;
[D,'] —[D,"] text for formosa; [D,"] — [D."] text for decem-
notata; [D,"] Index.

The thick wove text paper of the examined copies showed
no watermarks. The plates are on a standard unwatermarked
art paper, are unsigned, and bear no numbers or text except
that the anatomical drawings on the immaculata plate are
numbered 1-5. Plate numbers were added in the 1824 edition,
and the engraved title differs in that the 1817 title is signed
with both “C. A. Le Sueur del.’ and ‘‘Kneass, Young & Co.
Sc.”. The latter of these was not included in the 1824 engraved
title; moreover, the style of the engraved AMERICAN ENTO-
MOLOGY was altered. The printed 1817 title is reproduced in

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD = 15/VII-VIII/76

H. B. Weiss and G. M. Ziegler, Thomas Say: Early American
Naturalist (Springfield and Baltimore, 1931), p. 40.

I am indebted to Dr. dos Passos as the inspiration for this
research, and refer readers to his forthcoming paper for other
details about Say’s interesting fascicle.

Notes and Observations

LITHOPHANE SEMIBRUNNEA Haw. (TAWNY PINION) IN NORTH
Kent. —I had a specimen of this species at a sugared oak
bole in Darenth Wood on Sth October, 1974. I had resorted
to sugaring tree trunks during that autumn because of the
atrocious weather conditions which prevailed throughout
October, making the spreading of the mixture on foliage in
the usual manner almost impossible. In fact the nightly turn-
out at the sugared trunks far exceeded in numbers anything
I had previously attained on foliage; for example on one
evening almost two hundred Conistra vaccinii L. and C. ligula
Esp. were observed at several strips, along with other autumn
moths. — J. PLatrs, 11 Maydowns Road, Chestfield, Kent.

COLEOPHORA OCHREA (HAWORTH) IN DORSET IN 1976. —
While entomologising near Swanage on 5th June, my friend
Mr. S. C. Scarsdale Brown and I found a number of the case-
bearing larvae of this local moth which were mining the leaves
and flower-buds of Helianthemum chamaecistus. As far as is
known, the species had not been seen in Dorset since E. R.
Bankes took it there towards the end of the last century. —
J. M. CHALMERS-HUnT.

EPIBLEMA GRANDAEVANA (L, & Z.). — This species is usually
supposed to have been imported with ballast from the Baltic,
and so far as I can ascertain was never found apart from the
old ballast heaps near Hartlepool. There is a long account of its
history in Barrett, Vol. xi, 146-148, and for many years from
1870 to 1910 it was common in its rather restricted locality.

My late friend J. W. Corder of Sunderland and myself
had several talks about its disappearance in 1925, when I
arranged for him to stay at the keeper’s cottage at Blean for a
couple of months. He informed me that it entirely disappeared
during the 1914-1918 War, that he gave up collecting during
the war and afterwards none of the Durham entomologists had
seen it. At any rate, before 1910 it was abundant in its one place,
and when John Gardner wanted any he went to the sand-heaps
at the end of May and soon had a cocoa-tin of pupae.

Corder and I endeavoured to account for its disappearance.
We did not think, as has been suggested, that Gardner over-
collected it, since the female contains a large quantity of eggs
and the food (coltsfoot) was universal where the moth was
found. We had two ideas which seemed feasible. Firstly, the
moth having been introduced, the alterations in conditions due

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 207

to the war were fatal to it. The ballast heaps brought in from
the Baltic of course ceased; owing to the shipping shortage and
difficulties of navigation no vessels came in with ballast. Secondly,
it is more than probable that the colony was re-enforced from
time to time in a new ballast dumping until this ceased with
the war.

Its disappearance was comparatively sudden, I have a dozen
specimens I obtained from Bernard Harwood which he got,
with as many others as he wanted, from John Gardner in 1907.
I did not get these from Bernard until 1927, and I told him quite
fairly that the moth was probably now extinct as a British insect
but he did not mind or even put up the price, perhaps because
we were friends. The reference to this species in Ford (1949)
was almost certainly obtained from me: although he put in
the cautionary “‘perhaps’’, Ford and I used to collect micros
together about once a fortnight from 1922-1927, and I remember
his visiting me during Corder’s stay at Blean. — H. C. Huaains,
65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.

GREEN ISLANDS OF THE NEPTICULIDAE.—I welcome Mr.
E. H. Wild’s clear and neat explanation for the presence of
green islands in autumnal leaves which are mined by nepticulid
larvae (Ent. Rec., 88: 103). I was present when he gave this
explanation at the meeting of the B.E.N.H.S. to which he refers
and listened with great interest. Nevertheless, I felt constrained
to write in Volume I of The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland that the cause of the green islands had
never satisfactorily been explained because his theory does not
cover all the facts. Let me demonstrate this by describing what
happens in oak leaves when mined by Ectoedemia subbimacu-
lella (Haworth), a green-island species common in the south-east
of England.

The moths fly in June and July and it is reasonable to
suppose that the eggs are laid about the beginning of the latter
month. I do not know precisely when the larvae hatch because
at first they are so tiny that it would be idle to search for them.
When young, the larva feeds in a narrow gallery closely following
a rib, generally the midrib. This feeding has certainly started
well before any autumnal changes occur in the leaves and |
have occasionally chanced on these minute mines in September.
Towards the end of October the larva, now in its last instar,
extends its narrow gallery into a wide bloch, generally at an
angle of veins; however, the growth of the larva is still slow and
many individuals continue feeding within their blotch long after
the leaves have fallen, often up to or beyond the end of Novem-
ber. It is in November, and especially in these fallen leaves, that
the green islands are most conspicuous.

Ecdysis is a critical time for larvae and in the case of E.
subbimaculella many die at this juncture, while still in their
narrow galleries and before visible autumnal changes have
started in the leaf. Now it makes no difference to the develop-
ment of the green island whether the larva is alive or dead (I

208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD _15/ VII-VIII/76

am speaking loosely when I say ‘“‘development”’: I realise that
the development or change is really in the rest of the leaf). This
cuts out larval respiration and the decay of frass as causes of
the green island. Is it possible that the decay of the body of the
dead larva, which is still microscopic, can be solely responsible
for that big green island? The larval corpse quickly dries up
and, remember, death occurred before the leaf began to assume
its autumn colouration. Furthermore, as Mr. Wild rightly states,
“when the larva vacates the mine the island soon vanishes’’. To
this I must add that when a larva dies in a late November mine,
the island vanishes equally quickly: the presence of the corpse
does not prolong the life of the island. So it seems to me that
the green island is caused by something which has occurred
while the leaf is still green, very early in the life of the larva.
Mr. Wild is wrong in attributing the waterlogging of mines
of Ectoedemia intimella (Zeller) to larval respiration. He has
overlooked my statement that such waterlogging occurs in fallen
leaves; it is not present in leaves which remain on the tree.
The fallen leaves often lie in soaking-wet grass and the water
may have gained access to the mine through accidental damage
to the leaf’s epidermis or through the stomata which Mr. Wild
describes as being left open while the leaves are withering.

Another species which feeds in a green island is Ectoedemia
argyropeza (Zeller) on aspen. Let me quote from my description
of its mine in M.B.G.B.I.: “The larva at first mines the petiole
immediately below the leaf causing it to swell slightly. Later it
eats into the leaf, making a triangular blotch on one side of the
midrib. The frass at first forms walls to a passage-way leading
to the cavity in the petiole, into which the larva retreats back-
wards while it is small enough to do so. When the leaves turn
yellow in the autumn, the mined section remains bright
green. . . .”’ The green island forms a triangle extending far
into the leaf with the larva and walls of frass at the apex. If
frass and larval respiration were significant, why does the part
of the leaf closest to the larva and in contact with the frass
wither and why does the green island project so far away from
the larva in the direction in which it is heading?

A consideration of green islands should include these which
surround galls such as the nail galls common on beech leaves
in the autumn. Can water, carbon di-oxide and salt emanate
from such a gall or its occupant to the surrounding part of the
leaf? Having been educated in the classics and not the sciences,
I do not know; I can only state the facts and invite the scientists
to explain them. This I hope Mr. Wild will do, demonstrating
that his theory is incomplete rather than inaccurate. I suggest
he focuses his attention on what is happening within the leaf a
month or so before the onset of autumn colouration. — A. M.
EmMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden,
Essex:

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BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1976
Saturday, October 30th from 11 a.m.

Due to a change in the general letting policy of the Holland Park
School management the B.E. & N.H.S. will not be able to hold
its Annual Exhibition at the school as in past years. The Council
of the Society has booked the main hall of Chelsea Old Town Hall
which is in the Kings Road, Chelsea, London, S.W. The facilities
here are in every way equal to those at the Holland Park School
and it is hoped that all readers of the Record will be able to
attend.

THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLIGICAL SOCIETY
ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1976

The A.E.S. Annual Exhibiiton, 1976 will be held at University
College School, Frognal, Hampstead, London, N.W.3, on
Saturday, 2nd October from 12.30 to 4.30 p.m.

The School is easily accessible from Central London by road,
underground and bus and is near the Finchley Road Station.
Admission is free, light refreshments will be available and there
is good parking.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. — Separates of Col. Emmet’s “Notes on some of the British:
Nepticulidae”’, 35p, postage 9p, and “‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 11p. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —1 would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. — §. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent,
BR2 9EE.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to §. N. A. Jacobs, 54 Hayes Lane,
Bromley, Kent, and he will do his best to find what you require.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 — Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project — figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
3-Smm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. —P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted — For work on Noctuidae immigrant to the British Isles I should be
most grateful for any unpublished accounts of the finding of wild larvae or
pupae, with dates and later history if possible, of the following specimens:
A. ipsilon, P. saucia, E. occulta, M. albipuncta, M. vitellina, M. unipuncta,
P. meticulosa, Spodoptera littoralis Bdv., Caradrina exigua, Trichoplusia ni,
and of any of the scarcer immigrant species. — R. F. Bretherton, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE.

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AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
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ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FoNSECA, F.R.E.S.

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CONTENTS

Phyllocnistis xenia Hering, 1936, a recent addition to the British list
of Lepidoptera. E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON ...

Six Years’ Notes on Migrant Lepidoptera on and near the Coast of
N.W. France. E. P. WILTSHIRE ...

Further Notes on Species of the Genus Aloeides (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae). G. E. TITE and C. G. C. DICKSON ...

Agathidium rotundatum Gyllenhal and A. sphaerulum Reitter (Col.:
Anisotomidae). COLIN JOHNSON and JONATHAN COOTER

Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1975. C. G. M. de WORMS
Butterflies on the Isles of Scilly during August 1975. L. C. BEAVIS
Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. R. M. PALMER

Some Bibliographical Notes concerning Thomas Say’s American
Entomology (Philadelphia, 1817). Dr. R. S. WILKINSON ...

Notes and Observations:
Profusion of Butterflies in early May 1976. C. G. M. de WORMS

Early Appearance of Hyloicus pinastri L. and other Moths at
Woking. C. G. M. de WORMS

Moths at Blackberry fruit during September 1975. J. PLATTS

Nymphalis polychloros L. (Large Tortoiseshell) in Kent and
Hampshire. C. P. J. SAMSON

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae). Dr. G. S.
ROBINSON ae le A he ane firs

Cosmopterix schmidiella Frey Rediscovered after 75 years.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Plebejus pylaon brethertoni Brown in Attica. J. BROWN ...

Panchlora nivea (L.) Cockroach in Buckinghamshire. ANTHONY
WOOTTON

Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. (Tawny Pinion) in North Kent ...

Coleophora ochrea (Haw.) in Dorset in 1976. J. M.
CHALMERS-HUNT oe fs

Epiblema grandaevana (L. & Z.). H. C. HUGGINS ...
Green Islands of the Nepticulidae. A. M. EMMET ...

Current Literature ...

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

161

165

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183
194
196

204

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164

176

180

182
195

195
206

206
206
207
175

VOL. 88, No. 9 September, 1976

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THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.s.
with the assistance of
A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGIns, F.R.E.S.
S. N. A. Jacoss, F.R.E.S. (Registrar)

Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

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By T. G. Howarth

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL
RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society announces that
awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological
research with particular emphasis on

(a) Leaf miners,

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae,

(c) Lepidoptera, particularly micro-lepidoptera,

(d) General entomology,
in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of
candidates and of the plan of work proposed.

Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary
for field work, for the study of collections, for attendance at conferences,
or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total, they
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Applicants should send a statement of their qualifications, of their plan
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LARVAE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA —
AN APPEAL

At present there is no work which adequately illustrates the
larvae of the British Lepidoptera. To remedy this it is proposed
to publish, in Volume 11 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great
Britain and Ireland, coloured illustrations of as many species as
possible.

Living larvae of many species are required for photographing
in a standard way as a basis for colour drawings. Donors of larvae
will be provided with duplicate transparencies if required. Good
colour transparencies of reliably identified larvae in natural resting
positions are also needed. Transparencies will be copied and the
originals returned.

Lepidopterists who are willing to contribute to this project
are invited to write to one of the addresses below for a list of
requirements.

D: YCarter. J. Heath,

Department of Entomology, Editor (MBGBI),
British Museum (Natural History), 104 Needingworth Road,
Cromwell Road, St. Ives,

London, Huntingdon,

SW7 SBD. Cambs. PE17 4JY.

WANTED — GEOMETRIDAE, LARENTIINAE for work in connection
with Volume 8 of “The Butterflies and Moths of Great Britain and
Ireland’. In my attempt to breed and study the species of this group, I still
require livestock of some of the more local species and sub-species. I would
be most grateful to hear from anyone willing to assist by supplying ova or
larvae and would be happy to make exchanges where possible. I also need
adults of a few of those species requiring genitalia preparations for deter-
mination. The ‘‘Pugs’ are important in this respect and in particular
Eupithecia fraxinata (Crewe)/innotata (Hufri)/tamarisciata (Freyer) and
E. goosensiata (Mab.). Also Chloroclysta concinnata (Steph.) and C. citrata
pythonissata (Milliere). — J. Reid, 44 Hawthorn Way, Royston, Hertford-
shire.

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Plate VI

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STAN WAKELY

About 1958

209

In Memoriam
STANLEY HOWARD WAKELY

Stanley Howard Wakely, one of the foremost British
microlepidopterists of the twentieth century, died peacefully
in hospital on the 5th of May, 1976. He was in his 84th year.

He was born on the 9th of July, 1892 at Strode Mill,
Newport, Isle of Wight, and he spent his early years on the
island. There he acquired a profound interest in natural history,
and in entomology in particular, partly under the tuition of the
late H. G. Jeffrey and J. Lobb. He became a printer by pro-
fession and was employed as a compositor. After the 1914-1918
war, during which he served in France, his work took him to
London and he was obliged to become a town-dweller; yet he
always maintained that he could not have been better placed
for travel to his favourite collecting localities in the south of
England. He never drove a car. Throughout most of his later
years he lived in Camberwell but when his wife died in 1975
he and his daughter returned to his well-loved native Isle of
Wight and it was there that he died.

Stan Wakely was pre-eminent as a field-worker. His know-
ledge of botany was extensive and he taught himself to
recognise dead and withered plants as well as those that were
alive—an invaluable accomplishment, enabling him to find
those larvae which feed in roots and stems during the winter
months. The breeding of microlepidoptera was his forte and
he added extensively to our knowledge of the early stages of
many species. L. T. Ford made full use of his knowledge when
compiling A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. In 1936,
Wakely bred Opogona antistacta Meyrick, a species new to
science, from a larva found in an imported banana. Other
species which he added to the British List include Paralipsa
[Aphomia] gularis (Zeller), Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliére),
Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hiibner), Coleophora clypeiferella
Hofmann, Cydia prunivorana (Ragonot) [=Laspeyresia lobar-
zewskii Nowicki], Pammene agnotana Rebel and Blastobasis
decolorella (Wollaston). He was probably the first collector to
find Stigmella speciosa Frey in Britain, since Walsingham’s
earlier record seems to have been based on a misidentification.
Only this year a bred specimen of Stigmella repentiella (Wolff)
was found in his collection as will be recorded in these pages
in due course. The news of this discovery reached him a few
days before his death and we are told that it gave him great
satisfaction. He was the first collector to rear Eupithecia mille-
foliata Rossler in Britain and he discovered the previously
unknown life history of Sorhagenia janiszewskae Riedl.

He joined the then South London Entomological and
Natural History Society in 1930 and was one of its most loyal
and enthusiastic members. He was President in 1942, a member
of the Library Committee from 1943 to 1947 and Field Meet-
ings Secretary from 1954 to 1957; he served on and off as a
member of Council over a period of 30 years. His Presidential

210 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

Address dealt with rare and interesting species of microlepi-
doptera and he contributed a valuable monograph on the Genus
Mompha to the Society’s Proceedings for 1944-1945.

He submitted many interesting papers to the entomological
journals and was a member of the editorial panel of The
Entomologist’s Record from 1959 until his death. Besides
articles dealing with the species already mentioned, he wrote
several informative papers, sometimes in collaboration with
his friends, describing his collecting holidays. These were almost
exclusively spent in the south-east of England and he seldom
travelled far afield. He possessed a sound knowledge of orders
other than Lepidoptera and wrote occasional notes on Orthop-
tera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera for the journals.

During his later years he had several severe disabilities.
He found it hard to raise his voice above a whisper which
made conversation difficult for him. He suffered from acute
curvature of the spine; like the old leech-gatherer Wordsworth
once met on the Westmorland moors,

“‘His body was bent double, feet and head
Coming together in life’s pilgrimage.”

Much of the last year of his life was spent in hospital
owing to Parkinson’s Disease. All this suffering was borne with
exemplary fortitude. When failing health compelled him to
give up collecting in about 1970, he presented his collection to
Cambridge University. It is housed in the Insect Room at the
Department of Zoology in Downing Street where it is available
for study.

Stanley Wakely was concerned that his extensive know-
ledge of microlepidoptera should outlive him and was never
happier than when he was helping or instructing younger or
less experienced entomologists. Both the authors of this
obituary are deeply indebted to him for ungrudging tuition and
guidance and for happy days spent collecting in his company.

Though his life centred on entomology and he used to
say that he would have advanced further in his profession if
he had not subordinated it to his hobby, he also had other
interests. These included beagling and hunting. In early life
he used to hunt with the Isle of Wight Harriers and walk their
puppies. During his London days many winter Saturdays saw
him travelling by train to a meet in the country and following
hounds on foot. His interest in the sport lay in the study of
techniques and the way in which hounds work: it was an
extension of his involvement in natural history.

His gentle and likeable personality will be sadly missed by
his wide circle of friends and our sincerest sympathy is extended
to his daughter, Miss Margaret Wakely. oe

J.M.C.-H.

Schiffermuelleria procerella (Denis &
Schiffermuller, 1775) (Lep.: Oecophoridae):

A Species New to Britain
By J. M. CHALMERS-HunrT!
and the Rev. D. J. L. AGassiz?

On the night of 16th July, 1976, while collecting under
ideal weather conditions in a wood in Kent with Mr. P. J.
Renshaw and his son Chris, J.M.C.-H. took an Oecophorid of
unfamiliar appearance among the 120 different species of macro
and innumerable species of micro attracted to the m.v. lights.
Two nights later, D.J.L.A. took at m.v. light two Oecophori-
dae of the same species as that above, while collecting with
Mr. B. Goater in a wood in another part of Kent.

Reference to Jacobs (1950) showed the moths bore no
resemblance to any known British species, and so with the
help of Dr. J. D. Bradley and Dr. G. S. Robinson (both of
the British Museum, Nat. Hist.), they were identified as
Schiffermuelleria procerella (D. & S.).

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(4 CHYUY Y, / Wh f aTNNGY | \\ NN
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: a \ ‘
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V SNAS.
3°. g75.

This species has a wide distribution on the European
continent. Staudinger and Rebel (1901: 2: 178) record it from
Central Europe, Spain, Italy and from as far east as Russia.
Lhomme (1949: 2: 706) gives numerous localities for it in
France, though mainly in the eastern part; and Crombrugghe
de Picquendaele (1906: 2: 56) cites several for Belgium. There
is a series of some 20 specimens of procerella in the BM(NH),
mostly (if not all) from Germany.

Spuler (1910: 2: 348, plt. 89, fig. 50) depicts the moth in
colour, and there is a figure of it in black and white in Toll
(1946: fig. 133), but as neither of these works is readily avail-
able, we illustrate the insect here from a drawing by Mr.
Jacobs. Thie larva is described as being olive-grey with a black

11 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent, BR4 9LG.
2 St. James’ Vicarage, Hertford Road, Enfield, Middlesex.

212 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

head, and is said to feed from September to May on lichens
and mosses growing on the trunks of trees.

Although quite small, the moth is very distinctive and is
thus unlikely to have been overlooked, nor has it been found
in a part of the country neglected by entomologists. We may
reasonably surmise therefore, that it is a recent arrival in this
country, though whether resident or not we have no means of
knowing as yet.

The following is a detailed description of the imago. Wing-
span 11-13 mm. Head dark bronzy fuscous, palpi long, orange
with the terminal joint brown at the tip. Antennae ringed black
and white. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, with some
orange scales on the thorax; tegulae orange. Forewings bright
orange; there is a short oblique fascia from the base of the
costa to the dorsum, silver-metallic, edged with black. There
are further fascias of the same colour at 4 and + from the
dorsum not quite reaching the costa and these are joined by a
longitudinal streak near the costa so that a shape approaching
a rough rectangle is formed standing on the dorsum. There are
dark fuscous spots on the costa at 3/5 and near the termen
and both these are more or less connected to a dark tornal
spot. The cilia are orange. Hindwings dark grey.

Acknowledgements

In conclusion we wish to acknowledge gratefully the help
given to us by Dr. J. D. Bradley and Dr. G. S. Robinson; and
to thank Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs for his drawing of the perfect
insect.

References

Crombrugghe de Picquendaele, Baron de. 1906. Catalogue Raisonne des
Microlepidopteres de Belgique, Deuxieme Partie. Extrait des
Memoirs de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, t.xiv, 1906,
Brussels.

Jacobs, S. N. A. 1950. The British Oecophoridae (Part 1) and Allied
Genera. Proc. and Trans. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist Soc., 1948-49: 23

et seq.

Lhomme, L. 1949. Catalogue des Lepidopteres de France et de Belgique.
Le Carriole, par Douelle, Lot.

Spuler, A. 1910. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Stuttgart.

Staudinger, O. and H. Rebel. 1901. Catalogue der Lepidopteren des
Palaearctischen Faunengebietes. Berlin.

Toll, S. 1946. Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae. Klucze do Oznaczania Owadow
Polski, ser. 43, part 27, nr. 35, pp. 1-174 (translated from the Polish
and published for U.S. Dept. of Agriculture and National Science
Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1975).

DIGITIVALVA PERLEPIDELLA (STAINTON) IN HEREFORDSHIRE.
—Dr. M. W. Harper and I took this scarce moth on 21st and
23rd May, 1976 sparingly near Fownhope, and more commonly
near Whitchurch in the extreme south-west of the county.
Moths were flushed during the day, and seemed to fly quite
freely in the evening sunshine. The larva feeds on Inula conyza.
— Joun R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road,
Southsea, Hampshire.

213

The Hazards of the Chase
By the Rev. J. N. Marcon*

Bug hunters encounter nerve-racking contingencies as well
as adventurous vicissitudes in the pursuit of one of the glories
of nature—butterflies. It may be that the hazards of life—at
least many of them—contribute to its piquancy!

I expect most collectors have blundered upon keepers,
bulls and adders; for all three are part of our English land-
scape. The writer has been no stranger to these vexations. One
Saturday when going through the “‘stink-works”’ near Ascot—
where the surrounding nettles were a good place for finding
Aglais urticae larvae—the man told me that Windsor Park
Estate were trying to close Swinley Forest. Men on each gate
after 1 p.m. and all day Sunday; further, one or two would
tour the rides on bicycles to turn people out. If they could
do this for a few weeks they could then close the Park as a
public amenity.

That acted as no deterrent to an enthusiast. Without more
ado, I made over the fence into the “forbidden area’’. Soon,
along the wide passages between the young plantations, there
appeared an odd flying insect. Was it a large Grayling flitting
by? No. A Fox moth? Perhaps. No, by George, an Argynnis
aglaia variety; it looked very dark. But settle it would not.
Too much bracken made swinging the net hazardous. One must
act quickly or it would be seeking new pastures in the planta-
tion. Edging closer it hovered a moment; stretching the net
full length a grab was made, hardly daring to breath for
excitement. Yes, it was inside, a lovely black male aglaia with
only two small fulvous spots on the forewings and hindwings
smoky, ab. viridiatra.

Home for lunch there was no question where to go in the
afternoon. Wonder if there is another blackie! Somehow the
keepers must be dodged. Later I heard that twelve men were
hunting me as I hunted a butterfly! Craft was essential: into
the plantation I crept. Some of the young firs kept me well
out of sight, but not all. It was 14 hours before I was spotted,
a man on a bicycle 200 yards away on the far side of the
plantation. I bobbed down instantly. Had he seen me? A peep
through the bushes suggested he had; for he had got off the
bike, was looking my way and mounted again pedalling fast.
The feeling increased as he turned in my direction. There was
nothing for it but to lie flat on the grass and smoke a pipe!

“Hi, there,” he shouted in a gruff voice, ‘‘no one allowed
in here.” By dint of ‘‘chatting him up’—what the ladies do
much better than we mere males—his speech grew less harsh.
“I have collected butterflies here since I was a boy: I live
nearby: I caught a gorgeous one this morning.” Gradually his
tone moderated. ‘“‘Well, I’m afraid you'll have to go,” he said
finally. A short look round and a great day ended.

A less tense episode was a week after finding an all-black

* Raydale, Fittleworth, Pulborough, Sussex.

214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

male Argynnis selene in Abbots Wood in 1955. Hunting the
same area I heard voices: gamekeepers I thought, and hid
behind a tree. As the sounds subsided I peeped out, and there
were two old friends, the Craske brothers!

On another occasion my churchwarden accompanied me
on the back of the motorcycle. We headed for the dip behind
the Long Man at Wilmington, Sussex—a pocket surrounded
by three steep hillsides. Reaching the bottom and preparing to
examine such Polyommatus icarus aS were resting on the
grassheads in the evening, we were aroused by the bellowing
of a bull making tracks towards us from the distant flat fourth
of the hollow. As it roared ever nearer, foam dripping from its
mouth, we could see a single strand of barbed wire as our only
protection. Moving away from this was an instinctive reaction.
I remember thinking that too much fear was hardly becoming
with one of my Church officers present! Then it struck me
that to get close to the barbed wire was the least dangerous
place: for if the bull charged through, we could move a few
yards along, jump over whilst it turned, and make him reverse
again and again until he got tired of being torn by the barbs.
Ten yards away from the wire we had not seen an electric
wire a foot or so above ground. There the beast came to a
halt, and we breathed a sigh of relief. Realising the source of
our safeguard, yet feeling discretion to be the better part o:
valour, we dropped all idea of bug-hunting and made a speedy
getaway from the scene of imminent disaster, climbing the
hill as fast as its steepness would allow: the bull meantime
moved parallel with us, a yard or two away on his side of an
electric shock, roaring continuously at his deprivation of
victims until we reached the summit.

1945 was a year when Argynnis selene were in numbers
—and varying—the snakes were too! At an enclosure near
Dunsfold I counted over 200, none of which were worth a
pill-box. Next day after cycling to a further enclosure fruit-
lessly, there seemed nothing better than to return to where
the numbers were. Walking the path towards it a stray fritillary
here and there was to be seen. On the ground ten minutes
later, discovering that no boxes had been pocketed, I had to
go back for them along the same path. I had moved but twenty
yards when a sudden hiss made me jump like a scalded cat,
to discover an adder on a warm, sandy patch slithering away.
Within twenty minutes four good varieties had fallen to the
net from a place I had scoured unsuccessfully the previous
day, one a largely black female. The total of adders seen,
happily innocuously, was five. (More lethal an incident was
twenty years earlier, almost treading on a cobra in India when
hunting a butterfly that delights in the sap exuding from the
bark of an over-enriched tree.)

What could be called a fortunate hazard occurred in the
Vicarage garden, 250 yards from the sea at Eastbourne.
Wanting a break at mid-morning, I went out to swat some
of the numerous Pierids which had recently immigrated in

THE HAZARDS OF THE CHASE 215

swarms. Having liquidated a few flying around the beds, I went
into the field at the back, part of which was for vegetables.
At the far end was a marrow mound; on it was one of the
few insects seen perched, its expanded wings showing a well-
marked Pieris rapae ab. fasciata. Mr. S. A. Chartres had pre-
viously seen a cloud of Pieris brassicae at Whitbread Hollow
(near Beachy Head). ‘Like a snowstorm,” he said, ‘‘and one
was yellow.”’ But he was less fortunate in capturing it.

Having taken a funeral at the local cemetery one autumn,
I asked the Superintendent whether he had any spare wall-
flower plants. “Come and have a look,” he replied, taking me
down to a far corner. There my eye immediately noticed an
Aglaia urticae ab. nigrocaria with expanded wings close to the
small surrounding box hedge. “Keep your eye on it,” I yelled
as I dashed back in near desperation to the motorcycle, on
which a folding net had been tied for just such an emergency.
Putting it somehow together as I hared back, I asked, “‘Is it
still there?” ““Yes,”’ said the Superintendent, almost as excited
as I was as the net was gently lowered!

In the New Forest at Islands Thorn enclosure in 1940 there
was great stimulation among three or four collectors when one
of them said he thought he had seen a “‘black valesina” (A.
paphia ab. nigrizina) over in Amberwood enclosure. We all
dashed off on the longish walk taking different approaches.
Nothing more of it was seen there, but after we had left the
Forest several days later S. G. Castle Russell caught this very
variety—if the original was not an hallucination, common when
collectors are together—at the opposite end of Islands Thorn
two miles away, and not in prime condition. The hunt in my
case however was not without compensation. Having tired of
the long trapse up and down the wide gap, full of blackberry
blossom, between Amberwood and Sloden enclosure, I thought
to try the latter. There on a thistle looked a curious paphia:
it flipped up, circled and came back. Immediately the net went
into play and it proved to be a very nice female Argynnis
adippe ab. magnipuncta.

A less happy experience in the Forest two years later
occurred to Col. V. R. Burkhardt. It was at the top end of
Oakley enclosure (to which I had introduced him and Russell),
where he saw an Argynnis paphia extreme ab. confluens. Twice
he had had his net over her and she had eluded him. Two days
later I met him: ‘‘There it is,” he said, as it settled on a
favourite bramble. He got his net over it, jerked it down before
it was properly inside and away it flew. I left him, expostulating
at his crazy idea of capture! At 3 p.m. he had not seen it
again. At 4 p.m. he left disconsolate. I went down “his” ride.
At last over a stream on an opposite bramble bush there she
was. My goodness! But how to reach her? The bracken too
thick to skirt around without disturbing her. Plunging into
the stream I waded towards the bush. It was an awkward
position from which to strike; before I could decide what to do
she was away again. Pushing through the bracken I saw her

216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

flirting with a male. The moment had come! I struck and
missed both—a mad thing to do, nearly as bad as the Colonel’s!
It seemed to be the last I should see of her. Hastily swallowing
a mug of tea I returned to the scene of defeat. After a while,
to my surprise and delight, I caught sight of her. She went
from flower to flower, from bush to bush without pausing. At
last she was on the ride again and settled on a low bush. I held
up my hand to Russell approaching and stalked her to within
reach, clapped my net right down and thought she had got
away. But no, there she was, a beautiful beast! When offered
to Burkhardt he would not take it.

It was in the same enclosure, after a tiring morning, I
decided to take a break at 3 p.m., and start refreshed at 4 p.m.
when paphia would come down for a final two hours feed.
Arriving at the ride where the motorcycle had been parked
against a rut, I was concerned to find it on its side with the
petrol leaking out—it was wartime, too! Having righted it I
sat down to enjoy the harvest cider I had been given; drank
the lot and in due course staggered up the ride singing lustily!

Three anecdotes to conclude this ramble. The late Mr.
Jack Craske was at Newlands Corner in 1944, looking at
hundreds of Lycaenopsis argiolus that had emerged. It was a
hot day of low, heavy cloud, with most of them resting. Against
a dark background he was examining as many as were within
reach. Amongst them was one with wings closed which he
thought was torn. A little later it occurred to him that he ought
to have another check. Looking more closely at the “tattered”
insect it proved to be magnificently radiated on the underside
of all four wings. A short while after he netted a halved
gynandromorph. So that was a good day’s work!

I had a similar though less dramatic experience. Looking
over a fence at a bush on Mount Caburn there was a Coeno-
nympha pamphilus perched. It appeared torn, as part of the
upper wing was showing. Rather dispassionately the net was
swept over the bush; inside was a homeotic pamphilus!

The last yarn concerns the late Castle Russell. Always
keen on Argynnis paphia, and with splendid captures to his
credit (now at the British Museum (Natural History)) he was
in his favourite enclosure in the New Forest, Islands Thorn.
Walking along the metal road that runs through it, there on
a lone bramble was the blackest male paphia he had ever seen
—moore extreme than anything Percy Bright had, he told me.
His method of capture with this species was always to lower
the net slowly over the insect; when far enough down a slight
jerk with the hand holding the bag and “up she rises’’. This
time the extended branch, with no thorns nearby, offered little
hazard to capture. Sweeping it off the flower seemed easy; he
took careful measurement, aimed the swing with pinpoint
precision and struck at the prospective prize. Lo and behold
it was not in the net! Where had it gone? Had he missed it?
Perhaps he had knocked it down with the frame of the net.
For half-an-hour he searched the grass beneath and around
meticulously: he never saw it again.

THE HAZARDS OF THE CHASE 217

What a hobby we have! The glories of nature, such as
sunsets, butterflies, the view from many a height, a full moon
shining on a becalmed sea, indeed most of our entomological
haunts make us pause and ask: Why? Wherefrom? To what
purpose? Happy is the man or woman who can find satis-
faction in reflecting on such things, and rejoice in the answer
he gives.

AGRIOPIS MARGINARIA FAB. F. FUSCATA MOSLEY IN N.W.
Kent. — Further to Dr. de Worms’ note (Ent. Rec., 88: 156),
I have a single example of f. fuscata Mosley which came to a
Heath trap in my garden at Orpington, Kent on 25th March,
1974. Although this is the only “melanic’’ Dotted Border I
have seen in this area, it is perhaps of interest that about a
third of the individuals of marginaria taken in the garden have
the forewings more or less suffused with the brownish scales
typical of f. fuscata, although the hindwings are ‘“‘typical’’. —
P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington,
Kent, 6.vii.1976.

REARING THE GLOW-WORM, LAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA L.—
Further to my article published under this title in the March
1976 Entomologist’s Record, I can now report that one of my
two remaining larvae, produced from ova laid in 1973, meta-
morphosed in May 1976—a four-year cycle as compared with
the three summers of the others in the batch. One of the
larvae died, but the other, after ceasing to feed for a lengthy
period, changed its skin again on August 20th, 1975. I had
some difficulty in finding suitable snails during the autumn
and winter, but in any case the larva fed only very occasionally
during this period. On April 16th, 1976, I found the larva lying
on its back with its legs extended, totally immobile, except for
the fact that it would glow strongly if disturbed, especially
if blown upon. On the 17th it pupated: a male. At first the
abdomen was a pretty pale pink in colour, darkening later, the
thoracic shield and elytra greyish. Like the pupating larva,
the pupa glowed strongly (from a pair of tiny areas on the
last segment of the abdomen) if disturbed, and several times
during succeeding days there appeared a large drop of trans-
lucent excretory fluid at the vent. I noted that the pupa
appeared to prefer lying on its back, since when I moved it,
experimentally, on its side it had later returned to its former
position; obviously this allows for freer development. The pupa
produced an imago on May 8th, 1976. On emergence the
abdomen was greatly extended beyond the tip of the elytra, but
later was retracted to a more normal length. The elytra also
darkened much later than the abdomen. Regrettably, ali the
larvae, hatched from ova incestuously produced in 1975, died
through my inability to find suitable very small snails during
autumn and winter. ANTHONY WoorTTon, 40 Roundhill,
Stone, near Aylesbury, Bucks., HP17 8RD.

218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

The Early Stages of Two Species of
Yponomeutidae
By A. M. EMmMetT*

(1) Paraswammerdamia spiniella (Hiibner) (caesiella auct.).
On the 9th September, 1972 I collected some leaves of black-
thorn (Prunus spinosa) at Thorpeness, Suffolk, which contained
short, vacated gallery mines. On referring to Hering (Bestim-
mungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa), I keyed them out
as ““Bucculatrix sp.”, labelled them accordingly for my her-
barium and forgot all about.

On the 12th of Gctober, 1975 I was at Benfleet, Essex with
my wife and Paul Johnson when we came across similar mines,
but this time they were tenanted by larvae of a light reddish
brown colour. Again they keyed out beyond doubt as Hering’s
“Bucculatrix sp.”’, but we began to suspect his identification.

My larvae were picked in loose leaves. On quitting their
mines, some made fresh mines in another leaf while others
spun minute, white cocoons, choosing for this purpose the
crack between the walls and the lid of the round plastic box
in which they were housed, effectively preventing me from
lifting the lid without rupturing the cocoons. The cocoons were
reminiscent of Bucculatrix moulting cocoons, but oval and not
round and the larvae within they lay straight and not bent in
a semicircle. They did not much resemble the pupation cocoons
of Bucculatrix either, since they were too small, unribbed and
constructed with a single spinning: Bucculatrix larvae spin a
cocoon within a cocoon and the outer one becomes ribbed
through the shrinkage of the silk of the inner cocoon attached
to it. I learnt nothing from my cocoons and it was Paul who
discovered where they were constructed in nature. After giving
his larvae fresh food on a spray, he found, when he looked
later, that they had all disappeared. Then he noticed the little
white cocoons spun in the angle above axial buds or, less
commonly, at the junction of twigs. This information made the
collection of cocoons in the field a possibility and, when we
returned to Benfleet, these white pinpoints proved easy to
find since we knew where to look.

On a visit to the British Museum (Natural History), I
consulted the Hering herbarium and looked at the mines on
which his entry of ‘““Bucculatrix species’ was based. These had
been collected in Brittany by H. Buhr in 1943 and were in all
details similar to our mines. By this time I had found the
cocoons in several localities and was firmly of the opinion that
they were not an unknown species of Bucculatrix at all but an
early stage of a common species such as P. spiniella. I stated
this view when I exhibited the mines and cocoons at a meeting
of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. To
test this theory, at the B.E.N.H.S. post-exhibition field meeting
on the 2nd of November at Wicken Fen several entomologists
collected further examples, principally in the cocoon form,

* Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.

EARLY STAGES OF TWO SPECIES OF YPONOMEUTIDAE 219

though one or two larvae were still feeding at that late date.

I successfully overwintered my cocoons out of doors and
in the spring the larvae recommenced feeding on blackthorn.
It was soon clear that my surmise that the larvae were P.
spiniella was correct and the first adult, settling the matter
beyond doubt, emerged on the 19th of May, 1976. Both Paul
Johnson and Messrs. G. J. and R. J. James, who had been at
the Wicken Fen meeting, corroborated the determination. If it
had not been for Paul’s acute observation it is unlikely that
we would have solved this riddle. Those who possess Hering
may now delete “‘Bucculatrix sp.’ under entry No. 4057 and
substitute ““Paraswammerdamia spiniella (Hiibner)’’.

(2) Scythropia crataegella (L.). In September, 1975, Mr.
John Heath sent me some mines in leaves of hawthorn
(Crataegus monogyna) of a species which was occurring
abundantly in a hedge near his home at St. Ives, Huntingdon-
shire. These were readily determined as S. crataegella. The
larvae continued mining for a while and later fed externaily
in a communal web. Next they returned as miners into the now
withering leaves where they spun round overwintering cocoons
in which they rested in a semi circle, like Tischeria ekebladella
(Bjerkander) in its cocoon in an oak leaf. I sleeved the mines
out for the winter on a hawthorn hedge. Feeding began again
in mid-April with the larvae once more mining the young
leaves. As soon as they grew too big for their mines, they
continued feeding in a communal web as described in the text
books. An unusual feature is that the larvae, having ceased to
mine in the autumn, should become miners again, both for
their hibernation quarters and, later, for their early spring
feeding.

For both these species, our textbooks describe only the
post-hibernation feeding in a communal web. There is a
difference between them. S. crataegella is gregarious all its
larval life and often several construct their overwintering
cocoons in the same leaf. P. spiniella, on the other hand, is
solitary during hibernation and the larvae join forces only
through chance encounter in the spring; a smaller larva will
avail itself of the web made by a larger one if it happens to
come across it.

P. spinieila was not the only species found overwintering
under white silk in chinks and angles of blackthorn bark at
Benfleet. Three larvae of Nola cucullatella (L.) were also
collected, having been mistaken at the time for P. spiniella.
Careful examination, however, reveals the difference; whereas
P. spiniella spins a substantial cocoon for its winter quarters,
N. cucullatella is content with a flimsy roof of silk. Both species
recommenced feeding out of doors in mid-April as soon as
the new leaves appeared. Having been brought inside, the
N. cucullatella larvae fed up quickly and produced imagines
on the 25th, 26th and 27th of May. The quest for these
hibernating larvae is a practical proposition for the macro-
lepidopterist seeking occupation during the lean winter months.

220 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

_ Notes on some British Chrysomelidae (Col.)
including Amendments and Additions to the List
By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.!

1. Lema septentrionis Weise (=erichsoni Th., nec Suffr.)—
The reluctance of some authorities to accept this as a good
species distinct from L. erichsoni Suffr. is quite extraordinary,
when one considers how entomological hairs are so freely split
and “‘species” “‘created”’ at the lowest limits of recognisability.
No one who had examined the two insects side by side could
well feel any doubt on the matter; not only the shape of elytra
and colour of thorax, but also—perhaps most evident of all—
strength of elytral punctures, especially on the apical half,
clearly and constantly differ. No integrading occurs, and the
distribution-patterns are quite distinct with only partial over-
lap. Most of the specific characters were noted by Weise him-
self (1880), by Champion? (1897), and by Fowler & Donisthorpe
(1913: 161-2). However, as Mohr (1966: 112) points out at the
head of his key to the genus, the Fennoscandian Catalogue of
1960, following some earlier authors, makes the two species
once again conspecific—an error repeated by certain writers
since that date. Mohr himself was clearly hesitant about the
correctness of this view which he provisionally accepts, for,
having given the distinctions very fully and added a new one
relating to the aedeagus (which surely ought to clinch the
matter) he nevertheless cites Weise’s insect as “‘erichsoni? var.
septentrionis Weise”’ (pp. 112-3). Hence the need for the present
note, which it is hoped will put an end to further vacillation.
Earlier attempts to make the species a “‘melanic”’ form of the
common L. melanopa L. have rightly been abandoned—though
it must be allowed that in both shape and puncturation of elytra
septentrionis is much nearer to melanopa than to erichsoni.

As the few known British erichsoni with data have all
been taken, singly, on the south coast (Kent, Sussex, Devon),
the species may be only an occasional immigrant to this
country which fails to breed. It is remarkable that septentrionis,
with its much more restricted Continental range (N. Germany,
Sweden, etc.), is limited in the Britannic area to Ireland, where
it is widespread and far from uncommon; among Irish insects,
therefore, it belongs to the more-or-less boreal as opposed to
the Lusitanian faunal group. This, again, would go to show
(were further proof needed) that we are concerned with
separate species.

The question of foodplant seems not to have been cleared
up. Both beetles are recorded, apparently, from “‘a species of
Nasturtium” (cf. Champion, Mohr ef al., supra). But Mohr
attributes this datum to erichsoni, probably because of his
treatment of septentrionis as a variety; which disguises the
fact that the citation of Nasturtium (?going back to Weise)

149 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London, SE7 8QG.

2 Champion, in bringing forward septentrionis as British, referred our
erichsoni to a form of it; but this was corrected in Fowler & Donis-
thorpe (pp. 161-2).

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE 221

really pertains to the latter insect only. In any case, however,
that plant-genus is most unlikely to be the true host, for the
large section of Lema which includes these species is thought
to be entirely graminivorous; and I have little doubt that, in
face of the occurrence of septentrionis plentifully with its
larvae on young shoots of oats in Ireland (Johnson & Halbert,
1902), the earlier datum is erroneous and should be discounted.

2. Clytra (=Clythra auct.) laeviuscula Ratz—Included as
doubtfully British by Fowler (1890: 286), who writes: ‘Mr.
Crotch introduced the species on the authority of two old
specimens without locality which he found mixed with C.
quadripunctata; the species requires confirmation before it can
be regarded as indigenous.” It has long been dropped from our
catalogues, but I believe that just enough evidence can now
be mustered to meet that requirement.

In a letter dated 23.iv.61, the late D. K. Kevan informed
me that the Royal Scottish Museum at Edinburgh possessed
two old specimens of C. laeviuscula, ex colls. Greville and
Chappell, without data and recently separated by him (D.K.K.)
from the series of C. 4-punctata L. (These last facts make it
barely conceivable that they are the same two detected long
ago by Crotch; those might possibly be in the latter’s collection
at Cambridge.) Greville is known to have collected mostly in
Scotland, Chappell in the Manchester district. What is more
significant, Murray’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland
(1853: 93) includes C. laeviuscula (with the synonym 4-punctata
Laich. not Lin., Fab.), giving the Black Forest, Rannoch, as
the locality (leg. Nelson). This appears to constitute the first
definite mention of a locality for the species in our literature,
and it is strange indeed that Fowler wholly ignores it, consider-
ing that he often cites Murray’s catalogue. Thus it is quite
possible that the Greville example was taken at Rannoch,
though there is no shred of proof.

We come now to a very interesting and seemingly better
authenticated record, largely overlooked, which certainly needs
attention drawn to it. In The Guests of British Ants (1927b)
Donisthorpe writes under C. laeviuscula (p. 62): “Although
it is now omitted from our list, the living larva with its case
was found by Hamm crawling on the hillside at Streatley in
October, 1895’; and continues, ‘“‘Rouget found this species
with F. sanguinea in France, and Wasmann records it with
A. (D.) niger and A. (D.) alienus in Bosnia. The larval cases
in different species of Clythra are quite distinct. Thus the case
of C. laeviuscula is smoother than that of C. 4-punctata and
does not not possess the longitudinal ridges present in the
latter”. Donisthorpe cites no previous publication of this
remarkable find, nor have I come across any; the fact that it
is not in Fowler & Donisthorpe (1913) strongly suggests that
it had not been published, which surely is strange, but Hamm’s
reputation as a careful observer and recorder speaks for its
genuineness. The locality, on the Berkshire Chilterns, is a
very favourable place for rarities.

222 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

I am aware of only one other piece of evidence bearing
on the issue, and that is an intriguing (but tantalisingly brief)
note in Vol. 1 of the Ent. mon. Mag. (1864: 51) in the Notice
of Exhibits at the Entomological Society of London’s meeting
on June 6th of that year: “Mr. McLachlan exhibited a case-
bearing larva, which had been found by Mr. Douglas on Box
Hill [Surrey] amongst thyme; it was of so singular an aspect
that he felt quite uncertain to what order it should be referred.
Professor Westwood pronounced it to be Coleopterous, of the
genus Clythra ...” Now this larva could scarcely have
belonged to C. 4-punctata, since that species seems to be always
associated in Britain with the Wood Ant (Formica rufa agg.)
—an ant surely most unlikely to live in the situation mentioned;
at any rate I have never met with it on any of my many visits
there. On the other hand the similarity of the terrain to “‘the
hillside at Streatley’, where Hamm found his larva, is imme-
diately obvious; while Lasius niger and alienus—recorded hosts
of laeviuscula—both inhabit Box Hill. I suggest therefore that
(assuming Westwood to have been correct in his generic diag-
nosis) Douglas’s larva most likely belonged to the last-named
species. It is, however, certainly a pity that neither larva seems
to have been reared through to the adult.

The above considerations are, I think, sufficient to justify
the reinstatement of this beetle as a British insect—albeit one
of our rarest, if indeed it still survives. The pair of very distant
localities, Rannoch and the Chilterns, has an interesting parallel
in another great rarity in the same section of the family, viz.
Cryptocephalus primarius Har., which has been found in the
same two areas (and only one or two other places). The occur-
rence of the Clytra in two biotopes so different as a southern
chalkhill and a Caledonian pine-and-birch wood could be due
to the variety of ants with which it is associated (cf. Donis-
thorpe, /.c. supra); Formica sanguinea, one of its hosts, occurs
at Rannoch (id., 1927 a: 325).

3. Phaedon regnianus Tott.—(The rule of gender agreement
requires the termination -us, not -um as originally written and
hitherto used; Phaedon being masculine’, cf. P. tumidulus, P.
concinnus.) The precise taxonomic status of this form is difficult
to decide; it was described on two specimens admitted to be
very near to P. cochleariae (Tottenham, 1941: 14). Though still
little known and seemingly not recognised outside England, it
is now on record from a few localities on the south and east
coasts (Sussex, Kent, Essex, Yorks., etc.). I possess a short
series from the Thames marshes mostly taken by the late Dr.
A. M. Massee near Higham, and once swept a few in a small
saltmarsh at Stoke, near the estuary (2.vi.70).

I have been unable thus far to detect, for certain, the
slight morphological distinctions from P. cochleariae noted by
its describer, which he admits are very comparative; they
include two points in which the aedeagus is said to differ. It
2 From a classical personal name; the root means “shining, brilliant’’.

The trivial name from Regnia, the Roman settlement which became
Chichester.

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE 223

may be that these structural characters, if they do exist, are
somewhat variable. The substantial differences are matters of
colouration and ecology. The colour constantly differs, without
apparent overlap: regnianus ranges from a dark coppery to
brassy-black, without even a hint of the strong blue of coch-
leariae. Moreover, P. regnianus lives on a saltmarsh plant,
probably Cochlearia (scurvy-grass) like P. concinnus; while
cochleariae is a beetle of freshwater marshes and riversides,
affecting mostly Nasturtium spp. Thus the two insects occupy
separate territories and could only seldom meet and interbreed,
and the present one is doubtless well on the way to becoming
an independent species—if indeed that state is not yet fully
attained. Whether it should be so treated or not must be a
matter of opinion at present, at least until the question is
thoroughly sifted. Probably it is more correct to maintain
regnianus in specific rank as hitherto; but if a lower taxon is
preferred, it should, I consider, stand as a subspecies and not
a mere synonym of P. cochleariae.

4. Phaedon concinnus Steph.—tIn the Check List (lst ed.,
p. 203) this species is relegated to the rank of a variety of P.
armoraciae L., a point definitely calling for amendment. This
erroneous course was followed for a long time by German
authors—notably Weise (1884) and after him Reitter (e.g.
1912: 134). However, as long ago as 1892 Bedel had recognised
its distinctness in opposition to the categorical statement of
Weise that ‘“‘under no circumstances”’ (Sharp’s words) could
it be so considered; whilst Sharp (1910: 4-6) demonstrated
beyond cavil the correctness of Bedel’s view, pointing out,
among other things, differences in the aedeagi of the three
species armoraciae, concinnus and cochleariae. It is hard, there-
fore, to see why Kloet & Hincks—or some other author whose
treatment they followed—treverted to the old mistake. Admit-
tedly, German coleopterists have been very slow to relinquish
it, for only as late as 1954 was concinnus at last recognised as
a good species in their country (Lohse, 1954: 209-210). It is
noteworthy that Lohse, working with North German material
and unaware of Sharp’s paper, arrived at exactly the same
conclusions as the British author, expressing very understand-
able surprise that the contrary opinion had so long prevailed
and suggesting that Reitter could not have seen a genuine
specimen of Stephens’ insect. In a useful comparative table of
the three species, Lohse (p. 210) shows that concinnus stands
between the other two (indeed certain authors have attempted
to equate it with cochleariae). Both he and Mohr (1966: 176)
figure the aedeagus of all three.

The species under notice varies more widely in colour
than any other British Phaedon, from bright reddish-copper
(lighter and more brilliant than P. regnianus) through green to
blue and even violet (the last rarely). Blue specimens resemble
cochleariae superficially, but the dark steel-blue or nigro-
aeneous tint of the non-halophil armoraciae appears to be
seldom—Sharp says never—found in the halophil concinnus.

224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

5. Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze. — Here again, for some
reason, what most authors have classed as a species, P. cruci-
ferae, is demoted in the Check List (p. 204) to a variety of its
nearest ally P. atra F. However, it is quite certain that they
are truly separate species; indeed some writers—e.g. Hansen
(1927)—do not even compare or contrast them. Besides the
most obvious difference, viz. the absence of a metallic lustre
in atra, there are two good aedeagal characters. One is given
by Mohr (pp. 212, 213 and fig. 14a)—a fine but clear transverse
strigosity on the median dorsal area of the lobe in atra but
not in cruciferae, readily seen under a fairly high power. The
other, revealed by a sample of my material, concerns the form
of the extreme apex: in atra blunt, obtusely rounded or sub-
truncate, in cruciferae terminating in a minute but quite
evident point or acumen. In Mohr’s figure of the atra aedeagus
the apex is more pointed, and the whole organ less elongate,
than in my examples.

6. Phyllotreta hintoni Donis. — Described on two female
specimens from Lampton, Middlesex (Donisthorpe, 1944a). I
have for long regarded this as identical with the not uncommon
P. consobrina Curt., an opinion first expressed, I believe, many
years ago by my friend Dr. A. M. Easton; and further study,
including re-examination of the types, has convinced me oi
its correctness. Minor variations of a quite ordinary kind would
seem to have given rise to the idea of a new species (and
similarly in that next to be noted—No. 7). P. hintoni was des-
cribed as nearest to P. aerea All. (=punctulata Marsh.), but
the figure of its antenna practically proves it to be consobrina
since these organs are characteristic in the latter species, even
in the 2 (robust build, especially about the base, in comparison
with its allies; long thick basal segment much curved and
almost angled outwardly; entirely black 2nd and 3rd segments
and strongly elongate 5th, etc.; all just as described and figured
for hintoni).

7. Aphthona aeneomicans All—Added to our list by Donis-
thorpe (1944b) on a pair from the same place as the last, which
he had identified from an example of Allard’s species sent by
Heikertinger (the Halticine specialist) to the British Museum.
He also stated that the description of aeneomicans agreed
“sufficiently well” with both the latter specimen and his own,
but admitted that there were slight differences. The most
obvious point in which this species differs from its nearest ally
in Britain, A. euphorbiae Schk., lies in the metallic reflection
which is dark bronze instead of blackish-green; but the
aedeagus too is characteristic.

The only other mention of the present species in our
literature, apparently, is an incidental but very telling one in
a note by the late W. D. Hincks (1950: 224) on A. euphorbiae.
He writes, regarding some Yorkshire examples that he had
thought might be aeneomicans: “During a recent visit to
Vienna I. . . took the opportunity of showing specimens to
Dr. Heikertinger who kindly determined them as the common

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE 225

and very widely distributed A. euphorbiae. He further... gave
me a specimen of the very rare A. aeneomicans and expressed
the opinion that it was very unlikely to occur in Britain as
being well outside its known range.” It should be noted that at
the time of Donisthorpe’s captures, A. euphorbiae (like Longi-
tarsus parvulus Payk.) was abnormally abundant over large
areas of the country.

Since then I have examined the Lampton insects and have
no hesitation in referring them to A. euphorbiae; in fact they
appear fairly typical, and I could not detect the bronzy tint
that was supposed to mark them. (Some slight colour-change
in the course of time is perhaps not excluded, though surely
most unusual with metallic hues unless due to grease.) This,
combined with the implications of Hincks’s note, would seem
to make almost inescapable the conclusion that A. aeneomicans
was misrecorded as British.

(To be continued)

PHYLLONORYCTER ULICICOLELLA (STAINTON) IN HAMPSHIRE.
— Mr. D. W. H. Ffennell tock a single specimen of this moth
at Wickham Common in 1972, and on Sth and 6th of June,
1976 I found several flying around gorse bushes in this locality.
Presumably it is under-recorded for lack of searching, and the
extreme difficulty, not to say discomfort, of looking for the
mines on the stems of its alleged foodplant. — JoHN R. LANG-
MAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hamp-
shire.

UNUSUAL CAPTURES IN SUFFOLK IN 1976. —I don’t know
whether it is the result of the recent dry weather, but I have
been seeing some most unusual specimens of moths recently,
nearly all taken in my m.v. moth trap. I should like to know
what other collectors of macrolepidoptera have experienced.

The main examples are as follows: Tiny specimens of the
Oak Hook-tip (Drepana binaria Hufn.) and July Highflyer
(Hydriomena furcata Thun.). The former with wing expanse
only 18 mm. A very large Poplar Hawk (Laothoe populi L.)
of most unusual colour with almost white head and base of
forewings and wing expanse 3.7 inches. Several Lappets (Gasto-
pacha quercifolia L.), all males, of a lighter brown colour than
I have ever seen in about the last 40 years. The most numerous
moth in the trap recently has been the Dusky Sallow (Eremobia
ochroleuca D. & S.). The Suffolk Naturalists’ Society in its
report printed in 1937 states that as far as I can understand
it, the sole specimens taken after 1890 were a few in the Breck
area in August 1928. If any collector would like some specimens
of the Dusky Sallow, I would gladly send them to him. Finally,
I have only seen one specimen of the Varied Coronet (Hadena
compta D. & S.), which until this year has been quite numerous.
—Rev. Guy A. Forp, The Rookery, Farm House, Norton,
Bury St. Edmunds, 23.vii.76.

226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

AvwYearimn ‘Coxi@ork
By J. E. CHAINEY*

Having collected macrolepidoptera in Essex since the mid-
sixties, I was delighted to learn that my father intended us all
to move to Co. Cork in Ireland. Thus it was that, together with
my mother and sisters, I went to our new home on August
29th, 1973 whilst my father remained behind to try and sell
our “‘old” house in Essex. Our new home was a little away
from the village of Leap, approximately six miles east of
Skibbereen and 14 miles west of Clonakilty. Only two miles
S.S.E. of us was Glandore where the late E. S. A. Baynes had
taken Heliophobus calcatrippae hibernica Cockayne, and where
capture by the police of the notorious Dr. Dugdale had caused
quite a stir in that peaceful community!

The surrounding countryside was of very varied nature,
there being open moorland, ponds, reed-beds and many pockets
of mixed woodland. However, I was disappointed in that there
were few woodlands suitable for sugaring, so had to rely on
my garden m.v. trap and daytime forays with the net. Many
of these excursions were to a 600 ft. hill, half mile N.W. of
Leap. This hill (un-named on maps, but locally known as
Keamore Hill) was of interest owing to a very steep southern
face which was always warm. At the top though, it was for
most of the time very windy, and as this was the only locality
for Hemaris tityus L. (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk), one can
imagine how difficult it was to get this moth.

Back in Essex, my father was unable to sell our house at
Benfleet, so we sold the Irish house and left Co. Cork on
September 5th, 1974. On my return I was able to show all my
Irish captures to Mr. H. C. Huggins for his comments. In
addition to thanking him, I must thank Mr. D. S. Fletcher
and Mr. D. J. Carter (both of the British Museum (Natural
History)) for their assistance in the determination of some of
the more difficult species.

The following list is compiled from my year’s stay in West
Cork and incorporated, where appropriate, are comments on
the status of the macros in the area given in Baynes (1964 and
1970), also Mr. Huggins’s comments. I have followed the
nomenclature of South (1961).

Satyridae

Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood): Very common
except on windswept slopes. Triple brooded. P. megera L. (Wall
Butterfly): Locally not uncommon. Eumenis semele L. (Gray-
ling): Not uncommon in suitable localities. Maniola tithonus
L. (Gatekeeper): Common everywhere. Baynes says “‘locally
not uncommon’. M. jurtina ssp. iernes Graves (Meadow
Brown): Very common and variable. Although some specimens
were very brightly marked on the upperside, most were of
forms to be found in England. Coenonympha pamphila L.
(Small Heath): Not very common. Found chiefly at the top

* 52 Dorothy Gardens, Thundersley, Benfleet, Essex, SS7 3AE.

A YEAR IN CO. CORK Dad.

of Keamore Hill. Baynes gives it as fairly abundant. A phanto-
pus hypenanthus L. (Ringlet): Quite common up to about
300 ft. In the Caha mountains, Co. Cork, a very small race
exists at above 600 ft.
Nymphalidae

Mesoacidalia aglaja L. (Dark Green Fritillary): Wide-
spread and not uncommon. Very common on higher parts of
Keamore Hill. Baynes says “locally common’”’. Argynnis paphia
L. (Silver-washed Fritillary): Widespread and not uncommon
locally, and not confined to woodland. Euphydryas aurinia
Rott. (Marsh Fritillary): One crippled specimen found at
summit of Keamore Hill on 10.vi.74. Baynes gives it as locally
abundant and notes that ab. scotica Robson is very frequent
in Co. Cork. Vanessa atalanta L. (Red Admiral): Very com-
mon on lower ground, even in spring. V. cardui L. (Painted
Lady): One larva and one pupa on burdock, 18.vii.74, both at
about 300 ft. up Keamore Hill. Aglais urticae L. (Small Tor-
toiseshell):; Common. Nymphalis io L. (Peacock): Very
common.

Lycaenidae

Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue): Widespread
but not common. Females generally similar to English forms.
Celastrina argiolus L. (Holly Blue): Local and not common.
Double brooded. Second generation specimens were unknown
to Donovan and Baynes suggests that this is a recent develop-
ment in Ireland. Lycaena phlaeas L. (Small Copper): Wide-
spread but not common. I saw one specimen of ab. caeruleo-
punctata Ruhl. on 16.v.74 at Keamore Hill. Baynes describes
this species as frequently met with. Callophrys rubi L. (Green
Hairstreak): Widespread but very local over Keamore Hill.
Baynes says widespread but never very frequent.

Pieridae

Pieris brassicae L. (Large White): Very scarce. Baynes
says usually abundant but notes its scarcity in 1960 and 1961.
Pieris rapae L. (Small White): As for P. brassicae. Pieris napi
L. (Green-veined White): Extremely common and_ very
variable. Anthocharis cardamines L. (Orange-tip): Common
on lower ground. Irish specimens are regarded as a distinct
race—ssp. hibernica Williams. Colias croceus Fourcroy
(Clouded Yellow): One specimen seen near Glandore on
6.05073:

Sphingidae

Smerinthus ocellata L. (Eyed Hawk): Not uncommon at
light in late May and June. Laothoe populi L. (Poplar Hawk):
Not uncommon at light from mid-June to late July. Hemaris
tityus L. (Narrow-bordered Bee-hawk): Seven seen in a res-
tricted area at the top of Keamore Hill. Late May to early
June. Donovan said common but Baynes doubted this and Mr.
Huggins says that it is not common. I did not succeed in netting
one until 10th June! Deilephila elpenor L. (Elephant Hawk):
Fairly common at light. Mid June-mid July.

228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

Notodontidae

Cerura vinula L. (Puss Moth): Four at light in late May.
Baynes says it is frequent, particularly in the larval state.
Stauropus fagi L. (Lobster Moth): One at light on 23.vi.74.
Outside Co. Kerry the only records appear to be Blarney, Co.
Cork, 1899 (Westropp) and one which Baynes got at Glandore,
Co. Cork, the year before he died. As is normal with Irish
specimens, my one is paler and larger than the English forms.
Chaonia ruficornis Hufn. (Lunar Marbled Brown): Donovan
regarded this as scarce but recorded it from Co. Cork. The use
of m.v. lights have shown it to be commoner than was thought.
Mr. Huggins says that it has sometimes been so common at
Glengariff, Co. Cork that he has seen it on tree trunks, which
he has never done elsewhere. I got one at light on May 2!Ist,
1974. Pheosia gnoma Fab. (Lesser Swallow Prominent): Five
at light—one on 16.v, one on 13.vi, one on 20.vi, two on
20.vii.74. The only other Cork locality known appears to be
Glengariff (H. C. Huggins). Notodonta ziczac L. (Pebble
Prominent): Common at light. Late April-early July and late
July-late August. Specimens are very brightly marked here. N.
dromedarius L. (Iron Prominent): Only two at light. Both
were ab. perfusca Haw. Donovan recorded it from Co. Cork
and said that it was common in the larval state. Lophopteryx
capucina L. (Coxcomb Prominent): Not uncommon at light.
Phalera bucephala L. (Buff-tip): Common at light.

Thyatiridae

Habrosyne pyritoides Hufn (Buff Arches): Common at

light. Thyatira batis L. (Peach-blossom): Common at light.

Drepanidae
Drepana lacertinaria L. (Scalloped Hook-tip): One at light
—23.vi.74. Baynes says that it is common, particularly in larval
state.
Lymantriidae
Orygia antiqua L. (Vapourer): Scarce in the grounds of
our house. Donovan described it as common, but Baynes had
not found it so. The only Cork record mentioned by Baynes is
Glengariff (H. C. Huggins). Dasychira pudibunda L. (Pale
Tussock): Common at light.

Lasiocampidae
Poelicampa populi L. (December Moth): One at Leap on
28.xii, one at Skibbereen, Co. Cork on 23.xii and one at Dun-
manway, Co. Cork on 24.xii.73. Donovan said it was distributed
over Ireland and common in some localities. The only Cork
records mentioned by Baynes are for Bishopstown. Lasiocampa
quercus ssp. callunae Palmer (Northern Eggar): One female
at Leap on 29.vi.74. Baynes says it is abundant. Macrothylacia
rubi L. (Fox Moth): Four larvae found on Keamore Hill, 4th
September, 1974. Baynes says common.
Arctiidae
Nolinae
Celama confusalis H.-Sch. (Least Black Arches): A few
at light in late May and one on a tree trunk at Leap on 27.v.74.

A YEAR IN CO. CORK 229

Other Cork records are Bishopstown (Dr. J. Fisher), Ardna-
gashel (T. Peet), Glengariff in the early 1950s by H. C. Huggins
and in 1966 by E. C. Pelham-Clinton.

Lithosianae

Nudaria mundana L. (Muslin Footman): One at light on
July 5th and one at light on July 22nd. Donovan regarded it
as common over Ireland but Baynes did not find it so and did
not give any records from Co. Cork. Lithosia quadra L. (Four-
spotted Footman): One at light on 6.viil.74. Donovan recorded
it from Co. Cork and Mr. H. C. Huggins has taken it at
Glengariff (vii.1950). L. complana L. (Scarce Footman): One
at light on 16.vii.74. Described by Donovan as common from
Antrim to Cork. Baynes had not found it so and only had
records from Cos. Antrim, Tyrone, Waterford and Kerry.

Arctiinae

Spilosoma lubricipeda L. (White Ermine): Very common
and variable. Although most specimens were of a pale yellow-
ochreous shade the range of colour went from white to dark
brownish-buff (ab. brunnea Oberthir). Considerable variation
was also shown in the size and number of spots, the most
exciting of these forms being an extreme example of ab. nig-
roundata Nitsche which has the spots in the submarginal area
of the forewing united into a continuous band. S. /utea Hufn.
(Buff Ermine): Extremely common but not particularly
variable. Cycnia mendica ssp. rustica Hibn. (Muslin Moth):
Two at light—13 and 18.v.74. Baynes says not uncommon.
Phragmatobia fuliginosa L. (Ruby Tiger): One at Leap on
16.v.74. Baynes says common. Irish specimens usually come
between the typical form and ssp. borealis Staud. My specimen
is of this intermediate form. Arctia caja L. (Garden Tiger):
Common as larvae and common at light.

Callimorphinae

Callimorpha jacobaeae L. (Cinnabar): Common. Larvae

very common.
Noctuidae
Noctuinae

Euxoa tritici L. (White-line Dart): One at light on
20.viii.74. This specimen is rather obscurely marked. Baynes
says it is a common coastal species. Agrotis segetum Schiff.
(Turnip Moth): Three at light—22.xi.73, 20.v and 3.vii.74. All
were very worn and I suspect they were strays. Baynes says
common. A. exclamationis L. (Heart & Dart): Very common.
A. ipsilon Hufn. (Dark Sword Grass): Fairly common, particu-
larly in June. Lycophotia varia de Vill. (True Lover’s Knot):
Common. Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (Pearly Underwing):
Not uncommon at light, especially in June. Diarsia brunnea
Schiff. (Purple Clay): Not uncommon at light. Baynes says
fairly common. Diarsia mendica Fab. (festiva Hiibn.) (Ingrailed
Clay): Several at light. Most specimens were of a small moor-
land form but a few examples were near the typical form.
D. rubi View. (Small Square-spot): Common, particularly the
first generation. Baynes says the second generation is normally

230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

commoner than the first. Ochropleura plecta L. (Flame
Shoulder): Very common. Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. (Autumnal
Rustic): Fairly common. Although some examples were of a
pinkish tinge, most of them were typical. Amathes baja Schiff.
(Dotted Clay): Common at light. Early July-late August. A.
c-nigrum L. (Setaceous Hebrew Character): Scarce at light.
Baynes says extremely common. A. triangulum Hufn. (Double
Square-spot): Common. A. sexstrigata Haw. (Six-striped
Rustic): Rather scarce. Baynes describes it as moderately
common and of general distribution. A. xanthographa Schiff.
(Square-spot Rustic): Very common and variable, amongst the
forms being some very dark red-brown specimens. Axylia putris
L. (The Flame): Very common. Anaplectoides prasina Schiff.
(Green Arches): One at light on 21.vi.74. Baynes says it is not
infrequent. Donovan gave Co. Cork. Euschesis janthina Schiff.
(Lesser Broad-border): Common. E. comes Hiubn. (Lesser
Yellow Underwing): Common and very variable. Reddish
forms frequent. E. interjecta Hiibn. (Least Yellow Underwing):
Not infrequent. Donovan records it from Co. Cork. Common
at heather on Keamore Hill during daytime. Noctua pronuba
L. (Large Yellow Underwing): Very common and variable.
Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. (Red Chestnut): Not uncommon.
Specimens rather brighter than usual. Donovan considered it to
be not common generally, but he recorded it from Co. Cork.
It has been recorded from Glengariff (R. Mere and E. C.
Pelham-Clinton).
Hadeninae

Mamestra brassicae L. (Cabbage Moth): Only two speci-
mens seen (both at light). Baynes says it is generally distributed
and a common pest of Brassicas. Melanchra persicariae L. (Dot
Moth): Very common at light and many larvae seen. Donovan
regarded it as local and not common generally. He mentioned
it from Co. Cork. Polia nebulosa Hufn. (Grey Arches): Not
uncommon at light from mid June-mid July. Irish specimens
are normally ab. pallida Tutt. It seems to be rather darker in
this area, however, the specimens being much closer to forms
from Cornwall and the Scilly Isles. Diataraxia oleracea L.
(Bright-line Brown-eye): Very common. Continuous from mid
May to mid August. Ceramica pisi L. (Broom Moth): Fairly
common and variable in colour, some specimens having no
trace of red at all. Mid May-early July. Hada nana Hufn. (The
Shears): Common. Late May-mid July. Hadena suasa Schiff.
(Dog’s Tooth): One at light on 16.v.74. The specimen is very
like H. thalassina and I did not realise it was this species until
Mr. Huggins pointed it out to me. This being so I cannot say
how frequent it is at Leap. Baynes says it is uncommon, but
widely spread and Donovan gives Co. Cork. H. thalassina
Schiff. (Pale-shouldered Brocade): Very common at light. May-
early July. H. contigua Schiff. (Beautiful Brocade): Not un-
common at light from late May to mid July. Donovan records
it from Co. Cork. H. bicolorata Hufn. (Broad-barred White):
A few at light, late May-mid July. Baynes says it is scarce and
Donovan records it from Co. Cork. H. caesia ssp. mananii

A YEAR IN CO. CORK 231

Gregson (The Grey): Three larvae found on 1.viii.74 in Silene
maritima seed-heads at a cliff top (100 ft. high) opposite Castle-
townsend, Co. Cork. Baynes says it is local, but not uncommon
on coasts. It is rarely found more than 50 yards inland. H.
conspersa Schiff. (Marbled Coronet): One at light on 13.vi.74.
The only Cork record mentioned by Baynes is “‘Glengariff,
scarce and normal” (H. C. Huggins). H. rivularis Fab. (The
Campion): Two larvae found with H. caesia (see above).
Baynes says common. H. lepida ssp. capsophila Dup. (Pod-
lover): Several larvae found with H. caesia (see above). Baynes
says it is abundant in coastal areas where its foodplant occurs.
Orthosia gothica L. (Hebrew Character): Common. Ab.
gothicina H.-Sch. frequent. O. cruda Schiff. (Small Quaker):
Scarce at light during April. Baynes says that Donovan found
this species frequently in Co. Cork. O. srabilis Schiff. (Common
Quaker): Common. O. incerta Hufn. (Clouded Drab): Fairly
common. O. munda Schiff. (Twin-spotted Quaker): Two at
light—9 and 25.iv.74. Baynes says it is uncommon. Donovan
gave Co. Cork. O. advena Schiff. (Northern Drab): Two at
light on 24.iv.74. Baynes say it is uncommon. Donovan records
it from Co. Cork. O. gracilis Schiff. (Powdered Quaker): Not
uncommon at light. Mostly cream forms, but one reddish
example turned up on 24.iv. 74. Panolis flammea Schiff. (Pine
Beauty): One at light on 14.v.74. Baynes says it is a scarce
species in Ireland. Donovan records it from Co. Cork. Tholera
popularis Fab. (Feathered Gothic): Moderately common.
Baynes says common. 7. cespitis Schiff. (Hedge Rustic):
Moderately common. Donovan gave Co. Cork. Cerapteryx
graminis L. (Antler Moth): Not very frequent. Baynes says
common. Leucania pallens L. (Common Wainscot): Not com-
mon. The species is rather reddish in this area. Baynes says
common. L. impura Hiibn. (Smoky Wainscot): Common every-
where, huge numbers at dusk in damp grass spots. L. straminea
Treit. (Southern Wainscot): One at light on 7.viii.74. Baynes
says rare and local. Cork records given are Cobh (Gervase
Mathew), Courtmacsherry and Tracton (Donovan). Mr. Hug-
gins does not think it is as rare as it is made out to be. L.
lithargyria Esp. (The Clay): Very common. L. conigera Schiff.
(Brown-line Bright-eye): Not uncommon at light.
(To be continued)

Eurois OcCCULTA (L.) AND SPHECIA BEMBECIFORMIS
(HUEBNER) AY LIGHT, AND THE LARVA AND PUPA OF HERSE
CONVOLVULI (L.), IN KENT IN 1976.— On 19th August, I took
a specimen of E. occulta at light at this address. At Dungeness
on 2nd July, Mr. Brian Elliott and I saw a Lunar Hornet Moth
(S. bembeciformis) at actinic light, and a species I have never
before heard of at light. The early stages of H. convolvuli are
rarely found, but on 24th and 25th August my sister-in-law and
I found three larvae and a pupa of this hawkmoth on the Ash-
Westmarsh levels, in a potato field where Convolvulus arvensis
grew amongst the potatoes.—T. W. Harman, Field Study
Centre, Broad Oak Road, Canterbury.

252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15 /TX/76

Ancylis tineana Hibn. and Epinotia crenana
Hibn. (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Scotland in 1975

By Dr. JOHN R. LANGMaID!
and
Dr. MICHAEL HARPER?

Following the chance discovery of Ancylis tineana Hiibn.
in 1974, we determined to revisit the area in the hope of con-
firming its presence. Two visits were in June 1975 to the same
area near Struan in Perthshire. The locality is undistinguished
in that it appears to include boggy areas containing Myrica
and Molinia as well as drier areas of heather. A few scattered
mature trees of Betula pubescens ssp. odorata occur, together
with some regeneration of birch which is however severely
sheep-grazed and reaches only stunted height. Small bushes of
Salix spp. were plentiful while a little aspen was found nearby.
On the first visit no imagines were seen, although Ancylis
uncella D. & S. and A. unguicella L. were seen. A further visit
on 22.vi.1975 produced four female specimens of A. tineana
Hiibn., all in worn condition, and all were found within a
localised area of no more than 50 x 100 yards. The moths were
seen between 5-7 p.m. when they were disturbed from short
herbage and flew a short distance before settling. Extensive
search over a wider area of moorland failed to disturb any
more. It appears to be a very local species and has never been
bred in this country.

In 1974, J.R.L. bred a single example of Epinotia crenana
Hibn. collected from spinnings of Salix aurita on the Isle of
Skye. In 1975, we tried to repeat this on the mainland of Scot-
land. Spun terminal shoots from S. aurita were collected during
the last week in June from one locality near Newtonmore,
Inverness-shire at 1,500 feet. Larvae were numerous and
appeared at first sight to be of one species. They were whitish
green with a pale brown head and plate. Moths started to
emerge in July and by 20.vii.75 we had bred 50 Epinotia
cruciana L. A similar result was obtained from the Skye
material in 1974. However, the dried out spinnings and debris
were kept and between 15th August and 2nd September, 1975,
five specimens of E. crenana emerged, an interval of approxi-
mately six weeks. Both Meyrick and Ford give Salix caprea
as the foodplant of this species. The more isolated bushes of
S. aurita were heavily infested with larvae, but foodplant
competition is unlikely to explain the apparent scarcity of
E. crenana.

138 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hampshire.
2 The Cherry Orchard, Bullen, Ledbury, Herefordshire.

HERSE CONVOLVULI L. IN SuSSEX. — I would like to report
that examination of the contents of my moth trap on the
morning of July 7th, 1976, revealed the presence of a small
worn male Convolvulus Hawkmoth. — COoLin PRATT,
‘“Oleander’’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex.

Observations on British Butterflies in 1975,
Part “2
By Dr. C. J. LUCKENS*

Several butterfly species were flying on a down near Stock-
bridge on July Ist. Argynnis aglaia L., which incidentally I
had already seen in the Highlands as early as June 10th, was
freshly out in sparse numbers; A phantopus hyperantus L. and
Melanargia galathea L. were emerging, and a few Ochlodes
venata Br. and Grey. and Aricia agestis Schiff. were noted.
Two or three bright Parasemia plantaginis L. also careered
about in the intermittent sunshine.

I looked forward to the weekend when I intended to look,
once again, for Plebejus argus f. cretaceus Tutt. in Kent. The
weather changed disappointingly on July 5th when we travelled
to Sussex, and the following day was so cold and dreary that
I decided to cancel the journey to the North Downs and inspect
instead a heathland colony of this species virtually on the
door step. A few rather worn argus males were flushed out of
the furze and heather of Chailey Common, and Maniola jurtina
L. also flew fitfully and reluctantly in the damp and dull atmo-
sphere.

The following week, on the 11th, there were long sunny
spells in the morning after a showery night, and I drove to
the woods south of Salisbury. Apatura iris L. was well out,
and within half an hour of arrival I saw three males settled
on the track and several more skimming about the oaks. At
least one female was seen also, a large and fresh-looking speci-
men flying well up round a large sallow. The flight lasted until
about midday, and then sightings of this splendid butterfly
became more sporadic. Limentis camilla L. and Argynnis
paphia L. were also winging along the rides, with the latter
engaging in the delightful rhythmic mating flight characteristic
of the species.

Heavy rain fell again the next day, but by the following
weekend the hot weather had returned and we visited Holmesly
and Tantany Wood in the New Forest on the 18th. The paucity
of butterflies in both these places was painfully evident and
exactly five camilla and three paphia were seen during the
afternoon. Thymelicus sylvestris L. was the only butterfly that
could be said to be at all common.

July 19th was dull and cool at first, but sunny spells
developed in the afternoon and in the Stockbridge area there
were several A. aglaia dashing about over the rough downland.
A newly deposited aglaia ovum was found on dog violet.
Maniola tithonus L., M. galathea and worn A. hyperanthus
were flying in numbers and I was interested to see several
Lysandra coridon Poda. of both sexes already out. Two or
three fresh Cupido minimus Fuessly. flitting about must have
represented a second brood.

* 52 Thorold Road, Bitterne Park, Southampton, SO2 4JG.

234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

I revisited on July 24th the Wiltshire wood where A. iris
had been prevalent two weeks earlier. In the short time avail-
able several female iris were seen, including one ovipositing
high up in a large sallow, but only one male. A solitary Celas-
trina argiolus L. imbibed from the edge of a puddle and this
was the only one of its kind I saw in 1975. In another section
of the woods I was fortunate to net a large female iris, which,
before she was released six days later, laid over 80 ova on a
sleeved sallow branch in our garden.

Mr. Andrew Creber accompanied me to the Wiltshire
woods on July 25th, where we met Mr. C. D. Arthur of Bristol.
With its usual unpredictability, A. iris was in a retiring mood,
and we saw only two. A. paphia was very much in evidence
again, including one f. valesina, and most of them seemed to
be very much smaller than usual, possibly a reflection of the
dry spring. Also noted were A. aglaia, M. galathea, Lycaena
phlaeas L. and one Thymelicus lineola Ochs. flying with dozens
of T. sylvestris.

Portland now seems to have gained a high reputation
among coridon enthusiasts, and there were certainly excellent
numbers of this butterfly there on July 26th. Some of the
males had already started to lose their youthful looks, and I
could find no variation of note. A few worn P. argus of rather
a small form were still flying, and fair numbers of Eumenis
semele L. skipped among the great slabs of stone beside the
paths.

On August Ist, Mr. R. Craske and I surveyed the Win-
chester Downs for coridon, but though good numbers were
still on the wing, once again no aberrations of note were
found. It was a most beautiful day, however, and a great
pleasure to see so many of these blues flying in rather more
pleasing surroundings than the bleak wastes of Portland. How-
ever, a necessary journey to Dorchester the following week
provided the opportunity to revisit that locality, and the after-
noon of the 8th found me searching the sparse vegetation of
the banks and disused quarries where coridon is so abundant.
Most were in poor condition, unfortunately—a distinctive ab.
parallella which I picked off a grass stem would probably have
been quite a prize if it had been a week younger, but in its
ragged condition was completely unacceptable for the cabinet.
M. galathea, E. semele and P. icarus were also fairly common,
there were a few L. phiaeas about, and even the occasional
female P. argus, still flying but in the last stages of delapidation.

The downs near Stockbridge were the selected ground on
August 13th, and here, as usual, plenty of Hesperia comma L.
were buzzing about in the hot sun. The males had obviously
been out for some time and the females also looked far from
fresh. In company with this downland skipper were good num-
bers of P. icarus and C. pamphilus, and a moderate sprinkling
of L. coridon, M. jurtina and P. megera.

Cold and wet weather struck after a further day of sun-
shine, and continued over the weekend when we were staying

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1975 235

in Sussex. Monday, August 18th, was fine during the morning
and I drove to the downs west of Eastbourne to check on a
site where H. comma flies—in fact the only locality I know
where it still hangs on in Sussex. The habitat there appeared
to me unchanged since 1973, when I had seen two or three
comma and several Lysandra bellargus Rott. But on this occa-
sion, in spite of extensive searching, I was very disappointed
to find only one bellargus and no sign of the skipper at all.
In 1970 both these butterflies had been flourishing in a modest
way, and Eumenis semele L. was also fairly common. I have
seen nothing of the Grayling there since 1971 (vide Ent. Rec.
Rec., Vol. 85, p. 87), and as this is a butterfly that is supposed
to favour the shortest turf and barest sites on the chalk, as
does comma to some extent, perhaps the down is changing
imperceptibly to a less favourable longer grass sward. On the
way back, near Lewes, I was cheered to find L. bellargus out
in quite good numbers on one stretch of hillside. Heavy clouds
blew up in the early afternoon, but did not prevent a fresh
female Vanessa cardui L. partaking nectar from buddleias in
my parents garden. It contained to imbibe even after the rain
started to fall quite heavily.

Three days later we went for a short stay to Norfolk. The
weather was sunny but cool, and my father was the only one
to catch a glimpse of Papilio machaon L. This butterfly had
apparently had rather a poor year according to the warden
at Whiteslea, who was, though I had not met him previously,
most helpful and knowledgeable. The lack of Swallowtails was
to some degree compensated when we had a close and pro-
longed view of a male Marsh Harrier quartering some open
ground near the reed beds.

An afternoon on the Winchester Downs on August 26th
was most rewarding as a single male bellargus was seen flying
in an area where it has not been officially recorded for at least
ten years. However, I have heard more than one person
mention that they saw bellargus here in 1974, but this was
the first time I personally could record it with certainty. A little
later on, while walking along a narrow path, | saw what I
thought was a female coridon ab. infra-semisyngrapha sunning
on a knapweed head. A second look when I was almost past
revealed that it was in fact a fresh male, an ab. melaina. A
hurried swipe with the net missed handsomely and I had to
pursue the butterfly at top speed right down the steep slope,
across the floor of the valley, and halfway up the other side
before I found it once more. Several people walking their dogs
obviously found the whole spectacle highly diverting.

The season virtually came to a close for me after the end
of August. Hearing of Colias croceus L. in the West, I kept
a close watch on the only large clover field I could find in
this neighbourhood, but saw no sign of the lovely saffron-
coloured migrant. Several late broods of L. phlaeas were bred
out in my outside cages, and this species was about on the
downs well into October. Once again I found Autumn c-album

236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

most commonly in our own garden and only sparsely in the
woods around Southampton. The last one I saw flew in the
garden only a few days before the birth of our third son on
October 18th.

A final expedition was on December 27th, when I found
a dozen Thecla quercus ova on three oaks in a West Sussex
locality. 1976 started with a similar project in Alice Holt—but
1976 is another season, and one that I, ever optimistic, believe
to be full of entomological promise.

Indian Cotton Jassid—Amrasca biguttula biguttula
(Ishida)
By A. S. Soui*

Distant (1918) described Empoasca devastans collected
from American cotton at Nagpur. Ghauri (1967) transferred it
to the genus, Amrasca Ghauri as Amrasca devastans (Distant).
However, Dworakowska (1970) described a new genus, Sundap-
teryx taking Chlorita biguttula Ishida, 1913 as its type species
and synonymised Empoasca devastans Distant with it. She
named it as Sundapteryx biguttula biguttula (Ishida). Later,
Kapoor and Sohi (1972) renamed it as Amrasca biguttula
biguttula (Ishida). But Chopra (1973) advocated that the name
should be Sundapteryx biguttula biguttula (Ishida) since the
genus Sundapteryx Dworakowska was not synonymised with
Amrasca Ghauri by Kapoor and Sohi (1972). However, the
genus Amrasca has priority over the Sundapteryx Dwora-
kowska and the species biguttula Ishida over devastans Distant.
This synonymy has also been realised by Dworakowska
(Personal communication from Dr. Ghauri). So, the earlier
proposed name Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) should
be preferred.

Amrasca Ghauri

Amrasca Ghauri, 1967, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B), 36 11-
12): 159-61. Sundapteryx Dworakowska, 1970, Bull. Acad. pol.
Ser Ch fl” Ser Sci,’ DIOL, Well) s (0S 12st svi ane

Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)
Chlorita biguttula Ishida, 1913: Dworakowska, 1970. Bull.
Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II. Ser. Sci. biol., 18 (11): 708. Empoasca
devastans Distant, 1918, Fauna -Br. India, 7:93. Amrasca
devastans (Distant) Ghauri, 1967. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B),
36 (11-12): 163. Sundapteryx biguttula biguttula (Ishida) Dwora-
kowska, 1970. Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II. Ser. Sci. biol., 18
(11): 712. Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida); Kapoor &
Sohi, 1972, Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 84:51.

This species was collected from Haryana, Jamu and
Kashmir, Punjab and Rajasthan from a nmber of plant species,
viz. American cotton, Bengal-gram, brinjal, carrot, castor,
coriander, Deccan-hemp, indigenous cotton, Egyptian clover,
drumstick-tree, garden-pea, grape-vine, guava, Indian cherry,

* Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
India.

CURRENT LITERATURE 237

Indian colza, jute, maize, marigold, mulberry, okra, pearl-
millet, phalsa (Grewia asiatica Linn.), potato, raddish, red-
pepper, rocket-salad, salix, sesame, spinach, sunflower, sugar-
beet, table-beet and tomato.

The author is grateful to Dr. O. S. Bindra (the then Head
of the Department of Entomology) and Dr. A. S. Sidhu, Head
of the Department of Entomology for the facilities provided.
Thanks are also due to Dr. V. Prasad and Dr. V. C. Kapoor
for going through the manuscript critically.

References

Chopra, N. P. 1973. Cotton jassid: A nomenclatural correction. Ento-
mologist’s Rec. J. Var., 85: 88-9.

Distant, W. L. 1918. Rhynchota-Homoptera: Appendix Heteroptera:
Addenda. Fauna Br. India, 7: 1-109.

Dworakowska, I. 1970. On some genera of Typhlocybini and Empoascini
(Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II. Ser.
Sci. biol., 18 (11): 707-16.

Ghauri, M. S. K. 1967. New mango leaf-hoppers from Oriental and
Austro-oriental regions (Homoptera, Cicadelloidaea). Proc. R. ent.
Soc., Lond. (B), 36 (11-12): 159: 66.

Kapoor, V. C. and Sohi, A. S. 1972. The nomenclatural status of cotton
jassid, Amrasca devastans (Distant). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.,
84: 51.

Current Literature

The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland,
Volume 1. Micropterigidae-Heliozelidae. Editor: John
Heath. Assistant editors: A. M. Emmet, D. S. Fletcher,
E. C. Pelham-Clinton and W. G. Tremewan. Artists:
Brian Hargreaves and Maureen Lane. 345 pp. 85 b. & w.
illus. and text figs., 152 distribution maps, 13 plates (incl.
four coloured). Blackwell Scientific Publications and the
Curwen Press, 1976. £17.50.

This is the first of a projected series of 11 volumes intended
to cover the whole of the British lepidoptera, and according to
the prospectus “‘publication of the entire work should be com-
pleted by 1982’. The volume is divided into two main sections,
the first of which contains a series of chapters on certain
topics concerning the British lepidoptera generally. These are:
Morphology (by J. Heath); Parasites (by M. R. Shaw and R. R.
Askew); Diseases (by C. F. Rivers); Pest Species (by C. R.
Baker); Habitats (by J. Heath); Conservation and the Collector
(by M. G. Morris); Techniques (by J. Reid); and Bibliography
of County Lists (Anon.). The second part or systematic section
treats of the Micropterigidae, Eriocraniidae and Hepialidae (by
J. Heath); Nepticulidae (by A. M. Emmet); Incurvariidae (by
J. Heath and E. C. Pelham-Clinton); and finally, Heliozelidae
(by A. M. Emmet). The volume concludes with two indices:
one, a general index; the other, an index of host plants.

The first section is well presented, interesting and instruc-
tive, and its diversity adds much to the scope of the volume.
A few points occur to us. For instance, the chapter on habitats
includes Agrotis ripae (Hiibner) as a ‘‘Notable Breckland
Species” (see p. 101). Is this really true? We were unaware
that ripae had ever been found in the Breck. In that on

238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

techniques, we always found larva blowing far easier and the
results better, if instead of blowing by mouth, one used hand-
operated double rubber bellows. Finally, in that on parasites,
breeders of lepidoptera would do well to note Drs. Shaw’s and
Askew’s apt remark that “‘probably every day throughout
summer an interesting host-parasite reared is irretrievably lost
under an angry lepidopterist’s thumb”’.

The second or systematic section is printed in double
columns and contains a wealth of new material including notes
on rearing, descriptive matter, life histories and keys. Well
written and clearly set out, the value of these accounts is
enhanced by the accompaniment for the critical species of a
number of serviceable diagrams of the genitalia, wing venation
and external morphology. On average, distribution of a species
in this country and abroad together occupy less than three
whole lines, but with each species there is a distribution map.
Of the 15? of these, five (those for the Hepialidae) are relatively
adequate with 10 km. dot distribution founded on the Biological
Records Centre record cards. Distribution in the remaining
147 maps is by vice-county, a few of which distinguish pre and
post 1960 occurrence, but with the majority there is no such
distinction though to have shown this would have been a simple
matter.' Not wasted space as might first appear, but a use/ul
adjunct, are the blanks after many of the species for those who
wish to enter manuscript notes.

We have not seen the original coloured figures of the
perfect insects and drawings of the leaf mines. Fine though
these may be, the reproductions of them in this volume are
generally disappointing. The latter are too indistinct to show
adequately the distinguishing characters, and the same applies
to many of the coloured illustrations. Those of the Nepticulidae
in particular, owing to their blurred appearance and poor
colouring, are of very limited use as a means of identification,
and we suggest this volume would be much improved if the
publishers were to issue a superior set of coloured reproduc-
tions of the Nepticulidae, in size preferably twice as large again
as at present so as to show sufficient detail.

Although this volume cannot compare with Tutt for detail
and documentation, nor with Stainton for fine illustration, it
will nonetheless be welcomed as one of the most important yet
published on the British lepidoptera, and a work absolutely
essential to the needs of all students of the Nepticuloidea and
the allied groups covered. Congratulations therefore to the
various authors, and especially to Col. Emmet, the main con-
tributor, whose epic-making discoveries among the Nepticulidae
over the past few years have made entomological history. —
J.M.C.-H.

1 The most important feature of these microlepidoptera distribution maps
is not the maps themselves but the records upon which they were
based, large numbers of which are unpublished including many that
must constitute new county and vice-county records. These records are
of the greatest interest and, provided they still can be traced, should

be preserved in some main repository, preferably the Biological Records
Centre at Monks Wood, as are those of the macrolepidoptera.

239

Notes and Observations

COMMOPHILA AENEANA (HUBN.) IN HAMPSHIRE. —I was
delighted to find this beautiful moth fairly common very locally
in a wood between Fareham and Wickham on 13th and 20th
June, 1976. The situation was a wide grassy ride between
conifer plantations, and the moths were flying in the mid-
afternoon. Mr. D. W. H Ffennell had previously taken a single
specimen about a mile away in the same wood in 1960. — JoHN
R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea,
Hampshire.

CHLOROCLYSTIS CHLOERATA MAB. AT WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA.
— Until 1970 I used regularly at the end of May and beginning
of June to take in my m.v. trap a number of what I took to
be C. rectangulata L. They were all very small and early in the
year, but as there was then an orchard at the bottom of my
garden I thought little of them and set none, especially as I was
usually in the throes of packing to go to Ireland. However,
last year Mr. Bernard Skinner kindly gave me four pupae of
chloerata. I bred them all and found to my annoyance that
they were identical with the little “‘rectangulata’’. Until five
years ago there was a big blackthorn thicket in the grounds
of a former school about a hundred yards away; I used to
attract a good many Bapta distinctata H.-S. from it, so the
source of the chloerata is obvious. Unfortunately, the site
was sold for development in 1971, the house pulled down, and
the grounds cleared, for enchanting bungalows! —H. C.
Huaeins, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff-on-Sea,
Essex.

LATE SEPTEMBER IN SCILLY. — I spent a week on the Isles
of Scilly from 20th to 27th September, 1975. Whilst birds were
my main quarry at this time of year, I kept a record of butter-
flies seen. Based on St. Mary’s, I visited St. Agnes and Tresco
but saw no butterflies at all on the latter as the weather on
this particular day was dull, windy and showery. I recorded
the following during the week: St. Mary’s: Speckled Wood
(Pararge aegeria L.), common; Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta
L.), six; Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae L.), four; Small
Copper (Lycaena phiaeas L.), two; Large White (Pieris brassi-
cae L.), common; Small White (Pieris rapae L.), common.
St. Agnes: Speckled Wood (P. aegeria), common; Red Admiral
(V. atalanta), three; Large White (P. brassicae), fairly com-
mon; Small White (P. rapae), fairly common. A westerly gale
at the end of the week preceded one of the largest influxes of
American birds to the Isles of Scilly (and other parts of Britain)
for several years, and it will be interesting to see if this is
reflected in the number of Monarchs (Danaus plexippus L.)
recorded in Britain in the autumn of 1975.— G. SUMMERS,
23 West Close, Stafford, Staffs., ST16 3TG.

240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/1X/76

THE HUMMINGBIRD HAWKMOTH (MACROGLOSSUM STELLA-
TARUM L.) IN LONDON. — It may be of interest to record that
my son Nicholas, a university student who has been interested
in lepidoptera for many years now, saw a Hummingbird Hawk-
moth at Primrose Hill, N.W.3, at about 8 p.m. on the very
hot evening of Sunday, 27th June, 1976. — DENNIS BuRROwsS,
22 Lime Tree Walk, West Wickham, Kent.

EUSTROTIA BANKIANA FAB. (SILVER BARRED) IN SUSSEX. —
Whilst collecting with Mr. C. Pratt on 4th July, we each
captured with m.v. light a perfect specimen of the above.
Apparently the last published record for Sussex was of one in
1953 (1961, South, M.B./., 1:350).—G. Botwricut, 30
Valley Road, Newhaven, Sussex.

THE Otp Lapy (MorMo MaAurA L.) ON MULL. — On the
night of 14th/15th August, 1973 a mercury vapour light was
operated at Coille Ardura, Isle of Mull, an area of open oak
woodland and acid peatland. The lamp was situated in open,
boggy ground dominated by Molinia caerula and Juncus arti-
culatus by Abhin a’ Choire (National Grid Ref. NM683295).
During the night a heavy mist hung in the valley and in the
early hours of the morning the hooting of tawny owls prompted
me to look out of my tent pitched nearby. An owl was perched
on the edge of the trap, its eyes almost closed against the glare
of the lamp, as it groped around in its attempt to catch moths
as they entered the trap.

The catch of moths was not large and included Opistho-
graptis luteolata L., Hydriomena furcata Thunberg, Alcis
jubata Thunberg, Cidaria fulvata Forster, Coenotephria salicata
Hb., Xanthorhoe munitata Hb., Stilbia anomala Haw., Auto-
grapha bractea D. & S., A. pulchrina Haw., Plusia festucae L.,
Rivula sericealis Scop., Noctua pronuba L., N. comes Hb.,
Apamea monoglypha Hufn., Mythimna impura Hb., Cerap-
teryx graminis L., Celaena haworthii Curtis, C. leucostigma
Hb., Photedes pygmina Haw. and Nymphula nymphaeata L.,
but to my great surprise, on inspecting the last egg carton in
the bottom of the trap I found a good specimen of the Old
Lady, Mormo maura L. This would seem to be well north of
its usual range of distribution in Britain. —P. WoORMELL,
Assistant Regional Officer, Argyll and Bute, Nature Conser-
vancy Council, 12 Hope Terrace, Edinburgh, EH9 2AS.

PHYLLONORYCTER HEEGERIELLA (ZELLER), IN HAMPSHIRE.
— Four specimens from West Walk, Wickham, and three from
Havant Thicket emerged from mines I collected from leaf-
clothed young oaks in January 1976. It is strange that this
moth has not apparently been recorded from Hampshire before,
for it must surely be widespread though possibly at low density.
— Joun R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road,
Southsea, Hampshire.

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BRITISH ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY
SOCIETY

ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1976
Saturday, October 30th from 11 a.m.

Due to a change in the general letting policy of the Holland Park
School management the B.E. & N.H.S. will not be able to hold
its Annual Exhibition at the school as in past years. The Council
of the Society has booked the main hall of Chelsea Old Town Hall
which is in the Kings Road, Chelsea, London, S.W. The facilities
here are in every way equal to those at the Holland Park School
and it is hoped that all readers of the Record will be able to
attend.

THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLIGICAL SOCIETY
ANNUAL EXHIBITION 1976

The A.E.S. Annual Exhibiiton, 1976 will be held at University
College School, Frognal, Hampstead, London, N.W.3, on
Saturday, 2nd October from 12.30 to 4.30 p.m.

The School is easily accessible from Central London by road,
underground and bus and is near the Finchley Road Station.
Admission is free, light refreshments will be available and there
is good parking.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. —Separates of Col. Emmet’s ‘‘Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae”’, 35p, postage 9p, and “‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —I would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies’ in order that the distribution maps may be
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ey FEE SONI SY SEIT ITS CLARY EET ESET ES SSE. TOI EE RPE IE VE EAS I

CONTENTS

Schiffermuelleria procerella (D. & S.) (Lep., Oecophoridae): A
Species New to Britain. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT and the
Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ

The Hazards of the Chase. Rev. J. N. MARCON .
The Early Stages of Two Species of Yponomeutidae. A. M. EMMET

Notes on some British Chrysomelidae (Col.) aa Amendments
and Additions to the List. A. A. ALLEN : uae Bae

A Year in Co. Cork. J. E. CHAINEY ..

Ancylis tineana_ Hibn. and Epinotia crenana Hibn. (Lep.,
Tortricidae) in Scotland in 1975. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID and
Dr. M. HARPER pi :

Observations on British Butterflies in 1975, Part 2. Dr. C. J.
LUCKENS . : : Le ues

Indian en Jassid — Amrasca Digurae chabiang sonia A. S.
SOH ;

Notes and Observations:

Digitivalva perlepidella San in Herefordshire. J. R.
LANGMAID 2 ; fee oie as AE

Agriopis marginaria Fab. f. ae Mosley in N.W. Kent. P. A.
SOKOLOFF “a

Rearing the Glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca. L. A. WOOTTON

Phyllonorycter ulicicolella pk in sacs nals ER:
LANGMAID : Was ey ae :

Unusual Captures in Suffolk in 1976. Rev. G. A. FORD

Eurois occulta (L.) and Sphecia bembeciformis (Hiibn.) at light,
and the larva and pupa of Herse convolvuli C.), in Kent in
Kent in 1976. T. W. HARMAN _..... es as ee

Herse convolvuli L. in Sussex. C. PRATT 4 235
Commophila aeneana (Hiibn.) in Hampshire. J. R. LANGMAID

Chloroclystis chloerata Mab. at Westcliff-on-Sea. H. C.
HUGGINS uty a ah. ia ane a ae

Late September in Scilly. G. SUMMERS .

The Hummingbird Hawkmoth (Macroglossum stellatarum L.) in
London. D. BURROWS ak poe : Ane a

Eustrotia bankiana Fab. (Silver Barred) in Sussex. G.
BOTWRIGHT ee a rom ae sae. oi

The Old Lady (Mormo maura L.) on Mull. P. WORMELL ...

Phyllonorycter heegeriella (Zeller) in Hampshire. J. R.
LANGMAID Pe ari ute wi nie ui fa

Obituary:
Stanley Howard Wakely

Current Literature ...

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

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VOL. 88, No. 10 October, 1976
is Ty eaameeare 5A AAR
E ies

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THE
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THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.
Their Origin and Establishment

R.L.H. Dennis
For publication late 1976

ISBN 0 900848 94 4
Price approximately £10.00
SYNOPSIS
An exhaustive treatment of a topic pre-
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The treatment is original and is contro-
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manifestly demonstrates the recent arrival
of our Butterflies. From the temperate
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extreme conditions of the Last Glacia-
tion at the latitude of the British Islands.

Furthermore, the considerable adapta-
bility of our butterfly fauna is disclosed
in their rapid and fine adjustments to
the marked ecological oscillations of the
Post Glacial extending into geographical
changes that ensued with growing inter-
ference from ‘Economic Man”’.

The establishment and intricate adjust-
ment of each butterfly species and race
is described in detail. fhe outcome is a
simple explanation of long established
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boundary situation for the Meadow
Brown and the peculiar status of Irish
butterflies... Moreover, full details are

flies together with a complete biblio-
graphy.

The book is composed of 10 chapters
divided into 4 sections dealing respec-
tively with the framework of environ-
mental conditions during the late Pleis-
tocene and Post Glacial, the geography
and ecology of the butterflies, their racial
variation, and arrival and establishment in
these islands.

THE AUTHOR

R.L.H. DENNIS started his education at
Oswestry School, Shropshire. ‘‘A” Level
results included A grades in Geology,
History and Geography, the latter with ©
distinction.

included on the races of British butter- |

He went on to the University of Durham, ©
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pology.

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Whilst an undergraduate he took courses
in Geology, Anthropology, Archaeology
and Biology.

In the summer of 1972 he moved to
Anglesey for the purpose of writing
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turned to the University of Durham in
late August 1973.

He commenced his doctoral research in
October 1973, topic:- A Study of
Dermatglyphic (Finger and Palmar fea-
tures) Variation in the Human Popula-
tions of the North Pennine Dales.

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241

Notes on the Erebia of the French Massif Central
By M. J. PERCEVAL, F.R.E.S.*
INTRODUCTION

Only the higher areas of the Massif Central reach
sufficient altitude to provide suitable habitat for most Erebia.
The map shows those areas in excess of 1,000 metres. The
Montes Dore and the Cantals in the north west are the most
mountainous. Puy de Sancy, 1,885 m, in the Montes Dore
is the highest point in the Massif, Plomb du Cantal, 1,855 m,
is almost as high and both areas have a number of other peaks
over 1,800 m.
CLERMONT
PERRAND

mi€s

20

30 40 Km

The Margeride running south east from the Cantals is
lower reaching its highest at its southern end. This area is high
moorland rather than mountain. Large areas like the Plateau
du Palais du Roi are over 1,400 m. The Aubracs to the west
are also not really mountainous but high downland reaching
1,450 m in places. Mont Lozere south of the Margeride is

* Holmesdale Cottage, Bonds Lane, Mid-Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey,
RH5S 4HF.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

higher, attaining almost 1,700 m. Further to the south and
isolated from the other higher areas of the Massif, Mont
Aigoual is 1, 565 m.

East of the Margeride the Monts de Velay are lower,
1,421 m at their highest point. To the south the Tanargue and
Bauzon are over 1,500 m. The highest point outside the Montes
Dore and the Cantals is Mont Mezenc, 1,753 m, in the Vivarais
and Gerbier de Jonc, 1,551 m, lies just to the south of it. This
leaves only the Forez and the Livradois to the north. The latter
only reach 1,100 m, but the Forez reaches 1,634 m at Pierre
Sur Haute.

Literature on the Massif often refers to two other areas,
firstly the Auvergne, this was one of the old Provinces of
France and in relation to the areas mentioned above includes only
the northern part, namely Montes Dore and Cantal. The second
area is the Cevennes, this is the south eastern fringe of the
massif, mainly at a lower level but including Mont Aigoual,
Mont Lozere and extending north as far as the Tanargue.

The Massif Central is entomologically less well explored
than the Alps and Pyrenees, but in many ways is no less
interesting. Warren (1936) left large gaps in his information
on the Massif and some of these remain to be filled. The
following notes, while not dealing with all the Erebia species
occurring in the area, may help to extend the currently pub-
lished information on some species.

Erebia ligea Linn.

This species illustrates the lack of information available
to Warren. He states that it does seem to have been recorded
west of the Rhone, whereas it is in fact widespread in the
Massif and common in some localities. De Lesse (1947) lists a
number of localities for it in the Massif, Mont Dore, Lioran
(Cantal), Forez, Margeride, Gerbier de Jonc, Foret de Mazan
(Ardeche). I have found it in the Valley de Chaudfour, Monte
Dore (24th July, 1974), on the eastern side of Plomb du Cantal
(23rd July, 1975), Plateau du Palais du Roi (11th August, 1975)
and further south in Ardeche than recorded by de Lesse at Col
de Meyrand (27th July, 1972). In addition, however, I have
also found it in some numbers near Aubrac, Montagnes
d’Aubrac, an area from which it does not seem to have been
previously recorded. Its range thus extends south west into
the Department of Aveyron.

De Lesse classified ligea from the Massif as ssp. carthu-
sianorum Frhst. The form from the Massif tends however to
be small, especially those from the Plateau du Palais du Roi.
Higgins and Riley (1970) give the male forewing measurement
of this species as 24/27 mm, while my series from this locality
average only 23 mm with some individuals as small as 20 mm.
Those from Aubrac average 24 mm and those from Plomb du
Cantal 25 mm. Figures 7 and 10 show a pair from Aubrac.

Erebia euryale Esp.
De Lesse lists the following localities for this species, Forez,
Lac du Bouchet (Velay), Montes Dore, Lioran (Cantal). I

NOTES ON THE EREBIA OF THE FRENCH MASSIF CENTRAL 243

found it common on Puy de la Tache, Montes Dore (20th
July, 1975), also on Plomb du Cantal (27th July, 1974) and on
Puy Mary, Cantal (12th August, 1975). Its range is, however,
more extensive than that shown by de Lesse as it occurs further
south both on the east and west side of the Massif. In the east
I found it near Col de Meyrand, Tanargue (28th July, 1972)
and in the west near Aubrac (24th July, 1975).

Based on what would seem to have been an orginal mis-
conception by Fruhstorfer, Warren gives the subspecies from
the Auvergne as adyte f. phoreta Frhst. I have however found
no specimens in the Massif that could be considered to be
adyte. Bretherton (1966) states that ssp. isarica Heyne occurs
in the Auvergne and also that ssp. antevortes Vty. is found
very locally in the Massif. However, while there is substantial
variation between individual specimens in each locality where
I have encountered this species, I can find no evidence to
suggest the presence of two separate subspecies. De Lesse (1947)
therefore seems correct in his view that all spcimens from the
Massif are referable to ssp. antevortes

Individual specimens range from those with the upperside
marking reduced to very small eliptical rings round the ocelli
on the forewings and two or three very small spots on the
hindwings, to those with a well developed band on both wings.
The latter are however rare and specimens with well developed
markings on the forewings usually have more poorly marked
hindwings, a row of well separated spots rather than a band.
The undersides are typical antevortes with the silvery bands
almost completely absent on the hindwings and the hindwing
spots reduced or absent. Although both well and poorly marked
specimens occur together wherever I have found this species,
the proportion of specimens with very reduced markings is
higher in my series from Montes Dore than from other areas.
On average specimens from Aubrac are larger than those from
the Auvergne, they average 22.7 mm compared with 20.9 mm
from Plomb du Cantal and 21.1 mm from Montes Dore.
Figures 1 and 2, both from Puy de la Tache, show the range
of individual variation in a locality.

Erebia manto D. & S.

This species is not so widespread as the previous two. I
have only found it in the Montes Dore and the Cantals and it
appears restricted to these areas as I know of no records from
elsewhere in the Massif. In Montes Dore I have found it in
Chaudfour (24th July, 1974) and on Puy de la Tache (22nd
July, 1975), and in the Cantals on Plomb du Cantal (23rd July,
1975) and Puy Mary (12th August, 1975).

It occurs in the Massif as ssp. constans f. gnathene. Warren
refers to this form as differing from normal constans from the
Pyrenees “‘only in that in the male two apical rusty spots are
present on the underside of the forewings; it is otherwise
unmarked as in male constans. The female also has more
pronounced markings on the underside of the forewings’’. As
far as the males are concerned this is a bit of an over simpli-

244 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

fication. The markings on the underside of the forewings of
male gnathene range from some with no red markings to
others with a well developed row of red markings and a
substantial area of red suffusion inside them. Most specimens
have additional smaller spots as well as the two apical ones,
thus forming an indistinct broken band on the forewings, and
about half of them also have one or more small spots on the
underside of the hindwings. It can be seen therefore that
gnathene is rather better marked than Warren indicates.
Female gnathene is comparable to the best marked female
constans.

The size is variable and gives no firm guide, but on average
gnathene is smaller than normal constans. My male series
range between 17 and 20 mm and average 19 mm compared
with 18 to 22 mm and average 20 mm for constans (Col du
Tourmalet, Haute Pyr).

Erebia epiphron Knoch

This species occurs in two separate areas of the Massif, in
the Montes Dore and Cantal in the north west and on Mont
Aigoual in the south. From current literature its subspecific
status in these areas is unclear. Warren (1936) lists ten sub-
species of epiphron, four of which are relavant to the present
consideration: ssp. mackeri Fuchs. from the Vosges, Auvergne
and Pyrenees Orientales; ssp. pyrenaica H.-S. from the Pyrenees
to the west of ssp. mackeri; ssp. mnemon Haw. from England
and Scotland; and ssp. aetherius Esp. from most of the Alps.

De Lesse (1947) added to this by describing the particularly
well marked form from Mont Canigou, PYR-OR, as ssp.
mackeri f. fauveaui. At the same time he described epiphron
from Mont Aigoual, not mentioned by Warren, as_ ssp.
pyrenaica f. cebennica (in these descriptions de Lesse refers
to “‘race” rather than “‘form’’ but the meaning appears to be
the same).

In 1948 Warren revised his original opinion that English
and Scottish specimens were a separate subspecies and con-
cluded that they were in fact referable to ssp. aetherius.
Warren’s analysis in 1936 seems to have been accepted by
subsequent authors until Higgins and Riley put forward a
substantially different arrangement in 1970. They retain ssp.
mnemon in England and Scotland and refer to specimens from
the Vosges and Auvergne as “‘similar forms’. In the Pyrenees
they treat fauveaui as a subspecies in the east and consider
those to the west as ssp. aetherius. Warren’s two subspecies
in the Pyrenees, mackeri and pyrenaica thus become Higgins
and Riley’s fauveaui and aetherius. This has lead Bustillo and
Rubio (1974) to list all four as subspecies that occur in the
Pyrenees, an unlikely situation.

While no subsequent authors appear to have accepted
Warren’s revised view that British specimens are ssp. aetherius,
it is interesting to note the results of a recent study by Cribb
and Porter (1975) in which they say in relation to Warren’s
original view, “‘he states that this race (mnemon) is nearest to
ssp. mackeri as the four spots on the forewings are all normally

NOTES ON THE EREBIA OF THE FRENCH MASSIF CENTRAL 245

present. Thus he maintains that it is related to the northern
(Hartz Mts.) epiphron rather than the southern races (the
aetherius of Esper from the central European Alps). Our own
findings after a close examination of the Cumbrian and Perth-
shire races is at variance with this and it would appear that
British epiphron is nearer to aetherius being poorly marked and
less constant in its markings’’.

While Cribb and Porter do not seem to have taken into
account Warren’s revised views, they do to some extent appear
to confirm them.

In an endeavour to clarify the apparent confusion, at least
in respect of the species in the Massif Central, I have examined
my material from different localities in the Massif and as far
as possible have compared it with material from other relevant
areas.

Montes Dore. Males: 19 specimens (11 from Chaudfour
and eight from Puy de la Tache), average forewing measure-
ment 18.34 mm. Orange markings well developed on upperside.
Most have four ocelli on the forewings (16 specimens), one
has three ocelli and two have two. Upperside hindwings: 11
specimens have three ocelli, six have four, one has two and one
has none. Some with three have a fourth orange marking with
no ocellus. Underside: ocelli less well developed; forewings:
10 have four ocelli and the others lack ocelli in either spaces
three or four.

Females: eight specimens, large and well marked, av. wing
measurement 19.36 mm. Upperside: four ocelli on each wing.
Underside: four ocelli on the forewings and three (six speci-
mens) or four (two specimens) on the hindwings.

Cantal. Similar to those from Montes Dore but slightly
smaller. Males: 10 specimens av. wing measurement 17.95 mm.
Most have four ocelli on the forewings and three on the hind-
wings both upper and underside. Females: six specimens av.
wing measurement 17.83 mm. Forewings: four ocelli on upper
and underside. Hindwings: four ocelli upper and three under-
side.

Mont Aigoual. Males: much more poorly marked than
those from the Auvergne. 23 specimens ay. wing measurement
17.86 mm. Upperside: orange markings much reduced on the
forewings and often completely absent on the hindwings. Most
have only two ocelli on the forewings (15 specimens), four
have four and four have three. Hindwings: half (11) have no
ocelli, nine have three, one has two and two have one. Under-
side: ocelli equally reduced.

Females: seven specimens av. wing measurement 18.03
mm. Better marked than males. Four ocelli on the forewings
and three on the hindwings. On the upperside they are similar
to those from the Auvergne but the colouring on the under-
side is slightly different. On the forewings the band is more
yellowish thus giving more contrast between it and the ground
colour inside it. The rings round the ocelli on the hindwings
are also paler than in Auvergne females.

(To be continued)

246 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

The Discovery of Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabricius)
(Lep.: Noctuidae) as a Resident British Species
By Dr. G. A. Nem Hortron*

My capture of the first recorded British specimen of
Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabricius) on 30th July, 1972 was largely
fortuitous. It appeared on the sheet while I was running a
mercury vapour light on a hillside in north-west Monmouth-
shire for the purpose of taking a short series of Entephria
caesiata (Denis & Schiffermiller) and Epirrhoe galiata (Denis
& Schiffermiller). Both these species I had found here two
nights before, not having previously seen them in Monmouth-
shire.

The site of my operations was a small sheltered quarry
at an altitude of 1,400 ft.

The moth was kindly determined by Mr. John Heath of
Monks Wood Experimental Station and Mr. D. S. Fletcher
of the British Museum (Natural History).

Being a species new to Britain, the question naturally arose
of its status in this country. Was it a migrant or a resident
species? If the latter, was it resident at the site of capture or
was it a vagrant from elsewhere? I even heard it suggested
that the moth must have been transported from the Continent
in my car. Neither the car in use that night nor any of my
equipment had been outside this country.

The quarry where the moth was taken lay on the 1,400 ft.
contour between two distinct types of habitat. Below the level
of the quarry there was rough pasture enclosed in stone-walled
fields which were partly overgrown by bracken. Above it, rose
open moorland having Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and Vacci-
nium myrtillus (L.) as the dominant plant species. If the moth
proved to be a local resident, in which of these two habitats
did it originate?

Mr. R. F. Bretherton wrote telling me that he had twice
caught the species on the Continent “probably flying by day’,
and was ‘“‘fairly sure’’ he had seen it “flying by day elsewhere
at fairly high levels in the Alps — on rushy, marshy ground”’.

During the winter of 1972 and throughout 1973 I made
frequent exploratory visits to the district and, with Mr. Brether-
ton’s helpful information in mind, decided that there were two
possible sites worthy of continued investigation. One was a
rushy area some half a mile distant from the quarry and at
the same altitude. The other was a smal! mountain bog, over-
grown with Sphagnum and rushes, directly above the quarry
at an altitude of 1,800 ft. and some 600 yards away. A small
stream flowed from it, trickling down, in a series of small
waterfalls through a narrow, steep-sided gully to the vicinity
of the quarry 400 ft. below. The steep sides of this little ““cwm”’
were clothed mainly with Ling and Bilberry together with a
few small patches of Crowberry and Bracken. Alongside the
stream, in the floor of the gully, grew various mosses and
ferns with a few grasses and the Common Rush.

* Plas Newydd, Usk, Gwent.

DISCOVERY OF ERIOPYGODES IMBECILLA (FABRICIUS) 247

The years 1974 to 1975 were lean ones on this mountain-
side and despite many visits, both by day and at night, to the
quarry and the marshy areas described above, there was no
sign of “The Silurian’. The weather was often so cold and
inclement that even a moth named “‘imbecilla”’ could scarcely
be expected to fly.

By 1976 I had decided that I could spend my time more
profitably than in fruitlessly searching for this elusive moth
but in late June, when the daytime temperatures had soared
to the high eighties, and more, for nearly a week, I relented
and made up my mind to try for it once again. Accordingly, on
26th June, I returned to my quarry with mercury vapour lamp
and sheet.

This time my visit was successful. At 10.45 p.m., 15
minutes after commencing operations, I was rewarded by the
appearance on the sheet of a fine male specimen of E. imbecilla.
A second male turned up at 1.15 a.m., but this was damaged
and rather worn.

The following night (27th June) again found me running
my light at the quarry. I lit up at 10.30 p.m. and a male E.
imbecilla arrived ten minutes later. By 1.30 a.m. a total of six
males and three females had appeared. There were also two
males in my Heath trap nearby. Several were in fresh condition
but most were somewhat worn and looked as though they had
been flying for some time. Among other species, large numbers
of Lycophotia porphyrea (Denis & Schiffermiiller) were also
coming to the light and, being only slightly larger than E.
imbecilla, it is highly probable that some examples of the latter
were overlooked as it was impossible to thoroughly scrutinise
every moth.

On the Continent, EF. imbecilla is known sometimes to fly
by day. Bearing this in mind, I returned on the afternoon of
29th June and ascended the gully above the quarry. The tem-
perature was well into the eighties with the sun shining directly
into the gully. Several species of Lepidoptera were on the wing
including, to my delight, Eriopygodes imbecilla. In all, nine
specimens including both males and females were seen in flight
in the hot sunshine between 3.30 p.m. and 5.30 p.m. and I
managed to net one of each sex. They were all flying near the
floor of the gully over an area 300 yards in extent between the
1,600 ft. and 1,750 ft. contours. I did not see any flying either
over the open moorland beyond the confines of the gully, or
over the small bog at the head of it.

Their flight which was rapid, low, and direct was not long-
sustained, perhaps 30 to 50 feet, and the moths soon settled low
down on the herbage which was mostly Vaccinium myrtillus.
However, I did see one alight on a Rush stem and climb up
to the inflorescence a few inches above. Once, I had occasion
to brush away a moth which was persistently flying, wings
whirring, round my ear and this proved also to be an imbecilla.

Other Lepidoptera also flying in the gully at the time
included Boioria selene (Denis & Schiffermiiller), Coenonympha

248 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

pamphilus (L.), Ochlodes venata (Bremer & Grey), Eulithis
populata (L.), Xanthorhoe montanata (Denis & Schiffermiiller)
and Parasemia plantaginis (L.).

I returned to the quarry, yet once again, that evening but
no more “‘Silurians’”’ came either to the m.v. light or the Heath
trap. On this occasion there was a good deal of acrid smoke
drifting across the hillside from a distant moorland fire. Two
specimens of Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) appeared, however,
and this constituted a new Monmouthshire record.

A further daytime visit on 6th July produced no more
examples of E. imbecilla nor did a night visit on 8th July when
I was joined by Messrs. Austin Richardson and Barry Goater.
That night we ran four m.v. lights ranging from high up in the
gully to below the quarry.

It would therefore seem that by late June E. imbecilla
was at the end of its flying period and probably the one which
I took on 30th July, 1972 was a late moth in a late season.

Disappointingly two females which I had kept in the hope
of obtaining eggs died without producing any.

The foodplant of the species in this country still remains a
matter of conjecture. On the Continent the foodplants are
given by Lhomme (1923) as “‘Stellaria, Rumex, Artemisia,
Plantago, etc.’’, while Seitz gives ‘“‘Stellaria and other low
plants”. In the habitat in which I found the moth here, in
addition to various mosses, ferns, and grasses, and the dominant
species Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull and Vaccinium myrtillus
(L.) there were also noted Juncus effusus (L.) var. compactus
Hoppe, Potentilla erecta (L.), Viola palustris (L.), Galium
saxatile (L.), and Empetrum nigrum (L.).

Although its foodplant here still remains to be discovered,
there can now be no doubt that Eriopygodes imbecilla
(Fabricius) is resident in this country, at least in Monmouth-
shire, and we know that here, as on the Continent, it has a
diurnal as well as a nocturnal flight. The usual time of emer-
gence will probably prove to be in June. Furthermore, the type
of habitat where it was flying is widespread in the hills of South
Wales, so it will surely not be long until it is discovered in other
similar localities. Should it prove, however, to be a moth of
very local distribution then perhaps the greatest danger to the
species will be moorland fires such as were seen this year not
very far away from this one known station.

REFERENCES
Horton, G. A. N. and Heath, J. (1973). Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabricius)
(Lep., Noctuidae), A species New to Britain. Ent. Gaz., 24: 219-222.

Lhomme, L. (1923-1935). Catalogue des Lépidoptéres de France et de
Belgique, 1: 1-800. Le Carriol.

Seitz, A. (1914). The Macrolepidoptera of the World, 3: 87-88. Stuttgart.

249
A Year in Co. Cork
By J. E. CHAINEy*

(Concluded from page 231)

Cucullinae

Cucullia umbratica L. (The Shark): Several at light,
though rather irregular. Baynes says moderately common.
Aporophila nigra Haw. (Black Rustic): Common at light.
Donovan described it as very local. He recorded it from Co.
Cork. Lithophane socia Hufn. (Pale Pinion): One at light on
25.iv.74. Donovan said that this species was “‘common, north
and south” but Baynes doubted this, although he agreed that
it was generally distributed. Mr. Huggins says that it is uncom-
mon. Xylocampa areola Esp. (Early Grey): Very common and
quite variable. Most specimens were of ab. rosea Tutt. of which
some were paler than usual, although not quite as pale as ab.
kanei Donovan. A few typical specimens were also found.
Allophyes oxyacanthae L. (Green-brindled Crescent): A few
at light, all typical. Baynes says it is common and gives Co.
Cork. Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. (Lunar Underwing): Com-
mon at light. All were typical. Agrochola lota Clerck (Red-line
Quaker): Common. All specimens were of ab. rufa Tutt,
which, Mr. Huggins says, is common in Ireland. Anschoscelis
helvola L. (Founced Chestnut): Five at light—27.ix (one), 1.x
(two), 2.x (one) and 18.x.73 (one). Baynes says uncommon and
local. Donovan gave Co. Cork. All five specimens were very
brightly marked. Citra lutea Strom. (Pink-barred Sallow):
Three at light—5.ix (two) and 1.x.73 (one). Baynes says com-
mon. Conistra vaccinii L. (The Chestnut): One at light on
23.i11.74. Baynes (in 1964) said abundant but added that he
had not seen it at Glenageary, Co. Dublin, where he lived for
16 years.

Acronictinae

Apatele psi L. (Grey Dagger): Not uncommon at light.
A. rumicis L. (Knot Grass): Common, ab. salicis Curtis not
infrequent.

Amphipyrinae

Amphipyra pyramidea L. (Copper Underwing): Two at
light—5 and 6.ix.73, and one at sugar on 20.viili.74 at the foot
of Keamore Hill. Baynes says moderately common. Co. Cork
records are Mallow, 1961 (K. M. Firville) and Glengariff, not
uncommon (H. C. Huggins). A. tragopognis Clerck (The
Mouse): Not uncommon. Rusina ferruginea Esp. (Brown
Rustic): Common, all specimens were of the dark form ab.
obscura Tutt. Apamea lithoxylaea Schiff. (Light Arches): Not
uncommon. Common at dust at Rineen, nr. Castletownsend,
Co. Cork. A. monoglypha Hufn. (Dark Arches): Common.
Apamea crenata Hufn. (Clouded-bordered Brindle): Fairly
common at light from mid May-early July. Two specimens of
ab. combusta Haw. were noted—17 and 19.v.74. A. remissa
Hiibn. (Dusky Brocade): A few at light in July. Baynes says
common. A. secalis L. (Common Rustic): Very common and
*52 Dorothy Gardens, Thundersley, Benfleet, Essex, SS7 3AE.

250 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

variable. Procus latruncula Haw. (Tawny Marbled Minor): A
few at light in late June and early July. P. strigilis Clerck was
not noted. P. fasciuncula Haw. (Middle-barred Minor): Not
uncommon. P. literosa Haw. (Rosy Minor): Not uncommon
in late August. Baynes says not uncommon in coastal areas.
Luperina testacea Schiff. (Flounced Rustic): Fairly common.
Euplexia lucipara L. (Small Angle Shades): Scarce at light.
Baynes says moderately common. Phlogophora meticulosa L.
(Angle Shades): Not infrequent. Larvae very common. Thalpo-
phila matura Hufn. (Straw Underwing): Fairly common. St¢ilbia
anomala Haw. (The Anomalous): Not uncommon at light.
Donovan described it as common on coasts but rare inland.
Mr. Huggins says it is fairly rare. Meristis trigrammica Hufn.
(Treble-lines): Common and very variable. Caradrina blanda
Schiff. (The Rustic): Common. C. clavipalpis Scop. (Pale
Mottled Willow): Moderately common. Baynes says very com-
mon. Celaena leucostigma Hubn. (The Crescent): Three at
light—3.ix (one ab. fibrosa Hibn.), 4.ix (one typical) and
5.ix.73 (one reddish ab. fibrosa Hiibn.). Baynes does not men-
tion it from Co. Cork but Mr. Huggins has taken it at Glen-
gariff. C. haworthii Curt. (Haworth’s Minor): One at light on
20.viil.74. This specimen is much larger than usual (about the
size of C. blanda Schiff.) and all the markings except the out-
lines of the orbicular and reniform stigmata, are obscured. The
only other records south of Dublin appear to be Killarney, Co.
Kerry (Kane) and Brittas Bay, Co. Wicklow, two ab. hibernica
Haw. (Dr. D. Fitzpatrick). (No dates given.) Hydraecia oculea
L. (The Ear Moth): Eight males at light in August (plus one
probable female). Donovan described this species as common
in Ireland, but Baynes felt that more evidence was needed
before this could be said with certainty. Mr. Huggins has only
taken one in Ireland (at Dingle, Co. Kerry). H. crinanensis
Burrows (Crinan Ear): Five males at light in August (plus one
probable female). This species is regarded as the commonest
Hydraecia in Ireland. Gortyna micacea Esp. (Rosy Rustic):
Not uncommon. Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (Bordered Sallow);
Three at light—5, 11 and 23.vii.74 Donovan said this was local
and scarce, but he recorded it from Co. Cork. Rhizedra lutosa
Hiibn. (Large Wainscot): Two at light—25.ix. and 5.x.73.
Donovan gave Co. Cork. Baynes mentions that females some-
times wander far away from their breeding grounds. Arenostola
pygmina Haw. (Small Wainscot): Not uncommon. Ground
colour varying from cream to red-brown. Donovan gave Co.
Cork. Nonagria typhae Thunb. (Bulrush Wainscot): One at
light on 1.x.73. Baynes says widely distributed. He notes that
as with Jutosa the females are considerable wanderers.
Eustrotiinae

Lithacodia fasciana L. (Marbled White-spot): Common at
Leap in June and July. Common at Keamore Hill, also Rineen,
nr. Castletownsend. Baynes says that it is recorded from Cos.
Cork and Kerry only but is abundant where found.

Pantheinae
Colocasia coryli L. (Nut-tree Tussock): Fairly common.

A YEAR IN CO. CORK 251

Described by Donovan as locally common and widely distri-
buted. The only Cork record given by Baynes is Glengariff,
19.v.66 (E. C. Pelham-Clinton).
Plusiinae

Plusia chrysitis L. (Burnished Brass): Common. P. bractea
Schiff. (Gold Spangle): Moderately common. Described by
Donovan as widely spread. The only Cork record mentioned
by Baynes is Glengariff, two 1950 (H. C. Huggins). P. festucae
(Gold Spot): One at light on 5.viii.74. Donovan gave Co. Cork.
P. gracilis has not yet been recorded from Ireland. P. pulchrina
Hubn. (Beautiful Golden Y): Common from early June to early
August. Plusia iota (Plain Golden Y): Scarce and irregular,
mid July-mid August. Baynes says that this species is much
less common than pulchrina. The only Co. Cork record men-
tioned is Glengariff (H. C. Huggins). P. gamma L. (Silver Y):
Very common. Unca trigemina Werneb. (Dark Spectacle):
Common. U. triplasia L. (The Spectacle): Eight at light—4
(two), 23 (one) and 26.vi (one), 5 (one), 6 (one) and 9.vii (one)
and 5.viil.74 (one). Baynes says widely spread but less common
than trigemina.

Ophiderinae

Rivula_ sericealis Scop. (The Straw Dot): Common.
Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (The Herald): Four at light—25.iv,
27.v, 13.vi and 30.viii.74. Baynes says moderately common.
Phytometra viridaria Clerck (Small Purple-barred): Not
uncommon on Keamore Hill and two at light on 7.viii.74.
Baynes says not uncommon.

Hypeninae
Bomolocha crassalis Fab. (Beautiful Snout): Two at light
on 5.viii.74. Baynes says locally common in woods where
bilberry abounds. Hypena proboscidalis L. (The Snout):
Moderately common. Zanclognatha tarsipennalis Treit. (The
Fan-foot): Not uncommon. Z. nemoralis Fab. (Small Fan-
foot): Not uncommon.

Geometridae
Oenochrominae
Alsophila aescularia Schiff. (March Moth): Fairly com-
mon.
Geometrinae
Pseudoterpna pruinata ssp. atropunctaria Walker (Grass
Emerald): Common. Geometra papilionaria L. (Large Emer-
ald): Three at light—20 and 21.vii and 15.viii.74. Baynes says
common where birch flourishes. Jodis lactearia L. (Little
Emerald): Not uncommon. Fresh specimens are brightly
marked and of a shade similar to H. immaculata Thunb. (Small
Emerald). Hemithea aestivaria Hiibn. (Common Emerald):
Common.

Sterrhinae
Cosymbia albipunctata Hufn. (Birch Mocha): One at light
on 19.vi.74. Baynes says local. The only Cork locality men-
tioned is Glengariff. Most Irish specimens are of a rosy form
which, as pointed out by Mr. Huggins, is distinct from ab.

252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

subroseata Woodiorde. A dusky form occurs at Glengariff
(H. C. Huggins). C. linearia Hiibn. (Clay Triple-lines): One at
light on 22.vii.74. Baynes says rare and local. Only known from
Cos. Cork and Wicklow. In Cork it has been recorded by
Donovan and H. C. Huggins (at Glengariff). Recently found
at Kinsale, Co. Cork. (E. C. Pelham-Clinton) and Ardnagashel,
nr. Glengariff (T. Peet). Scopula immutata L. (Lesser Cream
Wave): Quite common in damp areas. The only Cork locality
given by Baynes is Glengariff. Sterrha dimidiata Hufn. (Single-
dotted Wave): Common generally. S. subsericeata Haw. (Satin
Wave): Common at light. Not uncommon on Keamore Hill.
S. aversata L. (Riband Wave): Not uncommon. S. biselata
Hufn. (Small Fan-footed Wave): Fairly common generally.

Larentiinae

Xanthorhoe montanata Schiff. (Silver-ground Carpet):
Common. X. fluctuata L. (Garden Carpet): Common. X. ferru-
gata Clerck (Dark-barred Twin-spot Carpet): Common. X.
spadicearia Schiff. (Red Twin-spot Carpet): Fairly common.
X. designata Hufn. (Flame Carpet): Quite common. Nyctero-
sea obstipata Fab. (The Gem): Two at light—21 and 22.xi.73.
Baynes mentions records from Co. Cork. Mr. Huggins thinks
that it may be endemic on the shores of Bantry Bay. Ortho-
nama lignata Hiibn. (Olique Carpet): Three at light—13 (one)
and 20.vi.74 (two). Ortholitha chenopodiata L. (Shaded Broad-
bar): Very common. Ortholitha mucronata Scop. (Lead Belle):
Scarce at light in late May. Donovan said common but in this
he must be covering plumbaria as well as mucronata. The only
Co. Cork record given by Baynes is Bishopstown, 27.v.59 (Dr.
J. Fraher). O. plumbaria Fab. (July Belle): Rather commoner
than mucronata. Late May and early June. It has been
recorded in Co. Cork (from Glengariff and Dursey) by Mr.
Huggins who has taken it as early as 26th May to as late as
10th July. Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. (Green Carpet):
Common. C. multistrigaria Haw. (Mottled Grey): Not uncom-
mon at light in late February. Described by Donovan as
common over Ireland, but Baynes had few records and gave
none at all from Co. Cork. Mesoleuca albicillata L. (Beautiful
Carpet): Moderately common in most spots visited around
Leap. Baynes gave Co. Cork. Perizoma alchemillata L. (Small
Rivulet): A few at light in July and early August. Baynes says
fairly common. He gives Co. Cork. P. bifaciata Haw. (Barred
Rivulet): Two at light—22 and 24.vii.74. Donovan said scarce
and sporadic. He gave Co. Cork. Mr. Huggins has found larvae
commonly wherever he has looked in Cos. Cork and Kerry.
Euphyia unangulata Haw. (Sharp-angled Carpet): Several at
light. Mid July-early August. Baynes says uncommon. Donovan
gave Co. Cork. E. picata Hiibn. (Cloaked Carpet): One at
light on 6.viii.74 Baynes says rare and local. Donovan gave Co.
Cork. E. bilineata L. (Yellow Shell): Not uncommon generally.
Lyncometra ocellata L. (Purple Bar): Common. Lampropteryx
suffumata Schiff. (Water Carpet): Not uncommon. Late April
to early June. Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff. (Small Phoenix):

A YEAR IN CO. CORK 253

Common, particularly the second generation. Donovan said
scarce but recorded it from Co. Cork. First generation—mid
May to mid June, one on 9.vii.74, second generation—late July
to early September. Plemyria rubiginata Schiff. (Blue-bordered
Carpet): One at light on 23.vii.74. Described by Donovan as
frequent. Glengariff, common among alders (H. C. Huggins).
Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (Common Marbled Carpet): Com-
mon and variable, forms including ab. rufescens Strom. and
sooty-brown examples. D. citrata L. (Dark Marbled Carpet):
Not uncommon and very variable. Baynes says moderately
common locally. He gives Co. Cork. Thera obeliscata Hiibn.
(Grey-pine Carpet): Common. First generation rather larger,
greyer and more clearly marked than the second generation.
T. variata Schiff. (Spruce Carpet): Two specimens of the con-
tinental race on 1.x.73. This race has only recently spread into
Ireland. Baynes gives records from Cos. Mayo, Dublin and
Kerry. Ssp. britannica Turner appears to be absent from
Ireland. Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (July High-flyer): Com-
mon. Greenish forms prevalent. H. coerulata Fab. (May High-
flyer): Not uncommon and rather variable. Anaitis plagiata
L. (Treble Bar): Common everywhere. Epirrhoe alternata
Mull. (Common Carpet): Very common everywhere and quite
variable. One specimen close to ab. degenerata Haw. was taken
on 7.vii.74. Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff. (Shaded Pug): One
at light on 13.vi.74. This specimen is rather smaller than usual.
Baynes says not uncommon. E. pulchellata ssp. hebudium
Sheldon (Foxglove Pug): Common. Specimens in general rather
smaller than usual. This subspecies is prevalent in West Cork
and Kerry. £. exiguata Hiibn. (Mottled Pug): One at light
on 17.v.74. Baynes and Donovan said common. E. venosata
Fab. (Netted Pug): One at light on 19.vi.74. Baynes says fairly
common on coasts. E. absinthiata Clerck (Wormwood Pug):
Not uncommon. Baynes says very common. &E. tripunctaria
H.-Sch. (White-spotted Pug): From a larva found on 1.1x.73
a male emerged on 4.v.74. This specimen was of a form similar
to examples of a “dusky race”’ taken at Ummera in Co. Cork
(Donovan collection). This specimen has, unfortunately, been
destroyed. Several rather worn pugs taken at light during the
year may have been this species but I did not keep them.
According to Baynes, Donovan did not get this species in Co.
Cork. The series mentioned above is in the British Museum
(Natural History). E. vulgata Haw. (Common Pug): Uncom-
mon at light in early June. Baynes says very common. E. casti-
gata Hiibn. (Grey Pug): Common. E. icterata ssp. fulvata Haw.
(Tawny-speckled Pug): One at light on 13.viii.74. Baynes says
moderately common. Eupithecia nanata ssp. angusta Prout
(Narrow-winged Pug): Two at light on 20.viii.74. Baynes says
common in heathery districts. E. virgaureata Doubl. (Goiden-
fod Pug): A few at light in late July. Baynes says fairly com-
mon. Chloroclystis rectangulata L. (Green Pug): One at light
on 9.vii.74. Baynes says very common. C. coronata Hibn. (The
V-pug): Not uncommon. A fairly fresh specimen was taken

254 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

on 22.xi.73. Gymnoscelis pumilata Hiibn. (Double-striped
Pug): Common. Acasis_ viretata Hibn. (Yellow-barred
Brindle): Two at light on 9.iv.74. Donovan said frequent in
S.W. Ireland. Baynes gives Glengariff (H. C. Huggins) and
Ballylicky (P. P. Graves) as Cork localities. Trichopteryx
carpinata Borkh. (Early Tooth-striped): Not common. Oporinia
dilutata Schiff. (November Moth): Common. Some fine
examples of ab. disjuncta Lempke turned up. This form is
known from Ummera, Co. Cork (Donovan collection). Oper-
ophtera brumata L. (Winter Moth): Fairly common. Specimens
rather dark.

Ennominae

Abraxas grossulariata L. (The Magpie): Common. Loma-
aspilis marginata L. (Clouded Border): Common. Bapta
temperata Schiff. (Clouded Silver): Common. Deilinia pusaria
L. (Common White Wave): Rather scarce and irregular.
Baynes says common. D. exanthemata Scop. (Common Wave):
Fairly common everywhere. Baynes says less common than
pusaria. Anagoga pulveraria L. (Barred Uumber): Not infre-
quent in late May and early June. Donovan regarded it as
scarce and did not give Co. Cork. Baynes gives Glengariff,
rather scarce (H. C. Huggins). Ellopia fasciaria L. (Barred
Red): Several at light in July. Baynes says not uncommon.
Mr. Huggins has found that it wanders considerably. Campaea
margaritata L. (Light Emerald): Two at light—1 and
16.vii.74. Both were about the size of O. sambucaria L. Baynes
says fairly common. Ennomos quercinaria Hufn. (August
Thorn): Three at light—18, 20 and 30.viii.74. Baynes says
abundant. My specimens agree with Mr. Huggins’s statement
that Irish specimens are more tawny and larger than English
ones. Deuteronomos alniaria L. (Canary-shouldered Thorn):
Very scarce. Baynes says not uncommon. Donovan gave Co.
Cork. Selenia bilunaria Esp. (Early Thorn): Very common.
First generation from late January-early May. Second genera-
tion from mid July to late August. First generation very
variable; second generation less so. Gonodontis bidentata
Clerck (Scalloped Hazel): Common. Colotois pennaria L.
(Feathered Thorn): Not uncommon. Crocallis elinguaria L.
(Scalloped Oak): Common. Ourapteryx sambucaria L.
(Swallow-tailed Moth): Common. Bright lemon-yellow form
frequent. This form is also recorded from Glengariff in Co.
Cork and Dingle, Co. Kerry (H. C. Huggins). Opisthograptis
luteolata L. (The Brimstone Moth): Common. Epione repan-
daria Hufn. (Bordered Beauty): Fairly common in very damp
places. Baynes says locally not uncommon. He gives Bishops-
town (Dr. J. Fisher) and Glengariff (Huggins) as Co. Cork
records. Pseudopathera macularia L. (Speckled Yellow):
Locally not uncommon. Erannis defoliaria Clerck (Mottled
Umber): One at light on 30.xi.73. Baynes says common. Biston
strataria Hufn. (Oak Beauty): A few at light in March and
April. Baynes says scarce and sporadic. Donovan gave Co.
Cork. B. betularia L. (The Peppered Moth): Very common.

A YEAR IN CO. CORK 255

Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. (Willow Beauty): One at light on
20.vili.74. ‘““Common’”—Baynes. Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn.
(Brussel’s Lace): Six at light—22.vi (one), 6 (three), 12 (one)
and 16.vii.74 (one). Baynes says not uncommon. The greenish-
grey ground colour showed some variation in shade. Alcis
jubata Thunb. (Dotted Carpet): From a list of species collected
by Mr. Blokland in West Cork, B. J. Lempke noted two males
and one female of this species taken from Leap on 21.vii.72
(see Ent. Rec. 86: 169). I can only add that I failed to find it
there. The only other Irish record is Killarney, Co. Kerry, on
26.v1.41 (Mrs. G..E. Lucas). A. repandata L. (Mottled Beauty):
Common and very variable in colour, range of markings and
size. Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff. (Small Engrailed): Not
uncommon in late May and June. Baynes says not very com-
mon. Mr. Huggins says not common. It is however widely
distributed in Ireland. Ematurga atomaria L. (Common Heath):
Not uncommon on Keamore Hill. Lithina chlorosata Scop.
(Brown Silver-line): Very common everywhere.

Zygaenidae

Zygaena filipendulae ssp. anglicola Tremewan (Six-spot
Burnet): Common in suitable places. Procris statices L. (The
Forester): One female at foot of Keamore Hill on 17.vii.74.
This specimen is of a brilliant bluish form. Baynes says not
uncommon locally. Kane gave Co. Cork. More recently
recorded from Glengariff where it is very local and of the usual
green form (H. C. Huggins).

References

Baynes, E. S. A. 1964. Revised Catalogue of Irish Macrolepidoptera.

Baynes, E. S. A. 1970. Supplement to a Revised Catalogue of Irish
Macrolepidoptera.

Lempke, B. J. 1974. Alcis jubata (Thunberg) in Ireland. Ent. Rec., 86:

169.
South, R. 1961. The Moths of the British Isles. Vols. 1 and 2.

THE CAMBERWELL Beauty (NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L.) IN KENT
In 1976. — At about 4.30 p.m. on 23rd August, I saw a Camber-
well Beauty near Shoreham, Kent. It was cruising up and down
a verge of beech and whitebeam but moved off after a short
while. — A. E. Aston, B.A., F.R.E.S., 15 Pickwick Road,
Dulwich Village, London, S.E.21.

SYNGRAPHA INTERROGATIONIS (L.) AGAIN IN SURREY. — On
the night of 10th//11th August, 1976 I had a fine male of
S. interrogationis in my garden light trap. It is of the conti-
nental form, and presumably came in with the prevailing east
wind. I had a previous capture here on 15th/16th August,
1964, when others were taken singly in Hants. and Norfolk.
We may hope that others may be reported in 1976, in which
the meteorological conditions seem so far to be more favour-
able for immigrants from the east than from the south-west. —
R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guild-
ford, GU5 OLE.

256 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

Northern Records of Some Stratiomyid Flies
By A. BRINDLE*

Many flies of the family Stratiomyidae are of striking
appearance but are often rare, or at least local, from collecting
experience. Their apparent rarity, however, as in other orders,
is partly due to the rarity of collectors, especially in Northern
England, and they are in reality much more widely distributed.
The distribution of most species in Oldroyd (1969) is excellent
and the status of each species is well expressed, but additional
records made over the past years have considerably increased
the known distribution of a number of species of Oxycera and
a few species of other genera. In the present paper the distri-
bution of the species as listed in Oldroyd (1969) is given first,
followed by the records and notes. The records are from speci-
mens in the Manchester Museum, except those shown by an
asterisk, which are from the records of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union: the vice-counties are given and the 10
kilometre square reference of each record is included where
known. Only the more recent records are included.

Oxycera pardalina Mg. Rare. Southern and western England:

Derby.
VC 58: Stockport, Cheshire, June, 1959, W. D. Hincks

(SJ(33)/88).
VC 59: Whalley, Lancs., 7.8.1975, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/73).
VC 59: Clitherhoe, Lancs., 27.6.1964, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/74).
VG'60: Higher. Hodder) Bridge: Wancs; +3)8.1975/.0A.
Brindle (SD(34)/64).
VC 60: Stonyhurst, Lancs., 18.6.1968 (reared), A.
Brindle (SD(34)/63).
VC 64: Whitewell (now Lancs.), 27.6.1964, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/64).

*VC 64: Austwick, Yorks, 16.7.1921, C. A. Cheetham
* VC 65: Bishopdale, Yorks., 6.8.1932, C. A. Cheetham
* VC 65: Mickley, Yorks., 5.8.1936, C. A. Cheetham

Occurs widely in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Although
often taken singly, it occurs frequently along the river Hodder
from Whitewell southwards: the larvae occur in hygropetricous
habitats, on wet algae-covered rocks or in mosses in such
habitats. 18 larvae were taken from a wet rock near Stonyhurst
on 1.5.1968, many adults being reared, whilst eight adults were
swept from moss and vegetation hanging from a high bank by
the Hodder on 3.8.1975. The species is very likely to occur
along other stretches of this and other rivers where limestone
and trickling water occur, such as along the river Wharfe in
Yorkshire and elsewhere. The records made by the late C. A.
Cheetham are included although the specimens have not been
checked, since there seems little doubt that these are correct.
In my experience, pardalina is the most frequently encountered
species of Oxycera, although formosa is also often taken.
* Manchester Museum, The University, Manchester.

NORTHERN RECORDS OF SOME STRATIOMYID FLIES 257

Neither can be regarded as common and both are more fre-
quently taken as larvae.
Oxycera pygmaea Fallen. Locally common. Southern England,
Scotland, Ireland.
VC 64: Malham Tarn, Yorks., 20.8.1955, 27.7.1956, A.
Brindle (SD(34)/86).
This has also been recorded by C. A. Cheetham from
VC 63 and other localities in VC 64, including other records
from Malham Tarn by H. M. Russell. “‘“Southern”’ in the distri-
bution should therefore be deleted.
Oxycera formosa Mg. Numerous but very local: Southern
England to Norfolk, Wales.
VC 59: Whalley, Lancs., 8.7.1957, 7.8.1975, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/73).
VC 64: Whitewell (now Lancs.), 23.7.1958, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/64).
This species occurs regularly in localities around Whalley
and Whitewell, where the larvae occur in mosses in limestone
rivulets or in hygropetricous habitats along with pardalina.
Like this latter species formosa is likely to be widely distributed
in Lancashire and Yorkshire where suitable habitats occur.
Oxycera dives Loew. Very rare. Scotland.

VC 62: Hole of Horcum, Yorks., 26.7.1937, H. Britten

(SE(44)/89).

VC 64: Whitewell (now Lancs.), 6.7.1954, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/64).

VC 64: Hubberholme, Yorks., 12.7.1975, Dr. Pickup
(SD(34)/97).

Another record from the Hole of Horcum by Britten is
in the records of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, together
with other records by Cheetham. This species seems likely to
be a local species extending from Northern England into
Scotland.

Oxycera pulchella Mg. Scattered distribution in southern

England and Wales.

VC 40: Oswestry, Shropshire, 18.7.1932, C. H. W. Pugh

* VC 62: Robin Hoods Bay, Yorks., J. M. Brown
(NZ(45)/90).
*VC 163: Barnsley,'*Yorks:; 14:7.1951, E.G.B:
(SE(44)/30).
* VC 63: Low Ellers, Yorks., August, 1973, P. Skidmore
VC 63: Hooten Pagnall, Yorks, 28.6.1975, J. H. Flint,

A. Brindle (SE(44)/40).
VC 64: Thieves Moss, Yorks., 13.5.1961 (larva), A.
Brindle (SD(34)/77).

Widely distributed in Yorkshire at least, but not common.
Two specimens were taken at Hooten Pagnall, and there are
two specimens from Oswestry. The record from Thieves Moss
is of a larva which was reared but the adult has been misplaced.
Thieves Moss is a fairly small marshy area, approached through
a natural “stile” in limestone at the end of Crummockdale,
near Austwick, the name referring to its alleged reputation

258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

as the site of former Yorkshire sheep-rustlers. It is also the
locality to which the late C. A. Cheetham took D. Bryce and
myself years ago in search of Tipula vafra Riedel (now limbata
Zett.), which was one of the many rarities Cheetham recorded
from the Austwick area. He recorded Oxycera nigripes Verrall
from Thieves Moss and a check on the specimen would be
useful.

Stratiomys potamida Mg. Infrequent in marshy areas of
southern England as far north as Warwickshire, North- ©
amptonshire and Huntingdonshire.

VC 40: Oswestry, Shropshire, 7.7.1929, C. H. W. Pugh

VC 58: Dunham Massey, Cheshire, June, 1967, H. L.
Burrows

VC 59: Pendle Hill End Bridge, Lancs., 13.2.1953 and
various dates to 9.3.1959 (larvae), A. Brindle

(SD(34)/84).

VC 59: Whalley, Lancs., 26.7.1970, 17.5.1971 (larvae),
A. Brindle (SD(34)/73).

VC 60: Hawes Water, Lancs., 4.7.1965, 27.7.1969, A.
Brindle (SD(34)/47).

VC 62: Robin Hoods Bay, Yorks., J. M. Brown
VC 63: Shireoaks, Yorks., 7.6.1947, C. A. Cheetham

The distribution should be extended northwards to and
including Lancashire and Yorkshire. The adults are not often
seen, but the larvae occurred regularly in a small marsh (map
reference SD(34)/811427) on grassy moorland, near to the
south-east of Pendle Hill in North-east Lancashire. Although
the site was unusual, being at an altitude of 1,000 ft., the marsh
was alkaline and near a stream. The larvae were first found
when searching for Tipula larvae, and sporadic sampling over
the years showed that the larvae were present in all months.
In 1957 an attempt was made to estimate the growth rate and
samples were taken on eight occasions, the highest number of
larvae found on any one occasion being 24. All were carefully
returned to the marsh, as further study on the colony was
intended. However, a few years later, during August, there
was a cloudburst on Pendle, and although the main flood water
came down the valley to the west, causing flooding in a small
town eight miles distant, sufficient water came down the south-
eastern stream to wash out the -marsh and leave a pile of
rubble. This has now been eroded and the marsh has returned
to a more normal appearance but so far Stratiomys has not
yet been found again.

The larvae at Whalley were found in alkaline mud near
a farm pond (map reference SD(34)/737364), and were again
turned up when searching for other larvae. In 1974, however,
the farmer destroyed the pond by tipping so that this locality
also seems to have gone.

In spite of this the species must exist in the area in other
localities and it is hoped to locate more sites.
Chorisops tibialis Mg. England and Wales from Yorkshire

south.

NORTHERN RECORDS OF SOME STRATIOMYID FLIES 259

VC 59: Freshfield, Lancs., 25.6.1962, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/20).
VC 60: Hawes Water, Lancs., 14.8.1975, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/47).
* VC 60: Storrs Moss, Lancs., 11.8.1957, P. Skidmore
(SD(34)/47).
VC 69: Witherslack, Cumbria, 19.7.1959, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/48).
VC 69: Coniston, Cumbria, 18.8.1957, A. Brindle
(SD(34)/39).
Add Cumbria and Lancashire to the distribution.
Pachygaster minutissima Zett. Very rare in British Isles, though
recorded from Somerset and again from Inverness-shire
and Wiltshire.
VC 59: Freshfield, Lancs., larvae very common under
pine bark, 2.6.1959, A. Brindle SD(34)/20.

This locality was near the end of Victoria Road, amongst
the older pine trees, inland from the Pine Tree Cafe. This cafe
formed the base of operations for one of the weeks of the
Freshfield Insect Survey in which the larvae of Pachygaster
were found, and was a well known place for visiting entomolo-
gists. The meals tended to be accompanied by a steady rain of
sawdust from the rafters, accompanied by the occasional
Anobium, and the cafe had to be shored up by timbers and
other barriers against the steady encroachment of the sea.
Attempts to obtain planning permission for a more inland site
were baulked by the usual procrastination by the authorities
until a winter gale some years ago took the cafe out to sea,
where it presumably foundered, Anobium-riddled rafters and
all. The actual locality is not in the present reserve, but there
are sufficient aged pines to provide more Pachygaster.

Acknowledgements are due to Mr. P. Skidmore for the
records from the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union cards, and to
Mr. J. H. Flint whose comments on the published distribution
of Oxycera prompted the present paper.

REFERENCE
Oldroyd, H. (1969). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 9 (Part 4): 1-132.

MirIS STRIATUS (HEM.: MIRIDAE) IN SUFFOLK. — A single
example of this large and conspicuous bug was swept from a
beech tree at Shrubland Park, Barham, near Ipswich, Suffolk,
on 13th June, 1970 (TM 118533).

Southwood and Leston (1959, Land and Water Bugs Brit.
Isles: 287) record M. striatus as extremely local in the south
of England. Although the species has previously been recorded
for Suffolk, there appear to be few records. Mr. A. A. Allen (in
litt.) informs me that he has only taken two examples of this
species and that it is certainly usually rare—at least as an adult.

I thank Lord de Saumarez for kindly allowing me to study
on his estate at Barham. — Davin RiIpLey NAsH, 266 Col-
chester Road, Lawford, near Manningtree, Essex, CO11 2BU.

260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

Summer 1976 — A Preliminary Review of the Effects
on Lepidoptera of the Long Drought, Based on
Light Trap Records

By E. H. WiLp*

This year has seen climatic conditions never before
experienced by entomologists in this country since before the
days of Moses Harris. A preliminary account of some of my
own observations to date, based mainly on trap results in my ~
garden at Selsdon, near Croydon, will, I hope, encourage
others to give further details of this extraordinary summer.
Results fall into four categories: The numbers of species which
rarely, or never, produce second broods, that have done so this
year: Very early dates of emergence: Evidence that continuous
high day and night tempartures have caused species to wander
far from their usual habitats: The very large numbers of some
species, especially in the second broods, and the surprising
absence of others.

1. Cupidio minimus (Fuessly) rarely produces a second
brood in England and when it does numbers are small. The
small and erratic colony at Addington showed a strong emer-
gence on 27th July with over 40 counted in mint condition, as
I crossed their habitat.

Agrotis exclamationis (L.) occasionally throws up a small
second brood. This year it appeared in the trap for the first
time on 15th May, reached its peak in the first week of July
(average 533 per night) and numbers dropped to two or three
by the end of the month. By the 6th August fresh specimens
arrived and by the third week were steady in the sixties. Last
year only two were seen after July.

Laothoe populi (L.) reappeared fresh on Sth August and
there have been 14 others to date (23rd August).

Lucania pallens (L.). Total trap figures for the first brood
were 214 (7th June-17th July). They reappeared again on 7th
August and up to the 23rd have totalled 2,643. This is rather
astonishing in view of the poor condition of grasses since June.

Other species that have had small second generations are
Ourapteryx sambucaria (L.) (19th to 23rd August), Eupithicia
pulchellata (Stephens) (22nd August and continuing), Caradrina
morpheus (Hufnagel) (two on 21st August) and Polychrisia
moneta (Fabricius) (19th and 2\ist August).

2. Very early dates for some autumnal species are:
Catocala nupta (L.), 18th July; Amphipyra pyramidea (L.),
Sth July; A. tragopoginis (Clerck), 16th July; Citria lutea
(Strém.), 15th August and Acleris cristana (D. & S.), 15th
June.

3. Wanderers that have shown up include Argynnis adippe
(L.) on my buddleia on 6th July. Calamotropha paludella
(Hiibn.) (Sth July) and Nonagria sparganii (Esper) (23rd
August). I do not know of any of their foodplants locally.
The first is I believe a new record for this side of Surrey, while
* 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon, Surrey, CR2 8EF.

PRELIMINARY REVIEW OF THE EFFECTS ON LEPIDOPTERA 261

the second is an addition to the Croydon list of Evans and
Evans. On 26th June an unexpected visitor was Apetele alni
(L.). I have written elsewhere of the Calimorpha dominula (L.)
seen by Dr. Mcnulty and me at Abinger Hammer. On the
debit side there have been no Sphinx ligustri (L.) this year in
Selsdon where it is usually common.

4. The numbers of insects in the trap this year have been
incredible. From the 25th June to Sth July the average per
night was 1,308. Maximum 1,640, minimum 1,069. Prior to this
the 1,000 level has only been passed on four nights in the last
five years. On the 26th June 113 species of macro were recorded
The average species per night for the above dates was 89. A
comparison with the last two years is revealing:

June July
1974 ... wi 1 4,475 4,479
EONS oe 2 Les ISS 7,896
1976: 3 ... 14,108 133755

Bearing in mind the mild winter, the old adage ““That a
mild winter yields a poor season to follow’’, is not true in this
case. It is probably true that moth populations are usually much
greater than we imagine in the lean years and that it only
needs the right flying conditions to bring them out. In June,
1973 my trap totals for the month were 5,468, of which 2,638
were recorded on the night of 26th (the record for my garden).
On that night the lowest temperature was 69°F. and the R.H.
96%

Readers will remember that on some nights this year
collecting in woodlands was all but impossible after about
23.30 hours because of the sheer volume of insects. We shall
pay for it next year as we count the cost of colonies and species
destroyed by fire. How much of our heathlands will never
recover but will be taken over by that horrid bracken?

A New ForM OF CERCOPIS VULNERATA ILL. (HEMIPTERA-
Homoptera: CICADOIDEA). —In May of 1975, while in the
Cranleigh area of Surrey, I found a small number of a new
form of C. vulnerata with grey-brown and black markings
instead of the usual red and black. One of these specimens was
sent to Dr. W. J. Le Quesne who confirmed that, to the best
of his knowledge, it had not been previously recorded; this
specimen has now been lodged with the British Museum
(Natural History). Also in this area was a pink and black
form.

I returned to the same area this June, 1976, and found
both the brown form and the pink intermediate form, in both
sexes, from an area covering a + square mile. On this visit I
collected a number of females and have set up individual cages
to begin looking at the genetics of this new form and am now
waiting until spring and, hopefully, the next generation.

If anyone has come across these forms before I would
very much appreciate hearing about them.— DIANNE O.
Gipson, High Close, Thorsway, Wirral, Merseyside, L48 2JJ.

262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76
A NOTE FROM THE REGISTRAR

In the best interests of The Record, it is time that my
tasks were taken over by a younger man or men, and I would
be most pleased to hear from anyone willing to undertake part
or all of my jobs.

The most important, and possibly the most difficult to deal
with, is to find someone willing and able to house our stock
of back issues, which occupy a wall of my garage. Someone
in the London area or home counties would be most suitable
for this. I would be pleased to hand over my shelves and wall
brackets.

Then there is the addressing of the envelopes: I have an
Addressograph machine and address plates for the greater part
of the list of subscribers. This machine I would pass over to
The Record for the use of the person undertaking this task.
With the addressing, it would be most satisfactory if the person
undertaking this task would also deal with the list of sub-
scribers and their addresses, so that the Treasurer could keep
him advised of the subscribers who are up-to-date with their
subscriptions. Packing and posting would also fit in so that
issues could be despatched with a minimum of delay when
received from the printer. It has been my custom to collect
the issues from the printer as soon as I am informed that they
are ready, but, although advantageous, this is not essential.

With regard to the keeping of the address list I would
point out that entomologists seem to show a very high degree
of the migratory instinct, and I have always said that I would
write a paper on the migration of entomologists as soon as
I would perceive a pattern in this habit, but so far, it has always
seemed to be haphazard, and no pattern has shown up.

Finally, and possibly the easiest to fulfil, is the task of
finding someone to undertake the compiling of the “Contents”
portion of the index. The Special Index is in excellent hands
and no change is at present considered.

Please do not read into this note that there are any doubts
about my health, but the years pass and I will be celebrating
my eightieth birthday in November. There is a wise Chinese
proverb which says: “‘Make haste, it is later than you think”.
I have every right to expect to see several more volumes of
The Record, and to be able to give my successors any helpful
advice, should they ask for it. —S.N.A.J.

Current Literature

The Classification of European Butterflies by L. G. Higgins.

313 pp. with 700 line drawings by the author. William Collins

Sons & Co. Ltd. Glasgow. £7.50.

This is essentially a companion volume to the Field Guide
to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe by Higgins and Riley.
For the first time, figures of the male genitalia of all species
and subspecies are given and in most cases the chromosome
numbers.

CURRENT LITERATURE 263

_The introduction discusses the history of Taxonomy and
reviews the present concept of the Species and Subspecies.
Characters used in classification are listed, illustrated and
described.

In the main section, devoted to Systematics, all taxa are
defined and keyed. For each species and subspecies the range
is given, genitalia figured, and there is a page reference to the
Field Guide.

The author has found it necessary to revise the Genera of
some species from those given in Kloet and Hincks (1972).
For example, napi and rapae are removed from Pieris and
returned to Artogeia Verity, because of distinct differences in
the shape of Androconial scales, genitalia and cromosome
number. For like reasons, cardui reverts to Vanessa and the
genus Argynnis is split, lathonia returns to Issoria, adippe to
Fabriciana, and aglaja to Mesoacidalia. In all such cases the
splitting of the “lumps” seems well justified.

Instructions on preparation of the genitalia, a useful
glossary, and an excellent bibliography, with references to
original descriptions of more recent taxa, are given.

The book is well printed, indexed, and tastefully bound. —

Moths of Southern Africa by E. C. G. Pinhey. x + 273 pp. +
63 coloured plates. Tafelberg Publications Ltd., Cape
Town. £30.00.

The scope of this book is to deal with the moths found in
Africa south of the Zambesi and Kuene rivers, though many
of the species are to be found north of these rivers as well,
and some are cosmopolitan.

Chapter 1 is self explanatory under its title Characteristics
and Biology, and is illustrated by excellent drawings of
anatomic details, neuration, larvae, pupae and settling attitudes
of several moths, also larvae and imagines of some species of
economic importance. The chapter finishes with a series of
drawings explanatory of genitalia structure.

Chapter 2 gives a short note on collecting and preparing
insects, while Chapter 3, headed Identification and Classifica-
tion, gives a taxonomic arrangement of families.

Chapters 4 to 10 deal with sub-orders included in each
title, followed by secondary keys to the families. The genera
of these families are then dealt with with mention of the type
species and literature references. The species follow with serial
numbers running throughout the book which refer to the plate
figures which are similarly numbered with a rough description
and a note on larval habits and distribution. In all, 1,183 species
are dealt with in this manner, and are well selected to represent
their genera.

The plates are mainly very good, but some fall short of
this, mainly where white or pale coloured species are con-
cerned, and of course, the illustration of the smaller micro-
lepidoptera at natural size is not very satisfactory where a

264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

screen, however fine, is used. However, these faults are few,
and even where determination at species level may not always
be practical, at least a very good attempt to place the subject
genetically may be expected. An explanation of each plate
appears on the page opposite.

The text is followed by a glossary, an index to some pests,
a list of host plants, eight pages of literature references, and
a general index.

The large quarto book is strongly bound in cloth boards ~
and is very well printed on good quality paper. It follows a
strong movement in southern Africa to put on record as much
as possible of the natural history of the region, and as such
is extremely welcome, and could well find a place in all libraries
carrying a natural history section, while it could be a magni-
ficent addition to private bookshelves. It is useful to both
scientific and not so scientific naturalists. —$.N.A.J.

Notes and Observations

INACHIS 10 L.: A SECOND Broop? — On 26th September,
1976, after an interval of quite six weeks, I saw a Peacock in
the garden here. It was a warm day with over 70°F. in the
shade. It looked quite fresh and I suspected it came from a
second emergence in this remarkable year. Evidence for this
theory is supported by the finding in early September by Dr.
Holmes, near Bordon, Hants., of full-fed larvae which have
since pupated. —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Shores
Road, Horsell, Woking, Surrey.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.): CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN SURREY.
—A rather worn specimen was caught by 13-year-old Sean
Clancy, a member of the Grosvenor Young Naturalists’s
Society, in the cemetery of Carshalton parish church on 3rd
September, 1976. The identification was checked by Mr. F. C.
Brown, the President, who has sent me the record. For Surrey,
this adds to the mention in “The Times” of 4th September of
two sightings at Guildford and one at Richmond, and another,
in July, at Godalming. News of further Surrey records would
be welcome. —R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green,
Bramley, Guildford, Surrey, GUS OLE.

AN INVASION OF ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA L. (MAGPIE
Morn). — During the only spell of hot dry calm weather we
had in the Hebrides, Ist-9th July, a quite abnormal catch of
the Magpie Moth in the m.v. trap occurred. The figures were
July 2nd, 3rd, 4th, nil; July 5th, trap not on; July 6th, 46 A.
grossulariata; 7th, trap not on; 8th, only three; 9th, only one.
Then the weather broke.

The moth was noticed in the garden on 5th July and again
in numbers there on the 6th and 7th, often flying in the day-
time.

Forty-six specimens in the trap on one night (and the trap
only on until 1.30 a.m.) is quite unprecedented here; the

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 265

highest total number taken in a whole summer previously was
only 21, in 1968. Mr. P. Corkhill, Nature Conservancy Warden
for the Isle of Rum, writes me (15th July) that the moth had
been very plentiful there for the previous two or three weeks,
and that he had observed a very dense emergence along the
cliffs of N. Harris in 1975. However, I doubt if the very large
number captured on Canna in the trap on 6th July this year
originated on Rum, because they did not appear to be the
heather-bred type, also the Head Lightkeeper on Heisker,
which is ten miles away in the Minch, reports seeing ‘‘quite
a number” of Magpie Moths there on 4th and 5th July, and
Dr. H. J. MacLean tells me that a large number of them were
around on Eigg about the same time. I have been told the same
thing from Morar. — J. L. CAMPBELL, Isle of Canna, 31.vii.1976.

OECIACUS HIRUNDINIS (JENYNS) (HEM.: CIMICIDAE) IN
NorFo_k. — A single example of Oeciacus hirundinis (Jenyns)
was found in the nest of a House Martin on 18th June, 1971.
The nest had been collected from the wall of a cottage at
Croxton, near Thetford, Norfolk (TL 881866) two weeks
previously.

Southwood and Leston (1959, Land and Water Bugs Brit.
Isles: 187-8) record its distribution as “‘most English counties
south of a line from the Wash to the Bristol Channel”. Massee
(1955, Ent. mon. Mag., 91: 14) records it from Norfolk in his
county distribution of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera.
Despite this apparently wide distribution in the south, the bug
seems rarely to be recorded perhaps because its specialised
habitat is only rarely searched or perhaps because it is truly
scarce.

Southwood and Leston (op. cit.) state that in winter the
bugs generally retire from the nest into adjacent cracks and
remain there until spring. My specimen obviously found the
nest a satisfactory overwintering site. — Davip RIDLEY Nas,
266 Colchester Road, Lawford, near Manningtree, Essex.

CAMBERWELL BEAUTIES IN THE ISLE OF MAN IN 1976. —
Mrs. G. Solly and Mr. D. J. Slinn, of the Marine Biological
Station, Port Erin, report seeing a Camberwell Beauty (Nym-
phalis antiopa L.) in the former’s garden at Ballasalla on 20th
August. It was first spotted at about 6.20 p.m. on a buddleia
bush where it remained in full view for some 40 minutes. It
reappeared there about 11 a.m. on the following day, but
shortly after flew off in an easterly direction. Another Camber-
well Beauty was seen at buddleia at about 10.30 a.m. on 2Ist
August at Onchan (some nine miles from Ballasalla as the
crow flies) by Mr. A. Daugherty. Finally, a third (?) butterfly
was found drowned in a water tank at Douglas Head by Mr.
J. Wood on 24th August. These are the first examples of this
species to be seen in the Island since 1947. — Dr. L. S. GaRRaD,
The Manx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man.

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (CATOCALA FRAXINI L.) AND
OTHER IMMIGRANTS IN NORFOLK IN 1976. — Following a long
hot summer, the weather in Norfolk finally broke on 28th
August. Very strong east winds for two days preceded a torren-
tial rainstorm. At M.V. light on the east Norfolk coast, on
28th/29th August, appeared a single fresh Catocala fraxini
L. with a single Lithomoia solidaginis (Hiibn.). There were also
two Eurois occulta (L.), with further occulta before and after
this date, numbering twelve in all. A further C. fraxini was -
photographed alive, and released, three miles away, by Dr.
E. A. Ellis. There have also been numerous sightings (per
E.A.E.) of Nymphalis antiopa L. throughout Norfolk at this
time, and these records demonstrate a migration from northern
Europe. — Dr. T. N. D. Peet, 78 Oakley Street, London,
S.W.3.

FURTHER REPORTS OF MANX CAMBERWELL BEAUTIES IN
1976. — Between 12 noon and | p.m. on 22nd August, one
was seen at Blue Point flying east (i.e. along the coast) by Mrs.
S. Kelly. On 24th August, one was seen at the Garey
(SC421949) by Mrs. and Master Collister. There was also a
report by Mr. E. Hudson of an insect seen at Langness on the
afternoon of 22nd August, conceivably that seen by Mrs. Solly
on 20th and 2Ist, some four miles away at Ballasalia. — Dr.
L. S. Garrap, The Manx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN CHESHIRE. — At 2.30 p.m.
on 21st August, a hot sunny day, I was very excited to see a
specimen of this magnificent species appear as if from nowhere
and fly swiftly across our front garden, and being very
interested in butterflies I immediately recognised it as a Cam-
berwell Beauty, an insect I had never seen before and never
really expected to. — PHILIP GrOvES (age 12), 4 Holmwood
Drive, Heswall, Wirral, Merseyside, 25.ix.76.

XANTHIA CITRAGO (L.) IN WEST Ross (V.C. 105). — Recent
papers (Ent. Rec., 81: 168-172 and 88: 1-11) indicate that
Xanthia citrago is spreading in eastern and north-east Scotland.
I have not seen any record for its occurrence in west Scotland.
It is therefore of interest to record that I took a larva of this
species feeding on planted lime alongside a Forestry Com-
mission plantation near Plockton, West Ross, on 3rd June,
1976. A fine male duly emerged on Ist August, 1976. — Dr.
NevIL_e L. Birkett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, nr. Kendal.

TUDDENHAM, SUFFOLK — East or WEST? A PLEA.—A
number of records of insects have appeared in the entomo-
logical journals with the locality cited as ‘“Tuddenham,
Suffolk’’. It is not perhaps widely known that there are two
places in Suffolk named Tuddenham. One is near the south-

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 267

western corner of Breckland, close to Barton Mills (TL 737715)
and is in West Suffolk, whilst the other is near Ipswich
(TM 190484) and is in East Suffolk. Both localities have a
stream running through them; that in the west has a well-
known Heath; that in the east has some sandpits. It is, there-
fore, almost certain that some of the same species will be found
in both localities. With mapping schemes in progress based
on the National Grid 10 km. squares, it would seem essential
for workers to clearly specify which Tuddenham is involved
when reporting their captures, etc. Because of the popularity
of the Breck with collectors, it would seem likely that the
majority of the published records to date are referrable to the
West Suffolk locality. I have my own unpublished records for
Tuddenham, East Suffolk. — Davin RipLey NAsu, 266 Col-
chester Road, Lawford, near Manningtree, Essex.

NOLA AERUGULA (HUBNER) AND OTHER INTERESTING OCCUR-
RENCES AT DOVER. — On the night of 18th/19th July, 1976 I
found a specimen of Nola aerugula (Hubner, 1793)=centonalis
(Hiibner, 1796): Scarce Black Arches, in my mercury vapour
trap in my garden. The specimen is predominantly white, the
cross bands on the forewing being pale but the raised scales
are black and show up well, giving the appearance of black
dots.

Another interesting visitor to the trap this year was a
Calophasia lunula (Hufnagel) on 30th July, 1976. This is about
28 miles from its headquarters at Dungeness. It is perhaps
therefore spreading eastward along the coast.

It is also worth recording that I saw a Vanessa atalanta
(Linn.): Red Admiral in the garden on 20th March this year.
Hibernated or visitor? —-GrorGe H. Youpen, 18 Castle
Avenue, Dover.

Buiair’s Mocua (CYCLOPHORA PUPPILLARIA HUBNER) IN
Kent. — I took a female of this rare geometer in my m.v. trap
at West Wickham on 30th July, 1976. The specimen being
somewhat worn, I showed it to Mr. D. S. Fletcher who agreed
with the determination. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUuNT.

A GYNANDROMORPH OF ARGYNNIS PAPHIA (L.) IN SURREY.
—On 4th August, 1976 I caught a complete gynandromorph
of A. paphia in a west Surrey wood, the left side being wholly
male and the right wholly female. Unfortunately it is much
worn, the emergence of the species there having begun this
year in late June. Tattered females were still very numerous
on 4th August, but only three males were seen; the main
attraction was the flowers of Brown Knapweed (Centaurea
nemoralis). My attention was drawn to the gynandromorph
because it was flirting and attempting to pair with an ordinary
female, also very worn, which seemed to welcome its attentions.
Frohawk (‘British Butterflies’, p. 116) figures a gynandro-
morph from the New Forest, but says that it is always looked
upon as of great rarity. —R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill,
Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, GUS OLE.

268 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

CYDIA PRUNIVORANA (RAGONOT) = LOBARZEWSKII SENS.
AucT. (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE) BRED. — At Farningham, Kent, on
3lst August, 1975, I picked some yellow plums containing
what I thought would be larvae of Cydia funebrana
(Treitschke). A few days later there emerged from these plums
two full-grown larvae of a pale greyish-brown with greyish
spots, head light brown, anal plate dark brown, and in appear-
ance very different from the larva of funebrana, which is
scarlet and has a black head. The two larvae were given rotten .
wood into which to bore, and on 9th and 10th June, 1976, a
male and female emerged of what I believed to be C. pruni-
vorana (Ragonot) and this Dr. J. D. Bradley kindly confirmed
for me.

C. prunivorana was first added to the British List in 1958,
on the basis of a single specimen that the late T. G. Edwards
and S. Wakely took at light on 27th June, 1957, at Lydd-on-
Sea, Kent (cf. Edwards and Wakely, Ent. Rec., 70: 70-71, pit.
II, figs. 1-2). As long ago as 1922, however, H. C. Huggins
took two moths near Sittingbourne, Kent, which Edward
Meyrick misidentified as Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli) =
woeberiana (D. & S.) but which were in fact prunivorana (cf.
Huggins, Ent. Rec., 70: 71-73). These five specimens are as yet
the only British prunivorana known. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUnT.

THE Gypsy Motu (LYMANTRIA DISPAR L.) in 1976.—During
the afternoon of 18th August, 1976, Patrick Fleet, a Basing-
stoke schoolboy, took a female L. dispar in good condition on
a tree in the gardens near Bournemouth Pier. When he showed
it to me, still alive, on the 22nd I was able to confirm the
identification. —L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green,
Minstead, Hants.

A NoTE ON IDAEA HUMILIATA (Huen.). — As I was driving
up through France during the early hours of the morning of
the 20th June, 1976, I intended to stop for coffee and do a
quick bit of collecting at dawn, wherever I happened to be
at that time. A suitable spot, a large lay-by 18 km. S. of
Joinville, Haute-Marne, was found at about 03.45 G.M.T.

I was very pleased to find that the commonest moth was
Idaea humiliata (Hufn.), the Isle of Wight Wave. In his brief
summary of the British history of this species in his splendid
book, The Butterflies & Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of
Wight (1974), Barry Goater writes that “it would seem that
peculiar weather conditions are required to bring it in reach
of the entomologist’s net’? and that it has not been seen in
its traditional locality since July, 1931.

In light of the above, perhaps a visit to the locality early
one fine warm morning in late June/early July next year might
prove its continued survival in Britain. If your luck is really
in, you might also discover a new locality for Psamathocrita
osseella (Stt.) in the bargain! (Ent Gaz., 25: 302-303).

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 269

Among other species on the wing with humiliata were a
few Monochroa tenebrella (Hibn.), Epiblema uddmanniana
(Linn.), a Dichrorampha sp. close to flavidorsana Knaggs and
a ? Coleophora gryphipennella (Hiibn.), gen. det. S.E.W. A
worn specimen of Choristoneura hebenstreitella (Miill.) was
also found sitting on a hawthorn leaf. —S. E. WuHITEBREAD,
Hofackerstr. 7, CH-4132 MUTTENZ, Switzerland.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) IN NORFOLK, AUGUST—SEPTEMBER,
1976. — Not since 1872 has there been such a noteable influx
of Camberwell Beauty butterflies as has occurred in Norfolk
this year, following a similarly hot, dry summer. First reports
came from Wells and Weybourne on the north Norfolk coast,
21st August, and during the week following further examples
were spotted at Wiveton, Blakeney, High Kelling, East Runton,
Holme, Sea Palling, Winterton, Caister, Great Yarmouth,
Burgh Castle, Horning and on the north part of the Suffolk
coast at Pakefield, Reydon and Southwold. In the following
week specimens were observed again on the coast at Wells and
Sheringham, while there were inland records from Honing,
Tacolneston, Horstead and Surlingham. In addition, single
specimens were noted at Larling and Thetford in the Breckland
area. The butterflies were seen associated mainly with rotting
fruits (apples and plums and ripe blackberries), while one was
attracted by red gooseberry wine in the process of bottling.
In two instances the flowers of Buddleia proved an attraction
and one insect came into a house while the occupiers were at
breakfast. — Dr. E. A. ELtis, Wheatfen Broad, Surlingham,
Norfolk, 8.ix.1976.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) IN 1976.—-In the Readers’ Letters
columns of The Times (31.viii-4.ix) are recorded 20 sightings
of the Camberwell Beauty, most of which are for August. The
earliest of these it seems is of a butterfly seen on 18th July at
Gardie on the Island of Brassay, Shetland. Two other July
sightings are for Petworth, Sussex and Godalming, Surrey.
Elsewhere the insect was observed near Alstonfield, Dovedale;
Stiffkey Meals, Norfolk; Guildford (two sightings) and Rich-
mond, Surrey; Harrold, Bedfordshire; High Wycombe, Bucks.;
Little Hadham, Herts.; Lynmouth, Devon; Sandwich and
Walmer, Kent; Skipton, Yorks.; Snape, Suffolk; Gardenstown,
Banffshire; Colchester and Beeleigh, near Maldon, Essex; and
Gloucester. — J.M.C.-H.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) AND OTHER IMMIGRANTS IN THE
EASTBOURNE DISTRICT IN 1976.— A Camberwell Beauty was
caught by Mr. Mark Parsons at King’s Avenue on 23rd August.
Two Colias croceus (Geoffroy) have been seen here: the first
was on the Rodmill Estate about 6th August, and the second
in Tutts Barn Lane about 27th August. On Ist August I saw
a single C. hyale (L.) (or it may have been C. australis Verity)
flying in King’s Drive. — Mark HADLEY, 7 Beverington Close,
Eastbourne, Sussex, BN21 2SB.

270 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

COSMOPTERIX DRURELLA (FABRICIUS) IN DORSET IN 1976,
NOT C. SCHMIDIELLA FREY: A CORRECTION. — In Ent Rec., 88:
182, I erroneously recorded having taken C. schmidiella Frey.
On re-examining the specimen after it was set, doubt arose in
my mind that it might be referable to C. drurella (Fabricius)=
orichalcea Stainton, a species it closely resembles, and on
submitting the moth to Dr. Bradley he kindly confirmed my
suspicions.

C. drurelia was first discovered in Dorset in 1892, when:
O. Pickard-Cambridge swept two moths in Bere Wood “at a
considerable elevation, and on a chalk soil’. O.P.-C. found it
again in 1894, this time in abundance “in a swampy spot on
the heath’? near Bloxworth (cf. Entomologist, 25: 195, 28: 88);
and according to W. Parkinson Curtis (teste S. C. S. Brown in
litt.) it occurred at the latter place subsequently on more than
one occasion. Until 1976, however, apparently no drurella had
been seen in Dorset for many years. Within recent times it
seems the species had only been found in Cambridgeshire
where, in 1968, it was rediscovered by Col. Emmet at Wicken
Fen under rather curious circumstances (cf. Ent. Rec., 890:
227-228). I am much indebted to Mr. S. C. S. Brown for
information on the occurrence of drurella in Dorset. — J. M.
CHALMERS-HUnT.

COLIAS CROCEUS (GEOFFROY) AND MYTHIMNA VITELLINA
(HuBNER) IN SOUTH WALES IN 1976. — Between 24th and 26th
August, I saw thee C. croceus near Pembroke and a fourth
example at Barry, Glamorgan; and at St. Govan’s Head, Pem-
brokeshire, I took a single M. vitellina at light. — BERNARD
SKINNER, 85 Elder Road, West Norwood, London, SE27 9NB.

AGRIUS CONVOLVULI (L.) AT BATHEASTON. — On the even-
ings of 14th, 15th and 16th August, 1976, I recorded the
Convolvulus Hawk Moth here in my garden feeding on
Nicotiana (Sweet tobacco). It is interesting to note that the
moth (or moths) came at precisely 10 minutes past 8 each
evening. — BryAN W. Moore, Church Cottage, Batheaston,
Bath.

HEMARIS FUCIFORMIS LINN. IN Hants.—In 1973 I reported
(Ent. Rec., 85:203) that Mr. Robin Fletcher had seen and
photographed fuciformis in his Linwood garden. He tells me
that in late July and early August of this year both he and his
neighbour, Mr. Eric Ashby, well known for his films of New
Forest wild life, have seen a number of fuciformis in their
gardens. On 13th August Mr. Fletcher noticed them flying as
late as 7.30 p.m. There is also a reliable report that several
have been seen in late July at Picket Hill, Ringwood, which is
two miles from Linwood. I know of no record of a second
brood of this species, and it seems unlikely that it was a late
emergence, especially this year when most species have
emerged so early. —L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green,
Minstead, Hants.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 27h

COLOCASIA CORYLI L. F. MELANOTICA HAVERKAMPF AT
WOKING. — It was indeed a surprise to find here on the night
of 12th July, 1976 the well-known melanic form of the Nut-tree
Tussock which is now so prevalent in the Chilterns and repre-
sents quite a high proportion of the whole population there.
But so far as I am aware it has seldom been seen outside that
region. In fact the only specimen in the series in the RCK
collection in the British Museum (Natural History) which
comes from outside the area is from Aldenham in Hertford-
shire, not far from Tring where the form apparently was first
taken in 1910. A further example appeared here on the night
of 15th July, thus indicating that it may have become estab-
lished at Woking. It would be of interest to know if. this
melanic form is substantially spreading its range or if any other
information can throw light on this phenomenon. — C. G. M.
DE Worms, Three Oaks, Horsell, Woking.

LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI (BOISD.), DICHONIA AREOLA (ESP.)
AND OTHER MOTHS FLYING IN WINTER IN MILD WEATHER. — Of
Mr. D. W. H. ffennell’s stimulating observations in S. Spain
(1976, Ent. Rec., 88: 157-158), the capture in early February
there of Lithophane leautieri Boisduval raises perhaps the
most interesting question, in my opinion. It will be recalled
that Kettlewell (1957, Entomologist, 90: 1-8) showed how this
species (there referred to L. lapidea (Hiibn.)) lays its ova in
autumn in England and the larvae hatch in early spring, unlike
most of its congeners which hibernate and mature sexually in
spring. To my knowledge there has only been one record of
the species flying in the early part of the year, namely that of
E. & H. Urbahn (1968, Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel, 18 (1x): 115) of
the capture of L. leautieri subsp. sabinae Hiibn.-G. at about
2,000 m. in May 1967 at Crans, Switzerland. I wrote to C.
Boursin asking his opinion on this remarkable record and he
replied (in litt. 12.xi.1968) “‘Urbahn’s record appears to me
improbable. No one has ever taken this species in spring,
especially in May; it is univoltine and flies in October, Novem-
ber, December. If the record is correct it is very curious”’.
Further observations on the life history of the species in S.
Spain are therefore to be desired, and the Crans record requires
confirming.

Mr. ffennell’s observations on D. areola Esp. and other
moths flying in winter in S. Spain parallel my own of 1932/36
in Cyprus and the Lebanon (1938, Ent. Rec., 50: 144-146)
partly including the same species flying at the same season;
even the titles of his and my articles separated by nearly 40
years are somewhat similar. — E. P. WILTSHIRE, 140 Marsham
Court, Marsham Street, London, SWIP 4JY.

Stx New RECORDS OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA FOR THE ISLE
OF WiGurt (V.C. 10). — Whilst on holiday on the Isle of Wight
in late August, 1975, I obtained the following new vice-county

records: —
(a) Stigmella roborella (Johansson). Parkhurst Forest.

PHP. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X/76

Mines of the atricapitella-group plentiful on Quercus spp. The
female specimen constituting this record had its identity con-
firmed by dissection of the genitalia. Mine collected 24. viii.1975.
Imago emerged (forced) 24.111.1976.

(b) Stigmella aucupariae (Frey). Parkhurst Forest. Mines
plentiful on Sorbus aucuparia, 24.viii.1975.

(c) Stigmella continuella (Stainton). Parkhurst Forest.
Mines fairly plentiful on Betula spp., 24.vii.1975.

(d) Stigmella luteella (Stainton). Parkhurst Forest. Mines
very common on Betula spp., 24.viii.1975.

(e) Ectoedemia spinosella (de Joannis). Ventnor. Mines
very common on Prunus spinosa. The mines of this species
were only within sight of the sea, and on the southern side
of the hedge only, 22.viii.1975.

(f) Phyllocnistis unipunctella (Stephens). Totland. A single
mine on Populus sp., 29.viii.1975. — P. J. JOHNSON, 7 Haverhill
Road, Horseheath, Cambridge, CB1 6QR, 4.vi.1976.

New RECORDS OF LEAF-MINING LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE
IsLE OF WIGHT. — On the 25th October, 1975 I visited the
Isle of Wight for a few hours in the company of Mr. S. C. S.
Brown. Our purpose was largely to supplement the new records
of leaf-miners made by Mr. P. J. Johnson (given above) by
searching for the species which would not yet have been feeding
at the time of his visit. We crossed to and from Yarmouth
and had time to cover only the north-western coastal strip as
far as Parkhurst Forest. We found the following species which
are not recorded or confirmed from the island by Mr. B.
Goater in ““The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the
Isle of Wight”: Ectoedemia intimella (Zeller) on Salix at
Cranmore—scarce; EF. angulifasciella (Stainton) on Rosa near
Yarmouth and in Parkhurst Forest—fairly common; E. eryth-
rogenella (de Joannis) on Rubus fruticosus agg. at Yarmouth
—common, and at Thorness Bay—scarce; E. mediofasciella
(Haworth) on Betula in Parkhurst Forest—fairly common. We
also collected some tenanted mines of the atricapitella-group
(Nepticulidae); these have produced a new record of Stigmella
ruficapitella (Haworth). The mine was collected in Parkhurst
Forest on the 25th October, 1975, and the imago emerged on
the 19th March, 1976.

The generally common Stigmella malella (Stainton) has
not yet been recorded from the Isle of Wight and we searched
in vain for it on both wild and cultivated apple trees; Mr.
Johnson had the same experience. A remarkable feature was
the exceptional profusion of the mines of Ectoedemia argenti-
pedella (Zeller) on Betula in Parkhurst Forest; Goater records
only a single larva. Though tenanted blotch mines on oak were
locally plentiful in the Forest, these were all E. subbimaculella
and we failed to record E. quercifoliae (Toll). Tischeria
ekebladella (Bjerkander) was found feeding on Castanea sativa
as well as on Quercus in Parkhurst Forest. — A. M. EMMET,
Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex,
4.vi.1976.

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LE SE EE LT IT LE ETT NE EY TSI, LTE TE TT TE TT EE ET TT TT a TE TET TS

CONTENTS

Notes on the Erebia of the French Massif Central. M. J. PERCEVAL

The Discovery of Eriopygodes imbecilla (Fabricius) (Lep.: ie angi:
as a Resident British Species. Dr. G. A. N. HORTON .

A year in Co. Cork. J. E. CHAINEY .

Northern Records of Some Stratiomyid Flies. A. BRINDLE.

Summer 1976—A Preliminary Review of the Effects on Lepidoptera
of the Long Drought, Based on ine oe Records. E. H. WILD

A Note from the acai : ae aN

Current Literature ... ;

Notes and Observations:

The Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis aevene L.) in Kent in 1976.
AL ES ASTION) 1s.

Syngrapha interrogationis (L.) again ‘in Surrey. RoE
BRETHERTON ...

Miris striatus (Hem.: Miridae) in Suffolk. ahi) R. NASH :

A New Form of Cercopis vulnerata Ill (Hem.-Hom.: Cicadiodea),
DIANNE O. GIBSON ... a

Inachis io L. A Second Brood? C. G. M. de WORMS .

Nymphalis antiopa (L.): Camberwell Beauty in Surrey. | R. F.
BRETHERTON

An Invasion of Abraxas grossulariata 1: (Magpie Moth). 1h
CAMPBELL :

Oeciacus hirundinis (Jenyns) "(Hem.: Cimicidae) in Norfolk.
D. R. NASH oe aa

Camberwell Beauties in the ‘Isle of Man in 1976. Dr. Eas:
GARRAD .

The Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala fraxini L.) and Other Immi-
grants in Norfolk in 1976. Dr. T. N. D. PEET ...
Further Reports of Manx Camberwell Beauties in 1976. Dr.
L. S. GARRAD . ae ne ae

The Camberwell Beauty in Cheshire. P. GROVES _...

Xanthia citrago (L.) in West Ross oy 105). Dr. N. L.
BIRKETT .

Tuddenham, Suffolk — East or West? D. 2 NASH .

Nola aerugula (Hbn.) and other Interesting Occurrences at
Dover. G. H. YOUDEN “i

Blair’s Mocha (Cylophora puppillaria Hbn.) in ‘Kent. api M.
CHALMERS-HUNT

A Gynandromorph of Argynnis paphia (L.) in Surrey. R. F.
BRETHERTON ..

Cydia prunivorana (Ragonot). ‘=lobarzewskii sens. auct. “(Lep.:
Tortricidae) Bred. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT _...

The Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in 1976. L. W. SIGGS

A Note on Idaea humiliata (Hufn.). S. E. WHITEBREAD .

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Norfolk, August-September, 1976.
Dr. E. A. ELLIS ..

Nymphalis antiopa a), in 1976. J M. CHALMERS-HUNT .

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) and other aera in the Eastbourne
District in 1976. M. HADLEY

Cosmourer drurella (F.) in Dorset, 1976. NE. ‘CHALMERS-
HU

Colias croceus (Geoffroy) and M ythimna vitellina (Hbn. yi in South
Wales in 1976. B. SKINNER . Lu

Agrius convulvuli (L.) at Batheaston. B. Ww. Moore :

Hemaris fuciformis L. in Hants. L. W. SIGGS .

Colocasia coryli L. f. melanotica Haverkampf at ‘Woking.

C. G. M. de WORMS a

Lithophane leautieri (Boisd. ni Dichonia aereola (Esp.) and Other
Moths Flying in Winter in Mild Weather. E. P. WILTSHIRE

Six New Records of Microlepidoptera for the Isle of Wight
(V.C. 10). P. J. JOHNSON ..

New Records of ee Lepidoptera from the Isle of
Wight. A. M. EMMET. L ust Me Ae? nee

Printed by Charies Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

me eT
eas 88, No. 11 Bo November, 1976 ISSN 0013-8916

LEELA LEILA 6 Ss Ss So Se

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en

Plate VIII

a

Photo: H. N. Wykeham

273

Six New Southern African Butterflies
By C. G. C. Dickson, M.Sc.*
(Nos.. 36-41)
LYCAENIDAE

This butterfly, which has been known to the writer for
many years, occurs locally over a fair extent of country from
about 40 to 60 miles to the north of Cape Town. It is allied
to both L. oreas Tite and L. australis Tite, being closer to the
latter, but certain distinctive features, especially on the under-
side, serve to separate it readily from both these insects. Its
distinguishing characters are at once apparent throughout its
range and, in relation to L. australis particularly, a significant
factor is its earlier and less extended flight-period.

Lepidochrysops titei spec. nov.

Forewings tend to be shorter in relation to their depth
than in, at least, L. oreas, while the average size of specimens
is about mid-way between that of oreas and australis—although
some specimens of L. titei are certainly considerably larger
than others. The upperside (when males, anyway, are com-
pared) is of a somewhat brighter and slightly more glistening
violaceous-blue colour than in the other two insects. The
underside has its general pattern more neatly defined, owing
mainly to the white marking standing out more clearly and
sharply against the background.

Male (Upperside)

Blackish borders variable in width in different specimens,
but the more usual width (and that in the holotype) about
2 mm. in forewing, and frequently a little greater in hindwing,
in which the border is normally less dense and contains dark,
blue-edged (and often partly whitish-edged) spots. Cilia of all
wings with broad white spaces which are very clearly separated
by blackish divisions at the ends of veins.

Underside

Ground-colour as a whole rather dark brownish-grey
(tending to become less greyish in time, in cabinet specimens),
with white dusting, to a variable extent in individual specimens,
over the inner portion of the forewing, and which frequently
occurs pronouncedly on some of the veins. Although indi-

* “Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town.

LEGEND OF FIGURES

Figs. 1-2. Lepidochrysops titei spec. nov.: ¢@ and @ paratypes (upperside
and underside) (Porselein Berg, C.P.).
Figs. 3-4. Leptomyrina henningi spec. nov.: @ and Q paratypes (upper-
side and underside) (Strubens Valley, Tvl. and Johannesburg, respectively).
Figs. 5-6. Epamera mimosae pamelae subsp. nov.: @ Holotype and 2
Allotype (upperside and underside).
Figs. 7-8. Poecilmitis bamptoni spec. nov.: ¢ Holotype and @ Allotype
(upperside and underside).
Figs. 9-10. Thestor pringlei spec. nov.: @ Holotype and Q Allotype
(upperside and underside).
Figs. 11-12. Tsitana tulbagha kaplani subsp. nov.: &@ Holotype and @
Allotype (upperside and underside).

Figures approximately 0.85 times natural size, with some discrepancy
in relative sizes. Colours not in all cases precisely as in nature.

274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI/76

vidually variable, the space between the forewing discal spots
and white chevrons adjoining the dark submarginal marking
is, aS a rule, more as in australis, and thus greater than in
oreas. There is virtually no solid white marking in the inner
half of the hindwing apart from the conspicuous white border-
ing of the dark marking. Cilia much as on upperside.

Length of forewing: 16.5-19.5 mm. (the latter, in holo-
type). An abnormally small male has a forewing length of only
14.5 mm.

Female (Upperside)

Resembling that of L. australis and as variable as regards
the suppression or development of the dark discal spotting in
the forewing, and that of the dark discal band of the hindwing,
basad of the violaceous-blue lunules which are more or less
parallel with the marginal spotting of the wing. In the holotype
the former is well developed and the discal band of the hind-
wing partially so. Apart from one example, no specimens under
examination have had the dark distal border excessively broad,
and in the female figured and one other paratype it is relatively
narrow for females of this group. An unusually small paratype
has a very diffused band of dark scaling, in the forewing,
between the discal spots and distal border. Cilia as in male.

Underside

Agreeing with that of male.

Length of forewing: 18.75-19.25 mm. (the latter, that of
holotype). An abnormally small female has a forewing
measurement of only 14.5 mm.

The body and ancillary parts are practically as in the other
two specimens.

é Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Porselein
Berg, 13.x.1964 (C.G.C.D.); British Museum Reg. No.
Rh.18652.

? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype,
13.x.1964 (C.G.C.D.); British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18653.

Paratypes in Coll. British Museum (Nat. Hist.); as holo-
type, 25.x.1963, one 6; 3.x.1964, four 64; 13.x.1964, three
é 6; British Museum Reg. Nos. Rh.18664-71.

Paratypes in author’s coll.: Kanon Berg, Malmesbury
Division, C.P., 13.ix.1946, one 4; 28.ix.1973, three ¢¢; as
holotype, 3.x.64, one 4, one 2; 27.1x.69, two 6 6; 11.x.73, one
2; 10.x.74, two 446, one 2; N. end Riebeeck Kasteel Mtns.,
CP.) 3x66, one 6 (C'G:C.D:):

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as _ holotype,
11:%-73, one «¢.:/10'x.74, one 6. (C:G:C Ds):

Paratype in Coll. National Museum of Rhodesia, Bula-
wayo: 10.x.74, one ¢ (C.G.C.D.).

Paratypes in Coll. Mrs. J. V. Sipser: as holotype, 27.ix.69,
four ¢¢ (J.V.S.).

Paratypes in Coll. Dr. Jeffrey Kaplan: as holotype, 10.x.74,
one ¢ (J.K.).

Several of the male paratypes have some additional dark
marking on the upperside of the forewing in the form of from

SIX NEW SOUTHERN AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 273

one up to six postmedian spots which vary in size and clarity;
and one example has a diffused discal spot slightly beyond the
dark discocellular marking on the hindwing upperside. In one
female paratype the expansion, inwards, of the dark borders
of the upperside is very pronounced, with a corresponding
great reduction of the blue areas of the wings. Occasional male
specimens have had the series of white chevrons on the hind-
wing underside noticeably thickened, accompanied by expan-
sion of some of the other white marking of the underside.

The genitalia of several males of L. titei have been com-
pared with those of males of L. australis. The valves have been
found to be very similar (with the normal individual variation
of the hooked distal portion usual in this group of Lepido-
chrysops). In these preparations, the valves of titei, allowing
for the disparity in size of specimens, have been relatively
slightly wider than in australis. The distal portion of the
aedeagus, in the lateral view, has, in fitei, been decidedly
convex in outline dorsally (after an initial “‘dip” anteriorly),
but comparatively straight ventrally; whereas in australis it has
been partly noticeably convex ventrally, as well as dorsally. In
titei, the distal ends of the lateral sclerites, when viewed at
right angles to the main surface, have tended to be slightly
more acute in form than in australis, and with the outer edge
inclined to be a little straighter in relation to the more convex
edge, than in the latter species.

It is believed that L. titei has a considerably wider distri-
bution than is suggested by the data for the type material.
Specimens of a blue Lepidochrysops from above the Huis River
Pass, west of Calitzdorp, resemble it in size and wing-shape
and other features, but do have a lighter ground-colour on the
underside and possibly show some other slight differences.
Their flight-period was found to be equally early. Many years
ago a female of the present L. titei was observed when ovi-
positing on a species of Selago (Selaginaceae) on the hill
slightly south of Moorreesburg; but it is believed that the
species also occurs quite well north of this point. Like those of
the allied species, the males habitually fly about hill-summits
during the warmer hours of the day.

The opportunity has been taken of naming this fine
species after Mr. G. E. Tite, who has undertaken so much
original research on African Lycaenid butterflies, including
numerous Lepidochrysops, and whose kindly help and
co-operation over the years has always been highly valued by
the present writer.

Leptomyrina (Gonatomyrina) henningi spec. nov.

This insect seems to have been confused previously with
either L. Jara (L.) or L. gorgias (Stoll). It is in fact closer to
the latter but can be separated easily by means of several
characters, as given in the description below, and, after con-
sideration of all the relevant factors, it is believed that it could
best be accorded specific status. Nevertheless, the present insect
appears to be closely related to Leptomyrina lara sobrina

276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Talbot (1935, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 71: 121), and perhaps
more closely than to L. gorgias. In the light of our better
knowledge of the group, today, sobrina can be concluded to
be specifically distinct from Jara, and most probably from
gorgias also; and this does leave the possibility of henningi
ultimately proving to be a subspecies of sobrina. Mr. W. H.
Henning and his sons Graham and Stephen, of Florida, Trans-
vaal, are the ones to have noticed the differences which are
present in this butterfly and to have helped with the necessary
material for its study. Nevertheless, Mr. W. Teare of Benoni,
Transvaal, had also felt that the butterfly did not answer to
either /ara or gorgias.

As mentioned above, this taxon is closer to L. gorgias than
to L. lara—with the wing shape in the male similar to that
of the former, the forewings being rather acutely angled
towards the apex and the hindwings well produced at the
angle-angle and having a strong projection at the end of vein
1b. Ground-colour of the upperside rather warm brown in
both sexes, the margins and apex of forewing, and a narrow
distal-marginal portion of hindwing, inclining to fuscous. (Some
male specimens, such as the holotype, may show traces of
lighter pigmentation in the forewing, discally, and have the
long hairs over a broad innermarginal area of the hindwing
pronouncedly greyish.)

Male (Upperside)

A darker suffusion basally, with a rather lavender-grey to
light violaceous shifting lustre over and beyond this area—
the sheen neither as light nor as extensive as in gorgias. Post-
discal light markings not present in forewing—apart from the
barest trace of them in occasional specimens.

Underside

If allowance is made for individual variation in specimens
there appears to be no constant difference in underside mark-
ings. The main discal and postdiscal marking of the hindwing
is possibly more frequently, more heavily developed, in gorgias
than in henningi.

Length of forewing: 13.25-16.25 mm. (15.75 mm., in
holotype).

Female

Remarks relating to the male apply in general also to the
female. Basal sheen on upperside not necessarily less than in
the female of gorgias, in which it is not as pronounced as in
the male.

Length of forewing: 14.5-18.5 mm. (18.5 mm., in allo-
type).

é Holotype, SOUTH WEST AFRICA: Kombat,
15.xi.1975 (S. Braine); British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18654.

2 Allotype, S.W. AFRICA: data as for holotype,
27.1.1974 (J. Braine); British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18655.

(The above specimens were made available through the
courtesy of Messrs. J. and S. Braine.)

Paratypes in author’s coll.: as holotype, 30.x11.1974, three

SIX NEW SOUTHERN AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 277

29 > 31.xi.1974, one 4, one £; 2.1.1975, one ? (most of these
specimens bred by Mr. Braine). Johannesburg, Transvaal,
Pexaiiy)2. tree, 6 4, Ole © (Mrs. so. V. Sipser).

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as_ holotype,
17.x1.1975, one ¢; 1.1974, one 2 (S. Braine).

Paratypes provisionally in Henning Coll.: as holotype,
25.1.1974, one 2; 27.1.1974, one 2; 30.1.1974, one ¢; 20.ii.1974,
one ¢, two ? 2 (all specimens bred by Mr. Braine). Gabarone,
Botswana, 25.1.1974, one ¢; 28.1.1974, one ¢, one 2 (Ivan
Bampton). Gutu, nr. Fort Victoria, Rhodesia, x1i.1975, one 2
(bred by Mr. Bampton). Strubens Valley, nr. Florida, Trans-
vaal, 17.xi.1963, one ¢; 11.x.1964, one ¢ (G. A. Henning);
7.x.1963, one 6; 26.vii.1964, one ¢ (S. F. Henning); 23.11.1974,
one 2; 7.i11.1974, one 6, one 2; 16.iv.1974, one ¢ (all bred
by Mr. Bampton). Florida, Tvl., 2.vi.1966, one 2 (G.A.H.);
12.x1i1.1974, one 2 (1.B.). Witpoortjie, Tvl., 26.x.1975, one ¢
(1.B.). Silkaatsnek, Tvl., 8.1x.1973, one ¢ (G. A. Henning).
Potchetstroom, Evi; + 20:1x.1970; one? 2031x1970}, fone: -23
16.x11.1973, two @¢; 16.xii.1974, one 4 (G.A.H.); 23.x.1973,
three 64, two 22; 16.xii.1973, four ¢¢, one 2; 5.11.1974,
one 2 (S.F.H.); 12.11.1974, one ¢ (1.B.). Sandown, Johannes-
burg, Tvl., 10.xi.1963, one 2 (W.H.H.). Honeydew Vlei, Tvl.,
8.ii1.1970, one ¢ (W.H.H.). King’s Kloof, Krugersdorp, Tvl.,
27.i1.1973, one 2 (S.F.H.). Rustenburg, Tvl., 3.viii.1974, one 2
(Dr. M. C. Williams). Hartebeestpoort Dam, Tvl., 17.vii.1966,
one 2 (S.F.H.). Rosslyn, Pretoria, Tvl., one ¢ (W.H.H.). Rust
der Winter, 30 miles N. of Pretoria, Tvl., 2.ix.1974, one
(G.A.H.). Pietersburg, Tvl., 16.xi.1973, one ¢ (I.B.). At least
one pair of these paratypes will be presented to the Allyn
Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A.

Paratypes in Coll. S. Braine: as holotype, 23.xi.1973, one
é; 1.1974, two 64, two 2 2; date omitted, one & (all bred by
Mr. S. Braine).

Paratypes (all from Rhodesia) in Coll. National Museum
of Rhodesia, Bulawayo: four miles S. of Gwanda, 6.iii.1967,
one ¢. Balla Balla, 5.ii.1974, one ¢ (E. Pinhey —F. de Moor).
Filabusi, vi.1956, one ¢ (Maj. N. S. Vissian). Zimbabwe,
14.v.1962, one ¢ (A. J. Duke). Turk Mine, 1956, one 2°. Odsi
River, 26.iv.1936, one 2 (P. A. Sheppard). Salisbury, 4.v.1966,
one 2 (A. J. Duke). Ntoke, iii.1944, one 2 (Mr. and Mrs.
B. C. Cox). Dr. Elliot Pinhey kindly made this Rhodesian
material available for examination.

Judging by Talbot’s brief description of sobrina, his insect
differs from henningi, on the upperside, in the basal sheen
being absent, the colour of the wings being fuscous-brown
and in the hindwing having no greyish-white postdiscal spot
in area Ic. One concludes from his remarks that Talbot, in the
course of his work, probably considered gorgias to represent
lara, and thus compared sobrina with the former insect instead
of with true Jara.

More than one dissection, in each case, of the male
genitalia of L. (G.) lara, gorgias and henningi have been

278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

compared carefully, and any small differences which have been
present seem only to have been of such a nature as would
fall within the normal range of individual variation in different
specimens. Very clear and accurate line drawings of the male
genitalia of Jara have been given by Stempffer in ““The Genera
of the African Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)”, Bull.
Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.), Suppl. 10: 170, fig. 152.

This insect has a decidedly wide range, occurring as it
does well to the north in South West Africa, and in the Trans-
vaal and in Rhodesia—while it is known to occur in Botswana,
also. Specimens have been reared by Mr. Bampton on
Cotyledon orbiculata L. and C. leucophylla C. A. Smith
(Crassulaceae), the larvae living within the thick fleshy leaves
of these succulent plants. (It has appeared subsequently that
only one species of Cotyledon is represented in this case, the
first being the better known name.)

Epamera mimosae pamelae subsp. nov.

This beautiful insect, with its lighter blue upperside and
more plainly marked underside, differs so noticeably from
Epamera mimosae mimosae (Trimen) from the Eastern Cape
Province that it might be considered to represent a separate
species. However, Monsieur H. Stempffer has treated as sub-
species of E. mimosae certain other taxa which in some cases
do not differ less either in facies or the male genitalia from
the nominate race than does the present butterfly and it seems
preferable on this account to follow this authority, for the
present, in this case also. While the description is based on
South West African. specimens, it must be emphasised that
material from the Transvaal shows very little difference and
can, it is believed, be considered to represent no more than
a possible form of pamelae. Although pamelae is certainly
closer to E. mimosae rhodosense Stempffer than to nominate
mimosae, a direct comparison with the nominate race has been
made in the following description in order to clarify better
its principal features.

Male (Upperside)

Blue lighter than in E. mimosae mimosae (Trimen) and
without the slightest suggestion of any violaceous tone; demar-
kation of main black portions in all wings much the same and
the sex-brand in hindwing similar, but the black marking at
or near anal-angle less prominently developed than in nominate
race.

Underside

Light grey, without the somewhat brownish tint of
nominate mimosae and of a far more uniform shade over
the entire surface of the wings. The lines thinner and as a
whole less irregular or dentate than in nominate mimosae, and
sub-basal line of hindwing either entirely absent or only in the
form of a short streak near costa. Postdiscal line of hindwing
less curved (almost straight, in fact, apart from the small
undulations along most of its length); spotting at or near anal-
angle reduced in size.

Length of forewing: 13.25-15.5 mm. (the former measure-
ment, that of holotype—a small specimen).

SIX NEW SOUTHERN AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 279

Female

Essential characters as those of male. In the allotype the
lines on the underside are broader on the whole and more
prominent than in the holotype, and of a noticeably more
orange tone—but these features can be variable in either sex.

Length of forewing: 14.75-16.75 mm. (the former, that
of allotype).

Compared with specimens of E. mimosae rhodosense which
have been available for study, the male sex has differed in
having the hindwings more elongated towards the anal-angle
and in the purer blue of the upperside (a slight suggestion of
a violaceous tint being apparent in the above examples of
rhodosense—and in two females, also, which have been seen);
and in both sexes the discal and postdiscal lines have, in all
wings, been less widely separated and the discal line less
irregular, in pamelae.

é Holotype, SOUTH WEST AFRICA: Kombat,
20.ix.1974 (J. Braine); British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18656.

2 Allotype, S.W. AFRICA: data as for holotype, from
larva, emerged 5.i.1974 (J. Bampton); British Museum Reg.
No. Rh.18657.

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: data as for holo-
type, 20.vili.1974, one ¢ (J. Braine); 5.1.1974, one ¢ (1.
Bampton).

Paratypes in Coll. National Museum of Rhodesia, Bula-
wayo: as holotype, 30.ix.1974, one ¢ (J. Braine); 16.1.1974, one
2 (I. Bampton).

Paratypes in Coll. W. H. Henning: as holotype, 9.i.1974,
one é (I. Bampton); 23.ix.1974, one ¢ (J. Braine); 27.1x.1974,
one 2 (J. Braine); 24.viii.1974, 29.viii.1974, 30.vili.1974,
7.ix.1974 and 22.ix.1974, five ¢¢ (I.B. or J.B.); 20.11.1974,
2.i11.1974, 9.ii1.1974, vi.1974, 15.viii.1974, 5.ix.1974, 7.1x.1974
and 13.ix.1974, eight 2 2 (I.B. or J.B.).

Some reference to the male genitalia is desirable.
Stempffer, when describing Epamera mimosae rhodosense in
his “‘Révision des genres appartenant au groupe des Jolaus
(Lep. Lycaenidae)” (Bull. Inst. fr. noire, T.21, Sér. A: 237
(1959)), stated that the male genitalia were similar to those
of mimosae haemus Talbot and mimosae berbera Beth.-Baker,
the genitalia of haemus being figured on the previous page
(and those of mimosae mimosae on p. 234 of this work). It
has been found that the valves of pamelae agree well in outline
with those of haemus as figured by Stempffer, and have the
upper distal end well produced and angled (but with a blunt
‘““corner’’), instead of being broadly rounded as in mimosae
mimosae. Males of rhodosense and pamelae which have been
dissected have provided complete confirmation of the similarity
of the valves, in their own case, and the difference in compari-
son with dissected specimens of mimosae mimosae.

E. mimosae pamelae was caught in South West Africa, a
good many years ago, by the late K. M. Pennington and, later,
in 1971, by Dr. Douglas Kroon. Although Dr. Kroon fully

280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

appreciated the differences in this insect and remarked on
them, no one, unfortunately, took up the matter on his behalf
at that time. The recent specimens, which were obtained by
Messrs. Braine and Bampton, were submitted to the writer by
Mr. W. H. Henning. Mr. Bampton reared a few of them from
eggs or larvae found in Mr. Braine’s garden, in Kombat, on
the parasitic plant Loranthus, nearly all the members of the
Jolaus group, in the broad sense, being known to use species
of Loranthus as their foodplants. Mr. Henning suggested the
present butterfly being named after Mrs. Pamela Braine, in
recognition of her interest in the butterflies of her district, and
the Epamera in particular. The writer is indebted to Dr. Elliot
Pinhey of the National Museum of Rhodesia for the loan of
specimens of E. mimosae rhodosense.

Poecilmitis bamptoni spec. nov.

Although at first sight this strikingly beautiful member of
the Poecilmitis thysbe (L.) group appears to be very distinct
from thysbe itself, there is some little doubt as to its true status
owing to the existence of what might appear to be transitional
forms in various localities further down the coast, southwards
of Hondeklip Bay, in which locality the butterfly concerned
occurs in profusion. It is nevertheless so constant in its principal
characters and so different from thysbe proper—the male
especially so—that, in the light of similar situations in which
it is known that separate species are involved, there seem very
good grounds for believing that speciation has in fact taken
place in its own case. Subspecific status would not appear to
be correct under the circumstances.

The male is at once separable from that of P. thysbe by
the more extensive, solid silvery-blue in all wings (more
markedly and consistently so in the forewings), the small but
distinct white spaces in the cilia of the forewings, without any
orange marking either in the cilia or on the adjacent wing-
surface, and by the more even distal margins in which there
is less obvious ‘‘elbowing’’. On the hindwing underside charac-
teristic features are also apparent, with some of the silvery
liturae very prominent and well defined and others tending to
be more blurred, but these markings in general contrasting
exceptionally well with the background of the wing, which is
not as finely variegated as that of typical thysbe (as distinct
from f. osbecki Aurivillius); although there is a large patch
of a darker shade before the middle of the wing and another
in its outer portion rather towards the upper angle, as well
as similar darkening towards the anal-angle. There is sometimes
a suggestion of an olivaceous tone on the hindwing underside
and on the darker submarginal area of the forewing underside.

(To be continued)

THE LARGE TORTOISESHELL (NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L.)
IN KENT IN 1976. — On 14th September, I discovered on my
front door a female N. polychloros. It is in perfect condition
and has already gone into hibernation. — G. H. Youpen, 18
Castle Avenue, Dover, 15.ix.1976.

281
Some Interesting Lepidoptera Records for Kent, 1975

By S. E. WHITEBREAD*

Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.)

My most surprising record for 1975 was a perfect ¢
specimen of Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.) that I took in
my garden M.V. trap on the 12th August at Higham, TQ/77A.
Ford (A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, 1949),
mentions one specimen bred from a larva on orange, but
gives no further details. I believe there are additional records,
but I can find no reference to them. The specimen figured by
Bradley (Ent. Gaz., 10: 60-80, Plate 18, fig. 214), shows well
the peculiar mark on the hindwing, but it does not show the
numerous raised scales similar to Phtheochroa rugosana
(Hibn.). The moth also sits very like a cochylid.

One must assume that it originated from imported
material, but due to its polyphagous nature it is not impossible
that it bred locally. Abroad it is a pest of many fruits, including
oranges, apples and cotton. For this reason it is bred at at least
one research centre in England. This, however, is far away
from where I took my specimen.

Brachmia inornatella (Dougl.)

I took two specimens of this “inornate”’ gelechiid during
a British Entomological Society field meeting, that I lead, at
Higham Canal, TQ/77B, on the 21st June. One came to M.V.
light and the other I found flying inside my car, both well after
midnight. This species has not previously been taken in Kent
and I believe it is the first record of its occurrence outside
the fens and marshes of East Anglia. The larva is thought to
feed in stems of Phragmites communis Trin, which is quite
common in the canal. Since this field meeting, the road along
the canal has been considerably widened on the canal side
and a larger size drain has been installed at one point, causing
the water level to drop considerably. This has been worsened
by the recent dry weather. Finally, the Inland Waterways
Association are trying to persuade the local council that it
would be a good idea to restore the canal to its former glory!
I have, however, strongly pointed out to the Council the value
to naturalists of the Higham end of the canal.

Pima boisduvaliella (Guen.)

One specimen of Pima boisduvaliella (Guen.) was taken
by Robert Dyke, David Agassiz and myself at Stoke Saltings,
TQ/87H, at M.V. light on the Sth August. This species is not
known to breed in Kent, but is resident very locally on the
coast of Suffolk. It has not previously to my knowledge, been
taken in W. Kent. It could occur on one of the Leguminous
plants growing on the sea wall at Stoke or on the shore in
certain localities on the Isle of Sheppey, but it is more likely
a vagrant from the Suffolk coast.

* Hofackerstr. 7, CH-4132 MUTTENZ, Switzerland.

282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Epinotia signatana (Dougl.)

I bred a single specimen of this species on the 2nd June
from spinnings off Crab Apple taken during the Kent Field
Club field meeting at Ellenden Wood, Blean, TR/06W, on
17th May. It appears that this uncommon moth has not
previously been recorded from Kent and that Crab Apple is
not one of its recorded foodplants. These are Prunus spinosa,
P. cerasus and P. padus.

Coleophora clypeiferella Hofm.

On 7th August, John Roche and I took two perfect speci-
mens of this elusive Coleophorid on Dartford Marshes,
TQ/57M, at M.V. light. A search on some Chenopodium plants
nearby on the 28th September revealed the larvae, but they
were very difficult to detect amongst the browning seeds. John
Roche has since informed me that this locality, which also
harboured Eucosma pupillana (Clerck) has now been bulldozed
over. This latter species, however, has recovered from such
decimation before in this locality and so it will probably do
so again.

Agonopterix carduella (Hubn.)

A specimen of this moth was bred on the 23rd July from
a larva feeding in a rolled leaf of Centaurea nigra L. at Queen-
down Warren, TQ/86G, on 30th June. The only other occasion
that this moth has been taken in Kent in recent times, was
when J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and S. Wakely took larvae in
rolled leaves of Centaurea in a wood near Dover on the 17th
July, 1963 (Ent Rec., 76: 94).

Cnephasia genitalana Pierce & Metcalfe

On the 3rd August at Folkestone Warren, TR/23P, one
could not help noticing an abundance of Cnephasia sp. flying
around in the late afternoon, along the first stretch of zig-zag
path that descends below Capel. They looked as if they had
only just emerged, and I didn’t have to look far to see from
where. The old pupal cases were extruding from spun flowers
of Ononis. I picked a small bag of flowers, from which I bred
a good series. As most of the specimens corresponded more
closely with the pale form of Cnephasia stephensiana (Doubl.)
figured in Bradley (British Tortricoid Moths, 1973) than his
C. genitalana P. & M., I looked at the genitalia of both sexes.
This confirmed their identity as a genitalana. Bradley gives
June/early July for the pupa which he states is enclosed in a
flimsy cocoon spun amongst debris, but this does not agree
with my observations.

Mythimna unipuncta (Haw.)

A single 2 came to my M.V. trap at Higham, TQ/77A,

on the night of the 6th/7th October.

HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA (ZELLER) (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) IN
NorFoik. — This moth seems to be extending its range. A
single rather worn specimen appeared at my light at Hickling,
Norfolk, on 4th July, 1976. Is this its furthest northern occur-
rence in Britain so far, and is there any previous record for
Norfolk? — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

283
Is Avian Predation so Important in Keeping
Down Butterfly Populations?
By ALBERT MuYSHONDT and ALBERT MUYSHONDT JR.*

In almost every publication related to birds and/or insects,
emphasis is made on the intensive predation that insects suffer
from birds. Many times birds are drawn with a butterfly,
wings widely spread, in their beak, while still flying or while
perching on a tree. We are fully aware of effective avian
predation on many kinds of insects, either in the adult stage
or in the immatures. Usually this phenomenon is beneficial
to agriculture, very few exceptions being harmful (as birds
feeding on bees).

During the period 1935-1945, in El Salvador, one of us
(A.M. Sr.) had every year the opportunity of watching massive
migrations of Schistocera spp. or Melanoplus spp. (Orthoptera-
Acrididae) and seeing many sorts of birds actively feeding on
them, and was able to determine a few of them: Trogon spp.
(Trogonidae); Eumomota superciliosa and Momotus momota
(Momotidae); Centurus pucherani (Picidae); Pitangus sul-
phuratus and Muscivora tyrannus (Tyrannidae); Campylorhyn-
chus rufinucha (Troglodytidae); Turdus assimilis (Turdidae);
Cassidix mexicanus and Icterus spp. (Icteridae); Piaya cayana
and Crotophaga spp. (Cuculidae); Panyptila cayennensis
(Apodidae); Calocitta formosa (Corvidae).

There were, of course, many others, but it was not possible
to determine them with certainty. Then, during the period
1958-1968, observations were made of birds, Pitangus sulphura-
tus, Muscivora tyrannus (Tyranidae) and Crotophaga spp.
(Cuculidae) in particular, catching noctuid and arctiid moths
flushed out of cotton plantations by people working there.
Every year also, we see happen during the month of March
the phenomenon of multitudinous adult emergence of Cicadas
of various sorts (Tibicen?) which invade coffee plantations and
forests, where birds of many species feed voraciously on them.
Occasionally we have observed birds catching undetermined
moths, tettigonids, wasps, ants’ queens, flies and beetles on the
wing. We have watched birds (Campylorhynchus rufinucha)
feeding their youngsters in the nest with lepidopterous larvae
of many kinds, including larvae we were rearing of Danaus
plexippus (Danaidae), Agraulis vanillae and Heliconius peti-
verana (Heliconiidae), which are reputed as being protected
by the noxious fluids of the plants they feed on: Asclepias
curassavica (Asclepiaciae) and various species of Passifloraceae
respectively. (Do these birds so build an immunity to these
plant poisons?) Still we have never seen a bird catch a flying
butterfly!

Dr. A. H. B. Rydon (personal communication), while
collecting Charaxes spp. in Africa, observed undetermined
birds position themselves above a trap, apparently in the hope
of getting an easy meal.

* 101 Avenida Norte 322, San Salvador, El Salvador, Central America.

284 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

One day, some three years ago, we saw a bird carry away
a Consul fabius (Charaxidae) while it was trying to disentangle
itself from a spider web. A friend Ornithologist, Dr. Walker
A. Thurber, reported to us birds feeding on Danaidae and
Pieridae butterflies ensnared in the nets he uses to band birds.
It is worthwhile what he observed: the birds ate the heads
of the butterflies, while he was watching, and flew away leaving
the body and wings untouched. Later on, the bodies had also
disappeared, but he is not sure if it was due to the birds eating
them or some other animal. We certainly have seen small birds
roaming in a grove of Passiflora edulis trying to catch
approaching females of Dione juno without a single success.
Not long ago we twice saw a Great-tailed Grackle (Cassidix
mexicanus) attack unsuccessfully a large female of Morpho
polyphemus flying leisurely in the open, along a city boulevard.
On these occasions D. juno and M. polyphemus females very
calmly avoided capture by simply changing their flight level,
without even hurrying afterwards.

It is true that we have found beak marks on some butter-
flies netted. In most cases these marks affect simultaneously
both opposite wings, suggesting that the attack happened
while the wings were folded, either when feeding or while
at rest. Other tears on a single wing might have been caused
either by a bird’s beak or by the many thorns of the vegetation
among which the butterflies travel, mostly when scared.

On the other hand we have every year, around the 20th
of November, vast migrations of Pieridae, chiefly Eurema
daira, moving rather slowly from South to North. From 7th
June to 18th June, 1970, we witnessed a spectacular migration
of Marpesia chiron (Cyrestidae), during which period thousands
of individuals could be seen on the wing at any particular
moment during the solar hours. Even if there was a fair
abundance of birds belonging to the species mentioned above
at the place we used as a look out, and though there was a
whole colony of Panyptila cayennensis nesting in a wall close
by, we could never detect a single capture, and hardly any
intent from the birds to catch a butterfly. (It is to be noted
that Marpesia chiron has never been reported as an unpalat-
able species to predators! )

The only instance of a live butterfly in the mouth of a
predator, other than insect or Arachnid predator, we have
seen during the many years of observations, has been a Phoebis
philea (Pieridae), whose body was held ventrally in the jaws
of a large crested lizard. After 10 or 15 minutes, the lizard
moved away, the butterfly still flapping its wings vigorously.

Yet we read many reports of experiments carried out to
determine the palatability or unpalatability of many species of
butterflies, where caged birds avoid, peck or consume some
of the butterflies offered to them. In ali these experiences, the
butterflies were dead, frozen, thawed and later spread before
presenting them to the caged birds. The birds consequently
did not have to make any effort to get them.

IS AVIAN PREDATION SO IMPORTANT 285

We feel that a butterfly, free and alive, will not fulfil the
conditions to be appealing as a prey to a predator, as was so
keenly expressed by Dr. Valverde: ‘‘The appeal a prey has
to a potential predator is in direct relation to the amount of
energy the predator would derive from eating it, and in inverse
relation to the amount of energy the predator has to spend
to capture it.”

Even if there must be in nature some instances when a
hungry bird succeeds in catching a butterfly in flight, it is far
from being a common happening as it is assumed by many
indoor naturalists.

The relatively slow flight of butterflies, as compared to
the rapid flight of other insects (e.g. Coleoptera, Homoptera,
Diptera, Hymenoptera, etc.) is very deceptive due to the slow
flapping of the rather large wings, which permit the butterfly
sudden changes of level and direction, thus easily fooling the
rushing attack of an also flying and heavier bird. To pursue
and capture under such conditions would entail a large con-
sumption of energy on the part of the predator, with a meagre
amount of edible matter (head, body and legs) if finally suc-
cessful. On the contrary Coleoptera, Cicadidae, Diptera,
Heterocera, Orthoptera, etc., even if they have a very fast
flight, it is more straight, and their relatively stout bodies
offer a worthy reward for the efforts, even if repeated, of the
hunter.

Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to Dr. Arthur H. B. Rydon for
sharing his personal observations with us, and for reading and
kindly suggesting improvements to the present paper. We are
also thankful to Dr. Walter A. Thurber for communicating
to us some of his own observations.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) IN CAITHNESS. — At 3 p.m. on
18th August my wife and I, whilst collecting larvae of Lasio-
campa quercus ssp. callunae Palmer in a somewhat remote
part of the heather/peat country of Caithness, were having
lunch in a quarry at about 1,000 ft. A large butterfly suddenly
entered and alighted on a rock about 10 yards from us. It was
Nymphalis antiopa (L.) and at the temperature which was
about 70°F., it rapidly took flight in a westerly direction.

The only other possible Scandinavian immigrants were
Eurois occulta (L.) which we took in small numbers in Caith-
ness at M.V., all f. ¢ypica and no melanics, as also later at
Kinveachy Forest, near Aviemore, between 22nd August and
lst September. We also saw a small number of Vanessa
atalanta at both places. Perhaps the most surprising observa-
tion is that there were so few of the normal migrant species
which usually find their way into Scotland.—H. B. D.
KETTLEWELL, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road,
Oxford, OX1 3PS.

286 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire
By R. M. PALMER*

(Concluded from page 203)
TORTRICOIDEA

Torticidae
Pandemis cerasana Hibn.
Scarce (Trail, 1878).
A. & K. Quite common.
P. heparana D. & S.
A;,Ordie;, one, 1970 (:C.P.-C.); Dyce, (RANEPS):
K. Banchory R.T.
Argyrotaenia pulchellana Haw.
Common on hills and moors (Reid, 1893).
A. Common on moors.
Archips rosana L.

Abundant (Reid, 1893).

A. Aberdeen, larvae on Salix, 1933; Maud, larvae on
peach, 1941 (G.M.).

Syndemis musculana Hubn.

A. & K. Abundant (Reid, 1893; E.C.P.-C., R.M.P.,
M.R.Y.).

Aphelia viburnana D. & S.

A. Mouth of Don (Trail, 1878); abundant on moors and
mountains, especially at Braemar (Reid, 1893);
Braemar area common on moors (E.C.P.-C., M.R.Y.,
R.M.P.).

A. paleana Hubn.

Local but common (Trail, 1878).

A. Pitcaple, scarce (Reid, 1893); Dyce (R.M.P.); Udny
(M.R.Y.).

K. Common on coast; Banchory R.T., 1974.

Clepsis senecionana Hiubn.

Rare on wet moorlands (Reid, 1893).

A. Dinnet Muir, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

K. Banchory R.T.

C. consimilana Hubn.

Rare (Trail, 1878).

A. Aberdeen and singly at Kintore, Inverurie, Bennachie,
Braemar (Reid, 1893).

K. Dyce (R.M.P.).

Lozotaenia forsterana F.

A. Rare, Aberdeen, Inverurie, Pitcaple, Chapel (Reid,
1893); Dinnet Muir, one, Newkirk, one, and Cambus
0’ May, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).

Philedonides lunana Thunb.

Not uncommon on moors (Reid, 1893).

A. Near Aberdeen (Horne, 1896; Linn of Dee, one, 1968

(R.M.P.).

Eulia ministrana L.

A. & K. Locally common (Reid, 1893; in birch woods
(E:C.P:-C:2° M:R-Y.R.M.P»):

*2 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen, AB2 OF6.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 287

Cnephasia conspersana Doug.

Scarce (Trail, 1878).

K. St. Cyrus N.N.R., one bred from larva on Knautia,
1975 (M.H.).

C. stephensiana Dbldy.

Local, not common (Trail, 1878).

A. Common at Dyce (R.M.P.); Forvie N.N.R., 1972
(E.P.).

Ko St Cyrus N:N-R:;' 1961 (E:C.P.-G:).

C. interjectana Haw.
Not common (Trail, 1878).
A. & K. Common.
C. incertana Treits.
A. Bieldside, 1974 (M.R.Y.).
Exapate congelatella Cl.
A. Ordie, larvae on Myrica, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. ‘“‘Occurs in Kincardineshire” (Reid, 1893).
Eana osseana Scop.
Abounds on waste ground (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.
E. incanana Steph.
A. Braemar, 1952 (E.C.P.-C.).
E. penziana Th. & Beck.

A. f. penziana, Glen Derry (Horne, 1896).

K. f. colquhounana Barrett, among rocks on coast (Reid,
1893); Muchalls, one, 1972 (R.M.P.).

Tortrix viridana L.

A. Ballater, Kildrummy (Trail, 1878); Murtle, Inverurie
(Reid, 1893); Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1970
(E.C.P.-C.).

Croesia bergmanniana L.

Common, larvae on rose (Reid, 1893).

A. Turriff, one, 1974 (D.G.).

K. St. Cyrus.N.N.R. (R.M.P.).

Acleris latifasciana Haw.

Widely distributed, sometimes common (Reid, 1893).

A. Bucksburn, 1975 (R.M.P.).

K. Banchory R.T.

A. caledoniana Steph.

Common on moors (Reid, 1893).

A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., larvae on V. vitis-idaea 1959,
imagines, 1971; Glen Derry (Cairngorm N.N.R.),
larvae on V. myrtillus, 1970; imago, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Forvie N.N.R., 1974 (R.M.P.).

A. sparsana D. & S.

Common (Reid, 1893).

A. Balgownie, one, 1970 (A.D.); Udny, 1975 (M.R.Y.).
A. rhombana D. & S.

Abundant among hawthorn (Reid, 1893).

A. Udny, common (M.R.Y.).
A. aspersana Hibn.

Local but common (Trail, 1878).

288 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

A. Forvie N.N.R., one, 1957; Dinnet, larvae on Filipen-
dula ulmeria, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).

K. Banchory R.T., one, 1973.

A. ferrugana D. & S.
A. Milltimber, one, 1969 (R.M.P.).
A. tripunctana Hubn.

Common (Trail, 1878).

A. & K. Common (R.M.P., M.R.Y.); larvae on B.
pubescens (E.C.P.-C.).

A. variegana D. & S.

Locally abundant (Trail, 1878).

A. Braemar, larvae on Berberis, 1970; Cambus 0’ May,
larvae on Malus, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.). Common at Dyce;
Bucksburn, 1974 (R.M.P.).

K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

A. logiana Cl.
K. Banchory R.T., one, 1974.
A. hastiana L.

Abundant, larvae on sallows on moors and sandhills (Reid,

1893).

A. Inverurie, one (Trail, 1878); Crathie, larvae on Salix
repens, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).

K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

A. emargana F.

Not common (Reid, 1893).

A. Forvie N.N.R., larvae on Salix, 1974 (R.M.P.); Hare-
stone Moss, common, 1974; Foveran, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

A. hyemana Haw.

Abundant on moors (Reid, 1893).

A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1960 (E.C.P.-C.); 1974
(R.M.P.); Crathie, larva on Erica cinerea, 1970
(E.C.P.-C.); Linn of Dee, 1973 (R.M.P.).

A. abietana Hiibn.
A. Near Clinterty, one, 1975 (P.S.).
A. maccana Treits.

A. Braemar (Trail, 1878); larvae on V. vitis-idaea, Mor-
rone Hill N.N.R., 1959, and V. myrtillus, Glen Derry
(Cairngorm N.N.R.) 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).

Olethreutes obsoletana Zett.

A. Braemar area, above 2,000 ft. (Reid, 1893); Glen
Clunie, one, 1953; Braemar area, one, 1962; one, 1969
(E.C.P.-C.); one, 1974 (R.M.P.); Lecht Road, near
Cockbridge, 1975 (A.M.E.).

K. Banchory R.T., one, 1975.

O. mygindiana D. & S.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).
O. schulziana F.

Common, all moors (Trail, 1878).

A. Common on hills around Braemar (E.C.P.-C.,
R.M.P.).

O. palustrana L. & Z.
Widely distributed, not uncommon (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Locally common.

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 289

O. lacunana D. & S.

Common (Trail, 1878).

A. & K. Very common.
Hedya pruniana Hiibn.

Not uncommon (Reid, 1893).

A. Gight Woods, 1975 (M.R.Y., R.M.P.).
H. atropunctana Zett.

A. Bennachie (Trail, 1878). Larvae on Myrica gale; Ordie
and Dinnet Muir; Glen Muick, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.);
imagines, Dinnet Muir, 1974 (R.M.P.).

K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

Orthotaenia undulana D. & S.

Very scarce (Reid, 1893).

A. Fintray, one, 1972 (R.M.P.); one, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

K. Banchory R.T., one, 1975.

Apotomis turbidana D. & S.

Not uncommon (Trail, 1878).

A. Pitcaple, abundant (Reid, 1893); Dinnet Oakwood
N.N.R., one; Dinnet Muir, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).

K. Banchory R.T.

A. betuletana Haw.

A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1970; one, 1971;
Dinnet, one and Ordie, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.); Fintray,
common (R.M.P.).

K. Banchory R.T.

A. sororculana Zeit.

Widely distributed but scarce (Reid, 1893).

A. Derncleugh (Reid, 1893); Braemar and Aberdeen,
common among birches (Horne, 1896); Crathie, 1969
(E.C.P.-C.); Fintray, 1974 (R.M.P.); Invercauld, 1975
(M.R.Y., R.M.P.).

A. sauciana Frol.

A. Rare, Braemar (Reid, 1893); Glas Maol, common at
SF 000 ft. among V. myrtillus (Reid, 1893b). Hills
around Braemar above 2,000 ft., not uncommon
(2:C.P.-C.. R-M.P. M:R.Y.).

Endothenia piloneann Haw
A. Dinnet Muir, one, 1971 (2. €.P-@)),
E. quadrimaculana Haw.

A. Dinnet, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.); Dyce, 1972 (R.M.P.).

K. Muchalls (Trail, 1878); St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1961
(ECP. ):

Lobesia littoralis H. & W.

A. Nigg (Reid, 1893).

K. Muchalls (Reid, 1893); 1974 (R.M.P.); Cove and
Muchalls, bred from Armeria maritima, 1975
(M.R.Y.).

Bactra lancealana Hibn.

Common (Trail, 1878).

A. Glen Derry (Cairngorm N.N.R.), 1971 (E.C.P.-C.);
Dyce, 1973 (R.M.P.).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894).

290 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X1/76

Ancylis unguicella L.

A. Braemar, Inverurie, Bennachie, Aberdeen, on moors
(Reid, 1893). Common on moors around Braemar
(© Pee; REMEP?):

K. Mergie, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

A. geminana Don.

A. Scarce, Inverurie, Derncleugh (Reid, 1893); Glen
Derry (Cairngorm N.N.R.) larva on sallow, 1971
(PC Pre):

K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

A. subarcuana Dougl.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).
A. badiana D. & S.

Common (Trail, 1878).

A. Monymusk, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); Banchory R.T.; St. Cyrus
N.N.R., common (M.R.Y., R.M.P.).

A. myrtillana Treits.

Not scarce (Trail, 1878).

A. ‘Common on moors (E:/C.P.-C., .REMCPe akira:
larvae on V. myrtillus (E.C.P.-C.).

K. Cove, one, 1970 (R.M.P.).

Epinotia stroemiana F.

Widely distributed, not uncommon (Reid, 1893).

A. Dinnet Muir, one, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

K. Banchory R.T.

E. brunnichana L.
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
K. Banchory R.T., 1973.

E. solandriana L.

A. Abundant at Braemar (Trail, 1878); Morrone Hill
N.N.R., 1959, imagines and larvae on B. pubescens;
Dinnet Muir, larvae on B. verrucosa, 1969; imago,
1971; Ordie, one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).

E. ramella L.
Larvae abundant in birch catkins (Reid, 1893).
A. & K. Common.

E. tetraquetrana Haw.

Rare (Trail, 1878); locally common among birch (Reid,

1893).

A. & K. Common in birchwoods.

E. tenerana D. & S.

Abundant among hazel (Reid, 1893).

A. Glen Gairn, 1970; Cambus 0’ May, 1970; Glentanar,
one, and Ordie, 1971; Ordie, one, Crathie, one, 1973
(E;G@IR=<C. ):

E. nemorivaga Tengs.

A. Braemar, 1955; Dinnet Muir, 1969; Cairn Crom
(Cairngorm N.N.R.), one, and Dinnet, 1970
(E.C.P.-C.); Dinnet Muir, one, 1974.(R.M.P.).

E. tedella Cl.
Abundant among spruce and larch (Reid, 1893).

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 291

A. Ballater, one, and Braemar, 1969 (E.C.P.-C.); Kemnay,
1975) ((M:R. Y.,.” Ro MEeP:); | Pyrebagger®) Hill,» 1975
(R.M.P.).

E. cruciana L.
A. Forvie N.N.R., one, 1972 (R.M.P.).
E. mercuriana Frol.

A. Braemar, Inverurie, Nigg (Reid, 1893); Morrone Hill
N.N.R., one, 1971 (E.C.P.-C.); Glen Callater, one,
1975 (R.M.P.).

Rhopobota ustomaculana Curt.

A. Braemar (Reid, 1893). Morrone Hill N.N.R., 1959,
1960; Ballater, one, 1970; Glen Derry (Cairngorm
N.N.R.) one and Glentanar, 1971; Newkirk, 1973
(ExG:P-C.):

R. unipunctana Haw.

A. Inverurie and Derncleugh (Reid, 1893); Braemar,
1952; Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1959, one, 1973;
Glentanar, 1971; larvae on V. myrtillus, Glen Derry
(Cairngorm N.N.R.) 1970 and one imago 1971
(E.C.P.-C.).

K. Banchory, 1954 (E.C.P.-C.).

Griselda stagnana D. & S.
A. Morrone Hill N.N.R., one, 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).
G. myrtillana H. & W.
A. Scarce, among V. myrtillus, Inverurie, Bennachie
(Reid, 1893); Tyrebagger Hill, one, 1974 (R.M.P.).
Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Ratz.
A. Bennachie, 1973 (R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T., one, 1974.
Z. isertana F.
A. Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., 1971 (E.C.P.-C.).
Z. diniana Guen.

Widely distributed, not uncommon (Reid, 1893).

A. Ordie, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.); Bennachie, 1973
(R.M.P.).

Gypsonoma sociana Haw.
Not rare, Inverurie and Pitcaple (Reid, 1893).
A. Dyce, 1975 (R.M.P.).

Epiblema scutulana D. & S.

Widely distributed, not rare (Reid, 1893).

A. Monymusk, 1972 (R.M.P.).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); Muchalls (M.R.Y.,
R.M.P.); Banchory R.T., 1974.

E. cirsiana Zell.
A. Rare, Fyvie (Reid, 1893); Monymusk, 1972 (R.M.P.).
K. Catterline, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).
E. costipunctana Haw.
A. Inverurie (Reid, 1893).
K. Muchalls, one, 1974 (M.R.Y.).
E. cynosbatella L.
Common (Trail, 1878).
A. & K. Common.

292 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X1/76

E. tetragonana Steph.
A. Inver, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).
Eucosma hohenwartiana D. & S.

Not uncommon (Reid, 1893).

A. Forvie N.N.R:,) 1972: Dyce, - 1973; dupsitipe74
(R.M.P.).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); Cove, 1973 (R.M.P.).

E. cana Haw.

A. Old Aberdeen, one (Trail, 1878); Bay of Nigg, com-
mon; Inverurie and Pitcaple, larvae in seedheads of
Centaurea nigra (Reid, 1893); Dyce, 1970; Kemnay,
1974 (R.M.P.); Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R., one, 1970;
Cambus o’ May, one and Ordie, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.).

K. Stonehaven, rare (Trail, 1878).

E. campoliliana D. & S.
A. Local, Inverurie, Aberdeen (Reid, 1893).
K. Banchory (Reid, 1893); Banchory R.T.
Petrova resinella L.

A. Scarce, Aboyne, Dinnet (Horne, 1896); Alford, one
bred from larva on Pinus sylvestris, 1936 (G.M.); bred
from galls on P. sylvestris, Kemnay, 1975 (M.R.Y.)
and Fintray, 1975 (R.M.P.).

Cydia succedana D. & S.

Abundant among whins (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Common. Larvae in pods of Genista anglica
(E-C2P:-G,):

C. nigricana F.

Not common (Trail, 1878).

K. Reared from larvae on Pisum sativum 1951-2 (M.S.);
St. Cyrus N.N.R., one, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

C. coniferana Ratz.

A. Rather scarce, Bennachie, Monymusk, Tyrebagger,
Braemar (Reid, 1893); Aberdeen (Horne, 1896);
Crathie (E.C.P.-C.); Invercauld, 1975 (M.R.Y.,
R.M.P.).

C. aurana F.

A. Aberdeen (Trail, 1878); Dinnet Oakwood N.N.R. and
Cambus o’ May, 1970 (E.C.P-C.); Inver, one and
Gight Woods, one, 1975 (R.M.P., M.R.Y.).

K. “St. 9Cyrus, N:N.Ris 1961-(E CPC); 1975 (VE howe,
Muchalls (M.R.Y.).

C. jungiella Cl.
Common (Reid, 1893).
A. Pitcaple (Reid, 1893b); Udny, 1975 (R.M.P., M.R.Y.).
K. Banchory R.T.

Dichrorampha petiverella L.
A. Rare, Old Aberdeen (Reid, 1893).
K. St.. Cyrus -N:N:R.,. 1968 5 (E.G3P C2) 19 75-e one
(M.R.Y.).
D. plumbagana Treits.
A. Near Aberdeen, not common (Reid, 1893).
K. St. Cyrus "N.N.R., 1961 (E.C.P.-C.):

LEPIDOPTERA OF ABERDEENSHIRE AND KINCARDINESHIRE 293

D. montanana Dup.

At& VK. <'Commen (Reid; 1893, ‘E-C.P.C. MUR;

R.M.P.).
D. plumbana Scop.
heat. cyrus. NON R..:; one, “1968. (E.C.P.-C,); «1974
(M.R.Y.).
D. sedatana Busck.
K. Muchalls, 1975 (M.H.).
Cochylidae
Stenodes straminea Haw.

A. Aberdeen Links (Reid, 1893).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); St. Cyrus N.N.R., one,
1974 (R.M.P.).

Agapeta hamana L.

A. Nigg, one, 1970 (E.P.).

K. Stonehaven (Dalglish, 1894); St. Cyrus N.N.R., one,
1975 (M.R.Y.).

A. zoegana L.

K. St... Cyrus N:N:R., one, 196), (E:C.P.-C.):
Aethes piercei Obrat.

Occasional (Reid, 1893).

K. Cove (R.M.P.); Muchalls, 1974 (M.R.Y.).
A. cnicana Westw.
Local but common (Trail, 1878).
A. Braemar, Inverurie (Reid, 1893); Fintray and Corby
Loch, 1973 (R.M.P.); Harestone Moss, 1975 (M.R.Y.);
Kemnay, 1975 (M.R.Y., R.M.P.).
K. Banchory R.T.
A. smaethanniana F.

A. Fintray, one, 1975 (R.M.P.).
Eupoecilia angustana Hubn.

Abundant on heaths (Reid, 1893).

A. & K. Common on moors.
Cochylidia rupicola Curt.

K.4.St.. Cysus NN... one, 1975,(M.R.Y.).
Falseuncaria ruficiliana Haw.

Not uncommon on moors (Reid, 1893).

A. Blacktop, Tyrebagger (Reid, 1893); Morrone Hill
N.N.R., one, 1960 (E.C.P.-C.).

Cochylis atrticapitana Steph.

A._,Crathie, one, 1970 (E.C.P.-C.).

KK. St. Cyrus N.N/R., one, 1961 (E.CP.-C,): Banchory
R.T., 1973; Muchalls, 1975 (M.R.Y.).

Cochylis nana Haw.

A. Crathie, one, 1973 (E.C.P.-C.); Kintore and Dinnet
Muir, 1974 (R.M.P.).

K. On coasts (Reid, 1893).

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. IN N.W. Kent. — A single speci-
men of the Camberwell Beauty was sighted in a garden at
Orpington on 7th September, 1976.—P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4
Steep Close, Orpington, Kent.

294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X1/76

Notes on some British Chrysomelidae (Col.)
including Amendments and Additions to the List
By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.’

(Concluded from page 225)

8. Aphthona venustula Kutsch—We have up to now known
by this name a blackish-blue Aphthona locally common on
wood-spurge in England and Ireland. Some time ago, however,
my late friend D. K. Kevan noticed that in regard to femoral
colouration it did not tally with the descriptions of venustula;
and Dr. V. Hansen confirmed from a sample sent to him that
our insect was not the Continental one of that name. It was
Dr. A. Strand who suggested that it might turn out to be A.
melancholica Weise, and subsequent investigation has proved
him right. The case is simply one of mistaken identity, so that
in future melancholica Weise (=venustula auct. Brit. nec
Kutsch.) must replace Kutschera’s species in our list. The latter
seems rather unlikely to occur in Britain. Fowler’s description
(1890: 270) is of the true venustula, as shown by the last few
words.

The two species are readily distinguished, melancholica
having the front and middle femora wholly clear rufo-
testaceous, concolorous with the tibiae, while in venustula
they are blackened in the basal half. In other respects the
species are much alike outwardly. The aedeagus, however, is
unlike in the two: in melancholica the apex is subspatulate,
ending in a small slightly prominent blunt point, and straight
in side view; in venustula it is parallel-sided, the tip rounded
with no acumen, and curved in side view; the various impres-
sions and sculptural features also differ. (Cf. Heikertinger,
1944.)

A. melancholica was only known from the Iberian Penin-
sula when Heikertinger wrote (/.c.): Northern Spain (Asturia,
etc.), and middle and north Portugal. That it should be a not
uncommon species in the British Isles (with the apparent excep-
tion of Scotland) is thus very interesting and remarkable. I
know of no strictly parallel case; the typical “‘Lusitanian”
distribution-pattern differs considerably, including as it does
western France (if only the seaboard), and in Britain usually
only the west (often Ireland alone). A. melancholica must
almost certainly be present, even if not yet found, in the first
of these regions. Possibly it has been passing in France, as in
Britain, as A. venustula.

9. Chaetocnema aridula Gyll.—This species formerly stood
in our list (cf. Fowler, 1890: 386), but was later withdrawn
(1913: 170-1) as having been introduced in mistake for C. arida
Foud. It is, however, much closer to C. confusa Boh., and
being one of the commonest and most widespread of the genus
in Europe—equally with C. hortensis Geof., which abounds
with us—its apparent absence here is curious. Donisthorpe, it
is true (1939: 124) claimed to have taken it “in fair numbers”
by sweeping grass-tussocks in Windsor Forest; but this record

149 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London, SE7 8QG.

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE (COL.) 295

is in error, the specimens (one of which I have) being only
confusa.

Nevertheless, it seems that the species may be British after
all, for there is a single 2 in the Power collection at the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.), labelled ‘‘Power/Burnham Beeches”’ and
“aridula Gyll.?”’. It is a distinctive-looking specimen in both
shape and colour, rather large and long for a Chaetocnema,
the sides relatively little rounded, the fore-body broad, the
thorax little narrowed in front and nearly as wide as elytra;
quite black (probably abnormal in that respect) with only the
elytra rather shining. The eyes appear larger than in confusa,
though this is not a recognised character. The really significant
point is the dullness of the pronotum caused by strong micro-
sculpture; in confusa this part is very shiny. The Ist antennal
segment and more or less of the other basal ones are blackish
—also a feature in which the species is said to differ from
confusa. (In my experience, the criterion of a darker or lighter
base to the antennae, often stressed as important, seems very
unstable in most of the species but is perhaps less so in this
instance.) The more oblong form should help in separating
aridula* from confusa, but the colour-difference usually given
—blackish-green in the former, brassy-bronze in the latter—
scarcely holds good, since our confusa presents either tint.
Finally, the aedeagus is a little different in the two species
(Mohr, p. 257, figs. 11, 12).

The insect in question agrees so well in all essentials with
Mohr’s diagnosis (p. 258) of aridula—while fitting no other—
that I feel no doubt of its being that species. Although further
captures are much to be desired, the above specimen from
Buckinghamshire is perhaps sufficient to secure for C. aridula
a place on the British list.

10. Psylliodes instabilis Foud.—Introduced as British on the
strength of an old specimen (locality unknown?), previously
placed as picipes Redt. but later named as above by Kutschera.
Fowler (p. 392) mentions a few other specimens referred to
instabilis from the Crotch collection without locality (later
passing to E. Saunders); one taken by Rye at Mickleham,
Surrey; and one in the Power collection without data. He
quotes Rye, however, as being of the opinion that these insects
—or at least his (Rye’s) and that named by Kutschera—are
only a variety of P. cuprea Koch, a fairly common species with
us; adding that, though his single example (from Saunders)
seems distinct, cuprea, as Rye observed, is certainly variable
[in colour at all events]. To this day nothing further appears
to have been published on the matter, nor the plainly unsatis-
factory British status of P. instabilis questioned. Joy (1932)
omits the species, but it is included in the 1945 Check List.

There are in the Power collection two exponents of this
Psylliodes: a & labelled as taken by F. Plant at Piper Wood,
Leics., in 1859, and further labelled (possibly by Allard)

4Hansen (1927) gives an excellent illustration of the present species,
which shows well the rather characteristic shape.

296 15/XI1/76

*‘picipes (Redt.) Foudr.”’; and a 2 from Mickleham (Rye) with
labels ‘‘instabilis Fd.’ and ‘‘Kutsch.’’. Another stands over the
label instabilis in the Champion collection, labelled “Ex coll.
Rye” and with “Rye/picipes” pencilled below the card in
Champion’s hand. Having subjected all three to a critical
‘scrutiny, I find myself in total accord with Rye’s view cited
above, and conclude that our so-called instabilis is based on
nothing more than small, rather narrow and flattish, obscurely
bluish forms of cuprea. What appears certain is that they are
in any event not the true instabilis (as characterised by Reitter,
Mohr et al.), still less the true picipes; these are shorter, more
convex, differently punctured species with partly dark legs, etc.,
and unlikely to occur in Britain. Under the former name
Fowler (p. 391) gives a description probably taken from his
own putative specimen (vy. supra), as it certainly does not
represent Foudras’s insect.

11. Psylliodes weberi Lohse (1955:88-9).—New to the British
fauna, hitherto confused with the rather common P. napi F.
and to be found mixed with it in many collections. The
differences, though not great, are sufficiently marked and stable
to make it a matter of some surprise that (being far from rare)
it has not been detected much earlier. The two species can
easily be separated as follows: —

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88

napi

weberi

Smaller on average (2-3.3 mm.),
more fusiform, more _ pointed
behind.

Usually with slight greenish tinge.

Larger on average (3.2-3.7 mm.),
more elliptic-ovate, less pointed
behind.

Pure dark blue, hardly varying.

The first 3-5 antennal segments
clear testaceous, the rest pitchy
with base often lighter, but some-
times largely rufous.

Antennal segments 1-2 usually
sightly infuscate, 3-4 piceous to
blackish, the rest deep black.

Hind tibia clear rufous even at
extreme base.

Extreme base of hind tibia a little
darkened even if only narrowly
and vaguely.

Callosity at front angle of thorax
with a posterior tooth or project-
ing angle, behind which the side-
margin is distinctly to slightly
sinuate.

Callosity at front angle of thorax
at most only obtusely angled
behind, with little interruption to
the smooth curvature of side-
margin.

é: front and middle basitarsus
obviously dilated.

@: front and middle basitarsus
not noticeably dilated (about as
in @)

On various Cruciferae.

On Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

(watercress).

There are perhaps minor differences in the aedeagus of
the two species, but this is not yet quite clear and in any case

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE (COL.) 297

is of little importance for determination. Should doubt arise
in a given instance over any of the points just tabulated, it will
soon be dispelled if the others are considered jointly. The small
colour differences relating to the base of antennae and hind
tibiae might seem very trivial, but in fact appear remarkably
constant—holding good, at least to a large extent, even for
decidedly teneral individuals of weberi. It is needless to compare
the new species with any other on our list except perhaps
chrysocephala L. (typical form); but that is obviously larger
and longer-limbed with the forehead yellowish or reddish, and
the male characters differ.

From what I have seen, P. weberi may well prove at least
as widespread in the British Isles as P. napi; and there are
indications that it is often more common when it occurs than
the latter, which tends to be found sparingly and, in my experi-
ience, singly as a rule. However, being limited by its foodplant
to watercress beds and suchlike places, weberi must obviously
be the more local of the two in most areas, while napi is not
thus restricted but occurs in various situations. I can record
weberi, so far, from Kent (several places), Surrey, Hants.,
Devon (several places), Cornwall, Oxon, and Flint; the first
British specimens I happened to detect were from Nannerch
in the latter county, taken by Sir E. Ansorge, after which I
found it in my own and other collections. Most of those in
the Power and Champion collections, etc., go back to the last
century, so it is not a recent arrival in our fauna. Whether it
occurs in Scotland and Ireland is not yet known, but clearly
anyone interested in doing so could greatly extend the very
short list of mostly southern counties given above. Abroad, I
know of it only from North Germany—Holstein, Hamburg, N.
Hannover, Mecklenburg; in the first of these districts much
commoner than P. napi (Lohse, /.c.: 89). Its range in Europe
will no doubt be very much extended as it becomes more
widely recognised.’

12. Doubtfully British species not treated above -—Of these,
one only (Hypocassida subferruginea Schk.) is still retained in
the 1945 List. The remaining half-dozen or more pose the
problems with which one is always faced in such cases, and
for which no really satisfactory solution presents itself. I do
not, therefore, propose to discuss the individual species, beyond
a few passing remarks on one or two, nor even to list them.
The evidence is about equally scanty for most; there appear
to be no records of any for the past 100 years, and usually
much longer. The hypothesis of chance introduction with
plants, etc., could in theory apply to almost any of them—
though unlikely to be true for all. Natural extinction may well
account for the lack of any but ancient records of Crioceris
12-punctata L. (cf. Fowler, p. 284) and the Hypocassida (id.,

5 The detection of this species in N. Germany and subsequently in
England is curiously paralleled by that of another novelty, Anobium
inexpectatum Lohse (see Allen, Ent. mon. Mag., in press)—likewise
due to the critical acumen of my friend and colleague, Dr. Lohse.

298 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X1/76

p. 400); and if the latter is to remain in our list, the former
has as good a title to inclusion also. The same might be said
of Hispella atra L., since an overlooked record can be added
to Stephens’s from Rochford, Essex: Walker (1932: 107) men-
tions “‘one fine example, with printed label ‘Bristol’ ”’ in the
Dale collection at Oxford. This extraordinary little beetle, being
a grass-feeder on sandy wastes, is less likely to have been
introduced than some of the others; even Fowler, though
insisting that it must have been recorded in error (pp. 394, 395)
—without justification, of course—nevertheless admitted that
it “‘may possibly be confirmed as indigenous’’. Similarly, in the
case of Cryptocephalus violaceus Laich., Fowler’s data (p. 296)
can be augmented by the existence in the Power collection of a
fine specimen marked as taken at Folkestone by Sidebotham
(vi. 1864), along with Power’s old Cambridge example mentioned
by Fowler. These last two species would seem, therefore, at
least to have a better claim to inclusion in our list—albeit in
the doubtful category—than some of the others of their class,
particularly those resting on the sole authority of Stephens and
unrepresented in old collections.)

Summary

The specific validity of Lema septentrionis Weise is
emphasised in opposition to current usage; a case is made for
the restoration of Clytra laeviuscula Ratz. as a British species;
the status of Phaedon regnianus Tott. is briefly discussed; the
downgrading of P. concinnus Steph. and Phyllotreta cruciferae
Goeze to varieties of other species is shown to be unjustified;
Phyllotreta hintoni Donis., Aphthona aeneomicans Allard, and
Psylliodes instabilis Foud. (it is suggested) should be erased
from the list; Aphthona melancholica Weise requires to be
substituted for A. venustula Kutsch. in our list; Psylliodes
weberi Lohse is brought forward as an addition, and Chaeto-
cnema aridula Gyll. as a virtual addition or reinstatement.

References

Anon. 1864. Entomological Society of London, June 6th, 1864. Ent.
mon. Mag., 1:51.

Champion, G. C. 1897. The Lema erichsoni, Suffr., of British collections:
synonymical note. [bid., 33: 135-6.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1927a. British Ants (ed. 2). London.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1927b. The Guests of British Ants. London.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1939. A Preliminary List of the Coleoptera
of Windsor Forest. London.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1944a. Phyllotreta hintoni sp.n. (Col., Haltici-
dae), a species of Coleoptera new to Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 80:
DDT.

Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1944b. Aphthona aeneomicans Allard (Col.,
Halticidae), a species of Coleoptera new to Britain. Ibid., 259.
Fowler, W. W. 1890. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 4. London.

Fowler, W. W., and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1913. Ibid., 6.

Hansen. V. 1927. Biller, VII. Danm. Fauna, 31: 190, fig. 63.
Heikertinger, F. 1944. Bestimmungstabelle der palaarktischen A phthona-
Arten. Kol. Rundsch., 30 (4): 37-122 (68, 84-5, 120, figs. 22, 31).
Hincks, W. D. 1950. Aphthona euphorbiae (Schrank) (Col., Chryso-

melidae) in Yorkshire. Ent. mon. Mag., 86: 224.

NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CHRYSOMELIDAE (COL.) 299

Johnson, W. F., and Halbert, J. N. 1902. A List of the Beetles of
Ireland: 760. Dublin.

Kloet, G. S., and Hincks, W. D. 1945 A Check List of British Insects.
Stockport.

Lohse, G. A. 1954. Neuheiten der deutschen Kaferfauna. Deutscher
Entomologentag in Hamburg, 1953. Jena.

abet G. A. 1955. Neuheiten der deutschen Kaferfauna. Ent. Bldtt., 51:
8-9.

Mohr, K. H. 1966. In Freude, Harde, & Lohse, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas,
9. Krefeld.

Murray, A. 1853. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Scotland: 93. Edinburgh
and London.

Reitter, E. 1912. Fauna Germanica, 4. Stuttgart.

Sharp, D. 1910. On the British species of Phaedon. Ent. mon. Mag., 46:

Tottenham, C. E. 1941. Two Coleoptera new to science in Britain. Ibid.,
77: 14.

Walker, J. J. 1932. The Dale Collection of British Coleoptera. [bid.,
68 (passim): 107.

CATOCALA FRAXINI a) IN A GERD EENSMTRE: — A specimen
of this splendid moth was captured on a shop window at Ellon,
Aberdeenshire, on 2nd September, 1976, and was brought to
me for identification. This species seems to have been seen
twice previously in Aberdeenshire, at Cutler and at Derncleugh
(Esson, L. G., 1890, Entomologist, 23: 170; Reid, 1893, A List
of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire) but
this is the first modern record. Neither have there been many
other Scottish records, although one was found quite recently
in Shetland.

The provenance of the specimen must remain in doubt
but since we have recently had a minor invasion of easterly
migrants here, such as Eurois occulta (Linn.), it seems possible
that it came from the same direction and its distribution in
central Europe and Scandinavia makes this possible. — M. R.
YounG, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen.

AN EXTENSION OF THE KNOWN RANGE OF COLIAS AURORINA
HELDREICHI STAUDINGER. — I should like to report the existence
of Colias aurorina heldreichi Staudinger on Mt. Smolikas in
the Pindos mountains of northern Greece. The insect is to be
found rarely in late June and early July at altitudes of about
1,200m. C.a. heldreichi was previously known only from Mt.
Tymphristos, Mt. Parnassos and Mt. Chelmos, all of which
lie at least 100 miles to the South of Mt. Smolikas. The dis-
covery of C.a. heldreichi in the Pindos range might prove to
be a zoogeographically significant extension of the known
range of this species. —J. Brown, 12 Browning Avenue,
Sutton, Surrey.

EUPITHECIA PHOENICIATA RAMBUR IN THE NEW FOREST. —
As identifier for a trap which has this year been started by the
Rothamsted Insect Survey at Gritnam, near Lyndhurst, I was
pleased to find in the catch for 18th-19th August, 1976, a
specimen of E. phoeniceata in good condition. It would appear
that this is the first of this species to be taken in the New
Forest. —L. W. Siccs, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead,
Lyndhurst, Hants.

300 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Sphaerophoria virgata Goeldlin (Dipt.: Syrphidae)
New to the British Isles
By Martin C. D. SPEIGHT*

In a recent paper on species of the Sphaerophoria
menthastri group occurring in the British Isles (see Speight,
1973), I mentioned the existence in my own collection of a
specimen belonging to an unknown species of this complex.
Since then I have collected a second specimen and subsequently
sent both to Dr. Goeldlin de Tiefenau, who is undertaking
a revision of the European Sphaerophoria species. Dr. Goeldlin
has now returned my specimens, determined as his species
S. virgata, whose description was published in 1974 (see
Goeldlin, 1974). Goeldlin’s description of S. virgata is as
follows: —

‘“‘ressemble a S. philanthus (Mg.), bona species, mais le
lobe inférieur des styles est beaucoup plus allongé et la profonde

ltp

oe -

imma

3

Figs.: external, lateral view of left surstylus of Sphaerophoria species.

Fig. 1: S. philanthus. Fig. 2: S. virgata. Fig. 3: S. scripta.

Abbreviations: Il=lower lobe; ltp=larger terminal process; stp=smaller

terminal process; ul=upper lobe.

* Research Branch, Forest and Wildlife Service, Sidmonton Place, Bray,
Co. Wicklow, Eire.

SPHAEROPHORIA VIRGATA GOELDLIN (DIPT.: SYRPHIDAE) 301

échancrure située a l’extrémité de la marge supérieure de ce
méme lobe chez S. philanthus est presque inexistante chez
virgata.” Judging from the three specimens available to me,
S. virgata may be distinguished from other members of the
S. menthastri group only by characters of the genitalia. As
Goeldlin’s description implies, the shape of the surstyli is highly
distinctive and in itself adequate to distinguish S. virgata from
other European Sphaerophoria species. The only British Isles
species with surstyli somewhat similar in shape to those of
S. virgata are S. philanthus and S. scripta (see figs.).

In my key to Sphaerophoria species (1.c.), S. virgata would
run as far as couplet 8, but then fails to fit either of the alter-
natives offered. In order to identify S. virgata using that key,
the key could be modified as follows:

8. Larger terminal process of lower lobe of left surstylus
finger-like, narrowing progressively from base to tip
Centennial. Walehal wieW) Sue eo. scented: Tee eeevareee see 8a
—fJarger terminal process of lower lobe of left surstylus

spatulate, expanding initially from base towards tip,
narrowing again at actual tip (external, lateral view);
smaller terminal process of lower lobe well-developed;
basal projection in angle between upper and lower lobes
of surstyli hardly visibie (external, lateral view), present
but reflexed towards interior of genital capsule; (tergites
2-4 with yellow bands entire or divided, which may
or may not reach the side margins); wing-length
4-5-6.25 mm; Common, generally distributed (Ireland)
| i lI, gas nae ahh a i i tN Rt at menthastri (L.)

8a. Basal projection in angle between upper and lower sur-
stylar lobes well developed, more or less triangular
(external, lateral view); both terminal processes of lower
lobe of left surstylus evident, even though they may be
smallogses i242 meh a thisaas Shirish eb Ma Sarva aasidedateubh Maxey 9
— basal projection in angle between upper and lower sur-
stylar lobes entirely lacking, absent even in a reflexed
condition; smaller of the terminal processes of the lower
lobe of the left surstylus vestigial or absent; (tarsi
sometimes somewhat darker than corresponding tibiae;
tergites usually with entire yellow bands); wing-length
4.75-5 mm; Scotland (Rannoch, Perth) and England
INew Forest, Hants, ))V=-VUbieiere2 ch: 030 virgata Goeldlin

The following characters should serve to differentiate S.
virgata from the other Sphaerophoria species, using the above
in the absence of the complete key:

S. virgata: antennae yellow; yellow, lateral mesonotal stripe
complete to scutellum; abdomen about the same
length as the wings.

Both of the localities from which I have collected S. virgata
are boggy heathland giving way to open woodland. On the
Continent S. virgata is known definitely from Denmark, Nor-
way and Switzerland.

302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/X1/76

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am most grateful to Dr. Pierre Goeldlin de Tiefenau
(Musée Zoologique, Lausanne) for his kindness in determining
the specimens of S. virgata mentioned here.

REFERENCES

Goeldlin, P. 1974. Contribution a l’étude systématique et écologique des
Syrphidae (Dipt.) de la Suisseoccidentale. Bull. Soc. ent. Suisse, 47,
(3-4), 151-252.

Speight, M. C. D. 1973. British species of Sphaerophoria (Dipt. Syrphidae)
confused with S. menthastri (L.), including a key to the males of
the seven species of Sphaerophoria found in the British Isles.
Entomologist, 106, 228-233.

Current Literature

The Naturalist in Britain by D. E. Allen. xii + 292 pp., 13 plts.
and other illusts. Allen Lane, 1976. £9.

This book is a general survey of the social history of
naturalists in Britain. Written with enthusiasm and scholarship
by a well-known botanist, the fourteen chapters encompass the
period from the seventeenth century “‘herbarizings’”’ organized
by the Society of Apothecaries to the present day of compu-
terized mapping, nationwide conservation and societies with
memberships running into thousands. Among the various
disciplines covered are geology, conchology, palaeontology,
entomology, ornithology and of course botany. Documentation
at the end in the form of chapter-by-chapter synopses of the
main sources followed by a useful general index concludes an
interesting and readable book.

Mites of Moths and Butterflies by A. E. Treat. 362 pp., 150
figs., coloured frontis. Cornell University Press, 1976.
£17.50:

This book is probably the only one that treats compre-
hensively of the associations of mites with lepidoptera, and is
a thorough survey of the known acarine parasites, phoretics,
and scavengers found on moths and butterflies.

The work is in four parts. Part | consists of three intro-
ductory chapters with an account of early discoveries, a
discussion on equipment and methods for studying mites and
a general description of their structure, development and
classification. Part 2, treats of the Mesostigmata. Part 3, the
Acariformes. Each of the ninety-odd species in these groups
is described, illustrated and discussed in terms of its occurrence,
distribution records from lepidoptera and, when known, its
biology and behaviour. Finally, part 4 consists of three
appendices with keys for the tentative identification of both
living and mounted specimens, a tabulation of host species
with the mite species recorded from each, and a tabulation of
mite species with the recorded hosts of each. The coverage
is worldwide. The book concludes with a list of some 350 books
cited and a general index. About half of the illustrations are
from original drawings by the author.

303
Notes and Observations

BUTTERFLIES IN BRECONSHIRE IN 1976. — What a year for
butterflies! Argynnis paphia (L.) occurring nearly everywhere
here, even among hedgerows. While other species, compara-
tively rare or local in previous years, also on the wing where
never before noted, or—in some instances—in unwonted
abundance, e.g. at least 18 Strymonidia w-album (Knock)
around two or three elm saplings along a short stretch of
lane near here.

While we were in a roadside woodland clearing near the
junction of the rivers Elan and Wye on 8th July, my daughter
Sarah netted a single Argynnis adippe (D. & S.) among the
fairly numerous A. aglaja (L.) thereabouts. This appears to be
the first confirmed Breconshire adippe. On 17th August, Colias
croceus (Geoffroy) was twice seen in these parts. The first
occasion was by Llanwrtyd church in N. Breconshire, when
one flew rapidly past giving me just a glimpse of its unmistake-
able colour and shape, but my wife managed also to spot the
markings. Later that day, a croceus flew over our heads while
my family and I were picnicking in the delightful Doethie
Gorge, near Rhandirmwyn, Carmarthenshire; and from where a
little further on we counted 20 Vanessa atalanta (L.) on a small
buddleia outside a cottage.—J. P. SANKEY-BARKER, Plas
Llangattock, Crickhowell, Powys, NP8 IPA.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) IN NORTH-EAST ESSEx. — During
August there was an immigration of Camberwell Beauties
(Nymphalis antiopa L.) along the east coast. Between 17th
August and the end of the month there were at least four
sightings in North-east Essex and reports are coming in of
further occurrences elsewhere in Essex. On 17th August, Mrs.
G. M. Heaney, of Colchester Road, Chappel, nr. Colchester,
saw one feeding with other Vanessids on a buddleia bush in
the driveway of her home. The butterfly appeared to be in
very fresh condition. On 21st August, Mr. Malcolm McVail,
of Parsons Heath, Colchester, disturbed an antiopa which had
been basking in the late afternoon sunshine on a log in his
garden. He had close views of the butterfly as it flew back-
wards and forwards in the garden, noting the wing margins
and also the apparently very fresh condition of the insect. The
next day it was again seen in flight in the garden by Mr.
MvvVail and three other observers. On 22nd August, Mr. R. W.
Tickner saw and photographed an antiopa on a buddleia flower
spike in the garden of his home at Orchard Road, Alresford,
near Colchester. The butterfly was first noted in mid-morning
and stayed on, and around, the buddleia bush until 6 p.m. On
24th August, Mr. Alan Whitworth, of Wix Lodge, Wix, near
Harwich, had close views of an antiopa flying along a lane on
his farm in brilliant morning sunshine. He commented that
the butterfly’s wing margins were a clear yellow and contrasted
conspicuously with the velvety darkness of the wings. — J.
FirMIN, 1 Scott Drive, Lexden, Colchester, Essex.

304 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY (NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L.) IN
WALES IN 1976.— Mr. R. F. Whitworth, Wix Lodge, Wix,
Essex was on holiday at a farm, Glandwr, Nevern, Pembroke-
shire, on 31st August when he saw an antiopa flying round the
garden in bright mid-morning sunshine. It settled on the shirt
of a man to whom he was speaking. Mr. Whitworth ran to
get his camera and when he returned he was able to photo-
graph the antiopa when it settled on a patch of bare ground.
This record was only a week after Mr. Whitworth’s son, Mr.
Alan Whitworth, had seen an antiopa flying near the family
farm in Essex. — J. FirmMin, | Scott Drive, Lexden, Colchester,
Essex.

HYLES LIVORNICA Esp. (STRIPED HAWK) IN EAST SUSSEX.
—QOn 2nd September, 1976, I captured a male of this very
attractive migrant moth in my Robinson m.v. trap. The night
was mild, but though moonlit, over 350 moths of 36 species
were captured. — A. E. C. Apams, Dabchick Cottage, Dalling-
ton, Heathfield, Sussex.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.) IN KENT IN 1976. — A specimen
of the Camberwell Beauty was reported to me by a Mr. J.
Snellgrove as being seen in his garden at Maidstone on 10th
August. It had been flying over his vegetable patch and allowed
capture by hand before being examined and then released.

On the 23rd August, Mrs. J. Oldaker reported seeing a
Camberwell Beauty in her garden at Cranbrook where she
watched it for several minutes as it settled on a parched lawn
and then on several bushes before moving off with a strong
direct flight.

It was then with great pleasure that, in company with
Miss J. Nall and Mr. P. Stuttard on the Cliffe Marshes on Ist
September, I was able to watch one of these fine butterflies
feeding upon Sea Aster (Aster tripolium L.). Although its flight
was strong and fast it allowed very close approach and was
under observation for some 10 to 15 minutes.

Finally, another specimen was seen at Cranbrook, about
a mile away from the first Cranbrook sighting, where on the
8th September Mr. T. Steward observed one settled upon a
rotten apple in his garden. —E. G. PuiLp, Department of
Natural History, The Museum, St. Faith’s Street, Maidstone,
Kent.

NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA (L.), HYLES GALLII (ROTT.) AND OTHER
IMMIGRANTS IN ESSEX IN 1976. —I have received two reliable
reports of N. antiopa, viz.: — Ingrave, near Brentwood, 23rd
August (per E. F. Williams), and at Southend-on-Sea, same
period (per Miss M. F. Drake). On 25th August, in my trap
here, I had my first ever Agrius convolvuli. Hyles gallii (Rott.)
occurred at Brentwood about 5th September (per P. J.
Wanstall); and at Westcliff-on-Sea in mid-August (G. Bailey
per R. Tomlinson). Macroglossum stellatarum (L.) has been
everywhere—records (including inland ones) too numerous to
list—and the best year for it for many years. —G. A. PYMAN,
Treyarnon, The Ridge, Little Baddow, Chelmsford, Essex.

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CONTENTS

Six New Southern African Butterflies. C. G. C. DICKSON ..

Some _ Interesting pene Records for Kent, 1975. S. E.
WHITEBREAD E ue se ES E a: sais

Is Avian Predation so Important in Keeping Down Butterfly
Populations? A. MUYSHONDT and A. MUYSHONDT Jr. ...

Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire. R. M. PALMER

Notes on some British Chrysomelidae (Col.) including Amendments
and Additions to the List. A. A. ALLEN a a, us

Sphaerophoria virgata Goeldlin (Dipt.: Syrphidae) New to the British
Isles. Dr. M. C. D. SPEIGHT ee a ae at soe

Current Literature ..

Notes and Observations:

The Large Tortoiseshell Woeehaes a mae ihe in Kent in
1976. G. H. YOUDEN .

Heterographis oblitella (Zeller) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Norfolk.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ae Ae Lig ie ths

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Caithness. Dr. H. B. D. KETTLE-
WELL nt ae ee LM ee fae ae le
Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in N.W. Kent. P. A. SOKOLOFF

Catocala fraxini (L.) in Aberdeenshire. Dr. M. R. YOUNG ...

An Extension of the Known ere of Colias aurorina heildreichi
Staudinger. J. BROWN sic Ae aM ae

Eupithecia phoeniciata Rambur in the New Forest. L. W.
SIGGS oe ae a es us oA ae

Butterflies in Breconshire in 1976. J. P. SANKEY-BARKER ...
Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in N.E. Essex. J. FIRMIN
The Camberwell Beauty (N. antiopa L.) in Wales. J. F. FIRMIN

Hyles livornica Esp. (Striped Hawk) in East Sussex. A. E. C.
ADAMS _.... ai se ha Ke ae Lae ae

Nymphalis antiopa (L.) in Kent in 1976. E. PHILP

Nymphalis antiopa (L.), Hyles gallii (Rott. ha and other Se aS:
in Essex in 1976. G. A. PYMAN

213
281

283

286
294

300

302

280

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THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES.
Their Origin and Establishment

R.L.H. Dennis
For publication late 1976

ISBN 0 900848 94 4
Price approximately £10.00
SYNOPSIS
An exhaustive treatment of a topic pre-.
viously little studied in the British

Lepidoptera, that of their origin and
subsequent establishment. The discussion
focuses entirely on the Butterflies since
they are a widely studied group.

The treatment is original and is contro-
versial and thought-provoking.

An entire section is allocated to the
details of environmental changes during
the late Pleistocene including the present
day Flandrian Interglacial, an heuristic
guide enhanced with maps and tables
for speculation on the status of other
organisms throughout the period.

The Study, in contrast to earlier work,
manifestly demonstrates the recent arrival
of our Butterflies. From the temperate
Ipswichian Interglacial none survived the
extreme conditions of the Last Glacia-
tion at the latitude of the British Islands.

Furthermore, the considerable adapta-
bility of our butterfly fauna is disclosed
in their rapid and fine adjustments to
the marked ecological oscillations of the
Post Glacial extending into geographical
changes that ensued with growing inter-
ference from “‘Economic Man”’.

The establishment and intricate adjust-
ment of each butterfly species and race
is described in detail. The outcome is a
simple explanation of long established
problems such as the Devon/Cornwall
boundary situation for the Meadow
Brown and the peculiar status of Irish
butterflies.. Moreover, full details are

included on the races of British butter-
flies together with a complete biblio-
graphy.

The book is composed of 10 chapters
divided into 4 sections dealing respec-
tively with the framework of environ-
mental conditions during the late Pleis-
tocene and Post Glacial, the geography
and ecology of the butterflies, their racial
variation, and arrival and establishment in
these islands.

THE AUTHOR

R.L.H. DENNIS started his education at
Oswestry School, Shropshire. ‘A’ Level
results included A grades in Geology,
History and Geography, the latter with
distinction.

He went on to the University of Durham, |
Departments of Geography and Anthro-
pology.

In the Department of Geography he was
awarded a scholarship in 1971/72 and
subsequently a B.A. Honours Class 1, the
only person to obtain a first (in a field of
100) that year.

Whilst. an undergraduate he took courses —
in Geology, Anthropology, Archaeology
and Biology.

In the summer of 1972 he moved to
Anglesey for the purpose of writing
this book, sustained by the library
facilities of Bangor University. He re-
turned to the University of Durham in
late August 1973.

He commenced his doctoral research in
October 1973, topic:- A Study of
Dermatglyphic (Finger and Paimar fea-
tures) Variation in the Human Popula-
tions of the North Pennine Dales.

EW.CLASSEY LTD
PARK ROAD, FARINGDON,
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Plate DX

Photo: J. F. Kimber

Aberrations of Lysandra coridon Poda.

S|
S
8 2
os
i 0
om
LS
aah
as}
oo A
=as
_— .&
sss
Ses
=
2 26
SS oo
Rico 2
:3
me sha
m S35
ae
SSA
Ce
sag
fos
on Rs
Bsa
233
Cn) SS
eas
oe g
=> ~
zy
Soe 5
ask
RIS
Sis
z ae
Peas
CN
%
= Ss
&
vo
{Ly

Males:

Figures all life size.

305

Aberrations of Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep.,
Lycaenidae) and Other Species, Summer 1976
By A. D. A. RusswurmM*

Extremely high temperatures during the first half of the
summer once more played havoc with the time-table and must
have upset the arrangements of many entomologists. A visit
of a week to the Dorset area had been planned by Mr.
Middleton and myself and this had to be brought forward by
ten days to coincide with the main emergence of L. coridon,
the first males having been observed on 4th July, and by
the following weekend they were out in numbers. The emer-
gence continued over a longer period than last year, freshly
emerged specimens being observed well into the second week
of August. It seems likely that the species would have appeared
even earlier but for the very cold weather during March. My
records show a minimum temperature of not more than 2°C.
on 26 nights, and of these 12 were well below freezing. By the
end of the month both plant and insect life were well behind
schedule.

The majority of our aberrations of L. coridon were taken
during the second and third weeks of July, after that the
species seemed to revert to “type”. Melanism was prevalent
and several melaina were taken and a number of marginata
observed. The fowleri forms appeared less frequent than last
year, Mr. Middleton and myself having to be content with one
specimen each although both on the same day. This was com-
pensated for by a number of beautiful striata aberrations and
a selection of these are shown on the plate. Several other
varieties deserve mention: one of these is a female fulvescens
which would not show up in black-and-white. The ground
colour is a rich orange clay colour, it is also obsoleta and being
a very large specimen we have added major to its titles. Other
named forms include a male grisea upperside, a male grisea-
caeca underside, ultraviridescens and a postimpar female with
an area of blue on left hindwing. Mr. Middleton captured the
specimens figs. 1, 4, 10 and 12, the remainder were taken by
the author. All are named from Bright & Leeds.

The very hot weather had its effect on a number of other
species, notably Lycaena phlaeas Linn. which was very
abundant in the second brood. This emergence lasted a long
time, fresh specimens being observed well into August. Many
were heavily suffused resembling the form fuscae Robson
which predominates in the second brood in some of the warmer
countries of southern Europe. Mr. Middleton captured some
fine examples of this suffused form while the author took two
hindwing obsoleta Tutt, one of these being an extreme fore-
wing aberration. The majority of the phlaeas aberrations were
captured while at rest on the flowers of ragwort around the
Boldre area on the outskirts of the New Forest.

Hipparchia semele Linn. produced specimens of both
sexes with a ground colour of rich orange, similar to the sub-

* Coridon, Ober Road, Brockenhurst, Hants. SO4 7ST.

306 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

species found in some of the Mediterranean countries. We
shared the honours in taking two female postradiata Frohawk
aberrations of Maniola jurtina Linn. and observed a number
of others with the same tendency. Finally, Mr. Middleton took
a freshly emerged specimen of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda with
white ground colour, an extreme example of ab. pallida Tutt.
Altogether a wonderful year for aberrations, and from reports
received shared by many of our entomological friends.

PHYLLOCNISTIS XENIA HERING — ITS FOODPLANT AND LIFE
History. — The purpose of this note is to add detail to Mr.
E. C. Pelham-Clinton’s interesting paper (Ent. Rec., 88: 161-
163). Though Hering states that P. xenia mines white poplar
(Populus alba), the mined leaves in his herbarium so named
are, in fact, of grey poplar (P. canescens). White poplar is
more common than grey poplar in the coastal area of East
Kent where P. xenia occurs and I have searched it in several
localities without finding any trace of the mines of P. xenia.
The evidence is that this species is restricted to grey poplar.

The mine of P. xenia has already been described in our
literature in a paper written by Dr. S. Adamczewski while he
was working at the British Museum (Natural History) imme-
diately after the war (Entomologist, 80: 135). He had found
the mines near Warsaw in 1943. Following current European
practice, he, like Hering, named the foodplant P. alba.

Adamezewski describes the mine as “‘very beautiful’. I
would go further and call it the most beautiful mine I have
ever seen, especially when in the young terminal leaves of
saplings which it prefers; the dark line of frass shows up
vividly against the silvery background of the epidermal mine
describing patterns of elegant symmetry. Unfortunately the
leaves soon turn black when pressed for the herbarium.

Continental writers state that P. xenia is bivoltine (Hering,
v-ix in two generations; Adamczewski, vi and ix-x). My first
visit was made on 4.x.74 and on that date only old mines
were in evidence. My second visit was on 11.vii.75 when mines
were numerous in all stages of development. Further study is
needed to find out whether we have one prolonged generation
or two in this country. We also need to know whether P. xenia,
like its congeners, overwinters as an adult.

Comparison between the mines of P. xenia and Phylloc-
nistis labyrinthella (Bjerkander) in the Hering herbarium has
convinced me that they constitute two distinct species. I
wonder if the larvae have ever been compared. That of P. xenia
is pale yellow with the head and prothoracic plate of trans-
parent, colourless chitin. That of Phyllocnistis unipunctella
(Stephens) is pale green; like P. xenia, it has a colourless,
transparent head but the prothoracic plate bears a black, more
or less semi-circular marking. Possibly the larva of P. labyrin-
thella is equally distinctive. — A. M. EmMmet, Labrey Cottage,
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex.

Plate X

weYyoYAA\ “N “H :010Ud

307

Six New Southern African Butterflies

By C. G. C. Dickson, M.Sc.*
(Nos. 36-41)
LYCAENIDAE

(Concluded from page 280)

Male (Upperside)

Forewing. Silvery-blue so extensive as to reach or cover
partially the black spotting and orange-red spaces in the sub-
apical portion of the wing, and is also fully in contact with at
least the lower two-fifths of black distal border. Due to expan-
sion of the black marking in the apical and subapical area
this marking tends to coalesce and to reduce greatly the
orange-red colouring, in most specimens; and in extreme cases
the expansion is such that the area concerned is solidly black.

Hindwing. The solid blue reaches at least most of the
black discal spots, with its outer margin fairly evenly curved.
Black marginal edging either virtually continuous or with
some breaks between certain of the veins. Cilia variegated as
regards the light spaces, in some specimens, in which there is
admixture of the white, with orange colouring.

Underside

Forewing. The characteristic spotting of the thysbe group,
well defined. The streak parallel with the distal margin mainly
black in most specimens.

Hindwing. As referred to earlier in general diagnosis of
the taxon.

Length of forewing: 12.5-16.25 mm. (13.5 mm., in holo-
type). These measurements represent the normal range of
variation in size—odd specimens being a little smaller and
others rather larger than has been indicated.

Female (Upperside)

Not differing greatly from that of the female of P. thysbe
f. thysbe, and blue from bases of about the same extent. Black
spotting within the orange field well developed.

Plate X

Male genitalia of Lepidochrysops titei spec. nov. (Porselein Berg, C.P.).

Fig. 1. Basic portion of structure, with valves and aedeagus removed.

Fig. 2. Valves and juxta (fully compressed).

Fig. 3. Aedeagus (mounted free of any pressure).

Male genitalia of Thestor pringlei spec. nov. (nr. Sutherland, C.P.).

Fig. 4. Basic portion of structure. Uncus actually forked for much of

its length, but this only apparent near tip, in lateral view.

Fig. 5. Valves (slightly compressed). The small gap dorsally, in each case,

due to slight tearing during dissection.

Fig. 6. Aedeagus (mounted free of any pressure). The slight ‘‘tooth”

towards rounded basal extremity only due to extraneous material

adhering to this portion of aedeagus, in the preparation.

Fig. 7. Labides (fully compressed). Basal lobes decidedly more rounded

at lower, outer “corners’’, in some specimens

Fig. 8. Juxta (spread out and fully compressed). Some specimens devoid

of the small “tooth”? at point of angulation of the margins concerned.
All figures of genitalia 22 times natural size.

* “Blancathra’’, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town.

308 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

Forewing. Distinctive features are the complete lack of
orange marking on the wing surface next to the cilia and
aes of orange in the light (white) divisions of the cilia
itself.

Hindwing. Characterised by the sharply defined con-
tinuously black marginal edging, amounting in some specimens
to a narrow border. Light divisions of cilia almost entirely
white.

Underside
Forewing. Marked as in male.

Hindwing. As a whole lighter than in male, with less
contrast between the silvery liturae and their background. The
darker brownish marking more broken up into separate spots
or blotches.

Length of forewing: 13.5-17.75 mm. (15.5 mm., in allo-
type).

é Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE (Little
Namaqualand): Hondeklip Bay, 7.xii.1974 (Ivan Bampton);
British Musuem Reg. No. Rh.18658.

? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE (Little Namaqualand):
data as for holotype; British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18659.

Paratypes provisionally in author’s coll: data as for holo-
type, 7.xii.1974, five $4, two 2°; 19.xii.1974, three 64, one
2 (LB):

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as _ holotype,
13.xii.1974, one ¢, one 2 (1.B.).

Paratypes provisionally in Henning Coll.: as holotype,
6.xi1.1974, one ¢, two 2°; 7.xii.1974, nine ¢¢, three 2 9;
13.xii.1974, 31 $8, 13 29; 14.xii.1974, nine 364, six ? 9;
15.xii.1974, four ¢¢, four 22; 19.xii.1974, one ¢, one &.
(All specimens collected by Ivan Bampton.) Mr. W. H. Henning
intends presenting a pair of these paratypes to the British
Museum (Nat. Hist.) and to the Allyn Museum of Entomology,
Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A.

Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. Kaplan: as holotype, 24.1x.1975,
three ¢¢, five 22. (Collected by Dr. Kaplan.)

It must be stated that although the locality concerned is
given as Hondeklip Bay, the foregoing specimens were taken
at several points extending from the coast itself, up to some
11-12 miles approximately east of it.

In some respects this insect approaches, in the male
especially, and on the upperside, Poecilmitis psyche Pennington,
but can be readily distinguished by some of the characters
mentioned above, while the normally well marked underside
differs greatly from that of psyche. It must be stated that
there is an occasional form of P. bamptoni in which the liturae
of the hindwing underside are dulled and the wing-surface in
general is of more uniform brownish coloration—but even in
this case certain distinctive characters are still present.

In the vicinity of Lambert’s Bay (140 miles S.S.E. of
Hondeklip Bay) the more usual member of the P. thysbe group
that is found there is represented by two forms, one of them

SIX NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 309

approaching the normal form of P. bamptoni (but not, from
the writer’s experience to date, agreeing exactly with it if both
surfaces are taken into account); and the other differing in
the absence of white spaces in the cilia, on the upperside (but
still without any trace of any orange lunules on the adjoining
wing-surface), and with a plainly coloured underside as regards
the apical and marginal areas of the forewing and the main
surface of the hindwing. A similarity to P. psyche is apparent
in the second form, in particular. The two main forms are not
infrequently linked by transitional forms but all specimens
retain recognisable features which are common to the entire
population. P. atlantica Dickson, which is of less frequent
occurrence in the Lambert’s Bay area, is an entirely distinct
species. As far as the more usual member of the group (with
its two forms) is concerned, it is felt that this is not specifically
distinct from P. bamptoni and can reasonably be regarded as
constituting no more than a race of this insect. Occasional
males also have the subapical area of the forewing upperside
almost, or even entirely, black. In endeavouring to assess the
relative status of such taxa, one is well aware of the frequent
absence of sharp, clear-cut divisions in Nature itself.

Because of their great similarity in allied species of the
P. thysbe group, the male genitalia have not, in P. bamptoni
itself, been considered when discussing this taxon.

The late K. M. Pennington found two males of P. bamptoni
at or in the vicinity of Hondeklip Bay in September, 1964,
and was impressed by their unusual features when discussing
them with the present writer, but was uncertain about their
status owing to the material not being sufficiently representa-
tive at that time. Specimens were, however, collected there
much earlier by the late Dr. G. van Son—but before much
attention had been paid to the P. thysbe group. They were
noticed recently by Mr. Henning in the collection of the
Transvaal Museum, amongst various other members of this
group. The butterfly has finally been named after Mr. Ivan
Bampton, who was the first one to find it in such numbers
as to enable it to be studied adequately.

It may be mentioned that the Lambert’s Bay butterfly,
referred to earlier, was once seen laying eggs on the small
shrub Lebeckia plukenetiana E. Mey. (Leguminosae), and at
the base of which a larva was found, accompanied by Crema-
togaster ants. However, Mr. Bampton actually secured two or
three eggs of P. bamptoni at Hondeklip Bay, after they had
been laid on a species of Zygophyllum (Zygophyllaceae); and
from one of them the early stages were reared by the writer
to the imaginal stage. A pair of specimens of the former insect
(ones with well marked undersides) were subsequently presented
to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Thestor pringlei spec. nov.

This striking new Thestor has features in common with
Th. compassbergae Quickelberge and McMaster and Th.
kaplani Dickson and Stephen, but differs decisively from both
these species in certain respects. In marking, it is closer to the

310 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII1/76

former, and the male genitalia also suggest a greater affinity
to this insect. The development of the dark marking of the
upperside of the male, at least, is more as in compassbergae
as against the remarkably full development in the male of
kaplani. In both sexes of this Lycaenid the orange-ochreous
ground-colour of the upperside is of a noticeably richer tone
than in the other two species (but this may not be consistently
so in all female specimens).

Forewings of the male a little less elongated than in
compassbergae but rather more so than in kaplani. The average
size 1S approximately that of the former and perhaps a little
below that of kaplani.

Male (Upperside)

Forewing. Dark blackish-brown outer portion of wing
decidedly extensive and rather more so than in compassbergae,
with a streak of ochreous colouring (represented by spotting
between the veins) bordering inwardly the very broad, dark
distal border, not always well defined and in extreme cases
only just apparent.

Hindwing. Differing little from that of compassbergae
apart from the richer tone of the ochreous colouring.

Cilia of all wings with greyish-brown and whitish
chequering, which is more often not sharply defined, especially
in hindwing, and in which a light tint may predominate at
the upper angle and a darker tone elsewhere—although there
is variation in different specimens and some have the cilia more
lightly coloured throughout.

Underside

Forewing. Resembling that of compassbergae in colouring
and marking. Costal area tends to be less whitish—scaled and
the dark sagittate markings parallel with the distal margin not
as prominent subapically; but there are inconsistencies in this
respect.

Hindwing. Wing without the definite white or partially
white surface which is often present in compassbergae. Discal
marking, at least, reduced in comparison with that of compass-
bergae (in which this marking as well as that nearer the base
is frequently very prominent), and consisting principally of
the very irregular streak from near costal margin almost to
inner margin, which is more clearly linear throughout its
length than in normally marked examples of compassbergae,
and the inner portion of which (up to vein 4) is inclined to
be more outwardly placed.

Length of forewing: 15.5-18.0 mm. (17.5 mm., in holo-
type).

Female

As is not unusuai in females of closely related Lycaenids,
less difference is apparent between the female of Th. pringlei
and the females of compassbergae and kaplani than between
the corresponding males. From the specimens available for
comparison, the female of the present species is, as in the case
of the male, closer in general to that of compassbergae than
to that of kaplani.

SIX NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 311

Upperside

The allotype, with the rich orange-ochreous colouring of
male specimens, and the dark marking much in evidence and
basically as in the female of compassbergae (though particu-
larly well developed discally in the forewing), but one paratype
lighter in ground-colour and the dark marking as a whole
greatly reduced—including the spotting in all wings.

Cilia as in male, with due allowance made for the usual
individual variation in specimens.

Underside

Not differing much from that of compassbergae, but
remarks under male concerning the dark marking apply, in
part, to female also. Ground-colour of hindwing of a nearly
uniform fawn-colour with less suggestion of slight variegation
in places than in compassbergae. The irregular discal streak
is linear in the female of both species, but may not be as
sharply defined as is usual in the male of pringlei. Outermost
portion of streak, in areas 4 and 5, in the form of a w-shaped
marking in pringlei but not, or hardly so, in females of
compassbergae that have been examined up to the present.

Length of forewing: 18.5-19.5 mm. (the former measure-
ment, that of allotype).

In both sexes the body and ancillary parts are superficially
very much the same as in Th. compassbergae.

é Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Sutherland,
13.xii.1974 (E. L. Pringle); British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18660.

? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype;
British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18661.

Paratypes in author’s coll.: as holotype, 13.xii.1974, five
é 8, two 2 2; 15.xii.1974, one ¢ (E.L.P.).

Paratypes in Coll. V. L. and E. L. Pringle: as holotype,
1S x01 1974, 176s’, six 293 15x. 1974; two? 9 (E.L.P-):

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype; one
é and one ° to be selected from above paratypes.

It is of interest that Th. pringlei and the two other species
should all fly at about the same time of year, in spite of their
widely separated habitats.

The genitalia of two males of Th. pringlei were dissected
and compared with those of two males (in each case) of
compassbergae and kaplani. Those of pringlei are shown in the
plate and detailed reference to each part will not be made,
except where some difference has been present in the prepara-
tions concerned. Falces (as in compassbergae) wider at or near
base than in kaplani. Labides, in pringlei, differing from those
of the other two species in having a broad extension, on one
side, from basal portion to point of juncture with the juxta.
Valves very similar to those of kaplani (with slight variation in
outline in both species), but relatively broader than those of
compassbergae. Aedeagus with the basal portion, from the
distal end of dorsal opening, sloping down at a greater angle
to the main body of the aedeagus than in the other two species.
Saccus of moderate length, but more flattended, and broader
laterally, than in kaplani, but far less broad than in compass-
bergae.

512 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

This very attractive Thestor has been named, appro-
priately, after its discoverer, Mr. Ernest L. Pringle, who has
written about it as follows: — “On the 13th December, 1974,
my father and I were climbing the southern slope of a moun-
tain on the Roggeveld Escarpment, about 10 miles South-West
of Sutherland, at 9.30 a.m., when I spotted the first specimens
of this Thestor. On searching the area a strong colony was
found along a rocky ridge about three-quarters of the way up
the mountain. Here males were found fiying within extremely
limited areas, situated on bare patches of ground. They were
obviously extremely territorial and the colony itself appeared
to be fairly restricted. The females were rather scarce relative
to the males, and most were found flying at random over a
fairly extensive area stretching all the way to the summit of
the mountain. Reasonably extensive exploration of the Escarp-
ment showed that this insect was, as we had thought, fairly
localised. We were very pleased, therefore, to find further
specimens on the 15th December at the head of the Komsberg
Pass, even though this colony did not appear to be a strong
one.”

HESPERIIDAE

Tsitana tulbagha kaplani subsp. nov.

Coming originally from Vogel Vlei and Piquetberg, where
it was collected by Trimen in 1863 and 1869 respectively, the
type-form of Tsitana tulbagha (Trimen) is representative of
the more extreme westerly portion of the species’ range in the
Western Cape, with numerous scattered populations in suitable
terrain in which the larval food-plant, Danthonia sp. (Grami-
neae), exists. The race which is now being described is, on
the other hand, characteristic of the populations occurring
further to the east and specimens of which are at once
separable by their darker undersides.

Both sexes are without the definitely fawn-coloured tone
which is present on the under surface of nominate Tsitana
tulbagha.

Male (Underside)

Forewing. The lighter coloration of costal, apical and
terminal areas less pronounced, with these areas decidedly
duller, in fact, than in nominate race.

Hindwing. Ground-colour relatively dark brown, against
the general fawn colour in nominate tulbagha (in which race
this tone is particularly apparent in the entire area above the
dark edging of the main white radial streak which extends
from the wing-base, through the cell, to the distal margin—
though present also, outwardly, well below the streak, before
becoming intermixed with whitish scaling (or white hairs)).
In kaplani the whitish effect is generally more pronounced and
extensive in the portion of the wing concerned; and, frequently,
a partially developed white streak borders the dark inner-
marginal fold. The streak is not, or hardly, apparent in some
specimens owing to the contiguous whitish portion of the wing
effacing its form. The corresponding streak is consistently

SIX NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 313

present in nominate tulbagha, even if it is not always strongly
defined.

Length of forewing: 15.5-19.0 mm. (18.0 mm., in holo-
type).

Female (Underside)

Characteristic features, in all wings, as noted for the male.
The females of both races tend to be lighter in general than
the corresponding males, but with a less noticeable whitish
area in the hindwing.

Length of forewing: 16.5-19.5 mm. (17.5 mm., in allo-
type).

é Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Seven
Weeks Poort, 7.xii.1973 (Dr. J. Kaplan); British Museum Reg.
No. Rh.18662.

2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype;
British Museum Reg. No. Rh.18663.

Paratypes in author’s coll.: Keerom Berg, nr. Worcester,
C.P., 20.x.1956, one ¢, one 2; 22.xi.1956, one ¢, two 22
(C.G.C.D.). Karbonaatjes Kraal, beyond top of Hex River Pass,
5.xii.1949, five ¢¢ (A. J. Duke). Roodeberg, Robertson
Karroo, 24.xi.1966, one & (C.G.C.D.). Tafel Kop, W. of
Montagu, 9.xi.1962, two ¢ 4 (C.G.C._D.). Nr. Montagu Baths,
5.xi.1962, one ? (C.G.C.D.).

Paratypes in Coll. J. Kaplan: as holotype, 114 4, five °°

K.)

Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: Karroo Poort, C.P.,
18.xi.1967, three $4, three 22 (C.W.W.). Wagenbooms
Bergen, 14.xi.1962, one 2 (C.W.W.). Koelefontein Hills,
Robertson Karroo, 21.x.1962, four ¢ 4, two 2? ° (C.W.W.).
Montagu, 9.xi.1962, five ¢¢, one 2? (C.W.W.).

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as_ holotype,
30.x.1941, one ¢, two 2 2; 21.x.1954, one ¢ (Dr. G. van Son);
26.x.1946, one 2; 7.xi.1946, one ¢, one 2; 1.xii.1957, one ¢
(K. M. Pennington).

Although the present race does vary much in size, and
some specimens are comparatively small, the average size is
generally above that of nominate tulbagha. This does not
apply, however, to examples from the Robertson Karoo—in
spite of their appearing to fall under kaplani. The males are
probably also darker, on the whole, even on the upperside;
but a certain amount of fading takes place in time, in cabinet
specimens. The original very deep brown colour of the upper-
side, in the male anyway, is not apparent in the accompanying
plate.

The male genitalia of kaplani have been compared with
the genitalia of the nominate race without any very essential
differences being noticed. The former have been larger, but
proportionate to the greater size of the insects themselves.
Some individual variation occurs in the distal end of the valve,
which is more acute in some specimens than in others. The
more clearly excised portion of the aedeagus towards basal end,
is decidedly longer in kaplani than in the nominate race. A

314 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

diagrammatic representation of the male genitalia of nominate
Ts. tulbagha is given in Brigadier Evans’ Catalogue of the
African Hesperiidae, P|. 16 (1937); and the genitalia have been
figured by the Rev. D. P. Murray, in Durban Museum
Novitates, 5 (17), Pl. 1 (1959). The valves are of a more elon-
gated form than is indicated in either of these illustrations.

Both races of TJs. tulbagha frequent rough hill- or
mountain-sides, or fly at the base of hills if the necessary
coarse tussock grass is present. Their rather rambling flight is
far from rapid, and unlike that of the majority of Skippers,
although they have a fairly quick, characteristic, wing-beat.

Thanks are extended to Miss J. K. Erasmus for the care
taken in finally typing this manuscript.

A New NAME FOR EXOMELLA FENNAH, 1957 (HOMOPTERA,
FULGOROIDEA, FLATIDAE). — Through the kindness of Professor
J. T. Medler, it has been brought to my attention that the
generic name Exomella Fennah, 1957, Annis. Mus. r. Congo
Belge, Ser. 8°, Sci. Zool. 59: 172, is preoccupied by Exomella
Casey, 1914, Mem. Col. 5:378. There is no junior synonym
available as a replacement. Accordingly, for Exomella Fennah
I now propose the new name Afrexoma. This is considered to
be of feminine gender. — R. G. FENNAH, c/o Commonwealth
Institute of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History),
London, S.W.7.

PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. (WAVED BLACK) IN EAST
Sussex. —I took a male P. fuliginaria in my light trap on the
night of 26th July. This was the first time I had come across
this moth since moving from Worcestershire in 1974 where,
since 1973, I had taken seven examples of the insect including
one at sugar. Attempts at rearing the species from ova in 1973
and 1974, however, failed since I could not get the larvae to
survive beyond March, even when kept out of doors. —
A. E. C. Apams, Dabchick Cottage, Dallington, Heathfield,
Sussex.

ARICIA ANTEROS FREYER ON Mr. TayGetTos. —In mid
June, 1975 I took a single fresh specimen of Aricia anteros
Freyer at about 1,000m. on the Taygetos of southern Greece.
This record seems to represent the most southern Grecian
locality for this insect, which had previously been known to
occur only as far South as Mt. Chelmos. The interest of this
record lies in the fact that, although Mt. Taygetos lies only 60
miles from Mt. Chelmos, several species of butterfly are
thought to occur on one member of this pair of mountains
and not on the other, despite the absence of any obvious barrier
to colonisation between these two mountains. Species which
show this peculiar distribution include Philotes bavius Evers-
mann, Colias aurorina Hertrich-Schaeffer, Polyommatus
menelaos Brown, and used to include A. anteros. — J. BROWN,
12 Browning Avenue, Sutton, Surrey.

315

The Status in Britain of Stigmella samiatella
(Zeller, 1839) and S. svenssoni (Johansson, 1971)
(Lep., Nepticulidae)

By A. M. EMmet*

In a recent paper on the British Nepticulidae (Emmet,
1974), I described how Stigmella samiatella came to be placed
on the British List solely on the evidence of vacated mines
determined by Professor Hering (Parmenter, 1952). I went on
to say that the revision of the atricapitella group undertaken
by continental entomologists and their discovery of several
new species had invalidated Hering’s conception of the mine-
forms, so that there was now no evidence for the occurrence
of S. samiatella in Britain; I added, however, that it was such
a common species on the Continent that its discovery in Britain
would not be surprising. In Kloet & Hincks (1972) its name is
preceded by an asterisk, indicating that it is a species of doubt-
ful British status. In my account of this species in The Moths
and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland (Heath et al.,
1976) I told the same story, stating that although appearing
on the British List it apparently did not occur in Britain;
however, immediately below you will find a “Note added in
press’’ to the effect that I had bred a specimen. The purpose
of this paper is to record that event in greater detail and to
announce the rearing of three other examples, one in 1900
and two in 1976.

My wife and I have travelled Britain extensively collecting
records of the Nepticulidae for the distribution maps of
M.B.G.B.I. Late November, 1975 found us in Wales and on
the 19th we collected mines in fallen oak-leaves near Knighton,
Radnorshire. From this material a male specimen of S. samia-
tella emerged on the 27th of April, 1975. Encouraged by this
success, I renewed my search for this species in the collections
at the British Museum (Natural History) and picked out from
the Bankes collection a male bred from Danbury, Essex on
the Ist of June, 1900. I persuaded a very sceptical Dr. J. D.
Bradley to dissect the genitalia and to his surprise and my
smug satisfaction it proved indeed to be S. samiatella.

On the 5th of August, 1975 my wife and I collected leaf-
mines in the area of ancient woodland known as Bedford
Purlieus; this is situated in the Soke of Peterborough, in the
pre-1974 county of Rutland, in the present extended county
of Leicestershire and for recording purposes within vice-
county 32 (Northamptonshire). Early August falls between the
larval generations of bivoltine Nepticulidae and, though mines
were plentiful on the oaks, almost all were already vacated.
Of special interest to us were mines evidently of S. svenssoni
(Johansson); these were mostly empty like the others but
assiduous searching produced ten which still contained larvae.
These were reared separately from other mines of the atricapi-
tella group and produced no adults till 1976, when six svenssoni
emerged between the 17th of March and the 4th of April and

* Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF.

316 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 = 15/XII/76

two S. samiatella on the Ist and 6th of April. Dr. Borkowski
(1972) states that the mines of S. svenssoni and S. samiatella
are almost indistinguishable and this is confirmed by my
experience, for of the ten mines, all pressed as soon as they
were vacated, though I now know that at least six are S.
svenssoni and at least two S. samiatella, | cannot tell which is
which with any certainty.

The question arises of the number of generations in each
of these species. Borkowski (Joc. cit.) says that the larvae of
S. svenssoni occur in September and also doubtfully in June.
Mr. I. Svensson, in whose honour the species is named, told me
when he visited England in 1971 that in his opinion it was
univoltine. My own experience confirms this though it is likely
that a few adults emerge in the late summer when conditions
are suitable and give rise to a small autumnal generation. In
Britain July appears to be the peak month for tenanted mines
and from then onwards vacated mines far outnumber those
still containing larvae; nevertheless, larvae may be found in
diminishing numbers till September. A single November larva
provides the sole evidence for the supposed second generation.
The following table gives particulars of my rearings of S.
svenssoni to date; the dates of emergence are of little signifi-
cance since the pupae were forced. The entries are arranged in
the chronological order of the collections of the mines.

Date of Locality Number Date of
collection of reared emergence
mine

6 or 9.xi.68 Madingley, Cambs. 1 18.v.69
10. viii.72 Ambleside, Westmorland 1 31.1i1.73
10.ix.72 Thorpeness, Suffolk 1 28.iv.73
6.vill.74 Blackrock, Brecons. 1 27.iii.75
16.vii.75 Pass of Leny, Perthshire 2 14-16.111.76
27.vil.75 Yealand, North Lancs. 1 28.iv.76
28.vil.75 Derwentwater, Cumberland Zz 25.iii-1.iv.76
5.vili.75 Bedford Purlieus, Northants. 6 17.iii-4.iv.76
5.vili.75 Groby, Leicestershire 1 27.iv.76
18.vili.75 Thorpeness, Suffolk 2 26.iv-7.V.76

S. samiatella, on the other hand, is bivoltine on the Con-
tinent (Borkowski, loc. cit.) but the slender evidence for its
behaviour in Britain suggests the possibility that here it, too. is
mainly univoltine. First, the date of the emergence of the

Date of Locality Number | Date of
collection of reared | emergence
mine
1899 Danbury, Essex 1 1.vi.00
19.xi.74 Knighton, Radnorshire 1 28.iv.75
5.vili.75 Bedford Purlieus, Northants. 2 1-6.iv.76

Danbury specimen is remarkably late if the species is bivoltine.

THE STATUS IN BRITAIN OF STIGMELLA SAMIATELLA 317

Secondly, with a bivoltine species larvae that are full-fed in
early August, like those from Bedford Purlieus, should produce
adults the same year. Thirdly, if samiatella is univoltine it is
easier to explain why it was overlooked until 1975. The related
species feeding on deciduous oak (S. atricapitella (Haworth),
S. ruficapitella (Haworth), S. roborella (Johansson) and S.
basiguttella (Heinemann)) all have a first generation of larvae
feeding from mid-June until mid-August, according to the
season, and producing adults about a fortnight after pupation.
Suppose a collector had a mixed bag of mines which included
the bivoltine and univoltine species; those that were bivoltine
would emerge in August and when they ceased he might
throw the rest of the material away, thinking that the other
pupae had failed. So it came about that the two species were
not bred until I reared one of each from November larvae,
representatives of that supposedly rare second generation; each
of these specimens was distinctly undersized, suggesting that
their larvae had fed in conditions unsuitable to them. To
obtain these species, therefore, the collector should keep his
summer cocoons until the following spring, especially if they
have emanated from the right kind of mine: that is, one with
the egg laid beside a vein on the underside of the leaf, with the
early gallery leading away from the vein at right-angles con-
taining linear frass and with the late gallery broad and almost
filled with frass that is well dispersed or arranged in arcs.

In my description of the adult of S. svenssoni (Heath et al.,
1976, loc. cit.), 1 said it could not be distinguished with cer-
tainty from females of S. ruficapitella and both sexes of S.
roborella without dissection of the genitalia. I now find that
this is not normally necessary. S. svenssoni is a distinctly larger
species and the scaling of the forewing is different in that the
scales are very big with golden brown bases and deep purple-
fuscous tips when seen from certain angles. Consequently the
wings have a speckled appearance not found in the other
species; this is visible even without a lens, especially in living
specimens.

The black crown of the head, the yellow frons, the white
collar and the absence of androconial scales on the hindwing
suffice to make the males of S. samiatella easy to recognise.
There is, however, some variation in the colour of the frons
which in my original specimen is black like the crown. Unfor-
tunately this moth suffered severe damage when the drawer in
which it was stored was dropped by a careless batman. I have
not yet seen a female but it is reported to be virtually undis-
tinguishable from female S. atricapitella. Reference to the
mine from which a moth was bred would make the determina-
tion simple. Either sex could be confused with those specimens
of S. basiguttella in which the pale spot at the base of the
forewing is obscure or obsolete; such specimens have frequently
been misidentified in collections. S. basiguttella is, however,
usually much smaller than S. samiatella and some trace of the
pale spot is generally detectable. No one could confuse the
mines.

318 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76
References

Borkowski, A., 1972. Studien an Nepticuliden (Lepidoptera) Teil V. Die
europaischen Arten der Gattung Nepicula Heyden von Eichen.
Polskie Pismo ent., 42: 767-799.

Emmet, A. M., 1974. Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae II.
Quercus spp. (Oak). Ent. Rec., 86: 8, 103-108, 147-149.

Heath, J. et al., 1976. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and
Ireland Volume 1, 343 pp., 13 pls., 85 figs. London.

Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1972. A Check List of British Insects.
Second Edition (Revised). Part 2: Lepidoptera, viii, 53 pp. London.

Parmenter, L., 1952. Stigmella samiatella Zell. (Lep., Stigmellidae) as a
British insect. Ent. mon. Mag., 88: 286.

FURTHER RECORDS OF HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA (ZELLER).
— Recent conversations with entomologists indicate that this
moth has occurred, often in some numbers, throughout
southern England during 1976. My Heath trap at Orpington
has attracted 11 individuals this year, the earliest being 27.vii
and the latest 9.ix. This comparative abundance coupled with
the suggestion of S. E. Whitebread (Ent Rec., 87: 190) that
oblitella could have been breeding on the North Kent coast in
recent years, prompted examination of my _ unidentified
material from previous years. This produced one female
(29.vili.74) and two males (vili.75). Although the records for
this species are probably incomplete, the moth appears to have
occurred in Orpington for at least three years. Other localities
in N.W. Kent this year have included Dartford Heath, Petts
Wood and Sidcup (several).

Further afield, no less than seven individuals of oblitella
came to m.v. light on the cliffs at Durdle Door, near Lulworth,
Dorset, on 26.viil.76. Perhaps a more surprising locality was
for a single male taken in early August this year on the shingle
beach at Llwyngwril, Merioneth. My thanks are due to Mr.
J. Roche who first pointed out oblitella in my collection, and
who kindly supplied records for Sidcup and Petts Wood. —
P. A. SoKOLoFF, 4 Steep Close, Green St. Green, Orpington,
Kent.

CONFIRMATION OF HYDRAECIA QOSSEOLA HUCHERARDI Mas.
AS A BREEDING SPECIES IN THE MEDWaAy VALLEY. — I would
like to add to the record of Mr. D. A. Saunders (Ent. Rec.,
87: 303) of the capture of a specimen of hucherardi, near
Rochester, Kent. Three specimens of this moth, two males and
one female, visited an m.v. light I was operating on the banks
of the Medway between Maidstone and Rochester on the night
of 30th August, 1976. The night was a poor one for moths,
with only 17 other species (all very common ones) being
recorded up to 10 p.m. The foodplant. Althaea officinalis is
common in the area where the moths were found. The speci-
men I kept for confirmation is identical in colour and markings
with a specimen I bred from a pupa from Rye, Sussex. — P. J.
JEWwESS, 378 London Road, Aylesford, Kent.

319

A Note on some Beetles Captured in Moccas
Park, Herefordshire, during 1975
By J. Coorer, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.*

During 1975 I was able to make several visits to this well
known collecting ground, in most cases accompanied by my
wife (S. Cooter, née Morris). The majority of the visits were
made during the summer, and especially between May and
August. Invariably the weather was warm and very dry
throughout the summer, so dry that the lake was clearly
decreasing in size as the season progressed, and at the time
of writing this note (June 1976) had reduced to about one-third
its SIZe.

Despite energetic searching in late May and the first week
in June, no sign of Pyrrhidium sanguineum (Linn.) was found.
Collecting activities were almost entirely confined to the park-
land area, the densely wooded region extending up the valley
slope was only briefly visited.

The majority of the dead timber is left in the Park, either
where it fell, or is cut into managable lengths and stacked
close to the trunks of healthy trees, the leafy canopy giving
a degree of shelter in a somewhat exposed area. Much of the
timber away from shade must suffer some degree of heat
sterilization, and certainly dries out more quickly. This is
particularly true with beech, the bark of which after con-
tracting and splitting soon peels away from the wood, which
in turn dries out. However, it is well to record in one of the
most exposed beech trunks, with very little bark attached,
Melasis buprestiodes (Linn.), Taphrorychus villifrons (Dufour)
and Platypus cylindrus (Fab.) were found not uncommonly
burrowing into the hard wood (in the case of the former and
latter) or under the scant bark (in the case of villifrons).

Species marked with an asterisk (*) are to the best of my
knowledge additions to the Moccas Park list.

*Colon serripes Sahlberg. Two examples, both female, by
general sweeping (at about 21.30 hrs.) on the slope immediately
behind the lake, 26.vi.1975.

*Sepedophilus bipunctatus (Gravenhorst). One specimen in wet
rotten beech, 25.v.1975, S. Morris. This is the second Here-
fordshire locality for this very local beetle.

Plectophloeus nitidus (Fairmaire). Single specimens among
frass, etc., under the bark of the same prostrate rotten oak,
25.v.1975 and 19.v.1975, this time in company with a solitary
Batrisodes venustus (Reichenbach).

Hypebaeus flavipes (Fab.). The late G. H. Ashe made a pencil
sketch on the interleaving of his copy of “‘Fowler’ (now in
my possession) indicating the oak tree from which he and
doubtless many other Coleopterists obtained this interesting
little Malachiid. Thirty years later, the beetle was still reason-
ably common on ‘“‘Ashe’s Oak”, specimens being beaten from
it on 21.vi, 26.vi and 5.vii.75. A single specimen from another
red-rotten oak at the Park Lodge end, and three on different

* Natural History Dept., Art Gallery and Museum, Kevingrove, Glasgow,
G3 8AG.

320 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

occasions from an old oak in parkland, but up the hillside.
*Lymexylon navalae (Linn.). A single gravid female taken on
the wing, 5.viii.1975. The insect was observed for several
minutes as it flew up and down and about one foot away from
the long-ago debarked section of one of the oaks growing at
the parkland/woodland boundary. It may seem odd that such
a conspicuous insect as navalae has remained undetected in
this quite well worked area. However, I would suggest that it
is not a recent arrival, thus endorsing Allen’s (1966, Ent Rec.,
78: 79-80) views on ancient forest relict species. What is more
likely is that the beetle frequents the woodland area of the
Park where conditions would be more favourable—much dead
timber in a shaded environment. Other factors that should
not be discounted are (i) that the beetle has a relatively short
flight period, and is more often on the wing toward the evening,
and (ii) that the wooded area of the Park has a dense under-
growth of bracken, some of it reaching to (my) head height,
i.e. 6 ft., the ground is very uneven and the whole wooded
part situated on a very steep slope. Combine this with the fact
that most of the Moccas “‘specialities’*’ appear earlier in the
season than navalae, and are to be found in the parkland
(which incidentally is nearer the road), it is apparent that the
visitor would have no reason, other than curiosity, to venture
into the wilderness. This is especially true if time is limited,
for example a single day trip to the area. I have detected no
sign of the characteristic emergence holes in any parkland
oak, indicating the insects presence (as they do for example
in Denny Wood, New Forest). In the woodland area with its
dense canopy, such burrows may also easily escape notice.
*Henoticus serratus (Gyllenhal). One specimen, 25.v.1975 (S.
Morris), beaten from oak.

Abdera quadrifasciata (Curtis). A single specimen, under bark
of an oak log, 2.vili.1975.

Eledona agricola (Herbst) is not recorded by Brendell (1974,
Royal Ent. Soc. Handbook Identification Brit. Insects: V. (10)
Tenebrionidae), from Herefordshire. Very common in an
unidentified bracket-like fungus growing on oak trunks,
26.vi.1975. I have also seen specimens dating from the 1930’s
and 40’s (R. W. Lloyd and others).

I would like to offer my most sincere thanks to Mr. and
Mrs. L. Slaney for granting access to the Park on behalf of
the owner Mr. R. T. G. Chester-Master, and for their general
help and kindness. To Mr. P. J. Osborne for the loan of an
authentic Plectophloeus nitidus from his own collection, cap-
tured in Blenheim Park, and for identifying Batrisodes
venustus.

HYLES GALLII ROTT. AT PURLEY, SURREY IN 1976. — On the
morning of the 22nd August there was a specimen of the
Bedstraw Hawkmoth here in my light trap. The moth, which
was in fine condition, arrived during a night that was cool
with a clear sky. — P. M. STIRLING, 83 Grasmere Road, Purley,
Surrey, CR2 1DZ.

321

Auction of Library Duplicates from the Royal
Entomological and Linnean Societies

By BRIAN O. C. GARDINER*

Ninety-three lots of duplicates from the library of the
Royal Entomological Society and thirty lots from the Linnean,
were included in a sale of Natural History and Scientific books
held at Sotheby’s New Bond Street salerooms on 7th June,
1976. Prices substantially exceeded expectations and the total
realised for the R.E.S. was over £29,000, of which nearly a
third was accounted for by two books alone, each consisting
of a copy of Madame Sybilla Merians’ ‘‘Dissertations on the
generation and transformations of the Insects of Surinam’’ and
her “‘History of European Insects’? bound together in one
volume, the French and Dutch editions respectively, in not
very good condition, plates uncoloured, each of which fetched
£4,400.

The sale started well with nearly double the estimated
price being paid for a complete and clean set of the “‘Opera
Omnia” of Aldrovandus 1602-68. Perhaps because it is so
rarely found complete due to the long publication period, this
set fetched £1,650. The three volume first edition of John
Berkenhout’s “‘Outlines of Natural History” was very reason-
able at £24 however. This was shortly followed by £550 for
‘“‘New Illustrations of Zoology” by P. Brown, again twice the
estimated price. Extremely dear were four volumes of Charles
Darwin at over £12 each. I recently found one of them in
Cambridge at 20p and the others are usually to be had for
under a fiver. Dru Drury’s “Illustrations of Natural History”
nicely bound in one volume, fetched £440, a little higher than
recently, and one does kick oneself for not having bought it
for £3, being the price noted in an old 1942 catalogue unearthed
recently! The very nice eight volumes of ““Engrammel insectes
d’Europe”’ by J. J. Ernst and J. Pere fetched its expected high
value of £1,100.

While we can understand £715 being paid for the exquisite
colouring of the 504 handpainted plates of C. F. Freyers’
“Neuere Beitrage zur Schmetterlings kunde”’ it utterly defeats
us why £121 was paid for a couple of dozen outdated modern
textbooks on genetics, even if the lot did contain the ‘“Genetical
theory of Natural Selection” by R. A. Fisher. Over £90 for
Galton’s “Natural Inheritance’? of 1889 was also very dear;
presumably someone must lust after such boring and unattrac-
tive books. Not all modern books were so expensive however;
for the 15 volumes of ‘South African Animal Life’—which
is mainly Entomological—went for a mere £5.50 compared to
a published price of some £150.

Lot 24 was a mixed one. It included a late edition of
Goldsmith’s ‘“‘Animated Nature” and works on Grasses and
Animals of the Bible. It fetched £38.50, but oddly enough all
the books could have been bought in Cambridge recently for
under £20.

*Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,
Cambridge, CB2 2EJ.

322 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI11/76

There were two copies of the ‘““Pinax Rerum Naturatium
Britannicarium”’ by Christopher Merrett, the first and second
editions, and these went very reasonably indeed at £33 and
£35. An unusual and interesting item was the “‘Nova Stirpium
Adversaria” by P. Pena and M. de Lobel, which although
not of course entomological, contained the signature and anno-
tations of a previous owner; none other than Thomas Muffett,
the father of British Entomology. This item fetched £352.

The second highest price of the day was the £1,430 paid
for the ‘“‘Locupletissimi Rerum Naturalium Thesauri” by
Albertus Seba which, although volume 4 had uncoloured plates,
was a real snip at this price as we have recently seen it
advertised at £18,000.

Early books on chemistry and related subjects were also
fetching high prices. ‘““A new system of chemical philosophy”
by John Dalton fetched £770, and J. Hutton’s “‘Theory of the
Earth’, £495.

It is always difficult to judge the trend in prices of botani-
cal works as so much depends on the quality of the colouring
and the general condition of the book. For some reason,
probably because they were issued in much smaller numbers,
old hand coloured books on insects would seem to be of a
consistently higher quality than many of those on flowers.
Nevertheless, it seemed to us that botanical works were fetching
less than usual; certainly the prices seemed low in comparison
to that paid for the Entomological works. For instance, ““The
Botanical Cabinet’’, a 20 volume catalogue issued by the early
nineteenth century “Garden Centre” so to speak, firm of
Conrad Loddiges & Sons, went for only £550 and 36 early
volumes of John Sowerby’s “English Botany”? went for £462.
Twenty volumes of this work recently fetched £1,200 in a
local Cambrideshire auction.

The prices of journals continued its downward trend,
except that the early issues of the more auguste bodies—parti-
cularly those containing hand coloured plates—hold their
value. The best prices were the £462 paid for the first ten
volumes of the ‘‘Transactions of the Zoological Society of
London” and £550 for a very fine set of the first 39 volumes
of the Linnean Society’s Transactions. We consider, however,
that £176 for a complete and well-bound set of ‘“‘The Zoologist”
a very reasonable price and so too was £440, again for a
complete set, dating back to 1829, and consisting of no less
than 214 volumes, of the “Bulletin of the Moscow Natural
History Society”. A number of other journals, however, were
being sold to maiden bids of £5.50 for lots containing 100 or
so volumes, such as the ‘“‘De Levende Natuur”’ for instance.

A number of the early classical works on Entomology,
those without coloured plates that is, went for what in these
inflationary days were quite reasonable prices. “Genera et
Species Insectorum” of de Geer, 1783 edition, £44; “De
Insectis’’, Lister’s edition of Goedart’s work, 1685, £45;
Leeuwenhoek’s ‘“‘Epistolae Physiologicae”’, £55; Lyonét’s

AUCTION OF LIBRARY DUPLICATES 323

“‘Traite anatomique de la chenille’, 1762, £110; Swammerdam’s
““‘Bybel de Natuure’’, the first edition of 1737-38, made £385
however.

The four volumes of ‘Seitz’ dealing with the Palaearctic
Lepidoptera, bound volumes from the library of the late
Henry J. Turner (together with the small incomplete Vol. 9),
made the high price of £242. This was at once followed by
what appeared to be an almost complete set of all volumes
unbound, as far as issued up to the outbreak of the 1939 war,
which went for the absurdly cheap price of £66.

THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL (CATOCALA FRAXINI L.) IN
NorFov_k. — Altogether there have been seven reports of this
moth in Norfolk in 1976 as follows: (1) Sea Palling, one taken
at light, August 28th; (2) Hickling, one taken at light by Dr.
T. N. D. Peet, August; (3) Sutton, one found dead, September
Sth; (4) Norwich, one found on September 5th; (5) Horsford,
one taken by Mr. Foster, September 5th; (6) Taverham, one
seen, September 7th; and, finally (7) Cley, one taken by Mr.
Patrick Kearney on the night of September 19th/20th. Nos.
(1) and (2) are those recorded by Dr. Peet in the October issue
of the Record. — Dr. E. A. Etiis, Wheatfen Broad, Surling-
ham, Norfolk.

HUMMING-BIRD HAWK IN THE ISLE OF MAN IN 1976. — In
addition to the Camberwell Beauties, the Isle of Man has had
other noteworthy visitors this year, including many Humming-
bird Hawks (Macroglossum stellatarum L.). Between mid-
August and the end of September reports were received from
Colby, Castletown, Ballasalla, Douglas, Glen Vine, Sulby and
Ramsey. The species was last abundant here in 1947. 1976 has
also been remarkable for the numbers of Red Admirals
(Vanessa atalanta) and Peacocks (Nymphalis io.). — Dr. L. S.
GARRAD, The Manx Museum, Douglas, Isle of Man.

COSMOPTERIX ZIEGLERELLA (HUBNER) (EXIMIA HAWORTH)
(Lep., MOMPHIDAE) IN Essex.—In the Victoria County History
(1903) W. Harwood states that it occurs amongst hop near
Colchester: it still does so. On the 24th of August, 1976, I
noted vacated mines of this species at the headquarters of the
Essex Naturalist’s Trust at Fingringhoe, less than five miles
from the town centre of Colchester.

Meyrick (1928) gives its distribution as ‘Surrey, Middlesex
and Essex’’. I have not heard of its having been taken recently
in the first two counties, but there are at least two good
colonies in West Kent. This is one of our rarest species of
microlepidoptera, besides being one of the most beautiful. —
A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron
Walden, Essex.

324 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Notes on the Erebia of the French Massif Central
By M. J. PERCEVAL, F.R.E.S.*

(Concluded from page 245)

Comparison with specimens from other areas:

The Alps. Ssp. aetherius from the Alps is generally much
more poorly marked than specimens from the Auvergne none
of which have the typical aetherius characteristic of the loss
of the ocellus and the constriction of the orange band is S3
on the forewing upperside. Specimens from Aigoual are also
distinct from aetherius as although aetherius often has a
reduction in ocelli, it is not usually associated with the sub-
stantial reduction in marking found in Aigoual specimens.
F. nelamus from high level in the Alps is, however, nearer to
those from Aigoual than other forms.

British Isles. Again ssp. mnemon is distinctly different
from Auvergne epiphron. Based on Cribb and Porter’s analysis,
Perthshire specimens are of comparable size, males 17.90 mm,
females 18.10 mm. They are, however, more poorly marked.
In the males four ocelli on the forewings occur in only 44%
upperside and 10% underside. The orange markings of the
best marked Perth specimens do not approach those of
Auvergne specimens. Cumberland specimens are better marked,
68% having four ocelli on the upperside forewings although
most only have two underside. They are, however, very much
smaller, the males average only 15.93 mm and the females
16.50 mm. While mnemon is more poorly marked than
Auvergne specimens, it is better marked than those from
Aigoual. Even in the more poorly marked Perthshire specimens
the substantial majority have three or four ocelli on the fore-
wings upperside compared with two in specimens from Aigoual
and three on the hindwings compared with none.

East Pyrenees. Specimens from the area round Pic Carlit,
near Mont Louis, Pyrenees Orientales, do not appear referable
to ssp. fauveaui. De Lesse’s description of fauveaui from
Canigou states than 30-40% of the males have a fifth ocellus
on the forewings. This, however, occurs in none of my series
from Carlit. These are similar in size to those from the Massif,
the males average 18.25 mm and the females 18.59 mm. The
markings are very like those in specimens from the Auvergne,
although the ocelli are slightly stronger. In the males almost
all have four ocelli on the forewings upper and underside.
On the hindwings the number varies between two and four
but most have three or four. Although individual specimens
from Carlit and Mont Dore are identical, in the series as a
whole the ocelli in the Pyreneen specimens are slightly larger.
The females from Carlit are also very similar to those from
the Massif.

Central Pyrenees. Ssp. pyrenaica, my series from Col du
Tourmalet, Haute Pyrenees are not like ssp. aetherius. In all
respects but one they are similar to those from Carlit. The

* Holmesdale Cottage, Bonds Lane, Mid-Holmwood, Dorking, Surrey,
RHS 4HF.

NOTES ON THE EREBIA OF THE FRENCH MASSIF CENTRAL 325

orange markings on both wings upperside in the males are
reduced, although the ocelli are still present and well developed.
In size they are again comparable, the males average 18.43 mm
and the females 18.50 mm. De Lesse linked his f. cebennica
from Aigoual to ssp. pyrenaica, however, I can see no close
resemblance between them. Despite the reduction in orange
markings in pyrenaica they usually retain a full complement
of ocelli in most specimens, four on the forewings and three
on the hind.

The Vosges. I have examined the specimens from this area
in the B.M. collection. While I have not measured these they
appear of comparable size to those from the Massif, although
those from Mont Dore may be slightly larger. They are well
marked and in some respects appear better marked than
Auvergne specimens, particularly on the upperside of the hind-
wings where the orange rings round the ocelli are larger.
The ocelli on the underside of the forewings also appear
slightly better developed. Generally, however, the differences
are slight.

Conclusion. The substantial similarity between specimens
from the Vosges, Auvergne and Eastern Pyrenees in my view
confirm Warren’s assessment that they are one subspecies. I
have not found epiphron from other areas that appear directly
comparable. Specimens from these three areas are sufficiently
distinct from those both from the Alps and the United King-
dom to warrant separate subspecific status. The situation in
the Pyrenees is less clear and is not really within the scope
of this paper. I would, however, be surprised if four different
subspecies from this area could be justified. I have not seen
any Pyreneen specimens that I would consider to be ssp.
aetherius and Warren tends to over stress the differences
between ssp. mackeri and ssp. pyrenaica. My own tentative
view is that perhaps only one subspecies occurs there and that
this has developed different forms throughout its range, a
particularly well marked form (fauveaui) at the eastern end of
its range and a duller one in the west (pyrenaica). I am doubtful
that mackeri, fauveaui and pyrenaica all merit separate sub-
specific status but feel that two are perhaps forms of the other.
If this view should prove correct, pyrenaica as the earliest name
would take priority and mackeri and fauveaui would become
its progressively better marked forms. This would result in
specimens from the Auvergne and Vosges becoming ssp.
pyrenaica f. mackeri. This however is only speculation and
requires more work in the Pyrenees to either prove or disprove
it. At present, therefore, I think specimens from the Auvergne
should continue to be considered as ssp. mackeri, originally
described from the Vosges.

Epiphron from Mont Aigoual must be considered
separately. It is clearly not mackeri and, while de Lesse
described his cebennica as a form of pyrenaica, as already
mentioned this would not be my view. It appears closest to ssp.
aetherius f. nelamus. However, while nelamus is the high level
form of aetherius, cebennica occurs at a much lower altitude.

326 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

In view of this, its isolated situation and its difference from
other subspecies, I think it should be considered as a separate
subspecies. It is interesting to note that but for an oversight
nearly 200 years ago we would be faced with no problem
regarding the status of these specimens as Mont Aigoual would
be the type locality for this species. Specimens from this locality
were described and illustrated as a new species by Ernst in
Tome II of his Papillons d’Europe published in 1780, three
years before Knoch’s Papilio epiphron from the Hartz Moun-
tains. Ernst, however, failed to use the Linnean system of
nomenclature and called the species ““Le Montagnard’’, appro-
priate but not scientific, and thus Knoch’s later type locality
from which the species now seems to be extinct takes
precedence.

Figures 12 and 13 show a pair of mackeri from Montes
Dore and figures 14 and 15 show a pair of cebennica from
Mont Aigoual.

Erebia sudetica Stg.

This species was first described from Cantal by de Lesse
in 1947 and named f. lioranus. In fact he described it as a
form of E. melampus ssp. tigranus Frhst. Warren separated
sudetica and melampus in 1949 and attached lioranus to
sudetica. I have not visited the type locality of this subspecies,
Le Lioran on the western side of the Plomb du Cantal, but it
is common on the hills to the east of the Plomb. On 26th July,
1974 most specimens were worn at about 1,200 metres, but at
higher levels, up to 1,400 metres, they were still fresh. The
species was flying with E. epiphron but is sufficiently different
both in size (smaller) and markings to make identification on
the wing no problem. The species was again common in the
same area in 1975, when I also found it on Puy Mary (12th
August). It seems restricted to the higher Cantals as there are
no records of it from elsewhere in the Massif that I am aware
of.

Erebia aethiops Esp.

I have only encountered aethiops in one locality in the
Massif, near Condat, Cantal. I found it quite by chance in
1974 when driving south from Mont Dore to Plomb du Cantal.
On that occasion I saw just a single male (25th July). In 1975
I revisited this locality twice specifically to look for this species.
On the first occasion, 22nd July, the males were fresh but I
only found one female. I returned on 12th August and although
dull and overcast, in a short break when the sun came out I
found four females before it went in again.

While Warren (1936) had not seen aethiops from the
Auvergne, he doubted if the type occurred there and suggested
that ssp. sapaudia Frhst. might. Bretherton (1966) also stated
that ssp. sapaudia possibly occurred in the Auvergne and the
Cevennes. To date these doubts concerning the status of this
species in the Massif appear not to have been resolved.

In an endeavour to clarify this point, I have examined my
series of ten males and five females and compared them with
specimens from other localities. The forewing measurements

NOTES ON THE EREBIA OF THE FRENCH MASSIF CENTRAL 327

of the males range between 22 mm and 24.5 mm and average
23.7 mm. The females range between 24 mm and 25 mm and
average 24.3 mm. In the males the red band on the forewings
is well developed, usually extending right across Sla and into
Slb. On the hindwings the orange markings extend from S2
to S5. In addition to the ocelli in two, three and four about half
a small one in S5. On the underside the bands are well defined
and the post discal one is usually silvery and contains four
small spots in most cases. The females which have wide bands
on the forewings, are much more yellowish in colour than the
males; three of the five have more than the normal three
ocelli on the forewings and all but one has four ocelli on the
hindwings upperside. The undersides are of both the silver
(four) and gold (one) types.

Having examined the extensive series in the British
Museum, I consider these specimens to be ssp. sapaudia and
thus can confirm Warren’s suggestion. Figures 5 and 6 show
the male upper and underside and figures 8 and 9 show the
female upper and underside.

Erebia ottomana H.-S.

This species was not known to occur west of Lake Garda
until discovered on Mt. Mezenc, Haute Loire in 1941 and
described by Praviel as ssp. tardenota. Other localities given by
de Lesse (1947) were Gerbier de Jonc and Foret de Bauzon,
Ardeche. These localities were also the only ones given by
Bretherton (1966) and Higgins and Riley (1970). In fact the
range of this species in the Massif is rather more extensive
than this. It occurs further south in Ardeche and it’s range
also extends westward. I found it common at Col de Meyrand,
Ardeche between 25th and 29th July, 1972. To the west I
encountered the odd specimen on the high ground above Les
Salesses just north of Belvezet in Lozere on 26th July, 1972.
The furthest west I have so far found it, however, is on the
Plateau du Palais du Roi at the southern end of the Margeride
on 11th August, 1975. It’s range thus extends well into Lozere.

This species is not prone to much variation and no major
aberrations appear to have been described. However, I took
a remarkable one at Col de Meyrand on 25th July, 1972. The
usual twin apical ocelli on the forewings are replaced by a
single large completely round one with a single white centre
spot. This occurs on both the upper and underside. The usual
three small ocelli on the hindwings upperside are absent,
although the orange markings are present. In other respects
the specimen is normal although slightly smaller than average.
The effect of the single large ocellus on the forewings is to
substantially alter the appearance of the specimen as can be
seen from figure 11.

Erebia oeme Hibn.

Warren (1936) lists the type species from Forez but
although unaware of any records, suggested that ssp. pacula
Frhst. might possibly occur in the Auvergne. De Lesse (1947),
however, took the view that all specimens from the Massif were
pacula not the type. He gave it’s localities as Forez, Montes

328 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

Dore, and Montes d’Aubrac. I found the species in the Valley
de Chaudfour, Montes Dore on 23rd July, 1974 when it was
almost over and I also found it common near Aubrac on 24th
July, 1975. While I have not seen specimens from Forez, I
would agree with de Lesse that those from Montes Dore and
the Aubracs are ssp. pacula. They appear identical to specimens
from the Jura, the type locality of this subspecies.

Ssp. pacula also occurs in the Pyrenees but the form from
the area of Mont Louis, Pyrenees Orientales is better marked
than those from the Massif and Jura. In most males from the
Massif the upperside forewing markings are restricted to the
two apical ocelli and the orange markings round them. In those
from Mont Louis, however, the orange band is extended and a
number of specimens have a third ocellus in S4. On the hind-
wing upperside most from the Massif have three small ocelli,
while in those from the Pyrenees the ocelli are not only larger
but often increased to four. All my Mont Louis specimens have
five ocelli on the underside hindwings, the size of the ocelli
in Massif Central specimens is smaller and the first and fifth
are very small with one or other absent in a number of
examples. The females from Mont Louis are also better marked
both in size of ocelli and extent of orange markings than their
counterparts from the Massif.

The range of this species in the Massif is odd. As it occurs
in the Montes Dore and Montes d’Aubrac, I would have
expected it to be found in the Cantals which lie between them,
but I know of no records of it from this area.

Erebia meolans de Prun.

This species is very widespread in the Massif, although
nowhere have I found it numerous except at Col de Meyrand.
I have encountered it in the Valley du Chaudfour (Montes
Dore), Condat (Cantal), Plomb du Cantal, Aubrac (Montes
d’Aubrac), Plateau du Palais du Roi (Lozere), Col de Meyrand
(Ardeche) and Mont Aigoual. De Lesse also refers to it from
Forez.

A lot of confusion exists concerning the subspecific status
of the species in the Massif. Warren gives ssp. meolans from
the Auvergne. De Lesse reached no firm conclusion except
that he did not think that the species in the Massif was exclu-
sively meolans but also stygne Ochs. Bretherton (1966(2))
suggested that specimens from Montes Dore might be ssp.
posidonia Frhst., while those from Aigoual might be f. calaritas
Frhst.

Unfortunately I am not able to provide any definite clari-
fication of this situation as with such a variable species it would
be necessary to examine much longer series from the different
localities than I possess. No noticeable differences in size
appear to exist, specimens range from 19 to 22 mm but the
average forewing measurement from all areas is approximately
21 mm. I have only one specimen from Montes Dore so [ can
not really comment on this. My males from Cantal and Aubrac
show no constant differences, although those from Cantal are
slightly more strongly marked. Specimens from Meyrand are

NOTES ON THE EREBIA OF THE FRENCH MASSIF CENTRAL 329

also similar but with the orange markings slightly less well
developed. My three males from Plateau du Palais du Roi do
not provide sufficient material for any firm view, but are
interesting as their ocelli on the forewings upperside are all
noticeably smaller than in those from elsewhere, although the
orange markings are not. Specimens from Mont Aigoual are
also distinct, all exhibit to a greater or lesser degree a sub-
stantial reduction in the orange markings upperside. The ocelli
are also reduced with the exception of the apical ones.

Figure 3 shows a typical male from Aigoual, while figure
4 shows a typical one from Cantal.

As a somewhat tentative conclusion, it would appear that
specimens from Cantal and probably Montes Dore and Aubrac
are referable to ssp. meolans, while those from Aigoual are
ssp. stygne. Those from Lozere and Ardeche would seem to be
intermediates.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks to Mr. P. W. Cribb and Dr. C. J. Luckens for
their help with comparative material.

REFERENCES

Bretherton, R. F. (1966 (1)). A Distribution List of the Butterflies
(Rhopalocera) of Western and Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Br.
Ent., 17: 1-94.

Bretherton, R. F. (1996 (2)). Butterflies in the French Massif Central,
July 1966. Ent. Rec., 78: 245-251.

Bustillo, M. R. G. and Rubio, F. F. (1974). Mariposas de la Peninsula
Iberica. Madrid.

Cribb, P. W. and Porter, K. (1975). Notes on the British Races of Erebia
epiphron Knoch. Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc,. 34: 62-68.

De Lesse, H. (1947). Contribution 4 L’étude du Genre Erebia. Rev.
franc. Lep., 11: 97-118

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N.D. (1970). A Field Guide to the Butterflies
of Britain and Europe. London.

Warren, B. C. S. (1936). Monograph of the Genus Erebia. London.

Warren, B. C. S. (1948). On the Race of Erebia epiphron Indigenous in
the British Isles. Entomologist, 81: 181-186.

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330 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XI1/76

Collecting Notes January-June 1976
By R. G. CHATELAIN! and D. O’KEEFFE?

The year started in a low key with one or two gentle
strolls through Petts Wood with paraffin lanterns to sample
the forms of Erannis defoliaria Clerck; they appeared to be
associated mainly with birch but this was perhaps because they
were easier to see on the bushes. Apart from emergence of
Cleora cinctaria D. & S. which as usual were either crippled
or mostly undersized, nothing much happened until 9th April
when we ran lights in Friday Street, Surrey. Conditions were
quite good and plenty of moths were seen but we again noted
a dearth of Orthosias, whereas Trichopteryx carpinata Bork.
and Ectropis bistortata Goeze were common. Three Pachy-
cnemia hippocastanaria Hb. were seen but the most notable
moth of the night was a female Lithophane semibrunnea Haw.
Unfortunately, although she survived for some weeks she did
not consent to lay.

The weather was unsympathetic for the next few weeks
and it was not until the 30th that we were able to venture out,
again to Friday Street. A fair concourse of moths attended the
traps and we were struck by the number of Odontosia carmelita
Esp. of which we must have seen some 30 specimens, including
two females. P. hippocastanaria and Polyploca ridens F. were
also common, the only other species of note being a female
Orthosia miniosa D. & S. and one each of Selenia tetralunaria
Hufn. and Peridea anceps Goeze.

At home Eupithecia intricata millieraria Wnuk. from
Aviemore were emerging and larvae of Scotopteryx luridata
plumbaria F. from a female sleeved on gorse the previous July
were half-grown.

Tht first outing in May, on the 7th, was again to Friday
Street where conditions were favourable. Over 30 species were
noted the commonest of which were S. tetralunaria and P.
anceps, while singletons of Clostera curtula L., Plagodis pul-
veraria L. and Chesias rufata F. were seen. A full moon and
marked drop in temperature hampered operations near
Swanley, Kent, although we managed to capture 11 male C.
rufata, most of them on the wing.

On 18th May R.G.C. accompanied Bernard Skinner to
Aviemore where they were joined the next day by Brian Elliot
and D.O’K. Both parties broke their journey at Struan where
a few female Cleora cinctaria bowesi Richardson were sitting
on the posts together with Ancronycta menyanthidis scotica
Tutt and where a few nights later Eurois occulta L. larvae were
feeding on the bog myrtle with a few late Polia hepatica
Clerck, Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. and Xestia castanea Esp.
together with Mythimna impura Hb. on grass.

The season appeared normal and we saw all the species
to be expected at that time of the year, including Semiothisa
carbonaria Clerck, Chesias rufata scotica Richardson and

165 East Drive, St. Mary Cray, Kent.
255 Camden Road, Bexley, Kent.

COLLECTING NOTES JANUARY-JUNE 1976 331

Anarta cordigera Thunberg on Granish, where eggs of
Endromis versicolora L. were also noted. Scots pine yielded
a plentiful supply of larvae of Hylaea fasciaria L., Thera
obeliscata Hb. and T. firmata Hb.; juniper hordes of Euphi-
thecia pusillata D. & S. and after hard work, T. cognata Thun-
berg, with imagines of E. intricata millieraria at dusk; and
sweeping heather produced larvae of Entephria caesiata D. &
S., Chloroclysta citrata L., Xestia agathina Dup., X. castanea
Esp. and Syngrapha interrogationis L. Larvae of E. flavicinctata
Hb. were common in the usual quarry.

We had not expected much from the static lights, but
several Chloroclysta miata L. and C. siterata Hufn. were
recorded, all of them females, this bearing out the opinion of
the late Cdr. G. W. Harper, that it is only this sex which
successfully hibernates in the Highlands. The beautiful scotica
form of Drepania falcataria L. was a welcome visitor as were
the only two A. euphorbiae myricae Guenée to be seen. O.
carmelita was still plentiful as was Pheosia tremula Clerck with
its distinctive chocolate coloured thorax. A flying visit was paid
to Rannoch where Bernard Skinner excavated three Conopia
scoliaeformis Bork. from the birches. A major disappointment
was the near absence of Anarta melanopa Thunberg and
Xestia alpicola Zetterstedt. A pre-pupal larva of the latter was
found at the top of the Burma Road (Kinrara, Aviemore)
but an exhausting slog to the top of Meall Breac, Perthshire,
by Messrs. Elliott, Skinner and O’Keeffe was abortive, although
a few old pupa cases were found and A. melanopa was flying
with the speed of an express train. A bonus on the descent
was a pair of Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis Stdgr. in cop.
Eggs resulted and the moths began to emerge in July. Other
species worthy of mention were larvae of Lasiocampa quercus
callunae Palmer, Dasychira fascelina L. and Xanthorhoe muni-
tata Hb. and moths of Scotopteryx mucronata scotica
Cockayne, Hydriomena ruberata Freyer, Lobophora halterata
Hufn. and a very pale form of Cyclophora albipunctata Hufn.

Conditions in Friday Street on 30th May were markedly
different after the Highlands. Over 40 species visited the traps
including fresh examples of Hypena crassalis F., Elaphria
venustula Hb. and Acronicta alni L., with Thera obeliscata
Hb. as the commonest species present. Larvae were common
on oak and a dozen Quercusia quercus L. were beaten out in
less than half an hour. Conditions were even better one week
later but H. crassalis was conspicuous by its absence. The main
quarry was the dark form of Dasychira pudibunda L. and
three good males were taken.

The weather was still warm on 7th June when we set up
the lights in Beckley Woods, Sussex. In spite of a moon and
clear sky, the thermometer stayed in the upper fifties and many
species put in an appearance. Among the better ones were
Ectropis exterseria Hb. and E. consonaria Hb., Perizoma
affinitatum Stephens, Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., Euphithecia
plumbeolata Haw., E. pulchellata Stephens, E. tantillaria Boisd.
and A. alni L. Several singletones were noted, a situation

332 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

which was duplicated in R.G.C.’s trap in Orpington where
several uncommon visitors were present, including the only
A. alni in 20 years’ trapping there (and a female at that), and
an imposing male stag beetle.

Friday, 10th June, marked the start of a flying visit by
Brian Elliott to sample some of the goodies which are alleged
to abound in the South. Operations commenced in Ham Street
Woods where a dozen Colobochyla salicalis D. & S. were
netted, including one female, and small larvae of Clostera
curtula L. were feeding on the aspen. Little of note came to
light that night but one further C. salicalis was netted at dusk
and a few larvae of Archiearis notha Hb. were knocked from
the aspens. Neither of us was able to accompany Mr. Elliott
during the remainder of his visit but we understand that he
returned home well satisfied.

The following day there was a high temperature and cloud
during the long haul down the M4 in the company of Brian
West to Tintern, but the sky cleared, the moon rose, the
temperature dropped and moths wisely decided to stay put.
Two male E£. egenaria H.-S. were seen but five female Minoa
murinata Scop. knocked from spurge commenced to lay on
the return journey. Conditions were a little better near Faver-
sham, Kent the following night but only two Spilosoma urticae
Esp. and about 18 Leucania favicolor Barrett were seen, several
of the latter worn, accompanied by the usual Scopula emutaria
Hb. and Lacanobia suasa D. & S. Having produced A. alni
earlier in the month, the trap in Orpington had another surprise
in store: a fresh Mythimna obsoleta Hb. on 15th June.

The 18th June saw us in the Breck, where Scopula rubi-
ginata Hufn. and Heliothis viriplaca Hufn. were flying and
Hecatera bicolorata Hufn. was sitting around on the bugloss.
We only saw one female rubiginata but fortunately she com-
menced laying immediately and the larvae started to go down
early in July from which moths began emerging soon after.
At least 100 species were noted in Chippenham that night but
we were lucky in that we had taken a series there of Deltote
bankiana F. by day as only a few attended the lights. Among
species seen were Craniophora ligustri D. & S., A. alni.
Mythimna straminea Tr., Senta flammea Curtis, Mythimna
impudens Hb., S. urticae, Macrochilo cribrumalis Hb. and
many reed leopards (Phragmataecia castaneae Hb.). We retired
for night at 1 a.m. and at dawn only a few late-comers graced
the egg-boxes, a welcome addition being some 16 Diarsia
florida Schmidt which stood out by reason of their larger size,
lighter coloration and freshness compared with D. rubi
Vieweg, most of which were becoming worn.

The 21st June marked what was probably to be the last
visit of the year to Friday Street in the usual quest for female
Hydrelia sylvata D. & S. Only three were seen, all males, but
plenty of makeweight attended the lights, including some 30
Boarmia roboraria D. & S. and a few E. venustula Hb., H.
crassalis F. and E. debilitata Hb. Conditions were also favour-
able at Eynsford, Keni, two nights later when the usual chalk

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 333

species were noted, including Polia bombycina Hufn (=nitens
Haw.), Ptilodontella cucullina D. & S. and Cidaria fulvata
Forster.

The last night trip of the period under review was to
Chobham, Surrey, on 25th June when day-time temperatures
had reached 35°C. and the night was the hottest of the year.
In fact, the outing was disappointing because the sheer weight
of numbers made it almost impossible to inspect the traps.
No sooner had one spotted a desirable Geo. than it was
trampled on by a worn Hyloicus pinastri L. We were surprised
to see a fresh second brood P. hippocastanaria at this early
date, but disappointed that both Euphyia unangulata Haw.
and the only /daea sylvestraria Hb. were all males. One species
which one seems to encounter with less regularity these days
and of which we saw two was Plemyria rubiginata D. & S.

Throughout the above we have followed the nomenclature
of Kloet & Hincks (1972).

Notes and Observations

THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY (ARGYNNIS LATHONIA L.)
IN SURREY IN 1976.—On the 12th July whilst following a
female Argynnis aglaja L. which was intent on ovipositing on
the Hairy Violet (Viola hirta) that abounds on the Surrey
Downs, I was led to a patch of flowering marjoram at the top
of this south facing slope. Avidly feeding and gently flitting
from flower to flower was a male Queen of Spain Fritillary in
immaculate condition, probably no more than two days out of
its pupa. I then spent three-quarters of an hour taking innumer-
able photographs of the insect, all of its magnificent underside
as it seemed unwilling to show its topside, at least in the heat
of one of the days of continuous sun in the summer of 1976.
When I finally took my leave, the Queen of Spain was still
intent on feeding from this patch of marjoram.

Revisiting this area of Surrey downland on the 19th July,
I again encountered the butterfly only two fields west and a
quarter of a mile from the original place of its discovery. It
was once more engrossed in feeding from marjoram, but
during the hour I spent with it a knapweed and thistle were
briefly visited. The 19th July was a day of sunny periods and
occasional cloud cover. When the sun disappeared the Queen
of Spain would come off the marjoram and bask, wings out-
spread on bare earth or flattened grass, and this gave me the
opportunity to photograph its upperside to supplement the
previous ones of the glorious silver spangles. I recognised this
same individual on the second occasion as it had a bent
antenna, but its origin remains a mystery, though from its
immaculate condition when first found and the fact that it is
double-brooded on the Continent, one wonders whether this
specimen was perhaps born in Britain from an early May
immigrant. —K. J. WitLMoTT, 34 Daybrook Road, Merton
Park, London, SW19 3DH.

THE STATUS OF HETEROGRAPHIS OBLITELLA (ZELLER) IN
BRITAIN. — This species used to be thought of as a rare migrant

334 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

in Britain (see Beirne, British Pyralid and Plume Moths (1954)
p. 88). Considerable interest was therefore generated when on
the 5th May, 1956 a strong colony was discovered at Pitsea in
Essex (see Huggins (1956), Entomologist, 89: 152-4), although
within a short time the species had again died out from there.
Shortly afterwards however the first Kentish specimen was
taken by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt on the 21st June, 1956 (Ent.
Rec. (1956), 68: 246). Subsequent to that record only random
examples were recorded until Steven Whitebread’s note
referring to a number of specimens taken around his home
in North Kent (Ent. Rec. (1975), 87: 190). He made the sug-
gestion that the species could possibly be “breeding on the
North Kent coast on the marshes or saltmarshes’’.

This year, although I have done little collecting, I have
succeeded in taking oblitella in a number of different localities.
Firstly on the B.E.N.H.S. meeting at Eastbourne, 15th-18th
July, 1976, I caught several specimens not only on the Crumbles
at Langney Point but also on Beachy Head iteslf. Then on the
28th July I was to see the species at light on Portland.

However, the biggest surprise came on the 22nd July
whilst recording near the Shellness Nature Reserve on the
Isle of Sheppey, Kent. On the shingle a few specimens of
oblitella were noted, but on inspecting an actinic trap placed
on the edge of the salt-marsh only a couple of hundred yards
away the species was abundant, easily the commonest moth
present. The trap had been placed among Halimione portula-
coides, whilst a few yards away there were large stands of
Cardaria draba, the Hoary Cress or Thanet Weed.

I have subsequently heard that the species has been taken
in some numbers throughout the South, South West and the
Home Counties. It would be interesting to hear of any more
records of this moth so that its apparent population explosion
may be monitored. — Dr. I. A. WATKINSON, 166 Sterling Road,
Sittingbourne, Kent.

A FuRTHER NOTE ON EPIBLEMA GRANDAEVANA (L. & Z.).
— The recent notes in Ent. Rec., Vol. 88, No. 5 and Vol. 88,
Nos. 7 and 8, concerning this insect make it essential that I
should put the following facts on record. I really ought to
have done this some time ago.

There are eight specimens in my collection, seven of which
came to me from the late Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison.
His moths are labelled as follows: two specimens, “Redcar
5.vii.09”; one specimen, “Redcar 20.vii.04’’; one specimen,
“Redcar 11.vii.05’; one specimen, ‘“‘Redcar 1906’; one speci-
men, “J. A. Clark’s Sale, Feb. 1910”; one specimen, labelled
but inscription so faded as to be now indecipherable.

Of these, the majority were caught at Redcar which is on
the Yorkshire side of Teesmouth, in another habitat similar
to the sandhills south of Hartlepool. Thus in fact it has been
taken outside of Durham, albeit by only a few miles.

The eighth specimen in my collection was captured by
myself on 10.vii.1948 at Castle Eden Denemouth. I remember
the occasion well, because the late Professor Harrison had

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 335

urged me to try to find the moth again when I started collect-
ing once more after the war. I had previously tried the whole
of the coastline from Hartlepool northwards during the two
previous seasons without any luck. The moth was disturbed
(with several other species) from the vegetation on the Dene-
mouth slopes where coltsfoot is abundant. I had not seen it
since then (chiefly because I had not specially looked for it),
until one appeared in a larger collection of micros from Castle
Eden Dene brought to me for checking by David Shepherd.
His specimen was captured in the same place as mine. Now
Castle Eden Denemouth is several miles north of the Hartle-
pool sandhills where the old collectors used to take it. The
fact that it was taken there in 1948 and again in 1972, indicates
that it is certainly resident there and has probably survived
without interruption since the beginning of the century. Indeed,
it appears to be spreading northwards. —T. C. Dunn, The
Poplars, Chester-le-Street, Durham.

THREE INTERESTING MOTH RECORDS FROM PERTHSHIRE. —
On the afternoon of 17th July my daughter Kathryn, aged 9,
brought me an almost perfect specimen of the Hummingbird
Hawkmoth (Macroglossum stellatarum L.) which she had found
in her bedroom.

On the 29th July, I myself collected a specimen of the
Old Lady moth (Mormo maura L.) from a hut at the Fresh-
water Fisheries Laboratory, Pitlochry. The moth was in very
good condition, and to repeat Mr. Wormell’s comment in the
September Record, ‘‘this would seem to be well north of its
usual range of distribution in Britain”’.

The third record is of two Orange Sallow moths (Tiliacea
citrago L.) taken at a lighted window at my house in Pitlochry
on Ist September. I do not know the present range of this
species, but Meyrick (1928), presumably quoting South, states
that in Scotland it has been recorded from Roxburgh and the
Hebrides. — B. Morrison, 7 Dixon Terrace, Pitlochry, Perth-
shire.

MIGRANTS ON THE LIZARD LATE AuGusT 1976.— The
Lizard, the most southerly point of the British Isles, has always
been a notable landfall for migrant lepidoptera and 1976 was
no exception. In fact our visit coincided with one of the most
remarkable immigrations for many years. As in June 1974,
Mr. J. L. Messenger and myself had facilities for running our
m.v. trap at the Mullion Cove Hotel. Our first night, 26th
August, was quite phenomenal with near a thousand visitors
including five Herse convolvuli of which we heard later, over
another hundred were recorded by other collectors working
on the Peninsula during this period up to the end of the month.
Another feature was the abundance of Leucania vitellina Hubn.
in mostly pale cream form. Plusia gamma L. was in hundreds
with a good many Agrotis ypsilon Hufn. There was a single
Leucania unipuncta Haworth together with some 40 other
species, including the brown form of Lasiocampa trifolii D. &
S. The subsequent week up to the end of the month did not

336 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 88 15/XII/76

produce anything like these numbers again and the last nights
tailed off badly. In the end we saw five more Convolvulus
Hawks, including only one female which obliged with some
70 ova, most of which have hatched and the larvae are feeding
up well. Among 58 species of the macros recorded on seven
nights in the trap at the hotel, Antitype xanthomista Hubn.
was quite common as was Scopula promutata Guen. We also
saw a few Euxoa obelisca D. & S., already past their best, and
a single Eupithecia phoeniceata Mab. There were also early |
appearances of Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. and Eumichtis lichenea
Hiibn. By day there was an abundance of Pyrameis atalanta
L. with quite a number of P. cardui L. and an occasional
Macroglossa stellatarum, but we only saw a couple of Colias
croceus Fourc. —C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Horsell,
Surrey.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN NORTH ESSEX. — Yester-
day morning, while working on the south-east wall of
this house, I looked down from the step-ladder to see a fair-
sized darkish butterfly with white markings flitting around.
Obligingly it settled, in the sun, on a paving stone close to
my steps and opened its wings fully. I called at once to my
wife, the family lepidopterist, and we both examined the
butterfly carefully for the minute or two that it stayed with
us. It was a perfect specimen of the Camberwell Beauty and
its border colouring was white with no trace of yellow. — Sir
GEOFFREY ELEY, The Change House, Great Yeldham, Nr.
Halstead, Essex, 4.ix.1976.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN HUNTINGDONSHIRE. — We
saw our Camberwell Beauty on an afternoon walk along “The
Lynch’’, which is a shady path near here, on Friday the 3rd
of September, at 8 minutes to 4 o’clock. It came fluttering
from an elder and alighted on a dead leaf on the path. The
weather was sunny but not warm. My silly sister laid her
shadow upon it and it flew away. My mother did look to see
what type of leaf the dead leaf was but it was too dead to see.
— ANDREW GUTHRIE (age 114), Lynch House, Alwalton, Peter-
borough, 3.x.1976.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN CARMARTHENSHIRE.—Sunday,
26th September was a sunny day after high winds and heavy
rain: I recorded 2” during the previous 48 hours. I went out
after lunch and saw this butterfly on the woodpile—split ash
stems. I didn’t recognise it and very foolishly tried to cup it in
my hands to take to show my wife who is the better entomo-
logist. From my description she immediately diagnosed C.B.,
and from the picture in our copy of Morris (1890 edition)
and E. B. Ford, I have no doubt as to its identity. — FRANK
PASSMORE, Troedyronen, Gwernogle, Carmarthen, 8.x.1976.

THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN 1976 — A REQUEST

I would be glad to receive reports on all sightings of this
butterfly in 1976 for a paper I am preparing for publication
early next year. Date, locality, observer’s name and any other
information please. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT.

ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINETS

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announce

‘THE ENTOMOLOGY OF AN ISLAND’
(Isle of Raasay)

27th August—3rd September 1977
at
CHURCHTON HOUSE, RAASAY
PROGRAMME: Survey work, talks and discussions

Details including costs from Mr. G. Gill, Department
of Adult Education and Extra-Mural Studies, 23a
High Street, Inverness. Tel. Inverness 30492.

AN OPPORTUNITY NOT TO BE MISSED.

EXCHANGES AND WANTS

For Sale. —Separates of Col. Emmet’s “Notes on some of the British
Nepticulidae’”’, 35p, postage 9p, and ‘‘Notes on some of the British Nepti-
culidae II’’, 45p, postage 9p. Both items 75p, postage 1lp. These papers
are unbound with a paper cover for each. — Apply to S. N. A. Jacobs, 54
Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9EE.

Wanted. —I would greatly appreciate records of British Phyllonorycter
(Lithocolletis) species, both common and rare, for inclusion in the proposed
“British Moths and Butterflies” in order that the distribution maps may be
as complete as possible. — C. E. Dyte, 3 Montrose Avenue, Datchet, Bucks.

For Sale. — We hold a few copies of a large number of separates of papers
which have appeared in the Record. These are available at reasonable prices.
— Please advise your requirements to C. E. Dyte, 3 Montrose Avenue,
Datchet, Bucks.

Wanted during 1976 and 1977 —Cionus and Cleopus (Col.) for a research
project —figwort and mullein weevils and their larvae. The weevils are
3-5mm long and the larvae slug-like and up to 10mm long, found from
late March on their host plants Scrophularia and Verbascum and some
introduced genera. Specimens, preferably alive, or records would be
appreciated, for inspection and distribution mapping. —P. Cunningham,
Portsmouth College of Education, Locksway Road, Milton, Portsmouth,
PO4 8JF.

Wanted. — Books and Papers on the butterflies of British Honduras (now
Belize) or that region of Central America. The advertiser will be stationed
there for 18 months from next February. — Offers please to Major A. J. R.
Pearson, 9 Stanham Close, Worthy Down; Winchester, Hants.

Wanted. — The following volumes on Orthoptera would be greatly appreci-
ated for research project:—

Lucas, W. J. A. A monograph of British Orthoptera (Ray Soc.) 1920.
Ragge, D. R. Grasshoppers, Crickets and Cockroaches of the British Isles.
Warne. 1965.

Chopard, L. Orthopteres et Apterygotes de France. 1947 (France).

Please write stating condition and price asked to: M. Hadley, Esq., 7
Beverington Close, Eastbourne, Sussex, BN21 2SB.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD
AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890)

The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine:
Orthoptera: D. K. Mc E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A.
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonseEca, F.R.E.S.

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CONTENTS

Aberrations of Lysandra coridon Poda (Lep., Se and one
Species, Summer 1976. A. D. A. RUSSWURM . j

Six New Southern African Butterflies. C. G. C. DICKSON .

The Status in Britain of Stigmella samiatella (Zeller, 1839) and S.
svenssoni (Johansson, 1971) (Lep., Nepticulidae). A. M. EMMET

A Note on some Beetles se i in Moccas Park, Herefordshire,
during 1975. J. COOTER. . He ae ane Pals se

Auction of Library Nah es from the ae eat and
Linnean Societies. B. O. C. GARDINER . : Wy ny

Notes on the Erebia of the French Massif Central. M. J. PERCEVAL

Collecting Notes ae June 1976. R. G. CHATELAIN pei De
O’KEEFFE Ns

Treasurer’s Notice

The Camberwell Beauty —A Request ...

Notes and Observations:

Phyllocnistis xenia hia tan Eogcpa and Life sites.
A. M. EMMET ; :

A New Name for Exomella Fennah, 1957 Conan
Fulgoroidea, Flatidae). R. G. FENNAH Aa)

Parascotia fuliginaria L. (Waved Black) in East Sussex.
A. E. C. ADAMS ... pit Nee oe 4h we

Aricia anteros Freyer on Mt. Taygetos. J. BROWN ...

Further Records of Hereoeren ty oblitella Saeai PAs
SOKOLOFF ms uN

Confirmation of Hydraecia osseola hucherardi Mab. as a sae
Species in the Medway Valley. P. J. JEWESS _...

Ayles gallii Rott. at Purley, Surrey, 1976. P. M. STIRLING ...

The Clifden Nonpareil aay ae a ik in Norfolk. Dr.
E. A. ELLIS mile

Humming-bird Hawk in the Isle of Man in 1976. Dr. L. S.
GARRAD . Un

Cosmopterix zieglerella (Hbn.) (eximia Sialiuy. Miva iils
Momphidae) in Essex. A. M. EMMET

The Queen of Spain Fritillary eS lathonia unis in Surrey
in 1976. K.-J. WILEMOTT ..

The Status of Heterographis oblitella Ga in Britain. Dr.
I. A. WATKINSON __... ais

A Further Note on Cre prone ete es & ZO Wee
DUNN aul ga

Three Interesting Moth Records from _ Perthshire. B.
MORRISON :

Migrants on the Lizard late August 1976. C. G. M. dd WORMS
The Camberwell Beauty in Huntingdonshire. A. GUTHRIE ...
The Camberwell Beauty in Carmarthenshire. F. PASSMORE
The Camberwell Beauty in North Essex. Sir GEOFFREY ELEY

305
307

SiS

319

321

324

330
329
336

306
314

314
314

318

318
320

323
323
323
333
333
334

335
336
336
336
336

Printed by Charles Phipps Ltd., 225 Philip Lane, Tottenham, N15 4HL

—~--

Ss 7059
En?.

The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX

. For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of “A Check
List of British Insects’’, Part 2, 1972 by Kloet & Hincks. Where the contributor
has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Regarding all the other Orders,
any newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold
(Clarendon) type, and taxa new to the British fauna by an asterisk. Moreover,
(1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted
from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A
formerly subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to
the fauna, but a correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “equals” sign
indicates a new synonymy, i.e. published for the first time; italics without this
sign, recent synonymy that may be unfamiliar to many.

Vol. 88, 1976

PAGE
LEPIDOPTERA
abbreviata (Eupithecia) .. 5, 127, 183
MpletanaCACISEIS) nice sss coswesciincase 288
abruptaria (Menophra) ...... 157, 158

absinthiata (Eupithecia) .. 5, 188,
191, 253
Bpsintii (CEucullia) ...5...00c0000000- 91
chine CEOPINGa)) .w.s..0c.t.s.cseeeee 48
BCAA M( SALTS) ie uesasscac Ss .ceeiuase 13
acteon (Thymelicus) ......... 61115
acuminatella (Scrobipalpa) ......... 203
adalwinda (P. napi)
adippe (Argynnis) ... 13, 48, 215,
260, 263, 303
adusta (Blepherita) ... 9, 89, 131, 132
advena (O. opima)
advenaria (Cepphis) ......... 130, 186
aegeria (Pararge) ... 29, 113, 116,
145, 164, 186, 195, 226, 239
aeneana (Commophila) ............ 239
Bemieiialn (NO) ie calcr dss seceviesee 267
aescularia (Alsophila) ...... By By ai
aestivaria (Hemithea) .. 187, 188, 251
aethiops (Erebia) ............ 3, 90, 326
aethiops (Xenolechia) ............... 202
SMRITNISH(COSMMA)) «ccc od science ee 90, 152
affinitatum (Perizoma) ......... By sisi!
Br atnina ONEStA)) oc. daccceaceccaies 8, 331
agestis (Aricia) ...... 49~ 115;, 152,233
aglaja (Argynnis) ... 3, 48, 61,
6290 slS859 2132-227 ,.233,
234, 263, 303, 333
agnotana (Pammene) ............... 209
alacella (Acanthophila) ............ 98
miieans (Lysandta)) ...:...-:-..s<ss-s 61
albicillata (Mesoleuca) 156, 190, 252
albicolon (Sideridis) .................. ds
albicosta (Coleophora) .............. 199
albifrontella (Elachista) ............. 200
albimacula (Hadena) ................ 74
albipuncta (Mythimna) ...... 166, 171
_albipunctata (Cyclophora) 3, 191,
Rig 5 25a 331
albistria (Argyresthia) .............. 198
albitarsella (Coleophora) ............ 28

PAGE
albovenosa (Simyra) ... 131, 132,
151, 189
albulata (Perizoma) ......... 5, 89, 149
alburnella (Teleiodes) ............... 202
alceae*(Carcharodis))?2es.cs.cceees ee 36
alchemillata (Perizoma) .. 5, 188,
190, 191, 252
alchimiella (Caliptilia) ............... 126
alciphron (Lycaena) ..... 49, 116, 117
alecony(Macuilinea)i-ncssesressceeeeee 49
alcyone (Hipparchia) ...... 1354605562
alexis (Glaucopsyche) .... 34, 49, 113
algaen@Archanara)) so. ccesectssesecet 151
algirica (Hipparchia) ................ 30
alni (Acronicta) .. 131, 132, 261,
BBileeds2
alniaria (Ennomos) ......... 6, 191, 254
alnifoliella (Phyllonorcyta) ........ 196
alpicola ((@Xestia) ie... sere tee eon 331
alpinella (Elachista) ................. 200
alpinmi(Moma) /.c.25.e/%.25. eee 131
alstroemeriana (Agonopterix) ..... 122
alternaria (Semiothisa) .. 74, 152, 191
alternata (Epirrhoe) ............. 4, 253
alternella (Tortricoides) ............ 122
alticolella (Coleophora) ............ 200
amandas(eysandta) tacssseseeseeeeeete 50
ambigua (Hoplodrina) ... 75, 91,
166, 172
anaphanes (Antophila) ............. 113
anceps) (Apamea) ecn-cscccescestoccene 132
anceps (Peridea) .. 129, 164, 186, 330
anellan(eamoria) seccaustecseatoee 115
angulifasciella (Ectoedemia) ...... 272
angustana (Eupoecilia) ............. 293
annulata (Cyclophora) ............. 90
annulatella (Coleophora) ........... 200
annulatella (Rhigognostis) ......... 122
anomala (Stilbia) ... 10, 90, 192,
240, 250
anteros. CATICIA)) 7. 42.ete sence eeeee 314
antiopa (Nymphalis) .. 2, 48, 173,
255, 264, 265, 266, 269,
285, 293, 303, 304, 336
Antiqua (Onrfyla)u. cc eeeeaicess ee W228

ii

PAGE
antistacta (Opogona) ..............+5 209
apicella (Ancylis) ...........:::..s0+- 122
apollo (Parnassius) ......... 47, 61, 101
aquilonaris (B. sifanica)
arbutella (Olethreutes) ............. 122
arcania (Coenonympha) ............ 49
arceuthina (Argyresthia) ........... 197
arctostaphyli (Coleophora) ......... 199
arenella (Agonopterix) .............. 201
areola (Xylocampa) ... 157, 158,
249, 271
arethusa (Arethusana) ......... 12513
argentella (Elachista) ............... 200
argentipedella (Ectoedemia) . 124, 272
argiolus (Ceiastrina) ...... "49;
83, 114, 116, 164, 216, 1997. 234
argus (Plebejus) sats 49, 59, 60,

615 7632Sle 1505187; 233 234
argyrana (Pammene) ................ 122
argyropeza (Dechtiria) ............. 208
anion (Maculinea)ivcsecseees-c ease ee 49
aristaeus (H. algirica)
armigera (Helicoverpa) ....... O9eEISS
armoricanus (Pyrgus) ......... SOM
artaxerxes (Aricia) ......... , 49, 149
artemisiella (Scrobipalpa) .......... 203
aruncella (Micropterix) ............ 122
ashworthii (Xestia) ........ 75, 76,

127, 128
aspersana (Acleris) ............. 88, 287
assimilata (Eupithecia) .......... 55 11st
assimilella (Agonopterix) ... 123, 202
asteris (Cucullia) ... 91, 151, 189, 190
atalanta (Vanessa) ..... 2, 29, 34,
48, 83, 97, 147, 165, 169,
173 wl OZR 9456227239)
ASI, PA, SB, 8B SKS
athalia (Mellicta) ............... 13, 48
atlantica (Poecilmitis) ............... 309
atomaria (Ematurga) ...... 6, 129,
185, 186, 187, 255
atratan(@Odezia) mance eee 5, 133
atricapitana (Cochylis) .............. 293
atricapitella (Stigmella) ............ Si7/
atricomella (Elachista) ............ 200
atriplicella (Scrobipalpa) ............ 122
atropos (Acherontia) .. 6, 19, 30,
91,118, 173
atropunctana (Hedya) .............. 289
aucupariae (Nepticula) ............. 272
augur (Graphiphora) ............... 7
auranay(Gydia)mecnnceeneseteesee. 29, 292
aurantiaria (Agriopis) ............... 6
aureatella (Micropterix) ............ 122
aurella \(Stiemella)) sc. ccsce-eseeenee 124
aurinia Cry 30, 48,
Sil. ia 5 147, 227
auritelial ((Stigmella)) eeeecsceessoeeee 105
auroguttella (Calybites) ............ 122
aurorina (Colias) ......... 59, 299, 314
aurulentella (Argyresthia) ......... 197
ausonial (Buchioé)) a icne-.. secs. 62503
australis (Aporophila) ............... 92
australis(Colias) eescseteeeee see 12, 269

PAGE
australis (Lepidochrysops) ......... 273
autumnaria (Ennomos) ............. 152
autumnata (Epirrita) ............ 5, 154
avellanella (Semioscopis) ........... 201
aversata (Idaea) ............ 4, 156; 252
badianay(Ancylis) 25-seeeee eee 290
badiata (Anticlea) ......... 4, 185, 186
baeticus (R. marrubii)
baja @Xestia) ieaaese eee eee 8, 230
bajularia (Comibaena) ............. 187
bamptoni (Poecilmitis) ....... 280, 308
bankiana (Deltote) . 75, 132, 240, 332
barrettii (H. luteago)
basiguttella (Stigmella) .............. 317
bathseba (Pyronia) ............. 59, 60
batise@ihyatinra) ieee eee 3, 228
batons (Rhivlotes) scenes eee 116
bavius (Philotes)) 2oss0e eee eee 314
bellargus (Lysandra) ............ 13; 235
bellierit(Byrcus) pence eee eee 13
bembeciformis (Sphecia) .... 196, 231
bergmanniana (Croesia) ............ 287
betulaes(Parornnix))s) eee 196
betulaes@ihecla)ime-neeeeee 13h 5G
betularia (Biston) ... 6, 100, 156,
191, 254
betuletana (Apotomis) .............. 289
betulicola (Caloptilia) ............... 126
biangulata (Euphyia) ................ 252
bicolorana (B. prasinana)
bicolorata (Hecatera) ......... 230, 332
bicolorata (P. rubiginata)
bicostella (Pleurota)) 22.2 201
bicnuniss(Hadena) ieee ee 8
bicuspis)(Hlarpyia)) seen 74, 186
bidentata (Odontoptera) ........ 6, 254
bifaciatay(Rerizoma))i eee eee 252
bifida: (Elarpyia)) ..<.ccssesceecee ere 132
bilineata (Camptogramma) .... 4,
, 1335 14See25e
bilunarial(Epinotia) ee eee 122
bilunaria (S. dentaria)
bimaculata (Lomographa) ... 74,
131. 132156
binaria (Drepana) ...... 188, 189, 225
bipunctaria (Scotopteryx) .......... 150
biren)(@eacanobia)iesee eee 8
biriviata (Xanthorhoé) .............. 129
-biselata (Idaea) ............ 4, 191, 252
bisontella (Ochsenheimeria) ...... 126
bisselliella (Tineola) ................. 126
bistortata (Ectropis) ............. 6, 330
bistrigella (Phylloporia) ............. 124
bisulcella(Elachista) meen eee 200
blanda (Hoplodrina) ............ 10, 250
blandiata (Perizoma) ............ 5, 149
blomeri (Discoloxia) ............ 76, 131
boeticus (Lampides) ............ 87, 116
boisduvaliella (Pima) ................ 281
bombycina™(Polia)ieerscesseeeceeseee 333
borelitn(Gortyna) eee eee 91, 190
bractea (Autographa) ... 10, 71,
76, 81, 89, TRE: 240, 251
brassicae (Mamestra) Ai hee 8, 168. 230

Seeeieae (Pieris) ..
( breviberbis (Perissomastix)
! breviculata (Eupithecia)

PAGE

2, 29; S347;
62, 147, 164, 165, 194, 227,

wee wees

! brevilinea (Photedes) ......... Sy
beiseis (Hipparchita)) ssc. .00...-.00066
( brockeella (Argyresthia) ...........
i brumata (Operophtera) ...... 194,
brunnea (Diarsia) ... 8, 129, 187,
( brunneata (Semiothisa) eee 89,
! brunnichana (Epinotia) ............
¢ brunnichella (Stephensia) ..........
! bucephala (Phalera) ............. 6,
acsiay (adenia)! eescaatckee tener
| caesiata (Entephria) ... 4, 76, 89,
149, 246,

caesiella (Swammerdamia) .........
caespititiella (Coleophora) .........
cagnagella (Yponomeuta) .........

Gaja (Arctia) -... 7, 30; 189, 190;
c-album (Polygonia) 48, 145,
calcatrippe (H. reticulata)
caledoniana (Acleris)
callunae (L. quercus)
calthella (Micropteryx)
cambrica (Venusia) ......... 5h.
camilla (Ladoga) ... 48, 150, 188,
campoliliana (Eucosma)
cana (Eucosma)
capitella (Lampronia)
caprana (Epinotia)
capreella (Bucculatrix)
capucina (Ptilodon) .. 7, 188, 190,
carbonaria (Semiothisa)
cardamines (Anthocaris) ..
37 ade WS. dul4e 115, 145,

seen een eeeeee

eee eee eeeeee

ween eee ee wees

147, 164, 185,
carduella (Agonopterix) Bee aos
cardui (Cynthia) .. 13, 34, 48,

62, 84, 97, aa. 165, 169,
17352195; Di. 2355 263.
| carmelita (Odontosia coal 4 if We

128, 185, 330,
carpinata (Trichopteryx) .. 5, 184,

, 254,
tCastan (Ballas) ea eces eecretteen auton.
castanea (Xestia) ..... 8.90: 278

192, 330,
' castaneae (Phragmataecia) ... 75,
32,

castigata (E. subfuscata)
cavella (Phyllonorycter) ............
CECian(EYROMA) meateeeesece nets 116,
celeriou (Hip potion) ie. a...c6-0.6------
celtiss(eibythea) ices -sccaesen-nceerce
centaureata (Eupithecia) .... 153,
centraco (Atethmia)=.....s..--+-e-"-
cerasana (Pandemis) .................
cespitana (Olethreutes) ............
Gespitis,(Dholera) qn-c.c. 06-42 192,
chaerophyllella (Epermenia) ......
chalinaea’ (Pitarcha) iese..--- aaa

chamomillae (Cucullia)

PAGE
chenopodiata (Scotopteryx) ... 4,
191, 252
chin@Antitvy pe)iau-..ceaeessenn maces 9, 90
Ghironl(Miarpesia)) vccescce.s-.--0--06 284
chloerata (Chloroclystis) ...... 67,
128, 132, 160, 185, 239
chlorosata (Petrophora) ........ 6: 255
chrysidiformis (Bembecia) ......... 114
chrysippus (Danalis)ites.-..aceneecee 72
chrysitis (Diachrysia) ... 10, 187, 251
chryson! (Diachrysia) }-2.--2.--e-oeus 131
chrysoprasaria (Hemistola) ........ 251
chrysorrhea (Euproctis) 165, 170, 190
ciliella (Agonopterix) ............... 201
cinctaria (Cleora) ...... 129, 150, 330
cinerea (Agrotis)) ....c.ceess0ce: 74, 130
cinereana (Epinotia) .........-....+-. 122
cinerella (Acompsia) .............+: 203
cinxia (Melitaea) ......... 48, 127, 145
Circe (Brintesia)) sc..scseseceeceee es 13561
circellaris (Agrochola) .............. 9
eirsiana) (Epiblenmia)ie-co.sceeeee aoe 291
citrago (Xanthia) ..... 9, 74, 129,
266, 335
citrata (Chloroclysta) ..... 4, 253, 331
clathralis (Loxostege) ......... 63, 191
clavipalpis (Caradrina) .. 10, 158, 250
cleopatra (Gonopteryx) ... 13, 34,
60, 62, 93, 153 UG
clypeiferella (Coleophora) . . 209, 282
cnicanay(Acthes)igcsssescerseneaeccss 293
c-nigrum (Xestia) ... 8, 166, 171, 230
coerulata (H. impluviata)
copgnata @ihera)ies.-- ses. Bilsisi S38)
comariana (Aclenis)tenc-seeetee cerns 122
combinella (Pseudoswammer-

(Gh yoatti)) Veer nnaads wraceacoceese sucrnaeae 198
comes (Noctua) ..........-- 7, 230, 240
comitatal (Pelurgza)ieanese eee eee 190
comma (Hesperia) ......... 13, 50, 234
comma: (Mythimna) ................. 8
compassbergae (Thestor) ........... 309
complana (Eilema) ...... 189, 190, 229
comiptal(Hadena))c...-seeseseeee cee 225
compunctella (Swammerdamia) .. 198
confusa (Hadena) ........ 133, 134, 231
confusalis (Nola) ........ 129, 187, 228
confusella (Nepticula) ............... 124
congelatella (Exapate) .............. 287
coniterana, (Cydia) ses: seeeese ee -eee 292
conigera (Mythimna) ............ Sa23i
conjugata (S. marginepunctata)
conjugella (Argyresthia) ........... 197
consimilana, (@lepsis) teccses-e esse 286
consonaria (Ectropis) ... 74, 131, 331
conspersa (H. confusa)
conspersana (Cnephasia) ........... 287
contigua (Lacanobia) ......... 1315 230
continguaria (Idaea) ................. 76
continuella (Nepticula) ............. 272
conturbatella (Mompha) ........... 203
convolvuli (Agrius) ... 6, 97, 99,

154, 173, 231, 270, 304,
conwagana (Pseudargyrotoza) .....

PAGE
coracinas (PSodos)ieeeeeee tee 6
cordigera (Anarta) ............... 8, 331
coridon (Lysandra) ... 13, 81, 97,
233, 234, 1935: 305
coronata (C. y-ata)
corylana (Pandemis) ................. 122
corylata (Electrophaes) .. 4, 186, 187
coryli (Colocasia) ... 10, 74, 131,
250, 271
corylifoliella (Phyllonorycter) ... 196
cosmophorana (Cydia) .............. 122
COSSUSE(COSSTIS) Pree taesaccece se seeeeee 122
costaestrigalis (Schrankia) ......... 192
costella (Scrobipalpa) ............... 98
costipunctana (Epiblema) ......... 291
Cramer (Euchloé)) tcccs cece 34
crassalis (Hypena) .. 76, 132, 251, me
crataegella (Scythropia) ............ 219
crataegi (Aporia) ........... 47, 60, 174
crataegi (Trichiura) ......... She fey IIS
Crenanan(CEpinotia) ecceeseecece eee 232
crenata (Apamea) ........ 10, 187, 249
crepuscularia (Ectropis) ............ 255
crepusculella (Opostega) ............ 124
cribrumalis (Macrochilo) ..... TBS,
gp, ils, abl, eieye
crinanensis (Amphipoea) ...... 10, 250
GChistanan(Aclenis) ies eeeeeetee eee 260
croceus (Colias) .. 13, 34, 47, 56,
5 OY, yf, Ne INNS, The
165, 1GSaalaoe 1945 227.
235, 269, 270, 303, 336
cruciana (Epinotia) ............ 232, 291
cruda( Orthosia) 73, 74, 76, 155,
184, 231
cuculata (Catarhoé)) ss..2.-essecen- 150
eucullatellay@Nola)eeeeee ccs eceee 219
cucullina (Ptilodontella) ..... 190, 333
culiciformis (Thamnosphecia) ..... 197
cultraria(Drepana)iasscseeseeee eee 189
Culinferag@hiquadra)uesees. sence 22
CUrsorla(EUxOa)) 2.2... 89, 151, 190
curtula (Clostera) ............. 330, 332
curvella (Argyresthia) .............. 198
cynosbatella (Epiblema) ............ 291
Gahhus(Diarsia) Beeson hee 8, 90
Gairal(Colatis) eee 284
damone (Arthrocharis) ........ Se 013
@aphne: (Brenthis)\.s.5.-2scscee eens 117
daplidice (Pontia) ......... 47, 62, 115
daucella (Depressaria) ............... 201
debiliata (Chloroclystis) ...... 129,
132), 332
decimalis (Tholera) ........... 192, 231
decolorella (Blastobasis) ............ 209
defoliaria (Erannis) ...... 6, 254, 330
demaryella (Bucculatrix) .......... 126
denotata (Eupithecia) ............... 152
Gentaliss(Gynaeda)meese eee 102
dentaria) (Selenta)| ..00.-e..s-5<: <<. 6, 254
dentella. (Ypsolopha)/ iets. 4... 4. 198

PAGE
denticulatus (A. cinerea)
deplana (Eilema) ......... 90, 156, 189
depuncta (Eugnorisma) ............ 7
derivata (Anticlea) ............... 4, 185
designata (Xanthorhoé) ... 4, 74,
‘ 250 331
diamina (Mellicta) .................. 48
didyma (Melitaea) ......... 13,°61,° 109
didymata (Perizoma) ... 90, 152, 190
diluta (Cymatophorina) ............ “Oi
dilutata \(Epirrita) see 5, 254
dimidiata (Iidaea) ............... 191, 252
diminutana (Ancylis) ............... 122
diniana (Zeiraphera) ............... 291
dispar ‘(eycaena)) tice tteeee 49, 268
dissoluta (Archanara) ... 90, 151, 190
distinctaria (Eupithecia) ............ 84
distinctata (Aleucis) ......... 128, 239
ditrapezeum (Xestia) .... 75, 133,
151, 190
diversa (S. obliquella)
dodecella (Exoteleia) ............... 202
dodonaea (Drymonia) ......... 74, 187
domestica (Cryphia) ................. 191
dominula (Callimorpha) 128, 131, 261
dorus (Coenonympha) ......... 135160
dorylas (Plebicula) .............. 13, 61
dromedarius (Notodonta) ...... 7,
8, 191, 228
drurella (Cosmopterix) ............. 270
dupiana (Rhyacionia) ............... 122
duplaris (Ochropacha) .......... 3, 190
eburnata (1. contigueria)
egea (Polygonmia)) 27-0. ten. 34, 116
egenaria. (Eupithecia) 4...).2200 332
egeria (P. aegeria)
ekebladella (Tischeria) . 124, 219, 272
elinguaria (Crocallis) . 6, 189,
190, “191, 192, 254
elongella (Caloptilia) 3.23.22 228 126
elpenor (Deilephila) .......... 189, 227
elymu''\(Photedés))eitss..s see eee 89
emargana (Acleris) .................. 288
emortualis (Trisateles) .............. 75
emutaria (Scopula) ............ 1365382
epiphron (Erebia) .............. 150, 244
ericetella (Neofaculta) ............ 203
erosaria (Ennomos) ........... 189, 190
erythrogenella (Ectoedemia) ...... 272
escheni(Plebicula) ss seeeeeee eee 61
euphorbiae (Acronicta) ..... 9, 82,
144, 331
euphrosyne (Boloria) ...... 2, 48,
5, 146, 164
euryalesa(Erebia) ms-ce eee eee 242
evonymella (Yponomeutes) ....... 198
exanthemata (Cabera) ......... 254
exclamationis (Agrotis) ... 7, 229, 260
exigua (Spodoptera) ................. 135
exiguata (Eupithecia) ............... 253
exsoleta (Xylena) ......... 9, 184, 185
extensaria (Eupithecia) ............. 152
extersariay (ECtrOpis) ssc eee 331
exulans.(Zygaena) <.ct..0.ee 125, 150

|

|

PAGE
exilis) (Apamea)i ccc: s.ldesecswes 9, 89
meabius: (Charaxes) eeced):ssss.s0sseeves 284
| fabriciana (Anthophila) ............ 197
HAC ATIAN CD YSCla isesessend sees soes LQ
fagata (Operophtera) ............... 5
Mmeacella (DIUTNEA) |) sass: 500s se caeenes 201
faci CHipparchia) «.ccce..... sere 13,) 116
faci (Staviropus)!o..0.2-s.5.. <0. 74, 228
| falcataria (Drepana) ...... 3, 1915331
falcovalva (Crypsithyris) ........... 20
farfarae (Epiblema) ......-........+> 122
farreni (Cataplectica) ......... 29: 199
fascelina (Dasychira) ...... T, 165 331
| fasciana (L. pygarga)
fasciaria (Hylaea) ... 6, 187, 190,
254, 331
fasciuncula (Oligia) ............ 10, 250
favicolor (Mythimna) ......... 152,332
feisthameli (Iphiclides) ............ 60
ferrago (Mythimna) ............ So 231
ferrugalis (Udea) ............... 165, 170
fenugana (Acleris)) is..<ceceeete oat 288
ferrugata (Xanthorhoé) ....... 30, 252
ferruginea (Rusina) .....:........ 9, 249
Rena \(Satynus) icse seers esr sesetee 13
festaliella (Schreckensteinia) ...... 199
festiva (D. mendica)
festucae (Plusia) ... 10, 76, 133,
149, 192, 240, 251
fetialis (Scalidomia) .................. 22
mbulellax(Adela)i veer see do ks eee 122
filigrammaria (Epirrita) ......... Sng
filipendulae (Zygaena) ..... 1, 30,
1256255
MmMbptiata CNOCtUa) saceesss cece eee i So)
frmiata) (lhera) ii. eacesceee 4, 190, 331
Xa (SVMPMYIIIA) eee e. seeccses ace snes 114
flammea (Panolis) ......... 8, 183 231
flammea (Senta) .. 112, 131, 132. 332
flammeolaria (Hydrelia) .. 74, 76,
eps 513i, 188
mavaso(GOrtyna)) cesses sss: 83, 192
flaviciliana (Cochylis) ............... 99
flavicincta (Polymixis) ......... Boy 1Si7/
flavicinctata (Entephria) ............ 331
flavicornis (Achlyia) .. 3, 73, 183,
184, 185
‘ flavofasciata (Perizoma) ............ 189
Hexulay @vaspeynia)) 2...00.0-65. 187, 190
Horidas(Diarsta) eons Sales e a2
| floslactata (Scopula) ................. 156
| floslactella (Nepticula) .............. 124
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ......... 4, 252
| fluctuosa (Tetheella) ... 75, 132, 187
| formosanus (Lozotaeniodes) en 98
| forsterana (Lozotaenia) ............ 286
foulquieri (P. bellieri)
meraxinella, ((Prays)) sec.css..ee0eSeeee 122
| fraxini (Catocala) 173, 266, 299, 323
enitillarius (bynes) m.cesete-s-be eee ne 60
|fuciformis (Hemaris) ......... 130, 270
| fuliginaria (Parascotia) ...... 188, 314
| fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ..... hs
188, 189, 229. 331

PAGE
fulvata (Cidaria)i 30-200 4, 240, 333
fulviguttella (Phaulernis) ........... 199
fulvimitrella (Triaxomera) ......... 125
fumatella (Chionodes) ............. 202
furmebrana (Cydia) secisstee eee 268
furcata (Hydriomena) . 4, 91,
129, 187, "225, 240, 253
furcula (Hatpytia) ':....3 bate. 7;. 90
furuncula (Mesoligia) ............... 191
furva (Apamea) inate ccestee reese 76, 89
fuscescens (Borkhausenia) ......... 201
fuscipunctella (Nitidinea) .......... 122
fusconebulosa (Hepialus) ....... 1, 123
fuscovenosa (Idaea) ................. 191
fuscoviridella (Glyphipterix) ...... 122
galathea (Melanargia) .... 12, 48,
16, 233, 234
galbanella (Byrotropha) ............ 202
galiatay (Epinrhos)iees ee eee 246
gallii (Hyles) ........ 19, 173, 304, 320
gamma (Autographa) ..... 10, 19,
86, 97, 99, 154, 156, 166,
1725 73 OT ODE 25 ee sos
gemuinana (Ancylis)i-se-ssan sss 290
genitalana (Cnephasia) ............. 282
gerronella (Brachmia) ............... 98
glandon (Agriades) ................0+« 61
glareosa (Paradiarsia) ...... 1590)
223055330
glaucicolella (Coleophora) ......... 200
gleichenella (Elachista) ............. 200
glitzella (Coleophora) ............... 199
glyphica (Euclidia) ............ 129, 187
gnidiella (Cryptoblabes) ............ 209
gnoma (Pheosia) .... 7, 149, 188, 228
goedartella (Argyresthia) .......... 197
eoleus: (Plebicula)messeeeeeeeeeee nee Sy)
goossensiata (Eupithecia) .......... 5
gorgias (Leptomyrina) .............. 21S
gothica (Orthosia) .... 8, 73, 155,
183, 184, 185, 231
gracilis (Orthosia) ... 76, 89, 150, 231
POUT (CAIRTED). Gaanteconoancboose 89, 251
graminis (Cerapteryx) .... 8, 190,
231, 240
grandaevana (Epiblema) 136, 206, 334
eriseata (Lithostege)) races see eeeee 132
griseola (Eilema) ......... 90, 156, 190
grossulariata (Abraxas) 189, 191,
254, 264
grueneri (Anthocharis) ............ 37
gryphipennella (Coleophora) ...... 269
eularis (Paralipsa)esecese-cse- setae 209
gysseleniella (Cedestis) .............. 122
halterata (Lobophora) .............. 331
hamana’ (Agapeta)) ..-tecevsssese2ee< 293
harpagula (Paleodrepana) ......... 1B
hastata (Rheumaptera) ............. 130
hastiana(CAclens) mes. -csesneeeeee 99, 288
haworthi (Eriocrania) ............... 121
haworthiata (Eupithecia) .......... 188
haworthii (Celaena) 10, 91, 240, 250
hebenstreitella (Choristoneura) ... 269
hecta (Hepialus) 1123

vi

PAGE
heegeriella (Phyllonorycter) 196, 240
helvola (Agrochola) ................. 249
hemargyrella (Stigmella) ........... 123
hemiphracta (Crypsithyris) ......... 20
henningi (Leptomyrina) ............ 275
heparana (Pandemis) ............... 286
hepatariella (Levipalpus) ........... 201
hepatica. (Polia)cteccsescsseeee-sees SOO
hera (E. quadripunctaria)
heracliana (Agonopterix) .......... 201
hero (C. tullia)
hippocastanaria (Pachycnemia)

{27S A28 USS. 191593305 .333
hippolyte (Pandochazara) 59, 61, 62
hippothoé (Lycaena) ...............- 49
hirtaria (Lycia) .. 6, 74, 184, 185, 186
hispania (Erebia) ase ene 61= 762
hispida (L. oditis)
hispidaria (Apocheima) ........ 73, 183
hohenwartiana (Eucosma) ......... 292
horridella (Scalidonica) ............. 22.
hucherardi (H. osseola)
humiuliatay(daea) esses s-cee-e ses 268
humarlis)\(Elachista) Wessceseceesaee eee 200
humuli (Hepialus)) s22-6s.<...--- 123
Invalen(Colias) ese reese te 47, 269
hybnerella (Stigmella) ............... 123
hyemanagCAGlenis)irceeterccse ees 288
hyperantus (Aphantopus) 30, 49,

227233
hypsipyle (Z. polyxenes)
icarus (Polyommatus) 2, 13, 29,
50.063, 113, PiS0147, 187)
191, 194, 214, 227, 234
icterata (Eupithecia) Pais 43 SeO 253
icteritia (Xanthia) ......... 9, 156, 164
MGS CUEROGIES) sccccoocnscoosuasoneGe 49
tlicisn@Nordmannia) eaccescsesee sees 50
imbecilla (Eriopygodes) ............ 246
imitaria (Scopula) ....... 30, 190, 191
immaculata (H. chrysoprasaria)
immundana (Epinotia) .............. 122
immundella (Trifurcula) ...... 80, 124
immutata (Scopula) ........... ISS, 257
implicitana (Cochylidia) ............ 101
impluviata (Hydrimena) ... 5, 74, 253
impudens (M. pudorina)
impura (Mythimna) 8, 149, 231,
240, 330
incananag (bana) pesseeene teens 287
incerta (Orthosia) ... 8, 155, 183,
184, 185, 231
incertana (Cnephasia) ............... 287
incongruella (Amphisbatis) ........ 122
inconspicuella (Solenobia) ......... 122
mesncAgapetes)merenceteteaseeneentce 60
indigata’ (Bupithecia) ce.-ss-. eee eee 5)
infesta (A. anceps)
innotata (Eupithecia) <.............. 152
hava) (@BNRSTHILAIS)) aoedSonsonccbbenSaccooes 48
inornatella (Brachmia) ............ 281
interjecta (Noctua) 189, 190, 191, 230
interjectana (Cnephesia) ........... 287

interjectaria (1. fuscovenosa)
interrogationis (Syngrapha) ... 10,
; 1495 150) 24852552
intimella (Ectoedemia) . 103,
intricata (Eupithecia) ..... Sy
inturbata (Eupithecia) ...............
io (Inachis) 2, 48, 145,
189, 195,
iota (A. jota)
ipsilon (Agrotis) .. 154,
iris (Apatura) .. 26, 48,
irriguata (Eupithecia)
inrorrella (Setina) ie sseeeteeeaee eee
isertana (Zeiraphera)
jacobaeae (Tyria) .. 30, 117,
janiszewskae (Sorhagenia)
janthinay(NOctia) ieee scene see eee ie
josephinae (Pseudatemelia)
jota (Autographa) .. 10, 189,
jabatae CAICIS) seeeeeeeeeeeeeee ae
jungiella (Cydia)
juniperata (Thera)
juniperella (Dichomeris)
juno (Dione)
junoniella (Phyllonorycter)
jurtina (Maniola) .. 3, 29, 34, 49,
635 DISS NGa133 51952265

Se ir

sence erence ceeene

Cy

233, 234,
Kaplani@iheston)eean-eeeceeeeeeeeere
kilmunella (Elachista) ...............
laburnella (Leucoptera) ....... 80,
labyrinthella Celene = 161,
lacertinaria (Falcaria) . oN 191.
lachesis (Melanargia) ........... 60,
lactearias (JOdis) ese
lacunana’ (Olethreutes) ees

laevigatella (Argyresthia)

l-album (Mythimna) 84, 92, 166,
l-album (Nymphalis) ............ 48,
lambdellay(Batia) ie. eee ee eeeeeee
lancealana ((Bactra)is..scs--. eee
lapponaria (Lycia) ........ 76, 150,
lapponica (Nepticula) ...............

lara (Leptomyrina)
lariciata (Eupithecia)

lathonia (Argynnis) .. 13, 48, 62,
. 116, (ie 263,
latifascianay (Aclens) i eeereee eee
latrunculay(Oligia)aeeceseeereeee
leautieri (Lithophane) ... 92, 154,
158,
legatella (Chesias)) <.....2...-..0- 5),
lepida (H. perplexa)
leporina (Acronicta) ...... Oe n132)
leucapennella (Caloptilia) .........
leucographa’ ((@erastis)eece.-ceceeee

leucophaeria (Agriopis)
leucostigma (Celaena) .. 151, 191,
240

leucotreta (Cryptophlebia) ........ i
levana (Araschnia)
libatrix (Scoliopteryx) ...

10, 185,

PAGE

lichenaria (Cleorodes) ..... 76, 90, 255
lichenea (Eumichtis) ... 92, 112,

154, 336

hivea. (Erebia)) pacseasret onesies sass 48, 242
lignata (QO. vittata)
lignea (Biastobasis) ............. 98, 203
hgula (Conitstra)).. %..% -- 156, 157, 206
ligustri (Craniophora) ... 76, 131,

Sees 5 2
ne ustnie (Sphinx) eae saeco: 190, 261
limbopunctalis (Pyrausta) ......... 63
linearia (Cyclophora) ............... 252
limeata (elyles)) ic ace-saeasseescae 115, 304
lineola (Thymelicus) ..... 50, 117, 234
ipseana, (ACIETIS)) sce ss -weeetee sos ceee 122
literosa (Mesoligia) ...... 10, 189, 250
lithargyrinella Geelcephers) petee 28
lithoxylea (Apamea) ...... 9, 191, 249
litoralis (Mythimna) ................. 151
hitoralism (eo bestia) iem-seaascecatees see 289
icing (CANertoxe) ne) F)) Youngnadasseconeonee 9
tunata (Semulothisa)) ce ssusceeeces:
liturella (Agonopterix) .............. 201

livornica (H. lineata)
l-nigrum (Arctornis) ... 166, 170, 171

locupletella (Mompha) ............. 203
loeflingeana (Aleimma) ............ 122
loctananCAGle;nis)) scsesuasse eee eee see: 288
longana, (@nephasia) iste..4.2-ce-- 122
longicornis (Ascalafus) ............ 114
lonicerae (Zygaena) ........... 133, 150
loreyi (Mythimna) ....... 86, 112, 194
lofas (Agrochola) snsetescsecsscess ae tes 249
lotellay(@eeucoptera)) 2ro.cneeee- es 122
lOti CAV Gana) = aescecssck eee 35, 19082
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) ... 7, 132, 229
lucens (Amphipaea) ............ LOO
lucernea (Standfussiana) .......... 133
lucina (Hamearis) ........ 49, 146, 187
luciparay(Suplexia))\casaee-s-e-re- 9, 250
huctuatay (Spareania)iscse-e--2-eeser 132
luedersiana (Pammene) ............ 88
[reel ayes Sm (Bs 01900) Mrononenecereanosroneacs NG
lunana (Philedonides) ............... 286
lunaria (S. ltunularia)
lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ............ 249
lunula (Calophasia) ....... Tb SiR P57/
lunularia (Selenia) ............... os le
lupulinus (Hepialus) ............. is Pail
luridata (Scotopteryx) .... 4, 129,
252 2580
lurideolay (Bilema)), sccqeese eecee 190

lutarea (Paraswammerdamia) ..... 198
lutea (X. togata)
lutea (S. luteum)

lnteagon(Hadena) iae-csereeseee meee 192
luteella (Stigmella) ............ 1239272
lnteolan(Bradyrehoa) ine eee 117
luteolata (Opisthograptis) 6, 191,
240, 254
luteum (Spilosoma) ............ 187, 229
lutipennella (Coleophora) ......... 122
lutosa (Rhizedra) ......... 91, 250, 336

lutulenta (Aporophyla) . 129, 150, 164

lycaon (Hyponephele) ...............
lychnidis (Agrochola) ........ ISH7/.
lythargyria (M. ferrago)
maccana’ (Acleris)) -.scccccscseneeesene
machaon (Papilio) ... 13, 17, 115,
116, 165, 167, 174, 188,
macilenta (Agrochola) .......... 2h
maculana (Epinotia) .............--
macularia (Pseudopanthera) ......
maculosana (Hysterophora) .......
maera: (ecastomimatia)eeysese. scene
maestingella (Phyllonorycter) ....
malella (Stigmella) ............ 123
malvae (Pyrgus) ... 50, 129, 146,

164,
malvoides (Pyrgus) ............ 114,
Tani (PIStIS) meee seeeeereee ee 114,
mantonCEnebia)je--taeeeeeeeese eaters
margaritata (Campaea) ......... 6

marginaria (Agriopis) .... 6, 156,
marginata (Lomaspilis) .............
marginepunctata (Scopula) ... 92,

marginecolella (Nepticula) .........
maritimus (Chilotes) 75, 131, 132,
manjana, (Amiata). 5 seca eeaes
Mmarmoreum (Caryocolum) ........
marrubii (Reverdinus) ......... 63,
masculella (Incurvaria) ............
matura (Thalpophila) .. 189, 190,
maturna (M. athalia)

maura (Mormo) ... .. S103 136s

2

40,
mediofasciella (Ectodoemia) 124,
megacephala (Acronicta) ....... 9}

megera (Lasiommata) 30, 34, 49,

635. bI4. hiss 186, 226,
melanopa (Anarta) Resta seth ais Shoe 8,
mellinata (Enlithis) sense eessseeeeeee
mendicay, (Diaphora) \eesssseee eee
mendica (Diarsia) ......... TE OUSTE
menelaos (Polyommatus) ..........
menyanthidis (Acronicta) .. 9, 76,

89,
meolans (PE rebia) ase eneeeetee eens
mercunana (CE pinotia) yos-.-.s.e
mesomella (Cybosia) ........... 74,
meticulosa (Phlogophora) 9, 164,

166, 171,
mai (Callistege)).aasssncseteet tee 29%
miata (Chloroclysta) ...... 4, 185,

micacea (Hydraecia) ..... 10, 192,
millefoliata (Eupithecia) ..... 153,
mimosae (Epamera) «..........0...
miniata (Miltochrista) ...............
minima (Bhotedes)) ..sssesesnaeseeece
minimus (Cupido) .... 318
miniosa (Orthosia) .. 73, 74, 128,
muinistrana:(eUlla) cascececesseees cece
minorata, (Rerizoma)e-ce.sseeeee eee
miranda (Crypsithiris) ...............
miscellay@Viomphia)ee-eeeeecceeeeeeeee
mitterbacheriana (Ancylis) ........
mnemosyne (Parnassius) ...... 4

viii

PAGE
monacha (Lymantria) ........ 151, 190
moneta Cs eee BS Fe Sine. 260
monoglypha (Apamea) ... ,

Spa ae 171, 240, 249
monogramma (S. fixa)
montanana Qiehroramplia) SMe 293
montanata (Xanthorhoé) . 4, 248, 252
MONLENSIS CATICIA eee saceceseece tess 60
morosa (Lampronia) .............++- 22
morpheus (Garadrina)ieeeccesteeee 260
morpheus (Heteropterus) .......... 50
morronensis (Aricia) .............-.. 61
mucronata (Scotopteryx) . 4, 252, 331
mulinella (Mirificarma) ............ 203
multistrigaria (Colostygia) 4, 128,

5 Gy, Pay?
munda (Orthosia) ....... 15551855 231
mundana (Nudaria) ...... ae 1505229
munitata (Xanthorhoé) ... 4, 89,
149, 150, 240, 331
miunicata (lIdaea))i eeccsernsscercas secs: 75
murinata (Minoa) ...... 180 IST a 332
murinipennella (Coleophora) ...... 122
muscaeformis (Bembecia) ......... 197
musculana (Syndemis) .............. 286
MUSCUOSAL(OLIa) en eeecsee seen ecee 90
mygdiniana (Olethreutes) ......... 288
myrtillana (Ancylis) ..............0+ 290
myrtillana (Griselda) ................ 291
manan(Cochyilis))eeceececseseescseseeee 293
Nana (Hada)! snccceseseeesscee 8, 74, 230
nanata (Eupithecia) ....... 55 exes, 753)

napi (Pieris) 2, 29, 47, 113, 150,
165, 168, 186, 192, 193. 194,

201
nebulata (Euchoeca) ........... 76,
nebulosa (Polia) ......... Sasa Se
nemoralis (Polypogon) ...... y
nemorivaga (Epinotia) ..............
neoridas) (Erebia) jacceseeeeeceee 2.
nervosa (Agonopterix) ..............
neurica (Archanara) .......... Sie

neustria (Malacosoma) ..............
nictitans (A. oculea)
nigra (Aporophila) ..... 8, 91, 92,
1S 45515 i7e 158501 9250193:
Higricanay(Gydia)mrescesetneteee
nigricans (Euxoa)
niobe (Argynnis)
nivea (Acentra)
noctuella (Nomophila) 156, 165,
notata (Semiothisa)) <.h..02-...00066-.
notnaCArchicarls) ese ssetesses sees:
nubeculosa (Brachyonica) .........
nubilalis (Ostrinia) ............ 165,
nupta (Catocala)
nylandriella (Stigmella) .............
nymphaeata (Nymphula) ..........
Gbeliscan(BUxGa)iesasee eee eee eee
obeliscata (Thera) ......... 4.52535
obfuscatus (Gnophos) . 6, 76, 89,
obliquella (Nepticula) ...............
oblitella (Heterographis) 180, 318,
oblonga (Apamea)

eee eens

ee

We USS),

333
151

PAGE
oblongana (Endothenia) ............ 289
obscuratus (Gnophos) ......... 76, 133
obsoleta (Mythimna) ... 120, 132, 332
obsoletana (Olethreutes) ........... 288
obstipata (Orthonama) .. 43, 135,

156; 1655170252
occulta (Eurois) 8, 89, 149, 231,
266, 285, 299. 330
ocellana (Agonopterix) ............. 202
ocellata (Cosmorhoé) ..... 4. 192.252
ocellata (Smerinthus) ............... 227
ochracea (G. flavago)
ochraceella (Mompha) ............. 98
ochraceella (Myrmecozda) ... 79, 125
ochrea (Coleophora) ................ 206
ochrearia i(Aspitates)e-sseeeeeeeeree 114
ochroleuca (Eremobia) .. 90, 188,
9, 190, 225
ocularisi(@ethea)) meeeeeeee teeta 190
oculea (Amphipoea) ..... 10, 191, 250
oditis (Leucochleana) ............... 92
oehlmanniella (Lampronia) ....... 125
oeme: (Erebia)i Sie-stesoeeeeeeeeeenee 327
oleracea (Lacanobia) ............ 8, 230
olivana (Olethreutes) ............... 122
olivata (Colostygia) .............. 4, 90
ophiogramma (Apamea) ..... 155, 189
Opima’ (Orthosia)iac.-ceseseneee SON 25
oporana, ((Archips) i se-cese seek seer 58
optilete (Vacciniini)).-scc.eeeeeeree 49
or (lethea)u swe eee 149
orbifer \(Spialia)iieeeteeeet ese -ee eee 35
orbitella (Coleophora) .............. 199
orbona(Noctia) eraser 91
oreas (Lepidochrysops) ...... 9278
orientalis (Reverdinus) ............. 36
ornitopus (Lithophane) ............. 128
osseana) (Bana) iteearcseeeseereneeee ee 287
osseella (Psamathocrita) ............ 268
osseola (Hydraecia) ............ 1S2e ans
ottomana’ (Erebia)!) esses e eee 327
oxyacanthae (Allophages) 9, 157, 249
padella (Yponomeuta) .............. 198
palaemon (Carterocephalus) .. 50,
46, 147
palaeno \(Golias) Pesce eee 47
paleacea (Enargia)) ..:..........-- 9, 90
paleana ((Aphelia)asseee eee 286
pallens (Mythimna) .. 8, 86, 155,
231, 260
pallida(Aloeides)ierreascseseseeeeeeee 178
pallidella (infurcula) es.ce5--.e ee 719
pallustris) CAthetis) cee eee eee 131
palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 7, 188, 190
paludella (Calomotropha) ..... 21” 260
palustrana (Olethreutes) ............ 288
pamphilus (Coenonympha) 3, 13,
49, 113, 115, 116, 133; 136:
188, 216, 226, 234, 248
pandora) (Argyminis)i-se-eecsaeseete Wil7/
panzerella (Nematopogon) ......... 125
paphia (Argynnis) .. 48, 150, 188,
191 2154) 216) 2233s
234, 267, 303

PAGE
papilionaria (Geometra) .. 3, 189, 251
parenthesella (Ypsolopha) ......... 198
Ppariana (Eutromula) ................. 197
paripunctella (Teleiodes) ........... 202
parthenias (Archiearis) ... 3, 145,
183, 184
parthenoides (Mellicta) ............. 60
pastinacella (Depressaria) .......... 201
pavonia (Saturnia) ............... 3, 128
pectinataria (Colostygia) ....... 4, 252
Pelionella CLE) 03.2546 s0 cues dents 122
peltigera (Heliothis) 90, 114, 135,
154, 155
pennaria (Colotois)) -..5...5..+---. 6, 254
PenZiatial (Hana) see dcc- cece. cccee es 287
perla (C. domestica)
perlepidella (Digitivalva) ............ 212
perplexa (Hadena) .............. 74, 231
persicariae (Melanchra) ............ 230
petasitis (Hydraecia) ................ 132
petiverana (Heleconius) ............ 283
petiverella (Dichrorampha) ....... 292
petropolitana (Lasiommata) ....... 48
phasianipennella (Calybites) ....... 80
Dnileay.(Phoebis)" aes see eect eccee 284
phlaeas (Lycaena) 2, 13, 29, 34,
49, 84, 164, 193, 1947297)
234, 235% 239, 305
phoeniceata) Eupithecia) PLS Te
299, 336
phragmitidis (Arenostola) ... 151,
189, 190
picarella (Nemapogon) ............. 125
picata (E. biangulata)
piercei: (Aethes) ene. 0 set 293
pieran (Closter)! scdsesees hose. sees 188
pilosaria (Apocheima) 6, 73, 157, 158
pimpinellata (Eupithecia) .......... 153
pinastri (Hyloicus) ...... 164, 189, 333
piniarian(Biupalus): -ict..2.--.-s0 6, 190
piniariella (Ocnerostoma) ......... 122
pinivorana (Rhyacionia) ........... 122
pirithous (Syntarucus) ............... 116
pisi (Ceramica) ...... $31355 7149230
plagiata (Aplocera) .. 5, 134, 192, 253
plantaginis (Parasemia) ... 7, 74,
150, 233, 248
plecta (Ochropleura) ............ Thy 22
plexippus (Danaus) ..... 173, 239, 283
plumbagana (Dichrorampha) ..... 292
plumbana (Dichrorampha) ........ 293
plumbaria (S. luridata)
plumbeolata (Eupithecia) .......... 331
plumigera (Ptilophora) .............. 194
podalirius (Iphiclides) ... 13, 114,
ity OS D7
politella (Byrotropha) ............... 202
polychloros (Nymphalis) 48, 145,
176, 198, 280
polycommata (Trichopteryx) . 73, 185
polyphemus (Morpho) .............. 284
polyxenes (Zerynthia) .............. 114
pomonellan(Gydia)ieeentees.scesese es 122

PAGE
popularis (T. decimalis)
populata (Eulithis) 4, 90, 91, 149, 248
populella (Anacampsis) ............. 203
populeti (Orthosia) 73, 127, 128, 185
populi (Laothoé) .... 6, 188, 189,
rm] 0, 225227; 260
populi*(Eimenitis)"-...00- cee 48
populi (Poecilocampa) 3, 74, 194, 228
porcellus (Deilephila) 74, 75, 187, 189
porphyrea (Lycophotia) ... 7, 92,
229, 247
porphyrea (P. saucia)
porrectellay (Plutella)) -e5255-..seee 199
posticana (Blastesthia) .............. 122
potatoria (Philudoria) ............... 189
praecocella (Argyresthia) .......... 197
praecox (Ocropleura) ............... 7
praccox (Phereocea)r eee ee 22
prasina (Anaplectoides) ... 8, 75,
2 155-6250
prasinana (Bena) ............... 130, 190
pringlei (Aloeides) ................... 177
prince: GPREStOr) tlasc.0 eee eee 309
proboscidalis (Hypena) .. 10, 191, 251
procellata (Melanthia) ... 90, 150, 190
procerella (Schiffermuelleria) ..... 211
promutata (S. marginepunctata)
pronuba (Noctua) ... 7, 166, 171,
230, 240
pronubana (Cacoecimorpha) ...... 98
Proto; (Sloperia)ies.se-se seen ee eee 117
proximella (Teleiodes) .............. 202
pruinata (Pscudoterpna) 188, 190, 251
prumianas(Hedya)) eerste 289
prunatas(Bulithis)Peseecete eee 4, 50
pruni (Strymonidia) ................. 50
pruniella (Argyresthia) ............. 198
prunivorana (Cydia) ......... 209, 268
pseudospretella (Hofmannophila) 201
pst (Acronicta)) 2-..+-c-.e ee 9, 149, 249
pudibunda (Dasychira) ....... 228, 331
pudorina (Mythimna) ... 75, 132, 332
pulchella \(Elachista)" 22-2-..-+s-. eee 200
pulchellana (Argyrotaenia) ........ 286
pulchellata (Eupithecia) .. 5, 133,
253%, 260) 331
pulchrina (Autographa) 10, 187,
240, 251
pulveraria (Plagodis) ... 186, 254, 330
pulverosella (Ectoedemia) .......... 124
pumilata (C. ruficasciata)
punctaria (Cyclophora) .............. 191
punctinalis! (Serraca)) 2.22. -2--2s- see 74
puppillaria (Cyclophora) ............ 267
purpuralis (Zygaena) ................ 133
pusaniay(Cabera) esse steee seers 6, 254
pusillata (Eupithecia) ............ S129
pustulata (C. bajularia)
putal (Agrotis) Wirectr cs cceseeadeeee 155
Putrism(Axylia). caucus. escste seen 230
pygarga (Lithacodia) ......... 187, 250
pygmaeella (Argyresthia) ......... 197
pygmaeola (Eilema) .................. 151
pygmina (Photedes) 10, 192, 240, 250

PAGE
pylaon (Plebejus) ................000e+ 195
pyraliata (Eulithis) ............... 4, 189
pyralina (Cosmia) ......:...:.-.+-++-. 190
pyramidea (Amphipyra) ...... 249, 260
PYTi (Saturnia) .........ssseeeeeeeeoeee 115
piritotdles (Habrosyne) ....... 187, 228
pyrrhulipennella (Coleophora) .. 199
quadra (Lithosia) ....... iISyil 156, 229
quadrifasciaria (X. quadrifasiata)
quadrifasiata (Xanthorhoé) .. 150,
188, 190
quadrimaculana (Endromia) ...... 289
quadripunctaria (Euphyia) ......... 13
quercifolia (Gastropacha) ... 190, 225
quercifoliae (Ectoedemia) . Be aaeee Di2
quercifoliella (Phyllonorycter) .... 196
quercinaria CEnnonios) Paes asteh 254
quercus (Lasiocampa) ... 3, 133,
228, 331
quercus opereusia)) SOP 6s 1305
146, 149, 236, 331
ramellay (Ee pinotia)) eeesceaes sean 290
rapae (Pieris) .. 2, 29, 33, 47, 62,
Oy, lsh. 114, 164, 165, 168,
185, 186, 192; 194, 215,
D7. 239, 263
raschkiella (Mompha) ............... 203
ratzeburgiana (Zeiraphera) ........ 291
LAVIG aAM(SPAClOLIS)Meseeen-teeesecte 152
rectangulata (Chlorocylstis) ... 5,
187,188; 2395253
Fectlineal (Elyppa)) Mermsre-eo--ee , 149
TEGductay CEimeENIUS) meyseeue ce eee ee 13
regificella (Elachista) ................ 200
remissa (Apamea) ............... 10, 249
repandaria (Epione) ... 151, 154, 254
repandata (Alcis) ... 6,..149, 156, 255
repentiella (Stigmella) ............... 209
resinellax(RetrOva)) -ens-caceesee eee. 292
reticulata (Heliophobus) ............ 226
retinella (Arg yest) ey eet eentee 197
revayana (Nycteola) . 74, 156, 158
rhamni (Gonepteryx) . een4hs a5.
164, 165, 168, 183, 185
rhombanayCAclenris)secseeeseeeceseeen 287
rhomboidaria (Peribotodes) ... 6,
188, 255
rhomboidea (Xestia) ................. 90
rhomboidella (Hypatima) .......... 203
ribeata (Deileptehita)eeecssecseecoe ens 190
nidenss(Polyploca)essseeceeeee eer 330
Tl evan CALOEIGES) meeeecemenoses eect 179
Tipae (Agrotis)) s5.cc-< see, WES Se Ol
rivularis (Hadena) ......... SLO 2311
roboraria (Boarmia) ......... Syi)5 7338)
roborella (Stigmella) .......... AT BF
roboris (Phyllonorycter) ............ 158
TOSahianCATCHIPS) messeteeen se eeeceeeeee 286
ruberata (Hydriomena) ......... Dp asi!
rubi (Callophrys) 2, 34, 50, 129,
146, 164, 186, 227
FU Bi (Diarsla) eeepemeeeeeccaee ees 229;, 332
rubi (Macrothylacia) .. 3, 89, 127,
228

ns)

PAGE
rubiella (Lampronia) ................ 122
rubiganal (Aethes) eeree--ee eee 122

rubiginata (Plemyria) 4, 74, 150,
253543320s35
rubiginea (Conistra))\ice-see eee 127
rubiginosana (Epinotia) ............ 122,
rubricollis (Atolmis) ...... 30; 75nd
rubricosa (Cerastis)) Geese sees 1 230)
rufa (Coenobia) ... 151, 188, 190, 191

rufata (Chesias) .... 89, 129, 157,
158, 190, 330
ruficapitella (Stigmella) 123, 272, 317
ruficiliana (Falseuncaria) ........... 293

ruficornis (Drymonia) ... 74, 128,
186, 228

rufifasciata (Gymnoscelis) 5, 157,
158, 254
rufimitrellay CAdela)i aasemeeeeeeeeeee 125
rufocinerea (Elachista) .............. 200
rugosana (Phtheochroa) ............ 281
TumMiIcis (Acronicta)ieeesea-eeeees 9, 249
rupicaprania) @iheria) ees -eeeeeee 183
rupicola (Cochylidia) ................. 293
rusticella (@ionopis)) sace-sseeeeereree 125
sacraria (Rhodometra) ....... Lipeeles
salicalis (Colobochlia) ............... 332
salicata (Coenotephria) .......... 4, 240
Salicisu@@encomia) ieee eee ctens 165,
Salicisi(Stigmella)ieesceseseeceeee 105, 123
saligna (Phyllocnistis) ..............- 161
salmachus (Synanthedon) .......... 197
samadensis (Scrobipalpa) ........... 203
sambucaria (Ourapteryx) .... 254, 260
samiatella (Stigmella) ............... 315
sangiella (Syncopacma) ............ 122
sane (Enioctania)iesseeeeeeteeee ee 123
sarcitrella (Endrosis) .............+.: 201
Satyrata’ (Bupithecia)ige-e-seeeeeeeeee 5
saucia (Peridroma) . 84, 166, 171, 229
sauciana (Apotomis)eeeoseseseeeeniae 289
saxifragae (Kessleria) ..............- 198
schmidiella (Cosmopterix) ... 182, 270
schulziana (Olethreutes) ............ 288
schumacherana (Olindia) .......... 122
Scipio) (Erebia))e-.-sse2--e-ea eee 12
scoliaeformis (Conopia) ............ 331
scolopacina (Apamea) .............. 90
scopariella (Agonopterix) .......... 202
-scoticellal (Paronnix)yessssceeteteeers 196
scutulana i(Bpiblema)ii.ss.ceeeeeeees 291
secalis (Mesapamea) ...... 10, 30, 249
segetum (Agrotis) . 85, 166, 171, 229
sedatana (Dichrorampha) 5 vahiaaeie 293

selene (Boloria) . 2, 48, 133, 146,
214, 247

semele (Hipparchia) .. 13, 49, 61,
116, 133; 226. 234) 235,305
semiargus (Cyaniris) 49, 113, 165, 168
semibrunnea (Lithophane) .. 206, 330
semifulvella (linea)! <..cs02-...--0- 126
semipurpurella (Eriocrania) ...... 123
semitestacella (Argyresthia) ....... 122
senecionana (Clepsis) ............... 286
senectana (Dichrorampha) ......... 122

senilella (Rhigognostis)
sequax (Teleiodes)
seriata (Idaea)
sericea (Perissomastix)
sericealis (Rivula)
serratella (Coleophora)
serratulae (Pyrgus)
sexalata (Pterapherapteryx) ...

8, 191;

sent e wee e eee
eee meee ewe ee ee eeee
er
see weet eeenee

ee iy

sexstrigata (Xestia) ..
sifanica (Boloria)
signatana (Epinotia)
silaceata (Ecliptoptera)
silesiaca (Depressaria) ...............
silvicolus (Caterocephalus)
similella (Schiffermuelleria)
similis (Byotropha)
similis (Euproctis)
simpliciana (Dicrorampha) ...
simpliciata (Eupithecia)
simplicella een)
sinapis (Leptidea) . 47,

130, 146, ait 164,
siterata (Chloroclysta)
smeathmanniana (Aethes) ...
sobrina (Paradiarsia)
sobrinata (E. pusillata)
socia (Lithophane)
sociana (Gypsonoma)
solandrina (Epinotia)
solidaginis (Lithomoia) 9, 90, 91,
solitariella (Coleophora)
solutella (Lita)
SOorbiuCNepticula) essences sciecece eee
sorbi (Phyllonorycter)
sordens (Apamea)
sordidana (Epinotia)
sororcula (Eilema)
sororculana (Apotomis) .............
sororiata (Carsia)
spadicearia (Xanthorhoé)
sparganii (Archanara) ...

eee eee

eee eee tence

een ewww ee eeeces

sparsana (Acleris)
sparsata (Anticollix)
spartiella (Anarsia)
spartifoliella (Leucoptera) . 1.
speciosa (Nepticula)
spini (Strymonidia)

spiniella (Paraswammerdamia)
198, 218,
spinolella (Phyllonorycter)
spinosella (Ectoedemia)
splendidissimella (Nepticula)
stabilis (Orthosia) 8, 73, 74, 155,
183, 184, 185,

ee

See

See

ee eeeee
eae eweeeeee

stagnana (Griselda)
statices (Adscita)
statilinus (Hipparchia)
steinkellneriana (Semiscopis)
stellatarum (Macroglossum) ... 6,
63, 71, 83, 97, 148,
170, 240, 304, B28
stephensiana (Cnephasia) .

ee
eee ween ences

282;

PAGE
stiberodes (Perissomastix) ......... 22
sticticalis (Margaritia) .............. 156
stigmatica (X. rhoboidea)

Straminata’ @daea) (25.52. .eene 4
straminea (Mythimna) . 132, 189,

: 231, 332
straminea (Stenodes) ................ 293
Strigilis (Olicia) 25... 41.4..08 10, 250
strataria (Biston) .. 74, 100, 185, 254
strigillaria (Perconia) ... 127, 131, 186
Stroemiana, (Epinotia)! <.:.....:0+.... 290
suasa (Lacanobia) ...... LS 2308382
subarcuana (Ancylis) ............... 290
subbimaculella (Ectoedemia) 207, 272
subfasciella (Cedistis) ............... 198
subfuscata (Eupithecia) ......... 55253
subnotata (E. simpliciata)
subpurpurella (Dyseriocrania) .... 122
subrosea) (Bugraphe)i sesso 128
subroseana (Cochylidia) ............ 122
subsericeata (Idaea) .......... 188, 252
subtusa (Ipimorpha) ................ 190
subumbrata (Eupithecia) .......... 253
succedanan (Cydia) esses eee 292
succenturiata (Eupithecia) ......... 190
sudetical (Erebia) es eee eee 326
suffumata (Lampropteryx) 4, 128, 252
Suspecta a(Barastichtis)iee, eeeetence 90
svenssoni (Stigmella) ................ 315
swammerdamella (Nematopogon) 125
sylvata (Abraxas) ............... , 189
sylvata s(iiydrelia)) es-c-eeeeseee eee 332
sylvaticella (Coleophora) ........... 200
sylvestranian (daca) asenresnns cence 333
sylvestris (Thymelicus) ... 50, 63,

33, 234, 306
sylvina (Hepialus) ...... 123, 190, 191
syringella’ (Caloptilia) 222s...) -ee--e 126
taeniatum (Perizoma) ............... 136
taeniipennella (Coleophora) ...... 200
tages (Erynnis) . 2, 50, 129, 186, 187
tantillaria (Eupithecia) .... 5, 74, 331
tarsipennalis (Polypogon) .......... 25
fayvloniCAloeides) i emecee eee 180
tedellay (Epinotia) i eer.ces cette see 290
temerata (Lomographa) ..... 187, 254
templi (Dasypolia) ......... ) 92. 154
tenebrata (Panemeria) ............... 186
tenebrella (Monachroa) ............ 269
tenerana (Epinotia) ................+. 290
tengstromi (Nepticula) ............. 124
tentaculella (Ancylolomia) ........ 209
ternata (Scopula) ..... 4, 89, 149, 150
terrella (Bryotropha) ............... 202
tersata (Horisme) ............. 150, 156
testacea (Luperina) ...... 83, 192, 250
festatay (Bulithis)ieeescseeeees , 91, 188
tetragonana (Epiblema) ............ 292
tetralunaria (Selenia) ... 128, 190, 330
tetraquetrana (Epinotia) ........... 290
thalassina (Lacanobia) ......... 8, 230
thrasonella (Glyphipterix) ......... 197
thunbergella (Micropterix) ........ 121
thyrat (Aloeides)@ir-s....2--+-- 178, 180

xii

PAGE
thysbe (Poecilmitis) ........... 280, 307
fineana CANGCYMS) Meese seeeassaecssecee 232
titei (Lepidochrysops) ............+.. 273
tithonus (Pyronia) ...... , 188, 226
tityrus (Lycaena) ..........s200e 1335 als)
tityus (Hemaris) ......:....<.. 22602271
togata (Xanthia) ........... 9, 249, 260
torquatella (Atemelia) .............. 198
torquillella (Parornix) .............. 196
tragopogonis (Amphipyra) 9, 249, 260
transversa (Eupsilia) ..............++. 9
trapetzella (Trichophaga) .......... 122
trapezina (Cosmia) ............... 9, 191
tremula (Pheosia) ....... 188, 190, 331
tremulella (P. labyrinthella)
trepida (P. anceps)
triangulum (Xestia) .............+. 8, 230
[uminolbil (ODIGEQHEN) SScecceanocosocoQGe 91
trifolii (Lasiocampa) ... 130, 152, 335
tnitolin(Zygaena) weecesae este: 122,130
trigemina (Abrostola 10, 76, 190, 251
trigrammica (Charanycea) ......... 250
tringipennella (Aspilapteryx) ...... 126
trinotella, ((limea) i) seess-ceec es sesesioe 126
tripartita (A. triplasia)
triplasia (Abrostola) .......... 190, 251
triplasia (A. trigemina)
tripunctana (Acletis)iecencsecossese: 288
tripunctaria (Eupithecia) .... 153, 253
trisignaria (Eupithecia) ............. 153
trstata’ (Epirrhos)) sescssceseeece ses 150
tritici (Euxoa) 7, 151, 189, 190,

192, 229
trochilella (Coleophora) ............ 199
truncata (Chloroclysta) ... 4, 164, 253
(iqib,< (UNAO(NIS)) peacocepeostoossenencooe 76
tulbaglay (Esitana)) <cc-eccee. cece 312
tullia (Coenonympha) 3, 49, 133,
147, 149
turbidana (Apotomis) ............... 289
turbidella (Ectoedemia) ............ 163
turca (Mythimna) ............... 15 1h
turionella (Blastesthia) ............. 122
typhae (Nonagria) ...... 91, 152, 250
typicam (NACA) meccsesteessseeeeree eee 8
uddmanniana (Epiblema) .......... 269
ulicetella (Agonopterix) ............ 202
ulicicollella (Phyllonorycter) ...... 225
ulnifoliella (Phyllonorycter) . 159, 196
limibraly (Byrne) ieeeeeeseeeetise sae 250
wmbratica (Cucuilia)assce.cee ese 249
unangulata (Euphyia) .. 189, 190,
2523833
Unanimis, (Apamea) ie nscceaceress aes 132
uncella (Ancylis) ..............- 1225232
uncula, (Bustrotia) : <desesess05- dea 190
undulana (Orthotaenia) ............ 289
undulata (Rheumaptera) ........... 132
unguicella (Ancylis) ......... 232, 290
unipuncta (Mythimna) ... 56, 81,
86, 92. 154, 166, chAe 174,
282, 335
unipunctana (Rhopobota) ......... 291

unipunctella (Phyllocnistis) .. 161,

PAGE
272, 306
urticae (Aglais) ... 2, 13, 29, 48,
62. 104 117, 1454 1655 Gos
192) 195. 213) 215 4227 eeese
urticae (Spilosoma) ................66 332
ustella @xpsolopha)it.-..1-.4---eeeeee 198
ustomaculana (Rhopobota) . 138, 291
vaccinii (Conistra) ... 9, 73, 158,
194, 206, 249
valerianata (Eupithecia) ............ 67
vanillae (Dione)! <-ces-ceeeeeeeee eee 283
vansoni (Aloeides) .........0-...0.... 178
varia (L. porphyrea)
Vatiata (@ihera)i eeeeeesee 128, 1319253
variegana, (Aclenis)) nena eee 288
vastella (Ceratophaga) .............. 20
v-ata’ (Chloroclystis)i sysceseeee eee 253
venata (Ochlodes) ... 30, 50, 117,
233, 248
venosa (S. albovenosa)
venosata (Eupithecia) ......... 134, 253
venustula (Elaphria) 52, 74, 132,
33), 352
versicolora (Endromis) 127, 149,
184, 331
vestigialis (Agrotis) ...... 89, 190, 192
vetusta (Xylena) 9, 73, 150, 156, 184
viburnana (Aphelia) seehcuctec teens 286
vicinella (Caryocolum) ............. 203
vicrama, (Philotes) ies ceeeee see 35
villica«(Anctia)iieceeeeeeeeree 63.74; 115
viminalis (Cleoceris) ............----- 8
viminetella (Coleophora) ........... 199
vimineticola (Nepticula) ........... 105
vinulay (Cerra) essere T2228
viretatas(AGasis)mereeaseeeeeeeee 129, 254
virgata (Mesotype)) s-.-c-seseeeeeeeee TB)
virgaureae (Coleophora) ............ 199
virgaureae (Lycaena) .............-- 49
virgaureata (Eupithecia) ............ 253
virgella (Lita) iicceneseeecceesssrceeree 203
virginiensis (Cynthia) ............... 173
Viridanay GLOLUGIN)) -esseeeeeseeeeeeeee 287
viridaria (Phytometra) .. 10, 129, 251
vinidata «(Chlonissa)ieeesseeeceee ener 131
viriplaca (Heliothis) ........... 13259332
vitalbata (Horisme) ............. 90, 150
vitellina (Mythimna) ... 173, 270, 335
vitisella (Coleophora) ............... 122
vittata (Orthonama) ......... 1335252
vittella (Ypsolopha) ................. 198
vulgata (Eupithecia) ............. S23
wailesella (L. laburnella)
w-album (Strymonidia) .. 50, 145, 303
w-latinum (Lacanobia) ....... 74, 187
wauaria (Semiothisa) ............ 6, 190
weaverella (Monopis) .............+- 126
weaveri (Femoria) ..............--+++ 124
xanthographa (Xestia) ... 8, 192, 230
xanthomeles (Nymphalis) Hens 48
xanthomista (Polymixis) 86, 192, 336
xenia (Phyllocnistis) ......... 161, 306
xerampelina (A. centrago)
xylostella (Plutella) ............ 156, 198

PAGE
ziczac (Eligmodonta) ..... 7, 188, 228
zieglerella (Cosmopterix) .......... 323
zinckenii (Incurvaria) ............... 124
Zoegana CAgapeta)) 22s teonececoses 293
ONATIANULYCla)ieneeessescesecenes 76, 160
COLEOPTERA

Abdera. 4-fasclatal iic.c:...0ccecse oe 320
Adaliabipunctatavercscecc-c: co seee 4]
Agapanthia irrorata ................ 115
Agathidium pseudorotundatum,

rotundatum (sphaerula) ...... 181
Agonum marginatum ............... 4
Amara aenea, apricaria, lucida .. 40
Anobium inexpectatum ....... 297 ftn.
Anthaxia ignipennis ................. 115
Aphthona aeneomicans,

euphorbiae? .225.c82:: keane 224-5

melancholica, venustula ...... 294
Aridius bifasciatus ................06. 40
BadistenmsOdalism-peeesesssee. scccoceen 39
Batrisodes. venustus .................. 319
IBIADS MIUCTONALAs 5....<s seeswacciece s 41
BTACHINUS MCrePItAMS asa: nencesceecaes 40
Galandraseranatia. ...-ssssccs-sansene 40
Cartallum ebulinum ........... ee iS)
Chlaenius nigricornis ... ............ 39
Chaetocnema (*) aridula,

COMMIS Aaa se ean eweset ates 294-5
Chrysomela banksi, grossa,

MM EMUN ASE: ances cseccean aster 114

OT CAICIA Gc aaeteaacecececs eee mee eats 42
G@lytra @) laeviuscula <........... 221-2
Coccinella 7-punctata ............... 168
ROGIONUSELMPES ences senircccesisearances 319
Conosomus, see Sepedophilus
SOTIOCENISASPATALI oe cacces.scecdsecee 42

MZ-PUNC CALAN ce. ceors-oncsecnce © 297-8
Cryptocephalus primarius ......... 222

WIOIACEUSientesactanissececeoseauscl 298
@ychrus caraboides 24.522... .00s.ee ee 39
Dorcatoma flavicornis ............. 41
Biledona agaricolay wecesess.-c sees rete 320
Exosoma lusitanicum ............... 115
Harmonia 4-punctata ............... 40
Harpalus cubripes) estencc--e2sese sees 39

iqSbRloF NON) GonganconsddepdoadeBospoee 40
HelopsiiGaerwleus ss.ciseececsceee seen 41
HMenoticus serratus 5.5 ......2.0-s008 320
Eispellardtray tenneis tessess octeee foece 298
HMypebaeus: flavipes :s2-2.s..cese+-e ee 319
Hypocassida subferruginea ........ 257
Labidostomis taxicornis ............ 115
Lampyris noctiluca ......... 64-7, 217
Leistus rufomarginatus ............. 39

Lema erichsoni, septentrionis .... 220

eitareus) COMMEXUS)eeccnene ne -ceee nce 40
Lymexylon navale (navalae, err.) 320
Melasis buprestoides ................ 319

PAGE
Meloe proscarabaeus ............... 41-2
Mycetophagus piceus ............... 41
INacerda melantita issetceesteees 115
Oedemera smiobilismte «tees eee 114
Omophlus lepturoides ......... 114, 115
EVCLES| TASIGONNIS! -cse-cesnsseeeee eee 115
Otiorhynchus sulcatus .............. 114
Phaedon armoraciae, concinnus .. 223

cochleariaent..jscsersen ee 22256223

Tegnianus .; Gis. veers 222

Phyllotreta atra, consobrina
(=hintoni), cruciferae ........ 224

Platypus-cylindrisiiti..acsscs ese 319
parallelus (linearis) ............ 57-8
Plectophloeus nitidus ........ 319, 320
IPTIONUSACOLIATINS ep eesesee eee eee 42
Pristonychus terricola ............ 39-40
Psylliodes cuprea, instabilis .... 295-6
Napisy) “WeDeELeeeeeeaaet ee eeeee 296-7
Rhinosimus planirostris ............ 40
PUNUSRtECtUSiceeenatiensesaeeee ee 40
Scarites)DupaLis cscs 114, 115
Sepedophilus bipunctatus .......... 319
Stegobium paniceum! £.....2.t2.2.-.. 40
Taphyrorychus bicolor
(vallifrons; sen) ace. ete 319
Tetratoma fungorum ............... 49
COLLEMBOLA
Smynthurus aureus, luteus,

Palins cb itia se at vse a een vases 95
DERMAPTERA
Spongovostox gestroi ............... 55
medleri*:.37405..2 3 estieeceaceeee 53-5

DIPTERA*

Admontia (Trichopareia) blanda. 17
maculisquama (seria) ... ..16, 17

seria (decorata) ................. 17
Atherigona naqvii ..............0..00. 27
Athrycia (Voria) curvinervis,

tTEDIGas Set ee ee 68
Blepharomyia amplicornis ......... 68
Campylochaeta, see Elpe
Carcelia) 1ucorimi te-ces. cease eee 70
G@horisops tibialis. coset eee 258-9
Chrysotoxum festivum, verralli... 51
Chrysotus gramineus ............... 95-6
Ginochiravatra* se). See ae. 15
Compsilura concinnata ............. 69
Ctenophora bimaculata ............. 17
Cyzenis (Monochaeta) albicans ... 69
DOlGhOPuUSMSP a vsscccaszesseeeee este 94-5

griseipennis, trivialis,

ungulatuss)..werce cee eee 94
Drino (Phorcida) lota ............... 17
Echinomyia, see Tachina
Elpe (Campylochaeta) inepta ..... 68

*In the Tachinidae the cross-referenced and bracketed names are much used in recent
British literature up to 1976; but because of the many taxonomic and other changes,
not all such names are necessarily full synonyms and they are therefore not italicized.

XIV

PAGE
Ernestia, see Eurithia
Eumea, see Nilea
Eurithia (Ernestia) anthophila
(radicum), consobrina .........
Eustalomyia festiva ............ 5 les
ULATIS CAs. socseresce sansa sears 17
TISERIO cs <aataceincoeeonserteec aees 18
Exorista (Tachina) fasciata ....... 69

Fannia gotlandica, metallipennis 18
Graphogaster fasciata ...............

Kypha) dulbiaetceecessccseseee aoe esos 69
Medetera cuspidata ................. 77-8
diadema, impigra, jugalis .... 78
ipglel EunVel mV TERY Soonnasbcosscosoes sec 77
Soscillans, sas ousheks eecee ee 77-9
Megamerina loxocerina ............ 16
Mintho rufiventris lacera ........ 15-16
Nilea (Eumea) hortulana .......... 70
Ocypteral interrupta eeecessseeee eee 15
Oxycera dives, formosa, pulchella,
PYZMACA .....-..-eseeeeeneeeeeneees 257
MMOTIPCS).caeeccc noes ee ae 258
jOPIRAENININE), | 6p conucducdoudocouncose 256
Pachygaster minutissima ........... 259
Ralespavidae scqsatecasceecsee es 69-70
Pelatachinas tibialisimessceeee ss eeaees 69
Periscepsia spathulata (Wagneria
LETIELS )ipreeee ean etree eackees
Phaniagvittatareeewececeecstet seccecss 14
Phaoniagapicalisme-s-recssceeeccecserces 18
PhibvnOsVietullageaneeeteecoaeeeeees 70
Phryxe (Zenillia) heraclei (latilo-
bata), nemea, vulgaris ........
Ric zunammikigeneceeeeereecseceoeene 14

Platypalpus albicornis, albifacies,
albocapillatus, alter, *analis .. 137

fgUNIUT HONS” sob Segneoeboooasdoaooe 137-8
AnIStathiSs auticulatusi....ccs- 138
aurantiacus ....... 138, 139 ise)
CULAT IS eee ee eee tae ee sree

commutatus (=interpola),
cothurnatus, cryptospina

(Cantula) ee eee eee 13
difficilis (interjectus) .... 138, 144
OXCISUSI asec 1386 "139 (figs.)
xa IS 2.23 ease co aeteee 139, 140
HASCIALUSMCELtUS eee seco 140
*inexpectatus ... 140-2, 139 (figs.)

infectus, leucocephalus,
leucothrix, longimanus,
longiseta (extricatus),

MAJOR waonophyecseckwesisgeneee 142
mikii & f. tristriolata ....... 141-2
minutus (as Tachydromia) ... 95
IS TUPATSISDesscseeesoe eee see (fig.) 139
OPUIVUS: sschetn ee ccteasaceceeene 142-3
pallidicornis, pallidicoxa

(apilellits)ime snscnosook cee 143
Dakvical Galea) eseeeaee 141, 143
PeCtOnalisws..c aes seca 141

pictitarsis, praecinctus,
pseudociliaris (calcaratus),
*pygialis, strigifrons ..... 143

SUbtilis sec aieecaen seeetionseeecee 143-4

PAGE
+tHomikoOskiiteeesseeeseeteeee ene 144
Pseudoperichaeta nienohnenta
(Zenillia roseanae) .............. 70
Sciapus mlanitimus) a.ceseeeeeee eee 94
Senvillialunidayeeee--eeseaseeee eee 14
Smnidtiasconspersalereeseer se eeeeeees 69
Sphaerophoria menthastri ......... 301
philanthus, scripta, *virgata 300-1
Stratiomys! potamidal; sc-eeseeeer 258
Subclytia rotundiventris ............ 14

Tachina (Echinomyia) grossa .... 69
Tachydromia, see Platypalpus

Tipulaflavolineatates-seetee-eeaeeeee 17
ITTOPALtAL car eossh seen ee 16
limbatas (ajra) merece ee eee 258

Trichopareia, see Admontia
Voria, see Athrycia
Wagneria, see Periscepsia
Zenillia, see Phryxe, Pseudo-

perichaeta
HEMIPTERA
Amrasca biguttula biguttula
(Momencl)) iisate ener 236
Calocoris nemoralis ff. picea,
hispantcal tehets-cc esteem e tee 115
Cercopis vulnerata (sanguinolenta),
261
Eurydema,ventrale-eee.seeeeeseeaeee 1S
Buryeaster austilacasean-ceseeeeeeee 115
Graphosoma lineatum .............. 114
Lygaeus pandurus v. militaris .... 114
Melanaphis sacchari ................ 28-9
Mirisustriatusmeenserreteecsoserrette 259
Oeciacus hinundinis! s-ce-e- eee 265
Pyrrhoconis aptenusuecee testes 114
Reduyius personatus) .--eesseeaeeeee 115
Sundapteryx, see Amrasca
HYMENOPTERA
Anthidium fontainesii, 7-dentatum 115
Anthophoraspilipesmeese-eessceeee 113
Apoidea (Teva) Man ssacceseeee eee 31-2
Bombus, agrorum, lucorum,
PFAtOMUM! sicssseneredeaen eee 113
Chalicodomatsiculayeacessseeeeeee MIS)
Eucera longicornis, ruficollis ...... 115
Eumenes pomuiformisis-. esses ee 115
: Malictusasppindetencssesssseeeeeere 1S
Osmiay spp yw indetauesceseee nese eeeeeee 115
Polistes! SppssinGets ees eeeeeeeee 115
Scolia ‘sppaindets-ee-s---- reece 115
NEUROPTERA
Creoleon plumbeus <.520..-¢:2:2-2--- 116
Morter *hyalinusite-ceeeeteee coer 116
ORTHOPTERA
Panchlora Miveaienscrcsecc canes 195 |
PHASMIDA

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