A

pf^OP

epf^

/ X.P

fAf

^

LIBRARY OF

ISS5_IQ56

Printed ly R. and A, Taylor, Shoe-laiie,

TO

Dr. W. E. leach, F.R.S. &c. &c.

SlJty

I may justly dedicate the follotcing pages to you, being
indebted for the most valuable part of their contents to your kindness and
liberality. I am happy in thus having it in my power to acknowledge my
sense of the many obligations uhich I lie under to you : and at the same
time I trust the present work will be the means of aiding you in the very
praiseworthy cause in which you are engaged. It is also to be hoped that in
England, ere long, Entomology will stand on the same ground with Botany,
Chemistry, or Minei'alogy ; and that your labours will eventually be as
duly appreciated in this country as they are nofw on the Continent.

I remain, Sir, with the greatest respect,

Yoitr most obliged and obedient seitant,

GEORGE SAMOUELLE.

Blackfriars Road,
March 1819.

2 a

PREFACE,

It must be acknowledged that the veiy rapid progress Which
every science for some years past has made in this country,
is greatly to be attributed to Elementary works, and at the
same time it is to be regretted that as yet none has appeared
on the practical part of Entomology, by which I mean the
method of collecting and preserving insects, the elements of
the science, &c. It is true such a work is announced, and it
is hoped will shortly appear ; I allude to the completion of
Messrs. Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology. —
From the profound knowledge of the subject which these ex-
cellent authors possess, we certainly may expect a most com-
plete work ; yet its extent, and the necessary expense of at least
four octavo volumes, must exclude many from purchasing it,
and especially young persons to whom the study of Entomo-
logy is paiticularly adapted.

From this consideration I was induced more than twelve
months ago to begin a work, the mere outline of the present,
and which was intended to comprise little more than the
Linnean Genera, wath a slight notice of the more natural
Genera Avhich had been separated from tliem, with references
to the best essays or papers that had been published on the
subject, and directions for collecting, &c. This was to ha\e
been published in duodecimo, and would have made but a thin

6 PREFACE.

voluine. On the return of Dr. Leach from the continent in
May I consuhed him on the subject, when he most hberally
promised me every assistance, with the free use of his books
and manuscripts, if I would extend the work. This was a
kindness which I certainly did not expect, although I knew
his zeal and ardour in the promotion of science : it was also
an offer I could not withstand, and which no lover of science
will regret. It has been my wish in no instance to omit ac-
knowledging what has been derived from his valuable assist-
ance : should this however have been in any case neglected, I
trust that Dr. L. will pardon the oversight.

To experienced scientific Entomologists this Avork cannot
be expected to afford much additional information: their
good sense will however admit its necessity and utility, since
a publication on such a plan has long been a great deside-
ratum ; yet even to these it is presumed it will not be altoge-
ther useless, since it contains the characters of many genera
lately established by the most celebrated Entomologists on
the continent, and never before printed in this country.

The Genera of Linne T have been obliged to give according
to my former plan, as the plates were engraved previous to the
alteration. The Modem System is nearly the same as that
given in the Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britannica, article
Crustaceology, and Dr. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopasdia,
article Entomology, with the exception of the foreign Genera
and the alteration of Tribes to Families terminating in idee.

The introduction of Objects for the Microscope may ^^y
some be considered as rather foreign to the subject of Ento-
mology ; but this I cannot altogether accede to, since the as-
sistance of this instrument is so often required, and many who
possess a microscope might be induced to extend their views

PREFACE- 7.

to Entomology if they were acquainted with the method of
collecting insects, and were furnished with some work to give
them an insight into their distribution and arrangement.

The utility of the Calendar must be obvious to every one,
as containing extensive and substantial information such as
the Tyro will require. Those who reside at a distance from
the metropolis have a great advantage, as by carefully examin-
ing such places as are referred to in the Calendar they m^^
not only meet with the species enumerated, but are likely to
capture new insects, at least undescribed, for as yet very little
is known of the Entomology of Britain.

I cannot omit returning my thanks to that acute and ex-
cellent Entomologist J. F. Stephens, Esq. F.L.S. whose ex-
tensive knowledge of the subject and the readiness with which
he has always assisted me deserve my wamnest acknowledge-
ment. To Mr. Sowerby also I am indebted for many per-
sonal favours.

CONTENTS.

Page

Introduction - - - - - - -17

Elements of Entomology - - - - - 11>

Definition of Insects - - - - - -21

Parts of Insects - - - - - - ib

Catut, the Head - - - - - " - ib.

Eves - - - - - - - ib. "

Antenna - - - - - - - ib.

Os, the Mouth — Labrum, Mandibulae, Maxilke, Galece, Li-
gula, Lingua, llostrum, Proboscis, Haustellum, Palpi,

Frons, Clypeus, Vertex, Gula - - 27 — 30

Truncus, the Trunk — Thorax, Pectus, Sternum, Scutellum 30, 31

Abdomen — Cauda, Aculeus - - - - S3

Aktus — Pedes, Coxa, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus, Unguis, Alco,

Elytra, Ilalteres . _ , - 33—87

CECONOMY OF INSECTS - - - . - - 38

Of the Larva state - - - - - - 40

Of the Pupa state - - - - - ~41

Of the Imago or Perfect state - - - - 42

Observations on the different Systems of Entomology - - 43

Orders and Genera of Linne - - - - - 47

Order I. Coleoptera - - - - - - ib.

II. Hemiptera - - - - - - 60

III. Lepidoptera - - - - - 63

IV. INeuroptera - - - - - 65

V. Hymenoptera - - - - -66

VI. Diptera - - ■ - - - - 70

VII. Aptera - - - - - - 72

On the Division of Animals from their Organization - - 74

Division of the Animal Kingdom - - - - 75

Characters of the Annulata - - - - -76

Class I. CUt/Sr^ICE^L— History - - - - ib.

Subclass I. Entomostraca - - - - 82

Subclass II. Malacostraca - - - - ib.

Legion I. Podophthalma - - - - ib.

Order I. BRACHYURA - - - ib.

Order II. MACROURA - - - 91

Legion II. Edkiophthalma - - - lOO

CONTENTS, ;9

Pago

Class IT. MYRIAPODA - - - - - 112

Order I. CIllLOGNATIIA - - - - 113

Order II. SYNGNATHA - - - - 115

Class III. ARACHNOIDA 117

Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA - - - - 118

Order II. DIMEROSOMATA - - - - 119

Class IV. ACARI 130

Glass V. INSECTA 134

Subclass I. Ametabolia _ _ _ _ mo

Order I. THYSANURA . . _ . ib.

Order II. ANOPLURA - - - - - 141

Subclass II. Metabolia . . - » 143

Order III. COLEOPTERA - - - - ib.

IV. DERMAPTERA - - - - 216

V. ORTIIOPTERA 217

VI. DICTYOPTERA - - - - 219

VII. HEMIPTERA . - - - 220
YIIl. OMOPTERA - - - - 229

IX. APTERA 233

X. LEPIDOPTERA - - - - 23-1

XI. TRICHOPTERA - - - ' - 2o6

XII. NEUROPTERA ... - 257

XIII. HYMENOPTERA - - - - 262

XIV. RHIPIPTERA - - - - 288

XV. DIPTERA 289

XVI. OMALOPTERA - - - - 302

A RTictTLATED Animals of doubtful situation - - -305

Apparatus used by Entomologists . _ _ - 307

Cabinet, and Method of Corking Drawers - - 310-11

Method of Collecting Insects - - - - -312

Seasons for Collecting ------ 314

Setting and Preserving Crustacea and Myriapoda - - 316

_ Arachnoida and Acari - i - 317

Insects - - . - - 318

Method of Relaxing Insects, &c. to reset - _ - 321

Method of arranging Insects in a Cabinet _ _ - 322

Directions for the Microscope _ - > - 323
A Tabular View of the magnifymg Powers of Convex Glasses - 325

Method of Using the Microscope _ _ _ - 326

Method of Dissecting Insects _ _ - - 331

Parts of Insects for the Microscope _ _ - - 332

Parts of Animals fur the Microscope . _ - - 333

10 CONTENTS.

Page
Vegetables. — Seeds of Plants — Moss — Pollen of Plants — Mr.

Howard's Observations on the Pollen of Plants - - 335

Minerals -..__.. 335

Explanation of the Terms used in Entomology - - 338

Entomologist's Calendar for January - _ . - 358

for February - _ _ 350

— for March - - - - ib.

for April - _ _ _ 364

for May - - - - 372

for June _ _ _ _ 387

■ for July _ - - - 415

for August _ - _ _ 428

— — • for September _ _ - 433

• for October _ _ _ - 44^-

for November _ _ . 443

. . for December - - - ib.

Explanation of the Plates . _ . . . 445

Index -_..---- 453

AUTHORS QUOTED.

Adams. — Essa5'S on the Microscope, by John Adams. 4to. London 17S7.
Aldrov. — De Animalibus Insectis Libri septem, Autore Ulysse AJdrovando. foJ,

Bonon. 160'2.
S/oiViuJZ/e.— Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Distribution Systematique. (Bulletin

des Sciences, &c. 1816.)
Bonelli, — Observations Entomologiques. 4to. Turin 1809.
Bonnet. — Traite d'Insectologie, par Ch. Bonnet. 8vo. Paris IT^S.
Bonsdorf. — Historia Naturalis Ciirculionum Suecise, Autore Gabriel Bons-

dorf, &c. 4to. Upsalia; 1785.
Bosc. — Histoire Naturelle des Crustaces, faisant Suite a I'Editicmtle BufFon,

par Castel. ISOl.
Christius. Johann Ludivig — Naturgeschiohte, Kiassification und Noroenclatur

der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespen und Ameisengeschiect. 4to. Frank-
furt am Main 1791.
Clairv. — Entomologie Helvetique, on Catalogue des Insectes de la Suisse,

ranges d'aprcs une nouvelle Methode, avec Descriptions et Figures. 4to.

Zurich 179S.
Clark. — An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, by Bracy Clark,

Veterinary Surgeon. 4to. London I8I5.
Coqiielerl. Anton. Joann. — Illustratio Iconographica Insectorum qua; in Mc,-

SEeis Parisinis observavit et in lucem edidit Joh. Christ, Fabricius. Tabu-

larum decas prima, fol. Parisiis An. 7.
Cut' ter. — Le Tableau Elementaire de I'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux, par

G. Cuvier. 1797.
Cnvier. — Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. Translated from the French of

G. Cuvier by William Ross under the inspection of James Macartney.,

2 vols. 8vo. London 1802.
Cuvier. — Le Regne Animal distribue d'apres son Organisation, par M. Le

Chev. Cuvier, avec figures. Svo. Par. 1817.
De Geer. — IMemoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes, par Charles De

Geer. 7 torn. 4to. Stockholme 1752.
Donovan. — The Natural History of British Insects, explaining them in their

several States, illustrated with coloured Figures, &c. By E. Donovan.

16 vols. Svo. London 1792—1818.
Donov. Inst. — Instructions for Collecting and Preserving various Subject* of

Natural History, &.<■. by 1".. Donovan, iJd edition, Svo. London iSOa.

12 AUTHORS QUOTED.

Dumeril. — Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, par plusieurs Professcursdu
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle et desautres principaies Ecolesde
Palis (I'Histoiie des Insectes, par ie Piofesseur C. Dumeril). Svo. Paris.

Fabr, Syst. E/it. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Systema Entomologix, sistens Insec-
torum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, &c. Svo. Flensburgi et Lipsise
1775.

I^abr. Gen. Ins, — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Genera Insectorutn, &c. Svo. Kilonii
177G.

Fabr. Sp. Ins. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Species Insectorum, &c. 2 torn. Svo. Ham-
burg! et Kilonii l78l.

Fair. Mant. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Mantissa Insectorum, &c. 2 torn. Svo. Haf-
nia; 1787.

Fair. Enl. Syst. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Entomologia Systematica emendata et
ancla. 4 torn. Svo. Hafnia; 1792.

Fabr. Supp. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Supplementum Entomologiae Systematica.
Svo. Hafnise 1798.

Fabr. Fauna. — Oth. Fabricii Fauna Grcenlandica. Svo. Hafniae etLipsiaj 17S0.

Forst. Cent. — Novse Species Insectorum. Centuria 1. Autore Joanne Jleinoldo
Forstero. 8vo. Londiiii 1771.

Fourc. Enl. Par. — Entomologia Parisiensis, sive Catalogiis Insectorum quae in
Agro Parisiensi reperiuntur, &c. Edente A. F. Fourcroy, M.D. 2 torn.
12mo. Parisiis 1785.

Geoff. — Histoire abregee des Insectes, dans laquelle ces Animaux sont ranges
suivant un Ordre Methodique, par M. Geoflroy, M.D. 2 torn. 4to. Paris
1764.

Oermar. — Germar'sand Zincker Sommer's Magazin der Entomologie. vol. 3.
for 1817.

Gruel. — Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturse per Regna Tria Naturae. Editio de-
cima tertia, aucta, reformata, cura Jo. Frid, Gmelin. 3 tom. Svo. Lip-
sia 1788.

Graven. — Coleoptra microptera Brunsvicensia nee non exotigerum quotquot
exstant in Collectionibus Entomologorum Brunsvicensium, in Genera, Fa-
milias el Species distribuit D. I. L. C. Gravenhorst. Svo. Brunsvigjc
1S02.

Gyll. — Insecta Suecica descripta a Leonardo Gyllenhall. 3tom. Svo. 1808 &e.

Harris. — Exposition of English Insects, arranged according to the Linnean Sy-
stem on 51 coloured plates, exhibiting nearly 500 figures. 4to. London
1782.

Kaw. Prod. — Frodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum. A concise Catalogue
of British Lepidopterous Insects, with the Times and Places of Appear-
ance in the winged State, by a Fellow of the Linnean Societ3'. 4to. Holt
1802.

Jlaw. — Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens Digestionem novam Insectorum Lcpi-
dopterorum quae in Magna Britannia reperiuntur, Larvarum Pabula,Tem-
porequo pascendi ; Expansione Alarum ; Mensibi:sque volandi; Synony-
mis atque Locis Observationibusque variis. Autore A. II. Haworth. Svo.
Londir.i 1803 &c.

Hellwig. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in Provinciis Florentina et Pi-
sana pia;?crtim coUegit Pctrus Rossius, iterum edita et Annotatis perpe-
■ tuis aucta a D. Job. Christ. Lud. Hellwig. 8vo. Helinstadii 1795.

Ilerbst. — NatursvNteni all* r bf kannten in und ausliindischen Insecten, &c.
Von Carl. Guslav. Jablonsky, und fortgesetzt von Johann Friedrich Wil-
helmHerbst. Svo. Berlin 1789.

AUTHORS QUOTED. 13

Hermann. — Memoire Apterologique, par Jean •Frederick Hermann, M.D. ful.
Strasburgh 1804.

H'tlhner. — Der Satiilunc: F.uropaischer Sebmetterlinge von Jacob Hiibner. 4to.
Ausburg nort &<■.

Illig. — Jilagazin tnr Insectenkunde hcrausgcgcben von Karl Illiger. 8vo.
Braunschweig i;-(M.

Jurine. — Nouvelle Methode de Classes les Hymenopt^res et les Dipteres, avcc
■ Figures, par L. Jurine. Tom. 1. Hyirenopteves. 4to. Geneve 1807.

Kirby. — Monographia Apum Anglix; or An Attimpt to divide into tlieir Na-
tural Genera and Families such Species of the Linnean (5enus Apis as
have been discovered in England: with Descriptions. &c 2 vols. 8vo.
Ipswich 1802.

Kirl-y andSpence. — An Introduction to Eniomology ; or Elements of the Na-
tural History ol iu.-^ects, with Plates. By William Kirbv, M.A. and Wil-
liam Spence, Esq. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1 and 2. London 1816 &c.

Klvg. — Die Ulattwespen. Berlin jNIagazin 4to. for 1812.

Knock. — Beitrage zur Insektengescliichte von August Wilhelm Knoch. Svo.
Leipzig 1781.

Laich. — Johann Nepomuk Verzeichniss von Eaicharting der Tyroler Insecten.
Svo. Zurich 178 1-4.

Laspeyres, — Sesiae Europseae, Iconibus depict. etDescriptionibus illustrate. 4to.
Berol. 1801.

Lamarck Hist. NaL — IlistoireNaturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, presen-
tant les Caracicres generaux et particuliers, &c. &c. Par M. le Cheva-
lier de Lamarck. 5 torn. Svo. Paris. V. Y.

Lamarck Extrait. — Extrait du Cours de Zoologie du Museum d'FIistoire Na-
turelle sur les Animaux sans Vertebres, par M. de Lamarck. Par. 1812.
Svo.

Lamarck Syst. Anim. — Lamarck Syst&me des Animaux sansVertehres, precede
du Discours du Cours de Zoologie. Svo. Par. 1801.

Latr. Hist. Nat. des Cr. el des Im. — Histoire natnrelle, generale et paiiiculiere
des Crustaces et des Insectes. Par P. A. Latreille. tom. 8vo. Paris.

Latr. Prcc. des Caract. gen. des I'S. — Preci.s des Coraclt'res generiques des In-
sectes. Par P. A. Latreille. Paris 179Li.

l,alr. — Histoire Naturelle des Fnuimies, el Recueil des JMenioires et des Ob-
servations sur les Ab;-iiles, les .Araignes, les Francheurs et autres Insectes.
Par P. A. Latreille. Svo, Paris 1802.

Lair. Gen. Crust, et Ins. — P. A. Latreille Genera Cru>taceor;m et Insectornm
sccundumOrdinem Naturalern in Famili;is<!i>posita,Ic(inibus Exemplisque
plurimisexplicata. 4 tom. Svo. Parisiis ft Arget.torati. 180()&c.

Lfaih. — Article Entomology in Brewster's Edinljurgh Encyclo; sedia, vol. 9.

Insects Vol. 12.

Leach Malac. — Malacostraca Podophthalma Britannia?; or De^criptions of
British Crabs, Lobsters, See. by Wni. I'lford Leach, M.D. Illustrated with
highly finished Figures of all the Species bv James Sowerhy. 4to. London
1818. ■ ■

Leach. — The Zoologii al Miscellany; or Descriptions of New, Rare, or high}}'
Interesting Animals; by William Elford Leach, M.D. &c. Illustrated
with coloured Figures, accurately drawn from Nature, by R. P. Nodder.
Svo. Vol. 1, 2, 3. London 1814 '&c.

Leach. — Article AnnuIo;ain Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britaimica, Vol. 1.

Leeuwerihoek. — Anatomia sen interiora Rerum cum animafarum tum inani-
matarum, ope el beneilcio exquisiUssimorum Microscopioruiu detecta.
1GS7.

14 AUTHORS Qt'OTED.

Lekmann. — De Sensibus externis Animalium exsanguium Comaientatio, Pre-

mio Regis ornata. Goetting. 1798.
Lehmarm. — De Antennis Insectovum. 8vo. 1799.
Linne. — Systema Natuix, sive Regna tria Naturje systematic^ proposita per

Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. 4 torn. 8 vo. 1767.
Marsh. — Eiitomo'ogia Bvitannica, sistens Insecta Britannia iiidigena secun-
dum Methodum Linnaeanam disposita. AuctoreThoma Marsham. Vol. 1.

8ro. Coleoptera. Londini 1802.
Meigan. — Klassificazion und Beschreibung derEuropiiischenZweiflugligen In-

sekten (Diptera Linn.)Von Johann Willielm Meigan. 4to, Braunschweig

1S04.
Mem, TVern. Society. — Memoirs of the Weruerian Natural History Society,

vol. 2 8vo. Edinburgh 1817.
Mull. — Zoologiae Danicje Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae in-

digenarum, &c, Auctore Othone Frederico Miiller. 8vo. Hafniae 1786.
OcJisenhdmer. — Die Sclimetterling vonEuropa. Von Ferdinand Ochsenheimer.

8vo. Leipzig 1816.
Oliv. — Entouiologie, ou Ilistoire Naturelie des Tnsectes, avec les Caracteres

generiques et specifiques, &c. Par M. Olivier, M.D. 4 torn. 4to. Paris

1789.
Ol/ers. — De vegetativis et animatis Corporibus in Corporibus animatis reperi-

undis Commentarius. Autore I. F. M. de Olfers. 8vo. Berolinf 1816.
Pall. Spec. ZooL — Spicilegia Zoologica, quibus novx imprimis et obscurx Ani-
malium Species Iconibus, Descriptionibus atque Commentariis illustran-

tur, a Petr. Sim. Pallas. 4to. Berlin 1767 — 17S0.
Pallas. — Icones Insectorum prassertim Rossia; Sibiriasque peculiarum, qua col-
legit et Descriptionibus illustravit Petrus Simon Pallas, M.D. 4to. Er-

lang. 1781.
Panz. Ent. Germ. — Georg. Wolfg. Franz. Panzeri Entomologia Germanica,

exhibens Insecta perGermaniam indigena, &c. 12mo. Norimberga; 1795.
Panz. Faun. Germ. — Fauna; Insectorum Gesmanicse Initia. D. Georg. Wolf-
gang. Franz. Panzer. Nurnberg 1798 &c.
Penn. Brit. Zool. — British Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 4 vols. 8vo. War*

rington 1776.
Penn. Arc. Zool. — Arctic Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 3 vols. 4to. London

1784.
Payk. — Monographia Slaphylinorum Sueciae a Gustavo de Paykull. 8vo, Up-

salix 1789.
Payk. — Monographia Caraborum Suecise. 1790.
Payk. — Monographia Curculionum Sueciae. 1792.

Payk. Faun. Suec. — Gustavi Paykull Fauna Suecica. Insecta, 3tom. Svo. 1798.
Rees's Cyclopaedia. — Articles Entomology and Insects.
i?fA'.— Experimenta circa Generationem Insectorum. 1671.
Earner. — Genera Insectorum Linnsei et Fabricii Iconibus illustrata, a Joanne

Jacobo Roemer. 4to. Vitoduri Helvetorum 1789.
Fossi Fn. Etr. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in Provinciis Florentina

et Pisana prjEsertim coUegit Petrus Rossius, &c. 4to. Liburni 1790.
Savigny. — ^Memoires sur les Aniraaux sans Vertfebres, par Savigny. Svo. Paris

1816.
Schellenl-e'-g. — Genres des Mouches Dipt^res representees en 42 Planches par

Schelleuberg, et decrites par deux Amateurs d'Entomologie. In French

and German. Svo. Zuric 1803.
S.hceff. — I). Jacobi Christiani Schsefterl Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam

indigenorum, &c, 3 torn. 4to. Regensburg 1769.

ATTTHORS QUOTED. 15

Scho?ilierr.^-Synonym\a Insectorum, &c. vonC, J. Schonherr, Sac. 8vo. Stock-
holm 1806 & 1 SOS.
5f^ranA:.^Francisci de Pavla Schrank Enumeratio Insectorum Austrias indi-

genorum. 8vo. 178U
Scopnli.—Joannlsi Antonii Scopnli Entomologia Carniolica, exhibens Insecta

Carniolise indigena, &c. Svo. Vindobonae 1763.
Skaiv Nat. Misc. — Vivarium Naturjc, or 'I'he Naturalist's Miscellany, by G.

Shaw. The Figures by E. P. Nodder. Svo. London 1790 &c.
Suwerly. — The British Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of new, rare, or little

known Animal Subjects; many not before ascertained to be Inhabitants of

the British Isles. Svo. vol. 1. London 1S06.
Spinola. — Insectorum Ligurise Species novx aut rariores, qnas in Agro Ligu-

stico nuper detexit, descripsit et Iconibus illustravit Maximil. Spinola.

2 vols, in 4. Genus 1S06— iSOS.
SUwart. — Elements of Natural History, being an Introduction to the Systema

Nature of Linnseus. vol. 2. Svo. London and Edinburgh 1802.
Swammerdam. — The Book of Nature, or History of Insects. Translated by

Thomas Flloyd, with Notes by J. Hill, folio". London 1758,
T/junierg-.— Dissertatio Entomologica sistens Insecta Suecica. Partes 1,2, 3,

4. 4to. Upsalise 1784.
Trans. Linn. Soc, — Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 12 vols.

4to. 1791—1818.
Trans. Ent. Soc. — Transactions of the Entomological Societyof London, vol.1.

8vo.
Turton. — A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms

of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, systematically divided into their

several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, &c. By Sir Charles Linne :

Translated from Gmeiin, Fabricius, &c. by William Turton, M.D. Vol. 2

and 3. Svo. London 1806.
Villers. — Car. Linnsei Entomologia, &c. curante et augente Carolo de Villers.

4 torn. Svo. Lugduni 1789.
JFalck. — Faune Parisienne (Insectes), ou Histoire abregeedes Insectes des En-
virons de Paris, classes d'apr&s le Systeaie de Fabricius, &c. ParC. A.

Walckaer. Paris 1S02.
I'Veler — Observationes Entomologies, continentes novorum quaj condidit Ge-

nerum Characteres, et nuper detectarum Specierum Descriptiones. Svo.

Kiel 1801.
JVvlff. — Icones Cimicum, Descriptionibus illustratae, Fascic. 1,2,3. 4to. Er-

Jang 1800—2.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

dseful Compentiium^

INTRODUCTION

lLNTOMOLOGY is a study which may be considered as in its infancy.
So prone is man to look with contempt on those parts of the creation
which are diminutive, that insects have been almost overlooked in his
researches after knowledge. His ignorance, the consequence of this
contemptuous neglect, has led him to consider the whole class as of
small importance, and to arraign the Creator for forming an useless,
and in many cases offensive and injurious tribe of beings. Such can be
the language only of " haughty ignorance : " the modest observer of
Nature, although he may have learned little of the habits, ceconomy,
and uses of insects, will acknowledge that they have been created with
design, and will not doubt but the design was benevolent.

The insect race constitute by far the most considerable portion of
animated beings; — in this view the science of Entomology becomes one
of the most important and interesting that can engage the mind of the
natural philosopher. He who neglects the study of insects, or thinks
it beneath his notice, cannot deserve respect as a general observer of
nature, nor be considered a scientific naturalist. The views of such a
man will be partial, and his inquiries circumscribed : he regards only
an inconsiderable portion of animated nature ; and he confines his re-
marks to such as from their size and distinctness of character present
the least obstacle to investigation. In the study of Entomology, the
man of science will find abundant scope for the exercise of his zeal.
The amazing number of species; their curious forms, so infinitely va-
ried, and yet so nearly and gradually approximating through an endles?
series of transitions from one species to another; the diversity of struc-
ture obscrv'able in those parts which afford generic characters, added
to the wonderful changes in form which they undergo, with their sur-
prising ceconomy, — are circumstances which contribute to render them
objects of most curious speculation to the philosopher. The study of

18 lUTRODUCTION.

every class of animals is most indisputably attended with jieculiar ad^
vantages : yet I will venture to affirm, that it is from a knowledge of
the characters and metamorphoses of these little animals, and the va-^
rious modes of life which they are destined to pursue, that he will o\)-
tain a more intimate acquaintance with the great laws of nature, and
veneration for the Great Creator of all, than can be derived from the
contemplation of any other class in nature. The beauty of insects
in general, renders ihem engaging to many who hfive neither time nor
inclination for studying their more complicated structure; and the
gaiety of their colours, often combined with the most graceful forms,
displays a beauty, splendour and vivacity, greater than that bestowed
by the hand of Natiu'e on any of her other works. One defect in ap-r
jfcarance must indeed be conceded; and this may be regarded, iij
point of beauty, a material deficiency indeed, — they are not always so
considerable in magnitude as to become, even with these embellish^
ments, strikingly attractive. Were they equal in size to the smallest
birds, their elegance would render them more inviting to the eyes of
mankind in general ; but, even amongst the minor species, when ex-
amined with a microscope, we find their beauty and elegance far supe^
rior to that of any other class of anirnals in the creation, " After a mi^
nute and attentive examination," says Swammerdam, " of the nature
and structure of the smaller as well as the larger animals, I cannot but
allow an equal, if not superior, degree of dignity to the former. If,
whilst we dissect with care the larger animals, we are filled with wonder
at the elegant disposition of parts, to what a height is our astonishment
raised when we discover their parts arranged in the least in the same
regular manner ! "

Insects may be divided into two kinds; those which are immediately
or remotely beneficial or injurious to mankind. Many insects in^r
deed seem not to affect us in any manner; others, and by far the
greater number, most assuredly fall under one or the other denomi-
nation, and on this account demand our jnost serious attention. But,
lest the alleged utility of some insects should seem hypothetical
to the superficial observer, whilst the noxious effects of others are
too obvious to admit of doubt, I shall be more explicit upon this
subject. The depredations of insects upon vegetable bodies are often
detrimental ; but it must be remembered, that in these ravages they
often repay the injury they commit. Locusts, the most destructive
of all insects, whose numbers spread desolation through the vegetable
world, are not (except on some occasions when their multiplication ex-
ceeds all bounds) unproductive of advantage. Although they deprive
mankind of a certain portion of vegetable food, yet, in return, their
bodies afford nutriment of a wholesome and palatable kind, and in
much greater abundance. The varioijs species of locusts are the com-
mon food on which the inhabitants of' several parts of the world sub's

INTRODUCTION. 19

sist at particular seasons. The honey of bees, in many warm climates,'
constitutes another primary article ot" food. The caterpillars of several
moths furnish materials for the silken raiment so imiversally worn by
all ranks in the eastern parts of the world ; and hence in these coun-
tries the silky produce of these industrious little animals is of as much
use as the fleecy coat of the sheep is to us. As an object of traffic,
silk is one of the utmost importance in China and Tartary; and iu
those parts paper is manufactured from the refuse of the same mate-
rial. The extensive use of wax in all ages is well known. Some in-
sects are used with success in medicine ; and many others (the cochi-
neal for instance) are rendered useilil in the arts : and greater num-
bers might perhaps be employed for the same purpose. These few,
out of a vast many instances, are suflicient to prove the absurdity of an
opinion very prevalent, " that insects are too insignificant to deserve
the attention of the philosopher." But allowing these benefits to be
unknown, and that the study of Entomology is not productive of any
substantial advantages, how absurd would it still be to treat such an
extensive portion of the creation with neglect ! The objection, that they
are in nowise conducive to our interests (even if founded in truth),
would be no evidence of the frivolity of the^ science; unless we are to
conclude, that the only inquiries which merit our rational attention
are those v.'hich tend to the gratification of selfishness, If this be ad-
mitted as an objection, how many objects of philosophical investiga-
tion must be rejected as frivolous ! From the earliest period in which
the light of natural knowledge dawned, this class of animals has ob-
tained a certain portion of attention : and although the study has not
at all times been cultivated with equal ardour, yet it has not been ut-
terly neglected, but has engaged the study of men endowed with ta-
lents as splendid, and judgement as refined, as the most exalted of those
who aflcct to treat it with contempt.

II 2

ELEMENTS

ENTOMOLOGY.

oO great is the number of natural bodies on the face of our earth,
that on a general view the mind recoils at the attempt to investigate
them as impossible. But the invention of systems has facilitated the
task; and every natural object can be traced by certain characters to
its place in the system, whether natural or artificial.

Those who with a philosophical eye have contemplated the produc-
tions of Nature, have all by common consent divided them into three
great groups; namely, the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral
kingdoms.

Animals are distinguished by l>eing organized bodies, which have
life, sensation, and are capable of voluntary motion.

Vegetables are organized bodies, which are endowed with a living
principle but want sensation.

Minerals are unorganized, without life or sensation.

Zoology, or the study of Animals, is not only the amplest and most
difficult, but the most pleasant and profitable part of Natural History.
The following is the system of the celebrated Linne.

Division 1. A heart with tzvo auricles and two ventricles; warm and red
blood.

Class I. MAMMALfA. Viviparous animals, orsuch as suckle their young.
Class II. AvES. Oviparous animals. Birds.

Division 2. Heart with one auricle and one ventricle; cold and red Mood.

Class III. Amphibia. Animals breathing arbitrarily through lungs.
Class IV. Pisces. Animals with gills. Fishes.

Division 3. Heart with one ventricle, no auricle; white and cold Hood.

Class V. Insecta. With antennae, and undergoing transformations.

Insects.
Class VI. Vermes. With tentacula, and undergoing no change. Worms,

PARTS OF INSECTS. 21

DEFINITION OF INSECTS.

Insects are so called because they are divided into numerous seg-
ments; and not from their being almost separated into two parts, which
are merely attached to each other by a slender thread, as is generally
supposed.

All genuine insects have six legs; a head distinct from their body,
and furnished with two antennae or horns; and have pores conducting
to trachecE arranged along their sides for respiration : they are all pro-
duced from eggs. Some imdergo no metamorphosis, others but a par-
tial change, whilst the remainder pass through three stages of exist-
ence, after being hatched from the egg.

PARTS OF INSECTS.

An insect may be divided into four parts. ^

1. Caput. 2. Truncus. 3. Abdomen. 4. Artus.

CAPUT, the Head, which is distinguished in most insects, is fiifr
nished with Fa/cs, Antenna, and a Mouth,

Eyes. Many insects have two crescents or immoveable caps, com-
posing the greatest part of their head, and containing a .prodigious
number of little hexagonal protuberances, placed with the utmost re-
gularity and exactness in lines crossing each other and resembling lat-
tice-work : these are termed compoinid eyes.

Leeuwenhoek reckons in each e\e of the Libellula, or Dragon-fly,
12,54i lenses, or in both 25,088; the pictures of objects painted
thereon must be millions of times less than the images of them pic-
tured on the human eye. There is no doubt that insects still smaller
have eyes adapted to discern objects some thousands of times less than
themselves; for so the minute particles they feed on must certainly
be. Besides these larger eyes, many insects have three small spheri-
cal bodies placed triangularly on the crown of the head, called ocelli or
stemmata {Fl. 10. Jig. 11. b). They are simple, and made for viewing
large and distinct objects; the other eyes for small and near ones.

Axtenn.e. The antennjE are two articulated moveable processes
placed on the head : they are subject to great variety, and were the parts
from whence Linne formed his genera : they are called

Setaceoux, when they gradually taper towards their extremity;

Clavated, when they grow gradually thicker from their base ;

Filiform, of an equal thickness throughout the whole of their length ;

MonUifoi-in, formed of a series of knots, resembling a string of
beads;

Capitate J when they terminate in a knob;

5^

ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Fissile, with the loiob divided longitudinally into lamina or plates ;
Perfoliate, having the knob divided horizontally;
Pectinate, having a longitudinal series of hairs or processes project-
ing from them in form of a comb ;

Furcate, or forked, having the last joint divided into parts.
Nothing has been the source of greater speculation than the iise of
the antennte : nor is this surprising, considering the variety constantly
exhibited in their structure, occupation, and appearance. Some insects
seem to keep them in continual employment ; in others they are pre-
served in a quiescent state. Those of the ichneumon show an inces-
sant tremulous vibratory motion, anxiously searching into every cre-
vice; while those of the carrion-fly scarcely appear endoAved with flexi-
bility. They have successively been considered as the organs of hear-
ing, feeling, smell, and taste, or of an unknown and indefinite sense.

Bonnet seems to think the antennas the organ of smell. "Difterent
insects," he observes, " have an exquisite sense of smelling, the organ
of which is yet undiscovered. May it not reside in the antenna; ? ''
Lehmann, from the result of experiments on this subject, denies that
the antennae are the olfactory organ. He made an opening an inch wide
in the side of a glass vessel, and surrounded the edge with wax, so
that a close covering could l)e applied. An aperture was made in this
covering, through which either the whole head, or the antenn83 only
of an insect could be introduced. By means of a tube the glass was
filled with penetrating odours, vapours, or heated air; but neither the
fumes of sulphur nor burnt feathers produced the smallest effect on
butterflies, bees, or beetles, whose antennte were exposed to them. IIo
judges that the olfactory organ must be sought in the spiracula; " for
what else," says he, " is the sense of the particles inspired than smell-
ing?"

Bonsdorf, in discussing whether the antennre may be the seat of
hearing, mentions an experiment where a species of beetle, whose pe-
culiar property it is to fold in the antennas when alarmed, did so on a
loud noise being suddenly made, and fell to the ground, according to
the nature of the species. But, notwithstanding that the animal pre-
viously reposed in a tranquil state, his experiment cannot be consi-
dered altogether conclusive. Butterflies are seen to erect their an-
tennas on any sudden noise, and many Coleoptera to depress them ;
which may equally arise from the sudden shock or vibration of the air.
Spiders also, which want antennae, are extremely sensible of sound.
Lehmann relates that, on observing one descend from the roof by its
thread in quest of a female, while he was reading, he began to read
aloud: the animal, alarmed at the noise, retreated upwards; he was
silent, and it returned ; on again reading aloud, it testified alarm and
ascended its thread; nor was its aj)prehension of danger dispelled,
until familiarized with the Sound or conquered by the pbject of its

TARTS OF INSECTS. 23

jtursult. The same author deprived crickets, which are animals iiotfed
tor aciiteness of hearing, of the antennae; yet they were equally sen-
.•^iblc of sound as before. Lehmann concludes on the Avhole, that as
the antennae are not the organs of either smell or hearing, their prin-
cipal though not sole office is feeling. But they are also endowed
with an unknown sense, which he denominates aeroscepshi, and con-
jectures that in certain species they may continhute to the defence of
the head.

Iluber, well known for his ingenious and acute observations on
bees, has made several most interesting experiments on the sul>-
ject. Amputating one of the antennae of a queen he found was
not attended with any perceptible eflect. Privation of both anten-
na, however, produced very singular consequences. M. Iluber cut
them from a queen w4iose fecundation had been retarded, so that
she laid none but the eggs of males. From that moment a marked
alteration in her conduct was seen; she traversed the combs with
extraordinary rapidity-, scarcely had the workers time to recede be-
fore her; and, instead of the care which a perfect queen displays in
depositing her eggs in those places alone suitable for their exclu-
sion, she dropped them at random without selecting proper cells : she
retired to the most solitary parts of the hive, seeming to a\'oid the
bees, and long remained motionless. Several workers, however, fol-
lowed her there, and treated her with the most evident respect. She
seldom required honey from them ; but when that was the case, she
directed her trunk with a kind of uncertain feeling, sometimes on the
head and sometimes on tlie limbs of the workers; and if she did reach
their mouths it was by chance. Queens leave their hive but once in
their whole lives, which is for the purpose of obtaining impregnation ;
they remain voluntary prisoners ever afterwards, unless in leading out
a swarm. This queen, however, seemed eager to escape; she rushed
towards the opening of the hive, but finding it too small for her exit she
returned after fruitless exertion. Notwithstanding the symptoms of
delirium by which she was agitated, the workers never ceased to pay
her the same attention as they invariably do their queens, though she
received it with iudift'erence.

Apprehensive that the queen's instinct might be impaired, from her
organization suffering by retarded fecimdation, M. Iluber deprived
another female of the antennae, and introduced her into the hive. She
was quite in the natural state, and had already proved of great fertility :
but now she exhibited exactly the same symptoms of agitation and de-
lirium that the other had done. Perfect queens, possessing all their
organs, testify the most violent animosity against each other; they
fight repeatedly ; the workers seem to incite them to combat, until
one at length falls, while the other survives to preserve and perpetuate
the colony. Mutilated of the autennffi, however^ they testify no reci-r

24 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

procal aversion ; in traversing the hive they meet without showing the
smallest indications of resentment. If a perfect stranger queen is
introduced, either when one already exists in a hi\e or within a
few hours after she is lost, that stranger is immediately surrounded,
and so closely hemmed in by the bees that she sometimes dies. But
here the mutilated stranger was quite well received; her arrival cre-
ated no discontents in the hive, and the workers paid the same ho-
mage to her as to their own. " Was it," asks M. Iluber, " because
after losing the antennje these queens no longer retained any cha-
racteristic which distinguished the one from the other ? I am the more
inclined to adopt this conjecture, from the bad reception experienced
by a third perfect queen introduced into the same hive: it is probably
because they observe the same sensations from those two females, and
want the means of distinguishing them from each other." Bees ne-
ver abandon their queen; her presence seems almost indispensable to
their existence ; and, as before observed, the queen never forsakes her
hive. If she does so to found a new colony, the bees accompany her in
her flight. Here, as both the mutilated queens constantly endeavoured
to escape, the first and third wore removed, and the entrance of the hive
enlarged; the fertile mutilated one therelbre left it, but none of the
workers followed her; she was allowed to depart alone. The wise pro-
visions of nature are amply illustrated by these facts. It is fortimate
that a queen deprived of the antennfe is thus impelled to leave the
hive : while she remains, the bees incessantly attend her, and never
think of procuring another. The secret which the workers possess,
of converting a common worm into one, which will become a queen,
must be exercised within the first three days of its existence; therefore
if the queen remained, this limited term would elapse. Neither can
her presence contribute to preserve the hive; for mutilation of the an-
tenna; deprives her of the power of discriminating the different kind of
cells adapted to receive the various species of eggs which she lays.
M. Huber considers the antenucE as the organs of touch or smell,
though he declines affirming which of these senses resides in them;
and thinks it possible that they may be so organized as to fulfil both
functions at once.

Mr. Kirby, in speaking of the Eucera (or long-horned bee), says :
" A singular circumstance distinguishes their antenna^, which, to
the best of my knowledge, has never before been noticed, and which
may possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these organs. Placed
under a powerful magnifier, the last ten joints appear to be composed
of innumerable hexagons, similar to those of which tlie eyes of these
insects consist. If we reason from analogy, this remarkable cir-
cumstance will lead us to conjecture, that the sense of which this
part so essential to insects is the organ, may bear some relation to that
conveyed by the eyes. As they are furnished with no instrument for

PAnTS Of TNSECTS. 25

receiving and communicating tlie impressions of sound, similar to the
oar, that deficiency may be supplied by extraordinary means of vision.
That the stcmmuta are of this description seems very probable; and
the antennce may, in some degree, answer a similar purpose: the cir-
cumstance just mentioned, furnishes a strong presumption that they
i\o this, at least in the case of these males; else why do they exhil)it
tliat pecidiar structure which distinguishes the real eyes?"

JMr. Marsham observed the Ichneiinum JManifeslator, in Jime 1787,
on the top of a post in Kensington Gardens. It moved rapidly along,
having its antenna' bent in the form of an arch; and, with a strong
vibratory motion in them, felt about until it came to a hole made by
some insect, into which it thrust them quite to the head. It remained
about a minute in this situation apparently very busy, and then, draw-
ing its antenna; out, came round to the opposite side of the hole, and
again thrust them in, and remained nearly the same time. It next
proceeded to one side of the hole, and repeated the same operation
there. Having now again withdrawn its antennfe it t\irned about, and,
dexterously measuring a proper distance, threw back its abdomen over
its head and thorax, and projected the long and delicate tube at its tail
into the hole. After remaining near two minutes in this position, it
drew cut the tube, turned round, and again applied its antenna to the
hole for nearly the same time as before, and then again inserted its
tube. This operation was repeated three times; but Mr. Marsham af)-
pruaching too near, in order if possible to observe with a glass what
was passing in the tube, he frightened the insect entirely away.

About a week afterwards Mr. Marsham was in Kensington Gardens,
and saw several of these ichneumons at work. They appeared to
pierce the solid wood with their tubes, which they forced in even to
half their length, constantly passing them between the hinder thighs,
which they closed in order to keep the tubes straight, when over re-
sistance would otherv,-ise have forced them to bend. It appeared tridy
surprising to see an instrimient, apparently weak and slender, able,
with the strength of so small an animal, to pierce solid wood half or
three-quarters of an inch deep; but, on particular attention, it was dis-
covered, that all those that appeared to pierce the solid wood, did it
through the centre of a small white spot resembling mold or mildew,
which on minute examination was found to be fine white sand, deli-
cately closing up a hole made by the Apis maxillosa, and where, no
doubt, there were yoimg bees deposited.

In deep holes that were not closed, the insect not only thrust in the
•whole tube, but in some cases the w-hole of the abdomen and posterior
legs, leaving out only the two fore feet and wings, which it placed in
contrary directions, like arms. The two cases of the tid^e were also
.projected up the back, with the ends appearing above the head out of
the hole.

26 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY,

From Mr. Marsham's account it appears that those insects do not
adopt any hole indiscriminately as a situation for their eggs; for in
many instances he saw them thrust their antennae into holes and cre-
vices from which they almost immediately withdrew them, and pro-
ceeded in search of others. As the whole of the ichneumons deposit
their eggs in the body of some other creature as a nidus, it appears
probable that in these instances they found the holes empty, and that
tliey went on in search of those hi which the young of the Apis inaxU-
losa were deposited.

From these remarks may wc not infer that the antennae may be the
organs of smelling? for the antennas of the Ic/mcia/ion Manij'cstutor
{PL S.Jig. 4.) are not so long as the tube from which the eggs are ex-
cluded, and consequently could not have touched the animal in which
it afterwards deposited its eggs. In many species of Lcpidopiera the
females arc destitute of wings : the males in general have pectinated
antennae, and are so extremely eager after the female, that they have
been known to enter the pocket of an entomologist who had one se-
cured in a box.

These experiments are in some measure corroborated by the ob-
servations of Latreille, who supposes the antennte to be the olfactory
organs. In the tAvelfth number of the Edinburgh Review is a critique
(on the Nouveau T)ictionnaire d'Histohc Naturelle, 24 tom. 8vo. Paris,
1803-4.) : the following extract 1 here insert, hoping it will produce a
further inquiry.

" That insects possess the faculty of smelling is clearly demonstrated.
It is the most perfect of all their senses. Beetles, of various sorts, A7-
tidulcc, the different species of Dermestes, Si/lphff, Flies, ^c ., perceive, at a
very considerable distance, the smell of ordure and dead bodies, and
resort in swarms to the situations in which they occur, either ibr the
purpose of procuring food or depositing their eggs. The blue flesh-
fly, deceived by the cadaverous odour of a species of Arum, alights on
its flower. But though we can thus easily prove the presence of the
sense of smell among insects, it is much more difficult to discover the
seat of that particular sense. Several naturalists have supposed that
it resides in the antenna.. Dumcril, in a dissertation published in
1799, attempts to prove that it must be situated about the entrance of
the stigmata or respiratory organs, as Baster had previously supposed.
His arguments, however, did not induce Latreille to relinquish the for-
mer opinion, which places it in the antenuEe. The following are the
reasons which he assigns for his belief

" 1. The exercise of smell consists only in the action of air, impreg-
nated with odoriferous particles, on the nervous or olfactory mem-
brane, which transmits the sensation.

" If insects be endowed with an organ furnished with similar nen-es,
and with which air, charged with odoriferous particles, comes in con-

PARTS or INSECTS, 27

tact, such an organ may V>c regarded as that of smell. Should the an
tenna present a tissue of many nerves, what inconvenience can result
from supposhig that this tissue is capable of transmitting odour?
Would not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple and more
consonant to anatomical principles, than that which fixes the seat of
smell at the entrance of the stigmata? Besides, this last mode of ex-
planation will not, I presume, suit the crustaceous animals, which so
nearly approach to insects.

" 2. JNIany male insects have their antennas more developed than the
females ; a fact easily explained, if we admit that these organs are the
seat of smell.

" 3. It is certain that most of those insects which live or deposit
their eggs on putrid animal or vegetable matters, stagnant waters, or
any substance, in short, which, for a time, affects peculiar localities,
are almost uniformly distinguished by a greater development of the an-
tennae. Such, for example, are the Scarubaus, Dermestes, Silpha, Clerus,
Tenebrio, T'lpida, Bibio, 4c. These require a more perfect sense of
smell, and are organized accordingly.

" 4. A great many insects which are entirely predaceous have simple
antennae ; and those which are characterized by similar manners, and
which are sedentary, have none at all ; as, for instance, the Acuri, and
a considerable portion of Lamarck's Arachnidce.

" 5. Insects discover their habitation and food by the sense of smell.
I have deprived several insects of their antenna^, when they instantly
fell into a state of stupor or derangement, and seemed to be incapable
of recognising their haunts or their food, though just beside them.
Such experiments deserve to be prosecuted. I would recommend, for
example, the varnishing or covering the antenna; of dung beetles, and
placing them near animal excrements, of which they are particularly
fond, to observe if they would repair to them as usual.

" 0. The nerves terminate at the antennae; and their articulations,
though externally covered with a pretty thick membrane, are hollow,
lined within by a soft substance, which is often of a watery consist-
ency, and whose extremity', v.hen opposed to the air, may receive its
impressions."

Os, the Mouth. In order to afford some idea of the amazing dif-
ference that prevails in the structure of the several parts or organs
which constitute the mouth, it will be only requisite to observe, that
the classification of all insects in the Fabrician system is founded on
this character. There are ten principal parts of which the mouth con-
sists ; and it is from tlie relative proportion of each, from the dissimi-
larity in the form, position, variation in number, or occasional pecu-
liarities, that the most permanent characters are deduced. These parts
have one disadvantage; they are generally small, and from this cir-
cumstance have not been so universally adopted in the arrangement

28 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

of insects as they would otherwise have been. Without, however, be-
stowing some little attention on these organs, it is impossible to distri-
bute insects into their natural order with any great degree of certainty.
In the works of Latreille, Leach, and most other modern writers on
Entomology, the essential characters are established chietly on the pe-
culiarities of these organs.

The ten principal parts of which the Mouth consists are the follow-
ing.

Labrum, or Labium, superics, the VpperLip: a transverse, soft,
moveable piece, of a coriaceous or membranaceous nature, known from
its situation at the anterior or upper part of the mouch. This part is
very distinct in many of the Coleoptera, and in Gri/llus, J pis, and some
other genera. Linne sometimes confounds the upper lip with the c/y-
peus or shield of the head; and similar instances occur in the works
of Fabricius. These two parts may be distinguished by one invariable
character; the clj/peus is fixed, and foi-ms a portion of the head; tlie
upper lip is moveable, and is placed more forward.

Labrlm, or Labium, ixverius, the piece which terminates the
mouth beneath, and which is sometimes lengthened so as to form the
instrument called ligula. It is often bifid, and has the posterior pair
of feelers placed at the base.

]\Iandibul.e, 'Mandibles: {PL 10. fig. l.d.) two hard pieces, in sub-
stance resembling horn, which are placed one at each side of the mouth,
below the upper lip. These have a lateral motion, while the upper
and lower lip move up and down, as in other animals. These differ
from the marilhe, with which they are sometimes confounded, by not
having any of the palpi or feelers attached to them. In rapacious in-
sects these are longer than in those which perforate wood; and the lat-
ter again have stronger mandibles than insects which feed only on her-
bage or leaves.

Maxill.e (P/. 10. Jig. 1. e. — -fig. 2. a. the same magnified): two small
pieces generally of a somewhat membranaceous consistency, and in
figure different fi-om the mandibles. These are commonly indented at
the extremity, and nearly all ciliated at the inner edge. They are
placed under the mandibles, and above the lower lip ; their motion is la-
teral. In those insects which have more than two pair of feelers, the pos-
terior ones take their origin from the sides of the maxill?e. {fg. 2. b. c.)

Gale.e, Shields of the Mouth: two membranaceous appendages,
usually of a large size and cylindrical form, placed one on each side,
at the exterior part of the jaw, and which cover and protect the organs
of the mouth conjointly with the lips. The galete are inserted at the
back of the jaws, as is well exemplified in the Gryllus trilie.

Ligula. This is the part considered by many authors as the lower
lip : its situation is immediately under the jaws ; and it consists of a
single piece, which is generally of a soft texture, often bifid, and, if at-

PARTS or INSECTS. 29

tentively examined at the base, will be frequently found of a horny sid)-
stance.

In the Coleoptcra, and in some of the Jlcmiptera (as in B/ufta, Cr)/lli<s,
S,r.), this appendage terminates at the point in a membranaceous sub-
stance:— its form is extremely various in the different genera. The
Hymenoptera and some Neuroptera have the ligula situated in the
same manner; but it is in these concave, and is frequently prolong-
ed into a sort o^ proboscis, which sometimes exceeds the length of the
whole body. It is membranaceous, but of a soft and spongy texture,
and well suited for receiving the impressions of taste. This kind of
process is extremely well exeniplilied in the bee.

Lingua, the Tongue: an involuted tubular organ, which constitutes
the whole mouth in lepidopterous insects. This is of a setaceous form,
and either very long, as in the Papilio and Sphinx genera; or short, as
in most of the Bowhi/ces and other mollis. It consists of two filamen-
tous pieces, which are externally convex, concave within, and connected
longittidinaily by a suture along the middle above and beneath. These,
in uniting, form a cylinder, through which the nectareous juices of the
flowers on which these insects subsist are drawn up with facility.
Tliese two pieces are not ver^' closely united, and may be separated by
means of a needle point. When the insect takes its focd, this tube is
exserted; at other times it is rolled up spirally between the palpi.

Rostrum, or Beak : the part which forms the mouth in many of the
hemipterous order of insects. This instrument is moveable, articu-
lated, and bent under the breast. AVithin, this beak is hollow, and
contains, as in a sheath, three or more very fine and delicate bristles,
the points of which these insects introduce into the body of the ani-
mal, or substance of the plants, from which they draw nourishmenL
The rostrum is conspicuous in the genera Cicada, Ncpa, and Ciine.v.

Proboscis, the Trunk: inserted in the place of the mouth in most
dipterous insects. It is rather tieshy, retractile, of a single piece, and
often cylindrical ; the end forming two lips, which are of a soft sub-
stance, and from the delicacy of their teguments must possess the fa-
culty of taste in a. very high degree. Example in the House-fly.

Lingua, rostrum, and proboscis, are Linnean terms ; and are adopted
according to the definition of that autlior. Ligulu is a Fabrician ex-
pression, indicating a process of the lower lip.

Haustellum : formed of two or more very small and delicate fila-
ments, inclosed in a sheath of two valves.

Palpi, Feelers. These are the small, moveable, filiform organs or
appendages, placed at eacii side of the mouth in the generality of m-
sects. In some respects they resemble the antenna, but are more
distinctly articulated. They vary in number in different insects, being
either two, four, or six, (P/. W.Jig. l.f.f. and g.) and are conunonly in-
serted at each side the exterior part of the jaw. In those which have

30 ELEMENTS OP EMOMuLOOY,

only one pair, they are usually situated on the upper lip; when two
or more, the posterior ones are generally on the lower lip; and in
some insects furnished with a sucking trunk, they are oftentimes
found inserted at each side of that organ. These feelers are com-
posed of several joints, the number of which vary. Like the antenna.,
to which they bear analogy, they are endowed with powers of motion,
but still more extensively. They also serve, like the antennte, as an
essential character in the construction of genera ; and from their situ-
ation, the number of joints, termination, and relative proportion and
size, are exceedingly useful for that purpose.

FiiONS, the Front : the anterior or fore part of the head, the space
between the eyes and the mouth.

Clypeiis, Shield of the head in coleopterous insects : the part cor-
responding with the front of the head in the other orders. In the
beetle kind it is advanced more or less uppii or over the mouth, and
in some forms a sort of cap, the rim of which extends so far over the
head as to conceal the mouth beneath. The anterior edge of the cly-
peus is sometimes mistaken for the upper lip.

Vertex, the Crown or summit of the Head.

GuLA, that part which is opposed to the front of the head, usually
called the Throat.

TR UNCUS, the Trunk : the second principal division of which an
insect consists, comprehending that portion which is situated between
the head and the abdomen. The trunk includes the Thorax, Collar^
Sternum, and Scutel.

Thorax : a term indefinitely applied sometimes to the whole trunk,
tlie scutel excepted : in a stricter sense it implies only the dorsal part
of the trunk, and may be considered as expressive of that portion of
the superior surface which lies between the head and the base of the
wings. The appropriation of suitable terms, by which a thorax con-
sisting of one or of several pieces may be discriminated from each
other, is desirable. In some the thorax is of a single piece, as in the
orders Coleoptera and Hemiptera; in that of Lepidoptera it comprehends
several segments, and a similar structure is still more conspicuous to
view in the order Hi/menoptcra. The first or anterior segment of the
thorax, in those consisting of several pieces, has been sometimes
called the collar; but in admitting this, the coleopterous and hemipterous
orders of insects can have no thorax. This will be rendered plain,
when we consider that in the latter kinds of insects the first pair of
legs arises from what is usually understood by the lower surface of
the thorax ; the interior segment, in hymenopterous insects, corre-
sponds with the whole thorax in the former, for the first pair of legs
arises from it in exactly the same manner. In the former, the thorax
of a single piece is immediately succeeded behind by a scutel, while m

PARTS OF INSECTS, 31

the Hymenoptera and Lep'uloptcra a large plane of one or more joints in-
tervenes beUvccn the true thorax and the scutel; and it is to this last-
mentioned dorsal space that the term Hiona- is assigned. Hence it is
evident that the language of Entomology in this point is not altogether
consistent; because what we denominate the collar in Hymenoptcra,
is the thorax in Coleoptcra ; and in Colcoptera we find nothing analo-
gous to the thorax of the other order, except the collar.

The thorax in those insects which have that part consisting of a
single piece, or the first segment in such as are of a compound nature,
has the first pair of legs arising froua the lower surface, and it is in
tills part that the muscles which move the head as well as this pair of
legs are said to be contained. The thorax in dift'erent kinds of insects
varies considerably in form, and affords very excellent generic and spe-
cific distinctions. Some are armed with spines, others denticulated,
luarginated, &c.

Pectus, the Brcmt, is the third segment of the body, or that to which
the four posterior feet are attached, and which is longitudinally di-
vided at the anterior part of the sternum. The wings in lepidopterous
and most other insects have their origin or base in the superior part
of the breast. The wings and elytra in the Colcoptera and Hemiptera
deviate a little from this, as they are placed more immediately on the
back than in a lateral position; the breast contains the muscles that
move the wings and give action to the four posterior legs. This part
is capable of being compressed and dilated, the alternate motion of
which is very evident in some insects of the butterfly or moth kind
when held bet^veen the fingers. The power of compression and dila-
tation is supposed to arise from the action of some very strong mus-
cles, being reddish yellow, and extremely loose. It has been con-
jectured that these muscles may assist tlie motions of tlie organs of
flight.

Sternum, or Breast-bone. By this term entomologists define that por-
tion of the middle part of the breast which is situated between the
base of the four posterior legs. This piece terminates in some insects
anteriorly in a somewhat acute point; in others it appears rather bi-
lobate; and in the fur greater immber ends obtusely or in an obtuse
lobe. There are few insects in which the sternwn is remarkable, either
from its magnitude or figure. In some of the coleopterous tribes, as
in the Hydropln/i and Dyfici, this part is most conspicuous.

ScuTELLUM (Linne),tlie Scutelor Escytc/ieon : the lobe-like process si-
tuated immediately at tlie posterior part of the thorax in the scutellate
insects. The scutel is not of tlie same form in all insects, yet its general
tendency is towards a sub-triangular figure. In the coleopterous tribes
it approaches nearest to this form ; its deviations incline more or less to
heart-shaped, with the tip pointing backwards, The same figure pre-
vails in some of the Hemiptera. In the Nmroptcru, Hymenoptera, and

32 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY.

Diptera, the triangular contour is still more obser\'able under various
modifications, and most commonly with the posterior tip rounded off.
Sometimes, as in several of the hyinenopterous insects, the posterior
end is armed with spines or denticulations; this is, however, not usual.
The srufel in the far greater number of insects, whether terminating
in a point or rounded, is commonly unarmed. In point of size the
scutel is more variable than in figure : in some it is so small as almost
to escape notice, merely forming a point at the extremity of the tho-
rax, as we observe in certain kinds of the beetle tribe; in others it is
very conspicuous, being sometimes so large as to cover the middle of
the back; and in others, as the scutellate kinds of Cimices and a few
of the genus Acridiuin, it expands over the back, entirely concealing
the wings and wing-cases, and covering the margin of the abdomen.

ABDOMEN. The third principal division, or posterior part of the
body, is connected with the breast, either closely or at a distance, by
means of a fillet. The abdomen is composed of annular joints or
segments, the number of which vary in different insects. The upper
part of the abdomen is called by entomologists, tergian ; the inferior
or belly, venter. The opening at the posterior part of the abdomen is
the vent; and the extremity in most insects contains the organs of ge-
neration : there are exceptions to the latter.

The total movement of the abdomen is not very obvious, except in
insects which have that portion of the body pcdiculated, as in many of
the hymenopterous genera. It has then a real joint, in which the first
annulation is indented above, and receives a projecting process from the
breast, on wh'ch it moves. This joint is rendered secure by elastic liga-
ments, which have a considerable degree of force. Some muscles
which arise within the breast are inserted into the first ring, and de-
termine the extent of its motions. The partial motion of the ring is
produced by very simple muscles, consisting of fibres which extend
from the anterior edge of one ring to the posterior edge of that v.'hich
immediately precedes it. >Vhen the dorsal fibres contract, the superior
part of the abdomen being shortened, it turns up towards the back ;
but when the contraction takes place in the ventral or lateral fibres, the
abdomen is inflected iowards the belly, or directed towards one of the
sides. The extent of the motion, however, depends .on the number of
the rings and their mode of junction. In the Cokopiera, for example,
the rings only touch each other by their edges, and the motion is very
limited; but in the Hymenoptera they are so many small hoops, which
are incased one into another like the tubes of a telescope, so that scarcely
half, and sometimes not above one-third, of their extent appears visible
externally.

The form, connexion, proportion, and appearance, of the stnf.ice
of the annulations of the abdomen, afford numberless specific distinc-

PARTS OF INSECTS. 33

tibfts; and so likewise do the appendices at the extremity of the ab-
domen.

The abdomen contains the intestines, the ovary, and part of the or-
gans of respiration : it is affixed to the tliorax, and in most insects di-
stinct from it, forming the posterior part of the body.

Cauda, the Tail. An appendage of any kind terminating the abdomen
is usnally denominated the tail. These appendages vary in fignre con-
siderably in different insects, and many tribes are totally destitute of them.
They are supposed to be destined to direct the motion of the insect in
flight, to ser\^e for its defence, and for the deposition of its eggs. In some
insects this tail is simple, and yet capable of being extended and with-
drawn at pleasure ; in others elongated. Some are setaceous or bris-
tle-shaped, as in the Haphidia. Those termed triseta have three bristle-
shaped appendices, as in the Ephemera. In some it is forked, as in
Podtoa. When it terminates in a pair of forceps it is called fordpata.
In the Blatta and others it is folioaa, or resembling a leaf. In the
Panorpa it is furnished with a sting, and is called tel[t'cra : this last may
be more properly referred to the next.

AcuLEus, the Sting : an instrument with which insects wound and in-
stil a poison. The sting generally proceeds from tlie under part of the
last ring of the belly : in some it is sharp and pointed, in others ser-
rated or barbed. It is used by many insects both as an offensive and
defensive weapon : by others it is used only to pierce wood, or the
bodies of animals, in order to deposit their eggs. In wasps and bees
tlie sting is known to be retractile. In some insects it exists in the male
only, and in others nature has provided the female alone with
this instrument: it is not frequently met with in both sexes of the
same species, and the far greater number of insects have no such
organ.

ARTUS, the Members.

Pedes, the Legs. In all insects the legs amount to six, and never
exceed that number; and the same is observable of the true feet in the
lar\'a; of those insects ; the latter have spurious feet to a greater amount,
but the true feet do not exceed six.

The leg of an insect may be divided into four, or more correctly in-
to five, parts : Coxa, the first joint or haunch, at the base ; Femur, the
tliigh; Tibia, the shank; Tat^sus, the foot; and Unguis, the claw. Each
of these parts is enveloped in a hard case of a horny substance, and
varies in shape in different insects, the form of the feet in all the kinds
being admirably adapted to their jnode of life and convenience of their^
motion. From the difterent conformations of these limbs it is easy to
recognise, even in the dead insect, the mode of life which the species is
destined by nature to pursue. Those which have the legs adapted for
running or walking have them long and cylindrical : the thighs of the

34 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

leapers are remarkably large and thick^ with the shank long and com-
monly arched, by which means they possess great strength and power
for leaping: the legs are broad, serrated, and sharp at the edges, in
those accustomed to dig in the earth ; and such as are of the aquatic
kind have the legs, especially the posterior pair, long, flat, and ciliated,
or fringed at the edge with hair. The leapers are well exemplified in
the saltatorial kinds of Cuirtdio and Chrysomela ; and the swimmers, in
the genera Hydrophilus and Dyticus.

The Coxa, a small joint at the base, connects the thigh to the body,
and moves in a corresponding cavity of the collar or thorax in the first
pair, or breast in the two posterior ones. This part varies in form : in
the Ceranibices, Coccinella, and other insects in which the feet serve for
walking only, its shape is globular : such as require that the feet should
have a lateral motion, and which is necessary to those that dig into the
earth, have the coxa broad and flat; this is also observable in some of
the aquatic beetles : in the Di/tici the coxa of the posterior legs is
imbedded in the trunk, and in the Blatfa, Lephma, and others which
walk very rapidly, it is compressed into a lamellate form.

Femue, the Thigh. There is more diversity in the form of the thigh
than the coxa to which it is united. The articidation of these two parts,
is internal, and is produced in such a manner that when the animal is
in a state of repose it is parallel to the inferior surface of the body. It is
limited to a forward and backward motion with respect to the first piece.
The nature and extent of the motions of the thigh appear to. determine
its form. In those insects which walk much and fly little, as in the Ca-
rabm, &;c. the thigh has two little prominences at the base called tro-
chanters, which appear to be intended for removing the muscles from
the axis of the articulation. Those which require strong muscles
adapted for leaping, have the thigh not only thick but generally elon-
gated ; as in the Gi-yllus and Lociista tribes, the Pulices or fleas, &c.
And in the Aphodius, Geotrupes, SjC. {Sca7-ahcei Linn.), and also the
mole cricket, (all which burrow in the earth,) the thigh is moved with
much force, and has an articulated surface corresponding to the flat
part of the coxa on which it rests. This part is sometimes spinous..

Tibia, or Shank, is the third joint of the legs, and moves in an an-
gle according to the direction of the thighs. The figur,e of this part
depends essentially on the uses to which the habits of the insect re-
quire it to be applied : in the natatorial kinds it is usually flat and cili-
ateil — at least the tibia of the posterior pair ; and in many others, as in a
variety of the burrowing kinds of beetles, it is serrated. The shank is
more frequently serrated or spinous than the thighs.

The Tarsus, or Foot, is the fourth joint or last portion of the leg
except the claw. This part consists in general of five joints : this is
usually the number in the Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera. lo
spuic of these, however, and also in the Hemiptera, there are only four

PARTS OF INSECTS. 35

articulations in this part of the leg, as we observe in Ceramhyx, Gryl-
lits, and others : in Lihellula, Forficula, 4c. three : in the anterior feet
of Nepa only one. The figure of the tarsus is more variable than any-
other portion of the leg, and is in a most singular manner adapted
to the insect's mode of life. The articulations in such as walk on the
surface of the earth are slender; those which burrow have them more
robust. Many of those which inhabit waters have them flat and cili-
ated at the edges, as in the Hydrous. Others are furnished with
bristly tufts or vascular fleshy tubercles, which enable them to move
with security on smooth and slippery bodies in any direction : an ad-
mirable example presents itself in the common house-fly, which "treads
the ceiling, an inverted floor," with the same facility that other insects
walk on the surface of the ground. An occasional difference in the
number and form of the joints of the tarsus is sometimes observed in
the two sexes of the same species. The motion of each joint of the
tarsus is performed in a single plane, and is directed by two muscles in
each joint, one of which is small and placed on the dorsal surface, the
other larger and situated beneath.

Unguis, or Claw, the termination of the tarsus. In the greater
number of insects there are two claws attached to each tarsus : some
have only one ; and in others furnished with two there is an interme-
diate process, forming by this means three. An appearance similar to
this is seen in the legs of the Lucatnis; but this on minute examina-
tion is found to be a distinct joint also, armed with a pair of claws pre-
cisely resembling those which more obviously, from their size, appear
to terminate the tarsi. It is considerably smaller, but is perfectly well
defined.

Al^, or Wings : the organs appropriated to flight. These are
either two or four, and are attached to the lateral part of the breast
close to the lower margin of the thorax. They are placed to an equal
amount and in a corresponding situation on both sides of the insect,
whether the number be two or four. Those insects which are fur-
nished with only one pair of wings have in these organs both an vmi-
form appearance and size. Such as have two pair most fre(piently
difter, the first being larger than those behind : there is also a difference
in shape, and very connnonly a considerable variation in the spots,
markings, and other particulars, notwithstanding the prevailing hues
in all the wings may be the same. In general the posterior pair is
paler, and the marks obscure.

A skeleton of nervures, (which are considered in the light of bones
by Dr. Leach, who has named them Pterigosiia or Wing-bones,
and are parts more or less numerous and differing exceedingly
in disposition,) placed between two thin and closely united mem-
branes, constitules the true wing in insects. This conformation is very

c 2

36 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY.

clearly exemplilied in that description of wings which is usually term-
ed transparent, as in the common house-fly and the bee. The true
wing, by means of which the insect is enabled to fly, is always con-
structed in this manner, whatever may be its appearance externally,
arising from a superficial covering of down, feathers, hair, or any other
cause. The variety in the form and structure of the wings, in the
number, figure, and disposition of the nervures, or the colours with which
they are adorned, is infinite. The diversity in the disposition of the
nervure is evident from a comparison of the simply constructed wing of
the common house-fly with the complex wing of the Panarpa or the
Ephemera, or the wings of an earwig, which consists of a series of sin-
gle nervure, with the elaborately ^^'rought lattice-work of the wing of the
LihcUula. The wliole of the lepidopterous order exhibit the superficial
coating of feathers, down, or hairs ; and upon the removal of these the
wings are found constructed in the same manner as the transparent
wings of the other orders. A variation in the form of the wing as well
as its texture is manifest throughout all insects of the winged kind.
Those of the Cokopteiyi have two membranaceous wings, which fold
upon each other, forming a plait or double at their external margin,
which fold is accommodated by a peculiar joint in the main rib of
the wing, and the disposition of the nervures in the middle of the wing
contiguous. In the Hemipfera the wings generally fold longitudinally,
without any transverse double ; so that in expansion these parts open
somewhat like a fan. The anterior wings of the Lepkloptera are neither
doubled across nor folded longitudinally; they are entirely flat, and
are but little cai)able of contraction and dilatation. In the genus Pa*
pilio they are endowed with the power of erection, which is rarely the
case in the Phalcencv, though occasionally observed among the Sphin-
ges; the Phnlame have the lower wings concealed under the anterior
pair, the latter being laid in a flat position over tiiem. The wings of
the Lepidoptcra are downy, and often decorated with very beautiful
colours disposed in the most pleasing and varied manner. The Nciir
roptera in general have the wings flat; this is not invariable; they are
constantly membranaceous, and reticulated with nei-vures. In the
Hymenoptera the wings are membranaceous, generally flat, but some-
times folded when the insect settles, as in the wasp genus. The Dipte-
foui order cannot be confounded with the preceding, as they have only
two wings : they are membranaceous as in the former.

In all insects of the winged kind these organs present the greatest
diversit)^, and afford characters both for genera and species less liable
to fluctuation than common observers v/ould conceive. The number,
figure, construction, proportion, consistence, and texture of the wings
"have enabled naturalists to distribute insects into principal groups
with considerable precision. Linne derived much assistance from an

PARTS OF INSECTS. 37

attention to these parts; later writers have in many instances regarded
them more closely; and in the further progress of the science these
parts will be consulted with still greater advantage.

Elytka, or ir<«g-cflsf5, appertain to the coleopterous order. These
are t^vo in number, of a substance resenilding leather; for the most
part moveable, and opening by a longitudinal suture along the middle
of the back. These wing-cases or sheaths arc often confounded
with the wings; but they are really not wings from llunr structure or
substance, nor do they answer the purpose of ilight; they merely open
to afford the true wing, concealed beneath, the power of e.x])ansion and
motion, and close down upon the wing when the insect is at rest, to
preserve it from injury. Some Colcoptci-a have the elytra united.

The superior surface of the elytra is more or less convex, and the
lower surface correspondently concave: the texture in some, as in
many of the Ciircu/iones and Ceramhijces, is so hard that it is pierced
\\ ith difficult;\- by means of a strong pin ; in others so flexible that they
spring into their proper form immedi;itcly after being bent double.
The proportions of the elytra compared with the body are various;
their form dissimilar; and the diversity of their surface — arising from
dots raised or depressed, protuberances, flutings, colours, and other cir-^
cumstances — endless. These differences in the elytra furnish some ex-
cellent generic distinctions, and are still more extensively useful in
constituting the characters of species.

Halteres, Poiscrs, or balancers :appendagespeculiar to insects of the
dipterous order, and which, with suff.cient reason, are deemed an essen-
tial character of that group. These poisers are two short, moveable,
clavated filaments, placed one contiguous to the origin of each wing.
They seldom exceed one-tenth the length of tlie wing, though in cer-
tain genera they are rather longer. The capital, or head, in which the
filament terminates, is either roundish, oval, truncated at the end, or
compressed at the sides : in some insects its situation is directly under
a small, arched, filmy scale, which also varies in size and form; and in
several families is apparently wanting.

The exact purpose to which nature has destined these organs has
not been hitherto ascertained in a very satisfactory manner. The
most prevalent, and perhaps in some measure the most consistent,
oj)inion seems to be, that they balance or counterpoise with the action
of the wings, when the insect is in flight, in the same manner as rope-
dancers exercise a pole to preserve their equilibrium. The diminutive-
ness of their size is a plausible objection to this idea. Others consider
these as the organs of that vibratory sound which dipterous insects emit
in flight: they compare the filmy scale to a kind of tambour, and liken
the balancer to a drum-stick, which striking repeatedly upon it, they
conceive, must occasion this noise. It is apprehended the sound they
emit inflight cannot be traced to this cause; for the best of all possible

38 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

reasons, that this buzzing sound is obsenable in a vast number of in-?
sects which have no poisers or balancers, such as wasps and bees. The
two genera Asilus and Bomhijlius have no scale, and yet the noise per-
ceptible in their flight is louder than in must of those which have both
scale and poisers, as in the Muscte. Nor does this noise issue from the
poiser, either by striking on the scale or by any other means, since it
is known that if the poisers, or both poisers and scales, be cut off, the
same sound continues to be heard from the mutilated insects as before.
There are many terms at present in use, to discriminate with greater
precision the parts I have here described, and which should be underr
stood by the sti.Klent in entomology. I have thought it therefore best
to insert them in alphabetical order at the end of the work.

THE CECONOMY OF INSECTS,

Most animals retain during life the form which they receive attheiF
birth. Insects are distinguished from these by the wonderful changes
they undergo. The existence of an insect partakes of two, three, or
four distinct states; and in each of these differs most essentially in ap-r
pearance, organization, and manners of living.

The changes through which the greater number of insects pass are
from the Egg to the Larva, from the Larva to the Pupa, and from the
Pupa to the Imago or perfect state. Exceptions occur to this : for
some insects are viviparous; but the number of these is not consi-
deralle.

Of the EGG state. The egg, containing the insect in its smallest size,
is expelled from the ovary as in other oviparous animals. They are con-
tained and arranged in the body of the insect, in vessels which vary in
number and figure in different species. The same variety is found in
the eggs: some are round, others oval, and some cylindrical. The
shells of some are hard and smooth, while others are soft and flexible.

The eggs of insects are of various colours : some are found of al-
most every shade of yellow, green, and brown, a few are red, and
others black. Green and greenish are not unusual, and they are some-
times speckled with darker colours, like those of birds. Some are
smooth, and others beset in a pleasing manner with raised dots.

Insects are instructed by nature to deposit their eggs in situations
where their young ones will find the nourishment most convenient for
them. Some deposit their eggs in the oak-leaf, producing there the
red gall ; others choose the leaf of the poplar, which swells into a red
bladder : and to a similar cause may be assigned the knob whicli is often
seen on the leaf of the willow. The Lasiocampa neustria glues its egga^

(ECONOMY OF INSECTS. 39

■with great symmetry in rings round the smaller tsvigs of trees ; others
affix them to the surface of leaves; and again, others lodge them"inth«
crevices of trees.

The Epkemcra, Fhryganea, Lihellulu, and Gnat, hover over tlie water
all the day to drop their eggs : these hatch in the water, and continue
there while in the larva and pupa form, quitting the water only when
they attain the winged state. The mass tbrmed by the eggs of the gnat
resembles a little vessel, and floats on the surface. This insect is said to
deposit only one egg at a time ; the first is retained by means of the legs,
when dropped, till a second is deposited next to it, then a third, fotirth, and
•further number, till the mass becomes capable, from its symmetry, to
support itself upright. Many moths cover their eggs with a thick bed
of hairor down, collected from their own body ; others cover them with
a glutinous substance, which when hard protects them from the ill •ef-
fects of moisture, rain, and cold. The solitary bees and wasps pre-
pare nests in the earth, hollow trees, or cavities in old walls, wherein
tliey place a quantity of food for the support of the young brood when
they break from the egg. The ants are known to construct nests in
the earth, in which their eggs are placed with the utmost care. Some
deposit their eggs in the larva of other insects, chiefly those of the
moth and butterfly kind; and having passed through all their changes
in their bodies, become what is termed the ichneumon-fly. The
Gasteropldlus Equi{hot-Ay) deposits its eggs on the Iwdies of horses in the
following remarkable manner. When the female has been impregnated,
and the eggs sufficiently matured, she seeks among the horses a sub-
ject for her purpose; and approaching him on the wing, she carries her
body nearly upright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for
the purpose, curved inwards and upwards : in this way she approaches
the part where she designs to deposit the egg; and suspending herself
for a few seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg
adhering to the hair; she hardly appears to settle, but merely touches
the hair with the egg held out on the projected point of the abdomen.
The egg is made to adhere by means of a glutinous liquor secreted
with it. She then leaves the horse at a small distance and prepares a
second egg, and, poising herself before the part, deposits it in the same
way. The liquor dries, and the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair :
this is repeated by these flies till four or five hundred eggs are sometimes
placed on one horse.

The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are most fond
of depositing tlieir eggs, and next to this on the side and back part of
the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme ends of the mane.
But it is a fact worthy of attention, that the fly does not place them
promiscuously about the body, but constantly on those parts which are
most likely to be licked with the tongue ; and the ova, therefore, are
?^lways scrupulously placed within its reach.

40 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Of the LARVA, or Caterpillar state. All caterpillars are hatched
from the egg, and when they first proceed from it are generally small
and feeble, but grow in strength as they increase in size. The body of
the caterpillar consists of twelve rings; the head is connected with the
first, and is hard and crustaceous. No caterpillar of the moth or butterfly
has less than eight, or more than sixteen, feet; those which have more
than sixteen belong to some oilier order of insects. The six anterior
feet, or those next the head, are hard and scaly, pointed and fixed to
the first three rings of the body, and are in number and texture the
same in all Lepidopterous larvae. The posterior feet are soft, flexible, or
membranaceous ; they vary both in figure and number, and are observa-
ble only in the caterpillar state, the perfect insect having only six feet,
the rudiments of which are the six anterior scaly feet before mentioned.
These spurious feet are either smooth or hairy, soft to the touch, or
hard like shagreen. On each side of the body are nine small oval
apertures, which are the spiracles or organs of respiration.

The caterpillar, whose life is one continued succession of changes,
often moults its skin before it attains its full growth. These changes are
the more singular, because when it moults it is not simply the skin that
is changed ; for we find in the exuvias the jaws, and all the exterior parts,
both scaly and membranaceous.

The change in the caterpillar is effected by the creature's withdrawing
itself from the outer skin as from a sheath, when it finds itself incom-
moded from being confined within a narrow compass. But to accomplish
this change is the work of some labour and time. Those caterpillars
which live in society, and have a nest or habitation, retire there to change
their skin, fixing the hooks of the feet, during the operation, firmly in
the web of their nest. Some of the solitary species spin at this time a
slender web, to which they affix themselves. A day or two before the
critical moment approaches, the insect ceases to eat, and loses its usual
activity; in proportion as the time of its change approaches, the colour
of the caterpillar delines in vigour, the skin hardens and becomes
withered, and is soon incapable of receiving those circulating juices by
which it was heretofore nourished and supported. The insect is now
seen at intervals with its back elevated, or with the body stretched to
the utmost extent : sometimes raising its head, moving it from one side
to another, and then letting it fall again. Near the change the second
and third rings are seen considerably sv/oUen. By these internal efr
forts the old parts are stretched and distended as much as possible, an
operation attended with difficulty, as the new parts are all weak and
tender. Hov/ever, by repeated exertions, all the vessels which con-
veyed nourishment to the exterior skin are disengaged, and cease to
act, and a slit is made on the back, generally beginning at the second
or third ring. The new skin may now be just perceived, being distin-
guished by its freshness and brightness of colour. The caterpillar then

ffiCONOMY OF INSECTS. 41

presses the body like a wedge into this opening, by which means it is
soon torn down from the tirst to the fourth ring : this renders it large
enough for the caterpillar to pass through.

The caterpillar generally fasts a whole day after each moulting ; for
it is necessary that the parts should acquire a certain degree of con-
sistency before its organs can perform their ordinary functions. Many
perish under this operation. The caterpillar always appears much
larger after it has quitted the exuvis than before ; for the body had
grown under the old skin till it had become too large for it, and the
parts being soft they were much compressed; but as soon as this skin is
cast oft', the parts distend, and with them the new skin, which is yet of
a flexible and tender texture, so that their increase in size at each
moulting is considerable. Some caterpillars in changing their skin alter
very much in colour and appearance ; sometimes the skin from being
smooth becomes covered with hair, spines, or tubercles; and others that
are in one stage hairy, have the skin smooth in the next. No sex is de-
veloped in the caterpillar state.

Of the PUPA state. By this term, as understood in the very exten-
sive sense Linne proposes, is signified that state of an insect which suc-
ceeds the larva, without any regard to the particular appearance it as-
sumes in this stage of transformation. From this latitude of meaning it
includes therefore, with equal precision and no less propriety, states of
the most discordant character. It alike implies the uncouth grub in-
cased in its shelly repository and immured in the earth, sluggish, al-
most destitute of motion or the appearance of any animal function,
with the lively half-winged locust, or the Cicfula, animals sporting in
the full enjoyment of life. The bot imprisoned in its oval covering,
without the least external sign of animation, is termed a pupa. The
moth, quiescent and absent for months, concealed in its shelly cover-
ing in the earth, or suspended aloft in its silky envelope to the branch
of a tree, is, a. pupa; and we denominate those 7;!</)(F also which have
the wings only half expanded ; though, like the nimble-footed Cimex,
thej^ are perpetually roving, and deriving sustenance from the blood of
other animals ; and so also the restless Lihellula, which is continually
traversing the watery element with the facility of fishes in search of
prey. Modern writers have therefore considered this state as essential
in the formation of Orders, and have even laid down certain rules,
which taken in conjunction with the characters of the perfect insect,
are often of great use in ascertaining the order to which any genus be-
longs. In my account of the Larva I have given that of the lepido-
pterous order, and shall therefore describe the Pupa of the same.

The length of time an insect remains in this form varies much in dif-
ferent species. As soon as the inclosed animal acquires sufficient strength
to l.>reak the bonds of its confinement; it makes a powerful effort to escape.

4^ ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY.

Tlie opening through which they pass is ahvays at the same part of the
skin, a httle above the trunk, between the wings and a small piece
■which covers the head : different fissures are generally made in the
same direction. When the operation begins, tliere seems to be a vio-
lent agitation in the humours contained in the little animal; the fluids
being driven with rapidity through all the vessels, the limbs and various
parts of the body are put in niolion, and by repeated efforts it breaks
through the brittle skin that envelopes it. Those inclosed in cones or
cases, after bursting through the pupa covering, have another difficulty
to overcome, that of piercing through the inclosure, which in many
instances is of a stronger texture than the case of the pupa. For the
accomplishment of this, most insects are provided with a liquor, which
they discharge from the mouth upon that part of the cone through
which they intend to escape; and this so moistens and weakens it, that
after a short time they force their passage through with some facility.
Some insects not provided with this fluid leave one end of their cone
weaker than the rest, and close it only with a few threads, so that a
slight effort of the head enables the insect to burst from its prison.

The butterfly or moth on emerging from the pupa is moist, the ab-
domen swollen, the antemije bent down, and the wings crumpled,
small, and shapeless. These parts are gradually imfolded, and assume
their destined form. The wings, which at one instant are small and
like four little buds at the sides of the thorax, in a few miimtes after
acquire their full size; and the fibres, which were at first flexible, be-
come hard and rigid like bone. In proportion as the fibres lose their
flexibility', the fluids which circulate within them extend, and the wings
cease to act; so that, if any extraneous circumstance arrests the progress
of this fluid through the fibres at the first instant of the moth's escape,
the wings immediately become crippled, and never afterwards assume
any other form. Most insects, soon after they have attained their per-
fect state, void an excrementitious substance, which in some places,
where the insects were abundant, has produced reports of showers of
blood.

Of the IMAGO or Perfect State. As the present work is not inr-
tended to enter into all the particulars relative to the habitations, food,
modes of life, Sfc. I must refer the student to Messrs. Kirbi/ and Spence'i
popular Introduction, in which much information on these points wilj
be found collected together.

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF

ENTOMOLOGY.

1 HE simplicity of the arrangement adopted bj' Linne, the celebrity
ot' his name, and the princely patronage under which he wrote, con-
spired with other favourable circumstances to render this science more
universally cidtivated, admired, and respected about his time, than it
had probably been at any former period. The credit due to this natu-
ralist for his labours in entomology is great. This must be allowed.
But let us also remember, that he is not alone entitled to our commen-
dation for the arrangement proposed in his work. We must in candour
acknowledge the merits of many among his predecessors, who wrote
under circumstances of less encouragement, and have nevertheless ex-
celled in this science; men to whom the writings of Linne stand in a
very high degree indebted, and without the aid of which it is impossible
to imagine tbe system, which now commands our admiration, could
have been produced, at least in its present state of purity.

In the works of Aristotle and Pliny, in those of Agricola, Aldro-
vandus, P'ranzius, Mouftet, Swammerdam, Ray, Willughby, Lister,
Vallisnieri, and various others, we distinctly perceive, with some oc-
casional variation, the outline of the superstructure raised in the
" Systema Nature."

These valuable sources pf information furnished him with abundant
materials, which he selected with profound judgement, and inter-
wove with ability, industry, and success. Linne was in this respect
commendable : he did not suffer his mind to swerve on this oc-
casion, from any ambitious or innovating motives; and so far as he
deemed it consistent with his plan, he appears to have adhered to
the examples of his predecessors. The characters of his Ordines are
to be found in several publications earlier than his own, and so like-
wise are most of his Genera, and the far greater number of his
Species. But these he remoulded throughout with so much skill, that
this " Systema" constitutes the central point in which the scattered
rays of natural science are concentrated with more precision than
they really appear in the original authors to whose industry he stands
indebted. It was in the concise and very expressive style which Linne

44 OBSEUVATIOXS ON THE DIFFEKEXT

adopts in all his works, and which was ahnost peculiar to himself,
that he excelled.
The foil owing are the definitions of the several Orders established

by this eminent natairalist.

Order I. Coleoptera (derived from the Greek words for a sheath and
a uing) comprise those insects which have crustaceous elytra or
shells, which shut together and form a longitudinal suture down the
back, as in beetles.

Order II. Hemiptera (from Aw/^and awing). Insects having their upper
wings half crustaceous and half membranaceous, not divided bj'- a
longitudinal suture, but incumbent on each other, as in grasshop-
pers, S,c.

Order III. Lepidoptera (from a scale and a wing). Insects with four
wings covered with fine scales in the form of powder or meal, as in
the butterfly and moth.

Order IV. Neuroptera (from a nerve and a wing). In this order the
wings are four; membranaceous, transparent, and naked, reticulated
with veins or nen'es; the tail is Avithout a sting, as in the Libellula
or Dragon-fly.

Order V. Hymenoptera (from a ?«em&r«?ie and a wing). The insects of
this order have also four wings, and the tail furnished with a sting
for various purposes, as in wasps, bees, S^c.

Order VI. Diptera (from tzoo and a wing). Those insects with two
wings only, and poisers or balancers, as in the common Uouse-flt/.

Order VI. Aptera (from icithout and a wing). In this order Linne
placed the spider, crab, scorpions, &c. As these are now universally
rejected from insects, and referred to a class named Crustacea, I shall
hereafter speak of them when mentioning the system proposed by
Dr. Leach.

Fabricius distributes all insects into thirteen Classes, the characters
of which are as follow :

Class I. Eleutiierata. Jwa's bare, free, and bearing feelers.
C'lass II. Ulonata. Jaws covered by an obtuse mouth-piece.
Class III. Synistata. Jaws elbowed near the base, and connected to

the lower lip.
Class IV. Piezata. Jaws horny, compressed, and usually elongated.
Class V. Odonata. Jaa'S horny, dentated; palpi two.
Class VI. Mitosata. Jaws horny, vaulted ; no palpi.
Class VII. Unogata. J«r<;.s horny, unguiculated.
Class VIII. Polygnata. Jaws several (usually two), within the lip.
Class IX. Kleistagnatha. Jazcs several outside the lip.
Class X. Exochnata. Jaws several, outside the lip, and covered by the

palpi.
Class XI. Gloss ATA. Mouth composed of a spiral tongue, situated be-
tween two palpi.

SYSTEMS or ENTOMOtOGY. 45

Class XIT. RiiYNGOTA. ilfowi/icomposedof a beak or articulated sheath.
Class XIII. A>TLiAT.\. Mouth composed of a sucker, not articulated.

In the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, edited by Dr. Brewster, several
valuable papers have appeared from the pen of that excellent and dis-
tinguished naturalist. Dr. W. E. Leach, the present Zoologist to the
British Museum. The well-knov^'n abilities of this gentleman, his
sound judgement, his great caution, and extensive correspondence vi'ith
the most distinguished naturalists of Europe, will, I trust, fully justify
mc in adopting his system in the present work, as there is no doubt
that wlicn it is duly studied it will be universally followed : yet I must
confess much still remains incomplete, and many errors no doubt
will require future correction. An observation of Mr. Kirby I shall
here quote, as it is valuable, and should be strongly impressed upon
the mind of every naturalist, and must full^' convince every liberal-
minded entomologist how far the system proposed by Dr. Leach is
consonant to the views of one of the first of entomologists.

" An account of any genus, perfect and elaborate in all its part?,
must be the work of him who is versed in the history and oeconomy of
every individual that belongs to it; he, and he only can go upon sure
grounds, for no other person can in all cases with certaint}^ distinguish
tlie species from the variety, and unite each sex to its legitimate part-
ner. But 30 much knowledge, even with respect to a single genus
v.'here the species are numerous, is not to be expected from one man:
nor should the naturalist attempt, like the spider, to weave his web
from materials derived solely from within himself; but rather let him
copy the industTious bee, and draw genuine treasures from those flowers
of science which have been reared by other hands, and combining these
with his own discoveries let him endeavour to concentrate all in one
harmonious system, with parts curiously formed, arranged, and adapt-
ed to each other, and to the whole; and calculated to preserve the
sweets of true wisdom pure and unsophisticated."

It would appear that the system of Dr. Leach, or at least the numerous
genera into which it is divided, has not met with the approbation of
every entomologist; since the Doctor in his .Zoological Miscellany, \o\. 3,
in an account of two species of the Fabrician genus Gcotrupcs, has
made the following obser\'ation : " I am a warm advocate for generic
divisions (founded on the consideration of every character), being fully
satislied that such exist in nature, and, when distinguished with judge-
ment, tend materially to tlie advancement of science. Those entomo-
logists of the Linnaean school, who, by dilating the characters either of
their genera or species so as to admit of almost any thing, bend na-
tiu-e to the artificial system of their master, would do well to consider
whether they do not show greater veneration for it tlian for nature,
and not upbraid those who hold a difi^erent opinion from tlieraselves."

In the present work, the genera of Linne are given, not witli a wbh

46 SYSTEMS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

that tlie student should confine himself to that system, but merely to
introduce him to a knowledge of the Families, for in this term the
genera of Linne may certainly be applied in most cases, and which
every entomologist will readily admit. Mr. Spence has observed, in
his excellent Monograph of the Genus Choleva in the XTth vol. of the
Transactions of the Linncean Society : " It is contrary both to analogy
and experience to suppose the Creator has formed fewer of those
groupes into which we divide the vast tribes of nature by the name of
genera in one department than in another. Now in Botany, in which
not more than about 20,000 species have been described,we have upwards
of 2000 genera, In Entomology at least as many species are already de-
scribed; and when we combine the circumstances, that in Britain not
fewer than 8000 species of insects are to be foimd, while we have about
3000 plants ; and these are probably not one half of the European insects,
while we know that every other quarter of the globe is still more pro-
lific in species wholly different; and lastly, that every kind of plant
probably affords nutriment on the average to three or four species of
insects, there can be little doubt that the insect is vastly more popu-
lous than the vegetable world. Is it likely then that the number of
genera should be much fewer than in botany ; or at any rate that it
should not very greatly exceed its present amount.'' We need not
fear that the science will be rendered more difficult by an augmen-
tation of its genera. This cannot happen, if a proper system be adopt-
ed. If two or three insects, or even a single one, be strikingly charac-
terized by peculiarity of habit, they certainly ought in any system to
be distinguished at least as sections of the genera under which they are
placed. And will it increase the difficulty of investigation if they be
established as genera upon the same characters, and distinguished by a
name? Clearly not. On the contrary, the science can be effectually
promoted in no other way; for names have an important influence
upon the clearness of our ideas, and it will be impossible for us ever
to gain correct views of the philosophy of our science while genera es-
sentially distinct are jumbled together under one title.

" Entomology, therefore, is under the greatest obligations to lUiger
in Germany, Latreille in France," (Kirby, Leach, and Spence in En-
gland) ; " who having had the good sense to reject the useless while they
retain the valuable parts of the Fabrician system, are labouring, by the
institution of new genera built upon firm and intelligible characters, to
extricate the science from the chaos into which that author has un-
wittingly reduced it. Fabricius's system has now had a fair trial of
upwards of thirty years, and it was at one time universally followed on
the continent; yet so far is experience from having confirmed the as-
sertion of its author, that the Linnsan system is only calculated to
introduce confusion into the science, that the very system professing
to dissipate thg,t confusion is even now fast sinldng into oblivion, while

LINNJEAN SYSTEM. 47

the Linncean orders and generic characters, with such improvements
as reason and analogy suggest, and as Linne himself would have ap-
proved, are reverted to by the most acute and learned entomologists of
the age."

ORDERS AND GENERA OF LINNE-

Order I. COLEOPTERA.

The insects of this Order form a very natural division. They have
hard cases to their wings, with a longitudinal suture; these in some
are united, and therefore such insects can have no wings; but the
wings in most are two. The mouth in general is furnished with
two, four, and sometimes six palpi, hco mandibles, and tzco maxilla ; the
mouth is covered above with the clypeus, and closed below with the-
lips: they have all six feet in their perfect state; in the antenna; there-
is the greatest diversity of shape and fonn, in this system the princi-
pal character of the genera : they have a hard horny skin ; on eaclx
side they have nine spiracula, one on the thorax, and eight on the ab-
domeru The females lay their eggs in the earth, dung, plants, M'ood,
&:c. and from these proceed the larva;.

The lars'oj have six feet near the head, which differs in form and size
in the different genera; jaws at the mouth; two eyes; often short an-
tennae; and on each side nine spiracula. Those that feed on plants,
and their roots move but slowly; those which live on dead animals are
more active; others, as the Caruhidct, Di/ticidce, and Stap/ii/linida; which
feed on living animals, are very rapid in their motions. The larva
state, during which insects change their skins, endures in most spe-
cies for a year; in the larger species longer, sometimes three or four
years. When the larva arrives at its appointed tune, it draws itself
together, and changes for the most part into a pupa incompleta, which,
sometimes below the earth or in rotten wood, reposes for several weeks-
or months. Afterwards the skin of the pupa bursts, and the perfect
insect appears. It is now fit for the propagation of its species.

Genus 1. Scarab^us.

Antenna clavated; the club lamellated {PL 1. fg. 1. a.): palpi four:

mandibles horny, in general without teeth : the tibice or second joint of

the foremost pair of feet generally dentated.
Species 1. Sc. Tj/phceus. Three horns on the thorax, the middle one the

smallest; the other two extending forwards and of the same length

with the head, which has no horns. {PI. 1. fg. 1.)
Inhabits Europe.

48 SYSTEMS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

This species burrows in cow-dung and under the earth, digging deep
holes ; and is found plentiful on heaths and commons during April
and May. Mr. Marsham in his Entomologla Bi-itannka has described
80 species of ScarabcEi found in this country.

Genus 2. Lucanus.

Ajitenna clavated; cluh perfoliate: maxUlcs prominent and dcntated:

bod^ oblong : anterior tibia dentated.
Sp. 1. L. Cervus, the Stag-beetle. With a sculelliun ; the maxillje

projecting, bifurcated at the apex, with many teeth on the internal

edge. {PL i.fg. 3.)

This is the largest of the British Coleoptera ; the larva is white, and
lives on putrid wood, particularly oak; its head and feet are of a rust
colour. The perfect insect varies in size and colour; in general it is
dark brown or blackish ; the jaws are very large, about one third of
the length of the whole insect, and have a distant resemblance to the
horns of a stag; Mr. Marsham's inermis is only the female of this
species.
Sp. 2. L. parallel ipipedus is considerably smaller, and may be obtained

in June and July in the neighbourhood of willows.
Obs. L. carahoides has not yet occurred in Britain, at least no British

specimen is known.

Genus 3. Deumestes.

Antenna clsxaXed; the dub perfoliated {PI. l.Jig.4. a.); the three ter-
minating articulations larger than the rest: thorax convex, with
scarcely any margin: head inflected, and partly hid under the thorax.
The larv'as of the insects of this genus feed on decayed animal sub-
stances, and are exceedingly injurious to the meat in larders, skins,
furs, and books.
Sp. 1. D.murinus. Oblong; downy clouded with black and white ; abdo-
men covered with fine white down or hair.
Inhabits Europe ; and may frequently be found in the dead moles hung

up on the hedges by countrymen. {PL '^--fig- 4.)
Sp. 2. D.Scoli/tus. Elytra truncate, blackish and striate : abdomen re-
tuse: front downy and of an ash colour. {PL l.fig. 5.)
The insects of this genus are very prolific ; both the larvje and per-
fect insect eat the roots and wood of trees, and are sometimes very de-
structive to woods. The following account, from Mr. Kirby's Introduction
to Entomology, of Bostrichus Ti/pographus Fabr., will further illustrate
the habits and manners of this genus : " This insect in its preparatory
state feeds upon the soft inner bark only : but it attacks this important
f&et in such vast numbers, 80,000 being sometimes found in a single

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA.

49

tree, that it is infinitely more noxious than any of those that hero into
tlie wood : and such is its vitahty, that though the bark be battered
and tlie trees plunged into water or laid upon the ice or snow, it re-
mains alive and unhurt. The leaves of the trees infested by these in-
sects first become yellow; the trees themselves then die at the top,
and soon entirely perish. Their ravages have long been known in Ger-
many under the name of Warm trvkniss (decay caused by worms); and
in the old liturgies of that country the animal itself is formally men-
tioned under its vulgar appellation of ' The Turk.' This pest was par-
ticularly prevalent and caused incalculable mischief about the year
1665. In the beginning of the last century it again showed itself in the
Hartz forests ; — it reappeared in 1757, redoubled its injuries in 1709,
and arrived at its height in 1783, when the number of trees destroyed
by it in the above forests alone was calculated at a million and a half,
and the inhabitants were threatened with a total suspension of the
working of their mines, and consequent ruin. At this period these
Bostrichi were arrived at their perfect state, and migrated in swarms like
bees in Suabia and Franconia. At length, bet^veen the years 1784
and 1789, in consequence of a succession of cold and moist seasons,
the numl;iers of this scourge were sensibly diminished. It appeared
again however in 1790, and so late as 1796 there was great reason to
fear for the few fir-trees that were left.''^

Genus 4. Ptinus.

Antenme filiform {Pl.l.Jig. 6.a.); the last articulations the largest:
thorax nearly round, not margined, receiving the head under it.

Sp. 1. Ft. imperialis. Brown: thorax subcarinate : elytra elegantly va-
ried with white hair. {PL l.Jjg. 6.)

Inhabits Europe, in decayed trees.

Genus 5. Hister.
Ahtcmia davated {PL 2. Jig- 1. a.); the club solid; thclowest articula-
tion compressed and bent : head retractile within the body : eli/tra
shorter than the body : the fore-tibia: dentated.

The insects of this genus are generally found in dung, in spring,
summer, and a great part of the year. Like the Dermestides and
Bi/rrhi, they contract their antennas and legs when touched, and coun-
terfeit death.

Sp. 1. Hist, semiptmctatus. Brassy-black, polished: shells obliqudy

striate at the base. {PL 2. Jig. 1.)
Inhabits dung, and is very common in this country.

Genus G. Gyrinus.
Antenna cylindrical, and very short {PL 2. fig. Q. a.): niavillu horny and
very acute: ryes divide, so as to appear as four : the four hinder feit
compressed, and formed for swimming. {PL 2.. fig. Q. h.)

i)

50 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Gj/r. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured strke: the inflected

margin testaceous, (P/. ^-fig. 2.)

Inhabits stagnant waters, running swiftly in circles on the surface,
and when it dives carrying along with it a bubble of air which appears
like quicksilver. These insects live in society, and often in their brisk
motions strike against one another. In the evenings they betake them-
selves to still places vuider bridges, or under the roots of trees which
grow at the water's edge.

Genus 7. Byrrhus.
Antenna a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal
joints gradually thicker, compressed (PI. 2. Jig. 3. a.): ^)«//;/ short,
the last joint longest; thick, somewhat ovate : bodj^ somewhat ovate,
very convex above; scutdlum minute.

When touched, they apply their antennre and feet so close to the
body, remaining at the same time motionless, that they resemble a seed
more than an animated being. They are found in sand-pits and road-
ways in the spring months, and are very common.
Sp. 1. Byr. Pilula. Brown; the elytra with black interruptetl striae.
{PL 2.fg. 3.)

Genus 8. Anthrenus, Fahricius.
Antenna shorter than the thorax, with the club solid (PI. 2. fig. 4. a.):
jjfl/_/ji filiform, short: toc/j/ orb iculate, ovate: sc'^feZ/tf?« very minute :
viaxillcE and Up bifid.

These insects are found on flowers; they are small, but in general
prettily coloured. They contract on the appearance of danger, and ap-
pear as if dead. Their lai-\'ce are found in carcases, skins, and dried
animal substances. They pass nearly a year in that state before chang-
ing into a pupa; the perfect insects are found chiefly in spring.
Sp. 1. Anth. Scrophularia. Black; sides of the thorax and three trans-
verse bands on the elytra, grey; suture and external margin of the
elytra and hinder margin of the thorax, red-lutescent. {PI. 2. Jig. 4.)

Genus 9. Silpha.
^?i<en?t« gradually thickening towards their extremities {PI. 2. fig. 7. a,),
or terminated by a solid or perfoliated club (Jig. 6. a.): elytra cover-
ing the greater portion of the abdomen and marginated : head pro-
jecting: thorax flattish and margined: body oval or parallelopiped.
The Silpha feed on dead carcases and the excrements of animals;
they have generally a fetid smell, and when taken they discharge by
the mouth or the anus a drop of black liquor of a very disgusting
odour; this liquor serves to accelerate the putrefaction of the matters
on which they feed. The larvrelive in the earth in dung-hills and
dead carcases; they have six short feet; the head is small, armed with
btrong jaws; they undergo their transformations underground

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 51

Sp. 1. Silpha Vespillo. {PL Q.Jig. 6.) Oblong and black : the clypens or-
bicular and unequal : the elytra marked with two ferruginous lasciae.
This species is subject to great variet}- in size. It is infested with
uicari; it Hies very swiftly with its elytra erect. The elytra are shorter
than the abdomen. It feeds on carrion, and a small dead animal is
soon visited by a number of this species, which join in burying it after
they have deposited their eggs in its body. Thus a mole or a mouse is
often buried by the industry of four or five of them in the space of
four-and-twenty hours. They scoop out the earth all round and be-
low the animal, which gradually sinks down; and while the agents are
invisible, we see the effect by the disappearance of the carcase.

Sp. Q. Si/p/ia quadripunctata. {PL '2. fig. 7 .) Black: elytra and thorax
vellow, with two black spots on each elytron : head, antennae and legs
black.
Found at the roots of oak trees in the winter, and in the foliage in

the months of JNIay, June, and July.

Geiuis 10. NiTiDULA, Fabr.
Anteniuc claxated: the club solid: c/y^ra marginated: Aeaf/ prominent :

thorax dattish anil marginated.
■ In the former editions of the Systema Nuturie the insects of this ge-
mis were included in the genus Silpha, the habits of which they greatly
resemble, being found in decayed animal substances, under the bark
of trees, bones, Sec.

Sp. 1. Kit. diacoidca. Black: the thorax marginated: the disk of the

elytra ferruginous: length 1^ lin. {PL 2. jig. 5.).

The species of this genus are numerous, subject to great variety, and
require a minute examination.

Genus 11. Opatrum, Fabr.
Antcnntr moniliform, growing thicker at the end : tli/fra marginated :

head prominent: ^/iora.r flattish and marginated.

The insects of this genus are fbimd in sandy situations in May, June,
and Jidy. — They were arranged with the Silphfc l)y Linne.
•Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. Brown: thorax emarginatc: elytra dentated,
. with three elevated lines. {PL "i.fig- 8. a. antcniuc tnagnijied.)

Genus 12. Tkitoma, Fabr.
Aidenmc clavated: club perfoliated {PL 'I. fig. 9. a.): Up emarginate:

anterior palpi siicymioiiw: hod i/ iwnch elevated: thonuv^iiX.

Of this genus we have but one species at present known in this
country, which inhabits fungi : I once took them in profusion atCoombc
Wood in the month of March.
•Sp. 1. Trit. hipustulatuin. Black: the elytra wilh a scarlet spot on ihe

shoulder, in which is a uiiall black dot. {PL 2. fig. 9.)

52 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 13. Cassida.
AntcnrKz tnoniliform: thorax and elytra marginated : head concealed

under the thorax: body above gibbous, beneath flat and margined.

Of this genus we have several species, some of whicli are very bril-
liant in colours, which disappear when the insect dies, but are said to
revive when put in warm water.

The larvffi of these insects are found under the leaves of the plants
on which they feed: by means of the lateral spines and bristle at the
end of the tail they form a kind of parasol with their own excrements
to shelter themselves from the sun and rain, and probably to screen
themselves from their enemies.
Sp. 1. Cass, macidata. The elytra vary in colour, the young state of the

insect being green, and as it advances in age gradually approaching

to red spotted with black : black on the under side. C. murraa ot

Marsham is only a variety of this. {PL l.fig- 10.)

Genus 14. Coccineli.a.
Ard.cnna clavated : the chib solid : maviUary palpi terminated by a large

securiform joint : tcf/y hemispherical : thu-rax and elytra margined i

aidonien flat.

The insects of this genus are commonly called in England Lady-
cows, or Lady-birds. The larvae feed chiefly on the Aphides or plant-
lice, and are very serviceable in clearing vegetables of the myriads with
which they are often infested. Mr. Marsham in his Entomologia Bri-
tannica has described 50 species, two-thirds of which only are genuine.
.So great is the variety in the species of this genus, that by a close ex-
amination scarcely t\vo specimens will be foimd alike : this shows the
necessity of collecting varieties, for by this means species may be de-
cided upon; I shoiild therefore strongly recommend the young ento-
mologist never to disregard them, as they tend greatly to the advance-
ment of the science, and ccrtamly enrich a collection. Mr. Stepher.s
(the author of the continuation to the ornithological part of Shaw's
Zoology, and a most excellent entomologist,) for some years past has
])aid great attention to this genus of insects; and it his intention to lay
his observations before the Linnean Society.
Sp. 1. Cocc. 14-g?/f/a/fl. Elytra red : with fourteen white dots : antennae

and eyes black : the spots on the elytra form ibur lines; the iirstline

c<jutains two spots, the second six, the third four, and the last two.
Lihabits willows. {PL 2.fg. 11.)

Genus 15. CHRVsoMfiLA.

xintenna: moniliibrm : palpi six, thickest at their extremity: thorax mar-
gined, but not the elytra: body for the most part ovate.
The insects of this genus are in general adorned with shining and

splendid colours. They live on leaves, but do not eat the nen-urcs.

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 53

Their larva? are in general of an oval shape, somewhat elongated and
soft, with six feet near the head. The last joint of their feet or tarsi
consists of four articulations, which in most cases serve for sexual di-
stinctions, the tarsi of the fore feet heing considerably broader in the
males tlian in the females. This numerous and beautiful tribe is found
in almost every situation : their motion is slow; and some of them
when caught emit an oily liquor of a disagreeable smell.

In this genus of 1 Jnne we tind many insects that difter widely from
the generic character given above, which form many natural families
consisting of numerous genera, the characters of which will be given
in the system proposed by Dr. Leach.

Sp. 1. Chrijs. coriaria. Apterous, oval ; varies in colour from a dark
blue to a black. It is a very common species, and may be lound on
heaths from April to June in abundance. {PL 2. Jig. 12.)

Sp. 2. Clirt/s. Tanaceti. Black and panctmed: the antenna; and feet
black. {PL 2. fig. 13.) Galeruca Tanaceti, Geoffrey, Lat /■elite, Fahri-
ciiis, Otiviei; and Leach.

Sp. 3. C/iri/s. jnerdigera. {PL 2. Jig. 11.) Auchenia merdigera, Mamluini.

Inhabits the white lily.

Genus 10. Cryptoceph.vlus, Tabr.

Antenna filiform : palpi four : thorax margined, but not the elytra: hody

nearly cylindrical.

The insects of this genus in some of the sections into which it has
been divided by Gmelin resemble the preceding in form and manners,
and were accordingly in the former editions of the St/stema Natura ar-
ranged with Ctiri/so)iiet(£. Mr. Marsham's Auclienia, Crioceris, and TilluSy
are separated from this genus.

Sp. 1. Crypt. Lincola. Body black : elytra red, with a black line on
each. {PL 2. Jig. 15.)

Genus 17. Hispa.

Antcnn^B cylindrical, approximate at the base and seated bet\veen the
eyes: palpi fusiform: thora.v and elytra often spinous or toothed.

Sp. 1. Hispa mutica. {PL 2. Jig. 10.) Orthocerus muticus, Latr.
Inhabits sajidy situations.

Genus 18. BRCciirs.
Antenne filiform : palpi equal and filiform : lip acuminated.
Sp. 1. Bruchus Pisi. Elytra black, with white spots; the extremity

white, with two black dots, {PL 2. Jig. 17.)
Ii^habits Europe, and is very destructive to fields of peas,

54 LINNEAX SYSTEM.

Genus 19. Curculio.

AnIeiiiKp clavated, situated on the rostrum: palpi four, tiliromi.

The insects of this genus are very numerous, and subject to great
diversity in form and colours. Mr. Marsham has described 234 spe-
cies in his Entomologia Britannica, some of which are but varieties.
Many species have been discovered since his work was written, and
the number is probably doubled.

Sp. 1. Cuix.nitens. Oblong, dark-violet : thorax and elytra of a blueish

green. {PL 2.fg. 18.)
Inhabits Europe ; is found in England on the white-thorn in woods in

the month of May.
Sp. 2. Ciox. Fyri. Bronzed with a changeable colour of yellow, red, and

green: legs rufous. {Fl. 2. fig. 19.)
Inhabits the nut-tree, but is very local.

Sp. 3. Cure. Nucu)?7. Grey-brown ; rostrum as long as the body.
Inhabits the nut-tree; the larva is frequently found in the hazel nut.

{PL '2. fg. 20.)
Sp. 4. Cure. Scrophularia. The coleoptra with two black spots on the

back. {PL 2. fig. 21.)
Inhabits the Scrophularia in marshes.

Genus 20. Attelabus.

Antenna monWi^onw; thickest towards the apex: head inclined, and

acuminated behind.
Sp. 1. Att. CoryU. Black; elytra red and reticulated. {PL 2. fg. 22.)
Inhabits Europe : is found on the hazel ; the leaves of which the lar%'a
rolls up into a cylinder, close at both ends. The form of the head
in this insect is remarkable : it is shaped like a long triangle ; the
acute angle attached to the thorax, the eyes in the other two angles,
and from the liase the rostrum arises.

Genus 21. Notoxus, Fubr. Meloe, Linn. Lytta, Marsh.

Antenna filiform ; palpi four, secinuform : maxilla with one dent or

tooth.
Sp. 1. JVb^. monoceros. The thorax projecting like a horn over the head.

{PL 2. fig. 23. a. head, thorax, and antennae magnified.)
Inhabits sand-pits, is rare near London. This species has been taken in

profusion on the sandy sea shores of South Wales.

Genus 22. CeraJmbvx.

Antenna setaceous : palpi four : thorax spinous or gibbous : clj/li a

linear.
This is a numerous genus: it has therefore been divided into several

ORDER 1. COLEOl'TERA. 56

genera by later writers. Few of them are natives of Britain. Their
hirvK live in wood, which, they perforate and consume. They are the
favourite food of the woodpecker. They have shorter feet than the
lar\'<E of most other Coleoptera. 1'he antennae are often longer than
the whole body, being in some species four times its length.

Sp. 1. Ce/: moschatttx.

Inhabits Europe. In England it frequently occurs on willov-'-trees in
June.

Sp. 2. Ce?'. Text or.

Inhabits Europe. This is esteemed a very rare British insect; it occurs
on willows at the Eftbrd Mills, near Lymington in Hampshire, and
near Bristol. (P/. 1. fg. 24.)

Sp. 3. Cer. urcuatus. The elytra with four yellow fasciffi ; the first inter-
rupted, the others arched backwards, {PL 'i.fig- 25.)

Inhabits Europe. Is foiuid on the trunks of trees, but is rare in
Britain.

Genus 23. Lkptura.

Antenna setaceous : palpi four, filiform : elijtra attenuated towards the

ape.x: thorax somewhat cylindrical.
Sp. 1. Lept. guadrifasciatu. Black ; elyti'a testaceous with four black

fasciffi. {PL 2. fig. 26.)
Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in the woods of Kent on

umbelliferous plants.
Sp. 2. Lept. Ni/mphtece. Hind thighs toothed : thorax and elytra coppery :

body cinereous, downy.
Inhabits Europe. j\lay frequently be found in ditches on the leaves

of l^ijmphau alba in the month of May. {PL 2. fg. 27.)

Genus 24. Necyd.\lis.

Antenna setaceous or filiform : palpi four, filiform : eli/fra smaller than

the wings.
Sp. 1. Neci/d. carulea. Elytra subulate : abdomen blue : hind thighs of the

maleclavate, arcuate; those of the female simple. {PL 2. Jig. 28.)
Inhabits flowers in woods and chalk-pits.

Genus 25. Lampyris.

J?j/e««fi; filiform: {PL 3. Jig. 1. a.) palpi four: eli/tra flexible: thorax
flat, semiorbicular, concealing and surrounding the head: the sides
of the abdomen with papillary t'olCo: the females for the most part
are destitute of wings and elytra, and resemble herbivorous larvse.

Sp. 1. La/np. noctiluca, Glow-worm. Oblong and brown; the thorax
ash-coloured. {PL 3.fg. 1. male, fg. 2. female.)

Inhabits woods, heaths, and grassy banks in the months of June
and July; the female alone is luminous. The light, which is phos-

56 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

phoric, proceeds from the last segment but one of the abdomen, and
seems intended to attract the male. Lunipyria splendidula is said to in-t
habit this country, but I have not yet seen any British specimen : I
should therefore advise those entomologists residing at a distance trom
London to collect all the specimens they can obtain, and carefully exn-
amine them : the males may be taken in profusion in the evenings of
the above months, if a few females be put in the entomologist's foldr
ing-net as he Avalks in the above places of an evening.

Genus 20. Pyrochuoa, Tahr. Gmel.

AideniKB pectinate : thoi^ax orbicular : hocli/ elongate, depressed. The

prevailing colour in this genus is red and black.
Sp. 1. Pi/roch. coccinea. Black : thorax and elytra of a bright scarlet red ;

the antennsfc strongly pectinate.
Inhabits the woods of Kent in the months of June and July. {PL 3.

M 3.)
Sp. 2. Pi/roch. ruhens. Black: thorax and elytra of a duller red than

the preceding species.

A very common insect in the months of May and June, and may be
found in most hedges where white-thorn gTows.

Genus 27. Caxtharis.

Anieantr filiform ; thorax (in most species) marginated ; eh/tra flexible ;
the sides of the abdomen with papillary folds.

This is an extremely rapacious genus, preying upon other insects,
and even its own tribe.

Sp. 1. Canth. fusca. Thorax red, with a black spot; elytra brown.
(P/. 3. fg. 4.)

This is a numerous tribe, and forms several natural genera of mo-
dern authors.

Sp. 2. Canth. biguttata. Thorax black in the middle : elytra greenish-
bronze; red at the apex. {PI. 3. fig. 5.)
This insect is furnished with two red obtuse vesicles at the base cf

the abdomen, and two at the apex of the thorax, which are raised and

depressed alternately. Common on various plants in woods in the

months of May and June.

Genus 28. Elater.
AntenntE filiform : palpi four, securiform : mandihles notched, or bifid at

their extremities.

Many of the coleopterous insects have a great difficulty in restoring
themselves when laid on their back; the apparatus with which the in-
sects of this genus are provided for that purpose is singular and curi-
ous. An elastic spring or spine projects from the hinder extremity of
the breast, and there is a groove or cavity in the anterior part of the ab«

ORDHR I COLEOPTKRA. S7

dnmcn. When laid on its back, the insect raises and sustains itself on
the anterior part of the head and the extremity of the body, by which
means the spine is removed iVoni the groove where it is lodged when in
its natural position ; then suddenly bending its body, the spine is struck
with force across a small ridge or elevation, into the cavity from whence
it was withdrawn, by which shock, the parts of the body before sus-
tained in the air are so forcibly beat against whatever the insect is
laid on, as to cause it to spring or reboimd to a considerable distance.
The antenna' are lodged in a cavity scooped out of the under side of
the head and thorax, probably to preserve them from injury when
the insect falls, after its singular leap. The larvaj reside in decayed
^vood.
6p. 1. TJat. sanguineus. Black; thorax sniooth and shining: elytra of

a blood red colour. {PI. 3. fig. 6.)
Inhabits decayed oaks, and lias been found in abundance imder the

bark of trees in June, in the New Forest of Hampshire, which is

a most excellent and fertile county for insects.
Sp. 2. FJat. ci/aneus. Blue, varying from a purple to a greenish hue :

elytra striated and finely punctured. (P/. 2>.jig. 7.)
Inhabits gravel-pits in tlie months of May and June, under stones,

clods of earth and conglomerated masses, by turning up of which

the entomologist will frequently find other insects equally rare.

Genus 29. Cicindela.
Antenna setaceous: palpi six, filiform; the posterior ones hairy: 7nan-

fW'/fs projecting with many dents: eyes prominent : tliorux rounded

and marginated.

This is in general a very beautiful tribe of insects; they are found
in dry sandy places, and prey with the most ravenous ferocity upon
all weaker insects which come in their way. The larva is soft and
white, with six feet, and two tubercles on its back which assist it in
retreating with its prey; the head is brown and scaly, and armed with
a pair of large jaws. It lurks in a round perpendicular hole in the
ground, with its head at the entrance, to draw in and de\our \\ hatcver
insects may come near or fall into it.

.Sp. 1. Cicind. cximpestris. Green; the elytra with five white dots.
Inhabits sand-pits and other hot and dry places from April to July.
Sp. 2. Cicind. si/lvatica. {PL 3. Jig. 8.)

Genus 30. Buprestis.

Antenna filiform, serrated; the length of the thorax: palpi four, fili-
form ; the last articulation obtuse and tnmcated : head partly re-
tracted within the thorax. {PI. 3. fig. 9.)
Pew of this numerous genus are natives of Britain. Many of the ex-

^otic species are remarkable for their rich metallic colours, having fre-

58 LINKEAN SYSTEM.

quently the appearance of the most highly poUshed gold or copper:

the larvfe live in wood.

Sp. 1. Bupr. biguttafa. Green above, blue-green heneath; scutellum
transversely impressed ; apex of the elytra serrated ; a white villose
spot on each side of the suture, and three on the sides of the ab-
domen.

In England it is rather rare, but was once observed in very great
abundance, by Dr. Latham, in Darent-wood, Kent.

Genus 31. Hydrophilus, Fabr. Dytiscus, Linn.
Antennae clavated, dub perfoliate : palpi four, tiliform : hinder feet cili-
ated and formed for swimming, with minute claws.
The insects of this genus live in water and moist places. They
may be seen in ponds during the summer and calm mild days in
winter, frequently rising to the surface for fresh air; they swim well,
and when laid on their backs restore themselves by whirling roimd;
they rest in the shade, keep in the water during the day, come abroad
in the evening, and are sometimes found sitting on the plants by the
edge; they fly by night; after having been long out of tlie water they
cannot dive but with difficulty : the foremost feet of the males have a
hemispherical appendage. The larvae always live in the water, and are
the crocodiles of their class, killing not only aquatic insects but even
fishes.
Sp. \. llydroph. piceiis. Black; the' sternum channelled and spiny

behind.
Hydrous piceus. Leach, from the LiiDtean MSS.

This is the largest British species of the genus. The larva lives in
still waters and ponds; is about an inch and a half in length; black; its
head smooth and chesnut-coloured; with six short slender feet, which
are actually placed on the back, and a tapering tail through which it
respires. — In the month of July it is said to attain its utmost size, and
leaving tlie water, creeps upon the dry ground to a heap of dung, (cow-
dung if it be near,) and makes a hole under it pretty deep, and so wide
that it can lie in it rolled up in a circle, and there it changes into its
pupa state. About the middle of August the perfect insect appears.
Like most of the aquatic insects it lives through the winter, diving deep
into the mud in the most inclement weather.
Sp. 2. Hfjdroph. curaboides. {PL 3. Jig. 16.)

Genus 32. Dytiscus.

Antenna setaceous ; palpi six, filiform : hind feet villous, formed for

swimming, with the claws very minute. {PL S.fig. 13, 14 4" 15.)

The insects of this genus are very numerous, and are well deserving

the attention of the entomologist. In Dr. Leach's system they are di-

\ided into several very natural genera : they are ibund in almost every

OUDER I. COLtOPTEHA. 59

pond, dllch, and rivulet, but many of the species are very local : they
may be obtained in the above-mentioned situations at all seasons of
the year.

Genus 33. C.4rabus.

Antenna: filiform ; palpi six, the last articulation obtuse and truncated :

thorax obcordate, trimcated at the apex, and marginated : eli/tru

margined.

Mr. ^larsham has described 109 British species of this genus : the
generality of them arc found on the ground, under stones, in sand-pit>-
&:c. a few are foiuid in trees, feeding on the larva; oi Lepidoptera. The
whole of this tribe are very voracious, preying on all insects which they
can overcome; they discharge, when taken, a brown caustic and fetid
liquor : many of them want wings ; though their elytra in general arc
separate and moveable : their larvte live in putrid wood, among mosses,
in the earth, &:c.

Fl. '^.fg. 17, 18, If), &; 20, belong to this genus of Linne. They are
types of so many genera, the characters of which are given in the
system of Dr. Leach.

Genus 34. Tenebrio.

Antcnme moniliform ; the last articidation nearly round : thorax with a
small degree of convexity, and marginated : head standing out: elytra
somewhat rigid.
Sp. 1. Tench. MolUor. Brownish-black; the anterior thighs the thickest.
(P/.4..//5. 1.) '

The larvae of this insect are called Meal-zcorms, and are found in
meal, bakers' ovens, dry bread, &c. They are of a pale colour, smooth,
with thirteen segments, soft ; and are the favourite food of nightin-
gales, and other MotacilU.

Genus 3.5. Blaps, Fabr., Marsh. Tenebrio, Linn.

Antenna' filiform; palpi four: thorax with a small degree ot convexity,

and marginated : head standing out : eli/tra somewhat rigid : zoiiigs

(in most species) wanting.
Sp. 1. Bl. mortinaga. Black ; coleoptra ending in a point, and smooth ;

the antennae moniliform at the apex.

This species wants the wings : it walks slowly, and is therefore called
the slow-legged beetle : when taken it emits a certain colourless but
very fetid liquor.

Genus 36. Lytta, Fabr. Meloe, Liim.

Antenna; fiWform: /Jf///)* four, unequal, the hind ones clavated: thora.v
somewhat round : head inflected and gibbous : eli/tra soft and flexible.
Sp. 1. Lytta vesicatoria. Green; the antenn2e,black. {PL 4. fg- 5.)
Inhabits the south of Europe, and is occasionally found in Britain.

CO LINNEAN SYSTEM.

This is the common Spanish fly: it is found on the privet, the ash,
the elder, the jtoplar, &cc. It is so hght when dried that fifty of them
sccDxely weigh a dram.

Genus 37. Meloe.

Antenna moniHform : thorax nearly round : eliftra soft, flexible, and
shorter than the abdomen: hcnd inflected, gibbous. {PI. 4. Jig. 7.)

Sp. 1. Mel. Froscarahmis. Of a violet colour.

Found in spring, particularly in open sandy fields, feeding on the

different species of Ranuncuhis, &c.; its ova have an agreeable smell;

when touched, there issues from it a very limpid yellowish oil, which

is exceedingly diuretic, and when mixed with honey or oil has been

recommended in cases of hydrophobia.

Genus 38. Mordella.

Antcnntt moniliform or pectinated : palpi four, the anterior ones cla-
vated, the hinder filiform : when frightened, it hides its head be-
neath the thorax : elytra narrower towards the apex, and slightly
cun-ed : before the thighs a broad plate at the base of the abdomen.
The insects of this genus inhabit flowers.

Sp. 1. Mord.fasciata. {PL 4. Jig. 8.)

Genus 39. Staphylinls.

I shall omit the generic character of Linne, and refer the student to
those genera given in Dr. Leach's system. Mr. Marsham has de-
scribed only 87 species of this very extensive family : 500 species at least
are found to be natives of this coimtry, many of which are exceed-
ingly minute, but very interesting. {PI. 4. fg. 10, 11, 12, 13 4' 14.)

Genus 40. Forficula.

Antenna, setaceous : palpi unequal and filiform : clijtra truncated and
shorter than the abdomen, the extremity of which is armed with
forceps.

Sp. 1. Forf. auricularia, Earwig.

Order II. HEMIPTERA.

Many of the insects of this Order are furnished with a rostrum
which is inflected and bent inwards towards the breast. Their wing-
cases are hemehjirata:, or of a substance less hard than those of the
preceding order; they do not meet together and form a longitudinal
suture, but have some part of their anterior margins crossed or laid
one over the other.

OUDEU II. IIEMIPTERA. 61

Genus 41. Blatta.

Head inflected : antenna setaceous : palpi unequal, filiform : c.I)jtra and
zn»gs flat, and nearly coriaceous : t/iorav nearly flat, orbicular, and
marginated : feet formed for running : tmo horns above the tail ia
most species. {PI. 4. fig. 17.)
Sp. 1. lit. orientalis, Black-beetle or Cock-roach.

This insect was originally a native of South America, but is now very
generally spread throughout Europe. It cannot be considered a British
insect, though it frequents kitchens, ovens, and warm places, and de-
vours meal, bread, and other provisions, shoes, &c. It conceals itself
during the day, and comes abroad in the night; it runs quickly, and is
very tenacious of life. They are killed by red wafers.

Genus 42. Gryllus.

Head inflected, furnished with maxilla? and filiform palpi : antenna: se-
taceous or filiform: wings four, deflected and convoluted ; the imder
ones folded: hind legs formed for leaping: t<vo chncs on all the feet.

Sp. 1. Gr.flavipes. {Fl. 4. fg. 19.)

Inhabits marshes, but is very local in Britain.

Genus 43. Cicada.

Rostrum inflected : antenna setaceous ; zcings four, membranaceous and

deflected : /t^e^ formed for leaping. {PL Ij.jig. 1 4' 2.)
Sp. 1. Cic. viridis. Elytra green: head yellow, with black dots.
Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches.

Genus 44. Notonecta.
Rostrum inflected : antenna shorter than the thorax : wings four, folded

together crosswise; coriaceous at the base: hinder feet ciliated,

formed for swimming.

The insects of this and the following genus live in water, feeding
on aquatic animalcula; the larva and pupa have each six- feet; they
are active, and swim like the perfect insect; the former wants wings,
the latter has the rudiments of them. {PL 5. Jig. 3.)

Sp. 1. Kut. minutissima. Grey; the head brown: the elytra truncated.
Inhabits ponds.

Genus 45. Nepa.

Rostrum inflected : antenna short : roings four, folded crosswise, the an-
terior part of them coriaceous: the two fore feet cheliform; the
others formed for walking.

Sp. 1. Nepa cinerea. Of an ash colour : the thorax unequal: the body
oblong, ovate. {PL 5. fig. 4.)

Inhabits ponds and ditches; is very common in Britain throughout the
. vear.

62 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 46. CiMEX.
Rvatrum iilfiected: unicnntE longer than the thorax: u'uii^s four, folded
crosswise; the upper ones coriaceous in the anterior pari: buck tlat:
thorax marginated: feet formed for running. {PL 5. Jig. 6, 7, 8.)
The insects of this genus, whether as larvae or in the perfect state,
feed for the most part on the juices of plants; some on the larvjg of
other animals: they have in general a very disagreeable smell. The
larvce and pupa^ have six feet ; they are active, and walk about like the
perfect insect : the former has no wings, the latter has the rudiments
of them. A great number of species are found in Britain.

Sp. 1. Clmcx IccLidarias. Without wings.
Inhabits Europe.

This insect (the bed-bug) is unhappily but too well known, and was
an inhabitant of Europe j)rior to the Christian tera; at least it is men-
tioned by Aristophanes and other Greek writers. Southall says it was
hardly known in London before 1670; but there is good authority for
asserting that it was common enough there before the great tire in
1666. It is a nocturnal animal, very fetid; seldom, though sometimes,
found with wings ; easily killed when taken alive. Bugs are said to be
expelled in a variety of ways, viz. by charcoal and oil of turpentine, soft
soap, or hai'd pomatum.

Genus 47. Aphis.

Hostrum inflected ; the vagina with five articulations and a single seta :
a)itenu(e setaceous, longer than the thorax : wingii four, erect, or none :
feet formed for walking : the abdomen generally armed with two horns.
\Pl.5.fg.9.)

The insects of this genus are small and defenceless ; but very nox-
ious animals, and most remarkable for the singularities in tlieir history
and manners. They seldom appear before autumn, when the males im-
pregnate their females, which soon thereafter lay eggs or rather a sort of
capsule in which the yoimg Aphides lie already perfectly formed, but
do not break their shell till the following spring. When they appear,
it is very remarkable that they are almost wholly females, with hardly
a male to be seen during the whole spring and summer. Notwith-
standing this, all these female Aphidea without any communication
with a male are able to propagate their species, and seem to have re-
ceived the genial influence not merely for themselves alone but for
their posterity to the ninth generation. During the whole summer they
are viviparous ; and if a young Apltis be taken immediately upon ex-
clusion from the mother, and kept apart, it will produce yoimg ; which
young, if also kept apart, will likewise produce, and so on, without the
presence of a male. Towards autumn, however, this singular fructifi-
cation begins to lose its wonderful effects; the J/'/i«/fs cease to bring

ORDEK III. I.F.PIDOPTCRA. 63

Ibrtl) fonialos only ; males likewise are produced, which immediately
celebrate their nuptial rite, that is to communicate fertility to the whole
female posterity of the following summer.

Genus 48. Chermes.

The rost7-um rising from the breast with a vagina and three inflected
seta>: antenna: cylindrical, longer than the thorax: rt/^gs four, de-
Hexed; thorax gibbous: feet formed for leaping. {PI. 5. Jig. 10.)
The larvoe of the insects of this genus are furnished with feet and
generally covered with down. In the perfect state they greatly resem-
ble the Ap/iidcs.

Genus 49. Coccus,

Antenna filiform : ubdomen furnished with two setse : rostrumxi^m^ from
the breast with a vagina and sctfe : tico erect nings in the males ;
none in the females. (P/. 5. Jig. 11.)
Sp. 1. Coccus Cacti.

This insect, so useful when properly prepared to painters and dyers,
is a native of South America, where it is found on several species of
Cactus, particidarly the Cactus Opuntia or Prickly-pear. The insects are
collected in a wooden bowl, thickly spread from thence upon a flat
dish of earthenware, and placed alive over a charcoal fire, where they are
slowly roasted imtil the downy covering disappears and the aqueous
juices of the animal are totally evaporated. During this operation the
insects are continually stirred aViout with a tin ladle, and sometimes
water is sprinkled upon them to prevent absolute torrefaction, which
would destroy the colour and reduce the insect to a coal ; but a little
habit teaches when to remove them from the fire. They then appear
like so many dark, round, reddish grains, and take the name of Cochi-
neal, preserving so little the original form of the insect that this pre-
cious dye was long known and sought in Europe before naturalists had
dcLermiued whether it was animal, vegetable, or a mineral substance.

Genus 50. Thrips.

Hustnan indistinct : antenna filiibrm, of the length of the thorax : hotlij
linear: aWowe?? curved upwards : -wings four, straight, lying upca
tlieback; longitudiual,narrow, and somewhat crossed. (P/. 5. Jig. 12.)
The insects of this genus are small, and arc found on the flow^ers of

various plants.

Orderlll. LEPIDOPTERA. (Glos?xt.k, Fabr.)

The insects of this order contain the butterflies, moths, and hawk-
moths; have all four wings covered with scales or a sort of farina:
they have a mouth (the jaws of which havclatcl) been di-scovered, de-

64 LliS'NEAN SYSTEM.

scribed and figured by Savigny in his Manoircs sitr ks Anunaux sum
Verttbres, Paris, 1816.), with palpi, a spiral tongue; the body covered
with hair. The scales resemble feathers : they lie over one another in
an imbricated manner, the shaft towards the body of the insect and die
expansion towards the end of the w-ing, reflecting the most brilliant co-
lours.

Genus 51, Papilio.

Antenna; clavate, gradually thickening towards their extremity: uings
when at rest erect and meeting upwards. All the insects of this ge-
nus fly in the day-time.

Linne in a peculiar and instructive manner divided this l)eautiful
and numerous tribe into sections, instituted from the habit or general
appearance, and in some degree from the distribution of the colour of
the wings.
Sp. 1. Pap. Mgchaon.

This is an insect of great beauty, and maj- be considered as the only
British species of Papilio. It is well known to collectors by the title of
tlie Swallow-tailed butterfly, and is of a beautiful yellow, with black
S]>ots or patches along the upper edge of the superior wings; all the
wings are bordered with a deep edging of black, decorated by a double
rov/ of crescent-shaped spots, of which the upper row is blue and the
lower yellow. The under wings are tailed, and are marked at the in-
ner angle or tip with a round red spot bordered with blue and black.
The larva of this species feeds on fennel and other umbelliferous
plants. It is of a green colour encircled vi'ith numerous black bands
spotted with red, and is furnished on the top of tlie head with a pair of
short tentacula of a red colour. In the month of July it changes into
the chrysalis or pupa state, fixed to some part of the plant on which it
feeds, and in the month of August the perfect insect appears. It fre-
quently happens that two broods of this butterfly are produced in the
same summer; one in May, having been in the pupa state all the winter,
the other in August from the pupa of July. {PL Q.Jiii- 1.)

Genus 52. Sphixx.

^?i/fw«(£ attenuated at each end: tongue m most species stretched out:

palpi two : wings deflected.

Some of the species of this genus are tlie largest of Icpidopterous in-
sects. They fly very swift, for tlic most part early in llie morning and
late in the evening, some of the smaller species during the day.
Sp. 1. Sphinx Eipcnor, ElephantHawk. {PL 6. Jig. 2.)

Genus 53. FHAL.iiNA.

Antenna setaceous, and gradually tapering from the base to the tip:
tongue spiral : the wings when at rest arc generally deflected.

ORDER IV. WtUROPTERA, 65

Moths fly abroad only in the evening and during the night, and ob-
tain their food from the nectar of flowers. The larva is active and quick
in motion, and preys voraciously on the leaves of plants.
Sp. 1. P. Quercus. Bombyx Quercus, Fabr. (P/. 6.fg. 3.)

Order IV. NEUROPTERA.

The insects of this Order have four membranaceous wings, generally
transparent with strong nervures. At the tail they have often an ap-
pendage like pincers, but no sting.

Genus 54. Libellula, Dragon-fly.
ilfoM^/t armed with jaws, more than t\vo: lip trifid: antenn<z shorter

than the thorax ; very slender and filiform : wings extended : the tail

of the male is furnished with a hooked forceps.

The insects of this genus are well known ; they are remarkable for a
long slender body and wings standing out at right angles. The larva?
have six feet, and move with great activity in the water : at the mouth
they are furnished with an articulated forceps : they are very voracious,
and are the crocodiles of aquatic insects. The larvie and pupaj are not
very different ; the latter have the rudiments of wings : in a fine day in
June, a person standing by a pond may observe them approach the
bank for the purpose of changing their element. Having crawled up
a blade of grass or bit of dry wood, the skin of the pupa grows
parched and splits at the upper part of the thorax. The insect issues
forth gradually, throws oft" its slough, in a few minutes expands its
wings, flutters, and then flies off". The sexual parts in the male are
placed under the thorax ; in the female at the extremity of the body.
Sp. 1. L. quadrimacidata. (PI. 7.flg. 1.)
Inhabits the banks of ponds, but is not common.

Genus 55. Ephemera.
Mouth v^ithout mandibles : palpi four, very short, and filiform : miutiUa

short, membranaceous, cylindrical, connected with the lip: antenna

short, and subulated : two large stemmata above the eyes : wings erect,

the hind ones very small : set£ at the tail.
Sp. 1. E. vulgafa. {PL T.flg. 2.)

This is the largest of the British species. In the evenings in the
month of June it assembles in vast numbers under trees near waters,
and seems to divert itself for hours together, ascending and descending
in the air as if dancing. In the neighbourhood of Luz, in Carniola,
these insects are produced in such quantities, that when they die they
are gathered to manure the land by the country-people, who think they
have been unsuccessful if each does not procure twenty cart-loads of
them for that purpose. Their larvae are the favourite food of fres'i-

£

66 LIXXEAN SYSTEM.

water fisTies, as are also the flies : they are more numerous in running
than in standing waters.

Genus 56. Phrygaxea.
Mouth with a horny, short, arched, acute mandible, without teeth ; and
a membranaceous maxilla: pa!pi four: sfanmof a three : anlenna ^e-
taceous, lonaier than the thorax : u-ings incumbent ; the hinder ones
folded. (FU.fg.S.)

Genus 57. Hemerobius.

Mouth with a straight horny mandible : a cylindrical, straight, cleft
?tiuxilla: ///) stretched forward and entire : four projecting, unequal,
filiform j5«/jDJ : no uteinmata : wings deflected, not folded: antenna se-
taceous, projecting, and longer than the thorax, which is convex.
The species of this genus in all their stages feed upon small insects,
especially the Aphicks; their larvge have six feet; in most species they
are oval and hairy ; the pupse are inactive, and inclosed in a case. The
eggs are deposited on leaves in the midst of Aphides; they are sup-
ported on small pedicles and set in the form of bunches. The larvie at-
tain their growth in fifteen or sixteen days, and the pupa incompkta re-
mains for three weeks before the fly comes forth.
Sp. 1. H. Ch?ysops. {PI. 7. Jig. 4.) Chrysops maculata, icacA.

Genus 58. Panorpa.
Mouth stretched out into a cylindrical horny rostrum : the mnndihk is
without teeth : maxilLe bifid at the apex : lip elongated, and covering
the whole mouth : pulpi four, nearly equal : stemmata three : antenme
filiform : the tail of the male armed with a chela, that of the femo,le
, unarmed.
Sp. 1. P. communis. {Fl. 7. Jig- 5. a. chela magnified^

Genus 59. Raphidia.
Mouth with an arched, dentated, horny mandible : a cylindrical, obtuse
horny maxilla: a rounded, entire, and horny Up: palpi four, very
short, nearly equal, and filiform : stcmmata three : zcings deflected : an-
tenn(£ filiform, of the length of the thorax; elongated before, and
cylindrical ; tail of the female with a lax recurved seta. {PI. 7. Jig. 6.)

Order V. HYMENOPTERA.

Wings four, membranaceous : mouth with maxillfe, and some of tliem
likewise a tongue. Between the large eyes they have generally three
stemmata. At the extremity of the abdomen the females of several of
the genera have an aculeus or sting, that lies concealed within the ab-
domen, which is used as a weapon, and instils into the wound an acid
j)oibon : those which want the sting, are furnished with an oviduct, that

ORDER V. HVMENOPTERA, 67

is often exserted, and with which the eggs are deposited either in the
bodies of tlie caterpillars ol" other insects, or in wood. From these eggs
the larv;e are produced, • which in some have no feet ; in others more
than sixteen. They change to pupa incompletcc, which are inclosed in
cases. Some of the insects of this Order live in societies, others are
solitary.

Genus CO. Cynips.
Mouth with a short membranaceous maxilla with one dent : an arched

horny mandible cleft at the apex : a short, cylindrical, entire, horny

Up : four short unequal palpi : antenna moniliform, aculeus spiral, and

in general hidden within the body.

The Cj/nipcs pierce the leaves, &:c. of plants with their sting, and de-
posit their eggs in the wound; the extravasated juices rise round it and
form a gall, which becomes hard, and in this the larva lives and feeds,
and changes to a pupa.

Sp. 1. C. Qucrcusfolii. {PI. B.fg. 1.)

The larva is found in galls, adhering to the under side of oak leave?,
of the size of hazel-nuts.

Genus 61. Tenthredo.
Mouth with a horny arched mandible, dentated within : jnaxillce obtuse at
the apex: lip cylindrical and trifiid: palpi four, unequal, and filiform.
The larvaj of the insects of this genus have from sixteen to twenty-
eight feet ; a round head : when touched they roll themselves together.
They feed on the leaves of plants. When full-grown, they make, some-
times in the earth and sometimes between the leaves of the plant on
•n-hich they feed, a net-work case, and within it change to a pupa in-
compkta, which for the most part remains during the ranter in the
earth. The species are very numerous, and consist of many natural
genera.

Sp. 1. T. Scropkularics. (PL 8.fg. 2.)
Inhabits the Water Betony.

Genus 62; Sirex.
Mouth with a thick, horny mandible, truncated at the apex, and denti-
culated : an incurved, acuminated, cylindrical, ciliated maxilla, and a
lip, both of them membranaceous and entire ; the whole short: palpi
four, the hind ones the longest, increasing towards their apex : an-
tenna filiform, with more than twenty-four equal articulations : ovi-
duct exserted, stiff, and serrated : abdomen sessile, terminating in a
point or spine : wings lanceolated, and not folded.
Sp. 1. S. Gi^as. (PL 8. Jig 3.)

Genus 63. Ichneumon.
Mouth with a straight membranaceous, bifid maxilla, rounded at the
apex, dilated, ciliated, and horny : an arched, acute, horny mandible,

e2

68 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

without teeth : lip cylindrical, emarginated, horny, and membrana-
ceous at the apex : palpi four, unequal, filiform : antenntE setaceous.
The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the bodies of caterpillars
or pupae, which are there hatched : the larvae have no feet ; they are
soft and cylindrical, and feed on the substance' of the caterpillar; this
last continues to feed, and even to undergo its change into a chrysalis,
but never turns to a perfect insect : when the larvse of the ichneumon
are full grown they issue forth, spin themselves a silky web, and change
into a. pupa incompleta, and in a few days the fly appears. The genus
is very numerous, upwards of 800 species are found in this country.
Sp. 1. I. Manife&tator. {PL 8.fg. 4.)

Genus 64. Sphex.

Mouth with an entire maxilla : a horny, incurved, dentated mandible :
a horny lip, membranaceous at the apex : palpi four : anteniia; fili-
form : the aculeus or sting concealed within the abdomen.
The insects of this genus form their cells in sand-banks, and they

are occasionally found on umbelliferous plants; the larva is soft, witlv

out feet, and lives in the bodies of dead insects in which the mother had

previously deposited her eggs.

Sp. 1. S. sahulosa. {PI. Q.fg. 5.)

Inhabits sand-banks : is common in Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Hamp-
shire coast, in June and July.

Genus 65. Chrysis.

Mouth homy and porrected : the maxille linear, much longer than the
Up which is emarginated : palpi four, imequal and filiform ; antenna:
filiform, the first articulation the longest, the remainder short: hody
shining and finely punctured, the abdomen arched underneath ; the
extremity, in most species, dentated : the sting somewhat exserted :
wings not folded.
The species of this genus inhabit sand-banks, old walls, or decayed

wood. They rarely appear but in the middle of the day, and then only

when the sun shines.

Sp. 1. C. bidentata. {PI. S.fg. 7.)

Genus 66. Vespa, Wasp.

Mouth horny ; maxillce compressed ; palpi four, unequal and filiform ;

antennre filiform, the first articulation the longest, and cylindrical ;

ei/es shaped like a crescent; body smooth; the sting hid within the

abdomen ; the upper wings folded in both sexes.

The insects of this genus live in society; they prey on insects that
have naked wings, particularly bees and flies; the larva is soft and with-
out feet; the pupa is motionless. Wasps make a hive of a substance
like paper formed of wood reduced to a paste; the combs are horizontal.

ORDER V. HYMENOPTERA. 69

and have only one row of hexagonal cells, flat at bottom, the month
turned downwards, which serve only lor holding the young. Every hive
is begun by a mother, who at first deposits a few eggs, from which neu-
ters are produced, or working wasps, who assist her in increasing her
work and in feeding tlie young afterwards produced. Neither males
nor females are produced till towards the month of September. Be-
fore that time there are none in the nest but the iemaleandthe neuters
she has engendered. The females remain in the nest. The males do
no work. Wasps feed their larva; with insects, meat, and the frag-
ments of fruits. Towards autumn they are said to kill such of the larva;
and pupK as cannot come to perfection before the month of November.
The males and neuters perish themselves during winter, and none re-
main but a few impregnated females to perpetuate the species.
.Sp. 1. V. Crabro, the Hornet Wasp. {PL 8. fg. 8.)
Inhabits Europe, generally forming its nes:t in the trunks of trees.

Some little caution is necessary in taking the insects of this species, as
without care the entomt<!ogist is subject to be stung by them. I have
found that the bag net(P/. 11..%. 4.) is the best means of taking them.
The insects when secured in the net should be gently trodden upon,
TiOt sufficiently to injure, but merely to numb them ; a pin shoidd then
be passed through the thorax, and the insect placed in the pocket box.

Genus 67. Apis, Bee.

Mimth horny : maxilla and lah'mm membranaceous at the apex : tongxie
inflected : pa/pii'our, unequal and filiform : antenna: filiform : zihigsnot
folded: aculcits in the females and neuters concealed in the abdomen.

Sp. 1. A. retiisa, Lirm. {kiwaXn) pennipes, (male) {PL Q- Jig. 9. male.)
Mr. Kirby has described upwards of 200 indigenous species of this

genus in his admirable work entitled Monograp/iia Apum Anglite, 2 vols.

iJvo. This work is indispensable in the library of every entomologist.

Genus 68. Formica, Ant.
Palpi four, unequal, with cylindrical articulations, seated on a sub-
membranaceous cylindrical lip : antenna filiform ; between the thorax
and the abdomen a small erect scale : the stivg concealed in the ab-
domen, and possessed only by the females and neuters. The males
and females only have wings.

All the species of this genus are of three sorts, males, females, and
neuters. The neuters alone labour; they form the ant-hill, bring in
the provisions, feed the young, bring them to the air during the day,
carry them back at night, defend them against attacks, &c. The fe-
males are said to be retained merely for laying eg_gs, and as soon as
that is accomplished they are unmercifully discarded. The males f.,i:d
females perish with the first cold; the neuters lie torpid in their nest.
Sp. 1. F. herculanea. {PI 8. fg. 10.)

70 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 69. Mutilla.

Mouth horny, without a tongue : maxilla membranaceous at the apex,
the hp projecting, o])conical, bearing on its apex four unequal palpi
with obconical articulations : antenna filiform . In general the males
are winged, and the females are apterous : body pubescent ; sting
concealed.

Sp. 1. Mutilla europcEU. (PL 8. fg. 11. male.)

Order VI. DIPTERA.

This Order includes all those insects that have but two wings, and
behind, or below them, two globular bodies, supported on slender pe-
dicles called Halteres orpoisers. At the mouth they have a proboscis,
sometimes contained in a vagina, and sometimes furnished at its sides
with two palpi but no maxilla. Their eyes are reticulated and large.
The females, in general, lay eggs, but some are viviparous; the larva
of the insects of this order are as various in their appearance as the
places in which they are bred. In general they do not cast their skins,
but change into a pupa state.

Genus 70. Oestrus, Gad-JJy.
Hausfcllum retracted within the lips, which are tumid and grown to-
gether with a small pore and no palpi ; the vagina is membranaceous,
cylindrical, obtuse, including three membranaceous seta; which are
flexible, short, and reflected; antenna: short and setaceous.
The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the nostrils or in the skins
of horses, oxen, rein-deer, goats, and sbeep; their larva is bred, and
feeds on the fat of these animals, or on the matter which is generated
in the wound. It is soft and without feet : in some species it has at the
extremity two hooks, which it vises to assist it in walking. These hooks
are wanting in the larvag which reside in the skins of oxen and rein-
deer. When full grown the larvae let themselves fall on the ground,
they enter the earth and change into an oval hard pupa. The perfect
insect takes no food. [Mr. Bracy Clark has written an excellent paper
on the insects of this genus, published in the third voliune of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society ; which has been re-published with
additional remarks, and entitled an Essay on the Bots of Horses, &c.
4to, 1815.]
Sp. 1. 0. Bovis. (PI. 9. Jig. 1.)

Genus 71. Tipula.
Mouth furnished with a very short proboscis, membranaceous, grooved
on the back, and receiving a bristle; a short haustellum without a
vagina; two incurved palpi, equal, filiform, and longer than the head j
antenna in most species fililbrm.

ORDER Vr. DIPTF.RA. 71

The insects of this genus hve on garbage; the lan'a? ha\'e no feet,
they are cylindrical and soft ; they feed on the roots of plants under
which they live; the piipns are motionless and cylindrical, with two
horns before, dentatcd behind. Some species live in the water, and
either swim or roll themselves up in a case.
Sp. 1. T. okracea. {PL 9. fig. 2.)

Genus 72. Musca.
Mouth with a fleshj' iexserted proboscis ; two equal lips and a hauslcUum

furnished with setae, and two short jaa/yj/ ; anteiuut in most species

short.
Sp. 1. M. inaiiis. {PL 9. fg. 3.)

Genus 73. TAEA^us.

Mouth with a straight exserted membranaceous proboscis, ending in an
ovate cajtitulum or knob; with two equal tips ; huustcUum projecting,
exserted, and received into a groove in the back of the proboscis ;
tagina imivalve, with five setcc and two equal palpi, the last articula-
tion of which is thicker than the rest ; anteniKC short, approximate,
cylindrical, with seven articulations ; the third generally largest, and
armed with a lateral dent.
The insects of this genus suck the blood of animals. They are of a

dull plain appearance, but their large eyes are in general beautifidly

coloured — these colours fade after they *are dead.

Sp. 1. r. tropicus. {PL 9. Jig. 4.)

Genus 74. CtaEX, the Gnat.
With an exserted, univalve, flexible zagina; five seta; palpi t^vo, con-
sisting of three articulations; uafennce filiform.
Sp. 1. C. pipiens. {PL 9. Jig. 5.)
Inhabits Europe and the northern parts of Asia and America.

This insect is frequent in the neighbourhood of waters and marshy
places. In southern regions there is a larger species which is knowa
by the name of Musquetoe. Its bite is painful, raising a considerable
degree of inflammation, and its continual p'ping note is exceedingly
irksome where it abounds, especially dvuing the night. When it settles
to inflict the wound and draw the blood, it raises its hind pair of feet.
In Lapland, the injuries the inhabitants sustain from it are amply re-
paid by tlie vast numbers of water-fowl and wild-fowl which it attracts,
as it forms the favoarite food of their young.

Genus 75. Empis.
Hausfdlum inflected ; vagina univalve, with three setae and a proboscis ;
palpi short and filiform; antenn<£ setaceous.
The changes of these insects are unknown; they are common on

7*2 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

flowers and in gardens ; their head is small and round, the thorax gib-
bous, the feet long, the proboscis small and inflected.

Sp. 1. E.pennipes. (PL 9. fig. 6.)

Genus 76. Conops.
MoM^A with a porrected, geniculated rostrum; antenna clavated; thp

clava acuminated.
Sp. 1. C maa-ocephala. {PI. 9. fig. 8.)

Genus 77. Asilus.
Mouth with a straight, horny, bivalve haustelluin, which is gibbous at

the base; antenna fiUform.

The insects of this genus live by preying on those of the Dipterous
and Lepidopterous orders. When they are at rest, their wings in
general are incumbent on the abdomen, which is long and small, often
hairy, particularly the feet, and these end in small claws. Their larvje
feed in the earth, on the roots of plants : they change into a pvpa
coarctata, beset with setfe.
Sp. 1. A. crahronifoi-mis. {PI, 9. fig. 9.)

Genus 78. Bombylius.
il/ouM with a very long setaceous, straight, bivalve haustellum ; the

valves unequal, with three setae; tuo short hairy palpi; antennae subu-

lated, united at the base.

The insects of this genus, while they fly, suck the nectareous juices
of flowers.
Sp. 1. B. tnajor. (P/. 9. fig. 10.)

Genus 79. Hippobosca.
Mouth with a short, cylindrical, bivalve haustellum ; the valves equal ;

antenncc filiform ; feet with several claws.

The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood of animals; and
stick so fast to their skins, that they must be torn before they can be
taken off".

Sp. 1. H. equina. {PL 9. fig. 11.)

Order VII. APTERA.

In this Order Linne arranged (if we except tlie Flea, Louse, and Le-
pisma,) animals widely different from genuine insects : I shall only
enumerate the names of Lmne, and the Classes they constitute. The
characters of the numerous tribes and genera into which they are dis-
tributed, are fully detailed in the article "Annulosa " in the Supplement
to Encyc. Brit. vol. 1. part 2.

The following genera belong to the Class Insecta, the characters of

ORDER Vir. APTERA. 73

which will be found in Dr. Leach's System, viz. Lepisma, Podura, Pe-
DicuLus, PuLEX, and Termes. Genera Acarus, Phalangium, Ara-
NEA, and Scorpio, belong to the Class Arachiividea. Genera Cancer,
MoNocuLus, and Oniscus, to the Class Crustacea: Scolopendra and
JuLus, to the Mi/7'iapoda. The characters of the above enumerated
Classes will be given hereafter.

fc3" It should be observed that those of the above genera, to which
are affixed the names of other authors, are not to be found in the writ-
ings of Linne, but have been adopted in the various translations and
editions since the twelfth of the Si/steina Nutwa ; and are generally re-
ceived by those who adhere to that system. The following sj^noptical
view from the 12th edition of the Systeina Natura, will show the extent
of Entomology as left by Linne himself.

Order I. COLEOPTERA.

* Antennae clavatedor gradualltj increasing.
ScARABa;us, LucANUs, Dermestes, Hister, Byrkhus, Gyrinvs,
AttelabuSj Curculio, Siepiia, Coccixella.
** Antennec filiform.

BrUCHUS, CaSSIDA, PtINUS, ChRYSOMELA, HiSPA, MeLOE, TEXEr

EKio, Lampyris, Mordella, Staphylinus.
*** Antenna setaceous.

CeRAMBYX, LePTURA, CaNTHARIS, ElaTER, CiCIJiDELA, BUPRES-

TEs, Dytiscus, Carabus, Necydai.is, Forficula.
Order IL HEMIPTERA.
Bi.atta, Gryllus, Cicada, Notonecta, Nepa, Cimex, Aphis,
Chermes, Coccus, Thrips.

Order III. LEPIDOPTERA.
Papilio, Sphinx, Phal^ena.

Order IV. NEUROPTERA.

LiBELLULA, Ephemera, Phryganea, Hemerobius, Panorpa
Raphidia.

Order V. HYMENOPTERA.

Cyxips, Tenthredo, Sirex, Ichneumon, Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa,
Apis, Formica, Mutilla.

Order VT. DIPTERA.
CEsTRUs, Tipula, Musca, Taeanus, Culex, Empis, Conops,
AsiLus, Bombylius, Hippobosca.

Order ^TI. APTERA.
The genera of the animals of this Order are already enimierated ;
any furtlier observation Avill therefore be unnecessarv.

74 MOD£RN SYSTEM.

ON THE

DIVISION OF ANIMALS from their ORGANIZATION,

It is the object of comparative anatomy to point out the dift'erence
which each organ presents when considered in every animal : Vjut this
exposition would prove very tedious and intricate, were we obliged at
every step to enumerate all the animals in which particular organs have
a uniform structure. It is certainly much more convenient to indicate
them all at once under the name of a class or genus which may com-
prehend the whole : but to enable us to form this arrangement, it is ne-
cessary that all the animals which compose a genus or a class, should
possess some resemblance not only in one, but in all their organs.

Nature never oversteps the bounds v/hich the necessary conditions
of existence prescribe to her : but whenever she is uncontined by these
conditions, she displays all her lertility and variety. Never departing
from the small number of combinations that are possible between the
essential modifications of important organs, she seems to sport with in-
finite caprice in all the accessary parts. In these there appears no ne-
cessity for a particular form or disposition. It even frequently happens
that particular forms and dispositions are created without any apparent
view to utility. It seems sufficient that they should be possible; that
is to say, that they do not destroy the harmony of the whole.

Among these numerous combinations there are necessarily many
which have common parts, and there are always a certain number
which exhibit very few differences. By the comparison therefore of
those which resemble each other, we may establish a kind of series
which will appear to descend gradually from a primitive type. These
considerations are the foundations of the ideas from which certain na-
turalists have formed a scale of beings, the object of which is to exhibit
the most perfect, and terminating with the most simple kind of organ-
ization— v.'ith that which possesses the least numerous and most com-
mon properties ; so that the mind passes from one link of the chain to
the other, almost without perceiving any intei-val, and, as it were, by
insensible shades.

The object of system is to reduce a science to its simplest terms ; by
reducing the propositions it comprehends to the greatest degree of ge-
nerality of which they are susceptible. A good method in comparative
anatomy must, therefore, be such as will enable us to assign to each
class and to each of its subdivisions, some qualities common to the .
greater part of the organs. This object is to be attained by two dif-
ferent means, which may serve to prove or verify one another. The
first, and that to which all men will naturally have recourse, is to pro-
ceed from the observations of species to uniting them in genera, and

DIVISION OF ANIMALS. 75

to collecting thorn into a superior order, according as we find ourselves
conducted to that classification hy a view of the whole of their attri-
butes. The second, and that which the greater part of modern natu-
ralists have employed, is to fix beforehand ui)on certain bases of divi-
sions, agreea1)ly to which, beings, when observed, are arranged in their
proper places.

The first mode cannot mislead us; but it is applicable only to those
beings of which we have a perfect knowledge : the second is more ge-
ncrall}- practised, but it is subject to error. When the bases that have
been adopted remain consistent with the combinations which observa-
tion discovers, and when the same foundations are again pointed out
bv the results deduced from observation, the two means are then in
unison, and we may be certain that the method is good. On the ana-
tomy of animals, science is most deeply indebted to the learned, acute,
and indefatigable Cuvier, who has contributed more than all others,
(save Hunter,) to our accurate knowledge of the characters on which
the classes are founded. The whole animal kingdom is by Cuvier
divided into four great types : —

1st. That of the animals which have their brain and the principal
part of their nervous system inclosed within vertebra-, and their mus-
cles attached to a bony skeleton. - - _ _ ^'ERTEBRosA.
2dly. Those that have no skeleton; whose niuscles are attached
■ to their skin, and whose nervous system is irregvdar in its form and
distribution. ________ Molhsca.

odly. Those that have no skeleton ; whose muscles are attached to
their skin, which is hard, or to processes proceeding from it; and whose
nervous system consists of a series of knots or ganglia, brought into
communication by two longitudinal nervous cords. - Annulata.
4thly. Those whose bodies are radiated, and in whom no nervous sy-
stem has been discovered, and who have but one opening for the recep-
tion and rejection of their food. - - Radiata or Zoophytes.

The animals which come under my observations in this work, be-
long to the type Aumilata, and the classes to which they belong may
readily be distinguished by the following characters.

* Gills for respiration. Classes.

Legs sixteen: antenuce two or four. - - 1. Crvstacea.

** Sacs for respiration.
Legs twelve: antennje none : - - - 3. Arachn(3idea,

*** Trachea: for respiration,

a. No antenna:.

---4. ACARI.

b. Two antemue.

Six thoraciclegs : abdomen also bearing legs : - 2. Myriapoda.
Six thoracic and no abdominal legs - - 5. Insecta.

76 MODERN SYSTEM.

Class I. CRUSTACEA.

History. — "All the Crustacea, as their name imports, are covered by
integuments composed of crustaceoiis materials, more earthy than
those which envelope the Myriapoda, the Arachmidea, and Insecta. The
greater portion of these animals live on puti'id or decomposing animal
substances, and in all the sexes are distinct."

To the kindness and liberality of my much respected friend Dr.
Leach, I am indebted for the above passage and following review (which
he has since published in the eleventh volume of the Blctionnaire des Sci-
ences Naturelles) of the rise and progress of Crustacea; which is selected
from his valuable manuscripts.

" The ancients were well acffliainted with the Malacostraca (MaAa-
y.dcrrpa.'KOi), M-hich they placed between the JVIollusca and Fishes. Ari-
stotle has dedicated a chapter to the species known to him; Athena;us
has eniunerated those used as food; and Hippocrates has made mention
of such species as were considered to be useful in medicine. To the
observations of Aristotle very little was added by Pliny; and from his
time until that of Rondcletius, Belon, Gesner, Aldrovandus and John-
son, (who likewise placed them between the Mollusca and Fishes,) lit-
tle or nothing was done that tends in any way to illustrate their natural
history or structure. Linne, in the first (1735) and subsequent editions
of his Systema Natura^ placed all the Crustacea amongst the apterous
insects, in the genera Monoculus, Cancer, and Onisciis.

" The Crustacea were arranged by Brisson (Jiegnum Animate) along
with the Myriapoda and Arachn'uidca, being placed between the Fishes
and Insects, under the Class Crustacea.

" Fabricius in his Systemn Entomologicc (1775) distributed these ani-
mals into two Classes: 1. Synonatita, comprehending Monoculus and
Oniscus, which he associated with Ephemera, Phryganea, Podura, Ten-
th-cdo, and other genuine Insects: 2. Agonata, containing Cancer, Pa-
gurus, Scylturus, Astacus, and Gammarus, to which he also added Scorpio.
The same author in his Specks (1781) and Mantissa Insectorum (1787)
maintained the same general distribution; adding in the former of those
works the genus Scjuilla, and in the latter Hippa, removing in each
work the genus Scorpio from the Agonata. In the second volume of
his Entomologia Systematica (1793) his class Syngnatha contained only
genuine Insects, the Onisci being rem.oved to a new division named Mi-
tosata, where they were associated with the Myriapoda ; the rest he still
placed with the Agonata, to which he added the genus Limulus, Cymo-
thoa and Galathea.

*' Latreille in his Precis des Caract'eres des Jnsectes (1796) (a work
which commences a new fera in the science of Entomology, and in
which, for the first lime, the distribution of Insects into families is in-
dicated), considered the Crustacea as forming three Classes or Orders

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 77

of Insects: LLcs Eutomostracis (pfMuller): Q. Le's Crustads: 3. Les
]\Ii/)-i(ipodcs.

" In that excellent little work Le Tableau Elementau-e de VUhtoire
Nutureilc des Animaui-,par G. Cuvier (1797), the Crustacea are arranged
with the Insccfa, Arachmidea, and ^luriupoda, under a division entitled
' Imectes pourvus de Mdchoires, et sans Ailes,' where they are placed at
the head of the Insects, in a limited and well defined section (A.),
which he afterwards, in his Lemons d'Anatomie Comparee, established
on anatomical principles, as a distinct class, named Crustaccs.

" In 1798 Fabricius published a Supplement to his last work, in
which, by the aid of the Baron de Daldorff, he established several new
genera, and amended the arrangement of the whole.

"Lamarck in his Systcme des Animaux sans V€7'tebres (ISOl) adopted
the Crustacea as a peculiar class. This system was adopted by

" BosC; who in the same year publish-ed his Histoire Naiurelle des
Crustaccs faisant Suite a Sedition de Buffon par Castel, in a\ hich for the
tirst time we are made acquainted with his interesting genus Zo'ea.

"' Latreille in his Histohe Naturelle des Crustaccs et des Insectes, torn. S.
(1802,) adopted the class Crustacea, and distributed the genera compos-
ing it into two subclasses; 1. Erdomostracis : 2. Malacostraccs: exclud-
ing however the Tetraceres, {Asellidcr, and Oniscida,) which he referred
to a sub-class of Insects.

" Dumeril {Zoologie Analytique, 1806) arranged these animals into
1. Eutomostracls, and 2. Asfacoides, excluding Oniscus, A.rmndillo, &c.
which he placed with the apterous insects.

" Latreille in the same year produced his celebrated Genera Crm-
taceorum et Insectorum, where they are divided into Entomostraca and
Malai:ostraca, the Tetracera being referred to the Insects.

"The same author in his Considerations Gtwera/es, &c. (1810) fol-
lowed the same divisions, referring however the Tetracera to the Arach-
noidea.

" In the seventh volume of the Edinhurgh EncT/dopcedia, article 'Crus-
taccoiOgy,''Dr. Leach distributed the Crustacea into three Orders : 1. En-
tomostraca: 2. Malacosfraca: 3. Myriapoda: in which the Tetracera
v.-ere included. In the Appendix, however, he divided the Tetracera
from the Myriapoda (which he established as a distinct Class), and
placed them with the Malacosfracain an Order named Gasteruri, w^here
they were associated with the Gammeridtz, and considered the Mala-
costraca and Entomostraca as sub-classes. This opinion he has since
maintained in a paper published in the eleventh volume of the Tram-
actions of the Linnean Society of London, in the first volume of the Sup-
plement to the Encyclopedia Britannica, and in the Bulletin des Siiiencei
for 1816.

" Blainville in his Prodrome d'une Nouvelle Distribution Si/steynnfiqur.
(Bull, des Sciences, Sj-c. 1816) has arranged the Crustacea into tine?
Classes: 1, Dkapodes: 2. Heteropodes: 3, Tefrcide<npode$.''

MODERN S\3TJt>VI.

Class I. CRUSTACEA.

Classification. — The Crustacea form tvvo large groups or sub-
classes. The first of these, the Malacostraca, have a pair of mandibles
and two pair of maxilla; bearing palpi, and eight pair of legs furnished
with branchiffi at their bases : all the genera that do not present the
above characters are referred to the artificial assemblage denominated
Entoniostraca.

Subclass 1. Entomostraca — Legs branchial, or furnished with ap-
pendages : mandibles wanting or generally simple : ei/es sessile or pe^
duncuiated.

Subclass 2. Malacostraca. — Legs simple, without appendages :
mandibles palpigerous : fi/es pedunculated or sessile.

Subclass 1. ENTOMOSTRACA."

The animals of this subclass are but little known, and consequently
their arrangement is extremely imperfect. Some of the genera are pa-
rasitic, being found on the bodies of other animals, and some even un-
dergo transformation during their growth.

The following arrangement is artificial, but is well calculated to
enable the student to discover the Genera.

Division I. — Bodi/ covered by a horizontal shieU : eyes sessile.

Subdivision 1. — Shell composed of but one part.
* With jaws.

Genus 1. APUS, Cuvier, Latr., Leach. Apos, Scopoli.

SM/crustaceous-membranaceous,orbiculate-ovate, behind deeply emar-
ginate: the back (with the exception of the anterior part) carinated:
eyes two, inserted at the anterior and middle part of the back ; some-
what prominent, slightly lunate, approaching each other, especially
anteriorly, where they touch each otlier : antenna two, short, some-
what filiform, biarticulated, scarcely exserted, inserted behind the
mandibles : mandibults two, corneous, somewhat cylindric, short, hol-
low within, points arcuated and compressed, the extreme apex straight
and very much denticulated : legs branchial and very numerous.

The Api inhabit stagnant waters and ponds.

Sp. 1. Ap. Montagui. Carina of the shell produced into a point behind :
anterior legs with articulated setee : no lamella between the caudal
setcE. Encycl. Brit. Sup. i. P/. '20.

Inhabits England near Christchurch in Hampshire, where it was dis-
covered by Montagu, and was named after him by Leach.

Apus productus of Latreille is s}'nonyraous with the Linnean Mono-
ciilus Apus.

CLASS r. CUUSTACEA. 79

*f With a rostrum, but no jaws : antcnncs tzio.
Genus 2. CALIGUS, MiilL, Lafr., Bosc, Leach.

Shell coriaceous-membranaceoiis, bipartite ; the anterior segment in-
versely corditbrm, very deeply notched behind (the notch receiving
the hinder segment, which is round), the anterior part subproduced,
notched; the laciniae at their base externally bearing antenna?: an-
tenna biarticulatc, the first joint thickest, the second with a simple
seta at its extremity : abdomen narrower than the thorax, with its base
contracted and bearing the hinder legs, its extremity on each side
with a rounded process of the-length of the body : rostrum rounded,
rather more slender towards its apex, which is obtuse : legs fourteen,
anterior; second and fourth pairs with a strong claw; the second
pair short; the tliird slender, elongate, the last joint double, with
unequal lacinia? ; the fifth, with the last joint on one side setose, the
setcE ciliated on each side; the sixth with a double triarticulated tar-
sas, the last joints on each side setose, the seta? ciliated on each side;
the seventh pair with its last joint trifid : the hinder segment of the
thorax iien'^ath, terminated by a large broad lamella, ciliated behind.

Sp. -i. C'v/'. Malkri. Leach, Encycl. Brit Supp.,vol. 1. Fl. 20.

Inhabits the common cod-fish.

Genus 3. PANDARUS, Leach. Caligus, Mull, Latr., Bosc.

Shell coriaceous-membranaceous, composed of but one part, deeply
notched behind; the angles acute; the middle of the notch toothed ;
anteriorly narrower, rounded, with a process on each side externally
bearing the antennae : antenna; composed of two joints, the second
joint terminated by several setse : abdomen somewhat narrower than
the shell, the base above with two transverse lamellae, the first of
which is Ibur-lobed, the second bilobate : the apex notched, with two
filaments longer than the body, wdth a lamella at their base above :
rostrum elongate, attenuated, inserted behind the anterior legs : legs
fourteen; anterior pair short, terminated by a short claw, and arising
■from beneath an ovate process ; second pair with a double, unequal
tarsus; third pair without any determinate form, without any claw;
fourth pair bitid ; fifth and six pairs bifid, their coxoe connected by &
lamella; seventh pair bifid, the exterior lacinia longest, with a notch
extei-nally towards its apex.

Sp. 1. Fund, bicolor. Shell and the middle of the abdominal laraelbe
black; tail with filaments double the length of the body.

Pandarus bicolor. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Sv.pp. vol. 1. PI. 20.

Inhabits the Squalus galeus of Linne.

Genus 4. ANTHOSOMA, Leach.
SAeK coriaceous-membranaceous, unipartite, rounded before and behind;
the anterior part as if uni-lobate, the lobe higher than the shell, be-
hiiid on each side, bearing the antennae : antennce six-jointed: ubdu-

80 MODERN SYSTEM.

men much narrower than the shell, on every side imbricated with
membranaceous, foliaceous lameilfe, which surround or embrace
it: two of the lamella; are dorsal, the one being placed over the
other; the other lamellce are placed on the sides of the belly, three
on each side ; apex of the abdomen terminated by two very long fila-
ments, and with two shorter filaments below them : rostrum elongato-
cylindric, inserted behind the anterior legs, furnished at its extremity
with two straight ^^orneous mandibles: /fgssix; anterior pair three-
jointed, the second joint near the apex above unidentate, the last ter-
minated by a claw; second pair triarticulated, the last joint ovate,
compressed; third pair biarticulate, the second joint very thick, in-
ternally dentated, armed at its extremity by a strong claw.
Sp. 1. Anth. Smithii. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Supp. vol. 1. Fl. 20.

This species was discovered sticking to a shark which was thrown
ashore on the coast of Exmouth, in Devon, by T.-Smith, esq.

Division II. — Body covered hi/ a bivalve shell: ei/es sessile.
Subdivision 1. — Head porrected.
Genus 5. DAPHNIA, Midi, Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Et/e one only : antcmuc two, branching.
Sp. 1. Daph. Pulex. Tail infle.xed: shell mucronate behind.
Monoculus Pulex. Linne, Fabr.
Inhabits ponds and marshes.

Subdivision 2. — Head concealed.
Genus 6. CYPRIS, MvlL, Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Antenna terminated by a brush.

The animals of this genus inhabit pools and ditches containing
pure water ; they swim with very great rapidity, and whilst in mo-
tion conceal their whole body within their shell, which is truly bi-
valve.
Sp. 1. Cyp.conchacea. Shell ovate, tomentose.
Monoculus conchaceus. Linn., Fabr. Cypris pubera, Midi. Cypris

conchacea, Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France, Germany, and England.

Genus T. CYTHERE, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Antenna simply pilose.

This genus v/as first discovered and established by Miiller, whp
first observed all the species described in his Entomostraca. It is di-
stinguished fi-om Cijpris by the antennae, which are not terminated by
a pencil of hairs. The legs are eight in number, and are rarely drawn
within the shell, which is really bivalve.

The Cytheres have no tail, and their antennae, like thos' -^^ ^^'^e Cy-
prides, have their articulations pilose. They have but one cj- .. All
the species inhabit the sen. and m?.y be found among the conferva

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 81

and corallines, which fill the pools left by the tide in most of the

rocky coasts of Europe.
Sp. 1. Ci^th. viridis. Shell reniform, velvety, and green.
Inhabits the European ocean. Is occasionally lound on the shores of

Scotland amongstywc/ and conferva.

Division III. — Body covered neither h/ a bivalve shell nor shield. Ei/c one,

sessile.

Genus 8. CYCLOPS. Mull., Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

Body ovate-conic, elongate : eye one, situate on the thora.x : antcnnce
four, simple : legs eight.

All the animals of this genus inhabit fresh waters. The females
carry their eggs in a pouch resembling a bunch of grapes on each
side of the tail. The organs of generation of the male are placed in
the antennae; those of the female, beneath the belly, at the base of
the tail, which is abruptly narrov.cr than the abdomen. The antenme
are hairy at the base of their joints.

Sp. 1. Cyc. Geofft-oyii. Tail straight and bifid ; colour 4)rownish.

Monoculus quadricornis. Linni, Fuhr. Cyclops quadricornis. Mull,,
Latr., Bosc. Cyclops Geoffroyii. Leach.

Genus 9. POLYPHEMUS, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Ceph.\lo-
cuLus. Lamarck.
Eye ons, forming the head: legs ten; two bifid, elongate, and extended

horizontally.
Sp. 1. Pol. Oculus. Body luteous, with a few blue spots.

The only species known of this genus. It inhabits lakes and
marshes; and is subject to very considerable variation in size and
colour.

Division IV. — Body covered by neither a bivalve shell nor shield. Eyes
pedunculated.

Genus 10. BRANCHIOPODA. Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

Body filiform and very soft : head divided from the thorax by a very
narrow but distinct neck : eyes two, lateral : antenna two, short, two-
jointed, capillary, inserted behind and above the eyes -.front v>'ith two
moveable processes (which are broader towards the apex in the male
sex), that are notched, those of the female furnished with a papilla at
their point. The organs of generation are situate at the base of the
tail.

Sp. 1. Br. stagnalis. Body transparent, of a light brown colour, slightly
tinged with green or blue, particularly on the head and legs.

Cancer s^-^j'-alis. LAnni,. — An interesting account of this species is
given by (he late Dr. Shaw in the Transactions of the Linncun Socir/y
Pt London, vol. i.

82

MODEHN SYSTEM.

Subclass II. MALACOSTRACA.

A very valuable work is now publishing by Dr. Leach, in quarto, and
illustrated with highly finished engravings, entitled, Mal.\costraca
PoDOPHTiiALMA Britanm/e, in which the whole of the indigenous spe-
cies hitherto discovered of this subclass are figured. It is necessary to
state that this gentleman has spared neither pains nor expense to ren-
der the work comjiletc, having with unexampled zeal and perseverance
amassed together one of the finest collections ever formed, which is,
with the remainder of his cabinet, consisting of insects, shells, &c. de-
posited in the British ]\IuseiuTi, and, under certain restrictions, may
always be consulted by students of Zoology.

Legion I. PODOPHTHALM A.

" The Malacosfi-aca Fodophthahna include those animals which, in
common language, are denominated Crabs, Lobsters, Cray-fish, Prawns,
Paudals, and Shrimps, all of which have the power of reproducing their
daws when they are lost."

Order I. BRACHYURA.

A. Abdomen of the male Jive-jointed, the middle joint longest ; of the
female seven-jointed. Anterior pair of legs didactyle. {Shell trvn~
cate behind. Two anterior legs of' the fiiale elongate, of the female
moderate.)

Fam. I. CoiiYSTiD^E. Leach.

Antenna long, ciliated on each side.

Genus 1. COllYSTES. Latr., Leach.
External antenna: longer than the body ; the third segment composed of
elongate, cylindric joints : external double palpi with the external foot-
stalk narrow; the second joint largest, having its internal side dee))ly
emarginate : anterior pair of legs, of the male twice the length of the
body, subcylindric, the hand gradually somewhat thicker and some-
what compressed; of the female, of the length of the body, with a
compressed hand : other legs with tibias and tarsi of equal length :
ckws elongate, straight, acute, and longitudinally sulcated : abdomen,
of the male, with the first joint linear-transverse; the second longer,
and produced on each side; third, nearly equally quadrate; the fourth
transverse, and narrower than the third ; the fifth narrower, nearly
triangular, with the tip rounded ; of the female, with six joints trans-
verse, arcuated- in front; seventh triangular, witli the apex rounded:
iliell oblong-ovate, anteriorly slightly rostrated, behind margined ;

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 83

et/cs not thicker than their bonding-backward peduncles: orhlts above

with one fissure.
-Sp. 1. Cor. casshrlauntis. Shell granulated, crenulated behind; front

bifid; the sides tridentate.
Cancer cassivelaunus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. t. 7. male and female.

Herbsf, i. 195. t. 12. /. 72. male. Cancer personatus. Herhst, 193.

t. 12. f. 71. iemale. Alburnea dentata. Fair. Snpp. Ent. Syst. 398.

Bosc, Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, ii. 4. Corystes dentatus. Lntr. Corystes

cassivelaunus. Leach, ]\lulac. Podop/i. Brit. t. 1.
Inhabits most of the sandy shores of the European ocean, and is often

thrown up after heavy gales of wind.

Genus 2. ATELECYCLUS. Leach, LatreiUe.

JLrtenuil antentue half the length of the body; the third segment com-
posed of elongate and cyhndric joints: cvfernal double palpi w'lih the
second joint of the internal footstalk shortest, with the internal apex
produced, and the internal side nutched towards the joint; anterior
legs of the male longer than the body, with a compressed hand :
other legs with tibiie and tarsi of equal lengths, furnished with elon-
gate, quadrate nails that are longitudinally sulcated, having their tips
naked, rounded and sharp, the hinder ones obscurely subcompressed ;
abdomen of the male with the first joint transverse, linear, twice the
length of the second ; the third much elongated, narrower towards
its extremity, the apex nearly straight; the fourth subquadrate, with
the anterior angles produced; fifth liask-shaped, with a very sharp
extremity; of the female, with the first five joints transverse qua-
drate, anteriorly notched ; the last elongate, subtriangular behind,
subproduced : shell subcircular, the sides gradually converging into
an angle behind ; hinder part truncate and granulate-margined : eyes
jiarrower than their footstalks; orbits behind with two fissures, be-
low, with one.

^^. \. At.heterodo)i. Shell granulated, the sides with seven serrulated
teeth, and other smaller teeth between some of the other teeth :
front with three serrulated teeth, the middle of which is the largest.
Leach, ]\[alac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 2.

This elegant crab was discovered by Montagu on the southern
coast of Devon, where it is not an unconnnon species in deep water.
•To the fishermen it is well known by the name of Old Alans Face
Crab.

Fam. II. Portunid.t:. Leach.

Antenna moderaXe, simple: hinder pair of legs with compressed claws.

Genus 3. PORTUMNUS. Leach.
F^i/es not thicker than their peduncles : orbits entire ; anterior pair of
tigs equal ; other legs with compressed claws, internally towards their
base dilated ',frfili pair with a compressed, foliaceous, lanceolate daw ;

F 2

84 MODERN SYSTEM.

abdomen ofilit male ivith the fourth joint elongate : shell with the
transverse and Iciigitndinal diameters the same.
^p. 1. For. varkgatus. Shell obscurely granulated on each side, with
five teeth, the second and third somewhat obsolete; front with three
teeth; wrists internally with one tooth. Leach, Maine. Fodoph. Brit.
I. 4. male and female. Cancer latipes. Fcnn. Brit. Zool. iv.3. t. \.j\ 4.
female.

Plane first discovered this species on the shores of the Adriatic
sea. It burrows beneath the sand, where it may be found by dig-
ging?; at low water, on most of our sandy shores.

When living it is most beautifully mottled, and the legs are 6f a
luteous-orange colour.

Genus 4. CARCINUS. Leach.
£»/es narrower than their peduncles: ori/7s behind and beneath with
one fissure : anterior pair of legs unequal, th.e hands externally
smooth ; hinder pair compressed, and slightly fcJrmed for swimming :
fibdonien of the male with the fourth joint transverse, and scarcely
narrower than the third: shell with the transverse diameter greatest.
Sp. 1. Car. Manas. Shell with five teeth on each side; front with three

rounded teeth or lobes : hands with one tooth, wrist with a spine.
Cancer Manas of authors. Car. Ma;nas. Leach, Malac. Fodoph. Brit,
tab. .5.

This most common species inhabits all the shores and estuaries of
Britain; It burrows under the sand, or conceals itself beneath fuci
and .atones. It is sent to London in iimnense quantities, and is eaten
by the poor.

Genus 5. PORTUNUS. Fabr., Latr., Base, LatJi., Leach.
F.ifes much thicker than their peduncles ; orbits behind, with tvvo fis-
sures, below with one fissure : abdomen of the male with the fourth
joint transverse : anterior piizV- o/* /egs somewhat unequal, the hands
externally with elevated lines, arms generally unarmed; hinder pair
compressed, foliaceous, and formed for swimming : shell with the
transverse diameter greatest; the sides with five, rarely with six,
teeth.

* Hinder clazos With an elevated longitudinal line ; external double
palpi zvith the second joint of their internal footstalk truncate at their
internal apex.

a. Orbits at the insertion of the antenna imperfect. Wrists bi-
dentate.

Sp. 1. For. puber. Antennas half the length of the body: shell pu-
bescent ; front with many teeth.

Cancer puber. Linne. Cancer velutinus. Fenn. Bnt. Zool.iv.Q. pi A.
fig. 8. Po/timus puber. JUach^ Mai, Fodoph. Brit, tab, (i.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 85

Iulial)its the southern coasts of Devon, In France it is used as an ar-
ticle of food.

b. Orbit intcrnuUi/ sU^htli/ imperfect. Wrists unidentute.

S'^. 2. Par. corrugatus. bheU convex, with transverse serrate-granulate
ciliated lines, the side with five teeth on eacii side, the three hinder
of which gre more acute; front tiiiobate, tiie lobes subgranulate-ser-
rate^ the middle one largest; hands above, unidentate; hinder claws
with sharji points.

Cancer corrugatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. p/. 5. fig. 9. Portvmus corru-
gatus. Ixacb, Trans. Linn. Soc. \[. 31J. — Mid. Podoph. Brit. tub. 7.
fg.lA'9..

inhabits the British seas.

** Hinder claus icithoiU the elevated line. Exter?iul double palpi
with the intcrnalape.x of the second joint oflUe internal footstalk emur-
ginate. Orbits inlernulh; beneath the inscr-tion of the antenncc imperfect.

Sf. 3. Por. marmoreus. Shell convex, cbsoletely and slightly granu-
lated, with live nearh equal teeth op. each side; front with three
equal teeth, with rounded points; hands smooth, with one tooth
Jibove; hinder tarsi with acute points.

Cancer {pinnatus) marmoreus. Montagu's MSS. Portimus marmoreus.
Leach, Mulacost. Podoph. Brit. tab. 8.

This elegant species, which dei-ives its name from its colour, was
discovered 1)3' G. Montagu, esq. It is very common on the sandy
shores of southern Devon, froiu Torcross to the mouth of the river
Ex, and is frequently found entangled in the shore-nets of the tisher-
inen, or thrown on the shore after storms.

Fam. III. Cance?.ii/.i;. Leaches MSS.
Antenna simple, short: four hinder pair of legs simple.

Genus 6. CANCER of authors.

External antcjuus short, inserted bet^veen the internal canthus of the
eye and the front; internal antenna placed in foveolae in the middle
of the clypeus, with their peduncle nearly lunate : external double
palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk notched at the
internal apex: shell emarginate behind; or^jY^ behind with one fis-
sure, and externally with onefold: beneath with one fissure, and
externally with one fold : anterior p^ir cflegs unequal.

Sp. 1. Can. Pagurus. Shell granulated with nine iblds on each side;
Iront with three lobes.

This species is the com.mon crab oi Britain. It is considered to
be in season between Christmas and Easter, and about harvest, being
much esteemed as an article of food. Its natural history is but little
know n. During the summer months it is very abundant on all our
rocky coasts, especially where the water is deep. At low tide they
are often found in holes of rocks in pair:?, male and female ; and if

86 Modern system-

the male be taken away, another will be found in the hole at the next
recess of the tide. By knowing this fact, an experienced fisherman
may twice uday take, with little trouble, a vast number of specimens,
after having once discovered their haunts. In the winter they are
supposed to burrow in the sand, or to retire to the deeper parts of
the ocean. They are taken in wicker baskets, resembling mouse-
traps, or in large nets ^vith open meshes, which are placed at the
bottom of the ocean and baited with garbage.

Genus 7. XAIMTHO. Leach.
Exierruil antenna very short, inserted in the internal corner of the eye ;

internal untenme received in a foveola imder the prominent margin

of the clypeus, the peduncle sublincar : external douhle palpi, with the

second joint of the internal footstalk, notched at the internal apex!

shell submargined behind: orbits entire above, below externally with

one fissure: anterior pair of legs unequal.
Sp. 1. Xan.Jlorida. Wrists above, with two tubercles : shell on each side

with four obtuse teeth, the interstices cut out: fingers black.
Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 85. t. 2. f. 1. Cancer incisus. Leach,

Edin. Encijcl.Vn. 391. Xantho incisa. Ixach, Edin. Enei/cl. vii. 430.

Xantho florida. Leach,Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 320. — Suppl. to Enci/cl. Brit,

—Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 11.

B. Abdomen in both sexes seven-jointed. Txco anterior legs didactyle.
Division I. Eight hinder legs simple, and alike infonn.
Fam. IV. PiLUMNiD.E. Leach's MSS.

Shell anteriorly arcuated, the sides converging to an angle : tico anterior
legs unequal.

Genus 8. PILUMNUS. Leach.
External double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk

with the internal apex truncate emarginatc : dazes simple, with naked

tips.
Sp. 1. Fil. hirtellus. Body and legs bristly: shell with five teeth on

each side : claw somewhat muricated on the outside.
Cancer hirtellus. Linn., Venn., Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. Pilumnus hirtellus.

Leach, Suppl. to Encycl. Brit. Leach, Mai. Fodoph. Brit, tab, 12.
Inhabits the south coast of Devonshire.

Fam. V. OcYPODAiDJE. Leaches MSS.
Shell quadrate or subquadrate : e;t/es inserted in the front,
* Shell (juachate. Eyes with a long peduncle.
Genus 9. PINNOTERES.Xf/;;'., jBo«f,ifrtc/(. Alph^us. Baldorff.
Antennae very short (the first three joints largest), inserted in the inte-
rior corner ol" the eyes: external double palpi, with the internal foot-

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 87

Stalk, one-jointed : anterior "pair of Ici'x unequal : eyes thick ; s,hcH
ovate-orbicular, orbiculate-quailratc, or transverse subquadrate.

All the species of this most interesting genus inhabit the bivalve
shells of the acephalous Motluxca, and were svqiposed liv the ancients
to be consentaneous inmate,, with the animal, bound by mutual in-
terest.

Aristotle supposed them to act as sentinels, and believed that they
guarded the Pinna (the animal in whose shell they were tirst observ-
ed) from the attacks of its enemies, llondeletius and some other
naturalists held the same opinion.
Sp. 1. Pin. Cranc/iii. .Shell orbiculate-subquadrate, soft, very smooth,with
the sides dilated behind : front straiglit, obscurely subemarginate :
hands oblong below, and the thighs a!)ove with a ciliated line:
thumb subarcuate: abdomen very ))road; the sides of the segment
arcuate; the second and following ones distinctly notched; the fifth
segment somewhat broader; the last narrower than the preceding
segment. Fanak.
Pinnoteres Cranchii. Leach, Malacost.PodopIi. Brit. tab. 14. fig. 4. .5.

The male of this species, which was discoveredby Mr. J. Cranch,
whose name it bears, is unknown. It is distinguished from P. Pisiim
(the common species) by the form of the front of the shell, which is
straight, and slightly notched ; by the dilated hinder part of the shell,
and by the abdomen, all the joints of which, excepting the first, are
distinctly notched behind.

** Shell quadrate. Eyes with a long peduncle.

Genus 10. GONOPLAX. Leach. Ocypoda. Bosc.
Eyes terminating their jieduncle : anterior pair of legs equal ; of the

male very long; of the tcmale twice the length of the l)ody : antenntz

half the length of the body, inserted at the internal canthus of the

eyes.

The animals of this genus inhabit the ocean, preferring such parts

as have a slimy bottom. They burrow laterally in the clay or slime,

making two entrances to their hole; entering by one and going out

by the other.
Sp. 1. Gun. hispinosa. Shell on each side with two spines : arms above,

and wrists internally, with one spine.
Cancer angulatus. Penn. Brit.Zool. iv.t.5.f. 10. Fair. Siippl. Entom.

Syst. 311. Ocypoda angulata. Eo.sc, Hist. Nat. des Crust 1. 19R.

Gonoplax hispinosa. Leach, Trans. IJnn. 6'oc. xi. 323. — Edin. Encycl.

— Supp. to Encycl. Brit. — Mul. Podoph. Brit. tub. 13.
Inhabits the British sea. It is not uncommon at Salcombe and in

Plymouth sound; and likewise occurs at Weymouth, and at Red

Wharf in Anelesea.

88 MODERN SYSTEM.

Division II. — Shell rostrated in front. Eight hinder legs alike, and simple,
Fam. VI. — Maiad^. Leach.
Subdivision 1. — Fingers dejlexed.
Genus 11. EURYNOME. Leach.

External antenna rather long, with the first joint shorter than the se-
cond: s/fc// verrucated, anteriorly terminated by a bifid rostrum with
divaricating lacinias : eyes distant, thicker than their peduncle which
is of moderate length : external double pa/pi with the interior point of
the second joint of their internal footstalks truncate-emarginate : an-
terior legs equal ; of the male, three times the length of the body ; of
the female, longer than the body.

Sp. 1. Ei(r. aspera. Anterior legs and thighs tuberculated : shellwith
eight tubercles on the back that are more elevated than the others,
which are irregular and margined with hairs ; the sides with four la-
mella? • rostrum with simple acuminate lacinifE.

Cancer aspera. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. Eurynome aspera. Leach, Edin.
Encycl, vii. 431. — Malac. Vodoph. Brit. tab. 17. — Tt'ans. Linn. Soc. xi,
3'26.

Inhabits the British seas,

Suljdivision 2. — Fingers not dejlexed. External antenntz tcith the first
joint simple. Anterior pair of legs distinctly thicker than the rest.
Genus 12. PISA. l£nch. Blastus. Leach, Edin. Encycl,
External antenna with clubbed hairs, the first joint longer than the se-
cond : external double palpi with the second joint of the internal foot-
stalk with its internal apex truncate or emarginate : claws internally
denticulated: sj^eZ/ villose; the lacinia; of the rostrum divaricating:
orbits behind with two, below with one fissure.

* Shell densely villose, the sides on each side behind terminated with
a spine.
Sp. 1. Pisa Gibbsii. Eostrum descending: shell with a spine behind

llie eyes on each side; arms and thighs simple.
Cancer biaculeatus. Montagu, Trails. Linn. Soc. xi. 2. t. 1. f. 1. Pisa
biaculeata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 431. Pisa Gibbsii. Leach,
Linn. Trails, xi. 327. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 19.
Inhabits deep waters on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

** Shell villose, with spiny sides.
Sp. 2. Pisa tetraodon. Shell on each side with six spines; two small,

the rest larger.
Cancer tetraodon. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 7. t. 8. f. 1.5. Maja tetraodon.

Pose, Hist. Nat. des Crust. 1. 254. Blastus tetraodon. Leach, Edin.

Encycl. vii. 431. Pisa tetraodon. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. tQ

Encycl. Brit. i. 415. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 20.
inhabits the south-west coast of England.

CLASS I. rnrsTACEA. 89

.Siil){Hvision 3. — Fhigcrs not deflcxed. F^rtcrnal nntcnntF nifh ihch- first,
joint simple. Anterior pair q/' legs scarcely thicker t/ian lite others, zi-lnck
are moderateh/ long.

Genus 13. JMA.TA. Lam., iMtr., Base, Leach.

H, eternal antenna with tlie two first joints thickest, and of nearly equal
length : shell convex ovate-suLtriangular, veiv spiny : ci/es not thicker
than their elongate peduncle : external double palpi with the second
joint of their internal footstalk deeply notched at its internal apex:
elates with naked sharp points.

Sp. 1. Maj. Squinado. Shell fasciculate-pilose; orbit above, with one
spine; the sides with five strong spines: clypeus beneath the front
with a short spine excavated above.

Cancer Squinado. lierbst, iii. t. 5G. (lidl grown.) Ll.'i. t. 14./. 85. 81.
junior. Cancer iNIaja. Seopoli Entom. Cam. \\Q.Q. Sozvcrbi/'s Brit. Mis-
cell, t. 39. Maja Squinado. Lutr. Gen. Crust, ct Insect, i. 37. Base,
Hist. Kat. des Crust, i. 237. Leach, Edin. Enei/cl. vii. 394. 431.
-T-Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 310. — Siipp. to Enet/cl. Brit. i. 415. — Maine.
Podoph. Brit. tab. 18.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall. By the fishermen
it is named Thornback or King-crab.

Subdivision 4. — Fingers not deflcxed. Erternal antennas tcilh the fint
joint externally dilated.

Genus 14. IIYAS. Leach, Siipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 415.
fiheU elongate-subtriangular, subtubcrculated; the sides behind the

eyes produced into a lanceolate projection : rostrum fissured, the la-

ciniaj approximating: extcr/ial anlennte with the first joint dilated,

larger than the second : external double palpi with the second joint

emarginate at the internal apex.
Sp. 1. Hj/as araneus. The lastitbrm process behind the eyes tuberculated

behind.
Cancer araneus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 1044. Cancer Bufo. Hcrbsf, i. 142,

t. 17. _/". 39. Hyas araneus. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 437. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 329. — Mul. Podoph. Brit. tab. 21. a.
Inhabits the Scottish sea in great plenty; on the English coast it is

mure rare.

Subdivision 5. — Second, third, fourth, and Jifth pair of legs alike and slender.

Genus \i. INACHUS. Fabr., Leach.
Shell slightly spined, with a spine on each side protecting the eye when
retracted : eyes distant, scarcely thicker than their peduncles : exter-
nal double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk trun-
cate at its internal point: external anlennce with the three first joints

90 MODERN SYST£M.

thickest: second pair of legs thicker than the following ones: claws
curved.

Sp. 1. In. Dorsetlensis. Beak short, emarginate ; the clypeus beneath
produced into a spine : slicll anteriorly, with four, little tubercles
placed transversely ; then with three spines, the anterior one strong-
est; behind with three strong sharp spines, the middle one gene-
rally longest and strongest, forming a slightly recurved line; hinder
margin witli two distinct obsolete tubercles.

Cancer Dorsettensis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. pi. 9. Jig. 18. Cancer
Scorpio. Fabr. Sp. List. i. 504. G/nel. Si/st. Nat. i. 2078. Herbst, i.
237. 130. Inachus Scorpio. Fabr. Ent. Si/st. Sitpp. 353. Rlacropus
Scorpio. Lutr. Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, et des Insect, vi. 109. Maja Scor-
pio. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 252. Tnachus Dorsettensis. Leach,
Edin. Enci/cl.vn .431. — Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 22. fg. 1 — 6.— Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 330.

Inliabits the British seas.

C. Abdomen in both se.vcs six-jointed. Two anterior legs didact^/le.

Fam. VII. Lituodiad.t:. Leach's MSS.
Fifth pair of legs minute, spurious.

Genus 16. LITHODES. Latreilk, Leach.

External double palpi with narrow cylindric footstalks : ei/es approximat-
ing at their base : s/(t'// very spiny, anteriorly rostrated.

Sp. 1. Lith. Maja. Legs and shell with sharp spines: beak spiny, with
the tip bifurcate : fingers with tufts of hair.

Cancer Maja. Linn. Si/^t. Nat. 1016. Cancer horridus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
7. pi. 7. Jig. 14. Inachus Maja. Fabr. Ent. S^st. Supp. 358. Maja
vulgaris. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 251. Lithodes arctica. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Bisect, i. 40. Lithodes Maja. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.vW.
395. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 332. — Supp. to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 416. — Mai.
Podoph. Brit. tab.2\.

Inhabits the Northern sea, and in our seas is very rare, or at least very
local ; occurring only on the rocky shores of Yorkshire and of Scot-
land.

. Fam. VIII. Macropodiad^.

Second, third, fourth, and fifth pair of legs alike and slender. Eijes not
rctniclilc.

Genus 17. MACROPODIA. Leach. Macropus. Latr.

Shell slightly spined ; beak long and fissured : eyes distant, subreniform,

much thicker than their peduncles : external antenna half the length

of the body ; the second joint three times the length of the third :

external double palpi slender ; the internal footstalk with the two equal

CLASS I. CRtTSTACKA. 91

joints : palpi very hairy, the middle joint shortest, the third a little
longer than the tirst: /«>«?■ anterior clmvs with their tips bent:/ow
hinder ones abruptly curved at their base.

Si>. 1. Mac. P/i(i/(inffiiim. Beak acuminate, much shorter than the an-
tenna; : shell behind the rostrum, with three tubercles placed in a tri-
angle, the hinder tubercle largest : arms internally subscabrous and
hirsute.

Cancer Phalangimn. Penn. Brit. Zool.iv.Q.pl.O.fg. 17. Macropus
longirostris. Lcitr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. Macropodia longiroslris.
Lcae/i, Edin. Enci/el.vn. — Zuol. Misc. ii. 18. — Trans. Linn. Sac. xi. 331.
—Mai. Podop/i. Brit. tab. 23.

Inhabits the moutlisof rivers, and is very common in Great Britain.

D. Abdomen of both ."exes four-Jointed. Y'rco anterior legs diductylc.

Fam.IX. Leucosiad.i;.
Genus IR. EBALIA. Leach.

Shell rhomboidal, produced in front; the sides entire: anterior pair of
/fir-s' depressed, much larger than the rest ; arms subangulated; fin-
gers subdeflexed : external pedipalpes with their external footstalk li-
near: abdomen of the male with its last joint at its base furnished
with a dentiform process.

Sp. 1 . Eb. Pennantii. Shell granulated, with an irregular elevated cross :
abdomen with 3 — G joints confluent.

Cancer tuberosus. Penn. Orn. ZooL iv. 8. t. 9. A.f. 19. Ebalia Pennan-
tii. Leach, Muluc. Podoph. Brit. t. 25. f. 1—6. cJ & Q .

Order II. MACROURA.

This Order contains the Families Pagurii, Palinurini, Astacini, and
Sijuillares of Latreille.

Division I. — Tail on each side with simple appendices,

Fam. I. Pagurid.e. Leach.
Legs ten ; anterior pair largest and dactyle.

Genus 19. PAGURUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach.
External antennte with the second joint of their peduncle with a move-
able spine affixed to the apex above : abdomen membranaceous : tail
three-jointed, crustaceous; the second joint on each side appendicu-
lated : four hinder legs spurious, short, didactyle.

The curious economy of the genus Pagurus attracted the attention
of the ancients. One species is well described by Aristotle.

All the species are parasitical, and inhabit the cavities of turbi-
nated univalves. They all change their habitation during their
growth, first occupying the smallest shells, and latterly those of very

€<♦

MODERN SYSTEM.

tonsidcralile dimensions. The abdomen is naked and slender, being
covered merely with a skin of a delicate texture ; but its extremity is
furnished with appendages, by means of which it secures itself within
the shell of which it makes choice. It is really astonishing with
what facility these animals move, bearing at the same time the shell,
which is destined to preserve the body from injury and to guard them
from tiie attacks of fishes, which would otherwise devour them. All
the species are tenned indiscriminately Soldier-crabs and Hermit-
crabs, from the idea of their living in a tent, or retiring to a cell.

Sp. 1. Pag. Strchlonyx (common Soldier-crab). Arms hairy, muricated,
the left largest; hands subcordate, fingers broad.

Cancer Bernhardus of Pennant and other English authors. Pagurus Stre-
Llonyx. Maf. Pcdoph. Brit. tab. 'iQ.fg.llyA.

Inhabits the European ocean, and is very abundant in the British seas,
inhabiting various kinds of univalve shells, changing its habitation
as it grows. Pagurus araneiformis, Edinb. Encycl.xn. 396, is merely
the young of this species.

Division II. — Tail on each side zvith foUac€OUS appendages, forming uith
the middle tail-process n fan-like Jin.
a. Interior antenna: rcith verif long footstalks.

T^xn. II. PALij:t7BiD.i:. Leach.
External antcnn<£ setaceous, and very long: legs ten, alike and simple.
Genus 20. PALINURUS. Dald., Eabr., Lam., Latr., Base, Leach.
The animals of this genus have the power of producing a sound
by rubbing their exterior antenna; against the sides of the projecting
clypeus.
Sp. 1. Pal. vulgaris.
Astacus liomarus. Pciin. Brit. Zool.iv. 'i6.pl. 11. Leach, Mai. Podoph.

Brit. tab. SO.
Inhabits the European ocean. It is commonly eaten in London, and is
sometimes denominated Spiny-lobster or Sea Cray-fish.

Fam. III. Galate.^d;e.

External cntcnncp very long and setaceous : legs ten, anterior pair didac-
tyle, fifth pair spurious.

Genus 21. PORCELLANA. Lam., Latr.,Bosc, Leach.

External double palpi with the first joint of the internal footstalk di-
lated internally : shell orbiculate subquadrate.

Sp. 1. Par. platychclcs. Anterior margin of the shell with three entire
teeth : claws very large and much depressed : wrists internally den-
ticulated; hands externally deeply ciliated.

Cancer platycheles. Penn. Brit. Zool.iv. 6. pi. 6. & 12. Porcellana pla-
tycheles. Latr. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii.

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 93

Iiiliubits the rocky shores of the southern and western coasts of Bri-
tain, concealing itself beneath stones, to the underside of which it
adheres closely.

Genus 22. GALATEA. Leach. Galath£.\. Fair., Lutr., Law.,
Base, Leach.
E.cfernal double palpi with the internal edge of the first joint not dilated :
shell ovate.

* Roslriim acumhiate, acute, uith four spines on each side. Anterior
kgscompi-cssed. Abdomen with the sides of the segments obtuse. 'Lull
with the intermediate lamella triangular, the tip emarginate, the apex
of the lacniia: rounded. Interior antenna with the first joint of the
peduncle trispinose>

a. Second joint of the internal J'oot stalk of the external double palpi
longer than the first.

Sp. 1. Gul.squamifera. Anterior legs granulate-spinose : hands exter-
nally subserrated : wrists and arms internally spinose.

Galatea Fabricii. Leach, Supp. to Encj/cl. B/it.i. 419. pi. '21. Gala-
tiiea squaniifera. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 340. — Mai. Podoph. Brit,
tab. 28. A.

b. Second joint of the internal footstalk of the external double palpi
shorter than the first.

Sp. 2. Gal.spinigera. Anterior legs subgramilate squamose; above and
on each side spinose : arms externally without spines.

Astacus strigosus. Penn. Brit. Zool. i\. IS. pi. 14. Cancer {Astacus) str'y-
gosus. Herbst, tab. 26. /". 2. Galathea strigosa. Fabr., Lair., Leach.
Galathea spinigera. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tub. 28. B.

** Rostrum elongate, spiniform ; the base on each side bispincse.
Anterior pair of legs subcijUndric. Abdomen with the sides of the seg~
inents acute. Tail uith the intermediate lamella transverse-quadrate ;
the apex subemarghiate. Interior antenna with the frst joint of the pe-
duncle four-spined. [External double palpi zcith the first joint oj the in^
temal footstalk longer than the second.)
Sp. S. Gal. rugosa. Anterior legs spinose, especially internally-: abdo-
men with the second segment anteriorly with six; the third with
four spines.
Astacus Bamffius. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. pi. 27, Galathea rugosa.
Fabr., Bosr, Latr. Cancer rugosus. G7nel. St/st. Nat. i. 2985. Ga-
lathea longipeda. Lam. Si/st. dcs Anim. sans Vert. 158. Galathea Banif-
£a. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 398. Galathea rugosa. Leech, Alalac,
Podoph. Brit. tab. 29. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 341.
Inhabits the European ocean and Mediterranean sea. It is very Ti'^fi
in Britain, but has been found en ihc Bamffshire coa-it and in Ply.
ijlouth sound.

fl4 MODERN SYSTEM.

I). Interior antenna with moderate footstalks.

Farm. IV. Astacid.^. loach's AISS.
Antennts inserted in the same horizontal line, interior ones with two
setae, the exterior ones simple : legs for walking ten, anterior pair of
these largest.

Stirps 1. — Exterior lamella of the tail composed of one part.

Genus 23. GEBIA. Txuch.

Two anterior legs equal, subdidactyle, with the thumb short: interior ait-
tenna with an elongate petluncle; the secondjoint shortest, the third
largest and cylindric : external double palpi with the third joint of the
internal footstalk shortest: tail with hroad lamelke; the exterior
ones costated, the middle one quadrate.

Sp. 1. Gieb. Delt'dura. Alxlomcn with the back membranaceous : tail with
the apex of the exterior lamella dilated and somewhat rounded; in-
terior one truncate, and formed like the Greek delta.

Gebia deltaura. Lcacli, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3-lQ. — Mul. Fodoplu Brit,
tab. 31. fig. 9, 10.

Inhabits beneath the sand on the southern coast of Devonshire, and is
found by digging to the depth of two or three feet.

Genus 24. CALLIANASSA. Leaeh.

Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, very unequal ; second
pair less; third pair monodactyle ; fourth and fifth pairs spurious:
internal antennae witli an elongate biarticulatc peduncle, the second
joint longest: exfcnuil double palpi with the secondjoint of the inter-
nal footstalk largest and compressed: tail with broad lamella^; the
middle process elongate-triangular, with the apex rounded.

The thorax anteriorly abruptly subacuminate; the rostriform pro-
cess divided from the shell by a suture : anterior pair of legs very
much compressed, the hand articulated : the larger leg with the base
of its wrist furnished with a curved process.

Sp. 1. Cal. subterranea. Shell with the rostriform process with one lon-
gitudinal ridge, the point rounded.

Cancer Astacus subterraneus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. Callianassa
subterranea. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 400. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 343.
'-Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit.'i. 420. — Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 32.

This animal lives beneath the sand on the sea-shore. It was first
described by Montagu, who found it by digging in a sand-bank in
the estuary of Kingsbridge, on the southern coast of Devon.
Genus 25. AXIUS. Leach.

Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, and somewhat im-
equal; third, fourth, and fifth pairs furnished with a compressed
claw: interior antenna with a three-jointed peduncle, the first joint
longest : external double palpi with the two first joints somewhat large

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 95

and unequal: tail broad; the intermediate lamella elongate-trian-
gular.

Sp. 1. Ax. Stiri/itchtis. Rostrum margined, the middle carinated : thorax be^
hind the rostrum, with two elevated abbreviated lines notched behind-

Axius Stirynchus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 343. — Siipp. to Encycl,
Brit. i. 4'20.—Mal. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 3S.

Inhabits the British sea.

Stirps 2. Exterior luiuella of the tail bipartite : external antenme with a
spine-shaped squameatthe first joint of tlie peduncle: anterior pair
of legs didactyle.

* Et/es subglobosc, not thicker than their peduncles.
The coxfE of the third pair oi" legs of the female, of the fifth pair
of the male, perforated. These perforations are lor the passage of
the semen and of the eggs ; and although placed differently in other
genera, yet they serve the same functions.

Genus 26. ASTACUS. Uach's MSS.

Abdomen with the sides of its segments obtuse : middle tail lamella com-
posed of one piece.

Sp. 1. Ast, Gummarus. Rosti'um on each side with four teeth, and with
one on each side of its base.

Cancer Gammarus. Linn. Si/st. Nat. \. 1050. AstacusGammaRis. Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 9. pi. 10. Astacusmarinus. Fubr. Snpp. Eat. Si/st.406.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 5 1. Astacus Gammarus. Leach, Edin. En-
cycl. vii. 398. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 344. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 420,
This species, which is the common lobster of our markets, inhabits
deep clear water at the foot of rocks which hang over the sea. They
breed during the early summer months, and are very prolific, Baxter
having coimted no less than 12,444 eggs under the abdomen. In
warm weather they are very active ; they have the power of spring-
ing backward in the water to a most astonishing distance into their
holes in the rocks, as has been frequently observed by naturalists of
credit. Their food consists of dead animal matter, and, it is said, also
of sea-weed. The female is stated to deposit her eggs in the sand, hvii
tlie young state is not known.

The common lobster inhabits the European ocean. It is found in
very great abundance in the North of Scotland; but is much more
common on the coast of Norway, from whence the London markets
are for the most part supplied.

Genus 27. POTAMOBIUS. Leach's MSS.

Abdomen with the sides of its segments sharp : middle Jail lamella bi-
partite.

Sp. 1. Pot.Jiuviatilis. Rostrum laterally dentated, the base with one
tooth on each side.

Cancer Astacus. Linn. Si/sl. Nut. 1.1051. Astacus astucus. Penn.

§6

MODEKN SYbTrM.

Brit. Zool. i •, 14. pi. 15. fig. 27. Astacus fiuviauli;:;. Fabr., Latr.^
Leach.

** Eyei rcnlfoi^n, abruptlj/ shorter than tlicir peduncles.
ITie coca of the third pair of legs of the female, of the fifth pair
of the male, perforated.

Genus 28. NEPIIROPS. Leach.
External antenna: with the first joint of their peduncle furnished at its

apex with a squama, which is produced beyond the apex of the

peduncle.
Sp. 1. Neph. Noz-vegkus. Abdomen with hairy areola; ; shell somewhat

spiny in front.
Cancer Norwegicus. Linn. S^st. IN^r/. i. 1053. Astacus Norwegicu.';.

Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. IT. pi. 12. fig. 21. Nephrops Norwegicus.

Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tub. 36.
Inhabits the northern parts of Europe. It is found in the Frith of

Forth during the summer months, often attaching itself to the line;?

of the fishermen : colour, when living, flesh red. Fabricius, Bosc,

and Latreille, cannot have seen this animal, since they all describe

it as having four instead of six didactjde legs,

Fam. V. Pal.'emoxid.e.

External antennit with a large squama at their base.

Stirps 1. — External antennce inserted in the same horizontal line with
the interior ones, which have two setas : tail with the external la-
mella composed of but one part.

Genus 29. CRANGON. Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Second pair of legs didactyle, of the same length with the third pair :

pedipalpes with their last joint obtuse at its point.
Sp. 1. Cran. vulgaris. Thorax behind the rostrum, and on each side, aj

well as the arms beneath with a spire.
Cancer Crangon. IJnnc. Crangon vulgaris. Fabr., Leach, Mai. Pod. Br.

t. 37. B. Common Shrimp.

Genus 30. PONTOPHILUS. Leach.

Second pair of kgs didactyle, much shorter than the third pair : pedi-
palpes with the last joint acuminated.

Sp. 1. Pont, spinosus. Thorax with five ranges of spines, disposed
longitudinally ; three ranges dorsal and one on each side.

Pontophilus spinosus. Leach, Mai. Pod. Brit. t. 37. A.

Discovered by C. Prideaux, esq., amongst some rubbish from Ply-.
mouth Sound ; a second specimen was afterwards taken ofif Falmouth
by the late John Cranch, Zoologist to the Congo Expedition.

•Stirps 2. — External anteniue inserted below tlie internal ones ; interior
ones with two setie inserted in the same horizontal line : exterior la-
Tfiella of the tail bipartite.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 97

Genus 31. PROCESSA. Leach. Nika. JJ/sso.
Anterior pair of legs, with one side didactyle, the other armed with a
simple claw : second pair unequal, didactyle, slender ; one very long,
with the wrists and fore arm many-jointed ; the other shorter, with
the wrists many-jointed ; other legs terminated hj' simple claws.
Sp. 1. Pro. canalicidata. Base of the I'ostrum with one tooth; inter-
mediate lamella of the tail longitudinally canaliculated.
Processa canaliculata. Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 41.

The thighs of the third and fourth pairs of legs are spinulose be-
neath; at the base of the rostrum there is an elevation dividing it
from the thorax.

The above species, which forms the type of the genus, was dis-
covered at Torcross, on the southern coast of Devon, by Montagu.

Stirps 3. — External antenna: inserted below the internal ones; interior
ones with two setje, one placed abo\e the other. {External lamella
of the tail composed but of one part.)

a. Internal anicnncs with the supej'ior seta excavated helozc. Claws

spinulose.
Genus 32. PAXDALUS. Leach.

Anterior pair of legs adactyle; second pair didactjle, unequal. External
double palpi with the last joint of the internal footstalk longer than
the preceding joint.

Sp. 1. Pan. annuUcornis. Rostrum ascending, many-toothed, apex
notched ; inferior antenns annulated with red, and internally spinu-
lose.

Pandalus annulicornis. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. iO. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 346. — Suppl. to Encycl. Brit. i. 421,

Genus 33. HIPPOLYTE. Leach.
Four anterior legs didactyle : external donhls palpi witli tlie last joint of

the internal footstalk shorter than the preceding joint.
Sp. 1. Hip. varians. Rostrum straight, witli two teeth above and below j

shell above and beneath the eyes with one spine.
Hippolyte varians. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Encycl.

Brit".!. 4:21.— AM. Podoph. Brii. tab. 38. fg. 6—16.
Inhabits the rocky shores of the south of Devon. It varies much in

colour, being often found red, green, and blueish green.

b. Internal antennce zvith the superior seta not excavated. Claws simple.

Genus 34. fEN^US. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

Six anterior legs didactyle : external double palpi witli five exserted joint?,
the last of which is obtuse.

Sp. 1. Pen. trisulcatus. Thorax trisulcated behind ; rostrum descend-
ing, multidentate above.

G

98 MODERN SYSTEM.

Penaeus trisulcatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Eneycl.

Brit. i. 421. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 42.
Inhabits the Welsh Sea.
Stirps 4. — External antenna: inserted below the internal; internal

ones with three setae. {External lamella of the tail composed of but

one part.)

Genus 35. PAL^MON. Fahr., Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair smaller than the second pair ;

external double palpi with the last joint shorter than the preceding

joint.
Sp. 1. Pal. serratus {common Praicn). Rostrum ascending above, with

from six to eight teeth, the apex emarginate ; below with from four

to six teeth.
Astacus serratus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 19. {pi. 16. fig. 28.) Cancer

(Astacus) Squilla. Herbst, ii. 55. tab. 27. {fig. 1.) Palsemon Squilla.

Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 54. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.vii.AOl. Pa-

Lxmon serratus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 348. — Supp. to Encycl.

Brif. i. 421.— iVfa/. Podoph. Brit. tab. 43. Jig. 1 — 10.

Variety a,. Rostrum with six teeth above.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.
2. five teeth.

Variety /3. Rostrum above with seven teeth.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.

2. five teeth.

3. six teeth.

"V^ariety y. Rostrum with eight teeth above.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.

2. five teeth.

3. ■ six teeth.

" Although all the above varieties are common, yet j3 occurs most
frequently. In some may be seen the upper edge of the rostrum with
ten, the lower with five teeth ; and both edges with but three teeth.
The apex is generally notched above, and in two specimens, which
may be considered a rare occurrence, the point has been found en-
tire. The situation of the teeth on the upper edge is variable, but in
most instances the second tooth is at a greater distance from the first
than the rest, which are generally equidistant, and rarely extend far
beyond the middle, the rostrum from that part being edentate, witti
the exception of the emarginate apex."

Herbst, Latreille, and Leach, formerly considered this species
as Cancer Squilla of Linne ; but Dr. L. has, since the publication of
the error, met with the true C. Squilla of that author, and has d§-

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 99

scribed it in the eleventh voUiine of the Transacilons of the Llnnean
Society, p. 348.

"Pulamon serrutnsoi Fabrifius is distinct, and, if his description be
correct, it is not even referable to this genus ; he having expressly
given as its specific clvdrdctcr ' Antennis posticis bijidis,'' (hinder an-
tennae bifid ;) whereas, in his generic character, he has stated these
organs to be trifid (' Antenna: superiores trijida:.' ")

Genus 36. ATHANAS. Leach.
Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair larger than the second pair :

external double palpi with the last joint longer than the preceding

joint.
Sp. 1. Ath. nitescens. Rostrinn straight, and simple.
Cancer {Astacus) nitescens. Montagu's MSS. Athanas nitescens. Leach,

T?-ans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. — Mai. Fodoph. Brit. fab. 44.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire.

Stirps 5. — External antenna inserted below the internal : interior ones
with a large scale at their base. Legs for movement sixteen.

Genus 37. MYSIS. Latr., Leach. Praunus. Leach.

Legs bifid, the last joint of the four anterior pairs with the interior
lucinia uniarticulatc, ovate, compressed ; of the other pairs of legs
multiarticulate : external double palpi with the middle joint of the
internal footstalk longest, the first very short.

At the base of the abdomen of the female is situated the external
uterus, composed of two valve-like membranes, in which the young
ones, just excluded from the egg, live and grow until they become
strong enough to take care of themselves.

The animals of this genus swim with their head uppennost, and with
their eyes spreading, wliicli gives them a singular and grotesque ap-
pearance.

* Literniediafe lamella of the tail emarginate.

Sp. 1. Mysis spinulosa. Tail with the intermediate lamella externally
spinulose; the apex acutely emarginate ; exterior lamellae acuminate,
and very broadly ciliated.

Praunus fiexuosus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. \ii. 401. Mysis spinulosa.
Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3.50. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422.

Inhabits the Frith of Forth near Leith.

" Colour when alive, pellucid cinereous : eyes black, red at their
base : lamince of the external antenna; with a black longitudinal line
and spots. A clouded spot on each side of the hinder part of the
thorax, and another above the legs. Every segment of t^.e body
most beautifully marked with a reddish-rust coloured spot, disposed
in an arborescent form ; tail fin spotted with the same colour, mixed
with black : pouch of the female with two rows of fuscous-black
spots : under side of the abdomen regularly mottled with rufous black."

G 2

100 MODERN SYSTEM.

It was 6bser\'ed with young from the middle of June to the
middle of July. The females are one-third more abundant than
the males.
Length an inch and a quarter.

** Intermediate lamella of the tail entire.
Sp. 2. Mysis Integra.
Praunus integer. Leach, Edin. Enci/cL\n. 401. Mysis Integra. Ledch,

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 350. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422.
Inhabits brackish pools of water, left by the tide at Lock Ranza in the

Isle of Arran. Common in the month of August with young.
Length one third of an inch.

Females more abundant than the males. Colour whilst living pel-
lucid cinereous, spotted with black and reddish brown.

Division III. — Tail with two set(?, one on each side.

Pam. VI. Nebax.i.\d.s;, Leach.
Genus 38. NEBALIA. Leach.
Thorax anteriorly with a moveable rostrum : anterior pair of legs longest^

simple ; other pairs equal, approximate, with the last joint bifid :

(tntennte two, inserted above the eyes, the last joint bifid and multi-

articulatei
Sp. 1. Neh. Herhstii. Gray or cinereous-yellowish ; eyes black.
Cancer bipes. 0th. Fubr. En. Grim. no. 223. fg. 2. Herbst, ii. tab. 24.

fig. 7. Mysis bipes. Latr. Hi.st. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vi. 285.

JNIoiioculus rostratus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 14. tab. 2. fig. 5.

Nebalia Herbstii. Leach, Zool. Miscel.'i. 100. tab. 44. — Trans. Linn.

Soc. xi. 351. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422.
Inhabits the European Ocean; it is common beneath stones lying on

black mud, on the southern coast of Devon.

Genus of doubtful situation.

Genus 39. 3IEGAL0PA, Leach.

The situation of this curious genus, which is figured in Dr. Leaches

Malacostraca Brit. (tab. 25.), is still doubtful. It however decidedly

belongs to the Macp.oura, as Dr. L. has discovered to be the case,

since the publication of the first volume of the Supp. to Encycl. Brit.

LegionlL EDRI OP HTH A LM A.

The Malacostraca Edriophthalmu, or at least a greater part of them,
were placed amongst the Macroura by Latreille, who considered them
as forming a particular family of that order.

Sectwn I.
Body laterally compressed.

CtASS I. CP.rSTACEA. 101

Fam. I. PiiROXVMAD.?:. Leach's MSS.

Legs fourteen : antema: nvo, inserted one on each side of the front of
the head. {Tail furnished with styles.)

Genus 1. PHRONYMA. Lutr., Leach, Lamarck.

Head large, nutant: antenna biarticulate, the first joint small : thorax
seven-jointed, all its segments bearing legs : legs compressed, tu-o
anterior pairs with the antepenultimate joint furnished at its point
with a foliaceous process ; the penultimate joint with the point bifid
and terminated with a small claw: third anOi fourth pairs simple,
longer, somewhat thicker, terminated by a bent claw: Jifth pair
large, very long, thicker, didactyle ; the first joint gradually thick-
ened towards its point; the second su1)trigonate; the third ovate,
and abruptly narrowed at its base ; the last narrowed at its base ; the
fijigers curved, and internally furnished each with one tooth : sixth
and seventh pairs simple, terminated with a nearly straight cla\\' :
abdomen triarticulate, each segment, on each side, with a double ap-
pendice, placed on a peduncle : tail biarticulate, the first joint on
each side furnished with a biarticulate process, terminated by t\vo
styles ; second joint with four processes, each terminated by two
styles ; the inferior processes biarticulate, the superior triarticulate.

Sp. 1. Fhron. sedcntaria. Fifth pair of legs with the apex of the thumb
and base of the fingers internall}' denticulated.

Cancer sedentarius. Forsk. Fn.Arab. 95. Phronyma sedentaria. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Lis. i. 57. Leach, Fdia. Fncycl. vii. 403 — 433. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 355. Cancer (Gammarellus) sedentarius. Herlst, ii.
136. t. '67. jig. 8.

Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and Zetland Sea, residing in a cell
composed of a gelatinous substance, open at each extremity, where
it sits in an incur\'ed posture.

The only specimen of this most interesting, rare, and curious
animal was taken by the Reverend Dr. J. Fleming, one of our most
zealous naturalists, who found it on the 3u of November 1809, at
Burray in Zetland, amongst rejectamenta of the sea, and communi-
cated it to Dr Leach.

Fam. II. Gammarid.e. Leach's MSS.

Body laterally compressed : legs fourteen, with lamelliform coxs :
antenn(£ ionr, inserted by pairs. {Tail furnished with styles.)

Stirps 1. — Antenna four-jointed, the last segment composed of many
little joints ; the upper ones very short.

Genus 2. TALITRUS. Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Four anterior legs in both sexes subequal, monodactj'le : upper antenna
shorter than the two first joints of the undcT ones.

102 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Tal. Lociisla. Antennae subtestaceous-nifous, of the male longer
than the body, of the female shorter ; body cinereous, varied with
darker cinereous.

Oniscus Locusta. Pallas? Talitrus Locusta. iMtr., Bosc, Leach. As-
tacus Locusta. Peiin. Brit. Zool. iv. 21. Cancer (G«w»rt«r«s) Saltator.
Montagu, Tra«.s. Linn. Soc. xi. 94.

Inhabits the sandy shores of the European Ocean.

The specific name Locusta is probably derived from the form of
its protruded mouth, which has a general resemblance to the same
part in the Gryllides.'

It has never been observed in the water ; it burrows in the sand,
and leaps about on the shore. Talitrus littoralis, described in the
seventh volume of the Edinburgh Encyclopedia, is merely the fe-
male of T. Locusta.

The use of this animal (which is generally denominated Sand-
hopper) in the economy of nature, appears to be that of contributing
to the dissolution of putrid animal and vegetable matter ; servmg
in return as food to the shore birds, who devour it with avidity.

Genus 3. ORCHESTIA. Leach.

Four anterior legs of the male monodactyle ; second pair with a com-
pressed hand ; of the female, with the anterior pair monodactyle, the
second didactyle: upper antenna not longer than the two first joints
of the under ones.

Sp. 1. Ore. Uttoreu.

Cancer Gummarus littoreus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 9G. Orche-
stia littorea. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. \ii. 402. pi. 11. fig. 6. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 356. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. \. 424:.

Inhabits many of our shores, and is found at the mouths of rivers, but
has never been observed in the water. It resides under stones and
fuci, and in the evening it leaps about and is devoured by birds.

Stirps 2. — Antenna four-jointed, the last joint composed of several
little joints ; upper ones rather shortest.

Genus 4. DEXAMINE. Leach.

Four anterior legs sub-equal, monodactyle, furnished with a filiform-
subovate hand : antenna with their first joint shortest : eyes oblong,
not prominent, inserted behind the superior antenna? : tail on each
side with three double styles, and above on each side with one move-
able style.

Sp. 1. I>ex. spinosa. Segments of the abdomen behind, produced into
spines.

Cancer (Gammarus) spinosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3. Dex-
amine spinosa. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Zool. Miscel. ii. 24,
— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.

Inhabits the sea of the western coasts of Britain.

CLASS r, CnVSTACEA, 103

Genus 5. LEUCOTHOE. Leach.
Anterior pair of legs didactyle; the thumb biarticulate: second pairv,'\t\i

a dilated and compressed hand, furnished with a crooked thumb.
Sp. 1. Leu. articulosa.
•Cancer articulosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn.Soc. vii. 71. t. 6.f. 6. Leu-

cothoe articulosa. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii, 403. — Trans. Linn. Hoc.

xi. 358. — Supp. to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 425.
Inhabits the British sea, but is very rare.

Stirps 3. — Antennae fouT-}omtcd, the last segment composed of several
little joints; upper ones longest.

Subdivision 1. — Four anterior legs monodactyle, second pair with a much
diluted compressed hand.
Genus 6. MELITA. Leach.

Anterior pair of legs monodactyle; second pair with the thimib inflexed
on the palm : tail on each side with an elongate foliaceous lamella.

Sp. 1. Mel. palmata. Body blackish : antennas and legs annulated with
pale colour.

Cancer palmatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 69. Melita palma-
ta. Leach, Edin. Eiicycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.358. — Supp. to
Encj/cl. Brit. i. 425. pi. 21.

Inhabits the sea shore on the Devonshire coast under stones.

Genus 7. M;ERA. Leach.
Four anterior legs didactyle ; thumb of the second pair bent on the side

of the hand : tail with no foUaceous appendices.
Sp. 1. Ma:. g?'ossinuina.

Cancer Gamtnarus grossimanus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 97. t, 4.
J". 5. Mtera grossimana. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl, \n.A03. — Trans. Linn,
Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 425.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire beneath stones.

Subdivision 2. — Tzvo anterior pair of legs monodactyle and alike.
Genus 8. GAMMARUS. Latr., Leach.
Superior antenna furnished at the base of the fourth joint with a little
jointed seta: tail above with bundles of spines.

* Tail with the superior double styles, having the upper style process
very short.
Sp. 1. Gam. agnaticus. Process between the antennae rounded, obtuse.
Gammarus Pulex. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402 — 432. Gamraarus aqua-
ticus. Leach, Ti-ans. Linn.Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i. 425.
Inhabits ponds, ditches, and springs in great plenty.
Sp. 2. Gam. 7nari>ius. Process between the antennae subacuminate.
Gammarus marinus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl,

Brit. i. 425.
Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Devonshire in plenty.

104

MODERN 5YSTEM.

** Tail with the superior double styles, having the style processes
suhequal.
Sp. 3. Gam. Locusta. Eyes lunate.
Cancer Gammarus Locusta. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 92. Ganv-

marus Locusta. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vii. 4.03.— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi,

359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. j. 425.
Inhabits the British sea.
Sp. 4. Gam. Camptolops. Eyes flexuous.
Gammarus Camptolops. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 403, — Trans. Linn,

S)c. xi. 360. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.
Inhabits the sea about Loch Ranza, in the Isle of Arran.

Genus 9. AMPITHOE. Leach.

Superipr antenndE with no seta at the base of their fourth joint: tail
simple above : hands ovate.

Sp. 1. Am. rubricata.

'Cancer Gammarus rubricatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 99. Gam-
marus rubricatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402. Ampithbe rubri-
cata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Ti-ans. Linn. Soc. xi. 360. — -
Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.

Inhabits the sea of the southern coast of Devon.

Genus 10. PHERUSA. Leach.

Superior antemuz with no seta at the base of their fourth joint : tail sim-
ple above : hands filiform.

Sp. 1. The. Eucicola. Testaceous-cinereous or gray cinereous mottled
with reddish.

Pherusa Fucicola. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.
360. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. pi. 21.

Inhabits fuci on the southern coast of Devon.

Stirps4. Antennce fouT-jomted; under ones longest, leg-shaped. (Fo«f»
anterior legs monodactyle.)

Subdivision 1. — Second pair oj" legs with a large hand.

Genus 11, PODOCERUS. Leach.
Eyes prominent : Jour anterior legs monodactyle.

Sp. 1. Pod. variegatus. Body varied with red and vi'hite.

Podocerus variegatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn.
Soc. xi. 361. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst confervse and co-
rallines.

Genus 12. JASSA. Leach.
Eyes not prominent: four anterior legs monodactjde, with oval hand'?;
second pair with its internal edge dentated.

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 105

Sp. 1. Jus. pnkhella. Thumb of the second pah- of legs with its internal

edge notched at the base; colour white painted with red.
"V'ar. a. Hands of the second pair with an elongate obtuse tooth.
Var. /3. Hands of the second pair with the internal edge tridentate.

Jassa pidchella. Leach, Edin. Enn/cl, vii. 433. — Trans, Linn. Soc. xi.

301. — Siipp. to Lnci/cl. Brit. i. 4'iti.
Inhabits the sea of southern Devon amongst fuci.

Subdivision 2. — Second pair of Ic-^x zcith a moderate-sized hand.

Genus 13. COROPniU:\I. Latr., Leach.

Sp. 1. Cor. longicorne.

Cancer grossipes. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. 105.5. Astacus grossipes. Petm.
Brit. Zool.'w. pi. 16. Jig. 31. Corophium longicorne. Latr. Gen.
Crust, et Lnsect. i. 59. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 403 — 432. — Trans.
JJnn. Soc. xi. 662. — Siipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426.

Inhabits the coast of the European ocean. At low tide it may be ob-
served crawling amongst tlie mud. It is very common at the mouth
of the river Medway, where it was first observed by J. Henslow, esq.

Section IT.
Body depressed: antennae four: legs fourteen.
A . Tail zvithoitt appendices,

Fam. III. Caprellad.t. Leach,
Bodj with all the segments bearing legs,
Stirps 1. Hoo'j/ linear.

Genus 14. PROTO. Leach.
Second, third, and four tit pair of legs appendiculated at their bases.

To this genus belongs Squilla pedata, and probably also ventricosa
of Miiller, with Cancer Gammarus pedatus of Montagu, which is pro-
bably the same with S. pedata of Muller. See Ti-ansactions of the Lin-
nean Society, vol. xi. p. 6. t. 11. f. 6.

Genus 15. CAPRELLA. Lamarck, Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Second, third, and fourth pairs of legs not appendiculated at their bases ;
the third and fourth pairs spurious, subgelatinous, and globose.

The animals composing this genus inhabit the sea, living amongst
Sertularise and marine plants, moving geometrically like the larvaj of
the Fhaltenuda.

The specific character may be taken from the number and situ-
ation of the spines on the head and back, form of the second pair of
legs, &c.
Sp. 1. Cup. Phasma. Hands of the second pair of legs narrow, their in-
ternal edge acutely notched backwards : back anteriorly with three
spines, turning forwards.

106 MODERN SYSTEM-

Cancer Phasma. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii, 66. t. 6.f. 3. Leach,

Supp. to Enct/cl. Brit. i. 426.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devon.
Astacus atomos of Pennant and Squillu lohata ofMiiller belong to the

genus Caprella, of which in the British Museum there arc several

undescribed species.

Stirps 2. Bodtf broad.

Genus 16. LARUNDA. Leach. Cyamus. Latr., Base. Panope.
Leach.
AnienntE four-jointed, upper ones longest: Zi'gs compressed, witli strong
claws ; the third and fourth pairs elongate, spurious, cylindric, with-
out claws ; the two anterior pairs monodactyle.
External uterus, or pouch of the female, composed of four valves.

\Sp. 1. Lar. Ceti. Bases of the third and fourth pairs of legs with pro-
cesses resembling the figure 6 ; the hands of the second pair of legs
anteriorly, with three obtuse teeth.

Oniscus Ceti. Linn. Si/sf. Nat. i. 1060. Pall. Spec. Zool. ix. 4. /. 14.
Squille de la Baleine. JDe Geer, Man. sitrles Insect, vn.pl. 42./. d, T.
Pycrogonum Ceti. Fabr. Supp. Ent. S^/st. 570. Cyamus Ceti. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 60. Panope Ceti. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii.
404. Larunda Ceti. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 364. — Supp. to En-
cycl. Brit.'i. 4Q6. pi. 21.

Inliabits whales, and according to Latreille it is also found on some
species of the genus Scomber.

By the Greenland fishermen it is termed the Whale-louse.

Fam. IV. Idotead;e. Leach.

Body with all the segments not bearing legs: (ventral appendages co-
vered by two longitudinal plates.)

Genus 17. IDOTEA. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Asellus, Ohv.,
Lamarck. Entomon. Klein.
External antcmue half the length of the body, or less; the third and

fourtli joints equal: bud i/ ovate.
Sp. 1. Id.pelagica. Body linear-oval: tail rounded, the middle with a
very obsolete tooth : antenna? one third of the length of the body.
Idotea pelagica. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 365. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i.

426.
Inhabits the Scottish seas.

Colour when alive ash-gray or fuscous, speckled with darker co-
lour, and often variegated or mottled with white spots : legs pale.

The female seems to be very rare, as amongst 400 specimens of
the animal, one only of that sex was found.
Length one inch and a quarter.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 107

Genus 18. STENOSOMA. Leach.
Hxteniaf antenna as long us the body, the third joint longer than tlfe

fourth : boilj/ linear.
Sp. 1. Sf. lincare. Lust segment of the tail somewhat narrowed at its

base, and dilated towards its apex, which is truncate and notched.
Oniscus linearis. Fcnn. B7'it. Zool. iv. pi. 18. Jig. 2. Idotea hectica.

Leach, Ellin. Enci/cl. vii. 401. Stcnosoma hecticum. Leach, Edin.

Encycl. vii. 433. Stcnosoma lineare. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 366.

— Sapp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 427.
Inhabits the European ocean. It sometimes occurs in the Firth of

Forth, and amongst the Hebrides.

B. Tail on each side, 2cith one or two appendices.

Fam. V. Anthuradx. Lj:uch.

Antenna inserted in nearly the same horizontal line : ventral appen-
dages closed by tw'O longitudinal plates.

Genus 19. ANTHURA. Ltach.

Antemut short, subequal ; inserted one after another in the same ho-
rizontal line, the internal ones a little longest: hodif linear: tail
with the last joint but one very short; the last elongate, narrower,
with two elongate lamella? on each side.

Sp. 1. An. gracilis. Lateral processes of the tail obliquely truncated.

Oniscus gracilis. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5 Sf 6. Anthura
gracilis. Leach, Edin. Enct/cl. — Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Enci/cl.
Brit.

Fam. VL Cymothoad.t.. Leach.

Antenna inserted in pairs, one above the other.

Stirps 1. Tail with one lamella on each side.

Genus 20. CAINIPTECOPEA. Leach.

Tail with its last segment furnished on each side with a compressed,
curved appendage: bodj/ six-jointed, the last joint of the same size
with the others : antenna setaceous, upper ones longest, their pe-
duncle biarticuJate, the space between the antennae very great: an-
terior claws bifid.

^p. 1. Cam. hirsida. Brown; the last joint of the body with a few
faint blueish spots.

Oniscus hirsutus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 6.f. 8. Camptc-
copea hirsuta. Leach, T/-ans. Linn. Soc.xi. 367. — Edin. Encijcl.v'n.AOj.
— Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 427.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, but is rather rare.

Length one eighth of an inch.

108 MODERN SYSTEM.

Ge«us 21. NiESA. Leach.
Tail on each side of the last segment, with a straight subcompresserl

process attached to a peduncle : bodi/ six-jointed, the last joint largest:

antenna setaceous, subequal ; upper ones with a very large biarticu-

lated peduncle, the lirst joint largest: space between the antennae

easily to be discerned : ckacs bifid.
Sp. 1. JVV. bidentata. Last segment of the body armed with two spines

or teeth ; colour cinereous, faintly streaked with blue, or reddish.
Oniscus bideniatus. Adams, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 8. t.l.f. 3. Jss'sabi-

denta-ta. Leach, Edin. Enc7/cl. \'n. 405. — Trans. Linn. Soc.xi. 267.-^

Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 427.
Inhabits the coasts of Wales and Devonshire.

Stirps 2. Tail with two lamellae on each side.

* Superior antennae with a t)ery large peduncle. Clazrs hijid.

Genus 22. CYMODICE. Leach.

Ei/es touching the anterior margin of the first segment of the body :
bad)/ seven-jointed : tail at the base, on ^ach side with tvvo subcom-
pressed but not foliaceous appendages, the exterior ones largest; the
apex of the tail notched, with a lamella in the centre : claus bifid.

Sp. 1. Ci/.trmLC<ita. Apex of the tail truncate.

Oniscus truncatus. Montagu's MSS. Cymodice truncata. Leach, Edin.
Enct/cl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 303. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit.
i. 427.

This species is very rare, and has been found but three times on
the southern coast of Devonshire.

Genus 23. DYNAMENE. Leach.
Ei/es not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the
body : body seven-jointed : fail with tsvo equal foliaceous appendages
on each side of its base; the apex notched : claws bifid.
Dynamene. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433.

There are several indigenous species of this genus, and their cha-
racters will be given under the article Cymothoade'es, in the Dic-
iionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, by Dr. Leach.

Genus 24. SPILIEROMA'. Lutr., Leach.

Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the
body: body seven-jointed: tailWi\h its apex entire; the base on each
side with two equal foliaceous appendages: chaos bifid.

Sp. 1. Sph. serrata. Body smooth, imarmed: tail very smooth on each
side; obliquely truncated : lamellae elliptic, acute, the external ones
externally serrated.

Dniscus Globator. Tall. Spec. Zool.fasc. ix. t. 4. f. 18. Cymothea ser-
rata. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 510. Sphaeroma cinerea, Latr. Gen. Crust.

CLASS I. ORUSTACF.A^ 109

et insect, i. C5. Spharonia scrrata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 405.
— Trans. Linn. Soc.\i. 303. — Supp, to Encycl. Brit. i. 427.

** Superior antiuna: wUh a vert/ large peduncle. Claws simple.

Genus 25. ^GA. Leach.

Et/es large, granulated, oblong, oblique, marginal : tail with its ap-
pendages foliaceous.

Sp. 1. j-Ega onarginala. Tail with the last joint acuminate; the inte-
rior lamella internally obliquely truncated, externally emarginated.

^ga emarginata. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 370. — Supp. to Enci/cl.
Brit. i. 427. pi. 21.

*** Superior antenna; with a moderate peduncle.

Genus 26. EURYDICE. Leach.
Et/es distinct, simple, lateral : head as broad as the first segment of the

body.
Sp. 1. Eu.pidchra. Tail with the last joint semioval : body cinereous,

variegated with black.

Genus 27. LTMNORlA. Leach.

Head as broad as the first segment of the body : eyes granulated.

Sp. 1. Lim. tei-ebrans. Body cinereous : eyes pitchy black.

Limnoria terebrans. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433 — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi,
370. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.

Inhabits the British ocean, perforating buildings of wood, piles, &c. It
is common at the Bell-rock, and on the coasts of Suflblk and York-
shire. It generally produces seven young ones.
Genus 28. CYMOTHOA. Fabr., Dald., Leach.

Head narrow and small: eyes obsolete: body with the first segmeat
notched to receive the head.

Sp. 1. Cym. Oestrum.

Cyraothoa (Estruni. Fabr. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 423.

C. Tail furnished with two setce.
Fam. VII. ApsEL'DiADiE.

Genus 29. APSEUDES. icflcA.

Body six-jointed: tcul with six segments; the last largest, armed at the
apex with appendices : feet fourteen ; the anterior pair with a finger
and thumb; xhc second pair compressed and dentated; the third and
fourth alike and simple ; the fifth with a double nail ; the sixth and se-
venth spurious : the superior antenrLa with a biarticulated peduncle
armed at the apex with a jointed seta; the inferior antenna: bifurcate.

Sp. 1. A. Talpa. Rostrum acute, with three excavated longitudinal
grooves.

110 MODEKN SVSrCM.

Cancer Ganimariis. JMunlagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. t. L f. 6. Apseudes
Talpa. Leach, Edin. Eniycf. vii, 404. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 372. —
Supp. to Encjjcl. Brit. 428. vol. i.

Inhabits the British ocean: length four lines: colour yellowish-white:
is very rare.

D. Tail furnished with styles.

Fam. VIII. AsELLiD.t.
Interior antenna: distinct.

Stirps 1. 5(y/es of the tail exserted : anterior /egs monodactyle.

Genus 30. JANIRA. Leach.
Claws bitid: e?/es moderate, lateral-subvertical : internal untennd shorter

than tlie peduncle of the external ones.
Sp. 1. Jan. 7nacnlosa. Body cinereous, maculated with fuscous.
Oniscusmaculosus. Montagu^ AISS. Janira maculosa. Leach, Ldin.En'

cycl.vn. 434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit.'i. 428.
Iuhal)its the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst marine plants.

Genus 31. ASELLUS. Geoff., Olivier, Latr., Bosc, Leach. E.vto-
MON. Klein.

Claws simple : eijes minute, lateral : interior antennce of the length of the
setiferous joint of the exterior ones.

Sp. 1. Asel. aquaticus. Colour cinereous, either spotted with gray or
whitish.

Oniscus aquaticus. Linn. Syst. Nat.!. 10Q\. Aselle d'eau douce. Geoff.
Hist, dcs Lisect. xi. 672.pl. 22. /. 2. Squille Aselle. Dc Geer, Mim.
sur Ics Lisect. vii. 496. pi. '31- Jig- 1. Aselle ordinaire. L(Ur. Hist,
Nat. des Crust, et des Lisect. vi. 359. Asellus vulgaris. Bosc, Hist.
Nat. des Crust, ii. 170. pi. 15. Jig. 7. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lis. i. 63.
Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 404. Idotea aquatica. Fahr. Supp. Eat.
Syst.oO^. Entomon hieroglyphicum. Klein,Dub. Jig.5. Asellus aqua-
ticus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.

Inhabits ponds and ditches, and is generally considered a sign of the
purity of the water.

Stirps 2. Styles of the tail notexserted. Anterior legs simple.

Genus 32. J.^'ERA. Leach.
Eyes modei'ately large, situated between the sides and tlie vertex of the

head.
Sp. 1. Ja. albifrons. Cinereous; front whitish.
Oniscus albifrons. Montagus MSS. Jaera albifrons. Leach, Edin. Eih-

cycl. vii. 434. — T?'ans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.
Inhabits maiine plants, and beneath stones on the southern coast of

Devon.

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. Ill

Fatn. IX. LiGiAD.-E. Leach's MSS.

Interior antenna: distinct. Sl^le of the tail double, with double foot-
stalks.

Genus 33. LIGIA. Fubr., Lafr., Bosc, Leach.
Lxternal a/zfe/iWdr with the last joint composed of several other joints.

Sp. 1. Lig. occanica. Antenna? as long as the body : back subscabrose.
Ligia oceanica. Fair. Siipp. Ent. Sj/st. 301. Leach, Edln. F^nci/cl. vii. 406.

— Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. i'iS. Ligia Scopulorum. Leach, Edin. En-

cycl. vii. 406. Oniscusoceanicus. Linn. Syd. Nat. i. lOGt.
Inhabits the rocky shores of the European ocean. The last joint of

the antennae varies much in the number of its segments, even in tlie

two sides of the same individual.

Fani. X. Oniscid^e.

Antenna two. Styles of the tail four, the lateral ones biarticulate.

* Body not capable of contracting into a ball,
a. External antenna eight-jointed.

Genus 34. PHILOSCIA. Latr., Leach.

External antenna with their bases naked : tail abruptly narrower than
the body.

Sp. 1. Phil. Muscoriim. Body variegated; sometimes pale brick-red.

Oniscus Muscorum. Scop. Ent. Cum. W'^b. Oniscus sylvestris. Fabr.
Ent. Syst. iv. 397. Philoscia Muscorum. Lair. Gen. Crust, et Insect,
i. 69. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 406. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.

Inhabits France, Germany, and England, under stones and mosses.

Genus 35. ONISCUS of authors.

Antenna inserted beneath the anterior margin of the head, on a promi-
nent part.

Sp. 1. On.Asellus. Above, obscure-cinereous, rough; the sides and a se-
ries of dorsal spots yellowish.

Oniscus Asellus. Linni, Latr., Leach. Oniscus murarius. Fabr. Supp,
Ent. Syst. 300.

Inhabits rotten wood and old walls throughout the greater part of Eu-
rope.

It was formerly used in medicine, and was supposed to cure agues,
consumptions, Sec. but has now, like many other medicines, deserv-
edly grown out of fashion, and is rejected from the modern Pharma-
copoeias. It is commonly called Pig's-lousc, Wood-louse, Millepede
or Carpenter.

112 MOIJtllN SV-SXtM.

b, External antennae with seven joints.

Genus 36. PORCELLTO. Latr., Leach.
External antennce inserted on a prominence under the anterior margin

of the head : tail with its lateral styles conic^ prominulous.
Sp. 1. For. scaler. Bodj^ rough.
Oniscus Asellus. Fabr. Supp. Ent. Si/st. SOO. Porcellio scaber. Latr,

Gen. C?'ust. et Insect, i. 70 Leach, EJin. Encycl. vii. 40C. — Trans.

Linn. Soc.yX. 37. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 429.
Inhabits Europe. This species is found under stones, in rotten wood,

and on old walls. It varies much in colour, being at one time blue-

ish black, at another time yellow. In Scotland it is called Sclater.

** Boclj/ contracted into a hall.

Genus 37. ARMADILLO. Latr., Leach.

External antenna seven-jointed, inserted on a prominence in a cavity
on each side of the head : tail with tlie lateral styles not prominent.

Sp. L Arm. vulgaris. Griseous lead-coloured; hinder margins of the
segments whitish.

Oniscus Armadillo. 'Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. 10C2. Armadillo vulgaris.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 70. — Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. vii. 40G. — ■
Trails. Linn.Soc. xi. 37(3. — Supp.to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 429.

Inhabits Europe amongst moss and under stones. It is commonly
named the Pill-millepede, and paves the way to the Myriapoda : in ge-
neral external appearance and in economy it is allied to the genus
Glojneris,

Class n. MYRIAPODA.

This Class was proposed by Dr. Leach in the Edinburgh Encyclopae-
dia, vol. vii. and has since been distinctly established, with its characters
more decidedly shown, in a paper published in the eleventh volume of
the Transactions of the Linnean Society, and also in the Supplement to
Encyclopadia Br.fannica, vol. i.

By Linne the animals composing this group were denominated Sco-
XOPENDR^ and JuLi, and were arranged with apterous insects. His
pupil, J. C. Fabricius, in the Supplement to his Entomologia Systeino"
ticu, placed them in a particular Class named Mitosata, comprehend-
ing all the species, like Linne, under the generic appellations of Julus
and ScoLOPFNDRA. Cuvier, in his Tableau, Elemcntaire, arranged the
Myriapoda with insects, in which he was followed by Dumeril, who has,
however, adopted the new Genera proposed by Latrcille.

They were arranged in the older works of Latrcille along with In-
sect'-;; but in his last work he has placed them in a pecidiar Order of the
Class Arachnoidea, which he had denominated Mi'KiArouAj and has
divided them into two Families.

CLASS ir. MVraAPODA.

113

T.am:irck -arrungeil thcni with the Arachnoidea in three Genera;
1. Scolopexdra; 'J-Scutigera; 3. Julus; and in his last work he has
adopted a fourth genus, Pollyxenus.

Having given a slight sketch of what has heen done by systematic
writers, I shall proceed with the arrangement proposed by Dr. Leach,
which dift'ers from them merely in considering them as constituting a
distinct Class, and in disposing the species under some additional ge-
neric heads, which a minute examination of their structure has most
fully warranted.

Classificatiox. — All the Mj/napodaha.\e their head distinct from
the body, furnished with two antennas. Mandibles two. MaxilU four,
confluent and forming a lower lip. All or most of the segments of the
lx)dy furnished with two or four legs.

The nervous system is composed of a series of ganglia, one in each
segment of the body; these ganglia are brought into communication
^vitli each other by two longitudinal bundles of nerves, or, as they are
generally but improperly denominated, by a spinal marrow.

The Chilognatha and Syncxatha, established as Families byLa-
rreille, are adopted as Orders by Dr. Leach.

Order I. Chilognatha. — yl?2/e«w« seven-jointed. Legs short. Body
generally crustac^ous.

Order IL Syngnatha. — J7ife?in^ composed of fourteen ormore joints.
Lt'gs elongated. Bodif depressed, coriaceous or membranaceous.

Order I. CHILOGNATHA.

Fam. I. Glomerid.?:. Leach.

Body contraclile into a globe. Eyes distinct.

Genus I. GLOMERIS. Latr., Burner., Leach. Armadillo. Cuv.

Aiiteiini£\\i\\\t\\e two first joints shortest, the ^ixtlr largest including
the last, which is very small : body elongate-ovate, convex above,
arched beneath; first segment a little semicircular lamina; the se-
cond larger than the others; the last semicircular and arched: legs
sixteen pairs.

Sp. 1. Glo. marginata. Black; the margins of the segments lutoous
or orange.

Oniscus marginatus. Villers, Entom. iv. 187. t. 11./. 15. Glomeris
horde. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vii. Q6. Oniscus niar-
ginatus. OUv. Encycl. Mctli. Hist. Nat. vi. p. 24. Julus oniscoides.
Tumison's Tracts, y. 151. Stewaifs Elem. Nat. Hist. n. 307. Glome-
ris marginata. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 74. Leach, Eclin. En-
cycl. vii. 407. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 430.
pL 22. — 2ool. Misc. iii. tab. 132.

a.

114 MODERN SYSTEM.

Inhabits Britain, France, and Germany, under stones; but has gene-
rally been considered by British naturalists as a variety of Armadillo
vulgaris.

Fam. II. JuLiD.i. Leach.

Body not contractile into a globe : eyes distinct.

Genus 2. JULUS of authors.

Body serpentiform, cylindric : antennce with the second joint longer
than the third : legs a great many.

The British species of this obscure genus may be found described
in vol. xi. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. The follow-
ing species, which is the most common, will best serve as an exam-
ple of the genus.

Sp. 1. Jul. sahulosus. Black-cinereous, with two red dorsal lines; last
joint mucronated : legs luteous.

Julus sabulosus of authors.

Inhabits Europe, lurking beneath stones, especially in sandy places.

Genus 3. CRASPEDOSOMA. Uach.
Body linear, depressed ; the sides of the segments laterally prominent :
antenna towards their extremities somewhat thicker, the second joint
.shorter than the third^.

This genus was discovered by the late R. Rawlins, esq. one of the
most promising naturalists of this country.

*^ Middle of the segments prominent.
Sp. 1. Crus. Rauliusii. Back fuscous-brown, with four lines of white

sj)ots : belly and legs reddish.
Craspedosoma Raulinsii. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vn. 407-434. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 380. — Stipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii.

tab. 134. fg. 1-5.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where it occurs in some

plenty under stones and amongst moss. It was first noticed by

Mr. Rawlins.

** Hinder angles of the segments produced.

Sp. 2. Cras. polydcsmoidcs. Body reddish gray: belly pale: legs red-
dish, with their bases pale; produced angles of the body each fur-
nished with a seta.

Julus polydesmoides. Montagu's MSS. Craspedosoma polydesmoides.
Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 407-434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 380. — Supp.
to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii. tab. 134. fg. 6-9.

Inhabits Devonshire, imder stones. It is common all along the borders
of Dartmoor, and on the southern coast. It was once taken by
Dr. Leach in the garden of the British Museum.

CLASS rr. myriapoda. 115

Fam. III. PoLYDESMiD.«. Leach.
Ei/cs obsolete.

Genus 4. POLYDESMUS. Latr., Dumtr., Leach.
Antenna with the second joint scarcely longer than the first, and much
shorter than the third: lodij linear; the segments laterally com-
pressed, margined : et^es obsolete,
Sp. 1. Pol.complanatus. Reddish cinereous; last segment of the body

mucronated.
Julus complanatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1065, Fair. Ent. St/st. ii. 393.
Polydesmus complanatus. Lati: Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 76. Leach,
Edin. Encycl. \'ii. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc.\\. 381. — Suppl. to Encycl
Brit. i. 430. jo/. 22.— Zool. Misp. iii. tab. 135.
Inhabits Europe, beneath stones.

Genus 5. POLLYXENUS. Latr., Leach.
Body elongated, linear, and depressed; the segments on each side with

small bundles of scales, ending in pencils : feet twelve on each side :

antennae inserted beneath the head at the interior margin.
Sp. 1. Pol. Lagurm. Body brown: head black: the pencils of the tail

white.
Scolopendra Lagura. Linn., Fabr. Pollyxenus Lagurus. Latr. Gen.

Crust, et Lisect. i. 77. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 38. pi. 135, B. Cuv.

Reg. An. 3. 155.
Length of the body from 1^ to 2^ lines.
Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in profusion beneath the bark

of trees.

Order II. SYNGNATHA.

Fam. I. ScoLOPENDRAX)^. Leach.

Body with each segment bearing two legs ; hinder legs distinctly longer
than the others.

Stirps 1. — Legs on each side fifteen.

Genus 6. LITHOBIUS. Leach, Lamarck.

AntenncE conic-setaceous ; joints (about forty-five) conic-setaceous, the
two first joints largest : under lip anteriorly broadly notched ; the
margin very much denticulated : eyes granulated.

Sp. 1. Lith.forjicatus. Head broad : under lip entirely and deeply co-
vered with impressed dots : legs testaceous-yellowish,

Scolopendra forficata. Linn. Syst. Nat. \.\0Q2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. \i. 390.
Lithobius forficatus. Leach, FjUn. Encycl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn.
Soc.y\. 381. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 431, pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii,
tab. 137.

Inhabits Europe, beneath stojics,

a 2

Ii6 MODERN SYSTEM.

The other species are described in the eleventh volume of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society.

Stirps 2. — Legs on each side twenty-one.

Genus 7. CRYPTOPS. Leach.

AntcniKB conic-setaceous, composed of (seventeen) globose-subconic
joints: under lip not denticulated; anterior margin scarcely emar-
ginate: hinder legs with the first joint toothless: eyes obscure.

Sp. 1. Cri/p. ho7-tensis. Testaceous-ferruginous: back deeper in co-
lour : antennae and legs hairy.

Scolopendra horteusis. l)onovan''s Brit. Ins. Cryptops hortensis. Leach,
Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i.
431. pi. 22. — Zool. Misc. hi. tab. 139.

Inhabits gardens in and near Exeter. It has likewise been found near
Plymouth in Devonshire.

Fam. II. Geophilid.?:. Leach.

Body with each segment bearing two legs : hinder legs not distinctly
longer than the others : legs many, varying in number in the same
species.

Genus 8. GEOPHILUS. Leach.
Ei/es obscure: {lip divided by a fissure?) mandibles strong: anter.mr
cylindricin some, towards the apex gradually somewhat narrower iii
others; composed of (fourteen) subcylindric joints a little narrower
at their base.

* Antenna with short joints.

Sp. 1. Gcoph. carpophagus. Head, antennae, and arms fulvescent : body
violet, anteriorly yellowish : legs pale yellowish. \'ar. /3. Body ob-
scurely subviolet-testaeeous, anteriorly sub testaceous.

Geophilus carpophagus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 384. — Supp. to
Encycl. Brit. i. 431. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 43.

Inhabits Devonshire, in garden fruit : it is not uncommon.

Sp. 2. Geoph. subterraneus. Body yellow: head subferruginous.
Scolojjendra subterranea. Shazv, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 7. Geophilus sub-
terraneus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 385. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 44.
Inhabits the earth. It is very common in England.

Sp. 3. Geoph. acuminatus. Body ferruginous, anteriorly gradually nar-
rower ; head anteriorly, and the legs paler.

Geophilus acuminatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Zool. Misc. iii.
p. 45.

Inhabits moss and beneath the ground. It is rare.

CLASS III. ARACHNOiDA.

Il7

** Antenna with elongate joints.
Sp. 4. Geoph. longicornis. Body yellow: head ferruginous : antennae long;.
Geophilus longicornis. Leacfi, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Supp. to En-

cycl. Brit. i. 481./;/. 22. — Zool. Misc. iii. tab. 110. /. 3-6.
Inhabits the earth and under stSnes.
Obs. — Scolopendra ekcirica of Linne belongs to this genus.

Class III. ARACH X O i DA.
Arachxoida. Fischer.
Arachnides. Lamarck, Latreillc, Leach.

From apa;>;^vij, a spider, and eiSo;, i-escmhlance. A class of anhnals
formerly arranged with Insects, but tirst shown to be distinct by the
celebrated Lamarck, and established as such by Latreille, Cuvier, and
Leach.

Linnc arranged all of these animals with which he was acquainted
with apterous insects, under the generic titles, Pualaxgium, Ara>;ea,
AcARus, and Scorpio; and in this disposition he was followed by Cu-
vier.

Lamarck, in his Si/stcme des Animaiiv sans T^-rttbres, has included
amongst the Arachnoida the Myriapoda, and certain animals which in
the system proposed by Dr. Leach form a distinct order of insects,
which will be mentioned hereafter.

Dumeril, in his Zoo/ogie Anali/tique, has placed the Arachnoida with
the apterous insects. He arranges the genus: 1. Ixodes Latr. with
Pkdiculus and Pulex; the other genera he has placed in a peculiar
family: 2. Aranea; 3. Mygale; 4. Piirykus; 5. Scorpio; 6. Che-
lifer; 7. Galeodes; 8. Phalangium.

Lamarck, in his Extrait dii Cours, 4c. has placed the Aruchioida with
some genuine insects and Mi/riapoda ; but he has formed for them a
separate Order, which he terms Arachnides palpatio and disposes them
into the following little groups of Genera.

I. PYCNOGONIDES.

Genus 1. Nymphum: 2. Phoxichiltjs: 3. Pycnogokvm.
II. ACARIDES.

* Parasitic. <

a. Six legs.
Genus 4. Astoma: .5. Leptus: 6. Caris.

b. Eight legs.
Genus 7. Uropoda: 8. Argas: P^ Ixodes: 10. Acarus.

118

MODEllN SYSTEM-

** Wanderers.

a. Land.

Genus 11. Okibata: 12. Smaris: 13. Ciieyletus: 14. Bdella;
15. ERYTHRa;us: 16. Trombidium.

b. Aqiiatk.

Genus If. Elais : 18. LiMnocharis: 19. Hydrachna.

III. PHALANGIDES.

Genus 20. SiRO: 21. Trogulus: 22. Phalanoium: 23. GaLeodes.

IV. SCORPIONIDES.

Genus 24. Chelifer: 25. Scorpio: 26. Thelephonus: 27. Piirv-

NUS.

V. ARANEIDES.
Genus 28. Aranea: 29. Mygale.

Classification. — The following Classification is that lately pub-
lished in the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany.

Order I. Polymerosomata. — BoJi/ composed of a series of seg-
ments : abdomen not pedunculated : mouth furnished with didactyle
mandibles and with maxillse ; e^/es two, four, six, or eight : legs eight.

Order II. Dimerosomata. — Bodi/ composed of two segments; the
abdomen pedunculated: 7)ioicth furnished with mandibles and with
maxillas : eyes six or eight.

Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA. Leach.
Fam. I. Sjromd^. Leach.

Pa/pi simple. Mandibles didactyle.

Genus 1. SIRO. Latreille, Leach.

Mandibles two; two-jointed, cylindric, compressed; their points armed
witji a forceps: palpi two, five-jointed; joints elongate, the second
longest : body oval : eyes two, placed one on each side of the thorax
on an erect peduncle : legs elongate, filiform; tibicB and taisi t^vo-
jointed, the latter parts terminated by an arcuate claw.

Sp. 1. Siro rubens. Pale red: legs paler.

Siro rubens. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lnsect. i. 143. Leach, Edin. En-
cycl. vii. 416. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 390. — Supp. to Encycl, Brit, i,
433. j)l. 23.

Inhabits moss at the roots of trees and in woods.

CLASS III. AR.VCIINOIDA. 119

Fam. II. ScoRPioxiD^. Leach.

Palpi arm-shaped. Mandibles didactyle. Legs alike.

The animals composing this Family constitute a most natural
groupe.

Stirps 1. — Tail none. Et/es two, or four. Pecten none.

" The ocelli of the animals of this division are placed on the sides
of the anterior segment of the body or thorax. They want the tail
and the pectinated processes near the base of the abdomen, by which
they may very easily be distinguished from those of the second Stirps,
with which they were formerly arranged by Fabricius under the title
Scorpio. Two species only were known to Linne, who referred them
to his artificial genus Phalangium. The greater number of the spe-
cies live beneath the bark of decaying trees or under stones ; but one
at least is parasitical, and attaches itself to the legs of flies." Leach'i
Z'ool. Misc. vol. iii. Those genera of the second Stirps include the
Scorpion, &c.

Genus 2. OBISIUM. IlUger, Leach.
Bodi/ cylindric : thorax composed of one segment : mandibles porrect

eyes four.
Sp. 1. Obi. trombidioides. Second joint of the arms elongate : fingers

long and straight.
Inhabits France and England, under stones.

A valuable Monograph has been published on the British species
of this and the following genus in the third volume of the Zoological
Miscellany, and is illustrated with very accurafe figures of the whole.

Genus 3. CHELIFER. Geoff., Leach.
Thorax composed of three parts: mandibles short : eyes two.

Sp. 1. Ch. fasciatus. Hands oval; segments of the abdomen bordered

with whitish.
Chelifer fasciatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix.
Inhabits beneath the bark of willow and other trees.

Obs. — Of the second stirps there are no British genera.

Order II. DIMEROSOMATA. Leach.

Fam. I. Phalangice. Leach.

Eyes two : anus simple.

Genur, 4. PHALANGIUM of authors.
Eyes placed in a common peduncle : mandibles corneous, subcylindric,
compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or gcniculated at the second joint,

120 MOLlERN SYSTEM,

the apex of which bears a forceps wiih equal fingers : pnlpi formed
hke legs, terminated by a hook: bodi/ more or less oval. Second
pah- of legs almost six times the length of the body : tarsi all capil-
lary, very slender, the first joints elongate, four times (or more)
longer tlian broad.

Sp. 1. Pi'i. Opllio. Lull-. — Male, Phalangium cornutum. Linn., Fahr.
Female, Phalangium Opilio. Linn., Fabr.

Inhabits Europe on walls and rocks.

Genus 5. OPILIO. Leach.

Ei/es placed on a common peduncle : viancHblcs corneous, subcylindric,
compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint,
the apex of which has a forceps with equal fingers : palpi formed
like legs, terminated by a hook : body more or less oval. Second pair
of legs three or four times the length of the body, the fourth and fol-
lowing joints a little elongate, twice as long as broad.

Sp. 1. Op. Histrix.

Inhabits France and England.

Fam. II. Arakead.e. Leach.

Araneides. LatreiUe.

Eyes six or eight: anus with nipples for spinning.

The animals composing this most natural family are familiarly
denominated Spiders, and, as before obsened, were inchided by
Linne, Fabrlcius, and other authors in one genus, which they called
Aranea; but as the species are very numerous, they were obliged to
divide them into sections, which they distinguished by the situa-
tions of their eyes. These organs are immoveable, and consist each
of a single lens, v,'hich deprives them of the faculty of seeing in
every direction.

"The Aranead.e are by far tlic most Interesting animals of that
class of which they form the type ; and consequently their habits
and structure excited the attention of naturalists at a very early pe-
rio<l. Spiders frequently change their skins, and their skins are often
found in their webs, being dry and transparent, with their mandibles
attached to them. When about to cast their covering, they suspend
tliemselves in some corner, and creep out of a fissure which takes
place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs from the skin,
as if from a glove. They have likewise the power of reproducing
their legs : the mode in which this tal^es place was first made known
by that accurate observer of nature, Sir Joseph Banks."

'^ As he was writing one evening in his study, one of the web-
spinniiig spiders, of more than the middle size, passed over some
papers on the table, holding a tly in its mouth. Much surprised to
see a spider of this description walking about with its prey, and

CLASS III. AnACilNo'lPA. 121

being struck with somewhat unusual in its gait, he caught it, and
placed it within a glass for examination, when, instead of eight, ho
perceived it had but three legs, which accounted for the inability of
the creature to spin its web; but the curious circumstance of its
having changed its usual ccononiv, and having become a hunting
instead of a spinning spider, as well as a wish to learn whether its
legs would be renewed, induced him to keep the animal in the glass,
from whence it co'.dd not escape, and to observe its conduct.

" On the following morning the animal ate two flies given to it,
hy sucking out the juices, but left the carcases entire. Two or three
days afterwards it devoured the body and head of a fly, leaving only
the wings and legs. After this time it sometimes sucked and some-
times ate the fly given to it. At first it consumed two flies in a day,
but afterwards not more than one in two days. Its excrement, which
it voided, was at first of a milky-white colour, but afterwards the
white had a black spot in the centre, of a more solid appearance than
the surrounding fluid.

" Soon after its confinement it attempted to form a web on the
side of the vessel, but performed the business very slowly and clum-
sily, from the want of the proper number of legs. In about a fort-
night it had completed a small web, upon which it generally sat.

" A month after having been caught, it shed its skin, leaving the
slough on the web. After this change five new legs appeared, not
half as long as the other three legs, and of very little use to the ani-
mal in walking. These new members, however, extended themselves
a little in three days, and became half as long as the old ones. The
web was now increased, and the animal continued immoveably sit-
ting on it in the day time, unless drawn from it, or attracted by a
fly thrown to it as its usual provision.

" Twenty-nine days afterwards it again lost its skin, leaving the
slough hanging in tb.e web, opposite to a hollow cell it had woven,
so as to prevent it from being completely seen when lodged in it.
The legs were now larger than before the change of skin, and they
grew somev;hat longer still in three or four days, but did not attain
the size of the old legs.

" The animal now increased its web, and being put into a small
bowl as a more commodious residence, soon renewed a better web
than the first. In this state it was left on the first of November.
No further observations have yet been made on the subject.''

" The principal use of the Araneadie, in the economy of nature,
seems to be that of preventing the too great increase of insects."

Stirps 1. — Legs simple, hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and su-
perior part of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon. The
two ertcrlor nipples of the anus longer than the others, and project-

122 MODERN SYSTEM.

ing. Lip not advancing between the maxillfe nor prominent, but as
long as broad.

* Eyes eight. Mandibles projecting.

Genus 6. ATYPUS. Latr., Leach. Oleteua. Walckcnaer.

Eyes on each side geminated : lip very small and quadrate, inserted
under the base of the maxillae : j)alpi inserted at the external base of
the maxillae, which are dilated at that part.

Sp. 1. Ati/. Salzeri. Black and shining : mandibles very long and
strong : thorax nearly quadrate ; plain behind, abruptly elevated be-
fore : the two middle eyes placed on an eminence : back of the ab-
domen coriaceous and more shining : joints of the legs shining.

Oletere difforme. Walck. Tab. des Aran. 7. Atypus Sulzer. Latr.,
Leach.

Inhabits France and England. In the latter country it was discovered
by Dr. Leach near Exeter, and it has twice occurred near London.

** Mandibles perpendicular. Ei/es six.
Genus 7. SEGESTRIA. Laircille, Walckender, Leach.

Maxilla straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened, dilated exter-
nally, somewhat wedge-shaped, the middle longitudinally convex :
Lip elongate-quadrate, longer than broad, the middle longitudinally
convex or subcarinated : legs, the first pair longest, rest in propor-
tion, the second, then the fourth, the third pair being shortest :
eyes placed in a transverse line, the extremities somewhat recurved.

Sp. 1. Seg. senoculata. Thorax blackish-brown : abdomen oblong, gri-
seous, with a longitvidinal band of blackish spots : legs pale brown
with obscure bands.

Aranea senoculata. Fabr. Segestria senoculata. Walck., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits rocks and old buildings. It is common in France, near Paris,
and in England it is not rare.

Genus 8. DYSDERA, Latreitle, Walckender, Leach.

Maxilla straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened and externally
dilated at the insertion of the palpi : the apex internally obliquely
truncated, and thence externally acutely terminated : palpi with the
first joint short and nearly obsolete : lip elongate, quadrate, gradu-
ally narrowing towards its point : eyes forming the figure of a horse-
shoe, the open part in front : legs with the first, then the fourth,
then the second pair longest, the third shortest : chnvs with a little
brush beneath.

Sp. 1. Dys. erythrina. Mandibles and thorax sanguineous : legs lightly
coloured : abdomen soft, grayish yellow and silky.

Aranea erythrina. Fourcroy Fn. Paris, ii. 22 i. Dysdera erythrina.
Latr., Walck., Leach.

CLASS lir. ARACHNoiDA. 123

Inhabits the south of France, and England, beneath stones. It is
rare in this country, but has been taken in Devonshire, near Ply-
mouth and Exeter, and near London.

*** Mandibles perpe)idicular. E^es eight.

Genus 9. DRASSUS. Wulck., Latr., Leach. Gnaphosa. Lutr.

Palpi inserted under the lateral and external margin of the maxills
towards their middle : maxilla: longitudinal, arcuated, gradually be-
coming broader from the base towards the middle, somewhat con-
cave internally, smooth externally, their middle impressed, the
points bent inwards above the lip, and obliquely truncated within :
lip elongate, ovate-quadrate, or rather oval; the base transversely
truncated, inclosing the maxilla : legs with the first, and afterwa-rds
the second pair longest.

* Lip somewhat oval ; the external side of the maxillae much lent
and arched.

Sp. 1. Dras.nielanogaster. Mandibles blackish : thorax and legs obscure
brown : thighs light reddish-brown : abdomen cinereous-brown and
silky.

Drassus melanogaster. Latr., Leach. Drassus lucifuge. Walck.

Inhabits France and England, under stones.

** Lip ovate quadrate.

8p. 2. Dras. ata\ Entirely black.

Drassus ater. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the vicinity of Paris, and near London, under stones.

Genus 10. CLUBIONA. Latr., Walck., Leach.

Maxillte straight and longitudinal : the basis a little dilated externally :
the apex rounded and obliquely truncated on the inside : lip elon-
gate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards the point: legs, the
first or the fourth pair longer than the second pair.

* The two outermost eyes on cither side neither placed very close to-
gether, nor inserted on a distinct prominence. (The maxillte. in all
with an inc?'assated haSB ; the fourth pair of feet (rarely the first)
longest.)

Sp. 1. Clu. lapidicola. Thorax and mandibles pale reddish: feet very

light red : abdomen ash-grey coloured.
Inhabits France and England under stones, constructing a globular

cell of the size of a common hazel nut, in the centre of which are

deposited a vast number of pale yellowish eggs agglutinated into a

spherical mass.

124 modi:riN sYsitM.

The mandibles of the male are porrecl, and rather more than
halt" the length of the thorax; those of the female rather vertical.

** The two external ei/es on each side placed rathe}- close to each
other. (Maxi/lrB not always thickened at their base; the Jirst and
j^ then the second pair of' legs longest.)

A. Maxilla somewhat thickened at their base, and transversely im-

pressed before the middle.

Sp. 2. Clu. Nutrix. Ungula; black: thorax and mandibles light red:
legs very light red : abdomen yellowish green, with an obscure lon-
gitudinal band.

It has once occurred in England, near Cheltenham.

B. Maxilla not thickened at their base ; front not transvcrseJij im-

pressed.

Sp. 3. Clu. atrox. Brown : legs pale: tibi;c with dark spots: middle of
the back of the abdomen with a somewhat quadrate black spot,
margined with yellow.

Inhabits old walls and the fissures of rocks. It is very common in
Britain and France.

Genus 11. ARANEA of cmthors. Tf.generia. Walck.

Maxilla straight and longitudinal, with their internal angle distinctly
truncate, diameter equal, apex rounded : lip elongate, nearly qua-
drate, longer than broad, towards the superior angles a little nar-
rower : legs, the anterior pair about the same length with the fourth
pair; third pair shortest: eyes disposed in two transverse lines near
each other, and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. Ar. domestica. Livid-cinereous ; thorax of the male immaculate ;
of the J'cniale, on each side with a longitudinal blackish band : abdo-
men blackish, middle of its back with a longitudinal, maculose,
dentated band, and the lateral lineolae livid.

Aranca domestica. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Leach. Tcgencria domestica.
Walck.

Inhabits houses in Europe; spinning its web in a place where there is
a cavity, such as the corner of a room. The mode of constructing
the web is curious. Having chosen a convenient situation, she fixes
one end of the thread to the wall, and passes on to the other side,
dragging the thread along with her, till she arrive at the other side,
where she fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes and repasses
rnilii she has made as many parallel threads as are necessary ; she
then crosses these by other threads. This net is intended for the
capture of her prey ; and, in addition to it, the animal prepares a
cell for herself, where she remains concealed, and on the watch. Be-
tween the cell and the net the spider builds a bridge of threads, which,

CLASS III. ARACIINOiOA. 125

by communicating with the threads of the hirge net, both gives her
intelHgcnce -when any thing touches the web, and enables her to pass
quickly in order to seize it.

Genus 12. AGELENA. Wakkenlier, Leach.

Ma.vtlla straight and longitudinal, their internal angle slightly trun-
cate ; diameters equal, apex roiuided : lip not longer than broad, to-
wards the superior angle a little narrower : legs moderately lung, the
anterior and fourth pairs of nearly equal length, the third pair
shortest : ej/es disposed in two transverse lines near to each other,
and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. Ag. labi/riiitlticu. Griscous pale-reddish: thorax on each side
with a blackish longitudinal line : abdomen black, above and on
each side with white oblique lines forming obtuse angles, running
together anteriorly in pairs ; the weaving appendices or nipples
conic, elongate.

Inhabits the fields. It is very common in most parts of Europe during
the summer months. In Britain it is most abundant in the au-
tumn. It spins a horizontal web on the ground, in which it watches
for its prey, consisting of tlies and other dipterous insects. The
spider itself lives in a funnel-shaped cavity, often extending below
the surface of the ground.

Genus 13. ARGYRONETA. Latreilie, Wukkenutr, Leach.

Max'Ulos short, straight, elongate quadrate, the sides of nearly equal
diameters ; anteriorly convex ; the apex rounded : lip short, shorter
than the maxillae; of a narrow elongate-triangular ibrm ; the ante-
rior aspect convex; the apex obtuse or truncate : legs, the first, the
fourth pair longest; the second pair shortest: eyes with tlie four
middle ones forming a quadrangle, the two on each side set obliquely
and subgeminated.

Sp. 1. Arg. aquatica. Blackish-brown: abdomen black velvety, with
some impressed dots on its back.

Aranea aquatica. Linn., Fabr. Argyroneta aquatica, Latr., Watch.,
Leach.

Inhabits Europe, frequenting slow running waters and ditches, span-
ning a web most beautifully constructed imder the water, in which
it lives, being surrounded with air, which shines through the water
with a silvery lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky
bag. It is extremely common in most of the ditches round Lon-
don, and may be observed, especially in the beginning of the sum-
mer, building its nest beneath the water, or ruiming along the Ihies
by which it is suspended.

Stirps 2. — Legs sim]de: hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and
superior of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon : nipples

126 MODERN SYSTEM.

of the anus short and nearly equal, of a conic form : lip nearly se-
micircular, broader than long, and projecting between the maxilla.- :
{eyes eight.)

* Eyes not describing the segment of a circle. Maxilla straight-
ened towards their extreynilies, but not dilated.

Genus 14. SYCTODES. Latreille, Walckenner, Leach.

Maxilla oblique and longitudinal, covering the sides of the lip ; their
bases thickened, the apex internally obliquely truncated : lip some-
what quadrate, the base a little contracted : legs with the fourth,
then the first pair longest; the third pair shortest.

Sp. 1. Si/c. thoracica. Pale reddish-white, spotted with black : thorax
large and somewhat orbicular, elevated roundly behind : abdomen
lighter in colour, and subglobose.

Inhabits Paris, in houses. It has twice occurred near Dover, but both
the individuals were females.

Genus 1.5. TIIERIDIUIM. Walcliemcr, Latreille, Leach.

Maxilltc with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, con^
verging towards their points; of equal breadth ; the internal apex
obtuse, or obliquely truncated : lip small, triangular, or semicircu-
lar; the apex truncate or subrounded : legs elongate, the first, then
the fourth pair longest ; eyes with four in the centre, forming a qua-
drangle, the under ones placed on a common elevation; two others
on each side geminated, and situated on a common elevation.

Sp. 1, Th. sisiphum. Rufous : abdomen globose, with three lines.

Theridium sisiphum. Leach.

Inhabits Europe, in the corners of buildings, walls, and rocks. Lt is
Jigured by Lister, t. 14:. fig. 14.

Genus 16. PHOLCUS. Walckenaer, Latreille, Leach,

Maxilla oblique, covering the sides of the lip, converging from the
base to the apex : apex internally trimcated : lip transversely qua-
drate ; the lateral angles of tlie apex rounded and somewhat mar-
gined: Zegs very long and very slender ; the first, then the second
and fourth (nearly equal) the longest : eyes inserted on a tubercle ;
two geminated and placed transversely in the middle; three on each
side amassed in a triangle, one larger than the rest.

Sp. 1. Ph. plialangi'uides. Pale-livid : abdomen elongate, cylindric-oval,
very soft, obscure cinereous : tip of the tibiae and thighs with a pale
ring of a whitish colour.

Pholcus phalangiiiides. Walck., Latr., Leach. Aranea Pluchii. Scopol.
Aranea opilionides. Schrank. Aranea phalangioides. Foitrcroy.

Inhabits houses in Europe ; in the western parts of England it is ex-
tremely common. Its body vibrates like that of a tipulideous in^

fiCCt.

CLASS iir. ARACUNo'inA. 1*27

** F^i^cs not describing the segment of a circle. Maxilla straight,
with their points dilated.

Genus 17. TETRAGNATIIA. Latreille, Leach.

Eyes subequal; disposed in two straight and almost parallel transverse
lines, the four middle ones forming nearly a regular quadrangle :
maxillce straight, elongate and narrow, almost equally broad ; the
apex externally dilated and round : lip semicircillar and somewhat
notched: legs very long and very slender; the first pair longest, then
the second, afterwards the fourth.

Sp. 1. Tct. exlcnsa. Reddish; abdomen oblong, golden green, with
the sides and two lines below yellowish; the middle below longitu-
dinally black.

Aranea extensa. Linn., Fahr. Tetragnatha extensa, Latr., Walck., Leach.

Inhabits Europe; frequenting moist places, in which it constructs a
vertical web, sitting on it with its legs extended.

Genus 18. EPEIRA. Wulckenucr, Latreille, Leach.

Latreille has divided this genus into sections, most of which would
form good genera.

Ei/es with the four middle ones placed on an abruptly formed tubercle
in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones largest and most
distant; the lateral eyes on each side subgeminated and placed ob-
liquely on a tubercle: maxillce subcircular, internally membrana-
ceous: /«/; semicircular; short, with the point membranaceous : legs
moderately long, hispid, the thighs rather strong; the first pair
largest, then the second, afterwards the fourth pair : thorax inversely
elongate subcordate, anteriorly broadly truncated : abdomen subglo-
bose, large, much broader than the thorax.

Sp. 1. Ep.Diadcma. Reddish; abdomen globose-oval, with an elevated
angle on each side of its base; dorsal band broad, triangular, den-
tated, darker, with a triple cross of luteous white dots or spots, and
with four impressed dots disposed in a quadrangle.

Aranea Diadenia. Lifin. Araignee a croix. De Geer. Epeira Dia-
dema. Walck., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. It frequents the borders of woods, rocks, and gar-
dens, and is well known in Britain by the names Sceptre or Diadem
Spider.

*** Ej/es describing the segment of a circle.

Genus 19. THDMISUS. Walck., Latr., Leach. Heteropoda,

iMtf'. MisuMENA. Latr.

Ei/es generally subequal, placed in two transverse lines in a kind of

semicircle: maxilla oblique, covering the side of the lip and in some

tiegicc converging; the internal apex truncate : lip somewhat oval

l^S IMODERN SYSTEM.

or nearly quadrate, generally longer than broad : legx, the first and
second pair longest: the second rather longest; the third and fourth
pair of legs much less, sometimes one being largest, sometimes the
other.

The mandibles of the animals composing this genus are cither per-
pendicular or somewhat iufiexed ; in many conical with many short
claws.

* Thorax convex, cortji form; the aide n, especially behind, ahrupllif
sloping, anteriorly broad/i/ truncate; the largest legs not double the
length of the body; the first and second pair much thicker than the
others, sometimes one sometimes the other being longest. The first joint
of the torsi, with several moveable little spines, in a single or in a double
series; the claws of' the tarsi naked. Lip so)newhat ova!, the apex
truncate or obtuse. Apex of the maxilla wedge-shaped.

Sp. 1. Tho. citreus. Thorax at the insertion of the eyes transversely
elevated; the sides anteriorly produced and prominent: eyes equal:
abdomen roundish, trigonal, broader behind, with a red line on each
side: body yellowish citron-coloured.

Inhabits Europe, living in flowers. It is very common in Britain. The
male is rare, smaller than the female; of a brown colour banded
with yellowish green.

** Thorax convex, cordiform ; the sides, especially behind, abruptly
sloping, the anterior part broadly truncated; the lai-ger legs not twice
the length (f the body, all of ne(rrly an equal degree of thickness ; the
hinder Jour not much shorter; the. anterior with four little spines : the
clazos if all the tarsi scarcely visible. Lips somewhat oval : the apex
truncate or obtuse. MaxilUc at their points wedge-shaped.

Sp. 2. Tho. lynceus. Lateral eyes largest, placed on an eminence, the
tubercles of the hinder ones thickest : body pale yellowish-grey,
variegated with punctures and spots of a blackish colour : abdomen
very large, of a triangular-oval form, broader behind.

Inhabits France and .Scotland. Latreille considers it to be much allied
to Thomisus onustus of Walckeniier.

*** Thorax depressed, somezchat oval, very obtuse before ; the larger
legs not twice the length of the body ; all the legs of equal thickness :
the tarsi hairy beneath, the first joint with a few little spines: the apex
with two brushes under the dazes : abdomen oblong : the maxillce beyond
the insertion of the palpi, nearly of equal breadth, distinctly and abruptly
truncated: lip somewhat quadrate: hinder eyes distant.

Sp, 3. Tho. oblongus. Pale-yellowish, with white hairs above: abdo-
men somewhat cyliudrical, with obscure longitudinal lines.
Inhabits France, Denmark, and England, on p!anis.

CLASS Iir. ARACIINOIDA. 129

Stirps 3. — Legs not formed for leaping. Hindei' eyes placed on the
anterior and superior part of the thorax, forming an irregular hex-
agon, {llinckr pair of legs longest.)

Genus 20. LYCOSA. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Mnxillte straight, anteriorly convex ; externally towards the side some-
what arcuated; internally slightly margined, gradually narrowing
towards the hase; the apex obliquely truncated, forming almost an
inverted triangle: Up elongate, quadrate: legs strong, the fourth
pair longest, then the second; the third shortest.

Sp. 1. Lye. succata. Above smoky-black clouded with cinereous vil-
losity ; carina of the thorax obscure, reddish, with a cinereous vil-
lous line ; base of the abdomen with a little bundle of griseous hairs :
legs livid-red, with blackish spots.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common in Britain: the female may be
observed in gardens carrying her bag of eggs, of a green colour :
palpi, mandibles, and anterior margin of the thorax livid-red in the
female, black in the male.

Genus 21. DOLO^MEDES. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

JJfl.ivY/^e straight, oval-quadrate; the apex externally rounded, inter-
nally obliquely truncated: lip somewhat square, the diameters
nearly equal, the points of the angles rounded: legs elongate; the
fourth pair longest, then the second ; the third shortest : claws ex-
serted, without brushes below.

Sp. 1. Dol. nnrahilis. Pale reddish, covered with greyish down: tho-
rax heart-shaped, anteriorly abruptly sloping : the anterior angles
and dorsal line whitish : abdomen conical, suboval : back darker.

Aranea saccata. Linn. Dolomedes mirabilis. Wulck., Latr., Leach.
Aranea Listeri. Scopoli. Aranea obscura. Fair.

Inhabits woods.

Stirps 4. —ifjgs formed for leaping: (Eyes eight. T/^ora.r never carinatcd.)

Geims 22. SALTICUS. Latr., Leach. Attus. Wakk.

MaxillcB straight, longitudinal, subrhomboidal, or inverse-cuneate-
ovate : lip elongate, suboval, the apex obtuse : palpi clavate : thorax
truncate-ovate or parallelogrammic : eyes disposed in the form of a
horse-slioe, the tAvo middle ones largest : /egs thick and short ; the
first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second
and the third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the
t\vo other pairs.

Sp. 1. Sal. sceniciis. Black; margin of the thorax covered with white
down : abdomen short ovate ; above with a reddish-gray pubescence,
with three transverse arcuate lines, and the anus white ; the first
band basal and entire, the others acutely bent anteriorly, and inter-
rupted in their middle.

130 MODERN SYSTEM.

Aranea scenica. Linn., Fair. Atte pare. Walck. Salticus scenicus.

Latr., Leach.
Inhabits walls and palings. It is found in most parts of" Europe, and is

called in Britain the Hunting Spider.

Genus 2.3. ATTUS. Walck., Leach's Svpp. to Encycl. Brit. Sal-
ticus. Latr., Leach's Edin. Enctjcl. vol. vii.

MaxilltE straight, longitudinal, sul)rhomboidal or inversely cuneate-
ovate: /«/; elongate, suboval, with the apex obtuse: /)«//>« filiform :
thora.v elongate, narrow, subconic : eyes disposed in the form of a
horsc-shoe; the two middle ejes largest: legs slender, elongate, the
first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second
and Uiird pairs of nearly an equal length and shorter than the other
pairs.

S]>. 1. Att.formicariiis. Thorax anteriorly black, behind red : abdomen
fuscous, with a white spot on each side: legs red.

Attus formicarius. Walck. Salticus formicarius. Lair., Leach. Arai-
gnce fourmi. De Geer.

Inhabits Europe, residing on pla;nts and walls. It is very rare in Scot-
land, and has not been observed in England.

Class IV. A CARL Leach's MSS.

In the Supplement to Encycl. Brit. vol. i. the animals of this Class
were arranged with the Arachnoida and formed the Order Monomero-
somata. Since that paper was written, Dr. Leach has, from a further
investigation of their characters, separated them from the Arachnoida
(in which they differ essentially), and considers them as a distinct
class ; they are for the most part parasitic, living on the bodies of
other animals: to the lovers of the microscope these animals will af-
ford an extensive field for their research and investigation; they are
very numerous, highly interesting, and as yet but imperfectly known.

Character. — Body formed but of one segment: month rostriform,
or in some furnished with maxillae and mandibles : legs six or eight :
trachem for respiration.

Section I. — Legs formed for tcalking.
A. Mouth with mandibles.
Fam. I. Trombidiads;. Leach.

Falpi porrect, and furnished at their extremities with a moveable ap-
pendage. Eyes two, placed on a pillar. Body apparently divided
into two parts by a transverse line; the anterior division bearing th«
eyes, mouth, and four anterior legs.

CLASS IV. ACART. 131

Genus 1. TROMBIDIUM. Fahr., Lulr., Lcac/i.
Legs eight.
Sp. 1. Trom. holoscrkcum. Subquadrate, l)Iooil-rccl, tomentose; the

down short composed of cylindric papillae, which arc rounded at

their extremities.
Tronibidium holosericeum. Fahr., Latr. »

Inhabits Europe, and is abundant in the spring.

Genus 2. OCYPETE. Leach.
Legs six.
Sp. 1. Ocj/. rubra. Red; back with a few long hairs, the legs with

many short hairs of a rufous ash-colour ; eyes black brown.
Ocypete rubra. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

This curious little animal, which is not larger than a grain of
small sand, is parasitic, and is frequently to be found on the largest
tipuladous insects, adhering to their legs. No less than sixteen
specimens have been obtained from one insect.

Earn. II. Gammasid.^. Leach.
Palpi porrect, simple.

Genus 3. GAMMASUS. Latreilk, Leach.
Bodtj depressed, the skin of the back partly or entirely coriaceous.

* Anterior portion of the hack, and a triangular part behind, cori-
aceous.
Sp. 1. Gamm. Coleoptratorum. Coriaceous parts of the back fuscous ;

anterior pair of legs a little longer than the hinder ones.
Gammase des Coleopteres. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, ct dcs Insect.
vii. 399. Gammasus Coleoptratorum. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i.
147. Leach. Acarus Coleoptratorum. Linn., Fabr.
Inhabits the excrements of horses and oxen, often attaching itself to
Scai-abai, Histeres, &c. in great numbers.

"** Back entirely coriaceous.
Sp. 2. Gamm. marginatus. Ovate, brown ; belly coriaceous, the sides
alone membranaceous and whitish ; anterior legs nearly twice the
length of the body.
Inhabits dung and dead animals.

Fam. III. AcAEiDiE. Leach.
Moidh furnished with mandibles : palpi simple, very short, not por-
rected.

Genus 4. ORIBITA. Latreille, Leach.
Bodi/ covered by a coriaceous skin ; anterior part rostrated ; the pro-
duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglo-
bose : tarsi with claws.
Sp. 1. Or. geniculata. Fuscous-castaneous, shining, hairy : legs pale-
fuscous ; thighs subclavate.

132 MODERN SYSTEM.

Acarus geniculatus. Linn.

Inhabits trees and beneath stones. It is common in Sweden, Ger-
many, and England.

Genus 5. NOTASPIS. Hermann.

Body covered by a coriaceous skin, the anterior part rostrated, the pro-
duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglobose,
the sides anteriorly with a wing-like process : tarsi with claws.

Sp. 1. Not. humeralis. Abdomen blackish-chcsnut; the produced parts
membranaceous.

Mitte a rebord. De Gcer. Oribita humeralis. Lutr., Leach.

Inhabits moss and beneath stones. It is not uncommon in the southern
parts of Devonshire.

Genus 6. ACARUS of authors.

Body soft : mouth naked : tarsi with a pedunculated vesicle at their ex-
tremities.

Sp. 1. Aca. domesticus. White, with two bro^vn spots; body ovate, the
middle coarctate, with very long hairs : legs equal.

Acarus Siro. Linn., Fabr., Leach Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 415. Acarus do-
mesticus. Latr., Leach Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 444.

Inhabits houses, living in cheese and flour that have been kept too
long.

B. Mouth furnished with a rostrum.

Fam. IV. IxoDiAD.£. Leach.

Eyes obscure or concealed.

Stirps. 1. — Palpi and rostrum exserted.

Genus 7. IXODES. Latreilk, Leach. Cynorh(EStes. Hermann.

Palpi equally broad, longer than broad.

Sp. 1. Xr. Ricinus. Scutum rounded, smaller; with the vagina of the
rostrum and the legs fuscous : abdomen varying in colour.

Acarus Ricinus. Linn., Fabr. Ixodes Ricinus. Lutr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe, attaching itself to dogs. In Britain it is called the,;
Dog-tick.

Dr. Leach has written a paper on the British species of this ge-
nus, which is published in the eleventh volume of the Transactions
of the Linnean Society.

Stirps 2. — Palpi and rosfnan hidden.

Genus 8. UROPODA. Latreilk, Leach.
Body oval, orbiculate : back corneous, clypeiform, the disc being gra-
dually convex ; beneath flat ; anus produced into a long filiform pe-
duncle (by which it adheres to coleopterous insects) : legs very short,
pressed close to the body, the first pair shortest, the second pah
rather longer, the third distinctly longer, the fourth pair longest

CLASS IV. ACARI. 133

Sp. 1. TJi'o. vegetans. Brown, very smooth, shining.
Mitte vegetative. Be Gcer., vii. 123.pl. 7. Jig. 15.
Uropoda vegetans. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits France and England, attaching itself to the legs, abdomen,
and elytra of Hhteres, Aphodii, &c. by its pedunculated anus.

Fam. V. Cheyletidx. Leach.
Ej/es distinct : palpi concealed.
Stirps 1. — Palpi distinct.

Genus 9. SARCOPTES. Latreille, Leach.

Sp. 1. Scir. Scabiei. Subrotundate ; legs short, reddish; four hinder
ones, with a very long seta : the plants of the four anterior ones
terminated by a swelling.

Mitte de la Gale. De Geer. Acarus Scabiei. Fabr. Le Ciron de la
Gale. Geoff. Sarcopte de la Gale. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des
Insect, viii. 55. et vii. pi. 66. Sarcoptes Scabiei. Latr., LeacL

Inhabits the ulcers of the itch. Acarus exulcerans of Linni, is pro-
bably this animal, or is at least referable to the same genus.

Section II. — Legs formed for swimming.

Fam. Hydrachnad-e.
Mouth with mandibles.

Genus 10. HYDRACHXA. Mull., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Palpi subcylindric, porrect, arcuate inflexed, four-jointed, the last acute

unguiform : mouth produced into a conic rostrum : body globose :

legs fimbriated with hairs, and situated at equal distances from each

other.
Sp. 1. Hif. geegraphica. Black, with coccineous spots and dots.
Ilydrachna geographica. Mull. Hi/dr. 59. tab. 8. Jig. 3-5. Latr.,

Leach.
Inhabits waters that flow gently. It is a most beautiful animal, and

is very common near London.

Genus 11. LliMNOCHARES. Latr., T^ach.

Palpi incurved, the apex acute simple : 7}iouth with a very short ro-
strum : bodi/ depressed : legs short, the four hinder ones remote :
ei/es two.

Sp. 1. Lim. holosericea. Body ovate, red, rugose, soft; eyes black.

Acarus aquaticus. Linn. La Tique rouge satinee aquatique. Geoff.
ISIitte satinee aquatique. De Geer. Trombidium aquaticum. Fabr.
Linonochares holosericea. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common in most of our ponds during the
summer months. It varies much in colour, but is generally found
of a bright red or greyish-red colour, and of all the intermedia,te
varieties of shape.

134 MODERN SYSTEM.

Class V. INSECT A.

History. — Insecta, so named from in (into) and seco (to cut). This
term was applied to these animals hy the Latins; by the Greeks they
were named Entoma {svtO[LoC), from Jv, into, and fsiMW, to cut. In-
sects were so named, because their bodies are composed of many
joints or segments ; on which account several of the ancient and older
naturalists placed them with the classes Crustacea, Mi/riupodu, Arach-
noida, and Vermes.

The oldest records on this subject are to be found in the sacred
writings, where mention is made of locusts, flies, and caterpillars ; and
it is probable that INIoses had acquired some knowledge of insects
from the Egyptian sages, as his writings abound with passages relating
to insects.

Hippocrates, as we are told by Pliny, Avrote on insects; and the
writings of the earlier Greek and Latin philosophers, quoted by Pliny,
afford extracts of his labours.

Aristotle, in his Historij of Animals, has devoted a very considerable
portion of his attention to insects, and has described their general
external structure with great accuracy.

Aldrovandus, in 160'2, published a very voluminous work, De Ani-
vialibus Insectis, in which he divides insects into Terrestrial and Aqua-
tic.

In 1613, Wolfgang Frantzius ^\\bYii\iGA Historia Animalium Sacra,
which contains some new observations, and a distribution of insects
into Aerial, Aquatic, and Terrestrial.

Swammerdam, who published his Historia Jnsectorum Ccneralis in
1669, divided genuine insects into, 1st, Those which, after leaving the
egg, appear under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings,
which parts are afterwards produced : 2dly, Those insects which ap-
pear, when hatched from the eggs, under the form of a larva, and,
when full grown, change into a chrysalis, where it remains until its
parts are fit to be developed : 3dlj', Those which, having attained the
pupa (chrysalis or nympha) state, do not divest themselves of their
skin. His other divisions refer to animals of the classes Arachndida,
Crustacea, and ]\Tj/riapoda; and the whole of his work contains much
valuable observation on the structure and economy of these animals.

In 1735, Linne published the first edition of his Stjstema Naturce,
sive Rei^na tria Nature si/stematice proposita per Classes, Ordines, Genera,
et Species, in which work Insects are distributed into four Orders, ac-
cording to the number and form of their wings: 1. Coleopter.i;
2. Angioptera; 3. He.miptep.a ; 4. Apteka.

With the last Order he included Crustaqea, Arachnidcs, Myriapoda,
Vermes, and certain Zoophi/tes; but in subsequent editions of this work

CLASS V. INSECTA. 135

lie separated the Vermes, as Aristotle had done before him, and esta-
bhshed them as a class di.stinct from Insects.

Schasflfer, in 1711, puulished a valuable work, under the title Icones
Inseclurum circa liafisbonam indigenorum. The classification proposed
by the author differs entirely from that of Linne, and approaches in
some respects that proposed by GeoffVoy.

In 1761, Geoftroy published his most valuable System of Insects,
under the title Hhtoire uhrcgee des Inscctcs, &;c. in which these ani-
mals are arranged into six sections.

In 1770, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linnc, published a new system
of entomology, under the title Si/slcma Entomohgiir, in which the
principles of a new mode of classification, founded on the organs of
deglutition and mastication, is for the first time developed. This sy-
stem, which has undergone several modifications, is named the Ciha-
riuu Si/ston.

Scopoli, in 1777, published his Intruductio ad Hisforiam Nafuralem,
in which work he divides insects into five tribes, under the singular
appellations of, 1. Sioammenlami-Lucifugd ; Q. Gcoffroy-Gs/mnoptera;
.3. Roeselii-Lepidopfera ; 4. Reatimarii-Proboscidea ; 5. Frisc/iii-Cokoptera,
identifying each tribe by the name of each author, who has, in his opi-
nion, been most successful in the explanatioji of that to which his
name is attached.

The LuciJ'uga includes the lice; Gymnoptcra, his Imlteratu, aculcata,
and cuialnta : Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies : Proboscidea he
has divided into terrestrial and aquatic; and the Coleoptera he divides
into those inhabiting water, and those the land.

In 1780, Linne produced the twelfth edition of his Systema Nature?,
which was the last systematic work of that illustrious naturalist.

In 1793, P. A. Latreille published his Precis des Caracteres Gene-
riques des hisecfes, in which he divided Insects into I. Aile's : 1. Cole-
optera, Q. Orthoptera, 3. Hemiptera, 4. Kcuroptera, 5. Lepidoptera.
II. Apt.e^res : 6. Suctorial, 7. T/iasynoiira.

In 1798, J. C. Fabricius produced his last general systematic work,
the Supplementum Entomologice Systematical, which presents an outline
of his system in its latest state ; and which, being the result of much
knowledge, demands a considerable portion of attention.

In the Enlomologie Hehetique, a work published in 1798, Clairville,
its author, has arranged Insects in the following manner:

* PTEROPHORA; Maxdibulata. With wings and jaws.

Section 1. Elytroptera. Wings crustaceous.

2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous.

3. Dictyoftera. Wings reticulated.

4. PiiLEBOPTERA. Wiusfs vcincd.

136 MODERN system!

** PTEROPHORA; Haustellata. With wings and a haustellum.

Section 5. Halteriptera. Wings with poisers.

6. Lepidoptera. Wings with powder.

7. IIemimeroptera. Wings partly obscure, partly diapha-

nous.

*** APTERA; Haustellata. Without wings ; with a sucker.

8. RoPHOPTERA. Sucker sharp.

**** APTERA; Mandibulata. Without wings, with jaws.

9. PoDODUNERA. Lcgs formed for running.

In 1800, Cuvier, with the assistance of Dumcril, published his
Artcttomie Comparec, in which the organization of Insects is treated of
at great length.

In 1801, J. B. Lamarck produced his Systhne des Animaux sans Ver-
tebres, i n which work he has arranged some of the genuine Insects
with the Aradinoida • the rest he distributes into the following Orders ;

* With mandibles and jaws.

Order I. Coleopteea. II. Orthoptera. III. NeurOptera.

** With mandibles, and with a kind of proboscis.

Order IV. Hymenoptera.

*** No mandibles. A trunk or sucker.

Order V. Lepidoptera. VI. Hemiptera. Vll. Diptera. VIII. A-
ptera.

In 1806, Latreille published his Genera Crustaceorrcm et Insectorum,
in which he has denominated the true Insects Insecta Pterodicera ;
and has arranged them in the following manner :

Century I. ELYTHROPTERA.

Elytra two, covering the wings entirely.

Cohors I. Odontota.
Mouth with mandibles, maxillcc, and lip. Wings folded,
Order I. Coleoptera. II. Orthoptera.

Cohors II. Sipiionostoma,
Order III. Hemiptera.

Century II. GYMNOPTERA.

Winsis naked.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 137

Coliors I. Odontata.
Mouth with mandibles, niaxilke, and Hp. Wings four.

Order IV. — Neuroptera. V. IIymenoptera.
Cohors II. Sipiionostoma.
Mouth tubular, formed for sucking.
Order Xl. Lepidoptera. VII. Diptera. VIII. Suctoria.

Latreillc has retained the same general arrangement in his last work,
C) mule rut ions Gcmrules sur COrdrc N(iturellc,d)-c. but he has rejected the
divisions into Legions, Centuries, and Cohorts.

'D\nwi:n\,m\\i?, Zoologie Aiinlijtkjae, arranges insects into Eight Or-
ders, the last of which also comprehends the Classes Arachnoida and
Mi/riupoda.

In 1812 Lamarck published a little work, entitled Ext?^ait da Covrs de
Zoologie dii Museum d'Histoire Natm^elle, in which he has continued the
general arrangement published by him in 1801.

In 1815, vol. ix. of the Edinhargh Enci/dopadia was published, in
which Dr. Leach gave the following arrangement of Insects into Or-
ders, and has added to them the Farasita and T/ii/sanoura, which La-
treille placed with the Arachnoida.

Subclass I. AMETABOLIA.

Order I. Thysanura. II. Anoplura.

Subclass II. METABOLIA.

Century I. ELYTHROPTERA.

Insects with elytra.

Cohors I. Odontostomata.

Mouth with mandibles.
* Metcunorp/iosis incomplete.
Order III. Coleoptera.

** Metamorphosis nearly coarctate.
Order IV. Strepsiptera.

*** Metamorphosis semi-complete.
Order V. Dermaptera. VI. Orthoptera. VII. Dictyoptera,

Cohors II. SiPHONOSTOMATA.

■ Mouth with an articulated rostrum.

138 MODERN SYSTEM-

Order VIII. Hemiptera. IX. Omoptera.

Century II. MEDAMOPTERA.
Insects without wings or elytra.
Order X. Apteka.

Century III. GYMNOPTERA.

Insects with wings but no elytra.

Cohors I. Glossostomata.
Mouth with a spiral tongue.
Order XI. Lepidoptera.

Cohors II. Gnathostomata.
INIouth with maxilL'c and lip.
Order XII. Trichoptera.

Cohors III. Odoktostomata.
Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip.
Order XIII. Neuroptera. XIV. IIymenoptera.

Cohors IV. SiPHONOSTOMATA.

Mouth tidjular, formed for sucking.
Order XV. Diptera.

As the above arrangement is subject to various objections, I shall
adopt that since given by the samp author in vol. iii. of his Zoological
Miscellany.

Class V. IN SECT A.

Subclass I. AMETABOLIA.

Insects undergoing no metamoryhosis.
Order I. Tiiysanura. — Tail armed with setae.
Order II. Anoplura. — Tail without sets.

Subclass 2. METABOLIA.
Insects undergoing rnetamorphosis.

Order III. Coleoptera. — Wings two, transversely folded, covered
by two crustaceous or hard coriaceous elytra, meeting (generally) with
a straight suture. Mouth with mandibles. {l^letamorphosis'm.coxa.^\etc)

CLASS V. IK3ECTA. 139

Order IV. Dermaptera. — Witigs two, longitudinally and trans-
versely folded. Eh/tra subcrustaccous, abbreviated, with the suture
straight. Mouth with mandibles. {Alctunioj^phosis semi-complete.)

Order Y. Orthopteua. — JI7«i;,vtwo, longitudinally folded, covered
by tAvo coriaceous elytra, the margin of one elytron covering the same
part of the other. Mouth with mandiljles. (^Mclcunoi-phosis semi-com-
plete.)

Order VI. Dictyoptera. — Wings two, longitudinally folded, twice
or more, covered by two coriaceous elytra; one elytron decussating
the other obliquely. Mouth with mandibles. {Metamorphosis semi-
complete.)

Order VII. IIemiptera. — Tf7/?^.<; two, covered by t\vo crustaceous
or coriaceous elytra (the tips of which are generally membranaceous),
horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. JMouth with an arti-
culated rostrum. {Metamorphosis semi-complete.)

Order VIII. Omoptera. — Wings t%vo, covered by tsvo elytra which
are entirely coriaceous or membranaceous ; meeting obliquely Avith a
straight suture. Mouth with an articulated rostrum. {Mctamorphosts
semi-complete or incomplete.)

Order IX. After a. — No uings or elytra. Mouth with a tubular
jointed sucking rostrum. {JMetamorphosis incomplete.)

Order X. Lepidopteka. — TT7»^s four, inembranaceous, covered with
meal-like scales. Mouth with a spiral tongue. {Metamorphosis incom-
plete.)

Order XI. Trichoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous; the pteri-
gostia or wing bones hairy. Mouth with maxilke and lip. {Meiamo?-
phosis incomplete.)

Order XII. Neuroptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, generally
of equal size, with numerous decussating pterigostia resembling a net-
work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilla', and lip. {Mttumorphosis in-
complete or semicomplete.)

Order XIII. Hymexoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, the
hinder ones always smallest ; the pterigostia not decussating each other,
so as to resemble a net-work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilla; and li}'.
{Metamorphosis incomplete.)

Order XIY. Riiipiptera. — Wirigs tAvo, longitudinally folded. Mouth
with mandibles. {Metamorphosis subcoarctate.)

Order XW Diptera. — Wings tvvo, with halteres or balancers at
their base. 2Iouth tubular, formed for sucking. {Metamorphosis ia-
conqilete or subcoarctate.)

Order X\'I. Omaloptera. — Mouth furnished with mandibles and

140 MODERN SYSTEM'.

elongated maxillce : lip simple. Wings two or none. (Metamorphoxis
coarctata.)

Subclass I. IXSECTA AMETABOLIA.

Order I. THYSAXURA. Leach.

Thysaxoit-a. Latreille.

Tail furnished witli setae or filaments : Jiiouth with mandibles, palpi, la-
bnim, and labium.

The body of the animals which compose this Order ts generally
covered with scales or hair. Their motion is extremely rapid, or per-
formed by leaping.

Fam. I. Lepismadje. Leach's MSS.

Palpi vor\" distinct and prominent, or exserted : antenne composed of a
vast number of verj- short joints : tail with tliree exserted setas.

Stirps 1 . — Bodii depressed, and moving with a running motion : tail
with three nearly equal filaments.

Genus 1. LEPISMA. Linn., De Gecr, Fabr., Latr., Leach. Se-
TOURA. Broun. Fokbicixa. Geoff'., Lamarck.

Antenna inserted betvseen the eyes: maxiUari/ palpi slender, composed
of five joints, the last of which is elongate and very slender: labud
palpi with their joints compressed, dilated, and round : er/es small and
remote.

Sp. 1. Lep. saccharina. Body covered with silvery scales.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common amongst books, clothes, &c.
and wanders about during the night. It is supposed to have been
originally introduced into Europe from America, where it is said to
live amongst sugar.

Stirps 1. — Body convex, with an arched back formed for springing.
Tail with three seta, the middle one longest.

Genus 2. FORBICINA. Geoff., Leach. Lepisma. Linn., Olivier.
Maciiilis. Latr.

Antennae inserted under the eyes, shorter than the body : masillary palpi
thick, with six joints, the last conic : labial palpi with the apex mem-
branaceous : eyes large and contiguous.

Sp. 1. For. poly poda. Smoky brown, with obscure rust-coloured spots.

Lepisma polypoda. Linn. Lepisma saccharina. Fill. Ent. 4. tab. 11.
fig. 1. Machilis polypoda. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins. 1. p. 165. tab. 6.
Jig. 4. magnified La Forbicine cylindrique. Geoff. Forbicina poly-
poda. Leach.

Inhabits all the temperate parts of Europe, and is found in woods and
under stones.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 141

Genus S. PETROBIUS. Leach's Zoological Miscellany, vol. iii.

tub. 145. Lepisma. Fabr.?

Antenna longer than the body, inserted under the eyes : maxillury palpi

six-jointed; the tifth joint inversely conic, the sixth conic: labial

palpi with the last joint obliquely truncate, with the apex acute, and

not membranaceous : ei/es large and contiguous.

Sp. 1. Pet. maiitimus. Blackish, with golden scales: feet yellowish:

sets of the tail annulated with white.
Inhabits all tlie rocky shores of Britain. Dr. Leach first obser\Td this
species on the Devonshire coast, and afterwards in Ireland, Scotland,
and Wales. It is verj- active, runs fast, and leaps to a great distance.
Dr. L. suspects that it has been confounded by Fabricius with For-
bicina polypoda.

Fam. II. PoDURAD^. Leach.

Palpi not exserted nor very conspicuous : nntenniE composed of four
joints, the last sometimes formed of several other minute articula-
tions : tail forked, and bent beneath the abdomen.

Genus 4. PODURA. Linn., Geoff, De Geer., Fabr., Lam., Her-
ynann. Leach.
Antenna, with the last joint solid, not articulated: abdomen elongate, li-
near.
Sp. 1. Pod. plumbea. Lead-coloured, shining, with griseous head and

feet.
Podura plumbea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Podure plombee. De

Geer. La Podure grise commune. Geoff.
Inhabits Europe under stones.

There are a great number of species in this and the following ge-
nus, which are worthy of attention. Fabricius has placed these
two genera together without the slightest distinction, and has de-
scribed several species, which it is hoped some future zoologist will
be induced to examine.

Genus 5. SMYXTHURUS. Latr., Leach. Poduea. Linn., Fabr.,
De Geer, Geoff.
Sp. 1. Smyn.fuscus. Body entirely brown.
La Podure brun enfumee. Geoff. Podura atra. Linn. ? Fabr. Smyn-

thurvis fuscus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe; is common on the ground and in damp hedges.

Order II. ANOPLURA. Leach.
Parasita. Latreille.

Tall without seta? or filaments : mouth in some fiirnished with two
teeth (or mandibles?) and an opening beneath; in others with a
tubulose very short haustellum.
'ihe animals of this Order are parasitical, and were by Latreille

142 MODERN SYSTEM.

placed in an order which he named Parasita. This name Dr. Leach
has changed for the sake of harmony, and also to render the name
more easy of retention in the memory, the characters being drawn
from the same parts.

Their motion is slow, and their nourishment is derived from the
blood of mammalia, birds and insects.

" It is almost an established fact, that every species of bird (and
probably mammiferous animal) has its own peculiar parasite; and
there is no instance of the same species of louse having been ob-
served on two distinct species of birds, although some birds (as the
raven oyster-catcher, Sec.) are infested with several species of para-
sites." The importance of clearly ascertaining the truth is such to
the ornithologist, that Dr. Leach has employed a considerable por-
tion of time for the purpose of investigating and of describing the
species with accuracy, little more than a bare catalogue of names
and habitats having been given in the works of Linne, Fabricius,
and Gmelin. The result of his examinations he does not consider
himself as able to communicate at present; but it is his intention,
when the subject has arrived at maturity, to give a paper on this Or-
der to the Linnean Society of London.

Fam. I. Pediculid^. Leach.
Mouth consisting of a tubulose, very short haustellum.

Genus 6. PHTIIIRUS. Leach. Pediculus. Linn., Redi, Latr.,

Fabr.
Anterior pair affect simple ; two hinder pair didacty le : thorax extremely

short, scarcely visible.
Sp. 1. Phth. ingidnalis. Body whitish.
Pediculus inguinalis. Kedi. Pediculus pubis. Linn., Fabr., Latr. Le

Morpion. Geoff. Phthirus inguinalis. Leach.
Inhabits the eyebrows, &c. of men and women, being commonly
known under the titles Crabs, Crab-lice, See.

Genus 7. PEDICULUS. Linn., Fabr., Be Gccr, Geoff., Redi,
Hermann, Lam., Leach.
Feet all armed with a finger and thumb: tlioraj: composed of three di-
stinct equal segments.
Sp. 1. Ped. hwnanns. Body oval, lobate, white and nearly immaculate.
Pediculus humanus. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the bodies and garments of men, and is known by the name
of the body-louse. On the continent of Europe, especially in Spain
and Portugal, it is very abimdant. In Britain it is of rare occur-
rence, and may have been introduced from the neighbouring coun-
tries.

CLASS V, TNSECTA, 143

9^1. 2. Ped. cervicalis. Body oval, lobed, cinereous, with a black inter-
rupted hand on either side.

Lc I'ou ordinaire. Geoff. Pcdiculus humanus. var. Linn. Pediculus
cer\'icalis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the heads of man throughout Europe. In Britain it is ex-
tremely common, especially in the heads and upper part of the
necks of children, whence they are e.xtractcd hy means of a fine-
toothed comb, or are destro^^ed by rubbing calomel mixed with a
little fat amongst the roots of the hair. This species has been by
many authors confounded with the precedhig species.

Genus 8. IL'EMATOPINUS. Leacli.
Thorax narrow and distinct from the abdomen : abdomen very broad.

Sp. 1. Ham. Suis.

Pediculus Suis. Linnt. Hfematopinus Suis. Leach's Zool. Misc. iii. 66.

pi. 146.
Inhabits swine.

Fam. II. NiRMiD.c. Leach.

Mouth with a cavity", and two teeth or mandibles.

Genus 9. NIRMUS. Hermann, Leach. Ricixus. De Geer, Oliv.,
Lam., Latr. Pediculus. Linn., Geoff"., Fabr,

The character of this genus is given in that of the tribe. All the
species inhabit birds. The term ricinus having been used in botany
is rejected, and that of Dr. Hermann's is adopted.

"Sp. 1. Nir. Cornicis. Whitish: head heart-shaped; segments of the
thorax on each side produced into a tooth: abdomen oval, trans-
versely banded with brown.

Ricinus Cornicis. Latr.

Inhabits the Corvus Corni.v of Linne.

Subclass II. INSECTA METABOLIA.
Order III. COLEOPTERA.

Order Coleoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Latr., ^-c.
Class Eleuterata. Fabr.

This Order is divided into five great sections, from the general nuni-
ber of joints in the tarsi.

Section I. — Pentamera.

The number of joints in the tarsi is generally five, but in some of
the aquatic genera the number is less.

144

MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. T. Cicindeliad.e. Leach.

Maxillari/ palpi four, the interior ones two-jointed : labial two : antennm
filiform, never moniliforni : maxilhe furnished at their extremities
with a distinct articidated hook : mandibka with many teeth : feet
formed for running; hinder ones with trochanters.
All the insects of this family live on other insects.

Genus 10. CICINDELA. Linn., Dc Geer, Fubi:,,^x. Buprestis.
Geof.

T/ioiYiv short, almost as wide as the head : abdomen elongate quadrate :
eli/t?ri flat, separate, rounded : wings two : exterior maxillari/ palpi as
long or longer than the labial : antenme inserted into the anterior
margin of the eye: eli/peus shorter than the labrum.

Sp. 1. Cic. si/lva/ica. Obscure aeneous above; each elytron with an ex-
ternal lunule at the base, with a mark at the apex, and an interme-
diate transverse, narrow sinuated band of white ; with many im-
pressed punctures at the suture. (^Pl.S.fg. 8.)

Cicindela sylvatica. Linn., Oliv., Ledr.

Inhabits Europe. Is found on JNIartlesome Heath, Suffolk, occasion-
ally; near Christchurch in Hampshire; and near Cobham and Go-
dalming in Surry it is very common.

There are three other British species, viz. 2. C campestris,\\\nch is
taken in sandy places and in highways in great plenty. 3. C. fii/bri-
da, found on the sea-shore dear Yarmouth and Swansea. 4. C. Ger-
meinica, which is common at a place called Black Gang-way in the
Isle of Wight, and is occasionally found in chalk-pits near Dartford,
Kent, in the months of June and July.

Fam. II. Cababid.'e.

The mandibles of the Curabida are entirely porrecled; their
hinder legs are formed for rrmning, and they feed on other insects.

" Professor F. A. Bonelli, of Turin, has lately written an admirable
monograph on the European genera of this family. This is published
under the title of Obserxwtions Entomologiques, and has been sanc-
tioned by the Imperial Academy. From the parts studied it proves
that Bonelli is a man of accurate judgement, and fully entitled to
rank amongst the first entomologists of the present dav." Leach's
MSS.

Oes. — For the characters of most of the Genera in this extensive Fa-
mily I am indebted to Dr. Leach, who with his usual liberality al-
lowed me the free use of his MSS.

I. Anterior tibia not notched tcithin. Wytra entire, covering the
zchole abdomen. Antennce linear or setaceous.

SxiKPS 1. — Fulpi with the fourth joint thicker than the third, the apex

CLASS V. I.NStCTA. 1-45

dilated ; antcnme ■with the second joint as lung or lunger than the
fourth : uings wanting, or two incomplete ; abdomen oval or ovate.

Genus 11. CYCIIRUS. Fah-., Paj/k., Latr., Eonelli, Leac/i, Schvn-

liar.

Pa/pi with the fourth joint spoon-shaped : lip with the tooth of the

notch simple: lahnim bilobutc: elijtra dcflexcd, embracing the sides

of the abdomen : zvbigs none, or very short.

Dr. Leach has observed that the palpi of the male arc larger than

those of the female. Anterior tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1. Ci/c. rostratus. Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach, Schonherr.
Caralius rostratus. ]\Ia?-s/i. Ent. Brit. i.
Inhabits pathways in woods, roots of trees, beneath stones, and under

moss.

Genus 12. CARABUS of authors. Taciiypus. Wcbrr.

Palpi with their last joint securiform: lip with the tooth of its nctch
simple : lubruni bilobate : elytra not embracing the abdomen : icings
very short or entirely wanting.

The males have their anterior tarsi more or less dilated, and their
thorax is evidently narrower than that of the fem.ales.

Sp. 1. Car. violiiceiis. Black; margins of the thorax and elytra violet-
copper : elytra finely rugulose, somewhat smooth : abdomen elon-
gate-oval.

Carabus violaceus. Linn., Fair., Oliv., Marsh., Latr.

Inhabits FAU'ope. It is frequent in Britain at the roots of trees, under
stones, &c.

Sp. 2. Car. catenulatus. Black: margins of thorax and elytra violet:
thorax broader than long, deeply emarginate behind; each elytron
with about fourteen striae; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the
suture interrupted; the intervals with a distinct, somewhat rugose
line: abdomen oval.

Carabus catenulatus. Scop. ,Fabr., Latr. Carabus intricatus. Marsh.,OHv.

Inhabits the south of France, Germany, and Britain. It is sometimes
found quite black, at other times with a tinge of fine violet : and is
very plentiful in this country.

Sp. 3. Car. intricatus. Black violet above, black beneath : thorax nar-
row, with nearly equal diameters: elytra with irregular stria*; the
inter\-als punctate-rvigose; each elytron with three elevated catenu-
lated lines.

Carabus intricatus. Linn., Latr. Carabus cyaneus. Fabr., Panz.

Inhabits Europe. There is but one instance of its having occurred in
Britain. Dr. Leach took a single specimen under a stone in a wood
opposite the \^irtuou's Lady Mine, on the river Tavy below Tavi-
stock in Devonshire, in the last week in May.

Sp. 4. Car. ncmoralis. Black; margin of the elytra and-sidcs of the

145 MODERN SYSTEM.

thorax violet : elytra obscure, copper, rugulose, with three longitu-
dinal rows of excavated spots.

Carabus nemoralis. IlUg., Lutr. Carabus hortensis. Oliv., Marsh.,
Fabr.

Inhabits gardens, and is very common in this country.

Sp. 5. Car. monilis. Brassy-green or violet-black above, black beneath ;

each elytron with about fourteen elevated lines, two in the middle

more distinct than the rest ; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the

suture catenulated : abdomen elongate-oval.
Carabus monilis. Fair., Lafr. Carabus catenulatus. Marsh.
Inhabits France and Germany : in England it is found in gardens and

pathways in June, Jlily, and August.

Sp. 6. Car. morhillosus. Brassy or black copper above, black beneath;
each elytron with three ribs, one at the suture ; the interstices with
a catenulated line, and on each side of it with a less distinct smootli
punctate-rugose line : abdomen elongate-oval. (P/. S.j^'g. 17.)

Carabus morbillosus. Fabr., Latr. Carabus granulatus. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found occasionally vmder stones and
moist places, and in abundance in rotten willows in the winter.

Stirps 2. — Palpi with the fourth joint not thicker than the other
joints : antenna with the second joint shorter than the fourth : wings
two, generally complete : abdomen quadrate.

Genus 13. CALOSOMA. Web., Fabr., Latr., Clairv., Bonelli,
Panz., Leach.
Palpi moderate, with equal joints : lip with the tooth of its notch sim-
ple: antenna setaceous, straight: abdomen quadrate: wings two.
\Anterior tarsi of the male with the three first joints very much di-
lated.)
Sp. 1. Cal. Sycophanta. Fabr.

Inhabits Europe; and although rare in Britain, has several times been
taken near Dartmouth and Norwich.

Calosoma Inquisitor of Fabricius has been taken at Norwood in
June by Mr. D. Bydder and Mr. W. Weatherhead, and by Dr. Leach
near Tavistock in Devonshire; but it must be esteemed a rare Bri-
tish insect. It once occurred in great plenty near Windsor, on the
white-thorn hedges, feeding on the larva? of lepidopterous insects.

Genus 14. NEBRIA. Latr., Clairo., Bonel., Panz., Leach, Gyll.
Palpi moderately long : labial with equal joints : maxillary with the
fourth joint longer than the preceding : lip with the tooth of its notch
bifid : antenna linear straight : abdomen elongate, quadrate : wings
two: thorax trxijicate ; the basilar angle straight. (Anterior tarsi of
the male with their three first joints dilated.)
. Sp. 1. Neb. complanata. Leach.
Carabus complanatus. Xt«Ri. {PL d.fg. 18.) Carabus arenarius. Fair.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 147

Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea near Swansea beneatli drifted
wood, where it was first discovered by Sir J. Banks, and twenty
years after was Ukewise taken in great profusion by Dr. Leach.

The other British species are N. livida, N. brevicolHs, and N. Gyl~
lenhalli.

Genus 15. LEISTUS. FroL, Clairv., Bond., Patiz. Pogonopuo-
Rus. Latr., Leach, Gijll.

Palpi elongate : labial with the third joint very long : Up with the
tooth of its notch bifid : antennce linear, deflexed : abdomen qua-
drate, oblong : wings two : thorax with the base truncate, the angles
straight : (mouth spinose : anterior tarsi of the male with the three
first joints dilated.)

Sp. 1. Leistus caruleus. Latr,

Carabus spinibarbis. Marsham.

Inhabits sandy situations, and under stones in May and June.

II. Anterior tibi<s emarginate within, or mth an elevated internal
spur. Elytra not truncate, most frequently covering the whole
abdomen.

A. Falpi elongate. Anterior tarsi of the male generally with only two
\ dilated joints. Thorax on each side rounded. (Palpi with the

last joint deeply truncate.)

Genus 16. PANAG^US. Latr., Clairv., Bonel, Panz., Leach j
Gyll.
Mandibles acute, simple : lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : neck
distinct : ?nouth acute : palpi with their fourth joint triangular : zvings
t\vo : thorax suborbiculate, entire : {anterior tarsi of the male with,
the two first joints penicillate-dilated.)
Sp. 1. Pan. Crux-major. Latr.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare, but is occasionally found at the
roots of trees, and in sandy situations.

Stir PS 3. — Mandibles obtuse or above towards their points emargi-
nate-truncate or with a large and very obtuse tooth : neck none :
mouth very obtuse : {body depressed.)

Genus 17. BADISTER. Clairv., Latr., Bonel, Panz., Leach.
Amblychus. Gyll.
Palpi with their last joint oval : thorajc anteriorly and posteriorly
notched : wings two. {Anterior tarsi of the male with the three first
joints dilated.)
Sp. 1. Bad. bipustulatus. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. In England it is found under stones, and in sandy
situations.

K 2

148 MODERN StSTEM.

B. Falpi moderately porreded. Anterior tarsi of the male with
three or four dilated joints. (Neck none.)

* Anterior tibia: notched on their hinder or lozcer side.

Stirps 4. — -Wings two (habit of the Cicindelada).

Genus 18. NOTHIOPHILUS. Dmiiril, Bond., Panz., Leach.

Labrum quadrate, its apex rounded : labium on each side dilated round-
ed : lingula rather Ion?, broad, corneous : thorax flat, subquadrate,
subtransverse, as broad as the head and abdomen : eyes prominent :
zoings two. (^Anterior tarsi of the male not distinctly dilated.)

Sp. 1. Not. aquaticus. Panz.

Cicindela aquatica. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe, and is very common in Britain.

Genus 19. ELAPIIRUS. Fahr., Latr., Bond., Ij-ach, &c.

Labrum transverse, truncate : lip on each side obliquely subtruncate :
lingula short, narrow, membranaceous : tliorax tnmcate-obcordate,
convex and unequal, narrower than the head and abdomen : eyes
very prominent. {Anterior tarsi of the male distinctly dilated.)

Sp. 1. Elaph. riparius. Fabr.

Inhabits the edges of ponds on Epping Forest, Coombe Wood, and
Battersea Fields.

Genus 20. BEMBIDTUM. Leach, Gyll. Bembidion. Latr.,
lionel., Panz. Ocydromus. Prolich, Clairv.
Labrum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen, and as broad
as the head : eyes more or less prominent : wings two, generally per-
fect. (Anterior tarsi of the male with the first joint very much di-
lated.) Maxillary palpi with their last joint minute, abruptly nar-
rower than the preceding joint.'
Sp. 1. Bemb.Jlavipcs. Latr.
Inhabits sandy places, and roots of grass.

Genus 21. CILLENUS. Leach's MSS.
Labrum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen and as bros«l

as the head : eyes rather prominent : wings two, imperfect. Anterior

tarsi with the secoiid, third, and fourth joints transverse (of the

male wider than tliose of the female : body depressed.)
Sp. 1. cm. lateralis. Thorax purple bronze cordate with an impressed

longitudinal line : elytra livid purple striated, with some impressed
- discoidal punctures, the strias running together behind, margins of

tlic elytra inflexed, base of the anlennee and legs testaceous : head

piu'plish or greenish-bronze.
Inhabits the sea-shore. First discovered by Dr. Leach near Porto

Bello on the Frith of FortJi, and afterwards taken at Cvomei- iu

Norfolk, in great prolusion.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 149

** Anterior tibia: notched on their interior side.

SiTiRPS 5. — Palpi with their fourtii joint -conic acute.

Genus 22. TRECHUS. Clairv., Latr., Bond., Panz., Leach.
IVings complete : thorax narrower behind, the hinder margin straight,
the angles subroundcd {anterior and middle turxi of the male with
the four first joints dilated).
This genus is very nearly allied to the insects of the next Stirps.
Sp. 1. Tr. mcridiumis. Clairv., Leach.
Inhabits the roots of grass and gardens.

Gen. 23. EPAPHIUS. Leach's MSS.
Ej/es moderately large : ziing.'i none : thorax narrower behind, with the

posterior margin straight, the angles acute, {/interior tarsi of the

male with two dilated joints.)
Sp. 1. Epa. seailis..
Carabus secalis. Pai/k.
Inhabits Europe : it is rare m Britain.

Genus 24. AEPUS. Leach's MSS.
Ei/es very minute: icings none: thorax subtriangulate, the posterior

apex deeply truncate.
Sp. 1. Aep.fulvescens. Colour somewhat fulvescent; head and antennae

slightly tinted with ferruginecus.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devon, and is found under stones at

the mouths of the rivers Tamar and Yalm.

Stirps 6. — Palpi with their fourth joint truncate, never conic. {Tarsi
anterior and intermediate of the male with four dilated joints.)

Genus 25. HARPALUS. Latr., Bonel., Leach, Panz.
Palpi with their fourth j^oint oval : thorax subquadrate transverse, with

an impression on each side of its base : zvings two.
Sp. 1. Har. ruficornis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe. Is common in Britain, under stones and in sandy

situations.

Stirps T, — Palpi -with their fourth joint never conic: uings two: ti-
bice anterior, not palmate-dentated : mandibles short and simple : lip
with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax as broad as the base of
the abdomen : Bodj/ broad convex: antennce linear : ta7'si anterior of
the male with three dilated joints; intermediate ones simple.

Genus 26. ZABRUS. Clairv., Bonel., Pa?iz., Leach.

Palpi with their fourth joint shorter than the third : labrum emargi-
nate: anterior tibia at their extremities with a triple spur: tlnrax
quadrate^ with its base transversely subimpressed : budi/ gibbcus
oblong.

Sp. 1. Zab. gibbus.

150 MODERN SYSTEM.

Carabus gibbus. Fabr. Carabus gibbosus. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe. Is found at the roots of grass in Battersea Fields.

Its natural history is given in Germar's Magazin der Eiitomologia

for 1813.

Genus 27. CODES. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Falpi with the third and fourth joints equal in length : lahrum entire :
anterior tibi^E at their extremity with a double spur : thorax broadest
at its base, not transversely impressed: bodj/ slightly-convex o's^al.

Sp. 1. Ood. helopoides. Panz.

Inhabits Germany, and England on moist banks: it is sometimes
found in Battersea Fields.

Stirps 8. — Palpi with their last joint never conic : uings two : tibiie
anterior not palmate-dentated : mandibles simple, or towards their
bases denticulated : Up with the tooth of the notch simple : thorax
obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary :
body depressed : antenmc linear : tarsi of the male with three dilated
joints; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 28. LORICERA. Latr., Clairv., Bonel., Pan%.y Leach,
AntenneE setaceous, pilose, with the first five joints globose clavate ;

neck distinct.
Sp. 1. Lor. (znea. Latr., Leach.
Carabus pilicornis. Marsh.
Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass.

Stirps 9. — Palpi with their last joint never conic: -wings two: tibi(e
anterior not palmate-dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their
bases denticulated : Up with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax
obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary ;
body depressed : antenna linear : tarsi anterior of the male with
three dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 29. CALLISTUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with their last joint oval, subacuminate and of the same length
with the third joint; labrum much notched, its base narrowed; tho-
rax convex punctate, the basal angles straight: body convex.

Sp. 1 . Cal. lunatus.

Caralnis lunatus. Fabr.

Inhabits Europe. It is very rare in Britain.

Genus SO. AGONUM. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with the last joint oval, truncate and of the same length with
the third joint ; labrum transverse, quadrate, entire : thorax flat,
smooth, the basal angles rounded : body depressed.

Sp. 1. Ag. sex-punctatum.

Carabus sex-puactatus. Fabr.

CLASS V. INSECTA.

151

Inhabits moist places. In Coombe Wood it has been found very abun-
dant. {PL 3. Jig. 'M.)

Genus 31. SYNUCHUS. Gylknhall, Leach.

Intermediate palpi with tlieir last joint cylindric elongate, the apex trun-
cate; hinder palpi with their last joint thickened at their extremity,
the apex obliquely acuminated : thorax, labrwn, and body as in Agonimi.

Sp. 1. Sj/n. -civalis.

Carabus vivalis. Illig.

Inhabits

Genus 32. ANCHOMENUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with their fourth oval, scarcely truncate, of the length of the
third joint : lubt^um quadrate, transverse entire : thorax flat, smooth,
the basal angles straight : body rather depressed.

Sp. 1. Anc. prasinus.

Harpalus prasinus. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits

SxiRPS 10. — Pa//^i with their last joint never conic: wings t\N'0 : tihi<e
anterior not palmate -dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their base
denticulated : lip with its notch-tooth bifid : thorax obcordate or sub-
orbiculate-sessile : body moderately or very much elongated : tarsi
anterior of the male with three or four dilated joints ; intermediate
tarsi simple.

* Antenna compressed, narrower towards their extremities {thorax
obsolete).
Genus 33. PLATYSMA. Boyielli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with their fourth joint cylindric, its basfe attenuated ; those of
the maxillae with their fourth joint shorter than the preceding : tho-
rax with the base on each side with two strise, the exterior stria very
small : basal angles straight : {body depressed.)

Sp. 1. PL nigritum.

Carabus nigritus. Fabr. Carabus aterrimus. Marsh.

Inhabits damp woods.

Genus 34. CHL^,NIUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with the fourth joint oval, of the length of the third joint : tho-
rax with its base on each side with one stria : {body punctulate, va-
ried with colour; elytra generally with a pale margin.)

Sp. 1. Chl.festivus.

Carabus festivus. Fabr. Car. vestitus. Marsh.

Inhabits moist banks and woods.

Genus 35. EPOMIS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Palpi with their fourth joint triangular, compressed; maxillary ones

with their fourth joint shorter than the third : thorax with one stria

on each side of its base.
Sp. 1. Ep. cincta.

152 MODERN SI'STEM.

Carabus rinctus. Fanz.

Inhalils the fields near Bristol and Plymouth.
** Antennm linear.
Genus 36. SPHODRUS. Clairv., Bond., Panz., Lcnc/i.
Talpi with their fourth joint cylindric : labial attenuated at their base,
sliorter than the third : mandibles elongate : antenna with their third
joint elongate, as long as the two first taken together : thorax obcor-
date, the base on each side with one stria, the angles straight : {Tiings
sometimes abbreviated -.front tarsi of the male with fom- dilatedjoints.)
Sp. 1. Sph. planus. Clairv.
Carabus Icucophthalmus. Limit.
Inhabits houses.

Genus 37. AMARA. Bonclli, Fanzer, Leach.
Falpi with their fourth joint oval, of the length of the third : man-
dibles short: anfenntc with their third joint shorter than the first:
thora.i hroad, its base transversely impressed ; hinder angles straight.
This genus contains Carabus vulgaris of Linne, and its aflinities,
all of which have the fore tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.

*** Antenna: compressed, thicker toaards their extremities. Falpi
with their fourth joint elongate, oval, or subcj/lindric.
Genus 38. BLETIIISA. Bonelli, Fanz. Helobitm. Leach.
Max illcay palpi with the fourth shorter than the third joint: labrzim
emarginate : mandibles with their base subdenticulated : thorax ob-
cordate, the base on each side with one stria {elytra with large exca-
vated dots) : -anterior tibire with their notch near the apex : anterior
tarsi of the male with four dilated joints : uings perfect.
Sp. 1. Bk. multipiinctata.
Car. multipunctatus. Fabr.
Inhabits moist places ; it occurs occasionally in Battersea Fields,

Genus 39. CALATHUS. Bonelli, Fanz., Leach.
Maxillary palpi with the fourth joint of the length of the third: la-,,
brum entire : mandibles with their base multidentate : thorax trapezi-
_/ww, rather flat, behind on each side punctulate impressed : body
elliptic : wings generally abbreviated : anterior tarsi of the male witi^
three dilated joints.
Sp. 1. Cal. cisteloides. Panz.
Caral)us cisteloides. Lllig.
Inhabits under stones and the bark of trees.

Genus 40. POECILLUS. Bonelli, Fanz., Leach.
Maxillary palpi \\i{\\ the first joint of the length of the third : labrum
truncate entire, or scarcely notched : mandibles with their base sub-
denticulated : thorax with its base narrower, with two strife on each
side, the exterior stria very small, or with obliterated impressed dots :
wings sometimes abbreviated : (anterior tarsi of the males with three
dilated joints.)

CLASS V. INSECTA. 153

Sp. 1. Poe. cuprciis.

Carabiis cupreits. Li)i>ie.

Inliabils sund-pits and path-ways.

Stir PS 11. — Pa/pi M'itli their last joint never conic: rc'ings two: tibia;
anterior not pahnate-deutate : wamUbks sharp within or strongly
unidentatc : lip with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax obcor-
date, its base very narrow or pedunculated : hodi) convex most often
elongate : head large : t((rsi anterior of the male with three or four
dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 41. STOIMIS. Clairville, BonclU, Panz., Leach.

Mandibles very porrect without teeth internally, that of its right side
with its middle incised : palpi with the fourth joint oval, niaxiltory
ones with the fourth joint larger than the third: labruiii bilobatc:
lip on each side suhrounded : antenna longer than the thorax, the
third joint as long sts the fourth : thorax oblong : icings none: {<ndc-
rior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.)

Sp. 1. Sto. pumieatus.

Carabus pumieatus. Jllig. Car. tenuis. Marsh.

Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass.

Genus 42. BROSCUS. Panzer, Leach. Cephalotes. Bonel/i.

Mandibles moderate, their middle internally with one tooth; labial
palpi with their fourth joint obconic; muxilla/y ones with the same
joint of the length ot the third, cylindric : labriim transversely qua-
drate, entire : lip rounded on each side: antennce as long as the tho-
rax, with the third joint as long as the fourth ; thorax with equal
diameters : wings perfect : {anterior tarsi of the male with three di-
lated joints.)

Sp. 1. Bros, cephalotes.

Carabus cephalotes. Tuhr.

Inhabits the sea shores near Swansea.

Stirps 12. — Palpi with their last joint never conic : wings two or
none : tibia anterior palmate dentate : thorax pedunculated : lip with
the tooth of its notch simple.

Genus 43. CLIVINA. JMtr., Clairv., Bond., Panz., J^cach.

Mandibles denticulated from their base to their apex : thorax quadrate :
anteror tibia externally and at their apex digitated : wings two, some-
times incomplete.

Sp. 1. Cli. Fossor.

Tenebrio Fossor. Linnc. Clivina arenaria. Latr. Carabus distans. Marsh,

Inhabits sandy situations.

Genus 44. DYSCHIRIUS. Panzer, Leach.

Mandibles denticulated at their base : thorax globose : anterior tibia
with their extremities (rarely also externally slightly) digitated :
wings two perfect.

Sp. 1. Di/s. gibbus.

154 MODERN SYSTEM.

Clivina gibVja. Lati'., Latch.

Inhabits moist places ; is pretty common at Battersea.

Stirps 13. — Palpi with their last joint oval, wings none : tibue ante-
rior not palmate-dentated : thora r sessile ; lip with the tooth of its
notch bitid : tibice of the third pair of legs behind spinulose : (elytra
with no impressed discoidal spots : anus in both sexes very smooth.)

* Antenna setaceous.
Genus 45. ABAX. Bonelli, Panzer, Leach.

Bod^ broad, equal depressed : elj/fra united, their shoulders carinate
pUcate : antcnnee rather longer than the thorax : thorax transversely
quadrate, the base on each side with two striae, the basal angles
straight : {anterior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.)

Sp. 1. Ahax Striola.

Carabus Striola. Fabr. Car. depressus. Oliv.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under stones.

Stirps 14. — Wings incomplete or none: tibix anterior simple: thorax
sessile : lip with the tooth of its notch simple and obtuse : (elytra
obliquely emarginate-truncate, without any larger impressed, dis-
coidal spots.)

Genus 46. CYMINDIS. Latr., Bond, Panz., Leach. Tarus.
Clairv. Cymidis. Gi/ll.

Lahrum subquadrate, emarginate : maxillary palpi with the fourth joint
rounded oval, of the labial palpi compressed, its apex more or less
dilated : wings none, or very imperfect.

Sp. 1. Cyni. humerulis.

Carabus humeralis. Fabr.

Inhabits moist banks.

III. Anterior tibice notched at their infernal side before the apex, Elif-
ti'a abruptly truncated, shorter than the abdomen. Wings com-
plete in both sexes.
Stirps 15. — Palpi short filiform : lip with its notch simple, or with a
bifid tooth : mandibles dentate at their base : palpi with their fourth
joint deeply truncate : thorax oblong : body convex : wings two or
none : neck none : labrum transverse ; tarsi with their fourth joints
simple.

Genus 47. BRACHINUS. Fahr., Bond., Clmrv., Latr., Pan:.,
Schonh., Leach.
Lip with the tooth of its notch wanting : labrum not or scarcely emar-
ginate : labial palpi with their fourth joint rounded, oval : elytra
slightly truncated : legs moderately long : wings two.
Sp. 1. Bra. crepitans. Fabr.
Carabus crepitans. Linne, Marsh.

Inhabits under stones, near Gravesend in profusion, and occasionally
beneath clods of earth in ploughed fields in May. {PL 5. Jig. 19.)

CLASS Y. ixsrcTA. 155

Stirps 16. — Palpi short, filiibrni, the fourth joint truncate, with the
tooth of its notch acute : mandibles without teeth : thorax transverse :
bodif depressed, hroad : rcings two : neck none : labrtuii entire.

Genus 48. LAMPRIAS. Bonelli, Pan.z. Echimltiius. J^acfi.

Tarsi with their fourtli joint simple: antennte hnear: ztitigs short.

Sp. 1. Lam. cyanocepliah. Intense blue-green; first joint of the an-
tenna", thorax, thighs, and tibiae red ; elytra with punctured stria^,
the spaces between the strise punctured ; knees black.

Carabus cyanocephalus. Linni, Sc/wn/ier. Echimuthns cyanocophalns.
Leach.

Inhabits Europe: is very rare in Britain, where it was first discovered
by Dr. Leach.

iSp.2. Lam. chlorocephala. Intense green ; the three first joints of the
antenniE, thorax, and legs red ; elytra with punctured stria^, the
spaces between the striae very obsoletely and irregularly punctu-
lated ; tarsi black.

Carabus cyanocephalus. Mursliam.

Inhabits the broom and under the bark of trees. It is very abundant
occasionally in Coombe Wood, near London, and is not imcommon
in other parts of Britain : — it has been considered as L. cijanoccphula
by all British collectors.

Genus 49. LEBIA. Latr., Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Tai'si with their fourth joint bifid : (intciuuc more slender at their base :

wings long. The palpi of this genus arc scarcely truncate,
Sp. 1. Leh. Crux-ininw.
Carabus Crux-minor. Linni.
Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very rare.

Stirps 17. — Palpi short, filiform : lip with the tooth of its notch
acute : mandibles dentatcd at their bases : palpi with their fourth
joints scarcely truncated; ^7io;-«.r with subequal diameters, or longer
than broad ; bodij depressed, flat, narrow ; zoings t\vo : lubriun emar-
ginate.

Genus 50. DROMIUS. Bonelli, Leach.
Tarsi with their fourth joint simple : head not remarkably produced
behind : thorax obcordate, margined flat, a little broader than long,
Sp. 1. L)ro. quadrimaculatus.
Lebia 4-maculata. Latr.
Inhabits beneath the bark of trees during the winter months. '

Genus 51. DEMETRIAS. Bonelli. Risophilus. Leach.
Tarsi with the fourth joints bifid : head behind very much produced :
thorax rather longer than broad, obcordate, margined, narrower than
the head.

156 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. J)era. atricapilla. Body pale yellowish : head black : mouth and
thorax reddish : elytra very obsoletely striated : wings elongated ;
epigastrium and base of the belly fuscous.

Lebia atricapilla. Latr.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees.

Sp, 2. Dan. monostigma. Body pale yellowish : head black : thorax
reddish : elytra obsoletely striated, towards their tips with one fus-
cous spot : wings abbreviated.

Risophilus monostigma. Leach.

Iiiliabits Europe amongst the roots of plants. It is very common near
Swansea.

Genus 52. ODACANTIIA. Fahr., Latr., Bond., Chiirv., Panz.,
Leach, Gyll.
T«ra with their fourth joint simple: head hc^h\vA much produced:

tkorar oblong, subcylindric, narrower than the head.
Sp. 1. Odacantha nielayiura.
Attelabus melanurus. Linnc.
Inhabits marshes in Norfolk and near Swansea.

Stirps 18. — Palpi very much elongated, the fourth joint with its apex
dilated ; lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : labrnm trilobate, the
middle lobe largest : mandibles very prominent: (jnaxilla; with a very
thin perpendicular claw : tar&i with the fourth joint bifid : neck di-
stinct.)

Genus 53. DRYPTA. Latr., Fahr., Bonel, Pajiz., Leach. Cara-
Bus. Rossi, Marsh. Cicindela. 0/(17.
Thorax cylindric : head narrowed or lengthened behind : mandihles
much elongated and very jirominent: exterior maxillary and labial
palpi terminated by a large nearly obconic joint, (maxillary ones
iiuich lengthened :) lip elongate linear, with two auricles.
Sp. 1. Dryp.emurginata. Blue, punctate, villose : mouth, antenna^, and
feet red: thorax with an impressed longitudinal line; elytra with
punctured stria- ; apex of the first and middle of the third joint of
the antennae brown.
Drypta emargiimta. Fahr. Latr. Gen. Criist. ct Insect, i. 197. tub. 7,
jig. 3. Leach, Edin. Fncycl. ix. 81. Carabus chrysostomus. Mursham,
Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare ; but has been taken near Hast-
ings and Favcrsham.

Fam. III. Dyticid.e. Leach.
Hydrocanthari. Latreille.
Dyticus. Geoffror/.
Dytiscus. Linnc, &c.

All the Dyticidie inhabit the water, both in the state of lar\"6e

CT.ASS V. INSF.CTA. 1 57

and when perfect, living on other insects. The anterior and middle
tarsi in some of the genera have but four joints.

A. With a scittcUum, feet formed for zcalking: tarsi, the whole of

ihc/ii xcitli five joints ; cUncs didactyle.

SriRPSyl. — Hinder thighs covered at their base -with a shield-shaped plate.

Genus 34. IIALIPLUS. Latr., Gi/IL, Leach. Cj;bmidotus. Tllig-
IIoPLiTUS. Clairv.

" * Bodj/ oblong oval. FJi/tra zcith elevated ridges." I^each.

iMbial and external maxillari/ palpi subulate.
Sp. 1. Hal. clevatus. Panz.
Inhabits running streams.

" ** Body oval. Elytra striated." Leach.

Sp. 2. Hal. ferrugineus. Linne.
Inhabits ponds and ditches-

Stirps 2. — Hinder thighs without the shield at their base: {eyes pro-
minent.)

Genus 55. P7EL0BIUS. Schunherr, Leach. Hyguobia. Latredk.
HvDRACHNA. Fabr.

External maxillary palpi with the last joint subclavate.

Sp. 1. Ptf/. Hernianni. Black : head, transverse band on the tlioiax,
base and border of the elytra and feet lerrugineous. {PI. 3. fig. 14.)

Dytiscus Ilermanni. Marsh., Oliv.

Inhabits ponds. The last segment of the abdomen when rubbed
against the elytra produce a noise.

B. Scutellum none. Feet, hinder ones, for the inost jxtrt formed for

sicinimiiig.

Stirps 3. — ^The four anterior tarsi with four, the two posterior with
five joints.

Genus 5G. IIyphydrus. Latr., Gyll., IlUg-, Schmh., Leach.
Body nearly globose ; the four anterior tarsi with the last joint short ;

the hinder feet witli but one claw.
Sp. 1. Hyp. ovatus. Obscure, ferrugineous, inipunctate; the base of

the elytra with an impression at the base of the suture.
Dytiscus ovatus. Linnc.
Inhabits ponds.

Genus 57. HYDROPORUS. Clairville, Leach. IIypiitdrus.
Illig.f Sch'unh., Gyll.
■ Body oral ; the breadth exceeding the height : the four anterior t<usi
with four joint?, the last joint slender ; cUms didactyle.

158 MODERN SYSTiEir,

* 3o(ly elongated.
Sp. 1. Hifp. 12-puslulatus.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

** Bocii/ oval.
Sp. 1. Hi/p. cnnjluens.
Dytiscus confluens. Marsham.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Stirps 5. — All the tarsi with live articulations.

Genus 58. NOTERUS. Cluirv., Latr., Leach.
Antenna: with a fifth or seventh joint dilated : hinder feet but slightly

adapted for swimming.
Sp. 1. Not. Geerii. Oval, convex, brown : head and thorax ferrugine-

ous : elytra sprinkled with impressed dots : antennae of the male

thick.
Dytiscus crassicornis of authors. Dytis clavicornis. De Gcer.
Inliabits stagnant waters.

Sp. 2. Not. sparsus. Elytra with impressed dots.
Dytiscus sparsus. Marsli., i. -130.
Inhabits stagnant waters near London.

Genus 59. LACCOPIIILUS. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vol. ix.
Antenna with the joints simple : hinder feet well adapted for swim-
ming.
Sp. 1. Lac. hyalinus.

Inhabits canals and slowly running waters.
Sp. 2. Lac. minutus. Greenish-testaceous : legs yellowish.
Dytiscus minutus. Linne, Marsh., Gyll.
Inhabits stagnant waters.

C. With a scutellum : hinder feet compressed and formed for swim"
ming: all the tarsi with five articulations.

Stirps G. — Tibi(S posterior elongated : claios on the hinder feet didac-
tyle.

Genus 60. COLYMBETES. Clairvillc, Lair., Leach.
External maxillary palpi Wi\h the second and tliird joint equal; fourth

long, obtuse at the apex.
Sp. 1. Col. striatus.
Inhabits stagnant waters.
Sp. 2. Col. maculatus. {PL 3. fg. 15.)
Inhabits ditches.

Genus 61. IIYDATICUS. Leach, Edinh. Encycl. vol. ix.
External maxillary palpi with the second joint short, third and fourth
long but equal and subulated : anterior tarsi of the male patelliform ;
female with tlie thorax rough on both sides : elytra smooth.

ei.ASS V. INSECTA,

159

Sp. 1. Hi/d. Hyhnerl Black; front and margin of the thorax ferrugine-

Qus, margins of the elytra yellow witli black spots.
Dytiscus parapleurus. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds : is of rare occurrence near London.

Genus 62. ACILIUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
External waxillary palpi with the second joint obconic, third elongate

obconic, fourtli longer, nearly cylindrical, and rounded at its apex.

Anterior tarsi of the male patelliforra : elj/tra of the female sulcated.
Sp. 1. Ac. sulcalus.
Dytiscus sulcatus of authors.
Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters, and is verj' common.

Genus G3. DYTICUS. Geoff., Illig., Leach. Dytiscus. Linnt,
Fabr., Latr., Marsh.

External maxillary palpi with tlie third and following joint of equal
length ; the last gradually increasing from the middle : anterior tarsi
of the male patelliform : {PI. 3. Jig. 13. a.) elytra of the female sul-
cated.

Sp. 1. Dj/t. marginalis. Ovate, olive-black above, luteous red beneath;
tlie scutellum of the same colour with the elytra: clypeus, whole
margin of the thorax, and border of the elytra, red clay-colour; bi-
furcature of the sternum lanceolate. {PI. 3. Jig. 13. c.)

Inhabits Europe, In Britain it is common in ponds at all seasons of
the year.

Dytiscus circumflexus of Fabricius is abundant in the ponds near
London. It is distinguished from marginalis by its more elongate
shape, by the bifurcate process of the sternum being spine-shaped,
and by the colour of the scutellum, which is invariably ferruginous.
{PI. 3. fig. 13. b. sternum)

Fam. IV. Gyrinid.i. Leach.

Internal maxillary palpi composed of one part: antenna very short:
eyes divided so as to appear as four : four hinder feet compressed, fo-
liaceous, formed for swimming.

Genus 64. GYRINUS. Linn., Fair , Latr., Gyll, Leach.
" * Elytra naked, zoith punctured strice." Leach.
Sp. 1. Gyr. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured striae; the inflexed
margin testaceous. {PI. Q. fig. 2. a. antenna magnified, b. the hitidcr
leg magnfied.)
Inhabits stagnant waters.

« *■* Elytra stnooth, viliosc." Leach,
Sp. a. Gyr. villosus. Fabr., Gyll.
Gyrinus Moderii. Mursham.
Inhabits rivers and running water?.

160 MODERN SYSTEM-

Fam. V. BupRESTiADx. Leach.

Mandibles with their extremities entire : antenna filiform or setaceous,
often pectinated or serrated : bodj/ convex.
I. Valpi filiform.
Genus G6. BUPRESTIS. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Antenna filiform, serrated in both sexes : thorax with the hinder mar-
gin ai)plicd to the base of the elytra : bodi/ cylindric linear.

Sp. 1. Bup. biguttata. Green above, blue-green beneath; scutellum
transversely impressed : apex of the elytra serrated ; a white villosc
spot on each side of the sutin-c, and three on the sides of the ab-
domen.

Buprestis biguttata. Fahr., Oliv., Marsh., Latr., Leach.

inhabits France and Germany. In England it is very "rare.

Sp. 2. Bup. viridis. (PI. 3. fig. 9. a. antenna; magnified.)

Inhabits the birch and nut-tree.

Genus 66. TRACIIYS. Fahr., Gi/ll, Leach.
Antenna serrated and filiform : thoi-ax with the hinder inargin lobccl

and applied to the base of the elytra : scutellum obsolete : bodij short,

ovate or triangular.
Sp. 1. Tra. minuta. Coppery-brown above; front impressed: elytra

with slightly elevated spaces and transverse undulating bands of

white hair.
Buprestis mimita. Linn., Marsh.. Latr. Trachys minuta. Oi/IL, Fubr.,

Leach.
Inhabits the birch and nut-tree in June and. July.

Genus 67. APHANISTICUS. Lair., Leach.
Antenna massive.

Sp. 1. Aph. emarginatus. Latr., Leach,
Buprestis emarginatus. Fahr.
Inhabits France and England.

II. Palpi terminated by a thick joint.
Genus 68. MELASIS. Oliv., Fahr., Latr., Leach. Elater. Linn.

Td^i with entire joints. *

Sp. 1. Mel.flabellicornis. Obscure blackish : antenna-, tibia?, and tarsi
red-brown : head punctate ; thorax rough, with elevated punctures,
having an impressed dorsal line: elytra finely rugulose and striated.

Elater buprcstoides. Linn. Melasis flabcllicornis. Oliv., Panz., Fahr.,
Leach. Melasis buprcstoides. Latr.

Inhabits Germany and the south of France. In England it has been
pnce taken by Mr. J. Curtis, of Norwich, an excellent artist and an
industrious entomologist; and several times near Windsor, where i^
was first observed by Mr. Herschcl.

CLASS V. INSr.CTA.

mi

Fam. VI. ElateridvE. Leach.

Falpi thick at their extremities : antenna filiform : hodi/ formed for
leaping : hinder thighs with a trochanter.

Genus 69. CERATOPHYTUM. Leach. Cerophytum, Lutr.
Mandibles without notch at their extremities : tarsi with their last

joint but one bifid.
Sp. 1. Cer. LatreiUii. Leach.
Cerophytum Elateroides. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. In the latter

country it was discovered by Mr. Millard in the New Forest, Hants.

Obs. — Latreille referred this genus to the preceding family (as a sec-
tion of his family Sterroxi); but it has been referred to the Elate-
rida by Dr. Leach in his MSS.

Genus 70. ELATER of authors.
Mandibles notched or bifid at tiieir extremities : tarsi with all their
joints entire.

This genus should be divided into several others, but the charac-
ters have not yet been developed. They may be divided into the
following sections, as given by Latreille in his Genera Crustaceortim
et Insect or um.

* The last joint of the antenna zcith the apex so ubritptly acuminated
as to give tlte appearance of a twelfth joint.

Sp. 1. Elat. fen-ugineus. Antennas serrated ; colour black : thorax with
the exception of the hinder margin and elytra red, finely pimctated,
pubescent : elytra with punctured strife.

Elater ferrugineus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Panz., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits rotten trees, especially willows. In Britain it is very rare. It
sometimes occurs in Kent; varies in size and colour. In Dr. Leach's
collection (now in the British Museum) is a variety with the thorax
entirely black.

** Last joint of the antenna oval or oblong, not abruptlij acuminate.

I. Body not linear, but three times as long as broad ,• abdomen oblong~
triangulate.

A. Antenna {of the male at least) pectinated or serrated.

Sp. 2. Flat, castaneus. Antennae of the male pectinated, colour black :
head and thorax red-tomentose : elytra yellow punctate-striated :
apex black.

Elater castaneus. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Leach.

Inhabits

162 MODERN SYSTEM.

B. Antenna simple : joints conic.

Sp. 3. Elat. murinus. Black-fuscous, clouded with cinereous down ; tho-
rax bituberculate : antennae and tarsi red.
Elatcr murinus. Linii., Fahr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. Is common on thistles, willows, and under stones
in sandy situations.

II. Body linear, nearly four times longer than broad: thorax oblong-
qnadrate.
Sp. 4. Hilat. marginatus. Black : front retusc : antennce, sides of the
thorax, feet, anus, and hinder margins of the abdominal segments,
brownish-yellow; suture and outer margin of the elytra black.
Elatcr marginatus. Linn., Fahr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits various herbaceous plants in tields.

Plate 3. represents fig. 7, Elater seneus, Linn., E. cyaneus, Marsh. —
fig. 6. E. semiruber, Hoff'mannsegg's MSS. a species very common in
the New Forest, Hampshire; and has, together with many other
species, been confounded under the general name sangnirieiis.

Fam. VII. Telephoeid^. Leach.

Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid: ajitennce filiform, composed of
ten joints : elytra soft, flexible : thorax nearly quadrate or semicir-
cular.

Genus 71. DASCILLUS. Latr. Atopa. Paykull, Fahr., Leach.

CiiRYSOMELA. Linn. Crioceris. Marsh. Cistela. Olivier.

Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric : labial palpi

not bifurcate : body ovate : feet simple.
Sp. 1. Das. cervinn. Black, with cinereous down: antennae, feet and

elytra, pale yellow.
Chrysomela cervina. Linn. Atopa cervina. Payk., Fubr., Leach. Das-

cillus cervinus. Latr.
Inhabits hedges and woods.

Genus 72. ELODES. Latr. Cyphon. Fabr., Payk., Gyll., Leach.

Mamillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi
bifurcate : body sub-ovate or round-ovate : feet with their tibiae sim-
ple, and their thighs not thickened.

Sp. 1. El. pallida. Sub-ovate, palc-rcd, punctulated, pubescent: eyes,
antennas (with the exception of their base), apex of the elytra, and
abdomen, blackish : thorax somewhat semicircular, transverse, lo-
bate behind.

Elodes pallida. Latr. Cyphon pallidus. Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants.

CLASS V. INSF.CT/V. 163

Genus 73. SCIRTES. Jlliger, Leach. Cyphox. Payk., Fahr.
Elodes. Lair. Chrysomela. Linn., Mar.f/i.
Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi

bifurcate: body ovate, inclining to round, convex : feet with their ti-

biiB terminated with a strong spine : hinder thighs thickened and

formed for leaping.
Sp. 1. Scir. hcmisphtcrica. Black, smooth: thorax short, transverse,

anterior margin somewhat concave : tibial tarsi, and base of the an-

tenna^ pale fuscous.
Cy])hon hemispharicus. Fabr., Fayk. Elodes hemispha:rica. Latr.

Chrysomela hemisphterica. Marsh.
Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches.

Genus 74. DRTLUS. Oliv., Lam., Lair. Ptilinus. Fuhr.,G£off.
Cantiiaris. Marsh.

Maxillary palpi with their apex acute ; labial short, somewhat cylin-
dric : antenna with their internal edge pectinated : muxillce with one
process : mandibles notched at their points : body soft, anteriorly ar-
cuate, inflexed.

Sp. 1. Dri. Jlavescens. Black, pubescent : elytra yellowish.

Drilus flavescens. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cantharis serraticornis. Mar-
sham.

InhfAiits Europe. Is found in Darent Wood, Kent, amongst grass in
tolerable abundance, some years.

Genus 75. LYCUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Cantiiaris. i«n«.
Lampyris. Geojf., Marsh.

Mandibles with their entire end pointed : antcnn(E compressed, more or
less serrate, inserted near each other : palpi of the maxillae with the
last joint somewhat triangular, having their points broader: head
with the mouth produced into a kind of rostrum : maxilla with one
process : elytra nearly of equal breadth : thorax somewhat quadrate,
the anterior margin transverse, straight.

Sp. 1. Ly. minutus. Elytra with four elevated lines: thorax black, with
the margins much elevated; last joint of the antennse reddish.

Lycus minutus. Gyll. Lampyris pusilla. Marsh.

Inhabits oaks and hedges ; is rare in England.

Genus 76. LAMPYRIS of authors.

Mandibles pointed at their tips, sharp, and entire : antenna approximate,
the joints cylindric and compressed, the third of the same length as
the following joints, the second small : head concealed by the tho-
rax: mouth small: maxilla with a double process : maxillary palpi
with the last joint triangular-ovate, compressed, the apex acute :
eyes very large : body soft, of the male with elytra and wings ; of the
female apterous: ^/(07-«.i- semicircular.

Sp. 1. Lam. nocliluca. Common Glow-worm. {PI. 2. Jig. 1. ^ -fig- '2. $ .

L 2

164 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 77. TELEPHORUS. Schaf., Be Geer, Leach, Oliv., Lam.,
Latr. Cantharis. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Gyll.

Mayidihles with their apex acute and entire: antenna distant: joints cy-
lindric, elongate: maxilla bifid: body soft: palpi with their last joint
securiform : elytra the length of the abdomen.

Sp. 1. Tel. fuscus. Cinereous-black : mouth, base of the antenna^,
thorax, back of the abdomen, sides of the belly and anus, red : tho-
rax with a black spot. (PI. 3. Jig. 4.)

Cantharis fusca. Linn., Fabr. Telephorus fuscus. Latr.

Inhabits various plants in the spring and beginning of summer.

Genus 78. MALTHINUS. Latr., Leach. Caxtiiaris. Linn.,
Fabr., Marsh. Telephorus. Oliv., De Geer.

Antenna distant, joints elongate, cylindric: maxilla bifid: mandibles with
their points entire and very sharp : body soft : palpi with their last
joint ovate, acute : elytra shorter than the abdomen : head attenuated
behind more or less.

§iY.\.Mal.Jlavns. Head much attenuated behind : thorax not broader
than long, margined all round, the middle longitudinally impressed :
body yellowish : antennje (base excepted), vertex, and dorsal mark
of the thorax blackish : elytra with punctured stride, yellow at their
points.

Telephorus minimus. Oliv. Malthinus flavus. Latr,

Inhabits the oaks of England and France.

Fam. VIII. Melyrid.e. Leach.

Tai^si with the last joint but one bifid : mandibles notched : maxilla bi-
fid: antenna filiform, composed often joints: elytra soft, flexible:
thorax quadrate or semicircular.

Genus 79. DASYTES. Payk., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Melyris.
Olivier, Lam., Illig. Tillus. Marsh.

Head somewhat transverse, retracted within the thorax, even to the
eyes: taj-si with nails apparently bifid: antenntg with short turbi-
nated joints nearly as broad as long: lip with the apex deeply
notched, almost bifid : body without papillse.

Sp. 1. Das. ater. Oblong, black, widely punctate, hairy, the hairs
black and cinereous : head with a double impression in front, which
is ovate and roughish.

Dasytes ater. Latr., Fabr. Melyris ater. Olivier.

Inhabits Europe, amongst grass and moss.

Genus 80. MALACHIUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Can-
tharis. Linn., Marsh. Telephorus. Schaff., De Geer.
Head somewhat transverse, retractile even to the eyes within the tho-
rax: tarsi with apparently bifid nails: antenna with conic or cylin-
dric-conic joints, longer than broad, in some few pecthuited : labiimi

CLASS V. INSECTA. 165

with apex entire or scarcely notched : body with two papillae on each
sitle, one under the anterior angle of the thorax, the other at the
base of the abdomen,
l^p. 1. Mai. (Liieus. Brassy-green: head anteriorly red-yellowish : elytra
blood-red, with the base and half the suture brassy-green. {PL 3.

fg- 5.)
Malachius aeneus. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gyll., Leach. Cantharis aenea,

Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits various plants.

Fam. IX. TiLLiD.iL. Leach.

Antenna thicker at their extremities, serrated in some, solid in others :
elytra covering the whole abdomen : body cylindric : thorax narrov/
behind.

Stirps 1. — Tarsi with first joint very distinct, longer than the pre-
ceding joint.

Genus 81. TILLUS. OVvo., Fabr., Marsh., Latr., Leach. Chry-
soMELA. Linnaus. Clerus. Fabr., Oliv.
'Maxillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform, nearly completely fer-
rated : thorax cylindric or somewhat cordate.

* Thorax cylindric.

8p. 1. Til. clongntus. Black, villous: thorax red, black before.

Tillus elongatus. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Latr. Chrysomela elongata.

Limi.
Inhabits oaks in June.

T. ambidans of Marsham is a mere variety of this species.

** Thorax subcordute.

Sp. 2. Til. nnifasciatus. Black, pubescent : elytra red at their base, with

a white transverse band in the middle.
Clerus imifasciatus. Fabr., Oliv. Tillus nnifasciatus. Latr.
Inhabits England.

Genus 8'2. THANASIMUS. Latr., Leach. Clerus. Geof, Be

Gccr, Fabr., Oliv. Attelabus. LJnn. Cleroides. Schaffer.

Mavillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform : antenna with their

extremities thick and not serrated : thorax somewhat cordate.
Sp. 1. Tha. formicarius. Black: thorax and base of the elytra red: ely-
tra with two transverse bands.
Attelabus formicarius. Linn. Clerus formicarius. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh.
Inhabits trees in Europe.

Stirps "2. — Tarsi -w'wh the first joint very short, the upper part con-
cealed by the base of the second articulation.

166 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 83. OPILUS. Latr., Leach. Eupociis. Illiger,

Palpi securiform: antenncE with the ninth and tenth joints obconic, the
last oval, obUquely truncate : eyes not notched: thorax conic-cyUn-
dric, narro\yer behind.

Sp. 1. Op. mollis. Fuscous, villous : base and apex of the elytra and
a middle transverse band with the under parts of the thighs yellow-
ish gray. Abdomen red. (P/. 12. fg. 1.)

Notoxus mollis. Fabr. Clerus mollis. Oliv., Marsh. Attelabus mollis.
Linn. Opilus mollis. Latr.

Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in the wood of decayed
willows, eating the larvae of other insects.

Genus 84. NECROBIA. Lair., Oliv., Leach. Dermestes. Linn.
Clerus. Geoff., De Geer, Marsh. Cory^etes. Paykull, Fabr.
Palpi terminated by an obconic joint: antenna with the three last
joints forming an oblong triangulate mass, obtuse both externally
and internally.
Sp. 1. Nee. rvficoUis. Blue-black: thorax and base of the elytra red.
Dermestes ruficollis. Linn. Corynetes ruficoUis. Fabr.
Inhabits Europe, feeding on decayed animal substances.

Fam. X. SiLPHiAD.?;. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. ~

Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated
by a solid or perfoliate club : eh/fra covering the greater portion of
the abdomen: boJj/ oval or parallelopiped.

Stirps 1. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles with their apex entire.

Genus 85. NECIIOPHAGUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Sil-
PHA. Linn., Dc Geer, Marsh. Dermestes. Geoff.

Antenna not much longer than the head, terminated abruptly in a per-
foliated knob : elyt)-a truncated in a straight line, the external mar-
gin not channelled or keeled : boclij long quadrate.

Sp. 1. Necr. spinipes. Black: antcnns ferruginous at their points: ely-
tra with their external margin and a double transverse undulated
band of orange: trochanters of hinder thighs produced into a spine,

Sp. 2. Necr. Vespillo. {PL 2. fig. 6. a. antenna magiiified.)

Inhabits putrid fungi and dead animals.

Genus 86. NECRODES. Wilkinss MSS. Leach.

Bodrj elongate oval : thorax orbicular : apex of the elytra obliquely trun^
cate: hinder thighs of the male thicker than the rest.

Sp. 1. Necr. littoralis. Black : antennce with the three last joints ferru-
ginous : elytra with three elevated lines, the two external ones con-
nected by a tubercle: hinder tibicc of the male arcuate: the thighs
toothed.

CLASS V. INSECTA- 167

Silpha littoralis. Linn., Fair., Lair., Oliv., Mursh.
Inhabits dead bodies, on the banks ol" rivers or on the shores of the
sea.

Genus 87. OICEOPTOINIA. Leach.
Body oval : thorar nearly semicircular, transverse, emarginale befoijp :
antennm with the club abrupt, distinct : eli/tra whole (female in ge-
neral emarginale).

* Eli/tra whole in both sexes.
Sp. 1. Oic. thoracica. Black: thorax unequal, ferruginous, somewhat

silky : each elytron with three elevated lines.
Silpha thoracica. Linn., Fabr., Lcitr., Marsh.
Inhabits Europe, in dead animals and putrid fungi.

** Elytra of the female icith the apex emarginated.
Genus Thanatophilus. Leach.
Sp. 1. sinuata — Silpha sinitata. Fabr., &c.

Genus 88. SILPHA. Linn., Leach, Fabr., Latr., Marsh.
" * Elytra zcith elevated lines."
Body oval : thorax nearly semicircular, truncate in front : antenna with

a gradually formed club.
Sp. 1. Sd. obscura. Black, dull above, finely punctate, shining beneath :
thorax smoothly punctate, the punctures small and close. Each
elytron with three elevated straight lines.
Silpha obscura. Linn., Latr., Marsh.
Inhabits Europe. Is very common under stones and on pathways in

the spring and summer.
Sp. '2. Sil. quudrimaculata. {PL 2.fg. 7. a. antennte magnified.)
Inhabits oaks.

" «* Elytra smooth:'

Sp. 3. Silpha lavigata. Fabr.

Inhabits pathways in sandy situations.

Genus 89. PHOSPHUGA. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.

Body oval or nearly rounded : thorax semicircular, anterior part trun-
cated : elytra whole : antennce with the three last joints abruptly in-
creasing towards their apex.

Sp. 1. Phos.atrata, Oval and black : elytra rough and punctured, with
three elevated lines.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under moss in winter, sandy si-
tuations and pathways in spring.

Sp. 2. Phos. subrotundata. Nearly round and black : elytra rough, and
punctured with three elevated lines.

Phosphuga subrotundata. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 75.

Inhabits Ireland, beneath stones; is very rare.

168 mou£r:n system.

Stirps 2. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles notched at their extremities.

Genus 90. SCAPHIDIUM. Oliv., Payk., Fahr., Latr., Marsh.
Antenne, with an abrupt club composed of live somewhat hemispheric

joints : body acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : fnlpi

filiform : scutellum distinct.
Sp. 1. Sea. quadrimaculaturn. Body black, shining: thorax somewhat

coarctate on each side behind : elytra widely punctured, with two

blood-red spots on each : tibife striated.
Inhabits Germany, France, and England, m fungi ^rvA rotten wood.

Genus 91. SCAPHISOMA. Leach. Scaphidium. Pabr., Latr.

Oliv.

Antennae, with a club composed of five somewhat oval joints : body

acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : palpi filiform : seiu-

tellum none.

Obs. — The hinder margin of the thorax at the middle is produced into

an angle.
Sp. 1. Sca/agnricinnm. Body black, shining, very smooth; antennae,

apex of the elytra, and feet, pale brown.
Inhabits the Boletus versicolor and o{\\ex fungi.

Genus 92. CHOLEVA. Latr., Spence, Leach. Catops. Pabr.,

Payk., Gyll. Ptomophagus. llliger. Mordella. Forster,

Marsh. Helops. Paiiz. Cistela. Oliv., Pabr. Luperus.

Frolich. Dermestes. Rossi.

Antenna straight, with a five-jointed club: maxillary palpi with the last

joint subulate, conic : labial palpi with the last joint obtuse : thorax

with the hinder angles obtuse.

The species of this genus are numerous, and have afforded the
subject of a learned and interesting monograph, by that excellent
entomologist, W. Spence, esq. published by the Linnean Society in
tlie eleventh volume of their Transactions.
Sp. 1. Cho. oblonga. Narrow, oblong : thorax narrower behind, the
hinder angles obtuse, the middle slightly foveolated : antennae some-
what filiform.
Cistela angustata. Pabr. Choleva oblonga. Latr., Spence. Catops
elongatus. Payknll, Gyll. Ptomophagus rufescens. Illig. Mordella
picea. Marsh. Luperus cisteloides. Frolich.
Inhabits moss and under stones.

Genus 93. CATOPS. Pabr., Payk., Gyll, Panz., Leach.
Antenna straight clavate, the club five-jointed: maxillary palpi with the
last joint subulate, conic ; labial with the last joint obtuse : thorax
with the hinder angles acute : elyti-a more or less striated.
Sp. 1. Cat. sericeus. Ovate, gibbous-conve.x, brown-pitch; antennse

and legs pitchy-rust-coloured.
Inhabits moss.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 169

Genus 04. TTOMOPHAGUS. Illig., Knock, Lend,.

AnteniKE straight clavatcd, club five-jointed : maxilhtn/ palpi with the
last joint subulate, conic: labhd \\\x\\ the last joint obtuse : thorax
with the hinder angles acute : cli/tra never striated.

Sp. 1. Ptom. villosus.

Inhabits dead ai'iinials.

Genus 95. MYL.ECIIUS. Latr., Leadt.
Antenna: incuned, shorter than the thorax, the basal joints distinctly

thicker than the rest ; club five-jointed, the joints transverse : palpi

of the maxilla with the last joint subulate : labial palpi with the

last joint obtuse.
Sp. 1. Myl. hrunncm. Oblong-ovate, black-brown, finely but widely

punctate, slightly pubescent.
Catops brevicornis. Payk. Mylffichus brunneus. Latr. Choleva

brunnea. Spence.
Inhabits France, Sweden, and England : in the latter country it has

occurred but twice.

Genus 96. CRYPTOPHAGUS. Herhst, Payh., Gyll., Leach.

Body depressed ; back plain : taisi with elongate slender joints : an-
tcnna with a compact three-jointed club.

Sp. 1. Crypt, cellaris. Testaceous lerrugineous, widely punctate, pu-
bescent: thorax finely denticulated, on each side distinctly uniden-
tate, anterior angles dilated, rounded, ending behind in an obsolete
tooth.

Ips cellaris. Oliv., Latr. Dermestes cellaris. Scopoli. Cryptophagus
cellaris. Payk., GylL, Leach. Cryptophagus crenatus. Herbst. Der-
mestes Fungorum. Panzer.

Inhabits damp wood, paper, &c. in cellars.

Genus 97. ENGIS. Payk., Fabr., GylL, Leach.
Borfy depressed, back plain: antenna; v^'lxh a tliree-jointed much per-

foliated club: foz-s/ with the three first joints short.
Sp. 1. Engis humeralis. Elliptic, black, shining, punctate; antennfe,

head, thorax, humeral spot on the elytra and feet red approaching

to blood red.
Engis humeralis. Payk., Fabr., GylL Tps humeralis. Herbst. Dacne

h.umeralis. Latr.
Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in boleti.

Genus 98. THYMALUS. iMtr., Leach. Peltis. Kugellan, IIU-
ger, Payk., Fabr. (Jstoma. Laicharting.
Body depressed ; back plain : tar.'si with the third joint neither bifid
nor dilated: palpi terminated by a thick joint: mandiblea promi-
nent: antenna with a thrpc-iointfd club.

170 MODERJSl SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Thym. ferriig'meus.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees.

Genus 99. NITIDULA. Linn., Tuhr., Pa>jk., Olivier, Munh.,
Leach.

Mandibles promment : hodi^ short, depressed ; back plain : thorax gene-
rally broad : antenmc with the third joint twice as long as the second;
club abrupt and orbicular, composed of three joints.

Sp. 1. Nit . hipmtidata. Body elliptic, brown, blackish : thorax emargi-
nale ; elytra with a red spot on each.

Nitidula bipustulata. Linn., Lafr., Fabr., Marsh.

Sp. 2. Nil. discoidea. {PL 2. Jig. 3. a. antemuB tnagnified.)

Nit. discoidea. Marsh.

Inhabits dead carcases, dried bones, bolcti, and under the bark of
trees.

Genus 100. IPS. Fabr., Herbst, Gyll., Leach. Nitidula. Latr.

Mandibles prominent, strong, and much bent at their points : body
elongate-quadrate ; back plain : thorax transverse-quadrate : an-
tenna with the third joint twice as long as the second; club abrupt
and orbicular, composed of three joints.

Sp. 1. Tps quudripustulatus.

Inhabits the decayed stumps of trees under the bark.

Genus 101. BITURUS. Latr., Leach. Ips. Olivier. Dermestes.
Geoff'., L)e Geer, Fabr.

Ante nntc With the third joint not twice as long as the following joint ;
club composed of three joints : mandibles prominent : body oval or
oblong ; back plain : thorax broad behind, with the angles pointed :
elytra covering the abdomen.

Sp. 1. Bit. tomentosus. Antennae shorter than the thorax : thorax
short, the posterior angles broadly depressed, reflected ; body oval,
black, with a reddish-yellow down ; antenna and feet yellow
red.

Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants in May and June.

Genus 102. CATERETES. Herbst, Latr., Leach. Brachypte-
Eus. Kugellan. Dermestes. Linn., Fabr. Strongylus.
Herbst. Nitidula. Oliv. CercuS. Latr:
AntenniE with the third and following joint scarcely differing in length ;
club compressed, perfoliate, obconic, composed of three joints; tho-
rax rounded, without angles behind : elytra very short : body de-
pressed, back plain : mandibles prominent.
Sp. 1. Cat. rvjilabris. Black, shining, with gray down*
Cercus rufilabris. Latr.
Inhabits junci near liviU.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 171

Stirps 3. — Labial palpi scarcely distinct: antenna; placed in an ex-
cavation of the thorax: mandibles with their apex arcuate and
acute.

Genus 103. MICROPErLUS. Lafr., Leach.
AntenncE with the club composed of but one joint : maxUlari/ palpi with

the last joint subulate.
Sp. 1 Mia-, porcatits. Black ; elytra cancellated.
Staphylinus porcatus. Tuykull.
Inhabits sandy ground.

Fam. XT. Stapiiylinice.

Antenna: gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated
by a perfoliated mass : elijfrn covering about \v4\i the abdomen, or
less, but very rarely more : body long, and more or less narrow.

Gravenhorst has written an admirable monograph on this family,
entitled JMonogropliia Culeoplcrorum Microptei-uruni.

I'his is a very extensive family ; several himdred species are found
in this country. They inhabit fungi in all its states; dung, roots of
grass, flowers, under the bark of trees; and may be found in immense
numbers in sand pits, and in the dung of animals, from v/hich they
may be driven by immersing the dung in water in the spring and
bummcr months ; by this means many hundred specimens may be
obtained in a single day : the smaller species should be placed on
a piece of gummed paper, with the legs and antenna; carefully ex-
tended to show their characters. It is necessary to collect great
numbers of them, as they demand a very minute examinatioi],
which, in many instances, requires the aid of a microscope, the
characters being so very obscure.

Division I. — Anterior margin of the head (bearing the mandibles) imme-
diately behind the eyes, terminated by a ti-ansverse straight line, (or zvith
a line slightly bent in the middle,) not i-oundcd or crooked at their sides.
Antennce inserted below the middle part of the abovementioned line. Tho-
rax long. Neck distinct. Body very long and narrow. Elytra covering a
very small portion of the abdomen.

Genus lOi. STAPHYLINUS. Linn., Tabr., Latr., Oliv., Lam.,
Grave ah., Leach.

Palpi filiform : antenuiE towards their extremities distinctly thicker,
moniliform, the last joint obliquely truncate or emarginate : lip
deeply emarginate.

Sp. 1. Staph, erythropterus. Black ; the greater part of the antenna,
elytra, and feet red; hinder margins of the head and thorax, the

172 MODERN SYSTLM.

breast, and a double series of spots on each side of the abdomen,
golden-yellow tomentose. (PL 4. fig. 10.)
Inhabits Europe in dung, and under stones.

Obs. — Several new genera have been formed from this genus, of which
the following species may be considered as the tj-pes :

Genus Creophilus. Kirh/.

Staph, maxillosus of authors.

Genus Velleius. Leach.

Staph, dilatatus. PnijkulL
Staph, concolor. Marshani.

Genus Emus. Leach.

Staph, hirtus iyf authors.

Genus Staphylinus.

Staph, erythropterus.

Genus Ocypus. Kirbi/.
Staph, cyaneus.

Genus Gyrohypnus. Kirh}/.
Staph, fulgidus.

To my kind and valuable friend Dr. Leach I am indebted for the
above and following notice of new genera, as lately established by
the celebrated entomologists Avhose names are affixed.

Genus 105. LATHROBIUM. Gravenhorst, Latr., Leach. P.ide-
Kus. Gravcnh., Fabr., Oliv. Staphy'linus. Linn., Geoff.

Palpi subulate, with the last joint acicular and minute : antenna nearly
filiform, joints nearly conic, those towards the extremities more
rounded, and somewhat globose : lip deeply notched, nearly bilo-
bate.

Sp. 1. Lath, elongatum. Pubescent, minutely but widely punctated,
black, shining; with the mouth, antenna?, apex of the elytra, and
feet, red-brown : head ovate: antenna! about the length of the tlio-
rax, with the outermost joints nearly globose: thorax elongate-qua-
drate, with obtuse angles, the breasts equal, the middle dorsal line
smiooth.

Lathrobium. elongatum. Gj'utenlt., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus elonca-
tus. Linn. Pa;derus elongatus. Fabr.

Inhabits putrid vegetables, and under stones.

Obs. — Lathrobium depressum may be considered as the type of the
Genus Achenium of Leach.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 173

Division II. — Anterior margin of the head circumscribed hy a curved line,
the antenna inserted on this side of' the level of the line. E/^tra covering
half' the ab lomen or more. Thorax generally longer than broad, or wilk
equal diameters.

Subdivision 1. — Maxillary palpi longer than the labial one, with their
extremities thickest ; the last joint obscure. Body linear. Head with a
distinct neck. Thorax orbicular or cylindric.

Genus 106. PiEDERUS. Fubr., Oliv., Latr., Payk., Lam., Gravenh.,
Leach. Staphylixus. Linn., Geoff., Dc Gccr.
Antenna inserted before the eyes, insensibly thickening towards their

extremities ; the third joint very long : eyes moderately large.
Sp. 1. Pad. riparius. Body red, shining: head, antennae (four basal

joints excepted), apex of the abdomen, and knees, black : elytra

blue, with vvhite impressed dots. (PI. 4. fig. 12.)
Paiderus riparius. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gravenh. Stapliylinus riparius.

Linn.
Inhabits banks and under stones.

Obs. — Padei-us orbiculatiis is the type of the Genus Rugilus of
Leach.

Genus 107. STENUS. Latr., Cut., Lam., Fabr., Payk., Gravenh.,
Leach.
Antenna inserted at the exterior margin of the eyes, abruptly thicker
at their extremities, the inferior joints cylindric, the outer ones co-
nic globose : eyes nearly globose, large.

* Tongue long, anus withoid seta.

Sp. 1. Stenus bigv.ttatiis. Black, with gray down, minutely punctate,
somewhat rugulose: vertex of the head with an elevated line: tho-
rax behind with an impressed little line; each elytron with a reddish
round spot. {PI. 4. Jig. 13.)

Staphylinus guttatus. Linn., Marsh. Stenus biguttatus. Fabr., Payk.,
Gra~jenh., Latr.

** Tongue obsolete. Anus with two seta.

Genus Dianous. Leach.
Sp. 2. Stenus carulescens. Gyllenhall.

Subdivision 2. — Maxillary palpi not much longer than the labial, not
thicker at their exti-emities ; the last joint distinct.

A. Mandibles strong, with their e.xternal edge with one or more teeth.
LleadJ'ree.

a. The second, third, and fourth joints of the tarsi very short;
the last joint as long as the others united.

174 atociRN^ySTEar.

Genus 108. OXYPORUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lean., Leach, GrmK, Lntr.

AntenncB scarcely longer than the head, terminated by a perfoliate^
mass : maxillary palpi filiform ; the labial ones ternrinated by a very
large lunate joint : Mo/'«x semicircular: //earf broader than the tho-
rax.

Sp. 1. Oxt/. riifus. Red; sviture and apex of the elytra, anus and
breast, black. {Pl.4.fg.li.)

Oxyporus rufus. Fabr., Lair., Gravenh., Oliv. Staphylinus rufus.
Linn.

Inhabits bokti and other fungi.

Genus 109. OXYTELUS. Grav., Lair., Leach.

AntenncE somewhat broken, incurved, thicker externally, with the last
joints foliate above ; the extreme joint globose ovate ; the basal joint
very long conic: palpi subulate: anterior tibia, very spiny, with their
extremities notched or narrowed externally, with their tarsi capable
of being reflected from their sides .

Sp. 1. 0x1/ . carinatin. Black, shining, distinctly and widely impresso-
punctate; front unequal, somewhat inclined to be rugulose; the an-
terior space between the eyes rather smooth : thorax impressed oa
each side; the middle with three grooves, and four carina? ; the two
middle ones joining together : feet blackish : tibia? with very short
little spines.

Oxytelus carinatus. Grav., Latr.

Inhabits dung.

Qbs. — The following genera have lately been formed from this genus :

Genus Oxytelus. Latr.
Palpi acuminate.
Sp. 1. O.xy. carinatus : 2. Oxy. rugosus.

Genus Bledius. Leach.

Sp. 1. Oxy. armatus. Panz.

Genus Carpelimus. Kirby.
Palpi capitate.

Genus Eristhetets. Knoch.

Palpi with their last joint ovate.
Erist. scaber. Knoch.

Taken on an old oak near Plymouth by Dr. Leach.

Genus 110. OMALIUM. Grav., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus.

Geoff'., Fabr., Oliv.

Palpi filiform : antenna; thicker towards their extremities, the last

joints rounded, somewhat perfoliate :- thorax transverse-quadrate, the

anterior angles rounded.

Sp. 1. Omal. rivulare. Blackish, punctate; base of the antennae and

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 17.5

feet pale brown : hearl with two impressions between the eyes : tho-
rax marginatcil, impressed at the hinder angles; back with two
grooves : elytra twice as long as the thorax, ol)Scure brown.

Oraalium rivulare, Gr-avcnh., Latr. Staphyliniis rivularis. Fci)/k.

Inhabits dunghills.

Obs. — The following species may be considered as types of as many
genera :

Genus Eloniim. Leach.
Omalium striatum.

Genus Omalivm. Gravcnhorst.
Omal. depressum.

Genus Anthobium. Leach.
Omal. melanocephalum.

b. Tarsi with elongate joints, the last joint shorter than the others
united.

Genus 111. LESTIVA. Latr. ANXHOPiiAcrs. Graven., Leach.

Staphylixus. Fabr., Fuyk., Oliv. Cauabus. Fanz., Ma?-sh.

Antemi(Z nearly filiform, ilie second and third following joints obconic:

palpi filiform : thora.v elongate, somewhat cordiform, narrow, and

truncate behind.
Sp. 1. Lest, punctalata. Black, fuscous, somewhat smooth, minutely

and finely punctate : antenna? and feet obscure rufous.
Carabus dimidiatus. Fanz. Carabus staphylinoides. Marsh. Les-

tiva punctulata. Latr.
Inhabits France and England; in the latter it is rare.

Genus 112. PROTEINUS. Latr., Leach.

Antenuiz evidently thicker towards their extremities: palpi subulate:
thorax transverse.

Sp. 1. Prot.bracln/pterus. Depressed, flat, black, shining, smooth, silky-
above ; mandibles, basal joint of the antenna^, and feet, brown red :
head a little narrower than the thorax, triangular : thorax short,
smooth, anteriorly a little narrower, the sides somewhat rounded,
very slightly margined, the hinder margin twice as broad as long,
the angles slightly prominent and somewhat reddish : scutelhmi
veiy small : elytra elongate-quadrate, externally marginate, the
hinder an^d external margins rounded :, abdomen with the four last
joints naked.

Proteinus brachypterus. Latr.

InhaV)its France and England.

176 MODERN SYSTEM.

B. Mandibles without dent iculat ions on their internal edge. Head in-
serted into the thorax more or less.

a. Antennae wide apart, inserted before the eyes ; the fifth and

following joints longer than broad : tibiae spinose.

Genus 113. TACHINUS. Grav., Lafr., Leach. Oxyporus. Fabr.
Stapiiyli>:us. Linn., Geoff., Oliv., Fayk.
Palpi filiform.

Sp. 1. Tach. riifipes. Black, shining, smooth : antennee fuscous : ely-
tra and feet generally brown ; external apex of the elytra paler.
Staphylinus rufipes. FaykiiU. Tachinus rufipes. Grav., Latr. Oxy-
porus rufipes. Fabricius?
Inhabits the dung of oxen and horses.

Obs. — The following may be considered as types of the

Genus Tachynus. Grav.

Sp. 1. Tach. subterraneus.

Genus Bolitobils. Leach.
Tach. analis.

Genus 114. TACHYPORUS. Gi^uv., Latr., Leach. Staphylinus.
Limt., Oliv., Geoff., Marsh. Oxyporus. Fair.
Palpi subulate.

Sp. 1. Tach. chrysomelinus. Black, shining, smooth : thorax, elytra
(base excepted), and feet, red yellow : thorax somewhat transverse :
abdomen with the extremity truncate.
Tachyporus chrysomelinus. Grav., I^atr., Leach. Oxyporus chryso-
melinus. Fabr. Staphylinus chrysomelinus. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits flowers, the roots of grass and moss.

b. Antennas more or less approximate, inserted at the anterior

internal margin of the eye, fifth and following joints broader
than long : tibite not spiny.

Obs. — Tachyporus Granum. Gravenh. is the type of the Genus Cypha.
Kirby.

G6nus 115. ALEOCHARA. Enoch, Gravenh., Latr., Leach. Sta-
phylinus. Linn., Fabr., Geoff., De Geer, Oliv., Marsh.
Head with the hinder part received into the thorax.
Sp. 1. Aleo. canuUculata. Red fuscous, feet paler: head and the two
last joints (save one of the abdomen), black: elytra together trans-
verse-quadrate ; back of the thorax excavated with an impressed
longitudinal line in the middle.
Alcochara canaliculata. Grav., Latr. Staphylinus canaliculatus. Fabr.
Iniiabits sandy banks and under stones.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 177

Oss. — Of this genus the following species may be considered as types
of the undermentioned genera :

Genus Aleociiaha. Grav.
Sp. 1. Aleo. fuscipes.

Genus Drusilla. Leach.
Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata.

Genus Falagria. Leach.
Sp. 1. Aleo. sulcata.

Genus Autalia. Leach.

Sp. 1. Aleo. imprcssa. 2. Aleo. rivularis.

Genus 116. LOMECHUSA. Grav., Lafr., Leach.
Hcarf disengaged from the thorax behind, with an inconspicuous neck
or none : thorax transverse, the sides rounded : antenna distinctly
perfoliated.

Sp. 1. Lorn, emarglnata. Brown-reddish rather opaque, minutely punc-
tulated: elytra pale, testaceous; hinder angles of the thorax and
elytra terminating in spinous points.

Lom. emarginata. Grav.

Inhabits dry sand spots under stones.

Ob3. — Genus Dinarda. Leach.
The tj'pe of this genus is Lomechusa dentata. Grav.

Fam. XII. PsELAPHiDii. Leach.

DiMERA. LatrciUe.

Elytra abbreviated : tarsi with three articulations : claws monodactyle.

" Latreille supposed that these animals had l)ut two joints to their

tarsi, and therefore placed them in a pecvdiar section of the Cole-

optera; observing, however, that they are allied to Aleochara, to

whose family they are even referred by Kirby."

Dr. Leach considers them as constituting a distinct famil}', whose
situation is intermediate between the StaphylinidtB and Scydmanidfr,
to both of which they are intimately allied; but may be distinguished
from either by the structure of their claws, and from the latter also
by their abbreviated elytra.

In the third voliune of the Zoological Miscellany is given an ex-
cellent monograph of the genera of this family, in which are enu-
merated nineteen British species, five of which are new, and none of
them were known to Mr. Marsham, who has not described one spe-
cies in his Entomologia Britunnica.

1 . Antenna with eleven joints. Maxillary palpi elongated.
SuRps 1. — Body elongated and depressed.

178 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 117. EUPLECTUS. Kirhi/, MSS. Leach, Zool Misc. vol. iii.
Antenna: with the first and second joint tliick : maiilhiry palpi with the

last joint conical.
Sp. 1. Eup. Heichenbachii. Leach.
Inhabits . Taken in Norfolk by Mr. J. Curtis.

Stirps 2. — Body short and convex.

A. Maxillart/ palpi ioith the last joint secnriform.

Genus 118. BYTHINUS. Leach. Pselaphus, Familij II. Rcichen-

bach.

Antenna with the first joint round and considerably larger than the se-
cond, which is but a little increased, of the male internally acutely
produced ; the third and succeeding to the eighth joint round and of
an equal size, ninth and tenth larger, eleventh oval, the last acute:
maxillari/ palpi with the first articulation filiform, increasing towards
the apex; second oval, third securiform, the base with a large angle.

Sp. 1. Bi/th. Curtisii.

Inhabits sand-pits.

Genus 119. ARCOPAGUS. Leach.
Antenme with the first and second joint increasing; the first elongated,
the second round; the third and followiug to the eighth nearly glo-
bose; ninth increasing, nearly globose and lenticular; the tenth
larger; the eleventh and remainder increasing, oval, the apex of the
last joint acuminated : jnaxillari/ palpi with the first joint filiform,
gradually increasing to a club ; the second elongate-oval ; the third
oval securiform, base angular.

* Antenna with the fwst joint cylindi-ical.

Sp. 1. Arc.glabricoUis. Leach. Pselaphus grabricollis. Reich.
Inhabits woods, under moss.

** Antenna with the first joint internally dilated.

Sp. 2. Arc. bulbifer. Leach. Pselaphus bulbifer. Reich.
Inhabits Norfolk. Messrs. Sims and Jos. Hooker.

Genus 120. TYCHUS. Leach.

Antenna with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly round, the
first a little more lengthened and thicker than the second; third and
following to the eighth nearly globose ; third and fourth a little
longer than the fifth, which is somewhat larger ; ninth and tenth
globose, increasing, and lenticular, the tenth larger than the ninth ;
the eleventh with the others gradually increasing.

Sp. 1. Tych. niger.

Inhabits ? Taken near London and Bristol, as well as in the vici-
nity of Norwich.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 179

B. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavate.

Genus 121. BRYAXIS, Knoch, Leach. Pselaphus, Fam. III. A.
Reich.
-^/j^fHWrf- with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly cylindri-
cal; tliird and tbl lowing to the seventh nearly cylindrical; the fifth
the longest, eighth small and subglobose, ninth and tbllowing gra-
dually increasing : viaxiUary palpi with the first joint clavated, nar-
row at the base; second nearly globose; third conical.

* Foveoht of the thorax connected by a furrow. Antenna icith the
apex of' the last joint acute, third and four following joints, elongated,

Sp. 1. Bry. longicornis. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. 85.

Inhabits the roots of grass on the sloping banks Battersea fields.

** Thorax uith the fun-oto very conspicuous. Antennm zcith the
last joint nearly obtuse ; the third and following to the seventh, short.
{Ni)ilh subglobose ; tenth Icnticulatcd.)

Sp. 2. Bry. impressa.

Ps. impressus. Reich., i\[onog. Ps. t. 2. f. 15.

Inhabits Norfolk.

C. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavated.

Genus 122, PSELAPHUS. Herhst, Latr., Leach, <§-c. Pselaphus,
Fam. I. Reichenbach.

Antenn(B with tiie first and second joint elongated and nearly cylindri-
cal ; third and following to the eighth nearly globular and equal ;
ninth and tenth increasing, nearly equal and globular; eleventh and
remainder gradually increasing: maxillary palpi with the first joint
filiform, the apex almost abruptly clavated; second nearly globose;
third with the apex gradually clavated.

Sp. 1. Pscl. Herbstii. (PI, i-fg. 15.) magnified: the line beneath shows
the natural size.

Inhabits banks and river sides.

Ob5. — The Psclaphi are obtained by seeking at the roots of grass, in
sand-pits, Sec. but being so exceedingly minute they easily escape the
eye of the entomologist unless he looks very close to the ground ;
the usual practice is either to sit or lie down, and by this means
many highly interesting and rare insects may be taketi whilst the
entomologist rests from a more laborious mode of collecting.

Fam, XIIL ScYOMiENiDiE. Leach.

Palpatores. Latrcil/e. >

Body ovoid, rounded at each extremity : palpi very long : tarsi short :
elytra hard, covering the abdomen : antenna gradually thicker to-
wards their extremities.

180 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus 123. SCYDM.'ENUS. Illig., FaykuU, Leach. Anthicus.

Fahr.

Antemw gradually thickening towards their extremities : inaxUlury
jmlpi terminated by an acicular obscure joint.

Sp. 1. Sci/d. Hel/uigli. Last joint of the maxillary palpi obsolete; three
last joints of the antennae forming a club : thorax ov£|te : body fus-
cous-red-brown, pubescent: head, thorax, and abdomen darker:
elytra smooth.

r.sclaphus Hellwigii. Herhst, Payh., JUig., Leach. Anlhicus Ilellwi-
gii, Fabi\ Scydmasnus Hellwigii. Latr.

Fam. XIV. Ptixid.e. Leach.
Ptiniokes. Latreille.
Antenna much longer than the head, filiform, or terminated by three

large joints not united into a mass.
Stir PS 1. — Antenna uniform, not terminated by three joints, larger
than the rest.

Genus 12^. PTINUS. li««., Fair., Latr., Lam., Ollv., Leach.
Bruchus. Geoff.
Antenna simple filiform, approximate, inserted between the eyes : ei/es
projecting : thorax hood-like : abdomen near!}- oval ; eh/t7-a united in
the male.
Sp. 1. Plin. Fur. Red-fuscous : thorax with four tubercles transversely
striated, the tNvo middle ones highest, with tufts of hair, contracted
and margined behind : abdomen ovate, rounded at the base : elytra
villose, with two yellow-gray bands ; the second joint of the antennae
shorter than the third : under part of the body with short gray-yel-
low hairs.
Ptinus Fur. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Oliv., Leach.
Inhabits houses, and commits great devastation in museums.
OhS.-^Ptinus testaceus of Marsham is merely the male of this species.

Genus 125. GIBBIUM. Latr., Leach.
Antenna simple, setaceous, inserted behind the eyes : ei/cs not promi-
nent : thorax simple : abdomen nearly globular : elytra united in both
sexes.
Sp. 1, Gib. Scotias. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits houses. It has been three times taken in Bristol.
Obs. — Ptinus sulcatus, ilf«ri7/fl?», forms the type of the genus MeziuMj
LcacKs MSS., and is akin to Gibbium.
Genus 12G. PTILINUS. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Fabr., Latr., Leach:,
Anobium. ^liger. SErvROCEE.us. Ktigellan. Ptinus. Linn.,
Marsh.
Antoma inserted before the eyes, very much pectinated in the males,
serrated in the female.5 ; body long-ovoid, nearly cylindric : thorax
'somewhat globose.

CLASS V. INSrCT.V. 181

Sp. 1. Pti. pcctinkornix. Body blackish: elytra obscure brown: an-
teuua; and feet reddish : thorax rough : elytra puncljate.

rtilinus pectinicornis. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Lcac/i. Ptinus pectinicornis.
Linn., Marsh. Dcrmestes pectinicornis. Liiui. '^

Inhabits old trees and houses, perforating tliem to destruction.

Oes. — Ptinus serraticoruis, Marsham, is the female of this insect.

Stirps 2. — Antenna terminated by three joints differing from the rest
in size.
Genus l(2r. ANOBIUM. Fahr., Oliv., Lnmarck, Latr., Leach.
Ptinis. Linn., DiGcer, Marsh. Bruciii'S. Geoff.

Antenna: eleven-jointed, with the three last joints a})ruptly thicker than
the others; the ninth and tenth joints obconic; the tenth oval.
* Flytra not striated.

Sp. 1. Anoh. tessellatum. Thorax bilobate behind, the lateral margins re-
flexed : body fuscous, sprinkled with villose, obscure luteous spots :
elytra not striated

Anobiimi tessellatiun. Fahr., Latr., Leach. Ptinus tessellatus. Marsh.

Inhabits the wood of rotten trees, especially willows, during the winter
months.

** Flytra striated.

Sp. 3. Anoh. striatum. Fuscous, with grayish down : thorax with a gib-
bous protuberance, unisulcate above, with the angles compressed :
hinder margins somewhat marginated : elytra longitudinally punctate.

Anobium striatum. Latr., OLv., Illig., Leach. Anobium pertinax.
Fabr., Payk.

Inhabits rotten trees.

Fam. XV. DerMestid.^:. Leach.

Dermestixi. Latreille.

Antenme slender, longer than the head, and terminated by a large
ovoid mass.

Stirps 1. — Sternum not produced to the mouth, or over it like a neck-
cloth : tibia spinose.

Genus 128. DERMESTES. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Marsh., Herbst,
Oliv., Leach.

Antenna with an ovate club, the last joint short, not (or but little)
longer than the preceding joint : body narrow oval : thorax with the
hinder margin straight or obtusely lobed : pulpi very short : maxil-
lary palpi shorter than the maxilla^ or scarcely as long.

Sp. 1. Der.lurdarim. Black: base of the elytra with a cinereous band
with black points.

Dermestes lardarius. Linn., Fahr. Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits decayed animal substances, paper, &c. is common in houses.

182 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 129. ATTAGENUS. Latr., Leach. Megatoma. Ikrbst.
Dermestes. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Marsh.

AntenncE with an elongate-ovate club, the last joint longer than the
preceding (especially in the male), triangular or conic : body broad-
oval : thorax with the posterior margin narrowly and acutely lobcd :
maxillary palpi exserted, longer than the maxillge; the last joint
elongate-cylindric, very long in some.

Sp. 1. Alt. Pellio. Black; middle of the antenna, and of the tarsi ob-
scure red: hinder margin ot the thorax with three spots, and the
elytra with a spot on each side of the suture villose-white : antennas
of the male with the last joint ensiform, very long.

Dermestes Pellio. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Latr. Megatoma nigra.
Herbst. (variety of the male.)

Inhabits skins in houses, old wood, and paper.

Stirps '^.—Si'erjn/m produced over the mouth like a neckcloth: tibia
not or but slightly spined.

Genus 130. MEGATOMA. Herbst., Latr., Leach. Dermestes.
Linn., De Gecr, Fabr.

Body narrow-oval : antenna with an oval or oblong club with the inter-
nal edge simple.

Sp. 1. Meg. undatian. Black; sides of the thorax and two undulated
bands on the elytra white villose: to-s/ obscure red.

Megatoma undulata. Herbst. Megatoma undatum. Latr. Dermestes
undatus. Linyi., Fabr., Oliv., Panz.

Inhabits birch trees (beneath the bark) in the months of March and
April: the larva spins a silken web in which it changes to a pupa.

Fam. XVI. Byrrhid.>e. Leach,

Bykrhi. Latreille.

Body ovoid: feet entirely or semicontractile : sternum anteriorly pro-
duced to a mouth in the form of a neckcloth : antenna thicker to-
wards their extremities : tarsi with five very distinct articulations :
antenna straight, not inserted in the cavitj' of the eyes : feet perfectly
contractile : mandibles but little or not at all prominent.

Genus 131. ANTHRENUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr.,
Leach. Byrrhus. Linn., Marsh. Dermestes. Dc Gecr.

Antenna shorter than the thorax with the club solid : ;j«//)i filiform,
short : body orbicQlate-ovate : scidellumvery minute.

Sp. 1. A7ith. Scrophularia. Black: sides of the thorax and three trans-
verse bands on the elytra gray : suture and external margin of the
elytra and hinder margin of the thorax red lutescent.

Anthrenus Scrophularia^. Fabr., Latr., Leach, Byrrhus Scrophulariae,
Linn., Marsh.

Inhabits the blossoms of various plants.

CLASS V. INSECTA.

183

Genus 132. THROSCUS. Latr., Lrach. Elater. Lbin., Oliv.,
Geoff] Dermestes. Fiil/r., Paj/k., Illiger.
Antenna as long as the thorax, with the three last joints large, forming

an oval club : jxilpi short, with the last joint securiform : hodj/ elliptic,

narrow, depressed.
Sp. 1. T/ir. (icrnicsfoides. Brown, with gray-yellowish doAvn : elytra

with punctated stria\
Elater dermestoides. Linn., Oliv. Dermestes adstrictor. Fat/k., lUig.,

Fahr. Throscus dermestoides. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits European plants; is very rare in Britain.

Genus 133. BYRRHUS. Linn., Fahr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Illiger,
GylL, Leach. Cistela. Geoff., Marsh. Dermestes. De Gccr.
AnfemicE a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal
joints gradually thicker, compressed : palpi short, the last joint long-
est, thick, somewhat ovate: bodi/ smewhat ovate, very convex
above: scnfelluin minute.
Sp. 1. Bi/r. Pilula.
Inhabits pathways and sandy situations.

Fam. XVII. IIisteridte. Leach.
Genus HiSTER. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Marsh., &iC. Histeroides.
Gyll., Pai/k.
Antenmt geniculated, terminated by a nearly solid club of three arti-
culations : eli/tra shorter than the abdomen, the margin of the sides
inflexed : torsi with five joints; contractile.

The insects of this Family are numerous : their habitation is the
dung of animals, and some are found in rotten wood. A valuable
paper has been published in the third volume of the Zoological Mis-
cellany, from which the ibllowing is selected.
Stirps 1. — Body tliick, nearly globose or quadrate: tibia elongated
and straight : tarsi long and slender : sternum simple.
Genus 134. ABRiEUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Antenna with the first articulation somewhat elongated, second and
third nearly cylindrical, straight : fourth short; fifth, sixth, and se-
venth, nearly globose and equal ; eighth nearly globose, lenticular;
ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming a short oval club.
Sp. 1. Abr. pcrptisilliis.
Hister perpusillus. Marsh.
Inhabits the dung of animals.

Genus 135. ONTHOPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc.vo\. iii.
Antenna with the first joint long, the second cylindrical, closely joined
at the base; tliird obconic; fourth and fifth short and obconic;
sixth and seventh shorter and nearly globose ; eighth nearly lenti-
cular; ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming an oval club.

184 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Ontk. striatus. Payk., Monogr. Hist. 100. t. 11. /. 1.
Inhabits dung.

Stirps 2. — Bodij depressed: tibia hrosA: iarsi short: stonwOT dilated,
the fore part t'orming a cavity for the head, which is capable of be-
ing retracted even to the mandibles.

A. Tlhiir, the four posterior zcith two scries of spines.

Genus 136. YUSTY-K of authois.
Body above nearly convex : thorax with the anterior part straight.

A. Elytra with the outer strias extending their whole length.

a. Thorax with the sides striated, the strice extending their
whole length.

* Eli/t7'a tvith marginal stride.

Sp. 1. Hist.unicolor of authors.
Inhabits dung.

** Elytra without the marginal stria.

Sp. 2. Hist, sinuatus. Illiger. A-macitlatus. Marsh.

b. Thorax with the sides not striated.

* Elytra with no marginal strice.

Sp. 3. Hist, parvus. Marsh., Leach.

** Elytva with a 7narginal stria.

Sp. 1. Hist, pujpurascens. Fabr., Leach. Hist, bipustulatus. Marsh.

B. Elytra with the external stria; abbreviated.

Sp. 1. Hist, nitidulus. (PL '2. fig. 1. a.antennes magnified.) Fabr., Leach,
— Hist, semipunctutus. Marsh.

B. Four posterior tibia with only one row of spines.

Genus 137. DENDROPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Body with the upper part nearly convex ; thorax short, the anterior part

straight.
Sp. 1 . Den. punctatus.
Hister punctatus. Ent. Heft.

Genus 138. PLATYSOMA. Leach.
Body with the upper part plain : thorax transverse or nearly equall
quadrate.

* Elytra without stria. Body finely punctured.

Sp. 1. Plat, picipes. Leach. H. piscipes. Fabr.

** Elytra without external stria. Body not punctured.
Sp. 2. Plat.ftavicornis. Leach. H.fiavicornis. Ilerbst.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 185

*** 'Elytra extcnialhj striated. Body zvithout punctures.
Sp. 3. Plat, dcprcssum. Leach. H. depressus. Marsh.

Subdivision 3. — Antenna straiglit, not inserted in the cavity of the eyes.
Feet semicontractile.

Gcmis.139. LIMNIUS. MuUer, GylL, Leach. Dytiscus. Pam,

CiiRYSOMEi.A. Marsh. Elmis. Latr.
Antennre nearly fiHform, the last joint largest, somewhat oval.

Sp. 1. Lini. Volckmari. Leach.
Dytiscus \"oickmari. Panzer.
Chrysomela buprestoides. Marsh.

Fam. XVIII. PARNiDyE. Leach.

Antenna inserted in the anterior can thus of the eye : elytra not shorter
than the abdomen.

Genus 140. PARNUS. Fabr., Illig., Marsh., Leach. Dermestes.
Geoff'. Elater. Rossi. Dryops. Oliv., Lam.., iMtr.
Antenna composed of three joints, the last joint articulated : tarsi with
five joints.

Obs.— The insects of this genus inhabit the roots and blades of grass
at the sides of ponds and ditches ; the method of finding them is
to loosen the grass in those places, by which means the insects will
be found floating on the water : we have several species in this
country that have not yet been clearly jlefined, but have been con-
founded with prolijlricornis.

Sp. L Par. sericeus. Leach's MSS. (PL 3. fig. 10. a. antenna magni-
fed.)

Genus 141. HETEROCERUS. Bosc, Fabr., Illig., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach.
Antenna composed of eleven joints, the seven last forming a dentate

or serrated mass : tarsi with four joints.
Sp. 1. Het. }na7'gi?iatiis. Blackish villose; sides of the thorax and ab-
domen with spots on the elytra, margins of the abdomen, and feet
pale luteous. {PL 3. fg. 11.)
Inhabits marshy places, burrowing in the muddy and clayey banks of
ponds.

Fam. XIX. Helophorid.'e. Leach.

Mandibles without teeth at their extremities : body oblong : anienna
terminated by a club.

Stirps 1. — Clypeus whole : fnaxillary pa/pi with the last joint thick and
oval.

186 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 142. IIELOPIIORUS. Leach. Elophorus. Fabr., Oliv.,
Latr., Gyll.
Eyes sessile: thorax transverse.

* Thorax and elytra furrowed.
Sp. 1. Hel. stagnalis. Hydro phikis stagnalis. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds, floating on the surface and walking on aquatic plants.

** Thorax and elytra with elevated lines.
Sp. 1. Hel. nuhilus. Gyll.

Genus 143. HYDROCHUS. Germar., Leach. Elophorus. Fahr.,
Illig., S>-c.
Eyes rather prominent: thorax elongated.

Sp. 1. Hydr. cicindeloides. Hydrophilus cicindeloides. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds, and may frequently be found in the mud at the sides.

Stirps 2. — Clypeus entire.

Genus 144. OCHTHEBIUS. Leach's Edinh. Encycl.—Zool. Misc.
vol. iii. Elophorus. Fabr. Hydr.iina. Latr., Illig.
Maxillary palpi with the middle and last joint slender and acute.
Sp. 1. Och. riparius. Leach. Hydrophilus impressus. Marsh.

Genus 145. HYDR^NA. Kugellan, Leach.
Maxillary palpi with the last joint long and acuminated.
Sp. 1. Hyd. Kiigellani. Leach. Hydro, longipalpus. Marsh.

Fam. XX. Hydrophilid.?:.

Mandibles at their points bidentate : body oval or round : antenna ter-
minated by a club.

Stirps 1. — Clypeus emarginate: sternum simple: untcnnic with six ar-
ticulations.

Genus 146. SPERCHEUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Sp. 1. Sper. sordidus. Spercheus sordidus. Fabr. Hydr. sordidus.
Mnrsh.

Inhabits stagnant waters.

Stirps 2. — Clypeus whole : sternum simple.

A. Elytra with the apex whole. Scutcllum small.
Genus 147. BEROSUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Bot(y narrow before : ^/(orar convex: cj/es rather prominent.
Sp. 1. Bcr. luridus of authors.
Inhabits ponds.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 187

Genus 148. IIVDROBIUS. Leach.
B(xli/ oval, convex, obtuse : ij/cn simple.

* Elytra striated.
Sp. 1. Hi/dr.fuscipcs.
Inhabits ponds.

** E/i/tra smooth.
Sp. 1. Hifdr. melanoccphalus.
Inhabits ponds.

B. Elytra with the apex truncated. Sctitellum small.

Genus 149. LIMNEBIUS. Leach.
Body rather depressed : eyes simple.

Sp. 1. Lim. nitidus. Ilydrophilus nitidus. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Stirps 3. — Clypcus whole: sternum produced into a spine.

Genus 150. HYDROUS. Linncs MSS., Leach.
Scutellum large : anterior tarsi of the male dilated in the middle with un-
equal claws: anienntc \\'\\h their last joint acuminated.
Sp. 1. Hydr. piceus of authors.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Genus 151. HYDROPIIILUS of authors.
Body with the posterior part slightly obtuse: antenna with the last
joint obtuse : scutellum moderate : anterior tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1 Hydr. caraboides of authors. {PI. 3. Jig. 10.)
Inhabits ponds; is very common.

Fam. XXI. Sph.cridiad.s;. Leach.

Ayitenna terminated by a club : maxillary palpi very long : mentum large,
clypeiform: /ifwrfwith the front rounded, cowl-shaped: /eeHbrmed
for walking : tarsi with the basal joint as long or longer than the
second joint (in the male with the last joint on the anterior tarsi
large). The insects of this family are very nearly akin to the Hy-
drolophii.

Genus 152. SPH.ERIDIUM. Fahr., Oliv., Lamarck, Leach. Der-

MESTES. Linn., De Geer, Marsh.

£of(y somewhat hcemispheric : tj/es immersed : ^Aorajr transverse : tibia

spinose, armed with heels : sternum behind produced into a conic

spine,

Sp. 1. Sph. scurabicoides. Black, shining, smooth : scutellum forming a

long triangle : feet very spiny : each elytron at the base with a blood-i

188 MODEKN SYSTEM.

red spot, and a livid reddish spot at the apex. {PI. 3. fig. 12. a. an-

teimm magnified^
Sphaeridium scarabseoides. Tabr., Latr. Dermestes scarabaeoides.

Marsh., Linn.
Inhabits dung.

Genus 1.53. CERCYOls!. Leach's Sool. Misc. vol. iii. Dermes-
tes. Marsh.
Antenna with the club imbricated (P/. 5- fig. 12. b. magnified) : anterior

tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1. Cer. unipunctatum.
Inhabits dung.

Sp. 2. Cer. melanocephalum.
Inhabits dung and tlowers.

Fam. XXII. Coprid,!. Leach.

CopnoPiiAGi I. Latreille.

Labial palpi \evy hairy, the last joint smaller than the preceding : scu-
tellmn none or very obscure : elytra taken together not longer than
broad : posterior feet situated near the anus : antcnnce eight- or nine-
jointed, terminated by an abrupt lamellated mass: anterior tibia
large and dentated : vicntum not very large : mandibles membrana-
ceous : maxill(E membranaceous : cli/pcus semicircular.

Subdivision !.• — Labial palpi, with the last joint very 'distinct. Thorax
much shorter than the elytra ; 7nuch broader than long. Anterior tibie
long, arcuate.

Genus 154. COPRIS. Geoff., Illig., Fabr., Lam., Latr., Leach.
ScARAB^us. Linn., De Geer., Oliv., Marsh.

Scutellum none : abdomen elevated, convex : anterior tihim longer than
the others; externally with three strong teeth terminated by a tar-
sus : antennce nine-jointed.

Sp. 1. Cop. lunaris.

Copris lunaris. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Scarabseus lunaris. Linn., Marsh,
Scarabceiis etnarginatus of JMarsham is merely the female.

Inhabits dung in sandy situations and lanes, entering the earth two or
three inches beneath the surface.

Subdivision 2. — Labial palpi with the last joint not distinct. Thorax
longer than the elytra. Tibia all terminated by a tarsus.

Genus 1,55. ONTIIOPHAGUS. Latr. Copris. Geoff., Illiger,
Fabr. ScahaBjEUS. Linn., Hei-bst., Oliv., Marsh.
Sp. 1. Onth. Vacca.

Inhabits dung : this and many others are very abundant under dung
in April and May.

CLASS V. INSECT A. 189

Fam. XXIII. Apiiodiad.'e. Loach.

CoPROPiiAGi II. Lntreille.

Labial palpi ncafly smooth, filiform, the joints nearly equal, cylin-

clric : feet all separated by equal distances ; hinder ones distant from

the anus : scidellum distinct.

Genus 156. APHODIUS. IlUgcr, Faln\, Latr., I^uch. Scarab^us.
Oliv., Marsh., Linn.
Sp. 1. Aph. rrifipes.
Inhabits dung in the spring of the year.

This genus may be divided, for the sake of convenience, from the
clypeus.

1. CIt/pcus smooth, cmarginatc.

2. Clypeus smooth, entire.

3. Clypeus tuhcrculate.

Fam. XXIV. Geotiiupid;e. Leach.

Geotuupini. LatreiUe.

Antennce eleven-jointed, terminated by a lamellatcd club : anterior tibia

large, dentate : menlum not large : mandibles corneous, porrect ; la-

hrum prominent : clypeus rhomboidal.

Genus 157. GEOTRUPES. Latr., Ihmeril, Lam., Leach. Sca-
RAB.i^us. Linn., Geoff'., Fabr., Oliv., De Geer.
Antennae terminated by an oval lamellatcd club : thorax shorter than
the abdomen, not horned : hinder feet distant from the anus : head
not produced behind the eyes : scutcllum obvious.
Sp. 1. Geo. stercorarius.

Inhabits Europe ; boring cylindric holes beneath the dung, and flying
about in the dusk of the evening.

Genus 158. TYPILEUS. Leach. Scarab.'eus. Fabr., Gyll, Marsh.

Antenmc terminated by an oval lamellated club : thorax shorter than
the alidomen ; on each side in front with a long process which ex-
tends along the sides of the head : hinder feet distant from the anui :
head not produced behind the eyes : scutellum obvious.

Sp. 1. Typ. vulgaris. {PI. 1. J%. 1.)

Scaraba?us ts^phaius. Fabr., Gyll., Marsh.

Inliabils the dung of horses on heaths, in the spring of the year.

Oes. — Scarabaus mobilicornis, Marsh., forms the genus Odontevs,
Koppe.

Fam. XXV. Mei.olonthid;e. Leach. Scarab^ides. Latr.

Antenna- ten-jointed (in some nine), terminated by 'a lamellated club :
mandibles comconn in \>d\t: clypeus triangular or quadrate ; anterior
til!/' large and dentate: menium not large.

190 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 1. — No scale between the posterior angles of the thorax and
the exterior base of the elytra.

Division I. — Thorax abnost quadiatc, more or less transverse. Mandibles
entirely corneous.

Subdivision 1. — Lahrum prominent even bei/ond the cli/peus. MaxillcE in-
teriorly armed with a horny hook, simple or bifid, lidy nearly globular
or ovoid. Elytra tumid, embracing the sides of the abdomen.

Genus 159. — j'EGIALIA. Lafr., Leach. Aphodius. Panz., Illig.
PsAMMODirs. Gyll.
Antemife distinctly longer than the head, composed of nine joints, the

first of which is cylindric and a little hairy : body nearly- globular :

zoings none.
Sp. 1. Mgi. globosa. Black, shining : head granulated : elj'tra striated,

impunctate.
Aphodius globosns. Illig. Psammodius globosus. Gylknkull. iEgi-

alia globosa. Lutr., Leach.
Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea.

Genus 160. PSAMMODIUS. Gyll, Leach.
Body elongate, convex : antennce distinctly longer than the head; loings

tvvo : thorax transversely striated.
Sp. 1. Psam. SulcicolUs. Gyll.
Aphodius SulcicolUs. Illig.
Inhabits sandy places. Taken at Swansea by Mr. W. S. Millard, a

most assiduous and successful collector of British insects.

Genus IGl. TROX. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Lafr., Leach. Scarab^us.
Lin?!., Marsh., Geoff., De Geer.
AntenncE scarcely longer than the head, composed of ten joints, the
first obconic and very hairy : body ovoid: maxilla with a simple
hook.
Sp. 1. Trox sabulosus.
Inhabits sandy places.

Subdivision 2. — Labrum not projecting beyond the clypeus. Body not glo-
bose. Elytra not embracing the sides of the abdomen.

* Body subcylindric.

Genus 162. SINODENDRON. Fabr., Latr., Don., Leach. Sca-
RAB^EUS. Linn., Dc Geer., Oliv. Lucanus. Marsh.
Ante^ina with a lamellated club not cajiable of being folded : the la-
mclla very short, resembling ihe teetli of a saw: body cylindric;
maxillcE coriaceous, bilol'ate.
Sp. 1. Sin. cyUndricuni. Black, shining, impressed-punctate, cicatricu- •
lose ; the punctures umbilicated, the imibilici perforate. (IMale with
a conic-compressed horn, the female with a short horn on the head.)

CLASS V. INSECTA.

191

Sinodendron cylindricum. Fair., Lafr., Don., Leach. Scarabseus cy-
lindricus. Linn., De Geer, Oliv. Lucanus cylindricus. Marsh.

Inhabits old trees, especially the ash. Is very abundant near Chelten-
luini and near Plymouth.

** Bodj/ ovoid-oblong.

Genus 163. MELOLONTHA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach.

Eli/tra with their external edge not sinuated, very slightly narrower at
their base than at their points : tibia armed with very distinct heels.
Sp. 1. Mel. vulgaris. (Common Cockchaifer.)

Melolontha vulgaris. Latr., Fabr. Scarabasus melolontha. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits various trees in May and June.

Genus 164. ANOMALA. Koppe, Leach's MSS.

Eli/tra with the external edge not sinuated, very shghtly narrower at
their base than at their points : tibia terminated by very distinct
heels: antenna of both sexes nearly equal in size, with a lamellated
club : boJj/ ovate or short ovate convfex.

A. Frischii. Mel. Frischii. Fabr.

Inhabits the sandy coasts of the sea.

The following may be considered as the type of tb.e
Genus Amaloplia, Sp. 1. Melolon. ruricola.

Genus 165. IIOPLTA. IlUg., Latr., Leach. Scarab5:us. Linn.,
Geoff'., De Geer. Melolontha. Fabr., Oliv.
Elytra with their external edge sinuated : tibia with very obscure spurs

or heels.
Sp. 1. Hopl. pulvcrulenta.
Inhabits heaths.

Division II. — -Thorax as long as broad, nearly orbicular, or almost ovoid
and truncate at their exti-emities. Mandibles partly membranaceous,
sometimes entirely corneous. Maxilla terminated by a membranaceous
or coriaceous lobe. Labrum not prominent.

Genus 166. TRICHIUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Antenna with the first joint very large: clypeus quadrate: palpi short,

with their first joint very large: clypeus quadrate : tarsi with equal nails.
Sp. 1. Tr. fasciafus.
Trichius fasciatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Cetonia fasciata. Oliv. Sca-

rabaeus fasciatus. Linn.
Inhabits Europe on umbelliferous plants, but is rare in Britain.
Sp. 2. Tr. nobilis. (P/. l.Jig. 2. a. antenna magnified.)

Stieps 2.— a triangular scale interposed between the posterior angles
of the thorax, and the exterior of the base of the elytra.

192 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 167. CETONTA. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Lamarcl:, Lmcft. Sca-
RAB.EUS. Linn., Geoff'., De Geer, Marsh.
Maxilla: almost membranaceous, or coriaceous : mentum of a moderate
size : thorax triangular, with the anterior point truncate : elytra
abruptly siauated at their internal side towards the base.
Sp. 1. Cct. aurata.
Inhabits the flowers of roses, the larvae live in decayed wood.

Fam. XXVI. Lucaxid^. Leach.
LucANiDES. LafrciUe.

Anteiiiie with a pectinated club : anterior tihicE large and dentated : palpi
four : labrian generally wanting : mandibles very strong, corneous,
dentated, exserted : iventtim corneous.

Genus 1G8. LUCANUS of authors. Platycerus. Gco^'.
Palpi long: lip bifid, very hairy, the laciniiE resembling pencils.
Sp. 1. Luc. Cei-vus. (Stag Beetle.) {Ft. l.fg„3.)

Section II. HETEROMERA.

Four anterior tarsi five-jointed, hinder pair four-jointed : antenna ele-
ven-jointed, never lamellated or furnished with a pectinated head.

Fam. XXVII. Blapsid,=e. Leach.
Meutiim small, or moderately large, quadrate or orbicular: />«,';;« termi-
nated by a thick joint; the last joint of the maxillary one securiform.
Genus 169. BLAPS. Tabr., Olio., Lam., Latr., Marsh., Leach.
Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff]
Back flat: thorax almost quadrate : antenna with the third joint much

longer than the fourth : eli/tra with their extremities pointed.
Sp. 1. Blaps 7nortisaga.
Inhabits dark cellars and damp places.

Fam. XXVIII. Tenebrionid_t. Leach.
Mandibles bifid at their extremiiies : head more or less ti'iangular, with-
out a contraction behind, at its junction with the thorax : tarsi with
entire joints : antenme moniliform, not perfoliated or serrated :
niuxilltE unguiculated.

Genus 170. PEDINUS. Lafr., Leach.. Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff.,
Marsh. Blaps. Fabr., Herbst. Helops. Olivier. Opatrum.

Bodii oval : maxillary palpi terminated by a thick joint : antenna: fili-
form; the last joint globose or turbinated.

Sp. 1. Fed. waritimus. Leach. {Fl. 4.Jig. ^.) ^ Tenebrio femoralis.
Marsh, q T. gemellatus. Marsh.

Inhabits sandy places: is very abundant on the sea shore near
Swansea, South ^Y<iles.

CLASS V, INSECTA. 193

Genus in. OPATRUM. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Silpha.
Linn. Tenebrio. Geoff., Marsh.
Body oval : maxillary palpi with their last joint obtrigonate : anteimm
gradually thicker towards their extremities : the last joints trans-
verse, compressed.
Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. {PI. 2. Jig. 8. a. antenna magnified.)
Opatrum sabulosum. Fabr., Latr. Silpha sabuLosa. Linn. Tenebrio

sabulosus. Marsh.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 172. TENEBRIO. Linn., Geoff., Be Geer, Fabr., Latr.,
Leach.

Thorax behind as broad as the elytra : body elongate : antenna scarcely
gradually thicker towards their extremities ; the eighth, ninth, and
tenth joints transverse ; the last subglobose : mentum somewhat qua-
drate ; the upper margin rounded : maxillary palpi with their last
joint thick.

Sp. 1. Ten. Molitor. {PL 4. Jig. 1.)

Inhabits houses ; the larvas in meal and flour ; and is well known un-
der the name of meal-worm.

Fam. XXlX. DiAPERiDit. Leach.

Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with-
out a contraction behind, at its juncture with the thorax: tarsi with
entire joints : antenna not moniliform, their extremities perfoliated
or serrated.

Stirps 1. — Body linear, or nearly so. Thorax almost quadrate. Antenna
terminated by a club. Maxilla unguiculated.

Genus 173. SARROTRIUM. IlUg., Fabr., Leach. Hispa. Linn.,
Marsh. Tenebrio. De Geer. Orthocerus. Latr.
Antenna with the last six joints forming a thick, fusiform, downy

mass.
Sp. 1. Sarr. muticum. {PI. 2. Jig. 16. a. antenna magnijied.)
Sarrotrium muticum. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Hispa mutica. Linn., Marsh.

Orthocerus hirticornis. Latr.
Inhabits sandy places. In Britain it is rare, or at least very local. It

has been found in gravel-pits near Norwich by Mr. Joseph Hooker,

and near Hampstead by Mr. Stephens, in th6 months of June and

July.
Stirps. 2. — ^n^cm?^ not moniliform. Body ovd.\, or nearly orbicular :

a little longer than broad.

a. Antenna not serrated at their extremities.

Genus 174. PHALERIA. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. Fabr.
Anterior tibia elongate-trigonate : tarsi short : antenna gradually thick-
ening towards their extremities, where they are perfoliated : body oval.

N

i"94 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Thai, cadaverina.
Tenebrio cadaverina. Fabr.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 175. DIAPERIS. Geoff., Fahr., Ollv., Lam., Leach. Ciirv-
SOMELA. lAun., Marsh. Tenebrio. De Gee?:
Antenna gradually enlarging towards their extremities, from the fourth

joint perfoliated : bodi/ nearly hemispheric, very convex above.
Sp. 1. Dia. Boleti of authors.
Chrysomela Boleti. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits the boleti of trees : is rare.

Genus 17G. TETRATOMA. Herbst, Fabr., Payk., Leach.
Antenna: terminated by a club of four joints, the other joints very

small : bodi/ oval : tibice not spiny.
Sp. 1. Tetr. Fungoimm.
Inhabits /ungj.

Genus 177. LEIOIDES. Latr., Leach. Anisotoma. Illig., Fabr.
SpHjEridium. Olivier. Tetratoma. Herbst.
Antenna: abruptly terminated by a five-jointed club, the eighth joint
(the second of the club) very small : thorax almost hemispheric :
(ibi(E spinose.
Sp. 1. Lei. picea.
Anisotoma piceum. Illig. Anisotoma picea. Panz. Leoides picea.

Latr.
Inhabits sandy places in Europe.

b. Antenna terminated by joints, resembling in their form the teeth
of a saw.

Genus 178. BOLILOPHAGUS. Illig., Fabr. Eledona. Lair.,
Leach. Opatrum. Oliv., Marsh: Diaperis. Oliv.
Pa/pi filiform ; maxt/Zary ones with their last joint almost cylindric: ««-
tenna arcusite: 6oc(y oval, convex, generally rough: thoi-ax transverse,
emarginate before ; the sides often with acute margins.
Sp. 1. Boli. Agaricola.
Bolilophagus Agaricola. Illig,, Fabi\ Eledona Agaricola. Latr., Leach.

Opatrum Agaricola. Oliv., Marsh.
Inhabits boktl and other fungi.

Stirps 3. — Antenna nearly or quite filiform,with their extremities simple .
a. Mandibles with their extremities bifid.

Genus 179. IIELOPS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Illig., Latr., Rossi,
Leach. Tenebrio. Linn.
Maxillary palpi terminated by a securiform joint : antenna: as long or
longer than the thorax : thorax quadrate or semicircular : body
convex.
Sp. llcL lanipes.

CLASS V. INSnCTA. 195

Ilelops lanipes. Fabr., Latr., Olh, Tenebrio lanipes. Li?in,
Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees.

b. Mandibles with their points entire. Tarsi rcith denticulated mdh.
Genus 180. CISTELA, Fabr., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach. Chry-
soMELA. Linn. Moudella. Geoff.
Bodi/ ovate : antenna serrated : feet rather long.
Sp. 1. Cist, cei'amhoidex.
Cistela ceramboides. Fabr., Latr., OUv. Chrysomela ceran^bojdes,

Linn.
Sp. 2. Cist, sidphurea. {PI. 4. fg. 6.)
Crioceris sulphurea. Marsh. 219. 1.

Fam. XXX. Melyandryad.'e. Leach.

Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with^
out a contraction behind, at its juncture with the thorax : four aute^
rior tarsi with the last joint but one bilobate .: maxillary palpi with
the last joint large, securiform, or obtrigonate,

Stirps 1. — Hinder tarsi with entire joints.

Genus 181. SERROPALPUS. Oliv., Pai/k., Illig., Latr., Leach,
DiRC^A. Fabr.
Antenna filiform : body almost cylindric, and very long.

An insect of this genus has lately been taken in this country,
and was first discovered in Windsor Forest. In July 1817, being in
Hampshire in company with my friend Mr. John Chant, we took
four specimens from a rotten oak near Lyndhurst.

Genus 182. ORCHESIA. Latr. Dirc^a. Fabr., Leach. IIai.-
LOMEMUS. Illig., Payk., Helhcig. Megatoma. Herbst. Mori-
DELLA. Marsh.
Hinder feet formed for leaping : antenna clavate : body elliptic.
Sp. 1. Orc.micans. Fabr.

Hallomenus micans. Paykull. Serropalpus micans. Illiger. Mega-
toma picea. Herbst. Mordella Boleti. Marsh. Orchesia micans.
Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.
Stirps 2. — Tarsi altogether with their last joint but one bilobate.

Genus 183, MELANDRYA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Chrysomela.
Linn. Serropalpus. Illig-, Bosc.
Antennm simple, filiform : maxillary palpi terminated by an elongate
securiform joint : body nearly elliptic ; thorax trapezoid, broad behind.
Sp. 1, Md, caraboidcs.
Chrysomela caraboides, Linn. Serropalpus caraboides. Oliv., //%

Melandra serrata. F(d>r., Latr, Crioceris caraboides. Marsh.
Inhabits rotten trees.

196 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 184. LAGRIA. Fair., Oliv., Lam., Leach. CnaYSOiiELA.
Linn. Cantharis. Geoff. Tenebrio. X)e Geer.

Antenna simple, growing insensibly thicker towards their extremity :
maxillary palpi double the size of the labial, with the last joint
large, securiform ; labial palpi with the last joint ovate : body ob-
long (generally villose).

Sp. 1. Lag. hirta.

Lagria hirta. Fabr., Latr. Chrysomela hirta. Linn. Auchenia hirta.
Marsh.

Inhabits the white-thorn in May and June.

Fam. XXXI. Pyrochroid.€. Leach.
Pyrochoides. Latreille.

Head cordiform, abruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax :
tarsi with their penultimate joints all bilobate : body elongate, de-
pressed, or convex and cylindric : thorax almost cordate.
Stirps 1. — Antenna: pectinated, serrated, or branched.

Genus 185. PYROCHROA. Fabr., Geoff., De Geer, Oliv., Lair.,
Leach. Cantharis. Linnt.
Antenna pectinated or serrated : thorax orbicular.

The prevailing colour in this genus is red and black.
Sp. 1. Pyr. rubens. Fabr., Latr., Oliv-
Inhabits white-thorn hedges in May and Jiuie.
Sp. 2. Fyr. coccinea. {PL 3. Jig. 3.)
Inhabits the woods of Kent.
Stirps 2. — Antenna simple.

Genus 186. SCRAPTIA. Latr., Leach.
Labial palpi terminated by a semilunar, or large triangular joint : tho-
rax almost semicircular.
Sp. 1. Scr.fusca.
Scraptia fusca. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.

Genus 187. NOTOXUS. Geoff., Oliv., Illig., Latr., Leach. Me-
LOE. Linn., Donovan. Anthicus. Payk., Fabr.
Labial palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor-
diform, produced into a porrected horn in front : antenna simple.
Sp. 1. Not. monoceros. {PI. 2. Jig. 23. a. antenna, head, and thorax magnified.)
Meloe monoceros. Linne, Don. Notoxus monoceros. Oliv., Illig-,

Latr. Anthicus monoceros. Fabr., Payk.
Inhabits sandy situations; and has been taken in profusion on the
sandy sea shores of Swansea.

Genus 188. ANTHICUS. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Notoxus. Blig.,
Latr, Lytta. Marsh.
Labial palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor-
diform, not anteriorly produced.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 197

Sp. 1. Anth. fuica.

J.> tta fusca. Marsh.

Inhabits dung in the neighbourhood of stables,

Fam. XXXII. Mordellad.?;. Leach.

MoRDELLAN*. Latreilk.

Head cordiform, abruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax:
hinder tarsi (sometimes the others) with their penultimate joint en-
tire : bodi/ elevated, arcuate, laterally compressed, and terminated
by a point : head very large : eli/tra very short, or very narrow and
pointed behind : hinder feet large : tibieB with spurs.

Genus 189. RHIPIPHORUS. Bosc, Fabr., Payk., Oliv., Lam.,
Leach. Mordella. Marsh., Linni.
Tarsi with all the joints simple : palpi almost filiform : antenna: pec-
tinated or flabellate : scutellum none, or concealed.
Sp. 1. Hhip. paradoxus.

]\Iordella paradoxa. Linn. Rhipiphorus paradoxus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is extremely rare. The larvas inhabit
the nests of Vespa Crabro (the hornet). Mordella paradoxa of Mar-
sham, which is distinct from the Linnean species, has been found
in the nest of a wasp.
Genus 190. MORDELLA. Linn., Gecff., Fabr., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach.
Tarsi with all their joints simple : maxillary palpi terminated by a se-
curiform joint : antenna simple, or very slightly serrated : scutellum
distinct.
Sp. 1 . Mord. aculeata.

Mordella aculeata. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits the blossoms of the crab-tree, white-thorn, &c.
Sp. 2. Mord.Jhsciata. (PL 4. Jig. 8.)

Genus 191. ANASPIS. Latr., Geoff., Leach. Mordella. Linn.,
Fabr., Oliv., Marsh.
Penultimate joint of the four anterior tarsi bilobate : maxillary pc.lpi

with the last joint securiform : scutellum none.
Sp, 1. Anas, frontalis.
Mordella frontalis. Fabr., Oliv., Payk., Marsh, Anaspis frontalis. Latr.,

Leach.
Inhabits flowers, especially those of the umbellate plants.

Fam. XXXIII. CANTHARiuyE. Leach.
C.\ntharid;e. Latreille.
Head large, cordiform : neck distinct : mandibles not notched at their

points : thorax almost quadrate, or cordiform : elytra flexible : tarsi

generally with entire joints.

198 MODERN SYSTEM,

Stirps 1. — Antenna of equal thickness, tapering towards their points^
or subclavate, longer than the thorax, composed of globular or ob-
conic joints : eli/tra covering only a part of the abdomen ; short, oval,
diverging at the suture : zvings none : tarsi with all their joints entire.

Genus 195. MELOE of authors.
Abdomen very large, generally soft : antenne various.

Obs. — Dr. Leach has written an excellent monograph on this genus,
which will be found in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of
the Linnean Society, and is illustrated by highly finished figures of
the species by that celebrated artist and excellent naturalist Mr.
Sowerby. An enumeration of the species and habitats will be found
in the calendar.

Stirps 2. — Antenna composed of cylindric or obconic joints, longer
than the thorax.

Genus 193. CANTHARIS. Geoffroy, Be Geer, OUr.,Lam., Lafr,,
Leach. Meloe. Litin. Lytta. Fahr., Marsh.

Elytra soft, elongate, linear, with the sides somewhat inflexed, the
back convex, rounded : maxilla with two membranaceous lacinicP,
the external one acute within, subuncinate : antenna: with the first
joint larger than the others ; the second very short, transverse ; the
rest obconic, the last ovoid.

Sp. 1. Canth. vesicatoria, (Spanish flvi) {PL 4. Jig. 5.)

Melbe vesicatorius. Linn. Cantharis vesicatoria. De Geer, Geoff.,
Oliv., Latr. Lytta vesicatoria. Marsh., Fabr.

Inhabits Europe : is found on the ash, but is rare in England : it is
the common blister-fly of the shops.

Fam. XXXIV. Qldemir.\dx. Leach.
CEdemerites. Latreille.

Antenna filiform or setaceous : rostrum not very flat, and dilated at its
extremity : head produced into a kind of rostrum.

Genus 194. CEDEMERA. Latr., Oliv., Leach. Necydalis. Linn.,
Fabr. Cantharis. Marsh.
Antenna inserted at the anterior internal margin of the eyes : rostrum
not elongate : eyes prominent : elytra tubulate : palpi with the last
joint broader than the penultimate joint.
Sp. 1. CEdem. carulca.
Necydalis coerulea. Linn., Fabr. (Edemera ccerulea. Latr., Oliv.,

Leach.
Inhabits Europe on the flowers of umbelliferous plants.

Genus 195. MYCTERUS. Clairv., Oliv., Leach. Rhinomacer.
Fabr., Latr. My^labris. Sckaffer.
Antenna inserted before the eyes on the rostrum : rostrum elongate,

CLASS V. lySECTA. 199

narrow : eyes globose, prominent : elytra hard : palpi with the last
joint compressed.

Sp. 1. Myc. curculionidts.

Rhinomacer curculionides. Fabr., Latr. INIycterus griseus. Claln.
Mycterus curculionides. I^ach.

Inhabits Europe : has been taken in South Devon by the late Mr.
John Cranch, of Kingsbridge, zoologist in the late unfortimate ex-
pedition to the Congo. For a most interesting biographical account
of this indefatigable naturalist, see Cupt. Tucheys Narratm, and
Journal of Alts, No. IX.

Fam. XXXV. Salpingid^. Leach.

Antenna thicker at their extremities : rostrum very flat, and dilated at
its extremity : head produced into a rostrum.

Genus 196. SALPINGUS. Illiger, Leach. Cvrculio. Lbm., Be
Geer, Marsh. Axthribus. Fabr., Payk., Puuz., Clahv. 11b i-
NOSiMCS. Latr.
A)ifenne inserted before the eyes : elytra rigid.
Sp. 1. Sal. Roboris.

Khinosimus Roboris. Latr. Curculio ruficollis. Marsh. Salpingus Ro-
boris. Leach.
Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees.

Section in. TETRAMERA.
Tarsi with four joints.

Division I. — Head anteriorly rostrated; the mouth at the apex of the

rostrum.

Fam. XXXVI. Bruchid^. Leach,

BRUCHEta;. Latreille.

Palpi obvious, filiform, not very minuter rostrum broad : labrum ex-
serted : antenna eleven-jointed, subclavate, with the club formed of
distinct joints, in some ; filiform, or gradually thicker towards their
points, in others; serrated or pectinated.

Genus 197. PLATYRHINUS. ClairvUle, Leach. Anthribcs.
Fabr., Geoff., Payk., Latr. Macrocephalus. Oliv.
Antenna clavate, the club elongate : eyes not emarginate : elytra cover-
ing the anus above : body ovate, oblong : abdomen somewhat elon-
gate-quadrate.
Sp. 1. PI. latirostris.
Anthribus latirostris. Fabr., Latr., Payk. Platyrhinus latirostris.

Clairv., Leach. Macrocephalus latirostris. Oliv.
Inhabits boleti in woods : is rare in Britain.

200 MODERX SVSTEM.

Genus 198. ANTHRIBUS. Pai/kull, Fair., Latr., Geoff., Leach.
Macrocephalus. Oliv.
Antenna clavate : the club ovate, abrupt, incrassated : eyes not ^margi-
nate : elytra covering the anus above : body short, oval, thick : thorax
transverse, broader behind, lobated : rostrum short.
Sp. 1. An. scabrosus.
Anthribus scabrosus. Pai/k., Fabr., Lair., Leach. JJruchus scabrosus.

Marsh. Macrocephalus scabrosus. Olivier.
Inhabits the elm and horse-chesnut.

Genus 199. RHINOMACER. Oliv., Fabr., Leach. Anthribus.
Payk., Latr., Leach.

Antenne clavate : eyes not emarginate : elytra covering the anus above ;
abdomen elongate, narrow : thorax roundish, nearly equally broad :
rostrum at the base much narrower than the head, the longitudinal
diameter many times exceeding the breadth : tarsi with the second
joint not including the third.

Sp. 1. Hid. attelaboides.

Anthribus rhinomaccr. Payk., Latr. Rhinomacer attelaboides. Fabr.,
Leach.

Inhabits pine-trees.

Genus 200. BRUCHUS. Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Fabr., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach. Mylabris. Geoff.
Antennae nearly filiform : eyes emarginate for the insertion of the an^
tennas : body short, oval, thick : elytra not covering the anus above.
Sp. 1. Bru. Pisi.

Bruchus Pisi. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits the south of Europe and the north of America. The larva
is frequently found in peas.

Fam. XXXVII. Curculionidje. Leach,

CuRCULiONiTES. Lutreille.

Palpi very small, conic-subulate, scarcely discernible : rostrum round-
ed, thick, often proboscis-shaped : labrum none; antenna with di-
stinct joints, the eighth or ninth generally clavate, the club regular,
the joints coriaceous : head from the eyes more or less narrowed,
distinctly produced into a rostrum : mandibles small or minute ;
■mention not cylindric-cordate : body rarely cylindric : ante?-ior tibia
never triangular,

A. Antenna straight, not geniculated at the second joint. Body of
all, from the base of the thorax, narrower, not cylindric.

Genus 201. ATTELABUS. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
CuRCULio. De Geer.
Head behind simply elongate, produced with no neck : tibia with one

CLASS V. IKSr.CTA.

201

hook at their joints : body ovate : uhdovten quadrate, rounded behind :
labium corneous, quadrate ; the middle of the upper margin emar-
ginate, obtusely unidentate.

Sp. 1. Att.curcuHonoidex.

xVttelabus curcidionoides. Linn., Lutr., Oliv., -Marsh., Txach.

Inhabits the nut-tree and willow.

Genus 202. APODERUS. Oliv., Lafr., Leach. Attelabus. Linn.,
Fair., Paj/k. Curculio. JMarsh.

Head with a distinct neck: tibice with one hook at their joints: body
ovate : abdomen (juadrate, rounded behind : luhiion corneous, qua-
drate, the middle of the upper margin emarginate, obtusely uni-
dentate.

Sp. 1. Apo. Coryli.

Attelabus Cory li. Linn.,Fabr.,Pai/k. CurcuWoCoryW. Mar sham. A])0-
iierus Coryli. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the nut-tree, and is very common.

Genus 203. RllYNCHITES. Hcrbst., Latr., Leach. Curcumo.
Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Rhinomacer. Geoff., Clairo. At-
telabus. Fabr., Oliv.
Head elongate behind the eyes, with no neck: ch/peus dentate: tibia
with very short heels : abdomen quadrate, rounded behind : body
ovate, narrowly produced before : thorax conic-cylindric, broader be-
hind (often with a spine on each side in the male) : labium mem-
branaceous, small, the apex rounded, villose, entire.
Sp. 1. Khi/n. Bacchus.

Inhabits Europe, and is found in England on the nut- and plum-tree,
but is very rare.

Genus 204. DEPORAUS. Leach's MSS.
Head elongate, with no neck : cli/peus subdentatc : tibia with short

heels : abdomen quadrate-rounded behind : hinder thiirhs thick and

formed for leaping.
Sp. 1. Dep. Betula.
Rhynchites Betulae. Hei^bst.
Inhabits the oak, birch, and hazel.

Genus 20.5. APION. Herbst, Latr., Kirby, Leach. Ci;rculio.
Linn., Ma?-sh.
Eyes prominulous: head elongate behind: abdomen subovate: tibia
v/ith obsolete heels : labium subquadrate, entire.

The Rev. William Kirby has given an admirable paper to the
Linncan Society of London, in which upwards of sixty species of
this genus are described, in the ninth volume of their 'I'ransuctions.
He has added a supplement which is published in the tenth vo-
lume,

202 MODERN SYSTEM.

The whole of tlie insects of this genus are very small ; they are
in general found at the roots of grass, on the blossoms of clover, &c.
and in sand-pits : in the months of April, May and June, they may
be taken in profusion.

B. A7itenn<e geniculated, the hasal joint very viuch elongated, gene-
7-ally received in a lateral oblique groove, {at the base at least,) or
the sides of' the rostrum. (Antenn<E in all clavate, the club ge- .
nerally composed ofjinnli/ connected joints, the last acute. Tarsi
with the last joint but one bijid, or emarginate above, cordate.)

a. Antennte inserted beyond the base of the rostrum, larger than the
head; the club distinctly many-jointed, ovate. Mandibles generally
obtuse. Tibia at the apex ciliated with spines, in a few terminated by
a st/^ong hook. Body ovate or elliptic. Colours various.

Genus 20G. CURCULIO of aidhors. Brachyrinus. Latr.

Body ovate, convex, narrower before : thorax round or conic-cylindric,
narrower than the base of the elytra: scutellum extremely minute :
abdomen ovate-conic, subo\'ate, or globose : lip minute : antenna ele-
ven-jointed : hinder feet not formed for leaping.

Sp. 1. Cur. argentatus.

Curculio argentatus. Gmelin, Marsh., Fabr., Leach. Brachyrinus ar-
gentatus. Latr.

Inhabits Europe, and is very abundant in this country on the oak in
May and June.

Genus 207. LIXUS. Latr., Fabr., J^each. Leptosoma. Leach.
Curculio. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Marsh.

Body elongate-ovate : rostrum as broad as the head : lip small, entire,

transverse-quadrate, corneous, narrower than the mentum.
Sp. 1. Lix. paraplecticus.
Lixus paraplecticus. Leach.
Inhabits the Phellandrium aquaticum.

Genus 208. RHYNCILENUS. Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Curculio.
Linn., Geoff., Lam., Latr.

Body oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad : antenna eleven-jointed,

the club distinct : wings perfect : rostrum moderate.
Sp. 1. Rhyn. Pini.

Ilhynchaenus Pini. Leach. Curculio Pini. Linne.
Inhabits the Finns sylvestris.

Genus 209. BALANINUS. Germar.

Body oblong, twice as long as broad : antenna; twelve-jointed : rvings
perfect : rostrum very long and very slender.

CLASS V. INStCTA, 203

Sp. 1. Bat. Niiciim.
Ilhynchamis Nucum. Fahr.

Inhabits the nut-tree : the larva livhig on the kernel of the fruit is
called the nut-maggot.

Genus 210. LIPARUS. Oliv., Leach. Curculio. Linn., Latr.,
Mursh. RiiYNciLtNUs. ¥abr.
Bodj/ oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad : antenna with the club

three-jointed beginning at tiie ninth joint, or four-jointed beginning

at the eighth joint : zciugs none.
Sp. 1. Lip. GcrmuHHS.
Curculio Germanus. Linn., Marsh. Rhjiichaenus fusco-maculatus.

Fabr. Liparus Germanus. Leach.
Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dover

and Hastings.

Genus 211. CRYPTORIIYXCIIUS. Wig., Leach. Curculio.
Linn., j\Lirsh. Ruvncilcnus. Fahr.
Bodi/ round-oval, half as long again as broad : abdomen short, triangu-
lar-quadrate : anus naked: r(74f/vn« applied to the breast: coleoptru
subquadrate, the diameters nearly equal : hinder feet not formed for
leaping : mentuni corneous, sub-obtrigonate.
Sp. 1. Crypt. Ert/simi.

Rhynchienus Erysimi, Fabr. Cryptorhynchus Er^'simi. Illigcr, Leach.
Inhabits

Genus 212. CIONUS. Clairv., Latr., Leach. RnYNciiy-ENUS. Fahr.
Curculio. Linn., Geoff., Oliv.

Body quadrate-ovate, thick, a little longer than broad: abdomen large,
subquadrate, a little narrower and rounded behind : anus not naked :
rostrum applied to the breast : coleoptra convex, as broad as long,
inflexcd behind : hinder feet not formed for leaping.

Sp.l. Cio. ScrophularicE.

Curculio Scrophulariee. Linn., Marsh. RhynchajnusScrophularice. Fabr.
Clonus Scrophularise. Clairv., Leach.

Inhabits the water be tony.

Genus 213. ORCHESTES. Oliv., lllig.. Leach. Rhyncii^nus.
Clairv., Fahr., Latr. Curculio. Linn., Marsh.
Body ovate : abdomen elongate-quadrate, rounded behind : elytra in-
flexed l)ehind, covering, or at least touching the anus : hinder feet
formed for leaping.
Sp. 1. Ore. Alni.
Curculio Alni. LiHn., M«r.<!/(, Rhynch?enus Alni. Fahr. Orchestes Alni.

Leach.
Inhabits the alder.

204 MODERN SYSTEM.

b. Antenn/E inserted at the base of the rostrum. Tarsi injlectcd to
the internal side of the tibia.

Genus 214. CALANDRA. Clairv., Fabr., Leach. Cuucci.io.
Linn., Geoff., Oliv. Rhynchopuorxis. Hcrbst.
Bod)/ elliptic-oval, flat above : ei/es immersed, oblong, encircling the
head beneath : rostrum thickened at the insertion of the antennae :
elytra plain, not covering the anus above : anus acutely prominent :
feet strong.
Sp. 1. Cal. granaria.

Calandra granaria. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Curculio granarius. Marsh.
Inhabits

Genus ^215. COSSONUS. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cur-
culio. Payk., Herbst.
Body very much lengthened, sublinear or subcylindric, narrow before :
elytra covering the anus above : tibice terminated by a hook inter-
nally : back flat, depressed.
Sp. 1. Cos. linearis.
Cossonus linearis. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Curculio linearis.

Payk., Marsh. Curculio parallelopipedos. Herbst.
Inhabits trunks of trees in Windsor Forest.

Obs. — In addition to the above in Germar's and Zinckcr Sommers Maga-
zin der Entomologie, vol. iii. for 1817, notice is given of the following
genera as lately established, (the species mentioned may be consi-
dered the types).

Genus Magdalis. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. aterrimus.

Genus Bagous. Germar.

Sp. 1. Cur. binoduius. Herbst. 2. Cur. Alismatis. CyiC

Genus SiTONA. Germar.

Sp. 1. Cur. hispidulus. 2. Cur. linealus.

Genus Curculio.

Sp. 1. Cur. sulcirostris.

Genus Grypiius. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. Equiseti.

Gemis Lepyrus. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. triguttatus.

Genus Pachygaster. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. niger.

CLASS V. INSKCTA. 205

Genus Hypera. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. uigrorostris.

Genus Thylacites. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. incanus.

Division TI. — Head not gradually prolonged into a rostrum. Tarsi not
spongi^ beneath. Antenna forming a solid mass, shorter or not much
longer than the head.

Fam. XXXVIII. Bostricid.i. Leach.

BosTRiciNi. Latreille.

Body cylindric or globose : head globose : tibia: compressed, the ante-
rior ones dentated : antenna eight- or ten-jointed ; the first joint elon-
gate, the two or three last joints formuig a large mass : palpi very
small, generally conic, rarely filiform.

Stirps 1. — Club of the antennee commencing before the ninth joint.
Genus 216. HYLURGUS. Latr., Leach. Ips. De Geer, Marsh.

SCOLYTUS. OliXK

Tarsi with the penultimate joint bifid : antenna with the club com-
mencing at the eighth joint, very little or not at all compressed.
Sp. 1. Hyl. Piniperda.

Ips Piniperda. Marsh. Hylurgus Piniperda. Latr.
Inhabits this country, perforating the bark of the pine.

Genus 217. TOMICUS. Latr., Leach.. Dbrmestes. Linnaus^
Ips. JDe Geer. Bostrichus. Fabr., Payk. Scolytus. OHv,

Tarsi with entire short joints : antenna with the club much compress-
ed, beginning at the seventh joint, distinctly annulated : body not
linear.

Sp. 1. Tom. Typographus.

Dermestes Typographus. Linn. Ips Typographe. De Geer. Bostrichus
Typographus. Fabr., Payk. Ips Typographus. Marsh. Scolytus Ty-
pographus. Oliv. Tomicus Typographus. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees, which it gnaws into various
labyrinth-like passages.

Genus 218. PLATYPUS. Herbst, Latr., Leach. Bostrichcs. Helt-
wig., Fabr. Scolytus. Panz.
Tarsi with entire long joints : antenna with the club much compressed,
commencing at the sixth joint : annulations not or but slightly di-
stinct: body linear.
Sp. 1. Pla. cylindricm}

206 MODERN SYSTEM.

Platypus cylindriciis. Heibst, Lair. Bosthchus cylindiicus. Fair.
Scolytus cylindricus. Oliv.

Discovered to be a native of Britain by Mr. D. Bydder, who took
it in the New Forest of Hampshire from beneath the bark of trees,

Stirps 2. — Antenna with the club beginning at the ninth joint.

Genus 219. SCOLYTUS. Geoff., Schcffer, Latr., Oliv., Leach.
Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : antennce with the club com

pressed, obovoid, the apex rounded.
Sp. 1. Sco. Destructor.
Scolytus Destructor. Oliv., Latr. Ips Scolytus. Marsh. Hylesinus

Scolytus. Fuhr.
Inhabits beneath the bark of the elm.

Genus 220. HYLESINUS. Fahr., Lair., Leach.
Tarsi with their penultimate joint bifid : antenna with the club Itttlc pr

not compressed, ovoid, the extremity pointed.
Sp. 1. Hj/1. crenatns.

Hylesinus crenatus. Fair., Lair. Scolytus crenatus. Oliv.
Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees.

Fam. XXXIX. Cisid.?;. L^ach,

Bocli/ ovoid or oblong ; in some depressed, in others linear : palpi fili-
form or bent at their extremities : antenna- ten-jointed, increasing
towards their extremities or terminated by a perfoliated mass.

Stirps 1. — Antenna with the club three-jointed, perfoliated.

Genus 221. CIS. Latr., Lxach.
Antenna twice as long as the head ; boclj/ oval, depressed.

Sp. 1. Cis Boleti.

Dermestes Boleti. ScopolL Anobium Boleti. Fuhr., Lllig., Pai/k. AnO'

bium bidentatum. Oliv. Ptinus Boleti. Marsh.
Inhabits the Boletus versicolor.

Stirps 2. — Antenna with a nearly globose two-jointed club.
Genus 222. CERYLON. Latr., Leach.

Bocli/ elongate : thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin straight, con»
tiguous with the elytra : abdomen not pedunculated.

Sp. 1. Cer. histeroides.

Lyctus histeroides. Fahr., Pai/k., Panz. Rhyzophagus histeroides.
Herbst. Cerylon histeroides. Latr.

Inhabits Europe, beneath the bark of trees.

CT.ASS V. INSFXTA. 207

Genus 223. MONOTOMA. Herbst, Leach. Cerytox. Latr.

Biidi/ elongate, linear: thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin
distant from tlie base of the elytra: abdomen somewhat peduncu-
lated.

Sp. 1. ]\[on. Juiilandis.

Lvctus Juglandis. Fubr., Pai/k., Pauz. Corticaria taxicornis. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe, imdor tlie bark of the stumps of trees, particularly
those in damp situations.

Fam. XL. Mycetopiiagid.?:. Leach.

Budi/ ovoid or oblong; in some depressed, in others linear: palpi fili-
form or bent at their extremities: antenna eleven-jointed: mandibles
little or not at all prominent.

Stiups 1. — Antennfc gradually thickening towards their extremities.
. Tarsi with the first joint longer than the following one.

Genus 224. MYCETOPHAGUS. Fabr., Pai/k., Oliv., Panz., Latr.,
Leach. Tritoma. Geoff. Dermestes. Thunb. Silpiioides.
Herbst. Boletaria. Marsh.

BlkIi/ oval : antenna with the last joint elongate, ovate : maxillary palpi

prominent.
Sp. 1. J^[yc. quadripustnlafus.
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus. Fabr., Latr., Panz., Payk. Boletaria

quadripustulata. I\iarsh.
Inhahhi Jungi.

Stirps 2. — AntenncE gradually thickening towards their extremities, or
with a three-jointed club.

a. Tarsi with the first joint longer than tlie secoird. Palpi very
short, the maxiUai'y ones but little or not at all prominent. Antennie
as long as the thorax or less.

Genus 225. LATRIDIUS. Herbst, Leach. Ips. Oliv. Corti-
caria. Marsham. Dermestes. Fabr., Paykull.

.Antenna with the second joint larger than the third.

Sp. 1. Lat. porcatus.

Latridius porcatus. Herbst, T^each. Latridius minutus. Latr. Der-
mestes marginatus. Paykull.
Inhabits damp paper and old wood in houses.

20S MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 226. 8ILVANUS. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. De Geer.
Deumestes. Fabr., Panz. Ips. Olivier. Colydium. Fuyk.,
Herbst. CoRTiCARiA. Marsham.
Antenna with the second and following joints to the eighth joint nearly

equal.
Sp. 1. Sil.frumentarius.
Colydium friunentarium. Panzer, Corticaria frumentaria. Marsh.

Silvanus frumentarius. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits damp cellars in old wood and paper.

Stirps 3. — Antenna eleven-jointed. Mandibles prominent or exserted»
* Mandibles small. Body long and linear.
Genus 227. LYCTUS. Fabr., Pai/k., Leach.
Antenna with a two-jointed club : thorax long and linear.

Sp. 1. Li/c. oblongus.

Lyctus oblongus. Latr., Leach. Lyctus canaliculatus. Fabr. Ips ob-
longus. Oliv, Bitoma unipunctata. Herbst. Corticaria oblonga.
Ma7'sh.

Inhabits old wood.

** Mandibles large. Body elongate, much depressed, nearly equally
broad.

Genus 228. TROGOSITA. Fabr., Oliv., Illig., Latr., Lam., Leach.

Thorax almost quadrate, separated from the abdomen by a remarkable
interval : antenna monilitbrm, shorter than the thorax, compressed
towards the apex ; labrum exserted, coriaceous, small, hairy in front.

Sp. 1. Tro. mauritnnica.

Tenebrio mauritaniciis. Possi, Marsh. Trogosita caraboides. Fabr,,
lUig., Payk., Herbst, Latr. Trogosita mauritanioa. Oliv., Leach.

Inhabits Europe, under stones on the banks of rivers.

Fam. XLT. Pryonid.^. Leach.'

Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform ; body elongate : antenna
long, generally inserted in a notch in the eyes : labrum very small or
almost none.

Genus 229. PRIONUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.

Thorax with the sides gently sloping, dentated : antenna serrated, a lit-
tle shorter than the body; of the male twelve, of the female eleven-
jointed.

Sp^ 1. Pri. coriarius.

Cerambyx coriarius. Linn., Marsh. Prionus coriarius. Latr., Fabr.,
Oliv., I^ach.

Inhabits old trees; flies in the evening.

CtASS V. INSECTA. 209

Fam. XLII. Ceramiiycid^. I^ach.
Cerambycini II. Latr.

Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform : body elongate : labruip
very apparent : antenna inserted in a notch in the eyes.

Subdivision 1. — Head vertical. Palpi almost ^filiform.

Genus 230. LAMIA. Latr., Fahr., Leach.
Antenna ten-jointed, longer than the body.
This genus is divided into sections.

A. Body depressed,
Sp. 1. Lam. adilis.

Lamia sediUs. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cerambyx sedilis. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in Britain.

B, Body not depressed.
Sp. 2. Lam. nebulosa.

Cerambyx nebulosus. Fabr., Marsh. Lamia nebulosa. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits dried faggots in woods, hurdles, Sec,
Sp. 3. Lam. Textor. {PI. 2. fg. 24,)
Lamia Textor. Fabr., Latr. Cerambyx Textor. Marsh.
Inhabits the wood of willow-trees in Hampshire and near Bristol.

C. Body linear. Thorax not spined at the sides.
Sp. 4. Lam. oculata.
Cerambyx oculatus. Marsh. Saperda oculata. Fabr. Lamia oculati

Latr.
Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in England,

Genus 231. SAPERDA. Leach.
Antenna eleven-jointed, longer than the body : body linear: thorax with"

out spines.
Sp. 1. Sap. lineato-col/is.
Cerambyx lineato-collis. Marsh. Saperda lineato-coUis. Leach's Zool.

Misc. vol. i.
Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare. Dr. Leach suspects this

species to be Saperda Cardui Fabr,

Subdivision 2.—~Head nutant. Palpi with the last joint thicker than the

others.

Genus 232. CERAMBYX. Linn., Fabr., S,c.
Antenna longer than the body : palpi with the last joint obconic, com-
pressed : thorax with a spine on each side,
Sp. 1. Cer, inoscliatus.
Inhabits willows in Europe, emitting, whilst alive, a fine smell of musk.

Genus 233. CLYTUS. Fabr., Leach. Cerambyx. Linn., Marsh.
Ldbial pa/pi -with, the last joint obtrigonate: ^Aorax without spines, glo-
bose : antenna shorter than the body : hinder thighs clavate,

o

210 MODERN' SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. C/y. Arietis. {PI. 2. fig. 2o.)

Cerainbyx Arietis. Linn., Marsh. Clytus Arietis. Fabr., Leach. Cal-

lidium Arietis. Latr.
Inhabits trunks of trees in sunny v.'cather.

Genus 234. CALLIDIUM. Fair., Latr., Leach. Cerambyx.
Linn., JMarsh.

Labial palpi with the last joint obtrigonate : thorax orbicular, depressed
or but little convex : antenius setaceous, as long as the body : hinder
thighs abruptly clavate.

Sp. 1. Cal. violaceum.

Cerambyx violaceus. Linn., Marsh. Callidium violaceum. Fair., Latr.,
I^ach.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is generally found on palings. I lately
bred a specimen from a larva found in a Norway deal, and I am in-
formed by an intelligent carpenter from whom I received the lar\a,
that he has frequently met with tiiem in new wood. ^Ir. Kirby has
given an interesting history of this species in the Transactions of the
Linncan Societt/, vol. v.

Genus 235. MOLORCHUS. Fair.
Fliftra abbreviated.
Sp. 1. Mol. major.

Necydalis major. Linn. ]\Io!orchu3 rmbellatarum. Fabr.
Inliabits flowers and hedges.

Fam. XLIII. Lepturad.te. Leach.
Lip much widened at its extremity', cordiform : body elongate : labruw
very apparent : antenna inserted bet^veen the eyes.

Genus 236. ULFTL'RA of authors.
Thorax not spined on each side.
Sp. 1. Lep. elongata.

Leptura elongata. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits various flowers in hedges, and is pretty common.
Sp. 2. Lep. quadrifasciata. (PL 2. fig. 26.)
Inhabits umbelliferous plants ; is rather scarce.

Genus 237. RHA'GIUM. Fabr., Leach. Leptcra. Vvm., Latr..
Marsh.
Tliorax with a spine on each side : antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. Rha. vulgare. Leach.

Leptura Inquisitor. Latr., Marsh. Rhagium Inquisitor Fabr.
Inhabits umbelliferous plants in woods, and may be found in decayed
stumps of trees in the winter months.

Genus 238. HARGIUM. Leach's MSS.
Thorax v.ith a spine on each side ; antenna thickest in their middle.
Sp. 1. Rha. Inquisitor,

CLASS V. INSECTA. 211

Leptiira Inquisitor. Linne. Rhagium Indagator. Fair.
Inhabits England, but is very rare.

Fam. XLIV. CRiocERiDiE. Leach.
Lip not cordiform : maxilla with their external division not resembling
a t«'o-jointed palpus : toij/ elongate : f^ora r cylindric or quadrate:
mandibles bifid or notched at their extremities.

Genus 239. DONACIA. Tahr., Payk., Hoppe, OUv., Latr., Leach.
Lepttjra. Linn., Marsh.
Antennas with elongate-cylindric joints, those of the base obconic : eyes
not notched : abdomen elongate, triangular : hinder thighs thick.

* Hinder thighs dentated.
Sp. 1. Don. micans.

Donacia micans. Hoppe, Leach. Leptura micans. ilJars/j.
Inhabits aquatic plants.

** Hinder thighs simple,
Sp. 2. Don. simpler.
Leptura simplex. Marsh.
Iiiliabits aquatic plants.

Ob5. — Donacia Zosteri Fabr., and Equiseti, both of which have lately
been taken in Britain, constitute the genus Macroplea of Hoffmansegg.

Genus 2 10. CRIOCERIS. Geof., OUv., Lam., Leach.
Ante'nnce moniliform, with the exception of the basal joints which are

globose : ei/es notched : neck distinct : abdomen quadrate.
Sp. 1. Cri. mcrdigera. (PL 2. Jig. 14.)
Crioceris merdigera. Latr., Leach. Lema merdigera. Fabr. Auche-

nia merdigera. Marsh. Chrysomela merdigera. Li7in.
Inhabits the white Yi\y.

Fam. XLV. Curysomelid.?:. Leach,

Chrysomei.tnt:. Jxitreilk.

Lip not cordiform : maxilla with their external division resembling a
biarticukite palpus : bodxf more or less ovoid or oval : thorax trans-
verse, or not longer than broad.

Stirps 1. — Palpi very small : antenna inserted near each other between
the eyes, at a distance from the moutli: body shield-shaped : thorax
semicircular.

Genus 241. CASSIDA of authors.
Antenna thicker towards their extremities, their base concealed by the

tliorax: body nearly orbiculate.
Sp. 1. Cass, eqmstris.
Cassida equestris. Fabr., Payk., Panz., Latr., Leach. Cassida viridis..

Marsh., Illig.
Inhabits the Mentha sylvestris.

o3

212 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 2. — Maxill my palpi very apparent : anlem:a inserted very near
to each other, between the eyes, towards the middle of the face.

Division I. — Feet not fanned for leaping.

Genus 242. GALERUCA. Geoff'., Latr., Fabr., Oliv., Leach.

Palpi with the tw© last joints very slightly different in size, the last co-
nic : antenncE shorter than the body, the joints obconic ; the second
joint half the length of the third.

Sp. 1. Gal. Tanaceti. {PL 2. Jig. 13.)

Chrysomela Tanaceti. Marsh, Galeruca Tanaceti. Latr., Fabr.

Inhabits chalk-pits.

Genus 243. ADIMONIA. Schrank, Leach.

Palpi with the two last joints not very different in size, the last joint
conic : antenna shorter than the body, the joint obconic, with tlie se-
cond and third joints shorter than the fourth joint.

Sp. 1. Ad. nigricornis.

Crioceris nigricornis. Fahr. Galeruca nigricornis. Latr, Chrysomela
halensis. Marsh. Adimonia nigricornis. Leach.

Inhabits hedges.

Genus 244. LTJPERUS. Geoff., Oliv., Latr., LeacK
Palpi with the two last joints nearly equal in size, the last conic: an-
tennae as long as the body, the joints cylindric, elongate.
Sp. 1. Lup.Jiavipea.

Luperus flavipes. Latr,, Leach. Crioceris flavipes. Fabr.
Inhabits bushes in damp woods.

Division II. — Hinder feet formed for leaping, the thighs being incrassated.
Genus 245. HALTICA. Leach. Altica. Geoff., Oliv., Panz.,

Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., De Gcer, Marsh. Cmoceris.

Fabr. Lema. Fabr. Galeruca. Fabr.
Antennts with the second joint generally a little shorter than the first.

* Body ovate.
Sp. 1. Hal. oleracea.
Altica oleracea. Latr., Panz. Chrysomela oleracea. Marsh. Haltica

oleracea. Leach.
Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges.

** Body nearly orbiculafe.
Sp. 2. Hal.testacea.
Galeruca testacea. Fabr. Altica testacea. Latr. Chrysomela testacea.

Marsh. Haltica testacea. Leach.
Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges.
Stirps 3. — Maxillary palpi -very apparent: ara^enn^c inserted before tl

eyes, gradually thickening towards their points : head nutant, fo"-

ing aa obtuse angle with the thorax.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 213

Division I. — Mandibles short, obtuse, truncated or terminated bj/ a tery
short point : antenna with the four last joints globose or turbinated.

Subdivision l.^Antenna with the last four joints turbinated. Body
hemispheric or oral. Thorax transverse.

Genus 246. CHRYSOMELA. Latr., Fabr., d^c.
Palpi terminated by two joints of nearly an equal length, the last al-
most ovoid truncate or nearly cylindric: sternum not produced.

* Thorax with the sides incrassatcd, as if margined : body ovate qua-
drate.

Sp. 1. Chry. Bayihsii.

Chrysomela Banksii. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits nettles in lanes,

** Thorax with the sides not incrassated. Body ovate quadrate.

Sp. 2. Chry. Litura.

Chrysomela Litiu-a. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits the broom.

*** Body elongate-ovate quadrate.

Sp. 3. Chry. jnarginella.

Chrj^somela marginella. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits plants growing by the side of ditches.

Obs. — Chrysomela tenebricosa Linn, forms the Genus TiMAncnA C<)f
Hoppe) ?

Subdivision 2. — Antenna with the four last joints semi-globose, almost
forming a club. Body elongate-quadrate. Thorax as long as bt^oad.

Genus 247. IIELODES. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach.
Palpi short, thicker at their middle, the last joint short-obconic,

Sp. 1. Hel. Phellandrii.

Helodes Phellandrii. Payk., Fabr. Proscijris Phellandrii. LMtr.

Inhabits flowers in meadows.

Stibps 4. — Maxillary palpi very apparent: antenntt inserted before the
eyes : head vertical : palpi wiih the last joint conic-cylindric : body
short-cylindric.

Genus 248. CRYPTOCEPHALUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr.,
Lam., Marsh., I^each.
Antennm simple, filiform, about the length of the body.
Sp. 1. Crypt, sericeus.
Chrysomela sericea. Linn. Cryptocephaliis sericeus. Fabr., ^iv.,

Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits the flowers of the dandelion.

214 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 219. CLYTHRA. Lakharting, Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Antenna short, serrated, exserted : palpi alike.

Sp. 1. Cly. quadripunctata.

Clythra quadripunctata. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cryptocephalus quadri-

punctatus. Marsh. Chrysomela quadripunctata. Linn.
Inhabits the oak, but is very local.

Fam. XLVI. Erotylidje.

Antenna moniliforni below, terminated by an ovoid club : thorax ele-
vated at the middle : tibia elongate-triangular.

Stirps. 1. — Palpi all terminated by large semilunar or securiform
joints.

Genus 250. TRITOMA. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Body short-ovate, the back elevated in the middle : thorax with the

middle of the hinder margin dilated into an angle.
Sp. 1. Trit. bipusttdatum. {PL 2. Jig. 9.)
Tritoma bipustulatum. Fabr., Payk., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.

Genus 251. TRIPLAX. Payk., Fabr., Oliv.,Leach. Silpha, Linn.,
Marsh.
Body oval.

Sp. 1. Tri. russica.

Silpha russica. Linn., Mat^sh. Triplax russica. Payk., Fabr. Tritoma

russica. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits dead trees and fungi.

Stikps 2. — Maxillary palpi filiform, or thicker tov/ards their extremities,

* Tarsi with the penultimate joint bilobate. Body hemispheric, but
not contractile into a ball.

Genus 252. PIIALACRUS. Latr^, Payk., Leach.
Antenna with a three-jointed club.

Sp. 1. Pha. bicolor.

Phalacrus bicolor. Payk., Latr., Leach. Dermestes Calthae. Scopoli.

Anisotoma bicolor. Illig., Fabr.
Inhabits various flowers.

** Ta?-si with the joints entire. Body nearly globose, contractile
into a ball.

Genus 253. AGATHIDIUM. Illig., Latr., Leach.
Antenna with a three-jointed club.
Sp. 1. Agath. nigripenne, >

CLASS V. INSECTA. 215

Agathidium nigripenne. lUlg., Latr., Leach. Spha'i'uiiL.ni ruficolle.

Oliv, Anisotoma nigripennis. Fabr.
Inhabits sand-pits.

Sfciion IV. TRIMERA.

Tarsi all three-jointed.

Fam. XI.VII. Coccinellid.?;. Leach.

Antenna shorter than the tliorax: maxilla?^ palpi terminated by :i large
securiform joint: /^oi/y hemispheric: thorax transverse, liie liiinNr
margin arcuated.

Genus 254. COCCINELLA of authors.
Thorax (even behind) narrower than the elytra : hodij hemisplicric, ap-
proaching to ovate.
Sp. 1. Coc. septcmpundata (Common Lady-cow or I.ady-ljird).
Coccinclla septempunctata ctj' authors.
Inhabits Europe.

Genus 255. CIIILOCORUS. Leach.
Thorax lunate, without hinder angles: bod^ enlinly marf^lviatrf].

Sp. 1. Chi. Cacti.

Coccinella Cacti. Latr., Fabr. Chilocorus Cacti. Leach.

Inhabits white-thorn hedges.

Fam. XLVIII. Exdomyciiid.?:. Leach.
u4«fen?z<E longer than the thorax: maxillary palpi i\ot icrm'mxXcA by a
large joint: hodif more or less ovoid: thorax almost quadrate.

Genus 256. ENDOMYCHUS. Pai/k., Fair., Leach.

Antenn<E with the greater portion of their joints very sliort, nearly cy-
lindric; the ninth joint longer than the one before it^ the last with
the apex truncate or obtuse: palpi with their extremities thicker:
thighs not abruptly clavate: bodt/ ovate : thorax short, with the bar^c
gradually enlarging from the apex, not narrowed behind : mandibles
with their points distinctly bifid or bidcntate.

Sp. 1. End. coccineus.

Chrysomela coccinea. Linn. Endomychus coccineus. Fat/h., Lair.,
Fabr., Leach. Tenebrio coccineus. Marsh.

Inhabits beneath the bark of the stimips of trees : this is a very local in-
sect. In Coombe Wood, Surrey, they occurred for a year or two in
profusion in the months of May and June. The larvje resemble the
female glow-worm, but are not more than a quarter of an inch in
length, and are found beneath the bark of trees, particularly those in
moist places.

216 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 257. LYCOPERDINA. Latr., Leach.

Antenna; moniliform, gradually thickening towards tl>eir extremities,
the ninth joint scarcely longer than the one before it : maxillary palpi
filiform: labial palpi with the last joint large, almost ovoid : thighi
abruptly clavate : bodii elongate-ovate : thorax with the anterior an-
gles a little dilated, narrowed behind : mandibles with their points
very acute, undivided.

Sp. 1. Lye. Bovista.

Endomychus Bovistae. Payk., Fabr. Tenebrio Bovistse. Marsh. Ly-
coperdina immaculata. Latr. Lycoperdina Bovistas. Leach.

Inhabits the Lycoperdmm or puff-ball.

Order IV. DERMAPTERA. Be Geer, Leach, Kirby. ■

Order Coleoptera. Linne, Marshain.
Order Orthoptera. Latreille, Lamarck.

Characters of the Order.

Elytra somewhat crustaceous and abbreviated, of a square form ; the
suture straight : wings membranaceous, externally coriaceous, large,
folded transversely and longitudinally: anus armed with forceps,
which is horny and moveable : body linear depressed: antenna: in-
serted before the eyes, composed of from twelve to thirty joints; the
first articulation largest, the second very small, the others short, ob-
conic or nearly globose : 7nandibles with their points bidentate : palpi
filiform, terminated with a very obscure tuberculiform little body or
spine: tarsi three-jointed, villose beneath: eyes triangular-orbicular,
and but little prominent.

Obs. — The genera are founded on the number of joints in the antennas.

Genus 258. FORFICULA of authors.
Antenna composed of fourteen joints.

Sp. 1. For. auricularia. Forceps at the base internally denticulated, and
a little beneath with a tooth on each side : elytra yellowish-bro^vn,
with the disk darker.

Forficula auricularia of authors.

Inhabits Europe. Mr. Marsham has considered the sexes of this in-
sect as two species, under the names auricularia and neglccta.

Genus 259. LABIA. Leach,
Antenna twelve-jointed.

Sp. 1. Lab. minor. Forceps denticulated within. {PI. 4. fg. 16.)

Forficula minor. Fabr., Panzer, Leach.

Inhabits dung-hills, under clods of earth, stones, &c. The forceps of

CLASS V. INSECTA. 217

the male arc somewhat larger than that of the female, ^hich charac-
ter Mr. Marsham has considered as specific.
Genus 260. LABIDURA. Leach.

Anteniiit with about thirty joints.

Sp. 1. Labid. gigantea. Entirely testaceous yellow.

Forficula gigantea. Fair.

Inhabits Europe. It was discovered to inhabit Britain by the Rev. Wil-
liam Bindley, who observed them on the sea-coast under stones near
Christchurch, Hampshire, where they occurred in great abundance.

Order V. ORTHOPTERA. Leach.

Order Orthoptera. Oliv,, Lam., Latr.
Class Ulon ATA. Fahr.
Order HeMiptera. Linne.

Characters of the Order.

Elytra coriaceous, the internal margin of one overlapping the same
margin of the other : umgs membranaceous, the anterior margin co-
riaceous, longitudinally folded : palpi short : bodi/ elongate, narrow :
tarsi with three or four very rarely with five joints.

Fam. I. AcnETiD.«:. Leach.
Gryllides. Latreille.

Elytra horizontal : wings longitudinally folded, often produced beyond
the elytra: tai-si three-jointed: hinder feet formed for jumping.

Stirps 1. — Antenna not longer than the thorax: anterior feet com-
pressed, formed for digging ; oviduct not exserted.

Genus 261. GRYLLOTALPA- I^ay, Latr., Leach.

Antenn.'E setaceous, composed of a vast number of joints (beyond sixtj') ;
antirior tibia and tarsi formed for digging; two first joints of the
tarsi very large, dentiform : hinder feet little formed for jumping.

Sp. 1. Gryl. vulgaris. Above fuscous, ferruginous yellowish beneath :
anterior tibia qiiadridentate : wings twice the length of the elytra.

Gryllus Gryllotalpa. Linn. Acheta Gryllotalpa. Fabr. Gryllotalpa vul-
garis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe in gardens and cultivated places, especially the sides
of ponds and banks of streams : they burrow and work underground
like the mole, raising a ridge as they proceed, but seldom throw up
hillocks. They sometimes destroy whole beds of cabbages, young
legumes and flowers. At night they come abroad and make long
excursions. In fine weather, about the middle of April, and at the
close of day, they begin to utter a low, dull, jarring note, continued
for a long time without interruption. About the beginning of May

218 MODF.KN SYSTEM.

they lay their eggs, two Imndred or more, below ground, the female
being excessively solicitous to preserve them from cold and accidents.
They arc said to be attracted to gardens by horse-dung, and to be
expelled by the dung of hogs. They are common in some parts of
Hampshire and Wiltshire.

Stirps 2. — Tcct not formed for digging : oviduct exserted : antenna
longer than the thorax.

Genus 2G2. ACIIETA. Fair., Leach. Gryllus. Linn., Geoff.,
Latr., Oliv., Lam.
Sp. 1. Ach. cainpestris. Body three times longer than broad, black, shin-
ing.
Gryllus campestris. Linn., Latr. Acheta campestris. Fab?-., Leach.
Inhabits the temperate parts of Europe; is not very common in Bri-
tain.
The house cricket belongs to this genus.

Fara. II. Gryllidje. Leach.
LocusTARi^. Latreille.

Elj/tra and nings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi four-
jointed : antenna; setaceous : oviduct exserted.

Genus 2G3. CONOCEPIIALUS. Thunb., Leach. Locusta. Geoff.,
De Gee?', Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr.
Tliorux deflexed, convex, truncated : head acuminated : hinder feet twice

the length of the body : antcnnce as long as the body.
Sp. 1. Con. viridissimus. Green: antenna?, vertex, dorsum of the thorax,

and suture of the elytra fuscous ferrugineous.
Locusta viridissima. Fabr., Latr. Gryllus viridissimus. Linne.
Inhabits Europe. In the autimin the perfect insect may be found in
great plenty in the marshes near London.

Fam. III. LocusTiD.t. Leach.
AcRYDii. Latreille.

Flytra and wings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi Wiih.
three joints : antenna filiform or ensiform : oviduct not exserted.

Stirps \. — Hinder legs as long as the body : antenna, filiform : scutellum

short.

Genus 264. LOCUSTA. Lf «<■/(. Gryllus. Fabr., Panz., Linn.
Antenna filiform, or terminated in a club : hinder legs not, or scarcely,

longer than the body.

Obs. — Vfe have many indigenous species of this genus.

Sp. 1. Loc. migratoria. Thorax somewhat carinated : mandibles blue.
This species, though not a native of this country', has been occa-
sionally taken in Britain ; in the year 1748 it appeared in several

CLASS V. INSECTA. 219

irregular flights in many parts of Europe, and visited England: but
they perished in a very short time, before they did much harm.

" Of all the insects which are capable of adding to the calamities
of tlie human race, locusts seem to possess the most formidable
powers of destruction. Legions of these voracious animals of various
species are produced in Africa, where the devastation they commit
is almost incredible. The air is darkened by their numbers ; they
carry desolation with them wherever they pass, and in the short
space of a few hours are said to change the most fertile provinces in-
to a barren desert.

" Some of the species serve as food, and are eaten fresh as well as
salted. In the latter state they are constantly exposed to sale in the
Levant, but the quantity of nutritious matter is said to be very small."

Stirps 2. — Hinder legs longer than the body : antenncB capitate : scu-
telhun short.

Genus 2G5. GOMPIIOCERUS. LeacKs MSS. Gomphoceros.
Thunh.

Hinder legs longer than the body : antennas capitate; club of the anten-
na spoon-shaped in hoth sexes : anterior tibia: simple.

Sp. 1. Gompk. riifus.

Gryllus rufus. Linnc.

Inhabits England.

Stirps 3. — Wings covered by the scutellum.

Genus 266. ACRYDTUj\L Fahr., Geoff., Be Gccr, Oliv., Leach.
Sp. 1. Acr. subulatum. Obscure, testaceous brown, granulose : thorax

carinated, marginatcd.
Gryllus subulatus. Linn. Acrydium subulatum. Fair., Oliv., Leach.

Tetrix subulata. Latr.
Inhabits Europe. It is found on hot and sandy banks, and is subject

to some variation in colour.
The species of Acrydium are but litt\o understood. We seem to

possess three very distinct indigenous species, all varying in size,

sculpture, and colour.

Order VI. DICTYOPTEllA. Leack.

Order Hemiptera. Linni.

Class Ulonata. Fabr.

Order Orthoptera. Latr.

Characters of the Order.

E!i/tra coriaceous, nervose, decussating each other : wings membra-
naceous, with a few longitudinal folds : maxillary palpi elongate :
body depressed, oval, or somewhat orbicular : tarsi with five joints.

220 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 267. BLATTA. Linn., Fabr., S^x.
Sp. 1.

" The genus Blatta may be defined (as it now stands), to be a ge-
neral reservoir for all insects agreeing with the character of the
Order. The foreign species are numerous, and but little known :
much might be done towards elucidating this hitherto neglected part
of entomology, and it is hoped some entomographer who has time
will devote some share of his attention to the examination of the
genera and species."

Order VII. HEMIPTERA.

Order Hemiptera. Linn., Lam., Cuv., Leach.

Class Rhyncota. Fabr.

Order Hemiptera. Section I. Heteroptera. Latr.

Characters of the Order.

Rostrum attached to the anterior extremity of the head : elytra some-
what crustaceous or coriaceous, with the apex membranaceous,
]»laced in an horizontal direction, one decussating the other : thorax
with the first segment (which bears the feet) larger than the follow-
ing one : hanstelLum- with three setse : ocelli or little eyes two, one
obsolete. {Metamorphosis semicomplete.)

Section I. TERRESTRTA. Latr., Leach.

The insects which compose this section are not only distinguished
from the second section by their economy, but likewise by the struc-
ture of some essential organs : the antenna of this division are ex-
serted, and are very distinct.

Fam. I. Peatatomid^. Leach.

CoRisi.E I. Latreille.

Antenn (S comi)Osed of five joints: rostrum with four distinct joints, the
three first of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated : tarsi
with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, im-
mersed even to the eyes in the thorax.

Stirps 1. — Scutellum elongate, covering the elytra and the wings.

Genus 268. TETYRA. Fabr., Leach. Scutellera. Latr. Ci-
mex. Linn.
Scutellum longer than broad, not covering the sides of the abdomen :
thorax very narrow in front : antenna with the second joint longer
than the third.
Sp. 1. Tet. Maura. Fabr.
Inhabits

CLASS V. INSECTA. 221

Stirps 2. — Scutcllum not covering the wings or cl^'tra.

Genus 269. iELIA. Fabr., Leach.

Bodi/ ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than the
hinder: ^eflti Iqnger than broad : antenitte with tlie second joint not
longer than llie tliird, their base covered by tlie lateral margins of
the head.

Sp. 1. Ml. acuminata. Pale-yellowish, longitudinally lineated with fus-
cous, impressed-punctate ; a fuscous band running down the mid-
dle of the back divided by a whitish line; last joint of the antennie
red.

Cimex acuminatus. Linn. iElia acuminata Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma
acuminatum. Latr.

Inhabits grassy places : is rare in Britain.

•Genus 270. PENTATOMA. Oliv.,Lutr., Leach. Cimex. Fabr,

Wolff.

Body ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than tlie

hinder : head with nearly equal diameters.
Sp.J. Pent, bldens. Body griseous above; thorax with a lengthened

spine on each side behind.
Cimex bidens. Fabr. Pentatoma bidens. Lutr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe.

Sp. 2. Pent, prasinus. Green above; hinder angles of the thorax with-
out spines.
Cimex prasinus. Fabr. Pentatoma prasinus. Leach.
Inhabits woods and ferns on heaths.

Genus 271. CYDNUS. Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma. Latr.

Body ovate, somewhat orbicular ; anterior margin of the thorax nar-
rower than the hinder: ^e«f^ nearly semicircular : antenna wixh the
second joint longer than the third : tibi(e spinulose.

Sp. 1. Cyd. oleraceus. Brassy dark green; sides of the head and tho-
rax with a longitudinal line, on the latter red; outer margin of tb.e
elytra a spot on each, and the apex of the elytra red ; thighs (apex
excepted) and the middle tibia? yellowish.

Inhabits woods and sandy situations.

Fam. II. CoREiD^. Leach,
CoRiST.i: II. Latreille.

Antenna: composed of four joints: rostrum with four distinct joints, the
first three of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated :
tarsi with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, iai
meised even to the eyes within the thorax.

222 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus 272. COREUS. Fabr., Lam., Wolf, Lutr., Leach. Cimex.
JJnn., Geoff.
Antennae inserted above a line drawn from the -eyes to the base of the

labrum ; the last joint thick: thorax with the anterior narrower than

the posterior margin : bodi/ ovate, the sides of the abdomen dilated :

head trigonate ; neck not apparent.
Sp. 1. Cor. margiiiatus. Rcd-fuscous, obscure; sides of the abdomen

elevated, acute ; antennee with their internal base unidcntate, the

first and last joints blackish, the middle ones red; thighs beneath

with a canal, and a few little teeth.
Coreus marginatus. Fabr., Latr., Leuch. Cimex marginatus. Linni.
Inhabits Europe, and is common in Britain in hedges and on the

dock.

Genus 273. BERYTUS. Fahr., Leach. Neides. Latr.

Antenna inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to the base of the
labrum ; geniculated about the middle ; the first joint very long, tlic
last thick : body filiform : head somewhat conic : neck not apparent :
scutellum minute, linear conic : feet elongate : fhigha clavate.

Sp. 1. Ber. tipularius. Reddish-gray; antennoe as long as the body,
with the last joint fuscous; clyjicus acuminate, and produced; tho-
rax with three elevated lines, whlcli are parallel and longitudinal ;
two of these are marginal, the other dorsal; elytia striate nervous,
impressed-punctate, spotted with fuscous.

Cimex tipularius. Linni. Berytus tipularius. Fubr., Leuch. Xcidfs
tipularius. Latr.

Inhabits grassy places.

Genus 274. LYG.EUS. Fubr., Wolff, Latr., Leuch. Cimex. Lhm,
2\' Geer.
Antenna filiform, inserted beneath a line di'awn from the eyes to the
base of the labrum : bodi/ elongate ovate : head trigonate, neck not
apparent.
Sp. 1. Lyg. apterus. Red with black spots: elytra abbreviated.
Inhabits woods in the autiunn.

Genus 275. CAPSUS. Fabr., Latr., Lench. Cimex. Lhm.
Head trigonate, neck not apparent: antenna setaceous; the second
joint at the apex thick, the two last when coniliined nu;ch shorter
than the one before it.
Sp. 1. Cap. ater. Body black.
Inhabits grassy places, and is veiy common.

Genus 276. MIRIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff.,

SfC. IvYGiEt'S. Wolff'.

Antenna setaceous, the second and follow lug joints alike : h<.(.id trigo-
nate : neck not apparent.
Sp. 1. Mir. vagans. Leach.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 223

Genus 277. MYODOCHA. Latr., Leach. Cimex. De Gcer.
Head ovoid, with a distinct neck: antenna slightly thicker towards

their extremities.
Sp. 1. Ml/0, tipuhndes.
Mvodocha tipuloides. Latr., Leach. Cimex tipiiloides. De Geer, Mem.

sitr les Lisectes, v. 354. tab. 35. fg. 18.
Inhabits

Fam. III. CiMiciD.E. Leach.

CiMiciDES I. 1. Latreille.

Rostrum with two or three distinct joints : lahnim very short, not pro-
jecting : feet simple : eyes not very large : feet formed for walking on
the earth, with distinct nails.

Genus 278. REDUVIUS. Fahr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Ci-
mex. Linn., Geoff., De Geer.
Body not linear : antenna inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to
the base of the rostrum : rostrum with the middle joint evidently
longer than the others : thorax bilobate, abruptly elevated behind :
tibia alike, elongate, somewhat cylindric.
Sp. 1. Hed. personatus. Black.
Reduvius personatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain.

Genus 279. PLOIARIA. Scopoli, Latr., Leach. Gerris. Fabr.
Cimex. Geoff.
Body filiform : four posterior feet very long, filiform : anterior feet rap-

torious, \vith very long coxas.
Sp. 1. Plo. vagabunda.

Gerris vagabundus. Fabr. Ploiaria vagabunda. Leach.
Inhabits

Genus 280. CIMEX. LJnn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia. Fabr.
Body depressed : rostrum short, setaceous : wings none.

Sp. 1. Ciin. lectuhrius. Reddish brown, with short hair.
Cimex lectularius. Linn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia lectularia. Fabr.
Inhabits Europe in houses, sucking the blood of man. The common
bed-bug.

Genus 281. TINGIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff.,
De Geer.
Body entirely depressed, reticulated : feet all simple ; antenna: termi-
nated by an oval joint, the third joint very long.
Sp. 1. Tin. Cardui. Body grayish.
Tingis Cardui. Fabr., Panz., Latr.
Inhabits thistles, and is very abundant,

224 MODERN SYSTEM,

Fam. IV. HydrometxdjE. Leach.

CiMlclDES I. 2. Latreille.

Rostrum with two or three distinct joints : labrttm very short : cyei
moderate : feet very long, formed for walking on the water, with the
nails very minute, inserted laterally into a fissure at the extremity
of the last joint of the tarsi.

Genus 282. HYDROMETRA. Latr., Lam., Tahr., Leach. Cimex,
Linn., Geoff. Aquarius. Schellenberg.
AntenncB setaceous, the third joint longer than the rest : anterior feet

simple : head elongate-cylindric, apex thickened.
Sp. 1. Hi/d. stagnoriim. Black above: feet brown reddish.
Ilydrometra stagnorum. Fabr., Leach. Cimex stagnorum, Linn.

Aquarius paludum. Schellenberg.
Inhabits Europe in most places, and walks on the surface of the water.

Genus 283. VELIA. Latr., Leach. Cimex. Rossi. Hydrome-
TRA. Fabr.

Antenna filiform, the first joint longest : anterior feet raptorious : ros-
trum two-jointed : //eaci somewhat vertical.

Sp. 1. Vel.rivulorum. Black; sides of the thorax and margins of the
abdomen red : thorax with two anterior punctures ; each elytron
with three and a spot of white; inferior sides ot the abdomen punc-
tured with black.

Hydrometra rivulorum. Fahr. Velia rivulorum. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits running waters and springs.

Genus 284. GERRIS. Lutr., Leach. Clmex. Linn., De Geer,
Schraiik, Geoff.

Antennas filiform, the first joint longest, the last cylindric : anterior feet
raptorious : rostrum three-jointed : head porrected.

Sp. 1. Ger. paludum. Brown-olive, black above, cinereous, silky be-
neath : abdomen nearly equally broad : trunk as long as the head,
carinated beneath, a series of impressed lines on each side : antennae
and feet black : thorax with an elevated line extending to the middle
of the back : lateral margins of the thorax and abdomen with the
anus reddish.

Hydrometra paludum. Fahr. Gerris paludum. Latr., Leach,

Inhabits ponds and ditches in France, England, and Sweden.

Obs. — The species of this genus are certainly but little known; they
are either subject to great variation, or are very numerous.j

Fam. V. AcANTHiD^. Leach.
CiMiciDES II. Latreille.

Labrum very prominent : eyes very large ! feet fonned for walking and
jumping', y

CLASS V. INSECTA. 225

Genus 285. ACANTIIIA. Sc/i7-ank, Latr., Leach. Cime\. Linn.,
Dc Geo; Geoff. Salda. Fabr. Lyg^us. Wolff.

Antenna filiform : rostrum straight, long,

Sp. 1. Acan. maculata. Black spotted with pale colour.
Acanthia maculata. Latr., Leach.
Inliabits grassy banks.

Section II. AQUATICA. Leach.

Fam. IIvDROCORisi.i;. Latreille.

Antenna very minute, not exserted, inserted beneath the eyes. All
the insects of this section live in the water.

Fam. VI. Nepad^e. Leach.
Anterior tarsi united with the tibiae : bodi/ depressed or linear.

Stirps 1. — Anus without sette : tarsi of the four posterior feet distinctly
biarticulate : anienna four-jointed.

Genus 28G. NAUCORIS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Ne-
PA. Linn., De Geer.
Four posterior feet ciliated, formed for swimming : antenna inserted

beneath the eyes : bodi/ ovate, much depressed.
Sp. 1. Nau. cimicoides.
Inhabits ponds.

Stirps 2. — Atius furnished with two seta?: tarsi of the four posterior
feet one-jointed : antenna three-jointed.

Genus 287. NEPA. Linn., Dc Geer, Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr.,
Leach. Hepa. Geoff.
Rostrum perpendicularly inflected: body oval: anterior thighs thick:

four hinder feet not elongate-filiform.
Sp. 1. Nepa cinerea. Dark grayish-black. (P/. 5.fg. 4.)
Nepa cinerea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits ditches : is very common.

Genus 288. EwVNATRA. Latr., Fabr., Schellenberg, Leach. Nepa.
Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Lam. Hepa. Geoff,
nostrum ^ouecteA : body linear: yb^r /ij«(^er ^ee^ very long, filiform:

thighs of anterior feet elongate.
Sp. 1. Ran. linearis. Grayish brown.

Ranatra linearis. Fabr., Latr., Schell., Leach. Nepa linearis. Linn.
Inhabits the ditches and ponds of Europe. It is very local in this
country. It may occasionally be found near London in ponds on
Epping Forest, Copenhagen Fields, and near Hammersmith.

p

226 MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. VII. NoTONECTiDffi. Leach.

" Linne and all his predecessors comprehended the species under
the generic appellation Notonecta. The accurate Geoffroy was the
first who separated Notonecta into two genera, which have been
adopted by most succeeding writers, excepting Linne, who in his
last edition of the Systema Nature has merely given the synonym*'
of that author, without taking the least notice of the important cha-
racters which induced him to separate them."

De Geer confounded the animals of this tribe with Nepa and Nau-
coris, whilst Latreille and Olivier placed them in a division of their
family Hydrocoris(B. In the Edinburgh Uncyclopisdia Dr. Leach se-
parated them from the Hydrocorisa, and placed them in a particular
tribe, named in that work Notonectides, and in the twelfth volume of
the Transactions of the Linnean Society he has given an excellent ]ia-
per, in which are described at large the whole of the British species
hitherto discovered, which consist of four very natural genera.

Stijrps 1. — Body cylindrical oval, or nearly square : tarsi with two arti-
culations. {Scutellum large.)

"All the insects of this family swim on their back, moving by means
of their long hinder legs, which resemble oars; whence they have
been aptly named boat-flies."

Genus 289. NOTONECTA of authors.

Body oval and cylindric : antenna: with the third articulation slenderer
than the second : anterior tarsi with the first articulation long ; chms
of the hinder feet very minute.

Besides the above characters, the foUovnng will be useful, in order
to enable the young entomologist to distinguish this genus from
Plea, from which it was first separated by that close examiner of
nature Dr. Leach.

The thorax is hexagonal; the anterior part is much attenuated,
and the hinder margin is straight : the head is narrower than the
broadest part of the thorax : the eyes are oblong, and converge a lit-
tle behind : the hinder legs are much ciliated, and the claics are so mi-
nute as to be discovered with great difficulty : the tips of the elytra
are notched.

Sp. 1. Not. f areata. Elytra black, with two grayish spots at the base,
and two larger ones at the posterior part.

Notonecta furcata. Fabr., Oliv., Leach.

Var. |3. Elytra with ferrugineous spots.

Inhabits ponds and ditches in England and Scotland.

Sp. 2. Not. rmculata. Elytra dark brown and varied with spots : back

ferrugineous with a darker fascia.
Notonecta maculata. Oliv., Leach. Notonecta glauca. Var. /3. Lutr.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 227

Inhabits Fjii!;laiKl, near Bristol, Plj'moutli, and Exeter.
Elytra with the apex of a palish black.

Sp. .1. Not. glanca. Elytra grayish, the margin with minute blackish

spots : back black, the apex pale brownish. {PL 5. Jig. 3.)
Notonecta glauca of authors.
Inhabits Britain in almost every pond.

Genus 290. PLEA. Leach, Iraiis. of Linn. Sac. wol. x\\.

Body of a squarish oval : antennm with the third and remainder of the
joints largest : anterior tarsi with the articidations nearly equal : claios
on the hinder feet large.

The thorax is obscurely hexagonal with the hinder margin prominent
and rounded, the head as broad as the broadest part of the thorax :
the eyes are rather oblong, without the least tendency to converge
behind : the hinder pair of legs not more ciliated than the others, but
are terminated by very strong and distinct claws: tips of the elytra
acuminated and entire.

Sp. 1. Not.minutissima. Gray with a brownish line in the front: thorax
and elytra deeply punctured.

Notonecta cinerea, anelytra. Geo^\ his. Par. i. 477. 2. Notonecta
minutissima. Fourc, Latr., Oliv., Fair. Plea minutissima. Leach.

Length of the body li lin.

Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters near London in profusion.

" This species has been considered by Geoftroy, Fabricius and Oli-
vier, as Notonecta minutissima of Linne, which reference undoubt-
edly belongs to the tbllowing species; viz. to Sigara minutissima.^''

" Geoftroy has described the larvee, never having seen the perfect
insect."

Stirps 2. — Body roundish and depressed: tarsi, the anterior with one
articulation ; the hinder with two ; base and margin of the elytra
only channelled.

Genus 291. SIGARA. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xii.
Scutellum distinct : thorax divided by a transverse line : hody ovate, the

posterior part acvmiinated.
Sp. 1. Sig. minutissima. Above cinereous: elytra brownish with very

faint spots; the under part and feet yellowish.
Notonecta minutissima. Linne. Sigara minutissima. Leach.
Inhabits rivers and runrung waters in England, Ireland, and Scotland.
Length of the body 1 lin.

Genus 292. CORIXA. Geoffroy, Leach.
Scutellum none : thorax transverse, the posterior part produced : body
long, the anterior and posterior part rounded.

" The thorax is more or less produced behind in all the species of
this genus, but is not evident in the first division of this genus until

p 2

228 MODERN SYSTEM.

the elytra have been elevated. The front, the under parts of the body,
and the legs, in all the British species are yellowish."

* Elytra to the apex gradually decreasing and ending in a point.

The channel on the anterior margin of the ehtra in this division
is uninterrupted, and gradually disappears before it reaches to the
extremity of the elytra.

Sp. 1. Cor. coleoptrata. Thorax reddish-gray : elytra palish yellow, with
longitudinal rows of black spots.

Sigara coleoptrata. Elyti'a wholly coriaceous and brown : the exterior
margin yellow. Fabr. Syst. R/iyng. 105. 4.

Inhabits ponds and ditches near Norwich. Dr. Leach has observed, that
although the character by Fabricius does not accord with that given
above, yet as he drew his description from a museum specimen (which
generally assumes the colour he mentions) the Doctor has given his
synonym without any hesitation; but this insect is distinct from the
Sigara coleoptrata of Panzer, which is figured with a scutellum, and
most probably belongs to the genus Sigara as mentioned above.

** Elytra at the apex rather rounded.

The channel in the fore part of the elytra, at about two-thirds from
its commencement, is internipted by an oblique, transverse, elevated
line, and it terminates abruptly before it reaches to the apex of the
elytron, and then it leaves the margin inclining a little inwards or
"backwards.

a. Elytra and. thorax rough.
Sp. 2. Cor. striata. Thorax and elytra brown with yellow lines and

transversely striated : back black, sides pale yellow.
Notonecta sti-iata. Linn. Corixa striata. Leach.
Inhabits stagnant waters.

Sp. 3. Cor. stagnalis. Thorax with numerous transverse yellow lines :
elytra brown, besprinkled with minute yellowish dots : anterior part
of the margin yellowish; posterior with yellowish lines ; back brown-
ish black.
Corixa stagnalis. Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii.
Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters.

This species is about half the size of C. striata.
Sp. 4. Cor.fossarum. Brown : thorax with six transverse yellow lines :
elytra brown, with minute yellowish dots, the anterior part yellow-
ish, towards the base of the posterior part yellowish lines : back
yellowish. Smaller than C. stagnalis.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.
Sp. 5. Cor. lateralis. White : thorax with seven black lines : elytra with

minute black sjx)ts, anterior margin immaculate.
C. lateralis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii.

V

CLASS V. TNSECTA. 229

This species is considerably smaller than C.fossarum, back black,
sides yellow.
Sp. 6. Cor. dofsalis. Thorax with six transverse black lines on the mar-
gin : elytra black and spotted, the anterior margin immaculate.
C. dorsalis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii.

Rather larger than C. stagnalis. Back yellow.

b. Thorax and elytra smooth and shining.

Sp. 7. Cor. Geoffroyi. Yellow : thorax with numerous transverse black
lines : elytra black with minute spots : back wholly black : apex yel-
lowish.

La Corise. Geoff. Hist. Nat. des Insect, i. P. 478. pi. 9. fg. 7. Sigara
striata. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ. Ins. 50. 23. Corixa Geoffroyi. Leach.

Length of the body half an inch.

Inhabits stagnant waters, and is very common.

" All authors have considered this speeies as Notonecta striata of
Linne, although it will not agree with his character. It is figured
by Geoffroy and Panzer, and is of the former author the species serv-
ing as the type of the genus Corixa."

Sp. 8. Cor. ajfinis. Yellow : thorax with numerous transverse black
lines : elytra black with minute dots : back wholly black, sides den-
tated and yellow.

Cor. affinis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii.

Inhabits ponds near Plymouth, but is rare, Buthalf the size of C.Geo/^
J'roi/i.

Order Vm. OMOPTERA. Leach.

Order Hemiptera. Linn., Cuvier, Lamarck.

Class Rhyngota. Fair.

Order Hemiptera. Section 2. Homoptera. Latr.
Characters of the Order.

'Rostrum attached to the inferior part of the head : elytra coriaceous or
membranaceous throughout; suture straight: thorax composed of
two segments, the second as long or longer than tlie first : ocelli three.
Metamorphosis semicomplete, or incomplete.

Fara. I. CiCADiADa:. Leach.
CiCADARi.i; I. Latreille.

Antennae composed of six distinct joints : ocelli or little eyes three : tarsi
with three joints.

Genus 293. "CICADA. Lamarck, Geoff"., Linn., De Geer, Latr.
■-' Tettigoxia. Fair.
Thighs of the^anterior feet tliick, dentate.
() Sp. 1. -l-n.ii-l±l? {PI. 5. Jig. 2. natural size.)

The only species known to inhabit this country was lately disco-
vered by ^Ir. Daniel Byddcr, near the New Forest in Hampshire.

230 MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. 11. CEREOPiDif;. Leach.
Cicada Ri^ II. Lafreille.
Antenna; three-jointed : ocelli two : tarsi with three joints.

Stirps 1. — Antenna not inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes; the
/two first joints conjoined shorter than the head.

^ Genus 294. FLATA. Fabr., Leacfi. "^^^lgora. Latr.

Trout as if truncated, vertical, not rostrated : eijes globular : elytra very
broad ; the external margin very much dilated : hudif broad, trian-
gular.

Sp. 1. Fla. reticulata.

Inhabits Europe, and is common in this country in hedges during the
summer months.

^^ Genus 295. ISSUS. Fabr., Leach. Fulgora. Latr., OUv.'^Cica-

DA. Villers.
Tront as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical: elytra at their external
'base very much dilated, with the apex narrower: fcofl'j/ short, del-
toid: eyes globular.
Sp. 1. Iss. coteoptratus.
Inhabits hedges.

Genus 296. CIXIUS. Leach. Fulgora. Latr. Flata. Fabr.
Front as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical : clytru with the external

margin nearly straight or scarcely arcuate ; body elongate, quadrate :

eyes globular.
Sp. 1. Cix. nervos2(s.
Flata nervosa. Fabr.
Inhabits hedges.

Stirps 2. — Antenna inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes, the two
first joints as long or longer than the head.

Genus 297. ASIRACA. Latr., Leach. Delpiiax. Fabr.
Antenna as long or longer than the thorax, the first joint very long,

compressed, angulate.
Sp. 1. Asi. claricornis. Body brown or obscure brown variegated : apex

of the four anterior tibia) white : elytra semihyaline: apex with a

fuscous band; nerves spotted with fuscous.
i)elphax clavicornis. Fabr. Asiraca clavicornis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France and England in grassy places.

Stirps 3. — Antenna inserted bet\veen the eves : thorax not transverse ;
hinder margin more or less prominent,

c Genus 298. CERCOPIS. Fabr., Schrank, Latr., Leach.^' Cicada,
iinn.f-' Tettigonia. Oliv.
Antenna inserted on the frontlet, the second longer than the first joint,
(he third joint short-conic; thorax not dilated.

^N,

CLASS V. INSECTA. 231

C> Sp. 1. Cer. Rungu'molenta. Bl9.ck, shining; each wing-case with a spot
at the base, one in the middle, and a tiexuous band at the apex blood
red. {PI. 5. fig. 1.)
^ Cicada sangninolenta. Linn. Cercopis sanguinolenta. Tahr., Leach.
Inhabits France, Germanv, and England in the woods of Kent.
VX^ Genus 299. LEDRA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. 'Cicada. Linn., Geoff.
^^ Membracis. Oliv., Lamarck, Schrank.
Antenna inserted in the frontlet, the two first joints nearly equally
long; the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind into an auricle.
Wt) Sp. 1. Led. aiwata.

Inhabits the oak and various trees in woods. ,^

Genus 300: MEMBRACIS. Latr., Fair., Leach. "Cicada. Linn.
Antemue inserted in the frontlet; the t\vo iirst joints nearly equally
^ long, the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind.
^Sp. 1. Mem. corniUits. Brownish.

©Cicada cornuta. Linn. Membracis cornuta. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods and hedges.
Stiups 4. — AntemuB inserted between the eyes: thorax transverse,

hinder margin straight.
•^ Genus 301. lASSUS. Fahr., Leach. Tettigonia. Latr., Oliv.,

Lamarck.
Front broad, not longer than broad, on each side above the insertion of
the antenna; produced into an angle.
(^Sp. 1. lass.Lunio. Fabr.

Inhabits England and other parts of Europe.

^ Genus 302. TETTIGONIA. Oliv., Lamarck. Cicada. Linn.,

Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Front elongate-quadratej the apex truncate, convex, thickened.

Sp. 1. Tet. viridis.
Inhabits moist places.

Fam. III. PsYLLiD^. Latreille, Leach.
Tarsi with t^vo joints distinct: antenne with ten or eleven joints, the
last with tsvo setas : legs formed for leaping. Both sexes with wings.

Genus 303. PSYLLA. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Chermes.
Linn., De Geer, Fabr.
Antenna: filiform or slightly setaceous, as long as the body : thorax with

the anterior margin arcuate.
Sp. 1. Psi/l. Alni. Green-yellowish; anterior segment of the thorax,

squamida of the elytra, and nervures, green.
Chermes Betulse Ahii. Linn. Chermes Alni. Fabr. Psylla Alni. Latr.,

Leach.
Inhabits the alder.

Y

232 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 304. LIVIA. Latr., Leach. Diraphia. IlUger.
Antenna shorter than the thorax, tbe base much thickened even to the

middle : tliorax with the anterior segment transverse, straight.
Sp. 1. Liv.juncorum. (Fl. 5. fig. 11.) viagnijied: the line beneath exhi-
bits the natural size.)
Livia Juncorum. Latr.
Inhabits Junci.

Fam. IV. Aphid.'e. Leach.
Aphidii. LatreillC

Tarn two-jointed, the first joint very short: rostrum m hoth sexes:
antenniE with six, seven, or eight joints : females generally apterous :
tarsi with the last joint vesiculous.

Stirps 1. — Antenna eight-jointed : rostinim minute and horizontal with
indistinct joints: head elongate-quadrate.

Genus 30.5. TIIRIPS. Linn., Geoff., Latr., Lam., OUv., Leach.
Elytra and wings horizontal and linear.

Sp. 1. Thr. Physapus. Black, hairy: antennae, tibiae, and tarsi pale:
middle of the tibiaj pale brown; elytra and wings white. {PI. 5.
Jig. 12. magnified : the line beneath shows the natural size.)

Inhabits the blossoms of various plants.

Stirps 2. — Antenna; seven-jointed : elytra larger than the wings : ro&~
trum subperpendicular, with three very distinct joints : head trans-
verse.

Genus 306. APHIS. Linn., Fabr., Latr., OUv., Lam., Leach.
Antenna setaceous or tiliform, seven-jointed: elytra larger than the
wings; elongate triangulate: abdomen towards the apex generally
tuberculated or horned : eyes entire. {PL 5. fig. 9.)

The animals of this genus are very numerous, and are found on
almost every plant. The French call them Pucerons, the English
Plant-lice. The species require examination; the plant on v a ch
they are found should be noticed, as it will afford specific names.
The females are generally apterous.

Genus 307. ERTOSOMA. Leach's MSS.

Abdomen without tubercles or horns : antenna short and filiform : body
tomentose.

" The Eriosomata form what are called improperly Galls on the stalks
of trees near their joints, and knobs, which are in fact excrescences
caused by the efforts of nature to repair the damage done to the old
trees by the perforation of those insects, whose bodies are covered
witli down." Leach's MSS,

Sp. 1. Er. Mali.

Aphis lanigera of authors,

CLASS V. INSF.CTA. 233

Genus 308. ALEYRODES. Latr., Lam., Leach. Tinea. Liiin.
Phal;ena. Geoff.
Antenna filiform, sliort, six-jointed : elytra and wings equal in size :

body mealy : eyes two, each divided into two.
Sp. 1. Al. C/telidonii. Body yellowish, or rosy powdered with white:

eyes black ; each elytron with a puncture and spot of black.
Inhabits hedges and woods.

Fam. V. CocciD^.. Leach.

Galinsecta. Latreille.

Tarsi with one joint and one nail : rostrum in the female : wings in the
male, but no elytra : female apterous.

Genus 309. COCCUS. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Lam.,
Leach.
Antenna of the female eleven-jointed : abdomen of the males with two

very long setce at the apex.
Sp. 1. Coc. Cacti.

Coccus Cacti. Linn., Dc Geer, Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits fruit-trees.

This genus requires a minute investigation, which should be con-
ducted by some one possessing a great share of patience, and hav-
ing a competent knowledge of entomology.

Order IX. APTERA. Leach.

Order Aptera. Linn., Lamarck,
Order Suctoria. Latr,

Characters of the Order.

Body somewhat ovate, compressed, covered with a coriaceous skin,
and composed of several segments : trunk short, consisting of three
leg-bearing joints : head small, compressed, rounded above, and
truncate before : eyes minute, orbicular, lateral : antenna lamelli-
form, small, ciliated with spinules, one-jointed at their base, insert-
ed in two excavations behind the eyes : palpi filiform (composed of
four roiuidcd joints) scarcely longer than the head, porrect, generally
resting on the rostrum: legs strong, and formed for jumping, espe-
cially the hinder ones : coxa and thighs large, compressed : tarsi
elongate, cylindric, composed of five simple joints, the last articula-
tion furnished with two long, acute, slender nails.

Larva witliout feet.

Pupa follicuiate,

ISi MODERN SYSTEM.

Gems 310. PULEX of authors.
Sp. 1. PiJ. irritans. Body brumieous, sometimes inclined to nist co-
lour.

The common bed-flea is found throughout Europe.

" Notwithstanding the inconveniences attending this httle insect,
tliere is something pleasing in the appearance of the flea. Its mo-
tions are elegant, and all its postures indicate agility. The shell
with which it is enveloped is in a state of perpetual cleanliness,
while tlie muscular power which it is capable of exerting is so ex-
ti'aordinarv", as to excite our wonder at so much strength confined
and concentrated within so small a space; this species being able to
. spring, on the most moderate computation, to the distance of at
least two hundred times its own length, and drag a Nseight eight
times heavier than itself. It has sometimes become a favourite with
ladies, who have jileased themselves with keeping, taming, and
feeding it. A golden chain has been made for it with a lock and
key ; and being kept in a box with wool, in a warm place, and fed
daily, it has been known to live for six yeiu-s.

'• The Pulices of birds and of mammalia ought to be most care-
fully examined. There are a vast number of species which have
been confounded with P. irritans."

Order X. LEPIDOPTERA.

Order Lepidoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Leach.
Class Glossata. Fabr.

Characters of the Order.

Wiags four, covered with scales : tongue spiral, filiform. Linne di-
vided this order into three genera ; viz. Pupiiio (butterfly), Sphin.r
(hawk-moth), and Phalana (moth), which were characterized by the
form of their antemiff ; and these divisions form the three great
sections of Latreille, as follow -.

Section I. DIURXA.

Wings four ; all, or at least the superior ones, erect when the insect is
at rest : antenna witli their points tliicker or capitate ; in a verj" few
somewhat setaceous, with the extreme apex hooked. The insects
of this section, which constituted the Linnean genus Papilio, all fly
by day. Caterpillars with sixteen feet. Chri^salis naked, and gene-
rally angulated.

Fam. I. Papilioxid.i. Leach.

Papiiioxides. Latreille.

Hinder tibuE with heels only at their extremities : Kings all elevated
when at rest.

ct.ass v. issecta. 235

In this section I shall enumerate the whole of the British species.

Stirps 1. — Caterpillar elongate, cjlindric : chrysali elongate, angu-
lar : tarsi of the imago with distinct nails.

Genus 311. PAPILIO. Fabr., Lafr., Leach.

Antenna, at their points, furnished with a conic-ovate or lengthened-
ovate, somewhat arcua'^e, club : pnfpi very short, pressed close to the
face, scarcely reaching the clypeus ; the two first joints of equal
length ; the third minute, and nearly obsolete : feef in both sexes
alike, all being formed for walking, and furnished with distinct but
simple claws : anterior wings generally somewhat falcate ; hinder
ones often tailed ; the internal margin excised or folded to admit of
free play to the abdomen.

The caterpillar is tentaculated, fleshy and furcate. The chr\salis
angulated, with two processes before; it fastens itself V)^ a trans-
verse thread.

The species of this genus, which constitutes the most beautiful
part of the creation, are found chieHy in the warmer regions, very
few occurring in the more temperate parts of the world. Their
flight is extremely rapid.

Sp. 1. Pap. Machaon. Black and yellow; hinder wings tailed; etlges
of the wings black, with yellow crescents ; the tips of the hinder
ones witli a red spot at their inferior tips. (P/. o.ji<:. 1.)

Papilio Machaon. Linn., Babr., Hauorth.

Inhabits Europe ; the larva feeds on umbelliferous plants.

In England it is called the Swallow-tailed butterfly; it is verj- lo-
cal, but occurs near Bristol, Beverley in Yorkshire, and has been
taken plentifully in Hampshire near the New Forest. It is the
most superb of all the British species of this family. The cater-
pillar is green, banded with black, marked by a row of red spots.
It changes into the chrysalis state in July ; and the fly is found in
August. There are two broods ; the first appears in May, having
lain in the pupa state all the winter.

Papilio Podalirius of Linne, which belongs to this genus, has been in-
troduced into the British Fauna on verv^ dubious authorirv'. But
Mr. Haworlh is yet in hopes of receiving indigenous specimens from
Yorkshire.

Genus 312. GOXEPTEPtYX. Leach. Colias. Fabr., Latr. Pi-
ERis. Schrank.
Antenna short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi short,
much compressed; the last joint %'en.' hhort: feet alike in both sexes,
all with a bifid or unidentate nail : uings angulated, large, the hinder
ones grooved to receive the abdomen ; chrysalis angulated with a
thread round its middle.

236 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. I. Gon. Rhumni. Wings of the male yellow, of the female whitibh ;

with a fulvous spot on each.
Inhabits woods in the spring and autumn. Flight slow.

Genus 313. COLIAS. Fabr., Lair., Leach. Papilio. Linncy
Haworih. Pieris. Schrank.

Antenna; short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi much
compressed; the last joint very short : ^ee^ alike in both sexes, all
with bifid or unidentate nails : wings anterior, somewhat trigonate ;
hinder rounded, with a groove to receive the abdomen: chrysalis
angulated, fastened by a transverse thread.

Sp. 1. Col. Hj/ale (clouded yellow butterfly).

Inhabits Europe. Occurs in England once in three years, some sea-
sons only locally, at others in the greatest profusion in every part of
the country. There is a pale coloured variety of each sex, which
have been considered as distinct species.

Sp. 2. Col. Edusa.

Genus 314. PONTIA. Fabr., Leach. Pieris. Schrank, Latr.
Antenna elongate, with an abrupt, obconic, compressed head : palpi
slender, somewhat cylindric ; the last joint as long as the preceding :
wings not very narrow, or much lengthened ; hinder ones grooved
to admit the abdomen, but not tailed : feet alike in both sexes ;
claws unidentate or bifid : chrysalis angulated, fastened by a trans-
verse thread.

" * Anterior wings somewhat trigonate ; hinder ones somewhat orbicu-
late."

Sp. 1. Pont. Cratagi (black-veined white). Wings white, ^vith a faint

tinge of yellowish and black nervures.
Inhabits Europe. In England it is found in the woods near London;

the larva feeds on the white-thorn.

Sp. 2. Pont. Brassica (large cabbage butterfly).
Inhabits Europe; the larva on the cabbage.

Sp. 3. Pont. Pupa (small cabbage butterfly).
Inhabits gardens.

Sp. 4. Pont. Napi (green-veined white).
Inhabits gardens and woods.

Sp. 5. Pont. Cardamines (orange tip butterfly).
Inhabits path-ways in woods.

Sp. 6. Pont. Daplidice (Bath while). This has long been doubted
whether a native of this country; but that successful and indus-
trious entomologist Mr. Stephens has sufticiently proved the fact,
by taking a specimen at Dover in Jidy 1818.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 237

(I ** ]yings somezvhat oval."

Sp. 7. Pont. Sinapis (wood white). Wings white, with blackish tips.

Inhabits woods.

Genus 313. MELITiEA. Fabr., Leach. Argynnis. Latr. Pa-
piLio. Linn., Haworth.

Antenna terminated by a short club : palps very hairy, divaricatinjr,
with the last joint acicular, half the length of the preceding joint:
hinder wings orbicular : anterior feet very short in both se.\es ; tarsi
with double nails.

Caterpillar pubescent, with fleshy tubercles.

Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Sp. 1. Mel. £w/)/(?'osj/ne (pearly border). Wings indented; tawny, with

black spots ; nine silvery spots on the under side.
Inhabits waste grounds and heaths.

Sp. 2. Mel. Silene (pearly border likeness).
Inhabits woods and waste ground.

Sp. 3. Mel. Cinxia (Glanville).
Inhabits Europe : very rare in Britain.

Sp. 4. Mel. Artemis (greasy).

Inhabits Europe : seldom taken near London, but is common near
Norwich.

Sp. 5. Mel. Dictynna (heath).

Inhabits heaths and marshes.

Sp. 6. Mel. Lucina (Duke of Burgundy).

Inhabits the borders of woods and hedges, but is local.

Genus 316. ARGYNNIS. Fahr., Latr., Leach,

Antenna; terminated by a short club : palpi divaricating abruptly, ter-
minated with a minute, slender, acicular, very short joint ; the se-
cond joint broad, hairy : hinder zoing orbicular ; anterior feet very
short in both sexes : tarsi with double nail?.

Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Caterpillars spiny.

Sp. 1. Arg. Lathonia (Queen of Spain frilillar}),
Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain.

Sp. 2. Arg. Aglaia (dark green fritillary).
Inhabits Europe in woods and lanes.
Sp. 3. Arg. Adippe (high brown fritillary).
Inhabits heaths and the borders of woods,

Sp. 1 . Arg. Paphia (silver-washed fritillary).

Inhabits the borders of woods,, and the New Forest in Hampshire.

238 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 317. VANESSA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Papilio. Linn.,
Haicorth.

Antcnne terminated with an ahnipt short club : Tpulpi contiguous, and
terminated gradually in a point; the two combined bearing some
resemblance to a rostrum : anterior pair of feet in both sexes short
and very hairy : tai^si with double nails.

Clin/salis suspended by its tail.

Caterpillar spiny.

Sp. 1. Van. Atalanta (red admirable). Wings indented, black with
white spots ; a red fascia in the upper wings, and anotlier on the
margin of the under wings.

Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the nettle.

Sp. 2. Van. Cardui (painted lady). Wings orange, indented ; variegated
with black and white spots : four ocelli on the under side of the
posterior wings.

Inhabits Europe : the lar^'^a feeds on the thistle.

Sp. 3. Van. Antiopa (Camberwell beauty). Wings angulated and black,
the borders whitish.

Cynthia Cardui. Fahr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. This species has become exceedingly rare in this
country. Mr. Haworth has observed (in the first part of his Lcpido-
j)tera Britannica) " There is something very extraordinary in the peri-
odical but irregular appearance of this species, Papilio Edusu {Culias
Hyale of this work) and Fap. Cardui. They are plentiful all over the
kingdom in some years ; after which Antiopa in particular will not be
seen by any one for eight, ten, or more years, and then appear as plen-
tiful as before. To suppose they come from the Continent, is an idle
conjecture; because the English specimens are easily distinguished
from all others by the superior whiteness of their borders. Perhaps
their eggs, in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may
occasionally lie dormant for several seasons, and not hatch until
some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidence awake them into
active life."

Sp. 4. Van. lo (peacock).

Inhabits nettles.

Sp. 5. Van. polj/chloros (large tortoise-shell).
Inhabits Europe : the larva on the elm.

Sp. 6. Vail. TJrtic(t (small tortoise-shell).
Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on nettles.

Sp. 7. Van. C. album Ccomma).

Inhabits woods : the larva feeds on the nettle, hop, willow, and the
currant.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 239

Genus 318. APATURA. Fair., Leach. Nympualis. Latr. Pa-
pi lio. Linn., Haworth.
Anlcima with an elongate-obconic thickened club : palpi with the se-
cond joint not much compressed, the anterior margin broad: ante-
rior pair of feet very short in both sexes.

Sp. 1. Apa. Iris (purple emperor). Wings indented, brownish, shining,
with blue or purple; on both surfaces a whitish interrupted fascia
and a single ocellus on the under wing.

The following account of this interesting and elegant insect is
given by I\Ir. Haworth.

'' In the month of July he makes his appearance in the winged
state, and invariably fixes his throne upon the summit of a lofty oak,
from ihc utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his
aerial excursions; and in these ascends to a much greater elevation
than any other insect I have ever seen, sometimes mounting higher
than the eye can follow, especially if he happens to quarrel with
another emperor, the monarch of some neighbouring oak: they
never meet without a battle, flying upwards all the while and com-
bating witli each other as nuicli as possible, after which they will
frequently return again to the identical sprigs from whence they
ascended. The wings of this fine species are of a stronger texture
than those of any other in Britain, and more calculated for that gay
and powerful flight which is so much admired by entomologists. The
Purple Emperor commences his aerial movements from ten to twelve
o'clock in the morning, but does not perform his loftiest flights till
noon, decreasing them after this hour until he quite ceases to fly
about four in the afternoon ; thus emulating the motions of that
source of all his strength, the sun. The females, like those of many
other species, are very rarely seen on the wing : the reason of which
is both interesting and but little known. It is their being destitute
of a certain spiral socket which the males possess, near the base of
the main tendon of their upper wings ; which socket receives and
works a strong elastic spring arising from the base of the under
wings, thereby enabling them to perform a stronger, longer, amA

more easy flight than it is possible for the females to do."

" The males usually fly very high, and are only to be taken by a
bag-net fixed to the end of a rod twenty or thirty feet long. There
have been instances, though very rare, of their settling on the around
near puddles of water, and being taken there, \\hen the Purple
Emperor is within reach, no fly is more easily taken than he; for he
is so very bold and fearless that he will not move from his settling
place until you quite push him oft": you may even tip the i:nds of
his wings, and be suftered to strike again.''

240 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 319. LIMENITIS. Fubr., Leach. Nvmphalis. Latr.

Antenna gradually clubbed; club slender, round obcuiiic: palpi as long
as the head, with the second joint not very much compressed ; the
anterior margin not remarkably broader : anterior pair of feet in
both sexes very short and spurious ; wings not much longer than
broad : Four hinder feet with double nails.

Larva elongate.

Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Sp. 1. Liin. Camilla (white admirable).

Inhabits Europe. This is considered a rare insect in Britain, but t
have observed them in certain years in Bedstile-wood near Finch-
ley, and Birch-wood in Kent, in tolerable abundance.

Genus 320. HIPPARCHIA. Fair., Leach. Maniola. Schrank.
S.'iTYRUs. Latr. Papilio. Linn., Haworth.

Antenncz with a slender somewhat fuciform, or trigonate-orbicular
club : palpi meeting above the tongue, with the second joint very
much compressed, and much longer than the first : anterior pair of
legs shorter than the rest, and often very hairy; feet of the other
legs with double nails : hinder zvings somewhat orbicular or orbicu-
late-triangulate, with the external margin excavated to receive the
abdomen ; the middle cell closed behind, from which part the ner-
vures radiate ; the other margin entire, or with acute or obtuse in-
dentations.

Caterpillar downy, with a globular head somewhat compressed in
front ; the abdomen bimucronate behind.

Chrysalis angulated, with the front bimucromate suspended by tlie
tail. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. 27.

Sp. 1. Hipp. Galatliea (marbled).

Inhabits woods and fields,

Sp. 2. Hipp. Hyperanthus (the ringlet).
Inhabits woods and fields.

Sp. 3. Hipp. Pamphilus (small heath). . ' _

Inhabits heaths.

Sp. 4. Hipp, blandina (Scotch Argus).
Inhabits the isles of Bute and Arran.

Sp. 5. Hipp. Pilosella (small meadow brown).
Inhabits fields and the borders of woods.

Sp. 6. Hipp. Jauira (meadow brown).
Papilio Jurtina. Haworth, Linn.
Inhabits fields and lanes.

Sp. 7. Hipp. Mcgttru (gate-keeper).
Inhabits fields and the borders of woods.

CtASS V. INSECTA. 241

Sp. 8. Hipp. Mgcria (speckled wood, or wood Argus).

Inhabits the borders of woods and field?.

Sp. 9. Hipp. Semcle (grayling, or rock underwing).

Inhabits heaths, commons, and rocky wastes.

Stirps 2. — Larva; oval, depressed : pupa short, contracted, obtuse at
both extremities : tarsi with very small nails.

Genus 321. THECLA. Fahr., Leach. Polyommatus. Lutr.

Feet in both sexes all alike : nails scarcely produced jjeyond the pul-
villi, which arc large: «?if('«?/^ gradually clubbed; the club elon-
gate, cylindric oval : hinder wings tailed.

* Antenna gradually clavafcd.
Sp. 1 . The. Bctulec (brown hair streak.)
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Sp. 2. The. Fruni (black hair streak).
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Sp. 3. The. Qucreus (purple hair streak).

Inhabits oak woods. Hying on the highest branches of the trees.

** Antenna abruptly clavated.
Sp. 4. The. Rubi (green underside, or hair streak).
Inhabits the skirts of woods.

Genus 322. LYC/ENA. Fabr., Leach. Polyommatus. Latr.
■Legs alike in both sexes : nails projecting beyond the pulvilli, which
are small : antenna with an abrupt club, somewhat ovate, compressed,
or spoon-shaped.

* Hinder wings more or less tailed.
Sp. 1. Li/c. dispar (large copper).
Papilio Ilj'pothoe. Donovan.

Inhabits the fens of Cambridgeshire, and lias been observed near
Aberdeen in Scotland.

Sp. 2. Li/c. Chryseis (purple-edged copper).
Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is extremely rare.

Sp. 3. Lye. Fir^Gz/rffz; (scarce copper).

Inhabits Europe : very local in Britain. It is found in some parts of

Huntingdonshire.
Sp. 4. Lye. Phlceas (small copper).
Inhabits woods and heaths.

** Hinder wings with the posterior margin entire.
Sp. 5. Lye. Cm-ydon (chalk-hill blue).
Inhabits chalky districts.

Sp. 6. Lye. Adonis (Clifden blue).
Inhabits chalky districts.

242 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 7, Lijc. Dori/lus (common blue).
Inhabits heaths, commons, and lanes,
Sp. 8. Li/c. Argus (studded blue);
Inhabits fields and marshes.

Sp. 9. Li/c. Idas (blaclc-spot brown).
Inhabits grassy places.

Sp. 10. Lye. Artaxerxes (white-spot, brown or Scotch Argus).
Inhabits Arthur's Seat and the base of Kirk-hill^ (one of the Pentland
range near Edinburgh) in great plenty,

Sp. 11. Lye. Alms (Bedford blue).
Inhabits clover fields, &c.

Sp. 12. Lye. Argiolus (azure blue).
Inhabits meadows.

Sp. 13. Lye. Cymon.

Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very local. It is found near Shec-
borne in Dorset in great abundance.

Fam. II. Hesperidx. Leach,

IIesperides. Latreille.

Hinder tibia with two pair of heels or spurs, one pair at the middle, the
other at the usual place : antenna distinctly terminated with a club,
hooked at their extremities : palpi short, thick, and squamose m
front : hinder wings elevated when the insect is at rest.

Genus 323. HESPERIA. luhr., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Walck., Leach.
Papilio. Linn., Haworth.
Palpi with the third joint cylindric or cylindric-conic

* Antenna ending iri an abrupt very acute hook.
Sp. 1. Hes. Comma (pearl skipper).
Inhabits Europe: in England, near Lewes in Sussex.
Sp. 2. Hes. Sylvanus (wood skipper).
Inhabits the borders of woods.

** Antenna willi their points arcuate.
Sp. 3. Hes. Tages (dingy skipper).
Inhabits Europe, on dry heaths and banks.
Sp. 4. Hes. Malva (mallow skipper).
Inhabits dry banks.

*** Antenna with straight points,
Sp. 5. Hes. Linca (small skipper).
Inhabits tlie skirto of woods.

CLASS V. IXSECTA,

243

Sp. 0. lies. Pcoiiscus (scarce skipper)-

Inhabits meadows : very rare in Britain, excepting in some parts of
Bedlbrdshirc, where it is common.

Section II. CREPUSCULARIA. Latreille.

Wings horizontal in repose : antenna; prismatic or fusiform.

The insects of this section constitute the Linncan genus Sphinx,
which has been divided by later writers into a number of genera.

Fam. III. Sphingid^. Leach.
Sphingides. iMireillc.

Palpi short, covered with very short close scales ; the last joint tubcr-
culiform and very short.

Stirps 1. Anus not tufted.

Genus 324. bMERINTHUS. Latr., Leach. Laotuoe. Fair.,
Sphinx. Linn., liawurth. Spectrum. Scopoli.
Antennae somewhat prismatic, serrated towards the middle, gradually
thicker: tongue very short : anterior zvings angulated: J3a//;J conti-
guous.

Sp. 1. Sme. ocellata (eyed hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva on the willow and poplar.

Sp. 2. Sme. Tdia (lime hawk-moth).
Inhabits the lime in the larva state.,

Sp. 3. Sine. Populi (poplar hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the poplar. /

Genus 325. SPHINX. Linn., Fair., Latr., Hazcorth, Leach. Spr.c-
TRUM. Scopoli.
Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue long, very distinct, convo-
luted : antenna prismatic, thicker towards their middle, in the males
slightly ciliated.
Obs. — This genus has lately been divided into the following genera :

1. Deilophila, OcAs/jeimer. Sp. 1. Elpenor. 2. Porcellus. 3. Li-
neata. 4. Euphorbias, o. Galii. — II. Sphinx, Och. Sp. 1. Pinastri.

2. Ligustri. ?,. Convolvuli. — III. Acherontia, Och. Sp. 1. Atropos.

Sp. 1. Sph. Porcf//i/.? (small elephant hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain.

Sp. 2. Sph. £//3e>«or (elephant hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the ladies bed-straw, and is found

in the autumn in drills or ditches in marshes near London.
Sp. 3. Sph. lineata (silver line hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe, and is exceeding rare in this country. Sphinx lineata

q2

244" MODERN SYSTEM,

of Donovan is distinct, and must be considered as a doubtful inhabi-
tant of Britain.

Sp. 4. Sph. Gala (scarce spotted elephant).

Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. Two specimens have been
taken in Cornwall near Penzance, one near Kingsbridge in Devon,
and another near London.

Sp. 5. Sph. Eiiphoi-bire (spotted elephant).

Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. The larva has occurred
near Plymouth.

Sp. 6. Sph. Pinastri (pine hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in Ravelston-
wood near Edinburgh.

Sp. 7. Sph. Convohuli (convolvulus hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in the most re-
mote parts of Britain, even in the Shetland Islands, but does not
make a regular appearance.,

Sp. 8. Sph. Ligustri (privet hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the privet and ash in gardens and
woods.

Sp. 9. Sph. Atropos (death's head hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. It must be considered as a valuable acquisition to
the British cabinet ; for altliough it occasionally occurs in the larva
state, yet it is bred with extreme difficulty, and the fly when taken
on the wing is generally very much mutilated and rubbed. The ca-
terpillar feeds on the blossom of the potatoe.

Stirps 2. — Anus tufted.

Genus 326. MACROGLOSSUM. Scopoli, Leach.

Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long, distinct and con-
voluted: antenna: prismatic, thicker towards their middle, (of the
males ciliated); winga opaque.

Sp. 1. Macro. Stellatariun (humming-bird hawk-moth).

Inhabits gardens. The perfect insect feeds on the wing, extracting the
honey of stellated plants.

Genus 327. SESIA. Fabr., Leach. Macuoglossa. Ochsheimer.

Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long ; distinct, and
convoluted : antenna prismatic, thicker towards their middle (of the
males ciliated) : wings transparent.

Sp. 1. Ses. lombyciformis (narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth).

Inhabits open places in woods.

Sp. 2. Ses.fmiformis (broad-bordered bee hawk-moth).

Inhabits the borders of woods.

Fam. IV. ZiG^NiDiE. Leach.,
ZvG^NiDES. Latreille.
Palpi long, separate, covered with long scales or porrccted hair.

CLASS V. insectaT 245

Genus 328. ^GERIA. Fabr., Leach. Sesia. Lair., Laspeyres,
Trochili'm. Scopoli.
Antennm fusiform : abdomen with the anus bearded.

Sp. 1. Mg. apiformis (bee hornet sphinx).
Inhabits Europe: is rare in Britain.

Sp. 2. JEg. crabroniformis (hornet sphinx).

Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the wood of the lime-tree.

There are several other species of this genus found in Britain, but
their synonyms have never been satisfactorily ascertained.

Genus 329. ZYGiENA of authors. Sphinx. Linn.
AntenncE abruptly flexuous-clavate : palpi cylindric-conic.

Sp. 1. Zyg. Filipendulaifw-^^othuxxiet).
Inhabits fields.

Genus 330. INC. Leach. Procris. Fabr., Lafr. Zyg.?;na. Panz.,
Walckenaer. Sphinx. Linn.
Antenna of the male bipectinate, of the female simple : palpi short.

Sp. 1. Ino Statices (forester).

Inhabits the margins of woods in meadows.

Section III. NOCTURNA. Latreille.

Wings horizontal in repose : antenna setaceous^ gradually narrowing
towards their extremities.

Earn. V. BoMBYCiD.i. Leach.

BoMBYciTES, Latreille.

AntenJKE with a single series of cilire (of the male at least serrated) :
tongue none : palpi two, short, cylindric, very hairy : thorax not crest-
ed : wings elongate undivided.

Stirps 1. — Wings deflexed, long and narrow ; larva naked : pupa with
its segments laterally denticulated.

Genus 331. HEPIALUS. Fair., Latr., Leach. Phal.ena (Noc-
tua). Linne.
Antenna moniliform, shorter than the thorax : palpi very small, and

very hairy : wings elliptic, equal, long.
Sp. 1. Hep. Humuli (ghost swift). Sp. 2. Hep. Mappa (map-winged
swift). Sp. 3. Hep. Hectus (golden swift), &c.

Genus 332. COSSUS. Fabr., Latr., Cuv., Leach. Phal.i:na
(BoMBYx). Linne.
Antenna as long as the thorax, setaceous, furnished with a single se-
ries of short transverse obtuse teeth : palpi very distinct, thick cy-
lindric, and squamous : anterior wings larger than the posterior.

246 MODERN SYSTHM.

Sp. 1. C'as. L'igniperda (goat moth),

Phalcena (Bombyx) Cussus. Liune.

Inhaints Europe. The larva feeds on the internal parts of the willow,
ash, and oak. The celebrated Lyonnett has hnmortalized himself by
his laborious work on the anatomy of the larva and perfect insect.
The caterpillar diffuses a scent, by which its residence may frcr
quently be made known to those passing such trees as are much in-
f'psted by it. It remains three years in this state, when it spins a
strong web intermixed with particles of wood, and changes into
the chrysalis, which it does in the month of May; and in June the
perfect insect may l)e found sticking to the trunks of trees (gene- ,
X'ally willows) early in the morning and in the evening.

I once found the larva in an old oak near Norwood, in the month
of January. Mr. Standish informs me, that those which feed on the
wood of the oak are paler in colour than those which feed on the
willow.

Genus 333. ZEUZERA. Lutr., Leach. Bombyx. H'ubner. He-
PIALUS. Schrank. PHAL^tNA (Noctua). Linnt. Cossus. Fabr.
Antenna: setaceous, of the males pectinated at their base ; of the fe-
males entirely simple, with the exception of their base, which is to-
mentose.
Sp. 1. Seu. JEsculi (wood leopard-moth).

Inhabits Europe. In England it is rather rare; but may he found against
trees in St. James's Park in July, if industriously sought after.

Stirps 2. — Wings broad and spreading: larva more or less hairy, its
hinder legs formed for walking : pupa with its segments simple.
Genus 334. SATURNIA. Schrank, Leach. Phal^na (Attacus).
LinnL Bombyx. Fabr., H'vbner, Latr.
Wings horizontal ; antennae subcylindric : of the male doubly pecti-
nated : hinder wings simple.
Sp. 1. Sal. Pavonia minor {emperor moth).

Stirps 3. — Wings deflexed : larvte more or less hairy, its hinder legs
formed for walking: pupa, with its segments simple.

" * Antenna in both sexes pectinated."
Genus 335. LIPARIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Hypogymna.

Hiib.
Palpi porrected, hairy, composed of tvvo joints, the last of which is in-

crassated at its extremity : tongue obsolete : antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. Lip. Monacha (black arches). Sp. 2, Lip. dispur (gipsy moth),

Genus 336. LARIA. Schrank, Leach, Germar. Oroya. Och.,
Dasyciiira. H'ubner.
Palpi very hairy, three-jointed : last joint minute linear and almost
naked : tongue obsolete : antenna, filiform.

CLASS V. INSECTA.

247

^Sp. 1. Lar. pudibunda (pale tussock). Sp. 2. Lar.fascelina (dark tus-
sock).

Genus 337. GASTROPACIIA. OcL, Germ., Leach's MSS.
P<ilpi porrected, three-jointed, hairy, subcyUndric, with obtuse points :

tongue obsolete : antouuE fihform.
Sp. 1, Gas. quercifolia (lappet moth).

a ** Antenn{e of the male alone pectinated.^
Genus 338. ODENESIS. Germar, Leach's MSS.
Palpi porrect, hairy and three-jointed, dilated in the middle, attenuated
and reversed at their extremities : tongue very short; antenna filiibrm.
Sp. 1. Od. potatoria. {PI. 12. Jig. 3.)

Genus 339. LASIOCAMPA. Schrank, Leach, Germar,
Palpi compressed, porrected, very hairy, two-jointed; the second joint

elongate obtuse : tongue obsolete : antenna: filiform.
Sp. 1. Las. Quercus (egger moth). Sp. 2. Las. trifoUa, &c.

Genus 340. ERIOGASTER. Germcr, loach's MSS.
Palpi very short and very hairy, subglobose : tongue obsolete : antcnn<£

filiform.
Sp. 1. £rj. lanestris. Sp. 2 Eri. Populi.

Genus 341. ENDROMIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Dimort-
PHA. Hvb.
Pa/pj compressed, recurved, very hairy; second joint obtuse: tongue

very obsolete : antenna filiform.
Sp. 1. £nc?. ^-ersicoZo;- (Kentish glory).

Obs. — Bombyx rubra, &c. forms the Genus Pentiiropiiera. Germ.
Genus 342. STAUROPUS. Germ., Leach's MSS. Harpyia. OcA.

Pfl/p( reflexed, compressed, hairy and biarticulated ; last joint minute:
tongue obsolete : antenna filiform (of the male naked at their extre-
mities).

Sp. 1. Stau. Fagi (lobster moth).

Genus 343. NOTODONTA. Och., Germar, Leach's MSS. Pxi-

LODONTIS. Hiib.

Palpi short, very hairy, two-jointed; first joint very short, second com-
pressed and truncate: tongue short: antenna filiform.
Sp. 1. Not. Tritopus. Sp. 2. Ziczac. Sp. 3. Dromedarius. Sp. 4. Trepida.

Genus 344. PYGiERA. Och., Germar, Leach's MSS. Melalo-
PHA. Hub.
Palpi very hairy, t\vo-jointed ; first joint incurved, second reversed ob-
tuse : tongue abbreviated, but spiral : antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. Pyg. Bucephala (buff-tip).

Obs. — Bombyx curtula, 2. reclusa, form the genus Clostera of Hoff-
mansecg.

243 SIODERN SYSTEM.

•Stirps 4. Wings deflexed: larva with its liinder legs converted into a
furcate tail.

Genus345. CERURA. Schrank, Leach, Germar. Andria. Hubner.
Palpi cylindrical, hairy obtuse, with their joints confluent: tongue spi-
ral but abbreviated : antenna: filiform pectinated.
Sp. 1. Cer. Vinulia (puss moth). Sp. 2. Cer. Furcula (kitten moth).
The caterpillar of both the above feeds on leaves : the first may
frequently be found in August and September on willows and pop-
lars ; the latter species is not common in Britain.

Fam. VI. Arctiad^. Leach.

NocTuo-BoMBYciTES. Latr.

Palpi two ; antenncE pectinated or ciliated : tongue visible, but often
short and somewhat membranaceous : wings trigonate, deflexed, un-
divided : caterpillar with sixteen feet.

Genus 346. ARCTIA. Sch7'ank, Latrcille, Leach. Bombyx. Fair.
Palpi with long scales : antennte of the males (at least) with a double
series of pectinations : tongue often short, composed of two separate
filaments.

* Antennce ciliated.

Sp. 1. Arc. villica (cream spot tyger). Sp. 2. Arc. Caja (tyger moth).
Sp. 3. Arc. Plantaginis (wood tyger). Sp. 4. Arc. russula (clouded
buff). Sp. 5. Arc. mendica (muslin). Sp. 6. Arc. Menthrastri (er-
mine). Sp. 7. Arc. papyritia (water ermine). Sp. 8. Arc. lubrici-
peda (buff ermine).

** Antenna pectinated.

Sp. 1. Arc. Sal ic is {satm moth). Sp. 2. Arc. chrysorrhaea (yellow- tail).
Sp. 3. Arc. ph(corrhaa (brown-tail moth).

Genus 347. . CALLIMORPHA. Latr., Leach. Bombyx. Fair.

LiTHOSiA. Fahr.
Pfl/piwith short not porrect, scales : antenna: simple or slightly cili-
ated: tongue'long, the two filaments conjoined.
Sp. 1. Cal. Dominida (scarlet tyger moth).

Obs. — Bombyx; 2. Rosea (red arches). 3. JwcoJe^ (cinnabar); are re-
ferable to this genus.

Fam. VII. TiNEiD.i;. Leach.
TiNEiTES. Lutreille.

Antenn<E setaceous, simple : tongue distinct : palpi two, cylindric : zoings
long, oblong, somewhat elliptic, incumbent or convolute : inferior
ones much folded, all undivided.

Stirps 1. — Antenna: distant from each other: eyes separate, divided by
a frontlet ; tongue elongate : palpi not longer than the head.

Cr.ASS V. IN?ECTA,

249

, Genus 348. LITHOSIA. Fnbr., Latr., Leach.

Wing^s horizontal : palpi shorter than the head, last joint cylindric, di-
stinctly shorter than the second : /wc/c much flattened : antcnucE'Am-
ple or but slightly ciliated.

Sp. 1. Lit. ijmd?-a (four-spotted footman). Sp. 2. Lit. complana, &c.

Genus 349. YPONOMEUTA. Latr., Leach. Tinea. Fabr.,
H'ubner, Hazcorth.
Wings rolled or convoluted : palpi as long as the head; the third joint

obconic, as long or longer than the one before it: antenna: simple.
Sp. 1. Ypo. Evoni/mella.

Stirps 2. — Antenna- separate: eyes separate: tongue elongate : j!Jff//'i
much longer than the head, over which they are recurved.

Genus 350. iECOPHORA. Latr. NemaPOGon. Schrank, Leach.
Phal.ena (Tinea). Linnc. Tinea. Fabr. Alucita. OUv.
Wings broadly fringed, lying on the back : palpi twice as long or more
than the body; the second joint longer than the head, the last joint
almost naked, recurved beyond the head.

Obs. — To this genus Tinea 1, Linneella. 2. Flavella. 3. Roese/la,
and their congeners belong.

Stieps 3. — Tongue not distinct, very short: front very hairy: patpl
longer than the head, the second joint hairy.

Genus 351, EUPLOCAMUS. Latr., Leach. Tinea. Fabr. Pv-
RALis. Llitbner.
Palpi tvvo ; the second joint with numerous elongate scales, the third

joint naked and ascending: antenncs much pectinated.
Sp. 1. Eup. Guttella. Fabr.

Genus 352. PHYSIS. Fabr., H'ubner, Leach. Phal/ENA (Tinea).
Linni. .
Pa/pi four, distinct; upper ones small, inflexcd: antenna simple, or

slightly ciliated.
Sp. 1. Phi/. Pclionella (clothes moth).
Inhabits houses.

Obs. — All the cloth moths, of which there are several specie?, belong
to this genus.

Stirps 4. — Antenna very long, contiguous: ei/es subcontiguous : tongue
elongate : palpi very hairy, ascending not longer than the head.

Genus 353. ADELA. Latr., Leach. Nemopiiora. Hoffmansegg.
Nemapogon. Schrank. Alucita. Fabr. Tinea. H'vbncr.
Phal.€na (Tinea). Linni.
Sp. 1. Ad. Degeerella (Japan-moth).
Inhabits the borders of woods.

■250 MODERN SYSTEM.

Osii.— All the long-horned Japan moths, as they are called by Engli&h
collectors, belong to this genus.

Fam. VIII. NocTUAD.c. Leach.

IS'ocTr.ELiTES. Latreille.

Antennm setaceous m the males, sometimes pectinated or ciliated :
tongue distinct : palpi much compressed : wings horizontal or incum-
bent, not divided : thorax thick, oiten crested : palpi with the last
joint much shorter than the preceding, squamose.

Genus 354. NOCTUA. Fabr., Latr., Hiibner, Leach. Bombyx.
Fab?-., Hub. PHALiENA (Bombyx). Limit. PiiAL-^iXA (Noc-
tua). Linnc. P.ecilia. Schrank. Cucullia. Schrank.
The genus Noctua requires a minute investigation. It contains seve-
ral natural genera, as exhibited in the following divisions.

A. Caterpillars with sixteen feet.

* Caterpillars half loopers, their anterior feet membranaceous, evi-
dently shorter than the others. Wings horizontal.

Sp. 1. Noc. sponsa (crimson underwing). Sp. 2. iVoc. nitpta, Sfc.

** Caterpillars with membi-anaccous feet of conforinabk size.

1. Wings horizontal.

Sp. 1. Noc. fimbria (broad-bordered yellow underwing). Sp. 2. Koc.
pronuba. S. Noc. Orboiia. 4. Noc.janthia^S,x.

2. Wings deflexed.

a. Sp. 1. Noc. Ritmicis (common knot grass). 2. Noc. Psi, ^c.

b. Sp. 1. Noc. Ligustri (coronet). 2. Noc. Pisi (broom moth), &e.

c. Sp. 1. Noc. Verbasci. 2. A^oc. Tft^ftcf/i (shark moths), &c.

d. Sp. 1. Noc. J?«/w (peach blossom moth).

e. Sp. 1. iVoc. >«e</ci</os« (angle shades).

f. Sp. 1. iVoc.^a//)t«« (pale prominent moth).

g. Sp. 1. Noc. camelina.

B. Caterpillar with fourteen feet.

Sp. 1. Noc. chri/sites (burnished brass). Noc.Jestuc^e (gold spot), &c»

Notice of the following genera has lately reached this coimtry
from the Continent : the undermentioned indigenous species, which
fnay be considered as types, are selected from the MSS. of Dr. Leach :
I have added the English names, as it may enable those who have
small collections of Lepidoptera to proceed in the natural arrange-
ment-
Genus CoLocASiA. Och. Jaspidia. H'ub.

Sp. 1. Noc. bombyx coryli (nut-tree tussock).

CLASS V. INSF.CTA, 251

Genus PoECTLiA. Schrank^OcIi. Jaspidia. Hub.

Sp. 1* Noc. licfwnsis (marbled green). 2. Noc. perla (marbled
beauty).

Genus Tetiiea. Och,

Sp. 1. Noc. retusa (double kidney). 2. Noc. subtusa (olive). 3. Noc.
r'ldens (the frosted green).

Genus Aguotis. H'itb., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Ruris (rufous dart). 2. Noc. Segetum (brown heart and
club).

Genus Graphiphora. Hi'ib., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. ^z/^^ii/- (double dart). Fabr.

Genus Amphipyra. Och. Pyrophila. Hvb.

Sp. 1. Noc. Tragopogonus (the mouse). 2. Noc. tetra{\hii maho-
gan:)
Genus Mormo. Ochen. Lemur. H'nb.

Sp. 1 . Noc. mauru (great brown bar). Fabr.

Genus Hadena. Schrank, Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Cucubali (campion). 2. Noc. Ptei-idis. Fabr.

Genus Miselia. Hiib., Sck.

Sp. 1. Noc. compta (marbled coronet).

Genus Polia. Hub., Och.

Sp. \.Noc. CAi (Chi moth). 2. JVoc.^wfocinda (large ranunculus).

Genus Trachea. Och. Achatia. H'libn.

Sp. 1. Noc. atrip/icis (arrach moth). 2. Noc. prcecox (Portland
moth)

Genus Apamea. Och.

Sp. 1, Noc. basilinea (rustic shoulder knot). Fabr.

Genus Mamestria. Ocli.

Sp. 1. Noc. Pisi (broom). 2. Noc. Chenopod'd (nutmeg).

Genus Thyatira. Och.

Sp. 1. JVoc. Ba^is (peach blossom). 2. JVbc. Aras« (buff arches).

Genus Mythimna. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. turcu (double line).

Genus Caradrina. Och.
Sp. 1. Noc. Morpheus.

Genus Leucania. Och. IIeliopiiila. Hub.

Sp, 1. Pha. comma (shoulder stripe wainscot).

Genus Nonagria. Och.

Sp. J. Noc. Ti/phce (\i\i\i.'X\x^h). 2. Noc. Arundinis. .\

252 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus GoRTVNA. Och.

; ■- Sp. 1. Noc.Jlavago. Hiib. Ruiilago (frosted orange). Fubi:

Genus Xanthia. Hiib., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Liiteago. 2. Noc. Croceago (orange upper wing).
Genus Cosmia. Hiib., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. affinis (lesser spotted pinion). 2. Noc. diffinis (white
spotted pinion), Fabr.

Genus Cerastis. Och. Gl^a. Hub.

Sp. 1. Noc. Vacciuii (chcsnut). 2. SateUitia (satellite.)
Genus Xylena. Hub., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. exokta (large second grass). 2. Noc. putris (flame).
3. Noc. hepatica (clouded bordered brindle). 4. Noc. Finastfi
(bird's wing).
Genus CucuLLiA. Schrank, Och. Tribonophora. H'vb.

Sp. 1. Noc. Artemisia. 2. Noc. Absinthii (wormwood). 3. Noc.
Vmbratics (targe pale shark). 4. Noc. Scrophularia (water
betony).

Genus Abrostola. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. triplacea. 2. Noc. Asclepiades.
Genus Anarta. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Myrtilli (beautiful yellow undcrwing).

Genus Heliothis. Och. Heliocentis. Huh.
Sp. 1. Noc. dipsacea (marbled clover).

Genus Erastria. Och. Erotyla. Hub.
Sp. 1. JJnca. FijraUs unca (silver hook),

Genus Brepha. Hub. Brephos. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Parthenias (orange undcrvv^ing), 2. Noc. notlia (light
orange underwing).

Genus Euclidia. Hub., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Mi (Shipton). 2. Noc. triquetra.

Fam. IX. PHALa;NiD.€. Leach-.

Pualsnites. Latreille.

^n^ewwa; approximating at their base; those of the male often pecti-
nated or ciliated : clypeus scarcely prominent : feet slender, rarely
hairy : palpi two : wings undivided.

Stirps 1. — Larva with twelve feet.

Genus 355. PHAL.ENA. Li7ine, Fabr., Latr., Leach. Geometka.
Haioorth, H'ubner.
Antenna setaceous of the male pectinated.
Sp. 1. Pha. margarituria (large emerald moth), &c.

C1AS5 V. INSECTA7 253

SjirpS 2. — XfuTft with ten feet.

Genus 336. IIIPPARCIIUS. Leach. Piial.cna. Fair., Latr^
Linn. Geometra. Hi'ibner, Hazcorth.
Ml)igs extended obliquely, the upper wing covering the lower ones :
boili/ slender: palpi slightly hirsute : «n;6'?j?i<c of" the male pectinated.
Sp. 1. Hip. papilionarius {large emerald). 2. Hip. prunata, SfC.

Genus 357. BUPALUS. Leach. Piial^ina. Linne, Fubr., Latn.
Geometra. Hubner, Haworth.
Antenme pectinated in the male : body slender : palpi slightly hirsute ;

■dings horizontally extended, not angidated or indented.
Sp. 1. Bi^/>. j;i«anMS (the bordered white).
Inhabits pine forests.

Genus 358. GEOMETRA. HYibner, Hazvorih, Leach. PnAL.-EN.ft
Fabr., Latr., Linni.
Antenna of the male pectinated : bodtj slender : palpi but little or not at
all hair}': rt;/«gs horizontal!}' extended; hinder margiri very angular,
Sp. 1. Geo. lunar ia (the lunar thorn). Sp. 2. Geo. dolabraria (scorch-
ed wing), &c.

Genus 359. OURAPTERYX. Leach. Piial.ilna. Latr., Linn'c,

Fabr.
jltt^ewwd; somewhat ciliated : ?'oc(^ slender : jpa//>i but little hairy, zcings
horizontally extended ; inferior ones prolonged, truncate, and termi-
nated by a tail.
Sji. 1. Our. sanibitcaria (swallow-tail moth).

Genus 360. BISTON. Leach. Phal^ena. Linni, Fabr., Latr.
Geometra. Hubner, Hazcorth.
Antenna of the male much pectinated: body thick : palpi very hairy.
Sp. 1. Bis. prodromaria (oak beaut}'). 2. £is. betidaria (the peppered).
8. Bis. hirtaria (the brindled beauty), &c.

Genus 361. ABRAXAS. Leach. Phaljena. Linni, Fabr., Latr.,
Hub., Haworth.
Antenna simple, not ciliated : body slender : palpi scarcely hirsute :

zcings extended horizontally, not angulated or indented.
Sp. 1. Abr. grossulariata (common magpie moth). 2. Abr. uhnuria
(scarce magpie moth), Sec.

Stirps 3. — Caterpillars with fourteen feet; the anal ones distinct; the
first pair of membranaceous ones wanting.

Genus 362. HERMINIA. Latr., Leach. Phal^na (Pyrali^).
Linni. Crambxjs. Fabr., Bosc. Pyralis. Huh.
Wings triangulate, nearly horizontal : anterior margin of the uppfer
. wings straight : palpi two, recurved, compressed^ often very large ;

antenna ciliated.
Sp. 1. Her. proboscidalis (fhe snout), &c.

254 MODERN SYSTEM.

$riRPS 4. — ^aterpitlars With fourteen feet, anal ones wanting j -tfefe first
pair of membranaceous ones distinct.

Genus 363. PLATYPTERYX. Laspet/eres, Latr., Leach. Pha-
L^NA. Fahr.
Anterior wings falcate : antenna of tlie male pectinate : palpi very short,

somewhat conic : tongue short.
Sp. 1. Flu. fakuturiu (pebble hooktip). 2. Flu. lucertanaria (the scol-
loped hooktip), Sec.

Oes. — The last species has the anterior wings dentate.

Genus 364. CILTX. Leach. Bombyx. Fahr. Platypteryx. Latr.
Anterior zoings rounded : antenna of the male pectinated : palpi very

short, somewhat conic : tongue none.
Sp. 1. Cil. compressa (goose-egg moth).
Bombyx compressus. Fahr.

Stirps 5. — Caterpillars with sixteen feet: wings With the body forrning
a broad short triangle, dilated on each side anteriorly.

Genus 365. TORTRIX. Hiibner, Leach. Phalxna (Tortrix).
Linnc. Pyralis. Latr., Fahr.
Palpi with the second joint distinctly longer than the third, and more
squamous; third joint short, truncate or obtuse, not recurved over
the head.
Sp. 1. Tor. Fagana.

Genus 366. SIMAETHIS. Leach. Tortrix. H'libner. Pyralis.
Latr.
Pfl//>« short, rising; the last joint not recurved over the head; witli
the second and third joints nearly equally long and equally squa-
mose : inferior wings not completely covered by the upper ones.
Sp. 1. Sun. dentana.
Tortrix dentana. H'ubner.

Genus 367. NOLA. Leach. Pyralis. Hvb., Latr.
Palpi short, porrect, last joint not recurved over the head ; the second

and third joints nearly equally long and equally squamose : under

zeings completely covered by the upper ones.
Sp. 1. Nola palliolutis.
P\Talis palliolatis. Hubner, Latr.

Fam. X. PyRALiD,E. Leach.
Crambites. Latreille.
Palpi four: larva (as far as has been ascertained) with si.\teen feet.

Strtips 1. — Superior toings forming with the body a nearly horizontdi
depressed, triangle.

CI,XSS V. TNSECTAi 255

Genus 3(38. BOTYS. Latr., Leach. Phal.t.na (Pyralis). LbmL
Pyralis. llvbner, Sc/iruiik, Scopoli, Haicort/t. Nymphala.
Sc/nank. Scopvla. Sc/irank. 1*\ravsia. ISchrank. Crambus,
Fabr.

Tongue distinct, conspicuous : palpi exserted.

Sp. 1. Bot. purpururia.

Genus 369. PYRALIS. Jl'uhner, Schrank, ScldffermuUer, Lcfich.
PiiAL.iiNA (Pyralis). Linnc. Crambus. Fubr. Aglossa,
Latr.
Tongiie none ; iriferior palpi largest, the second joint very squamous,

the squamiB porrccted in biuidles.
Sp. 1. Pi^r. jiiuguiiinlis (the large tubby).
Cranibus piuguinalis. Fabr.

Stxrps 1.— ^Superior zcings very long, enveloping the sides of the body.

Genus 370. GALLEPtlA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Phal.ena (Ti-
nea). Linnc. Tixea. Geojfroi/,
Timgiic very short : palpi short : inferior palpi largest, with close scales;
upper ones concealed by the scales of the clypeus : rcings narrow,,
covering and pressing against the sides of the body.
Sp. 1. Gal. alvearia.

Genus 371. CRAMBUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Piial^na (Ti-
nea). Linnc. Tinea. Geoffrot/.
Wings narrow, convoluted round the body : palpi exserted, inferior ones

largest : head with short close-applied scales : tongue distinct.
Sp. 1. Cram. Pineti.

Genus 372. TINEA. IFubncr, Geoff., Scop., Leach. Alucitju

Latr. Phal.ena (Tinea). Linn'e. Ypsolophus. Fabr.

H'/^ir.? narrow, abruptly deHexed, behind and above ascending: infe-.

•rior palpi with the second joint covered with numerous fasciculi of

scales ; the last erect, conic, naked : head with a bifid crest in front.

Sp. 1. Tin. Nemorum.

Fain. XI. Alccitads:. Leach.

Pterophorites. Lalreille.

Wings divided, or formed of feathers imited at their base.

Genus 373. PTEROPHORUS. Geof, Latr., Fabr., Lca'ch. Ai.<p-
\ ciTA, HYibner, Schrank, Seopoli. Phal;ena (Alucita). Linm.

Palpi small, from their base ascending, not longer than the head,
shortly and nearly equally squamose : anterior icings composted <;*"
two, posterior of three feathers : pupa naked, suspended by a hair.
Pter.j>ea(aduc(i/lui.

256 MODERN bYSTEM.

Genus 374. ALUCITA. Hubner, Scopoli, Leach. PrEiiopnoRrs.
Geoff'., Fabr. Piial^ina (Alucita). Linn., Villers. Orne-
ODES. Lat?'.
Palpi produced much longer than the head ; tlie second joint very

squamous ; the last joint naked, erect : pupa foUiculate.
Sp. 1. Alu. hexadacti/la.

Order XI. TRICIIOPTERA.
Order Trichoptera. Kirbi/, Leach.
Order Neuroptera. Linn., Cuv., Latr., Lam., 4"C.

Citaracters of the Order.

" Wi?igs much deflexed, with strong nervures, hispid or hairy, the lower
wings plicate : antenna inserted between the eyes, often very long,
composed of an infinity of joints : _/ce^ elongate, spinulose: tarsi
elongate, five-jointed ; the last joint with two small nails : larva
elongate, agile, somewhat cylindric, composed of twelve joints, the
three first harder than the rest, and each bearing a pair of feet; the
last segment with two hooked processes. It inhabits tubes con-
structed of sand, bits of wood, stones, or grass, glued together by a
cement impenetrable to water : pupa somewhat resembling the per-
fect insect, shut up in the tube it inhabited whilst a larva, but having
the power of motion prior to its emerging from the water (in which
it resides), for the purpose of changing into the fly-state."

Genus 375. PHRYGANEA. Linni, Fabr., Geoff:, Latr., Leach.

Dr. Leach has paid the greatest attention to the insects of this

Order, having collected tliem with unexampled assiduity in various

parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Doctor

• will probably publish a work on this Order. When published, I

must refer the student to it for a further account of the genera.

Fam. I. Leptocerid^e. Leach.
Antenna much longer than the whole body.

Genu^ 376. LEPTOCERUS. Leach.

■Antenna simple, not denticulated.

Sp. 1. Lept. inttrruptus.

Phryganea interrupta. Fahr.

Inhabits Great Britain. It is found in great plenty near Luss, on the
banks of Loch Lomond, on the margins of rivulets at Dreghorn
near Edinburgh, and near Carlisle in northern England. It occurs
during the day-time on the smaller branches of trees^ and in the a1^
ternoon flies about in great abundance, in flocks.

MODERN SYSTEM. 257

Genus 377. ODONTOCERUS. Leach.
Antenna: with the inner edge denticulated.
Sp. 1. Oclmi. griscus. Leach.
Inhabits Ireland and England.

Fam. II. Phryganid.e. Leach.

Antenna as long as tlie body.

Genus 378. PIIllYGANEA. Lcnch.
Anterior wings soft, villose.

Sp. 1. Phr. grandi.'i.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 379. LIMNEPIIILUS. Leach.
Anterior ningx slightly coriaceous, nervures hi«;pid or hairv.

Sp. 1. Lim. rhombiciis. Leach.
Phrvganea rhombica. IJnn.
Inhabits trees in woods and marshes.

Order XII. NEUROPTERA. Leach, Linn., Latr., Cuv.
Class Odoxata. Fahr.
Class Syxistata. Fuhr.

Wings four, naked, reticulated, and divided into a vast number of
areolae.

Section I. SUBULICORNES.

Antenna: subulate, very short, the last joint setiform : 7naxilhri/ palpi
very short: zcings extended horizontally or erect, very much reticu-
lated : metamorphosis semicomplete : tai-va and pupa aquatic, some-
what resembling the perfect insect.

Fam. I. LiBELLULiD.E. Leach.
LiBELLULix.E. LatreiUe.

Tarsi three-jointed : mandibles strong, corneous : maxilla corneous,
strong : icings equal, or the hinder ones a little larger at their base :
abdomen not terminated with sette or filaments : ei/es very large.

Stirps 1. — Tr/7?gs horizontal : head hemispheric, with a distinct vesicle
on which the little eyes are placed in a triangle : abdomen more or
less depressed; lip with the middle lamella smallest.

Genus 330. LIBELLULA. Linn., Fubr., Latr., Leach.
Posterior zcings alike in both sexes.
Sp. 1. Lib. depressa. All the wings blacldsh at the base; the abdomen

depressed ; of the male blueish, the female yellowish.
Libellula depressa. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits gardens and woods, flying over them in pursuit of insects.

R

258 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus 381. CORDULIA. Leach. Libellula. Linn., Don., Fanz.,
Latr.
Posterior wings of the male produced into an angle at the anal edge.
Sp. 1. Cor. tEuea. Wings pellucid: thorax and abdomen of a brassy

green.
Inhabits marshy places on Epping Forest and the New Forest of
Hampshire in June and July.

Stirps 2. — Wings horizontal : head hemispheric, without a distinct ve-
sicle for the little eyes, which are arranged in a straight line : ahdomen
cylindric, sometimes cla^ate: Up with the middle lamella not much
smaller than the others.

Genus 382. CORDULEGASTER. Lench. Libellula. Linn.,
Don. .^SHNA. Latr.

Hinder wings of the male angidated at their anal edge : abdomen of the
male clavate, of the female with an acuminated process.

Sp. 1. Cor. annulatus. Leach.

Libellula forcipata. Harris. iEshna annulata. Latr. Libellula Bolto-
nii. Don.

Inhabits Yorkshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Hamp-
shire, and Cornwall. It likewise occurs amongst the Lakes, in the
North of England ; amongst the Pentland Hills, near Edhiburgh ;
and on Loch Lomond and Lock Katrine.

Genus 383. GOMPHUS. Leach. Libellula. Linn., Don.

Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : ahdomen cla-
vate in both sexes.

Sp. 1. Gom. vulgatissimus. Leach.

Libellula vulgatissima. Linn. Libellula forcipata. Don.

Inhabits Europe. It occasionally occurs on Epping Forest, and at
Coombe Wood in Surry.

Genus 384. iESHNA. Leach, Fo.br. Libellula. Linn., Don.

Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge ; ahdomen cy-
lindric in both sexes, not clavate.

Sp. 1. Msh. grandis. Fabr., Leach.

Libellula grandis. Linn., Don.

Inhabits the fields near London ; Hackney and Plaistow Marshes •
but is difficult to catch unless in windy weather, when it may be found
on the water plants growing in ditches. It may also be taken at the
dusk of fine evenings in the months of June and July, flying in pur-
suit of various insects which appear only at these times.

Genus 385. AN AX. Leach.
Hinder wings of the male not angulated at their anal edge, but resem-
bling those of the female : abdomen cylindric in both sexes ; not cla-
vate.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 259

Sp. 1. Ana.v Imperator.

Inhabits England in the New Forest of Hampshire. It is necessary to
inform the young entomologist, that the insects of the first and se-
cond stirpes of this family require, whilst in a recent state, that the
contents of the abdomen should be extracted, and tilled with either
a piece of paper or cotton, rolled up as near as possible to the natu-
ral size of the body, as without this precaution the insects will lose
their colour and turn entirely black. For further directions see In-
structions for Killing and Preserving.

Stirps 3. — Wings erect: Iwad transverse: abdomeii cylindric, linear:

ocelli or little eyes placed in a triangle.

Genus 386. AGRION. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Libellula. Lin7i,
Wiugs membranaceous, with a rhomboidal stigma: abdomen of the

male not armed with a forceps-like appendage.
Sp. 1. Agrion sanguineus.
Inhabits marshes.

Genus 387. LESTES. Uach.
Wings membranaceous with an oblong-quadrate parallelopiped stig-
ma : abdomen of the male armed with a forceps-like appendage.
Sp. 1. Lestcs antumnalis.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 388. CALEPTERYX. Leach. Agrion. Fabr., Latr.
Wings coriaceo-membranaceous, without a real stigma, in place of

which is sometimes an irregular transparent spot : abdomen of the

male furnished with a forceps-like appendage.
Sp. 1. Cal. Virgo.
Inhabits the banks of rivers.

Fam. II. Ephemerid.'e. Leach.
EpHEMEniNX. Latreille.

Tarsi four-jointed: mouth not distinct: inferior wings much smaller
than the others, sometimes wanting : abdomen with the extremity
furnished with filaments. Metamorphosis quadruple.

Stirps 1. — Tail with two fdaments.

Genus 389. BAETIS. Leach. Ephemera. Linn., Fabr., Latr.
Wings four.
Sp. 1. Baetis bioculata.
Inhabits near water.

Genus 390. CLOEON. Leach.
Wings two.
Sp. 1. Clo. pallida.
Ephemera diptera. JJnn., Fabr.

Inhabits Norfolk and Cumberland, near. large piece? of water.

R 2

260 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 2. — Tail with three filaments.

Genus 391. EPHEMERA of authors.
Sp. 1. Eph. vu/gata. {PL 7. fig. 2.)
Inhabits marshes, and the banks of rivers.

Section II. FILICORNES.

Antenna longer than the head, not subulate : wings generally deflexed?

or incumbent.

Fam. Ill, PAXORPiDiE. Leach.
Panorpat^. Latreille.'
Head anteriorly produced into a rostrum : u-ings equal, ovate-elliptic,

lying one over the other : ocelli three, approximate, arranged in a

triangle.

Genus 392. PANORPA. Linn., Fahr., Lam., tatr., Leach.
Tarsi with two bent claws, denticulated beneath, having a spongy pul-

villus betw'een them : palpi nearly equal, filiform; the last joint cy-

lindric-ovate : mandibles with their points distinctly bidentate : uhdo-

men of the male with the three last joints forming a tail armed with

a forceps.
Sp. 1. Pan. communis. {PI. T -fig- 5. a. chela magnified.)
Inhabits hedges, and is very abundant in this country.

Fam. IV. HemerobiaDjE. Leach.
Hemerobixi. Latreille.

AntenncE filiform or setaceous : palpi four : wings equal : tarsi five-
jointed.
Stirps 1. — Ocelli or little eyes not distinct.

Genus 393. CHRYSOPA. Leach. KzM-Enomvs of authors.
Antenna (at least as long as the body) with cylindric.joints longer than

broad.
Sp. 1. Chrys. Pe7'la.

Hemerobius Perla. Linnt, Fahr., Latr. Chrysopa Perla. Leach.
Inhabits woods, and is a common species.

Genus 394. HEMEROBIUS. Leach, 4-c,
Antenna as long or shorter than the body, with raoniliform joints.
Sp. 1. Hem. variegatus.

Inhabits : is rare near London.

Stirps 2. — Ocelli three, distinct.

Genus 395. OSMYLUS, Latr., Leach. Hemerobius. Fabr.
Villers, Roeiner, Don.
Antenna moniliform.

Sp. 1. Ostn. ?naculatus. Fuscous; head and feet testaceous : wings hairy,
the upper ones and the costal margin of the inferior ones spotted
with black. {PL 7. fig. i.)

CLASS V. INSECTA." 261

Inlial)its France, Germany, and England, in trees and hedges by the
sides of running brooks.

Fam. V. SialidjE. Leach.

Megaloptera. Latreille.

Thorax with the first segment large, not much longer than broad : tarsi
five-jointed : wings of equal size : feet resembling each other.

Genus 396. SIALIS. Latr., Leach. Hemerobius. Geoff., Be
Geer, Oliv. Semblis. Fabr.
Wings deflexed : tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : ocelli none.
Sp. 1. Si. niger.
Inhabits trees; the larva in water.

Fam. VI. Raphidiad.e. Leach.

Rhaphidin-E. Latreille.

Wings of equal size : thorax with the first segment large : tarsi with
four distinct joints, the last but onebilobate: antenna nearly seta-
ceous : ocelli three, arranged in a triangle.

Genus 397. RAPHIDIA. Linn., Geoff., Be Geer, Fabr., Oliv.,
Lam., Latr., Leach.
Head o\'al, narrowed behind, inflexed : thorax with the first segment
very long, narrow, and somewhat cylindric : anus of the female with
tvvo united setce.
Sp. 1. Raph. ophiopsis. {PI. 7. Jig. 6.)
Inhabits trees and bushes near rivulets.

Fam. VII. PsociDx. Leach.

TsoQViLZM. Latreille,

Inferior zcings smaller than the superior ones: some are apterous:
palpi two, composed of four joints.

Stirps 1. — Ta7-si two-jointed.

Genus 398. PSOCUS, Latr., Leach.
Wings four.

Sp. 1. Pso. bipunctatus. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Stirps 2. — Tarsi three-jointed.

Genus 399. ATROPOS. Leach. Termes. Lmn., Be Geer. Pso-
cvs. Fabr., Latr. Pediculvs. Geoff.
Wings none.
Sp. 1. Atr. lignaria.

Termes pulsatorium. Linn. Atropos lignaria. Leach.
Inhabits old books, and tlie paper on walls, often beating like a watch.

262 MODERN SYSTEM-

Order XIII. HYMENOPTERA,

Order Hymenoptera. Linn., Lafr., Lam., Cuv., l^ach.

Class PiEZATA. Fabricius.

Characters of the Order.

Wings nei-viired (the areolae large and unequal in size), the inferior
ones smaller than the upper : anus of the female with an oviduct.

Section I. TEREBRANTIA.

Oviduct lamelliform or filiform ; in a few resembling a sting and valved ;
the vagina bivalve, received in a canal beneath, before the anus:
the valves compressed, in some compressed-lamelliform, in others
clongate-cylindric, setaceous.

Division I. — Abdomen united to the thorax along its whole breadth, without
any distinct peduncle.

Fam. I. TenthredinidjE. Leach.

Tenthredinet.e. Latreille.

Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellae which are serrated :
mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : wings
with the marginal cells complete : lah-um distinct.

Larv.e with membranaceous feet.

In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany Dr. Leach has
given an excellent essay on this very interesting family of insects.
" The object of which is to give the external character of the genera
of this family, to enable the student to distinguish them without ex-
amining the parts of the mouth."

Stirps 1. — Antenna short and clavated ; with the third joint very long :
superior wings with two marginal and three submarginal cells.

Genus 400. CIMBEX. Oliv., Fabr., Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Ten-
THREDO. Limit, Jurine, Panz., De Gecr. Crabro. Geoffroy.
Clavellaria. Lamarck.
Body slightly hairy : abdomen with the first articulation (of the male
especially) on the upper part emarginated : the four posterior thighs
of the male very thick, of the female simple ; tarsi of the male with
tlie last joint on the under part with a small horn or protuberance.
Sp. 1. Cim. europeea. Head and thorax black : abdomen blueish-black;
the apex only yellow or ferruginous : antennae and tarsi yellow : fe-
mora and tiliiae blueish-black : wings brownish at the apex.
Tenthredo femorata. Linnc, Panzer. Cimbex femorata. Fabr., Lafr.
Crabro lunulatus. Fourc. Cimbex europeea. Leach.

CLASS V. IN5ECTA. • 263

Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dartford
in Kent, and at Windsor.

Genus 40t. TRICHIOSOMA. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Bodj/ hairy ; abdomen with the first articulation (especially in the male)

but slightly emarginated, the four posterior thighs dentated (in the

male thick).
Sp. 1, Tri. sylvaticum. Black, and slightly shining: abdomen of a dull

yellow or brownish, the base and apex black : femora blueish-black :

tibiffi and tari^i yellowish: wings with the apex brownish.
Inhabits woods near London, but is rare.

Genus 402. CLA\'ELLARIA. Lamarck, Leach.

Bodj/ hairy or but slightly hairy : abdomen with the first articulation
scarcely marginated : femora of the four posterior legs without denta-
tions (of the male thickened).

Sp. 1. Clu. murginata. Black; apex of the antenns, tibije, and tarsi
yellow: abdomen with the margins of the posterior segments white.

Tenthredo marginata. Linn., Panz. Cimbex marginata of autMrs.

Inhabits woods in Europe : and has once occurred at Windsor.

Genus 403. ZAR/EA. Leach.
Eyes of the male joining at the posterior part.

Sp. 1. Zar. fasci'ita. Black; tibise and tarsi yellow, the superior wings
with a brownish band (abdomen of the female with the base white).
Tenthredo fasciata. Linnt, Panz. Cimbex fasciata of authors.
Inhabits woods: is rare in Britain.

Genus 404. ABIA. Leach.

Abdomen of the male with an elongated, silky spot on the posterior
part : eyes of the male nearly joining.

Sp. 1. Abia nigricornis. Antenna? black: wings from the middle to the
apex with light brown spots : feet light red ; thighs black and shin-
ing.

Tenthredo nitens (female). Linn. Cimbex sericea, var. Fabr. Abia
nigricornis. Leach.

Inhabits woods.

Sp. 2. Abia sericea.

Tenthredo sericea. Linn'c.

Inhabits woods and furze on heaths.

Genus 405. AMASIS. Leach.
Body without spots : abdomen with the first articulation undivided.
Sp. 1. Am. lata. Back of the abdomen pale yellow, the first segment

wholly black : wings at the base blackish.
Tenthredo Iseta. Fabr., Panz. Cimbex Iceta of authors. Amasis Ista.

Leach.
Inhabits England and Germany. It has once occurred near Bristol.

264 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 2. — Antenna of a moderate length, composed of three articu.a-
tions, filiform, the last joint increasing towards the apex (in the
males ciliated or furcated) : zeings with one marginal and three sub-
marginal cells : boclif short, and increasing towards its apex.

Genus 406. HYLOTOMA. Fubr., Leach.
Zipper zi'iiigs with the marginal cell emitting a small branch : antenna

of the male ciliated : tibice, the four hinder ones furnished with a

spine situated near the middle on the inner side.
Larva with fourteen spurious feet.
Sp. 1. Hi/l. pilkornia. Body blucish-black: wings at the apex clouded:

feet black, v/ith white Ijands : antcnnfe rather lengthened, black and

ciliated : the third submarginal eel! increasing towards the apex.
Length of the body 2-J- lines, expansion of the wings 6 lines.
Found in Coombe Wood, Surry, by Mr. Stephens.
Obs. — Of this genus we have several indigenous species.

Genus 107. CRYPTUS. Juriue, Leach.
Upper wings without the branch to the marginal cells : antenna of the

male divided and ciliated : the whole of the tibia simple.
Sp. 1. Cri)p. Vilhrsii. Bright yellow : head, antenna?, (and thorax of

the male) black : wings brownish and transparent.
Tenthredo furcata. ViU. Eat. 3. 86. t. l.f. 16. $ f. 17. q .—Panz.

Faun. Liscct. Germ. 46. 1. Tenthredo Ilubi Idaei. lUig., Rossi, Fn.

Etr. Q. 31. Hylotoma furcata. Fabr., Latr., Spinol., Klug. Cryp-

tus furcatus. Jurine. Cryptus Villersii. Leach, Z'ool. Misc. vol. iii.

124. — 2 Hylotoma Angelica. Fabr. S^st. Piezat. 25. — Klug, Berl.

Mag. 1814, p. 30^. Tenthredo melanocephala. Panz.
Inhabits France, Germany, and Italy. In England it is very rare.

Stirfs 3. — Antenna short, with nine or ten articulations, increasing in
thickness m the middle, but ending in a point, the third articulation
longer than the fourth : bod^ short, and increasing towards the apex.
Genus 408. MESSA. Leach.

tapper wings with one marginal and four submarginal cells: antenna
with nine joints.

.^p. 1. jMessa hortulana. ^'

Tenthredo hortulana. Klug. iNIessa hortulana. Leach.

Inhabits

Genus 409. ATIIALIA. Leach.
Upper icings with two marginal and four submarginal ceils : antenna

with ten joints.
Sp. 1. Ath. spinurum. 2. Ath. Rosa. 3. Ath. annulata.

Genus 410. SELANDRIA. Leach. Tenthredo, Fam. I. King.
Upper wings with two marginal and four submarginal cells : antenna

with nine joints.
Sp. 1. Sel. scrva. 2. Sel. cincripes. 3. Sel. ovata.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 265

Genus 411. FENUSA. Leach. Tenthredo, Tarn. 11. f. King.
U])pcr Tciug.<i with two marginal and three subuiarginal cells : antenna

composed of" nine joints.
Sp. 1. Fen. piimlla.
Tenthredo pumila. King. Fenusa pumila. Leach.

STipa's4. — Antenna composed of nine joints, moderately long : hoch/
moderately long : upper rcbigs with two marginal cells.

Genus 412. ALLANTUS. Panz.,Jurlne, Leach. Tentiiredines
Allanti. King.
XTpper a-i?i'^.s with four submarginal cells: antenna with the third joint

longer than the fourth.
Sp. 1. All. seniicincta. 2. All. notha. 3. All. zonata, ^c.

Genus 413. TENTHREDO. Lench. Tenthredixes Allamx.
King.
Upper wings with four submarginal cells : antenna with the third joint

of tlie same length with the fourth.
Sp. 1. Tenth. Rapce. 2. Tenth, diniidiata. 3. Tenth, nasata, S^c.

Genus 414. DOSYTHEI.tS. Leach. Tenthredines Doleri.
King.
Upper rcings with three submarginal cells: antenna viith the first joint

short, the third longer than the fourth.
Sp. 1. Dos. Elanteria. 2. Dos. Junci, ^c.

Genus 415. DOLERUS. Jurine,Lat>-cille, Leach. Tenth redines
Doleri. King. Dolervs. Jurinc.
Upper uings with three submarginal cells: antenna with the first joint

short; the third and fourth of equal length.
Sp. 1. Dol. opacus. 2. Dvl. Gonagra, ^c.

Genus 415. EMPIIYTUS. Leach. Tentiiredines EMPiiYTr.

King.
XTpper zeings wirh three submarginal cells : antenna with the first and

second joints equal; third and fourth equal.
Sp. 1. Eniph. cincta. 2. Eniph. cerea. 3. Eniph. tibialis, i)X.

Stikps 5. — Superior rcings with but one marginal cell : boclj/ short; of
the males narrower towards the apex: antenna simple, nine-jointed,
slightly ciliated, gradually increasing in the middle, and decreasing
towards the apex.

Dr. Leach has observed that from the shortness of the body, the
one marginal cell, &c. it is probable that this is nearly allied to the
second stirps.

Genus 417. CR.ESUS. Leach.
Upper Ttings with four submarginal cells : antenna in both sexes longer
than the body (especially in the females) with very short cilia- : poft-
terior tarsi with the first joint elongated and compressed.

266 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Cr6RS. septentrionalis.

Nematus Septentrionalis. Jurine, Latr., Leach. Crasstfs Septentrio-
nalis. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. p. 129.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 418. NEMATUS. Leach.

Superior wings with four submarginal cells: antennm simple, nine-
jointed; longer than the body in the males, the last articulation ge-
nerally increasing, or internally a little produced : tarsi simple.

Sp. 1. Nein. niger. 2. Nem. luteus. 3. JVt7«. lucidus, &;c.
Genus 419. CLADIUS. Leach.

Tipper wings with three submarginal cells : antenna of the same length
as the body or scarcely longer; of the males with very long cilias;
the 3d, 4th, and 5th joints from the apex, or the 6th and 7th (espe-
cially) a little produced; the third joint from the base with a small
protuberance: /«?'si simple.

Sp. 1. Cla. diffonnis.

Inhabits England, but is rare ; it has occurred at Coombe Wood in
Surry, and near Bristol.

Stirps 6. — Antennee with many articulations: hodij rather depressed:
wings with t\vo marginal and four submarginal cells.

Genus 420. TARPA. Fabr., Kltig, Leach. Megalodontes. ia^?'.,
Spinola. Diprion. Schrank.
Tibia, the four posterior armed on the inside with two spurs or spines.

Obs. — Abdomen with the posterior part of the first articulation with a
membranaceous margin; the membrane pale.

Sp. 1. Tar. Fabricii. Black; head with tvvo spots on the inner margin
between the eyes : thorax with the anterior part angular; tvvo stripes
near the scutellum, and punctured ; the membrane of the abdomen
with two fascia?, and a puncture on each side : anus with a white
band: antenna; brown; the lirst two joints black : feet yellow; base
of the coxa? of the four anterior feet black.

Tarpa Fabricii. Leach.

Length of the body 7 lines; expansion of the wings 12-1 lines. In the
museum of Dr. Leach.

Sp. 2. Tar. Khtgii. Black, with three spots between the eyes; those
placed on the margin of the eyes broken : thorax with the anterior
margin divided ; two stripes near the scutellum, and punctoired : ab-
domen with the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7 th, and 8th joints at the poste-
rior margins, with two yellow bands : antennae with the second and
last joint black, the others brown ; feet reddish brown; tibia? yellow;
thighs of the four anterior legs black at their base.

Tenthredo cephalotes. Fabr. Ent. Sj/st. 2. 111. Tarpa cephalotes. Fabr.
Sj/st. Piezat. 19. Tarpa plagiocephala. Khcg, Berl. Mag. 1808, 270.
t. 8. Tarpa Klugii. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii, 131.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 267

Length of the body j — of Unes, expansion of the wings 10 — 11 lines.
Inhabits Germany and England : in {he latter it is very rare, and has
only been found near Bristol.

Genus 421. LYDA. Fair., Spinol., King., Leuch. Pamphilitts.

Latr., Leach, Edinb. Encj/cl. vol. ix. 141. Cephaleia. Jurine .

Tibia, the four posterior furnished on the inside with a single spine

near the middle and a double one beneath.
Larva with no spurious feet.
Lydas. King.
Sp. 1. Li/da Bctidie. 1. Lyda erythrocephala, SjC.

Genus 422. LOPHYRUS. Latr., Leach. Pteronus. Jurine. Hv-
LOTOMA. Fabr. Tenthredo. Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Lam.,
Panz.
Antenna pennated in the males; serrated in the females : superior wings
with one marginal and three submarginal cells : mandibles tridentate.
Sp. 1. Loph. Pini.
Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain.

Fam. II. X1PHYDRIAD.E. Leach,

Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellce, which are serrated :
mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : wings
with the three marginal cells complete : labrum obscure.

Larva with scaly feet, or at least not membranaceous.

Genus 423. CEPHUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex. Linn.
AsTATUs. Klug. Trachelus. Jurine.
Mandibles exserted, longer than wide : 7ieck long : oviduct exserted :
antenna inserted in the front between the eyes, gradually thicker ex-
ternally.
Sp. 1. Cephus pygmans. Latr.
Inhabits flowers in iields and hedges.^

Genus 424. XIPHYDRIA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex.

Linn.
Mandibles exserted, longer than wide: neck long: oviduct exserted:

antenna setaceous, inserted above the clypeus.
Sp. 1. Xiph. Camelus.
Inhabits willow grounds.

Fam. III. Urocerid-5;. Leach.
Abdomen sessile : oviduct filiform, exserted, or inclosed in a groove be-
neath the abdomen : mandibles short.

Genus 425. ORYSSUS. Latr., Fabr., Jurine, Latn., Klug, Panz,,
Leach. Sphex. Scopoli.
Mandibles witli their internal edge not dentated : maxillary palpi long
and pendulous: antenna filiform, compressed, inserted under the an-
terior margin of the clypeus : superior wings with one marginal cell,

268 MODERN SYSTEM.

and two submarginal, the last incomplete ; oviduct capillary, hidden

in a longitudinal groove.
Sp. 4. O/'j/s. coronatus.
Oryssus coronatus. Fair., Latr., Coquebert, Leach. Oryssus Vesperti-

lio. Klug, Pftnz. Sphex abietina. Scopoli.
Inhabits sandy places : taken by Dr. Leach in Darent wood in July.

Genus 42G. UROCERUS. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Si-
TiEX. Linn., Fabr., Jurine, Panz.

Mandibles dentated on their internal edge : maxillary palpi very small :
labial palpi terminated by a very thick, hairy joint: antenna gradu-
ally narrowing externally, inserted in the front, longer than the tho-
rax : superior wings with two marginal and two submarginal cells
complete : abdomen terminating in a point : oviduct exserted, com-
posed of three parts, the outer ones valviform.

Sp. 1. Vro.Gigas. {PL 8. fig. 2.)

Sirex Mariscus. Pa?'r.(Male). Sirex Gigas Linne. Fabr., i«^r. (Female).

Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain.

Division II. — Abdomen united to the thorax bi/ a peduncle.

Fam. IV. EvANiAD.E. Leach.

EvANiALES. Latreiile.

Inferior wings with very distinct nervures : antenntE with 13 or 14 joints.

Genus 427. EVANIA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Jurine, Panz., Leach.
Sphex. Linn. Ichneumon. De Geer.
Abdomen very small, much compressed, triangvdar or ovoid ; abruptly

pedunculated and inserted behind the metathorax.
Sp. 1. Fv. append a gaster. Fabr., Latr.
Found near Bristol and Swansea, but is very rare.

Genus 428. FCENUS. Fabr., Latr., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Ich-
neumon, Linn., Geoff., De Geer. Gastehuption. Latr.
(obsolete).
Neck elongate: hinder tibia: clavate: abdomen a lengthened club.
Sp. 1. Fan. Jaculator.
I'oenus Jaculator. Fabr., Panz., Latr., I^each. Ichneumon Jaculator.

J. inn.
Inhabits woods and hedges.

Fam. V. Ichneumonid^. Leach.

Ichneumonides. Latreiile.

Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part of its transverse diameter :
inferior wings with very distinct nervures: antenna with 21 joints or
more : mandibles bidentate, or notched at their extremity.

CLASS V. IN5ECTA. 269

Division I. — Abdomen rcithfivc very distinct segments.

Subdivision 1. — Superior zvings tcith tlie first suhmurgimd cell Ten/ large,
the t?co discoidat cells situated longitudinally^ one above the other.

Genus 429. ICHNEUMON. Latr., Leach.
Maxillary palpi with very unequal joints; oviduct with its base not co-
vered by a large scale, exserted.

[This Genus consists of several natural genera; but the charac-
ters are obscure, and are not yet fully understood. The following
divisions are proposed by Latreille, who has submitted these in-
sects to a scrupulous and daily investigation.

Division A.
Abdomen but little or not at all compressed.

Suhdirision a.
Extremity of the abdomen of the female compressed and obliquely trun-
cated : oviduct exserted.

1. * Abdomen cylindric, with a very short peduncle.

Genus Pijipla of Fabricius.

2. ^* Abdometi somezohat ovoid, zcith the peduncle long, slender, and

arcuate.

Genus Cuyptus of Fabricius.
Subdivision b.
Extremity of the abdomen of the female slightly compressed, not ob-
liquely truncated: oviduct scarcely prominent or exserted.

3. * Abdomen cylindric, almost sessile.

Genus Metopius of Panzer. Pelastes of Illiger.

4. ** Abdomen almost fusiform or cylindric, gradually narrozccr to-

wards the base ; the peduncle not slender or arcuate.
Genus Alomya of Panzer.

5. *** Abdomen ellipsoid or ovulate, zcith the peduncle slender and

arcuate.
Genus Ichneumon of Fabricius.
Division B.
Abdomen very much compressed.

6. * Apex truncate in the females.

Genus Ophion of Fabricius.

7. ** Abdomen with the apex pointed.

Gcmis Banciius of Fabricius.]

270 MODERN SYSTEM.

Siil)divisioti '2.- — Supci-ior wings -with the first suhinai'ginal cell small, or
of a moderate size ; the two discoidal cells placed in a transverse line hi/
the side of each other.

Genus 430. BRACJON. Jurine, Fabr., Panz., Illiger, Spinoli, Latr.,
Leach. Ichneumon. Linn., Scopoli, Schi'ank. \'iPio. Latr,
(rejected name.)
Mouth produced into a rostruni .' superior u-i}igs with the two first sub-
marginal cells nearly equal, square.
Sp. 1. Br. Desertor.
Bracon Desertor. Fubr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods.

Division II. — Abdomen almost inarticulate, with but three distinct seg-
ments.

Genus 431. SIGALPIIUS. Latr., Spinoli, Leach. Sph^,ropvx.
Hoffmansegg. Cryptus. Fubr. Icuneumon. Fubr, Che-
LONUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger. Bracon. Jurine.
Sp. 1. Sig. hi'orator.

Sigalphus Irrorator. Latr., Leach. Cryptus Irrorator. Fubr.
Inhabits .

Fam. VI. DiPLOLEPiD.E. Leach.
DiPLOLEPARi^E. Latrcille.

Abdomen inserted to the thorax by a part only of its transverse diame-
ter : inferior wings without distinct nervures : hodj/ not contractile
into a sphere : abdomen compressed or depressed, scarcely peduncvi-
lated: oviduct fiYit'ovm : palpi very short : antenna filiform, straight,
from 13 to 16 joints.

Genus 432. DIPLOLEPIS. Geoff., Oliv., Panz., Illig., Leach.
Cynips. Limit, Scopoli.
Abdomen with the inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna

filiform, joints cylindric.
Sp. 1. Dip. Qtiercus-folii.

Cynips Quercus-folii, Linn'e. Diplolepis Quercus-folii. Latr.
Inhabits the oak.

Genus 433. FIGITES. Latr., Jurine, Leach. Cynips. Rossi.
Abdomen with its inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna:

moniliform, thicker towards their extremities.
Sp, 1. Fig. scutellaris.

Figites scutellaris. Jurine, Latr, Cynips scutellaris. Rossi.
Inhabits France and England.

Fam, VII. Cynipsid.i;. Leach.
Cynipsera. Latreille.
Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part only of its transverse dia-

CLASS V. INSECTA. 271

meter: inferior wings without distinct nervures: hodt/ not contractile
into a ball : abdomen compressed or depressed : oviduct filiform :
palpi vcvy abort: a ntenriie broken, clavate, or gradually thicker ex-
ternally, from six to twelve-jointed: /li/ider Ject formed tor leap-
ing.

Stirps 1. — Hinder tihiiE arcuated.

Genus 431. CHALCIS. Tahr.,OHv., Panz., Jurine, Illig., Latr.,
Leach. Spuex. Linn'c. Vespa. Linnc.

Abdomen ovoid-triangular, not sessile, terminated by a point : superior
icings not folded, with the marginal and subniarginal cells none, or
obliterated: maxillary palpi, with the last joint but one shorter than
the one before it.

Sp. 1. Glial, clavipes. {PL S. Jig. 6.)

Inhabits Europe. Is found on aquatic plants in Battersea fields in the
month of June.

Stirps 2. — Hinder tibice straight.

Genus 435. CYNIPS. Geof, Sch^ff., Fabr., Oliv., Walck., Latr.,
Leach. Ichneumon. Linne.

^H^e«?2« with cylindric joints : abdomen compressed ; oviduct exserted.
Sp. 1. Ci/n. caprcsa.
Inhabits ?

Fam. VIII, Chrysidid,£. Leach.

Chrysidides. Latreille.

Abdomen attached to the metathorax by a portion only of its trans-
verse diameter : inferior uings without distinct nervures : body pot
contractile into a ball.

Stirps 1. — Abdomen semicylindric or semicircular, with five segments
in the male, and four in the female : thorax attenuated in front, di-
vided transversely by four segments.

Genus 436. CLEPTES. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, LUiger, Spi~
noli, Leach. Sphex. Linnc, Vill. Chrysis. Oliv. Vespa.
Geoff". Ichneumon. Rossi, Walck.

Sp. 1. Cle. semi-aurata. Fabr., Lati'.

Inhabits sand-banks.

Stirps 1. — Abdomen semicylindric, truix;ated or rounded behind, often
dentated, composed of three, sometimes of four joints: thorax se-
micylindric, divided by three transverse sutures: metathorax v^nb
the middle not elongated into a scutellum.

272 MODERN SYSTEM.

Subdivision 1. — MclatJiorax zcith the middle p^odnced into a scutcUum.

* Abdomen with the second segment larger than the others : palpi
many-jointed.

Genus 43?. ELAMPUS. Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Chrysis. Fabr.,
Jitrine. Hedyciirum. Panz., Lepeletier.
Mandibles dentated: abdomen terminated by an obtuse point; the se-
cond segment larger than the otlicrs.
Sp. 1. EL Panzeri.

Elampus Panzeri. Spinoli. Chrysis Pan/eri. Fabr.
Inhabits walls. Taken at Exeter by Dr. Leach.

Subdivision 2. — Metathorax with the middle not elongated into a scu-
te Hum.

** Abdomen with tJie third^ or fourth segment larger than the others :
palpi two-jointed {and very small).

Genus 438. CHRYSIS of authors. Vespa. Geoff.
Mandibles with one tooth on their internal edges : abdomen semicylin-

dric, elongate; the last segment abruptly divided by an impression,

with a transverse row of impressed dots.
Sp. 1. Chr. ignita. {PL 8. fig. 7.)
Inhabits sand-banks, posts, and walls. We have several species in this

country that have been confounded with Chr. ignita, S,-c.

Genus 439. HEDYCHRUM. Latr., Panz., Spin. Chrysis,
Linn., Fabr., Illig., Lamarck.
Mandibles bidentate on their internal edge : abdomen semicircular, with

the extremity rounded ; all the segments united.
Sp. 1. Hed. anratum.

Chrysis aurata. Fabr. IIcdN'chrum auratum. Leach.
Inhabits sand-banks.

Section IT. ACULEATA.

Oviduct none : sting or aculeus in the females having a communica-
tion with poisonous glands : abdomen attached to the thorax in all by
a part only of its transverse diameter.

Division I. — Hinder Jeet not pollinigerous ; their tarsi with the first joint
ct/lindric, not much larger than the others, nor much compressed.

LARv.t omnivorous.

Subdivision 1. — Ocelli or stemmata not distinct. Wings often wanting in
the females and neute7'S.

Fam. IX. Formic AD^. Leach.
roRMiCAEi.E. Latreille.
Abdomen with a fedunck abruptly formed, with a scale on two knots :

CLASS V. TNSECTA. 273

antenna thicker towards their extremities, the first joint very long,
more so in the females and neuters : lahrum large, perpendicular,
corneous.

These insects live in societies consisting of vast numbers. The
males and the females arc furnished with wings, the neuters bein»
apterous.

Iluber has written a work on the ccconomy of these animals.

Genus 440. FORMICA of authors. Lasius. Fair.
Peduncle of the abdomen formed of one simple scale: sting not puncto-

rious : poisonous glands in the female and neuters : antenna inserted

in the front.
Sp. 1. For. herculanca.
Formica herculanea. Lafr., Leach.
Inhabits woods, building a large nest with bits of sticks.

Fam. X. MuTiLLAD^:. Leach.
MuTiLLARi.i. Latrcille.

Head large : abdomen somewhat conic or ovoid : tibite spinose : maxil-
lary palpi as long or longer than the maxillte : antenmc filiform, in-
serted in the middle of the face, longer than the head, the first
joint not receiving the second : superior loings with three submar-
ginal cells.

The insects of this family are solitary. The males are winged,
the females apterous, and there are no neuters.

Genus 441. MUTILLA. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Tllig., Spi-
nola, Leach. Sphex. De Geer. Apis. Christus, Harris.
Abdomen (of both sexes) ovoid and convex ; the second segment large,
somewhat campanulated : thorax of the females cubical, with no
transverse sutures.
Sp. 1. ]\Iut. Europcca. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 44Q. MYRMOSA. Latr.., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Mutilla.
Rossi. Hyl-t.us. Fabr.
Abdomen depressed, elliptic in the males, conic in the females : thorax

composed of two segments, the anterior segment transverse.
Sp. 1. Myrm. melanocephala.'-
Myrmosa melanocephala. Latr., Leach.
Inliabits

Subdivision 2. — Ocelli distinct, smooth : wings never wanting.

Fam. XI. Scoliad.^. Leach.
ScoLiET^. Lafreille.

Thorax with the first segment transverse-quadrate, or formi^ig an arc :
feet short, or moderately long ; the hinder ones thick, spinulose, or

274 MODERN SYSTEM.

strongly ciliated : anteuuce shorter than the head^fid trunk : superior
wings with the marginal cell detached I'rom the apex, not doubled
longitudinally : maxillarif pulpi long ; with the joints very unequal.

Genus 443. TIPHIA. Fair., Panz., Jllig., Jurine, Spinola, Leach.
Sphex. Scopoli, Christus. Bethyllus. Panzer.
Mandibles without teeth: antenna shorter than the thorax. in both

sexes, the tirst joint obconic: abdomen ovate.
Sp. 1. Tiph. femorata.
Inhabits Hovvcrs, and sandy situations.

Fam. XII. Sapygid.e. Leach.

Thorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square :
feet moderate, or short, slender, not strongly ciliated or spined : an-
tennce in both sexes as long as the head and trunk : superior wings
with the marginal cell not remote, not folded longitudinally.

Genus 444. SAPYGA. Latr., Jarine, King, Illig., Spinola, Leach.
Aphis. Linn. Vespa. Geoff. Hellus. Fabr., Panz. Spiiex.
rulers.
Mandibles very strong, trigonate, many-toothed : antcnnti: thicker to-
wards their extremities.
Sp. 1. Sap. sexpunctata.

Sapyga sexpunctata. Leach. Hellus sexpunctatus. Fabr.
Inhabits palings.

Fam. XIII. PoMPiLiD.E. Leach.

PoMPiLii. LatreiUe.

Thorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square :
feet long ; the hinder ones as long as the head and trunk : antenncc
slender, formed of elongate and slightly serrated joints : superior
zcings not folding longitudinally.

Stirps 1. — Superior wings with three submarginal cells complete.
Genus 445. POMPILUS. Latr., Leach.

Maxillary palpi longer than the labial ones, with the last joint thicker,
conic-obovate; thethreelast joints nearly equally long: lubriim insert-
ed under the clypeus : antenniE (of the females at least) with their
points convoluted.

Obs. — This is an artificial genus, and contains several natural genera.

Sp. 1. Pom. annulatus.

Poi^i})ilus annulatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits

Genus 446. CEllOPALES. Latr., Fabr., Jur., Panz., Spinola,
Leach. EvANiA. Oliv., Villers, Rossi, Cuvier.
Maxillary palpi pendulous, longer than the labial ones; the three last

CLASS V. INSECTA. 275

joints equally long, the last joint thicker, conic-ohovate : lahru'm en-
tirely exsertcd, entering to the anterior margin of the clypeus : un-
tcntm (in both se.xes) thick, rigid, with the middle arcuated, not
convoluted.

Sp. 1. Cer. 7)iacidata.

Ceropales maculata. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits

Stibps 2. — Superior wings with two complete submarginal cells.

Genus 447. APOllUS. Spinola, Latr., Leach.
Superior wings with the second submarginal cell receiving twu recur-
rent nervures.
Sp. 1. Apo. unicolor.
Aporus unicolor. Spinola, Latr., Leach.
Inhabits ■ •

Fam. XIV. Sphecidje. Leach.

Thorax with, the first segment transverse-linear: feet long; the hinder
ones as long as the head and trunk : orcW/ distinct : superior wings
not folding longitudinally: mandibles with their internal edge denti-
culated.

Genus 448. AMOPHILA. Kirby, Latr., Leach. Sphex. Linn.,
De Geer, Fanz., Lamarck, Cuv., Jurine, Illig., Spinola. Pep-
sis. Fabr., Spinola. Miscus. Jurine.
Antennte inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla and lahrwn
much longer than the head, bent in the middle : palpi very slender,
with cylindric joints.
Sp. 1. Ainoph. sabulosa.

Sphex sabulosa. Linne. Amoph. sabulosa Kirby, S^-c.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 449. SPHEX. Linn., Fabr., Cuv., Lam.,Jur., Illig., Leach.
IcH>Et'MON. Geo^'. A-pii. Linn. Prc-apis. De Geer. Pepsis,
Fabr., Spinola.
Antenna inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla; and labrnm
scarcely longer than the head, and bent towards their extremities:
marillary palpi with all the joints elongate and obconic.
Sp. 1. Sphex Jiavipennis.

Pepsis Havipennis. Fabr. Sphex flavipennis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 450. DOLICHURUS. Latr., Leach. Pison. Jwrine. Pom-
piLUS, Spinola. .
Antenna im^eneA at the mouth (at the base of the clypeus?): maxillarij

palpi setaceous, longer than the labial ones,
Sp. 1. Dot ater.

s 2

H6 MODERN System.

Pompilus corniculus. Spinola. Dolichurus ater. Latr., Leach.
Inliabits '

Fam. XV. Larrad^. Leach.
LaRRAt^:. LatreiUe.

Thorax with the first segment transverse-linear : feet short, or mode-
rately long : lahrum entirely concealed, or but very obscure : eyes
elongate, reaching the hinder margin : ocelli very distinct: untemue
inserted near the mouth, the first joint obovoid or inserted in the
middle of the face : superior wings not folding longitudinally.

SriRPS 1. — Superior wings with two or three submarginal cells complete .

a. Ei/es entire, not emarginate. Mandibles without an emargination

on their infernal edge.

* Antenna thicker externalli/ : eyes separate.

Genus 451. GORYTES. Latr., Illig., Spin., Leach. Mellinus.
Fabr., Walck. Vespa. Linn., Geoff". Sphex. Rossi. Ar-
PACTtJS. Jurine, Panz. Oxybelus. Fabr.
Antenna inserted below the middle of the face : mandibles unidentate ;

superior wings with the second submarginal cell sessile.
Sp. 1. Gor. quinquecinctus.
Gorytes quinquecinctus. Latr., Leach,
Inhabits — .

Genus 452. PSEN. Latr., Jurine, Panz., Lllig., Leach. Trypoxv-
roN. Fabr.
Antenna thicker externally, inserted in the middle of the face, towards
the front : eyes separate : abdomen with the peduncle abrupt and
short.
Sp. 1. Pseji ater. Latr.
Inhabits posts and sandy places.

** Ayitenme filiform : eyes meeting behind.
Genus 453. ASTATA. Latr., Spinola, Leach. Sphex. Villers, Rossi.

DiMORPHA. Jurine, Panz., Illig-
Antenna inserted towards the mouth at the base of the clypeus.

b. Fyes entire, 7iot emarginate : mandibles emarginate on their in-

tcrnal edge.

* Superior wings with three submarginal cells.

Genus 454. LARRA. Fabr., Oliv., Jurine, Panz., Spinola, Latr.,
Leach. LiRis. Fabr., Illig. Sphex. Fillers, Rossi.
Antenna filiform : superior wings with the third submarginal cell nar-
row, almost lunate : mandibles without a tooth-like process on their
internal edge.

CLASS V. IX5ECTA. 277

Sp. 1. Lar. ichneumon ifonuis.

Liirra ichneumoniformis. Panz., Fabr., Latr., Leach.

laliabits .

Genus 4 j,j. LYROPS. Illig., Latr., Leach. Tachytes. Panz.
Larra. Fabr., Jurine. LiRis. Fabr. Andrena. Rossi.
Antenna filiform : superior tcings with the third submarginal cell nar-
row, almost lunate : mandibles with a strong tooth on their internal
edge.
Sp. 1. Lar. tricolor.

Larra tricolor. Fabr. Tachytes tiicolor. Panz. Lyrops tricolor. Leach.
Inhabits .

** Superior wings with two submarginal cells.

Genus 4.56. DINETUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger, Latr., Leach.
Sphex. Schce^'er. Pomphylus. Fabr. Crabro. Rossi.
Antenna: (of the males) moniliform, terminated by elongate, cylindric
joints convoluted in the middle : mandibles acutely unidentate on
their internal edge : superior wings with the marginal cell appendi-
culated ; the two submarginal cells sessile.
Sp. 1. Din. pictus.

Dinetus pictus. Jurine, Panz., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits the vicinity of Windsor, and has been taken near Swansea.

c. Eyes notched.

Genus 457. TRYPOXYLON. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Illig., Spinolu,
Leach. Sphex. Linne, VilL, Cuv., Rossi. Apius. Jurine.
Superior zcings with three submarginal perfect cells; the first distinct,
receiving a recurrent nervure ; the second obsolete, much smallrr,
receiving another nervure ; the third also obsolete, terminal : abdo-
men long and gradually pedunculated.
Sp. 1. Figulus. Latr.
Inhabits ■ .

Stirps 2. — Superior wings with one complete submarginal cell.

Genus 458. OXYBELUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Ill'g.,
Spinola, Leach. Vespa. Linn., Villers, Christus. Sphex.
Schcpff. Crabko. Oliv., Rossi.
Antenna thicker towards their extremities, longer than the head ; con-
voluted, the second joint much shorter than the third : mandibles
without teeth at their extremities ; tibia spinose : tarsi with large
pulvilli.
Sp. 1. Oxy. uniglumis.

Vespa uniglumis. Linn. Oxybelus uniglumis. Fabr., Latr.^ Leach.
Inhabits ,

278 MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. XVI. Crabronid.i:. Leach.

Crabronites. Latrcille.

I'horax with the first segment transverse-Unear : feet short, or mode-
rately long : lahrum entirely concealed, or but obscure : eyes not
reaching the hinder part of the head : ocelli very distinct : superior
wings not folded longitudinally : antenna inserted at the mouth, with
the first joint cylindric or conic, or towards the middle of the face.

Stirps 1. — Superior wings -^'wh one or two complete svibmargina,l cells.

* Mandibles with their cxt7-emitics bifid. Superior wings with but one

recurrent nervure.
Genus 459. CRABRO. Fubr., Oliv., Rossi, Jurine, Panz., Illig.,
Spinola, Leach. Spiiex. Linni, Villers.
Antenna: with the first joint long and cylindric : superior wings with

one complete sub-marginal cell.
Sp. 1. Cra. cribarius. Fabr., Latr.
Inhabits sand-banks.

Genus 460, STIGMUS. Juri7ie, Panz., Illigcr, Spinola, Latr.,
Lead I.
Antenna: with the first joint obconic : superior wings with two complete

submarginal cells, and two discoidal cells.
Sp. 1. Stig. ater.

Stigmus ater. Jurine, Lair., Leach.
Inhabits ,?

** Mandibles strong, many-toothed : superior wings with two recur-
rent nervures.

Genus 461. PEMPIIEDRON. Latr., Fnbr., Spinola, Leach. Ce-
MONUS. Jurine, Panz., Illigcr.
Sitpcrior wings with the submarginal cell not narrower towards the

apex ; antenna with the first joint longest, thickest.
Sp. 1, Pern, unicolor.

Pemphedron unicolor. I^atr., Leach. Cemonus unicolor. Jurine.
Inhabits .''

Stirps 2. — Superior wings with three complete submarginal cells.

* Antenna inserted at the mouth, Jilifonn: clypeus not trilobate.

Genus 462. MELLINUS. Fubr., Panz., Jurine, Illig., Spinola,
Leach. Spiiex. De Geer, Cuv., Vill. Vespa. Linnc, Rossi,
Harris.
Abdomen distinctly pedunculated: tarsi terminated by a thick joint

bearing a large pulvillus.
Sp. 1. Mel. inystaceus.
Inhabits sand-banks.

CLASS V. 7NSECTA,

279

** Antenna ihnker torcanh ilteii- extranilics, msertcd about the mid-
die of the face : clypeus trilobate.

Genus 463. CERCEltlS. iMtr., Illig., Spinola, Leach. Sphex.
Schaffer, Villers, Rossi. Vespa. Geoff., Otiv., Harris. Pm-
I.A^■THt's. Fabr., Jurine, Panz. Bembex. Rossi. Crabko.
Rossi.
Antenme gratlually thicker externally, very much approximating at
their base, almost as long as the thorax, the third joint somevvliat
cylindric : tnundiblis \s ith a tooth in their internal edge : superior
zci7igs with the second submarginal cell petioiated.
Sp. 1. Cer. quadricinctus.

Philanthus quadricinctus. Fabr., Fanz. Cerceris quadricinctus. Leach.
Inhabits ?

Fam. XVII. Vespab.t.. Leach.
Vespari^. Latreille.

Superior zcings folded longitudinally: thorax with the first segment
forming an arc, prolonged behind even to the origin of the superior
wings : anteniKc twelve-jointed, with their extremities ]>ointed : lip
with three glandiferous divisions, or with four long plumose seta^.

Stirps 1. — Mandibles longer than broad, anteriorly meeting like a
rostrum : cli/peus cordiform, with the point porrected, and more or
less truncated : lip having four glandular points at its extremity,
parted into three pieces, the middle one large, and bifid or notched
at its extremity : superior wings doubled, three submarginal cells
complete : muxillarif palpi six-jointed, not very much shorter than
the labial ones.

Genus 464. ODYNERUS. Latr., Leach. Vespa. Panz., Fabr. .

Abdomen ovoid-conic, the second segment broader than the first : jniix-
illa?y palpi with the two or three first joints extending l)eyond the
extremity of the maxiils : luaxillce with the terminal lobe short,
short-lance-shaped.

.Sp. 1. Odif. parietinus.

Vespa parietina. Fabr.

Inhabits walls.

Stirps 2. — Mandibles longer than broad, long quadrate, with their ex-
tremities obliquely truncated : clypeus almost quadrate : lip with the
intermediate division a little lengthened, cordiform.

Genus 465. VESPA of authors.
Mandibles (at least of the females and neuters) with the second tooth
much broader than the two imdcr ones, the upper one olnuse : cly-
peus with the anterior margin broadly truncate, and somewhat eniar-

280 MODERN SYSTEM J

giriate, with a tooth on each side : abdomen ovoid-coiiic, with the
base abruptly truncated, and very shortly pedunculated.

Sp. 1. Vespa Crahro (hornet). {Fl. Q.fg. 8.)

Vespa Crabro. Linne, &,c.

Inhabits £urope, building its nest in hollow trees.

Sp. 2. VesporVulgaris (common wasp).

Vespa vulgaris of mdhors.

Inhabits Europe, building its nest in holes under ground.

Sp. 3. Vespa Britannica.

Vespa Brttannica. Leacli, Zool. Misccl. vol. i.

Inhabits Britain, and builds a nest suspended from trees.

Division II. — Hinder feet pollinigerous ; their tarsi with the first joint
compressed, elongate-quadrate or obtrigonous.

Fam. XVIII. Anduenip.^. Leach,
AndrenetjE. Latreille.
Larv^ pollinivorous.

Lip with the apex subcordatc or subhastate, on each side with one aur
ricle; nearly straight, or slightly incurved in some, reflexcd in others,
shorter than the sheathing tube : palpi alike.

Stiups 1. — Lip with the apex dilated, somewhat cordiform.

Genus 466. COLLETES. Latr., Iltig., Spinola, Leach. Apis.
Linne, Oliv.,. Villers. Andrena. Fabr., Juritte. H-iL.tus.
Cuv. EvoDiA. Panz. Melitta. * a. Kirbi/.
Hinder feet pollinigerous: superior wings with three submarginal cells :
antennts with the third joint longer than the second : abdomen much
elongated, more or less villose : ocelli forming a curved line : tongue
obtuse, the apex bilobate.
Sp. 1. Col. succincta. Latr.

Melitta succincta. Kirbi/. Evodia calendarum. Panz.
Inhabits • .

Stirps 2. — Lip with the intermediate process lanceolate, acute.
a. Lip when at 7est defexed.
* Superior wings with two submarginal cells.

Genus 467. DASYPODA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jllig., Spinola,

Klug, Leach. Andrena. Rossi. Apis. Cliristus. Traciicsa.
Jurine. Melitta. Kirbi/.
Manllce inflexed at tlieir middle, or below, their terminal process tri-
angular-lanceolate, and longer than their palpi : hinder feet with the
first joint of their tarsi as long or longer than the tibice.
Sp. 1. Das. phmiipes.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 261

Dasypoda pluniipes. Panz., Leach. Molitta Svvammerdamclla. Kirh)j.

Inhabits Europe. It was tirst noticed hy the illustrious Swammer-
dam. I'hey burrow in sandy soil, throwing up a heap of sand with-
out their hole.

** Superior icings with three suhmarginal cells, the second small.

Genus 468. AXDRENA. Fabr., Panz., Juriac, Illig., Spinola,
Klug, Leach. Apis. Linn., Vill. Mei.itta. ** c. Kirbi/.
^Lu.xillce bent at their extremity', their terminal lobe scarcely longer
than broad : hi:iderfeet with the lirst joint of their tarsi shorter thaJi
the tibiae : lubiiun or lip little elongate, shorter than its palpi.
8p. 1. Atid. nigro-aiiea.
Melitta nigro-aenea. Kirhf.
Inhabits the blossoms of sallows in the spring.

Obs. — The species of this genus are extremely numerous, and a very
large portion of them inhabit Britain. Their proboscis is downy
and thick. The hinder legs of the male are furnished with a floccu-
lus at their base, the tibia^ with a thick scopa or brush, and their
anus is covered by a fringe of hairs. They nidificate under ground
in a light soil, some choosing banks over which bushes are scattered,
others bare perpendicular sections, but all seem to prefer a southern
aspect. They excavate burrows of a cylindric form, from five inches
to nearly a foot or more in depth, of such diameter only as to ad-
mit the insect. In making these holes they remove the earth grain
by grain, which they throw. up on the outside of their holes in the
form of a hillock. Some species penetrate in a horizontal, and
others in a perpendicular direction. They construct a cell at the
bottom of this hole, which they replenish with pollen made into a
paste with honey, and in this they deposit their eggs. The pollen
tliey carry in the scopa or brush of their hinder tibis, upon the fioc-
culus at the base of the hinder thighs, and on the hairs of tlie me-
tathorax. When the female has committed her egg to the paste,
she very carefully stops the mouth of her hole, to prevent the in-
gress of ants, or of other insects which might be enemies to the
larva.

Genus 469. CILISSA. Leach. Melitta. Kirby. Andre.va. Latr.,
Panz.
Maxilla bent near their middle, the terminal process very much
longer than broad : lip elongate, longer than its palpi : superior wings
with three submarginal cells, the second small.

Obs. — This genus is not only distinguished from Andrena by the cha-
racters of the lip and maxilla^, but also by having a longer tongue
with very minute auricles, and the tops of the valves cultriform.

Sp. 1. Cil. Iricincta.

282 MODERN SYSTEM.

Melitta tricincta. Kirbi/. Andrena tricincta. Lair. Cilissa tricincta.

Leach.
Inhabits .

Stirps 2. — Lip with tlie intermediate division incurved, or nearly-
straight : superior zvings in all with three complete submarginal
cells.

* Lip with the intermediate division nearly straight, not twice the
length of the head.

Genus 470. SPHECODES. Latr., Leach Sphex. Linne., Villers,

Rossi. Apis. Geoff. Proapis. De Geer. Nomoda. Fabr.

AxDRENA. Oliv., Punz., Jurine, Spinola. Dichroa. IHig-,

Klug. IMelitta. ** a. Kirhy.

J^thrum. trigonate, of the male entire, of the female generally emar-

ginate : antennae of the males long, almost moniliform, arcuated :

ubdomen with the g-reatcr portion smooth.

Oes. — The species of Sphecodes, at first sight, bear a near resemblance
to Sphex. They make their nests in bare sections of banks exposed
to the sun, and nearly vertical. According to Reaunun-, they exca-
vate to the depth of nine or ten inches, and deposit their eggs in a
mass of pollen mixed with honey.

Sp. 1. Sph. gibbiis.

]\Ielitta giblia. Kirby.

Inhabits Europe.

** Lip zcith the intermediate division incurved, longer than the la-
teral ones, and twice as long or more than the head.

Genus 471. HYL/EUS. Fabr., Illig., Spinola, Klug, Leach. Apis.
Linne, Villers, Rossi. Andrena. Oliv., Panz., Jurine, Spi-
nola. Melitta. ** b. Kirby. Halictus. Latr.
Lip lanceolate, little sericeous : hinder feet in both sexes alike : amis of
the females with a longitudinal groove above.

The males of this genus are remarkable for an elongate cylindric
body. The wings of many of the species are beautifully iridescent.
They nidificate in bare banks.
Sp. 1. Hyl. qnadri-cinctus.
Apis 4-cincta. Linne.
Inhabits the vichiity of London, but is rare.

Fam. XIX. Apid.t. Leach.

Lip witli the apex inflected, the intermediate lacinia filiform, and very
long : labial palpi with the two first joints resembling a compressed
seta.

CLASS V. TNSECTA. 583

SriRPS 1. — Hinder tarsi with the first joint nearly eqiially broad, or
gradually narrowing from the ba«c to the apex, the second joint ori-
ginating troui the middle ol" its apex.

A. Falpi alike.

Genus 472. PANURGUS. Panz., Spinola, JMtr., Leach. Apis.
Scopuli. Dasypopa. itlig., Fabr. Apis. * a. Kirly. Eriops.

Mandibles not dentatcd : antenmc straight in both sexes, and subcla-
vate : superior nings with two submarginal cells : ocelli disposed in a
triangle.

Sp. 1. Fan. Banksia7}us.

Apis Banksiana. Kirby.

Inhabits .

B. Fulpi unequal; the labial palpi set i form.

a. Labrum nearljf quadrate, transverse, or not much longer than
broad. Mandibles tridentute at their points. {Superior wings zciih
three submarginal cells.)

Genus 473. CERATINA. Latr., Jurine, Spinola, Leach. Apis.

Villers, Rossi, Kirby ( ** d. 2 a). Megilla. Fabr., Illig.

Prosopis. Fabr. Pitiiitis. Klug: Claviceka. Walckenacr.

Labrum almost quadrate, perpendicular, entire: antenna gradually

thickening towards their extremities; the scapus not large.
Sp. 1. Ccr. cartdca.

Apis ca^rulea. Vill. Apis cyanea. Kirby.
Inhaljits the flowers of the Ragwort.

b. Labrum longer than broad, inclined perpendicidarly ; porrect be-
neath the jnandiblcs ; elongate, quadrate. Ma>idibles strong, por-
rccted, with the apex bidentate in some ; trigonate and often multidcn-
tate in others.

* Labial palpi zcith the three Jirst Joints contiguous ; the fourth in-
serted under the external apex if the third.

Genus 474. CHELOSTOMA. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Vill.,
Kirby {** c. Q y). Hyl.^^us. Fabr. Anthrophora. Illig-,
Fabr. Anthidium. Panz. Trachusa. Jurine.
JMandibles {of the females) arcuated; their apex bidentate or furcate,
porrect, internally hairy: maxillary palpi three-jointed.

The bodies of the inserts composing this genus are very long,
slender, and cylindric. The belly of the male, near the anus, is con-
cave, and covered with down, and at its base is a horn or prv^uiiic-
rance. When asleep tiiey roll themselves up like an armadillo, the
horn or protuberance fitting into tfie anal cavity. They nidificate in
posts and rails. The inaleb uh.ually repose in the centre of a flower.

284 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Che.Jlorisomne.

Hylseus florisomnis. Fabr., Fanz. Apis florisomnis. Linn. Chelobto-

ma florisomne. Latr., Leac/i.
Inhabits various flowers in hedges.

The female is Apis maxillosa of Linne and Kirby ; Hi/laus maxillo-

sus of Fabricius.

** Labial palpi -with the third joint, inserted obliquely on the internal
side of the second, near to the apex.

Genus 475. HERIADES. Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Kirbij
(** c. 2 y). Anthophora. Fair., Illig., King. Axtuidium.
Fanz. Trachusa. Jicrine.
Labial palpi with the second joint longer than the first: body very long,
cylindric.

This genus in habit and economy resembles Chelostoma.
Sp. 1. Her. truncorum.
Heriades truncomm. Spinola, Latr., Leach, Anthophora truncoriun.

Fabr., Illig.
Inhabits

Genus 476. STELIS. Fanz., Leach. Apis. Kirby (**c. 1 /S).
Anthophora. lUig. Megachile. Latr., Walck. Trachusa.
Jurine. Gyrodroma. King.
Lutnal palpi with the second joint not longer than the first: maxillary
palpi two-jointed, the first joint longest : mandibles strong : abdomen
convex above, smooth below, and scarcely hirsute.
Sp. 1. Ste. punctulatissima.
Inhabits

Genus 477. ANTIIIDIUM. Fabr., Fanz., King, Latr., Leach.

Apis. Linn., Geoff., Schaff., Kirby ( ** c. 2 |S). Anthophora.

Illig. Megachile. Walckcnaer, Spinola. Trachusa. Jurine.

Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : tnuxillary

palpi one-jointed : abdomen of the females, below, ver^' hairy; above,

convex, incurved, the base broadly truncate : mandibles broad, niul-

tidentatc. The anus of the males of this genus is always armed with

spines.

Sp. 1. Antli. municatum.

Anthidium manicatum. Fanz., Latr., Leach. Apis manicata. Kirby,

Liiine.
Inhabits Europe in gardens.

Genus 478. OSMIA. Fanz., Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Linm,
Villcrs, Kirby ( ** c. '2S). Anthophora. Fabr., Illig., Klug.
Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary
palpi four-jointed : abdomen convex above, hairy beneath in the fe-
males ; mandibles broad.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 285

Sp. 1. Osm. cornuta.

Osinia cornula. Latr., Leach. Apis bicornis. Kirly.
Inhabits Europe. This species selects the hollows of large stones for
the purpose of nidificating.

Genus 479. IMEGACHILE. Lair., Walck., Sptnola, Leach. Apis.
Linn., Villcrs, Kirbt/ ( ** c. 2 a). Anthophora. Fabr., Illig.,
Panzer, Kliig. Tkachusa. Jurine. Xylocopa. Fabr. Cex-
TRis. Fabr.
Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary
palpi two-jointed, the first rather longest: ?iia)idibh's very strong: ab-
domen triangular, Hat aboNc, very downy beneath in the females.

" The insects of this genus are well known by the name of /cfl/"
cutters and carpenter bees : their interesting economy having attract-
ed tlie attention of many naturalists, so early as 1670 it was noticed
by Ray, Dr. Lister, Wiilughby, and Sir Edward King. Linne in this
as in many other instances (supposing the economy of a genus to
be peculiar to one species only) has confounded several species under
the general title of Jpis centunculuris, and denoted it by the orange-
coloured hairs which cover the under side of the abdomen, a cha-
racter which it possesses along with a great number of species."
Sp. 1. ^lega. centuncularis.
Apis centuncularis. Linn., Fourcroi/, Klug. Megachile centuncularis.

Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe. Builds its cells with the leaves of roses and of the
MercuriaHs uiinua.

Genus 480. CELIOXYS. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Villers,
Kirbj/ ( ** c. 1 a).

Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : tnarillary
palpi two-jointed, the first double the length of the second : mcuidi-
bles narrow and strong in both sexes : scute/lum spiny : abdomen co-
nic or triangular, very little or not at all do^nly : anus of the males
spiny.

Sp. 1. Cezl. conica.

Apis conica. Kirby. Caelioxys conica. Latr., Leach.

Male

Apis quadripunctata. I-.inv.. Anthophora qnadridentata. Fabr.

Female

Apis conica. Linn,

Inhabits flowers.

286

MODERjj SYSTEM.

C. Labruma I'dtlc broader than long, sub semicircular or scmioval.
Mandibles slender, pointed, unidcntate on their internal edge. Abdo~
men not pollinigerous.

* Lip with the lateral divisions shorter than the palpi. Body sim-
ply pubescent.

Genus 481. NOMADA. Scop., Fabr., Illig., Klug, Spinola, Ju-
rine, Panz., Leach. Apis. Linne, Vill-ers, Kirby {^' h).

Superior icings with three submarginal cells complete: muxil tar tj palpi
six-jointed.

The history, economy, and mode of nidification of the insects of
this genus (all of which are remarkable for the gaiety of their co-
lours) as yet remain a secret. Dr. Leach has strong reasons for su-
■ specting them to be parasitical ; and this seems the more probable
from their having no instrument for carrying pollen. I'heir flight
'is silent, unattended by any hum; they frequent dry banks. Their
eyes, whilst living, exhibit through the external reticulated covering
a surface of hexagons, which keeps shifting with the light.

■^vp. 1. JVo/». niftcornis.

Apis rulicornis. Linn., Kirbi/.. Nomada ruficornis. Fabr., Latr., Leae^:.

Inhabits dry banks and sandy situations.

Genus 482. EPEOLUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Jurinc, Fanz., Spi-
nola, Klug, Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirby (** b).
Sw^crior zfiwgs witli three complete submarginal cells: maxillary palpi

one-joiuted.
Sp. 1. Epeo. variegatus.

Bpeolus variegatus. Fabr;, Panz., Latr. Apis variegata. Linne.
Inhabits Europe, but is very local in Britain. I once met witli this
species in abundance in a sand-pit near Bexley, Kent.

** Lateral divisions of the lip almost as long as the palpi. Body
very villose in parts. Scutellum spinose. Superior zcings acith
three submarginal cells.

Genus 483. MELECTA. Latr., Panz., Illig., Spinola, Leach.
Apis. Linne, Kirby (** a).
Maxillary palpi six-jointed, with five very distinct.

The insects of this genus are supposed to be parasitical.
Sp. 1. Mel. punctata. Latr.
Crocisa atra. Jurine. Apis punctata. Kirby.
Inhabits Eifrope. Is common near Swansea in South Wales.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 287

■Srir.ps '2. — Lij) wilh the apex generally hirsute, not inflected.

A. Hinder Jeet of' the females, with their tibitc externally, and the
first joint of the tarsi very hairy.

a. Maxillary palpi zcith more than four joints. Lip with its lateral
divisions as long or lunger than the labial palpi, Antenutt of the males
very long.

Genus 484. EUCERA. Scop., Fair., Lair., Panz., Spinola, Klug,
Leach. Apis. Linnt, Kirby (^** d. 1).
Maxillary palpi distinctly six-jointed: superior wings uith two sub-
marginal cells complete.
Sp. 1. Eu. longico)-nis.
Kucera longicornis. Fair., Panz., Latr., LeacJi. Apis longicornis.

IJnnc, Kirby.
Inhabits banks with a southern aspect.

* Maxillary palpi with four joints or jnore. Lip with the lateral di-
visions shorter than the palpi. Superior wings with three submarginal
cells complete : labial palpi set form.

Genus 485. ANTIIOPIIORA. J^itr., Spinola, Leach.
Mandibles iniidentated within: maxillary palpi six-jointed.
Sp. 1. Anth. rctusa. {PI. 8. Jig. 9.)
Apis retusa. Linni, Kirby. Liisis pilipes. Jurine. Megilla pilipes.

Fabr. Anthophora hirsuta. Latr. Anthophora retusa. Leach.
Inhabits sandy banks.

Genus 48G. SAROPODA. Latr., Leach. Megilla. Illig., Paiiz.^
Heliophila. Klug. Apis. Kirby.
Mandibles unidentate within : maxillary palpi five-jointed.

Sp. 1. Saro. rotundata.

Megilla rotundata. Panz. Saropoda rotundata. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits flowers on sandy heaths.

B. Hinder feet with the tibia and the first joint of the tarsi shortly

hairy.

* Hinder tibiae terminated by two spu}'s or heels : superior irii/gswkh
three submarginal cells in all, complete, the last neither linear nor ob-
lique.

Genus 487. BOMBUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Panz., Spinola, KLig,
Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirby (** e. 2). Bremus. Jurine.
Labrum transverse : pioboscis shorter than the body : ocelli disposed in
a transverse straight line.

The Bonibi usually nidificate in cavities beneath the ground, but
many of the species (especially those of a fulvescent colour) con-
s<truct their nest ot" moss on the surface. The females appear early

288 MODERN SYSTEM.

in the spring when the willows are in bluoiii. Ihc males are most

abundant in the autumn.
Sp. 1. Bom. lerrestris.

Bombus terrestris. Fubr., Lair., Leach. Apis terrcstris. Linn.
Inhabits Europe.

** Hinder tibia without spurs or heels. Superior wings riith two or
ihj-ce siibmarginal cells, the last oblique or linear.

Genus 488. APIS of authors.
Hinder tarsi with their first joint Ion;;: superior zcingsw'iih three suli-

marginal cells complete, the last oblique and linear.
.Sp. 1. Apis mcllijica (hive bee).
Apis mellificao/'a«;/(0/-s.
Inhabits Europe.

Order XIV. RHIPIPTEILV. Latr., Leach.

Order Strepsiptera. Kirbi/.

Order Hymenoptera. Rossi.

" Xenos, the genus serving as the tj'pe of this singular order of in-
jects, was discovered by Rossi, who referred it without hesitation to
the Hymenoptera, and placed it next to Ichneumon. AiHOther ge-
nus of the same order was ibund by Kirby, and was described in his
celebrated Monogruphia Apian Anglia under the name of Siylops,
with expressions of doubt as to its systematic situation. Latreille
soon after received from De Brebisson a species of Stylops, and at
the end of his Genera Lisecloruni et Crustaceorum, observes, that it
seems to distiu'b our entomological systems, not being referable to
any of the established orders. Professor Peck detected a new spe-
cies of this group in America, and communicated it to Kirby, who
considered it to constitute with his Stylops a peculiar order of in-
sects, on which he gave a dissertation to the Linnean Societij of Lon-
don, which was published in the eleventh volume of their Transac-
tions. I adopted the characters that were kiid down by this learned
entomologist, as well as the name Strepsiptera, by which it was de-
signated. Since then Latreille has convinced me that the supposed,
elytra are but moveable processes attached to the anterior part of
the thorax ; whereas true elytra arise from the second segment of
the trunk, and always more or less cover the wings, which these
parts do not touch. Anxious to become acquainted with all the
characters of the order, I commenced an examination of the mouth,
and was soon convinced that the parts of it were far from being ob-
solete ; but fearing to undertake the dissection, I submitted the spe-
cimen to the inspection of Savigny, from whose exact and almost
infallible hand and eye I felt confident of gaining the desired infor-

CLASS V. INSECT A. 289

mation. lie ohsen'ed that the moutli contains the -whole of the
usual parts \vhich, under various modifications, exist in all insects :
the mandibles are perfectly distinct from and unconnected with the
inaxilla' : the maxillai are inserted behind, and somewhat below the
mandibles, whose base they conceal ; and the articulation of the
lahrum is very evident from its semitransparency." Leach, ZuoL
Misc. vol. iii.

Mr. Kirby, in the second volume of his Monographia Apian An-
glia:, gives the following account of Sf^/ops Melitta : " Upon this in-
sect (^Melitta mgro-ccnca) I discovered, last spring, a very singular
animal, which seems appropriated to the present genus. I had pre-
viously more than once observed upon other species something that
I took to be a kind of ^^tv/rw*-, which appeared to be immovably fixed
just at the inosculations of the dorsal segments of the abdomen; at
length, finding three or four upon a specimen of Melitta nigro-ama,
I determined not to lose that opportunity of taking one off to ex-
amine and describe; but what was my astonishment when, upon
my attempting to disengage it with a pin, I drew forth from the
body of the Melitta a white fleshy larva, a quarter of an inch in
length, the head of %vhich I had mistaken for an Acarus .' After I
had examined one specimen, I attempted to extract a second ; and
the reader may imagine how greatly my astonishment was increased,
when, after I had drawn it out but a little way, I saw its skin burst,
and a head as black as ink, with large staring eyes and antennje,
consisting of two branches, break forth, and move itself briskly
from side to side. It looked like a little imp of darkness just emerg-
ing from the infernal regions. My eagerness to set free from its
confinement this extraordinary animal may be easily conjectured.
Indeed I was impatient to become better acquainted with so singular
a creature. When it was completely disengaged, and I had secured
it from making its escape, I set myself to examine it as accurately
as possible ; and I found, after a careful inquiry, that I had not only
got a non-descript, but also an insect of a new genus, whose very-
class seemed dubious." For further information on this Order I
must refer the reader to the eleventh volume of the Transactions of
the Linnean Society, Soicerhifs British Miscellany, and Lcuclis ZoolO"
gical Miscellany, \o\. iii., all of which contain figures of the insects
of this Order.

Order XV. DIPTERA. Limn; Leach, Latr., ^-c,

.Class Antliata. Fair.

The insects composing this Order are distinguished from all other
insects by the following characters. Wings two, naked, unprotected .
Ublteres (poisers or balancers) placed behind, and generally beneath

2D0 MODERN SYSTEM.

the wings : head distinct from the thorax by an evident interval :
proboscis (rarely wanting) univalve : tarsi with two simple nails.

Besides these characters may be noted some others, which are
common to almost all dipterous insects. The jnouth is for the most
part furnished with a rostrum having no articulations. Thorax com-
posed of but one segment, always distinct from the abdomen.

Fam. I. TiPULiDiE. Leach.

Tipulari.t;. Latrcille.

Antennce \\\\h many joints, filiform or setaceous, longer than the head.

Stirps 1. — OceWi none: a«^e««<K very hairy : e^es large; rostrwn i\x\)\x-
lar and long.

Genus 489. CULEX of authors.
Sp. 1. Cut. pipiens of authors (the common gnat). {PL 9. Jig. 5.)
Inhabits water in the larva state.
Stxkps 2. — Oce//i none : a«toi«^ very hairy : fj/fs large : rostrum very

short, terminated by two lips : tuo anterior legs at a distance from

the others.

Genus 490. CORETHRA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
Antenna fourteen-jointed ; the basilar joints conic-ovoid; of the male

with fasciculi of hairs ; with simple hairs on the females, the two

last joints attenuated, elongated.
Sp. 1. Cor. cuculiformis. Meig.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 491. TANYPUS. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
Antenna fourteen-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, their extremities

filiform ; of the male, almost entirely moniliform, their last joint

larger and ovoid in the female.
Sp. 1. Ta7i. ductus.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 492. CHIRONOMUS. Meig., Latr., Illig., Fabr., Leach.

Antenna: twelve-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, with filiform ex-
tremities in the male, seven-jointed, the last joint elongate, cylindric
in the female.

Sp. 1. CMr. plumosus. Meig.

Inhabits marshy places.

Stirps 3. — Ocelli none: antennae \&ry Yid^vy: ft/es large: rostrum very
short : legs at an equal distance from each other.

Genus 493. PSYCHODA. Lntr., Fabr., Leach. Tinearia. Schell.
Trichoptera. Meig.
Wings deflexcd : rostrum shorter than the head . antenna with fifteen
or sixteen joints, of a glebular form, covered with bundles of hairs.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 291

Sp. 1 . Psi/. pJialanoides. Latr.
Inhabits moist places.

Genus 494. CECIDOMYIA. Latr., L'lig., Mclg., Leach. Oligo-
TROPUUS. Lat?-.
Wiiigx incumbent : antenna: moiiiliibrm, hairy.
Sp. 1. Ccc. lutea. INIeig.

Stirps 4. — Otr//Mione: antenna with short hairs: ei/es oval, entire
palpi with their last joint very long ; lips not inclined.

Genus 49 J. CTENOPIIORA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fa br., Leach.
Taniptera. Latr.
Antenna filiform; pectinated in the males, serrated in the females; the

second joint short, the tliird elongate.
Sp. 1. Cte. atrata. IMeig.
Inhabits moist places and meadows.

Genus 496. PEDICIA. Latr., Leacli. Limoma. Meig.

Antenna; subsetaceous, simple ; the t\vo first joints larger, elongate ;
the three following turbinated, the three next globular, and the se-
ven last slender, cylindric.

Sp. 1. PeJ. rivosu.

Tipula rivosa. Linn'c, Donovan.

Inhabits moist places.

Genus 497. TIPULA ofauthorii.
Antenna subsetaceous, simple; the first joint largest, cylindric; the se-
cond subglobose ; the next cylindric ; the third elongate.
Sp. 1. Tip. oleracea. Linne. {PI. 9. Jig. 2.)
Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the roots of vegetables.

Fam. II. Stratiomyd.e. Latreille.
HausteUum with two setoe.

A. Antenna not terminated by a seta.
Stirps 1. — Antenna with tlieir last joints having eight rings.

Genus 498. BERIS. Latr., Leach.

Antenna cylindric ; the last joint cylindric-oonic, elongate : scutel-
luin with four or six spines : palpi very much shorter than the pro-
boscis.

Sp. 1. Beris nigritarsis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits palings and moist places.

Stirps 2. — Antenna with their last joint having from four to six ring";,
fusiform, cylindric-conic, or conic.

Genus 499. STRATIOMYS of authors.
Antenna very much longer than the head; the first and third joints

292 MODERN SYSTEM.

very long, the latter subfusiform, compressed, with five rings t tho"

rax bispinose.
Sp. 1. Stra. Ckamaleon. {PL 12. Jig. 4.)
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 500. ODONTOMYIA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
Antenna a little longer than the head; the last joint cylindric-conic,

with six rings : thorax bispinose.
Sp. 1. Odont.furcata.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 501. CLITELLARIA. Meig., Illig., Leach. Ephippium.

Latr.
Antenntz a little longer than the head, with their last joint conic, six-
ringed, the two last forming a little style: thorax bispinous, the
spines erect.
Sp. 1. cut. Ephippium. Meig.
Inhabits the skirts of woods: is rare in Britain.

Genus 502. NEMOTELUS of authors.

Antenna half the length of the head, the third joint fusiform, four-
ringed : proboscis sheathed beneath a rostelliform process on which
the antennse are inserted.

Sp. 1. Nem. uliginosus. Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits flowers in meadows.

B. Antcnnce terminated bi/ a style or seta.

Stirps 3. — ScuteUum spincd.

Genus 503. OXYCERA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
AntenniE with their first and second joints forming a subfusiform club,

the third styliform.
.Sp. 1. Ox. Ili/drolenn.
Inhabits marshes and meadows.

Stirps 4. — ScuteUum without spines.

Genus 504. VAPPO. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Paciiygaster. Meig.
Antenna with their two first joints transverse ; the second with the

third joints forming a sub-hemispheric head.
Sp. 1. Vap. ater.
Inhabits hedges in lanes near Darent Wood in July.

Genus 505. S ARGUS of authors.
Antenna terminated by a seta longer than the antenna, their second
joint elongate : abdomen generally oblong.

Sp. 1. Sargns cupreiis.

Inhabits umbelliferous flowers in marshes.

^ ClASS V. INSECTA. 293

Fam. III. Tabanid.e. Leach.

Tabanii. LatreiUe.

Huustellum with many seta^.

Stirps 1. — TT7»g-s divaricating: scutdlum without spines; antenn<r a.9
long or a httle longer than the head.

Genus 50G. TABANUS of authors.

Proboscis a little shorter than the head, terminated by large lips: an-
tenna as long as the head, the second joint cup-shaped, the third
lunate-subulate, five-ringed : ocelli obsolete or wanting.

Sp. 1. Tab. bovinus.

Inhabits meadows.

Stirps 2. — H'7«i!S divaricating: scutcllum\\\&io\\t spines: a?i/c?m« con-
siderably longer than the head.

Genus 507. H/EMATOPOTA. Meig., Illig., Lafr., Fabr., Leach.
Antennce with the first joint elongate, incrassate, the second very short,
cup-shaped; the third elongate-conic (longer than the first), tubu-
lated, four-ringed : ocelli obsolete or wanting.
Sp. 1. Hcem. pluviaU:s. Meig. Tabanus pluvialis. LinnL
Inhabits woods and lanes, and is excessively troublesome to travellers.

Genus 508. CIIRYSOPS. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Antenna: witli the two first joints of nearly an equal length, the third

joint as long as both the others, cylindric-conic, five-ringed : ocelli

three.
Sp. 1. Chrj/. cacutiens.
Tabanus csecutiens. LinnL
Inhabits woods, commons, and lanes.

a. Proboscis (zvhoi at rest) entirely or partially promineni.

* Proboscis terminated by two large lips.

Fam. IV. Rhagionid.i. Leach.

RiiAGiONiD.'E. LatreiUe.

Palpi prominent, cylindric-conic: wings divaricating: antenna gene-
rally moniliform.

Genus 509. RHAGIO. Oliv., Rossi, Cuv., S,-c. Leptis. Fabr.
Antenna moniliform, the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a

seta : palpi porrect.
Sp. 1. Rha. scolopaccus. Latr.
Inhabits the trunks of trees.

294 - MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 510. ATHERIX. Meig., Latr., Leach,
Antenna moniliform ; the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a

seta : palpi erect.
Sp. 1. Ath. maculata. Meig.
Inliabits borders of woods.

Fam. V. DoLYCiiopoD^. Leach.
DoLYcnoPODES. LatreUlc.
Pa/j5i prominent, lameliilbrm: wings incumbent: antenna patelliform.

Genus 511. DOLYCHOPUS. Lutr., Fabr., Walck., Leach.
Antenna half the length of the headj the third joint trigonal, bearing

a seta on its hinder part.
Sp. 1 . Dol. nohilitatus. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits moist places in woods and commons.

Fam. ^"I. Mydasid.e. Leach.
Mydasix. Laircille.
Palpi not prominent.

Genus 512. THEREVA. Latr., Leach.
Antenna as long or longer than the head; the last joint ovoid-conic,

with a distinct style terminated by a seta.
Sp. 1. Ther. pleheia.
Inhabits commons and woods,

** Proboscis terminated by very small lips,

Fam. VII. AsiLiD.t. Leach.
AsiLtci. Latrcille.
Body long: zcings 'mcumhcnt : a'2tot7.'(Z' three-jointed.

Stirps 1. — Tarsi terminated by two claws, and two pulvilli: antenna
as long, or not much longer than the head.

Genus 513. LAPIIIUA. Meig., Lllig., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Antenna with their first joint longer than the second ; the last suboval,
without a style.

There is a British species of this genus, but I do not know its
specific name.

. Genus 514. ASILUS of authors. Erax. Scopoli.
Antenna with their first joint longer than the second; the last elon-
gate-conic, terminated by a very distinct style.
Sp. 1. Asi. crabronifonnis. Fabr., Leach. {PI. 9. fig. 9.)
Inhabits commons and heaths.

Genus 515. DASYPOGON. Meig., lllig., Latr., Leach, Fabr.
Antenna with their two first joints nearly equal; the last sub-cylindric,
terminated by a minute, articuliform, conic style.

CLASS V, INSECTA. 295

9p. 1. Das)/p. punctaliis. Meig., Leach.
Inhabits sandy commons.

Stirps 2. — Tarsi terminated by two claws and two piilvilli : antenna
much longer than the head, inserted in a common footstalk.

Genus 516. DIOCTllIA. IMeig., Illig., Lutr., Fair., Leach.
Sp. 1. Dioc. (E/amlka. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Stirps 3. — Tarsi terminated by three claws; pulvilli wanting.

Genus 517. GONYPES. Latr., Lctich. Leptog aster. Aleig.
Abdomen very long, slender, thicker towards its extremity.
Sp. 1. Gon. tipuloidcs. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits .

Fam, VIII. Empid^. Leach.
Empides. Latrcille.

Bodi/ long: wings incxiinhent: antennce two-jointed: proboscis perpen-
dicular.

Genus 518. EMPIS of authors.
Antennte three-jointed, the last joint terminated by a seta; palpi erect.
Sp. 1. E/npis Borealis. Fabr.
Inhabits .

Fam. IX. Antiiracidx. Leach.

Aktiiracii. LatreiUe.

Bodi/ short : zoings divaricating : antenna distant, two or three-jointed :
head as high as the thorax.

Genus 519. ANTHRAX of atifhors.
Palpi received into the cavity of the mouth : proboscis short, not por-

rect.
Sp. 1. Anth. Hottentoffa.
Inhabits borders of woods on dry banks.

Fam. X. BoMBYLiD.E. Leuch,

BoMBYLiARiA. LatrcHle.

Body short: wings divaricating: antenna contiguous, three-jointed:
head lower than the thorax.

Genus 520. BOMBYLIUS of authors.
Proboscis longer than the head, pointed : palpi distinct : antenna: with

their first joint much longer than the second.
Sp. 1. Bomb, major of authors. {PL 9.Jig. 10.)
Inhabits open places in woods in the spring of the year.

296 MODERN SVSXKM,

»

Fam. XI. AcROCERiD.E. Leach.
Inflata. Latreille.

Body short as if intlated : wings divaricating : antenna three- or two-
jointed.

b. Proboscis (when at rest) jxtractile within the cnvity of the mouth.

Genus 521. ACROCERA. Meig., Latr., Leach.
Proboscis obscure: antennie inserted on the vertex; tvvo-jointed, the
last joint terminated by a seta.
There is a British species of this genus.

Genus 522. OGCODES. Latr., Leach. Hexops. //%., Wakk.,
Meig., Fabr.
Proboscis obscure : antenna inserted anteriorly over the cavity of the

mouth; two-jointed, the last joint terminated by a seta.
Sp. 1. Og. gibbosus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Germany and England.

Fam. XII. Syrphid^. Leach.
Syrphix. Latreille.

B. Haustellum with two seta:.

Stirps 1. — Head anteriorly conic-produced: antenna much shorten
than the head, placed in a common elevation : oval cavity on the
nasal prominence : wings divaricating.

Genus 523. RHINGIA of authors.
Head anteriorly much produced, terminated by the proboscis.
Sp. 1. Rhin. rostrata of authors.
Inhabits flowers.

Genus 524. SERICOMYIA. Latr., Leach.
Antennas with, their setee plumose, inserted at the dorsal juncture of the

second and third joints; the last joint of the antennae suborbicular.
Sp. 1. Ser. Lapponum. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits marshes, especially the bogs of Dartmoor, and the north of

England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Genus 525. VOLUCELLA. Geoff., Schaff., Latr., Leach. Pte-
ROCERA. Meig.
^nfe«n« with their last joint elongate; seta plumose, inserted at the

dorsal juncture of the second and third joint.
Sp. 1. Vol. pellucens. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods in June and July.

Genus 526. ERISTALIS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. HELiopiiiLrs.
Meig., Illig.
Antenna contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long ;

CLASS V. iNsr.cTA. 297

srfa (simple or slightly |ilumose) inserted beyond the dorsal junc-
tion of the second and tlurd joints : /uad anteriorly distinctly rostri-
form.

Sp. t. Erist. Narcissi.

Inhabits llowers in marshes.

Genus 527. HELOPHILUS. iroc//. Elophilus. Meig., 1/%.,

Latr.
Antenna contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long ;
seta (simple or slightly plumose) inserted beyond the dorsal jimcture
of the second and third joints; head anteriorly distinctly rostriform.
Sp. 1. Hel. tena.T. Lati"., Leach.
Inhabits hedges, and is very common.

Genus 5'28. SYRPHUS of authors.
Antenna separate at their base, their last joint suborbiculate : seta in-
serted beyond the dorsal junction of the second and third joints:
abdomen elongate-subquadrate, gradually somewhat narrower to-
wards its extremity.
Sp. 1. Syr. Fyrastri. Fabr.
Inhabits flowers.

Genus 529. DOROS. Meig., llUg., Leach.
Antennte separate at their base ; their last joint suborbiculate : seta in-
serted beyond the dorsal juncture of the second and third joints : ab-
domen subovate-trigonal ; the length double the breadth.
Sp. 1. Doros conopseus.
Milesia conopsea. Fabr.
Inhabits fields, but is very rare.

StiTvPS 2. — Head not anteriorly conic-produced : antennae much longer
than the head, placed on a common elevation : oval cavity on the
nasal prominence : zcings deflexed.

Genus 530. CHRYSOTOXUM. Meig., Latr., Leach.
Antennee subcylindric, their last joint having a seta at its base.
Sp. 1. Chri/s. arcuatum.
Musca arcuata. Linnl.
Inhabits flowers.

Genus 531. CERIA. Fabr., Latr., Illig., Meig., L^each.
Antenna with their first and second joints forming an oval mass termi-
nated by a style.

There is one British species, that does not seem to have been de-
scribed.

Stirps 3. — Head not anteriorly produced : nasal part straight, not jiro-
minent : antennte inserted separately, very much longer than the
head : wings deflexed.

Genus 532. APHRITIS. Latr., Leach. Microdon. Meig.

Antenna with their third joint conic, elongate, its base bearing a seta.

298 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Aphr. auro-pubescens, Latr., Leach.
Inhabits heaths.

Stirps 4. — Head not anteriorly produced ; nasal part straight, not pro-
minent : antennte inserted separately, very much longer than the
head : wings deflexed.

Genus 533. MILESIA. Lntr., Leach.

Hinder thighs (of the males at least) large, very thick, elongate-ovato,
denticulated beneath: unteniKE with their last joint much compress-
ed: abdomen trigonate.

Sp. 1. Mil. annuluta. Leach.

Inhabits borders of woods.

Fam. XIII. CoNOPSiDi. Leach.

CoxoPSAnii. LatreiUc.

Proboscis prominent, nearly cylindric or conic, v.ithout any remark-
able dilatation : antcnnee with their second joint as long or longer
than the third, forming with it a fusiform or subovate-compressed
club : body elongate.

Genus 534. CONOPS of authors.
Proboscis porrect: ocelli none: antenna very much longer than the

head : apex fusiform.
Sp. 1. Con. aculeata. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits hedges and flowers.

Genus 535. ZODION. Latr., Leach.
Proboscis porrect : ocelli three : antennce shorter than the head : apex

subovoid.
Sp. 1 . Zo. conopsoides. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits umbelliferous plants. Taken by Dr. Leach in Darent Wood

in July.

Genus 536. MYOPA of authors. Stomoxoides. Schxffer.
Proboscis very long, filiform, geniculated beneath twice.

Sp. 1. Ml/, dorsalis. Fabr., Leach.
Inliabits hedges and gardens.

Genus 537. BUCENTES. Latr.^ Leach.
Proboscis geniculated twice.

Sp. 1. Buc. cine7'eiis. Latr., Leach.
Isiliabits France and England.

Genus 538. STOMOXYS of authors.
Proboscis geniculated once.

Sp. 1. Stom. calcitrans of authors. {PI. 0. fig. 7.)
Inhabits commons in the autumn.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 299

Fam. XIV. Muscid.e. Leach.
IMusciDES. Latrcille.
Proboscis retractile, terminated by a very remarkable dilatation.

Stirps 1. — Antenna inserted near the front, sctigerous : jmlpi internal :
haltcrcs visible : anterior legs simple : liead not subglobose : hinder legs
not larger than the rest : wings horizontal : eyes sessile.

Genus 539. MOCILLUS. I^tr., Leach.
Antenna shorter than the head : head hemispheric.
Sp. 1. Moc. cellar ius. Linne, Leach.
Inhabits wine-vaults.

Stirps 2. — Antenna inserted near the front, setigerous : palpi internal :
luiltcres visible: anterior legs simple: Iiead not subglobose: hinder
legs not longer than the rest: u-ings divaricating: cj/cs simple : ver-
tex narrow.

Genus 510. TEPIIRITIS. Lafr., Fabr., Illig., Leach. Tuypeta.
]\[eig. Dacds. Fabr.
Thorax cylindric : proboscis entirely retractile,

Sp. 1. Teph. Cardui. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits thistles.

Stirps 3. — Antenna inserted near the upper part of the head, setige-
rous : palpi internal : haltcres visible : anterior legs simple : head not
often subglobose : hinder legs not larger than the rest : zei'igs deflexed :
ei/es sessile : vertex broad.

Genus 54L CALOBATA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Antenna very much shorter than the head, the third joint longer tlian

the second: iod'j/ long, filiform : /co-s long, filiform.
Sp. 1. Cal. fill for mis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France and England.

Genus 542. SEPEDON. Latr., Leach. Bacca. Fabr. Mulio.
Schellenberg.
Antenna very much longer than the head, inserted on an elevation; the

second joint very long, cylindric.
Sp. 1. Sep. pulustris. Latr.
Inhabits marshes.

Genus 543. LOXOCEILY. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
.^Irttoi«<e very much longer than the head; last joint linear; abdomen

narrow, linear.
Sp. 1. Lox. Ichncumonia. jNIcig.
Inhabits flowers in marshes.

Genus 544. SCATOPIIAGA. Meig., Lair., Leach. Pyropa. J%.
Antenna shorter than the head: Act/i^ round, sub-globose: trr^ej: hori-
zontal : body very much elongated.

300 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1 . Scat, merdaria. Latr., Le^ch.
Iioliabits cow-dung.

Genus 545. ANTIIOMYIA. Meig., Illlg., Latr., Leach.
Antennae shorter than the head : head hemispheric, transverse : vertex

incHned : hodif not much lengtlicned.'
Sp. 1. Anth. pluvialis. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Stirps 4. — Antenna inserted near the upper part of the head, not seti-
gerous : palpi internal : halteres visible : anterior legs diiferiqg in form
from the others.

Genus 546. PIPUNCULUS; Latr., Leach.
Antenna two-jointed, the last joint subulated at its extremity : anterior

legs simple.
Sp. 1. Pip. campestris. Latr.
Inhabits meadows.

Genus 547. SCENOPINUS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Cona. Sckl-r
lenberg.
^nferente three-jointed : anterior legs simple.

Sp. 1. Seen, niger. Latr.
Inhabits houses near woods.

Genus .548. OCHTHERA. Latr., Leach. Macrochira. Meig.
Anterior legs raptorious : antcnnee terminated by a bearded seta.
Sp. 1. Och. Mantis. Latr.
Once taken in Devon by Dr. Leach.

Stirps 5. — Antemue frontal, very short: palpi internal : halteres entirely
or partly concealed : wings divaricating.

Genus 549. PHASIA. Latr., Leach. Thereva. Fabr., Walck.,
Meig., Panz.
Antenna distant, sub-parallel, last joint subquadrate, with abiarticulate

seta : (body short : abdomen depressed, semicircular : wings large.)
Sp. 1. Phas. variabilis. Leach.
Musca hemiptera. Linni.

Stirps 6. — Antenna frontal, as long as the face : jj«//'i internal, or
partly concealed : wings divaricating.

Genus 550. MUSCA of authors.
Antenna with the third joint very much longer than the others : abd(>-

mcn moderately long, subacuminate.
Sp. 1. jlfHs. mw?;Yo;v'a (common blue-bottle fly). Latr.
Inhabits every where. It is the insect that deposits its eggs on meat,

which are commonly denominated lly-blows,

CLASS V. INSCCTAi

301

Genus 551. OCYPTERYX. ie«r//. Ocyptera. If./r. Exorista.
Altig. Eriotiiuin. Meig.
Antenna: with their last joint longer than the others : uhdomen distinctly

annuialed, rounded.
Sp. 1. Oci/pt. lateralis. Leach.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 552. GYi^JNOSOMA. Meig., Leach.
Antenrue with their last joint longer tlian the others : abdomen semi-
circular, subuniarticulate.
Sp. 1. Gym. rotundata. Meig.

Genus 553. ECIIINOMYIA. Buin., Latr., Leach. Taciiina.
Meig., Ful>r.
Antenna with their second joint longer than the others : abdomen sub-
globose, and very bristly.
Sp. 1. Ech. grossa. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 554. TACHINA. Leach.
Antenna with their second joint longer thaii the others : ubdomoi

ovate, rather bristly.
Sp. 1. Tach. fera.
Inhabits the skirts and pathways in woods.

Fam. XV. (Estrida. Leach.
Mi^sciDES, I. LatreiUe. Astomata. Dum'cril.

The larvffi of all the insects of this family reside in the frontal
sinuses under the skin, or in the stomachs of graminivorous mam-
malia. Their curious oeconomy has been admirably detailed in the
third volume of the Tramactions of the Ijinnean Society of London
by Mr. Bracy Clark, who has lately republished his Dissertation
under the title An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals.
London, 1815.

Genus 555. (ESTRUS of authors.
Wings with the t\vo exterior cells complete, the other hinder cells ter-
minal : thorax with its surface unequal : abdomen with its point dc-
tlexed; of the female acuminate : tv/es distant; of the male closer
than those of the female.

* Thorax rovghish, zcith elevated points.
The larvae of the species of this division of the genus inhabit the

frontal sinuses.
Sp. 1. CEstrus Ovis.

Inhabits the frontal sinuses of the sheep in the larva state ; the per-
fect insect is found on walls and stones in the vicinitv of shccji-
folds.

302 MODERN #¥STEM.

** Thorax with square shining naked xpots.

The ]ar\'a2 of tliis section reside beneath the skin of herbivorous inam-
maha.

Sf. 2. (Estrus Bovis. (PL 9. fig. 1.)

" The larvjE of this species, named by the peasants Warbles, or
Wornils, are found beneath the skin on the backs and loins of oxen,
causing tumours as large as pullets' eggs. The perfect insect, or
gad-fly, appears about the end of summer, and is much dreaded by
cattle."

Genus 556. GASTEROPHILUS. Leach. (Esmrs of anihors.

Wings with all the hinder cells terminal : tliontx with its surfaces
smooth : abdomen with its extremities inflexed ; of the female, very-
much elongated and attenuated : eyes in both sexes equally distant.
" The lar\'ai of the G asteropldli, as their name imports, inhabit
the stomach of herbivorous quadrupeds, and are called Bots ; the
perfect insect Bot-tlies."

Sp. 1. Gast. Equi. Leach, Trans. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii.

(Estrus Bovis. Linnt. Oestrus Equi. Clark.

The larvae inhabit the horse.

Order X\I. OMALOPTERA. Leach.
DrPTEFvA of authors.

Mouth with mandibles and maxillaj : Up simple : wings two or none
(jMetamorphosis coarctatc).

Fam. I. IIiPPOBosciD^. Leach.

Head divided from the thorax by a suture at least : proboscis provided
with two valves : nails of the tarsi double or treble.

" The larvae are nourished within the abdomen of the mother,
and, when full grown, are passed in the form of an oviform pupa,
covered with the indurated skin of the larva;." In the second vo-
lume of the Ti-ansuctions of the Weinierian Natural History Society of
Edinburgh is given a most excellent f)aper on the insects of this
family by Dr. Leach. The following are natives of this country:

Stirps 1. — Wings two; the hinder cell only commenced: thorax an-
teriorly entire, acuminated.

Genus 557. HIPPOBOSCA of authors. Nirmomyia. Nitzsch.
Ocelli none.

Sp. 1. Hipp, equina. Linne, Leach (Forest-fly.) {Pl.O.fg. 11.)
Inhabits the horse. In the New Forest of Hampshire they abound in.
a most astonishing degree. I have obtained from the flanks of one
horse six handfuUs, which consisted of upwards of a hundred spe-

CLASS V. INSECIA. 303

cimens. Mr. Bentley informs me, from ol)servations he made in
the summer of 1810, while in Hampshire, that the Hippobosca are
found in a considerably greater abundance on white and light-co-
loured horses than those of a black and dark colour ; and this ob-
servation was confirmed by the stable-keepers in the vicinity of tlie
Forest.

Stirps 2. — Wings tM'o; the hinder cells complete: thorax anteriorly
notched for the reception of the head.

* Wings of nearly an equal breadth throughout.

Genus 558. ORNITHOMYIA. Lafr., Oliv., Leach.
Ocelli three, situated in foveolas.
Sp. 1. Ornith. avicularia. Leach.
Hippobosca avicularia. Linnc.
Inhabits the black grouse and tit-pippit.

** Wings acuminated.

Genus 559. CRATERINA. Olfers. Stenepteryx. Leach.
Ocelli three, situated in foveolse.

Sp. 1. Cr. Hirundinis. Olfers. Stenepteryx Hiruudinis. Leach.
Hippobosca Hirundinis. Linnt.
Inhabits the nests and bodies of the house-swallow.

Genus 560. OXYPTERUM. Kirby, Leach.
Ocelli none.

Sp. 1. Oxypt. Kirhyanum. Leach.
Inhabits England.

S^iRPS 3. — Wings none : thorax anteriorly notched for the reception of
the head.

Genus 561. MELOPHAGUS. Latr., Leach, Olfers. Mei.ophil.\.
Nitzsch.
Ocelli none.

Sp. 1. Mel. ovinus. Latr., Leach.
Hippobosca ovina. Linne.
Inhabits the sheep.

Fam. II. Nycteribid.?:. Leach.

Head united with the thorax : 7iails of the tarsi simple didactyle.

Genus 562. NYCTERIBIA. Latr., Leach. Phthiribium. llcr-

mann, Olfers.

Thorax depressed : mouth situated on the back at the anterior part of

tlie thorax: legs six, placed at the sides; femora with two joints, the

second long and compressed : tibi<E with two joints, the first longest

and compressed, the second joint slender and arcuated ; taisi with

304 MODERN SYSTtM.

five articulations, the first three gradually shorter, the fourth longer
and wider, the fifth shorter, and receiving the didactyle claw: abdo-
men'm both sexes with eight joints: Female? with the first seg-
ment of the hack produced, the fourth and remainder partly con-
cealed, the last segment at its apex furnished with a setigerous
style: Male? with the last segment largest.

Its situation was referred to the Diptera hy Latreille, who ob-
serves, in a note, that it may probably be found hereafter to consti-
tute a peculiar Order of insects. From the apparent want of an-
tennfe, and from the confluence of the head and thorax, Dr. Leach
placed it amongst the Araclino'tda, in a division by itself Its mode
of propagation is unknown. Hermann considered the se.vual as spe-
cific dift'erences.

Sp. 1. Nyct. Hermanni.

Phthiridium biarticulatum. Herm. Mem. Apt. 12i.pl. 6.fg. 1. Olfers, 80.
Hippobosca Vespertilionis. Sc/ir. Fn. Brit. 2587. Phthiridium Her-
manni. Leach, Enci/cl. Brit. Siipp. vol. i. 446. pi. 23. — Zool. Misc. iii.
55, pi. 144.

In the plate given in the third voliune of the Miscellam/, repre-
sentations are given of the sexes very much magnified, with one leg
still more highly increased by the aid of the microscope. The se-
cond joint of each tibia is longer than all the joints- of the tarsus
taken together.

Inhabits the greater and lesser horse-shoe bat.

ANIMALS OF DOUBTFUL SITUATION. 306

ARTICULATED ANIMALS

having articulated Legs, of doubtful Situation.

The singular animals that compose this group inhabit the sea.
The females arc furnished with two palpiform organs inserted at the
base of the rostrum, on which parts they carry their eggs, attached
in globular masses.

The legs are composed of three-jointed coxae, one-jointed thighs,
two-jointed tibiae and tarsi, the latter part furnished with claws.

Order PODOSOMATA,

Bod^ four-jointed, and formed as it were of the junction of the coxae :
7iwuth tubular: et/es four, placed on a common tubercle : legs eight.
The natural situation of this assemblage of animals is still doubt-
ful, as very little is known concerning them : they were referred to
the AuACHNoiDA by Dr. Leach, in Brewster's Edin. Encycl. vol. vii.
and also in the article Annulosa in the Supp. to Encycl. Brit. vol. i.;
since which time, from a further examination of their characters,
he is by no means satisfied as to their position.

Fam. I. Pycnogonidx. Leach,
Mandibles none.

Genus 1. PYCNOGONUM of authors.

Legs rather strong : coxa with subequal joints : tibia with the first joint
largest : tarsi with the first joint very small : claws simple, strong,
acute.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, the last joint very acute, ungui-
form, attached to the first joint of the body at the base of the ros-
trum.

Sp. 1. Pyc. Balanarum. Fabr., Latr., Leach, Edin. Encycl. — Supp. to
Encycl. Brit. vol. i. pi. 23. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 388.

Inhabits the European ocean. It is not uncommon in Plymouth
Sound, where it is taken by the trawl fishers.

Genus 2. PHOXICHILUS. Latr., Leach.
Legs very slender : coxa with the middle joint longest, subclavate :
tibia With the first joint shorter: tarsi with the first joint very small :
claws double, unequal, the longer one acute.

Egg-bearing organs seven-jointed, the last johit tuberculiform, in-
serted at the base of the rostrum, one on each side, and attached to
the first segment of the body.

306 ANIMALS OF DOVliTFUL SITUATION.

The specific characters of none of the species are yet ascertained.
Phalangium hirsutum, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5. Jig. T.,
belongs to this genus.

Fam. II. Nymphonid^. Leach.
Mandibles two, biarticulate, didactyle.

Genus 3, NYMPHUM. Lam., Leach. Nymphon. Fabr., Latr,
Pycnogonum. Muller.

Mandibles longer than the rostrum, with equal joints, the fingers curv-
ed, meeting along their whole length and abruptly hooked at their
extremities : palpi six-jointed, the second joint elongate, the sixth
very small : legs very slender: coxa with the middle joint longest :
tibia with the second joint rather longest : tarsi with the first joint
somewhat shortest : claws simple.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, inserted behind the rostrum almost
under the anterior pair of legs.

Sp. 1. Ni/m. gracile. Cinereous: thighs cylindric.

Nymphum gracile. Leach, Sool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. Jjg- 1- — Supp. to
Encycl. Brit. i. 433. pi. 23.

" Inhabits the British seas everywhere : but as it never attains
the size of the Phalangium, misnamed by Linne grossipes (which is
figured by Strom in his History of Sondmor, 208. tab. 2. Jig. 16), it is
doubtful if it be the same species : but as the Linnean name is so
inapplicable, little fault can be found with the more appropriate
name for which it has been exchanged."

Sp. 2. Nymph. Jemoratum. Reddish ; thighs dilated and compressed.

Nymphum femoratum. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. fg. 2. — Supp.
to Encycl. Brit. i. 433.

Inhabits the shores on the southern coast of Devon.

APPARATUS

ENTOMOLOGISTS.

-I HE apparatus iiseil for taking insects are few and simple: the fol-
lowing are indispensable, and will be found to answer every necessary
purpose.

A Net, similar in its construction to a bat fowling-net; this is gene-
rally made of tine gauze or coarse muslin, and may be either dyed
green or remain a white; the advantage of the latter colour is, that mi-
nute insects are sooner discovered than if the net is green, but a green
net must be used for INIothing. The net rods should ])e made of ash,
beech, hazel, or any tough wood ; each rod should be about five feet in
length, perfectly roimd, smooth, and gradually tapering. PL 11. Jig. 1.
one of the rods complete: a, the cross-piece, which should be of cane,
and fit into the angulated ferrule : b, the rod, must be divided into
three or four pieces for the convenience of being carried in the pocket ;
each joint at the upper part must have a ferrule riveted on as at rf :
the joints are best made with a notch or check, as at c, which prevents
the upper part from twisting : when fitted together, care must be taken,
in fitting the joints to the brass tubes, that they are made exact, or
otherwise they will be subject to shake and continually coming to
pieces.

The net (Jig. 2.) must be bound entirely round with a broad welt,
doubled to form a groove, into which the rods are to slip. In the
centre of the upper part, beneath the Jig. 2., must be a small piece of
wash-leather to form a hinge ; this must be sewed roiuid the welt, di-
vided and sewed in the middle to prevent the cross pieces from slip-
ping over each other, b, about four inches of the gauze turned up to
form a bag. c. strings passing through the staple e, fig. 1. to draw
the net tight on each side ; the handles are to be held one m each hand
when the net is used.

With this net it is intended to take insects on the wing ; and for
that purpose it answers very effectually, as it may be instantly opened
or folded together, and secure the insect between : even the smallest
insects cannot escape if the net is not damaged, and the gauze is fine.
It also answers well for collecting caterpillars, and many of the cole-
opterous insects tliat are seldom found on the wing ; in using it for

xj 2

308 APPARATUS USED BY EVT0M0L0GIST5.

this purpose, the Entomologist must hold it expanded under the trees
or bushes, and vnth a stout stick beat the branches, by which means
a vast number of insects will fall into the net, and many hundreds
may be taken in a single day.

A Hoop, or Landing-net {pi 'il-fg- 4.) — This is generally used in
taking aquatic insects, but will be found verj- useful to sweep the grass
and low herbage, for many coleopterous and other insects are taken in
no other way : — the socket may be of such size that t^vo joints ot the
net-rod will form a convenient handle, or a walking-stick may be
used.

The Digger (pi. 11. Jig- 5.) — This is a piece of iron or steel, of
about six inches long, fitted into a wooden handle, and is used for col-
lecting the pup£ of Lepuloptera at the roots of trees, also for strip-
ping oflF the bark, under \Ahich many exceedingly rare insects are fre-
quently found. The digger is best with an arrow-headed point, as at a.

A Phial (fig. 6.) or tin V)Ottle, useful in collecting coleopterous in-
sects. In this bottle a tube is introduced, which extends a little way
down the bottle to prevent the insects from escaping : in small phials,
a quill passed through the cork, with a cork stopper, answers extremely
well for small insects.

A pair of brass Pliers (Jig. 7.) for taking up small insects from roots
of grass, &c.

A Settixg Needle (Jig. 8 and 9.), fixed in a pencil stick, for the
purpose of extending the parts of insects ; at the other end of the sticJc
a camel's hair pencil is fixed, to remove any dirt or dust which may
be on the insects ; and if the pencil is drawn through the lips, to bring
the end to a fine point, it may be frequently useful to display the an-
tennae, palpi, &c. of the minute species.

A Pair of Forceps (Jig. 10.) — These are about eight or ten inches
in length ; are made of steel. The fans are either of a circular or
hexangular form, and are covered with fine gauze ; they are held and
moved as a pair of scissors, and are extremely useful in taking bees,
wasps, &c. If an insect is on a leaf, both leaf and insect may be in-
closed in the forceps; or if lodged against the tnink of a tree, paling,
t»r an}' flat surface, they may very conveniently be entrapped ; if of
the Lepidoptera order, the insect should be pressed with the thumb-
nail prett}' smartly on the thorax, but not so as to crush it; it may
then be shaken into the hand, and a pin passed through the thorax,
(this means is also used with moths, &c. when taken in the net ;) or
a pin may be passed through the thorax whUe the insect is confined
between the gauze, and then carefully taken out by the pin.

Pocket Collectixg Box. — The Entomologist must also furnish
himself with a chip-box, of a convenient size for the pocket, lined at
the top and bottom with cork, to stick those insects in that would in-
jure themselves by being loose in a box : in this some camphor, cou-

APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 309

fined in a small gauze-bag, should constantly be kept, as the scent from
it not only tends to hasten the death of the insect, but stupifies and
prevents their fluttering.

Pixs. — Those used for the Crustacea are generally large, some being
four inches in length ; — the size of the pin should correspond with the
size of the animal. Those used for insects are of t^vo sizes, small lace,
and a much liner made only for this purpose. The pins used for set-
ting should be longer than those used for piercing the insects, and
will be fovmd much more convenient.

Pill Boxes. — Of these the Entomologist should possess three or
four dozen : — they are generally used for the smaller species of Lepi-
doptera, such as the Tinese, Tortrices, &c. In collecting the latter, no
more than one specimen should be inclosed; and such boxes as con-
tiin them require some care in carrying, to prevent the insect being
shaken, which would injure the wings: carrying them in the hat,with
a handkerchief over them, to prevent their rolling about, is by far the
safest way.

QviLLs will also be found useful ; these must have one end care-
fully stopped up with cork or cement, the mouth with a cork stopper.
It is also advisable to tie a piece of waxed sewing silk round each end,
to prevent them from splitting: — the Entomologist may in these se-r
cure with safety the most minute insects.

Pocket Larv.e Box. — This is essential in collecting for the safe
conveyance of Caterpillars, and is merely a chip-box, with a piece cut
out of the top and bottom, and covered with gauze, for the free ad-
mission of air : a few leaves of the plants on which the caterpillars
are found must be put in the box with them. Further instmction for
the method of breeding insects is given below.

Setting Boards. — These are simply a thin deal board of a conve-
nient size, and covered with soft cork. The cork must be perfectly
even on the surface, and covered with white paper. As many insects
require much time in drying, I should recommend the Entomologist
to have a small box of about a foot square, with slips of wood nailed
on the inside for the boards to slide on, and at the same time at a
sufficient distance from each other, that the pins may not be displaced
or moved in putting the boards in, or drawing them out; this should
be kept in a dry place, and furnished with a door covered with tine
muslin to admit the air, and exclude the dust.

Braces. — These are merely slips of card, used for confining the
wings of insects whilst drying, as shown \n plate 12.

Breeding Cages are used for rearing insects from Caterpillars, and
may be made of wainscot, (deal is objectionable, as the scent from the
turpentine is liable to kill the larvge,) in the form represented in pi. 11.
Jig. 3, with the sides and front covered with gauze, b a small square
box or tube, for tlie reception of a phial of water, in which the stalks

310 APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS.

of the plants may be put for the caterpillars to feed on. The most
convenient size of the cages is about eight inches in breadth, four deep,
and one foot in height; they should never contain but one kind of ca-
terpillar, as some species devour others ; and indeed, if left without
food, will devour those of their own kind also. At the bottom of each
case must be a quantity of earth, about two inches deep ; with the
earth should be mixed a little sand, and some of the fine mould fre-
quently found in the bodies of old trees ; this will prevent in a great
measure the earth drying up into hard lumps or clods. The most cer-
tain way of breeding insects is to keep the cages in a cool and moist
place, as in a cellar or out-house ; for a great number of caterpillars
change into the pupa state several inches beneath the surface of the
earth, and if kept too dry, the earth about them will absorb the nutri-
tive moisture from the animal, thereby not only weakening it, but
hardening the shell in which it is inclosed, so that its strength will be
insufficient to burst the case when it should come forth, and in which
it must die, as many have done, occasioned entirely by this mis-
management of them.

Some years produce a greater quantity of caterpillars than others,
and keeping each kind by themselves would require an immense
number of cages, and much time in changing the food, and paying a
proper attention to them. It is a common practice to have a breeding
cage of larger dimensions, by which means a great number of cater-
pillars may be fed in one cage, in which a variety of food may be put,
but must be taken away and replaced with fresh plants every second
or third day, for this tends greatly to the obtaining of fine specimens
of the pei-fect insect.

The larvaj of many insects that feed beneath the surface of the
earth may be bred hi the following manner : Let any box that is about
three or four feet square, and two or three feet deep, be lined or co-
vered externally with tin, and bore through the sides and bottom a
number of very minute holes : put into this box a quantity of earth
that is replete with such vegetables as the caterpillars subsist on, and
sink it into a bed of earth, so that the surface may be exposed to the
different changes of the v. eather : the lid should be covered with brass
or iron net-work, to prevent their escape.

Cabinet. — In the present advanced state of Entomology, a collec-
tion of British insects requires a cabinet of from 50 to 100 drawers,
which are generally about fourteen or fifteen inches in length and
breadth, and about two inches in depth ; the cork with which the bot-
toms are to be lined must be chosen as free from cracks and knots as
possible, and filed, or cut very level, and be about the sixth of an inch
in substance. The top of every drawer must be glazed, to prevent the
admission of dust or air ; the glass is usually fitted into a frame of the
69.rae size as the drawer, and is made to let in on a rabbet.

APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 31.1

The best method for a young Entomologist is to obtain a cabinet of
about thirty drawers, arranged in two tiers, and covered in with fold-
ing doors. There is a great convenience in this size, as the cabinets
are rendered more portable; and cabinets may be added of the same
size, as the collection increases, wiUiout injuring the uniformity, may
be placed on each other, and carried to any extent. It is immaterial
whether the cabinet is made of mahogany or wainscot; sometimes
they are made of cedar wood, l)ut seldom of deal or any other wood
that is soft ; small holes or cells must be made on the inside of the
fronts for camphor.

CoRKixG OF Drawers.— The readiest way is to buy the cork pre-
pared, which may be obtained at most of the cork-cutters ; but this
will be found expensive for large cabinets. I have generally bought it
in the rough state, and cut it into strips about three inches wide (the
length is immaterial if the method advised hereafter is pursued);
these strips must be fixed in a vice, and, if the substance of the cork
will admit, split down the middle with a fine saw, (greasing the
saw must be avoided as much as possible, as it will stain the paper
used for covering it afterwards ;) tlie out or black side is to be rasp-
ed down to a certain smoothness, as well as the middle or inside.
Having reduced the slips to about three-eighths of an inch in thick-
ness, glue each piece (the darkest or worst side) on a sheet of brown
or cartridge paper ; this should be laid on a deal board about three
feet in length, and the width required for the drawer or box : a few fine
nails or brads must be driven through each piece of cork, to keep it
firm and in its place until the glue be dried : by this means sheets of
cork may be formed of the size of the drawer. All the irregularities
must be filed or rasped down quite even, and the whole surface ren-
dered perfectly smooth by rubbing it over with pumice-stone : the
sheet, thus formed and finished, must be glued into the drawers, to
prevent its warping ; some weights must be equally distributed over
the cork, that it may adhere firmly to the bottom of the drawer: when
quite dry, the weights must be removed, and the cork covered with
paper, which should be of the finest quality, but not very stout ; the
paste should soak well into the paper previous to being laid over the
cork, which, if smoothly laid on, and gently rubbed over with a clean
cloth or soff paper, will be rendered perfectly smooth and tight when
dry.

It is absolutely necessary that the cabinets should be kept in a dry
situation, otherwise the insects will become mouldy on the antenna,
legs, &c. This evil will also occur if the insect is put in the cabinet be-
fore it is thoroughly dry. Should an insect at any time become mouldy,
a camel's hair pencil dipped in clean spirits of wine, in which a little
camphor is dissolved, will soon clean it; but the insect must be dried
in a warm place Ijefore being again placed in the cabinet.

312 METHOD or COLLECTING INSECTS.

If a sufficient quantity of camphor is not constantly kept in the
drawers, the insects will soon be destroyed by mites : where these exist,
they are easily discerned by the dust which is under the insects : cam-
phor must be immediately put in the drawers, and the insects taken out,
(the dust being brushed off by a fine soft camel's hair pencil) and
baked by the fire; care must be had that too great a heat is not applied,
as it will utterly destroy the specimen.

Store Boxes. — The neatest method for these is to make them about
a foot square, the top and bottom about two inches deep, on the prin-
ciple of back-gammon boards ; the inside must be lined with cork,
and, if with a hinge and neatly covered with paper or painted, they may
be kept very conveniently on a shelf in an upright position like books,
and lettered accordingly.

METHOD OF COLLECTING INSECTS.

Insects are so various in their habits that they may be found in
every part of the world, at all seasons of the year, and in every situ-
ation. As some parts are more congenial to their nature than others,
I shall state the best methods of searching in those places which in
general are the most profitable to the Entomologist.

Woods, Hedges, and Lanes, — These situations produce by far the
greatest portion of insects. In woods, the Entomologist must beat the
branches of the trees into his folding net, and must select for this pur-
pose open paths, the skirts, &c. The trunks of trees, gates, and felled
timber, should be carefully examined, as many of the Lepidoptera
and Coleopterous insects are found in no other situations. JMaiiy rare
and very beautiful insects are found in the hedges, in lanes, as also in
the nettles, &c. which grow under them : these should be well beat,
especially when the white thorn is in bloom in the months of May and
June. Should the reader collect only for the microscope, he need not
go to the trouble or expense of a net, as an open umbrella inverted will
answer his purpose. Hedges in dusty roads are seldom productive. —
The principal woods near London, and the most frequented by Ento-
mologists, are Coombe Wood and Norwood in Surrey, — Birch Wood,
Darent Wood, and woods round Bexley in Kent. Coombe Wood has
long been celebrated for the great variety of insects which it produces.
Birch Wood is on the Maidstone road, and is of great extent: near the
14-mile stone on this road is a large chalk-pit in which many rare insects
are to be obtained. Bexley, a small village, lies between Crayford and
Foot's Cray. In these woods I have collected with great success: near
the village is a large sand-pit which produces an immense number of
Coleopterous and Hymenopterous insects. There are also some very
rural lanes round the village which produce a great variety of insects :.
in the rivers and brooks I have taken many rare aquatics. Norwood

METHOD or COLLECTING INSECTS. 313

is well known, and is but a sliort distance from the metropolis nf Lon-
don : but the inconsiderate ganic-kcepcrs will frequently interrupt and
warn the unoffending f'ntomologist to quit the wood iaunediutely, not
allowing that ours

" is untax'd and undisputed game."

Heaths and Commons. — Many insects are confined to these situ-
ations, not only on account of plants which grow in no other places,
but by the cattle and their dung, in the latter of which many thc)usands
of insects may be found in a single day in the months of April and
May ; these are principally of the Coleoptera Order.

The principal commons near London are Wandsworth and Wimble-
don in Surrey; Epping Forest; Lessness Heath, Erith, and Bexley in
Kent : a great many ponds are in those places, which produce many
very local insects.

Sand-Pits. — The largest sand-pit I am acquainted with is at Charl-
ton, near the seven mile-stone, on the lower road to Woolwich, In
this pit I have met with the fullovving rare insects, Copris luuariiis, No-
toxus nionoceros, Livus sulcirostris, cSc. Minute insects are very al)un-
dant; the roots of grass, at which the latter are found, should be care-
fully examined : an Entomologist may find full employment for a
whole day at this place. There are also several sand-pits on Ilanip-
stead Heath.

Meadows, Marshes, and Ponds. — In meadows, when the Ranun-
culi or butter-cups are in blossom, many Musca; and Dipterous insects
are found: the flags or rushes are the habitations of Cossichi, Donaciu,
t^'c. The drills in marshes should be examined, as many sjiccics of in-
sects are found on the long grass, us also the larvse oi' several Lepidoptcra.
Neuroptera are generally confined to these situations, especially if any
hedges or trees are near the spot. I have collected in the marshes of
Plaistow, West-Ham, Barking, Hackney, and Battcrsea, with nnich
success. Ponds afford to the lover of the microscope an infinite ninn-
ber of highly interesting olijects, that are best obtained by means of
the landing-net, which lor tliis purpose need not be so long as repre-
sented in pi. 11. jig. 4. and should l)e made of strong cloth, but suffi-
ciently open to allow the v.ater to escape. The mud which is brought
up from the bottom of the ponds should be examined, and what small
insects are found may be put in a small phial filled with water,
which will not only clean them but keep tliem alive ; and in many in-
stances, upon a close examination, the Naturalist will be surprised at
these the most wonderful productions of Mature. To the Entomologist
this mode of collecting will be equally advantageous, as he will obtain
many species of Di/tici(he,Nolonecti(lie, Sfc.

Moss, Decayed Trees, Roots of Grass, &c. — Many insects will be

314 SEASO]MS FOR COLLECTING INSECTS.

found in moss and under it : tlie roots and wood of decayed trees af-
ford nourishment and a habitation to a number of insects ; many of
the lai-vffi of the Lcpidoptcrn penetrate the trunks of trees in all direc-
tions : most of the Cerambyces feed on wood, as well as some species
of Carabidd, Eluterida:, 4c. In seeking for these the digger is gene-
rally used, as it is sometimes necessary to dig six or seven inches into
the wood before they are found.

Banks of Ponds and Hoots of Grass. — This is a nevcr-failing
source of collecting, which may be followed at all seasons of the year,
and in general with great success : those banks are to be preferred
which have the morning or noon-day sun : the Entomologist may sit
down and collect with the greatest ease an immense number of Slu-
jthUinida:. Pselaphi are generally taken in those situations.

Banks of Rivers, Sandy Sea Suores, &c. — These situations are
productive of a great variety of Colcopteru, Crnstucea, S,c. The dead ani-
mals that are thrown on the shores should be carefully examined, as
they are the food of Silphkuhc, Stap/iUinido', S)C. May and June are the
best times for collecting in these situations.

Dead Animals, Dried Bones, &€. should constantly be examined,
as these are the natural habitats of several insects. Dead moles are fre-
quently found hung on bushes by the country people ; under these the
Entomologist should hold his net, and shake the boughs on which they
are hung, as a great luunber of Colcoptera generally inhabit them.

Fungi, Boleti, and Flowers, ought constantly, when met with,
to be examined, as many exceeding rare insects inhabit them.

SEASONS FOR COLLECTING.

January, February, and March. — It is not every Entomologist
that will collect at this early season of the year, under the impression
that but few insects can be obtained : this is true in some measin-e :
however, I have collected throughout tlie year and in all seasons, for
many years, and my labours have been repaid with success much
beyond iny hopes or expectations. I have repaired to the woods when
in some parts I have been up to my knees in snow, and, strange to sav,
have taken insects from under the bark of trees, moss, &c. in great
munbers, and of species which have been considered scarce even in
the summer months. At this season the Entomologist should not
omit to collect a quantity of moss I'rom the roots of trees, which may
be carried home in a pocket handkerchief and examined, by shaking it
over a sheet of paper, upon wiiich the insects will fall, and are easily
discovered.

At this season also, if the weather is mild, the Entomologist should

SEASONS FOR COLLECTPNG INSECTS. 315

flig at the roots of trees for the pupte of Lcpidoptera ; for this purpose
the digger is used, or a small trowel : the principal places worthy at-
tention are the roots of oaks, ehns, lime-trees, Sec. or beneath the un-
derwood : open the earth close to the tree, and search to the depth of
several inches.

Such pupa> as penetrate into the wood require more care, lest they be
destroyed when the attempt is made to extricate them ; sovmd on the
bark with the digger, and the hollows will soon be discovered where no
external sign is visible; tear off the bark, (and carefully examine it,
for minute Coleoptera are frequently found adhering to it,) and with a
knife cut away the wood that surrounds the orifice of the cavity, to
enlarge it, and take out the pupce as carefully as possible.

April and May. — The same genial warmth that brings forth vege-
tation brings forth also myriads of insects into life and motion; the
dung of animals at this season swarms with minute Coleoptera; se-
veral species of the Lepidoptcra will also be found by looking care-
fully garden pales, gates in lanes, &c. Many species of Bees will be
found sucking the pollen from the sallow, which blossoms at this sea-
son. Sand and gravel pits should be carefully examined, and under
the stones and clods of earth many insects will be found. In May, as
soon as the white-thorn is in leaf, the hedges should be well beat; the
season for taking Caterpillars commences, from which most of the Lc-
pidoptera are obtained, and this is by fai- the best method, as the in-
sects are generally perfect, and the specimens very fine. Great atten-
tion should be paid to the larvsc, as supplying them with fresh food,
and keeping the earth moist at the bottoms of their cages.

June, July, August. — In these months the Entomologist will
find full employment in the woods. Most of the Butterfiies are taken
in these months, tiying abroad in the day-time only : Moths will be
found flying at break of day, and at twilight in the evening. This me-
thod is termed Mothijsg, and should be well followed up during the
summer season. Many of the rarer Lepidoptcra are never found but
at these times. The males of some, if not of every species of the
Moth tribe, and perhaps of other insects also, by a very astonishing
faculty, are able to discover the females at a great distance, and in the
most secret situations. The following observations by Mr. Haworth
on Bombi/r Quercus will fully establish this fact, and at the same time
illustrate the manner of taking theni : " It is a frequent practice with
the London Aurelians, when they breed a female of this and some
other day-flying species, to take her whilst yet a virgin into the vici-
nity of woods, where, if the weather is favourable, she never fails to
attract a numerous train of the males, whose only business appears to
be an incessant, rapid, and undulating flight in search of their unim-
pregnated females. One of which is no sooner perceived, than they
become so much enamoured of their fair and chaste relation, as abso-

316 SETTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA.

lutely to lose all kind of fear for their own personal safety, which, at
other times, is effectually secured by the reiterated evolutions of their
strong and rapid wings. So fearless indeed have I beheld them on
these occasions, as to climb up and down the sides of the cage which
contained the dear object of their eager pursuit, in exactly the same
hurrying manner as honey bees, which have lost themselves, climb up
and down the glasses of a window." At the latter end of August, and
the whole of September, the second and last brood of Caterpillars are
found : several species of Gryllus may also be taken in meadows and
marshy lands.

October, November, December. — At the fall of the leaf insects
become less numerous, but many of the Ilemiptcrous insects may
be found by beating the ferns and underwood in woods, also many very
beautiful Tineaj and Tortrices ; the aquatic insects will be found in
ponds pretty plentiful. Roots of grass, decayed trees, &.c. may again
be resorted to.

Having now given an outline of the rules which appear necessary
for the purpose of collecting insects, I shall proceed to their preserva-
tion, which, above all, will act as a particular incitement to the early
collector, who, it is supposed, " would feel very little pleasure at the
recollection that all the fruits of his toil in one season would be de-
stpoyed in the next ; or at best, that his specimens would only retain a
wretched vestige of their original perfection."

SETTING AND PRESERVING.

Crustacea.

Method of collecting. — Most of the Crustacea inhabit the sea ; the
few tliat are found in fresh water are generally minute, but highly in-
teresting : ponds, ditches, and marshes produce the latter in abund-
ance, and are common near London ; they are taken with the water-
net, and may be preserved as directed hereafter.

In searching for Crustacea on the sea-shore, the Entomologist must
not omit to search diligently, by turning up stones, Sec; — Confervas
and Corallines, thrown on the shore after storms, frequently contain
many rare species, as also the pools left by the retiring tide on most of
the rocky coasts. By walking on the sea-shore after heavy gales of
wind many Crustacea will be found : he must also take every opportu-
nity of examining the fishermen's nets, and the refuse thrown away
by them. Empty shells should also be examined, as they frecjuently
form a habitation for these animals.

DiTectionsJor preserving Crustacea for Cabinets. — Those species which
inhabit the sea should be suffered to remain for some hours in cokl

SETTING AND PRESERVING ARACHNo'lDA AND ACARI. 317

fresh water, to extract the salt, which would soon destroy them hy at-
tracting moisture ; they are then to he placed in a crawling posture,
and the parts of the mouth are to be displayed by means oi" pins un-
til dry; they will then remain in that position. The more minute
species must be dried, and afterwards stuck on paper with gum-water,
in ditierent positions. Those of Mi/rkipoda are to be killed by immer-
sion in spirits, and afterwards stuck with a jiin on the right side.

Crustacea and Myriapoda are kept in cabinets lined with cork, to
which they are afhxed with pins; or in boxes loose: the former me-
thod is best, as they can then be moved from one place to another
without trouble or risk.

Arachnoida and Acari.

The ha.bitations of the animals of this class are fully descril)cd in
the account of the genera, — further observations on this jioint will
therefore be unnecessary.

Method of preserving. — Mr. Donovan has observed, " To determine
whether some species of Spiders could be preserved with their natu-
ral colours, I put several into spirits of wine ; those with gibbous bo-
dies soon after discharged a very considerable quantiy of viscid matter,
and therewith all their most beautiful colours ; the smallest retained
their form, and only appeared rather paler in the colours than when
they were living.

" During the course of last summer, among other Spiders, I met
with a rare species ; it was of a bright yellow colour, elegantly marked
with black, red, green, and purple Ey some accident it was unfortu-
nately crushed to pieces in the chip-box wherein it was confined, and
was therefore thrown aside as useless ; a month or more after that
time, having occasion to open the box, I observed that such parts of
the skin as had dried against the inside of the box retained the origi-
nal brightness of colour in a considerable degree. To further the
experiment, I made a similar attempt, with some caution, on the body
of another spider (Aranca Diade/na), ami though the colours were not
perfectly preserved, they appeared distinct.

" From other obser\'ations I find, that if you kill the spider, and
immediately after extract the entrails, then inflate them by means of
a blow-pipe, you may preserve them tolerably well : you must cleanse
them on the inside no more than is sufficient to prevent mouldiness,
lest you injure the colours, which certainly in many kinds depend on
some substance that lies beneath the skin."

The best preserved specimens that I have seen are those where the
contents of the alxlomen have been taken out and filled with fine sand.
I have preserved several in this way, and find it answer the purpose.

318 SETTING AND PRESERVrNG INSECTS.

INSECTS.

Entomologists are generally satisfied if tliey can obtain the insect
in its last or perfect state; but as a few instructions for the preserva-
tion of the egg, larva, and pupa may induce the collector to enrich
his cabinet with such specimens, and which is absolutely necessary in
gaining a perfect knowledge of their nature, I shall give a few parti-
culars for this purpose.

The Egg. — The eggs of most insects retain their form and colour
well if preserved in the cabinet; but those which do not promise fairly
may be prepared after the method practised by Swannnerdam. He
used to pierce the eggs with a very fine needle, and press all the con-
tained juices through the aperture: he then inflated them until they
regained their pi'oper form by means of a small glass tube; and
lastly, filled them with oil of spike in which some resin had been dis-
solved.

The Larva or Caterpillar. — The preservation of insects in this state,
is not only one of the most curious, but useful discoveries that have
been made in this department of science.

The readiest and quickest way of destroying the life of the cater-
pillar is to immerse it in spirits of wine, by which means the softness
and transparency of the parts are retained, and are preserved for a
length of time in this liquid.

In the cabinet of Mr. William Weatherhead are preserved many
larvae of the Lepidoptera, which he prepares in the following way, and
which answers extremely well — Having killed the animal in spirits of
wine, he makes a small incision or puncture in the tail, and very gently
pressing out all the contained humours, fills the skin with very fine
dry sand; the insect is thus again brought to its natural shape: in the
course of a few hours the skin dries, and the sand is gently shaken out :
it is then gummed on a piece of card, and the preparation is ready for
the cabinet: they may likewise be injected with coloured wax. There
is another method which is frequently practised, and is as follows :
After the whole of the entrails are pressed out, a glass tube drawn to
a small point is inserted into the opening, through which the operator
continues to blow while he turns the skin at the end slowly round a
charcoal fire; this hardens the skin equally, and dries vip all the mois-
ture within; a pin is then put through it to fix it in a standing posi-
tion : it may afterwards be anointed with oil of spike in which some
resin has been dissolved, unless it is a hairy caterpillar.

The Pupa. — When insects have quitted the pupa state, the case will
require only to be put into the drawers; but those which have insects
within must be either dropped into scalding water, or inclosed in a
small tin box and exposed to the heat of a fire, which will shortly
kill the insect within.

SETTING AND PRESEHVING INSECTS. 319

ColeopterX, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera. — The preservation of
these Orders is attended with very httle dirticiiily.

They are easily killed by immersion in scalding water, and upon
being withdrawn shovdd be thrown on a sheet of blossom or blotting
paper to extract as much as possible the water : or they may be killed
by exposing them in a tin box with a little camphor in it to the heat
of a fire, which treatment will add greatly to their preservation. Those
of the Mcloe and Gn/llus Genera, which have full and tender bodies,
are sidjject to shrivel after death : to preserve them, make an incision
on the under part of the abdomen, take out theentrails with a blunt
pen or probe, and fill the cavity with cotton.

Specimens of Coleoptera that are required to be set with the wings
displayed, should have the elytra separated and the pin passed through
the body near the thorax, as at pi. 12. Jig. 1 ; the wings are to be dis-
posed as in the act of flying, and kept in this situation until periectly
dry with the card braces h and f ; insects of these Orders should never
have the pin passed through the thorax, but through the right elytron
on the right side, as shown at j;/. 12. fig. 1 : the legs, antennae, and
palpi should be placed out in a natural position on the setting boards,
and kept so by pins and braces, for a longer or shorter time, according
to the size of the insect and state of the weather. No insect must be
placed in the cabinet until it is perfectly dry. Minute insects shoukl
be fixed on slips of card, as ax pi. 12. fig. 5 andO, with gum, previous
to which the legs, &;c. should be extended, for future examination : tri-
angular slips of card are to be preferred, as no greater portion of the
insect should be hid than what is absolutely necessary to fix it to the
card, as s-tfig. 5.

Lepidoptera. — Butterflies are soon killed if a pin is passed through
the thorax; but many of the Sphinges and large Moths are difficult to
kill, being very tenacious of life. Mr. Ilaworth in his Lepidoptera Bri-
tannica, in his observations on Bombyx Cossus, remarks, that " the
usual way of compressing the thorax is not sufficient : they will live
several days after the most severe pressure has been given there, to
the great uneasiness of any humane Entomologist. The methods of
suffocation by tobacco or sulphur are equally inefticacious, unless conti-
nued for a greater number of hours than is proper for the preservation
of the specimens. Another method now in practice is better; and,
however fraught with cruelty it may appear to the inexperienced col-
lector, is the greatest piece of comparative mere}/ that can in this case
be administered. When the larger Moths must be killed, destroy tiiem
at once by the insertion of a strong red hot needle into their thickest parts,
beginning at the front of the thorax. If this is properly done, instead of
lingering through several days they are dead in a moment. It appears t<i
me, however, that insects being animals of cold and sluggish juices, are
not so susceptible of the sensations we call pain as those wluch enjoy a

320 SETTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS.

warmer temperature of body and a swifter circulation of the fluids; To
the philosopiiic mind it is self-evident, that they have not such acute
organs of feeling pain as other animals of a similar size whose juices
are endowed with a quicker motiun, and possess a constant, regular,
and genial warmth — such as young mice or the naked young of birds :
if any of these have the misfortune to lose their heads or limbs from
force, speedy death is the certain consequence : but insects under si-
milar circumstances, it is well known, are capable of surviving a consi-
derable time." For small IMoths, it is only necessary to put the pin
through the thorax, and they die in a very short time. The minute spe-
<aes of this Order shoidd be collected in chip boxes, as they are in ge-
neral too small to be pierced when first taken ; they soon die, and the
wings become stiti" before the Entomologist has time to set them ; but
if brought home in separate pill-boxes they will remain alive for seve-
ral days, and are instantly killed by being exposed near the fire, or
placed under a tumbler with the lid of the box slightly elevated, but not
suflicient to allow the insect to escape ; a lighted match should then be
placed under the tumbler, which will deprive the insect of life in a few
seconds of time. The pin, which serves to transfix the insect, should be
Jessed through the thorax in the centre, and in an upright position, so
that in looking on the insect no part of the wings should be obscured by
the slope of the pin. The insects of this Order are by far the most dif-
ficult to set, for they require great care and much practice to display
them with that nicety which adds so much beauty to their appearance
and uniformity in a collection.

The method of setting the Insects )f this Order is by braces : a sin-
gle brace should be first introduced underthe wing near the thorax, as
in pi. 12. fig. 3. a, with a longer brace over the wings, as at b; this
should not touch the wing, but be ready to be pressed gently down :
when the wings are raised to their proper place by the setting needle
c, other braces are to be applied according as they are required : the
antennjE and feet are to be extended to their proper attitude, and kept
so by pins or small braces.

Some JMoths are very liable to change colour when placed in the ca-
binet after a short time : an oily matter is common to all insects, but
some are charged with a superabundance. It appears at first in spots
on the body, but gradually pervades every part; in some it will even
descend into the wings, and then an obliteration of all the beautiful
markings is <-he least that may be expected : the method which is the
most successful for recovering the original appearance after the insect
has become greasy, is to powder some fine dry chalk on a piece of
heated iron, cover the chalk with a very fine piece of hnen cloth, and
thereto apply the under part of the body of the insect : the heat of
the iron dissolves tlie grease while the chalk absorbs it, and the cloth
prevents the chalk from clotting to the insecL

METHOD OF RELAXING INSECT?! 321

Those known species that are subject to grease, should have the
contents of the abdomen taken out, and the cavity filled with cotton.

Trichoptera, Neuroptera, IIyme-voptera, and Diptera. — Most
of the Libellula require the contents of the abdomen to be taken out
M-hen the insect is dead, as the body generally turns black witliin, a
ii^vf da_ys after death, without this precaution: the cavity may be filled
up with a roll of white paper or cotton : I have found Uiis method to
answer extremely well, and the colours are as brilliant as when the in-
sect was ali\e. The larger species are very powerful, and when col-
lected they must be transfixed through the side and placed in the
corked pocket-box ; a brace or two should be placed across the wings,
to prevent their fluttering and breaking their wings or those of other
insects which may be near them. They may be killed by being plunn'ed
in boiling water, or by a hot needle, as directed for Moths. The other
species of this Order not being so large soon die, as well as those of
the Orders Trichoptera, Hymenopiera, and Diptera. They may be set by-
braces and pins, as in j)l. 12. Jig. 4. In some species of the Diptera the
colours of the body are very lively, but change after death; in these
the colours may be preserved if the contents of the aljdomen be re-
moved, and the cavity filled with a powder the colour of the living ii^-
sect.

METHOD OF RELAXING INSECTS.

It frequently occurs tRat insects become dead and stiff before the
Entomologist has an opportimity of setting or displaying their parts.
Coleoptera are easily relaxed by immersion in hot water; and in many
instances this way is to be preferred, as the parts become more pli-
able and are more easily set. — The Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Le-
pidoptera, must be fixed on a piece of cork, and placed in a pan
of water covered over; these, if the specimens are large, will fre-
quently require two or three whole days before the wings will admit
of replacing without the risk of breaking ; care must be taken not to
force the wings, or any part in fact, until the parts are perfectly re-
laxed, when they may be displayed and kept so by braces, as directed
for recent specimens. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, may be
relaxed according to the latter method : but those insects that require
the contents of the abdomen to be removed, can never be altered, and
therefore must be preserved in a recent state, or their beauty is lost for *

ever. *

322

ARRANGING INSECTS IN A CABINET.

The niodern practice, which is by far the best, is to arrange insects
in columns, with the generic name fastened by a pin above, and the
specific below them : the lines should be ruled with a black lead pen-
cil, which will always admit of alteration, and look much neater than
if ruled with ink. Males and females should be procured as far as
possible. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, are arranged side bv
side, with an open-winged specimen below them. Lepidopiera, of But-
terflies ; four specimens of each species are preferred, to show the upper
and under side of each sex : the Sphinges and Moths — the upper sides
only are shown, as the specific characters are but seldom taken from
the under side : in this and the following Orders the males are placed
■ above, the females below; as they not only look much more natural,
but save considerable room. Varieties should be procured and ex-
tended as far as possible, as they frequently tend to decide the species :
mutilated specimens should be rejected ; but as we cannot always rea-
dily replace them by perfect ones, it is much better to retain them.
-There is a vile practice in use among collectors, to mend such speci-
mens by parts from other insects. I cannot sufficiently express my ab-
horrence of such ways, but should hope that no Naturalist, who is a
lover of truth and an admirer of nature, will ever disgrace his cabinet
by such paltry specimens, as they can be of no use in a scientific view,
and only serve to lead to errors.

No Exotic specimen should ever be placed in a collection of Bri-
tish Insects, however near it may approach in appearance ; for
by this means numbers of insects have been described as natives of
Britain, merely on account of being found in such cabinets. Species
are distinguished in many instances by such minute characters, and
they approach each other by such imperceptible degrees, that we can-
not be too particular in our examination, or too curious in knowing
tiieir habitats, as this frequently leads us to determine whether they
are natives of this country.

Our best Entomologists, therefore, where they cannot obtain British
specimens of rare insects, are naturally an.xious to obtain foreign ones ;
but tliese as well as doubtful species are always kept in a drawer by
themselves, which answers every good purpose of reference for the
sake of becoming acquainted with the species.: to this drawer a large
label is affixed, as. Exotic Specimens of Rare British Insects.
By this means a cabinet is rendered more valuable, as a dependence
oan be placed on the specimens it contains, and will ever remain a
credit to its possessor, as it at once distinguishes thfe man of science
and the lover of truth.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE HISTORY. 323

Everj- Entomologist should keep an exact journal of the insects he
collects; with an account, as far as possible, of the place, food, times of
appearance, &c. and place to each insect a number corresponding with
that of his journal ; he should also make a catalogue in which the
names, generic and specific, arc to be expressed, as also the synonyms,
with reference to such authors as have described them. In his jom*-
nal he must also insert observations on their manners, oeconomy, &c.
to illustrate as far as possible their natural history, for there is little
doubt that many valuable discoveries are yet to be made by a proper
attention to insects.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

Microscope — an optical instrument, by means of which very mi-
nute objects are represented exceedingly large, and viewed very di-
stinctly, according to the laws of refraction or reHection.

Microscopes are properly distinguished into simple or shigle, and
compound or double.

Microscopes, single, zxg those which consist of a single lens or a
single spherule.

Microscopes, compound, consist of two or more lenses dulj' com-
bined. As optics have been improved, other varieties have been con-
trived in the sorts of microscopes ; hence we have jrjicciing micro-
scopes, water microscopes, &c. Each of these two kinds has its pecu-
liar advantage ; for a single glass shows the object nearer at hand and
rather more distinct; and a combhiation of glasses presents a larger
field, or, in other words, exhibits more of an object equally magnified
at one view. As each of these has its advantages, each of them has
its advocates, at least in practice. The celebrated Leeuwenhoek never
used any but single microscopes; and, on the contrary, Dr. Hook made
all his observations with double ones.

Histori). — ^^'hen, and by whom, microscopes were first invented is
not certainly known. Iluygens tells us that tine Drebell, a Dutch-
man, had the first microscope in the year 1G21, and that he was re-
puted the first inventor of it ; though F. Fontana, a Neapolitan, in
1646, claims the invention to himself, but dates it from the year 1618.
As a telescope inverted is a microscope, the discovery might easily
enough have arisen from thence.

Nothing more is certain concerning microscopes, than that they were
first used in Germany about the year 1621. According to Borellus,
they were invented by Zacharias Jansen, in conjunction with his son,
who presented the first microscope they had constructed to Prince
Mawrice, and Albert archduke of Austria. William Borcll, who

324 DIUKCTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE — HISTORY.

gives this account in a letter to his brother Peter, says, that when he
was ambassador in England, in 1619, Cornelius Drel^ell showed yiim a
microscope, which he said was the same that the archduke had given
him, and had been made by Jansen himself. The limits of this work
will not admit of a description of all the microscopes that have been
invented, or the principle and laws by which they are regulated : for
much useful and further information on the subject I must therefore
refer the reader to the works of Baker, Adams, and others on the mi-
croscope, where every information on this head will be found.

It may not be amiss, to state clearly and distinctly the method of
determining the magnifying powers of glasses employed in single mi-
croscopes. 1st. If the focus of a convex lens be at one inch, and
the natural sight at eight inches, which is the common standard, an
object may be seen through that lens at one inch distant from the eye,
and will appear in its diameter eight times larger than to the naked
eye. But as the object is magnified every way equally, in length as
well as breadth, we must square this diameter to^know really how
much it appears enlarged, and we shall then find that its superficies is
indeed magnified sixty-fotir times.

2dly. Suppose a convex lens whose focus is at one-tenth of an inch
distance from its centre ; in eight inches there are eighty such tenths
of an inch, and therefore an object may be seen through this lens
eighty times nearer tlvan it can distinctly by the naked eye. It will
consequently appear eighty times longer and eighty times broader than
it does to common sight; and as eighty multiplied by eighty makes
six thousand and four hundred, so many times it really appears mag-
nified.

3dly. To go one step further : if a convex glass be so small that its
focus is no more than one-twentieth of an inch distant, we shall find
that eight inches, the common distance of sight, contains a- hundred
and sixty of these twentieth parts; and, in consequence, the length
ajid breadth of an object, when seen through such lens, will each be
magnified a hundred and sixty times, which multiplied by a hun-
dred and sixty to give the square, will amount to twenty-five thousand
six hundred : and so many times, it is plain, the superficies of the ob-
ject must appear larger than it does to the naked eye at the distance
of eight inches.

Tlierefore, in a single microscope, to learn the magnifying power
of any glass, no more is necessary than to bring it to its true focus,
the exact place of which will be knowni by an object's appearing per-
fectly distinct and sharp when placed there. Then, with a pair of small
compasses, measure, as nearly as you can, the distance from the centre
of the glass to the object you were viewing, and by afterwards apply-
ing the compasses to any ruler with a diagonal scale of the parts of an
inch marlj.ed on it, you will easily find how many parts of au inch the

POWERS OF GLASSES.

325

said distance is. When that is known, compute how many times those
parts of an inch are contained in eight inches, the common standard
of sight, and that will give you the numbers of times the diameter is
magnitied : squaring the diameter will give you the superficies; and if
it be an object whose depth or whole contents you would learn, mul-
tiplying the superficies by the diameter will show the cube or bulk.

A Table of the magnifying PoWers of Convex Glasses employed in
Single Microscopes, according to the Distance of their Focus ; cal-
culated by the Scale of an Inch divided into a Hundred Parts :
showing how many Times the Diameter, the Superficies, or the
Cube of an Object is magnified, when viewed through such Glasses,
to an Eye whose natural Sight is at Eight Inches, or Eight Hundreds
of a Hundredth Part of an Inch.

Poeal Distance of
the Lens or IMicro-
scope in lOOdths of
an Inch.

Number of Times
that the Diameter
ofanObject is mag-
nitied.

Nmnber of Times
that the Surface ot
an Object is mag-
nified.

Number of Times
that the Cube of an
Object is magnifi-
ed.

1 or 50
T% or 40

16

20

256
400

4,096
8,000

,^ or 30

26

676

17,576

^ or 20
15

40
53

1,600
2,806

64,000
148,877

14

13

57
61

3,249
3,721

185,193
226,981

12

11

tSj or 10

66

72
80

4,356
5,184
6,400

287,496
373,248
512,000

9

88

7,744

681,472

8

7
6

100
114
133

10,000
12,996
17,689

1,000,000
1,481,544
2,352,637

^ or 5
4
3

1

160
200
266
400
800

25,600

40,000

70,756

160,000

640,000

4,096,000

8,000,000

18,821,096

64,000,000

512,000,000

326 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

METHOD OF USING THE MICROSCOPE.

In using the microscope there are three things necessary to be coi>
sldered; 1st, The preparation and adjustment of the instrument it-
self. 2dly, The proper quantity of hght, and the best method of di-
recting it to the oljject. Sdly, The metliod of preparing the oljjects^
so tliat their texture may be properly understood.

Freparatkm of the instrument. — 1st, With regard to the microscope
itself, the first thing necessary to be examined is, whether the glasses
are clean or not; if they are not so, they must be wiped with a piece
of soft leather, taking care not to soil them afterwards with the fingers ;
and, in replacing them, care must be taken not to place them in an
oblique situation. We must likewise be careful not to let the breath
fall upon the glasses, nor to hold that part of the body of the instru-
ment where the glasses are placed with a warm hand ; because, thus,
the moisture, expelled by the heat from the metal, will condense upon
the glass, and prevent the object from being distinctly seen. The ob-
ject should be brought as near the centre of the field of view as pos-
sible, for there only it will be exhibited in the greatest perfection. The
eye should be moved up and down from the eye-glass of a compound
microscope, till the situation is foimd where the largest field and most
distinct view of the object are to be had ; but every person ought to
adjust the microscope to his own eye, and not depend upon the situa-
tion it was placed in by another. A small magnifying power should
always be begun with ; by which means the observer will best obtain
an exact idea of the situation and connection of the whole, as well as
the connection and use of the parts. A living animal ought to be as
little hurt or discomposed as possible.

Great caution is to be used in forming a judgement on what is seen
by the microscope, if the objects are extended or contracted by force
or dryness.

Nothing can be determined about them without making the proper
allowances ; and different lights and positions will often show the
same object as very different from itself. There is no advantage in
any greater magnifier than such as is capable of showing the object
in view distinctly ; and the less the glass magnifies, the more plea-
santly the object is always seen.

The colours of objects are very little to be depended on, as seen by
the microscope ; for their several component particles being by this
means removed to great distances from one another, may give reflec-
tions very different from what they would if seen by the naked eye.
Some consideration is likewise necessary in forming a judgement of
the motions of living creatures, or even of fluids, when seen through
the microscope ; for as the moving body, and the space wherein it
moves, are magnified, the motion will also be increased.

METHOD OF USINCz TIIF. MICROSCOPE, 327

9(1. On the management of the Hght depends in a great measure
tlie distinctness of the vision : and as, in order to have tliis in the
greatest perfection, we must adapt the quantity of hght to the nature
of the ohject, and tlie focus of the magnifier, it is therefore necessary
to view it in various degrees of light. In some objects it is difficult to
distinguish between a prominence and a depression, a shadow or a
dark marking; or between a reflection of light, and whiteness, which
is particularly observable in the eyes of Libcllnla and other insects ;
all of them appearing very difl^erent in one position from what they ck)
in another. The brightness of an object likewise depends on the
quantity of the light, the distinctness of vision, and on regulating the
quantity to the object; for some will be in a manner lost in a quan-
tity of light scarcely sufficient to render another visible.

The light of a lamp or candle is generally better for viewing mi-
croscopic objects than daylight, it being easier to modify the former
than the latter, and to throw it upon the objects with difterent degrees
of density. The best lamp that can be used for this purpose is the
one invented by Count Ilumford, which moves on a rod, so that it
may be easily raised or depressed. The light of a candle or lamp
is increased, and more directly thrown upon the reflecting mirror or
object, by means of a convex lens mounted on a semicircle and stand,
so that its position may be easily varied. If the light thus collected
from a lamp be too powerful, it may be lessened by placing a piece of
thin \\Titing-paper, or a piece of fine grayed glass, between the object
and the reflecting mirror. Thus a proper degree of light may be ob-
tained, and diffused equally all over the surface of an object, a cir-
cumstance which ought to be particularly attended to ; for if the light
"be thrown irregularly upon it, no distinct view can be o])tained.

The exj^mination of objects so as to discover truth, requires a great
deal of attention, care, and patience ; with some skill and dexteritj", to
be acquired cliiefl}- by practice, in the preparing, managing, and apply-
ing them to the microscope.

Whatever object offers itself as the subject of our examination, the
size, contexture, and nature of it are first to be considered, in order to
apply it to such glasses, and in such a manner, as may show it best.
The first step should always be to view the whole together with such
a magnifier as can take it in all at once ; and after this the several
parts of it may the more fitly be examined, whether remaining on the
object, or separated from it. The smaller the parts are which are to
be examined, the more powerful should be the magnifiers employed.
The transparency or opacity of the object must also be considered, and
the glasses employed accordingly suited to it; for a transparent object
will bear a much greater magnifier than one which is opaque, since
the nearness that a glass must be placed at, unavoidably darkais an

328 ' DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

object in its own nature opaque, and renders it very difficult to be seen,
unless by the help of a silver speculum.

The nature of the object also, whether it be alive or dead, a solid
or a fluid, an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral substance, must like-
•wise be considered, and all the circumstances of it attended to, that
we may apply it in the most advantageous manner. If it be a living
object, care must be taken not to squeeze or injure it, that we may
see it in its natural state and full perfection. If it be a fluid, and that
too thick, it must be diluted with water ; and if too thin, we should
let some of its watery parts evaporate. Some substances are fittest
for observation when dry, others when moistened ; some when fresh,
and others after they have been kept some time.

Transparent objects. — Most objects require also some management
in order to bring them properly before the glasses. If they are flat
and transparent, and such as will not be injured by pressure, the usual
way is to inclose them in sliders between talc, or, what is certainly
preferable, between t^vo slips of glass. For this purpose thin and clear
glass must be used. The slips should be about three inches in length
and half an inch in width : a piece of paper, the size of the glass,
must be placed between them, with circular or oblong holes cut a little
larger than tlie object intended to be placed between them ; — one side
of the paper should be washed over with a little gvmi-water, fastened
on one of the glasses, and suff'ered to dry ; the objects are then to be
placed on the glass where the holes are cut in the paper ; the upper
part of tlie paper is then to be slightly touched with gum- water ; and
the other glass may be placed on it. This plan answers well for the
transparent wings of insects, &c.

Opaque objects are best preserved and viewed in the following man-;
ner : Cut card- or drawing-paper into small pieces of about a quarter
of an inch in diameter, and wath a fine camel's hair pencil, or the
poitit of a pen, put a little gum-water in the centre of it; if the ob-
-ect is an insect, display the legs, antenna^, &c. by means of a fine
needle (as in pi. l^-fig- 6.); the gum, when dry, will fix the insect ia
this position. The seeds of plants, minerals, &c. may be presei'ved in
this way. Paper of different colours should be chosen for different
objects, in order to render them the more conspicuous, such as a ,
black paper for a white subject, &c.

Objects prepared in this way are extremely convenient for viewing,
and by means of the pliers they may be examined in every direction j
a pin may be passed through the paper or card, and the objects kept in
a small box lined with cork. The boxes may be made the size and
form of an octavo or quarto volume, and kept on shelves, in the man-
ner of books ; if made in the book form the backs should be lettered,
and the c©llection may be continued to any extent.

OBJECTS rOR THE MICROSCOPE. 329

Living Objects. — These will be treated of hereafter under the head
Ani?nalcnla.

No part of the creation affords such an infinite variety- of subjects
for the niicroscope as insects. "Insects," observe Messrs. Kirby and
Spcnce, ui their Introduclory Letter to Entomology, " indeed, appear to
have bei'n Nature's favourite productions, in which, to manifest her
power and skill, she has comliined and concentrated almost all that
is either beautiful and graceful, interesting and alluring, or curious
and smgular, in every other class and order of her children. To these,
,her valued miniatures, she has given the most delicate touch and
highest finish of her pencil. Numbers she has armed with glittering
mail, which reflects a lustre like that of burnished metals ; in others
she lights up the dazzling radiance of polished gems. Some exhibit a
rude exterior, like stones in their native state ; while otlicrs represent
their smooth and shining face after they have been submitted to the
tool of the polisher : others again, like so many pygmy Atlases bear-
ing on their backs a microcosm, by the rugged and various elevations
and depressions of their tuberculated crust, present to the eye of the
beholder no unapt imitation of the unequal surface of the earth, now
horrid with mis-shapen rocks, ridges, and precipices — now swellinir
into hills and mountains — and now sinking into valleys, glens, and
caves ; while not a few are covered with branching spines, which
fancy may form into a forest of trees.

" What numbers vie with the charming offspring of Flora in various
beauties ! some in the delicacy and variety of their colours, colours
not like those of flowers evanescent and fugitive, but fixed and du-
rable, surviving their subject, and adorning it as much after death as
they did when it was alive ; others, again, in the veining and texture
of their wings; and others in the rich cottony down that clothes thera.
To such perfection, indeed, has Nature in them carried her mimetic
art, that you would declare, upon beholding some insects, that they
had robbed the trees of their leaves to form for themselves artificial
wings, so exactly do they resemble them in their form, substance, and
vascular stmcture; some representing green leaves, and others those
that are dry and withered. Nay, sometimes this mimicry is so ex-
quisite, that you would mistake the whole insect for a portion of the
branching spray of a tree. No mean beauty in some plants arises
from the fluting and punctation of their stems and leaves, and a simi-
lar ornament conspicuously distinguishes numerous insects, which
also imitate with multiform variety, as may particularly be seen in the
caterpillars of many species of the butterfly tribe {PapiUonidce), the
spines and prickles which are given as a iV^o/j me tungere armour to se-
veral vegetable productions.

" In fishes the lucid scales of \aried hue that cover and defend them

330 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

are universally admired, and esteemed their peculiar ornament; bvvt
place a butterfly's wing under a microscope, that avenue to unseen
glories in new worlds, and you vnW discover that nature has endowed
the most numerous of the insect tribes with the same privilege, mul-
tiplying in them the forms, and diversifying the colouring of this kind
of clothing beyond all parallel. The rich and velvet tints of the plu-
mage of birds are not superior to what the curious observer may disco-
ver in a variety of Lepidoptera ; and those manj'-coloured eyes which
deck so gloriously the peacock's tail are imitated with success by one
of our most common butterflies. Feathers are thought to be p^uliar
to birds ; but insects often imitate them in their antenna-, wings, and
even sometimes in the covering of their bodies. — We admire with
reason the coats of quadrupeds, whether their skins be covered with
pile, or wool, or fur; yet are not perhaps aware that a vast variety of
insects are clothed with all these kinds of hair, but infinitely finer and
more silky in texture, more brilliant and delicate in colour, and more
variously shaded than what any other animals can pretend to.

" In variegation insects certainly exceed every other class of animated
beings. Nature, in her sportive mood, when painting them, sometimes
imitates the clouds of heaven; at others, the meandring course of the
rivers of the earth, or the undulations of their waters : many are
veined like beautiful marbles; others have the semblance of a robe of
the finest net-work thrown over them : some she blazons with heral-
dic insignia, giving them to ]}ear in fields sable — azure — vert — gides —
argent and or, fesses — bars — bends— crosses — crescents — stars, and
even animals. On many, taking her rule and compasses, she draws
with precision mathematical figures: points, lines, angles, triangles,
squares, and circles. On others she pourtrays, with mystic hand, what
seem like hieroglyphic symbols, or inscribes them with the characters
and letters of various languages, often very correctly formed ; and
what is more extraordinary, she has registered in others figures which
correspond with several dates of the Christian era.

'^ Nor has nature been lavish only in the apparel and ornament of
these privileged tribes; in other respects she has been equally un-
sparing of her favours. To some she has given fins like those of fish,
or a beak resembling that of birds ; to others horns, nearly the coun-
terparts of those of various quadrupeds. The bull, the stag, the rhi-
noceros, and even the hitherto vainly sought for unicorn, have in this
respect many representatives amongst insects. One is armed with
tusks not unlike those of the elephant ; another is bristled with spines,
as the porcupine and hedge-hog with quills; a third is an armadillo in
miniature ; the disproportioned hind legs of the kangaroo give a most
grotesque appearance to a fourth ; and the threatening head of the
s-nake is found in a fifth. It would, however, be endless to produce all

OBjrCTS FOU THE MICROSCOPE. 33 I

the instances which occur of such imitations; and I shall only remark
that, generally speaking, tlicse arms and instruments in structure and
finishing far exceed those which thev resemble.''

METHOD OF DISSECTING INSECTS.

Swammerdam excelled in the preparation of insects. Neither difiV
culty nor disappointment could make iiim abandon the pursuit of any
object until he had obtained a satisfactory idea of it. But, unhappily,
few of the methods he used in preparing his objects for the micro-
scope are now known. Boerhaavc examined with the strictest atteiv
tion all the letters and manuscripts of Swammerdam which he could
find; but his researches were far from being successful. The follow-
ing are all the particulars which have come to the knowledge of llie
public.

For dissecting small insects Swammerdam had a brass table, to
which were affixed two brass arms move;d)le at pleasure to any part of
it. The upper part of these vertical arms was constructed in such a
manner as to have a slow vertical motion ; by which means the ope-
rator could readily alter the height as he saw convenient. One of
these arms was to hold the minute objects, and the other to apply the
microscope.

The lenses of Swammerdam's microscopes were of various sizes as
well as foci ; but all of them the best that could be procured both for
the transparency of the glass and the fineness of the workmanship.
His observations were always begun with the smallest magnifiers, from
which he proceeded to the greatest; but in the use of them he was so
exceedingly dexterous, tliat he made every observation subservient to
that which succeeded it, and all of them to the confirmation of each
other and to the completing of the description. His chief art seems
to have been in constructing scissars of an exquisite fineness, and
making them very sharp. Thus he was enabled to cut very minute
objects to much more advantage than could be done by knives and
lancets ; for these, though ever so sharp and fine, are apt to disorder
delicate substances by displacing some of the filaments and drawing
them after tliem as they pass through the bodies; but the scissars cut
them all equally. The knives, lancets, and styles he made use of in his
dissections, were so fine that he could not see to sharpen them without
the assistance of a magnifying glass; but with these he could dissect
the intestines of bees with the same accuracy that the best anatomists
can do those of large animals. He made use also of very small class
tubes, no thicker than a bristle, and drawn to a very fine point at one
end but thicker at the other. These were for the purpose of blowing

3.12 DIRECTIONS rOR THE MICROSCOPE.

up, and thus rendering visible,' the smallest vessels ^\'llich could be dis-
co\'ered by the microscope, to trace their courses and communications^
or soinetuncs to inject them with coloured liquors.

PARTS OF INSECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

The head and the parts of the mouth can seldom be examined without ■
the aid of a microscope ; consequently, much still remains to be done
in this department of science : the palpi, mandibles, maxilla, S^c. (for
their use and situation, see page 21 to 29) would form a most beauti-
ful series of objects, which may be rendered still more interesting by
a knowledge of the manners, economy, &c. of the animals; these parts
can always be separated and displayed, however old the specimen may
be, by being plunged into boiling water, and then placed on a piece of
blotting paper to extract whatever water remains about them: the
parts of the mouth may then be displayed by means of the setting
needle, and when the articulations are fine and in danger of breaking,
a camel's hair pencil will be found extremely useful. The abdomen
and legs frequently display the most lively and brilliant colours, espe-
cially the Chrysalida ; the minute Ichneumons are no less to be admired,
eitlier for their beauty or the singularity of their manners. The wmgs,
for transparent objects, form an endless variety ; the disposition of the
nerves is frequently found essential in their generic character, as in the
Tenthredinidee : these, no doubt, would frequently, with other parts, be
useful in forming natural genera of many families, both of Hj/me-
noptera and Diptera, as the parts are easy of examination : in fact, there
is no part of an insect but what may be rendered a pleasing and in-
teresting subject. The copious directions for collecting them that I
have before given, will render any further directions on this head un-
necessary.

There is no substance in nature but what will bear an examination
by the microscope: consequently this instrument is a never-failing
source of rational amusement; the hair of animals, the feathers of
birds, the scales of fish, bones, the circulation of the blood, cuttings of
wood, seeds, vegetable infusions, the leaves of plants, and the innu-
merable animalcula which are found in every decaying substance, will
afford employment never to be regretted : I shall therefore close this
part of the subject by a few brief directions for preparing, examining,
and obtaining the above, which I trust will be foimd sufficient for the
purpose.

OBJECTS FOR THE MXCUOSCOPE. 333

PARTS OF ANIMALS.

JPores of the Skin may be examined by cutting off a thin slice from
any soft part of the body that is not hairy, such as from between the
fingers, with a razor or sharp penknife — this is a transparent object.

Hair. — The hairs of different animals vary widely in their appear-
ance, as also the hairs from the various parts of the human body, and
will furnish a pleasing series of objects.

Calcined Bones. — Bones should be heated red hot in a clear fire, by
which means all the animal juices will be destroyed, and little will be
left but pure lime of a most delicate whiteness, and highly interesting
from the beauty of tlie cells : — this is an opaque object. Some useful
hints on this subject will be foimd in tlie 9th volume of the Mcdico-
Chinirgical Society Transactions, in a paper by Mr. Howship, which is
illustrated by plates with the specimens magnified.

Feathers of' Birds. — These afford an almost endless variety of ob-
jects, both opake and transparent.

Scales of Lizards, Snakes, and Fish. — These should be carefully
cleansed from any dirt or filth; they may always be cleaned by soak-
ing in water and brushing with a camel's hair pencil.

Blood. — The circulation of the blood may be easiest seen in the tails
or fins of small fish, which should be placed in a very thin glass tube.
Crustacea. — Many animals of this Class require the aid of the mi-
croscope; to the lovers of the microscope they are highly interestins,
and well deser^'ing their attention, from the little that is known con-
cerning them : a few of the species are enumerated in the first sub-
class of the Crustacea, p. 78 to 82.

Arachndida. — Several species of this Class are very minute ; they are
found beneath the bark of trees, attached to the legs of insects, &c. As
an example of the care we should take in pre])aring objects for the mi-
croscope, as well as forming an idea of them, it is worth notice to men-
tion, that the figureof the " Lobster insect," (a species of Obisium) given
•in Adams's Essays on the Microscope, 4to. has a dentation on the outer
part of the inner claw, which is in fact a fracture produced by com-
pression; this was pointed out to me by my much respected friend
T. Carpenter, Esq. of Tottenham, who has the identical specimen in
his extensive collection. Many parts of the Spiders form most beau-
tiful objects, especially the eyes. The webs of spiders in hedges, gar-
den gates, and gates in woods, may frequently be examined with ad-
vantage, as these are nets in which many minute and rare insects may
be found.

Acari. — This Class of animals have long been celebrated as objects
lor the microscope; yet it is to be regretted that very little is yet known
ol"them, most collectors being salislicd by possessing a specimen of the
" cheese mitt," to exhibit one of the wonders of the little world.

334 niRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

Shells. — Minute shells ; these form most elegant subjects, and in ge-
neral fetch a very high price ; but they may be easily oV^tained by ex-
amining with a microscope the sand found on the sea shores ; they are
used as opake objects, and should be placed on a coloured paper that is
the greatest contrast to the shell. An enumeration with figures of most
of the minute British shells will be found in Montagu's Teslacca Bri-
tannica, and Walker's Teatacea miniita, 4to. 1784.

Animalcula. — These animals are so exceedingly numerous that vo-
lumes might be written on them. I shall therefore give only a few
brief directions for the best methods of obtaining them in vegetable in-
fusions, Sec.

Infusions of Pepper. — Bruise as much common black pepper as will
cover the bottom of an open jar, and lay it thereon about half an inch
thick : pour as much soft water into the vessel as will rise about an
inch above the pepper, shake the whole well together; after which they
must be stirred, but be left exposed to the air for a few days, in which
time a thin pellicle will be formed on the surface, in which innume-
rable animals are to be discovered by the microscope.

Eels in Paste — may be obtained by boiling a little flour and water
into the consistence of honey, then exposing it to the air in an open
vessel, and beating it frequently to prevent the surface from growing
hard : in summer, after a few days, eels will be foimd in myriads visi-
ble to the naked eye, and may be preserved for a length of time by
keeping the paste moistened with water.

Vegetable Infusions. — These as well as animal infusions are by far the
best methods of procuring animalcula. Plants should be placed in a
glass of either rain dr river water, and suffered to remain until a scum
is observed on the surface of the water, which acquires thickness by
standing. In this scum the greatest number of animalcules are found.
Sometimes it is necessary to dilute the infusions ; but this ought al-
ways to be done with water, not only distilled Ijut viewed through a
microscope, lest it should also have animalcules in it, and thus prove
a source of deception.

Stagnant waters contain also immense numbers of these very mi-
mite but interesting animals ; they are also found adhering to duck-
weed, pieces of wood, &c. A quantity of these should be collected and
thrown into clean water; they may then be separated and further ex-
amined.

Zoophi/tes and Corals. — These are only to be obtained on the sea
shore, and are found at the recess of the tide. When an opportimity
occurs of collecting in these places, every piece of sea weed, &c. should
be examined, as many very rare marine animals are frequently tound
in them, especially after a storm,

OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 335

VEGETABLES.

iSeeds of Plants afford many pleasing objects, as well as the leaves,
&c. : they should be gummed to paper, as directed for Insects.

Moss. — This, in the winter mouths, should always be collected and
carefully examined, as it not only furnishes many curious subjects
of itself, but likewise harbours many very beautiful insects, minute
shells, &LC.

Farina or the Pollen, of Plants affords some curious subjects, and i-s
well deserving of a further investigation. In the sixth volume of the
TraJisactions of the Linncan Society is given an Account of a Micro-
scopical investigation of several species of Pollen, with some Remarks and
Questions on the structure and use of that part of vegetables. By Luks
Howard, Esq. from which the following is extracted.

" I began my observations," says Mr. Howard, " with the Hazel-
tree {Corylus Avcllana). On a calm dry day I shook oft" some of the
pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper :
I also gathered some ot' the catkins and female buds. These I viewed
separately on a clear plate of glass, usually transmitting the light
through them from a speculum below, and with different magnifying
powers, preferring those which, without enormously enlarging the ob-
jects, gave a clear view of the structure and position of several at once.
" 1. Corylus Avcllana. — Anthers furnished with transparent horn-
like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the surface, and is sometimes
so abundant as to foil in a visible cloud on the slightest motion of a
branch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder, A few grains
laid on the glass plate and viewed with the lens. No. 4; some appear
of an irregular angular shape, opake, except in one or two parts, where
light passing presents the appearance of a perforation ; others nearly
spherical, the surface divided by depressed lines into a number of con-
vex facets. The transparency of these is such, that they reflect the
image of a small object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid.
On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the
most mature anthers, and to differ from the latter only as a raisin does
from a grape. A clear drop of distilled water being put on tlie glass,
both kinds imbibe it with the avidity of a sponge, at the same time
distending and spreading abroad in the water, but without any motion
further than fhat which this expansion causes. When saturated with
the water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itself, and all
alike distended to a bulk many times greater than their original one
ill a dry state. They are now seen to be multilocular capsules, having
septa in various directions within them, the union of which with tha
external membrane appears at tlwj angles in the dry state, and at tlie
depressed lines in the wet.

336 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

" These capsules may be kept in the water for several days without
any further perceptible change. When that is dried up they return to
the opake state, and the same operation may be several times repeated
on tliem.

" In exhibiting this spectacle to some friends, pure water not being
just at hand, a drop of brandy was substituted for it This gave rise
to a phenomenon equally curious and unexpected. The grains expand
as in the water ; but in the mean time they are put into rapid motion,
each grain darting from side to side with the vivacity of a swarm of
gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expansion the motion
dies away, and one after another sinks to the bottom. By a small ad-
dition of fresh brandy some few are excited a second time, but with
fainter movements. Presently the liquid begins to he obscured, and in
a few minutes the grains are mostly dispersed and decomposed, and the
spirit exhaling, leaves a sort of extract on the glass mixed with many
undissolved particles, among which sometimes appear a few unbroken
grains, much changed, and now resembling an empty bladder lying
Hat."

Mr. Howard, after the same experiments on various other plants,
observes, " The proper spirit for this purpose seems to be a mixture of
one part of pure spirit of wine with two of water. A stronger spirit or
spirit of wine alone may sometimes be required, when we operate
upon a pollen which has by any means become previously saturated
witli moisture, (or has lost, by keeping, a part of its irxitability,) but it
does not enter the dry grain so readily as water alone.

" It is proper here to remark, that the utmost care is requisite to
prevent accidental mixtures of tlie subjects or menstrua in these ex-
periments, which might greatly embarrass and mislead the observer ;
separate pieces of clear glass for the several kinds, and separate point-
ed glass tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requisite. It will
be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids
before they are used, in order to be satisfied of the absence of animal-
cules and other extraneous matter vvhich might be suspected to in-
tluenCG the appearances.

" I do not pretend to say that the above-related experiments were
absolutely free from optical deception ; but I may venture to affirm,
from frequent repetition of them, that when tried with due precaution,
they will scarcely ever be found to fail of producing the appearance re-
lated."

MINERALS.

Crystals. — The name Crystal is given to those polyhedral bodies,
produced by nature and the operations of chemistry, which possess a
regular geometrical form ar^^l rectilineal interior structure.

MINFRAIS. 337

Observation has shown that every substance in crystalhzing has a
tendency to assume a peculiar figure. Common suit crystallizes in cubes,
t'j)som iulls in six-sided prisms, Alum in octahedrons, Sugar-cmiij/ in
oblique four-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits. But the cry-
stalline form in any crystaliizable material is liable to be altered by
circtmistances aifecting tlie crystallizing process ; and hence the geome-
trical forms which the same identical substances present, often bear no
such resemblance to each otlier as would seem to indicate their rela-
tion. There are, nevertheless, a certain number of figures peculiar to
every crj'stallizable body, and the crystals of that substance assume
one or other of these forms, and no other. Common salt, for example,
when it has assumed its true crystalline shape, presents itself in the
form of cubes ; it is also met with in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, or
some figure appertaining to these solids. Sugur-candt/ usually crystal-
lizes in oblique four-sided prisms, and it likewise occurs in cubes and in
six-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits variously modified. Alum
crystallizes in octahedrons, but it also occurs in cubes.

Method of obtaining Cri/stuls. — The method of effectmg the crystal-
lization of such bodies as require a previous state of solution, and
among which the class of Salts holds a distinguished rank, consists of
heating tlie solution so as to dissipate gradually part of the water by
evaporation. It is thus that chemists proceed for obtaining crystals of
sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, &c.

The figure of crystals has very little regularity if the water be eva-
porated too hastily, as by boiling; but by keeping the saline solution
in a gentle heat, very beautiful and very regular crystals are obtained
in a longer or shorter space of time; and there is scarcely any salt
which may not be made to assume a very distinct form by this process
if it be skilfully conducted. — Accnm.

Crystals of Camphor. — Camphor dissolves readily in spirits of wine.
To obtain the crystals it is only necessary to place one drop on a piece
of glass ; the glass should be held over a candle a few seconds to ac-
celerate the evaporation of the spirit, and then placed in the micro-
scope, when the configuration may be seen.

Crystals of Silver. — This forms a very beautiful and interesting
object. In one drop of nitrate of silver put a small piece of very
fine brass wire ; this must be immediately placed in the microscope,
and the crystals will extend gradually till the whole quantity of fluid is
evaporated.

Minerals of all kinds frequently exhibit very curious objects. Sand
also should be collected and examined, as it is subject to great variety :
— in fact, a very good kiiowledge might be gained of Mineralogy from
small specimens, which may be obtained at very reasonable prices, and
which occupy but little room.

Y

AN EXPLANATION

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY

jt\BDOMEN, that part of the bodj^ distinct from the thorax, forming
the hinder part of the insect, and consisting of segments or rings.
(PL 10. fg. 7. e.)

Mquale, when it is of the same bre?dth with the thorax.

Barbatum, with tiifts of hair at the sides or extremity.

Fakatum, shaped like a sickle.

Petiolatum, attached to the thorax by means of a slender elongated
tube.

Planum, the under part flat.

Sessile, sitting attached to the thorax in its whole breadth; not di-
stant and connected by a filament.

Suhpetiolatum, attached to the thorax by a short tube, nearly equalling
the thorax in breadth.
ACULEUS, the Sting, an elongated dart, often poisonous, seated in tjie
eKtrcniity of the abdomen.

Compositus, having two or more sharp points or darts.

IL-xsertiis, projecting, not lying hid within the body.

Reconditus, always concealed within the abdomen, and seldom thrust
out.

Retractilis, for the most part exserted, but capable of being drawn in.

Simplex, having one dart or point.

Vaginatus, inclosed in a bivalve sheath.
ALj¥^ the Wings, the instalments of flight.

Acuminata, terminating in a subulated apex.

Angulatm, the posterior margin having prominent angles.

Angulus ani, the posterior angle of the inferior wings.

Angulus posticus, that extremity of tlie wing \vhich is opposite to the^
base and to the apex.

Apex, the part opposite to the base, terminating the anterior mar-
gin. (PI. 10. Jig. 8. c.)

Basis, the part by which it is connected with the thorax. {PL 10.
fig. 8. 6.)

TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 339

Bicaudatee, the hinder wings having two projecting processes.
Cuudata, in which one or more projections in the hinder wings are

extended into processes.
Concolores, of the same colour botli on the upper and under surfaces.
Connivcntes, which when at rest have the anterior margin in part

contiguous to the inner or posterior margin, whether erect or iiv-

cumbent.
Convalutcc, wrapping round the body, the upper surface forming a

convexity.
Costa, the margin between the base and the apex.
CrenatiE, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures

are pointed to neither extremity.
CruciatiE, incumbent, but the inner margins lying over each other.
Cruciata complicate, folded together crosswise.
Dejlexa, incumbent, but not horizontally, the outer edges declining

towards the sides,
JDentato-a-osa, hollowed, with denliculations between the hollows.
Denticulata, with minute distinct teeth.
DenudateE, a certain part destitute of scales, but opake.
DigitatcE, divided nearly to the base like fingers.
Discus, the space between the base, the apex, the margin, and the

suture.
Divaricate, incumbent, but diverging behind.
Hilongata, the posterior margin longer than the interior.
Erect<£, when at rest, standing up so as to approach each other.
Eroscc, with minute obtuse hollows and imequal lacinige.
Excaudata, having no projecting processes.
Extensa, not lying upon one another,
Falcata, the posterior margin obtusely hollowed.
Fcnestrata, with one or more transparent spots.
Eissa, digitated, divided into linear portions with straight margins.
Gymnopteree, membranaceous and transparent without scales.
Horizontaks, which when at rest are parallel to the horizon.
Hyaline, quite transparent.
Incumhentes, which when the insect is at rest cover the back of the

abdomen horizontally.
IiicurvattE, the anterior margin bent like an arch.
Integerrime, with a margin linear and not in any wise cut.
Integra, undivided without indentations.
Irrorata, marked with exceedingly minute points.
Lanceolate, oblong attenuated at both extremities.
Macidate, marked with spots.
Margo exterior, anticus, crassior ale, the margin between the base

and the apex.

V 2

310

AN EXPLANATION" OF

Margo posterior, tlie margin between the apex and the angulm po-
sticus.

Margo interior or tenum\ the margin etsveen the base and the an-
gidus posticus.

Nebuhike, marked with many scattered, abrupt lines, of various
forms.

I>crvosa, with nerves larec for the size of the wins;.

~\T' • 1- . •

Jyitidissuiia, with scales exceedingly smooth and resplendent.

Ocellatie, with one or more ocelli, or eye-like markings.

Pagina superior, the upper surface of the wings.

Pugina inferior, the under surface.

Putentes, horizontal, extended when at rest, not uniting or incum-
bent.

Patuhe, nearly horizontal, little inclined, and not incumbent.

Platue, extended horizontally, which cannot be folded up.

Plicata, wings which when at rest are folded up, but expanded in ^
flight.

Punctata, marked with very small dots.

Radiated, with nerves diverging like rays from a common centre.

Pepanda, with a waving but plain margin.

Peticulata, with nen'cs disposed like net-work.

Pevcrsa, dcflexed, the margin of the secondary wings projecting
from under the primary.

Potundatcc, the posterior margin rounded and devoid of angles.

Subcaudata, the process in the posterior wings, hardly longer ttmn a
serrature.

Suberosie, s(>mewhat indented, but irregularly.

Tessellata, marked with black spots so disposed as to resemble a che-
quered pavement.

Tru?icat(£, with the posterior angle straight.

TumidcT, with elevated membranes among the veins.

VuriegatcE, of different colours.

Vndtdata, marked with continuous and nearly parallel waving lines.

UnguiculatcB, with a membranaceous tooth or claw at the casta or
exterior margin.
ANASTOMOSIS, a spot in the upper wing, at the branching of the
nerves, near the anterior margin.

Striga, observing the course of the nerves.
ANTENNiE {or Horns) For the supposed use of these organs see p. "21 .
They are subject to the greatest variety : the number of joints,
their form, &c. should always be considered, as they are useful in
distinguishing genera; they are discriminated as follows.

Aculeatte, armed with small sharp points.

Aculeato-serrata, set with thick prickles turned towards tlie apex.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 341

Acukato-nncinatte-, set with hook-shaped prickles.

Acuminato-setacea, terminated with a stiff sharp-pointed hair.

Amphi-ophthalm(e, wholly or in part surrounded by the eyes,

ApproximatcE, close together at their base.

Arhtat/c, furnished with a compressed lateral knob, having attached
to it a short beard or bristle.

Artkulata, with distinct joints or articulations.

Barbata, with tufts of hair at the articulations.

Breves, shorter than the body.

Capitata, clavated, ending in a knob.

CatoplUhahiue, when placed behind the eyes.

Ciliatcey fringed with parallel seta, inserted along the side of the an-
tenna through their whole length.

Clavata, club-shapcd, terminating in a knob; growing gradually
thicker towards the ape.x.

Coadunata, connected at the base.

Dentata, set with remote spreading points in one direction.

Distincta, not united at their base.

Elongata, when longer than the head.

Exarticulata, with no distinct articulations.

Filata, simple, without a lateral hair or thread.

FUiJbrmes, of the same thickness through their whole length,
Hyperophthalma, placed above the eyes.

Hypophthalma, placed under the eyes.

Lamellata, pectinated, but with scales instead of bristles.
LongiT, longer than the body.
Mcdiocres, of the same length with the body.

MonUiformes, with distinct subglobular joints or bead-like articula-
tions.
Mucronata, terminating in a sharp projecting point.
Nuda, not garnished with hairs or bristles.
Nutantes, at the points bent downwards.
Fectmata, comb-shaped, or sending out from both sides parallel

bristles the whole length.
Perfoliata, the club being horizontally divided, the pieces connected

in the middle.
Pe?-foliato-imbricata, consisting of small concave pieces, imbricated

and connected in the middle.
Plumosa, like a plume of feathers.
Porrecta, stretched straight forward.
Prismatica, linear, with more than two flat sides.
Pro-ophthalma, placed before the eyes.
Pamosa, with many lateral branches.
Remota, distant from each other.
Rigida, not flexible.

342 AN EXPLANATION OF

Securiformes, shaped somewhat Uke an axe.

Serrata, toothed Hke a saw, the incisures turned towards the extre-
mities.
Setacea, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the point.
Seticornes, in the shape of a bristle.
Simplices, not branched.
Spinosa, set with large subulated spines.
Spirlformes, rolled into a spiral form.
Subulata, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at

the apex.
Tf'uncata, the club terminated abruptly by a transverse line.
Verticillatds, with hairs arranged in whorls at the joints.
IJncinattE, clavated and mucronated, the point reflexed so as nearly
to form a right angle.
Aptera, insects without wings; many of the Coleoptera are desti-
tute of wings, and in most of such species the elytra are close,
not separable : the females of several species of the Lepidoptera
are also destitute of wings ; as are also some of the Hymenoptera.
AREOLiE, Wing-cells. In Hi/menopfera these are essential in the ge-
neric character ; as in Tenthredinidte, S,-c.
Marginales, those cells situated on the upper part of the wing near

the apex. (See pi. tO. fig. 10. a. a.)
Submarginales are beneath the above. (PI. 10. fig. 10. b. b. b.)
AfvTus, the various instruments of motion, viz. the wings, the feet, &c,

(See p. 33.)
ATOMUS, a very minute dot or point.
Body. See Corpus.
CAPUT. The Head.

Angulatum, the margin cornered.

Attenuatum, lengthened, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the

apex.
Attenuatum postice, blunt at the apex, narrower at the base.
Basis, the ])art connected to the thorax.
Canaliculatum, with one or more deep hollow lines.
Cli/peatum, covered above with a leaf-like spreading substance.
Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex.
Cornutum, some part ending in a horn.

Depressum, pressed downwards as it were, or thinner than broad.
Emarginatwn, terminating in a notch.
Exsertum, distinctly separated from the thorax.
Gibbum, convex both above and below.

Injlexum, not on the same plane with the thorax, bending inward.
Integrum, undivided, without any furrow.

Lunatum, roundish, divided at the base by a hollow, the hinder an-
gles acute.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 543

Marginatum, with a free elevated margin.

Muticum, not furnished with horns, spines, or tubercles.

Nutans, fixed transversely at right angles witli the thorax.

Porrectum, prominent and elongated.

Prolongatum tuho, the apex running out into a tube.

Prominens, on the same plane with the thorax, but narrower.

Retractile, capable of being drawn at pleasure within the thorax, and

concealed there.
Retractum, placed within the thorax, and not to be distinguished from

it.
Rttgosum, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines either

longitudinally or transversely.
Tuberculatum, rough with rigid prominent warts or tubercles.
CAUDA, the Tail, a part affixed to the extremity of the abdomen. (See
p. 33).
Aristata, terminating in a bristle or slender thread.
Biseta, having two slender attenuated setae.
Foliacea, spreading out like a membrane.
Rostrata, standing out like a beak.
Setosa, elongated, slender, gradually attenuated.
Triquetra, having three plane sides.

Triseta, having three slender attenuated setie, as in Ephemera.
Chela, the extreme part of the foot, with a moveable lateral toe like

the claw of a crao.
Chrysalis, (the pupa of those Papilionida that are often of a golden

colour) synonymous with Pupa.
Cicatrix, an elevated and somewhat rigid spot.
CiNGULA, coloured bands or belts surrounding the abdomen.
Clypeus, a horny horizontal part of the head covering the mouth.

(See p. 30.)
CoLEOPTRA, both elytra.

COLOR. — The colour of insects varies greatly, and it frequently oc-
curs that the species cannot be determined by this alone. Many
circumstances will tend to alter the colour ; as a change of food,
the age, &€. and such casualties should be allowed for. In study-
ing the species and arranging varieties, the extreme of both light
and dark specimens should always be retained.
Mruginosus, light blueish green, like verdigrise.
Alhus, dull white.
Albidus, dirty dull white.
Ater, the purest and deepest black.

Atro-purpureus, very dark red, almost approaching to black.
Atro-vlrens, dark green, bordering on dark blue.
Aureus, gold-yellow, without any foreign mixture.

344 AN EXPLANATION OP

Aurantlaais, orange, or a mixture of yellow and red.

Azia-eux, azure blue, nearly the same with Caruleus, but bright like

ultramarine.
Badius, chesnut or liver-brown bordering on dark red.
Brunneus, the darkest pure brown.
Casius, pale blue, verging towards gray.
Cceruleus, sky-blue.

Canus, hoary, with more white than gray.
Carneus, flesh-colour, something between white and red.
Cinereus, ash-colour, blackish gray.
Coccineus, cinnabar-colour, with a slight tinge of blue.
Croceus, saffron-colour, dark orange.
Cyaneus, dark blue like Prussian blue.
Terrugineus, brown, verging towards yellow.
Flavo-virens, green, verging upon yellow.
Fiiscvs, brown, running into gray.
Griseus, lively light gray.
Glaucus, green, bordering upon gray.
Hepaticus, liver-brown.
Lacteus, shining white.
Late?-itius, brick-colour, like Minialus, but duller, and verging towards

yellow.
Lilacinus, lilae, like Violaceus, but duller, and verging more towards

red.
Lividus, dark gray running into violet.
Luteus, yellow.

Miniatus, high red, like red-lead.
Niger, black, with a tinge of gray.
Ochraceus, yellow, with a small tinge of brown.
PaUidns, of a pale cadaverous hue.
TalUde-Jlavens, pale or whitish yellow.
Frasinna, grass-green without any tinge of blue.
Puniceus, fine bright red like carmine.
. Roseus, rose-colour, a pale blood-red.

Sajtguiuei/s, pure red, but duller than Puniceus.
Sidphureus, bright yellow.
Tcstaceus, a dark red, or brick-colour.
Violaceus, violet-colour, a mixture of blue and red.
Vitellinus, yellow, with a slight tinge of red.
CORPUS, the Body (and see also Abdomen). This part is frequently

considered in the generic characters, and designated as under,
Compressum, flattened at the sides.
Depression, depressed, thinner than broad.
Glabrum, of a smooth shining surface.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGV. 346

Hemisphericum, convex above, flat below, like the section of a globe.

Lineare, oblong, equal in breadth throughout.

Marginatwn, with a free elevated margin.

Membranaccum, nearly of the consistence of a leaf.

Nitidum, the surface smooth and shining.

Nudum, not covered with either wool, hair, or bristles.

Oblongum, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal.

Obovatum, inversely ovate, the narrow end downwards.

Obtusion, blunt, rounded at the apex.

Orbiculatum, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal.

Ovale, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal.

Ovation, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the
latter broader at the base than at the apex.

Pilosum, set with distinct long hairs.

Planum, the imder part flat.

Pubescens, covered with soft hair.

Petusum, terminating in an obtuse hollow.

Potundatum, the outline nearly circular, without comers.

Pugosion, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either
longitudinally or transversely.

Scabrum, rough, with hard raised points.

Sericeum, covered with soft shining hairs.

Tomcntomm, covered with a soft down or wool.
Ckustaceus, somewhat hard, elastic, resisting the impression of tlie

finger.
Declaratum TxsECTfM, the insect arrived at its perfect state.
Discus, of the wing, elytra, &c. the middle between the base, the

apex, the margin, and the suture {PL 10. Jig. 5. a.)
ELYTRA, two crustaceous or coriaceous wings, expanded in flight,
when at rest covering the abdomen, and inclosing the membra-
naceous wings. (See p. 37.) The elytra arc subject to great variety
in Colour, Markings, Sculpture, &:c. and are distinguished by many
terms in common with Abdomen, Ala, Thorax, i^x. They are called

Abbrevlata, when shorter than the abdomen.

Aculeata, armed with small sharp points.

Angustata, narrower than the back.

Apex, the part at the extremity of the alsdomen. (P/. 10. Jig. 5. d.)

Attenuata, attenuated, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the
apex.

Basis, the part next the thorax. {PI. 10. fig. 5. c.)

Canaliculatu, with deep hollow lines.

^arinata, forming a ridge at the suture.

Coadunata, undivided, joined together at the suture.

Convexa, the surface elevated like the section of a sphere.

346 AN EXPLANATION OF

Coriacea, of a substance like leather.

Dejlexa, the edges declining towards the sides.

Dentata, the margin or apex set with sharp pointed processes.

Denticulata, with minute distinct teeth.

Dimidiata, covering but half of the back.

•Emarginata, terminating in a notch.

Fastigiata, transverse, at the apex emarginate.

Fenestrafa, with one or more transparent spots.

Fkxilla, capable of being bent, not crustaceous.

Hirta, thickly covered with short hairs.

Hisplda, set with short rigid bristles.

Itnynarginata, without a margin or distinct rim.

ImmobUia^haX cannot be moved,and consequently are useless for flight.

Inaqualia, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de-
pressions.

Integra, completely covering the back.

Linearkt, oblong, equal in breadth throughout.

Lineata, marked with depressed lines.

Lineato-punctata, dotted, the dots or punctures disposed in lines.

Marginata, with a free elevated margin.

Margo, the outer rim next the belly, from the base to the apex.

Murkata, rough, with rigid spines.

Mutilata, which do not completely cover the back, whether with re-
spect to length or breadth.

Filosa, set with distinct hairs.

Porcata, with elevated longitudinal lines or ridges.

Framorsa, the apex terminating obtusely, with unequal incisures.

Puhescentia, covered with soft hair.

Punctata, marked with very small excavated dots or punctures.

Rigida, not flexible.

Motundata, the apex without angles.

Rugosa, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either
longitudinally or transversely.

Scabra, rough with hard raised points.

Sericea, covered with soft shining hairs.

Sinuata, a hollow, a deep furrow as if scooped out.

Spinosa, the margins set with subulated rigid spines.

Striata, slightly channelled with parallel lines.

Submarginata, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free nor

elevated.
Subrotunda, the outline nearly circular.
Subulata, linear at the base, growing more slender, and pointed at

the apex.
Sulcata, with one or more deep hollow furrows.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 347

Sutura, the part where the elytra meet and form a line in the middle
of the back from the base to the apex.

Tomentoxa, covered with soft down or wool.

Truncalu, abbreviated, the ape.x terminating in an abrupt line.

TubercuUdu, roi^h, with rigid prominent warts or tubercles.

Villosa, covered with soft hair.
Eruca, the old word for Lama.
Escf TELLATirs, having no scutellum.
FASCIA, a broad transverse line or band.

Abbreviata, not extending throughout the wing.

Coimnunis, extended over both upper and under wings.

Dimidiata, running only half the length of the wing.

Hyallna, quite transparent.

Iiiterriiptu, broken, but continued either above or below.

Sesquiiertia, occupying the iburth part of the wing.

Terminalis, near the apex and posterior margin.

Undata, with waving obtuse sinuses.
Fasciculus, a bundle or tuft of hair as on the back of many caterpillars.
FEMUR, the thigh, that part of the limb nearest the body. {PI. 10.
fig. 6. b.—Jlg^7. c.)

Arcuatum, bent, like a circular arch.

Basis, the part next the body.

Dcntaiiwi, the margin having one or more indentations.

Hispidiim, get with short rigid bristles.

Ina-assatum, growing thicker in the middle.

Muticum, without spine or tooth.

Saltatorium, thick, formed for leaping.

Spinosum, set with large siibulated sj»ines.
(Femora) simpUda, equal, and without any remarkable difference in

thickness.
Fenestra, a clear transparent spot.
HABITAT, the habitation, the places where insects are usually found.

Abietis, fir-groves.

Absinthetis, places where wormwood abounds.

Agris, artificial grass-fields, clover. Sec.

Alnctis, places abounding in alder.

Animalibus putridis, dead animals in woods, sides of rivers, &c.

Aquis, water.

Aquisjiuentibus, running streams.

Aquis stagnantibus, ponds and standing waters.

Arundinetis, reedy fens.

Betuletis, birch-trees, or woods.

Boleto, boletaria and fi^mgi.

Carduetis, places overgrown with thistles.

Ckelidoniis, where celandine grows.

348 AN EXPLAKATION OF

CompascuU, grassy commons.

Corylis, nut-trees.

Cretaceis, chalky places.

Domibus, houses or out-houses in the shade

jynmctis, bushy places or thickets.

Ericetis, heaths or heathy commons.

Floribus, the blossoms of floAvers.

Fossis, ditches full of aquatic plants.

Fungis, funguses in all their states.

Graminosis, grassy banks, &c.

Hortis, gardens, the resort of many rare and interesting insects, which

if extensive, will afford full employ at all hours oi tlie day and

seasons of the year.
Ixipidibus, stones. Suh lapides, under stones.
Lappaceis, places where burdock abounds.
Lichenosis, trees and pales abounding in lichens.
Ligno putrido, decayed trees and wood.
Lzicis, thick woods.
Nemoribus, shady groves.
Paludibus, marshy grounds.
Parietinis, shady sides of old walls.
Pascuis, pastures.
Peridumetis, skirts of woods.
Pinetis, where pines are plentiful.
Populetis, among poplars.
Prat is, meadows.
Quercefis, among oaks.
Ripis, banks of gross weeds.
Sabulosis, sandy places.
Salicetis, amongst willows.
Segetibits, grassy borders, &c. of corn fields.
Sepibus, hedges.

Sepimentis, lanes between hedges, mostly moist.
Septis, old shady pales and rails.
SicciJ'oliis, withered leaves on oaks, &c.
Spa7'tiosis, broom fields.
Stagnis, ponds wherein water-plants grow.
Stercore, the dung of animals, especially of horses and cat-tic.
Sylvis, woods, open only in their paths.
Siflvaticis, considerable open parts in woods.
Tiliaceis, among limes.
TrunciS) shady trunks of trees.
Viminosis, ozier-holts.
Ulicetig, commons abounding in furze.
Uliginosis, bogs, fens, and moist pjaces.

THE TERMS USBD IN r:?TOMOLOGy. 349

TUinosk, amongst elms.

UmbeUifa-is, on unibelliterous plants in hedges and wood sides.
IIALTEKES (see p. 37), poisers, in the Order of Diptera; two globu-
lar bodies placed on slender stalks behind the wings, and seated
on the thorax; sometimes they are an arched membranaceous
scale.
HAMULI. These are very minute hooks or crotchets, discoverable
under, a good magnifier, on the inferior wings of many Ilymeno-
pterous insects, by means of which they are kept steady in flying.
— Kirby.
Hastata, a javelin-shaped mark that is triangular; the base and sides

hollowed, the posterior angles spreading horizontally.
HAUSTELLUJM, a sort of trunk at the mouth of insects, principally
of the Diptera, consisting of seta?, which are either inclosed in a
bivalve sheath or without one.
Head. See Caput.

IIiijiFLYTRA, wings either wholly or in part formed of a substance in-
termediate between leather and membrane.
IIexapoda insecta, having six feet, as in all genuine insects.
Hyalina, wings, elytra, &c. quite transparent.
IMAGO, the perfect insect after having gone through the states of

Lai-va and Pupa.
Imbricatus, set with scales, lying over each other like the tiles of a

house.
Instita, a stria of equal breadth throughout,
La«rum. (See p. 28.)

LARVA, caterpillar, grub or maggot ; the insect as it comes from the
egg, slow, sterile, and voracious.
Caudata, with a tail or horn, as in most of the Sphingida.
Gregaria, those lar\ce that live in society-, many of them inclosed in

a web.
Nuda, naked, not hairy.
Polyphaga, that will eat a variety of plants.

Subcutanea, small caterpillars that feed within the substance of the
leaf.
LiNEA, a line, the twelfth part of an inch.
LINGUA, the Tongue. (See p. 29.)

HepUcutilk, the point capable of being tiunied hack.
Spiralis, capable of being rolled up like the spring of a watch be-
tween the palpi. {PI. 1iO. fig. 9.)
LiTURA, a spot of a deeper colour in one part than another.
LiNULA, a spot shaped like a new moon.

MACULA, a spot, larger than punctum, of an indeterminate figure,
and of a different colour from the ground. ( PI. 10. fg. 8. //.)

350 AN EXPLANATION OP

Annularis, round, the middle of the same colour with the rest of the

wing.
DeUoidea, nearly triangular.
Flexuosa, irregularly waving.
MANDIBUL.'E^ the mandibles. (See p. 28. PI. 10. fg. 1. d.)
Manus, a foot shaped like the claw of a cralj.
Marginatus, thorax, elytra, &c. with a free elevated margin.
MAXILLyE, organs at the mouth, generally semicircular, pointed at
the ends, moving transversely, that is, horizontally, not perpendi-
cularly as in the human species, for the purpose of holding and
comminuting the food. (See also p. 28. PL 10. fg. 2. a. — b. c.
maxilla?^ palpi.)
Dentat(c, the margins set with sharp pointed processes.
Porcipata, like a pair of pincers.
Purcata, forked, divided into two parts at the ends.
Lunulata, thick in the middle, and smaller towards the base and the

apex.
Prominentes, placed straight before the head, and on the same plane.
Mentdm, the chin. This part is most observable in the iwcunMS Cer-

VIIS.

METAMORPHOSIS.— The transformation of an insect from the larm
to the pupa, and previous to its last or perfect state. The meta-
morphosis of insects is delined as follows.

Coarctata, of an oblong cylindrical shape with no part of the body vi-
sible ; as in the Order Omaloptera.

Jncompleta, with motionless feet and wings ; as in Coleoptcra, Jxpi-
doptera, c^rc.

Semicompleta, when the pupa moves, eats, and has wing-cases; as in
Derinaptera, Orthoptcra, P)ictyoptera, Heniiptera, ^x.
OCELLI (or Stemmata), little shining eyes generally placed together on
the crown of the head, for the purpose of seeing objects at a di-
stance and above the insect.

Dioptraii, with a transparent pupil divided transversely by a small
line.

Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus, a large ocellus inclosing a smaller one.
OCULI, the eyes (see p. 21). All insects have at least two eyes: the
Arachnoida have six or eight, arranged for the most part on the
vertex or summit of the head. They are subject to considerable
variety in situation and shape, and are distinguished as under.

Approximati, when placed close together.

Bini, two eyes, one placed on each side of the head.

Colorati, of a different colour from that of the head.

Cornpositi, furnished with many and often numerous lenses, for the
purpose of seeing near objects and those at a distance.

Concolores, of the same colour with the head and body.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOL^TOT. 351

Contigui, touching one another,

Fasciati, marked with stripes of a different colour : this may be ob-
served in several of the Dipterous insects, particularly those of the
Tabinida; but the colours fade when the insect is dead.
. Fenesiraii, the pupil glassy and transparent.

Hemispherici, convex, like the section of a globe.

Immubiks, so fixed in the head as to be incapable of motion.

Inferi, placed on the under side of the head.

Inlerrupti, broken, but continued either above or below, as in tho
Gyrinid(E.

Laterales, placed at each side of the head.

Lunati, resembling a crescent or new moon.

Mobiles, so situated as to be moveable.

Obliterati, the pupil scarcely distinguishable.

Octoni, eight distinct eyes, as in many of the Aj-achn'oida.
, Ovaks, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal.

Pedunculati, elevated on a stalk or peduncle.

Plani, the surface on the same plane with the head.

Prominuli, standing far out from the head.

Quatcrni, with four eyes.

Remoti, distant from each other.

Reniformes, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side.

Seni, with six distinct eyes.

Simplices, furnished with only one lens.

Variegati, of different colours.

Vertkales, placed on the crown of the head.
OS, the mouth and its parts. (See p. 27.)

Inferum, when placed on the under side of the head.

]\Iaxillosum, with large maxillce.

Pectorale, situated in the breast, in a tube or rostrum.

Terminale, the apex of the head.
Pagiita superior, the upper surface of the wing.

' inferior, the under surface.

Palatum, the interior part of the transterse lip.
PALPI, organs placed at the mouth, often articulated, and geilierally
shorter than the antennfe, and are either t-.vo, four, or six. {PL 10.
ftg. 1. e. g. labial palpi, f.f. maxillary palpi!)

Clavati, club-shaped, terminating in a knob; growing gradually
thicker towards the apex.

Elongati, longer than common, or longer than the mouth.

E.varticulati, with no distinct articulations.

Fixserti, projecting, not lying hid.

Filiformes, of the same thickness tliroughout.

Jncurvi, turning straight upwards at the ends, over the head.

Pediformes, with a genicuiated articulation like a foot.

352 AN EXPLANATION OF

Porrecti, stretched straight forwards..
Recti, straight, without tiexure.
Hecurvati, turned back.
Securiformes, shaped somewhat hke an axe.

Setacei, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the apex,
Simplkes, not articulated.

Suhulati, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at the
apex.
Patella;, orbicular, elevated, moveable bodies on which the base of

the femora rests, as in the Ichneumonidte.
Pectin'es, in the genus Scorpio, two bodies situated between the abdo-
men and the breast, dentated on one side, but t!ie number of teeth
varies.
Pectus, ihe Breast^ the under part of the thorax to which the feet are

attached.
PEDES, the Limhs. — This term is applied by I^nne to the whole limb,
including the /ewm/-, tihin, tarsi, and unguis. The formation of the
legs will generally determine the habits of insects, and are called
Cursorii, when formed for running.
AFutici, without claws or spines.
Natatorii, cojnpressed, doubly ciliated and two-edged, formed for

swimming.
Saltatorii, with thick thighs, formed for leaping.
Serrati, dentated or toothed like a saw.
Spinosi, set with large subulated spines.
l^ETioLATUM, haviug a slender elongated tube connecting the abdomen
to the thorax : this is observable in many of the Hymenopterous in-
sects.
pLAXTiE, the under part of the tarsi.

Hemisp/iericiP, concave and nearly circular : this kind of tarsus is pe-
culiar to the aquatic Coleoptera. {PL 3. Jig. 13. a.)
PROBOSCIS, a hollow tube at the mouth, often fleshy, and enlarging
at the point.
Iiifiexa, tending towards the breast.
Plicatilis, pliable, so that it can be folded up.
Porrecta, stretched straight forward.
JRccurvata, turning backwards.
PUPA, Aurdia, Chrysalis, Nj/mpha, the animal changed from a larsOf
often motionless, destitute of mouth, &c. See Metamoi-phosis.
ToUiculata, inclosed in a case made of hair or silk, or of leaves,

wool, earth, &c. conglutinated together.
Nuda, not inclosed in a case, not folliculated.
Ohtecta, wrapped up in a crustaceous covering, the thorax and abdo-
men obvious.
Punctata, Elytra, fyc. sprinkled witli hollow dots or punctures.

THE TERMS USED IN EXTOMOLOGY. 353

PuNCTUM, a small dot of a different colour from the rest of the wing.
Ccillosum, an elevated and somewhat rigid point.
Gcminum, two spots near each other but separated.
Hamosum, divided into distant parts.

Oceltare, an orbicular spot of a different colour in the middle.
Sesquialterum, formed of two spots that are distinct but contiguous.
Reniformis, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side.
RivuLus, a stripe running irregularly over the wing, and of a different

colour from it.
ROSTRUM, the mouth lengthened out into a snout or tapering beak;
this part is subject to great variations, and mthe Curculionida, ^c.
is essential in the generic character.
Acutum, the apex forming an acute angle.
Apex, the point.

Arcuatwn, bent like a circular arch.
Basis, the part next the head.
Bivalve, consisting of two concave valves, united so as to form a

tube.
Breve, shorter than the head.

Canaliculatum, with a deep hollow groove in the middle.
Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex.
Cylindj-icum, linear and round.

Geniculatum, bent, and making an angle at the flexure.
Injiexum, not projecting, but bent towards the breast.
Longim, longer than the head and thorax.
Longum, longer than the head.
Longissimum, longer than the body.

Multivalve, forming a tube by means of many valves uniting.
Nutans, transversely fixed to the head.
Forredum, prominent and elongated.
Rectum, produced but not bent.

Setaceum, slender, flexible, and gradually tapering towards the apex.
Tubidosum, perforated like a tube ; entire.
RuGosus, with waved and elevated lines, either longitudinally or trans-
versely.
Saltatorii, such insects that have their legs with thick thighs strong

and formed for leaping.
SCUTELLUM. — This partis separated from the thorax by a transverse
line, and lies between the wings or wing-cases ; its form is gene-
rally triangular.
Seta, a fine hair or bristle.
Sexes of Insects, are distinguished in Entomological works, by (J {Mars)

for male, and 5 ( Venus) female.
Sinus, a hollow, an excavation as if scooped out.

z

354 AN EXPLANATION OF

Spiuacula, the respiratory organs, situated on the sides of the abdo'

men.
SquamulajA Scale; an erect membrane placed between the thorax and

abdomen.
Stemmata, the Ocelli or httle eyes placed on the summit of the head :

these are fre(|uently considered in the character of a genus.
Sternum, the ridge running under the breast; this part is very con-
spicuous in the Dyticidce.
Stigma, a spot or mark generally on the upper wing.
STRIA, a longitudinal line, and often punctured, generally extending
from the base to the apex of the elytra.
Obsolefa, indistinct, as if obliterated.
Striga, a narrow transverse line.
Sulcus, a deep hollow furrow.

SuTURA, the part where the elytra meet and form the line in the mid-
dle of the back, from the base to the apex.
Tarsus, the Foot. The form and number of the joints vary according
to the insect's mode of life: in several species of the Coleoptera the
anterior tarsi of the male are frequently broader than those of the
female, and consequently serve as a sexual distinction. The num-
ber of joints in the tarsi serves as sections of the Order Coleoptera.
Tergum, the upper part or back of the abdomen.
Tessellata, spotted or marked with another colour chequerwise.
THORAX, the part intermechate to the head and body. (Seep. 31.)
This part is subject to the greatest variety in shape, sculpture, &c.
Many of the terms used to distinguish the elytra in Coleoptera are
also applicable to the thorax.
Aculeatus, furnished with sharp spines.
^qualis, when of the same breadth with the elytra.
Angulatus, the posterior margin having prominent angles.
Canaliculatus, with a deep longitudinal groove in the middle.
Carinatus, the middle part of the disc raised into a straight longitu-
dinal ridge.
Convexus, when the surface is elevated like the section of a sphere.
Cm'datus, heart-shaped, the base notched, without angles.
Crenatm, the margin notched, Init in such a way that the incisures

are pointed to neither extremity.
Cristatiis, the carinated ridge arched, dentated, and compressed.
Cucullatus, the carinated ridge hollowed before into a kind of hood.
Discus, the middle of the thorax, the line from 6 to c {Jig. 4:. pi. 10).
Gibbus, the disc elevated but not spherical.
Immarginafus, without clypeus or distinct rim.
Ina:quulis, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de-
pressions.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 355

Integer, Integerrimus, with the margin linear and not in anywise

cut.
Lineatus, marked longitudinally with coloured lines.
Lohatns, divided into distinct parts.
Marginatus, with a free elevated margin.
Margo, the part surrounding the disc.
Muticus, not furnished with horns, spines, or tubercles.
Nitidus, the surface smooth and shining.
Ohcordutus, heart-shaped, with the apex towards the abdomen.
Oblongus, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal.
Ohovatus, inversely ovate.
Obtusus, blunt, or rounded at the apex.

Orhicidatus, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal.
Ovalis, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal.
Ovatus, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the

latter broader at the base than at the apex.
Planus, the surface on the same plane with the head.
Punctatus, with hollow dots or punctures.
Returns, terminating in an obtuse hollow.
Rotitndatus, the outline nearly circular, without corners.
Rtigosus, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either

longitudinally or transversely.
Serratus, the margin toothed like a saw.
Spinosus, the margins furnished with rigid spines.
Squarrosus, divided into elevated laciniae.
Striatus, slightly channelled with parallel Imes.
Suhmarginatus, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free

nor elevated.
Subrotundus, the outline nearly circular.
Sulcatus, with one or more deep hollow fitrrows.
Teretiuscultis, nearly cylindrical.
Tetragonus, with four corners.
Transversus, linear, but transverse.

Tuberculatus, rough with rigid ]>rominent warts or tubercles.
Villosus, covered with soft down or hair.
Tibia, a part of the leg between the femora and tarsi.
Trochanteres, spines fixed to the legs tp assist them in running;

these are common to most of the Carabid(E.
Vagina, a bivalve sheath at the mouth of many Ilymenopterous and
Dipterous insects sometimes articulated. Mr. Kirby uses it in Jfy-
menoptera to include every part the otfice of which is to cover, de-
fend, or support the tongue. Vagina is sometimes used for that
part which contains the sting of insects.
•Valvul;e, small concave membranes inclosing the proboscis.
VENiE, Veins; the vessels diffused throughoui the wings; theveining

z 2

356 TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

of the wings may alwaj's be considered with great advantage in
the generic characters of insects, especially such as have them
transparent.
Venter, the vmder part of the abdomen.
Vertex, the crown or summit of the head.
ViLLOSus, covered with soft hair.
ViTTA, a Stria with a waved or furrowed margin.

Interrupta, not extending in a continued line but continued either

above or below.
Kepunda, with waving acute sinuses.
Vnduta, with waving obtuse sinuses.
Ungues, the Clows, subulated hook-shaped spines at the apex of the
tarsi.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S CALENDAR,

EXHIBITING THE TIME OF APPEARANCE AND HABITA-
TION OF NEAR THREE THOUSAND SPECIES OF
BRITISH INSECTS.

Jn forming the following Calendar, I have been anxious to render it as
extensive as possible, and at the same time to introduce as many species
of insects as my own knowledge of the subject, and the few works that
have hitherto been published relative to British Entomology, could make
it. In the times of appearance, and the situation where found, of a great
number of species, I have been greatly assisted by my kind and much
respected friend J. F. Stephens, Esq. F. L. S. whose rich cabinet has
always been open to me, and who also has furnished me with nuich valu-
able information, derived from his own observations. In many species I
have been unable to give a reference to a description, several of them
being new to Britain, and hitherto undescribed ; but thought it best to in-
troduce them, as they are certainly valuable acquisitions to a cabinet.

As many of the Linnean genera have not yet been sufficiently investi-
gated, and the species requiring a minute examination, such genera and
species are distinguished by italics. Of these the most extensive are the
Lepidoptcra, the genera of which are the least known in any department
of Entomology. Of the Hcmiptera, Neuroptera, Hi/menoptera, and Di-
jjtera, but little is yet known of the species, consequently a very small
number is introduced : however, they may be obtained in the course
of collecting. I may be censured by the scientific Entomologist for in-
troducing the English names of the Lepidnptera, but my object has been
to render this a useful work; and many collectors are acquainted with
them by no other name ; yet it is to be hoped that these will hereafter be
discontinued, as the scientific name is as easily retained in the memory
(if a person uses himself to it) as the absurd English ones in present use.
The species marked by the asterisk (*) I am rather doubtful if found
in the month in which they are placed in the calendar; but such is the
time of the plants on which they feed being in blossom, which is certainly
a good guide to the Entomologist.

The obelisk (f) to the plant in the habitation denotes that such insects
are generally found in the larva state, and should be sought for accord-
ingly, the insect being rare or difficult to procure in the perfect state.

0 This mark, placed in other times of appearance, denotes that they
may be found in such situations throughout the year.

As many of the Lepidoptcra last but a few days in the perfect state, I
have distinguished the time of the month in which such species appear by
the following: b. beginning: m. middle: e. end : — also, /. larva.: p. pupa.

358

TIIE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR,

JANUARY.

34 Philoscia Mnscorum Under moss

35 Onisciis Asellus Old walls

36 Purcellio scaber Under stones

37 Armadillo vulgaris

J Ciomeris marginata

2 Jul us sabulosus

Londinensis

niger

terrestris

punctatus

pulchellus

pusillus

3 Craspedosoma Raulinsli

Polydesmoides

4 Polydefmus complanatiis

5 Pollyxenus Lagurus

6 Lithobius forficatus

variegatus
vulgaris

7 Cryptops hortensis
Savignii

sandy places

Under moss in woods
Under stones, Scoiland
Sandy places in woods
Under bark of trees and moss
Under moss, on mountaitis of

England and Scotland
Under stones and roots of grass
Edinburgh

Under bark of trees
Under stones

Gardens, under stones

8 Geophilus subterraneus Under stones

mantiir.us

acuminatiis

longicornis
Siro rubens
Obisium trombidioides

orthodactylum

Musconim

maritimum
Chelifer Hermanni

Uatreillii

Geoflfroyi
Acarus domesticus
Cycbrus rostratus
Nothiopbiliis aquaticus

bigiittatiis
Bembidium agile
Agonum vaporariorum
Sphodriis planus
Dyschirins gibbus

sea shore

Grassy banks
Moist gravel-pits
Houses and cellars
Moist places, Battersea
DromiusquadrimaculatusUnder bark of irees

rufescens — —

linearis

pusillus ■

punctomaculatus

Demetrias atricapilla

Hypbydrus ovatus Ponds

Moss, Battersea-fields, (Dr. L.) ©

Under stones

Moss

Under stones O 119. [f.2.

Z.M.iil.51,t.l4l

Under moss © f. 3.

Sea shore © 52. [f. 3.

Under bark of trees © 49, t. 142,

f. 5.

50.t.l42.f.l.

Old cheese © Page 132.
Und. St., moss, roots of trees 2,3, 4,M. 470. sp. 103,
Pathways and banks of ponds © Page 148.
li. of ponds, r. of grass, s. pits © M. 395. sp. 10.
© [sp.GS.

5,6, Gyll. ii. 161.
2,3,4,5,Page 152.
2,3,4,5, 153,

2to6, 155.

2toC,Maisli. 45S.sp.7l

2to6. 463. sp. 84

2to6,

Herts(Mr.Stpphens) 2to6, 460. sp.74.

' 2,3,4, 4.62.sp.83.

2lol2,Page 157.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

359

JANUARY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Otlier
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

58 Noterus sparsus Ponds
60 Colymbetes bipunctatus Ponds and ditches
xdiginosus

bipustnlatus
62 Acilius sulcatus
C3 Dyticus marginalis

circumflexus

punctiilatus
107 Stenus cicindeloides

biguttatus
1 19*Arcopagus glabricollis
1 21 *Bryaxis hamatica
124 PtinusFnr
150 Hydrous piceiis
173 Sarrotrinm muliv:um
n9 Helops striatus
196 Salpingus Roboris

rufiiostris
205 Apion Ulicis
203 Rhyuclia?nus maculatus
225 MoHotoma Juglandis
237 Rhagium vulgare
254 Coccinelia 7-punctata

variabilis

instabilis
' humeralis

dispar
262 Acbeta domestica
287 Nepa cinerea
289 Notonecta furcata

giauca
310 Pulex irritans

Canis
324 Smerintbus Tdiffi p.

The Lime Hawk-moth.

Ponds

Ponds and stagnant waters

O Z. M. iii. 71.
O Mars.4l8.sp.l5

0 416. sn. 9.

O 415. sp. 7.

2tol2,rage 159.

2,4,10,12,

2,4,10,12,

2,4,10, 12,Marsb.4l2.sp.2
0 Gv]I.ii.470.sp.6.
0 Page 175.

2,3, 178.

2,3, Zool. Misc. iii.

0 Marsh. S9.sp.27.
2to6, Page ]87

Moist banks

Moist banks

Woods, under moss

Under moss

Houses

Ponds, under weeds

Gi-.-pits Hampst. (Mr.Steph.)2,3, 193,

Roots of trees and under bark 0 Marsh. 481. sp. 5.
Under bark of trees Page 199.

2,3, Mar.297.sp.l70,

Furze 2, Kirby T.L.S. ix.

Under bark of trees 2,3, Mar.292.sp.l58.

Stumps of trees, moist places to 5, Page 207

"2, 210.

O Marsh.l52.sp.lO.

0 niig.i.447.sp.32

0 161.sp.30.

0Sch6n.ii.1 63.sp.35

0 Illig.i.455.sp.33

0 Fabr.

0 Page 225,

2tol2, 226.

2tol2, 227.

0 234.

O N.S.
2,3, Page 243.

Coombe Wood
Hedses and under bark

Under bark of oaks

Under bark

Houses

Ponds and ditches

Houses, sucking blood of man

Dogs

+ Roots of lime-trees

Geomel'-a primaria e.

Hedges

2,

Haw. 305.sp.94.

The Early Moth

brumaria

Pales

11,

sp. 93.

The Winter Moth

Tortrix spadiceana

Coombe ^^'■ood

412.sp.57

The Bay-'^houldered Button

440 Formica Herculanea

Woods, &c.

0

Stewart ii. 245.

fusca

0

246.

nigra

.

0

_

rufa

0

488 Apis mellifira

Flowers

0

K. ii, 312.sp.73

489 C'ulex pipiens

Houses and gardens

0

Page 290,

360

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

FEBRUARY.

4 Pod lira plumbea

5 Smynthurusfuscus
Podura viridis

36 Sphodrus coUaiis
88 Silphaopaca
104 Staphyliniis Morio
110 Omalium planum
133 Byrrhus semistriatus
138 Platysoma picipes
flavicornis
depressuB
oblorigus
140 Pavnus sericeus
142 Helophorus stagnalis

Under stones Page 141,

Damp hedges

Buckwheat Stewart ii. 276.

Roots of trees, Epping Forest 3,4, M. 443. sp. 29.

Roots of trees
Under stones and moss
Under bark of decayed trees
Roots of grass and banks
Under bark

120.sp.l5.
3,4, Gyll.ii.288.sp.9.

3,4, 221.sp.20.

3,4,5, 199. sp. 7.

3,4, Page 184.

3,4,

3,4, 185.

3,4, Hist.O. Fabr.

B. of ponds, Wandsworth Com.3,4, Page 185.
Ponds and aquatic plants 3,4,5, 186.

151 Hydrophilus caraboides Ponds and ditches 3,4,5, 187.

200 Bruchus ater Furze, Coombe 6, Marsh. 236. sp.4.

340 Eriogaster lanestris e. Bushy places

The small Eggar
354 Noctua croceago e. Dried leaves

The orange Upper-icing
Gtoynetra leucophearia E.Dry leaves and trunks of trees
The Spring Usher

cajsiata e. Skirts of woods, Peckham

The February Carpel

iiigricaria e. Trunks of trees

The dark bordered Usher

primaria b
The early Moth

4,6,

Page 247.
Haw. 239.

Biston hispidarius e.
The small B'indle
Tinea nubilea e.
The clouded Brown

tortricea e.
The clouded Lead

Salicis E.
The rosy Day-moth

Hedges

Trunks of oaks and sallows

11,

Oaks

Hedges

MARCH,

9*Drassus melanogaster
* ater

10 Clubiona lai)idicola

1 1 Aranea domestica

13 Argyroneta aquatica

2 Forbicina polypoda

10 Cicindeia campestris

12 Carabus violaccus

catenulatus
nemoralis

Under stones

4, Page 1 23.

4,5, 124.

4,5,12, 125.

4, 140.

Houses

Ditches

Under stones

Sandy pL, fields, pathways 4,5,6,7,Marsh.3S9.sp.l.

Roots of trees apd under stones4,5, Page 1 45.

4,5,

Gardens "^,5,6, —

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAIV.

261

MARCH.

No.

of

Cxeii.

Name.

Where found.

OtluT

times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

U. stones, s.-pits, routs of tr.
Routs of trees
Moist banks
Roots of grass
Grassy banks ?

14 Nebria brevicollis

]6 Panagaeiis Crux major

19 Elapbrus riparius

20 Bembidium flavipes

puncticoUe
orucigeruni
Ephippium
Guttula
rufipes
25 Harpalus obscnrus
apricarius

32 Ancbomenus prasinus

33 Platysma nigrituni

34 Chlienius festivus
36 Sphodrus terricola
39 Calathiis cisteloides

cisteloides, /3.

melanocepbalus
41 Stomis piimicatus
43 Clivina Fossor

45 Abax striola

angiistior

melanarius • •

46 Cymindis humeralis Moist banks
57 Hydroporusl'2-pustnlatusCroydon canal

depressiis

linnellus

granularis

trlGdus

confluens
59 Laccophilus byalinus

minufus
64 Gyrinus Natator
70 Elater nitidiilns

Under stones
Sand-pits

Under moss in bedge banks
Moist places in woods
Moist banks and woods
Under stones

Under bark, stones, sandy pIa.4,5,6,Car.flavipes. M
4,5,6, — obscnrus. M

4,5, Mars.444.sp.31-

7, Page 147.
4,j,6,Marsb.392.sp.4.

4, Marsh.394.sp.9.

4 5

4,5, Mars. 462. sp.8].
4,5, Gyll.ii.27.sp.l3
4,5, Mars.453.sp.54.
4,5,6, 437. sp.l3

4, Gyl.ii.104.sp.22

4, Page 151,
4,5, —

4,5, Mars.443.sp.28.

Moist banks, roots of trees

, Baltersea

Under stones

Ponds, Norfolk
Ponds and ditches

Ponds and stagnant waters
. and ditcbes

Sand-pits, Hampstead
85 Necropbagus mortnorum Dead animals, woods
104 Stapbylinns briinnipes Hedge banks

Erytbropterus Under stones and dung

pubescens Under dung

Staphylinus punctulatus Under stones and moss

109 O.'iytelus carinatus
HO Omalium rivulare
1 1 1 Lestiva obscura

113 Tachinus subterraneus

niarginellus
analis

114 Tacbyporus analis

marginatus
nitidulns

Dung

4, Mars.438.sp.l5.
4,5, Page 153.

4,5,

4,5, 154.

4,5, Mars.442.sp.26.
4,5, Pavk. 1.115. sp.
4,5, Page 154. [24
4,5, Mars.422.sp.23.

4,5, 421.sp.22.

4,5,Gyl].i.529.sp.l5
Mars.426.sp,34.

4,5, 423.sp.27.

4,5, 424.sp.28.

4,5, 420.sp.l9.

4,5, Page 158.
4,5,6, 159.

6, Mars.380. sp.l2.

6, 1 15. sp. 4.

4,5, Gyl.ii.289.sp.lO
4,5, Page 171.
4,5, GyU.ii.284.sp.5.

4,5, 353. sp 63.

4,5, Page 174.

Banks of rivers, flowers &, fungi 4,5, Gyll.ii.2l4.sp.14.

Under stones in moist places 4,5-,

Under bark of birch trees 4,

Under stones and dung 4,5,
Under stones,moss & bark of tr. 4,5,

Under stones and moss 4,5,

4,5,

4,5,

302

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MARCH.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to
description.

115

124
130
133

154

142

146

147

152

153

Aleochara obscura
Ptinus germanus
Megatoma undatum
Byrrhus Pilula

fasciatus
Abraeus perpnsillns
Helophorus granulans

griseus

nubilus

Fennicus
Spcrcheus sordidus
Berosus luridus

Under rubbish
Dry rotten wood
Under bark of birch trees
Patliways and sandy places

Under dang

Aquatic plants'in ponds

15"

159
167
170

171
179

183
214

219
^235
226
•224
246
250
254

286

288
289
290
£91

-, and in flowers

Stagnant waters, Windsor
Ponds, Wimbledon Common
SphEcridium scarab^oidesUnder dung

marginatum ■ -

Cercyon quisquilium ■

unipnnctatum

melanocephaUnn

simile

laterale

terminatum

minutum

sordidum
Geotrupes stercorarius

poliius

niger

puncticollis
■^gialia globosa
Cetonia aurata i,.
Pedinus maritimus
Opatrum tibiale
Hefups violsceus

Coombe

Sandy sea shore, Swansea
Decayed wood, Epping Forest
Sandy sea shore, Swansea
.(Mr. Bydder)

4,5, Gyll.379. sp.2.

4, Marsh. 89. sp.25.

4, Page 182.
4,5, Marsh. 102.sp.l
4,5, Gyll.i. 194.jp.2.
4,5, Page 183.

4, Gyll.i. 127.sp.2.

4, Hyd. affinis. M.

4, Gyll.:.130.sp.6.

4, — — i.l29.sp.5.

4, Page IS 6.

4, Marsh. 404.sp.7,
4,5, Page 187.

4,5, Marsh.G6.sp.l6.

4,5, 71. sp. 29.

4,5, 70. sp. 28.

4,5, 68. sp. 20.

4,5, sp. 21.

4,5, 69. sn.23.

4»5, 70. sp. 27.

4,5, 75. sp. 43.

4,5, 69. sp. 25.

5, Marsh., 20.sp.32
4,5, Sear.Mutator.M
4,5, Marsh. 22.sp.36.
4,5,

4, Page 190.

Mars. 4 1. sp. 73.
192.

U. bark of trees, sandy places
Melandrya caraboides l. Decayed oaks
Calandra granaria

lignaria
Scolvtns Destructor

Latridius porcatus
Silvanus frumentarius
Mycetophngiis vaiius
Cbrysomela Litura
Tritoma bipustulatum
Coccinella globosa

22-])unctata

18-guttata
Naucoris cimicoides
Ranatra linearis
Notonecta niaculata
Plea minntissima
Sigara miuutissima

Marsh. 480. sp.3.

Page 195.

Decayed trees 4, 204. [113

Decayed elms 4,5, Marsh. 275. sp..

Bark of the elm 4,5, 53. sp. 6.

Old wood and damp places 4,5,6, Page 207.

Damp cellars 4,5,6, 208.

Boleti Marsb.UO, sp.5.

Fnizc and broom 4, l82,sp.27.

Boleti, Coombe 4,5, Page 214.

Banks 4,5, Illig.i.469.sp.39.

Hedges 4,6,9, 468. sp. 37.

Underbarkof firs 6,9, 43l.sp. 18.

Ponds 4,5,6,Page 225.
Ponds and ditches, Epping Fo. 4,5,

Devon 4,5, 227.

_ 4,5,

Rivers and running waters 4,5, — r

THE E-VTOMOLOGISt's CALENDAR.

363

MARCH.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Reference to
description.

Ponds and ditches, Norwich
Ponds

Ponds and ditches
Ponds, Devon
Lanes and woods

Near elms
Lanes, &c.

292 Corixa coleoptrata

Striata

stagnalis

fossaruni

lateralis

dorsalis

Geoffroj'i

affinis
417 Vanessa Atalanta
The red Admiral

lo
The Peacock

Poiychioros
The large Tortoise Shell

Urtic3e
The small Tortoise Shell
320 Hipparcha .-Egeria I. Grassy banks

The speckled Hood
326 Macroglossa StellatarumBedstraw

The Humming Birdf
354 Noctua rufa e. Banks of nettles

The red Chesnut

miniosa e. Weedy banks

The blossom U/iderwing

pusilla
The dwarf Quaker

luteicornis e.
The Yellow-horned

Parthenias
The orange Underwing

not ha

The light-orange Underwing
Geometra stictaria m. Palings
The Dutted-l-order

^^scnlaria m. ■■

The March Moth

multistrigata
The mi/ttUd Grey

abietaria e.
The large Ingrailed

luctiiaria
The mourning TVidow

rufifasciata e.
The red barred Pug
360 Biston prodromarius b.
The Oak Beauty

pedariiis e.
The pale Brindle

Trunks of oaks

Pales and trunks of trees

Blossoms of willows

Heaths

Trunks of trees

Poplars
Trunks of oaks
Trunks of trees

Page 228.

229.

238.

364

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MARCH.

Gardens

Oaks

Thick woods

Dry leaves, Darent Wood

Furze on commons

*Crainbus ocellea

Thi Necklace Feneer
ZG^^Torlrix fimbriana

T/ie broion-bordered

hitosa B .
The early Nettle-tap

Afzeliana e.
The Afzdian

gnnmana
The Dial

uuipnnctata
The marbled Single-dot

tetraquetrana

The square-barred Single-dot

ulicetana

The light-striped Edge

triquetrana — — ^

The angle-barrtd Single-dot
Tiiiea Fagi Trunks of trees

The March Dagger
curvipunctosa b.
The Curve-dhtted
4S3 Melecla punctata
4'78 Osinia cornuta
485 Anthopliora retusa
544 Scutophaga merdaria

Hedges

Sandy places, Swansea
Sandy places
Sunny sandy banks
Cow dung

Page 286.
Kir.ii,271.sp.57.

4,5, 296. sp.ey.

Page 300.

APRIL.

17 Tetragnatlia estensa Moist places
1 TrombidiumbolosericeumGrassy places
3 Gammasus ColeoplratorumDung of horses and oxen

maiginatns

4*0ribita geniculata Under stones

5*Notaspis hnmeralis

8 Uropoda vegetans Dung beetles

10 Hydrachna geographica Ponds

1 Lepisma saccharina Houses, old papers, &c

12 Carabus moibillosus
cluthratus

14 Nebria Gyllenlialli

15 Leistus brunneus

rufescens
17 Badister bipustulatus

19 Elaphrus uliginosus

20 Bembidium acutum

ustulatum
4-guttatura

Page

Under stones in moist places
Near Halvergate Marsh, Nor.
Mountainous places, sea shore
Sandy places

Moist pi. Hattersea, Coombe

Sandy places

Moi-t places,

■ ■ Lessness Heath

5,

5,
•5,

5,
5,6,

5,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
bfi,
56,
5,6,

127.
131.

153.

• 140.

145-

Tr.Ent.Soc.333.
Gyll.ii. 40. sp.S,

Mars.458.sp.71.
Page 147.
Marsh. 592. sp.5.

461.sp.8().

Gyll.ii. 29.sp.l 5.
Marsh.459.sp.73

THE ENTOMOtOGISrS CALENDAR.

3&5

APRIL.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

20 Bembidium littorale
22 Trechus meridianus

fill V us
25 Harpalus ruficornis

bicolor, var. /3.

binotatus

aznreus

erythropiis

ferrugineus

27 Oodes helopoides

28 Lorioera aenea

30 Agoniim caTulescens

albipes
sordid us
picipes
Simpsoni
rufipes

31 Synuchns rivalls

37 Amara vulgaris

38 Blethisa raultipunctata
40 Pcecillus nigricornjs

dimidiatus
Al Ucoscus cephalotes
43 Clivina sanguinea
5 l*Demetrias monostigma
34 Haliplus ferrugineus

flavicollis

lineatocollis

ruficollis

impressus

assimilis

obiiqiuis

57 Hydroporus miistriatns

lituratns
planus
humeralis
fluviatilis

58 Noterus Geerii

60 Colj'mhctes politus

striatus
fil Hydaticus transrersalis
64 Gyrinus jcneus
70 Elater murinus

obsourus
83 Opilus mollis

Moist banks

Gardens and roots of grass

Sandy places

Under stones in sandy places

Moist banks, Battersea

Sandy places

Grassy banks

Sandy places

Roots of grass, moist banks,Bat. 5, Page 150.

5,6, Mar. 452.sp.51.

5,6, 454. pp.58,

5,6, 456. sp.64.

5,6, 436. sp.ll.

5,6, —— sp. 12.
5,6,

5,6,7, 450.sp.46.

5,6, 46l.sp.78.

5, 440.sp.21.

Roots of grass, gardens

Moist places

Moist banks, Battersea

Under stones, moist places

Moist banks

Sandy places, pathways

Moist banks, Battersea

Moist banks

Sandy places, pathways

Sea shore, Swansea

Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr.Leach)5, 6, Leach's MSS.

Roots of plants near Swansea

5,6, Page 150,

5,6, Mar. 446.sp.37.

5,e, 450.sp.44.

5,6, 457.sp.68.

5,6,

Gyll.ii.97.sp.l6
Page 15I.
5,6, Mars.433.sp.l6.

5, Page 152.
5,6, Mars.44l.sp.24.

5,6, 445.sp.35.

5, Page 153.

Ponds and ditches

Ponds

(Dr. Leach)

Ponds and ditches

Ditches in marshes

Ponds and ditches

Ponds, Battersea

Ponds and ditches

Under stones in sandy places 5,6,

• 5,6,7,'

5,6, Page 157.

5,6, Mars.430.sp.47.

5,6, 429.sp.45.

5,6, 428.sp.43-

5,6, Gyll.i. 547.sp.3.
5,6, Mars. 429. sp.44.
5,6, Gyll.i.550.sp.5.

5,6, 554,sp.28.

5,6, Mars.423.sp.26.

5,6, 425. sp.30.

5,6^ 423. sp,24.

5,6,

5, Zool.Misc.iii.71.

5, Mars.4l9.sp.l6.

5, 414. sp. 4.

Dyt. parapleurus. M.

5,

385.sp.26.
377. sp. 4.

4, Page 166.

Dry rotten willows
85 Necrophagns vestigator Sandy places, Hampstead

88 Silpha obscura Under stones, pathways 5,6, Mars.118.sp.10.

tristis Sandy places under stones 5,6, 117. sp, 7.

89 Pho.sphuga atrata Pathw.iys 5,6, 116.sp. 6.

366

THE entomologist's CALENDAR^

APRIL.

92 Choleva oblonga

agilis

93 Cateps sericeus

chrysomeloides
nigricans

94 Ptomophagus villosus

truncatiis
fumatus

95 Mylaschus brunneus
102*Cateretes rufilabris

bipustnlatus
104 Staphylinus murinus
hybrid us
castanopterus
stercorarius
aeneocephalus
tristis
picipennis
haemorrhous
splendens
politus
decorus
laminatus
maculicornis
marginatus
marginellus
fucicola
lateralis
sangiiinolentus
Jituratus
obscuripennis
fimetarius
pilipes
semiobscurus
varians
nitipennis
attenuatus
bipiistulatus
concinnus
olens
similis
maxillosus

105 l,atbrobium elongatum

quadratum
dentatum

106 Pasderus riparius

orbiculatus

iinmunis

melanocephalus

Under moss and stones 5,6, Page 1(

Dung on heaths 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 140.

Under moss 5,6, — — 142.

Dung on heaths 5,6, 146.

_ 5,6, 141.

5,6, 152.

5,6, Illig. 42. sp. 4.

■ 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 155.

5,6, Page 169.

Junci near Hull Page 1 70.

Banks, Battersea, (Dr. Leach) Gyll.i.248.sp.3

LTnder dung 5,6, ii,283. sp.4

and stones 5,6, Marsh.5U().sp.9.

5,6, Gyll. 295.sp.l4.

• stones and moss

■ and stones
stones and moss

. 5,6, 296.sp.l5.

U. stones and moss moist pi aces 5,6, 29 1 .sp. 12.

5,6, -— 301.sp.l9.

Under dung and stones 5,6,

5,6,

5,6, 297.sp.16.

5,6, 317.sp.33.

5,6, 316. sp.32.

5,6, 29S.sp,l7.

5,6,

5,6, 322. sp.58.

5,6,

5,6,

5,6,

5,6, m I 338.sp.54.

5,6,

5,6,

5,6. 324.sp.40.

5,6,
5,6,

5,6, 342.sp.5S.

5,6,

5,6, 311.sp.27.

5,6, 339.sp.55.

5,6,

moist places

Koots of trees and under stones 10, 285. sp.6.

Under stones 5, 287. sp, 8,

Under dung and in dead anim. 5,6, Page 172.

Putrid vegct. and und. stones 5,6,

Moist banks and under stones 5, Gyll.ii. 367.sp.4.
. 5,

5, Page 172.

5, Gyll.ii. S74.sp.3.

5,

5,

■ and under stones

LTnder stones and moist bunks
Sandy places

TKE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

367

APRIL.

lOG Pasderus angustatus
U)7 Stenus pubescens

Juncorum

oculatus

nigricornis

* angustatus
rufitarsis
Havicornis
pusillus
brunnipes
aceris
rugulosus

109 Oxytelus opacus

angustatus
armatus

110 Omalium depressum

1 11 Lestiva caraboides

113 Tachinus rufipes

114 Aleochara canaliculata

fuscipes

sulcata

lanuginosa

121 Bryaxii longicornis

sanguinea

* Juncorum

122 Pselapbus Herbstii

124 Ptinus ovatus

ccrevicia?

125 Gibbium sulcatus

* Scotias

126 Ptilinus pectinicornis
127*Anobiuni Abietis
128 Deimestes lardarius
131 Anthrenus Museorum
133 Bynhus murinus ?

dorsal is
varius

135 Ontliophilus striatus

136 Hister sinuatus

4-notatiis

parvus

stercoraiius

neglectus

carbonarius

purpurascens

140 Parnus prolifericornis

141 Heteroferus marginatus
143 Hydrochus elongatus
b48 Hydtobius fuscipes

Under stones in sandy places
Moist banks

Dung and sandy places

Cow dung

Under stones, on palings, &c

Dung

Sandy places and under stones 5,6, Gyll.ii.391.sp.l4

5, Gyll. ii.S'J5.sp.4.

5,

5,

5, 471. sp. 7.

5,

5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,

5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6, Tr.Ent.Soc.i.97.

5,6, 210.sp.ll

5,6, 192. sp. 1.

5, Page 17(1.

Under duna

Roots of grass, Battersea

J unci, Norfolk
Moist places
Houses

and old paper

Bristol

Old trees and bouses
Trees, Norfolk
Houses
Museums
Sandy places

Roots of trees
Dung

Banks of ponds

Marshy pi. and muddy banks

Aquatic plants, Battersea

Ponds

5, 428.sp.50.

' 5, 378. sp. I.

5, 432.sp.54.

5, Page 179.

5, Zool. Misc. iii.

5,6,

5,6, Page 179.
5,G,7,Marsh.90.sp.28.

5,6, sp. 29.

5,6,7,Page 180,

5,6, 181.

Gyll. i.297.sp.9.
5,6, Page 181.
5, Gyll.i. I62.sp.3.
5, — 193. sp.5.
5, Marsh. 104.SP.6.
5, Gyll.i. 197.SP.4,
5' Fabr.
5,6, lllig.i. 57.

5, 58.

5, Marsh. 93.sp.3.
5, Payk. Mon. 40.
5, Megerle
5, Gvll.i.82.sp.lJ.
5, Fabr.

Marsh. ?
5, Page 185.

Fabr.
5, Page 1S7.

368

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAK.

APRIL.

148 Hydrobiiis calconotus

bipustulatus

atricapillus

torquatus

melanocephalus

orbicularis

fulvus

griseus

minutus

seminnlus

margiuellus

149 Limnebius nitidus

mollis
nigrinus

154 Copris lunaris

155 Onthophagiis Vacca

nuchicornis
Xiphias
verticicornis
nutans
ovatus
♦ Diilwynii

156 Aphodius rufipes

luridus
depressus
Sus

merdarins
testudinarius
Fossor

subterraneus
erraticus
unicolor
fimetarius
coprinus
scutator
conflagratus
sordid us
icteric us
fcEtens
attatninatus
inquinatus
fcedatus
liaetnorrhoidalis
terrestris
humeralis
pusillns
obscurus
granarius
turpis
151 Geotrupes sylvaticus

PoikIs

Ponds and ditches

Under dun

5, Mars.406.sp.l3.

•5,

5, 405.sp.l0.

5, Page 187.

5, Marsh.403.sp.4.

b, 408.sp.20.

5, Gyll.i.l22.sp.n
5, Mars.406.sp.l'2.
5, Gyll.i.ll6.sp.5.
5, Payk.i.l86.sp.ll
5, Page 137.
5, Mars,407.sp.l6.
5,
5, Page 183.

5,

5, Marsli.32.sp.57.

5, 33. sp. 59.

5, 34. sp. fiO.

5, 35.sp. 62,

5, sp. 63.

, Swansea, (Mr. Dillwyn) 5, Leach, MSS.

5, Marsh.25.sp.42.

5, 27. sp.45.

5, T.Ent.Soc.i.246
5, Mars. 29.sp.50.

[Bexley
Charlton: lanes

Swansea

-, Hampstead

-, Bristol

-, Norfolk

-, Lessness Heath

5,

30. sp. 52.

— ^28. sp. 49.

5,

16.sp. 24.

5,

18. sp.29

5,

9. sp. 5.

5,

ll.sp. 9.

5,

10. sp. 7.

5,

12. sp. 11.

5,

ll.sp. 8.

5,

sp. 10.

5,

10. sp. 6.

5,

Tr.Ent.Soc.i.80.

5,

Mars.l7.sp. 2-5.

5,

I3.sp.l5.

5,

13.sp. 14.

5,

14.sp. 16.

5,

I9.sp.30.

5,

17.sp.26.

5,

Panz.

5,

Mars. 18.sp.27.

5,

18. sp.23.

5,

19.sp.31.

5,

I5.sp.21.

5,

— 23.sp.38.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

3G9

APRIL.

l.")" Geotrupes vernal ;s
158 Typliaens vulgaris
1(31 Trox i-abulnsus
arcnarius

1■^9 Blaps mortisaia
172 Tencbiio molitor
ISO Cistela nigra
iy'2 Meloe brevicoUis

violacpus

proscarabxus
205 Apioi) immune 15i-i)oni and furze

20S Khj'ncliajnnsnisrirostrisMoist pi. & banks nf ponds
210 Liparus squaiiiigtr Sandy p!. and nellies, llertf.

vastator ■

asper

sexstiiatus
215*Cossriniis linearis
'22i Latiidins tiansversus

rugicoliis

riificoiiis

itnpressus
527 TA'<"t"s oblongiis

conaria

gcetting-ensis

Polygon!

aMCta

polita

stapliylea

jsangiiiuolenta

limbata

marsinella

Under dnng, Lessness Heath 5, Marsh. 23. sp. 37.

I'.pping Forest 5, PagelR9.

Sandy jjlaces, Coombe Wtxid 3, — — 190.
Gardens, under dry bones,

stones, Sec. 5,6, Marsh. 25. sp. 41.

Cellars 5to9, Page 192.

Houses, in meal and flour 5,(3, 193.

Hedges and lanes 5, Marsh. 221 . sp. 5.
Meadows, Devon, (Dr. Leach) Leach T.L.S. xi.
Meadows and snnny banks 5,

5,C^, Kirby T.L.S. ix.

5, Marsh. 267. sp.89.

5, 301. sp. 182.

5, 300. sp. ISO.

5, 501.sp.l8l.

5, 305. sp. 195.

Page 204.

5, Marsh. 109. sp.lO.

5, 113. sp. 23.

5, . lll.sp. 17.

5, 110. sp. 11.

5, 107. sp. 3.

5, Pa;.'e208.

Marsh. 537.sp.21.

5,fi, 169. sp. 1,

5,G, 1 70. sp. 2.

5.6, 171. sp. 4.

5, 178. sp. IP.

5, 181. sp. 24.

5, 188. sp.43.

5, 186. sp. 41.

5, 1 90. sp. 48.

5, 191. Sp. 49.

b, 181. sp. 25.

162. sp. 34.

Page 216.

Kettles and hedges

Hanipstead

Trunks of trees, Windsor For.

Hedges and sandy places

Old wood and palings
228 Trogosita mauritanica Under stones in moist places
230 Lamia niinr.ta Hedges

2-iC Chrysoineja tenebricosa Var. plants in hedg( s Sc janes

Heaths

Heaths and sandy places

Knot.^Tass

Palings

Nettles

Sandy places, Charlton

Weedy banks
254 Coceinellaoblongo-gnttata Pines, Hertford
257 Lycopenlina B jvistas PutY-balls on commons
261 Gryllotalpa vulgaris m. Gardens, lipids of peas, banks

of streams

5,6.

217.

Pi,unning \\aters

5,6,

224.

l*oi)ds and ditches

5,6,

—

fjrassy places

5,6,

225.

Ribwort, plantain in mead

JWS

Haworth 56.

283 Velia rivnlomm

284 Gcrris palndum

285 Acanthia maculat.i
315 Melitxa Cinxia /. xf.

TlieG'anv.lleFritilLa-y

Artemis /. M. Devii's-bit, woods & ch. places ,36.

Ttie greasy Fntillary
320 Hipparchia ^Tlgeria b. Borders of woods and liclds 6,3, Pare 241.
The speckled JVoU

370

THE ENTOMULOGTST S t'ALESUAR

APRIL.

No.
of

Name.

Where found.

Other
times

Reference to
description.

Gen.

of a p.

312 Lycaena Phlseas b. Grassy commons

6,8^ Page '241.

The common Copper

Dorylas I. e. Grassy banks

7, Ha worth 45.

The common Blue

Argus I. E.

46.

The studded Blue

TfHi ( r

6, -

The Mack-spot Bmvn

32G Macroglossa Stellatanim e. Gardens

6,9, Page '244.

The Humming-bird

341 Endromis versicolor m. Trunks of trees

247.

The Kentish Glory

340 Closteva curtula e. Trunks of poplars

Haw. 130. sp. S?.

The chocolate Tip

Bomhyx Cory \\ b. Skirts of woods

7,

102. sp. 32.

The nut- tree Tussock

352 Phyois Pelionella Houses

5,6,

Page 249.

354 Noctua tetra Gardens

6, Haw. 16'2. sp. 12.

The Mahogany

fissina Shady pales and rails

The iidn-tailed Shark

Scrophularia; b. Gardens

]67.sp. 21.

The water Betony

operosa e. Pales and trunks of trees

185. sp. 69.

The early Grey

ridens m. Trunks of oaks

202. sp. 117.

The frosted Green

seladonia m. Skirts of woods

10,-

199. sp. 111.

The brindled Green

aprilina m.

10,-

200. sp. 112.

The Marvel du Jour

gothica M. Hedges

226. sp. 192

The Hebrew Character

«_^,.,..,™^ „

2,6, -

238. sp. 227

The orange Upper-wivg

fuscata B. Oaks and sallows

241. sp. 234

The dark Drab

angusta Sallows

— sp. 236.

The dark Drab, var.

subsetacea b. Sallows and osier beds

— sp. 257.

The dark Drab, var.

nebulosa Sallows

— — sp. 238.

The dark Drab, var.

sparsa e. Sallows and osier beds

242. sp. 239.

The poiudered Quaker

geminata b.

Trunks of oaks

sp. 240.

The twin-spotted Drab

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

371

APRIL.

No.

of Name. Where found.

Gen.

5j4 AToc/tta bimaculata b. Tiuiiks of oaks ?
Tlieferrugineous Drnb

subplumbea b.

The lead-coloured Drab

pallida of trees

The pale Quaker

Cerasi b. of willows

The common Quaker

jiincta B. .

The rommon Quaker, var.

nana b. .

The small Quaker

libatrix v.. Poplars and pales

The Herald
(7eo;ne<ra illnnaria e. Sliady groves
The early Thirn

badiala b-
The Shoulder-stripe

oervinata b.
Scarce Tissue

suffumata
Ike water Carpet

quadrimaculata
The pinion spotted Yelluw

congeneraria b. Trunks of trees
Theforkfd-striped Brindle

fiimaria b. Oaks

The dark Brindle

Cratasgaria b. Hedges and woods

The Brirnstone

dentistrigata m. Trunks of trees, Coombe W.
The early Tooth-striped

viretata Pathways in woods

The hrindle-larred Yellow

insulata v.. Woods

The insulated Carpet

bidentaria e.
The scalloped Hazel
360 Biston hirtarius

The brindled Beauty

Skirts of woods
Gardens and pales
Open places in woods
Pathways and woods

3Gb Turtrix Loeflingina
The Lfgjiivgian

subsequana —

The faint Silver-striped

* fraternana -

Skirts of woods
Trunks oftrees
Hedges

The cinereous Silver-barred

perlepidana

'I'he beautifid Crescent

Other
t^mes K
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw,

5,

6,8,

5,
6,

5,6,

5,

242, &p. 241.

sp.242.

sp. 243,

■ 243. sp. 244.

- — sp. 247. ,

- 244. sp. 249.

- — sp. 250.
-292. sp. 58.
-325. sp 27.
-318. sp. 6.

- 323. sp. 21.

- 343. sp, 80.

- 273. sp, 4.

- 273. sp, 5.
-298. sp. 74,

- 320, sp. 11.

- 329, sp. 39.

- 330. sp, 43.
-291. sp. 55.

- 273. sp. 3.

- 420. sp, 82.
-448. sp. 173.
-449,Ep, 174.

- 458. sp. 206.

2 A 2

372

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

APRIL.

*Tmea Pyralea

The ye'loic-sti^maed

Alstroemeri
The Ahlccmer

signora
The red Letter

purpurea
The lesser Purple
374 Alucita hexadactyia
The s'.x-clefi Plume
401 Trichiosoma laterale
46S Andrena Rosa;

pratensis

thoracica

uitida

iiigro-jenea

atriceps

varians

Gwynana

spinicera

armata

fiilva

Clarkella

Smitliella

Tiicjriceps

chiysocclis

Lev.inella

parviila
iST Boiiibus campestris

siibinterruptus
Stylops Melitta
498 Beris nigritarsis

clavipes
520 Bombylius major

medii'.s
530 Musca votnitorla

domestica
554 Tachina fera

Nettles ill hedges,CoombeW. 5, Haw. 499. sp. 4.
Grey
Hedges oOS-sp. 10.

? Chelsea

Houses

Coombe Wood
Flowers

Blossoms of willows

Blossoms of apple-trees

Flowers

Blos«)ms of willows

Flowers in gardens
Heaths, Hampstead
Blossoms of willows

Flowers

Blossoms of sallows
Melitta iiigro-xnea
Palings near meadows

Open places in woods

Houses and hedges

Houses

Skirts of woods

5,9,

503. sp. 11.
-511. sp. 20.
•480. sp. 21.

Zool.Misc. iii. 109.
Kirby ii. 83, sp.39.

100. sp. 43.

101. sp. 49.

5, 104. sp. 51.

109. sp. 54.

■ 1 14. sp. .55.
117. sp. 58.

i 20. sp. GO.

123. sp. 63.

124. sp. 64.

5, '.28 sp. 68.

130. sp. 69.

131. sp. 70.

I 1 34. sp. 73.

5, 14.3. sp. 82.

148. sp. 88.

162. sp. 103.

5, 335. sp. 88.

5, 356. sp.99.

5, i.lll.

5, Page 291.
5, Panz. ix. 119.
Page 295.
Linn. i. 1009. sp.2.

5toS, 989. sp. 67.

990. sp.69.

Page 201.

MAY.

8 Geophilus electricus

3 Chelifer Mnscfirum

14*Syctodes thoracicus

21*D(>lon)edes mirabiiis

22 Salticiis scenious

1 Ixodes Ricinus

Lender stonss

Museums

Houses

N^''oods

Walls and pali

Doas

1 1 Limuocharcs holosericeaPoiids

Pa -e 117. [f. 4.
6,7,8 Z.Sl. iii.50.t.l42.
Page 126.

6,7, 129.

6,7,

6, r- 1.32.

6. 133.

THE EXTOMOLOCIST S CALENDAR.

373

MAY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Wlicre founu.

Oiher
times
of .np.

Reftrcnce to
dcc.'iption.

3 Pctrobiiis maritiimis
] 1 (^j'clirus rostratus
12 Carabus intricalus e.
ni'uiiiis
ni{en5

14 Nebria c:iinplanata

15 Leistiis cserulciis

Raul:iisii
If) Panair.Tus onii niiiior

20 Bembidiiiin flavipcs
* pallipe?

21 Cillenus lateralis

22 T'lechus aquaticus

discus

S:'a >hiires Pa-e 141.

Patlnvavs and woods 6,7, ]Mai=h.470.sp.l03.

N. tlip. iiv.l'avy,Di'voii,(Dr.L.) Page 145.

Gardens and pathways (>>'T,8 —

Moi.-t pi. and sand-pits, Hants ti, Marsh. 435. sp. 8.
r. wood, sandy shores, Swansea 5, Page 14C.

147.

New species.
Pajre 147.
Marsh.394. sp. 9.

Sanuy places under stones C,

Near Ipswich, (Mr. Stone) 9,

Sandy places 3,7,

Sand-piis, Hexlcy 0,

Croonie, Norfolk

Srasho., Port )l'cllo,(Dr.L.) G,7, Page 143.
Moist places, lialtersea 6, Marsh. 4Gl.5p. 77.

Gardens, Lanibeth,(l)r.Leac]i) Fabr.

30 Agonum sexpiinctatum Moist places, Cooinbe.ficBatt. 6, Pago 151.

vaporarioriim Sandy places 6, (5yll.ii. I tlI.sp.6S.

40 Poecillns ciiprens Sandy places and pathways 6,7, Mars!i.439.sp. 18.

47 Pracliinus creiiitans U.stones,Gravesend,(Mr.Steph.) Page 154.

48 Latnprias chlorocephalaBrooin 6, 155.

53 Drvftta emarginata Ch. places, HastingsSiFaversh. 0, 15fi.

Running streams, Bexley
Ponds and ditches, ilainpst.
Ponds? Norfolk

54 llalipliis elevatus
57 Hydroporus flexnosns
60 Colyinbetes collaris

cons]>ersus

notatns

maciilatiis

abbreviatus

obscurns
64 Gyriniis nurimis

iiiinutus

elongatus

viliosus
70 Elatertcfseliatns

balteatus

niger

xneus

holosericeus

lineatits

sptitator

niinutus

castanipes

marginatus

unicolor

me.somehis

mesomdus, var.
72 Elodes pallida

melanura

molle

iiigricaus

Running streams

Ponds

Ponds and ditches

Salt marshes

Bristol

Salt marshes

Rivers and running waters

Willows

■ and hedges

Hedges

Under stones, in sand-pits

Birch-trees, Coombe Wood

Hedges

e>, 157.

6, Marsli.425.sp.3I.
G, Gyll. i.4S5. sp. 19.

6, 482. sp. IG.

G, 483. sp. 17.

Marsh.4ia.sp.l4.

Gyll. i. 488.. sp.22,

Mar.sh. 414. sp. 5.
G, Gyll. i. 143. sp. 4.
G,* Marsh. 100. sp.2,
6, 100. sp. 4.

Page 159.
6, Marsh. 386. sj). 27.
6, ■ 334. sp. 23.

Gyll. i. 406. sp.3G.

Linn.ii. 655. sp.31.
6, Marsh.386.sp.28.
6, 387. sp. 5.

Skirts of woods

White thorn & umbel, plants
Hedges

6,

384. sp. 24.

6,

381. sp. 17,

6,7

381. sp. 15.

G,

379. sp. 9.

6,

379. sp. 8.

6,

378. sp. fi.

6,

7.

6,

227. sp. 20.

G,

Gyll. i. 366. sp. L

6,

Marsh. 225.sp. 15.

6,

226. sp. 17.

374

THE E;NT0M0L0GIST 3 CALEXDAR.

IMAY.

77 Telephonis fuscus

obscurus

lateralis

nilicollis

livid us

rufus

melaniirus

testaceus

pallidiis

fulvicollis

78 Mallhinus flavus

immunis
humeralis

79 Dasytes ater

aenetis

80 Malachiiis aeneus

bigfuttatus
84 Necrobia ruflcollis

violacea
Tilh(S Quadra
8j Necrophagus spinipes

Immator

* Germaiiicus
Anglicanus
vcspiilo

86 Necrodeslittoralis

87 Oiccoptoma tlioracica

rugosa
sinuata

88 Silpha opaca

4-punctata

lasvigata
90 Scaphidium 4-niaculat
y7 Engis humeralis

rutifruns
99 Nitidula bipustulata

rufipes

nigrina

aenea

Uiiica:

ervthropa
lOU Ips 4-inaculata

ferrugiuea
101 Biturus tomeulosiis

fumatus
103 Micropepliis Porcatus

staphylinoides

Hedges in lanes

HedEjes

Iledcres and wood-sides

Hedges and woods

Moss and grass

Pales and post^, wood- sides

Hedges

Hedges and woods

Dried bones

6,7, Page 164.
6,7, Marsh. 365. sp. 2.
6,7, Linn.ii. 648. sp. 6.
6,7, Marsh. 566. sp. 5.

6,'7,' Gyll.i.350.sp.2C.
6,7, Marsh. 368. sp. 7.

6,7, 367. sp. 5.

6,7, 358. sp. 6.

6,7, Payk. i.266.sp.l?.
6,7, Page 164.
6,7, Marsh. 574.sp.20.
6,7, 374. sp. 19.

6, Page 164.

6, Mar»h.'230. sp. 3.
6,7, Page 165.

6, Marsh. 372. sp. 15.

6, Page 166.
6,12 Marsh. 323. sp.3.

Fungi and dead animals
Dead animals, banks of rivers

Plaistow Marshes
Dead animals and woods

, marshes

Fungi and dead animals
Dead animals, river sides
Dead animals, woods

sp.

1 14. sp. 2.
1 1 4. sp. 1 .

3.

6, 114. sp.

6, 116. sp. 3.

6, Page 167.

6, Marsh. 120. sp.]6.

6, 120. sp. 14.

6, 120. sp. 15.

6, 118. sp. 9.

6. 119. sp. 12.

6, Page 168.

6, Cyll. i. 203. sp. 2.

6, 204. sp. 4.

Diy bones on heaths & woods 6,7, Marsh. 129. sp. 1.
Flowers in hedges & sides of

woods
Flowers in hedges

, and nettles

Inder stones in sandy places
Oaks

Sandy places
um Fungi and rotten wood
Bark of trees and boltti

Flowers in hedges
Und.baik.New Forest Hants

Blossom of the white-thorn
White thorn hedges
Sandy places, Bexley

6,7,

130. sp. 4.

6,7,

138. sp. 27.

6,7,

131. sp. 8,

6,

6,

132. sp. 10.

6,

130. sp. 2.

6,

6,

Page 170.

6,

Marsh. 65. sp. 1 1

6,

Page 171.

^,

Marsh. 137.sp.25

THE ENTOMOt-OCISTS CALENDAE.

375

MAY.

l(i7*Stenus casrulesceiis Moist banks &l sides of rivers 6,
108 Oxyporus rufus lioleti and other fungi 6,7,

110 Omalium melanoceplialuniFloaers C>,

striatum G,

grossum Suuly places 6,

113 Tachinus luuulatiis Fungi 6,

1 16 Lomechusa emarginataDry sandy places und. stones C,

dentata G,

1 17*P,nplectusReiolienbaclui ? Norfolk(Mr. Curtis)

1 iS'Bytliinussecuriger ? Norf.(Mr.J. Hooker)

3 19*Arcophagus clavicoruis Sandy pi. ,Swans.(Mr. Millard) G,

bulbiter
l2l*Bryaxis iuipres-a

fossulata
122*Pselaplms Hiesii

longicollis

Dresdensis
124 Ptinus Musjeorum

Lic'iienuin

rufipes
l'2~ Anobiuni striatum
]"28 Derniestes te«-cllatus
129 Attagenus Pcllio

■? Norfolk (Mr. Sims) (S,
? Norfoik(Mr. Wilkin) 6,

Bex ley

? Norfolk

— ^— ? Norfolk

? Brihtol (Mr. Millar)

Edinbiiriih

6,

Old paliuj^s, Wandsworth
Hedges
Houses
Dead animals
Houses
131 Anthrenus Scrophulafia:Flowers
Verbasci

136 Hister iniicolor Dung and dead animals

cadaveriuus

]2-striatus Dung

speculifer — -

137 Deudrupliilus punctatusUnder bark
158 Platysoma picipes
l39*Limnius ValcUmari

143 Hydrochus crenatu;

brevis

144 Ochthebius riparius

pyg:maeus ■
m.irinus

145 Ilydrajna Kugellani ■

1 j-J Onthophasus Canobita Under dung in sandy places
160 Psammodius sulcicollii Sandy pi. S\vansea(.Vlr.Millard)
163 Meloloutha vulgaris Various trees

Hedges and dead animals
Flowers of the dog-rose
Rose-trees and umbel L plants
Sandy places, Coombe Wood
Hedges and woods
Under l)ark of trees
Hedges •

6,
6,

6,7,

6,

6,7,

6,

6,7,

6,

6,

5,6,

Ro;as of ijrass, banks of rivers 6,7,
Aquatic plauts, Norfoik

P.mds and ditches

brunneus

166 Trichiu< nobilis

167 Cetonia aurata
171 Opatrum sabulosu'n
180 Cistela murina

133 Melandrya caraboidcs

134 Lagria hirla
183 Pvrucluoa ruben-

Gyll. ii. 46:3. sp.l.

Page 174.

Marsh. r27.sp 39.
Gyll.ji.231.sp.28.

274. sp. 20.

Page 177.
Gyll. ii.44l. sp. 4.
Page I7S.
Zool. Misc. iii.

Page 178.

179.

Zool. Misc. iii.

87.

Zool. Misc. iii.

Marsh. 89. sp. 26.

83. sp. 5.

Page 181.
Marsh. 61. sp. 3.
Page 182.

Marsh. 101. sp.2.
Gyll. i. 74. sp. 1.
Payk.

— F.S.i.39.sp.6.

Latr.
Page 184.

185.

Fabr,

Gyll.i- l.l?-5p.S.
Page 186.
Gyll. i. 133. sp. 9.

134. sp. 10.

Page 186.
Marsh. 33. sp. 53.
Page I9i).

Marsh. 38. sp. 67.
Page 191.
Marsh. 41. sp. 73.
Page 193.
Marsh. 222. sp. 7.
Page 1 95.
J 96.

376

THE XNTOMOLOGISl 3 CALENDAR.

No.

of

Gen,

187
188

190

191

19,

Name.

MAY.

Where found.

Oihfr
times
ofap

Reference to
ilescription.

Notoxu? moiioceros

Anthiciis fuscus
floralis

Mordella acu^eata
abdominalis
bicolor
ferruginea

Anaspis frontalis
rnficoUis
obscunis
bifasciatus
biguttatiis

Meloe variegatws

Sandy pf.Charlton & Swansea
Dmiarnear stables
Flowers in gardens
White-thorn Ledj^es
and umbellate plants

AVhiie-lhorn
Umbellate plants

6, Page 196.

6, Marsh. A'i!). sp. 2.

6, Page 197.

6, Marsh. 489. sp. 4.

e, 490. sp. 8.

C, sp. G.

r., Page 197.

6, Mni-sh.4y|.sp.l1.

White-thorn

cicatricosiis
198 Authribus scabrosus

* varius

200 Bruclms Pis!

201 Attelabnsciircnlioaoi

202 Apoderus Coryli

203 Rbyiichiies Bacchus

a:quatns

cupreus

asiieo-virens

nanus

Aliiarias

piibe.-cens

Betulaj

204 Depoiaus Betuiae

205 Apion melanopum

Malvaj
vernale

* vorax
caerulescens
sulcifrons
Malvarum

* nigritarse
fliivipes
Sorbi

subsidcatum
flavifemoratum

* Fagi
virens

* marcliiciim
Spartii

* Gyllenbalii

* Meliloti

* laevigatum
Oxurum

Favershani, (Mr. Crowe,) Mar-
gale, (Mr. Mihie)
IMargate, (Mr. Milne)
Elm and horse-cliesnut
Wbitc-tliorn
Pea-fields & willov,s,Coombe

dcsNiit-tree and willow
Nut-tree

Nut, plum tree and hop
White-thorn

0,

492. sp. 14.

6.

493. sp. 18.

G,

492. sp. 12.

Leach 'IV.L.Soc.xi

Page 200.

Panz.

G,

Page 200.

— — — hedges
White-thorn

Nut-tree

6,

White-thorn hedges & a

der

0,

Oak, birch and hazel

6.7,

Broom

6,

Mallow

6,

'J'he white archangel & m

ttle

6,

Ash

White-thorn

6,

Bush vetch

r.,

Mallow

6.

Nut-tree

Trefoil and sandy places

6,7,

Mountain ash

Bush vetch

0,

Trefoil

fi,

Beech trees

Hedges

6,7,

6,7, 201.

6, Marsh. 240. sp. fs

6, 238. sp. I.

6, 239. sp. 4.

6, — sp. 5.

fi, 23S. sp. 3.

6, — sp. 2.

2^10. sp. 7.

241. sp. 8.

Page 201.
6, KirbyTr.L.Soc.is.

Broom
Birch
Trefoil
Sandy places
Mallows

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

377

MAY.

Mallows
Grass near furze & sandy pi.
Nettles and sandy places
Oak
Nettles

205 Apiua ceiieuin
* hffiinatoidps

fninieiUaiiiini
U06 Curciilio ars;entatus

Mali

cnides

oblonp^us

unifasciatus ■

sericeus .^— »

203 Rbyncliipnns austriacusNettles and sandy places

lled-^es

Equiseti

a?rator

Ivumicis

strnmiucus

resinosus

209 Balaniiuis Niicum

Tremula;

Tortrix

maciilatns

210 Liparus niger

scabrosus

Van

raucus

subglobosus

elevatus

obesus

Coryli

sulcatus

Ligustici

ovatus

punctatus

Anslicaniis

Marsh horse-tail

Corn spurrey

The dock, and sandy places

yaniiy places

Nut-tree
Aspin

Sallows

Sandy places near fhe sea

Sandy places and nettles

Nettles and hedges
Hedges, Colney Platch
Nut-trees
Sandy places

? Dover and Surrey

Copenhagen fields&sandy pi.
Roots of grass and sandy pi.
Ciialky and sandy places
21 1 CryptorhynchusLapathiOsier grounds

ptinoides

phaeorhyiichus

pleurostigma

leucogaster

g/obosus

ovalis

dentatus

Quercicola

Urticae

melanostictus

obstrictus

contractus

Lythri

sulculus

horridiis

viduiis

Hedges

Sandy places
Hedges

• 316. sp. 226.

6, KirbyTr.L.Soc.ix.

6,' Page 202.

Marsh.3i7.sp.230,
318. sp. 231.

C.

6,

6,

6, 302. sp. 184.

6, . 254. sp. 48.

fi, 2G6. sp. 87.

6, — sp. 85.

6, 267. sp. 88.

r,, 268. sp. 91.

6, Page 203.

6, Marsh.291.sp.l56.

e, 291. sp. 157.

6, 292. sp. 153.

297. sp. 172.

6, 298. sp. 174.

6, 299. sp. 177.

6, 300. sp. 179.

6, 313. sp. 219.

6, 306. sp. 197.

6, 304. sp. 191.

6, 303. sp. 187.

6, 315. sp. 224.

313. sp. 220.

6, 3I5.sp.223.

6, 291. sp. 155.

6, 290. sp. 154.

G, 254. sp. 47,

6,7, 258. sp. 59.

6,7, I — sp. 5S.

6,7, 282. sp. 131.

6,7, 253. sp.45.

6,7, Panz.

6,7, Marsh.279.sp.l23.

6,7, 280. sp. 125.

6,7, sp. 126.

6,7, 281. sp. 128.

6,7, 282. sp. 132.

6,7, 255. sp. 50.

6,7, 250. sp. 36.

6,7, 252. sp. 41.

6.7, _ -

6,7, Panz. Faun. Stiee.

378

-THE rXTOMOLOGISl's CALENDAR.

MAY.

Ko.

pf
Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to
description.

211 Cryptorhynchus assimil

caiiescens
ruber

melanorhynchus
inflexus

212 Cioniis immunis

213 Orchestes Alni

ferrugineus
atricapillus
rufus
nipricollis
dt^pressiis
pilusiis

vhodotlactylus
Salicis
AvellanSB
2^18 Platypus cylindricus ?

220 Hvlesinus varius

221 Ci's Buloti

239 Donacia micans

fasciata

S igittariae

viitata

Nymphaea?

fuse a

palustris

simplex

linearis

Hydrocharis

inelanocephala
'240 Crioceris Asparagi
241 Cassida eqaestris

similis

cruentata

sHedges

6,7,
6,7,
6,7,
6,7,
6,7,

c,

6,
6.
6,
6,

6,
6,
6,
6,

G.

c,

6.
6,

c,

nw. 6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,
6,

Marsh. 257.sp.55.

259. sp. 62,

251. sp. 39,

253. sp. 44.

sp. 43.

278. sp, 120.

260. sp. 67.

sp. 68.

261. sp. 71.

sp. 69.

sp.7().

262. sp. 73.

sp. 72.

sp, 74.

264. sp. 79.

263. sp. 78.

Page 205.
Marsh, 54. sp, 9.
Page 206.

21!,

Marsh. 344. sp. 9.

345. sp, U.

sp. 10.

347. sp. 15.

349. sp. 20.

sp. 21.

348, sp, 19.

347. sp. 16.

sp. 17.

348. sp. 18.

214. sp. 3.

Page 211.
Marsh. 144. sp. 2.

145. sp, 4,

Sides of ponds

Alder

Kims

Hedges, skirts of woods

Hedges

Hedges

Sallow, skirts of woods

Nut-trees

Bark of trees, New Forest

Bark of trees

Boletus versicolor

Rashes iu ditclies

Aquatic pi, in ditcheSjOree
Plants in ditches
Rushes in ditches

Asparagus
Horse-mint in ditches

Thistles

marcida

nobilis

splendidula

242 Galeruca Tanaceti

Crataegi
Caprax
Nymphseae
cahnariensis

243 Adimonia nigricornis
* Alni

244 tuperiis flavipes

rnlipcs

245 IJaltica oleracea

orbiculata
Ccnlaureas

Broom

Oaks and hedges

IJettles and hedges

Chalk-pits

White-thorn bushes

Aquatic plants

6,

6,
6to9,

6,
6,

6,
6,

6,

6,
6,
6,
G,

6.

146. sp. 7.

147, sp. 8.

Page 212.
Marsh .228. sp.23

225. sp. 14.

224. sp. 12.

227. sp. 21,

Page 21-2,
Marsh. 172. sp. 7.
Page 212.
Marsh. 217. sp. 9.

202. sp. 80.

200. --.p. 72-

Hedges near Bexley

Alder

Woods, Shooter's Hill

Willows

Birch trees

Nettles and hedges

THE entomologist's CAtENDAR.

379

MAY,

No.

of

Geii.

Name.

M'heie found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

243 Haltica testacea

aurata

nitidula

llelxines

semixnea

cyanca

ruficornis

transversa

affinis

fuscipes

Hyoscyami

nigricoilis

atricilla

nigroKHca

picina

cnncinna

Modeeri

striata

£eneo-fusca

rntipcs

rseudacori

testacea

a? rata

nodicornis

Biassicae

nemoriim

flexuosa

4-piistulata

locliroleiica

tabida

femoralis

Verbas-ci

exoleta

suturalis
24G Cbrysomelafiuinquejug

Hyperici

hfemoptera

clavicornis

Betula;

Ifypoclixridis

pallida

Populi

Tremula:

Banksii
2i7 Helodes Phellandrii

vioiacea
^5G Endomychus coccineus
25s Forficula anricularia
259 Labia minor

Nettles and hedges
Willows

Nettles and hedges

Mallows and hedges
Hedges and nettles
Hedi;es
White-thorn and nettles

Hedges and gardens
Hedges and nettles, Ucxiey

, lanes, Bexley

Hedges and nettles, Bexlej'
Nettles and hedges

Hedges

Marshy places
Hedges and nettles
isPlants on sea shore, Hants
Coombe

Sandy pi. near the sea, Hants
Birch and willows
Birch
Hedges

• — ■ , Coombe

Aspen woods

Nettles, lanes, Bexl.&Crarf.

Cow parsnip

Brook lime

Under bark, Coombe

Gardens fit

Dimg. hills, upder stones, &,c

6, Marsh. 'iO'i.sp. 81.

6, 195. sp. 39.

t), sp. GO.

6, 194. sp. 38.

6, sp. 57.

6, 196. sp. G2.

6, 199. sp. 70.

C, 203. sp. 83.

]99. sp. 69.

— - 193. sp. 33.

-200. sp. 91.

—— 2IH). sp. 74.

1 97. sp. ('i4,

205. sp. 92,

1 96. sp. 6 ! .

— 1 94. sp. 36.

6, 198. sp. G8.

1 96. sp. 63.

6, '..'02. sp. SI.

204. sp. 87.

6, — sp. 8G,

6, Fabr. Syst. Ent.
6, Marsh.' 197. sp.65.

6, 198.sp. 66.

6, sp,67.

6, 2u2, sp. 80,

6, 203. sp. 82.

6, 201, sp. 76.

6, 202. sp. 78.

6, 201. sp, 75.

6, sp, 77.

C, 173, sp. 9,

6, sp. 8.

6, 171. sp. 5.

6, 178. sp. 20.

6, i 1 S4. sp. 33.

174. sp. 12.

6, 188. sp. 44.

6, 189. sp. 4 5.

6, iS7.sp. 42.

6, ll?5. sp. .'-.S.

6, 186. sp. 59.

6, Page 213.
o'2 2i(,v

TUB ENTOMOLOGISTS CALLJ^D.Vn.

MAY.

2l3'2 Acheta cainpestris
267 Blalta livida ?

27'2*Corens maiginatus

275 C'apsus ater

273 Rediivius personatiis

282 Hvfliometra stagnorum Ponds

( iar.lttis and fields

Oaks, Chisseiiiurst, Ccxlcy

Under stones sea sliore

Hedges

Cras.sy jjlaccs

Paliii'js

294 Plata reticulata

295 Isssis colenptratus

296 Cix'ms nervostis
297*Asiraca clavicornis

301 Jassus Lanio

viridis
interrupt OS

302 Tettigonia viridis

spumaria

303 Psylla Aliii
505 'I'hvips Physapus

/Iphis urticata

307 Eriosoma Mali

308 Aleyrodes Chelcdonii

309 Coccus Cacti
311 Papilio Macbaon e.

I Li Stcaliw-fail
314 Pontia Brassirae m.
7he lar^e IFInie

Rapaj M. —

The green-veined If 'kite

Napi

Hedgrs and wood-sides
Ile.igcs

and wood-sides

Grassy places ?

— and liedges
G'ardctiSj on various plants
Alder

Flowers in hedges
Nettle
Apple-trees
"U'hite-thorn hedges
Fruit-trees
Cowslip mead.? Lymin. Plants

Gardens

The green-veined IVhile

Cratiegi l. White-thorn

The black-veined f-Hiite

Pr.th-ways in woods
AVoods

Carda mines
Sinapis
The wood JVhile

315 Melit.-Ea Artemis m. Meadows

Th e greasy Ftitillary

Dictynna b. Heaths and marshes

The pearl-lo^dered Likeness

Liicin I E. Pathways in woods, Kent

The Duke n/ Bi(rg,u?idy FritiUary

316 Argynnis Lathotjia e. Open parts in woodd, &e.

The Queen of Spain Fnlillary

Aglaia I. m. Violet

The dark-green Fnlillary

Adippe /. M. ■-

The hgh-brown Fiitillary

Paphia I. e.

6,

Page '218.

6,

Fabr. E. S. ii. 10.

^p.'23.

6,7,
6,

Page 222.

9/23.

4,5,

224.

(i,7.

'2-30.

(.',7,
'3,7,

^~

6,7,
6,

231.

6.7,

Linn.ii. 7ll.sp.46

6,7,

Stew. ii. 96. sp. 11

6,7,

Page 231.

6,7,

Linn.ii. 708. sp.24

6,

Page 231.

6,7,

— 232.

6,

Stewart

6,

Page 232.

6,

233.

C,

-.

8,

235.

8, 236.

Haw. 6. sp. 3.

Page 236,

8,

237.

The iilver-u-ashed FriliUarij

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MAY.

d$l

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other

times
of ap.

des

Haw. 18.

8, 17.

8, 22.

3,6, 23.

Pa

ge 24 J

script ion.

318
320

321
322

3'2:

324

3'25
328
331

334

iXpatiira Ins (. e. Great round-leaved willow

The purp'e Errperur
HipparchiaPnniphilus 7.b. Crested dog's tail grass
The small Hfalh

INlesaera I. b. Grassy banks
Thfi HuU

/Ejceria /. ■

The speckled JFood
Tliecla Rubi e. Hedges

The grei7i Hair streak

Lycffina Adonis e. Clialky places 8,

The Cli/den Blue

Dorylas e. Heaths ni;d commons 8, 242.

The comm'jti Blue

Idas E. Clover fields 7, —

The. Mack-spot B'uwi

Alsns E. Clover fields 7,

The Bedf^nd Blue

Argiolus M. Meadows 8,

The axif^e Bl.e

Cymon m. Chalky places 7, —

The Mazarine B He
Hcsperia Sylvaniis e. Skirts of woods 7, — — —

The ivnod Skipper

Tages E. Dry heatlis and banks —

The Dingy Skipper

Malvas E. Dry banks

The mallow Skipper

Paniscus i- Open parts in vvoodS; Bedfordsh.

The scarce Skipper
Sinerinthus ocfellatns e Near willows
The eyed Huick Moth

T'lUcc M. Lime and elm trees

The H'/ie Hawk Moth
Sphinx Porreilus e. Banks of gross weeds

The small EUphint
.^.geria apiformi-: I. Trunks of lime and poplar tr.

The H'.rnet
Hc()ialiis fiiscus e. Gra^-;y places
The l-rnicn Swift

obliqmis e. ]MeaJows
The silver Swift ^

nebiildsus e,

243.

The spotted sUve" Sw/l
Saturnia Pavonia-minor m. Osier beds
The Emperor

Pavoiiia-minor /. Sallows in wood*
T^-e Emperor

Haw. 6S.

141. sp. 4.

• . I42.sp. K.

143. sp. 7.

8, Page CiS.
Haw, 73. »p. I.

38^

THE EIvTOMOLOGIST S CALLNDAR.

MAY.

Iv'o,

of
Gen.

Name.

Where foiiiir].

Oilier
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Oaks

Trunks of poplars?

336 Laria fascelina L. e. Broom

The dark Tussock

337 Gastropachaqnercifolia Z. E. Sloe bushes

The tappet Moth
359 Lasiocampa Trifolii e. Grassy commons
The grass Eggar

Cratjpgi I. M. White-thorn
The oak Eggar
343 Notodonta Ziczac b. , Trunks of trees
The pebble Prominent

Camelinus b. Oaks in woods
The coxcomb Prominent

palpinus I. e. Poplars and sallows in hedges
Pale Prominent

Camelinus /. m.
Coxcomb Prominent
540 Closteva recltisa

The small Choiolate-lip

345 Cerura Vinula Willows and poplars

The Puss

346 Arctia villica I. Groundsel

The cream- spot Tiger

Plantaginis I. b. Plantain
The wood Tiger

mendica m. Marshy places

The Muslin

Menthrastri b. Gardens
The Ermine
547 Calh'morphaDominula I Hound's-tongue and nettles
The scarlet Tiger
Bomhyx Coryii /. m. Nut-trees
Nut-tree Tussock

cseruleocephala I. White-thorn
Figure of 8.

Cassinia I. m. Oaks
The Sprawler
349 Yponomenta Cribella Thistles
354 iVTociMa cytherea Skirts of woods

The straw Underwing

Verbasci m. Gardens and pales

The Mullein

exoleta Gardens

The large Sword-grass

conspicillaris m. Shady pales
The silver Clcud

megacephala

The poplar Grey

Haw. 102. sp. 31.

95. sp, 19.

Page 247.

Haw. 105. sp. 37.

99. sp. 26.

8, 08. sp. 21.

6, sp. 20.

sp. 21.

131. sp. 91.

Page 248.

Haw. 94. sp. 17.

sp. J8.

Page 248.

[56.
Stewart ii. 158, sp.

9, Haw. 102. sp. 39.

• 105.sp.39.

106. sp. 40.

8, Haw. Prodrom.
S, 161. sp. 6.

167. sp. 20.

10, 168. sp. 24.

171. sp.32.

177. sp. 49.

Tlir. EKTOMOLOCrST's CALENDAR

383

MAY,

of

Name.

^\'lu■re found.

Otiicr
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Lanes

Trunks of trees

Skirts of woods
Trunks of trees

Pales

Gardens and fields

N'lrfua Rumicis
The Knnt-grass

leporina
The Miller

oleracca p.. Gardens

Th? bright-line Biown-eye

Pisi /. Broom

The Broom

runica Trunks of trees

The scarce Marvel du Jour

praecox b.

The Portland Moth

ferrugiiia?o
The heart Moth

renago
The hmrt Moth, var,

meticulo=a
The angle Shades

Gamma
The silver Y.

Arbuti E. Meadows

The minute yellow Undertoing
Gi'ometra pusaria Hedges

The common ichile Ifave

arenosaria Moist woods

The sandy If 'are

striaria ■

The common H^ave

rotundaria

The round icinged IVave

ferrugaria e. Hedges
The red Twin-spot

Sallcaria e.

The striped Twin-spot

omicromaria e.
The Mocha

ocellaria h.

The false Mocha

pendularia e.
The birch Mocha

punctaria r,.

The Maidrn's Blush

putataria e.

The little Emerald

vernaria e.

Woods in Kent

M'oods

Birch-trees in woods
Open places in woods

E. Meadows, Peckham
The small Grass Emerald

iJlnstraria e. Skirts of woods

The purple Thorn

Haw. 178. sp. 50.
182. sp. 62.

193. sp. 93.

— sp. 94.

200. sp. 113.

201. sp. 114.

238. sp. 225.

— sp. 226.

fi,9, 244. sp. 251.

9, 256. sp. 6.

265. sp. 33.

-290. sp. 51.
-289. sp. 48.
- 289. sp. 49.

303. sp. 102.

309. sp. 103.

8, 312.sp. 110.

8, — sp. 111.

8, 311. sp. lOS.

8, 312. sp. 112.

300. sp. 82.

8, 291.sp. 56.

to 8,
6,

THE ENTOMOLOGTST S CALENDAR.
MAY.

Ho.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Haw. S5l.sp. 111.

- — sp. 109.

- — sp. 110.

- 329. sp. 40.
-334.sp.54.

- 353. sp. 55.

- 277. sp. 17.
-278. sp. 18.
-318. sp. 7.

- 324. sp. 24.

- 325. sp. 2G.
sp. 25.

• 359. sp. 69.

- 342. sp. 79.

- 344. .qp. 84.

- 352, sp. 15.

sp. 114.

■ 356. sp. 124.

- 340. sp. 72.

- 339. sp. 70.

• 343. sp. 81.
348. sp. 98.
346. sp. 94.
522. sp. 18.

Geometra flos-lactata E.Shady groves
The cream JFave

lactata e. ■

The pale cream Wave

sublactata e. ____
The broad-striped cream IVave

sylvata e. Chalky pi. Sc wood?, Kent

The waved Carpet

costovata Hedges

The short-barred Carpet

fluctuata Gardens

The garden Carpet

consonaria Woods

The brindled Grey

punctularia m. Birch-trees
The grey Birch

dubitata e. Hedges and gardens

The Tisiue

centum-notata e. Open places in woods
The commi.ji warbled Carpet

comma-notata e.

The yellow rnorlled Carpet

perfnscata Woods ?

The brown marbled Carpet

Rhamnata e. Hedges near chalk-pits
The dark Umber

testata b. Thickets and bushes

The Chevron

petrata e. Fern, Coombe Wood

The brown Silver Line

lutcata E. Open places in woods

The small Yellow J-Vave

candidulata e. — —
The small IVtiile JVave

biniaculata e. Shady groves
The white Pinion Spotted

vitalbata e. Hedges near clialk

The small waved Umber

tersata e.

The Fern

maculata e. Pathways, woods

The speckled Yellow

clathrata e. Clover fields, Kent

The latticed Heath

prjenotata ^.. Birch -trees

The sharp-angled Peacock

rufata m. Broom fields

The broovx Tip

6,
6,7,

8,

8,

THE EKTOMOLOCIST S CAI.EXT)\T!.

385

MAY.

Reference to
description.

GeomelratiUni^ma. Coombe

The lovg-w vgfd Pug

subfuscata e. Woods
The brown- grey Pug

insulata e.

The insulated Carpet

subtristata m.
The common Carpet

marginata
The clouded Border

Euphorbiata
The drab Looper

notata e.

The Peacock Moth

relata e.

The netted Heath

trigeininata e.
The treble Twin-spot

illustraria
The purple Thorn

pliuiiheolata e.
The lead-coloured Pug

pusillata Gardens

The small grey Pug

362 Herminia vittaiis m. Hedges, Chelsea

The cream-edged Snout

baibalis m. Pathways in woods

The common Fan-foot

363 Platypteryx ciirvula e. Birch trees

The bordered Horklip

lacertinaria e. «

The scolloped Hook tip

364 Ciiex compressa e. Hedges

The gouse-egg Moth
565*Torlrix urticana Kettles

The barred Nettle

Fagaiia /. Oaks

The small green Silver-lines

ruficiiiana e. Meadows, Yorksliire
The red Frinse

■ and hedges
Bushy places
Shady groves
Birch trees
Clover fields, Kent
Hedges, chaliiy places
Skirts of woods
AYoods

■ 337. sp. G'j.

- 348. sp.

•359. sp. 13
• 367, sp. 5.

11.

Baumanniana
The Baurnannian

Oxvacantliaua
The TFhxte ih'>rn

corticaiia
1 he mm bleu Long-cloak

sequana b. Hedges

The silver Blotih-baJc

Shady groves

Hedges

Open parts in woods

2 B

TH5 ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MAY.

365*Tortrix composana e. Oaks
The triple-striped Blotch-back

* nitida e. Hedges
The dark Silver-striped

strobilana b. — ^— —

The light Silver-striped

* pauperana Fens
The spotted Drab

* egestana -■-
The lesser Drab

Botys strigulalis

? Yorkshire

The least Black Arches

pupuralis e. Hedges

The Crimson and Gold
*Crambiis sanguinea Grassy places near chalk
The buff-edged rosy Veneer

376 Leptocerus interruptus Marshy places

377 Odontocerus griseus ■

378 Phryganea grandis Woods

379 Liinnephilus rhombiciis Marshy places

uervosiis — — —

ecliinatiis .

Devonshire
Ponds and woods
Trunks of trees
Woods and hedges, &c.

gnseiis

radiatus

striola
380 Libelliiia deprcssa

conspurcata

4-maciilata
465 Vespa Crabro

vulgaris

Britannica
468 Andrena albicans
392 Panorpa communis
403 Zaraea fasciata
412 Allantus viridis
468 Andrena helvola

ovatula

barbilabris

fuscata 1

* Afzeliella
470 Sphecodes gibbus

Geoffrella

479*MegachilecircumcinctaStony banks, Dartford
48 1 Nomada Goodeniana Sunny banks

alternata

Marshamella

Caprea;

Jeucophthalma

Tansy and flowers

Hedges

Coonibe Wood

Hedges and woods

Blossoms of black currant

Sandy places

Flowers

Flowers on sunny banks

Round-rooted crowfoot
Blos.of great round-leaved

to 9, Fa.E.S.ii.7f
to 9,

6, Page 257.
to 9, Fa,E.S.ii.77.sp.l3.
to 9,
to 9,

to 9, ii. 78. sp. 14.

to 9,
to 9,

6, Lin.S.N.i.902.sp.5.
6,7,

6,7,8, 901. sp. 1.

6,7,8, Page 280.

6,7,

6,7,

Kirby ii. 94. sp. 45.
to 8, Page 260.

263.

6,7, F.E.S.ii.ll3.sp.53.
Kirby ii. Il9.sp.59.

149. sp. 89.

151. sp. 91.

167. sp. 107.

. I70.sp. 108.

6, 42. sp. 7.

6, 45. sp. 8.

246. sp. 45.

180. sp. 4.

182. sp. 5.

188. sp. 10.

willow 193. sp.l3.

.197. sp.l6.

THE ENTOMO;.OGIST S CALENDAR,

387

MAY.

487 Boinbus pratoriiin
490 Corethra cuciiliforinis
49 i Tanypiis cinctus

492 Cliironomus pluniosus

493 Psyc'hoda phalaenoides

494 Cecidotnyia lutea

495 Ctenophora atrata

496 Pedicia rivosa

497 Tipula oleracea
500 Odontoniyia tigrina

microleon

502 Nemotelus uliginosus

503 Oxyccia Hydroleon

tiilineata
521 Acrocera gibbosa
523 Rhingia rostrata
527 Helophilus tenax
533 Milesia pipiens
536 Myopa dovsalis
539 Mocillas cellaiius
550 Musca Csesar

Meridiana
561 Melophagus ovinus
562*Nycteribia Heruiaiini

Blossoms of the currant
Marshy places

Moist places

Marshy places

Marshes

Meadows

Marshes, Battersea, (Dr. L.)

Moist places

Flowers in meadows

Knbyii.36O.sp.l03
6, Page 290.

6,

6,

6, 291.

6iF.E.S.iv.267.sp.l6.

6, jv. 2G5. sp. 9.

Page 292.

F.E.S.iv.267.sp«19.
Page 296.

AVimbledon Common

Flowers in gardens 6,7,

Hedges 6,7,8, 297.

Flowers in hedges & gardens 6,7,F.E.S.iv.310,sp.] 19

Hedges 6, Page 298.

Wine-vaults 299.

Hedges and lanes 6, Li.S.N.i.989.sp.64.

Trunks of trees 6, i.989. sp. 63.

Sheep 6, Page 303.

Horse-shoe bats 6, — — 304.

JUNE.

6 Atypns Sulzeri
1 9 Thomisus citreus

lynceus
10 Cicindela sylvatica

hybrida
Germanica

12 Carabus glabratus

arvensis

13 Calosoma sycophanta
Inquisitor

Darent wood
Hedges

Sandy pi., Christ-ch. Hants,

Cobham, Surrey 7,

Sandy pi. Yarmouth, Swansea 7,
Chalky pi. Isle of W. Dartf. 7,
Surrey. Ireland, (Dr.Leach)
Near Nor\vich(Mr.Step.)Sur.
Near Dartmouth
W.thorn.Norw. Dev.Windsor

20 Bembidium bipunctatum Sand-pits, Darent W.

25 Harpalus tibialis
auHcus
Germanus

45 Epomis cincta

39 Calathus iittoralis

40 Poecillus lepidus

Sandy places ?
Trees, Coombe
Kingsbridge, Devon
Fields, Bristol, Plymouth
Sea shore
Pathways, fields

48 Lamprias cyanocephalaBroom ' Darent Wood

49 Lebia crux-minor Under stones

52 Odacantha melanura Moist pi. Norfolk, Swansea

2b 2

144.

Linn.

Marsh. 390. sp. 2.

Tr.Ent.S.i.93.pl.2.

93.

Page 146.

Marsh. 453. sp.55.

445. sp. 33.

sp. 34.

Panzer.
Page 151.

Gyll ii. 94. sp. 14.
Page 155.

156.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAR.

JUNE,

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

57 Hydroporus doisalis

melanocephala

flavipes
CO Colymbeies vitreus

fenestratus

colconotus

* oblongus
61*Hydaticus Hybnerl

* stagnalis

65 Buprestis biguttatus

■viridis

66 Trachys minuta

pyginaa Birch ? Coombe Wood

67*Aphanisticus emarginatiis Woods ? Devon

Ponds, Copenhagen Fields
Ponds

, Coombs

, Norfolk

Croydon Canal
Ponds, Coombe

. , Norfolk

, Ealing

, Wiltshire

Woods

Birch and nut-trees

70 Elater nectinicornis

cupreus

ferrugineiis

ephippium

lufiiiennis

sanguineus

pomonae

praeustus

inetallicus

ripariiis

4-pustulatus

bipustulatus

thoracicus

ruficollis

riifipes

cylindricus

* longicollis
viltatus, var.

71 Dascillus cervinus

74 Drilus flavescens

75 Lycus minutus

76 l.ampyris noctiluca

79 Dasytes fl ivipes

caeriileus
viridis

80 Malachiiis ruficollis

sanguino'entus
fasciatus

81 Till us elongatus

* unifasciatus

Woods ? Yorkshire

? Kent

?

New Forest

Highgate

Devon

Bristol

Copenhagen Fields
Windsor
Hyde Park
Woods

Hedges

Bristol

Hedges

Woods and Hedges, Kent

Grass, Darent Wood

Oak and hedges '

Hedges, woods and heaths

Hedge-:. ( oombe and Darent

Thrift, sea-shore, Hants

Devon

Crass and hedges

. I^arent and Coombe

Marsh. 421. sp.21.

425. sp. 25.

Tr. Ent. Soc. i. 90.
Gyl. i.489. sp. 23.
Marsh. 446. .-p. 10.
Gyl. i. 504. .sp. 56.

i. 494. sp. 27.

Page 159.
Gyll.i. 481.sp. 15.
Page 58.

160.

7, Marsh. 393. sp. 6.

— sp, 7.

Paee 160.
Marsh. 387. sp.3l.

381. sp. 23.

— — 382. sp. 19.
-. 383. sp. 21.

382. sp. 20.

Gyll. i. 417.sp. 46.
— — i.392.sp. 19,

i. 402.sp. 31,

i. 424. sp. 54.

Marsh. 375. sp. 1.

376. sp. 3.

sp. 2.

389. sp. 34.

Gyll.i.394. sp. 22.
— — i.4I2.sp. 41.

i.4l0.sp. 39.

Page 162.

163.

Oaks, Hants (Mr. Chant)
Oaks ?

82 Than-jsimiis formicariusSandy banks, Coombe

83 Opilus mollis Hedges and woods
88 Silpha letitulaia Corn-lields

* nitjdiuscula Yoikshire

89*Phosphug!asubrolundataUnder stones, Ireland

7, Marsh. 371. sp, 12,

7, 370. sp. 10,

7, 37]. sp. 11.

Page 165.

7, 166.

6, Marsh. 119. sp.l 1.

S.bicolor,Tr. Ent. Suc.82.

Zool. Misc. iii. 75.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

389

JUNE.

No.

of

Oen.

Name.

Where touncl.

Uliier
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

96 Cryptopliagiis pallens Uinbelliferoiis plants
98 Tli3'maliij; fernigineus Under bark of trees, New
Forest, Hants

7, Marsh. 477.
7, Page 170.

sp. 9.

99 Nitidula Boleti
fulva
obscura
obsoleta
lO-fcuttata
niarginata
depressa
Krisea

Fungi

Dead animals

Fungfi

Under bark, Coombe

Dry bones, Coombe

Dry bon. St tin. bark, C'oombe

and under bark of tr.

1 14 TacliyponischrysomelimisFlowers

118 Bythinns Curtisii
124 Ptinits imperiabs
127 Anobium castaneum

rufipes

panicium

molle

ptinoides
]9S Dermestes murinns
129 Attasenus serra

Sand-pits, Bexley
Hedges, Birch Wood
Hfdgesnear Crayford, Kent
Houses, Coombe Wood
Houses

Coombe
Darent Wood
Under bark of trees
132 Throscus derniestoides Houses, Coombe
135 Onthophilus striatus Under dung

snlcalus

135 Hister 2-maculatus

virescens ■

seneus
nitid(dus

158 Odonteus mobilicornis Wisbeach, Norfolk
16-2 Synodendron cylindricum Old ash-trees, Bexley

l63*Melolontha Fullo
solstitialis

164 Anomala Frischii

horticola

• Agricola

• Donovan t
ruricola

165 Hoplia pulverulenta

166 Trichius variabilis

168 Lucanus Cervus

169 Blaps lethifera
172 Tenebrio obscurus

174 Phaieria cadaverina

175 Diaperis Boleti

ahenea

176 Tetratoma Fungorum

177 Leoides picea

humeral is

• polita

Near Sandwich and Dover

Trees

Near the sea shore, Devon

Skirts of woods

Glamorgansh.(]VIr. Donovan)

Newmarket Heath
Heaths

Brixton, Surrey
Lanes

Cellars, Hertfordshire
Cellars
Sandy places
Boleti of trees
Sandy places, Bexley
Fungi in woods
Sandy places
Fungi, Darent Wood
Sandy places ?

Marsh 136. sp.2l.

130. sp. 3.

135. sp. 19.

135. sp. 20.

Gyll. i. 216. sj). 3.
Marsh. 133. sp. 14.
. 134.sp. 15.

7, Gyll. ii.236. sp.l.
Page 178.
Marsh. 88. sp. 24.
84. sp. 7.

83. sp. 5.

Gyll. i. 293. sp. 5.
Marsh. 84. sp. 8.

228. sp. 5.

61. sp. 2.

63. sp. 7.

Page 183.
—^184.

Hister s. Pay k.M. H.
Linn.
Pavk.
Fabr.

7, Page 189.

190.

7, Marsh. 36. sp. 64.
7,8, 33. sp. 66.

40. sp. 7 1 .

41. sp. 78.

43. sp. 76.

— — 44. sp. 77.

7, 39. sp. 63.

7, Page 191.

Tr. Ent. Soc. i. 81.
7, Page 192.

Marsh. 479. sp. 2.

Turton ii. 478.

Page 193.
6, 194.

Marsh. 176. sp. 17.
7, Page 194.

Marsh. 67. sp. 13.
75. sp. 45.

390

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

177 Leoides ruficollis Sandy places, Darent Wood

1 78 Boletophagus Agaricola Boleti and finig

Under bark of trees ? Devon

Hedges

Umbelliferous plants

Hedges

Hedges and skirls of woods

BoletijCoombeW. (Mr. Stone)

Hedges and woods, Darent

Boleti

Woods, Bexley and Darent

Boleti

Flowers, Hertford

Flowers, New Forest

Woods, Hampslead

Ash-trees

Umbelliferous plants

Chatham

Bristol

Flowers in chalk-pits, Kent

179 Helops lanipes

180 Cistela ceramboides

sulphurea

fulvipes

castanea

humeralis

fiisca
182'Orchesia micans
183 Pyrochroa coccinea
186 Scraptia fnsca
188 Anthicus aHtherinus
190 Mordella fasciata

192 Meloe tectus

193 Cantharis vesicatoria

194 CEdemera caerulea

nigripes

ruficollis

viridissima

lurida

Podagrariae Umbelliferous plants

195 Mycterus curcnlionides Flow. chalk-pits, South Devon
197 Platyrhinuslatirostris Boleti in woods

albinus Hurdles & dry wood, woods,

Eltham
brevirostris Hedges, Coombe

1 99*Rhinomacer attelaboidesThistles

200 Bruchusseminarius
203 Rhynchites Populi
angustatus
cylindricus

205 Apion vicinum

ruficorne
assimile

* Astragali
Loti

* violaceum

* Hydrolapathi
Rumicis
Carduorum

206 Curculio Pyri
208 Rhynchaenus Piui

Abietis

ebeneus

subnebulosus

palustris

interruptus

Plantaginis

Henley

Aspen and poplar

Coombe

Bird's-foot trefoil
Nut-tree

Sulphur-coloured trefoil
Sweet milk-vetch
Bird's-foot trefoil
The dock

The broad-leaved dock

Thistles

Skirts of woods

Pine woods

Fir woods, Scotland

Hertford, (Mr. Stephens)

Norfolk

Battersea

Banks and sandy plac«s

Marsh. 68. sp. 19.
Page 194.

Marsh. 222. sp. 6.
7, 219. sp, 1.

223. sp. 10.

7, '- sp. 9.

Gyll. ii. 545. sp. 5.

Marsh. 223. sp. 8.

Page 195.

196.

Marsh. 485. sp. 3.
Page 197,
Leach Tr.L.S. xl.
Page 198.

6, Marsh, 372,sp.l4.
6, Panz,

Marsh. 572. sp.l3.

360. sp. 6.

Gyll. ii. 633. sp, 6.

Page 199.

Marsh.295,sp.l66.

Page 200.
Marsh, 236, sp. 3.
7, 241, sp. 9,

6,

7, Kirby Tr.L.S. ix.

Marsh,317.sp.229
289. sp. 152,

. sp.lOO.

269. sp. 95.

265. sp. 84.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

391

JUNE.

Norfolk
Hedges

Oaks
Hedges

208 Rhynchjemis Nereis

Sysiinbrii
atrirostris
Ali small s
crassiis
brevis

209 Balaninus Glandium

Cerasorum

tenuirostris

fasciatns

Pomornm

iniirinus

longimanus

fructuum

maculatus

rubellus

atramentarius

stygius

semicylindriciis

210 Liparus Germanus

piceus

maurus

pilosulus

setosiis

iEcidii

maritimus

scabriculus

subrotiindus

2 1 1 CryptoihynchusErysimi

312 Cionus Scrophulariae Water betony
Thapsi ■ ?

Hortiilanus

Sallows in hedges
Hedges

Dover and Hastings

Sandy places

Sandy pi. and nettles, Coombe

Coombe

Bristol

Coombe

Knotty- rooted figwort? woods
Bexley

bipnstulatns
21 G Hylurgus Piniperda

niger

ater

obscurus
217 Tomicus Tj'pographus

fuscus

219 Scolytus multistriatus

220 Hylesinus crenatus

221 Cis concinnus

bidentatus

222 Cerylon histeroides

bipunctatum

dermestoides

224*Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus Fungi
230 Lamia »di!is Trunks of trees

Bark of the pine

Bark of trees

Boleti

Bark of trees
Under bark of trees

i^ ^_ .

rayk.iii.240.sp.53.

Marsh. 253. sp.45.

Payk.iii.227.sp.45.

Marsh.273.sp.l08

245. sp. 18.

265. sp. 82.

7, 284. sp. 137.

7, sp. 133.

7, sp. 139.

7, 286. sp. 144.

7, — 285. sp. 142.

7, 293. sp. 161.

7, 292. sp. 159.

— sp. 158.

293. sp. 162.

— sp. 163.

294. sp. 165.

— sp. 164.|
290. sp. 153.
305. sp. 194.
316. sp. 225.
299, sp. 175.
304. sp. 1 89.
307. sp. 201.
307. sp.202.
304. sp. 192.

— sp. 190.
257. sp. 56.
276. sp. 117.
277. sp. 118.
273. sp. 119.

278. sp. 121.

Page 205.

Marsh. 59. sp. 24.

— sp. 25.

57. sp. 17.

Page 205.

Marsh. 53.sp. 5.

54. sp. 8.

Page 206.

Marsh. 87. sp, 19.

86. sp. 17.

V,

7, 103. sp. 7.

7,

Page 207.
7, Page 209.

7,
7,

392

THF, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAK.

JUNE.

230 Lamia nebnlosa
Textor
aculeata
piliisa
hispida
scalaris
populnea
nubila
praeusta

232 Cerambyx moschatiis

233 Clytus Arieris

arcaaius

Alni

mysticus

234 Callidiutn violaceum

bajuhim

235 INloIoichus major

dimidiatus
23G Leptura elongata

rufiventris

meridiana

attenuata

aiirulenta

melanura

nigra

sexputtata

laevis

livida

femorata

revestiia

afRnis

sanguinolenta

collaris

6-inaculata
23T Rhagiutn vulgare

bil'asciatnm

238 Hargiuin Inquisitor

239 Donacia Zosteri

Eqniseti

240 Crioceris merdigera
* 12-punctata

cyanella
subspinosa
flavicollis
242 Galleruca Vibnrni

245 Haltica Mercurialis

Erucaj

246 Chrysomela Gratninis

fastuu^a

Dry hurdles, faggots, &c.
Trunks of willows
Trunks of trees
Dry wood in hedges, hurdles

Willows ?

Aspen

Trunks of trees, Coombe

Hedges, Kent

Willows

'J'runks of trees

T,8,

Faggots and hurdles in woods
Trunks of tr.Sc hedges, Kent 7,
Palings

Flowers in hedges & woods
Umbelliferous plants
Flowers in hedges

Umbelliferous plants

(Darn.)

Aquatic plants, Hull

White lily

Asparagus

Willows

Skirts of woods and elm

Skirts of woods

Sandy places, Bexley

Hedges near Darent Wood

Henbane

Newmarket Heath.

Woods, Kent

7,8.
7,
7,

7,
7,

Page 209.

Marsh. 327. sp. 4.

3^26. sp. 3.

329. sp. S.

330. sp. 9.

332. sp. 13.

33:1. sp. 14.

Page 209.

210.

Marsh, 33S.sp. 24.

338. sp. 23.

337. sp. 22.

Page 210.
Marsh. 334. sp.l7.
Page 210.
Marsh. 358. sp. 1.
Page 210.
Marsh. 341. sp. 2.

340. sp. 1,

354. sp. 32.

356. sp. 34.

350. sp.23.

35 1 . sp. 25.

357. sp. 37.

.351. sp. 26.

352. sp. 27.

sp. 28..

350. sp. 24.

353. sp.20.

349. sp. 22.

353. sp. 30.

Page 210.
Marsh. 342. sp. 4.
Page 210.
211.

Marsh. 214. sp. 2.

2l5.sp. 4.

216. sp. 7.

217. sp. 8.

224, sp. 13.

193. sp. 53.

172. sp. 6.

174. sp, 11.

THE EKTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAU.

393

JUNE.

246 ChrysomtlalO-punctataOaks, Bexley

]0-notata Willows, Uexley

Vitelliiia; Willows

margiiiata Heaths, Norfolk

* lurida Windsor

noicolor Hedges ?

24S Cryptocepliaiiis serpens Dandelion

SIQ1UIS

Coryli

liiieola

nitens

6-punclatiis

Moraji

marsrinelliis

pusillus

bilituratus
* labiatus

flavilabi is
249 elytra 4-piinctata

tridentata
2.tI Triplax bicolor

Flowers in chalk pits, Kent

Hedges, Darent

Wood-sides, Kent

Hedges

Sallows in moist woods, Kent

New Forest

Hedges

, Coombe

Bristol
Hedges ?

-, Kent

7, Marsh. 175. sp.l4.
7, — sp. 13.

180, sp. 23.

— 190. sp.47.

Marsh. 185. sp. 37.
Page 213.
N. S.
7, Marsh. 208. sp. 4.

207. sp. 3.

209. sp. 7.

203. sp. 5.

212. sp. U.

211. sp. 10.

210. sp. 9.

Oak, Bexley

Sallow?, Coombe Wood

Coombe

253 Agathidium nigripenne Sandy places,

rufipenne — -

nannm ■

254 Coccinella 14-giittata

bis-6-giiltata

Firs

ocellata

5-piinctata

22-punctata

conglomerata

14 pustulata

Jateralis

impiistulata

conglobata

1 1 -punctata

hieroglyphica

IS-guttata
955 Chilocorus 4-verrucatusWhite-thorn

bipusluiatus
•iCiO Labidura gigautea
Scymniis litura

discoideus

rigrimis

fulvifrons

parvulus

analis

bipustulatns

bis bipuptulatus

4''pustulatus

Hedges

Windsor

Windsor and Norwich

Hedges and Battersea fields

Hedges

Meadows

Windsor

Devon

Coombe and Norfolk

Cobham, Surrey

('oombe

21I.sp.ll.

KirbyMS.

Marsh. 507. sp. 2.

206. sp. 1.

122. sp. IS.

7, Page 215.

7, Gyll. li. 565. sp. 8.

7,

niig. 435. sp. 22.

432. sp. 19.

437. sp, 25.

9, 44l.sp. 28.

3,9, "= — 468. sp. 37.
7,8,9, Payk. ii. 28. sp. 30.
Illig.445. sp. 30.

459. sp. 34.
462. sp. 35.

445. sp. 31-

431.sp. 18.

473. sp. 41.

Oak 9, 475. sp. 43.

Und.sto.sea-sh.Christ-ch.Hants Page 21'?.

Hedges 7,8,9, Illig. 419. so. 10.

. — 7,8,9, 418. sp. 9.

7,8,9, 413. sp. 1.

7,8,9, Marsh. 168. sp.43.

• 7,8,9, Illig. 414. sp. 4.

7,8,9, P.-»vk. ii. 7. sp. 3.

7,8,9, Marsh. 164. sp. 37'

7,8,9, Illig. 415. sp. 6.

7,8,9, .Marsh. 164. sp. 53.

354

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE,

Sphsrosoma Quercus
268 Tetyra Maura
inuncta

272 Coreus rhomboideus

hirticornis

273 Berytus tipularius

274 Lygaeus nugax

Hyoscyami
micropteriis

275 Capsus spissicornis

ruficollis

276 Miris vagans

277 Myodocha tipuloides
279*Ploiaria vagabunda

280 Cimex lectularius

281 Tingis Cardui
293 Cicada Anglica f

298 Cevcopis sanguinolenta

299 Ledraaurita

800 Membracis cornutus
304 Livia Juncoium
Aphis Ribis

Ulmi

Pruni

Sambuci

Pruni cerasi

Rumicis lapathi

Acetosae

Ligustici scotici

Lychnidfs

Capres

Padi

R0S£E

Dauci

Tiliffi

Juniperi

Brassicae

C race 33

Lactucae

Sonchi

Tanaceti

Absinthii

Millefolii

Avena; sativse

Fraxini

Jacenc

Betulae

Alni

Fagi

Oaks

Hedges

Sandy places, Bexley

Hedges

Sandy places

Grassy places

Hedges in woods

Stony places, Devon

Grassy places, Coombe

Woody places

Sandy places

Hedges

Houses

Thistles

Pennington Common ? Hants

Open places in woods, Kent

Hedges and oaks

Hedges and woods

J unci

Red currant

Elm

Plum-trees

Elder

Cherry-tree

The dock

Wild sorrel

Lovage

Lychnis dioica

Willow

Bird-cherry

Rose

Carrot

Lime-trees

Juniper

Cabbage

Vicia cracca

Lettuce

Sow-thistle

Tansy

Wormwood

Milfoil

Oats

Ash-tree

Centaurea jacea

Birch-tree

Alder

Beech'tree

Page 220.
Stew. ii. IOC

7,

Page 222.

Stew. ii. 105.
Trans. EntSoc. 73.
Stew. ii. 104.

Page 222,

223.

Stew. ii. 107,
Page 223,

7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,

ns,

7,8,

7,8,

7,8,

7,8,

7,8,

7,8,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7.

7,

7,

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

39S

JUNE.

No. I

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
tiines
of a p.

Reference to
ilescription.

Aphis Quercus
Pini
Salicis
Populi
Tremulce
Vibnrni
Bursaria

Aceris platanoides Maple

Oak

Scotch fir

Willow

The leaves of the aspen

Younjr branches of the aspen

Way-faring tree

Black poplar

Atriplicis

Plantaginis

Leucanthemi

Scabios£e

Fabae
Coccus Quercus

]?etula3

Carpini

Ulmi

Coryli

Tilik

Capreae

Salicis

polonichus

Fragariae

Pilosellae

Uva ursi

Phalaridis

Oxyacanthae

Serratula;

Persicjc

Abietis

Mespili

Aceris

AIni

fuscus

variegatus

conch iformis

catafractus
305 Thrips minntissima

jutiiperina

fasciata
310 PulexTalpse

Hirundinis

Sciurus ?

312 Gonepteryx Rhamni

The Brimslo'iie

313 Colias Hyale

The clouded Yellow

314 Pontia Crataegi

Orach

PlantaMi

Ox-eye daisy

Scabious

Bean

Oak

Birch

Hornbeam

Elm

Hazel

Lime

Willow

Salix hermaphrodita

Scleranthus perennis

Strawberry

Hieracium Pilosella

Arbutus uva ursi

Canary grass

White-thorn

Serratiila arvensis

Peach-trees

Pinus Abies

Medlar

Maple

Alder

Oak

7, Stewart.
7,

7,'

7,

7,

7'

7,

7, .

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7,

7',

7',

'7, ■

7,

Elm 7,

Mosses 7,

Flowers,frequent in carnation 7,8, .

Galls of the juniper 7,3,

Compound flowers 7,8, •

The mole (Mr.Weatherhead) N. S.

Swallows (Mr. Stephens) 7,

Squirrel

Woods 7,8, Page 236.

Gardens a:ul woods
The blatk-veined White

396

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE,

315 Melitrea Eiiphrosyne b. Waste grounds and heaths

The pearl-hoi dered Fiitillary

Cinxia m. .Meadows

The G anville Fniillary
317 Vanessa Polychloros ^E. Elms
The large Torluiseshell

Urticffi I. B. Nettles

The small Tortoueshell

Urticfe b. Lanes, &c.

The sniall TortoisesUell

C. album I. M. Nettle, liop, willow & currant
The whte C.

319 Limenitis Camilla /. Honeysuckle

The white Admiral

320 Hipparchia Hyperanthus e. Woods and fields

The Rwglel

Pamphilus b. Grassy Commons
The svnall Heath
* Blandina

The Scctrh Argus

Pilosella l. b.
The large Heath

Janira b.

The meadow Brown

.(Egeria I.

The speckled Wood

Davtis
Thf small Ringlet

Polydama
The marsh Ringlet

Typlion
The scarce Heath

i^geria e.

The sveckled JJ'ood

321 Thecla Betulfe Z. e.

The hrcwn Hairstreak

Quercus I, b. Oak

77;? purple Hairstreak
2121 Lycsena Phlaeas b. Grassy commons
The common Copper

Idas I. E, Grassy banks

The h'.ack-spot Brown
524 Smerinthiis Populi e. Trunks of poplars

The poplar Hawk
S26 Sphinx Elpenor e. Gardens and marshy places
The elephant Haivkmoth

lineata Gardens

The silver-line Hawkmoth

Page 237.

6,

Isles of Bute and Arran
Mouse-earHawkweed, pastures Haw. 25.

Meadows Page 240.

Grassy banks 3,5, Haw. 23.

Marshes 15. sp.

— — 16, sp,

sp.

Borders of woods and fields 4,8, Page 241.
Birch

16.

17.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

397

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where bund.

Other
times
of a p.

Eeference to
description.

Devonshire

Trunks of pine-trees
Gardens

Bedstraw

325 Sphinx Galii e.

The scarce Elephant

Euphorbia; b.
The spoiled Elephant

Piua^tri
The pine Hawk Moth

Ligustri
Tlie privet Hawk

326 MacroglossaStellatarum I. e

The Humrmng-bird

Siellatarum e. Gardens
The Ilummtng-hird

327 Sesia bombycitbrmis m. Flowers, marshy pi. in woods

The narrcic- bordered Bee

fusciformis m. Borders of woods
The broad-hindered Bee
323 ^^eriaapiformis e. Near lime and poplar trees
The Hornel
Mgeria jisiiiforinis m. Poplars
The clear Underioing

Cynipiformis m. Gardens
The ydii lo-legged Clearicing

Tipuhformis m. Currant-bushes
The currant Clearwing

Oestrijarmis m. Gardens and woods
The yzl'.ow-tailed Clearwing

Fespiformis e. Devonshire
The six-belted Clearwing

Sphecrjbrmis Enfield ?

The black and wh'te-hordered Clearwing

329 Zysaena Filipendu!^ b. Meadows

The six-spotled Burnet

Loti £.

The five-spotted Burnet

330 Ino Stalices m.

The Fo-ester

331 Hepialus Humuli m.

The Ghost

Map pa
The beautiful Swift

Angulum b.

The tawny Swift

hectus M

The gold Swift

332 Cossus Ligniperda e

The g„al M'jth
535 Liparis Monacha I. e
The black Arches

Monacha e,

The black Arches

Page 244.

Haw. f)^.

4,9, Page 244.

Grassy places

Darent Wood, (Mr. Standish)

Open places in woods

Trunks of willows
Trunks of oaks

308

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAK.

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen,

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

336 Laria pudibunda e.

Woods

Page 247.

The pale Tussock

338 Odeiiesis potatoria I. m

fTall grass in hedges

Haw. 84. sp. 8.

The Drinker

339 Lasiocampa Qnercus I.

f Oak, long grasSj white thorn

81.sp. 5.

The large Eggar

Rubi B.

Woods

83. sp. 7.

The Fox

Neustria Z.

Fruit-trees

129. sp. 87.

The barr'd tree Latkey

340 Eriogaster laneslris /. E

• f Sloe bushes

124. sp. 84.

The small Eggar

341 Endromis versicolor f.\

.fBirch

80. sp. 3.

The Kentish Glory

S42 Stauropus Fagi m.

Trunks of trees

Page 247.

The lobster Molh

343 Notodonta palpinus b.

Willows in hedges

9, Haw. 98. sp. 20.

The pale Prominent

perfiiscus

Oaks

100, sp. 27.

The dark Prominenl

dromedaniliis

Oaks?

101. sp.29.

The small iron Prominent

Trepida b.

Poplars

DonovanB.1. 239.1

The sicilloiv Prominent

344 PvSHEra buoephala m.

Skirts of woods

Page 247.

'iheh.ffTip

345 Cerura minax ?

Trunks of apple-trees

» bifida

"Darent Wood

346 Arctia villica b.

Open paths in woods

248.

The cream-spot Tyger

Caja I.

Nettles, &c.

Haw. 93. sp. 16.

The garden Tyger

Plantasfinis b.

Open places in woods

Page 248.

The wood Tyger

Russula M.

Furze on commons

— .

The clouded Buff

papyritia m.

Marshy jjlaces

The water Ermine

lubricipeda

Gardens

245.

The huff Ermine

Salicis I.

Poplars

Haw. 107. sp.42.

The Satin

chrj'sorrhoea I.

White-thorn hedges

108. sp. 43.

The Yellow-tail

phaorrhcea I,

White-thorn

109. sp. 45.

The Brown-tail

547 Callimorpha Dominula

Lanes

Page 248.

The scarlet Tyger

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEND4E.

3S9

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Iteference to
description.

Oaks

Heaths and commons

Skirts of woods

Callimorpha rosea
The red Arches

Jacobeffi
The Cinnahar

fuliginosa
The ruby Tyger

348 Lithosia quadra b. Pine-trees

The four- spotted Footman
Lithosia aurantia Skirts of woods

The orayige Footman
Bomhyx DodorijEa m. Oaks

Marbled Brown

Roboris Woods

Lunar marbled Brown
Quercea Oaks

Dark marbled Broicn
Nudaria fiisca Pales, Winchmore-hillWood

The brown Muslin

349 Yponomenta Evonymella Hedges
* Echiella Dover

irrorella Coombe

Padella Hedges

350 ^cophora Flavella Pales

353 Adela Degeerella Thick woods

354 Noctua Scrophularise I, Water betony

The water Betony

tetva Gardens

The Mahngany

Pronuba ■

The large yelloiv Underwivg ,

fimbria b. Oaks

The Broad Border

inlerjecta Open parts in woods

The least Broad Border

Myrtilli m. Heaths near Erith

The beautiful yellow Underwing

albirena Heaths, Norfolk

The small yellow Undencing

Page 24S.

Stew. 159. sp. 57.

Page 249.

Haw

. 147

.sp

.5.

104.

sp.

34.

—

sp.

35.

-

sp.

36.

157.

sp.

3.

8,

512.

sp.

1.

6,

— sp.

167.

4,

162.

7,

160.

8,

161.

162.

combusta
The dark Tawny

Pinastri m.

The Bird-ivivg

putris M.

The Flame

crassicornis
The large JVainscot

comma b.

— —163.

170.

— 172.

The shoulder -stripe IVainscot

Trunks of trees

Trunks of pines & shady pales

Weedy banks and gardens — — —

Marshy places ? — — 173.

Lanes,Hampsh.(Mr.Benfeley) 174.

400

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

Nortua atomina m. Marshy places
The powdered JVainscot

Aceris e. Sbady pales

The Sycamore

infuscala e, ■

The Sycamore, var.

Euphorbiae Woods

The Spurge

Ligustri
The Coronet

corormla e.

The Coronet, var.

compta E.

The marbled Coronet

AIni M.

The Alder

Menyanthidis b. Trunks of trees
The light Knot-grass

similis e. ■

The scarce Knot-grass

M. Coombe

Trunks of. trees

Pales

Trunks of alders

Haw. 173.

176.

177.

178.

I7y.

180.

auncoma
The scarce Dagger

Psi E

The dark Dagger

tridens e. —

The light Dagger

serena m. —

The broadlarred ffhite

6,

Shady pales

Trunks of trees

Pales and gardens

Trunks of trees ?

Gardens

grand is ]

The grey Arches

polyodon i

The dark Arches

satura
The barred Arches

advena i

The pale shining Brcwn

rectilinea m. Skirts of woods

The light Brocade

dives M. Trunks of trees

The beautiful Brocade

duplex M.

The dark B ncnde

Achates (Hub.)

The pale shu:tldered Brocade

Brassicx Pales

The cabbage Moth

Persicariae e.

The Dot

181.

184.
185.

186.
187.

189.

7,8,

IPO

191.

THE entomoT.ooist's calexdab.

401

JUNE.

Noctua nigra

The black Rustic

Chenopodii
The Nutmeg

contigua
The large Nutmeg

Pisi
The Broom

basilinea

Pales ? Devon

Gardens

and pales

M. Commons and pales

B. Wood
The rustic Shoulder- knot

typica
The Gothic

capsincola

Haw. 192.

193.
194.

Weedy banks
and gardens

Gardens and hedges
Shady pales

The Lychnis

Atriplicis e.

The Arrach Moth

glauca E.

The glaucous Sheers

plebeia e. —

The glaucous Sheers^ var.

dentina e.

The glaucous Sheers, var.

leucostigma e. —
The pale Sheers

ochracea e. i

The tawny Sheers

Oxyacanthje I. White-thorn
The green-brindled Crescent
Oaks

9,

near Cootnbe Wood

Old walls, Chelsea
Clover-fields

ridens I.

The frosted Green

Lichenis e.

The marbled Green

denticulala b.
The light-feathered Rustic

cubicularis m. Willows and gardens
The pale mottled IVillow

lucipara e. Skirts of woods

The small Angle-shade

secalina e. Marshy places

The small clouded Brindle

scripta Woods

The minor Shoulder-knot

lEthiops E. Hedges

The Blackamoor

spinifera e. Weedy banks

The small Sword-grass

suffusa •

The small Sword-grass, var.

2c

■ 196.
197.

198.

• 199.

■ 201.
-202.
•203.

■ 205.

• 208.
■210.

213.
■215.
217.

402 THE entomologist's CAtEKDAK.

JUNE,

Noctua connexa Gardens Haw. 21 S.

The chain-shot Dart

venosa m. Weedy banks — — —

The broad-veined Dart

spinula m. Hedges _^_ ._

The brindled Dart

nigricorvuta m. Skirts of woods __ 219.

27ie black Dart

subatraia. m. Weedy banks —

The dark Dart

pectmata e.

The pectinated Dart

cattenata m. •>••— ~a
The brindled Heart and Club

clavigera e. — ^— ^
The Heart and Club

su h/usca

The brown Heart and Club

exclamationis e. i ,

The Heart and Dart

C nigrum b. 226.

The setaceous Hebrew Character

plecta E. ■ ___

Thejlame Shoulder

ochraceago I. Burdock
The frosted Orange

centrago m. Marshes

The centre-barred Sallow

croceago e. Hedges

The orange Upperwitig

meticulosa Pales

The angle Shades

batis M. Skirts of woods

The Peach-blossom

Delphinii Gardens, Windsor

The Pease- ilossom

trilinea e. Thickets

The equal Treble-lines

bilinea e. Coombe —

The dark Treble-lines

retusa Z. e. Great round -leaved willow ——251.

Tlie double Kidney

fiiluta Trunks of trees -—252,

The lesser Lutestring

flavicornis b. Trunks of poplars —— —

The Poplar Lutestring

fluctuosa M. Skirts of woods -^— —

The satin Carpet

234.

236.

2,4,

238.

5,9,

244.

7,

245.

7,

^248.

9,

249.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAR.
JUNE.

403

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where lounu.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 233.

. 254. sp. 2.

- — sp. 3.

• 255. sp. 4.

-256. sp.5.

■ 257. sp. 7.

- — sp. 8.
. 258. sp. 9.

■ 260. sp. 17.

■ 26l.sp. 18.

- — sp. 19.

- 263. sp. 23.

• — sp. 24.
-264.sp. 29.
-265.sp. 31.

— sp. 32.

Noctua duplaris b. Skirts of woods
The lesser satin Carpet

chrysitis e. Weedy banks

The burnished Brass

orichalcea Gardens, Crayford

The scarce lurnished Brass

bractea Yorkshire and Scotland

The gold Spangle

E. Gardens

Mountains and heaths, Yoiks.

Essex

Salisbury plain

Meadows

Marshy places, Norfolk
Clover-fields

Iota I

The gold Y.

interrogationis
The Yorkshire Y.

circumflexa
The Essex Y.

illustris
* The purple Shades

arcuosa i

The small- doited Buff

fusca E. Woods

The marbled IVhile-spot

alhilinea •

The marbled JVhite-line

nnca
The Silver-hook

snlphurea e.

The spoiled Sulphur

luctuosa
The Four-spotted

glyphica b.

The Burnet

Mi B.

The Shipton

maura
The great Brown Bar
3G0 Biston Betularius m. Pales
The Peppered
Geometra Prunaria e. Shady groves
The orange Moth

Roboraiia e. Trunks of trees
The great Oak Beauty

consortaria b. Woods
The pale Oak Beauty

repandaria e, -■'

The mottled Beauty

consobrinaria — — — —

The tawny Beauty

suberaria a. Open parts in woods

The large-waved Umber

dolabraria e. Bushes
The scorched JVmg

2c 2

Out-houses and palings

"Ifi,

- 269. sp. 6.

- 2~2. sp. 2.

• 283. sp. 34.

- 275. sp. S.
sp. 9.

- — sp. 10.
. 276. sp. 13.

- 284. sp. 25.
. 295. sp. 67.

404

THE ESTOMOLOOrST S CALENDAR.

JUNE.

iso.
Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 278. sp. 21.
.508. sp. 101.

- 304. sp. 92.

-Sll.sp. 109.
-314.sp. 114.

- 289. sp. 46.

- 287. sp. 41.

- 302. sp. 88.
-301. sp. 83.

- 292, sp. 57.

• 296. sp. 69.

• 291. sp. 55.

301. sp. 85.

300. sp. 80.

303. sp. 90.

- 283. sp. 33.
-281. sp.30.

sp. 31,

-317. sp. 3.

- — sp. 5.

- 336. sp. 62.
■ 337. sp. 64.

- — sp. 65.

• 338. sp. 67.

Geomelra Pinaria Pines, Scotland
The bordered While

unidentaria b. Skirts of woods
The dark red Twin-spot

viridaria e. Open parts in woods

The green Carpet

orbicularia m. Near Brockenhurst, Hants,
The dingy Mocha (Mr. Bentley)

linearia Woods, Kent

The clay Triple-line

respersaria Heaths

The lesser Grass-wave

plumbaria e. ■
The Belle

Chenopodaria p..
The small Mallow

fasciaria
The barred Red

lunaria m.

The lunar Thorn

advenaria m.
The little Thorn

bidentaria b.
The scalloped Hazel

pulveraria b.
The barred Umler

Thymiaria e.
Common Emerald

implicaria
The silver Ground

Vauaria
77ie V Moth

fuliginaria m. — — —
The waved Black

trepidaria e. Mountains, Scotland

The black mountain Moth

ulmata M. Elms

The scarce Magpie

dealbata b. Chalky places

The Black-veined

hastata a. Open places, Coombe Wood

TTie Argent and Sable

albioillata e. Paths in woods
The beautiful Carpet

adustata e. Hedges

The scorched Carpel

rubiginata e. Pathways, woods
The blue-bordered Carpet

Bushy places

Westerham, Kent

Paths in woods

Colney-hatch Wood

Skirts of woods 4,

Paths in woods

Open places, skirts of woods

Open places in woods

Gardens 7,

TOE entomologist's calendar.

405

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Ofometra ocellata
The purple bar

Galiata
Galium Carpet

unilobata Yorkshire

The liunl-angled Carpet

impluviata Skirts of woods

The May Highflyer

berberata

derivata b.

The Strea mer

spinaciata e.
The Spinach

Pyraliata

bilineata e.

The yelloic Shell

munitata b.

TTie rufous Carpet

duplicata
Ike slender Trelle-lar

nassata m. Open parts in woods

The small Rivulet

rivulata e. Copenhagen F. and Norfolk

The middle Rivulet

Alchemillata m. Bushy places and thickets
The Fivulet

osseata e. Hedges

The dwarf Cream-icave

lividata b. — »^—

The small dotted Wave

punctata Chalky hedges

iineolata Chalky pi. nearLewes, Suss.

The Oblique-striped

Shady groves

Open paths in woods
Devonshire

Hedges, Norfolk
Woods

Gardens

Hedges

Hedges and skirts of woods

Pine-trees

Chalky places

Woods
Gardens

Haw. 331. sp. 46.

6, 332. sp. 47.

6, 331. sp. 44,

321. sp. 17,

Fab.E.S.iv.l82.sp.l89
Haw. 326, sp. 30.

heparata
The dingy Shell

abbreviata

venosata e.

The netted Pug

Centaureata e.
The Lime-speck

Absinthiata e.
The wormiu'iod Pug

vulgata
7he common Pug

simpliciata
The plain Pug

favillaciaria b. Near Ringw.Hants,(Mr.EenUey)
The grey Scallop

Atomaria b. Heaths

The common Heath

341.

sp.

76,

Trans. Ent, Soc,
Haw. 343. sp. 82,

528.

sp.

34.

318

sp.

8.

335.

sp.

60.

7,

sp.

59.

sp.

58.

353.

sp.

116,

sp.

118.

6,

6, 341.

sp.

75.

343.

sp.

83.

Hiibner.
Haw. 357

sp.

127.

358.

sp.

131.

359.

sp.

133.

7,

sp.

134.

sp.

135.

y) 278

sp.

19.

280.

sp.

26.

4o6

TUE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

280. sp. 27.

- — sp. 23.
. 28l.sp. 29.

- 283. sp. 45.
-298. sp. 74,
-320. sp. 13.

sp. 14.

-326. sp. 31.

- 327. sp. 32.
-328. sp. 36,

■ 344. sp. 85.

- 356. sp. 125.
. 291. sp. 56.
-362. sp. 147.
. 360. sp. 139.

■ 563. sp. 151.

■ 364. sp. 153.
sp. 154.

■ 375. sp. 26.

■ 366. sp. 5.
• 365. sp. 1.
. 366. sp. 4*
. — sp. 3,

■ 367. sp. 6.

Geomelra glarearia b. Heaths
The yellow Heath

roseidaria b. ■■

The light Heath

carhonaria m. ■
The Mack Heath

inffiquaria b. Open parts in woods

The larger Grass-wave

Cratffgaria b. Hedges and woods
The Brimstone

undulata e. Pathways, woods

The Scollop-shell

vetulata e. Chalky places in woods

TTie hroiun Scollop

biangulata Pathwaj'S, woods

The cloaked Carpet

ruptata ■ '

The Iroken-harred Carpet

decolorata

The sandy Carpet

Chjerophyllata b. Open places in woods
Tlie looping Chimney-sweeper

hexapterata [b. Birch-trees, Kent

Haw

The Seraphim

illustraria
The purple Thorn

trimaculata
The mottled Pug

singiilariata
The grey Pug

rectangulata i
The green Pug

linariata
The heautiful Pug

rusticata
The least Carpet
362 Herminea flamealis
The rosy Flounced

vittalis I

The cream-edge Snout

proboscidalis e.
The Snout

rostralis e.

The buttoned Snout

crassalis
The pinion Snout

achatalis b.

The leauti/ul Snoul

4,3,

Skirts of woods

Hedges

Open parts in woods

Gardens

Open j)arts in woods

Thick woods

Broom-fields, CoombeWood

Hedges, Chelsea

Hedges

5,

5,

Shady groves, Kent

THE entomologist's CALENDAR

407

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

362 Herminia salicalis b.

Biich-trees,»woods

The lesser Belle

derivialis

Skirts of woods, Kent

The clay Fan-foot

tavsicrinalis

Woods

The Favfoct

nemoralis

Open parts in woods

The small Fanfoot

obscuialis

Darent Wood

The dingy Snout

colonalis r.

Gardens

The green Shaded

socia

Darent Wood

The pale Shoulder

363 Platypteryxfalcataria M.Woods

The pelhle Hooktip

365 Tortrix chlorana m.

Willows

The bordered Green

Cliristiernana

Hedges in chalky places

The Chriitierman

oporana m.

Hedges

The great Hook-tipped

Ribeana

Gardens and hedges

The common Oblique

Bar

Acerana

Hedges

The Maple

pruniana

Woods

The lesser Long-cloak

Udmanniana

Pathways, woods

The Udmannian

comitana

Pales

The cream Short-cloak

Mitterbachina
The Mitterbachian

Lecheana e.

Open places in woods

The Lechean

Absiiithiana

Wormwood

The uormwood Tortrix

harpana

Hedges

The hooked Marble

Lundiana

Paths in woods

* The Lundian

fasciana

Hedges

The Straight-barred

Los;iana

Elms

Other
times
of ap

Reference to
description.

The Logian

Forsterana m. Hedges and woods
The Forsterian

Haw. 370. sp. IG.
3G9. sp. 12.
— sp. 14.
370. sp. 15.
367. sp. 7.
374. sp. 21.

151. sp. 13.

152. sp. 1.
397, sp. 4.
399. sp. 13.
427. sp. 105.
423. sp. 89.
425. sp. 99.
.433. sp. 122.

449. sp. 176.
434. sp. 127.

463. sp. 220.
403, sp. 27.
456. sp. 199.
437. sp. 135.
452. sp, 187.
460. sp. 209.

464. sp. 224.
421. sp. 84.

408

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

365 Tortrix Rosana. m. Gardens
The Rose

rugosana b. Hedges

The Rovgh-wing

nubiferana m. ■ ■

The cloudy While

tripunctana ■ ■

The common Long-cloak

aurana Flowers

Other
times
of ap.
Haw,

The double Orange-spot

Oaks

Pastures

Hedges

Woods

atromargana
The black Bordered

cana
The hoary Sealed

Wceberiaiia Pales

7"Ae Wceherian

nubilana
The smoky Grey
368 Botys cineralis

The cinereous Pearl

nivealis e.

The white Brindled
371 Crambus Pratoriim m. Meadows
The dark inlaid Veneer

arborum Grassy hanks

The yellow satin Feneer

hortorum Epping Forest

jThe garden Feneer

cespitis »

Tne straw coloured Veneer

pineti ■

The pearl Feneer

Rosea ■

The barred Feneer

geniculea

The elboioed-striped Feneer

petrificia

The common Feneer

culmorum Meadows

The large brown-edged Veneer

carnea -

The rosy Feneer

Cardui
The thistle Ermine

consorta
The aquatic Feneer

gigantea
The gigantic Feneer

Thibtles

Marshy places

7,

7,
7,
7,

7,

7,
7,
7,
7,

7,

Reference to
description.

. 424. sp. 96.

-431.sp. 114.

sp. 117.

. 432. sp. 120.

-446. sp. 163.

- — sp. 165.
-456. sp. 197.

- 457. sp. 201.
-467.sp. 230.

- 380. sp. 12.

- 385. sp. 29.

- 488. sp. 26.

- 486. sp. 18.
-490, sp. 31.

- — sp. 32.

- 487. sp. 23.
-489. sp. 28.

- — sp. 29.
-485. sp. 13.
-485. sp. 14.
-484. sp. 10.
sp. 9.

- 483. sp. 8.
■ 4S2. sp. 4.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

40&

JUNE.

371 Crambus caiidea Woods

The hooktip Veneer

cultrea Marshy places

Tlie pale hooktip Feneer

aoinacidea

The narrow-winged Veneer
373 Pterophorus pentadactyliis m. Nettles
The large white Plume

fuscodactylus Woods

The hrown wood Plume

bipunctidactylus ■

The grey wood Plume

monodactylus Weedy banks

The hoary Plume

tetradactylus . ■

The white-shajted Plume

leucadactylus

The lemon Plume

lunaedactjlus

Tlie crescent Plume

megadactylus
The chalk-pit Plume

Chalk-pits

trigonodactylus e. Skirtsof woods, chalky-places
The triangle Plume

galactodactylus Lanes and hedges
The spotted-white Plume

punctidactylus
The brindled Plume

calodactylus
The leautiful Plume

rhododactyhis
The rose Plume

tesseradactyhis
The marbled Plume

pallidactylus
The pale Plume

didactvlus

Hedges

Skirts of woods
Roses in gardens

Hedges and woods

■? Norfolk

The spotted rusty Plume

heterodactylus Hedges and woods
The spotted black Plume

tridactyhis -

The dingy white Plume

microdactylus Chalk-pits, Kent
Tlie small Plume
Pttwiaria plumistrea m. Grassy pi. St furze on cotnm.
The Chimney-sweeper' s Boy
^Tinea spissicornis Dry chalky fields

The dotted Knot-horn

7,
7,
'7,
'7,
V,
7,

':,

7,
'7,
7,
7,

'7,
7,
7,
7,
7,

48'2. sp. 1.

- sp. 3.
• — sp. 2.

- 473. sp. 1.

■ 476. sp. 4.

■ — sp. 5.

- — sp. 6.

- 477, sp. 7.

- — sp. 9.

sp. 10.

. 473. sp. 12.

- 478. sp. 13.

- 475. sp. 2.
-479. sp. 16.

- 478. sp, 15.

- — sp. 14.

■ 479. sp. 17.
-473. sp. 11.
-479. sp. 18.

- — sp. 19.

- 477. sp. 8.

- 480, sp, 20.

- 474. sp, 3.

- 492, sp. 2.

410

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEXDAE.

JUNE.

Tinea contubernea Dry chalky fields

The mealy Knot-horn

530 Libellula cancellata

vuigata

scotica
385 Anax Imperator
381 Cordulia a;nea

Croydon Canal

Ponds and ditches

Ponds, Devon and Scotland

Ponds and woods, Hants

PondSjNewForest & Epp.For.

38'2 Cordulegaster anniilatiisPonds and woods, Hants
383 Gomphus vulgatissimus Woods

384 .'Eshna grandis

viatica

Juncaea

anglicana

teriuscula
386 Agrion rufescens

corea

sanguineum

puella

albicans

annulare

zonatus
3S7 Lestes sponsa

388 Caiepteryx Virgo

liidovicia

389 Baetisbiociilata

390 Cleon pallida

SIM Ephemera vuigata

392 Panorpa affinis
* germanica

393 Chrysopa Perla

capitata

fiilvocephala

reticulata

alba

perla

394 Hemerobiiis variegatus

Beckwithii

Pini

nemoralis

decussatus

lutescens

punctatus

affinis

obscurus

irroratus

nervosus

395 Osmylus maculatus

396 Sialis niger

397 Raphidia ophiopsis

Marshy places

Woods, Kent
Marshy places

Banks of rivers

Marshy places

Hedges
Cumberland
Hedges and woods

Woods
Hedge.i

and woods

7,
7,

7,

'7,
7,
7,
7,
7,

"l,

7,
7,
7,

7,
7,

7,
7,

Haw. 493; sp. 4.

Fa.E.S.ii.383.sp.l8.

ii.382.sp.l6.

Donovan.
Page 258.

Fab.E.S,ii.388.sp.l.
Sowerby Brit. Misc.

Page 259.
Fab,E.S.ii.387.sp.2.

"7,

7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,

■ 7,8,

■ • 7,8,

7,8,

■ 7,8,

7,8,

6,8,

7,

. '^'

Running brooks, skirts of woods

Banks of rivers

Hedges near streams

Fab,E.S.ii.70.sp.9.

i ii. 68. sp. 1.

ii. 97. sp. 2.

Page 260.
Fab.E.S. ii.82.sp,5.

Panz. 87. 14.
Fab.E.S.ii.85.sp.l8.

ii. 84. sp. 12.

ii. 85. sp. 19,

Page 260.
Fa.E.S.ii.79.sp.20.
Page 261.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAH.

411

JUNE.

397 Raphidia Londinensis
aftinis

maculicollis
megacephala

402 Clavellaria marginata
Amerind

404 Abia nigricornis

sericea

405 Amasis laeta

406 Hylotoma pilicornis

casrulescens
femoral is
ijstulata
segmentaria
Rosje
Stepheniiii
Berberidis
violacea
pagana
Anglica
enodis
cserulea
Kkigii
407*Cryptus Villcrsii
* pallipes

408 Messa bortulana

409 Athalia annulata

Rosae

centifolia

spinarum

410 Selandria serva

fuliginosa
luteiventris

411 Fenusa pumila

412 Allantus bicinctus

nolha
liajmatopus
neglectns
blandus
albocinctus
punctum
12-punctatus
zonatus
lividus
conspicnus
. rufiventris

lateralis
»ter

Hedges near streams

Windsor

Woods, Coombe
Woods
Bristol

Coombe, (Mr. Stephens)
Woods

Parent Wood (Mr. Stephens)

Woods

-, (Mr. Stephens)

Woods, (Mr. Standish)

Bristol

Coombe Wood, (Mr. J.Kins

Hetlsres and woods

7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7.8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,3,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,3,
7,8,
1.^^

Page 263.

Zool. Misc. iii. 112.

Page 263.

Zool. Misc. iii. 113.

Page 263.

Page 2G4.

King. sp. 13.

^sp. 14.

sp, 8.

sp. 9.

sp. 10,

Zool. Misc. iii. 125.
King. sp. 3.

sp. 6.

sp. 11,

Zool.Misc. iii. 122.
King. sp. 1.

sp. 7.

Zool.Misc. iii. 122.
Page 264.
Zool.Misc. iii. 125.
Page 264.
King. sp. 2.
Zool.Misc. iii. 126.

Klug. sp. 84.

sp. 77.

— — sp. 76.

sp. 94.

— ^ — sp. 85.

sp. 91.

Panz. 64. 9.
Fabr. E. S. ii, 116.
[sp. 46.

— — ii." 118. sp.53.
ii. 117. sp. 49.

412

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

412 AUantus punctomaculatus Hedges and woods

413 Tenthredo Rapae

nassata

414 Dosj'theus Eglanteriffi

Junci .

415 Dolenis opacus ■■

Gonagra ■

416 Emphytus succinctus

cinctus .

ceria
tibialis

417 Croesus septentrionalis Woods, Darent

418 Nematus uiger

luteus
lucidus

419 Cladius difformis

420 Tarpa Panzerii

Klugii

421 Lyda Betulae

nemorum
erythrocephala

422 Lophyrus Pini

rufus

423 Cephus pygmaeus

424 Xiphydria Camelus

droniedarius
426 Urocerus Gigas

psyllius
427*Evania appendigaster
428 Fcenus Jaculator
430 Bracon Desertor
431*Sigalphus Tnorator
4

Hedfres and woods

Coombe Wood
Hedges and woods

Pine woods

Flowers in fields and hedges

Willows

Hedges

Pines

Hedges ?

Hedges and woods
Woods
Hedges
Diplolepis Quercus-foliiOaks

434 Chalcis olavipes

435 Cynips Capreae

436 Cleptes semi-aurata

ail rata
437*Elan3pus Panzeri

438 Clirysis ignita

affinis

effulgens

fulgida

bideutata

cyanea

Stroudera

439 Hedychrum auratum

regiiim
441 Mutilla Europaea

Battersea fields
Willows
Sandy places

Walls, Exeter, (Dr. Leach)
Sandy banks

Sandy places
Sand and sunny banks
Sandy places
442*Myrmosa melanocephala ? Norfolk

7.8,

7,8, King. sp. 96.

7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.ll4.sp.37.

7,8, ii. ]09.sp. 19.

7,8, ii. 120.sp. 62.

7,8, ii. 117. sp.48.

7,8,

7,8, ii. 117. sp.5l.

7,8,

7,8, Panz. 62. 11.

7,8, Page 266,

7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.l20.«p.64

7,8, Panz. 90. 10.

7,8,

7,8, Page 266.

Zool. Misc.iii. 131.

iii. 132.

Khig. sp. 13.

sp. 8.

• sp. 16.

• sp. 3.

Page 267.

Fa.E.S.ii.l28.sp.l6
Page 263.
Fa.E.S.ii.l24.sp.2.

ii. 192. sp. 1.

Page 2(58.

270.

7, Fa.E.S.ii.l52.sp.79
7. Page 270.

' 271.

Fa.E.S.ii.l02-sp.l3.
7, Panz. 31. 2.
7, Fa.E.S.ii.242.sp.l8.

Page 272.
7, Fa.E.S.ii.24l.sp.lO.
7,
7,

7, ii, 240. sp. 8.

7,8, ii.24l.sp.ll.

7,8, ii.243. sp. 20.

7,8, Panz, 107. 12.
7,8, Page 272.
7,8, Fa.E.S.Ji.243.sp.l9
7,8, Page 273.

Fa.E.S,ii.372.sp.27

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

413

JUNE.

443 Tiphia femorata

moric)

444 Sapyga 6-punctata

445 Pompikis I'iahcws?

gibbus f
Justus ?

exallatus ?

hircanus ?
44S Amophila sabulosa
449 Sphex flavipennis
432 Psen ater
454*Larra ichneu-noniformi

455 Lyrops tricolor

456 Dinetus pictns

457 Trypoxylon Figiilus
45S Oxybelus uniglnmis

459 Crabro cribai-ius

460 Stigmiis ater

461 Pemphredon nnicolor

462 Melliniis mystaceus

463 Cerceris quadricinctus

464 Odynenis parietinus
468*Aiidrena affinis

fiilvago
pilipes

haemorrhoidalis
Collinsonana
albicrus
chrysura
470*Sphecodes monilicornis

* picea

* divisa

* Sphecoidcs

473 Ceratina caerulea

474 Clielostoma florisomne
481 Noinada cornigera

* sex-cincta

* SchasfFerella

* connexa

* Fabriciella
flavo-gutta
rufo-cincta
Sheppardana

* ferriiginata
484 Encera longiconiis
487 Botnbus Muscorutn

Francillonana

floralis

Beckwitbella

Flowers and sandy places

Woods

Palings

Sandy places

Sand banks

Sandy places

Posts and sandy places

Bristol

Windsor
Flowers ?
Bristol
Sandy places

Walls

Stumps of trees

Flowers

Sandy banks

Darent Wood

Flowers

Gardens

Round-leaved bell-flower

Flowers on sunny banks ?

Flowers of tbe rag-wort
Flowers in hedges
Sunny and sandy banks
Banks?

Sunny banks ?

Sandy banks
Meadows and fields
Flowers

7, Page 274.
7,8, Page 275.

7, 276.

Fa.E.S. ii.221.sp.4.
7, Page 277.

n, 278.-

7,' 279.

Kirby ii. 92.sp.45.

93. sp. 44.

96. sp. 46.

- 141. sp. 81.

lo3. sp. 93.

■ 136. sp. 96.

172. sp. 110.

7, 47. sp. 10.

7, 48. sp. 11.

7, 49. sp. 12.

7, 46. sp. 9.

7,8, Page 283.

7, 284,

7, Kirbyii. 190.sp.ll.

198. s.p. 17.

199. sp, 18.

sp. 19.

7, 218. sp. 29.

7, 215. sp. 31,

7, 216. sp. 32.

7, 217. sp. 33.

7, 218. sp. 34.

7, Page 2o7.

7, Kirby ii.5l7.sp.74

7, 319. sp. 75.

7, :- 32 1 . sp. 76.

7, . 323. sp. 78,

414

TH6 EKTOMOtOCrSl's GALENDAR.

JUNE.

487 Bombiis Curtisella Flowers

Fosterella

agronim

Rossiella .

Leeana

Francisana _— —

Jonella

hortonim

Scrimshirana

Barbutella

Tunstallana

vestal is

Sorensis

Donovaiiella

Burrellana

Cullumana

DerViamella

lapidaria

Raiella •

rupestris

subterranea

Hanisella

499 Stratiomys Chamafileon Marshes

500 Odontomyia furcata ■

hydroleon ■

vulpina

501 Clitellarium EphippiumSkirts of woods

Flowers in gardens
Flowers

Com fields
Flowers

Flowers in gardens
Flowers

505 Sar;?us cupreus

506 Tabanus bovinus

Paganvs

507 Hsfimatopota pluvial is

508 Chrysops caeciitiens

509 Rhagio scolopaceus

510 Atherix maculata

Flowers in meadows

Meadows

Kew Forest, Hants

Hedges

Hedges and commons

Trunks of trees

Darent Wd. (Mr. Stephens)

51 ) Dolychopus nobilitatus Moist places in woods

512 Thereva plebeia

514 Asilus crabroniformis

515 Dasypogon punctatus

516 Dioctria celandica
5 IS Empis pennipes

borealis
519 Anthrax Hottentotta

Abbadon
522 Ogcode^ ?ibbosus

Woods and commons
Commons and heaths
Sand y commons
Skirts of woods
Hedges

Borders of woods, Devon
Devon
Coombe

524*Sericomya Lajiponum Marshes, Dartmoor
525 Volucella pellucens Woods

myst^ceus

l)t)nihylans

ina'nis Skirts of woods

7, Kirbvii.324.sp.79.

7, ." 325. sp. SO.

3'2G. sp. 81.

321. sp. 85.

- 335. sp. 86.

• 334. sp. 87.

7, 338. sp. 90.

7, 339. sp. 91.

7, 342. sp. 92.

7, 343. sp. 93.

7, — sp. 94.

7, ■ 347. sp. 95.

7, 355. sp. 98.

7, 357. sp. 100.

n, 358. sp. 101-

7, 359. sp. 102.

7, 363. sp. 105.

7, sp. 106.

7, 367. sp. 107.

■ 7, 369. sp. 108.

7, 371. sp. 109.

7, 373. sp. 110.

7, Page 292.

7, [sp.l7.

Fabr. E. S. iv. 267.

Panz. 58. 4.

Fa.E.S.iv.264.sp.6.

Page 292.

Stewart ii. 267.

Page 293.

— 294.

295. [sp.33.

7, Fab. E.S. iv. 388,

iv. 404. sp. 5.

iv.403. sp. 1.

Page 295. [sp. 23.

Fab. E. S. iv. 262.

iv.311.sp.l21

Page 296.

7, - [sp. 5.

7, Fab. E. S. iv. 279.
7, — — iv. 279. sp. 4.
7, — iv.278. sp. 1,

Tirr, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

41S

JUNE.

52e,

527
5'23
529
530
532

533
534
536
540

542
543
545
547
54S
549
551

555
5Ji7
559

Eristalis Narcissi Flowers in marshes

Helophilus pendulus Hedges

Syrphus Pyrastri Hedges and flowers

Doros conopseus Fields, Colney Hatch

Chrysotoxum arcuatum Hedges

Aphritis auro-pubescensNew Forest, (Messrs. Bentley

and Chant)
Milesia annulata Borders of woods

Conops aculeata Hedges

Myopa picta
Tephritis piilchella

Cardui

vibrans

onopordinis

grossificationis
Sepedon palustris

Flowers in hedges

Thistles

Flowers

Gardens
Marshes

Loxocera Ichnenmonea Flowers in marshes

Anthomyia pluvialis Woods

Scenopiniis niger
Ochthera Mantis
Phasia variabilis
Ocypteryx lateralis

Biassicaria

puparum

larvarum
CEstrus ovis
Hippobosca equina
Craterina Hirundinis

Houses near woods
Devonshire, (Dr. Leach)

, (Dr. Leach)

Woods and pales
Trunks of trees
Hedges

Sheep in pastures

Horses, New Forest, Hants

Swallows

Page 297. [sp. ]7.
7, Fabr. E.S. iv. 282.

iv.3()5.sp.l02

6, iv.297.sp.69.

Pa?e 297.

29S.

7, Panz. 54. 22.
F.E.S.iv.352.sp.l67
Page 299. fl5S.
Fa.E.S. iv. 350. sp.

— — iv.360.sp.l9S-

iv.35l.sp. lf)2.

Panz. 60. 23.

73.24.

Page 300.

30 1 . [sp. 63.

Fabr. E.S. iv.327.

iv.326.sp.5S,

iv. — sp. 59.
7, Clark 59.

Page 302.
7, 303.

10*Clubiona Nutrix

19 Thomisus oblongus

20 Lycosa saccata

16 Panagjeus crux-major
22 Trechus humeralis
24 Aepus tlavescens
' €0 Colymbetes fontinalis
68*Melasis flabellicornis
73 Scirtes hemisphaerica
166*Trichius fasciatus
181 Serropalpus ■ ?

196 Salpingus 4-pustulatus
205 Apion Viciae
Ervi
Lathy ri
Ononis
subulatum

JULY.

Hedges
Gardens

Sand-pits, Bexley
Meadows, Battersea
Und. stones S. coast of Devon
Ponds, Devon (Dr. Leach)
Woods, Norwich, Windsor
Aquatic plants
Umbelliferous plants
Rotten oaks. New. F. Hants
Palings, Camberwell Grove
Tufted Vetch
Yellow Lathyrus

e, Page 124.

8, 128.

129.

147.

3,

149.

8,9,

- 160.

- 163,

191.

195.

8, Marsb.297.sp.n!.
Kirby T.L.S. ix.

Restharrow
Yellow Lathyrus

416

TbE entomologtst's calendar.

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

203 Apion Craccae Tufted Vetch

207 Lixus paiaplecticus Water Hemlock

208 Rhynchasnus Lathburii Sandy places, Hants
2I5 Cossonus hypolencus Herts
2'24 Mycetophagus multipunctatus Dry Boleti

229 Prionus coriarius

230 Lamia sutor

231 Saperda lineato-collis
236 Leptura 4-fasciata

apicalis

240 Crioceris pnncticollis

melanopa

241 Cassida Spergulae
246 Chrysomela varians

fulgida
263 Conocephalus varius

griscus
266 Acrydium sabulatum

bipunctatum
274 Lygaens apterus
311 Papilio Machaon I.

The Swallow-tail.
314 Pontia Napi

Lanes near woods &old trees
Trunks of trees

Umbelliferous plants

Sand-pits, Bexley
Skirts of woods
Corn-spurrey, sandy fields
St. John's-wort,Coombe Wood
Whittlesea Mere
Hedges and woods

Sandy places
Grassy banks, Battersea
Woods and hedges
Umbelliferous plants

8, KirbyT.L.S. ix.
8, Marsh. 272,sp.l06.

274. sp. 109.

8, 139. sp. 3.

Page '208.
8, Marsh. 329. sp. 7.

Page 209.
8, Marsh. 354. sp. 31.
8, Haworth's MSS.
8,9,
8,9, Marsh. 215. sp. 5.

8, 144. sp. 3.

173. sp. 10.

Fa.S.E.i.432,sp.59.

8,9, ii.42. sp. 35.

8, ii. 41. sp.31.

8, Page 219.

8, Fa. S.E.ii.26.sp.2, '
8,9, 222.

9, 235.

Gardens and woods
The green-veined WhiU'

Daplidi(!e e. Dover (Mr. Stephens)

The green- chequered IVhite

315 Melitjea Silene b. Woods and waste ground

The small Pearl-bordered Frilillary.

316 Argynnis Lathonia b. Open parts in woods, &c.

The Queen of Spain Frilillary,

Aglaia b. ■

The dark-green Frilillary.

Adippe B.

5,

236.

237.

The high-brown Frilillary.

Paphia b. Borders of woods

The silver-washed Frilillary.
317 Vanessa Atalanta I.b. Nettles
The -erf Admiral.

Cardui /. M, Spear thistle

The painted Lady.

Cardui e. Meadows

The painted Lady.

Antiopa I. n. Birch and sallow
The IVhite-bordered.

lo I. B. Nettles

The Peacock,

lo M. Lanes, woods, &c.

The Peacock,

polychloros m. Near elms
The large Torloiseshell.

Haw. 28-

21.

Page 238.
Haw. 27.

i 18.

Page 238.

TUE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

417

JULY.

No.

of

Oen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

3i7 Vaiies>a C. album b.
Th^ white C.

318 Apafcua his m.

The purple Emperor

319 Limenitis Camilla b.

Th'' ivh'te Admiral

320 Hipviarjhia Galatea b.

The -marbled IVhite
Pilosellm M.

Tlie large Heath
Megsra b.

The TFaU
Semele m.

The Grayling

321 Thecla Pruiii /. b.

Skirts of woods

Oaks, Coombe ; woods, Kent

A^'oods

Moist woods

Grassy commons

Moist places and lanes

Heaths, commons, &c.

Plum-trees

The black Hair-sheik

Primi F.. Borders of woods

The black Hair streak

Querciis m. Oak-woods

The purple Hair-streak

Rubi I. B. Bramble

The green Hair-streak

322 Lycajna dispar e. Feus near Cambridge

The la^ge C pper

Arion
The targe Blue

Corydon b.

The chalk-hill Blue

Dorylas /. e.

The common BiUe

Argus M.

The studded Blue

Idas M.

lie black spot Brown

Artaxerxes
The tchite-spot Brown

Alsus B.

The Bedford Blue

Cymon e.

The mazarine Blue
S23 Hesperia Sylvanus e. Skirts of woods
The wood Skipper

Linea m. •^—^—

The small Skipper

323 Egeria Crabroniformis m. Willows

The lunar Hornet

Culiciformis b. Gardens
Tiie red- belted Clearuv-g

2d

Chalky places

, Darn, Dover

Grassy banks
Grassy commons
Clover-fields
Meadows, Scotland
Clover-fields
Chalky places

i». Page 238.

239.

240.

241.

Haw. 38.
Page 241.

Haw. 39.

Page 241.

Haw. 43. sp. 55.
8, Page 241.
4, Haw. 45.

Page 242.

245.

Haw. Tl.?p.26.

418

XHE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JULY.

Mo.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference tt)
description.

328 Egeria Formiciformis b. Gardens

The fiame-tipped Red-belt
333 Zeuzera ^sculi b. Trunks of trees

The wood Leopard

336 Laria fascelina m. Woods

The dark Tussock

337 Gastropacha quercifolia b. Skirts of woods

The lappet Moth

Pini Pine-trees, Norfolk

The Pine Lappet

338 Odenesis potatoria e. Grassy banks

The Drinker

339 Lasiocampa Quercus e. Skirts of woods

The large Eggar
343 Notodonta tritopha b. Trunks of trees
The great Prominent

Ziczac B. -

The pehble Prominent

cuculla E. Oaks

The Maple Prominent

Palings

Willows, sallows

Hedges

Oaks

345 Cerura Furcula

The Kitten

346 Arctia Caja e.

The Garden Tyger

Salicis
The Satin

chrysorrhcea e,
The yellow Tail

347 Callimorpha Rosea m

The red Arches

348 Lithosia rubricollis m. ■ ■

The Mack Footman

eborina m. Open places in woods

The four-spot small Footman

irrorea Grassy commons

The dew Moth
Bomhyx Coryli m. Skirts of woods
The nut-tree Tussock

gonostigmata b. Woods
The scarce Fapourer
*Nudaria rotunda Hedges ? Battersea

The round-winged Muslin
Apoda Testudo m. Woods, Kent
The Festoon
354 Noctua Myrtilli e. Heaths near Erith
The leautijul yellow Underwing

umbratica m. Shady pales and rails
The large Pale Shark

Haw. 71. sp. 27.
Page 246.
247.

Haw. 80. sp. 4.
Page 247.

Haw. 99. sp. 26.

sp. 22.

Page 248.

Haw. 149. sp. 9.

147. sp. 6.

148. sp. 8.

4, 102.sp.32.

8, 132. sp. S3.

156. sp. 2.

137. sp. 1.

•162.
• 164.

6,

THE ENTOMOLOCIST's CALENDAR. 419

JULY.

354 iVoctua ChaQiomillx m. Shady pales and rails Haw. 165.

The Chamomile Shark

Tanaeeti • —a

The Tansy Shark

Lactuoae . ■ 166,

The Lettuce Shark

Lucifuga ■ — —

The large dark Shark

Verbasci /. The Mullein 167.

The Mullein

Asteris Gardens ■ 168.

The Slariuorl

Absinthii b. Places where wormwood grows —

The IVormivood

exoleta I. The yellow Iris, marshes —

The large Sword-grass

lithoxylea b. Shady pales and rails 169.

The light Arches

hepatica m. Skirts of woods —

The clouded-bordered Brindle

epomidion b, ■ ^— 170.

The clouded Brindle

Scolopacina e. Yorksh. (Mr. J. Chant)

The slender-clouded Brindle

semi-brunnea b. Shady pales
The tawny Pinion

fuliginosa e. 174,

The smoky JVainscot

punctina ■ ■ —

The dotled-bordered Wainscot

rufeseens e. Garden pales —— 175.

The red IVainscot

pallens m. — ^— ■ —

The common IVainscot

atomina I. e. Carex ■ —

The poiudered Wainscot

Ranunculina e. Gardens and pales 183.

The small Ranunculus

oculata Trunks of trees 186,

The great Brocade

argentina b. , Coombe, Darn ^— —

The silvery Arches

advena b. Gardens ■ 187.

The pale shining Brown

Dens-canis Trunks of trees, Kent 190.

The Dog's-tooth

BrassicaB Pales ,6,8, •^— 191,

The Callage Moth

2d 2

420

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CAtENDAR.

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

354 ^octMfl popiilaris Woods

The feathered Gothic

marginosa m. Norfolk
The bordered Gothic

Cucubaii Woods

The Campion

Upsilon Trunks of willows

The Dismal

fusca Coombe

Tlie hatred-feathered Rustic

phaea Skirts of woods

The feathered Rustic

xanthographa .-^_—

The dotted Rustic

redacta Gardens

The lesser-dotted Rustic

Haw. 195.

. ]96.

197. sp. 105.
■ 204.
■205.
• 206.

Hedges

egens
The garden Rustic

Sepii
The mottled Rustic

obsoletissima
The brown Rustic

lasvis
The grey Rustic

sordid*
TIfe sordid Rustic

blanda
The powdered Rustic

lunina
The Crescent

biloba M.

The Douhle-lobed

literosa e.

The rosy Minor

praeduiicula
The marbled Minor

strigilis
The minor Beauty

lalruncula

The tawny-marhled Minor

humeralis — —

The cloaked Minor

terminalis ■— —

The flounced Minor

fasciuncula

Skirts of woods
Gardens

Gardens, Norfolk

Woods

Hedges

207.

• 208.
209.

Qi:

214.

215.

The middle-barred Minor

monilea e. Weedy banks

The necklace Dart

21!

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

421

JULY.

of Name.
Gen.

'35i*Nucttta picej

The pitchy Dart

augur B.

The duuhle Dart

fnmosa
The dark Rustic

nii;ricai)s B.

The garden Dart

riuis
Th' Tvfoui Dart

obeliscata
The square-spot Dart
* sordida

Where found.

Otlier
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Weedy banks, Surrey

Gardens

Woods

Haw. 220.

221.

Woods, Kent
The striped-square Spot

valligera b. Gardens

The u-edge-barr'd Dart

albilinea b. ■

The white-line Dart.

lineolata ?

The lineulated Dart

pupillata E.

The pupilled Dart

sag:ittifera
The Archer's Dart

graminis
The Anller

Ericae e.

The Lover's Knot

festiva b.

The mgrailed Clay

subrufa b.

The rufous Clay

erytbrocephala
The barred Chesnut

cypriaca
The rosy Rustic

punicea
The small Square-spot

grisea b.

The bright-eyed Clay

marginago
The bordered Sallow

citrina
The dusky Sallow

angulago e. Paths in woods

The angle-striped Sallnw

eonigera e. Skirts of woods

The browri'line Bright- eye

Grassy places ?
Grassy commons
Grassy banks
Heaths, Kent
Skirts of woods

Weedy banks and houses

Weedy banks

Skirts of woods

Woods

Heaths

222.

223.

224.

226.

227,

•228.
■229.
•235.

237.

239.

422

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.
JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
tinnes
of ap.

Reference to
description.

354 Noctua bails m.

The peach Blossom

triplacea
The dark Spectacle

Asclepiades e.
The light Spectacle

affinis E.

Skirts of woods
Gardens
Weedy banks

Skirts of woods

6,

Woods
Trunks of trees

Trunks of willows

The lesser-spotted Pinion

Delphinii Gardens, Windsor

The pease Blossom

turca
The double Line

subtusa
The Olive

gracilis m.

The Slender-bodied

rctusa E.

The double Kidney

Festucje I. et p. e. Meadow reed-grass, ditches
The gold Spot

straminea e. Clover fields

The bordered Slraiv

Dipsacea e. ' 8

The marbled Clever

Fraxini Trunks of trees

The Nonpareil

sponsa E. Oaks

The dark crimson Underwing

promissa Tr. of trees, Richmond Park

The light crimson Underwing

conjuga Trunks of trees

The lesser crimson Underwing
Ceometra margaritaria m. Bushy places f

The light Emerald

Papilionaria e. Woods
The large Emerald

rhomboidaria m. Open places in woods
The willow Beauty

varieta Skirts of woods, (Mr. Hatchett)

The grey Carpet

rubiadata b. Woods

The Flame

sinuata i

TAe rcyal Mantle

fulvata
The barred Yellow

Populata I

The barred Straw

Haw. 245.
245.

246.

247.

248.

250.

251.

, near Dartford

Thickets and bushes
Weedy banks

-254. sp. 1.

- 263. sp. 25.
. — sp. 26.

- 267. sp. 1.

- 268. sp. 3.

- — sp. 4.
-269.sp. 5.
-299. sp. 77.

- 298. sp. 75.
-276. sp. 12.

- 327. sp. 33.

- 325. sp. 28,

- 326. sp. 29.

- 328. sp. 35.

- 34l.sp, 77.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

4SS

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other

times
of ap

Reference to
description.

Geometra comitata e. Weedy banks
The dark Spinach

aversata m. Shady groves

The ribband JFave

strigilata b. Skirtsof woods, chalky places

The sub angled IVave

siibroseata e. Grassy pi. near the sea, Norf.
The rosy IVave

immiitata "Marshy places, Norfolk

The lesser Crfam-wave

subsericeatu Open places in woods

The satiny JFaje

emarc;inata e. Open parts, Coombe Wood
The scolLped Double-Line

consignata Woods

The Pinion spotted Pug

succenluriata Coombe Wood

The bordered Lime-speck

destrigaria e. Pathways, woods
The light-mottled Beauty

apiciaria e. Bushes and thickets

The bordered Beauty

costastrigata T. of trees, Westerham, Kent

The twin-striped Pinion

fusco-undata Skirts of woods

The yellow-striped High/iyer

sylvaticata e. Hedges, chalky places
The wood Carpet

marginata Bv.shes and thickets

Tlie clouded Border

inornata e. Open places in woods

The plain IVdve

virguJata Hedges

The small Dusly Wave

clathrata m. Clover-fields, Kent

Ihe latticed Ilealh

V. ata E. Gardens

The V. Pug

limbaria Broom-fields

The frosted Yellow

ditaria b. Open parts in woods

The blotched Emerald "

quadrifasciaria e. Hedges, Hertford
The large Twin-spot

didymaria e. Scotland and Yorkshire

The twin-spot Carpet

amataria Skirts of woods

1 he large Blood-vein

y

Haw. 34'2. sp. 78.

9, 349. sp. 101.

350. sp. 107.

351. sp. 108.

352. sp. 112.

sp.113.

347. sp. 96.

357. sp. 128.

358.sp. 130.

276. sp. 11.

295. sp. 68.

— — 319. sp. 10.
321. sp. 16.

332,sp. 49.

5, 537. sp. 66.

349. sp. 103.

— - 354. sp. 120.

5, 348. sp. 98.

364. sp. 152.

286. sp. 40.

299. sp. 79.

307. sp. 100.

306. sp. 99.

296.sp.71.

424

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.
JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
limes
of ap.

Referenoe to
description.

, 29S. sp. 76.

■ 288. sp. 43.

■ 303. sp. 89.

- 280. sp. 25.

• 299. sp. 78.
■293. sp. 60.

- — sp. 59.

■ 297. sp. 72.

' 355. sp. 122.

■ 334. sp. 55.

■ 277. sp. 15.

• — sp. 16,
2S2.sp. 32.
297. sp. 73.

■316. sp. I.
317. sp. 4.

■ 352. sp. 48.
356. sp. 63.

•321. sp. 15.
. 323. sp. 22.

• 324. sp. 23.
368. sp. 10.

•368. sp. S.
371. sp. 17.

Geometra vol ntaria e.
The small Emerald

citraria
The yllmu Belle

bipunctaria m.
The Chalk Carpet

Lichenaria e.
The Brussels Lace

prasinaria b.

The grass Emerald

Syriugaria b.
The lilac Beauty

Jiiliaria
The July Thorn

imitaiia e.

The small Blocd-vein

pahidata
The lace Border

propiignata m.
The flame Carpet

Crepuscularia
The small Ingrailed

extersaria b.

The brindled White-spot

V. nigraria
The soo!7/ V

samhiicaria b.
The Swallow-tail

Grossulariata e.
The commfjTi Magpie

pantaria
The Panther

unangulata

Chalky places

Clover-fields

Chalky places

Open parts in woods and pales

Grassy places

Paths in woods

Busby places

Chalky places

Thick ivoods

Skirts of woods

Woods
9t
Pales ?

Hedges

Hedges and gardens

Devonshire

Haw

Thickets and bushes
The sharp-angled Carpet

procellata e. Hedges in chalky places

The chalk Carpet

elatata Skirts of woods

The July High/Iyer

immanata b. Open paths in woods, Kent

The dark-rnarhlei Carpet

marmnrata Hedges, Westerham, Kent

The rr.arhied Carpet

Hedges

362 Herminia albistrigalis
The white-line Snout

angustalis m.

The small Snout

pinguinalis e.
The large Tabby

1,

Coombe Wood
Houses

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.
JULY.

425

Xo.

of

Oen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap

Kefereuce to
ilcscription.

362 Hermtnia barbalis b.
The common Fanfoot

* Bombycahs
The long-tailed Snout

•303 Platypteryx hamula m.
The oak Hooktip

Co5 Tx.rlrit viridana
The Pea-green

D^^generana
7 he large Marbled

cerusana f..

The while Treble-spot

plumbeolana
The clouded Straw

Xylosteana
The forked Red-bar

Avellana b.

The hazelTiirtrix

Carpiniana
The dark oblique Bar

Pomona
The Caiing

Fagana
The small green Silver

Smeathmanniana t.
The S mealhmanit.an

borana i

The crested Buff

subocellana
The reluse Marble

anjrustana i
The barred Marble

* nana
The barred Dwarf

nebiilana ■

The clouded Iron

J68 Bntrji stratiota]is b. Ponds
The ringed China-mark

Pathways in woods
Skirts of woods ?

Oak woods

Oaks

Pathways in woods

Elm-trees

Open places in woods

Oaks

Hedges and pathways, woods

Hedges

Apple-trees and garden pales

Paths in woods

-lines

Burdock, Battersea-iields

Hedges

Broom-fields
? Kent

hybrid a lis
The rush Feneer

cucullatalis b.
The Short-cluaked

Lemnata
'Small China-mark

litoralis —

The lettered ChinarrMrk

Coombe Woods
Hedges
Moist places

6, Haw. 368. sp. 11.
sp. 9.

- 153. sp. 2.

- 596. sp. 3.

- 406. sp. 38.
-416. sp. 72.
-420. sp. 81.
-428.sp. 107.
-421. sp. 85.

- 422. sp. 83.

- 457. sp. 200.

- 395. sp. 2.
-400. sp. 17.

- 415. sp. 6S.
-437. sp. 156,
-438. sp. 140.
-439. sp. 142,

- 461. sp. 215.

- 3S3. sp. 24.

- 386. sp.32.

- 387, sp. 55.
■ 384. sp. 23.

- — sp. 26.

426

THE EKT0M0L0GI5TS CALENDAR.

JULY.

Ko. I

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times I
of ap

Reference to
description.

Haw. 383. sp. 23.

— 333. sp. 22.

— 382. sp. 21,

— — sp. 20.

— 376. sp. I.

— 371. sp. 2.

— 378. sp. 5.

— 379. sp. 8.
— • — sp. 9,

— 380. sp. 13.

— 378.sp, 4.

— 379. sp. 7.

— 381. sp. 16.

— — sp, 17.

— 380. sp. 14.
sp. 11.

— 377. sp. 3.

— 378. sp. 6.
— 3Sl.sp. 15.

— — sp. 18.

— 382. sp. 19.

— 386. sp. 31.

— 3S8. sp, 36.

— 389, sp. 33.

3G8 Botys Sambucata Moist places

The garden China-mark

nymphaeata

The beautiful China-mar k

Potamogata .

The large China-mark

Urticata Hedges i

The small Magpie

verticalis — ^^

The MAher-of-pearl

hyalinalis — — —

The scarce Pearl

limbalis

The lesser Pearl

angustalis

The narrow -winded Pearl

terminalis

The bordered Pearl

glabralis

Tlie divgy Pearl

palealis
The Sulphur

tongalis
The long-winged Pearl

verbascalis
The straw China-mark

ochrealis -

-, Norfolk

— , Charlton

The small straw China-mark

arcualis

The rusty China-mark

luteal is

The pale Straw

forficalis Gardens

The garden Pebble

elutalis Hedges

The chequered Straw

tlavalis

The gold China-mark

sericealis £. ■

The straiu Dot

ferrugalis ■

27(6 rusty Dot

nebulalis ■

The dusky Brindled

atralis

The Hliite-spotted

pnnicealis — —

Tht Purple and Gold

5,
5,

TlfE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

4i7

JULY.

Where found.

Reference to
description.

3C8 Bolys ostrinalis Hedges

The scarce Purple and Gold

Porphyrialis -■

The Porphyry

cespitalis Chalky places

The Slraw-la.rred

sordidalis .

The dingy Straw-barred

anaruinalis

The rcavy-harred Salle

cinguhilis
The ii'ver-harred Salle

Devon

369 Pyralis capreolalis Stables, &.C,

The small Tally

pinguinalis

The Tabby

glaucinalis Gardens

The Djuble-striped

farinalis Houses

The meal Moth

cos! alls Hedges

The gold Fringe
Tineo bistriga Skirts of woods

The doulle-slriped red Knot-horn
380 Libellula Donovani

399 Atropos lignaria

400 Cimbex Europaea

variaiis

10-macuIata

maculata

a»ni)lata

GrifRnii

* hameralis

401 Trichiosoma sylvaticumWoods

Scalesii Coombe Wood

* unidentatum
419 Cladius difPjrmis
425 Oryssus coionatns

432 Diploiepis ?

46(3 Colletes fodiens
468 Andrena tihialis

Mouftetella
Listerella
fulvicrus
471 HylaEus annulatus
annularis
dilatatus
sisrnatus

Ponds, N'ew Forest, Hants

Houses

Darent Wood and Windsor

Coombe and Darent Wood

Windsor

Darent Wood

Windsor

Norwich

Salisbury

Darent Wood
Copenhagen Fields
Darent Wood, (Dr. Leach)
Pales, Camberwell Grove
Flov\ers of the ragwort
Tansv

Thistles, &c.
Ragwort, &c.
Dyers weed, &c.

N. S.
8,9, Page 261.

262.

ZooLMit-ciii. 105.

106.

107.

Page 20.5.
ZooI.Misc. iii. 111.

Page 266.

268.

N. S. ?

Kirby ii. 34. sp. 2.

107. sp. 52.

108. sp. 53.

8, 137. sp. 76.

8, 138. sp. 77.

36. sp, 3.

38. sp. 4.

— 39. sp. 3.

— 41. sp, 6.

428

THE rKTOMOLOGISX 5 CALEKDAR.

JULY.

475 HeriadesCainpanularum Bell-flowers
477 Anthidium manicatmn Gardens
478*Osmia leucomelana Trunks of trees ?

cserulescens Chalky and sandy places

* 'J'unensis Clayey banks

bicolor Gardens

479 MegachileWillughbiellaTrunks of willows

* inaritima
480 Caslioxys conica
481*Nomada Lalbbiiriana

* flava

* rufiventris

* rufo-picta

* Hillana

* schrostoma

* ruficornis

* Xanthosticta
qiiadrinotata

482 Epeolus variegatus
486 Snropoda rotnndata
487*Bombus flavicollis

virginalis

tcrrestris
Stylops tenuicornis
5(i-i Vappoater
506 Tabanus tropicus

Near the sea shore, Suffolk
Flowers
Sunny banks ?
>

Flowers and banks

Coombe Wood

Sandy places, Kent i

FlowerSjSandy pi. Coombe Wood
Thistles? Sheffield, (Mr.Salt) i
Various flowers i

Spiders webs, (Mr. Sowerby')
Hedges, Darentand Greenhilhe
Palings, meadows
507 Haematopota pluvialis, var. Palings, New Forest
.515 Dasypogon punctatus Sandy commons
517 Gonypes tipuloides Woods

520*riombylins minor ? Devonshire

525 Zodion conopsoides Umbelliferous plants

551 Ocypteryx Mortuorum Skirls of woods

552 Gymnosoma rotundatumUmbelliferous plants

553 Echinomyia grossa Coombe Wood

556 Gasterophilns veterinus Horses, on commons B

558 Ornithomyiaviridis Crows, &c. 8

, Kirbvii.256.sp.50.

Page 284.

Kirbyi:.2G0.sp.5?.

264. sp, 55.

269. sp. 56.

277. sp. 58.

233. sp. 41.

24-2. sp. 43.

Page 285.
, Kirby ii. 183. sp. 6.

, 186. sp. 8.

, 187. sp. 9.

2t)7. sp. 24.

208. sp. 25.

209. sp. 26.

210. sp. 27.

213. sp. 28.

215. sp. 50.

Page 286.

Kirby ii.291.sp.66.

Sow.B.M. i. pi 19.

Kirby ii. 349. sp.96.

350. sp. 97.

L. T. xi. 233.

Page 292.

Stewart ii. 267,

Page 295.
Stewart ii. 294.

ii. 274.

Page 298.

Lin. S. N. ii. 989.

Page 301.

Clark 33.

Leach Wern.Tran.

AUGUST.

8 Geophilus carpophagus Garden fruit

4 Plialangium Opilio
12 Agelena labyrinthica
18 Epeira Diadema

2 Ocypete rubra
20 Pembidium flavipes
25 Zabrus gibbus

Walls and rocks

Fields

Gardens

Insects

Roots of grass, sandy places 4,6, Marsh. 394. sp. 9.

Corn-fields 9, Page 149*

9,

Page 117.

9,

120.

9,

125.

9,

127.

131.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

429

AUGUST.

49 Lebia crux-minor Trees, Coombe(Mr.J.Standish) 9, Page 155.

60 Cilymbetes agilis Ponds? Norfolk

69*Ceratophytiim LatreilliiNew Forest, Hants, (Mr. Millard) Page 161.

9G Cryptophagus cellaris Under bark

Populi

Typhaj -

denticulatus ^—

serratus ■

hirtus

113 Tachinus subterraneus Fungi

trimaculatiis

114 Aleochara lanuginosa

fiiscipes

rivularis

189 Rhipiphorus paradoxus Hornets nests

humeralis ? Wasps nests

207 Lixus productus Drills in marshes

224 Mycetophagus atomarius Boleti

similis

rufus

225 Latridius transversus Hedges

ruficollis Sandy places

rugicollis

impressus

226 Silvanus frumentarius Damp cellars

241 Cassida maculata

nebulosa
25l*Triplax russica

rufipes
252 Phalacrus bicolor

corticalis

millefolii

caricis

seneus

coruscus

consimilis

geminus
254 Coccinella mntabills
258 Forficula borealis
264 Locusta flavipes

311 Papilio Machaon b.

The Swallow-lail

312 Gonepteryx Rhamni

T^ke Brimstone
513 (Delias Hyale m,

The clouded Yellow
Edusa M.

9,10, Gyll. i. 168, sp. 4.

9,10, 165. sp. 1.

9,10, sp. 12,

9,10, Marsh, lll.sp.18.

9,10, 109. sp. 9,

9,10, Gyll.i. 184.sp.23-

9,10, ii.252.sp.2.

9,10, 275.sp, 21.

9,10, 432. sp.54.

9, 428. sp. 50.

,10, 332. sp. 5.

Page 197.

JIarsb. MSS,
Marsh. 141. sp, 7.
— — 140. sp. 4.

139. sp. 2.

3to5, 109. sp, 10.

4, lll.sp. 17.

4, llS.sp, 25.

4, 110. sp. 11.

10,11, Page 208.

Marsh. 147. sp. 9.

145. sp. 6.

Page 214.

Gyll. i.207.sp. 4.
9, lll.K.P.i.80.sp.l3.

9, 79. sp. 11.

9,

• 9,

■ 9,

9, 79. sp. 10.

■ . 9, Marsh. 75. sp. 46.

• 9,

Hedges 9, Ill.K.P.i.426.sp.l5.

Scotland

Marshes,Hackney&Bcrmonds.9, Don. Brit. Ins.

Meadows 5, Page 235.

Elecampane, sides of ditche^

Plaistou'
Elecampane, Plaistow marsh
Dpad trees and fungi
Dead trees
Flowers

Woods
Meadows

6,7,
6.

236.

The pale clouded Yellow

430

THE entomologist's calendak.
AUGUST.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

314

317

Pontia Brassica m. Gardens
The large White

Rapae m. Gardens

The green-veined IVhite

5, Page 236.

Woods

Lanes in woods and open pi.

Woods

320

321

322

^23

S24

325

Sinapis
The wood f-Vhite
Vanessa Atalanta b.
The red Admiral

Antiopa b.

The white Bordered

Urticfe I. m. Nettles
The small Turtoiseshell

C. album I. m. Nettle, hop,willow & currant
The white C
HipparchiaPamphilus Z. b. Crested dog's-tail grass
The small Heath

Megaera Z. b. (Jrassy banks
The Wall

Megaira b,

The Wall

^geria b

The speckled Wood

Tbecla "Betulae n

The brown Hair-streak
Lycaena ('hryseis Marshy places

The purpk- edged Copper

Virgaureae e. — —
The middle Copper

Adonis b.

The Clifden Blue

Phlaeas b.

The common Copper

Argiohis e.

The Azure Blue

Dory las e.

The common Blue
Hesperia Comma e.

The pearl Skipper
Smeriiithusocellatus Z. E.f Sallow, apple-trees
The eyed Hawkmoth

Tilias . /. M. Lime and elm-trees

The lime Hawkmoth

Populi Z. E. Trunks of poplars

The poplar Hawk
Sphinx Elpenor I. m. f Ladies bed-straw, marshes
The elephint Hawkmoth

Ccleria b. Gardens, &.Wisb.(Dr.Skrimshire)

The sharp winged Hawk

Moist places and lanes
Borders of woods and fields
Birch woods

Chalky places

Grassy commons

Meadows

Heaths and commons

Chalky places ntar Lewes

5,

—

5,

237

233.

Haw. 26.

6,

Page 238.

5,

Haw. 17.

5,

Haw. 22.

^

Page 240

>6,

241.

5,

4,6,

5,

5,

242.

Haw. 64.

Page 242

Haw. 62.

ire)

61.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.
AUGUST.

431

No.
of

Gen

325
326
331
334
335

339

342
343

345
346

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Sphinx Ligiish i I. Privet hedges

The privet Hank
MacrogiossaSlellatarum e. Bedstraw

The Humming -bird
Hepiakis lupulinus Banks of gross weeds

The orange Swift
Saturnia Pavonia-minor b. Osier beds

The Emperor
Liparis Monaclia e. Trunks of oaks

The black Arches

dispar b. Willows

The Gipsy
Lasiocampa Neustria m. Gardens

The barred-tree Lackey
castrensa b.

347
348

The ground Lackey
Stauropus Fagi L

The L'.biler Moth
Notodonta Ziczac I. b.
The pebble Prominent

camelina b. Oaks in woods

The coxcorrib Prominent

trepida b. Poplars

The swalLtv Prominent
Cerura Vinala /

The Pass
Arctia papyritia I.
The icaler Ermine
lubricipeda I
Tne buff Ermine

phagorrhiea b
The brown Tail

V nigra m

The black V
Callimorpha Jacobeaj l. Ragwort

The Cinnabar
Lithosia lutarella Woods

The four-spot Yellav-foolman

complana b. Skirts of woods

The common Footman

griseola

The dun Footman

flava E. Woods

The straw-coloured Footman
Bombyx cneruleocephala m. Bushy places
The figure of 8

antiqua L Oaks

The yapourer

•Oak, birchwood, Darent
Willows and poplars

f Willows and poplars
*Water plants
Various plants
Hedges
Lime-trees, Darent

Haw. 59.

&6.

—— 141. sp. 2.
5, Page 246.

Haw. 129. sp. 87.

9, — — 85. sp. 9.

99. sp, 26.

5, 98. sp. 21.

Donov. B. I. 239.
9, Haw. 86. sp, 10.

lll.sp,48.

110. sp. 47.

Page 248.

Haw. 107. sp. 41.

150. sp. 12.

148. sp. 7.

147, sp, 3.

— sp, 2.

104. .sp, 39.

132, sp, 92.

432

THE EXrOMOLOCrSl S CALENDAR.

AUGUST.

Bomhiix gonostigmata b. Woods

The scarce yapoiirer
Nudaria tminda b. Hedges in Janes, Gravesend

The MuHin
Ap'^da Testudo /. Oaks

The Festoon
549 YponomentaEvonymellaHedges

sequrlla m.

plnmbella

354 Noctua fimbria m. Oaks
The broad Border

orbona b. Gardens

The lesser yellow Underw.ng
siibseqiia

Haw. 132. sp. 93.
6.

—— 15 sp. ],

]57.sp. 1.

512. sp.
Prodr.

161.

The lunar yelloiv Underwrv^

cytlierea Skirts of woods

The slratv Underwing

Janthina m. Woods

The lesse' Broad I order

pyramidea b. Oaks
The copper Underwing

Tvplis M. Near bullrusbes

The Bdlrush

nervosa e. Weedy banks

The lawy-veined fi^ainscot

pygmina
The small fVainscol

Chi E.

The Chi Mvth

Brassicae
The calb.ige MAh

unca
Thejiounced Rustic

hinato-sUigata
Tlie lesser /lnunced Rustic

X notata ■

The tawny X

prJecox E. Skirts of woods

The Portland Moth

peria Old walls, Greenwich

The marbled Beauty

tetragona Hedges

The square-spot Rus'ic

furca E. Weedy banks

The flame. Furhekw

rava b.

The Russet

I. niger

The letter I.

5,

Skirts of woods

Old walis,Derbysb.(Mr.J.Chant)

Tales 6,7,

Hedges

1 (V2.

163.

173.

1S3.
• 191.
194

• -201,
■203.

'205.
209.

211..

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

433

AUGUST.

No.
. of
Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Gardens and banks

Weedy banks

Open parts in woods

Gardens

Grassy places and tr. of trees

554 Noctua oculea b.

The common Rustic

lugens B.

The rustic Mourner

minima m.

The least Minor

crassa m.

The stout Dart

radia b.

The shuttle' shaped Dart

baja B. Skirts of woods

The dotted Clay

brunnea a. — —

The purple Clay

Sigma B. I ■

The double Square-spot

umbrosa m. — — — —

The 6-striped Rustic

aurago e.

The barred Sallow

citrago b.

The orange Sallow

auricula b.

The golden Ear

libatrix e.

The Herald

derasa b.

The buff Arches

trapetzina — —

The Dunbar

Pyralina m. CoombeWood, (Mr. J. Chant)

The lunar-spotted Pinion

diffinis M. Trunks of trees

The while-spotted Pinion

Festncae e. Meadows

The gold Spot

luboria m. Moist woods

The black Neck

jenea e. Heaths ■

The small Purple-barred

nupta B. Trunks of willows

The red Underwing
Geometra conversaria WarleyWood, Devon, (Dr.Leacb)
The large Carpet

unidentaria b. Skirts of woods 6, >

The dark-barred Ushtr

gilvaria Clover-fi., Dover,(Mr.Steph.)

The straw Belle

Haw.

Open places in woods
Trunks of limes
Skirts of woods
Poplars and pales
Skirts of woods

211.
212.
216.
220.
223.
224.
.225.

■ 228. sp. 198.
•235.

'238.
.240.

• 244.

■246.
.247.

• 254. sp. 1.

• 259. sp. 11.
. 266. sp. 34.

- 268. sp. 2.

- 502. sp. 87.

■ 308. sp. 101.
. 2S7.sp. 42,

43i

THE ENTOMOLOaiSTa CALENDAR.

AUGUST.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to

d . tion.
escnp

Geomelra eWnguaria M. Skirts of woods Haw,

The scolloped Oak

Ainiaria e. Lime-trees

The canary shouldered Thorn

Quercinaria ■

The plain August Thorn

Tiiiaria ■

The freckle August Thorn

angularia ' — —

The clouded August Thorn

olivaria e. Birch-trees, Kent •—

The beech green Carpet

pullaria Heaths, Wales and Devonsh.

The brown Annulet

prunata b. Skirts of woods and gardens —

The Phoenix

degenerata b. Kent — —

The degenerate Carpet

unifasciata b. Open places in woods —. —

Xhe single barred Rivulet

albulata b. Pastures ——

The grass Rivulet

dilutata E. Hedges .

The srnall fanjoot Wave

• incanata Mullein — -
The mullein JVave

lignata b

The oblique Carpet

dimidiata e

The small Scollop

liturata
The tawny -barred Angle Kent

subfulvala m. Skirts of woods
The tawny Speck

Cratsegaria a. Hedges and woods 4,6,

The Brimstone

• fimbriata Trunks of tree*
The bordered November

su'otristata b. Woods and hedges 5,

The common Carpet

trigonata b. Hedges, Kent

The small blue Border

sexalisata b. Open places in woods, Kent
The small Seraphim
361 rubiginata e. Pathways in woods 6,

The blue bordered Carpet

adustata e. Hedges 6,

The scorched Carpet

ocellata e. Open paths in woods 6,

The purple Bar

Marshy places

Hedges

Sliady groves near Westerham,

291.sp. 54.
. 294. sp. 62.
. — sp. 64.

— sp. 63.

— sp. 65,
. 304. sp. 91.

314. sp. 115.
322. sp. 19.

• 333, sp. 51.

■ 335. sp. 57.
336. sp. 61.
353. sp. 117.

. 550. sp. 104.
. 340. sp. 73.
. 347. sp. 97.

■ 546. sp. 92.

- 357. sp. 129.

■ 293. 8p,74,
-320. sp. 12.

• 532, sp. 50.

• 338. «p. C8 .

• 35G. sp. 126.

• 338. sp. 67,
. 337. sp. 65.

■ 331. sp. 46.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

435

AUGUST.

No.

of

Cen,

Name.

Where found.

Oilier
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Geo'nelTacentum-noi.ata. Open paths in woods
The marbled Carpet

comma notata ■

The yeJldiv-ma-rhltd Carpet

omicronaiia e. Woods, Kent
The Mo (ha

ocellaria e.

Thefahe Mocha

peiidularia e.
The birch Mocha

piinctaria
The maiden's Blush

Chenopodaria b.
The small Mallow

fluhitata m.

Th'. Tissue

aiicustata b.

Woods

Birch-trees, Coombe
Open places in woods
Bushy places
Hedsjesand crardens

i. Hedges, Kent
7'he narrciv icinged Pug

laevigata b. Juniper trees & gardens, Norf.

The Juniper Pug
Hsrminia dimidiata b. Tea wharehouses, E. I. House
The tea Tabby
36'2 probnscidalis e. Hedges

The S'.out
3G3 Plat\pt<ryx flexuia b. Pathways in woods

The beu.hfal Hocktip
36-i Cilex compressa b. Hedges
The goose-egg Moth
Tortrix diversana b. Grassy banks
The crossed Straw

Zuesaila b. ■
The Zagian
95i liamaiia b.

The hiok-rnarked btraw

caudana Pathways in woods

The shallow Notchwijig

afifrac^tana ■

The commcn Notchiving

excavana ■-

Tiie iron Nntchtcing

emartraiia =»

The chequered Notchwivg

literana Oaks

The black-sprigged Green

sq'.iamana '

Th' s-nhj Green

Desfcii'iana Pathways in woods

The Desf.mtianian

umbrana ■

The JurJ'.-iireaked Button . .

5,

Haw. 324. sp. 24.

5,

325. sp. 26.

5,

312. sp. 110.

5,

sp. 111.

5,

311. sp. 108.

5,

312. sp. 112.

G,

302.sp.88.

5,

318. sp. 7.

3C2. sp. 145.

sp. 148.

312. sp. 19.

6,

365. sp. 1.

154. sp. 7.

5,

110. sp.46.

397, sp. 7.

398. sp. 8.

397. sp. 6.

409. sp. 4G.

40S. sp. 45.

— sp. 44.

408. sp. 43.

«)

, 411.sp. 53.

410. sp. 52.

413. sp. 62.

-. 4l!.5p. 35.

436

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.
AUGUST,

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Hedges, Yorkshire

Gardens

Hedges in chalky places

Open places in woods

Willows

Paths in woods and gardens

365 Tortrix rufana

The red Triangle

Forskaliana e. Hedges
The Forskdlian

Bergmanniana
The Bergmannian

Holmiana i

The Holmian

costana
The straw oblique Bar

Solandriana
The Solandriun

Salicana i

The f-niile- backed

Quercana i

The Long- horned

straminea e. Pastures
The short-barred Straw

Ilicana b. Thick woods

The large Holly

asperana b. Hedges

The fVhite-shouldered

Schalleriana e. Woods
The Schallerian

semifasciana e. Hedges, Kent
The short-barred Grey

Betuletana m. Birch-trees, Coombe Wood
The birch Long-cloak

trapezana Birch

The testaceous Diamond-back

rusticana e. Hedges

The tawny Blotch-back

* sticticana ■

The brown Blotch-back

Rubiaiia Open parts in woods

The blotch-backed Grey

cinereana e. Moss on trees
The mottled Grey

nigricana Hedges

The black-striped Edge
Botys hybridalis Chelsea

The rush Feneer

tetragonalis
The diamond Spot

S70 Galeria alvearia Bee-hives

The Honey-moth

cerea '

The honey-comb Moth

Hedges, Dover, Coombe

Haw. 417. sp. 74.

420. sp. 83.

404. sp. 32.

427. sp. 103.

423. sp. 91.

— 449. sp. 175.

430. sp. 1 1 1 .

599. sp. 12.

401. sp. 18.

407. sp. 40.

■ 414. sp. 66,

416. sp. 73.

431. sp. 115.

— 432.sp, 119,
441. sp. 150.

— 442. sp. 154.
■ ' — sp. 155.
— — 450. sp. 17S.

451. sp. 183.

458. sp. 202,

— 386.sp. 32,
385. sp. 30,

— 392. sp. 2,

— — sp. 1.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

437

AUGUST.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

371 Crambus pascuea Pastures

The inlaid Feneer

falsa Meadows

The chequered Veneer

striga Epping Forest

The small straw-coloured Feneer

sanguinea Grassy places near chalk

The buff'-edged rosy Feneer
Tinea applana e. Hedges, Kent

The common Flat body
387 Lestes autumnalis Marshy places

466 Colletes succiiicta Gardens

467 Dasypoda pluniipes Sandy banks

463 Andrena cingulatatJ
Schrankella
Trimmerana
trideiitata
476 Stelis phsoptera
478 Osmia spinulosa
Leaiana

Flowers of the Ranunculi
Flowers

Sandy and chalky places
Thistles

479 Megachile centuncularis-

481 Nomada lineola Umbelliferous plants

JacobasEe Ragwort

487 Bombus sylvarum Flowers

fragraiis

Latreillilla

lu coram

Albinella

490 Corethra culiciformis

491 Tanypus cinctus

492 Chironomus plumosus

493 Psychoda phalaenoides Moist places

494 Cecidomyia lutea

495 Ctenophora atrata

496 Pedicia rivosa

497 Tipiila oleracea
506 Tabanus autumnalis

555 CEstrus Bovis w

556 Gasterophilus Equi
Hemorrhoidal is

Thistles

Flowers in gardens
Flowers
Marshy places

Marshy places

Marshes

Meadows

Cattle on commons
Horses on commons
i...iiiv,i I uuiuaii::. Cattle on commons
558 Ornithomyia avicuiaria Black grouse and tit-pippit

Haw. 488. sp. 25.
488. sp. 27.

5,
11,

• 490. sp. 33,
•484. sp. n.
510. sp. 17.

9,

Page 259.
Kirby ii. 32. sp 1
Page 280.
Kirby ii. 88. sp. 41.
90. sp. 42,

116, sp. 57

132, sp. 71.

232. sp. 40,

261. sp. 53.

263. sp. 54.

237. sp. 42.

194. sp, 14.

9,
9,
9,
9,
9,

9, 361. sp. 104.

9, Page 290.

9, 291.

Stewart ii. 267.
Clark 44.

20.

Page 303,

- 194. sp, 14.
-201. sp, 20,

- 326. sp. 82.

■ 329, sp, 83.
• 330. sp, 84.

■ 337. sp. 89.
-361.

43a

THE ETCT0M0L0GI5T S CALENDAR.

SEPTEMBER.

15 Leistus Raulinsii

caeruleus
37 Amara jeiata

55 Paelobius Hermanni

5, N. S.
5,6, Page 14"

River side, Battersea, (Mr.

Stephens)
Under stones
Corn-fields, Hertford, (Mr.

Stephens)
Ponds 10,11,15, Page 157.

96 CryptophagusphasorrhaeusUnderbark and damp wood 10, 11,12,

riificnUis 10,11,12,

100 Ips 4-piistuIatus of thestumpsof trees.

Bexley

115 Aleochara cinnamonea Fungi and dead trees
192 Meloe autunnnalis Margate, (Mr. Milne)

glabratns ? (Rev. W. Kirby)

254 Coccinella 12-piinctata Banks

Pase 170.
10,n,Gyll.ii.4l2.sp.34.
Leach T. L. S. xi.

Brist<jl

Banks

Hedges and Baltersea-fields

Hedges

l6-guttata

globosa

5-punctata

Si2-pnnctata

l3-punctata

19-punctata •

155 Chilocorus 4-verrucatus Fir

bipustulatus Oaks

Cacti White-thorn

263 Conocephalus viridissimusMarshes

verrucivorus , Rochester

265 Gomphocerus rufus Sloping banks, Battersea
269 iElia acuminata Grassy places

melanocephala

273 Berytus tipularius ■

277 Myodocha tipuloides

300 Membracis Genistse ' ? Commons

311 Papilio Machaon /. Umbelliferous plants

The Sw nil iiw -tail
317 Vanessa Urticae b. Lanes, &c.
The small T^rtoiseshell

C. album Skirts of woods

Thewh-I/-C
320 HipparchiaPamphilus B. Grassy commons

The im.nli Heath
■324 SmerinthusPopuli I. m. Poplars
The p plar Hawk

325 Sphinx Convolvuli e. Gardens and palings

The conooivulus Howkmolh

Atropus /. E. Potato blossoms

The Death' f Head

326 MacroglossumStellatarum.E. Gardens

The Hummivg-hird
339 Lasiocampa Crataegi b. Woods, Bedfordshire
The oak Eggar

10,

lllig.K.P.i.466.sp.36

435. sp. 23.

■ 469. sp. 39.
•441. sp. 28.

37.

468. sp.

6, 473. sp. 41.

6, 475. sp. 43.

Page 215.

^ 218. ' [32.

Fabr. E.S.ii.G2.sp.

Page 219.

Fab.E.S.ii,126. sp.

Page 221. [179.
6, 222.

6, 223.

Stewart ii.

7, 235.

,96.

6,

. 238.

6, 240.

Haw. 64.

Page £44.

Haw. 56.

4.6, Page 244.

Haw. 105. sp. 37.

THK ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

439

SEPTEMBER.

Poplars
Willows in hedges

S43 Notodonta tritopha l. Oaks
The e^eal Prominent

dromedaria /. — —

The iron Prominent

palpina I. e.

The pale P -ominent

palpina b.

The pale Prominent

Camelina I. e. Oaks
The coxcomb Prominent

Trepida I. Poplar

The swallow Prominent
344 Pi/gcera bucephala Mvi. f Lime, oak, sallowi
The buff T,p
Ciostera curtula /. e. Poplar
The chocolate Tip

reclusa I. e. — — ^—

The small chocolate Tip

S45 Cerura Furciila I. ?

The Kitten
348 Lithosiapulchella e. Near Christ-ch.Hants, (Mr.
The crimson Speckled
Bomlyx Roboris I. m. Birch and nut-tree
The lunar marbled Brown

Cassinea m. Pales and trunks of treee

The Sprawler

Coryli I. m. Nut-trees

The nut-tree Tussock

antiqua Gardens

The Vapourer
Noctua Tragopoginis m. Gardens
The Mouse

geminipuncta Marshy places

The twin-spot Wainscot

leporina /. Birch

Tlie Miller

flavocincta e. Garden pales
The large Ranunculus
^ cataena m. Trunks of trees ?

The Brixton Beauty ^

Atriplicis Gardens and hedges

'^he arrack Moth

Oxyacanthse e. Hedges
The green- brindled Crescent

rufuncula — — —

The plain red Minor

margarltosa e. Weedy banks
The pearly Underwing

440

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

SEPTEMBER.

Mo.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Olher
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

354 Noctua majuscula Weedy banks

The pearly Underwing, var.

plecta B, ■

Thejiame Shoulder

satellitia e. Skirts of woods

The Satellite

helvola m. '

The flounced Chesnut

lunosa Woods, Coombe

The lunar Underwing

sphaerulatina e. Skirts of woods
The bearded Chesnut

pislacina

The pale bearded Chesnut

lineola -_^— —

The dark bearded Chesnut

ferrea '

The iron Chesnut

Haw.

6,

venosa

The vfiny Chesnut

litura E. ■

The brown-spot Pinion

Vaccinii m, ■

The Chesnut

polita ■

The netted Chesnut

spadicea m. -

The dark Chesnut

subnigra ■

The black Chesnut

flavago E. Open places in woods

The pink-barred Sallow

fulvago E. — — —

The common Sallow

gilvago E, '

The lemon Sallow

macilenta Elms

7%e brick Moth

^erylhrostigma Margate

The red Dot

ochraceago m,
The frosted Orange

Lota
The red line Quaker

meticulosa Pales

The angle Shades

trilinea b. Thickets

The equal Treble-lines

PI. where burdock abounds
Trunks of trees

5,6,

2! 8.
•226.
229.

250.

231.

■ 232.
. 233.

• 234.
236.

■ 237.
■239.
-240.

• 254.
. 242.
■244.
•249.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

441

SEPTEMBER.

No,

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
<lescription.

354 Nortua apprvximans Thickets
The eyial Trtble-Lines, var.

semifi'scnn^ —^

The equal Treble-lines, v.ar.
Gsornetra erosaria b. Lime-trees
The September Thjrn

Carpinaria Thickets

The flott need Th^rn

miatu E. Pales

The autumn Green Carpet

Juniperata Fir woods

simulata -

ericetaria Cibham and Hants

The bordered Grey

plagiata a. Bushy places

The slender Treble-bar

remutata b. Shady groves

The false Ribband-wave

aversata b. •

The Ribband- leave
363 Platypteryx lacertianaria I. e. Birch

The scalloped Hooktip
365 Tortrix tripunctana Pathways in woods
The rusty Treble-spot

conlaminana b. Hedges
7/ie ihetfuered Pebble

ciliana Woods

The fVhile-frivged

rombana ■

The dark Chequered

literana Oaks

The black-sprigged Green

Mylleri Nettles and thistles

Millers Nettle-tap

tricolorana e. Oaks
The tri-c'ilonred Green

latifasciana
The broad-barrei

Hedges, Yorkshire
Open places in woods

gnomana
The Dial

bifidana

The Fork -hatred

incarnana m. Heaths

The marb ed Sh'irl-ciak

maculai';i e. Skirts of woods

The black Do^'bU-bl tched

piceana Heaths, Surry

The shining Pitch

populana Nettles

The pigrny Y

7,

Haw. 249.

293. sp. 61.

295. sp. 66.

— 328. sp. 37.
Linn. S.N. ii. ST 1.
Haw. 278. sp. 20.

6, 318. sp. 8.

— 349. sp. 102.
— — — sp. 101.

153. sp. 5.

. 417. sp. 75.

419. sp. 80.

sp. 79.

41S.sp. 78.

411. sp. 53.

■ 472. sp. 5.

411. sp. 5i.

414. sp. 65.

417. sp. 76.

— 418. sp. 77,

435. sp. 128.

— — 440. sp. 1 4.).

447, sp. 167.

ID,
19,

10,
10,

442

THE ENT0M0L06IST S CALK&'CAR.

SEPTEMP.ER.

Other

Refeience to

times

description.

ofap.

10, Haw. 471. sp. 2.

Kirbyii.lfin.sp.l06

16i.sp. 101.

178. sp. 1.

179. sp. 2.

23l.sp. 39.

242. sp.44.

185. sp. 7.

202. sp. 21.

204. sp, 22.

206. sp. 23.

Page 298.

Stewart ii. 271.

Page 300.

Tortrix Oxyacanthae Flowers
The Autu7nn Nettle-tap

468 Anurena Sha'vella

* tniniitiila ___

472 Panurgus nrsiiia

Linneella
476 Stelis punctatissima
479 Megachile ligniseca
461 Noinada varia

flaviipicta

Solidaginis

picta
538 Stomoxys calcitrans

irritans '

544 Scatophaga merdaria Cow dung

Heaths

Flowers ?

Oaks, &c.

Sunny banks ?

Ragwort

Heaths

Flowers and banks

Cattle on commont

OCTOBER.

20 Bembidium Spencii Grassy banks 10,12,

36 Sphodrnscollaris Roots of trees, EppingForestlto4,

91 Scaphisoma Agaricinum Boletus versicolor and fungi 10,

104 Staphylinus olens Roots of trees 4,

1 14 Aleochara impressa Fungi and decayed trees in

woods 1 1 > 1 2,

224 Myoetopbagus undulatusBoieti
325 Sphinx Atropos e. Gardens

Ths Death's Head
328 iEgeria crabroniformis ^.Trunks of willows
The lunar Hornet
*Lithosia graniinicus m. Wales, (Mr. Donovan)
The feathered Footman
354 Noctua exoleta m. Gardens 5,

The large Sword-grass

Lambda £. Shady pales

The grey Shoulder-knot

seladonia m. Skirts of woods 4,

The Brindled Green

*,

N. S.

Marsb.443. sp.29.

Page 168.

Gyll. ii. 285. sp. 6.

381. sp. 4.

Marsh. 140. sp. C.
Page 244.

aprilma m.

The Marvel dti Jour
Geomelra connectaria m. Palings and trunks of trees
The connecting Umber

prosapiaria e. Trunks of trees
The scarce Umher

defoiiaria e. — — — .

The mottled Umber

clavaria Mallows

The Mallow Moth

Tlir, ENTOMOLOGISTS CALrNDAll.

NOVEMBER.

443

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Reference to
description.

Genmelia pennaria b. Woods
The feathered Thnrn

psiltacata m. Trunks of trees
The ted Green Carpet

S[)aitiata e. Broom- fields

The Streak
G73 Pterophonis pterodactylns Gardens, bushes, woods
The citmmon Plume
Tcrl^ix examianii Coombe Wood

The marbled Clusnul
Tinea gelateila Trunks of trees

The autumnal Dagger

NOVEMBER,

€4 Necrohia rufipes

Geurnetra dilntata b
The NovemLer

brnmaria i

The TVmier Moth
Tinea Novembris

The November Dagger Gardens

Phryganea Coombe V/ood

The drab Day-molh

applana e. Gardens

The common Flat-body

CopenhagenFields,(Mr.Gray) 12, N. S.

Palings Haw. 319. sp. 9.

Gardens and palings 1 ,

Trunks of trees, Kensington

30j.sp. 95.

■ 502. sp. 2.

■ 503. sp. 4.

510. sp. 17.

DECEMBER.

12 Carabus morbillosus Under bark and wood of wil-
lows
•20 Bembidium properans Grassy banks ?

poecillum ■ ?

60 Colymbetes fujiginosus Ponds, Copenhagen Fields
83 Opilus mollis Dry rotten willows

80 Phospbuga atrata Under bark of trers

90 Scaphidiura 4-maeulatum Fungi and rotten wood
97 Engishumeraiis Bark of trees and boleti

rufifrons .

ferruginea

99 Nitidula grisea Under bark of trees

J 14 Tachyporuscbrysomelinus Roots of grass and moss

pubescens Under bark and trunks of de^

caved trees 1

127 Anobium tesgellatum Rotten willows 1

1,2,

PaffS 145.

Marsh. 457. 8p.34.

lll.K.P.i.232.sp.l7

Gyll. i. 495. sp.28.

1,2,

Page ]66.

1,'2,

Marsh. I 1 6 sp. 6.

Pa-e 16S.

5,6

Gvll. i. '2l'3. sp. ^.

5,6.

204. sp. 4.

5,6,

212. sp,4.

Marsh. 134.sp. 15.

1,2,

Gyll. ii.236. sp. 1.

,2.3,

243. sp. 8.

2 S

Page 181.

444

THE entomologist's CALENDAR

■DECEMBER.

340 Eriogaster Populi b. Trunks of trees

The December Moth
S54 Nortua flavilinea e. ■ ?

The yellow-line Quaker

Gfomet'tt incompIetariaE. , woods

The Incomfltte

apteria e. ■

Tortrix liyemalis Heaths, Sussex

The PFinler Tortrix
292 Panorpa hyemalis Hedges

Page 247.

Haw. 243.

305. sp. 95.

306. sp. 96.

. 413. sp. 64.

Panz. 22. 17 ?

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I.— Order Coleoptera.

Fig. 1. Scarabaeus Typhaeus, p. 47. Typhaeus vulgaris, p. 189.

a. AntenneB magnified.

Fig. 2. Trichius nobilis, p. 191.

Fig. S. Lucanus Cervus, p. 48, 191.

a. .4«^en??^ clavated : club pectinated, b. Maxillary palpi, c. Labial
palpi, d. Lacinie. e. Mandibles, f. Head. g. Thorax, h. Scm-
tellum. i. Elytra, k. Femur. 1. Tibia, m. Tarsi, n. Urigids.

Fig. 4. Dermestes murinus, p. 43, 389. a. Antenna magnified.

Fig. 5, Scolytiis Destructor, p. 206. a. Antenna magnified.

Fig. 6. Ptinus imperialis, p. 49, 389. a. Antenna filiform.

PLATE II. — Order Coleoptera continued.

Fig. 1. Hister semipunctatus, p. 49.

Fig. 2. Gyrinus Natator, p. 50, 159. a. Antenna magnified, b. Tfee

hinder foot, compressed and formed for swimming.
Fig. 3. Byrrhus Pilula, p. 50, 183. di. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 4. Anthrenus Scrophularia, p. 50. 182. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig, 5. Nitidula discoidea, p. 51, 170. a,. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 6. Silpha Vespillo, p. 51. a. Antenna magnified. Necrophagus

Vespillo, p. 166.
Fig. 7. Silpha quadrimaculata, p. 51, 167. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 8. Opatrum sabulosum, 51, 193. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 9. Tritoma bipustulatum, p. 51, 214. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 10. Cassida maculata, p. 52.
Fig. 11. Coccinella 14-guttata.
Fig. 12. Chrysomela coriaria, p. 53. Timarcha coriaria, p. 2.13.

Fig. 13. Tanaceti, p. 53. Galeruca Tanaceti,p. 212.

Fig. 14. merdigera, p. 53. Crioceris merdigera, p. 211.

Fig. 15. Cryptocephalus lineola, p. 53,393.

Fig. 16. Hispa mutica, p. 53. a. ..4n?era?/<e magnified. Sarrotrium mu-

ticum, p. 193.
Fig. 17. Bruchus Pisi, p. 53, 200.
Fig. 18. Curculio nitcns, p. 5 t. Rliynchites nitens.

446 EXPLANATIOJ) OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 19. Curculio Pyri, p. 5i, 390.

Fig. 20. Curculio Nucum, p. 54. Balaninus Nucum, p. 205.

Fig. 21. Scrophulariffi, p. 54. Clonus Scrophularia, p. 203.

Fig. 22. Attelabus Coryli, p. 54. Apoderus Coryli, p. 201.

Fig. 23. Notoxus monoceros, p. 54, 196. a. A lateral view of the

head and thorax magnified.
Fig. 64. Cerambyx Textor, p. 55. Lamia Textor, p. 209.

Fig. 25. arcuatus, p. 55. Clytus arcuatus, p. 392.

Fig. 26. Leptura quadrifasciata, p. 55, 210.

Fig. 27. Leptura Nympha'S, p. 55. Donacia Nymphasje, p. 378.

Fig. 28. Necydalis cferulea, p. 55. OEdemera caerulea, p. 198.

PLATE III. — Order Coleoptera continued.

g. 1. Lampyris noctiluca, male.

g. 2. Female, p. 55, 163. a. Antenna magnified.

g. 3. Pyrochroa coccinea, p. 56, 196.

g. 4. Cantharis fusca, p. 56. Telephorus fuscus, p. 164.

g. 5. biguttata, p. 56. Malachius biguttatus, p. 374.

g. 6. Elater sanguineus. Marshani. Elatea semiruber, p. 162.

g. 7. c\ anaeus. Mursham. Elater aeneus, p. 162.

g. 8. Cicindela sylvatica, p. 57, 144.

g. 9. Buprestis viridis, p. 160.

g. 10. Parnus sericeus, p. 185.

g. 11. Heterocerus marginatus, p. 185.

g. 12. Spharidium scarabseoides, p. 187. a. Antenna magnified.

b. Antenna of the G. Cercyon (p. 188) magnified,
g. 13. Dytiscus marginalis. Marshatn. Dyticus marginalis, p. 159-

a. Antei'ior tarsi oi the m-a.\e patellijbrm. b. iSiern?(m of D. circum-

c. S^o-Hi/m of D. marginalis.
Fig. 14. Pfrlobius Hermanni, p. 157.

Fig. 15. Hydroporus 12-pustulatus, p. 158.
Fig. 16. Hydrophilus caraboides, p. 58, 187.
Fig. 17. Carabus morbillosus, p. 146.
Fig. 18. Nebra complanata, p. 146.
Fig. 19. Brachinus crepitans, p. 154.
Fig. 20. Agonum sex-punctatum, p. 150.

PLATE IV. — Order Coleoptera, Sec.

Fig. 1. Tenebrio Molitor, p. 59, 193.

rig. 2. Pedimis maritimus, p. 192.

Fig. 3. Endomychus coccineus, p. 215.

Fig. 4. Ilelops violaceus, p. 362.

Tig. 5. Lytta vesicatoria, p. 59. Cantharis vesicatorin, p. li'S.

BXPLAXATIOX OF THE PLATES. 4J7

Fig. 6. Cistela sulphurea, p. 196.

Fig. 7. Meloe violaceus, p. 369-

Fig. 8. Mordclla fasciata, p. 60, 197.

Fig. 9. Choleva oblonga, p. 168.

Fig. 10. Staphylinus erythropterus, p. 171.

Fig. 11. Oxyporus rufus, p. J 74.

Fig. 12. Pffiderus ripariiis, p. 173.

Fig. 13. Stenus biguttatiis, p. 173. The line beneath shows the nat.

size.
Fig. 14. OmaUum melanocephalum, p. 175. The line beneath sho\v«

the nat. size.
Fig. 15. Pselaphus Herbstii, p. 179. The line beneath shows tlie nat.

size.

Order Dermaptera.

Fig. 16. Labia minor, p. 216.

Order Dictyoptera.
Fig. 17. Blatta livida? p. 220.

Order Orthoptera,

Fig. 18. Acrydium bipunctatum, p. 416.
Fig. 19. Locusta flavipes, p. 429.

PLATE v.— Order Hemiptera.

Fig. 1. Cercopis sangiiinolenta, p. 280,

Fig. 2. Cicada Anglica ? p. 229.

Fig. 3. Notonecta glauca, p. 227.

Fig. 4. Nepa cinerea, p. 61,325.

Fig. 5 Gerris pallidum, p. 224.

Fig. 6. Cimex prasinus, p. 62. Pentatoma prasinus, p. 221.

Fig. 7. ■ marginatus. Coreus marginatus, p. 222.

Fig. 8. LygcEus apterus, p. 222.
Fig. 9 and 10. Aphis.

Fig. 11. Livia Juncorum, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat size.
Fig. 12. Thrips Physaphus, p. 232. The line beneath shows the rntt.
size.

PLATE VI. — Order Lepidoptera.

Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon, p. 64, 235.

Fig. 2. .Sphinx Elpenor,-p. 64, 243.

Fig. 3. Phalacna(BombYx)Quercu5,p. 65. LariocampaQucrcu.?, p. "S-tZ.

448 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VII.— Order Neuroptera.

Fig. 1. Lil)ellu]a 4-maculata, p. 65.

Fig. 2. Ephemera vulgata, p. 65, 260.

Fig. 3. Limnephilus nervosus.

Fig. 4. Osmylus maculatus, p. 960.

Fig. 5. Panorpa communis, p. 66, 260. a. Chela magnified.

Fig. 6. Raphidia ophiopsis, p. 261.

PLATE VIII. — Order Hymenoptera.

Fig. 1 . Cynips Quercus-folii, p. 67. Diplolepis Quercus-folii, p. 270.

Fig. 2. Tenthredo Scrophularice, p. 67.

Fig. 3. Sirex Gigas, p. 67. Urocerus Gigas, p. 268.

Fig. 4. Ichneumon Manifestator, p. 68.

Fig. 5. Sphex sabulosa, p. 68. Amophila sabulosa, p. 275.

Fig. 6. Chalcis clavipes, p. 271.

Fig. 7. Chrysis ignita, p. 272.

Fig. 8. Vespa Crabro, p. 69, 280.

Fig. 9. Apis retusa, p. 69. Anthophora retusa, p. 387.

Fig. 10. Formica herculanea, p. 69, 273.

Fig. 11. Mutilla Europsa, p. 70, 273.

PLATE IX.— Order Diptera, kc.

Fig. 1. CEstrus Bovis, p. 70, 302.

Fig. 2. Tipula oleracea, p. 71, 291.

Fig. 3. Musca inanis. Volucella inanis, p. 414.

Fig. 4. Tabanus tropicus, p. 71.

Fig. 5. Culex pipiens, p. 71.

Fig. 6. Empis pennipes, p. 72.

Fig. 7. Stomoxys calcitrans, p. 298.

Fig. 8. Conops macrocephala, p. 72.

Fig. 9. Asilus crabronitbrmis, p. 72, 294.

Fig. 10. Bombylus major, p. 72, 295.

Order Omaloptera.
Fig. 11. Hippobosca equina, p. 79, 302.

PLATE X. — Parts of Insect?.

Fig. 1. a. Front view of the head of Curabus'catenulalus magnified,
b. Ocelli c. Antenna, d. Mandibles, e. and g. Labial palpi.
f. f. Majcillury palpi, li. Lip.

FLcUer.

TubUsTud, ii/ F. Boys , j.Ludffatt Hill.

PLaU2.

Fub2is7ied by T Boys .j.LtjuTm ate l£ll.

Plate 2.

^ i^ ¥ ^ 'T ^

tS Iff to 21

^ilk^*>^ *

2S —V 2«

PubUsJieR Tru I. Boys ,/, LiLdaate Hill.

Plate a.

JPublished Iry T.Boi/s.y.ludffaU Mil.

Plate 3.

Fublislud hj Z3oys.-j.Lud{)aU JTill.

Plate 4.

Ful>lLt}ied III TBoys, ^.ZzuLuUe ?IUL.

Plate 4.

r!^_._.._j

FublLfhed hy TBi>ys, ^.LuJtjttteHi/l.

Plate 6

Hiblished hi/ I.Boys.j.LiiJnale TRIL

Plate 6

Hxblishcd hy I.Boysj.Liidaate IS.ll.

Fhne6

Fuilijhed. hv T.Boys, j.LiubjaU Hill.

Flah-6

H/iUsTud by I.Boys.j.LuJijatt Hill.

Flatt 7

Published hi/ T. Boys , -j.Ludpate HiU.

rin.te :

RtilisTicd ty T. Bous , ^.Ludgate KilL.

FlaleS

Fuhli.ihed bi/ T.Boiis.-jXitdflateHilZ.

PltiteS

Fiiblishfd In/ T.Spvs,TJ.udfateHilL

rtateA

fuilisTieA hv T.Bovs. ■j.LudqaXeHilL

PlaUA

Ihihlishrd T>v T.Bojis, j.LudaateliUL

Plate fO

Fitblished. iy T £ 01/ s ,-j, Ziulz/utc Bill.

P/«fc ir

g h tf f

4

-%M" »

PuiUshed In/ IBpys,-],LiLdj}nteHiU.

Plate //.

FiibUshAd. l>y T.Boys.j.Lud^ateHlll.

Plate II.

Fublished ly T.Bovs.-j.Lud^ateHill.

riate t2

Published, hii T.Boi/s.j.LiuLjateSill.

riate t2

FUblished iy T. Sous ■ y.LudaateSill.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 449

Fig. 2. a. The maxilla sepajated and magnified to show the situation of

\he palpi b. and c.
Fig. 3. View of the under side of the same head. a. Labial palpi.

b. c Maxillai-y palpi, d. Antennce. e. Quia. f. Ocelli.
Fig. 4. Thorax of the same. a. d. Sides, b. The antei-ior part. c. The

posterior.
Fig. 5. One of the elytra or wing-cases, a. The sutor. b. Side. c. Base.

d. Apex.
Fig. 6. The hind leg of the saine insect complete, a. The Trochanter.

b. Femur, c. Tibia, d. Tarsi, e. Unguis, f. Spinula:.

Fig. 7. View of the abdomen, &c. a. Thorax, h. Sternum, c. Femur.

d. Margin of tlie Eli/tra, e. Abdomen.
Fig. 8. Wing of a Lcpidopterous insect explanatory of the markings, &c.

A. Superior zcing. a. Anterior margin or costal edge. b. JBase.

c. Apex. B. Secondary or inferior wing. d. Posterior angle, e. Axi
Ocellus or eye-hke marking, f. Punctum or dot. g. Stigma, h. JVio-
c///« or spots, i. A Fascia or band, k. An angulated hne.

Fig. 9. Head of a Lepidopttrous insect, a. Antenna:, b. Palpi, c. Spi-
ral tongue.

Fig. 10. Superior zcing of Trichiosoma Lucorum. a. a. Areola or marginal
cells, h. b. b. Submarginal.

Fig. 11. Head of Vespa Crabro. a. Vertex, b. Stemmata. c. Ocelli^

d. Antenna, e. Mandibles, f. Clypeus. g. X«jo.

Fig 12. TT'iw^ o/a jBee. a. jB«.se. b. Exterior costal nerve, c. Interior

costal nerve, d. Anastomosis, e. Areola or cells, f. Apex,

Kirbys Monograph, tab. 1. * 6. fig. 7. t'o/. 1.
Fig. 13. Antenna of Andrena combinata. a. Radicula. b. Scapus.

c. Pedicellus. d. First joint of the antenna, e. The articulations.

— Kirby.
Fig. 14. Trunk of Nomada Goodeniana. a. Collum. h. Collare. c. r?<-

bercida. d. Squumula. e. Thorax, f. Scutellum. g. Metathorax.

h. Cavitas. i. Ertse o/7Ae a'/wg. — lur/)^/ Monog. tab. 5. fig. 8. vol. 1.
Fig. 15. Posterior leg of Andrena combinata. a. Flocculus, b. Scopa.

c. Apophysis or jirst articulation, d. Second art icidaf ion. e. Femur.

f. Spinula. g. PUinta. — A7r6y il/o/!Og. tab. 4. fig. 10. vol. 1.
I have taken the liberty of introducing the above fom figures from

Mr. Kirby's excellent Monograph, as they will be useful to the

young Entomologist, and at the same time show the valuable

instruction which may be gained from this justly celebrated work.
Fig. 16. Antenna magn. of Tipula oleracea, p. 291.

Fig. 17. ofChironomus plumosus, p. 290.

Fig. 18. of Empis livida.

Fig. 19^. Head of Rhingia rostrata. a. Antenna, b. The /iead anteriorly

produced, c. Proboscis.
Fig. 20. Antenna highly magnified, p. 296,

2 F

450 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

Fig. 21. AntewKB of Volucella pellucens, magn. p. 290.

Fig. 22. of Nemotellus uliginosus, magn. p. 292,

Fig. 23. of Asilus crabroniformis, magn. p. 291.

Fig. 24. of Musca punctum, magn.

Fig. 25. of Sargus cupreus, magn. p. 292.

Fig. 26. of Stomoxys calcitrans, magn. p. 298.

PLATE XI.— Apparatus.

Fig. 1. A Net-rod, described at p. 307. a. The cross-piece, b. Tlie
angular ferrule, c. The joint fitting into the ferrule d. e. A
small staple for tying the band of the net.

Fig. 2. A net complete; — for the use see p. 307.

Fig. 3. A breeding-cage; see p. 309.

Fig. 4. An aquatic or landing-net for taking water-insects^ &c.

Fig. 5. A Digger, a. the point.

Fig. 6. A phial for small insects.

Fig. 7. A pair of brass pliers.

Fig. 8. and 9. Setting needles.

Fig. 10. Forceps.

PLATE XII. — Method of Setting Insects.

Fig. 1. Opilis mollis (p. 166). — This figure exhibits the method of set-
ting Coleoptera with the wings closed and in a crawling position ;
the legs are kept in the attitude designed by pins applied as ne-
cessity requires : the tarsi are kept flat on the setting-board by
card-braces, as at b. — Care must always be taken to introduce the
pin which serves to transfix the insect, through the right elytron.

Fig. 2, Callidium bajulum with the elytra extended and the wings dis-
played ; in all specimens set in this way the pin must be passed
through the middle of the back and near the thorax : ttie wings are
kept extended by braces.
The above methods are also applicable for the Orders Dermaptera,
Orthoptera, Dictt/optera, Hemiptera and Omoptera.

Fig. 3. Odenesis potatoria (p. 247). The method of setting the Lepi-
doptera is fully explained at 320.

Fig. 4. Stratiomys Chamaeleon (p. 292). Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, a*
well as Diptera, may be set by pins alone as is here exhibited.

Fig. 5. Such minute insects as are difficult to pierce with a pin may be
placed on small triangular pieces of paper : this method is to be
preferred, as almost every part may be examined, ajid is much su-
perior to the method frequently used, as at fg. 6.

451

COLLECTIONS OF INSECTS AND OTHER SUBJECTS OF
NATURAL HISTORY.

In order to facilitate the study ol' Natural History, especially those
departments .most suitable for young persons, it is my intention to
form several small collections of Insects, Shells, Sfc. Each Collec-
tion will have an accompanying catalogue of the generic and spe-
cific names, with reference to authors by whom the species are de-
scribed. Single specimens may also be obtanied tu jllustrate genera,
as well as to assist those who may be forming collections. Also
every kind of apparatus used by tlie Botanist, Conchologist, Entomo-
logist, or Mineralogist ; such as collecting and other boxes, nets, for-
ceps, setting-boards, pins, pocket microscopes or hand magnifiers, ca-
binets, trays for minerals, shells. Sec. either corked or plain. Dissec-
tions of insects to illustrate their generic characters, or as most inter-
esting objects for the microscope.

Mr. Sowerby intends also to re-open his very valuable and extensive
Museum, for the use of his friends and for the benefit of students and
lovers of natural history. The many rare and interesting specimens
which this collection contains are highly deserving the honour which
it has received from many of the most distinguished personages. The
abilities and industry of its possessor are sufficiently known through
the medium of his voluminous scientific and useful works. This gen-
tleman has also been induced to offer for sale his duplicate specimens,
which consist of subjects in every department of Natural History.
These of themselves would form no mean Museum. However, he in-
tends to dispose of them in small parcels to give the student an insight
into the science, or in single specimens for the accommodation of those
who may already possess collections, and to whom such species may be
desiderata.

Those ladies and gentlemen who reside in the country may have
collections, or any of the apparatus sent them, through the medium of
their booksellers, by an application to Mr. Boys the publisher, to th«
Author, or to Mr. Sowerby, No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth.

2t t

INDEX.

Nezv Genera and Ihoae adopted are in capitals : tlie Species marked with an
Asterisk are either st/nonymous or referable to other Genera : the En-
glish names are in italics : 1. affixed to the Species refers to the larva.

ABAX

angustior 361

nielanaiius ib.

Striola 154,361

Abdomen and its parts 32

— — , discrimination

of the 338

ABIA

nigricoinis 263, 411
sericea ib.

ABRAXAS

grossulariata 253

ulmaria ib.

ABR/EUS

peipusillus 183, 362|

ABROSTOLA, Och. 252

ACANTHIA

♦lectularia 223

maculata 225,369

Acanthid« (Fam.) 224

Acari, anatomical view

ofthe '75

, character and

classification of
the 130
for the micro-
scope 130,353
Acaridse (Fam.) 131
ACARUS
*aquaticus 153
*Coleoptratoruni 131
domesticus 132, 358
*exulcerans 135
•geniculatus 132
*Scabiei 133

ACARUS
*siro
*Riciniis
ACILIUS
snlcatiis
ACHETA
campestris
doniestica
*Grynotalpa
Achatia, Hul>.

132
132

159,359

218,380

218,359

211

251

ACHENIUM, Leach 172
ACHERONTIA,0r/i. 243
Achetidffl (Fam.) 217

Acridii, Latr. 218

ACROCERA 296

gibbosa 387

AcroceridK(Fam.) 296
ACRYDIUM

bipunciatum 4l6

sabulatum 219,416
Aculeata, (sect.) 272

Aculeus, the sting

discrimination of 338

, its siluation &

use 33

ADELA

Degeerelia

\Admiral,white, 1, 396

.ECOPHORA

Flavelia 249, 399

Linneeiia 249

Roesella ib.

^GA

emarginata 109

.EGERIA

apiformis245,381,397
asiliformis 397

crabroniformis 245,4 17

I.

ADIMONIA
Ahii

iiigricornis
Admiral, red

— — , white

249,399

378

212,578

238, 3G3,

430

1. 416

240, 41 7

culiciformis
rynipiformis
formiciformis
cestriformis
spheciformis
tipuliformis
vespiformis
.iEGIALlA
globes a

.eLia

acuminata

melauocepbala
AEPUS

fulveseens
^SHNA

Anglicana

grand is

juncxa

teretiuscula

viatica
J/zelius's Tortrix
AG.ATHIDIUM

nanum

442
417
397
413
397

ib.

ib.

ib.

190, 362

221,438
433

149, 415

410

258,410

410

ib.
ib.

364

393

454

AGATHIDIUM

nigripeniie 214,393
rufipenne 393

AG ELENA

labyrinthica 125, 428
aglossa, Latr. 235

AGONUM

albipes 365

caerulescens ib.

picipes ib.

Tufipes ib.

sexpunctatum 150,373
Simpsoni 365

sordidum ib.

vaporariorum 358, 373

AGRION

albicans 410

antiulare ib.

corea ib.

puella ib.

rufe.scens ib.

sanguineus 259, 4 1 0
zonatus 4I0

AGROTIS, Huh. 251

Alae, (wings) afford
cliaracters for
genera &, species 36

•— — , (the wings) dis*

crimination of 338

• , their form

and structure 35

Alburnca denlata 83

./^Ider m<th 400

ALEOCHARA

canaJieulata 176, 367
cinnamomea 438

fuscipes 177,367,429
impressa 177, 442

lanuginosa 367, 429
obscura 362

rivularis 177,429

sulcata 177, 367

ALEYRODES

chelidonii 233, 380

ALLANTUS

albocinctus 4!l

ater ib.

bicinctus ib.

blandus ib.

conspicuus ib.

12-punctatus ib.

haematopus ib.

lateralis ib.

lividus ib.

INDEX.

ALLANTUS

neglectus 411

uotha 265,411

punctomaculatus 412

411
ib.

265
386
265, 41 I
269

372

212
ib.

249

punctum

riifiventris

semiciucta

viridis

zonata
ALOMYA, Par,%
/}lsi osmer's T-rtr%x
ALTICA

oieracea

testacea
Alucita, Oliv.
ALUCITA

he.\adactyla 256, 37-2
Alucitadas (Fana.) 255
/iMALUPLIA 191

AMARA

arata 4.'''3

vulgaris 152,365

AMASIS

Iffita 263,411

lAmblychu;:, Gy'.l. 147
Ametabolia character

of the subclass 158

, classification

of the 140

AMOPHILA

sahiilosa 275,413

AMPHIPYRA, Och. 251
AMPITHOE

ruhricata
ANART.A, Oih
ANASPIS

bifasciatus

bigu. talus

fi on talis

obscurus

ruti(ollis
AN AX

Inipt rator

ANDRENA

chrysocelis 372

chrypura 413

cingnlata 437

Ci.Tikella 372

Collinsonana 413

fulva 372

fiilvago 413

falvicrus 427

fuscata 386

Guvnana S72
haemorrhoidalis 413

helvola 386

Lewinella 372

Listerella 427

rniniitula 442

MoutTetella 427

nigriceps 572
n gro-aenea 28], 572

nitida 372

ovatula 386

parvula 372

pilipes 413

pratensis 372

Rosae ib.

Sciirankelia 437

Shawella 442

Smithelia 372

?pinigera ib.

thoracica ib.-

tit)ialis 4iJ7

*iric;ncta 282

tridentata 437

Truiimerana ib.

vaiians 372
Andienelse, Latr. 280
Andienii!pE, (Fam.) ib.

ib. Andria, //../•. 248
197, 376'/4»g'/e, tawy barred 434
376 Angle >h.de\ 250, 383,

104
252

376

ib

258, 410

ANC lOMENUS

piasinus 151, 361

.Andrena, Russi 'ill

ANDRENA

affinis 413

, ftzelieJla 386

albicans ib.

albicrus 413

armata 372

atriceps ib.

barbilabris 386

402, 440
, small 401

Animalcula for the
microscope, how
obtained 334

Animals,Ciivier's di-

stiibution of 75

— ,dead, the ha-
bit atiun of many
insects Sliji

— , distribution
of, froii) theiror-
ganizatiou 74

-,how distinguish'd 20

INDEX.

455

Animosity of q

neen

Antennae, the, used by

Apidar, (Fam.)

223

bees cease on the

the Ichneumon

APION

lossoftheanteniise 24

Manifest a tor for

Eeneum

377

Anisotonia hico

or

2U

discovering a ni-

assimile

390

nigripeniiis

215

dus to deposit its

A-iragali

ib.

picea

194

eggs in 24, 25|

Carduorum

ib.

piceum
Annulata.distrib

ib.

♦ U« ^.»..w^..

cajmlescens
Craccas

376
416

ition

of smelling sup.

of the

75

posed to be situ-

Ervi

415

; 1

ated in them
ANTHICUS

25

Fagi
flavifemoratum

376
ib.

character of the

ib.

Annulet, brown

434

antherinns

390

flavipes

ib.

ANOBILTM

florialis

376

frumentariutn

377

Abietis

367

fuscus 197,

376

Gyllenhalii

376

♦bideiitatiim

206

♦Hellwigii

180

haematoides

377

*Boleti

ib.

*monoceros

196

Hydrolapathi

390

castaneum

389

ANTHIDIUM

immune

360

molle

ib.

manicum 284,

428

Lathyri

415

panicum

ib.

ANrHOBlUM,Z,ea.'^/i 175

Ixvigalum

376

•pertinax

181

ANTHOMYIA

Loti

390

ptinoides

.-389

pluvialis 300,

415

Malvarum

376

rufipes

ib.

Anthophora, Ulig.

283

Malvse

ib.

stiiatnra

181,

375

ANIHOPHORA

marchicum

ib.

tessellatum

181,

443

*hirsuta

287

melanopum

ib.

ANOAIALA

*quadridentata

285

Meliloti

ib.

Agricola

389

retusa 287,

364

nigritarse

ib-

Donovani

ih.

*truncornm

284

Ononis

415

Frischii

191,

389

ANTHOSOMA

Oxurum

376

horticola

3S9

bmithii

80

ruficorne

390

luricola

191,

589

Anthracii, Latr.

295

Rumicis

ib.

Anoplura, character

AotI lacidsE (Fam.)

ib.

Sorbi

376

of the Order

138

ANTHRAX

Spartii

ib.

, classification

Abaddon

414

subulatum

415

of

141

flottentotta 295,

414

subsulcatum

376

Ant

69,

27b

ANTHRENUS

sulcifrons

ib.

Antenna; of insects

21

Museorum

367

Ulicis

359

, discrimina-

Scrophulariae 50,

182,

vernale

376

tion of the

340

375

vicije

415

Verbasci

375

vicinum
violaceum

390

on the, bj' Bonnet 22

ANTHRIBUS

ib.

'^latirostris

199

virens
vorax

376

on the, bv Bons-

*rlunomacer

200

ib.

dorf

ib.

scabrosus 20O

376

Apis, Harr.

273

— — — , experiments

varius

376

* a. Kirhy

283

on the, by

Huh-

ANTHURA

* a. Kir by

286

ner

23

gracilis

107

* b. Kirby

ib.

^..»n»:.-

nents

Anthuradas, (Fam.)

ib.

** b. Kirby

ib.

on the, by

Leh-

Antler moth

421

** c. 1. a.

285

mann

ib.

Antliata,Fatr.

289

** c. 1./3.

284

of the

long-

APAMHA, Oih.

251

** 0. 2, a.

285

horned bee

coni-

APATURA

*» c. 2. /3.

284

posed of hexagons 2"!

Iris 239

,417

** c. 2.5.

ib.

, on thei

r use

22

I.

381

** c. 2. y.

283-4

456

INDEX.

69

Apis ** d. 1.
** (1. 2. a.
** e. 2.
Anis, Linne
APIS
*Hanksi3na
*bicornis
*CiErulea
*centuncularis
*C0Qica
*cyanea
*florisomnis
*longicornis
*manicata

mellifica 288,

♦piiiiotata
•4-cincta
•quadripunctata
•retusa
*ruficornis
*terrestris
•variegata
Apius, Juri'ie
APHANISTICUS

emarginatus 160,
Aphidii, Latr.
Aphidaei, (Fam.)
Aphis, Liuiic

.NaturalHistory

of the
APHIS
Absinthii

Aceris platanoides
Acetosac
AIni

Atriplicis
Avenae sativae
Bet 11 las
Brassies
Bursaria
Capreas
CracejE
Dauci
FabiB
Fagi_
Traxini
J aces
Juniperi
Laotucae
*lanigera
Lieucanthemi
Ligustici scotici
Lychnidis

287
98:
28
,2Sl>

283
285
283
283
ib
2S3
284
28
284
35 Q
•286
282
28.
28
2S6
288
2«6

388
232

ib.

62

ib.

39

395

394

ib
395
394

ib.

ib
395
394

ib.

ib
595
394

ib

ib

ib.

ib
232
395

lb,

ib,

APHIS

Miilefolii

Padi

Pini

Plautaginis

Populi

Pruni

Pruoi-cerasi

Qiiercus

Ribis

Rosae

Rumicis Lapathi

Salicis

Sambuci

Scabiosx

Sonchi

'f'anaceti

Tiliae

Tremula;

Clmi

urticata

Vibiirni
.4j)hod4adae-, (Fam.)
APHODIUS

attaminatus

conflagratus

coprinus

depressas

erraticus

fitnetarius

fcBdatus

foetens

Fossor
*globosu3

giaiiaiixis

lismorrhoidalis

humeialis

icteric lis

inquiuatus

lurid us

tuerdarius

obscurus

pnsillus

rufipes ISO;

scutator

sordidus

subterraneus
*suIcico]lis

Sus

terrestris

testudinarius

turpis

unicolot

I APHRITIS
3951 auro-piibesceiis'298,415
894JApodaTestudo 418

3951 /. 432

ib.'APODERUS

ib.l Corvli 201, 316

394|AP0RUS

ib. unicolor 275

395]Apos, Scopoli 78

394'Apparatus used by

ib.! 'Entomologists 307

ib !April, calendar for 364
395 , empktvinent for 315

394 APSEUDES'

395 Talpa 109
394 Apsec.diadas, (Fam.) ib.

ib. Aptera, Linve 72

ib. Aptera, characters of
595 the Order 139, 233

394 A PUS

380 Montagui 7S

395 *productus ib,
189 Aquarius paludum 224

Aquatic insects, how

obtained 313

Aquatica, (Sect.) 225

Arachnides, Lam. Lair. 1 17
Arachnoidea,anatom.

view of the 75
Arachno'ida, classifi-
cation of the 117
for the micro-
scope 1 18, 333
Araignee a croix 127
fourmi 130

36S

ib.

ib

ib.

ib,

ib.

lb,

ib,

ib,

190

368

ib

ib.

ib

ib,

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

368

368

ib.

ib.

190

368

ib

ib.

ib.

ib.

124,

ARANEA
*aquatica
*Diadenia
domestica
*erythnna
•extensa
*Listeri
*obscura
*opilionid8s
•phalangioides
*Pluchii
*saccata
*scenica
*senoculata
Araneadse, (Fim.)

, observations

on the, by Sir J,
Banks

125
127
360
122
127
129

ib.
126

ib.

ib.
129
130
122
120

120

INDEX.

457

Arches moth, larred 400

-,«ac/t '246,397,431
-, — I. 397

-, Uasl black 386

-, dark

Aselle d'eau douce

ordinaire
Aseliidse (Fam.)
Asellu?, 0/10.
251,433 ASELLUS
401' aquaticus

llOATTUS
ib.i formicarius

130

— , eray ib.| •vulgaris

—, light 4i9'Asilici, 2,atr.

-, red 243,399,41 8; Asilidse, (Fam.)
419|ASILrS

! crabroniformis
1 78, 375'

375 ASIRACA

•, silvery
ARCOPAGUS
bulbifer
clavicornis
slabrieollis
ARCIIA
Caja

ib.
106

110
ib
294

294

r2, 294,
414

ATVPUS

•Sulzer 122

Snlzeri 122, 3S7

lAuchenia hirta 196

merdia:era 211

August, Calendar for 423

, employment for315

AUTALIA, Leach 177
AXIUS

Siirvnchus 95

178,359, clavicornis 230, 380 Bacca, FciZr.

lAstacidx, (Fam.)
248,4l8|ASrACUS
398 •astacus
Chrysorrhu?a 248, 395. •atomos

4l8J *I>amffias
lubricij)eda 248, 31^81 Gammarus

I. 431 '^rossipes

248, 332 ♦homarus
ib *Lucusta
243, 593 •mariuus
431 *Xorwe^cus

Mendira

Menthrastri

papyritia

ph3eorrhcEa248,398,451
piantaginis 243, 393
— — I. 382

russula 248, 598

salicis 243, 59S, 4lS
V. nigra 431

viilica 248,39s

/. 332

Arctiads, (Fam.) 248
Ai'gent and Sable niolh 404
Argus iutier fly, Scotch 240

396
■ v}-)od 541

ARGYNNIS
Adippe 237,416

/. 330

Ag'.aia 237,416

I. 380

Lathonia 237,380,416
Paphia 237.416

I. 330

ARGYRONETA

aquatica 125, 360

ARMADILLO

vulgaris 112, 358

Arpactus, Jurine 276

Arrack moth, 251,401,

439

Artus, the memlers 33

9
276
267
301

83

264,411

411

264,411

ib.

*serrati.s
*stri?o=u3
A STAT A
Aitaius, Kfve:.
Astomata, Darr.eril
A1ELFCYCLUS

beterodon
ATHALLA
aunulata
ceutifolia
Ro-ae
spinarura
ATHAXAS
niteicens
ATHERIX
maculata
Atopa cerviua
ATROPOS
lisnaria
ATTAG ENUS
Pellig
serra
.Atte pare
ATFELABUS
•Coryli

curculionides 201,576
•formicarius 165

•mclanurus 156

*aiollis 166

94'baDIST£R
j bipustulatus

loelB^ETis

ggj hioculata

95! BAG O US, Germ.
1(;5':BALAXINUS

92I atramentarius
i 02 Cerasorum

95 fascial us

96 fractuum
Gladius
Jongimaaus
macalatus G

murinus
Xuoum
Pomorum
nibellus

semicylindiicus
stygius
teauirostris
Tortrix
Tremulse
'Banchi_s, Fair.
99 Bank?, Sir Jos. obser-
vations on the
294, 4l4| Araneadje
\C'Z' Barred red

slrcic moth

ol, 427J yslLw •nnoth

299

147,364

259,410
204

391

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

577, 391

391

203, 377

391

ib.

ib.

jb.

ib.
377

ib.
269

Baumannisn Tortrix
182, 5~5 Beak or roitrum,
3S9Bfa; ry, l-o-'dered

120
4<)4
4-2t

ib.
365

29
423

150,-

54,201

-, /■ri>.i/e<i25S, 571
-, Br:jr/on 439

-, Can.leiwtU 2S8
., Lilac 424

.,maHl€d 251,452
-, miner 4 20

-, meitled 4" 3

458

Beauly, light moll'ed 4'23

-, oak 253,363, 403

■ , pale oak 403

" , lawny ib.

-, willow 422

62
69

Bed livg

Bee (Apis)

— — , humming hird

, bread bordered 244,
397

, narrow bordered ib.

Belle moth 404

, lesser 407

, straw 433

— — , yellvw 424

Bembidion, Z.i/r. 148

BEMBIDIUM

acutum 364

agile 3.58

bipunctatum 387

crucigerum 361

Ephippium ib.

flavipes l48, 361, 373,
428
Guttula 361

littorale 365

pallipes 373

poecilliim 443

properans ib.

pmicticolle 361

4-guttatum 364

lulipes 361

Spencii 442

Bergminnian Torlrix 436

BERIS

clavipes 372

nigritarsis 291, 372

BEROSUS

luridus 186,362

EERriTS

tipulariiis222, 394,438

Betliyllu.«, Panz. 274

Belony moth, vSaler 252,
370, 399

Birch, gray 384

Biids, feathers of, for

the microscope 333

Bird's-wingmolh 252,399

BISTON

INDEX.

Bitomaunipunctata 208
BITURUS

I fumatiis 374

tomentosus 1 70, 374

Blackamoor moth 401

Black beetle 61

Black-neck m. 4r^3

Black-veined m. 404

Black ivaved h. m. ib.
BLAP.S

lethifera 389

mortisaga 59, 192, 369

Blapsids, (Fam.) 192

Biastus 88

tetraodon ib.

BLATTA 220

livida 380

orientalis 61

BLEDIUS, Leach 174
BLETHISA

miiltipunctata 152,365
Blood, in small fish,
an object for the
microscope 333

Blood-vein molh, large 424

, small ib.

363
436
3s5
436

Blossom Un'!erwing
BloUhback, hi own

, silver

tawny

Betularia
hirtaria
hispidaria
pedaria

253, 403

253, 371

360

363

prodromaria 253, 363

, triple striped 386

Blue, asiiTe242, 381, 450
, Bedford 242, 38 J,

417

, ihalk-Ull 241,417

, Clifden 241, 381,

430

, common ib.

I. 370,417

, large 4 1 7

, mazarine 242, 381,

417
, studded 242,417

BOMBUS

BarbiiteUa

Beckwithella

Burrellana

campestris

Cullumana

Ciirtisella

Derhamella

Donovanella

flavicollis

floralis

Fosterella

fragrans

Fraiiciilonana

Francisana

Harrisella

hortorum

Jonella

lapidaria

Latreillilla

Leeaiia

lucorum

Muscorum

pratorum

Raiella

Rossiella

rupestris

Schrimshirana

Sorensis

subinterruptus

snbterranea

syl varum

terrestris 288,

'I'unstallaDa

vestalis

virginalis
Bombycidae (Fam.)
Bombycites, Lair.
Bombyliaria, Latr,
Bombylidae (Fam.)

L

370

344

20';

ib

B'jdy (corpus)
Boletaria, Marsh.

quadripustulata
BOLILOPHAGUS

Agaricola 194, 300

BOLITOBIUS, Z-eacA 176

BOMBUS
agroriim 414

Aibinella 437

414
413
414
372
414

ib.

ib.

ib.
428
413
414
437
413
414

ib.

ib.

ib,

ib.
437
414
437
413
387
414

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
372
414
457
423
414

ib.
428
245
245
295
295

BOMBYLIUS

major 72,295, 572
medius 372

iiiinor 428

BombyX; Hubner 246
antiqua 431, 439

caeriileocephala 431

I. 382

cassinea 439

/. 382

♦compressus 254

coryli
coryli

250 370,418
L 382, 439

Bombyx
*cartula 24^

L 439

Doclona-a 399

gonostigmata 418, 43'2
Qiiercea 399

♦reclusa 247

L 439

Roboris 399, 439

Bombyx Quercus, cu-
rious account of 313

Bones, calcined, for

the microscope 533

Bonnet's experiments
on the antennae
of insects 22

Bonsdorli's experiments
on the antennae
of insects ib.

Border, small blue 434

, clouded 385, 423

, lace 424

Bordered, blatk 403

Bostrichus Typogra
phns
cylindriciis

Bostricidas, (Fam.)

Bostricini, Latr.

Bot-fly, method of de-
positing its eggs

Bots of horses

205

206

205

ib.

9
0

BOTYS

anguinalis

angustulus

arcualis

atralis

cespitalis

cineralis

cingulalis

cuciillatalis

elutalis

ferriigalis

flavalis

forficalis

glabralis

hyliridaiis

hyalinalis

Lemnata

limbalis

literal is

longalis

lutealis

tiebulalis

427
426
ib.
ib.
427
4C8

INDEX.

BOTYS

nivealis

408

Nymphasata

420

oclireaiis

42(1

ostrinaiis

427

Porphyrialis

ib.

Potamogeta

426

pulcalis

ib.

puiiicealis

ib.

purpuralis 255,

38 C,

Sanibiu-ata

426

sericealis

lb.

sordiilalis

427

S ratiotalis

425

strigulalis

386

terminalis

426

tetragonalis

436

urticata

426

verbascalis

ib.

vemcalis

ib.

Box, pocket collecting

'303

Braces, their use

309

BRACHINUS

crepitans 154,

373

Brachypterus, Klug.

170

Bracliyrinus argen-

taius

202

Rrachviira, (Order)

82

BR AC ON

Desertor 270,

412

BRANCHIOPODA

stagnaiis

81

Breast, Pectus

31

Breeding cages

3(>i-

, the most con

-

450

Brindle, small 360

Brindled, dusky 426

, white 408

iarred yelloiv 371

venient size of
— , deal, olijec-

(iunable
AQfj'Bremus, Jurine

425!BREPH, Huh. 252

426'Brpplios, Oh. ib.

i<26Bri,/c-moih 44l

ib. iBr>ghtfy< l"ovjn line 421

ih.'BrimstO'tt, h. 236,395,429

ib. ! , TO . 37 1 , 406, 434

425, ^^dB'indie, clnudrd 419

426i , slender-ct. ib

425 , small- 1 1. 40 1

426: , clouded bo'-

425| dertd 252,419

426! ,dark 371

Broad-barred T.,ilrix 441
B'Otade, beautiful 400

, dark ib.

, £reat 419

, hght 400

, pa e-shouldet'

ed 400

Broom moth 250,251,401

I. 283

- Tip 384
BROSCU.S

ephal .tes 153,365

Brown-bar, g eat 251 , 403

BroU'n,buite'py, blackspot

242,381, 417

/. 370, 396

, meadow 240, 396

, srnail "endow 240

,u'hiit"pu 242,417

, rru'th, marbled 399

, hinar maibled ib.

'. ib.

,pal.e shining 400,4 1 9

Bioicn-eye bnght line 383
Buiun tail mu. 248, 431

/. 398

BrowiTmea, clouded 360
Br,.w b rdered Tor- 364
r.ruchelffi, Lotr. 199

Bnichidse, (Fam.) ib.

■ RUCHUS

aler

Pisi 53,

seminarius
B'-ussels Lnie m

360

200, 376

390

424

• , forked-striped ib.
-, pale 365

BKYAXIS

fiissula a

haematica

impres.sa

Jiincornm

longicnrnis

sansuinea
l!UCE,MF.S

ciiiereus
B jr, cUr^ded

, creited

, small-dotted

Tip 24

375
359

179,375
367

179, 367
367

298

248, 398
425
403
393

439

4m

Bull-rvsh moth 251, 432
BUP.ALUS

pinariiis 253

BuprestiaiJa; (Fanti.) 16(1
Btiprestis, Geff. 144

BUPRESTIS

bigiittata 58,160,388

*eniarginatus 160

*iniiuita ib.

viridis 160,388

Burnet,five-sj)olled 597

, six-spulted 245, 397

■ molk 403

Burnished brass 250, 403

,S(arce 403

Button Tortrix, Bay-

.'houldered 359

. , dark-slreaked A3b

Bultertiies, melhod of

arranging 322

— — , method of set-
ting 321)
Byrrlii, Lair. 182
ByrrhidoD (Fam.) l82

BVRRHUS

dorsalis 367

fasciatus 362

inurinus 367
Pilula 50, 182,362

♦Scrophulaiite 132

setnistriatiis 360

varius 367
BYTUINUS

Ciirtisii 178, 3s?Q

secuiiger ' 375

C.ichxUyB. 417

/. 396

C;EL10XYS

con'.ca 285, 428

Callage-moth, 400, 419,
432

Cabinet for insects, form
ofa 310

Cabinet, metbod of ar-
ranging insects in322

— — — , number of draw-
ers for a 310

Cabinets must be kept
dry 311

— should be well
camphoiijil 312

— — , sn)aII,rccom-
iriendcd 311

INDEX

'

CALANDRA

CANCER

pranaria

204,

362

*grossimanus

103

lignaria

562

*gross;pes

105

CALATHUS

*hirte]lus

86

cisteloides

152

361

*liorridus

90

littoralis

387

*incisus

8G

nielanocephal

us

361

*!atipes

84

CALEPTERYX

*littoreus

102

hidovicia

410

* Locusta

104

Virgo

259,

410

*nitescens

99

CALLIANASSA

*Norwegicus

96

subterranea

94

* Manas

84

CALLIDIUM

*Maja 89, 9(»

*Arietis

210

*marmoreus

85

bajulurn

392

*palmatus

103

violaceum

210

392

Pagurus

85

CALLIGUS

*pedatus

105

Mulleri

13

'personatns

83

CALLIMORPHA

*Phalangiuni

91

Dominula

248

398

*Phasma

106

/.

382

*platycheles

92

fuliginosa

399

*puber

84

Jacubaea

248,

399

*rubricatus

104

I.

431

*rugosus

93

Rosea 248,

399,

418

*Saltator

102

CALLISTUS

*ucorpio

90

lunatus

150

*sedentarius

101

CALOBATA

*spinosus

102

filiformis

299

*squilla

98

CAL0.50MA

*sqainado

89

Inquisitor

146

38'7

*stagnalis

81

Sycophanta

146,

387

*strigosus

93

Camphor, crystals ol

, for

*subierraneus

94

the microscope

337

*tetraodon

88

„ fn.

ca-

*tuberusus
*velutinus

91
84

binets

312

CampioH-moth,

251,

420

CancendaB (Fam.)

85

C'AMPTECOPEA

Cantliaridae

197

birsuta

107

Cantbaris, Linne,

56,

CANCER

163, 164,

196

*angulatus

87

CANTHARI3

*aiaiieus

89

*aBnea

165

*articulosus

103

*biguttata

5Q

*aspera

88

*fusca 5&

164

*Astaciis

95

*scrraticorni3

163

*Bt.'rniiardus

92

vfsicatoria 198,

390

*biaculealkis

88

CAPRELLA

*bipes

100

Phasma

105

*Bufo

89

Caprelladaj (Fam.)

ib.

*cassivelaunus

83

CAPSUS

*corrugatus

85

ater 222,

380

*crangon

96

rulicoHis

394

* Dorsettensis

90

spifsicornis

ib.

*Gamiiiarus

95,

110

Caput the head 21,

342

461

Carabidae (Fam.)

144

CARCINUS

Carabus, Linn.

59

Msenas

84

CARABIJS

Carpenter, the, or mil-

*arenarius

146

lipede

arvensis
*aterrimus

387
151

CARPELLMUS, Kir

174

catenulatas, 'i^S,

146,

Carpet, Autumn

441

560

, leautijul

404

*cephalotes

153

, beech-green

434

*chrysostomus

156

, hlue-hjrdered

404.

*cinctus

15'2

434

*cistfcluides

ib.

, blunt-angled

405

clathratus

364

, briiken-barred

406

*complanatus

146

, chalk

424

^crepitans
*Crux-tninor

154
155

, clnaked

, commnn 385

406
434

*cupieus

153

, degenerate

454

*cj'ancus

145

— — , February

560

*cyanocephalus
*deprcssus

155
154

,Jlame

, Galium

4-24
405

*ditnidiatus

175

, garden.

384

*distans

153

—T-> Sf-ay

422

*festivus

]5l

, gree7i

404

*gilibus

150

, insulated 37]

385

*gibbosus

ib.

, large

433

glabratus

387

, least

406

*granulatus

146

■-, lesser satin

402

*hortensis

ib.

, marbled 424

,435

•hiimeralis

154

, brown-marbled

384

*intricatus

145

, common-mar hied ib.|

intricatiis

375

424

*leucopthalmus

152

, yellow-marbled

584,

*lunatus

150

435

*monilis

146

434

monilis

373

, red-green

443

morbillosiis, 146,

364.

, rufous

405

443

, sandy

406

*multipunctatus

152

, scttrched 404

, sharp- angled

434

nemoralis 145

36(

424

nilens

373

, short-barred

384

*pi]icornis

*pumicatus

*rostratus

150

, twin-spot

424

155
145

, waved

, ivater

384
371

*secalis

149

, wood

423

*sex-punctatus

150

CASSIDA

*spinibarbis

147

cnientata

378

*staphylionoides

175

equestris 211

378

*StrioIa

154

maculata 52)

429

♦tenuis

153

marcida

378

*vestitus

15)

*imirra:a

52

violaceus 145

360

nebulosa

429

*vivalis

151

nobilis

378

*vulgaris

152

Spergulx

416

CARADKINA, Ocli.

251

simiiis

378

CASSIDA

splendidula 373

*viridis 211

Catalogue of insects,

how formed 323

CATER ETES

bipustulatiis 566

rufilabrisv 170,366

Catiipilliis all hatcb-

eil from eggs 40
change tbeir

colouraftermoult-

change their

skin 40

— , method of
collecting 307

— , time for col-
lecting 315,316

, each kind

should be kept

by themselves 310

— , method of

518

preserving
CATOPS
*brevicornis

chrysomeloides
*elongatus
nigricans

sericeus 168,

Cauda, the tail

; discrimination
of the 343

CECIDOMYIA

Ir.tea 291, 387, 437
Cemonus unicolor 278
Centris, Fabr. 285

Cephaieia, Jurine
Cephaloculus, Lam.
Cephalotes, Bonelli
CEPHUS

pygmxiis 267, 412

Cerambycini, Latr.

CERAMBYX

^asdiiis

*arcuatus

*Arietis

*coriariiis

*lineato-collis

moschatus 55, 209, 39'2

*nebulosus 209

*oculatus ib.

*Textor 55, 209

*violaceus 210

169
366
168
366
366
33

267

81

153

209

ib.

55
210
208
209

462

CERASTIS, Ock. 252
CERAllNA

carulea 283,413

CERAIOPHYTUM

Latreillii 161,429

CERCERIS

quadr'K-inctiis 279, 415
CERCOPIS

sanguinoleiita 231, 394
Cercus rufilafaris 170

CERCYON

laterale

melanocephalum

CHERMES
Betulx AIni

Chesnut jnoth
barred

362

U

362
ib,
ib
ib,
ib.
ib

minutum

quisquilium

simile

sordidum

terminatutn

unipunctatiim 188,362
Cereopidje, (Earn.) 230
CERl A
CEROPALES

tnaculata
Cerophytum

roides
CERURA

bifida

Furcula

29'

27o

Elate-

161

I.

Minax
Viniilia

I.

CERYLON
bipunctatiim
dermestoides
bisteroides

CETONIA
aurata
l.

398
248,418

439

398
24S, 382

43

39r

231

252, 440

421

, bearded 440

, dark bfardfd ib.

, pale bearded ib.

, black ib.

, dark ib.

, flounced ib.

, iron ib,

, marbled 443

— — , netted 440

, red 36

, veiny 440

Chevron moth 384

Cheyletidsp, (Earn.) 135
Chi moth 251,432

CHILOCORUS

bipnstulatus 393, 438
Cacti 215,438

4-verruratus 393, 438
Chilognatha, Order 115
Chimney- sweeper , loop-
ing 406

— 's boy 409

China-mark^ beautiful 426
425
426
ib.
425
ib.
426
425
426
ib

garden
-, gold
-, large
-, lettered
-, ringed
-, rusty
-, small
-, straw

*fasciata
CHALCIS

clavipes
CHELIFER

fasciatus

Geoffrey i

Hernianni

Latreillii

Mnsroriim
CHELOSrOMA

florisomne 284, 4l3
Chequered, da' k
CJiermes, Linne

BetuliB

ib. — , small straw

206, .391 CHIRONOMUS

I plumosiis290, 387, 437
192, 375CIIL^NIUS

362 festivus 151,561

19V Chocolate T.p 37(

j 1. 43y

271,412: , small 382

1. 439

119CH0LEVA

558
ib.
ib.

372

441

63

231

agilis
*brunnea

oblonga 168,

Chiistiernian Tortrix
Chrysididae, (Fatn.)
Cbrvsidides, Latr,
CHRYSIS

affinis

*aurata

566
169
365
407
271
ib

412

a:i2

CHRYSIS
bidentata
cyanea
efliilgens
fulgida
ignita
* Panzeri
Stroudera
CHRYSOMELA
aucta
Banksii
Betulse
*Boleti
*buprestoides
*caraboides
*ceramboides
*cerviiia

clavicornis
*coccinea

coriaria

10-notata

10-punctata
*eIongata

fastuosa

fulgida

Goettingensis

Graminis

baenioptera
*halensis
*bemispliwrica
*hirta

Hyperici

Hypochaeridis

linibata

l.itura

lurid a

marginella

margiiiata
*merdigera
*oIeracea

pallida

polita

Polygoni

Populi
*quadripunctata

quinqueingis

sanguinolenta
*sericea

staphylea
*Tanaceti

tenebricosa
*testacea

TremuJse

unicolor

68,419

413

ib.

ib.

272, 412
272
412

369

213,379
379
194
185
195
jb.
162
379
215
53, 369
393
ib.
165
392
416
369
392
379
212
163
196
379
ib.
369

213, 362
393

213, 369
393
53,211
212
379
369
ib.
379
214
379
369
213
369
53, 212
369
312
379
593

INDEX.

463

CFTRVSOMET.A

vanans

416

Vitellinae

393

Chrysoineliclae

(Fam.)
211

Chiysomelin^

,Latr.\[).

CHRVSOPA

alba

410

capitata

fulvocephala

Peria

260

ib.
ib.

410

reticulata

410

CHRYSOPS

csecutiens

293,

414

CHRVSOTOXUM.

arcuatuin

297

415

CIMF.X I ,ru/oui

\ *acuminatus 221 Ciear-under-wing

*bi(leiis ib. Clearur.vg, Mack &

lectulaiius,62, 223, 3941 white bordered

*niarginatus
•pi-asiiius
•stagnorum
♦tipularius
*tipuloicles
Cimicidae, (Fam.)

222

22ll
224

222
223
223

421
397

397
ib.

Cimicides, 1. 1. Latr. 224

CICADA

Anglica ?

*cornuta

*5aDguinolenta

viridis
Cicadarise I. Lair.
Cicadarise II. Lair.
Cicadiadx (Fam.)
Cicindela, Oliv.
CICINDELA

*aquatica

campestris,

229
394
23)

ib.

61
229
230
229
156

57,

148

144,

560

144,387

ib.

Germanica

hybrida

sylvatica, 57, 144, 387
-Cicindeliadae (Fam.) 144
CILEX

compressa

CILTSSA

tricincta
CILLENUS

lateralis
CIMBEX
annulata
lO-macuIata
europjea
♦fascial a
•femora ta
Griffiiiii
humeralis
•lata
inaculata
*maFginala
*sericea
▼ariant

254, 385,
435

281

148, 373

427
ib.
262, 427
263
262
427

1.2. Latr.
II. Lair.

Cinnabar moth

248, 399
431
238

Cinthia Cardui
CIONUS

bipusliilatus

Ilortulanus

immunis

Scrophulariae 203, 391

Thapsi ib.

Ciron de laGiile 133

CIS

bidentatus

Boleti

concinnus
Cisida, (Fam.) 206

Cistela, Mar^A. 183

, Oliv. 162

391
ib.

378

391

206, 378

391

, currant

, ftane-tipped

red- bordered 418
— -, red-belted 417

, six-belled 397

, yellow-legged ib.

, yellow-tailed ib.

CLEPTES

aurata 413

semi-aurata 271, 412

Clems *formicarius 165
*mollis 166

CLITELLARIA

Ephippiiim 292, 4l4

CLIVINA

CISTELA
'angustata

castanea

ceramboides

fnlvipes

fuse a

humeralis

murina

nigra

sulphurea
CIXIUS

iiervosus
CLADIUS

1

390

195, 390

ib

*arenaria 753

Fossor 153,361

*gil)ba 154

saiiguinea 365

CLCEON

pallida 259, 410

CLOSTERA, Hnffm. 247

curtula 370

reclusa 382

Cl tlhes molh 249

Cloud, silver 382

Clouded yellow B. 236,395

429

, pale 236, 429

Clover moth, marbled 252,
422-

ib.lCLUBIONA

ib.l atrox
375 lapidicola
369! Nutrix

124
123,360
124, 415

195, SPOClypeus, shields of the

mouth
230, 380;CLYTHRA
4-punctata

30

difformis 266, 412, 427| tridentata

214, 39$
393

CLAVELLARIA

Amerinas 411

marginata 263, 41 1
Clavicera, TValck.
ib.|claws, Ungues
Q63 Clay moth, bright
4271 eyed
863——, dotted
ibJ ', ingrailed

iT" 'I , purple

42'

CLYTUS
Alni

arcuatus
283j Arietis
35 mysticns

iCnemidotu , Illig.
42l'Coccida2, (Fam.)
433COCCINELLA
421 1 bis-6-guttata
43Si •Cacti

S9'2

ib.

210, 392

392
157

2sa

S9S
215

464

COCClNF.T.L\

cong:Iobata

Gonglouieiata ib.

dispar 339

12. punctata 438

globosa 362, 438

bicroglyphica 393

humeralis 359

impustulata 393

■jiiscabilis 359

lateralis 393

mutabilis 429

19-punctata 438
oblongo-guttata 369

ocellala 393

]8-p;iittata 362,393

5-punctata Sl'3, 438

14-guttata 52,393

l4-pustulata 393

7-punctata 215, 359

IC-guttata 438

l3-punctata ib

]1 -punctata S93

22-punctata 362, 393,
438

variabilis 359
Coccineliida;, (Fatn.) 215
COCCUS

Abietis 395

Aceris ib.

Alni ib.

Betulae ib.

Cacti 65, 233

conchiformis 395

CaprcK ib.

Carpini ib.

Coryli jb.

catafractus ib.

Fragarise ib

fuscns ib,

Mespili ib.

Oxyacanthae ib.

Persicse ib,

Phalaridis ib

Pilosellae ib.

polonichus ib.

Quercus ib.

Salicis ib.

Serratulae ib.

TiliK ib.

Ulmi ib.

Uva-ursi ib.

variegatus ib.

]C'ick Rmch
393 CoULin Tortrix

61
425

Coleoptera, Lmn. 47, 216

Marsh. 216

characters of

138

l4i

322

Cochineal, how made, 63

the order

■ ^lass^fication
of the order

method of ar-
ranging

-—— method of pre-
serving & setting 319

open winged,

specimens how
set ib.

COLLETES

fodiens 42'";

succincta 280, 4
COL! AS

Ediisa 236, 429

Hyale 236, 393, 429
Colours 34

COLOCASIA {Och.) 230
Colydium frumenta

rinm 208

COL YM BETES

abbreviatus 373

agilis 429

bipunctatns t. 359
bipustuiatus ib

colconatus 388

eollaris 37C

conspersus ib

fenestratus 383

fontinalis 415

fuliginosus 44

maculatus 158, 373
Dotatus 373

oblongus 388

obscurus 373

politus 365

striatus 158, 365

uliginosus 359

vitreus 388

Comma, B. 238

Commons, near Lon-
don 313
Comparative anatomj',

object of
Cona, Schel.
CONOCEPHALUS

griseus

varius

verrucivorus

CONOCEPHALUS

viridissimiis 218,433
CONORS

aculeata 293,415

maciocepbala 72

Conopsarii, Latr, 298

Ocinopsidse (Fam.) ib.
Convex glasses, table

of the powers of 325
Copper, common 396, 430

-, large 241, 417

— — , middle 430

,pMTjDZe-e<fg-ed24l ,430

, scarce 24 1

, small 241,370

Cupper Underiuitig 432
Coj ridK, (Fam.)
COPRIS

lunaris 1 88,
Coprophagi, I. Lair.
, 11. Lair.

188

36S
188
189

COR DULEG ASTER
CORDULIA

senea 258,410

annnlata 258, 410

Ccreidffi, (Fam.) 221

CORETHRA

cuculiformis 290, 387,
437
CO REUS

hirticornis

marginatiis

rhomboideus
Corise, Geo .
Corisix, I. Latr.
,U.Latr.

394

222, 380

394

229

220

ib.

CORIXA

affinis 229, 363

coleoptrata 228, 363
dorsalis ib.

fossarum ib.

Geoffroyi 229, 363

lateralis 228, 363

stagnalis ib.

striata ib.

Cork for drawers, the

finest and best 311
Corking drawers, the
74 method of ib.

SOolCoronel mulh, 250, 400

— : , marbled 25 1 , 400

416,COROPHIUM

416 longicorne 105

438 Corpus, the body 344

IKDEX.

465

Ccrtlcaria fiumen!aria208 CRAMBUS

Crustacea for the m

-

oblotiga

ib

i Rosea

408

oroscope

78

,833

taxicornis

207

j sanRuinea 386

,437

CRyPTOCEPHALUS

Coryliis Avcllana, cu

Rtrisja

437

bilituratus

393

rioiis experiments

tRANGON

Coryli

ib.

on the farina of 335

1 vulgaris

96

flavilabris

ib.

CORYXETES

'CRASPEDOSOMA

labiatus

ib.

•riifioollis

1 6(5

l>ii!ydesmoides 114,358

lineola

53

, 393

CORYSI ES

Ratijinsii

ib.

marginellus

393

cassivelanus

83CRATERIXA

Morjei

ib.

*dentatns

ib.l Hiniiidinis 303

,415

nitens

ib.

^'orvsticlK, (Fam.)

S2 Cream-wave, Ircad-

pusillus

ib.

COSMIA, Huh.

252 st'iped

384

*quadripunctatus

214

COSSONL'S

, dwarf

405

sericeus

213

,593

hypoleiicus

416 , lesser

423

6-punctatus

393

linearis 204

, 369, ,pale

384

similis

ib.

COSSUS

CREOPHILUSjATtrZ'j/ns

CRYPTOPHAGUS

Ligniperda 246

, 397,Crepiucularia, (Sect.)243

cellaris

169;

429

Coxa

34!Creifw«

420

*crenatus

169

Crah, comrnon

85

, heauiifd

371

denticulatus

429

— , Hermit

92

, green-b.i?idled

439

hirtus

ib.

, King

89

, /.

401

pallens

389

, Oid Man's face

83

Crim'SMi and Gold

S36

phsorrhseus

433

92

Crimson-speckled

439

Populi

429

——, Thcrnlack

89

Crimson t/ndenving

250

ruficollis

438

CRABRO

, dark

422

serratus

429

cribarius 278

413

, lesser

ib.

Tvphse

ib.

*I unatus

252
278

, light

ib.

CRYPTOPS

Crabronidas, (Fam.)
Crabronites, Latr.

Criocerids, (Fam.)

211

hortensis

116

358

;k

Crioceris, Marsh.

162

Savisnii

058

CR.ESUS

eeptentrionalis 266,412
Crainbites, Lair. 254

CRIOCERIS

Asparagi

*caraboides

cvanella

378
J95
392

CRYPTORHYNCHUS

assimilis 377
canescens 378
contractus 377

CRAMBUS

12 -punctata

ib.

dentatus

ib.

acinacidea

409

flavicollis

ib.

Erysimi

203,

391

arbonun

408

*flavipes

212

globosus

377

Cardui

ib.

melanopa

416

horridus

ib.

carnea

ib.

merdigera 21 1,

392

inBexus

378

caudea

409

*n!gricornis

212

Lapathi

377

cespitis

408

puncticollis

416

leucogaster

ib.

consorta

ib.

subspinosa

392

Lythri

ib.

culmorum

ib.

Crocisa atra

286

melanorhynch

us

378

cultrea

409 Crustacea, anatomical ]

melanostictus

377

falsa

4371 view of the

75

obstrictus

ib.

geniculea

408 , history

76

ovalis

ib.

gigantea

ib.j , method of

pleurostigma

ib.

hortorum

ib.' collecting

516

phsorhynchus

ib.

ocellea

364

plinoides

ib.

pascuea

437 preserving

ib.

Quercicola

ib.

petrificia

408 , pins used for 309j

rnber

378

Pineti 255,

408 — i , writers on th

e 76

sulciilus

377

pinguinalis

255 , ciassilication

of

Urticae

ib.

Pratonira

403

the

78

viduHs

ib

2 G

460

INDEX.

dyptiis, Fabr
CRYPT US
*farcatus
♦Irrorator
pallipes
Villersii
Crjstals, metliod of
obtaining, for the
microscope

of Camphor

of Salt

of Silver

269 CYCLOPS, Geoff.
*quadricornis

264CYDNUS

270 oleracens
411 Cymindis, Gijll.

264,41: CYMINDIS

humeral is 154,

[CYMODICE
371 truni'ata
ib. Cymothea serrata
ib.CYMOTHOA
ib. (Estrum

Cymothoadie, (Fa\n.)

81

Dart moth,square-spoti'i\

CTENOPHORA

atrata 291, 587, 437JCYNIPS
CUCULLI A,^f /iranA:. 252 caprsea 271,

CULEX *Qiiercus folii 67,

pipiens 71,

290,

359

*scutellaris

CURCULIO

Cynipsera, Latr.

*AIismatis

204

Cynipsidje, (Fam.)

*Alni

203

CYPHA, Ktrhtj

argentatus

202,

377

CYPRIS

*aterrim»s

204

conchacea

*binodulus

ib.

Cyphon hemispha?ri-

en ides

377

cus

*Coryli

201

pallidas

*Equiseti

204

Cypris pubera

*Germanus

203

CYTHERE

*granarius

204

viridis

* hispid ulus

ib.

Dacne humeralis

*incanus

205

DacLis, Fabr,

♦linearis

204

Dagger moth, autum'

*lineatus

ib.

nal

Mali

577

, dark

*niger

204

, light

*nigrorostrls

205

, March

•nitens

54

*Nucum

ib.

DAPHNIA

oblongns

577

Pulex

*parallelopipe(

OS

204

Dark Tawny

*Pini

202

Dart Molh, archers

Pyri

54

390

, black

*ru(icoHis

199

, brindled

*Scrophulariae

54

203

, broad-veined

sericeus

377

, chainshot

*sulcirostris

204

, dark

*trigutlatus

ib.

, double 251

unifasciatiis

377

, garden

Curculionidse,(FaiT).)

200

, lineolated

Curculionites, L

air.

ib.

, necklace

Cuvier's distribution

, pectinated

of Animals

75

, pitchy

Cvamns Ceti

106

, pupilled

CYCHRUS

, rufous 251

rostratus 145,

55=^

, 373

ib.

, striped square-sp.ih.

, slout

433

221-

, ivedgebarred

421

154

, white-line

DASCILLUS

ib.

361

cerviiius 162,

388

Dasycbira, Hilh.

246

108

Da sv pod a, lllig.

283

ib.

DASYPODA

plumioes 230,

437

109

DASYPOGON

107

punctutns295, 414,
DASYTKS

428

412

Kiieus

374

270

ater 164,

374

270

caeruleus

3SS

ib.

flavipes

ib.

270

viridis

ib.

176

Day moth, drab

443

,rcsy

560

80

December, Calendar

for

443

163

162

for

316

80

December moth

444

Definition of Insects

21

81

DEILOPHILA, Och.

243

169

Delphax clavicornis

230

299

DEMETRIAS

atricapilia 156

35S

443

monostigma 156

365

400

DENDROPHILUS

ib.

punctatus 184

375

364

DEPORAUS

400

Betuls 201

576

Dermaptera, charac

80

ter of the order

139

399

, classification

421

of the

216

402

Dermestes, Geoff.

185

ib

DerniPstes, Thunb.

207

402

DERM FS FES

ib.

*adstrictor

133

ib

*Boleti

20G

, 421

•Calthai

214

421

*cellaris

169

ib

*Fungorum

ib.

42(

lardarius 18]

,367

40'2

*marg:natus

207

42!

murinus 48

,389

ib

*Pellio

182

, 421

*ruficollis

166

43:

*Si'arabxoIde?

1S7

INDEX.

467

DERMESTES
*scolytus

tessellatus
*Typograplius
*unda;u4
Dermestids, (Fatn.)
Dermestiiii, Lair.
Dssjoutianian Turtrix
Dew moth
DEXAMINE

spinosa
Dial Turl'ix 364,
Diamond-back, lesta-

ceovs
Diamond sp I
DIANOUS, Gijll.
Diaperidje, (Fam.)
DIAPERIS

Boleti 194,

ahenea
Dictj'optera, charac-
ters of the order
— — — , classification
])igger, use of the
Dimera, Litr,
Dinierosomata, cha-
racters of the or-
der
— — , classification

of the
Dimorpha, Hiih.
Dimorpha, Jurine
DINARDA, Liach
DINETUS

pictus 277,

DIOCTRIA

(Elandica 295,
Diploleparije, Lair.
Diplolepidiae, (Fam.)
DIPLOLEPIS

Quercusfolii 270,
Diptera,I.irt'!e 70,289,
— — — , characters of

I Dismal molh

48'l)iurna (Sect )
2,15 Dt^'s-1iu>ih molh
20:> DOLKRIS
1 82 Goiiagra 2o5,

131 opacus

ib.D )LIC!-1URUS

435 ater 275,
4l8DOLOMEDr,.S

t mirabilis 120,

102 DolychopodiB
441 Doiychopodes, Lnlr.

DOLVCHOPLTS

436 nobilitatus 294,
43t5DONACIAi

173 *Equiseti 211,

1 93 fasciata

fuse a
3S9 Hydrochails
389 linearis

melanocephala

139
219
308
17

IIS

77,413

414
270
ib
427
412

211,

m leans
Nyniphaea3
pahistris
Sagittarix
simplex
vittata
*Zostera
Donovan's method of
spi-

211,
211,

420
23-*|
419
I
412
ib.

413

372

294

ib

414

392
378

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
378
378

ib.

ib.
378
378
392

DRASSUS.
lucifuge

melanogaster 123,
Drawers of a cabinet,
the size, &c.

method of

corking
method of pa-

perm if
ORILUS "^

flavcsctns 1G3,
Drinker mulh
/.

the order
■ , classification
of the

, method of ar

ranging

, method of

preserving

Diraphia, 7Z/'g.

Directions for the mi-
croscope

Dircsea, Fair.

119 preservmg

247 ders ^ 317
76 DOROS

177 coMopseus 297,415
DOSYTHRUS

EglanteriflB 265, 412

Junci ib

Dot molh, 400

, red 440

, rus'y 426

, straw ib

Dolled, curve 364

302! border 363

iDGulle-blolched, black U\

\39 Double line molh 422
, scolloped 423

289 Drmi/e lobed 420

\Doyble-slriped 427

322 Drab-molh, dark 370
,ferrugineous 371

321 , twin-spotled 370

9.32 Drab Tortrix, lesser 386

I , spotted ib

323 DRASSUS

195' atsr 123, 360

2o 2

123
360

310

3il

ib.

338
418
393

3.1 3

ib,

ib.

155,

358
ib.

177

185

373
103

353

122
156

359
ib,
359

158
53

158
ib.
157
158
157
159
158
159
185
433
425
Ear moth, golden 433

Early molh 559, 360

Earwig 60

EBALIA

Pennantii 91

DPcOMIUS
linearis

pimctomaculatus
pusillus
qiiadrimaculat'.is

rufescens
DRUSILLA, Leach
Dryops, Oliv.
DRYPTA

emarginata 156,

DYNAMENE, Leach

DYSCHIRIUS

gibbns 153,

DVSDERA

erythrina
Dyticidte, (Fam.)
DYTICUS

circnmflexns 159,

marginaiis

punctulatus
Dytis clavicornis
Dytiscus, Linn.

*confluens

*crassicornis

*Hermaiini

*minutns

*ovatus

*paraplurus

*sparsus

*sulcatus

*Volckmari

Dun-bar

Dwarf, barred

468

Echimuthus

ELATER

ENDROIVirS

cyanocephal

JS

155

4-pustiiIatn3

388

versicolor

247, 370

ECHINOxMYIA

riparius

ib.

I.

393

grossa

301

, 428

ruficollis

ib

ENGIS

Edge, black-striped

436

rnfipennis

ib.

ferrnginea

443

Edriophtbalma

(Leg

)100

rufipes

ib

humeralis 169,374,443

Eels in paste, how ob-

sanguinrus 57

, 3.S&

rufifrons

374, 443

tained for the mi-

semirnber

16"

Entomology, its ad-

croscope

334

sputator

373

vantage to the

Egger moth

247

tessellatus

ib

man of science 17

, grass

382

thoracicus

388

, a neg!

ccted

, large

41fi

unicolor

373

science

ib.

, I.

398

vittatus

388

Entomon, Klein

106

, oak

, I.

438

Elateridse, (Fam.)
ELODES

161

t,:«..rs«i

,.^v,;

332

cum 110

360

*hemisphxrica

163

Entomostraca, charac-

, I.

398

melanura

373

ter and classifica-

Eggs of Insects

38

mollis

ib.

tion of the

subcl. 78

■ ,

how

nigricans

ib.

EPAPHIUS

preserved

318

pallida 162

,573

secalis

149

ELAMPUS

Eledona Agaricola

194

EPEIRA

Panzer!

2T2

,412

ELONIUM, Leach

175

Diadema

127,425

ELAPHRUS

Elophilus, Meig.

297

EPEOLUS

riparius

US

361

Elopborus, Fair.

186

variesiatus

286,428

uliginosus

364

Elytra or ivivg-cases

37

EPHEMERA

Elater, Rossi

185

, how discrimi-

*diptera

259

, Linn.

57

,161

nated

345

vulgata 65,

259, 410

ELATER

Emerald m., hloUhed

423

EphemeridaE,(Fam.) 259

ffineus

162

373

, common

404

Ephemeiinx, Lc

tr. ib.

balteatus

373

, grass

424

Ephippium, Lair. 292

bipustulatus-

3S8

, small grass

383

EPOMIS

*buprestoides

160

— -, large 253

422

cincta

151,387

castaneus

161

., light

422

ERASTRIA, Och. <2b1

castanipes

373

, little

383

Erax, Scopoli

294

cupreus

38S

, small

424

ERIOGASTER

*cyaneus

57,

162

Emperor, Purple b.

239,

lanestris

247, 360

cylindricus

388

417

I.

398

*dermestoides

183

, /.

381

Populi
Eriops, Klvg

247, 444

ephippium

388

, moth 246, 381

431

283

ferrugineus

161,

388

, I.

381

holosericeiis

373

EMPHYTUS

ERIOSOMA

lineatus

ib.

ceria 265

412

Mali

232, 380

longicollis

388

cinctus

ib.

Eriothrix, Meig.

301

marginatus

162,

373

succinctus

412

ERISTALIS

mesomelus

373

tibialis 265,

412

Narcissi

297, 415

metaliicus

388

Empidae, (Fam.)

295

ERlSTHETUS;A'nofA 174

minutus

373

Empides, Latr.

ib,

Ermine moth,

248, 382

murinus

162,

365

EMPIS

.*"#

248, 398

niger

373

Borealis 295,

414

I.

431

nitidulus

361

pennipes 72,

414

, Thistle

408

obscurus

^65

EMUS, Ltach

172

, luater

248, 398

pectinicornis

388

Endomychidae,(Fam.

215

I,

431

PomonzB

ib.

ENDOMYCHUS

irotyla, Hilb.

252

prsustus

ib.

coccineus 215,

379

Erotyiids, (Fam

.) 214

469

EUCERA

loTiijicornis 2S7, 413
ELCLIDIA, Hiib. 2o2

EypLEcrrs

Reiclienbachii 178,375
EUPLOCAMUS

Guttella 249

EL RY DICE

pulchra 109

EUKYNOME

aspera 88

EVANIA

appendagaster 268)412
Evaniada;, (Fam.) 268
Evaniales, Litr. ib.

Evodia caiendariim 2S0
Exori.^ta, Mag. SOI

Exotic specimens of
Insects, why re-
jected 322
Eyes of Insects 21
Fabficius's Classes of

Insects 44

Fabricius'sS5'stem uni-
versally rejected 46
FALAGRIA, Leac/i 177
Favfjot moth, 407

■ , clay ib

1 , common 335, 4C13

, smalL 4()7

February, Calendar

for " 360

ment for 314

Feelers or Palpi 29

Feet, Tarsi 34

Femur, the thigh ib.

, discrimination
of the 347

FENUSA

pumila 265, 41 1

Fein moth 384

Fern, time for collect-
ing Insects from 31 6
Festcon m. 4lS, 432

FIGITirS

scutellaris 270

Figure of Sm. 431

I. 3S2

Filicornis, (Sect.) 260
Fish, scales of, for the

microscope 333

Flame m. 599 422

Fiat body,common431,ii3

]Fritillary, pearly border
230 like7iess 237, 380

230, 380 , Queen (fSpainiSt,

406 380, 416

71 — — , silver-washed 237,

416

268,412 , I. 380

Foutman7noth, black 4l8JFrons, //iC /"ront 30

, common A3llFrcsted orange m. 252,402

, dun ib.

, feathered 442|Fulgora, Latr.

,y(>ur-ijt)o<^eJ249,399iFumaria plumistrea

, fuur-iptjl, small 4l 8 Furbeloic, flame

PLATA

•nervosa
reticulata
Fl'junced rosy
Flv, house
FGENUS
Jaculator

, fuur-spot,yeUjivi3]
, orange 599

, strciv-coloured 431
Four-fp tied moth 403
FORBICINA

polypoda 140, 360

Forbicine, Geoff.

cylindrique 140

Forceps, their use 308
Forester Sphinx 397

FORFICULA

auricularia 60,216,370

borealis 42^

*gigantea 217

•minor 216

*neglecta ib.

Furk-barred m, 441

FORMICA

fusca 559

herculanea 69,273,359

nigra 359

rufa

Formicadas, (Fam.)

Formicariae, Latr.

Forskdlian Tortrix

Forsterian Tortrix

Fox moth

Frvige, red

FriUllary, dark green 237,

416

/. 380

,Duke of Burgun-
dy 237, 380

,'GlantiUe 237,396

I. 569

ib.

272
ib.
436
407
398
385

440
230

409
432

93
93
ib.
ib.
92
93
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
28

GALATEA, Fabricii

rugosa

spinigera

squamifera
Galateadae (Fam.)
Galathea Bamffia

longipeda

rugosa

spinigera

squamifera

strigosa
Galea

GALERUCA

calmariensis 378

Capraex ib.

Cratsgi ib.

*nigricornis 212

Nymphsese 378

Tanaceti 212,378

*testacea 212

Viburni 392

Galinsecta, Latr. 233

GALLERIA

alvearia 255, 436

cerea 436

Galls, how formed 67

Gammaridse, (Fam.) 101

GAMMARUS

aquaticus 103

camptolops 104

Locusta ib.

marinus 103

*Pulex ib.

*rubricatus 104

greasy

237,58(1 Gammase des Coleo-

/. 369 pteres 131

-, Heath 237 Gammasids, (Fam. ) ib.

-, high irctt'n 237,41 6jGAMMASUS
-, I. 380 coleoptratorum 13 1,364

-jpearlybord, 231,3961 marginatus 364

470

Gabterophilus Equi,
method of depo-
siting its eggs 39
GASTEROPHfLUS
Equi 302, 437

Hemorrlioidalis 437
veterinus 428

GASTRO PACHA

Pinus 41 B

quercifolia 247, 418

/. 382

Gate-keeper, b. 240

GEBIA

Deltaiua 94
Genera founded on a
consideration of
evtry character 45
of Linne 47

GEOMETRA

caesiata
candid iilata
carbonaria

73

synop-
tical view of the

■ why

given 45

— of plants com-
pared with Insects 46
Spence's ob-

servations on the

necessity of new ib,
GEOMETRA

abbreviata 405

abietaria 363

Absinthiata 405

adustata 404, 434

advenaria 404

j^scularia 563

albicillata 404

albulata 434

Alchemillata 405

Alniaria 434

amataria 423

angularia 434

angustata 435

apriciaria 423

ajileria 444

arenosaria 383

Atomaria 405

aversata 423,441

badiata 371

berberata 405

biangulata 406

bidentaria 371,404

bilineata 405

bimaculata 384

bipunctaria 424

brumaria 359, 443

360
384
406

carpiniaria 441

Centaureata 405

centum-notata 348,435
cerviiiata 371

Chjerophyllata 406

Chenopodaria 404, 435
citraria 424

clathrata 384, 423

ciavaria 442

comma-notata 384,435

comitata

congeneraria

connectaria

consigtiata

consobrinaria

consonaria

consortaria

conversavia

costastrigata

costovata

423
371
442
423
403
384
403
433
423
384

Crat8egaria37 1 ,406,434

Crepuscularia

dealbata

decolorata

defojiaria

degenerata

denlistrigata

derivata

destrigaria

didymaria

dilutata

dimidiata

ditaria

dolabraria

dubitata

dupHcata

ejatata

elinguaria

elongata

emarginata

ericetaria

erosaria

Euphorbiata

extensaria

fasciaria

favillaciaria

ferrngaria

fimbriata

flos-lactata

fluctuata

424
404
406
442
434
371
405
423
423
434, 443
434
423
253, 403
584,435
405
424
434
385
423
44!
441
385
424
404
405
383
434
384
384

GEOMETRA
fuliginaria
fulvata
fumaria
fusco-undata
Galiata
gilvaria
glarearia
Grossniariata
hastata
heparata
hexapterata
illunaria
illnstraria 383,
iniitaria
iminanata
inimnlata
implicaria
impluviata
inaequaria
incanata
incompletaria
inornata
insulata
Jnliaria
Jnniperata
lactata
]a;vigata
leucophearia

Lichenaria

lignata

limbaria

linariata

lincaria

lineolata

liturata

lividata

luctuaria

lunaria

luteata

niaculata

margaritaria

niarginata

niarmorata

miata

multistrigata

munitata

nassata

nigricaria

notata

ocellaria

oceliata

olivaria

omicronaria

404
422
371

423
405
433
406
424
404
405
406
371
. 385,406
424
ib.
423
404
405
406
434
444
423

371, 385
424
441
384
435
360
424
434
423
406
404
405
434
405
363

253, 404

384

ib.

422

385, 423
424
441
363
405
ib.
360
• 385

383, 435

405, 434
434

383, 435

INDEX.

471

GEOMETRA

GiEOMETRA

GEOPHILUS

orbicularia

404

sambucaria

424

electricus

372

osseata

405

sexalisata

434

longicornis

116,

358

paiudata

404

simiilata

405, 441

niaritimus

358

pantnvia

ib.

singaiaiiata

406

subterrancus

116

358

Papilionaria

4'2'2

sinuata

422

Geotiiipidaj (Fam.)

189

pcndularia - 333

435

spartiata

443

Geotriipini, Latr

peniiaria

445

spinaciata

405

gp:otrupes

petfuscata

384

striaria

383

niger

362

fietrata

ib.

strictaiia

363

politus

362

Pinaria

404

slrigilata

423

puncticollis

562

plagiata

441

suberaria

403

stercorarius

189,

362

pkimbaria

404

subfulvata

434

syivaticus

368

pliiiiibeolata

385

subfuscata

385

vernalis

569

Populala

42'2

sublactata

384

gerris

prasinaiia

4'24

subsericeata

423

pallidum

224,

369

prsnotata

384

subtristata

385, 434

*vagabundus

223

lirimaria 339

360

subioseata

423

OIBBIUM

procellata

424

siiccentiiriata

423

Scolias

180,

367

propngnata

ib.

suffiunata

371

sulcatus

367

prosapiaria

442

sylvata

384

Gip^y Moth

247,

431

Piunaiia

403

sylvaticata

423

Glaea, Huh.

252

prunata

434

Syringaria

424

Glasses, metbod of

psittacata

443

teisata

384

computing

th

e

pullaria

434

testata

ib.

magnifying

power

pulveiaria

404

Thvmiaria

404

of convex

324

jiunctaria 383

,435

Tiliaria

434

Glomeridae (Fam.)

113

punctata

405

trepidaria

404

Gl.OMERIS

punctularia

384

trigeminata

385

*borde

113

pusaria

383

trigonata

434

marginata

113,

358

pusiUata

385

tiimaculata

406

GJossata, F'ahr.

220

putataria

385

ulmata

404

Glow worm

55,

163

P3'raliata

405

unangulata

424

Gnaphosa, Latr

123

quadrimaciilata

371

undiilata

WCGnat

71

quadrifasciaria

423

unidentaria

404, 433 6!oa« Moth

246,

397

Quercinavia

434

unifasciata

^5A Gold Fringe

427

remutata

441

unilobata

A05]Gold Spangle

403

lepandaria

403

V. atra

il^Gold spot Moth

250

,433

respersaria

404

V. nigraria

424 , /. and p

422

reclangulata

406

varieta

422GOMPHOCERIJS

retata

385

Vauaria

404' rufiis

219,

438

Rliamnata

384

venosata

405GOMPHUS

rhomboidaiia

422

vernaria

383; vula:atissimus

258,

410

rivulata

405

vetulata

4G6GONEPTERYX

Roboraria

403

viretata

371 Rbamni 236

395

,429

roseidaria

406

viridaria

404GONOPLAX

rotundaria

383

virgulata

423| bispinosa

87

rubiadata

422

vital bata

3S4GONYPES

rubiginata 404

,434

Volutaria

424j tipuloides

295,

428

rufata

384

vulgata

i()5 Goose-egg Moth 254,

335,

rufifasciata

363

GeophilidEP (Fam.) llGj

435

ruptala

406

GEOPHILUS

IGORTYNA, Och.

252

rusticata

406

aciuninatus

116, 358 G ORYXES

Salicaria

383

carpophagus

116, 428

quinquecinctus

276

472

INDEX.

Golhic Moth

, feathered

, bordered

401
420

420

GRAPHIPHORA, Hub.

251
Grass wave, vi. larger 406

-J , lesser 404

Grayling, b. 417

Grease from insects,
method of remov-
ing 320
Green,black -sprigged 435,
441

, bcrdered 407

, brindled 370, 442

jjrosted 251, 370,
401

, marbled 251, 401

, Pea 425

, scaly 435

i — , tri-culoured 441

407
436
44

Green-shaded
Grey, Olotch'hacktd

, bordered

•j.hrindUd
• ' , early

, mottled 363, 436

, poplar 3S2

, short-barred 436

, smoky 408

, yelloiu-st'gmaed

372
Gryl'iiclK (Fam.)
Gryllidep, Lair.
GRYLLOTALPA

vulgaris 21

Grylliis campestris

flavipes

Gryllotalpa

rufus

subulatus

viridissimus
GRYPHUS, Germ.
Gula, the Throat
GYMNOSOMA

rotundata 301, 48?

370

218
217

369
218

5
217
219
219
21S
204

3(

347
251

14"

GYRINUS

villosus 159, 373

Gyrodroma, Klug 284
Habitats of Insects
HADENA, Schank
H^MATOPINUS

Siiis
H.EMATOPOTA

pluvialis 293,414,428
Hair for the raicioscope

333
Hair-slreak, Uack'lA 1,417

, I. 417

thrown 241,433

, I. 596

, green 241,381

, L 417

,p-iirple 241,4171

, l. 396

HALIPLUS I

assimilis 365

elevatus 157, 573

ferrugineus 157, 365

flavicollis ib.

impressns ib.j

lineatocollis ib.

obliqiins ib

ruflcol'is ib.

Hallomenus micans 195
Halteres, Poisers 37, 349
HALTICA

a;nco-fusca

3Erata

affinis

atricilla

an rata

Brassicae

Centanre®

coucfnna

Gyrinidje (Fam.")
GYRINUS

ffiiieus

elongatus

marinas

minutns
*Moderii

109

36.^
37 L

ib.

ib.
159

Natator 49,159,361

cyanea

Erucae

exoleta

femoralis

flesuosa

fuscipes

Helxines

Hyoscyami

Merourialis

Modeeri

nemorum

nigricollis

nigro-aenea

nitiduJa

nodicornis

379

ib,

ib.

ib

ib.

ib.
37H
379

ib.
392
379

ib

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
592
379

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

HALTICA
ochroldiica
oleracea
ovbiculata
picina
Pseud acori
4-pustulata
ruficornis
rnfipes
semisenea
striata
suturalis
tabida
lestacea
transversa
Verbasci

HAROIUM

Inquisitor

HARPALUS
apricarius
aulicus
azureus
bicolor
bizonattis
erytbropus
ferrngineus
Germanus
obsciirus
*pras!nu.s
rnfifornis
tibialis

Hamuli

Haustellum

379
212,378

ib.
579

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
379
379

ib.

212,

210,392

361
337
365

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
387
361
151
149, 565
387
349
29, 349

Hawk muth, covvilvulus

244, 438
, dealKs head 244,

442

, I. 433

, elephant 64, 243,

396

, /. 430

, scarce E. 597

, small E. 243,381

, sputUd E. 244,

397

— , scarce- spotted

E. 244

— ,YeUow-sp<jtled

E. 430

, eyed 243, 381

, I. 4-30

, Hummine-hird,

244,370, 597

INDEX.

473

Hawk-molh, humming-
bird, I. 363

, Lime 243, 381

, Z. 430

, p. 3p9

, pine 244, 5Q7

, poplar 243, 3\)6,

430

, /. 438

, privet 244, 397

, l. 431

— • , sharp-u-i':ged 'kCiV'

, silver-:ine 243, 396
H : zel-mo!h, scolloped 137 1 ,
404
Hazel Torlrix 423

Head of Insects 21,342
Heart and dub m. 402

, brindled ib.

, brown 2^1, 402

Heart and Dart m. 402
Hearl-motk 383

Heath D, large 417

, /. 396

, scarce ib

—— , sma/Z 240, 396. 430,
438

, /. 38 1

Htath-moth, Mack 406

common, 405

latticed 384, 423

light 406

ne«^d 383

yellovD 406

Heaths, best time for

collecting insects

on 313

near London ib.

Hebrew character m. 370
setaceoui 402

Hedges, insects how

collected from 31 2
HEDYCHRUM

auratuni 272, 412

regiuin 4 12

Hellus sexpunctatns 274
Heiiocentis, /liib. 252

Heliophila, Hub. 251

Heliophila, Klug 287

HELIOTHIS, Och. 252
Helobinni, Leach ]52

HELODES

Pbellandrii 213,379
violacea 379

HELOPHILUS

peudulus 415

tenax 297, 387

HelopboviilLR (Fani.) 185

HELOPHORUS

Fennicus 362

griseiis ib.

nubilus 186, 362

siasnalis 186,360

HE LOPS
lanipes 194,390

violaceus 362

Hemcrobiadx (Fam.) 260

Hemerobiiii, Lair. 260

Heinercbius, ^i?^«. 06

HEAIEROBIUS
affinis 410

Beckwithii ib.

decussatus ib.

irroratus ib.

lutescens ib.

nemoralis ib.

nervosus ib.

obscurns ib.

*Perla 260

Pini 410

pimctatus ib.

variegatiis 260, 410

Hemiptera, Z,in?je 61,217,
219

, characters of

tlie order 139

, classification

of the 220

, method of ar-
ranging 322

,method of pre-
serving and set-
ting 319

Henops, Jllig. 296

Hepa, Geof. 225

HEPIALUS

Angulum 397

fuscus 381

Hectus 245, 397

Humiili ib. ib.

kipiiliniis 431

Mappa 245, 397

nebiilosus 381

obiiqmis ib.

Herald-moth 371, 433

HERIADES
campanularum 428
truncorum ^H4

IIERMINI.V
achatalis
albistrigalis
angustalis
barbalis
IJombycalis
colonalis
cras^salis
derivialis
dimidiatiis
flamealis
nemoralis
obscuralis
pinguinalis

Am

4'24

ib.

385, 424

425

407

406

407

435

406

407

ib.

424

proboscidalis 253, 406,
435

rostra lis
Salicalis
socia

taibicrinalis
vittaHs
HESPERIA
Comma
Line a
MalvEe
Paniscus

406
407

ib.

ib.
385, 406

242, 430
242,417

242, 381

243, 381
Svlvanus242, 381,417
Tages 242, 381

Plesperidje (Fam.) 242
Hesperides, Latr. ib.

HETEROCERUS

marginatus 1S5, 367
Heteromera (Sect.) 192
Hetoropoda, Lair. 127
Highflyer M. July 424
, May 405

, yellow- striped 423

HIPPARCHIA

/Egeiia 241, 369, 396,
430

, /. 363,381, 396

blandina 240, 396

Davus 396

Galathea 240, 417
Hyperanthus 240, 396
Janira ib. ib.

Megara 240, 417, 430

, /. 381,4^0

Pamphilus 240, 396.
438

,1. 381,430

Pilosella 240, 396,417
Polvdama 39t>

Semele 241, 417

474

INDEX,

39C

HIPPARCHIA

Typhon
HIPPATICHUS
papilionarius
prunatus
HIPPOBOSCA
*avicularia

equina 72.302,415

•Hirundinis 30

*ovina ib.

*vespertilionis 304

Hippoboscidae (Fatn.) 302

HIPPOLYTE varians 97

Hornet Sphinx,
, bee

303

53, 193

389
ib,
184
375
367
185
375
184
3G7

184,3

184, 367
184
ib

184, 567
184
367

Hispa mutica
HISTER

jeueus

2-maculatus
*bipustulatus

cadaverinus

carbonarius

depressus

12-striatus
*flavicornis

neglect us

nitiduliis

parvus
*picipes
*punctatus

purpurascens
*4-maciilatus

4-notatus
*semipunctatus 49, 184

sinuatus 184, 367

speculifer

stercoiari'js

unicolor l8^

virescens
Histerldae (Fam.)
Holly Tortrix, large
Holmian Tortrix
Honey-moth
Honey-comb Moth
Honk, silver 252, 403

Hooktip M. beautiful 435

, bordered 3S5

, oak 425

, pebble 254, 407

— — , scolloped 254, 585,

441

Hook-tipped, great 407

HOPLIA

pulveiulpiita 191,389
lloplitus, Clair. 157

I. 381
245
, lunar 417, 442

253'Hornet Wasp 69, 280

ib.|Howard's obsservations
on the pollen of
plants 335

Huber's experiments
on the antennas of
queen bees 23^

Humming-bird H. M. 244,
397,431,438

, I. 397

HYAS araneus 89

375
367
375
389
183
436

ib.

ib.

ib.

Unmet Sph'nr

159, 3S8
3S8
365
157

HYDATICU.S

Hybneri

stagnalis

tvansversalis
Hj'drachna, Fabr.
HYDRACHNA

geographica 133,
Hydrachnadae (Fam.)
HYDRiENA

Kugcllani
HYDRO BIUS

atricapillus

bipustulatus

calconotus

fulvus

fuscipes

griseus

marginellus

melanocephalus

186,375

368

ib.

ib.

ib.

187, 367

368

ib.
187,
368
368

ib.

ib.

ib.

IS';

mmutus

orbicularis

seminulus

torqiiatus
HYDROCHUS

brevis 375

cicindeloides 186

crenatus 375

elongatus 367

Hydrocorisiae, Latr, 225

Hvdrometidas (Fam.) 224

HYDROMFTRA

■*paludum 224

*rivulorum ib.

stagnorum 224, 380
Hvdrophilidi£(Fam.) 186
HYDKOPHILUS

caraboides 58, 187, 360
*cicindeloides 186

245| ^jmpressus

ib

HYDROPHILUS

*longipalpus
*nitidus
*piceus
*sordiiI us
*stagnalis

HYDRO PORUS

confluens l58,

depressus
' dorsaiis

12-pustulatus 158,

flavipes

flexuosus

fluviatilis

granularis

humeralis

linnellus

lituratus

melanocephalus

planus

Irifidus

unistriatus
HYDROUS

piceus
Hygrobia, Lair.
HYL.EUS

annulatus

dilatatus

florisomnus

quailri-cinctus

signatus
HYLESINUS

crenatus
*Scolytus

varius

HYLOTOMA
*Angelicx

Berberidis

caerulea

caerulescens

enodis

femoral is

furcata

Klugii

pagana

pilicornis

Ros£e

segmentaria

Stephensii

ustulata

violacea
HYLTIRGUS

ater

206,

2G4,

264,

186
187

58
186

ib.

361
ib.
388
361
388
373
365
361
365
361
365
388
365
361
3b5

359
157

427
ib.
284
282
427

391
206
37S

411
411

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
264
411
411
411
411

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

391

INDEX.

47f>

HYLURGUS

niger 391

obscurus ib.

Piniperda 105, 301

Hymeuoptera, Linni ti6

Hyinenoptera, Rossi CSS

, character of

the Order 193

, classiGcation

of the 2G2
, method of ar-
ranging- 322

, method of pre-

servin? 321

HYPER A.^Germor 203

444 IPS

4-pustulatus 170, 43R

*Scolytus 206

*Typographe 205

* Typosraphus ib.

/'•■'Ti, clouded 425
ISSUS

coleoptratiis 230, 380
114

HYPHYDRUS

ovatus 137, 358

Hypoffymna, Hub. 946
JiERA

albifrons 110

JANIRA

maculosa ib.

Jansen, the first in-
venter of the mi-
croscope 323
January, Caiandarfor 358

• , employment for3l4

Japan molhs 249

Jaspidia, Hub. 250

JASSA

pulchelia 105

lASSUS

interruptus 3S(''

Lanio 231, 330

viridis 380

ICHNEUMON, Li7ine 67,
271
*Jaculator 268

Manifestator 68

Ichneumon matjifes-
tator, Mr. Mar-
sham's observa-
tions on 25
Ichneumotiidffi(Fam.)26S

Incomplete molh

Inflata, Latr. 296

Inflating caterpillars,
method of 318

Ingrailed moth, large 56 3

, small 424

INO

Statices 245, 397

liisecta Ametabolia 138, Julida? (Fam.)
140JULUS

Insecta Motabolia 138,142 *complanatus

Insects, the most ex-
tensive of the ani-
mal kingdom 17

, instructed by na-
ture in disposing
their uggs 38
, economy of ib.
, mould on, how
removed 311
, method of col-
lecting 312
•, how found in
moss 314
•, method of pre

Londinensis

niger
*onii-coides
'polydesmoides

pulchelhis

punctatus

pusillus

sabulosus

terrestris

115
358

ib.
113
114
338

ib.

ib.

114, 358

358

July, Calendar for 4l5

, employment for3l5

IXODES

Ricinus 132, 372

Ixodiada; (Fam.) 132

, method of relax

ing 321

, exotic speci-
mens, why reject-
ed 322

, method of arrang-
ing in a Cabinet ib

, nature's favour-
ite productions 329

for the micro-
scope ib.

, Kirby, observa-
tions on the beau-
ty of ib.

, Swammerdam's

method of dissect-
ing 331
, parts of for the

3 1 8 A>n<;s/i Glory, m. 247,370

/. 39l>

Kidnfy moth, double 251,
370

, I. 402

Kirby's remarks on the
antennae of the
long-horned bees 24

observations on

forming a System 45

observations on
the beauty of in-
sects 329
Kitten rr.olh 248,418

Ichneumonides, Latr, 26S| microscope
IDOTEA iJournal, use of a

*aqnatica
*hectica
pelagica
Idoteadae (Fam.)
INACHUS
Dorseltensis
*Maja
"Scorpio

ib.

no ips, ouv.

107 IPS

1061 *cellaris

ferruginea
*humeralis
*ob!ongus
*Piniperda
4-maculatus

208

169

/.

Knot-grass moth

, common

, light

, scarce

Knot-horn, dotted

,double-slripedrtd^2l

, mealy

LAIUA

439
383
250
40O
ib.
407

410
216, 379

89
90l
ib.'

nimor
374ILABIDURA
169 gigantea 217,393

208 Labrum 28

205 LACCOPHILT'S
3741 hyalinus loB, 361

475

INDtX.

LACCOPHILUS

minutus 158,361

Lackey, barred tree 4.':

I.

3D8
4
52, 215

215

, ground

Lady Bird or

Lady Cow

LAGREA

hirta 196, 375

LAMIA

JEclilis 209, 39

hispida 392

minuta 369

Kcbulosa 209, 392

nubila 392

oculata 209, 392

pilosa 392

populnea 392

praeusta ili.

scalaris ih.

Sutor 416

Textor 209, 392

Lamp for microscope,

the best 32

LAMPRIAS

chlovocepiiala 155,37

cyanucepLala 155, 387

LAMPYRIS

noctiluca, 56, 163, 3R8
*pusilla 163

splendidula 56

Lanes, insects how col

LASIOCAMPA
neustria
Quercus

398, 431

247, 41 e

I. 39!"

39f

247, 3SC

28';

lected in Ijiy

Laothoe, Fabr. 243

LAPHRIA 294

Lappet molh 247,418

, I. 382

, Pine 418

LARIA

fascelina 247, 418

, /. 382

piulibunda 247, 598
LARRA

ichneumoniformis 277,
413
Larrada^ (Fam.) 276
Larrativ, Latr. 276

LARUNDA, Ccti 106

Larva, or Caterpillar 40,
349
LASIOCAMPA

castrensa 431

Cratffigi I. 382, 438

Rubi
Tiifulii

Lasis pilipes

Lasius, Fabr. '27l

Latreiile's opinion en
the use of the an-
tennae 26

LATRIUIUS

impresius 569, 4'^
'minutus 207

nigricoliis 429

porcatus 207, 36

rulicollis 369, 429

rugicollis 869

transversus 369, 429

LATHROBIUM
dentatum 36(

elongatum 172, 366
quadratum 366

Leach's Genera found-
ed on a considera-
tion of every cha-
racter 45

Lsad Torlrix, clouded 360

i.E-BIA

*atricapilla 156

Crux-minor 155, 387,

429

*4-maciiIata 155

Lechean Turlrix 407

led;; A

aurata 231,394

Leunenhoek's obser-
Tations on the
eves of the Libel-
lula

Legs, Pedes

Lehmann's ex])eri-
ments on tlie an-
tennae of insects

LEIOIDES

Lema merdigera 211

Lemur, Hub. 251

Ltopafd mulh, u-o:d 246,
418
Lepidoptera, Lin??. 64
Lepidoptera, charac-
ter of the order 139

, classification

of the order 234

, method of

mothing for 315
, method of pre-
serving and set-
ting 319
, method of ar-
ranging 322
LEPISMA
*polypoda 140
saccharina 140, 364'
Lepismada", (Fam.) 140
Leptis, Fabr. 293
Leptoceridje, (Fam.) 25G

LEPTOCERUS

in(erruptus 256, 386
Leptogaster, Meig. 295
Leptosoma, Leach 202

LEPTURA

23

affinis

apicalis

attcnuata

aurulenta

collaris

elongata

femorata
* Inquisitor, Lirin.
* . Latr.

humeralis
picea
polita
ruficollis
LEISTUS
bi'unneus

SS9

194, 389

389

39(!

364

caruleus 147, 373, 438
Raulinsii 373, 438

rufescens 364

392
416-
392

ib.

ib.
210, 392
392
211
210
392

ib.

ib.

ib.
211
392

55

laevis

livida

melaaura

meridiana
* mi cans

nigra

NympbaEEE

quadiifasciata 55,210,
411

revestita 392

rufiventris ib.

sanguinolenta ib,

sexguttata ib.

6-maculata ib.

♦simplex 2 1 1

Leptnradae, (Fam.^ 210

LEPYRUS, Germ. 204

477

LESTES

LIMNORIA

r.lTHODES

autumnalis

259

,437

terebrans

10^

*arctica

90

sponsn

41(

Limonia, Alei

f.

291

Maja

90

LESTIVA

Line moth, d<

xb'.e

251

LITHOSLA

caraboiiles

367

r.ingua, the Ti

neue 29,319

anrantia

399

obsciira

Sbl

Linuean System of

complana

249

,431

punctulata

175

animals

23

eborina

418

Letter I moth

432

System

of EdIo-

flava

431

Letter, red

372

niology not orig

i-

grammicus

442

LEUCANIA, Oh.

2.51

nal

43

griseola

431

Leucosi;i(]3c, (F

im.)

91

System,

observa-

rrrorea

418

LEUCOTHOE

tions on

he

ib.

lutereila

431

arlicukisa

103

Linne's Order of In-

pulcliella

439

LII3ELLULA

sects

44

quadra

249

,399

•Boltonii

25 S

LinneanGenera,syno

P-

rubricoUts

418

conspurcata

3S6

tical view of the

73

LIVIA

cancellata

410

Lip, upper

28

Juncorutn

232

394

depressa

2j7

3Sh

LIPARIS

LIXUS

Donovani

427

dispar

240

431

paraplecticus

202

,416

•forcipata

258

Monacha 240, 397

,431

productus

429

*grandis

ib

,

I.

397

Lizards, scales

of, for

4-maculata

65,

386

LIPARI'S

the microscope

333

scotica

410

/Ecidii

391

Lobster, cornmon

9.5

vuigata

ib.

Anglicanus

3-7

Lobster moth

247

398

•vnlsatissima

238

asper

369

, I.

431

Libellula, number of

Coryli

377

LOCUST A

eyes in the

21

elevatus

ib

flavipes

429

Libeilulida}, (Fam.)

257

Germanus

203

391

migratoria

21s

Libelhilina;, Lai

'-.

ib.

Ligustici

377

*viridissima

ib.

Light for the micro

-

niaritimus

391

Locusterise, La

r.

218

scope

32-

maurus

ib

Locustidae, (Fam.)

218

LIGIA

niger

377

Lnejlinpan Turtrix

374

oceanica

111

obesus

ib.

L"g'an Tortrix

407

*Soopii!orum

ib.

ovatus

ib.

LOMECHUSA

I.igiadac, (Fam.)

ib

pioeus

591

dentata

177,

375

Liarula

28

pilosulus

ib.

emaruinata

ib.

ih.

LIMENITIS

punctalns

377,

L',ng- Cloak Tortrix,

Camilla 240,

296,

417

raucus

ih.

— , lirch

435

JLIMxVEBIUS

scabriculus

391

, common

408

mollis

368

scabrosus

377

, hsser

407

nigrinus

ib.

setosu5

39 1'

, mar lied

385

nitidus

1S7,

368

sexstriatus

369'

Lr^ng-hmied

436

LIMNEPHILUS

squamigRf

ib.

Looper, drab

385

echinatiis

336

subglobosus

377

LOPHYRUS

griseiis

nervosus

radiatiis

ib
ib.
ib.

siibrotundus

sulcatus

Vastator

391
377
369

Pini
rufus
LOKICERA

267,

412
41 'i

rhombicus

257,

386

Vau

377

aenea

150,

365

Striola

336

Liris, Fahr.
LITHOBIUS

276

Louse, body
——, crab

143
ib.

LIMNIUS

forficatus

115.

358

, head

143

V'olkmari

7 85,

375

variegatus

358

— » pw

111

LIMNOCHARES

vulgaris

ib

, w.iod

ib.

boloserlcea

I S3

327

LitliodiadtB, (

'am.)

90

Lover's Knot

42 i

478

IKDEX.

ib.

191

4u-
168

LOXOCERA

Ichneiimoni;i 299, 415
Liicanifl;i; (F.im) 192
Liicanides, Lilr.
LUCANLS

Cervus 19-', 38^

*cylin(li icus

pai-alleli|iipe(lns
Lundian Tortrix
LUPERUS
*cisteloi(les

flavipes 212, 378

rufipes 378

Luteslnng moth, lesser i(y2

, Poplar ib.

LYCiENA

Adonis 241,581,43;

Alsus 242, 3S1, 417

ArgioIus242, 3S1, 43(i

Argus

24'2, 417
I. 370

417
242, 4 17
24!, 430
241,41

Anon

Artaxerxes

Chryseis

Corydoa

Cymon 242,381,417

dispar 241,417

Dorylus 242,381,41

430

, I. 37(

Idas 242,381,417

, /. 370, 3Q6

Phiaeas 241, 370, 396,

430

Virgaureae 241, 430

Lychnis moth 401

LYCOPERDINA
Bovistas 210,369

LYC.^US

Hyoscyami

microptenis

niic;ax
LYROPS

tricolor
Lytta fusca

vesicatoia 39, 198

Macliilis polypoda 140
Macroceplialus latiros
tris

scabrosus
Macrochira, Meig.
Macniglossa, Oih.
MACROGLOSSUM

Stellatarum 244, 370,
438

I. 363, 397, 431

MACROPI.EA, Ho^. 211
MACROPODIA

Phalangium
*lonsirostris

Macropodiadae,(Fam,) 90
Macropus

longirostris

Scorpie
Vlacroura, (Order)
MyERA

grossiinana
MAGDALIS, Germ.
Magpie mnthyCummon'253,

MALTHINUS

394 humeralis 374

ib.| immunis 374

ib.;MAMESTRIA, Och. 251

,MsLnd\hu\ee,Ma7id;l-les 28

277, 4 1 3|Maniola, S. hrank 240

7 Mantle mulh, royal 422

Maple Tortrix 407

Mari-le Tuilrix, barred i'25

, hooked 407

, relvse 425

1\)Q Marbled B. 240

o^'.O.MarbtedTortrix, large ^25

2i-h March vwlh 365

March, Calandar for 360

, employment for 314

Marsham's observa-
tions on the Ich-
neumon Manifes-
tator 25

91 (Marshes near London 313
Ul Marvel du Jour m. 370,

99

ib
91

90
91

103

2t)4

442

, scarce 333

Materials of insects,

an object of traffic 1 9
Maxillae 28, 350

May, Calendar for 372

, employment for 315

Meadows, insects found
in 313

424]Meai moth 427

, scarce 253, 404 Meal worms 59

, small 426>Iegachile, Lair. 284

Mahogany, the 231, 570 MEG AC MILE

*immaculata
LYCOSA
saccata

LYcrus

*canaliculatus
*histeroides
*Juglandis
oblongus

LYCtrs

minutus
LYDA
Betulae

216

129, 415

208

206

207

208, 369

1 63, 388

267, 412

erythrocephala 267,412

nemorum 412

LYG^US

apterus 222,416

Maiden'sBlvsh to. 383,435
MAJA
•*Scorpio

Squinado
*tetraodoa
*vulgaris
Maiadse, (Fam.)
MALACHIUS

Eeneus

biguttatus

fasciatus

riificullis

sanguinolentus ih.

Mai a costraca, charac-
ter of the 78, 82
Mallow-moth 442

, small 404, 435

iMALTHlNUS

flavus 164, 374

165, 374

374

388

ib.

centimculari« 285, 437

circumcincta 386

ligniseca 442

maritima 423

Willughbiella 428

MEGALOPA 100

Megaloptera, Lafr. 261

MEGATOMA

*nigra 182

*picea 195

*iiiidiilata ]82

undatHm 182, 362

Megilla, Fabr. 283

pilipes 287

rotundata ib.

Melalopha, Hiih. 247

MELANDRYA

caraboides 195,362,375
*serrata 195

INDEX.

479

MELA5IS

flabellicornis
M ELECTA

punctata
MELITA

palmata
MELITA A

Artemis

Cinxia

/.

Dictynna

Euphros\'ne

Lucina

Silene
Meliita * a. Kirhy

** a. Kir by

** b. Kir by

** C. Kir by
Melitta nigro cenea

tricincta

succincta

Swammcrdaniella
Mellinus, Fabr.
MELLINUS

mvstaceus
MELOE

autumnalis

brevicollis

cicatrosiis

glabratus
*nionoceros

proscarabajus

tc-ctus

variegatus

*vesicatorius

violaceus

MELOLONTHA
brunneiis
»Fi-ischii
Fiillo
solstitialis
vulgaris

MEMBRACIS

160,415 Genistae

MESSA

286, 3(U hortulana 2G4, 411

Metamorphosis of In-

103 sects 330

Method of collecting

237, 380 Insects 312

369 Metopius, Paws. 269

237, 396 MEZIUM, Leaf/i IBO

369 Microdon, Mei>. 297

237, 380

iMitte de la gule 1 33

4381 vegetative ib.

Mitlerbachian Torlrix 407

237, 396

237,380

237, 416

280

282

ib.

281

ib.

282

280

281

276

278,413

438
369
376
438
196
60, 369
590
S^6
198
369

MICROPEPLUS

porcatus 171, 374

staphylinoides 374

Microscope, aquatic
Insects for the,
how obtained 313
— , history of tlie 323
— , directions for
the ib.

— , method of
using 326

— s, Swammer-
dam's 331

— , parts of Insects

332

210,

592
392

375
191

3S9

for the
MILESIA

annuiata 298,415

conopsea 297

pipiens 387

Millipede

Miller moth 383, 439
Minerals defined 20

■ for the micro-
scope 337
Minor, moth cloaked 420
ib.
433
42(1
ib.
439
420
ib.

80
ib.

ib.

81

100

207, 359

376

197, 376

376

195

■jjioiinced
, IcaU
, marhled
, middle-barred
•, plain red

^^- , rrsy

191, 375 J lawny-marbled

MelolonthidaB,(Fam.) 189 Minute Insects, how
MELOPHAGUS secured

ovinus 303, 387 MIRIS

Melophila,M/z. 303 vasrans

Melyandryadae, (Fam.)
193
164
164

309

Melyrida;, (Fam.)
Melyris ater
MEMHRACIS

coruutus 251, 394

222, 394

MISELIA, Hii^ 251

Miscus, J-rine 275

Mifumena, Late. 127

Mitte, aquatiqne, sa-

tinee 135

a rcbord 132

Moclia moth 383, 435

, birch 383,4.35

, dingy 404

, false 383, 435

MO( ILLUS

cellarius 299, 387

MOLORCHUS
dimidiatus
major
*Umbellatarum 210
Mollusca, anatomical

character of the 75
Monoculi'-i
conchaceus
Pulex

quadricornis
rostratus
MONOTOMA

Juglandis

MORDELLA

abdominaiis

aculeata

bicolor

♦Boleti

fasciata 00,197,390

ferrugiijea 376

♦frontalis 197

*paradoxa ib.

*picea 168

MordelladsD, (Fara.) 197

Mordellanae, Latr. ib.

MORMO, Och. 251

Morpion, Genff. 142

Moss, Insects how

found in 314

Mothing, method of 515
Mother-of-pearl 426

Mould on Insects, how

removed 311

Mountain moth, black 404

Mourner, rustic 433

Moysemoth 251,439

Mouth of Insects 27

Mulio, Schell. 299

Mullein moth 382,419

MUSCA

*arcuata 297

Cssar 387

domestica 372

*hemiptcra .300

*inanis 71

480

INDEX.

MUSCA

Meridiana 387

vomitoria SOO, 37
Muscki*, (Fam.) 29?
Muscides, Latr. ib,

, 1. Lair. 301

Muslin, m. 24S, 332, 432

, brown 399

, round-winged 41 8

Musquetoe 71

MUTILLA.

Europsa 70,273,412
Mutilladx 273

Mutillarise, Lair. 273
Mvcetophagidre, (Fam.)

'" 207

MYCETOPHAGUS

atomarius 429

multipunctadis 416

quadripustulatiis 207,

391

rufus 429

Rimilis ib

nndulatus 442

varius 362

Mydasidse, (Fam.) 294

Mydasii, Latr. ib.

Myhhris, Schaff. 198

, Geoff. 200

MYODOCHA

tipuloides 223,394,438
MYOPA
<5orsalis 298, S

picta 4 1 5

Myriapoda, (Class) 112
— — , method of

preserving 31

MYRMOSA

melanocephala 273,4 12
WYCTERUS

curculionides 199, 390
*griseus 199

MYLvECFIUS

brunneus 1 69, 366

MYTHIMNA, Ot/i. 251

WYSIS

•bipes 100

Integra ib.

spiiiulosa 9S

N.flSA

bidentata 108

NAUCORIS

cimi/'oides 225,
NliBALIA,[i(.rbstii

3(S2
100

Nebnliad^, (Fam.) 100
NKBRIA

brevioollis 147,361
complanata 146, 373
Gyllenhali 147, 364
livida 147

NECROBIA.

ruficollis 166, 3

rufipes 443

violacea 374

NECRODES

littoralis 166,374

NECROPHAGUS

Anglicanus 374

Germanicus ib.

humator ib.

mortuorum 26 1

spinipes 166, 374

Vespillo ib. ib.

vestigator 365

N'ecydalis coerulea55,1 98

major 2 i 0

Neides tipularius 222

Nemophora, H(ff. 249

Nemaposron, Sckran, ib.

NKMATUS

lucid us 266,41':

luteus ib. ib

niger ib. ib.

*Septentrionalis 266

NEMOTELUS

iiliginosus 292, 337
NEPA

cinerea 61,225,359
*lineavis 225

N'epadap., (Fam.) ib

NEPHROPS

Norvegicus 96

Net 307

Net, boop 308

NelUelap Torlrix, /Au-
tumn 442
, early 364
, Milters 441
NeWe Tortrir, barred 385
Neurcptera, Ltnni G^
— , character of
the Order 139
— , classilication
of the 257
— , method of pre-
serving 321
— , method of ar-
ranging 322

Niimidffi, (Fam.)
Nirmomyia, Nuz.
NIRMU3

Cornicis
NITIDULA

fenea

bipusttilata

Boleti

10-guttata

depressa

discoidea

erythropa

fiilva

grisea

marginata

nigrina

obsctira

obsoleta

rufipes

Urticx
NOCTUA

Absinthii

Aceris

Achates

Ad vena

a2nea

sethiops

affinis

albiliiiea

albirena

Alni

angulago

angusta

approximans

Apriiina

Arbuti

arcuosa

argentina

ArtemisiEB

Arundinis

Asclepiades

Asteris

atomina

145-
302

1«3

374

170, 374

389

ib.

ib.

51, 170

374

389

389, 443

389

374

339

ib.

374

ib.

252, 419

400

ib.

400,419
433
401

252, 422

403, 421
399
400
421
370
441

370, 442
383
4U3
419
252
25j

252, 422
419'

400, 419

Alriplicis 251,401,439

Augur

aurago

auricoma

auricula

baja

basilinea

251, 421

433

400

433

ib.

251,401

Batis 250,251,402,422
bilinea 402

biloba 420

bimaculata S76

INDEX

•

481

OCTUA

NOCrUA

NOCrUA

blanda

420

Exciamationis

402

Ligustri

250

,400

])ractea

403

exoleta252,3S

2,^9,442

lineola

440

BrassicEe 400

,419

,432

fasciuncula

420

lineolata

421

brunnea

433

ferrea

440

literosa

420

C. niicrain

402

ferruginago

383

lithoxylca

419

camelina

250

festiva

421

litura

440

capsincola

401

festucK 250,

422

433

Lota

ib.

catcEiiata

402

fimbria 250,

399

,432

Lucifuga

419

cata?na

439

fissina

370

lueipara

401

centrago

402

llavago

252

440

luctiio'ia

403

Cerasi

371

flavicornis

402

liigens

433

chaniomillae

419

flavilinea

444

lunato-strigata

432

Chenopodii

2.51

401

flavocincta

251

439

lunina

420

Chi

2ol

432

Hiictuosa

402

lunosa

440

chrysites

250

403

Fiaxini

422

lusoria

433

circumflexa

403

fulvago

440

Liiteago

252

citrago

453

fuligiiiosa

419

macilenta

446

citrina

421

fumosa

421

margaritosa

439

clavigera

402

furca

432

majiiscala

440

coinbnsta

399

fiisca

420

403

margaritaria

422

comma

251,

399

■ fnscata

370

mirginago

421

compta

251,

400

Gamma

383

marginosa

420

conigera

421

gemiiiata

370

maura

251

403

conjuga

422

geminipunctata

439

megacepbala

383

connexa

402

gilvago

440

Menya-.ilhidis

400

conspicillaris

3S2

glauca

401

meticulusa

250,

383,

contigiia'

401

glyphica

403

402,

440

coronula

400

gothica

370

Mi

252

,403

crassa

433

gracilis

422

minima

433

crassicornis

39P

graminis

421

miiiiofa

363

croceago '252,

360,

370,

grandis

400

moiiilea

420

402

grisea

421

Morpheus

251

cubicularis

401

helvola

440

Myrtilli 252,

399

418

ciicubali

251

421

liepatica

252

419

nana

371

cypriaca

451

humeralis

420

nebulosa

370

cytherea

382

432

I. niger

432

nervosa

432

Delphinii

402

422

janthia

250

nigra

401

Dsns-canis

419

janthina

432

nigricans

421

deiiticulata

401

illustris

403

nigricurnuta

402

dentina

ib.

infuscata

4011

notha

252

563

derasa

251

453

interjecta

399

nupta

250, 433

diffinis

252

433

iiiterrogationis

403

obeliscata

421

diluta

402

Iota

ib.

obsoletissima

420

dipsacea

252

422

juncta

371

occuiata

419

dives

400

Lactucae

419

ochracea

401

duplarls

403

Lambda

442

ochraceago

40 :

,440

duplex

400

latnincula

420

oculea

433

egens

420

Isvis

ib.

oleracea

383

epomidion

419

len.icornis

363

operosa

370

EricaB

421

leporina

383

,439

orbona

250

432

erythrocephala

ib

leucostigma

401

orichalcea

403

erythrostigma

440

libatrix

571

433

oxyacanthx

401

, 439

Euphoibiae

400

lichenis

2h

251

,401

pailens

419

482

NOCTUA
pallida
palpina
Papilionaria
Parthenias
pectincta
perl a

Persicariae
phaea
picea
Piaastri
Pisi

pistacina

plebeia

plecta

polita

polyodon

popularis

prscox

371

250

422j

232, 3631

402i

2ol,432i

400;

420'

421'

252, 399]

230, 251, 40 1 i

I. 3S3

440,

401,'

402, 440

4 40,

400

420

251,383,432

iNOCTUA

scrophularia

praeduncula 420

promissa 422

pronuba 250, S99

Psi 250, 400

Pteridis 251

ponctina 4(9

puiiicea 421

pupillata jb.

pusilla 3CS

putris 252, 399

pygmina 432

Pyralina 433

pyramidea 432

radia 433

Ranunculina 419

I ava 43

rectilinea 400

redacta 420

renago 383

retusa 251, 402, 422

rhomboidaria 422

ridens 251, 370, 401

rufa

rufescens

rafuDCuIa

Rumicis

runica

Ruris

Rutilage

sagittifera

satellitia

satura

ScolopaciDa

scripta

363
419
439

250, 383
3SS

251,421
252
42

252, 440
40O
419
401

/.

secalina 401

Segetum 251

seladonia 370, 442

semi-brunnea 419

semifuscans 44 1

Serena 400

Sepii 420

Sigma 433

siniilis 400

sordida 420, 421

spadicea 44()

sparsa 370

sphserulatina 44O

spinifera 40

spinula 402

sponsa 250, 422

straminea 422

strigilis 420

Eubatrata 402

subfusca ib

subnigra 44(>

subplnmbea 371

subrufa 421

subsequa 432

subsetacea 370

fsubtusa 251,422

suffuse 401

sulphurea 405

Tanaceti 250,419

terminalis 42f
tetra 251,370,399

tetragona 432
Tragopogonus 251, 43

N'octnadae, (Fam.)
252,370|Noctuaelites, Lair.
399 Noctiin.PnmKT-^;f^

250
ib.

Irapetziua

tridens

trilinea

triplacea

triquetra

turca

Typbas

lypica

Umbratic£e

ninbrosa

unca

Upsilon

Vaccinii

valligera

43i

400

402,44'

252, 422

2.S2

251, 422
251,432

401
252,418

433
403, 432

420

252, 440
42

Noctiio-Bombycites,

Latr, 24 i

Nocturna, (Sect.) 245
NO LA

palliolatis 054

NOMA DA

alternata

Capreae

conoe.xa

cornigera

Fabriciella

ferruginata

flava

flavo-gutta

(lavopicta

(icodeniana

Hillana

Jacobsas

Latliburiana

leucophthalma

lineola

Marshamel'a

picta

quadrinotata

ruficornis

nifiventris

rufo-cincla

rufo-picta

Schxfferella

schrostoma

sex-ciucta

Sheppardana
Solidaginis
varia
Xanthosticta

VOX.^GRIA, Och.
Nonpareil

-VOTASPIS

humeralis 132, 364
NotchiviigToTlrix, che

336

ib.
413

ib.

ib.

ib
423
413
442
336
423
437
42S
386
437
3S6
442
428
286, 428
42S
413
428
413
428
413

ib.
445

ib.
423

251
422

Verbasci 250, 382, 419
venosa 402, 440

X notata 432

Xanthographa 420

quered 435

fomrr.on jb.

iron ib.

shallow jb
NOTERUS

Geerii i j8, 365

sparsas 153, 359
xVOTHIOPHlLUS

aqnaticus 146, S>3

biguttatus £jv

INDEX.

.TCAUjg

NOTODONTA
CamelJDa 38'2,

/. 382,

cuculla
Dromedaria

dromedarulus
palpina 398,

I. 3j'2,

perf'jsciis
trepida 247, 393,

Tritopus 247,

Ziczac 247, 352,

NOTOXECTA
•cinerea
furcata 2'26,

glauca 227,

maculata 220,
•mioutissima 61,
•striata
Notonectidfe, (Fam.)
NOTOXU3
•mollis
monoceros54, 196,
November, Calendar
for

— ■ , employment

for ' 316

N^vemier mcth 445

, lo'dered 434

D::gger 443

Nudaria, Haw.

fusca 399

munda 432

rotunda 4 i 8

Nutmeg moth 251, 401

larare 401

Xat-tree, curious ex- I

perimentson the

pollen 'if the 335

NYCFERIBIA

Hermann! 304, 38
Kycteribidap, (Fam.) 303
Xymphai <, 5 hrayik.
Nymp'i.i! s. Latr.
Nymp!: Ml, FaL".
Nymph .uiJae, (Fam.)
NYMPHf-M

gracile
OjJc rr.oih, scolUped

■Object of comparative OCHTHEBIUS
431 aaatomv 741 riparius

439] — ^ of system ib. OCHTHERA

4 1 3 Objects for the micro-

186,37

24

439

598

439

439

3QS

431

439

418

439

4IS

43 i

227
359
359
362

227
228
226

166
376

443

I Mantis 300, 415

scope lOctober, employmeDt

Acari 130,3331 for 516

Animalcula 3341 , calendar for 442

Arachnoida 118, 333'Oculi 330

Birds, feathers of

Blood

Bones calcined

Camphor, crystals

of
Corals

Crustacea

333 Ocvdromus 143

ib. OCT PETE

ib : rubra i3l, 42S

'Ocypoda an^ilata 87

337 Ocypodaidae, (Fam.) 86

334'Ocyptera, Lit'. 30 1

78, 333

Crystals, method of

obtaining 537

Crystals ib.

Eels in paste 354

Fish, scales of 333
Hair ib.

Infusions of pepper 334
Insects 329

Living objects ib.

Li za rds, scales of 333
Minerals 33

Moss

Opaque objects
Pollen of plants
Pores of the skin
Sand
Shells

Seeds of plant
Silver, crystals of
S.iakes, scales of
Transparent ubiects32?
Vegetable infusions 334

OCYPTER\^
Brass'caria
larvarum
lateralis
Mortuorum
puparum

OD.^CANTHA
roelanura

ODEXF.SIS
potatoria

/.

:r

415
ib.
301
428
415

156, 387

247,413
39S
257

Odonata, Fair

^^^.ODONTEUS

"^'tl mobilicornis

ii^ ODONTOCERL'S

:^^:fj griseas 257, 386

333 ODONTOMYiA

1S9, 389

333;
335
537
333

Zo.)phvtes ib

OBISIUM

maritimum S5S

t iliiscorum ib.

orthodactylum il,,

trombidioides US'

Oblique Bar, common 4i 7

•, dn'k 425

40i

43

^ Ob'.q e s'riped

^,.^ Observations oa the
"^gl Linnean Svstem

^"^.'^ on the System

„ • of Entomolosv
^^'•'jOcelli

OCiiTHEBlUS
3''6 mariuus
434 pvgm^HS
2h2

ib.
350

furcata 292, 414

j hydroleon 414

microleon 587

tigrina ib.

vulpiua 4I4

ODYNERUS

parietinus 279, 413
CEDEMERA

carulea 19S, 390

lurida 390

uigripes ib.

Podagrariae i'>.

ruficollis ib.

viridissima ib.

'Edemiradae, fFam.) Igg
rEdemerites. Latr. ib.
CExonomy of insects 38
GLsfridaj. ^^Faxn ) 501
ESTRLS

Covis 502, 437

* Equi S02

Oris 70, 3oI. 415

484

OGCODES

sjibbosus 296, 414

OICEOPTOMA sulcatus

^inuata 167, 374 00DES

thoracica ib. ib.

iu°;osa 374

Oletere dlfForme 122

Oligotrophus, Latr. 291
Olive moth 251,422

OMALIUM

depressum 175, 567

grossum 375

melanocephaliim 173,
375

ONTHOPHILUS

sti-iatus 184,367, 389

389

150,365

of preserving and
setting 319

Orthoptera, method of

arranging

ORYSSUS
coronatus
Vespertilio

Os, the moulh

helopoides
OPATRUM
*agaricola 194

sabulosum 51, 193,375

tibiale S62 0SMIA

Ophion, Fabr. 269

OPILIO

Histrix 120

OPILUS

mollis 166,365,388,443

322

268, 427

268

27, 350

planum 560^Orange mvth 4015

rivulare Hi:, 361 Orange-spot, double 408

striatum 115, 'Jl5\0range-tip B. 236,380

Omaloptera, charac- \Orange Underwing m. 252

tersof the order 139| 363

) classification | , light ib. ib-

of the order 302 Orange Upperwiiig 252.

Omoptera, characters \ 360,370,40'-'

of the order 139 0RCHESIA

— , classification micans

195, 390

of the order
Oniscidse, (Fam.)
ONISCUS
*albifrons
*aquaticus
*Armadiilo

asellus 111
*bidentatus
*ceti

*Globator
•gracilis
*hirsutus
♦linearis
•Locusta
*maculosus
*marginatus
*murarius
*muscorum
*oceanus
*sylvestris
*truncatus
ONTHOPHAGUS

Cccnobita

Dillwjniii

nuchicornis

nutans

o vat us

Vacca

verticornis

Xiphias

229
111

110

ib.
112
112, 358
108
106
108
107

ib.

ib
102
110
113
111

ib.

ib.

ib.
108

375
36

ib.

ib.

ib.

185,368

368

ib

ORCHESTES

Aini

atricapillus

Avellanae

depressus

ferruginens

nigricollis

pilosus

rhododactylus

rufus

saJicis
ORCHESTIA

littorea
Orgya, Och.
ORIBITA

geniculata 131,364

♦humeralis 132

Orneodes, Latr, 256

ORNITHOMYIA

avicularia 503, 457

viridis 428

Orthocerns hirticornisl93

muticus 53

Orthoptera, Lamarck,'2]6

Latr. 216, 219

203, 378
378
ib
ib
ib
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib,
ib.

102

246

, characters of

tlie order 13?

— , classification
of the order 217

Orthoptera, method

bicolor 428

casrulescens ib.

cornuta 285, 364

Leaiana 437

leucomelana 428

spinulosa 437

Tunensis 428

OSMYLUS

maculatus 260,410
Oitoma, Laich. 169

OURAPTERYX

Sambucaria 253

Oxybelus, FaZr. 276

OXYBELUS

unigiumis 277, 413
OXYCERA

Hydroleon 292, 387

trilineata 387

OXYPORUS

*chrysomelinus 176

riifipes ib.

rufus 174, 375

OXYPTERUM

Kirbyanum 303

OXYTELUS

angustatus 367

armatus l74, 367

carinatus l74, 361

opacus 867

rugosus 174

scabcr ib.

PEBcilla, Schrank 2j0

P.EDERUS

angustatus 567

*elongatiis 172

immnnis 366

melanocephaliis ib.

orbiculatus 173, 366

riparius ib. ib.

P.^LOBIUS

Hermanni l57. 43S

PACHYGASTER, Germ.

2(14

Pachygaster., Meig, 292

Pagurfds, (Fam.) 91

485

PAHURUS

°eacock, sharp- angled

384

Pbalxiia, Geoff,

233

*aranciformis

92

Pea^l-bordered

426

PlIAL/ENA

streblonyx

ib.

, cinereous

408

*Cussus, Linne

246

Painted lady B, 238,

416

, dingy

426

margaritaria

252

/.

ib.

, leaer

ib.

*Quercus

65

PAL.'EMON

, lo'ig-winged

ib.

PhaljEnidfe, (Fam.)

252

serratus PS

QQ

, natroiv iv.nged

ib.

Phalxnites, Loir.

ib.

*sqiiilla

98'

, scarce

ib.

Phalausids, (Fam.)

119

Palsmunidffi, (Fam.)

96

Pearhj Under ivingA39

,440

PIIALANGIUM

PaliiiuiidiE, (I'am.)

92

Pebb.e, chequered

441

*cornutum

120

PALINURVS

, garden

426

Opilio 120,

428

vulgaris

ib

i'ecttis

31

PHALER[A

Palpatores, Latr.

179

Pedes, Ih'. Ices 33,

352

cadaverina 1 94,

389

Palpi <29,

351

PEDICIA

PHASIA

Paiiiphilus, Lair.

267

rivosa 291,387

437

variabilis 300,

415

PANAG.EUS

Pediciiiidae, (Fam.)

142

PHERUSA

Cnix-major 147.

301,

Pedicidiis, Geiff.

261

Fucicola

104

373,

413

PEDICULUS

Phial, a, useful when

PANDALUS

cervicalis

143

collecting small

aniiiilicornis

97

luimanus 142,

143

insects

30S

PANDARUS

*inguinalis

142

Philantluis quadriciiic-

bicolor

79

* pubis

ib.

tus

279

PanopeCeti

106

*suis

143

PHILOSCIA

PANORPA

PEDINUS

muscorum 111,

358

affinis

410

maritimus 192,

362

Phoenix moth.

434

communis 6(>, 260,

386

Pelastes, lUig.

269

P HO ECUS

germanica

410

Pelt is, Kvgel.

169

phal in^ioides

126

hyemalis

444

PEMPHEDRON

PHOSPHUGA

Panorpata

260

unicolor 278

413

atrata 167, 365

443

Panorpida, (Fam.)

26(1

PEN.^US

subrotundata 167,

388

PANURGUS

trisulcatus

97

PHOXICHILUS

305

Baiiksianus

283

Pentameia, (Sect.)

145

PHRONYMA

Linneella

442

PENT ATOM A

sedentaria

lOO

ursina

ib.

bidens

221

Phronymadas, (Fam.''

101

Panther moth

424

piasinus

ib.

Piiryganea, Linn.

66

PAPILIO

Pentatomida?, (Fam.

)220

PHRYGANEA

"Hypothije

241

PENTHROPHERA,

grandis 257

386

Machaon 64, 235,

380,

Germ.

247

*interrupta

256

416

,429

Pepper, infusions of.

*rhombica

257

I.

438

for the micro-

Phryganidae, (Fam.)

257

Podalirius

235

scope

534

Phthiridium

303

Papilionidae, (Fam.)

234

Peppered moth 253

403

biarticulatum

304

Papilionides, Latr.

ib

Ptjpsis flavipennis

275

Hermann i

ib.

Parnidae, (Fam.)

183

PEFROBIUS

PHTHIRUS

PARNUS

maritimus 141

,373

insuinalis

142

prolifericornis 183

,367

PHALACRUS

PHYSIS

sericeus 1 So

, 360

seneus

429

Pelionella 249

, 370

Parts of insects

21

bicolor 214

,429

Pieris, Schrank

235

Peach blossom moth

250,

caric 9

424

Piezata, (class) Fabr

. 262

251,402

422

consimilis

ib.

Pill boxes, their use

309

Pease blossom 402

422

coniscus

ib.

Pihimnidx, (Fam.)

86

Peacock B. 238, 363

,416

corticalis

ib

PILUMNUS

L

416

geminus

ib.

hirtellus

ib.

moth

385

millefolii

ib.

Pimplia, Fabu

269

486

Pinion molh, hrown-

spot 440

, taiuny 419

, twin-striped 42S

, spotted tvhite 384

, yellow 371

PINNOTERES

Crancliii 87

Pins of different sizes

their use 3C9

PIPUNCULUS

camppitris 3O0

PISA

Gibbsii 88

tetraodon ib

Pisi biaculeata ib.

Pison, Jurine 275

Pitch molh, shining 441
Pithitis, Ktug. 283

Plants, fresh, neces-
sary for caterpil-
lars 310
PJatvcerus, Ger,ff. 192
PLATYPTERYX Fodosoniata
curvula 385 TODURA
falcataria 254, 407 *atra
Hexiila 435 pliimbea
hamula 425 viridis
lacertanaria 254, 385

I. 441

PLATYPUS

cylindrious? 205,378
PLATYRHINUS

albiiius 390

brevirostris ib.

latirostris 199,390
PLATYSMA

nicritum 151,361

PLATYSOMA

depressum 185

deprcssus 360

flavicornis 184, 360
obiongiis 360

409 POMPILUS

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
372

ib.
276
413

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

Plume moth, common 443 Pompiiii, ia<r. 274

, crescent

, dingy white

, grey wood

, hoary

, large luhite

, lemon

; marbled

; pale

■, rose

-, six- cleft

, small 409

, spotted, black, ib.

, rvily ib.

, u-hite ib.

, triangle ib

, tvhite-shafted ib

Pocket collectings box 308

larva box 309

PODOCERUS

vaiiegatus 104

Podophthalma, (Le-
gion L)

81
305

141

141, 560

360

Poduradae, (Fam.) 140

Podurebrun enfumee 14 1
grise commune ib.

plombee ib.

FOECILIA, Schrank 251

POECILLUS

cupreiis 153, 373

dimidiatus 3ei5

lepidus 387

nigricornis 365

Pogonophorus, Xfacfc 147

Poisers or balancers,

Haiteres 37

VOU\,Hiib. 251

aniiulatus
*corniculus
exaltatus
fiiscus
gibbus
hircanus
viaticiis

Ponds, method of col-
lecting insects
from 313

PONTIA

Bras-ica 236, 580, 430
Cardamines 236, 380
Cratsgi 236, 395

I. 380

Daplidice 236,416
Napi 236,380,416
RapK 236, 380. 430
Sinapis 237, 380, 450

PONTOPHILUS
spinosiis

PORCELLANA
plat\ cheles

PORCELLIO
scalier

Porphyry moth

Puriland moth

96
92

picipes 184, 360, 375
PLEA

minutissima 227, 362
Pliers, brass, their use308
PLOIARIA

vagabunda 223, 394

Plume moth, beautiful 409

——, brindled ib.

, brown wood ib.

, chalk-pit ib.

POLLYXENUS

Laguriis 115,

Poiydesmidae, (Fam.) 115
POLYDES.MUS

romplanatus 115,358
Polymerosomata, (Or-

118
241

112, 358
427

251,383,
432

PORTUMNUS

variegatus 84

Portunidae, (Fam.) 83

PORIUNUS

*corrugatus 85

*marmoreus ib.

puber 84

POTAMOBIUS

fluviatilis 95

Pou ordinaire 143

Prauniis flexuosus 99

integer 100

Prawn, common 98

58PR10NUS

der)
Polyommatus, Latr,
POLYPHEMUS

Oclus
Pomphyliis, Fabr.

common

443 Pompilidae, (Fam.)

81

277
274

coriarius 208, 416

Pro-apis, DeGcer 275
Proboscis 29, 352

PROCESSA

canaliculata 97

Procris, Fabr. 245

Prominent moth, cocK's-
comb 382, 431

I. 382, 439

, dark 398

IKDEX.

487

Prominent moth^grea

418

PTEROPHORUS

Pug moth, pinion spot

_

, L

439

luna?dactylus

409

ted

423

firon, I.

ib.

megadactylus

ib.

405

■ ' ) small iron

398

mecrodactyliis

ib

, red-barred

363

, maple

418

monodactyliis

ib.

V

423

, paU, 250, 398

439

paliidactylus

ib.

, iv'irmwood

405

, /. 382

439

pentadactyliis 255

,409

PULEX

, pebble 3S'2

,418

plerodactylus

443

Canis

359

, /.

431

piiiictidactylus

409

Hirundiniis

395

, swaUow398,43 1 ,439

rhododactylus

ib.

irritans 234,

359

Pioscuris Phcllandri

215

tesseradactyius

ib.

iSciurus

395

Prosopis, Fair,

283

tetradactylus

ib.

Talpa;

ib.

PROTEINUS

tridactylns

ib.

Pupa, extent of th

e

brachvpterus

175

trisronodactylus

ib.

word

41

PRoro

105

PTl LINUS

, of tlie I.epidop

.

Pryoiiidje, (Fam.)

208

pectinicornis ISl,

367

tera described

ib.

PSAIMMODIUS

Ptilodontis, Hid:

247

Pupae of Lepidoptera

J

*g:lobosns

190

Ptinidae (Fam.)

180

liow obtained

308

sulcicollis 190,

375

Ptiniores, Latr.

180

Pupse in breeding

PSELAPHUS

PTINUS

cage?, should he

*bulbifer

178

*Boleti

206

kept in an out-

Dresdensis

375

cereviciae

367

house

319

*glabricollis

178

Fur 180

359

Pupae, method of col

-

Heisii

575

germanus

362

lecting at the

*Hellwigii

180

imperialis 49

389

root of trees

315

Herbstn 179,

367

Lichenum

375

Pupa;, metliod of pre

.

•impressus

179

Musaeorum

ib

serving

318

longicoUis

375

ovatus

367

, discriminatior

Pselaphids

177

*pecticornis

181

of

352

PSEN

rufipes

375

Purple, lesser m.

372

ater

413

*serraticorais

181

, bar 405,

434

Psocidae, (Fam.)

261

♦sulcatus

180

433

PSOCUS

*tessellatus

181

Purple and Gold

427

bipunctatus

26]

*testaceus

180

, scarce

426

Psoquillae, Latr.

261

PTOMOPHAGUS

Purple Shades

403

PSYCHODA

fumatus

366

Puss moth 248)

282

phalaenoides 291,

387,

*rufescens

168

, I.

431

437

truacatus

366

Pycnogonidae, (Fam.'

305

PSYLLA

villosus 169

366

PYCNOGONUM

Alni 231

580

Pug moth, beautiful

406

Balsnarum

305

Psyllidse, (Fam.)

231

, brown-gray

385

*Ceti

106

Pterigostia, or wing

, common

405

PYG^RA

bones

35

, green

406

Bucephala 247,

398

Pterocera, Meig.

296

, gray

ib.

, /.

439

Pteronus, Jarine

267

, small gray

385

Pyralidae, (Fam.)

254

Pterophorites, Latr.

255

, Juniper

435

PvraliP, Hiib.

249

PFEROPHOPvUS

, lead- coloured

385

PYRALIS

bipunctidactylus

409

, Lime speck

405

capreolatus

427

calodactylus

ib.

, bordered lime

custalis

ib.

didactylus

ib.

speck

423

farinalis

ib.

fuscodactylus

ib.

, long-winged

385

glaucinalis

ib.

galactcdactylus

ib.

406

pinguinalis 255,

427

heterodactylus

ib.

, narrow'winged

435

unca

252

leucadactylus

ib.

405

Pyrausta, Schrank

255

488

PYROCHROA

coccinca 56, 19G, 390

rubens 56, 196, 375
Pyrochroiclas, (Fam.) 196
Pyrochroldes, Lair. \ 96
Pyropa, ILUg. 299

Pyrophila, //«i'. 251 the order

Quaker mnth, common 371 RHYNCH^ENUS

Rhinosimus Roboris 199

RHIPIPHORUS j

paradoxus 197, 429,

Rhipiptera, cbarac- j

ters of tlie order 1391

-, classification of |

288,

, dwa'f 363

, pale 371

, p wdered 370

, red line 4U)

, small 371

, yelUw-lins 44-4

Queen Bees, their in-
stinct impaired by
tho loss of their
antennae 23

Quills, their use for

minute insects 309
Radiata, anatomical

character of the 75
RANATRA

linearis 225, 362

Ranunculus moth,

large 251, 439

, small 41 9

RAt'HIDlA

affinis 411

Londinensis lb.

maculicoliis ib.

niegacephala ib.

ophiopsis 261, 410

Raphidiada?, (Fam.) 261
Rhaphidina;, Lair. 261
Red bar, forked 4'15

Red Underiving 433^

REDUVIUS

personatus 223, 38(^
Relaxing insects, me-
thod of 321
RHAGIO

scolopaccus 293,414
Rhaa;ionidae 293

RHAGIUM

bifasciatum 392

*Indagator 211

*inquisitor 210

Abietis

aerator

Alismatis
*Alm

atrirostris

austriacus

brevis

crassns

ebeneus

F.quiseti
*Erysimi
*fusco-maculatus

interrnptus

Lathburii

maciilatiis

Nereis

nigrirostris
*JS'ucum

palustris

Pini

Plaiitaginis

icsinosus

Fiumicis
*Scrophu!arix

stramineus

subnebulosus

Sysimbrii
RYNCHITES

jeneo-virens

3'0

377
391
203
391
377
391
ib.
390
377
203
ib.
390
416
359
391
369
203
390
202, 390
390
377
ib
203
3

390
391

sequatus
Alliariae
angn status
Bacchus
*Retulx
Betulae
ciipreus
cylindricus
nanus
Populi
pubescens

376
ib.
ib.

390
201, 376
20
376
ib
390
376
390
37(

vulgare 210, 359, 392 Rhvnchophorus,H«rJ-.2l)4
RHINGIA [Rhyngota, Fabr. 220

rostrata 296, 387,Rhyzophagus hisle-

RHINOiMACER | roides 206

*cnrculionides \99\Ribhand-xcave 441

attelaboides 200,590 , false ib.

Ricinus Cornicis
Ringlet B.

, small

, marsh

Risophilus, Leach

monostigma
Rivulel
, drab

— , middle

— , sivgle barred

— , small
Roots of grass, me
thod of collectin:
Insects from the
Rnse Torlrix
Rostrum or Beck 29,
Rm gh-unrg
RUGILL'.S, Leach
Russet, moth
Rustic moth, Hack

, bu)wn

, common

, daik

, dotted

, lesser dolled

, feathered

, hght

, barred

, flviinied

, lesser flounced

, garden

, SToy

, mottled

, poiudered

, rosy

, 6-striped

, sordid

, squw e spot

Sable, sillier barred

, wavy barred

Salda, Fabr.
Saili-zc, angle striped

, baired

, centie barred

, pink barred

, bordered

, cmmon

, dusky

, lemon

, orange

Salpinatida', (Fam.)
SALPfNGUS

4-pustuIatus

Roboris 199,

143

240

396

ib.

15G

405
434
405
434
405

314
4()8
353
408
173
432
401
420
433
421
420

ib.

ib.
401
420
432

ib.
420

ib.

ib.

ib.
421
433
420
452
427

ib.
225
421
433
402
440
421
440
421
440
433
199

415
359

INDtX.

48<)

SALPINGUS \Schallenan T

rufirostris 3b9\Sclater

Salt, its crystallization 337
SALTICUS

scenicus 129, 372

*formicariiis 1 30

sand h ipper 1 02

Sand pits near London 313

produces many

insects ib.

SAPERDA

*Cardui 209

lineato-collis 209,416

*ocuIata 209

SAPYGA

sexpunctata 27-i', 413
Sapygids, (Fam.) 274
Sarcopte de laGaie 133
SARCOPTES

133

Scabiei
SARGUS

cupreus
SAROPODA

rotundata
SARROTRIUM

miiticum
SateUile math
Satin moth

SATURN I A

222, 414
287, 428

436
112
Scoliadx, (Fam.) 273

Soolieta;, Latr. ib.

Scollop moth, hroiv'i 406
, gray 405

, small 434

Scollop she:l 406

Scclopendia electrica 1 1 7
forficata 1 1 5

hortensis ib.

Lagiira ib.

subterranea 116

ScolopendradaB.CFain.) 115
SCOLYTUS
*crenatus
*cylindricus
Destructor
multistriatus
I'ypographus

Semblis, Fair. 2G1

SEPEDON

palustris 299,415

September, Calendar
for 43S

, employment
for 815

Setting boards, how

made 309

Setting needles 308

Setting and preserving

Acari 317

Arachnciida ib.

Crustacea 316

Insects 318

■206 Seraphim moth 406

ib.] , small 434

206, 362SERICOiMYIA

391 1 Lapponum 296, 414
205 Serrocerus, A'»^ei ISO

Scopula, Schravk

255

Scorpionidfe, (Fam.) 119
Scorched-wing 253, 403
SCRAPTIA

I fusca 196,390

193|Scutellaria, Latr, 220
252, 440'Scutelliim 31,353

248, 418'Scvdmaenidas, (Fam.) 179
398SCYDM/ENUS
Hellwisii
Pavonia minor 381,246 SCYMNUS
381,4311 analis

180

I.

381
24.0

Satrynus, Latr.
SCAPHISOMA

agarlcinum 168,442
SCAPIDIUM
4-maculatum 168,374,443
Scarabaeides, Latr. 189
Scarabaeus 90,91,188,189
190, 191
191

cylindricus

emarginatus

fasciatus

lunaris

melolontha 191

mobilicornis 189

typheeus 47, 189

SCATOPHAGA

merdaria 300, 364, 442
SCENOPINUS

niger 300, 413

SCIRTES

hemisphaerica 163, 415

bipustulatus

bis-bipustulatus

discoideus

fulvifrons

litura

nigrinus

393
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.

parvulus
4-piistulatus
Sea-sliore, time for

collecting on the 314

SERROPALPUS 195,415
*caraboides 195

*micans ib.

SESiA

bombyciformis 244,397
fusiform is 244, 397
Setoura, Brown 140

Shark moths, chamo-
mile 419
-, large (lark ib.
— , Lettuce ib.
, large pale 252, 418
419
370
401
ib.
ib.
405
ib.

, Tansy

, twill- tailed

Sheers, glaucous,

, pale

, tawny

Shell moth, yellow
, dtngy

b.jShells for the micro-
I scope, how ob-
tained

333
]SS Sealed, hoary AOS\Shipton moth 252,403

I9l jSeasons for collecting 314 i'/ioaWer, flame 402,440
1 8S Seeds of plants for the
microscope :

SEGESTRIA
ser.oculata

SELANDRIA
cineripes
fiiliginosa
luteiventris
ovata
serva

122

264

411

ib.

264

264, 411

, pale
Should er-kufit, gray

, minor

, riislic

Shoulder stripe
Short cloak

, cream

, marbled

Showers of blood €x

plained

407
442
401

251,401
371

425, 441
407
441

42

490

INDEX.

26], 410

270, 412

228

227, 36'2

229

167, 374

166

388

1 67, 365

360, 374

Shrimp, common 96

Sialidae, (Fam ) 261

SIALIS
niger
SIGALPHUS
Irrorator
SIGARA
*coleo|)trata
minutissima
•striata
SILPHA
laevigata
*iittoia!is
nitidiuscula
obscura
opaca

qiiadrimaculata5 1,1 67,

374

reticulata 388

*fussica -14

•sabulosa 195

*sinuata 167

♦ihoracica ib

tristis 365

*vespiilo 5 1

Silphiadae, (Fain.) 166

Silphoides, Herbst. 207

SILVANUS

frumentarius 208, 362,

429

Silver, crystals of for

the microscope 337
Silver barred, cinereous 37 1
Silver ground 404

Silver lines, brown 384

, smo/Zg-refM 385,425

Silver striped, dark 386
, faint

SIRO

rubens 118,358

Sironidae, (Fam.) 118

SITONA, Germ. 204

Skin, pores of the, for

the microscope 333
Skipper, dingy, 242, 381

, mallow ib

-, pearl 242, 430

-, scaue 243, 381

—, small 242,417

-, w-'9o<^, 242,381,417

Slendtr bodied 423

S meathmanniana 425

SMERINTHUS

oceliatus

Popul
Tills

I.

243,381
450

243, 396

430, 438

243, 331

359

430

SMYNTHURUS

fuscus 141,360

Snout moth 253, 406, 435
— , beautiful 406

— >, buttoned ib.

— , cream fc?ged 385,406

SPHiEROMA

serrata

sphaeropyx
SPHiEROSOMA

Qiiercus
Sphecidse, (Fam.)
SPHECODES

divisa

Geoffrelia

gibbus

monilicornis

picea

sphecoides
Sphex, De Gter
SPHEX
*abietina

flavipennis
*sabulo5a
Spbex, Linne
Spbingidae, (Fam.)
Sphinsides, Lair.
SP H INX

A tropes

dingy

, long tailed

, pinion

, small

, white line

Solandrian
Spanish fiy
Speck, taivny
Speckled yellow m,
, wood B. 241 ,

407
425
406
424

ib
436

60
434
384
369

371

,light 386 , I. 363,381

SIMAETHIS Spectacle moth, dark 422

dentata 254 , I'ght ib

Single dot, angle bar- 'Spectnim, Scopoli 243
red 364 Spence's observations

— — , marbled 364

, square barred ib.

Singular conduct of
queen bees on
the loss of their
antennas 23

SINODENDRON

on the necessity
of new cenera 46
SPERCHEUS

sordidiis 186, 362

Sjihseridjadse, (Fam.) 187
SPH^RIDIUM

marginatum 362

108

270

394
275

413

386

282,386

413

ib.

ib.

273

268

275, 413

68, 275

271

43

ib.

Celerio
Convolvuli

244, 442
I. 438

430
244,438

Elpenor, 64, 243, 396

Euphorbix

Galii

Ligustri

430

243, 397
243, 397

244, 397
431

242, 396
244, 397

243, 381

cylindricum 190,389 *ruficolle 215

Sirex, LinnS 67, 267| scarabaeoides 187, 362

SirexGigas 67, 268 SPH^EROMA

mariscus 268, *cinerea

lineata
Pinastri
Porcellus
SPHODRUS

collaris 360, 442

planus 152, 358

terricola 361

Slider, observations on

a, by SirJ. Banks 120
Spider, Hunting 130

SpiderSjhow preserved 3 1 7
Spinach moth 4()5

, dark 423

Spirits of wine, experi-
ments on the pol-
len of plants with 335
Spotted pinion, lesser 252,
422

, lunar 433

, white 252, 433

\Sprawler 439

108! , I. 382

INDEX.

491

Spurge moth

400,STAPHVL1NUS

STRATIOMVS

Si^uare-spot

433

*iiparius

173

Chamxieoii 292

414

, double

ib.

*rivularis

173

Strciv, bordered

422

, sinaLL

421

•rufipes

176

, chequered

426

Squilla lobata

106

*rufus

174

, clouded

425

peclafa

103

sangiiinolentu

s

366

, crossed

435

ventricosa

ib.

semiobscurus

ib.

, hook-marked

ib.

Squille, asele

no

similis

ib.

, vllique ha'S

436

Baleine, de la

106

splendens

ib.

, pale

426

Slog beetle

4S

stercorarius

ib.

, short barred

436

Staphylinidjp, (Fam

)171

tjistis

ib.

, barred

427

Staphylinus:, L^w^e

60

varians

ib

, dingy

ib.

STAPHYLINLS

StariL-oTt

419

Si.rato Underwivg 382,432

ajneocephalus

S66

STAUROPUS

Streak

443

attenuatus

ib.

Fagi

247,

398

Streamer

405

bipustulatus

ib.

, /.

43 J

Strepsiptera, Kirby

288

biuiinipes

361

STELIS

Striped edge, light

364

*caHaliculatii3

176

phEBoptera

437

Strotiirvlus, Herbst.

170

*castanopterus

366

punctulatissiina

284,

STYLOPS

♦chrysomel'mus

176

442

ineiitta 289,

372

concinnus

366

Stenepteryx, Leach

303

tenuicornis

42S

*concolor

17'i

STENOSOMA

Subulicornes, (Sect.]

57

*cyaneus

ib.

becticum

107

Suetoria, Latr.

220

decorus

•366

lineare

ib.

Sugar candy, its cry

-

•dilataius

172

STENUS

stallization

337

*elongatus

ib.

aceris

367

Sulphur math

426

*erythropterus

ib.

angustatus

ib.

, spotted

403

erythropterus ITl

361

bigiittatus

173

359

Swammerdam's me-

fimetarius

366

brunnipes

367

thod of preserv-

fucicolor

ib.

caeinlescens

173,

375

ing the eggs of

*fiilgidus

172

c'icindeloides

359

insects

318

•iiuttatiis

173

flavicornis

36"

mcihod of dis-

hasmorrhous

366

Jimcorun

367

secting insects

331

•birtus

172

riigricornis

ib.

Swallow tail B. 64,

285,

hybridus

2)66

ociilatus

lb.

380,

429

laminatiis

ib.

pubescens

pusillus

ruiitarsis

ib.

, /. 416,

438

lateralis

ib.

ib.

Sivalliiv tail moth253

,424

lituratus

ib.

ib.

Swift moth, beautiful

397

maculicornis

ib.

rugulosus

ib.

, b'l wn

381

marginatus

ib.

Sternum

31

, ghust 245,

397

marginellus

ib.

, golden

ib.

♦maxillosus

172

STIGMUS

, rncp-wi?iged

245

maxillosus

366

ater

278

413

, oravge

431

]Vlorio

360

Stirtg of Insects

33,

338

, s'lver

381

murinus

366

STO.MIS

, Slotted silver

381

nitipennis
obscuripennis

ib.
ib.

puinicatus l.')3,
StomDxoides, Schaef.

361

298

, tawiy

Sic-rd-erais Moth,

397

olens 2>Ci&

, 442

STOMOXYS

large 25-2, 382,

442

picipennis

366

caici trans

29S,

442

— — , I.

419

pilipes

ib.

irritans

442

, small

401

politus

ib.

Store boxes, how

Sycamore Mvth

400

•porcatus

171

made

312

SYCTODES

pubescens

361 Straight larred

407

thoracica 126,

372

punctulatus

ib.

Stratiomydas, (F

am.)

291

Synistata, Fabr.

257

492

INDEX.

SYNUCHUS

vivalis 151, 365

Syrphite, Lair. 296

Syrphidx (Fam) ib.

SYRPHUS

Pyrastri 297, 416
Systems of Entomo-
logy by Linne 44
of Entomo-
logy by Fabricius ib.
— — , Kirby's ob-
servations on form-

ing a

■ of Entomology

by Dr. Leach, why
adopted

, the Modern,
promotes the
science of Ento-
moloEry
— —of Natural Hi-
story, how form-
ed "
Tabanida? (Fam.) !
Tabanii, LaVr.
TABANUS
autumnaiis
bovinus
*caecutiens
Paganus
*pluvialis
tropicus
Tabby Moth,

45

ib

4G

— — , small

TACHINA

fera
TACHINUS

analis

lunulatus

marginellus

rufipes

subterraneus

437
293,414
293
414
293
71, 428
the large,
255, 427
427
435

301, 372

176, 3C1
375
361
176, 367
176, 361,
429
429

Tacbytes tricolor 277
Tail, Cauda 33

I'ALITRUS

*iittoralis 102

Locusta ib.

Taniptera, Lair, 291

TANYPUS

cinctus 290, 3S7, 437
TARPA
*cepha1otes
Fabricii
Klugii
Panzerii
*plagiocephala
Tarsus, the foot
Tarus, Clairv.
I'egcneria, fValck.
Telephoridw. (Fam.)
TELEPHORUS

fulvicollis 3

fiiscus 164, 374

lateralis 374

lividus ib.

melanurus ib

*minimus 164

obscurus 374

pallidas ib

ruficollis ib.

rufus ib.

testaceus ib,

Fenebrio, De Geel 196,
208

266

ib.

266, 412

412
266
3-i
154
124
162

trimaculatus
TACHYPORUS

anaiis 361

cbrysomelinusl76, 389,
443
Granum )76

marginatus 361

nitidalus ib.

pubesccns 442

PRNEBRIO

*Bovlstae 216

*cadaverinus 19 4

*coccineus
*f.moralis 192

*Fussor 153

*gemellatus 192

*lanipes 195

*Mauritanicus 208

Molitor 59, 193, S69
obscura 389

*sabulosus 193

Tenebrionidffi (Fam.) 192
I'eneifljE (Fam.) 248

I'eneites, Lair. ib

Tenthredines Allanti,
Khig 265

Doleri, Klug ib

'Em^\\yi\, KLug

ib

Tenthredinetaa 262
Tenthredo (Fam. I.),

Klug 264
Tenthredo (Fam. II.)

King 2C5

TENTHREDO

*cephalotes 266

*dimidiata 265

*fasciata 263

*femorata 262

*furcata 264

*hortulana ib.

*Ia;ta 263

*marginata ib.

*me]anocepbala 264

nassata 265, 4I2

*nitens 263

*pumila 265

Rapne 265,412

*Rubi Idaei 264

♦Scropliularia 67

*sericea 263

TEPHRITIS

Cardui 299

grossificationis 415

onopordinis ib.

pulchella ib.

vibrans ib.

Terebrantia (Sect.) 262

Termes, Livn. 261

Terrestria (Sect.) 220

TETHEA, Odi. 25

TETRAGNATHA

extensa 127, 364

Tetramera 199

TETRA10MA

Fungorum
Tetrix subulata
TETTIGONIA

spumaria

viridis
TETYRA

inuncta

Maura
THANASIML'S

formicarius

Tenthredinidse (Fam.)

262

194, 389
219

380
231, 3S0

394
220, 394

165,388

THANATOPHILUS,

Pruni

147

241,430
396

241,417
417

INDEX.

493

THECLA jTILLUS

Quercus 241, 41'i| elongatus

I. 396 Quadra 374

Rubi '241,381 unifasciatus 165,388

I. 417 riMARCHA, Hofpe 213

300 Tinea, Linni 253

Tinea, Fair. 249

294, 414[Tinea', collected in pill

boxes 309

riNEA
Albtroemrri 372

applana 437, 443

126
34

Thereva, Fabr.
THEREVA

plebeia
THERIDIUM

sisiphuni
Thigh, Femur
THOMISUS

citrcus 128,387

Ij'nceus ib. ib.

oblongus 128,415

Thorax, definition of

the 30

— . — , discrimination

of the 354

Tfiorn Moth, clouded

August 434

——, freckle August ib.

, plain August ib

— , canary- shoulder edAh

bistriga

contubernia

curvipunctosa

, eariy

~—, feathered
——, flounced
—, July

, liltle

, lunar

—— , purple

— — , September
Thrips, Linn.
THRIPS

fasciata

juniperina

minutissima

Physapns
THROSCUS

dermestoides 183,389
TH YATIRA, 0</i. 251
THYLACITES, Gem.205

THYMALUS

ferruaineus 170, 3

223, 394

gelatella
Nemorum
Novembris
nubilea
Pbryganea
purpurea
Pyraiea
Salicis
37 1 signosa
44S spissicornis
441 tortricea
424 riNGIS
404 Cardui
253, 404 riPHIA

383, 385,1 femorata 274, 413

40t)| Morio 413

4411TIPULA

631 oleracea 71, 291,387,

437

395 rivosa 291

ib. Tipulariae, Latr. 290

ib.JTipulidse (Fam.) ib.

232, 380|Tique rouge satinee

aquatique 133

Tissue Moth 384, 435

scarce 371

TOMICUS

Typographus 205, 391

fuscus 391

Tongue of Insects 29

jTORTRIX
165,38S| Absinthiania
Acerana
aflVactana
Afzeliana
angustana
Asperana
atromargana
aurana
A vellana
Baumamiiana
Bergmanniana
Betuletana
bifidana
borana
cana

Carpiniana
caudana
cerusana
chloraua
Christicrnana
ciliana
cinerenna
comitana
composana
contaminana
corticana
costana
Degenerana
dentana
Desfontiana

427
410
3G4

ib.
443
255
443
360
443
372
ib

360

37

409

3C0|

Thysanura, characters \Toolh- striped Moth,
of the order 138 ejrly 37

— , classification [Tor Inise- shell B. large

of the order
Tibl.T, the shank
Tick, dog
Tiilus, Marsh.
Tillids (Fam.)

140

34-
132'.
1G4J
1C5'.

238, 363, 416

I. 396

, small 238,363,396

438

, I. 396, 431

diver-ana

egestana

emargana

examiana

excavana

Fagana 254,

fasciana

tjmbriana

Forskaliana

Forsterana

fraternana

gnomana

hamana

harpana

Holmiana

hyemalis

Ilicana

incarnana

latifasciana

Lecheana

literana

Loeflingina

Losiaiia

407
ib.
435
364
425
436
408
ib.
425
385
436 ■
ib.
441
425
408
425
435
425
407
ib.
441
436
407
386
441
385
436
425
254
435
ib.
386
435
443
435
385, 425
407
364
436
407
371
364, 441
435
407
436
444
436
441
ib.
407
435, 441
371
407

494

INULX.

'

rORTRlX

TOIlTiaX

Tritoma, Geo/.

207

Liindiaiia

40';

Xvlosteana

425

TRITOMA

Kitosa

3G4

Zo.'s:ana

435

bipiistuiatr.m

51,

214,

maculana

441

TRACHEA, Och.

251

362

Mitterbachiua

407

Trachtlus, Jariwe

267

*russica

2U

Mylleri

441

Tracbiisa, Jurine 280

285

Trochiium, Srf

pdi

245

nana

425

TRACHYS

TROGOSITA

nebulana

ib.

minuta 160,

388

*caraboides

208

nigricaua

436

viiidis

3S8

mauritauica

208

369

nitida

386

TrebU-bar Muih, slender

*manritanicn3

203

nubiferana

403

405,

441

I'rombidiadfE (Faiii.]

130

nubilana

ib.

Treble lines M. ei/ua

I

TROMBIDIUM

oporana

407

402, 440,

441

*aquaticum

135

Oxyacanthena3S5

,442

, dark

402

holosericcum

13!

, 4C6

palliolatis

425

Treble spot M. rusly

441

TROX

pauperana

386

, while

425

areiiarius

369

perlepitlana

371

FRECHUS

sabniosus

190

369

piceana

441

aqiiaticus

373

Truncus

SO

Pomona

425

discus

ib.

Frvpeta, Meig.

299

populana

441

fulvus

365

TRYPOXYLON

plumbeolana

425

humeralis

415

Figulus

277

413

pruniana

407

meridianiis 149,

3€'5

Tussock Muth, dark

247,

Quercana

436

Frees, decayed, me

4i8

rhombana

441

thod of collectin

5?

, I.

3S2

Ribeana

407

insects from

314

, nut-lrte

250,

370,

Rosa n a

408

— — , roots of, method

418,

439

Rubiana

436

ofcollectingpupae

, I-

382

rufana

ib.

at the

315

, pale

247

,598

ruficiliana

385

Triangle, red

436

Twin-spot M.

423

rugosaria

408

Tribonophora, Hiib.

252

, large

ib.

rusticana

436

TRICHIOSOMA

, red

383

Salicaiia

ib.

laterale

372

, dark red

404

Schalleriana

ib.

Scalesii

427

, striped

383

semifasciaua

ib.

sylvaticum 263

427

, treble

385

sequana

3S5

unidenlattim

427

TYcmis

Smeatlimanniana

425

TRICHRS

niger

178

Solandiiana

436

fasciatiis 191

415

Tyger Moth,

crearr

.

spadiceana

359

nobilis

375

spot

248,

398

squamana

43J

variabilis

38"

, I.

382

straminea

436

Trichoplera, cbarac

.

, garden

418

sticticaiia

ib.

ters of the order

13t

, I-

393

strobilaiia

386

, classification

, ruhj

399

subocellana

425

of the

25 f

, scarlet

248

398

subsequana

371

564

, method of

preserving 32 J

, I.

——, Wjcd

382

tetraquetiana

248,

398

tTapezaiia

436

, method of ai

-

, I-

382

tricolorana

44)

ranging

32f

FY PH ZEUS

tripuiictaria 408

441

Trimera (Sect.)

21i

vulgaris

189,

369

IJdiiianiiiana

407

TRIPLAX

K Moth

404

UlKbiana

435

bicolor

39;

y. black

431

Unipr.iutata

364

riifipes ^

421:

y. sooly

424

urticana

385

rus'ica 214,

429

VANESSA

viridana

425

Triple line M. day

Antiopa

238,

430

Wceberiana

403

404

, /.

416

Cardui

lo

INDEX.

VESPA

Britannica

280,

3Sf.

Ciabro

280

386

*|)arirtina

279

*nniglumls

277

vulgaris

280

585

Vespailjc (Fam

)

oirc

VANESSA

Atalaiita 23S, 363, 430

, /. 416

C. album 238,396,417,
438

, l. 430

238, 416
I. 4 i 6

238, 363, 41

, I. 4.6

Polychloros 238, SCrJ

396, 4l6

UrticK 238,363, 396,438

, I. 430

Fapourer Moth 439

, L 43 1

, scarce 418, 431

VAPPO

ater 292, 428

Udmannian Tortrix 40".
Vegetables, delinition

of 20 VOLUCELLA

VELIA bombylans

rivulorum ''''^l '?'"-'» iuanis

442
384

V'esparia;, Latr. ib

Vipio, Lair. 270

IJlonata, Fair. 217, 219
Umber Mill, birred 404
, connecting

, dark

, m'ltlled

, scarce

, large waved 403

, S'nail waved 584

Unguis, ctaw 35

Undenting Muth, lesser

432
440

', lunar

224, 369
VELLEIL'S, Leach 172
Veneer, aquatic

, barred

, chequered

common

414

ib.

mystaceus ib.

pellucens 296, 414

Uroceridw(Fam.) 267

408

43^^1UROCERUS
4081 Gigas

-, buff-edged rosy 38^,l psyllius

, large Ircwn-

, e'.bowed- strip

, garden

437
edged

408

'd ib.

ib

, gigant'c

, h; ok lip

, pale hooklip

, m'aid

, dark i7ilaid

ib.

409
ib.

4^7
408

——, pearl

, yell.w sat'\n

, straw -colowt

ed

364
408

ib.

ib.

loured

-cc

-
457

■ , rtxy

408

UROPODA

vegetans
Usher, dark-barred
dark-bordered

133, 364
433
360

, spring ib.

JVainscot Moth, com-
mon 419
', dotted- bordered ib

, large 599

— — , powdered 400, 419

, r/d 419

, shoulder-stripe 25 1

399

, small 43'r

, smoky 419

, tawny -veined 432

, twin-spot 439

-, rush 425, 436\ff^all Butterfy 430, 41

, narrow- wi>:ged A09\ . , I. 331,430

Vertebrosa, anatomical IfT'asp 6S, 28(''

character of the 75 , Hornet 69,280

Vertex 80^au« Moth, common 33^-'
\'espa, Linn.69, 871, 276) , small-dotted 405

495

IVuveMoih, small dusty

wave 423

, small fa'n-fijot 434

, rnuUein ib,

, plain 423

, ribband ib.

, rosy ib.

, sandy 383

, satiny 423

, subangled ib.

, ruund-wirie,ed 333

, common luhite ib.

, srnall white 384

442 , small ytllow ib.

^^■U'hUe ButterJly,Balh 236,
416
, black-veimd 236,
395
I. 380

, bordered 404, 430
I. 416

, gree^-veined 236,
580, 430
, large 236, 380, 430
, marbled 417

, small 236, 380

■,wood 236, 380,430
f^Fhite C. But. I. 430

268, 412^^A'<« Moth, broad-

4] 2 barred 400

, bordered 253

While line Moth, mar-
bled 403
White spot, brindled 424
, marbled 403
White Tortrix, cloudy 403
While-backed Tor. 436
White-frivged Tor. 441
White-shouldered Tor-iSfi
White spotted 426
White Thorn Tortrix 335

White thorn hedges,
time for collect-
ing insects from 315
Wtllow, pale mottled 401
Widow, mourning 363
Wing-bones, Plerigostio55
Wings, their form and

structure ib.
afibrd charac-
ters for genera
and species 57
Wittg Ctues 37

4Q6

INDEX.

Wings of Lepidoptera

acquire their full

size ill a few ini-

mites 4'i

— — — jdiscriiTiination

of the 338

TVinler Mulh, 359, 443
IVinter Tort, ix 444

JVceherian Tarlrix 408

JVood BuUerJiy, speckltd
396, 430

, I. 396

Woods near London 312
, insects how col-
lected in -ib
J'Krmwood Mulh 252, 419
Wurmivuod Totlrix 407
X tawny 432
XANTfilA, Hilh. 252
XANTHO 86
florid a ib,
*incisa ib.
XIPHYDRIA

Camelus 267,412

dromedarius 412

Xiphydriadje (Fam.) 267

XYLENA, Hiib, 252

Xylocupa, Fabr. ■ 285
V.Mnik,gold * 403

, Essex ib.

, pi^^y 441

, silver 383

Y rkshire 403

Yelloio, frosted 423

Yellow-lv^rved Mulh 365
YeLiow. tail Moth 248, 41 8
— , I. 398

YeLLw-undervoing Moth,
beautiful 252, 399,
418

, broad-bordered 250,

399, 432

, least broad-border

399

,lesserhroad br,7der^32

, lunar 432

, minute 383

, small 399

YPONOMEUTA

cribella 382

Echielia 399

Evonymella 249, 399,
432
irrorella 399

YPONOMEUTA

Padella 399

plumbella 432

seqr.ella ib.

Ypsolophus, Fabr. 255
ZAIJRUS

gibbns 1 49, 428

ZARjEA

fasciata 263, 386

ZEUZERA

^sculi 246, 418

ZODION

conopsoides 298
Zuegien 433
Zoophytes, anatomi-
cal character of 75
■ for the micro-
scope 334
Zoology, the most dif-
ficult department
in Natural His-
tory 20
ZYG^NA

Filipenduia?, 245, 397
Loti 397

ZYGiENID^, (Fam.)244
IZYG.^NIDES, Latr. ib.

THE END.

Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-lane.

'o^

%'

^^$o^^

■ -^^' ,

*T'

X

'*.

•■-^

- '■■"/'

V