=f 
abe 


SH 
= 
) 
oe 
(z) 
> 
Za 
D 
(ay 
o 
x 
ss 
a 
x 
a8 


TT) VER Avy: 


OLOGY 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZO 


KG ASY 


UR 


{ 


AGRICULT 


| 


[x] 
OU 
[x] 
én] 
— 
O 
O 


AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS 


ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 
AT THE 
Massachusetts Agricultural College 


AMHERST, MASS. 


1911 


ISSUED BY THE 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


NovEMBER, 1911. 


FOREWORD 


This booklet has been compiled at the suggestion of alumni of 
the Massachusetts Agricultural College who were students under 
either Prof. Charles H. Fernald or Prof. Henry T. Fernald, or under 
both; and it is issued by the college in commemoration of the opening 
to collegiate use of the new entomological building, which is itself a 
memorial of the achievement of Prof. Charles H. Fernald in founding 
and developing entomological study in the college, and of Prof. Henry 
T. Fernald in taking up and carrying on his father’s work. 

The building was opened and dedicated on November 11, 1910, 
and was at that time practically complete. The program of the 
services of dedication was: 


HENRY JAMES CLARK,—TEACHER AND INVESTIGATOR, 
Dr. Frederick Tuckerman, ’78, Amherst 


ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY AT THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL 
COLLEGE, 
De Wek Hinds, 99) Aubura. Ala: 


PRESENTATION REMARKS, 
Hon. Frank A. Hosmer, Amherst 


DeEDICATORY ADDRESS, 
Dr. L. O. Howard, U. S. Entomologist, Washington, D, C. 


The work of compiling has been made easy by the cordial assist- 
ance of all those who took part in the ceremonies, and of others. 
Dr. Howard’s address has already been published (Science, Dec. 2, 
1910; Entomological News, Vol. 22, No. 38, Page 97, March, WGoEl)\. 
In this booklet, space is lacking for more than a wholly imadequate 
paragraph of summary of Dr. Tuckerman’s address. Dr. Hinds’ 
paper is printed in full; but the limitations of space make necessary 
some condensation in the biographical sketches, and the author of 
these and the remaining (slight) alterations wishes here to assume 
responsibility for errors in fact or unhappinesses in expression that 
may have resulted from his work. 


i) 


Charles Henry Fernald 


CHARLES HENRY FERNALD 


At Fernald’s Point, on Mount Desert, the largest of the many 
islands off the coast of Maine, is the Fernald homestead. It has been 
the homestead since 1778. Here, close beside restless Atlantic waters, 
Charles Henry Fernald was born, March 16, 1888. 

His father, Eben Fernald, was a successful farmer and ship-owner 
at a time when Maine was noted for sailing craft. His mother had 
taught school for a number of years before her marriage. In these 
two facts, part of his mental heritage may be fairly accounted for—his 
love of study, and his broad, hopeful, practical outlook. Upon the 
realities presented in his seaside home, this outlook began early to 
manifest itself. 

In that time and neighborhood, opportunities for education were 
limited. School “held” about six weeks in winter, and two months 
in summer. But the lack of school and teacher was not enough to 
prevent the boy from acquiring about many subjects a knowledge far 
beyond that of the best educated people around him. The result was 
an early ability to choose his interests and direct his own study. His 
was largely “self-education’—the self-reliant, purposeful pursuit of 
knowledge that is typical of resolute and active minds—and in the 
course of years it made him thoroughly familiar with a wide range 
of subjects. 

His dominant boyhood ambition, very naturally, was to become a 
ship captain; and he began preparing himself with the greatest earnest- 
ness. He learned to use a sextant (borrowed from a friend), taking 
observations of the sun by means of an artificial horizon formed by 
molasses in a plate. He soon became expert; but the lunar and stellar 
observations he found difficult without aid. It was the desire of his 
parents that he study law; but the law did not at all appeal to him, 
and he won consent to go to sea when fifteen years old. For six 
years his summers were spent on shipboard, and his winters in study- 
ing or teaching in the district school at home. 

With the observation of the innumerable forms of exquisitely 
beautiful marine life—the corals, the sea fans, the sea feathers, 
shells—which he collected on his voyages, began his interest in natural 
history. He discovered that he could make pleasing drawings of these 
objects, and was especially struck with the fact that in making a 
drawing, he impressed the characteristics of the object deeply on his 
memory. In later years, this realization became an important element 
in his method as a successful teacher. 


Charles Fernald was more than a seaman; he was at the same 
time a student also. Hence he rose steadily in rank. At eighteen he 
was first mate, and at twenty-one was ready for a captaincy. Desir- 
ing still more thorough preparation, in order that he might command 
a ship of any size, he left the sea to enter the Maine Wesleyan Semi- 
nary and Female College. This was the largest preparatory school 
in the State. 

In the seminary he found himself in an atmosphere entirely new 
to him—an atmosphere of education. It surprised, delighted and 
inspired him, aroused latent energies, created higher ambitions. 
Henceforth the call of knowledge was to be more potent than the call 
of the sea. He prepared to enter Bowdoin College as an advanced 
student. 

But war intervened. The South seceded. His classmates en- 
listed. Most of them entered the army, but his sea-faring fitted him 
for and inclined him to the navy. For three years he had read and 
studied omnivorously, ranging freely beyond the required curriculum. 
Among the studies that he chose was music; the teacher was Miss 
Maria Elizabeth Smith, a student, later graduated from the college 
department. On August 20, 1862, they were married. Four days 
later he sailed from Boston on the U. S. Steamer Housatonic, a sister 
ship to the famous Kearsarge which sank the Confederate cruiser 
Alabama in the English Channel. 

In the navy, promotion came steadily, the result of conscientious 
performance of the task in hand and of constant preparation for 
something beyond. On the Housatonic he was promoted to be 
master’s mate, and later ensign; as ensign he served on several ships. 
On the U. S. Monitor Patapsco, he formed an intimate and lasting 
friendship with Lieut. W. T. Sampson, who remained in the navy, 
and during the Spanish-American War became Rear Admiral. Such 
might have been Prof. Fernald’s ultimate destination also, had he 
chosen the career of a naval officer. 

Young Fernald took on shipboard the text-books that he would 
have studied had he entered Bowdoin instead of the navy. In his. 
three years of service, he found time to complete his college studies; 
and in 1871 he was given the degree of Master of Arts by Bowdoin 
College. 

On his return from the war, he was chosen principal of Litchfield 
Academy and taught with Mrs. Fernald as an assistant teacher. In 
the academy he found a large collection of rocks and minerals, of 
little service because most of its specimens were unnamed. To him 
it made small difference that he had no knowledge of either mineralogy 
or geology. Every spare moment at Litchfield he devoted to such books. 
as he could procure to enable him to name the specimens. 

This ability to study thoroughly without a teacher it was that 
fitted him to do the pioneer work which he later did in entomology. 
Whenever he found himself deficient in what seemed necessary to. 
advanced work, he invariably got books and took up study by himself.. 


6 


If books failed, he resorted to original study and to correspondence 
with eminent workers in the same field. Thus he was becoming more 
and more thoroughly familiar with a wide range of subjects, and 
acquainted personally with the leading men, both in this country and 
abroad. 

After a year at Litchfield, he was called to take charge of Houlton 
Academy, then the largest academy in Maine. There he continued 
his geological studies, spending much time in the field, especially 
among the fossil-bearing rock deposits in northern and southeastern 
Maine. Finding that to study such rocks, he needed to know more 
of botany and zoology, he undertook a more exhaustive study of those 
subjects, though with no serious thought that he should ever teach 
them. 

At this time, he got his first clear insight into entomology. It 
began with the breeding of mosquitoes, and led soon to the collecting 
of insects of all orders. In the new subject, he met more difficulties 
than in any other that he had attempted. Entomological literature 
in this country at that time was extremely fragmentary ; entomologists 
were few and widely scattered. Following his earlier experience in 
the study of shells, he began the study of insect and fossil specimens 
by making drawings of them. His success was conspicuous; Prof. 
James Hall, then State Geologist of New York, tried in vain to pro- 
cure him to make drawings of the fossils in the New York State 
collection. 

In September, 1871, Prof. Fernald was called to the chair of 
Natural History in the newly established Maine state college. now 
the University of Maine. He was to teach botany, physical geog- 
raphy, human anatomy and physiology, comparative anatomy, veter- 
inary science, and zodlogy, giving special attention to entomology, 
geology and mineralogy. Lest these few subjects should not occupy 
his energies, he was from time to time in his fifteen years’ work at 
Maine, called upon to teach algebra, geometry, trigonometry, agri- 
culture and horticulture. 

During his connection with the Maine state college, he prepared 
and published “Grasses of Maine,” “Butterflies of Maine,” “Sphingidz 
of New England,” and a “Catalog of the Tortricide of North America,” 
besides a number of shorter papers. His writings appeared in leading 
scientific journals in this country and in Europe. His vacations were 
frequently devoted to special study. Thus in 1872 he was with the 
United States Fish Commission at Eastport, Maine; in 1873, he was 
studying zoology under Louis Agassiz in his famous summer school 
at Penikese Island. Whenever he had opportunity to visit a museum, 
he carried with him specimens he wished to compare or determine. 

Insects now began to interest him increasingly. In its early 
years, Maine state college had both a winter and a summer vacation, 
and Prof. Fernald spent these periods principally in study. The 
winter of 1878 he spent in European travel and in a study of the 
world’s greatest natural history museums. He carried a large col- 


~ 


lection of American insects, for comparison. He “was most kindly 
received by foreign entomologists, among whom he made many life- 
long friends. His studies in these museums gave him the basis for 
his “Catalog of the Tortricide of North America.” 


The winter of 1879 he spent in Washington, D. C., in a study 
of the Microlepidoptera. The results of these studies appeared in the 
annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880. The 
United States Entomologist, Prof. J. H. Comstock, was making a 
study of North American scale insects, and in connection with this 
work Prof. Fernald became deeply interested in the Coccidz. At 
this’ time also; began his intimate acquaintance: with) Dra giean@: 
Howard, who was beginning his entomological work in the national 
Department of Agriculture, through which he has achieved such 
noteworthy success. 


Other institutions now began to seek Prof. Fernald. The Iowa 
Agricultural College invited him to become its president. For some 
time he refused all offers. In 1886, however, he accepted the appoint- 
ment as Professor of Zodlogy and Lecturer on Veterinary Science . 
at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. In recognition of the 
breadth and the quality of his work, the trustees of the Maine state 
college conferred upon him the degree of Ph. D. It is characteristic 
of the modesty of the man that he was always restive under the title 
of “Doctor,” and preferred to be called and known by the simpler 
“Professor.” 


In the new position, Prof. Fernald found abundant opportunities 
for work, and but little material equipment. For his departments, 
two rooms were assigned in South College, then a new building. One 
of these was a lecture room, and the other was to contain the Natural 
History Museum. For laboratory work, no provision had been made, 
in either zoology or entomology ; zoological laboratory work was begun 
in a borrowed room. The zoological specimens remained in the attic 
of the drill hall, where they had been hurriedly stored after the burn- 
ing of the old South College building in 1885. Labeis and specimens 
were in confusion. Practically all of the specimens had to be deter- 
mined anew. In this and the work of rearranging the specimens, 
Mrs. Fernald was of great assistance. 


When in 1887, the experiment station was established, Prof. 
Fernald was made Entomologist, an appointment that added largely 
to his duties. In the summer of 1889 he went to Europe for further 
study in the museums, and while there was notified that the Gypsy 
Moth had been discovered in the eastern part of Massachusetts. He 
thereafter devoted all the time possible to the study of this insect in 
the different countries visited. In the organization of the state 
commission for the suppression of the moth, Prof. Fernald was 
given the supervision of the scientific part of the work. He made 
extensive studies, and has published a number of very valuable reports 
on the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths. 


8 


- During the absence of President H. H. Goodell in 1892, Prof. 
Fernald served as acting President of the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College. ; 

As a result of the entomological work made possible by the estab- 
lishment of the experiment stations and the fight against the Gypsy 
Moth, the college work in entomology developed very rapidly. Prof. 
Fernald’s time was increasingly given to it, and the work, first 
in veterinary science and later in zodlogy, was taken up by other men. 
In 1894, the department of entomology began the rapid but perma- 
nent growth that still goes on. In 1893, the trustees made entomology 
one of the advanced courses leading to the degree of Master of Sci- 
ence. Several students took part or all of this advanced work, and a 
strong demand arose for its further extension. 

But such work could not be provided without permanent provision 
for additional help and accommodations, and this was hard to secure, 
as the college, with its limited appropriations, was already heavily 
taxed to carry on existing work. In 1898, the trustees authorized the 
conferring of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy upon the satisfactory 
completion of three years of post-graduate work in botany, chemistry, 
and entomology, and in the summer of 1899, established a separate 
professorship of entomology. To the new chair they called Dr. 
icine Oa shenialdy then of the Pennsylvania state -collese Pro 
Charles Fernald, although his work consisted mainly in the develop- 
ment of the post-graduate courses 1n entomology, retained the title 
of Professor of Zoology. Under the able and sympathetic guidance 
of these two men, father and son, the entomological courses attracted 
more students than the laboratory facilities could possibly accommo- 
date, and dozens of applicants had to be turned away. 

The trustees in 1908 formally recognized the growing importance 
of the advanced work by establishing a graduate school, of which 
Prof. Fernald was made the director. In 1909 the legislature 
approved the service of the department of entomology by granting 
$80,000 for a building for the departments of entomology, geology, 
and zoology, to which amount $15,000 was later added for furnishings. 

Prof. Fernald has seen his work consummated in the estab- 
lishment of the graduate school and the erection of a department | 
building wherein the equipment for entomological study is said to be 
unexcelled in the world. For in these is the fruition of his pioneer 
teaching in an unexplored region of scholarship. But another and 
lasting memorial is to be found in the hearts and lives of the large 
number of students who have received instruction and inspiration 
from him. 

In June, 1910, after forty years of constant college teaching, 
Prof. Fernald felt constrained by failing health to retire from official 
college work, that he might devote his time and strength to the 
completion of studies in systematic entomology, in which he has been 
interested for many years. His special study has been the Micro- 
lepidoptera; and his authority on this group is recognized throughout 


9 


the world. Among the more important of his publications on this 
group have been “A Catalog of the Tortricide of North America,” 
“The Crambide of North America,’ “The Pterophoride of North 
America,’ and “The Genera of the Tortricide and Their Types.” 
Other important papers are in process of completion, 

A summary in brief of the work of a man who has achieved dis- 
tinction in so many ways as has the subject of this sketch, must be 
inadequate. Perhaps he will longest be remembered as one of the 
great pioneer teachers of entomology; a man of highest Christian 
character; broad and sound in scholarship; rare in inspirational 
power. In economic entomology his greatest work has been done in 
the fight against the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths; it has been unex- 
celled in the breadth and clearness of its conception of the problems, 
and in practical efficacy of methods. As a systematic entomologist, 
he has done work of the highest type in a large and difficult field. 

We catch a hint of Prof. Fernald’s own view of his work and 
of the motives which have guided him in it, in a few sentences from 
a recent letter oF bis to a iniend: 

“It has been a very great satisfaction to me to see entomology 
grow during the past forty years of my teaching, from a few lectures 
which I should now be ashamed to give to a class in a grammar 
school, into a thoroughly scientific course, with laboratory and research 
work of the most technical character, and appealing to and command- 
ing the respect, not only of our own students but also of scientific 
men everywhere. 

“There has been nothing in the work of my life that has given 
me greater pleasure than to see, from day to day and from year to 
year, the intellectual growth of the young men under my instruction, 
and later to learn of their successes in the great work of life. I have 
often wondered if I made a mistake in resigning from the navy at 
the close of the Civil War, rather than to have remained as did many 
of the volunteer officers, like myself; in which case, I should have 
been retired a few years ago with the rank of Rear Admiral. But 
I have consoled myself with the thought that it is better to help make 
men than to help kill them.” 


19 


HENRY TORSEY FERNALD 


Henry T. Fernald was born at Litchfield, Maine, April 17, 1866, 
about a year after his father, Charles H. Fernald, had accepted the 
principalship of Litchfield Academy. From the time he was five years 
old until he was twenty, his father was professor in the Maine state 
college at Orono, and his youth was wholly spent in the atmosphere 
of the academy or college campus. 

His early training was received entirely at home, and there he 
fitted for college. He entered the Maine state college and received 
from it the degree B. Sc. in 1885. The studies of greatest interest 
to him were chemistry, botany, zodlogy, and especially entomology ; 
thus he followed closely in his father’s footsteps. From his father he 
received instruction in entomology in the classroom and outside it. 
Most of his summers were spent at the old Fernald homestead, Fer- 
nald’s Point, Mt. Desert Island, where he became acquainted with a 
large variety of both terrestrial and aquatic forms of animal life. 

He pursued post-graduate study at Wesleyan University, Middle- 
town, Conn., in 1885-1886, under the noted biologist Dr. H. W. Conn 
and the geologist Dr. W. N. Rice. In the fall of 1886 he entered 
Johns Hopkins University, but ill health forced his withdrawal after 
a short time. The spring of 1887 found him in the Bahamas, attend- 
ing the Johns Hopkins University Seaside School at Nassau, and the 
fall found him again at Johns Hopkins, where he took post-graduate 
work in morphology, physiology and botany under such eminent 
teachers as Drs, We K. Brooks WN] Maritim and W. HO Howell: 
The Maine state college granted him its Master of Science degree 
in 1888, on presentation of a thesis. He continued his studies at 
Johns Hopkins, in his third year serving as laboratory assistant, and 
received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1890. The training 
which he received in zodlogy in its broad aspects was as good as 
could be obtained anywhere in the United States at that time. His 
major work was done in invertebrate zodlogy. His thesis, “The 
Relationships of Arthropods,’ was based on histological and other 
researches and was published in the “Biological Studies from the 
Johns Hopkins University,” 1890. 

Dr. Fernald had chosen teaching as his profession, and he went 
immediately as assistant professor of zodlogy to the Pennsylvania 
state college. After three years of efficient service, he was made 
professor of zoology there, and remained at that institution until the 
summer of 1899. 


ital 


In these nine years, Dr. Fernald also filled a number of other 
important posts. In the summer school of the Brooklyn Institute 
of Arts and Sciences, at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, he served 
as instructor in invertebrate zodlogy for 1895-1897; and he was also 
vice-director during the season of 1897. In 1898-1899, he was state 
zoologist of Pennsylvania. 


When the professorship of entomology at the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College was offered to him in the summer of 1899, he 
saw an opportunity for larger and more distinctive work in ento- 
mology, and decided to accept the appointment, although it involved 
heavy financial sacrifice. In collaboration with his father, and with 
equal responsibility, he entered immediately upon the extension of the 
undergraduate and the development of the graduate courses in ento- 
mology. Entirely aside from the personal relationship—which nat- 
urally insured most sympathetic and harmonious co-operation—these 
two men were exceptionally well qualified, both by special training 
and varied experience, to divide the enlarged work of the department 
of entomology. For many years it had been their practice to pursue 
such different lines of study as to avoid duplication and to secure 
what was practically supplemental preparation for united effort. In 
the division of class work, Dr. Fernald, as the younger man, took 
practically all of the undergraduate work, and was most known to 
the junior and senior students. He also took the post-graduate 
courses in morphology and economic entomology. With the gradual 
failing “im strength of Prof. ©. Hl. Mermald im recent yeans) mone 
and more of the lecture and laboratory work was assumed by Dr. 
Fernald, until he was carrying practically all of it, with no assistance 
except that of one post-graduate student in the laboratories with 
undergraduate classes, and in some parts of the experiment station 
work. 


Besides carrying this excessive amount of classroom work, Dr. 
Fernald served as associate entomologist in the Massachusetts agri- 
cultural experiment station from 1899, becoming entomologist upon 
the resignation of his father in 1910. He has also acted as Massa- 
chusetts state nursery inspector since 1902. 


Although pressed by many and varied duties, he has still found 
time for considerable systematic work, especially in the orders 
Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. His published papers have dealt with 
a wide range of entomological subjects. Though most of them are 
comparatively brief, they number nearly one hundred articles, listed 
elsewhere in this pamphlet. 

A review of Dr. Fernald’s work at the Massachusetts Agricultural 
College cannot omit mention of his part in preparing the general plans 
for the splendid new building which has recently been completed, and 
in securing the appropriations needed to construct and equip the 
building as originally planned. The new building, the best that the 
state has yet given to the college, will stand as a testimonial to his 


12 


constructive ability, as well as a memorial to the twenty-four years 
of service of Prof. Charles H. Fernald in the development of the 
department. . 

Dr. Fernald has long been an active member of a number of 
scientific organizations. Among others, he is a fellow of the Amer- 
ican Association for the Advancement of Science, an active member 
of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, of the 
Entomological Society of America, and of the American Society of 
Naturalists. He is a member of Phi Kappa Phi and secured the 
organization of a chapter of this honor fraternity in the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College. 

Upon his graduation from Johns Hopkins University, and when 
about to begin his work at Pennsylvania state college, he married, 
June 9, 1890, Miss Minna R. Simon of Baltimore. Their two daugh- 
ters and one son make a very happy family circle. 

Dr. Fernald’s work has been primarily that of a teacher of ento- 
mology; and as a teacher he will be known through the men whom he 
has been so largely instrumental in preparing for practical economic 
work. Most of his students have chosen economic entomology as 
their profession; and they may be found in colleges and experiment 
stations throughout the United States, and as government ento- 
mologists in several foreign countries. In the continuance of his 
teaching, and in developing in the Massachusetts Agricultural College 
the department of entomology of which he is the head, Dr. Fernald 
has before him a long career of growing usefulness in a work and a 
science to which he is devoted with the earnest passion of the practical 
scholar. 


14 


ZOOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY 
at the 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 
by 
WARREN E. HINDS, PH.D. 
M. A. C., 1899. 


Professor of Entomology Alabama Polytechnic Institute and 
Entomologist Alabama Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Auburn, Alabama. 


We meet today to dedicate this splendid structure for the use of 
the departments of zodlogy and entomology in this institution. It 
is fitting that in so doing we should recall something of the past, out 
of which this splendid achievement has grown. It is not a simple 
matter to prepare briefly a suitable review of all that has occurred 
in the past forty and more years, which has brought forth what we 
here see around us in the present. As has been said in regard to 
Carlyle’s study of the life of Frederick the Great, in preparing that, 
he found that he had to study also the history of all Europe during 
that century. 

When we speak of departments in an institution, such as we are 
here considering, we think not only of structures and equipment, of 
professors and courses of study, but also of the students and graduates 
who have gone out from the institution and whose work in later years 
is so closely linked with the training which they there received. While 
part remains, part is also going year by year, into the outside world, 
but that which goes is as closely connected with what remains as is 
the statue with the name and fame of its sculptor. 

It is interesting to note that while the country was in the midst 
of the distractions and anxieties of Civil War, that Congress should 
have passed what is known as the Morrill Act of 1862, providing for 
the establishment of the agricultural and mechanical colleges. This 
act marks one of the most significant steps in the educational history 
ot our country. While the national appropriation was quickly accepted 
by the Massachusetts legislature, the preliminary work required in 
locating the institution, determining its general policies and courses 
of instruction, erecting buildings, securing professors, etc., delayed the 
opening of the college until the fall of 1867. In the plan of organiza- 
tion as presented by President W. S. Clark, provision was made for a 


15 


“department of natural history, including mineralogy, botany, zoology 
and geology.” Thus was zodlogy recognized as one of the funda- 
mental courses to be offered in its curriculum. As the first faculty 
numbered but four members, it seems to have fallen to the lot of Henry 
H. Goodell to give the first instruction in the college, both in zodlogy 
and in entomology. While he was officially professor of modern 
languages and instructor in military tactics, he seems also to have 
been the general utility man in this versatile faculty of four. 

During its early years the college frequently drew upon the 
faculty of Amherst College for lecturers in various subjects. Thus. 
between 1869 and 1872, it appears that Dr. Edward Hitchcock, always 
a constant friend to this institution, gave to the junior class a course 
of lectures on comparative anatomy. Between 1868 and 1876, Dr. 
A. S. Packard, Jr., then connected with the Peabody Academy of 
Science, and who was one of the most eminent entomologists of that 
time, gave to the juniors a course of lectures in the fall term, on 
useful and injurious insects. Doubtless the substance of his lectures. 
may be found in the text-book which he published in 1869, under the 
title, “Guide to the Study of Insects.’ Although Dr. Packard seems 
to be remembered by some of his students more distinctly for certain 
peculiarities of speech than for the substance of his entomological 
lectures, there can be no question as to his ability as an instructor. 

The first trained zoologist actually to occupy a chair at the college 
was Henry James Clark, for fifteen years associated with Agassiz in. 
the preparation of the great work, entitled “Contributions to the 
Natural History of the United States,’ and the foremost marine 
zoologist and histologist of his time. Although seriously impaired in 
health, Prof. Clark applied himself with energy to teaching and. 
the upbuilding of a museum of comparative and pathological anatomy. 
He taught human and comparative anatomy, physiology and zoology. 
These studies were to form the groundwork for a course in general 
and veterinary pathology. He also had in view graduate courses for 
advanced work and for special training. But his labors were soon 
interrupted by illness, and in July, 1878, at the age of forty-seven, his. 
useful life came to an end. A profound student of nature and an 
inspiring teacher, had his life been spared he would undoubtedly have 
left a marked impress on the college. 

After Prof. Clark’s death, we find Dr. Noah Cressy giving the 
instruction in zoology and several other subjects. His connection 
with the college seems to have been shortened by certain peculiarities. 
in his temperament and methods of instruction. It is said by one of 
his students, that in the midst of a lecture on anatomy, he succeeded 
in securing the undivided attention of an uninterested student, by 
throwing at his head the bone with which he was illustrating his. 
remarks. - Whis” incident ‘resulted’ im the suspension) or thes cupine 
class, because they objected seriously to Dr. Cressy’s forcible methods. 
of instruction; but the matter was finally adjusted, and the class. 
finished its course. 


16 


During the next ten years, from 1875 to 1885, most of the in- 
struction in zoology seems to have been given by temporary lecturers, 
who were called in from outside the regular faculty. Again Amherst 
college helped out, and Profs. B. K. Emerson and John M. Tyler 
gave the zoological instruction. Dr. Frederick Tuckerman, a graduate 
of this college, class of ’°78, whom we are glad to have with us here 
today, was a medical graduate at Harvard in ’82, and during the next 
few years lectured on human anatomy and physiology. The only 
instruction in entomology during this period appears to have been 
that given by Prof. S. T. Maynard in connection with horticultural 
courses, and a course in entomology given to the class of ’83 by 
President P. A. Chadbourne. 

The college was fortunate in receiving a natural history collec- 
tion in its early days from the Massachusetts State Board of Agri- 
culture, which had begun the collection of an exhibit of the birds, 
mammals, insects, etc., native to the state, some years before the 
establishment of the college. As early as 1858 this collection is said 
to have included about two-thirds of the native species of birds and 
nearly 2000 species of insects. Upon the establishment of the college 
it was decided to move this collection from Boston to the new institu- 
tion and this transfer was made apparently, in 1867 or 1868. Valuable 
additions to it were made by gift or purchase, so that it was considered 
worth more than $2000 at the time that the building in which it was 
housed was burned in 1885. Through the prompt efforts of the 
students, some of this museum was removed from the burning building, 
but with considerable damage. Above the ashes of the old, there was 
quickly erected a new building, the South College of today, in which 
the zoological collection has since been stored, and where has been 
located the headquarters of the department of zodlogy. During the 
past twenty-five years the value of the equipment for the zoological 
department, excluding this collection, has increased to more than 
$10,000. 2 

The years 1886 and 1887 must be considered as marking an epochal 
point in the history of the college. In 1886, Henry H. Goodell became 
its president, and in his first annual report, the twenty-fourth of the 
college, he mentions the establishment of a new department in the 
domain of natural history. “The chair,” said he, “has been admirably 
filled by the election of Charles H. Fernald, Ph. De. Prot Hernald, 
as he has always modestly insisted that he would prefer to be called, 
was a graduate of Bowdoin College in 1871, then professor of natural 
history in the University of Maine until 1886, receiving his Doctor’s 
degree from that institution. At one time it was his privilege also, to 
study with that incomparable teacher, Louis Agassiz, in his famous 
seaside school at Penikese. The chair which he took was entitled 
“Professor of Zodlogy and Lecturer on Veterinary Science.” Grouped 
under this were the subjects of human anatomy and physiology, 
entomology, comparative anatomy of domestic animals and veter- 
inary science, all of which subjects he is said by his students to have 


Ue 


OGSI pe}oeie ‘sayoul 9 ‘Jee} OZ Aq J89} QZ ‘ArTeJOSSU] [EUIZIIO 


handled with marked ability, making them both interesting and profit- 
able for the boys. But as one has said, “When I think of Prof. 
Fernald’s teaching us the anatomy of domestic animals and veterinary 
science, in view of the later college work of the honored professor, 
the humor of the situation becomes, we think, apparent.” 


At that time, the department of natural history was confined 
entirely to two or three rooms in South College, and Prof. Fernald 
was in sole charge. In point of time as well as of importance, Prof. 
Fernald has been the first of the several factors which have co- 
operated in the upbuilding of these two departments as we find 
them today. 


The year 1887 was a notable one for all of the agricultural col- 
leges, as it saw the passage of what was known as the Hatch Act, 
providing for a national appropriation to each state for the establish- 
ment and maintenance of an experiment station. The Massachusetts 
legislature accepted this appropriation very promptly, although Massa- 
chusetts had several years previously established a state experiment 
station of her own. As soon as Congress appropriated the money to 
carry this act into effect, a new station was organized as the experi- 
ment department of the agricultural college, and work was begun 
im sApril, 1888, with Prot ©: Ho Fernald as entomologist. The 
establishment of the experiment station was the next important 
factor in developing economic entomology. Scon after this, President 
Goodell recommended to the trustees that a separate chair of veter- 
inary science be established, and this was done in 1891. Previous to 
this time, zodlogy had been the principal subject of instruction, and 
entomology considered as but a minor, subsidiary branch of that 
general subject. The establishment of the experiment stations had, 
however, a stronger effect in developing the study of economic ento- 
mology, than in developing any other of the divisions which were 
originally included in them. Being a department of the college and 
officered by the professor of zoology, we must henceforward consider 
the department of entomology as embracing two closely connected 
divisions: one in the college as a course of instruction, the other in 
the experiment station dealing with investigations, experimentation 
and the diffusion of information. 


The development of the experiment stations immediately opened 
a wide field for the activity of trained entomologists. In every state 
there arose a demand for men having a training such as no institution 
had previously been prepared to give. Teachers of entomology were 
called upon to fit men for this new field of work, while at the same 
time their experiment station duties forced them into experimental 
and investigational work for the control of insect pests. The growth 
of these branches of the work called for equipment such as had not 
previously existed and the need for quarters was first met here, 
through the construction of a small building with greenhouse attached, 
known as the “Insectary,” which later became the ell of the present 


19 


wooden structure. This was completed in 1890 at a cost of about 
$1200 or $1400, and its facilities became available for both college 
and station work. 

A third powerful influence in furthering the study of entomology 
particularly became effective in the summer of 1889, when the Gypsy 
Moth first caused extensive damage in the eastern part of the state. 
It happened that Prof. Fernald was travelling in Europe at the 
time studying various collections and museums, and by a coincidence 
his son, Dr. H. T. Fernald, acting in his stead, was the first to identify 
this serious imported pest as occurring in this country. Upon his 
return to the United States, Prof. Fernald quickly prepared a special 
bulletin of information and advised that the state enter immediately 
upon a campaign for the suppression of the moths, as he realized 
that they were likely to become one of the most serious insect pests 
ever imported. The popular demand for action was so great that the 
legislature immediately appropriated $50,000 and appointed a com- 
mission to conduct the work. The entomologist of the experiment 
station was made the director of the scientific part of the work, and 
in this capacity his advice was of immeasurable value in the fight 
which continued for the next ten years. -By 1899, the moths were 
so well under control as to be rare in many sections where they had 
previously done enormous damage. This was of course evidence 
of the efficient work being done but it was the most critical time in 
the whole campaign of extermination, and it was exceedingly un- 
fortunate that either personal or political interests should have raised 
the cry that there was no danger from the moths and that the ex- 
pensive campaign was no longer needed. For four years no further 
action was taken to prevent the spread of the moths and during this 
period they multiplied enormously and scattered far beyond the limits 
of their previous distribution. 

This fight against the Gypsy Moth has been mentioned especially 
because we believe it was an important factor in developing the first 
group of professional entomologists graduating from the college. A 
number of the students entered the Gypsy Moth fight, and this work 
doubtless had considerable influence in deciding their vocations. An- 
other result of this campaign which has brought great credit to this 
department was the publication of an exceptionally complete and 
thorough report dealing with the life history of the pest and the fight 
made against it. At the time of this publication in 1896, the Gypsy 
Moth had been more thoroughly studied than had any other insect 
pest in America. 

With the appointment of a professor of veterinary science in 
1891, the professor of zodlogy was enabled to give his entire attention 
to zoological and entomological work. Even this, with the growth 
in the experiment station work and in the zoological museum, de- 
manded more attention than one man could possibly give. The first 
assistant professor of zodlogy, Richard S. Lull, was appointed early 
in 1894. He was a graduate of Rutgers College in the class of 93, 


20 


and had been engaged for a short period in the United States Bureau 
of Entomology. Prof. Lull’s work at M. A. C. continued until the 
summer of 1906, when as a result of post-graduate work which he 
had done, in obtaining his Doctor’s degree from Columbia University, 
he was appointed as assistant professor of vertebrate paleontology 
at Yale University and associate curator of vertebrate paleontology 
in the Peabody museum. Prof. Lull’s work as a teacher was always 
very pleasing to his students. His genial good nature and considera- 
tion of his men won their strong personal loyalty, both in the class 
room and on the campus. As curator of the museum, he largely 
increased both its scope and its serviceability, making a complete 
rearrangement of the exhibits. It is a testimonial to the effiicency 
of his work that his successor should be one of his own students, 
assistant professor Clarence E. Gordon. 

Prof. Gordon was graduated from the Massachusetts Agricul- 
tural College in 1901; but he had already had a thorough business 
training that qualified him for administrative work and dealing with 
men. ‘Two years later, he received from Boston University the degree 
B. Sc. Following three years as science master in Cushing Academy, 
he entered (1904) Columbia University. He was graduated A. M. 
from the School of Pure Science in 1905; was fellow in geology, 
1905-1906; in 1906 was appointed to his work in the Massachusetts 
Agricultural College; and in 1910 was placed in charge of his depart- 
ment. His influence in the development of high ideals of scholarship 
and of college life is strongly felt. 

For all those who have participated in the general zoological 
instruction may we say that their work has been along broad lines 
and for fundamental training, such as is needed for the later develop- 
ment of specialists, whether in the line of medicine, biology, ento- 
mology, or many other sciences. The fundamental value of such work 
cannot be overestimated, although it may sometimes be overlooked. 
May we never forget the need for broad, thorough scholarship and 
fundamental training as a preparation for later successful specializa- 
tion. Since President Butterfield’s connection with the college in 
1906, the number of regular four-year course students has greatly 
increased, and laboratory facilities in all departments have rapidly 
become inadequate. New laboratories for zoological work were espe- 
cially needed, and the accommodations now secured are excelled in 
very few institutions. 

With this general review, we must leave the department of 
zoology and return to the year 1894, when the two-story wooden 
structure known commonly as’ the entomological laboratory was 
erected at a cost of about $3000. This was a great improvement over 
previous accommodations for the entomological department, providing 
a well-lighted and equipped laboratory for microscopical work. This 
building served its purpose admirably for about ten years when the 
increased number of students in the college and the largely increased 
interest in the entomological courses offered, made it impossible to 


21 


yy 


32 feet, © inches by 30 feet 
K of this building was added in 1905. 


e 
b) 


A 21 foot extension to the bac 


Entomological Laboratory with original insectary attached 
erected 1895. 


accommodate all of those who desired to elect entomological work. 
Year after year numbers of students had to be denied the privilege 
of taking work which the college, through its catalog, had advertised 
to give them. The emergency was met temporarily by a $3000 addi- 
tion or enlargement of the old building, completed in 1905, but again 
crowding ensued and students had to be turned away. During the 
twenty years preceding, the entomological collection had grown eaupnil: 
and the equipment of the department increased until there was stored 
in this old two-story wooden building, materials valued at between 
$30,000 and $35,000, and a large number of type specimens of insects, 
which 1f lost, or damaged in any way, could never be replaced at ay 
price. 

These conditions were potent factors in securing from the legis- 
lature of 1909 an appropriation of $80, 006 for ae erection of the 
building which we are dedicating. 

In connection with this anymore en, we cannot refrain from 
mentioning the important part played by Hon. F. A. Hosmer, who 
was then Amherst’s representative in the general assembly. His 
enthusiastic and able leadership was doubtless largely responsible for 
the immediate granting of the request for this building. 

The development of the course of instruction preceded rather 
than followed the progress in building equipment. Although Prof. 
Lull undertook all of the class work in zoology, Prof. Fernald re- 
tained his position as head of the department until his retirement from 
the college in the summer of 1910. During this period of seventeen 
years, the major part of his time and strength was given to the 
upbuilding of the department of entomology. Entomology was his 
first love and through his work in this field, his name was known 
internationally even before he came to Amherst. From 1894 to 1899 
the entomological courses were being steadily elaborated, but still 
served mainly as minor subjects for men who proposed to follow some 
phase of horticulture o1 landscape gardening as their life work. The 
value of the work given was appreciated by the students, however, as 
is shown by the large numbers electing the course. Foundations were 
being laid for the next significant outgrowth which was being planned 
in the mind of Prof. Fernald, at least, to take the form of a grad- 
uate school. To make this graduate work possible, assistance both 
in the class room and in the experiment station was imperative, but 
those were years of struggle for the college in a financial way par- 
ticularly, and increased funds could not be secured to provide increased 
teaching force. Few, indeed, of those who were watching the growth 
of the college at that time, had any idea of the personal financial 
sacrifice that was shared by father and son, when Dr. Henry T. Fer- 
nald accepted the position of professor of entomology in 1899. 

Henry Torsey Fernald was graduated from the University of Maine 
in 1885, just before his father left that institution to begin teaching 
at Amherst. After further study at Wesleyan, Maine, and Johns 
Hopkins Universities, he took his degree of Ph. D. at Hopkins in 
1890, and immediately accepted a very flattering opening as professor 


22 


of zodlogy at the Pennsylvania state college, where he remained for 
nine years. 

Probably no other two men could have been found anywhere in 
the world whose qualities of personality and education, combined, 
would have fitted them as well as were these two, to carry on suc- 
cessfully the post-graduate work in entomology which the Massachu- 
setts Agricultural College now offered to students of this and other 
institutions. For many years the college had been giving the 
degree of M. Sc. for appropriate post-graduate work, particularly 
in the department of chemistry. The new plan as patiently, pleas- 
antly, but persistently pushed forward by the Professors Fernald, 
outlined also, three years of required residential work with entomology 
as the only major at first available, and with botany and chemistry as 
minors, leading to the degree of Ph. D. The subjects of botany, 
chemistry and horticulture have since been made available for major 
study and agriculture and zodlogy are also included in the list of 
minors. We have not time to consider here the scope of the work 
done by the post-graduate students. It is enough to say that a higher 
standard is set for the Doctor’s degree, with entomology as a major, 
than is required in any other institution offering similar advanced 
work. The post-graduate courses now attract students from such 
other colleges as Amherst, Dartmouth, Brown and Harvard. Nat- 
urally, there existed at first, strong opposition to the idea of the 
graduate school but we believe that the results of ten years of trial 
show its wisdom and desirability. 

It seems fitting indeed that when the trustees officially recognized 
this work, as they did in 1908, they should have made Prof. C. H. 
Fernald director of the graduate school. While we deeply regret 
that failing health has forced him to retire from active official con- 
nection with all college work, we are glad to record that he has been 
made honorary director of the graduate school. We can most 
heartily rejoice with him that he sees today so much of the priceless 
fruit of his many years of labor, and that the value of his teaching 
work has won for him recognition from the Carnegie Foundation. 

We cannot close this review without noticing briefly a number of 
the men who were trained here for their later work in economic ento- 
mology. Upon their success has depended in large measure, the good 
name of the department of entomology, and the reputations of both 
Prof. Fernald and of Dr. Fernald, as teachers of entomologists. We 
may consider these men as forming three groups. 

The first group, containing seven names, we may speak of as 
being the “Pioneer Group.” These men were all more or less con- 
nected with the Gypsy Moth fight and received much of their valuable 
field training in that work. The first of these men, in point of time, 
is E. Porter Felt of the class of 91. After leaving the college he 
spent two full years at Cornell University, where post-graduate work 
in entomology was then possible, taking his degree of Sc. D. in 1894. 
As assistant to the late Dr. Lintner and successor to him as state 
entomologist of New York since 1898, Dr. Felt has been a leader in 


a4. 


entomological work. The next class to send out entomologists was 
that of 1894, in which were two men whose work has brought much 
credit to themselves and to the college. Charles P. Lounsbury, after 
taking some advanced work as an assistant in the entomological 
laboratory, accepted the position of government entomologist for | 
Cape Colony, South Africa, where he has since done work (especially 
with insects and ticks that may transmit diseases) which has made 
his name well known to scientific men throughout the world. His 
classmate, Archie H. Kirkland, was engaged in the Gypsy Moth fight 
until that work was suspended in 1899. When it was resumed in 
1904, Governor Douglas turned immediately to Mr. Kirkland, and 
within ten days after the bill authorizing the work was signed, Mr. 
Kirkland was in active charge of the entire fight. Here he did most 
efficient service through several years that followed, in controlling 
this pest, although it had then spread far beyond any possibility of 
extermination. 

In the class of 1895 there were four entomologists. Robert A. 
Cooley remained at the college as an assistant until, in 1898, he was 
called to become professor of zoology and entomology in the Montana 
Agricultural College, which position he has since filled with great 
credit. Another entomologist in this class, Albert F. Burgess, after 
having filled several state positions, has been returned by the Bureau 
of Entomology with which he is now connected, to take a leading part 
in the development of natural enemies which may aid in the contro! 
of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths. Henry A. Ballou entered the 
work of teaching, and entomology was included as one of his subjects. 
After several years, he returned to Amherst and availed himself of 
about two years of post-graduate study, leaving only to become govy- 
ernment entomologist for the Barbadoes, where he is still stationed. 
The fourth man chose to open an entirely new field for entomological 
endeavor, and the success of the H. L. Frost Company has shown that 
commercial economic entomology has great possibilities in the future. 

In the second group we have but five men to consider. These 
form the “Post-graduate” group, and are the men who have completed 
the required work and received the highest degree that the college can 
confer. While several subjects have been available for major study 
for the Doctor’s degree, it is noticeable that all those who have yet 
taken it have been specializing in entomology. These men may have 
been characterized not so much by exceptional intelligence as by an un- 
changeable determination to hold on until the end was reached, while 
others yielded to the temptation of securing some alluring position, 
fearing that equally good opportunities might never again come their 
way. 

Often has the speaker recalled a kindly interview in the office of 
Prof. Fernald, when he said, with a half-smile, as he has doubtless 
said to a score of other men since, “Our only fear for you is that you 
may not have the courage to hold out. We are not quite sure that 
you have the persistency to stick it through to the end.” It was with 
no small feeling of pride that he received in 1902, the first degree of 


iy fm 


Ph. D. ever conferred by the college. He is sure that not one of those 
who have “stuck it through” has ever regretted for cne moment that 
he did so. After more than five years of experience, investigating the 
Mexican cotton boll weevil in Texas, and three years as a state ento- 
mologist in Alabama, he is convinced that no more thorough prepara- 
tion for the various branches of economic entomology is shown by the 
graduates of any college in the world than that of the graduates from 
this course in the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 

The next graduate in this group was Austin W. Morrill, who went 
out in 1903, entering also the boll weevil investigation, and now serving 
as entomologist of the Arizona experiment station. One of the most 
valuable results of his work has been the establishment of a reliable 
system of fumigation treatment for citrus trees. In 1907 Ernest A. 
Back completed his course and immediately entered the Bureau of 
Entomology on white fly investigations. He has recently been 
appointed as state and station entomologist in Virginia. The follow- 
ing year Henry J. Franklin graduated. After a year as assistant 
entomologist in Minnesota, he was placed in charge of the Massachu- 
setts station investigation of cranberry insects at Wareham, Massa- 
chusetts. The last man to receive the degree is Charles W. Hooker,; 
a graduate of Amherst College in 1906. Dr. Hooker entered the 
Bureau of Entomology work in connection with fruit insect investiga- 
tions in 1909. 

In a third group we may include the entomological graduates from 
the regular four years’ course during the past ten years, many of whom 
have taken part of the post-graduate courses before entering practical 
work. This is the largest group, and many of them have attained 
eminence in their work. We can take time to mention but a few of 
them. William A. Hooker of the class of ’99, took part of the post- 
graduate work, engaged in the boll weevil and cattle tick investigations 
in Texas for several years and is now editor of the Department of 
Economic Zoology and Entomology for the Experiment Station Record. 
Ralph JI. Smith, of 1901, has occupied state positions in Maryland and 
Georgia and is now professor of zoology and entomology at the North 
Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College. Harold E. Hodgkiss 
of 02 pursued post-graduate study for a time and then became assist- 
ant entomologist at the New York experiment station. Another 
government entomologist was found in the class of 1903 in Winthrop 
V. Tower, who has been station entomologist for Porto Rico for 
several years. 

Among the more recent graduates, a number have taken part of 
the post-graduate training. At least seven are now engaged in the 
National Bureau of Entomology; five are assistants in as many ex- 
periment stations; one is government entomologist in Uganda, British 
East Africa; several have engaged in commercial work, following the 
lead of H. L. Frost, and eight are still engaged in post-graduate work 
for their degrees. Surely the reputation of the college for the training 
of entomologists will be greatly enhanced when this group of younger 
men shall have had time to produce positive results. 


26 


In this hurried sketch of these two departments we have been 
obliged to omit many factors which have helped in their up-building, 
but we cannot afford to close without alluding to the part that Mrs. 
C. H. Fernald has contributed. In the department of entomology, 
one of the most valuable items is a most carefully compiled card catalog 
containing more than 60,000 references to entomological literature. 
In several subjects this is particularly complete, and embraces the 
publications of the world. Mrs. Fernald has been largely responsible 
for the preparation of this immense index. Her “Catalogue of the 
Coccidze of the World,” published in 1903, has attracted high praise 
for both its completeness and its correctness. In many other ways, 
also, has she contributed invaluable assistance in furthering the work 
in which Prof. Fernald was engaged. 

Still another factor of importance is found in the very exceptional 
library facilities afforded entomological students in Amherst. For 
many years the Massachusetts Agricultural College and Amherst Col- 
lege librarians have worked together to prevent the needless duplica- 
tion of expensive works, and the two libraries have been made thus to 
supplement each other in important particulars. Besides these libraries 
the experiment station has a very valuable collection of the works 
that are of primarily economic importance. In addition to all these 
the private libraries of both the professors have always been open to 
the use of students. Furthermore, if any book was needed by a stu- 
dent in his work and it was not obtainable otherwise, the private purse 
of the professor always provided it. Thus has he built up, for his own 
and his students’ use, a private library of between 2500 and 3000 vol- 
umes, some of which cannot be duplicated in the United States. 


In closing, I must express for myself and for my fellow students 
in entomology, our deep appreciation of the self-sacrificing service 
which Prof. Charles H. Fernald has given to this institution during 
these twenty-four years. Twenty-five years ago, President Greenough 
wrote, “Progressive manhood should be the object of every college.” 
Huxley clic that “Productive thinking is the chief means as rel 
as the end of education.”’ We have had talons us the living demon- 
stration and exemplification of the truth of both these claims, and 
happy shall we be if we also may be able to show their fruits in our 
own living and thinking. 

May this building long serve to facilitate the work which he has 
been largely instrumental in building up, especially in the department 
of entomology. His real monument, of which this splendid building 
is but a visible sign, may be found in the lives and work of those 
students whose interest he has fired, whose minds he has stored with 
useful knowledge and whose hands he has trained to skillful service. 
To each of us, he has been both a teacher and a warm personal friend, 
to whom we owe very much of the best of what we are or have been 
able to accomplish for our fellow-men. 


To the long continued advancement of such work as we have thus 
but imperfectly reviewed, do we dedicate this building, and our lives. 


wo 
at 


‘OIGI P28}9E18 ‘seyouT 9 ‘J2aI COI Aq seyou! 9 ‘Jees [Z] !4Z0]007 pue AZojowrojwy 10; Surpting 


LABORATORY FOR ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 


The new building for entomology and zodlogy which, was dedi- 
cated November 11; 1910, is located slightly north of, and a little 
farther from the street than the old entomological laboratory. It is 
constructed of brick, with stone trimmings, a steel frame, reinforced 
cement floors and a slate roof, and is considered to be entirely fire- 
proof. It is in the form of an H, the cross bar being carried toward 
the front, thus giving a central building and two wings. It has a 
frontage of 124 feet, while the wings are 100 feet in length. 

The central portion in front is devoted to offices, supply rooms, 
and a library on the second floor. Behind is an amphitheater rising 
from the basement and accommodating about 180 persons. Above 
this, on the second floor, is the insect room, twenty by forty feet, 
and a filing and stenographer’s room. The north wing contains the 
zoological laboratory and a room for microtomy on the first floor, and 
the senior and graduate entomological laboratories on the second floor. 
In the south wing are the zoological museum, and three rooms for 
the entomological work of the experiment station, one of which is 
connected with the greenhouse for experimental work on insects. On 
the second floor of this wing are the gallery of the museum, an 
advanced lecture room, accommodating sixty persons, and a graduate 
laboratory for zodlogy. In the basement, besides the amphitheater, 
are rooms for determinative mineralogy and geology, for the rock 
collections, a pump and apparatus room, an insecticide analysis room, 
and toilet and fan rooms. In the attic are rooms for photography 
and developing, a storage room and the janitors’ quarters. 

The building is lighted by electricity and heated by steam from 
the central heat and light plant of the college. 

The building is provided with spacious museum rooms for the 
exhibition of the collections in zodlogy and geology. The collections 
have been built up for illustrative purposes in the courses of instruc- 
tion in these subjects and are already large and diversified for many 
branches of the work. Further materials needed to make the collec- 
tions more effective instruments of instruction are constantly being 
added. The department has been fortunate during the past year in 
receiving valuable gifts from friends and alumni for the museum, of 
which notice has already been made. 

The zoological museum consists of a main floor-space on the 
ground floor of the building and a large gallery floor-space which at 
present is only partly occupied and which permits of considerable 
further growth. The 12,000 specimens comprising the collection, many 
of which, of course, are small, are exhibited in sixteen large cases. 

On the basement floor is a geological museum provided with six 
large cases for the exhibition of the geological collections which are 
steadily growing in size and in consequence usefulness for purposes 
of instruction. 


29 


The insect collection is estimated to consist of perhaps 100,000 
specimens at the present time. Most of these are pinned, though 
some alcoholic material is also available, particularly in certain groups. 
Many of the smaller insects are mounted on slides for microscopic 
study, and of these there are several thousand. 

The main pinned collection is arranged systematically in museum 
trays, and here, as far as possible, the entire life history of each insect 
is represented, this being particularly the case with the Lepidoptera. 
Duplicate material, also systematically arranged, is stored partly in 
museum trays, partly in Schmitt boxes. 

Between 800 and 900 types of various grades are also in the col- 
lection, kept separate from the rest of the material, and stored in a 
Brock metal cabinet. A lst of these types is given elsewhere in this 
pamphlet. 

Naturally the collection is most complete in those forms which 
occur in the eastern United States. Other parts of the country are 
represented to a considerable extent, however, particularly in the case’ 
of insects which are of economic importance. Considerable material 
from Central and South America and the West Indies is also present, 
together with a small amount from the Old World, much of this exotic 
material having been received through the kindness of graduates of 
the college. 

The collection is kept in a large room on the second floor of the 
building, directly connecting with both the senior and graduate ento- 
mological laboratories, and is thus easily accessible for study. 


30 


COURSES IN ENTOMOLOGY 


A. Undergraduate. 


Undergraduate entomology begins in the junior year. An intro- 
ductory course in the subject is given, adapted to the needs of the 
various students electing it. Many of these expect to take no further 
work in the subject, specializing in other lines, and accordingly the 
topics chosen are such as should prove most useful in general. 

A brief consideration of the structure of insects, external and 
internal, is therefore followed by an outline of different kinds of 
metamorphosis, and this by a systematic treatment of the various 
orders, particular stress being laid upon those of greatest economic 
importance. Under each of these groups the most serious pests are 
considered in some detail, their different stages being discussed, the 
times at which they can be most successfully attacked, and the methods 
for their control. Spraying materials and methods of applying them 
are also taken up to some extent. Field and laboratery work given 
as a part of this course during that portion of the time when the season 
will permit, are devoted to examination and recognition of the work of 
different insects out of doors, to collecting, methods of pinning, spread- 
ing and mounting of insects, and a general classification of them. 

In the senior year, a course is offered those students who desire 
to become more thoroughly acquainted with the insects injurious to 
special crops. In this work the student studies the external structure 
of insects of each of the larger groups, as a basis upon which to 
intelligently use keys for the determination of different insects, in 
order that he may be able to learn the identity of any pest he may 
subsequently meet. This is followed by the actual identification of 
a number of insects in each order, to train the student where to find 
and how to use the analytical keys. He then selects the most serious 
pests of the crops which he plans to raise, for special study, using the 
different articles available on these insects, and studying specimens 
of the insects in the collections. The results of these studies are 
brought together in note books which are retained by the student for 
reference after leaving college and beginning work for himself. Dur- 
ing the year a thorough course on the various insecticides, and methods 
of applying them is also given. 

For those planning to become professional entomologists, instead 
of studying the pests of some special crop, the worst pests of all kinds 
are taken up, followed by studies on parasitism, group relations, etc., 
giving the broader views needed for the general entomologist. Field 
work in connection with this is given wherever it is possible, and 
practical experience is emphasized. 


ol 


B. Graduate. 


Graduate students taking entomology as a major subject are ex- 
pected to have received the undergraduate work given at the Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural College, or its equivalent, or to make up that 
work before receiving credit for advanced work. Students for the 
degree Ph. D. are required to spend at least three years in residence, 
devoting at least twenty hours per week to the work. Students taking 
entomology as a minor subject are required to spend from twelve to 
sixteen hours each week for a year and a half. 


The importance of some knowledge of all aspects of entomology 
to the professional entomologist is recognized by giving courses of 
lectures to the graduate students on the subjects named below. It is 
not implied that these courses are all by any means exhaustive, but 
rather that in connection with about 15,000 pages of required reading, 
each student will acquire a fair knowledge at least, of all aspects of 
his profession. In addition to this he will be expected to specialize 
in certain lines and to prepare a thesis, generally in two or three 
subjects, which will be not only original, but a distinct contribution 
to knowledge. His special work may include some subject in mor- 
phology, the systematic classification of some group, the preparation 
of the life history of some insect and some problem connected with 
insect control, the relative proportion between these topics being de- 
pendent upon circumstances. 


Frequent seminars, at which reports on current literature, im- 
portant general topics, and subjects assigned for report by the teachers, 
are also held, and the student is expected to acquire familiarity with 
the literature of entomology and to learn how to abstract and present 
the results of his reading and work. 


The following list of topics is presented to graduate students, 
either by lectures or by laboratory or field training, in addition to 
the thesis work. 


Morphology—Embryology ; life history and transformations ; his- 
tology; phylogeny and the relation of insects to other arthropods; 
hermaphroditism; hybrids; parthenogenesis; pedogenesis ; heterogamy ; 
chemistry of colors of insects; luminosity; deformities of insects; 
variation; duration of life. 

Ecology.—Dimorphism; polymorphism ; warning coloration; mim- 
icry; insect architecture; fertilization of plants by insects; instincts 
of insects; insect products of value to man; geographical distribution 
in the different faunal regions; methods of distribution; insect migra- 
tion; geological history of insects; insects as disseminators of disease; 
enemies of insects, vegetable and animal, including parasites. 

Economic entomology.—General principles; insecticides; appa- 
ratus; special cases; photographs of insects and their work; methods 
of drawing for illustrations; field work on insects and study of life 
histories; legislation concerning insects. 


on 


Systematic entomology.—History of entomology, including classi- 
fications and the principles of classification; laws governing nomen- 
clature ; literature, how to find and use it; indexing literature; number 
of insects in collections and in existence (estimated) ; lives of promi- 
nent entomologists; methods of collecting, preparing, preserving and 
shipping insects; important collections of insects. 


33 


TYPES DEPOSITED IN THE COLLECTION OF THE 
MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 


January 1, 1911 


These types have been designated in accordance with the defini- 
tions given in the Merton Rules. In a few cases where it is doubtful 
whether a specimen is a cotype or a paratype, the lower grade of 
the two has been designated. 


LIST OF TYPES 


ORGHORTERA 
Pinned specimens : 
Spharagemon aequale scudderi Morse, C 2. 
Spharagemon sexatile Morse, C 2. 


Me \CS AUN Oe It ikwet 

Mounted on slides: 
Acanthothrips magnafemoralis Hinds, male, T 1. 
Acanthothrips magnafemoralis Frank., female, C 2. 
Aeolothrips bicolor Hinds, C 7, M 1. 
Aleurodothrips fasciapennis Frank., C 1. 
Anthothrips gowdeyi Frank., C 11, P 8. 
Cephalothrips yucce Hinds, C 6, M 9. 
Chirothrips obesus Hinds, C 1. 
Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds, C 3, H 1. 
Cryptothrips fasciapennis Frank., female, T 1. 
Ctenothrips bridwelli Frank., C 3. 
Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds, C 4. 
Eurythrips osborni Hinds, C 7, M 3. 
Euthrips fuscus Hinds, C 19. 
Euthrips insularis Frank., C 18, P 46. 
Euthrips nicotianz Hinds, C 3. 
Heliothrips fasciapennis Hinds, C 1. 
Heliothrips rubrocinctus Giard, male, Frank., T 1. 
Limothrips avenze Hinds, C 3, M 4. 
Malacothrips zonatus Hinds, C 3. 
Phleothrips nigra Osb., H 6. 
Phleothrips pergandei Hinds, T 1. 
Rhaphidothrips fuscipennis Hinds, C 2, M 1. 
Sericothrips cingulatus Hinds, C 14. 
Sericothrips (?) perplexus Beach (Thrips), H 8. 
Thrips striata Osb. (Anaphothrips), H 6. 


d4 


Thrips variabilis var. a. Beach (Sericothrips), H 2. 
Thrips variabilis var. d. Beach (Sericothrips), H 1. 
Trichothrips ambitus Hinds, T 1. 

Trichothrips beachi Hinds, T 1. 

Trichothrips niger Frank., female, T 1. 


HEMIPTERA 

COCCIDAE. 

Pinned specimens: 
Aspidiotus liquidambaris Kotinsky, C 1. 
Aspidiotus paulistus Hempel (Chrysomphalus), C 4. 
Aspidiotus sabalis Comst. (Comstockiella), C 2. 
Aulacaspis miranda Ckll. (Diaspis), C 1. 
Capulinia crateraformans Hempel, C 4. 
Capulinia jaboticabe v. Ihering, C 2. 
Ceroplastes communis Hempel, C 1. 
Ceroplastes confluens Ckll. & Tins., C 2. 
Ceroplastes cuneatus Hempel, C 2. 
Ceroplastes floridensis Comst., C 3. 
Ceroplastes formicarius Hempel, C 3. 
Ceroplastes grandis Hempel, C 6. 
Ceroplastes lucidus Hempel, C 3. 
Ceroplastes neveesi Hempel, C 3. 
Ceroplastes purpureus Hempel, C3. 
Ceroplastes speciosus Hempel, C 2. 
Ceroplastes variegatus Hempel, C 3. 
Chionaspis aucubz Cooley mss., C 1. 
Chionaspis caryz Cooley, C 1. 
Chionaspis cockerelli Cooley (Phenacaspis), C 1. 
Chionaspis corni Cooley, C 1. 
Chionaspis gleditsiz Sand., C 1. 
Chionaspis latissima Ckll. (Phenacaspis), C 1. 
Chionaspis latus Ckll. (Hemichionaspis aspidistre Sign.), C 1. 
Chionaspis lintneri betulze Cooley, C 2. 
Chionaspis longiloba Cooley, C 1. 
Chionaspis lounsburyi Cooley (Phenacaspis), C 1. 
Chionaspis major Ckll., C 3. 
Chionaspis piceus Sand., C 1. 
Chionaspis pinifoliz heterophyllz Cooley, C 6. 
Cryptokermes brasiliensis Hempel, C 5. 
Diaspis australis Hempel, C 1. 
Diaspidistis multilobis Hempel, C 4. 
Edwallia rugosa Hempel, C 1. 
Eriococcus brasiliensis Ckll., C 2. 
Eriococcus perplexus Hempel, C 5. 
Icerya brasiliensis Hempel, C 6. 
Icerya hempeli Ckll. (Paleococcus), C 3. 
Lecantiodiaspis rugosa Hempel, C 1. 


5 y5) 


Lecanium campomanesiz Hempel (Mesolecanium?), C 2. 
Lecanium discoides Hempel (Saissetia), C 1. 
Lecanium obscurum Hempel (Mesolecanium?), C 2. 
Lecanium ornatum Hempel (Stictolecanium), C 2. 
Lichtensia attenuata Hempel (Alichtensia), C 1. 
Mytilaspis albus Ckll. (Lepidosaphes), C 1. 
Pulyimnaria auranti Cll vie 
Pulvinaria eugeniz Hempel, C 3. 
Pulvinaria ficus Hempel, C 5. 
Pulvinaria japonica Ckll. (Takahashia), C 1. 
Pulvinaria lutea Ckll. (Litchtensia), C 1. 
Pulvinaria marmorata Ckll. (Pulvinaria bigelovie marmorata), C 1. 
Pulvinaria polygonota Ckll., C 1. 
Pseudaonidia clavigera Ckll., C 1. 
Pseudischnaspis linearis Hempel, C 3. 
Stigmacoccus asper Hempel, C. 5. 
Solenococcus baccharidis Hempel, C 4. 
Tachardia cydoniz Hempel, C 1. 
Hachardiatulyvoradrata Chill 3: 
fachardia mec Eempel, © 
Tachardia parva Hempel, C 1. 
Tachardia rose Hempel, C 1. 
Tachardia rubra Hempel, C 1. 
Tectopulvinaria albata Hempel, C 1. 
Tectococcus ovatus Hempel, C 4. 
COCCIDAE. 

Mounted on slides: 
Aspidiotus duplex Ckll. (Pseudaonidia), M 2. 
Aspidiotus forbesi Johns., M 1. 
Aspidiotus howardi Ckll., C 1. 
Aspidiotus juglans-regiz Comst., C 2. 
Aspidiotus obscurus Comst. (Chrysomphalus), C 2. 
Aspidiotus persecee Comst. (Chrysomphalus), C 2. 
Chionaspis acuminata Green, M 2. 
Chionaspis africana Cool. mss., C 2. 
Chionaspis arundinariz Green, M 2. 
Chionaspis aucubz Cool. mss., C 5. 
Chionaspis berlesii Leon, M 1. 
Chionaspis bruneri CkIl., C 3. 
Chionaspis caryze Cool., C 3. 
Chionaspis chinensis Ckll. (Phenacaspis), T 1. 
Chionaspis cockerelli Cool. (Phenacaspis), C 4, M 2. 
Chionaspis corni Cool., C 9. ; 
Chionaspis dilatata Green (Phenacaspis), M 3. 
Chionaspis dubia Mask. (Phenacaspis), M 7. 
Chionaspis dysoxyli Mask., M 1. 
Chionaspis eleagni Green, M 4. 
Chionaspis elongata Green, M 3. 


Chionaspis ethelze Fuller, T 1. 

Chionaspis eugenize Mask. (Phenacaspis), M 6. 
Chionaspis flava Green (Phenacaspis), M 2. 
Chionaspis fodiens Green, M 2. 

Chionaspis galliformens Green, M 2. 

Chionaspis graminis Green, M 4, 

Chionaspis graminis divergens Green, M 5. 
Chionaspis herbe Green, M 3. 

Chionaspis howardi Cool., C 1. 

Chionaspis latissima Ckll. (Phenacaspis), C 2. 
Chionaspis lintneri Comst., T 1, C 1. 

Chionaspis lintneri betulz Cool., C 3. 

Chionaspis litzeza Green (Phenacaspis), M 2. 
Chionaspis longiloba Cool., C 5. 

Chionaspis lounsburyi Cool. (Phenacaspis), C 7. 
Chionaspis madiunensis Zehnt., M 8. 

Chionaspis megaloba Green (Phenacaspis), M 4. 
Chionaspis nitida Mask., M 2. 

Chionaspis nysse Comst. (Phenacaspis), C 1. 
Chionaspis ortholobis Comst., C 2. , 
Chionaspis permutans Green, M 1. 

Chionaspis pinifoliz heterophyllz Cool., T 1, C 4. 
Chionaspis platani Cool., C 7. 

Chionaspis sacchari-folu Zehnt., M 8. 

Chionaspis simplex Green, M 2. 

Chionaspis spartinze Comst., C 4. 

_ Chionaspis stanotophri Cool., C 4. 

Chionaspis tegalensis Zehnt., M 7. 

Chionaspis varicosa Green (Phenacaspis), M 2. 
Chionaspis vitis Green, M 7. 

Chionaspis wistariz Cool., C 5. 

Chionaspis xanthorrhoez Fuller, T 1. 

Chionaspis xerotidis Mask. (Phenacaspis), M 3. 
_Diaspis echinocacti opuntize Ckll., M 2. 

Diaspis miranda CkIll., C 3. 

Hemichionaspis draceenze Cool., C 2. 
Hemichionaspis exercitata Green (Hemichionaspis thee), M 2. 
Hemichionaspis latus Ckll. (Hemichionaspis aspidistre), C 5. 
Hemichionaspis minor strachani Cool., C 4. 
Lepidosaphes pyriformis Mask., M 1. 

Leucaspis cordylinidis Mask., M 3. 

Parlatoria pergandii crotonis Ckll. (P. crotonis), C 2. 
Pseudoparlatoria ostreata CklIl., M 2. 
Pseudoparlatoria serrulata Towns. & CkIl., C 2. 
Pulvinaria phaie Lull (P. floccifera), C 11. 


37 


ALEYRODIDAE., 
Pinned specimens: 


Aleyrodes fernaldi Morrill, T i, C 4. 

Aleyrodes mori-maculata Morrill, C 4. 

Aleyrodes packardi Morrill, T 1, C 2, M 5. 
Mounted on slides: 

Aleyrodes betheli Ckll. mss., C 1. 

Aleyrodes dugesii Ckll., M 1. 

Aleyrodes mori maculata Morrill, C 1. 


HETEROPTERA. 

Pinned specimens: 
Dysdercus fernaldi Ballou, C 1. 
Dysdercus howardi Ballou, C 4. 
Leptobyrsa explanata Heid., H 2. 
Phymata salicis Ckll., C 1. 


IDIOT DOVE WIE IRA. 
Pinned specimens: 
Tephroclystis miserulata Grt., H 1. 


DIPTERA 
Pinned specimens : 

Achetoneura fernaldi Willst. (Tachina mella Walk.), C 8. 
Asilus auratus Johns., C 1. 
Asilus erythrocnemius Hine, P 12. 
Asilus latipennis Hine, P 2. 
Asilus occidentalis Hine, P 2. 
Asilus piceous Hine, P 3. 
Cecidomyia foliora Russ. & Hook., C 9, P 12. 
Cophura fallii Back, C 2. 
Cyrtopogon callipedilus Loew, H 1. 
Cyrtopogon chrysopogon Loew, H 3. 
Cyrtopogon marginalis Loew, H 2. 
Cyrtopogon nebulo OS., H 1. 
Cyrtopogon rufitarsus Back., C 2. 
Dasyllis astur OS., H 1. 
Dasyllis cinerea Back, C 2. 
Dasyllis fernaldi Back, C 1. 
Dicolonus sparsipilosus Back, C 1. 
Echthodopa pubera Loew, H 1. 
Elachiptera dispar Willst. (Gaurax anchora Loew?), C 1. 
Heteropogon johnsoni Back, C 2, P 2. 
Laphnia valtone@ Sted: 
Lasiopogon terricola Johns., M 2. 
Leptogaster badius Loew, H 1. 
Leptogaster pictipes Loew, H 1. 
Promachus fitchii OS., H 3. 
Stichopogon abdominalis Back, C 1. 


38 


Mounted on slides: 
Cecidomyia foliora Russ. & Hook., C 10, P 23. 


HYMENOPTERA 
Pinned specimens: 
Athyredon atriventris Cress., H 1. 
Bombus affinis Cress. worker, H 2. 
Bombus appositus Cress. female 2; worker 2, H 4. 
Bombus atrifasciatus Morr. female (kirbyellus), T 1. 
Bombus comsimilis Cress. female; worker (vagans), H 2. 
Bombus cooleyi Morr. female (edwardsu var.), T 1, C 1. 
Bombus cooleyi var. B. Morr. female (edwards var.), T 1. 
Bombus dorsalis Cress. female; worker (fervidus var.), H 2. 
Bombus edwardsii Cress. female 2; worker 2, H 4. 
Bombus mixtus Cress. female, H 1. 
Bombus monardz Ckll. female, M? 1. 
Bombus nevadensis Cress. female; worker, H 2. 
Bombus nevadensis aztecus Ckll. female (fervidus var. dorsalis), M? 1. 
Bombus prunellz Ckll. female 1; worker 2, M? 3. 
Bombus ridingsii Cress. female 2; worker 2, H 4. 
Bombus rufocinctus Cress. male, H 2. 
Bombus scutellaris Cress. female 2; worker 1, H 3. 
Bombus separatus Cress. female 3; worker 1; male 1, H 5. 
Ceratina imarta Cress., H 1. 
Chlorion (Proterosphex) ashmeadi H. Fern., C 2. 
Encyrtus thyreodontis Ash., P, 1 lot. 
Enicospilus arcuatus Felt., C 1. 
Enicospilus neotropicus Hook., C 1. 
Enicospilus purgatus arcuatus Felt., C 1, M 1, H 1. 
Enicospilus thoracicus Cress., H 1. 
Eremotylus flavofuscus radialis Hook., C 2. 
Eremotylus texanus Ash., H 1. 
Isodontia exornata H. Fern. (Chlorion exornatum), C 1. 
Isodontia macrocephala cinerea H. Fern. (Chlorion aztecum cinereum) 
CA. 
Lampronota americana Cress., H 1. 
Lampronota scutellaris Cress., H 1. 
Megachile sapellonis Ckll., C 1. 
Mutilla nestor Fox, H 1. 
Ophion slossone Davis, H 1. 
Panurginus zthiops Cress., H 1. 
Phytodietus vulgaris Cress., H 1. 
Psithyrus ashtoni Cress. female, H 2. 
Psithyrus latitarsus Morr. female, T 1, C 5. 
Psithyrus variabilis Cress. female, H 2. 
Sphex abdominalis Cress. female (Chlorion), T 1. 
Sphex abdominal Cress. female (Chlorion), T 1. 
Sphex bridiwelli H. Fern. (Chlorion), C1, P. 1. 


39 


Sphex dubitata Cress. (Chlorion), H 2. 
Sphex (Priononyx) ferrugineus Fox male (Chlorion), C 1. 
Sphex (Priononyx) ferrugineus Fox female (Clalorerom), Ist i. 
Sphex leviventris Cress. (Chlorion), H 2. 

Sphex lauta Cress. (Chlorion), H 1. 

Sphex (Isodontia) macrocephalus Fox (Chlorion aztecum Sauss), H 1. 
Sphex nudus H. Fern (Chlorion), C 1, P 1. 

Sphex texanus Cress. (Chlorion), H 1, M 1. 

Tachysphex apicalis Fox, H 1, 

Thyreodon grandis Cress., H 1. 

Thyreodon laticinctus Cress., H 2. 

Thyreodon niger Cress., H 2. 

Trachandrena dolosa Vier., P 1. 

Trachandrena weedi Vier., P 2. 

Vespa fernaldi Lewis, C 2, M 1. 


40 


A LIST OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS 
FROM THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRI- 
CULTURAL COLLEGE, 
to January 1, 1911 


In this list are included all publications on insects where the work 
was done entirely, or for the greater part, at the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College. Probably some papers have been overlooked; but 
at least it is an approximate list of the output in entomology since the 
beginning of Prof. Charles H. Fernald’s connection with the college. 


1887. 
FERNALD, C. H. North American Lepidoptera. Can. Ent., XIX, 98. 
Vanessa antiopa. The Entomologist, XX, 228. 
North American Pyralide. 7 Put. Am. 11l, 127. 
BERNVArD Es ad. = Notes on Erebus odora Lo - Ent. Am, Lil, 76. 


1888. 
FERNALD, C. H. Review of “A Monograph of the Sphingide.” Ent. 
Fei teg, MANS AMPA 


North American Pyralide. Ent. Am., IV, 37. 

Notes on the Crambide. Ent. Am., IV, 44. 

On theiGenus: Diatceas Ent Am: EV al 9: 

On the Genus Schoenobius. Ent. Am., IV, 135. 

The Jumping Sumach Beetle & the Bud Moth. 
Hatch Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 1. 

The Grape-vine Leaf-hoppers, Ants and Currant 
Worm Hatch kxp. Stay Bull. Nor 2: 

The Orthoptera of New England. 

FERNALD, H. T. Early Stages of Erebus odora L. Ent. Am., IV, 36. 


1889. 


FernaLtp. C. H. North America Microlepidoptera. Ent. Am., V, 18. 

Letter. Ent. Am., V, 208. 

On the date of publication of Walker’s and Zeller’s 
Crambidz. Ent. Am., V, 215. 

Household Pests. Hatch Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 5. 

Special Bulletin. Hatch Exp. Sta. Bull. 

The Gypsy Moth. Mass. Crop Report. 

Report of the Entomologist. First Report Hatch 
Exp: -Sta.0: 


41 


FERNALD, C. H. 


FERNALD, C. H. 


BERN AMD Ge Et 


Berry Arp. C2se) 


1890. 


Book Notice, The Phycitide of North America. 
Cains iin, XOXINE AG 

J leh One Iabiswoney,  levates Aan, WIL, 111%, 

A Dangerous Insect Pest in Medford. Hatch Exp. 
Sita: BullesNon 7 

Book Notice, Meyrick’s Pyralidina of Europe. Ent. 
Mon. Mag., I, 2d ser., 323. 

Report of the Entomologist. Second Report Hatch 
Exp Stan): 


WSBHL 


New North America Microlepidoptera. Can. Ent., 

DOXTE 29) 

Report on Insects. Hatch Exp, Sta: Bullen. a2: 

Gypsy Moth. Mass. Crop Report, June. 

Report of the Entomologist. Third Report Hatch 
IBS Dy Sieh, D, 


1892. 


Hermaphrodite Gypsy Moths. Can. Ent., XXIV, 87. 

New North America Microlepidoptera. Can. Ent., 
DOAN, 121 ee 78. 

Report on Insects: Gatch Exp, Sta. Bull Nowa 

Gypsy Moth Report, 25. 

Report of the Entomologist. Fourth Report Hatch 
Exp. Sta., 148. 


1893. 


New North America Microlepidoptera. Can. Ent., 
POX 94. 

Report on Insects. Hatch Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 20. 

Gypsy Moth Report, 38. 


FrerNap, C. H., KirKLAND, A. H., Lounspury, C. P, Report of the 


BPERWALD OC. El. 


Entomologists. Fifth Report Hatch Exp. Sta., 7. 


1894. 


Book Notice, Monographie des Phycitinz et des 
Galleriunzs Can. Ent) Xv, 52; 
Entomological Notes. Can: Ent., XX VI, 344. 
Microlepidoptera, Part I. Ent. News, V, 104. 
North Greenland Microlepidoptera. Ent. News, V, 
Microlepidoptera, Part IJ. Ent. News, V, 138. 
Household Pests. Mass. Crop Report, Oct. 
Gypsy Moth Report, 33. 


42 


FERNALD, C. H., KirKLAND, A. H., Lounspury, C. P. Report of the 
Entomologists. Sixth Report Hatch Exp. Sta., 5. 


1895. 


FERNALD, C. H. . Gypsy Moth Report, 27. 
Polyporus for Staging Insects. The Ent., XXVIII, 
255. 
Lounsspury, C. P. A New Greenhouse Pest. Appendix, 32d Ann. 
Report Mass. Agr. College, 112. 
Coorry. Kk. A. Report of the Entomologist. Seventh Report Hatch 
Box Stato: 


1896. 
FERNALD, C. H. Insects Injurious to Evergreens. Ent. News, VII, 
87. 
‘Gypsy Moth in England. Ent. Mon. Mag., VII, 
INS Sy OS) 


Repert of the Entomologist. Eighth Ann. Report 
Hatch Exp. Staz, 209: 
The Crambide of North America. Appendix to - 
Thirty-third Ann. Report Mass. Agr. Coll., 79. 
Gypsy Moth Report, 31. 
FERNALD, C. H., ForsusH, E. H. The Gypsy Moth. 
Coorrve, Raw. Miscellaneous Insects. Hatch Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 


36. 


1897. 


FERNALD, C. H. Notes and News. Ent. News, VIII, 105. 
The Spruce Gall Louse. Appendix to Thirty-fourth 
Ann. Report Mass. Agr. Coll., 185. 
Gypsy Moth Report, 12. 
Report of the Entomologist. Ninth Ann, Report 
blarchalixps Sta. So. 
FERNALD, C. H., Kirkitanp, A. H. Brown-tail Moth. Special Bull. 
latch xp eSta: 
COOLEY Re Ac New Species of Chionaspis. Can. Ent., X XIX, 278. 
Burcess, A. F. Notes on Certain Coleoptera Known to Attack the 
Gypsy Moth. Gypsy Moth Report, 64. 


1898. 


FERNALD, C. H. Report of the Entomologist. Tenth Ann. Report 
Hatch Exp. Sta., 264. 
The Pterophoride of North America. Appendix to 
Thirty-fiith Ann. Report Mass. Agr. Coll. 
Gypsy Moth Report, 17. 


: 45 


Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide. Gypsy Moth 
Report. 

The Pterophoride of North “America: Special 
Bull. Hatch Exp. Sta., Revised edition. 

GooLEy,, Re-A: New Species of Chionaspis and Notes on Previ- 
ously Known Species. Can. Ent., XX XI, 85. 
Diaspis amygdali in Massachusetts. Can. Ent., 

XXX, 282. 
* 
ISO), 


FERNALD, ©. Hl. Review of “A Natural History of the. Brisa 
Repidopterai.. Cane Ent. DOOCEr aa. 
Report of the Entomologist. Eleventh Ann. Report 
Patch expe Stay ls2: 
Gypsy Moth Report, 428. 
CoorEva RA The Coccid Genera Chionaspis & Hemichionaspis. 
Special Bull., Hatch Exp. Sta. 


1900. 


FERNALD, C. H. On the North American Species of Choreutis and 
its Allies: {Cane nt. SOOCds O36: 
Zoology as Taught at the M. A. C. with Reference 
to Entomology. Ent. News, XI, 358. 
Gypsy Moth Report, 352. 
FerNALD, C.H.& H.T. Report of the Entomologists. Twelfth Ann. 
INEpOntMelaecl scp, Stas 204 
FERNALD, H. T.. Some Insects Injuring Market Garden Crops. 
Mass. Crop Report, May. 
Spraying Mixtures. Nature Leaflet No. 4. 
White-marked Tussock Moth. Nature Leaflet 
No. 5. 
Spiny Elm Caterpillar. Nature Leaflet No. 6. 
PERNALD, Hl. T., Elanns, W. BE. Phe Grass hrips) “Patch Wap, Sra 
Bull. No. 67. 
Hinps, W. E. The Grass Thrips. Appendix to Thirty-seventh 
Ann. Report of Mass. Agr. Coll., 83. 


1901. 


FERNALD, C. H. Marginal Wing Bristles in Lepidoptera. The Ent., 

XXXIV, 146. 
New Pyralide and Tortricide from Palm Beach, 

Pla, > joum IN. Ye Eut, Soc, xe 49: 

FERNALD, ©. Ey & Hi. 1. Report of the Entomologists, Ihirteentit 
Ann. Report Hatch Exp. Sta., 172. 

PEeRNALD, H. i. The Pim eat Beetle) Hatch Pxp,; Sta, Bullies 
76. 


The May Beetle. Nature Leaflet No. 8. 


44 


Hinps, W. E. Notes on the Life History of Alsophila pometaria. 
Cane nts DOOG TI as: 
Strength of Passalus cornutus Fab. Ent. News, 


SIS BG 
1902. 
FERNALD, Mrs. C. H. On the Genus Lecanium. Can. Ent., XXXIV, 
IG 


On-tiemiy pe or tae Genus, Coccus lb. Canali, 
YOORIDVG AB2. 
FERNALD, C. H. & H. T.- Report of the Entomologists. Fourteenth 
Ann Reports Hatch Hp. Stas, S86: 
FERNALD, H. IT. Three Common Orchard Scales. Mass. Crop. Re- 
- GOO, |) CaS, 
MERNALD, H. T., Stone, G. E., Maynarp, S. 1: Fungicides, Insecti- 
cides, and Spraying Calendar. Hatch Exp. Sta. 
Bull. No. 80. 
Elinps, Wis E. Contribution to a Monograph of the Insects of the 
3 Order Thysanoptera Inhabiting North America. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX VI, 79—242. 


1905. 


Fernatp, C. H. Book Notice, A Natural History of the British 
Lepidoptera. Can. Ent., XXXV, 23. 
Color Blindness Among Entomologists. Can. Ent., 
XXXV, 206. 
FerNALp, C. H. & H. T. Report of the Entomologists. Fifteenth 
Ann. Report Hatch Exp. Sta., 119. 
FERNALD, C. H., KtrkLtanp, A. H. The Brown-tail Moth. 
Fernatp, H. T. Notes on the North American Species of Isodontia, 
Patton, with Descriptions of a New Species and 
Waniety. «Gan. Hut, XOOGV, 269) 
How Shall We Arrange Our Collections? Ent. 
News, XIV, 108. 
Two New Species of Sphex. Psyche, X, 201. 
Plant Lice or Aphids. Nature Leaflet No. 18. 
Orchard Treatment for the San José Scale. Hatch 
IBSgde Siels [BWI INO; elo; 
Some Important Scale Insects. Mass. Crop. Re- 
POLL, Sept: 
First Ann. Report State Nursery Inspector. 
Prrnacp, Ho i. Back, BA. ihe Plum Webbing Sawitly. Ent. 
News, XIV, 298. 
FERNALD, Mrs. C. H. Notes on the Coccide. Can. Ent., XX XV, 22. 
Lepidosaphes versus Mytilaspis. Can. Ent., 
XOOGV 7 90: 
A Catalogue of the Coccidz of the World. Hatch 
Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 88. 


45 


FRANKLIN, H. J. 
Morritt, A. W. 


RERINALD, «Gs EI. 


Notes on Acanthothrips. Psyche, X, 291. 
Notes on some Aleyrodes from Massachusetts, with 
Descriptions of New Species. Psyche, X, 80. 
Life History and Description of the Strawberry 
Aleyrodes, Aleyrodes packardi, n. sp. Can. Ent., 
LOOT 25: 

Notes on the Early Stages of Corylophodes margin- 
icollissbecs Aant News) eciVe don: 

The Greenhouse Aleyrodes. Strawberry Aleyrodes. 
Mech Bull Nol tlatch txp stars 


1904. 


On the Genus Proteopteryx. (Can, Ent, LOO 
120. 

A New Genus and Species of North American 
Chorettinas > Can. Bint SOO Val aks 0: 


Prenarp, €) Ho & Ho i Report or the Mntomologistss7 Simecmun 


DDR. dele AP, 


Avon, INE DOE lnlawela Ineo, Sites, IOS. 
Second Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
The North American Species of Chlorion. Ent 
News, XV, 117. 


FPERNAED, Hi I, Srone, G B. WaueH, Fo A. Buneicides, Insecre 


BACK Ae 


Honpcxtss,H. E. 


FERNALD, C. H. 


cides and Spraying Calendar. EHateh Exprtsta 
Bulle No-296: 

New Species of North American Asilidze” ‘Gan, 
Bint, SOOTY 289; 

The Common Palm Scale. Appendix to Forty-first 
Ann. Report Mass. Agr. Coll. 


1905. 


A New Species of North American Proteoteras. 
(Carne Batis, 2OOOV ILL, IG: 

North American Tortricide. Can. Ent., XXX VII, 
399. 

On Acleris heindelana n. sp. Am. Nat., XX XIX, 
468. 

Dates of Hubner’s “Sammlung.” Privately printed. 


PERNALD, C. H. & HT. Report of the Entomologists. Seventeenth 


FERNALD, H. T. 


FRANKLIN, H. J. 


Ant Report tatch, Hxcp, Stal, sual 
The Datanas. Nature Leaflet No. 10. 
They type ormthe Genus) Sphexs | Hints Newer ey ae 
163. 
Different Kinds of Types. Ent. News, XVI, 196. 
Third Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
A New Species of Entomobrya. Ent. News, XVI, 


nie 
bales 


46 


loop, GE. Circular No. 3, The Apple Maggot or Railroad 
Worm. 
Circular No. 4, Wire Worms. 
Circular No. 6, The Lecaniums or Soft Scales. 
Circular No. 7, Ants. 


1906. 
HERVE ViRse Mia: ihe wiype of tie Genus) Coccus, Can, Bnt, 
: LOOG E25. 
FERNALD, C. H. Report of the Entomologist. First Ann. Report of 
the Supt. Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths, 105. 
FERNALD, C. H. & H. T. Report of the Entomologists. Eighteenth 
Mt Ne pont ldlatchelaayh Sta.) 258: 
Three Common Scale Insects. Nature Leaflet, 
No. 33. 
Fourth Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
-The Digger Wasps of North America and the West 
Indies Belonging to the Subfamily Chlorioninz. 
Broce Naty Wits: OOK 291-4035 
Tower, W. V. A New Method of Preparing Wings and Other 
Parts of Insects for Study. Ent. News, XVII, 
218. 
1907. 


FERNALD, C. H. Entomological Report. Second Ann. Report of the 
Supt. Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths, 117. 
FERNALD, C. H. & H. T. Report of the Entomologists. Nineteenth 
Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta., 316. 
Berman, i We he Oriental Meth. latch Hae, Sta, Bull’ No, 114: 
MhesSanm lose Seales Mass, Ack bxpaasta: sulle 
No. 116. ; 
Nature Leaflet No. 33 revised. 
Circular No. 2, Cutworms. 
Circular No. 5, Root Maggots. 
Greenhouse Pests. Mass. Crop Report, Oct. 
Fifth Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
A New Locustid from Nantucket. Psyche, XIV, 
120. 
A Collection of Chlorioninze from Argentine. Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool. L, 9. 
FERNALD, H. T. Summers, J. N. The Early Stages of the Oriental 
Mole = 1a. INES. SOWING, Beal 
FRANKLIN, H. J. Notes- on Certain Cranberry Bog Insects. Ent. 
Newsy ey ales luz: 
Notes on Bombine with Descriptions of New Spe- 
CieS, ~~ lemme, INES, ZOU 80. 
Ctenothrips, new genus. Ent. News, XVIII, 247. 
Cranberry Insects. Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 
Hak: 


4” 


1908. 


FERNALD, C. H. Notes on Erebus odoratus L. Ent. News, XIX, 260. 
The Genera of the Tortricide and their Types; 68 
pages. Privately printed. 
A New Species of @ortricide: Can. Hut, xe. 
FERNALD, C. H. & H. T., Summers, J. N. Report of the Entomolo- 
gists. Twentieth Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. 
Sites WIL, 
PERNALD, Hi, I. Phe Future of Economic Putomolocy. opaser 
Monthly, LX XII, 174. 
Massachusetts Fruit Trees and Their Insect Foes. 
Fifty-fifth Ann. Report Mass. Board of Agr. 
Sixth Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
The Fundamental Principles of Spraying. Journ. 
cons int 260: 
Greenhouse Pests and Their Control. Fifty-fifth 
Ann. Report Mass. State Board of Agr. 
FERNALD, H. T., Stone, G. E. Fungicides, Insecticides and Spraying 
Directions. Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 123: 
FERNALD, H. T., Stone, G. E. Start, E. A. Shade Trees. Mass. Agl. 
lbs Sel. exw, IN@, 126), 
FRANKLIN, H. J. How to Fight Cranberry Insects. Mass. Agl. Exp. 
Sta Bulk No 2G: 
RussELL, H. M., Hooker, C. W. A New Cecidomyiid on Oak. Ent. 
News, XIX, 249. 
Moons C aE. The White Fly. Circular No. 19. 


1909. 


FERNALD, C. H. & H. T., Summers, J. N. Report of the Entomolo- 
gists. Twenty-first Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. 
Sil, Pare JUL s. 
FerNALD, H. T. Fumigation Dosage for Forcing Crops. Twenty- 
first Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta., Part I, 73. 
Insects of the Year. Twenty-first Ann. Report 
MISS, AvelL, Iesan, Sik, Irae Is a, 
A Parasite on the Asparagus Beetle. Journ. Econ. 
1Biate,. IL Les). 
A New Treatment for Wireworms. Journ. Econ. 
Erte We 29 
A Parasite of the Asparagus Beetle. Circular No. 
23, Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta. 
Seventh Annual Report State Nursery Inspector. 
Frost, C. A., Summers, J. N. The Food Plant of Enarmonia tristri- 
coals, (Olleaneiis, \ Insyrelnre,, XW I, ls), 
Hooxer, C. W. The periodical cicada in Massachusetts. Twenty- 
first Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta., 200. 


48 


1910. 


FERNALD, C. H. & H. T., Summers, J. N. Report of the Entomolo- 


ERINATD. el s= 2. 


gists. Twenty-second Ann. Report Mass. Agl. 
ISG, Site, lence JUL 703. 

Nursery Inspection in Massachusetts. Journ. 
iecoms Dimes I ee, 

Insects of the Year. “Twenty-second Ann. Report 
Mass. Agl. Exp: Sta., Part I, 70. 

Review ot Bulletin No: 131, Bur. Chem., U. S. Dept: 
ioe, obiaa, lacorl, Jari. JUL, S24, 

The New Entomological Building at the Massachu- 
setts, vercultinal= Collese; jour. con, Pnt:, 
III, 445. 


Hooker, C. W., Tower, W. V. Fumigation Dosage. “Twenty-second 


Ann. Report Mass. Agl. Exp. Sta., Part I, 214. 


WauitmarsH, R. D. North American Paniscini. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 


BSG 


49 


PROFESSIONAL ENTOMOLOGISTS WHO HAVE 
STUDIED AT THE MASSACHUSETTS 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE* 


Perr, Bs Porter, Bo Se, 189i, De Se, (Cormell) 1894) News ons 
State Entomologist, Albany, N. Y. 


KNIGHT, JEWELL B., B. Sc., 1892, M. Sc., 1901. Director Experiment 
Station, Poona College, Poona, India. 


KIRKLAND, ARCHIE H., B. Sc., 1894, M. Sc., 1896. With U. S. Bureau 
of Entomology on Alfalfa Weevil work in Utah. Washing- 
orn, IDs. G, 


Lounspury, CHARLES, P., B. Sc., 1894. Government Entomologist, 
Cape Town, South Africa. 


Batiou, Henry A., B. Sc., 1895, M. Sc., 1906. Government Entomolo- 
gist, British West Indies, Barbados, B. W. I. 


BURGESS, “ALFRED EB. Se,, 1895, M. Se 1897.) With Ul Se Bunean 
of Entomology, Gipsy Moth Parasite Laboratory, Melrose 
Highlands, Mass. 


CooLey, Ropert A., B. Sc., 1895. Prof. of Zodlogy and Entomology, 
Montana Agl. College, and State Entomologist, Bozeman, 
Mont. 


Frost, Haroitp L., B. Sc., 1895. Landscape Forester and Entomolo- 
gist, Arlington, Mass. - 

CAUDELL, ANDREW N., B. Sc., (Oklahoma) 1896. Graduate student 
in Entomology Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass., 1897. 
Custodian of Orthoptera, U. S. National Museum, Wash- 
inayerwosm, ID) (Ce 

HInps, WARREN E., B. Sc., 1899, Ph. D., 1902. Prof. of Entomology, 


and Station Entomologist, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 
Auburn, Ala. 


Hooker, WixiiAM A., B. Sc., 1899. Assistant Editor (Entomology) 
Experiment Station Record, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, 
DEC. 

Morrityt, Austin W., B. Sc., 1900, Ph. D., 1908. Entomologist Ari- 
zona Agl. Experiment Station and Horticultural Commission, 
Phoenix, Ariz. 

Hopvexiss, HArorn 2.) 8. Sc.,) 11902) "Assistant: Hntomolocicst hae 
Agl. Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. 


*Revised to Jan. 1, 1911. 
50 


FRANKLIN, HENRY Jp Bese. 1903) -Pit Ds 90S. ln charge of Cran- 


berry Investigations, Mass. Agl. Experiment Station, Am- 
herst, Mass. 


Tower, WintHROoP V., B. Sc., 1903. Entomologist, Porto Rico Agl. 
Experiment Station, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. 


Back, Ernest A., B. Sc., 1904, Ph. D., 1907. Entomologist, Va. Agl. 
Experiment Station, and State Entomologist, Blacksburg, Va. 


Hoop, CLarENnceE E., B. Sc., 1906. With U. S. Bureau of Entomology, 
Crowley, La. 


RussELL, Harry M., B. Sc., 1906. With U. S. Bureau of Entomology, 
Compton, Cal. 


Hooker, CHuArmes Wo, Be A. (Amberst) 1906, Ph. D:, 1909. With 
U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. 


PETERS, FREDERICK C., B. Sc., 1907. Landscape Forester and Ento- 
mologist, Ardmore, Pa. 


SumMME_Ers, JoHN N., B Sc., 1907. Graduate student and Assistant, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


Woop, HeErsBert P., B. Sc., 1907. With U. S. Bureau of Entomology, 
Box 208, Dallas, Tex. 


GowbDEY, CLinton C., B. Sc., 1908. Government Entomologist, 
Uganda Protectorate, British East Africa. 


Hystop, JaMEs A., B. Sc., 1908.* With U. S. Bureau of Entomology, 
Pullman, Wash. 


JoHNsTON, Freperick A., B. Sc., 1908. With U. S. Bureau of Ento- 
mology. Truck Crop Experiment Station, Norfolk, Va. 


Jones, Tuomas H., B. Sc., 1908. With U. S. Bureau of Entomology, 
Washington, D. C. 


PARKER, JOHN R., B. Sc., 1908. Assistant Entomologist, Montana 
Agl. Experiment Station, Bozeman, Mont. 


Recan, WILiIAM S., B. Sc., 1908. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


Turner, WLILIAM F., B. Sc., 1908. Assistant Entomologist, Alabama 
Agl. Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala. 


WHITMARSH, Raymonp D., B. Sc., 1908. Assistant Entomologist, 
Ohio Agl. Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. 


Bourne, ArtHurR I., A. B. (Dartmouth) 1907. Graduate student in 
Entomology and Assistant in Entomology, Mass. Agl. Experi- 
ment Station, Amherst, Mass. 


Bartlett, Oscar C., B. Sc., 1909. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


51 


CAFFREY, Donatp J., B. Sc., 1909. Assistant Entomologist, Conn. 
Agi. Experiment Station, New Haven, Conn. 


CARDIN, PATRicio PS Bo Se, 19095 Chiei, Dept.” Entomolosygrand 
Vegetable Pathology, Estacion Agronomica, Santiago de las 
Vegas, Cuba. 


CROSSMAN, SAMUEL S., B. Sc., 1909. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


SmuLYAN, Marcus T., B. Sc., 1909. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


MERRILL, JosEPH H., B. Sc., (Dartmouth) 1905. Graduate student in 
Entomology, Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


ALLEN, RopoLtpHus H., B. Sc., 1910. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


McLaINneE, LEONARD S., B. Sc., 1910. Graduate student in Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


THomas, PRANK LL.B. Se., 1910; Graduate student im Entomology, 
Mass. Agl. College, Amherst, Mass. 


De 


Sy N. ¥. 
PAT. JAN. 21, 1908