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ESSAYS IN BIBLICAL GREEK
HATCH
HENRY FROWDE
Oxford University Press Warehouse Amen Corner, E.G.
Essays
IN
Biblical Greek
BY
EDWIN HATCH, M.A., D.D.
/ READER IN ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, OXFORD
Oxfotb
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1889
[^// rights reservedly
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PREFACE,
The present work consists of the substance of the Lectures delivered by the writer during his terms of office as Grinfield Lecturer on the Septuagint. It is designed not so much to furnish a complete answer to the questions which it raises as to point out to students of sacred litera- ture some of the rich fields which have not yet been adequately explored, and to offer suggestions for their exploration. It is almost entirely tentative in its character : and the writer has abstained from a discussion of the views which have been already advanced on some of the subjects of which it treats, because he thinks that in Biblical philo- logy even more than in other subjects it is desirable for a student in the present generation to investigate the facts for himself, uninfluenced by the bias which necessarily arises from the study of existing opinions.
Those portions of the work which depend on the apparatus criticus of Holmes and Parsons must especially be regarded as provisional (see pp. 131, 132). The writer shares the gratification which all Biblical students feel at the prospect of a new critical edition of the Septuagint being undertaken by members of the great school of Cam- bridge scholars which has already done work of exceptional importance in the criticism of the New Testament : and he looks forward to the time when it will be possible to study
VI PREFACE.
the Greek text of the Old Testament with the same confi- dence in the data of criticism which is possessed by students of the New Testament. But instead of suspending all critical study until that time arrives, he thinks that the forming of provisional inferences, even upon imperfect data, will tend to accelerate its arrival.
It is proper to add that in his references both to the Hebrew and to the Syriac version, the writer has had the advantage of the assistance of some distinguished Oxford friends : but he refrains from mentioning their names, because he is too grateful for their help to wish to throw upon them any part of the responsibility for his short- comings.
PuRLEiGH Rectory, September 19, 1888.
CONTENTS.
ESSAY I.
ON THE VALUE AND USE OF THE SEPTUAGINT.
PAGE
Differences between Classical and Biblical Greek arising from the acts —
(i) that they belong to different periods in the history of the
language 3-8
(2) that they were spoken not only in different countries but by
different races 9-1 1
Materials for the special study of Biblical Greek furnished by the Septuagint —
i. in itself, in that it supplies a basis for induction as to the
meaning (a) of new words, (<5) of familiar words . , . 11-14 ii. in its relation to the Hebrew, in that
(i) it gives glosses and paraphrases . . . . . . 14-Ϊ7
(2) it changes the metaphors 17-20
(3) it varies its renderings 20-23
iii. in its relation to the other versions of the Hebrew, which are
valuable not only in themselves as adding to the vocabulary,
but also because they correct the Septuagint . . . 24-26
(i) sometimes substituting a literal translation for a gloss . 26-27
(2) sometimes substituting a gloss for a literal translation . 27
(3) sometimes interchanging translations with it . . . 28-29 Application of the foregoing method to a small group of words 30-3 2
iv. in the variations and recensions of its MSS 32-33
General summary of results 33-35
ESSAY Π.
SHORT STUDIES OF THE MEANINGS OF WORDS IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
'Ayyapivfiv (pp. 37-38), άναηινωσκΐΐν (pp. 38-39), άποστοματίζαν (pp. 39-40), άρ€τή (pp. 40-41), Ύλωσσόκομον (pp. 42-43), δεισιδαίμων, δεισιδαιμονία (pp. 43-45), διάβολο$, διαβάΚλω (pp. 45-47), διαθήκη (pp. 47-48), δίκαΐ05, δικαιοσύνη (pp. 49-5^)5 ^τοιμάζειν, ετοιμασία, ίτοιμο$ (pp. 5ΐ-55)> Θρησκεία (pp. 55-57)> μνστήριον (pp. 57-62), οΙκονόμο$ (pp. 62-63), ομοθυμαδόν (pp. 63-64), παραβολή, παροιμία (pp. 64-71), πειράζειν, πειρασμοί (pp. 7ΐ-73)> ττ^νη^, πραυ$, πτωχοί, ταπεινοί (pp. 73-77)> τΌνηρόί, πονηρία (pp. 77-82), παράκλητοί (pp. 82-83), "ττίστίί (pp. 83-88), νπόστασίί (pp. 88-89), σνκοφαντεΐν (pp. 89-91), ΰπόκρισίί, νποκριτήί (pp. 9^-93) 3^-93
VUl CONTENTS.
ESSAY III.
ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
PAGE
General principles on which such words should be treated . . 94~9^ i. Psychological Terms in the Septiiagint and Hexapla . . 96
Application to (i) napbia, (2) πν(νμα, (3) ψνχή, (4) διάνοια, of the methods of investigation by noting
(i) uniformities or differences of translation, i.e. (a) of what Hebrew words the Greek words are the translations, {d) by what Greek words the same Hebrew words are rendered in the Hexapla, {c) by what other Greek words the same Hebrew words are rendered in the LXX . . 98-103
(2) the combinations and interchanges of the several Greek
words in the same or similar passages, viz. (a) καρδία and Ίτν^υμα, {b) καρδία and ψυχή, {c) ΊΠ/^νμχι and ψυχτ], (d) καρδία and διάνοια ....... 103-104
(3) the similarity or variety of the predicates of the several
words 104-108
ii. Psychological Terms in Philo 109
(i) σώ/χα and ^υχί7 no
(2) σώμα, σαρξ HO
(3) ψ^χί in general 112-115
(4) The lower manifestations of \i'vxJ7 11 5-1 20
(5) The higher manifestations of ^υχΐ7 120-123
(6) ψυχικοί 124
(7) vovs 125-126
(8) Ίτν^υμα 126-129
General results 129-130
ESSAY IV.
ON EARLY QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
The materials for the textual criticism of the Septuagint consist of
(a) Greek MSS., (<^) Versions, (ίτ) Quotations 131-134
Three recensions of the text existed in the time of Jerome : to one or other of them it is probable that the majority of existing MSS. belong : the question proposed is whether it is possible to go behind those recensions and ascertain the text or texts which preceded them 135-137
The answer is to be found in the examination of quotations from the Septuagint in writings of the first two centuries A. D. : those writings may be dealt with by two methods, viz.
(i) the quotations of a single passage may be compared with
the other data for the criticism of the passage, (2) all the quotations from either a single book, or the whole of the Old Testament, made by a given writer, may be gathered together and compared 138-139
CONTENTS. IX
PAGE
Examples of the application of the first method to quotations
of passages from Genesis and Exodus ..... 140-172 , Examples of the application of the second method to quota- tions from (a) the Psalms, {b) Isaiah, in
(i) Philo 172-174
(2) Clement of Rome I75-I79
(3) Barnabas 180-186
(4) Justin Martyr 186-202
ESSAY V.
ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
The antecedent probability that collections of excerpts from the Old Testament would be in existence among the Greek-speaking Jews of the dispersion is supported by the existence of composite quotations 203-204
Examination of such quotations in (i) Clement of Rome, (2) Bar- nabas, (3) Justin Martyr . . 204-214
ESSAY VI.
ON ORIGEN's REVISION OF THE LXX TEXT OF JOB.
The existing LXX text of Job is the text as amplified by Origen : the earlier text is indicated in some MSS. and versions, and can
consequently be recovered 215-217
The question proposed is to account for the wide divergencies between the earlier and the amplified text.
(i) Some of them are probably due to an unintelligent correc- tion of the earlier text 217-219
(2) Some of them are probably due to a desire to bring the
book into harmony with current Greek thought . . 219-220 But neither of these answers would cover more than a small pro- portion of the passages to be accounted for : two other hypotheses are possible —
(i) that the existing Hebrew text of the book is the original text, and that it was more or less arbitrarily curtailed by the Greek translator, (2) that the existing Hebrew text is itself the expansion of an originally shorter text, and that the original LXX text corresponded to the original Hebrew . . . . 220
The remainder of the essay is a detailed examination of the second, third, and fourth groups of speeches, with the result of showing that the second hypothesis adequately accounts for the differences between the earlier and the amplified form 221-245
CONTENTS. ESSAY VII.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESlASflCUS.
PAGE
The special difficulties of the textual criticism of the book . . 246
(i) Short account of the Greek MSS. and of the inferences which may be drawn from their agreements and differences in regard to {a) forms of words, {b) inflexions, {c) use of the paroemiastic future, (i/) omission or insertion of the article, (e) syntactical usages 247-253
(2) Short account of the Latin and Syriac versions, and indi-
cation of the method of ascertaining their relation to
each other 254-258
(3) Examination of some important instances of variation . 258-281 Some provisional results 281-282
Index of Biblical Passages 283-293
I. ON THE VALUE AND USE OF THE SEPTUAGINT.
There is a remarkable difference between the amount of attention which has been given to the language of the Old Testament and that which has been given to the language of the New Testament. To the language of the Old Testament scholars not only of eminence but of genius have consecrated a lifelong devotion. The apparatus of study is extensive. There are trustworthy dictionaries and concordances. There are commentaries in which the question of the meaning of the words is kept distinct from that of their theological bearings. There are so many grammars as to make it difficult for a beginner to choose between them. In our own University the study is en- couraged not only by the munificent endowment of the Regius Professorship, which enables at least one good scholar to devote his whole time to his subject, but also by College lectureships and by several forms of rewards for students.
The language of the New Testament, on the other hand, has not yet attracted the special attention of any consider- able scholar. There is no good lexicon. There is no philological commentary. There is no adequate grammar. In our own University there is no professor of it, but only a small endowment for a terminal lecture, and four small prizes.
The reason of this comparative neglect of a study which should properly precede and underlie all other branches of 19^ Β
2 /.,\f jj/jl-'ί/ΐ jaHjTHE'V.AtUE AND USE
theological study, seems to me mainly to lie in the assump- tion which has been persistently made, that the language of the New Testament is identical with the language which was spoken in Athens in the days of Pericles or Plato, and which has left us the great monuments of Greek classical literature. In almost every lexicon, grammar, and com- mentary the words and idioms of the New Testament are explained, not indeed exclusively, but chiefly, by a reference to the words and idioms of Attic historians and philoso- phers. The degree of a man's knowledge of the latter is commonly taken as the degree of his right to pronounce upon the former ; and almost any average scholar who can construe Thucydides is supposed to be thereby qualified to criticise a translation of the Gospels.
It would be idle to attempt to deny that the resemblances between Attic Greek and the language of the New Testa- ment are both close and numerous : that the two languages are in fact only the same language spoken under different conditions of time and place, and by different races. But at the same time there has been, and still is, an altogether inadequate appreciation of their points of difference : and, as a result of this inadequate appreciation, those points of difference have not been methodically and exhaustively studied. Such a methodical and exhaustive study lies before the coming generation of scholars : it is impossible now, and it would under any circumstances be impossible for a single scholar. It requires an apparatus which does not yet exist, and which can only be gathered together by co-operation : it requires a discussion of some of its canons of investigation by persons not only of various acquirements but also of various habits of mind ; it requires also, at least for its more difficult questions, a maturity of judgment which is the slow growth of time. All that can be here attempted is a brief description of the points to which attention must primarily be directed, of the chief means which exist for
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 3
their investigation, and of the main principles upon which such an investigation should proceed.
The differences between the language of Athens in the fourth century before Christ and the language of the New Testament may be roughly described as differences of time and differences of country.
I. Many differences were the natural result of the lapse of time. For Greek was a living language, and a living language is always in movement. It was kept in motion partly by causes external to itself, and partly by the causes which are always at work in the speech of all civilized races.
The more important of the former group of causes were the rise of new ideas, philosophical and theological, the new social circumstances, the new political combinations, the changes in the arts of life, and the greater facilities of intercourse with foreign nations.
Causes of the latter kind were stronger in their operation than the attempt which was made by the literary class to give to ancient models of style and expression a factitious permanence. By the operation of an inevitable law some terms had come to have a more general, and others a more special, application : metaphors had lost their original vividness : intensive words had a weakened force, and required to be strengthened : new verbs had been formed from substantives, and new substantives from verbs : com- pound words had gathered a meaning of their own which could not be resolved into the meaning of their separate parts : and the peculiar meaning which had come to attach itself to one member of a group of conjugates had passed to other members.
In a large number of cases the operation of these causes which are due to the lapse of time, forms a sufficient ex- planation of the differences between Classical and Biblical
Β 3
4 ON THE VALUE AND USE
Greek. The inference that this was the case is corroborated by the fact that in many cases the differences are not peculiar to Biblical Greek, but common to it and to all contemporary Greek.
The following are examples of the operation of these causes.
ahuvarelv has lost its active sense 'to be unable to . . .' and acquired the neuter sense *to be impossible': e.g. LXX, Gen.
1 8. 14 μτι ά8ννατησ(ΐ πάρα τω 0e<5 ρήμα ; S. Matt. 1 8. 20 ovbev άδυνα- τησα νμίν. Aquil. Jer. 32. 1 7 οίκ άδννατησ€ΐ από σον παρ ρημα^•=.ΣΧΧ. ου μη άποκρνβτ} άπο σον ονθίν.
ακαταστασία : the political circumstances of Greece and the East after the death of Alexander had developed the idea of political instability, and with it the word ακαταστασία, Polyb. i. 70. i, S. Luke 21. 9, which implied more than mere unsettledness : for it is used by Symm. Ezek. 12. 19 as a translation of nj^'H 'dread' or 'anxious care,' and it is coupled by Clem. R. 3. 2 with
δίωγ/ios.
εΓΓροιτη had borrowed from a new metaphorical use of eVrpc- π^σθαι the meaning of ' shame,' i Cor. 6. 5 : cf. το Ιντρ^πτικόν Epict.
I. 5• 3, 9•
€ΤΓΐσκιάζ€ΐν had come to be used not only of a cloud which over- shadows, and so obscures, but also of a light which dazzles by its
brightness, Exod. 40. 29 (35) • • • on Ιπ^σκίαζ^ν eV αντψ η νΐφίλη
και 8όξη9 κνρίον €ν€πλησθη ή σκηνή : the curreut use of the word in this sense is shown by e. g. Philo, De Mundi Opif. i. p. 2, where the beauties of the Mosaic account of the Creation are spoken of as Tais μαρμαρυγαΐς τα^ των (ντνγχανόντων ψνχας εττισκιά^οντα : id. Quod OftiniS probus liber , ii. p. 446 St' άσθίνίίαν τον κατά ψ^νχην όμματος ο ταΐς μαρμαρυγαΐς πίφνκ^ν επισκιάζ€σθαί.
ίπιτιμία had given up the meaning in which it is used by the Attic orators, ' possession of full political rights,' and acquired the meaning of the Attic (πιτίμησις or ίπιτίμιον, 'punishment,' or 'penalty': Wisd. 3. lo; 2 Cor. 3. 6.
ίργάζεσθαι had added to its meaning of manual labour, in which in the LXX. it translates ^?y, e. g. Exod. 20. 9, the meaning of moral practice, in which in the LXX. it translates bv^ especially in the Psalms, e. g. 5. 6 ; 6. 9 ; 13 (14). 4 ; in the N. T. e. g. S. Matt. 7. 23; Rom. a. 10.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 5
ζωοποιεΐμ has lost its meaning ^ to produce live offspring ' (e, g. Arist. H. A. 5, 27. 3), and has acquired the meaning *to preserve alive,' e.g. Judges 21. 14 ras -^νναικα^ as ίζωοποίησαν άπο των θυγα• τίρων Ίαβίΐς Γαλαάδ (cf. Barnab. 6 πρώτον το παώίον μίΚιτι ΐΐτα γάλακτι ζωοποΐ€Ϊται), or * tO quicken,' e. g. 2 Kings 5. 7 ό θώς €γω του θανα- τώσαι και ζωοποιησαι ... ; S. John 5• 21 οΰτωί και ό vios ovs OeXei ζωοποκΐ. Rom. 4• Ι7 • • • ^^°^ ''"°^ ζωοποιοϋντος τους veKpovs. So also ζωογοκεΐΐ', which in later non-Biblical Greek has the meaning 'to produce live offspring,' as Pallas was produced from Zeus, Lucian, Dial. Dear, 8, is used in Biblical Greek in the same senses
as ζωοποΐ€Ϊν, e.g. Judges 8. 19 el (ζωογονηκητβ αυτούς, ουκ αν άπίκτΐΐνα νμάί. Ι Sam. 2. 6 κύριος θάνατοι καϊ ζωογονεί. S. Luke Ι7• 33 ^*
&ν άτΓο\€στ) αυτήν ζωογονησβι αυτήν. Both words are in the LXX. translations of Π^^Π pi\ and kzp/i. (There is a good instance of the way in which most of the Fathers interpret specially Hellenistic phrases by the light of Classical Greek in St. Augustine's interpre- tation of the word, Quaest. super Levit. lib. iii. c. 38, ' Non enim quae vivificant, i. e. vivere faciunt, sed quae vivos foetus gignunt, i. e. non ova sed pullos, dicuntur ζωο-^ονουντα)'
Ketpia, which was used properly of the cord of a bedstead, e. g. Aristoph. Av. 816, had come to be used of bedclothes, LXX. Prov. 7. 16 (where Aquila and Theodotion have πίριστρώμασι): hence, in S. John 11. 44, it is used of the swathings of a corpse.
KTiais had come to have the meaning of κτίσμα, i. e. like creaiio, it was used not of the act of creating, but of the thing created : Judith 9. 12 βασίλβΰ πάσης κτίσεως σον. Wisd. 1 6. 24 η yap κτίσις σοι τω ποιησαντι υπηρετούσα. Rom. 8. 20 ttj yap ματαιότητι ή κτίσις vπ€τάyη.
λικμα»' had expanded its meaning of separating grain from chaff into the wider meaning of scattering as chaff is scattered by the wind, e. g. LXX. Is. 41. 15, 16 άλοησεις ορη κα\ XenTvveis βουνούς καϊ ως χνουν θησβις καϊ Χικμησΐΐς : hence it and διασπείρειν are used inter- changeably as translations of πη{ ' to scatter,' both in the LXX. and in the other translations of the Hexapla, e.g. Ps. 43 (44). 12,
UKX.. 8ΐ€σπ€ΐρας, Symm. ίλίκμησας, Jer. 1 5- 7? LXX. ^ιασπβρώ, Aquil.
Symm. λικμησω. Hencc it came to be used as the nearest meta- phorical expression for annihilation: in Dan. 2. 44 Theodotion uses λικμησ€ΐ to corrcct the LXX. αφανίσω as the translation of ^DH aph. from t]!iD ' to put an end to.' Hence the antithesis between σννβ\ασθησ(ται and λικμησει in S. Luke 20. 1 8.
6 ON THE VALUE AND USE
ττάροικο? had lost its meaning of ' neighbour ' and had come to mean ' sojourner/ so that a clear distinction existed between napoiKclv and κατοικάν, e.g. LXX. Gen. 36. 44 (37. l) κατωκα de 'Ιακώβ €V TTj yfj ov παρωκησ^ν 6 πατήρ αντοϋ^ iv γη Χαναάν, cf. Philo J^e COnfus. ling. i. p. 416 .. . κατωκησαρ o)s ev ττατρ'ώι, ουχ ω: inl ^€νης παρωκησαν.
πράκτωρ seems to have added to its Attic meaning ' tax-gatherer' the meaning 'jailer' : since in an Egyptian inscription in the Corp. Inscr. Graec. No. 4957. 15 ττρακτόρβιον is used in the sense of a prison, els τ6 πρακτόρ^ιον κώ. els tcis oKXas φνλακά5. Hence τω πράκτορι in S. Luke 12. 58 is equivalent to τω Ιπηρίττι in S. Matt.
5• 25.
ττροβιβάζβιΐ' had acquired the special meaning * to teach/ or
* to teach diligently* : it occurs in LXX. Deut. 6. 7 πpoβιβάσeιs αντα
Tovs viovs σου, where it is the translation of ]^ψ pi. ' to sharpen '
sc. the mind, and hence * to inculcate.' Hence S. Matt. 14. 8 17 de
προβιβασθείσα νπο τηs μητρο5 avrrjs.
συνοχή had acquired from the common use of σννίχεσβαί the new meaning of 'distress': S. Luke 21. 25 συνοχή Ιθνων iv απορία. In Ps. 118 (119). 143 Aquila uses it as the translation of ρΊ^9=^ΧΧ.
άνάγκαι.
υποζυγιοκ had narrowed its general meaning of ' beast of burden ' to the special meaning of ' ass ' : it is the common translation in the LXX. of "^iisn. Hence its use in S. Matt. 21.5; 2 Pet. 2. 16.
It vi^ill be seen from these instances, which might be largely multiplied, that in certain respects the ordinary changes vi^hich the lapse of time causes in the use of v^^ords are sufficient to account for the differences between Classical and Biblical Greek. There are certain parts of both the LXX. and the New Testament in which no other explanation is necessary : so far as these parts are con- cerned the two works may be treated as monuments of post-Classical Greek, and the uses of words may be compared with similar uses in contemporary secular writers. It is probably this fact which has led many persons to overrate the extent to which those writers may be used to throw light upon Biblical Greek in general.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 7
But the application of it without discrimination to all parts of the Greek Bible ignores the primary fact that neither the Septuagint nor the Greek Testament is a single book by a single writer. Each is a collection of books which vary largely in respect not only of literary style, but also of philological character. A proposition which may be true of one book in the collection is not necessarily true of another : and side by side with the passages for whose philological peculiarities contemporary Greek furnishes an adequate explanation, is a largely preponderating number of passages in which an altogether different explanation must be sought.
Before seeking for such an explanation, it will be ad- visable to establish the fact of the existence of differences ; and this will be best done not by showing that different words are used, for this may almost always be argued to be a question only of literary style, but by showing that the same words are used in different parts of the New Testa- ment in different senses — the one sense common to earlier or contemporary Greek, the other peculiar to Biblical Greek. The following few instances will probably be sufficient for the purpose.
άγαθοτΓοιεΐι/ (i) is used in i Pet. 2. 15, 20 in its proper sense of doing what is morally good in contrast to doing what is morally evil: so Sext. Empir. 10. 70, 2 Clem. Rom. 10. 2. But (2) it is used in the LXX. Num. 10. 32, Jud. 17. 13 (Cod. A. and Lagarde's text, but Cod. B. and the Sixtine text άγαθυνεΐ), Zeph. i. 12 as the translation of 2p^ L•'. in the sense of benefiting and as opposed to doing harm. So in the Synoptic Gospels, S. Luke 6. 9, 35 ; S. Mark 3. 4 (Codd. A Β C L, but Codd. ^<D άγαθον ποιήσαι which is found in the same sense, and as a translation of PPS in Prov. 11. 17, where Symmachus has evepyeTel) : and in Codd. DEL, etc. Acts 14. 17, where Codd. ίίΑΒ C have the otherwise unknown (except to later ecclesiastical writers) άγαθονργών.
βλασφημεί»' and its conjugates (i) have in Rom. 3. 8, i Cor. 10. 30, I Pet. 4. 4, and elsewhere, the meaning which they have both
8 ON THE VALUE AND USE
in the Attic orators and in contemporary Greek, of slander or defamation of character.
But (2) in the Gospels they have the special sense of treating with scorn or contumely the name of God, as in the LXX., where (a) β\ασφημ€ίν translates ^l? pi. 2 Kings 19. 6, 22; in Num. 15. 30, Is. 37. 23 the same word is translated by παροξύνειν, but in the latter passage the other translators of the Hexapla revert to βλασ- φημί'Ίν; (δ) βλάσφημων translates f^^ hithpo. in Isa. 52. 5, and its derivative n^SJ in Ezek. 35. 12 ; {c) βλάσφημος translates ]}^ "^T?.?? * he blesses iniquity' {i.e. an idol) in Is. 66. 3.
διαλογισμό? (i) is used in S. Luke 9. 46, Phil. 2. 14, and probably Rom. 14. I, in the ordinary late Greek sense of discussion or dis- pute; but (2) it is used elsewhere in the Gospels, S. Matt. 15. 19 = S. Mark 7. 21 ; S. Luke 5. 22 (=S. Matt. 9. 4 4νθνμησ€ΐς) ; 6. 8 of thoughts or cogitations in general. This is its meaning in the LXX., where it is used both of the thoughts or counsels of God, e.g. Ps. 39 (40). 6; 91 (92). 5, and of the (wicked) thoughts or counsels of men, e.g. Ps. 55 (56). 6; Is. 59. 7. In all these instances it is the translation of Π3^ΠΌ or Γΐ3^πο.
6'π•ιγι>'ώσκ€ΐι/, Ιπίγι/ωσίξ (ι) are used in S. Luke i. 4 in the Pauline Epistles, e.g. Rom. 3. 20; i Cor. 13. 12; Eph. 4. 13; and in Heb. 10. 26 ; 2 Pet. i. 2. 8 ; 2. 20, in the sense of knowing fully, which is a common sense in later Greek, and became ultimately the dominant sense, so that in the second century Justin Martyr, Tryph.
3, defines philosophy as 4τη<ττημη τον ovtos καί του άΚηθοΰί (πίγνωσις ',
and still later, in Const. Apost. 7. 39, it was the second of the three stages of perfect knowledge, γνώσις, €πίγνωσις, πληροφορία.
But (2) in the Synoptic Gospels (πιγίνώσκ^ιν is used in the sense of recognizing or being conscious of: e.g. S. Matt. 7. 16; 17. 12 ; S. Mark 5. 30; S. Luke 24. 16.
This variety may perhaps be partly explained by the hypothesis that some books reflect to a greater extent the literary language of the time, and others the popular language. But such an explanation covers only a small proportion of the facts. Even if it be allowed that what is peculiar to Biblical Greek reflects rather a popular than a literary use of words, the nature of that popular use requires a further investigation: and hence we pass to a different series of causes.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 9
11. Biblical Greek belongs not only to a later period of the history of the language than Classical Greek, but also to a different country. The physical and social conditions were different. This is shown by the change in the general cast of the metaphors. The Attic metaphors of the law- courts, the gymnasia, and the sea are almost altogether absent, except so far as they had indelibly impressed them- selves on certain words, and probably, in those words, lost their special reference through frequency of familiar usage. Their place is taken by metaphors which arose from the conditions of Syrian life and from the drift of Syrian ideas.
For example, whereas in Athens and Rome the bustling activity of the streets gave rise to the conception of life as a quick movement to and fro, αναστρίφ^σθαι, ανάστροφη^ versari, conversation the constant intercourse on foot be- tween village and village, and the difficulties of travel on the stony tracks over the hills, gave rise in Syria to a group of metaphors in which life is conceived as a journey, and the difficulties of life as the common obstacles of a Syrian traveller. The conduct of life is the manner of walking, or the walking along a particular road, e.g. ζΐτορζνθησ-αν νψηλω rpa\rj\(o, ζττορξύθη kv όδω του irarpos αντου. A change in conduct is the turning of the direction of travel, βττύστρίφεσ^αι. The hindrances to right conduct are the stones over which a traveller might stumble, or the traps or tanks into which he might fall in the darkness, aKavbaka, προσκόμματα, Traytdes, βόθυνοι. The troubles of life are the burdens which the peasants carried on their backs, φορτία. Again, the com- mon employments of Syrian farmers gave rise to the frequent metaphors of sowing and reaping, of sifting the grain and gathering it into the barn, aireipeLv, Θ€ρίζ€ΐν, σινίάζβίν, συνάγ€ίν : the threshing of wheat furnished a metaphor for a devastating conquest, and the scattering of the chaff by the wind for utter annihilation, άλοαν, λίκμάν. The pastoral life provided metaphors for both civil and
ΙΟ ON THE VALUE AND USE
moral government : sheep astray {τΐλανώμ^νοι) upon the hills, or fallen bruised down the rocky ravines [ΙσκνλμΙνοι και Ιριμμίνοι) furnished an apt symbol of a people which had wandered away from God. The simple ministries of an Eastern household {Ιιακονάν, διακονία), the grinding of corn in the handmill, the leavening of bread, the earthen lamp on its lampstand which lit up the cottage room ; the custom of giving of presents in return for presents [αντατιο^ώόναι^ avTaiTOboaLs) ; the money-lending which, then as now, filled a large place in the rural economy of Eastern lands (bav€L(€Lv, όφζίλη, όφζίλημα, όφξίλ^τη^) ; the payment of daily wages (μυσθό^) ; the hoarding of money out of the reach alike of the robber and the tax-gatherer (Θησαυροί, Θησαυρίζζΐν) ; the numerous local courts with their judges and witnesses (κριτψ, μαρτυρεί, μαρτύρων, μαρτυρία) ; the capricious favouritism of Oriental potentates (ττροσωττοληψία)^ all furnished metaphors which were not only expanded into apologues or parables, but also impressed themselves upon the common use of words.
But these changes in the cast and colour of metaphors, though they arise out of and indicate social circumstances to which Classical literature is for the most part a stranger, are intelligible without special study. They explain them- selves. They might have taken place with a purely Greek population. The difficulty of Biblical Greek really begins when we remember that it was Greek as spoken not merely in a foreign country and under new circumstances, but also by an alien race. The disputed question of the extent to which it was so spoken does not affect the literary monu- ments with which we have to deal. Whether those monuments appealed immediately to a narrower or a wider circle of readers, they undoubtedly reflect current usage. They afford clear internal evidence that their writers, in most cases, were men whose thoughts were cast in a Semitic and not in a Hellenic mould. They
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. I I
were not only foreigners talking a language which was not their own, as an Englishman talks French : they were also men of one race speaking the language of another, as a Hindoo Mussulman talks English. This affected the language chiefly in that the race who thus spoke it had a different inheritance of religious and moral ideas from the race to which it properly belonged. The conceptions of God and goodness, the religious sanction and the moral ideal, were very different in men whose traditions came down from Moses and the prophets, from what they had been in men whose gods lived upon Olympus, and whose Pentateuch was the Iliad. The attitude of such men towards human life, towards nature, and towards God was so different that though Greek words were used they were the symbols of quite other than Greek ideas. For every race has its own mass and combinations of ideas; and when one race adopts the language of another, it cannot, from the very nature of the human mind, adopt with it the ideas of which that language is the expression. It takes the words but it cannot take their connotation : and it has ideas of its own for which it only finds in foreign phrases a rough and partial covering.
Biblical Greek is thus a language which stands by itself. What we have to find out in studying it is what meaning certain Greek words conveyed to a Semitic mind. Any induction as to such meaning must be gathered in the first instance from the materials which Biblical Greek itself affords. This may be taken as an axiom. It is too obvious to require demonstration. It is the application to these particular philological phenomena of the universal law of inductive reasoning. But at the same time it has been so generally neglected that in a not inconsiderable number of cases the meaning of New Testament words has to be ascertained afresh : nor does it seem probable that
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the existing confusion will be cleared up until Biblical Greek is treated as a newly discovered dialect would be treated, and the meaning of all its words ascertained by a series of new inferences from the facts which lie nearest to them. It will probably be found that in a majority of cases the meaning which will result from such a new induc- tion will not differ widely from that which has been generally accepted : it will probably also be found that in a majority of cases in which a new meaning is demon- strable, the new meaning links itself to a classical use. But it will also be found, on the one hand, that new and important shades of meaning attach themselves to words which retain for the most part their classical use : and, on the other hand, that some familiar words have in the sphere of Biblical Greek a meaning which is almost peculiar to that sphere.
For the purposes of such an induction the materials which lie nearest at hand are those which are contained in the Septuagint, including in that term the extra-canonical books which, though they probably had Semitic originals, exist for us only in a Greek form.
A. Even if the Septuagint were only a Greek book, the facts that it is more cognate in character to the New Testa- ment than any other book, that much of it is proximate in time, and that it is of sufficient extent to afford a fair basis for comparison, would give it a unique value in New Testa- ment exegesis.
(i) This value consists partly in the fact that it adds to the vocabulary of the language. It is a contemporary Greek book with new words, and many words which are found in the New Testament are found for the first time in the Septuagint : —
(a) Some of these words are expressions of specially Jewish
ideas or usages ; άκροβυστία, oiXiayeiv, άναθψατίζΐΐν, άπ^ρίτμητος, αττο-
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 3
dtKOTOvv, €νωΒΙα, (φημ^ρία, ματαιότης, πατριάρχης, π€ριτομη, τιροσηλυτος, ττρωτοτόκια, ραντισμός.
(δ) Some of them are legitimately formed, but new compounds
from existing elements : ακρογωνιαίος, aWoyevrjs, €κμνκτηρίζ(ΐν, €μ- τταικτης, ίν^υναμουν, Ινωτίζ^σθαι, (πισκοπη, fiboKia, ήττημα, κατακανχασθαι, κατακΚηρονομα,ν, καταννσσ(ΐν, κατοικητηριον, κανχησις, κΚν8ωνίζ€σθαι, κραταιονν, μί-γάλωσυνη, ορθρίζίΐν, irayihcvdv, παραζηλονρ, π€ποΙθησις, •ηΚηροφυρύν, σητόβρωτος, σκαν8α\ίζ€ΐν, σκάνδαλον, σκληροκαρΒΙα, σκληρο' τράχηλος, στυγνάζαν, νπακοη, νστίρημα, φωστηρ.
('ζ) The other and more important element in the value of the Septuagint viewed simply as a Greek book is that it affords a basis for an induction as to the meaning not of new but of familiar words. Very few lexicographers or commentators have gone seriously astray with new words. But the meaning of familiar words has been frequently taken for granted, when the fact of their constant occurrence in the Septuagint in the same connexion and with predi- cates of a particular kind, afford a strong presumption that their connotation was not the same as it had been in Classical Greek.
Instances of such words will be found among those which are examined in detail below, e. g. διάβολος, πονηρός.
These characteristics attach not only to the Septuagint proper, but also to the deutero-canonical books, or ' Apocrypha.' Those books have a singular value in re- gard to the syntax of the New Testament, which is beyond the range of the present subject. Some of them have also a special value in regard to some of the more abstract or philosophical terms of the New Testament, of which more will be said below. But they have also a value in the two respects which have been just mentioned :
(i) They supply early instances of New Testament words :
€KWi/€ta, Acts 26. 7, is first found in 2 Mace. 14. 38 : it is also found in Judith 4. 9. Its earliest use elsewhere is Cic. AU. 10. 7. I.
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ίξίσχύειν, Eph. 3. 18, is first found, and with the same con- struction as in the N, T., in Sirach. 7. 6. Its earliest use else- where is Strabo 788 (but with ώστε).
καταλαλιά, 2 Cor. 12. 20, I Pet. 2. i, is first found in Wisd. i. 11. Its earhest uses elsewhere are Clem. Rom. 30. 35 ; Barnab. 20.
KTiats, Rom. 8. 19 sqq., etc., in the sense of things created and not of the act of creation, is first found in Wisd. 5. 18 ; 16. 24; 19. 6.
σκαΐ'δαλίζειΐ', Matt. 5. 29, and freq., is first found in Sir. 9. 5.
ύπογραμμός, I Pet. 2. 21, is first found in 2 Mace. 2. 28: its earliest use elsewhere is Clem. Rom. 5.
φυλακίζειμ, Acts 22. 19, is first found in Wisd. 18. 4 : its earliest use elsewhere is Clem. Rom. 45.
χαριτοΟκ, Luke i. 28, Eph. i. 6, is first found in Sir. 18. 17.
{2) They also supply instances of the use of familiar words in senses which are not found in earlier Greek, but which suggest or confirm inferences which are drawn from their use in the New Testament.
An instance of this will be found below in the meaning of πονηροί, which results from its use in Sirach.
B. But that which gives the Septuagint proper a value in regard to Biblical philology which attaches neither to the Apocrypha nor to any other book, is the fact that it is a translation of which we possess the original. For the meaning of the great majority of its words and phrases we are not left solely to the inferences which may be made by comparing one passage with another in either the Septua- gint itself or other monuments of Hellenistic Greek. We can refer to the passages of which they are translations, and in most cases frame inductions as to their meaning which are as certain as an^^ philological induction can be. It is a true paradox that while, historically as well as philologically, the Greek is a translation of the Hebrew, philologically, though not historically, the Hebrew may be regarded as a translation of the Greek. This apparent paradox may be illustrated by the analogous case of the Gothic translation of the Gospels : historically as well as
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 5
philologically that translation is, as it professes to be, a rendering of the Greek into the Moeso-Gothic of the fourth century A. D. ; but since all other monuments of Moeso-Gothic have perished, the Greek of the Gospels becomes for philological purposes, that is to say, for the understanding of Moeso-Gothic words, a key to, or trans- lation of, the Gothic.
But that which makes the possession of this key to its meaning of singular value in the case of the Septuagint, is the fact that to a considerable extent it is not a literal translation but a Targum or paraphrase. For the tendency of almost all students of an ancient book is to lay too great a stress upon the meaning of single words, to draw too subtle distinctions between synonyms, to press unduly the force of metaphors, and to estimate the weight of compound words in current use by weighing separately the elements of which they are compounded. Whereas in the ordinary speech of men, and with all but a narrow, however admirable, school of writers in a literary age, distinctions between synonyms tend to fade away, the original force of metaphors becomes so weakened by familiarity as to be rarely present to the mind of the speaker, and compound words acquire a meaning of their own which cannot be resolved into the separate meanings of their component parts. But the fact that the Septuagint does not, in a large proportion of cases, follow the Hebrew as a modern translation would do, but gives a free and varying rendering, enables us to check this common tendency of students both by showing us not only in another language, but also in another form, the precise extent of meaning which a word or a sentence was intended to cover, and also by showing us how many different Greek words express the shades of meaning of a single Hebrew word, and conversely how many different Hebrew words explain to us the meaning of a single Greek word.
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These special characteristics of the Septuagint may- be grouped under three heads: (i) it gives glosses and paraphrases instead of literal and word for word ren- derings : (2) it does not adhere to the metaphors of the Hebrew, but sometimes adds to them and sometimes subtracts from them : (3) it varies its renderings of particular words and phrases. Of each of these charac- teristics the following examples are given by way of illustration.
I. Glosses and paraphrases :
(a) Sometimes designations of purely Jewish customs are glossed : e.g. njK' || 'the son of the year/ Num. 7. 15, etc., i.e. a male of the first year which was required in certain sacrifices, is rendered by (αμνός) έΐΊαύσιοξ I ί^^ΊΏΠ ^Ό 'bitter waters,' Num. 5. 18, etc., is rendered by τό ύδωρ του «λεγμου ; ITp. the ' separation ' or ' conse- cration ' of the Nazarite, Num. 6. 4, and even Ί'ίρ t^'i<"i ' the head of his separation,' ib. v. 9, are rendered simply by ευχή; ΠίΠ''3 Π*•"» *a savour of quietness,' Lev. i. 9, etc., is rendered by οσμή
(δ) Sometimes ordinary Hebraisms are glossed : e.g. "15^ 1^ 'the son of the foreigner/ Ex. 12. 43, etc., is rendered simply by άλλο- γ€ρης; t^pvX 'things of nought,' Lev. 19. 4, etc., is rendered by «δωλα ; 'li?^ ' to visit ' (used of God), is rendered in Jeremiah and several of the minor prophets by cKdiKelv : ^''.^^ψ ?"]]{ ' of uncircum- cised lips,' Ex. 6. 12, is rendered by αλογός ίίμι.
{c) More commonly, an interpreting word, or paraphrase, is sub- stituted for a literal rendering : similar examples to the following can be found in almost every book. Gen. 12. 9, etc., ^JJ 'the South' is interpreted by η έρημος•. Gen. 27. 16 ^PPJ!} 'the smooth- ness,' sc. of Jacob's neck, is interpreted by τά -γυμνά : Gen. 50. 3 D''pjn 'the embalming' is rendered by the more familiar της ταφής, * the burial,' and in the following verse, Γ))2 the ' house ' of Pharaoh is interpreted by tovs Βυνάστας, ' the mighty men ' of Pharaoh : Num. 31. 5 1"ip»*1 'were handed over,' sc. to Moses, = eξηpLθμησav, *were counted out': i Sam. 6. 10 ^"^Ψ^^, 'the men' is interpreted by ot αλλόφυλοι, 'the Philistines': Job 2. 8 ^£)ΧΠ ηίΠΞΐ 'among the ashes' is interpreted by im της κοπριάς, 'on the midden': Job 31.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. I 7
32 ΠΊ^ρ < to the way' (possibly reading nnk^ < to a traveller') is inteφΓeted by παντί (λθόντι: in Ps. 3. 4 ; 118 (119). 114 1^9 'a shield' (used of God) is interpreted by άι/τίλτ^πτωρ : in Ps. 17 (18). 3; 18 (19). 15; 77 (78). 35; 93 (94). 22 η^ϊ 'a rock' is interpreted by βοηθός, and in Ps. 117 (118). 6 the same Greek word is added as a paraphrase of the personal pronoun v, κύριος €μοΙ βοηθ05 : in Ps. 15 (16). 9 ''1^23 'my glory' is inteφreted by ή γλωσσά μου : in Ps. 38 (39). 2 ΟΊΟΠΰ ' a bridle' is interpreted by φνλακψ: in Ps. 33 (34). 11 Q^T^ri * young lions' is interpreted by πλούσιοι : in Ps. 126 (127). 5 iriB^i< « a quiver ' is interpreted by
την ^πιθνμιαν.
[d) In some cases instead of the interpretation of a single word by its supposed equivalent, there is a paraphrase or free translation of a clause: for example, Ex. 24. 11 'upon the nobles of the children of Israel he laid not his hand' : LXX. των (πιλότων του Ίσραηλ ου δΐ€φωνησ€ν oiide (ϊς, ' of the chosen men of Israel not one perished': i Sam. 6. 4 ' What shall be the trespass-offering which we shall return to him': LXX. τί τό της βασάνου άποδώσομ^ν αύτίί ; ' what is the [offering for] the plague that we shall render to it' (sc. to the ark) : i Kings 21 (20). 39 ' if by any means he be missing' (Ij^Si nipk.) : LXX. eav δε €κπηδων (κττηδηση, ' if escaping he escape ' : Ps. 22 (23). 4 'through the valley {^^^^) of the shadow of death': LXX. €v μίσω σκιάς θανάτου : Ps. 34 (35). 14 Ί bowed down heavily as one that mourneth for his mother ' (DNI ''?^?) : LXX. ως πενθών και
σκυθρωπάζων ούτως €ταπ€ΐνονμην : Ps. 43 (44)• 20 ' that thou shouldeSt
have sore broken us in the place of jackals' (Q''|iJn) : LXX. 6τι
€ταττ(ίνωσας ημάς iv τόττω κακώσεως : Is. 60. 1 9 'neither for brightness
shall the moon give light unto thee': LXX. ovSe ανατολή σελήνης φωτΐ€ϊ σου [Cod. Α. σοι] την νύκτα, ' neither shall the rising of the moon give light to thy night ' (or ' give light for thee at night ').
2. Metaphors :
(a) Sometimes there is a change of metaphor, e. g. in Amos 5. 24 |ri^i< 7Π: 'a mighty,' or 'perennial stream,' is rendered by χείμαρρους άβατος, 'an impassable torrent' : Micah 3. 2 2ΠΚ ' to love ' is rendered by ζητείν, ' to seek.'
{δ) Sometimes a metaphor is dropped : e. g. Is. 6. 6 ' then /ew (p)y;i) one of the seraphim unto me,' LXX. άπβστάλη προς μέ iv των 2€ραφίμ: Ps. 5. i3j ^^d elsewhere, ΠΟΠ «to fly for refuge' is ren- dered by ikniUw: Job 13. 27 ΠίΠΊΝ « ways ' is rendered epya, ' deeds.'
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{c) Sometimes a metaphor appears to be added, i. e. the Greek word contains a metaphor where the corresponding Hebrew word is neutral : e.g. Jer. 5. 17 ^Ψ^ po. *to destroy' is rendered by αλοαι/, ' to thresh ' : Ezek. 2 1 . 1 1 ^']Π * to kill ' is rendered by άπο- κΐντύν, and Num. 22. 29 by Uk^vtuv, 'to pierce through' (so as to kill) : Deut. 7. 20 "i3S hiph. ' to destroy' is rendered by βκτρίβίσθαι, 'to be rubbed out' : ]^^ 'to dwell' is frequently rendered by κατα- σκηνονν, ' to dwell in a tent.'
These tendencies both to the glossing and paraphrasing of the Hebrew, and to the changing or apparent adding of metaphors, will be best seen by analysing the translations of some typical word. The following is such an analysis of the translations of ]n^ ' to give.'
(a) In the following cases there is a paraphrase.
/os. 14. 12 'Give me this mountain/ LXX. αΐτουμαί ae τ6 ορός
τούτο.
Deut. 21. 8 'Lay not innocent blood unto My people of Israel's
charge,' LXX. Iva μη γίνηται αίμα άναίτιον iv τω λαω σου ^Ισραήλ.
Esther 3• 1 1 'The silver is given to thee,' LXX. το μίν αργύρων
Ezek. 45. 8 ' They shall give the land to the house of Israel according to their tribes,' LXX. τψ γην κατακΚηρονομησουσιν οίκος ^Ισραήλ κατά φυλάς αυτών.
(β) In the following cases a local colouring is given to the translation, so that the translation of the verb must be taken in its relation to the translation of the whole passage.
Gen. 20. 6 'therefore suffered I thee not to touch her,' evcKu τούτου ού< άψήκά σβ ayj/ασθαι αύτης.
Gen. 38. 28 'the one put out his hand,' 6 ef? ττροεξήμβγκε τψ χεφα.
Gen. 39. 20 'Joseph's master ... put him into the prison,'
^ΐ'εβαλεΐ' αύτον (Ις το οχύρωμα.
Gen. 41. 41 Ί have set thee over all the land of Egypt,' καθ- ιστημι σ? σήμερον eVi ττάσ-η yrj Αίγνπτον.
Gen. 43• 23 * the man . . . gave them water and they washed their feet,' 'ην'€γκ€>' ίδωρ νί-ψ-αι τους ττοδαί αύτων.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 9
Exodus 3. 19 Ί am sure that the king of Egypt will not let you
go, olha oTi ου ττροήσ6ται νμας Φαραώ.
Exodus 7• 4 Ί will lay my hand upon Egypt/ επιβάλω την χΰρά
μου eV A ly νπτον.
Exodus 18. 25 'Moses . . . made them heads over the people,
rulers of thousands . . ./ έττοί'(]σεν αυτούς in αυτών χιΚιάρχονς.
Exodus 21. 19 'he shall pay for the loss of his time,' τψ apyeias αυτόν άΐΓθτίσ€ΐ.
Exodus 27. 5 'thou shalt put it under the ledge of the altar
beneath,' ύττοθήσεις αυτούς (sc. τους ΒακτυΧίους) υπό την Ισχάραν τοΰ θυσιαστηρίου κάτωθεν.
Exodus 30. 19 'thou shalt put water therein,' €κχ€€Ϊ9 ets αύτον
υ8ωρ.
Lev. 2. 15 ' thou shalt put oil upon it/ εττιχεεΐς eV α\ηην ΤΚαιον.
Lev. 19. 14 ' Thou shalt not . . . put a stumbhng block before the blind/ anivavTi τνφΧον ου ττροσθήσεις σκάνδαΧον.
Deui. 15-17 'Thou shalt take an aul and thrust it through his ear unto the door,' Χτγ^η το οπητιον κα\ τρυπήσεις τ6 ώτίον αυτού προς την βύραν.
2 Sam. 18. 9 'he was taken up between the heaven and the
earth/ εκρεμάσθη άνα μβσον του ουρανού κα\ άνα μίσον της yης.
2 Kings 16. 14 ' . . . and put it on the north side of the altar,'
ε$ειξεΐ' αύτο ein μηρον τον θυσιαστηρίου.
1 Chron. 16. 4 'he appointed certain of the Levites to minister,' έταξε . . . ΐκ τών Α^υιτών X€lτoυpyoυvτaς.
2 Chron. 16. 10 ' . . . and put him in the stocks,' παρε'θετο αντον
ft? φυΧακην.
Esth. I. 20 'all the wives shall give to their husbands honour/ τιασαι ax γυναίκας περιθήσουσι τιμήν τοϊς άνδράσιν ίαντών.
Job 2. 4 ' all that a man hath will he give for his life,' οσα υπάρχει άνθρώπω vnep της ψνχης αύτου εκτίσει.
/od 9. 18 'He will not suffer me to take my breath/ ούκ. έα γάρ
μ€ άναν€νσαι.
Job 35• 10 'who giveth songs in the night,' ό κατατάσσωμ φυΧακάς νυκτβρίνας.
Job 36.3' Fo^ truly my words are not false,' βργοις de μου BUaia
«ρώ eV* αληθείας.
Prov. 10. 10 'He that winketh with the eye causeth sorrow,' 6 Ivveicuv οφθαΧμοΊς μ€τα 8όΧου συΐ'άγει άν^ράσι Χνπας.
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Prov, 21. 26 'but the righteous giveth and spareth not/ 6 bk
8i<aios eXea και olKTeipci άφ€ΐδως.
Is. ^. 4 Ί will give children to be their princes/ εττιστήσω veavl- σκους άρχοντας αυτών.
Is. 43. 9 * let them bring forth their witnesses/ άγαγετωσακ tovs
μάρτυρας αυτών.
Jer. 44 (37). 15 'the princes . . . put him in prison in the
house of Jonathan,' απ^στ^ιΚαν αυτόν 6if την οΐκίαν ^Ιωνάθαν.
Ezek. 14. 8 Ί will set my face against that man/ στηριώ το πρόσωπον μου (πι τον ανθρωπον ζκύνον.
3. Variations of rendering.
(a) In a comparatively small number of cases a single Greek word corresponds to a single Hebrew word, with such accidental exceptions as may be accounted for by a variation in the text : it is legitimate to infer that, in such cases, there was in the minds of the translators, and since the translators were not all of one time or locality, presumably in current usage, an absolute identity of mean- ing between the Hebrew and the Greek: e.g. hovkos=• Ί2ν (or ifni>}.
{b) In certain cases in which a single Greek word stands for two or more different Hebrew words, the absence of distinction of rendering may be accounted for by the para- phrastic character of the whole translation, and will not of itself give trustworthy inferences as to the identity in each case of the meaning of the Greek and the Hebrew words.
e.g. €Ϊδωλοι/, €Ϊδωλα Stands for (i) Q^Ti/ξ? 'gods/ (2) Ci^Wn;
'things of nought' ( = τά μάταια Zach. II. 17, βδίλύγματα Is. 2. 8, 20,
χειροποίητα Lev. 26. I, Is. 2. 1 8, ctc), (3) D^^X 'terebinth-trees/ (4) n^D3 'high-places' (more commonly=Ta υ^ηΧά), (5) Ογ^τ^ 'Baalim,' (6) ryh'h^ 'idol-blocks/ (7) D^^?n ' vanities/ (8) n^J^n 'sun-pillars,' (9) D^BVy 'idols/ (10) D7''p3 'graven images' (also=ra γλυπτά), (ii) Dpy 'images' (also=ei/cwv), (12) Υψ^ 'abomination/ (13) D''Q"[)il 'teraphim.'
It is clear that in the majority of these cases ά'δωλα is a para-
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 2 1
phrastic or generic term, and not the exact equivalent of the Hebrew.
(c) In certain cases a single Hebrew word is represented by two or more Greek words, not in single but in repeated instances, and not in different but in the same books or group of books ; it is reasonable to infer in such cases, unless a close examination of each instance reveals a marked difference of usage, that in the minds of the translators the Greek words were practically synonymous :
e.g. in Psalm 36 (37) νψΐ occurs 13 times : in vv. 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 21, 32, 40 it is rendered by αμαρτωλές, in vv. 28, 35, 38 by άσεβης: it is difficult to account for this except by the hypothesis that the two words were regarded as identical in meaning.
(d) In certain cases in which a single Hebrew word is repeatedly represented by two or more Greek words, the variation exists only, or almost only, in different books, and may therefore be mainly attributed to a difference in the time or place of translation, or in the person of the translator : but at the same time such a repeated render- ing of a single Hebrew word by two or more Greek words argues a close similarity of meaning between the Greek words which are so used :
e. g. in Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers ?Πζ is translated by συναγωγή ; in Deuteronomy and the following books to Nehe- miah inclusive (56 times in all), with only the exception of Deut. 5. 22, it is translated by εκκλησία.
In Exodus, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, but elsewhere only 2 Sam. 15. 8, ^^V is generally translated by λατρεύειμ : in Numbers by λειτουργάω : in Genesis, the historical books, and the prophets by δουλεύει»'.
In Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers nmip is ordinarily, and fre- quently, translated by θυσία : in Genesis (except 4. 3, 5) by h&pov : in other books, e. g. Isaiah, by both words.
It is reasonable in these cases to infer a close similarity of mean- ing between συναγωγή and €κκλησία; XarpeveiVy \ζΐτουργύν, and
^ovKevuv ; and bmpov and θυσία, respectively.
2 2 ON THE VALUE AND USE
(e) But in many cases it is found that a single Hebrew word is represented by two or more different Greek words not only in various books of the Septuagint but sometimes also in the same book, and with sufficient frequency to preclude the hypothesis of accidental coincidence. It is also found that another Hebrew word, of similar meaning, is represented, under the same conditions, by the same two or more Greek words as the preceding. Consequently each of a small group of Hebrew words is represented by one or other of a corresponding group of Greek words, and, con- versely, each of the small group of Greek words stands for one or other of a small group of Hebrew words. It is reasonable to infer in such cases that the Greek words so used are practically synonymous : i. e. that whatever dis- tinctions may have been drawn between them by the literary class, they were used indifferently in current speech. For example,
7W is rendered in Isaiah by (i) εξαιρεί^ c. 60. 16, (2) λυτρουμ c. 35. 9 : 41• 14 : 43• i• Μ - 44- 22, 23, 24 : 52. 3 : 62. i2 : 63. 9, (3) ρυεσθαι c. 44. 6 : 47. 4 : 48. 17, 20 : 51. lo : 52. 9 : 54. 5, 8 : 59. 20: 63. 16.
νψΐ hiph. is rendered by (i) εξαιρεΐι/ Jer. 49 {42). 11,(2) ρυεσθαι Is. 5. 29: 36. 14, 15, 18, 19,20: 37. II, 12: 38. 6: 50. 2, (3) σώζειι/ Is. 19. 20: 25. 9: 30. 15: 33. 22: 35.4: 37. 20, 35: 43. 3, II, 12 : 45. 17, 20, 22 : 46. 7 : 49. 25 : 59. i : 60. 16 : 63. 9.
i^^D pi. is rendered by (i) έξαιρεΐμ 2 Sam. 19. 5, 9, i Kings 112, (2) ρυεσθαι Ps. 40 (41). 2: 88 (89). 49 : 106 (107). 20 : 114(116). 4 : 123 (124). 7, (3) σώζεις I Sam. 19. 11, 12 : 27. i, i Kings 18. 40: 19. 17 : 21 (20). 20, 2 Kings 19. 37.
y^} hiph. is rendered in Isaiah by (i) εξαιρεϊμ c. 31. 5 : 42. 22 : 43. 13: 44. 17, 20: 47. 14: 57. 13, (2)ρύ6σθαι C.44. 6: 47.4: 48. 17, 2o: 49.7,26: 51.10: 52.9: 54. 5» 8: 59-20: 63.16,(3) σώζειν c. 19. 20 : 20. 6.
ΠΙΩ is rendered by (i) λυτροΟμ Ps. 24 (25). 22: 25 (26). 11: 30 (31)• 6 : 33 (34). 23 : 43 (44)• 27 : 48 (49)• 8, 16 : 54 (55). 19 : 70(71). 23: 77(78). 42: 118 (119). 134: 129 (130). 8, (2)pu'- εσθαι Job 5. 20 : 6. 23, Ps. 68 (69). 19, (3) σώί^ει»' Job 33. 28.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 2 T,
a?Bp{. is rendered by (i) εξαιρεϊμ Ps. 36 (37). 40; 70 (71). 2 : 81 (82). 4, (2) λυτροΰΐ' Ps. 31 (32). 7, (3) ρύεσθαι Ps. i6 (17). 13 : 17 (18). 44, 49 : 21 (22). 5, 9 : 30 (31)• 2 : 36 (37)• 4© : 42 (43). i : 70 (71). 4: 90 (91). 14, (4) σώζειι/ (for the derivatives tD'-pB, riD^S) Is. 10. 20: 37. 32 : 45. 20: 66. 19: so also άι/ασώζει»/ Jer. 51 (44). 14, etc., Βιασώζειΐ' Job 21. 10, etc.
Conversely, εξαιρεΐι/ is used to translate (i) ^^l Is. 60. 16, (2) νψΐ hi. Jer. 49 (42). 1 1, (3) tOp^ 2 Sam. 19. 5, 9, i Kings i. 12, Ezek. 33• 5» (4) ''-'t twelve times in the Pentateuch, thirty-three times in the historical books, thirty-two times in the poetical books, (5) t3pa pi. 2 Sam. 22. 2, Ps. 36 (37). 40 : 70 (71). 2 : 81 (82). 4.
λυτρουμ is used to translate (i) 7δ^2 twenty times in Exodus and Leviticus, twenty-four times in the poetical books, (2) ΠΊΏ fifteen times in the Pentateuch, seven times in the historical books, nine- teen times in the poetical books, (3) u2^ pi. Ps. 31 (32). 7.
ρύεσθαι is used to translate (i) W\ Gen. 48. 16 and twelve times in Isaiah, (2) W^ hiph. Ex. 2. 17 : 14. 30, Jos. 22. 22, Is. 49. 26 : 63. 5, Ezek. 37. 23, (3) t229 P^' Job 22. 30, and in the above- mentioned five passages of the Psalms, (4) /V^ Exod. 2. 19 : 5. 23 ί 6. 6 : 12. 27, fourteen times in the historical books, sixty times in the poetical books, (5) ΠΊΒ Job 5. 20 : 6. 23, Ps. 68 (69). 19, Hos. 13. 14, (6) ώδ pi. 2 Sam. 22. 44, and in the above-mentioned ten passages of the Psalms.
σώζειΐ' is used to translate (i) W hiph. Deut. 33. 29, fifty-six times in the historical books, nearly a hundred times in the poetical books, (2) ΰ^>η^2'. Gen. 19. 17, 22, ten times in the historical books, twenty- seven times in the poetical books, (3) ^V^ Gen. 32. 30, eight times in the historical books, fourteen times in the poetical books, (4) rriQ Job 33. 28, (5) i37Q or one of its derivatives. Gen. 32. 8, 2 Chron. 20. 24, Neh. i. 2, Is. 10. 20 : 37. 32 : 45. 20: 66. 19, Jer. 51 (44)• 28.
It is reasonable to infer that, in their Hellenistic use, the Greek words which are thus used interchangeably for the same Hebrew words did not differ, at least materially, from each other in mean- ing, and that no substantial argument can be founded upon the meaning of any one of them unless that meaning be common to it with the other members of the group.
III. There is a further circumstance in relation to the
24 ON THE VALUE AND USE
Septuagint which requires to be taken into account to a much greater extent than has usually been done. It is that in addition to the Septuagint we possess fragments of other translations of the Hebrew, those of Aquila, Symma- chus, Theodotion, and of two anonymous translators, who are generally referred to as the Fifth and Sixth.
Part of the value of these translations lies in the fact that they belong to the period when the right interpretation of the Old Testament had become a matter of controversy between Jews and Christians : but very little is positively known about their authors or their approximate dates.
Accounts of Aquila are given by Irenaeus 3. 21. i (=Eus. H.E. 5. 8. 10), Origen Epist. ad African. 2 (i. p. 13), Eusebius Dem. Ev. 7. I. 32, Epiphanius de Mens, et pond. 14, Jerome Ep. 57 ad Pam- mach. (i. p. 314), Cata. 54 (ii. p. 879), Praef. in lib. Job (ix. p. iioo), Comm. in Jes. 8. 11 (iv. p. 122), Comm. in Abac. Ill (vi. p. 656), and in the Jerusalem Talmud Megilla i. 11, p. 71, Kiddush. i. i, p. 59. Accounts of Symmachus are given by Eusebius H. E. 6. 17, Dem. Ev. l.c.^ Jerome, and Epiphanius II. cc. Accounts of Theodotion are given by Irenaeus and Epiphanius //. cc, Jerome //. cc, and Praef in Dan. (v. p. 619).
But these accounts vary widely, and, especially those of Epipha- nius, appear to be in a large degree conjectural.
In regard to their dates, Aquila is placed by the Talmud //. cc in the time of R. Akiba, R. Eliezer, and R. Joshua, i.e. early in the second century a. d. : but it has been inferred from the fact of his being mentioned by Irenaeus and not by Justin Martyr that he flourished in the interval between those two writers. The date of Symmachus may be inferred from the fact that he is not men- tioned by Irenaeus to have been near the end of the second cen- tury, a view which is in harmony with the account of Eusebius H. E. 6. 17, which places him a generation before the time of Origen. The date of Theodotion is more uncertain than that of the other two : he certainly lived before the time of Irenaeus, and, if the view be correct that his translation is quoted in Hermas, he may even have preceded Aquila.
But the chief part of their value lies in the con-
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 25
trlbutions which they make to the vocabulary of Biblical Greek. Some words which are found in the New Testa- ment are not found elsewhere within the range of Biblical Greek except in these translations.
άτΓοκαραΒοκία, Rom. 8. 19, Phil. i. 20 (most Codd.), is interpreted by the verb άποκαραΒοκ^ϊν, which is used by Aquila in Ps. 36 (37). 7 as the translation of ί'ί?ΊΠΓΐΠ (hithpa. of h^r\), for which the LXX. iKfTfvaov and Symm. Uerfve are less accurate renderings. The reading of Codd. FG. in Phil. i. 20, καραδοκία, is known only from its use by Aquila in Prov. 10. 28 as the translation of ^.<'D*'^ * expectation,' = Symm. νπομόνη, Theod, προσδοκία.
ί-γκακΐΐν, in the sense of ' to be weary or faint,' is first found out- side the N. T. as Symmachus's translation of ^^i?i5 in Gen. 27. 46, = LXX. προσώχθικα, Aquil. (σίκχανα, Ε. V. Ί am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth.'
έμβριμασθαι, Matt. 9. 30, Mark I. 43: 14. 5, John 11, 33, 38, which in Classical Greek is found only in Aesch. Septem c. Theb. 461, of the snorting of horses in their harness, is best explained by its use (i) as the translation of ^V\ 'to be angry' in Aquil. Ps. 7.
12 €μβριμώμ€Ρος = 1^Χ.Κ. όργην (ττάγων, Alius άπ€ΐλούμ€νος '. SO (μβρί-
μησις=ίίΐ6 derivative W_ in Aquil. Symm. Ps. 37 (38). 4=LXX. opyr\s'. in Theod. Is. 30. 2 7 = LXX. opy^y : and in Theod. Symm. Ezek. 21. 31 (36) = LXX. ορ^ψ, Aquil. άπίΐλψ : (2) as the trans- lation of "iy2 'to rebuke,' in Symm. Is. 17. 13 Ιμβριμησ^ται αντω=.
LXX. άποσκορακια, αυτόν, Aquil. (πιτιμησ^ι ev αντω '. SO (μβρίμησις
translates the derivative nnya in Symm. Ps. 75 (76). 7=LXX. Aquil.
ίτητιμησζως.
Ιΐ'θύμησίξ, Matt. 9. 4 : 12. 25, Heb. 4. 12 finds its only parallel in the sense of 'thoughts,' or 'cogitations,' in Symm. Job 21. 27 (in the same collocation with εννοιών as in Hebrews 4. 12, Clem. Rom. 21. 9), where it translates ΓΐΐΠ^ΠΏ, which, like ^νθυμησις in S. Matthew, is used of malicious thoughts (e. g. Esth. 8. 3, 5).
εττίβλημα, in the sense of a ' patch,' Matt. 9. 16 ( = Mark 2. 21, Luke 5. 36), is found only in Symm. Jos. 9. 11 (5).
καταφερ€σθαι, the expressive word which is used for ' dropping fast asleep' in Acts 20. 9, finds its only parallel in this sense in Biblical Greek (elsewhere, Arist. De Gen. Anim. 5. i, p. 'j'jga) in Aquil. Ps. 75 (76). 7, where it translates D'^")^=LXX. (νύσταξαν.
θεομάχοξ. Acts 5. 39, occurs elsewhere in Biblical Greek only in
26 ON THE VALUE AND tJSE
Symm. Job 26. 5 [=Theod. ytyai/res•), Prov. 9. 18 (=LXX. γτ/γβ^^Γ?, Theod. yiyavres), Prov. 21. 16 ( = LXX. Ύΐγάρτων) : in each case it translates ^^^^'\.
opoBeaia, Acts 17. 26, is not found elsewhere, but the verb opoOeTelv (many MSS. όρωθίτβϊν) is found in Aquil. Deut. 19. 14, Zach. 9. 2, and in Symm. Exod. 19. 12.
σττλαγχί'ίζβσθαι, which is found 12 times in the Synoptic Gospels (not elsewhere in the N. T.) in the sense ' to feel compassion,' is found as the translation of ΏΓίρρπ in Symm. i. Sam. 23. 21, ΙστίΚα-^- χνίσθητ€-=υΧΧ, €7Τον€σατ€, Theod. Ι^άσασθ^ (which is the LXX. translation of the same verb in Ex. 2. 6). The compound liri- σπλαγχνίζίσθαι is found in Symm. Deut. 13.8 (9). as the translation of the same verb, ^ LXX. ουκ ^πιποθησεις €π αντω. The active σπλαγ-
χνίζειν occurs in 2 Mace. 6. 8, but in the sense of the Classical an\ayxvev€iv=to eat the entrails of an animal after a sacrifice (Aristoph. Av. 984).
Another element in the value of these translations consists in the corrections which they make in the LXX. rendering, sometimes substituting a literal translation for a gloss, and sometimes a gloss for a literal translation.
(i) Sometimes a gloss or paraphrase of the LXX. is replaced by a literal or nearly literal rendering : this is the case chiefly, though not exclusively, with Aquila: for example.
Gen. 24. 67 /'Πδ^ 'tent*: LXX. (as frequently) υΐκος, Aquil.
σκηνην.
Ex. 6. 12 ^]^^Ψ ^"^V. ' uncircumcised in Hps': LXX. aXoyos ίίμι,
Aquil, άκρόβυστοί xetXeac.
Ex. 21. 6 t^^C^i^.v• ''? 'to the gods' (sc. probably the judges):
LXX. π/30? το κριτηριον τον θΐου, Aquil. Symm. προς τους Oeovs.
Lev. 4. 2, 22: 5• 15 "^ίί?^? 'through error': LXX. ακουσίως, Aquil. Symm. iv άγνοια.
Lev. 26. 13 n^*p^*ip 'standing upright': LXX. μ^τα τταρρησίας,
Alius άνισταμίνονς.
Num. 21. 25 n^nis 75•?^ ^ 2ina. in all its daughters' (i.e. dependent
villages) : LXX. κα\ iv πάσαις ταΐς συγκυρούσαις αυτί), Aquil. Symm. Theod. θυγατράσίν αυτής.
Num. 23. 21 ^^ξ> nynn 'the shout of a king': LXX. τα ei/δο^α
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 27
αρχόντων, Aquil. αλαλαγμοί βασιλβως, Symm. σημασία, Theod. σαλ- πισμόί.
Deut. ΙΟ. 1 6 D5^ni) n^ny nt< 'the foreskin of your heart':
LXX. τψ σκληροκαρ8ίαν νμών, Aquil. άκροβνστίαν καρδίας.
Deut. 32. ΙΟ li^i^y^^ ' found him' : LXX. αύτάρκησ€Ρ αυτόν, Aquil. Theod. ηνρ€ν αυτόν.
Job I. 6 : 2. I Q'''7''5i'7 ""^,? 'sons of God': LXX. οί άγγελοι του
Oeox), Alius oi υΙο\ θίοϋ.
Fs. 15 (16). 9 """l^i^l 'my glory': LXX. ή -γλωσσά μου, Aquil. Symm. Theod. δόξα μου.
Fs. 30 (31). II ^^ψν 'have waxed old': LXX. 4ταράχθησαν,
Aquil. ηυχμώθη, Symm. ίυρωτίασαν.
Fs. 31 (32). 6 δ<^9 ^5f? 'in a time of finding': LXX. iv καφω
€υθ4τ<ύ, Aquil. ds καιρόν (υρίσ^ως αυτού.
^•f- 34 (35)• 15 ^^ψ? ''Vr'V? ' in my halting they rejoice ' : LXX.
κατ €μου (υφράνθησαν, Aquil, iv σκασμω μου ηυψράνθησαν, Symm, σκάζοντας de μου ηυφραίνοντο.
Fs. 40 (41)• 3 ''"*?1^ ^?ί.? ' unto the soul (i. e. will) of his enemies ' :
LXX. els χείρας βχθροΰ αϋτοΰ, Aquil. iv ψυχ^ βχθρού, Symm. els ψυχας €χθρων.
(2) Sometimes, on the other hand, a literal rendering of the LXX. is replaced by a gloss or paraphrase in one or the other translation : this is the case chiefly, though not ex- clusively, with Symmachus : e.g.
fudges 8.21 D^JΊΠb'Π-n^? ' the little moons ' (ornaments) : LXX.
τους μηνίσκους, Symm. τα κόσμια.
I Sam. 20. 30 J^T]V. 'uncovering': LXX. άποκαλύψ^ως, Symm.
άσχημοσύνης.
I Sam. 2 2. 8 ""^Τζ^'Π^ Π?!ΐ 'uncovering the ear': LXX. άποκα- λνπτων το ώτίον, Alius φανερον ποίίϊ. Job 1 . 1 6 ί^.?^^^^ ' devoured ' : LXX. κατίφαγ^ν, Symm. aneKTeivev. Fs. 21 (22). 17 i2"'?^3 ' dogs' : LXX. Kvves, Symm. θηραταί. PS' 37 (38)• 4 ""ί^ί^ϊ^Π ^:5)Ώ ' from the face of my sins' : LXX. από
προσώπου των αμαρτιών μου, Symm. δια τας αμαρτίας μου.
Fs. 40 (41). 9 ^^Ρ^ ^'OS^'i^b 'will not add to rise up': LXX.
ού προσθησ€ΐ του άναστήναι, Symm. ουκετι άναστησ^ται.
(3) But the chief contribution which these translations make to Biblical philology is that they enable us to correct
28 ON THE VALUE AND USE
or corroborate the inferences which are drawn from the relation of the Septuagint to the Hebrew, by supplying us with a number of new and analogous data for determining the meaning of words. It is found in a large number of instances that the word which one or other of the trans- lators substitutes for the LXX. word is itself used in other passages of the LXX. as the translation of the same Hebrew word : it is also found that, conversely, the LXX. word is used elsewhere by the other translators for the same Hebrew word. The inference to be drawn in such cases is that the words which are so interchanged are practically synonymous.
Gen, 8. 13 •^JpD, LXX. στί-γψ, Aquil. Symm. κάλυμμα, which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in Num. 8. 10, 11, 12, 25.
Gen, 24. 61 i^^VJ, LXX. άβραι, Aquil. παώίσκαι, which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in Ruth. 4. 12, Amos 2. 7: Symm. κοράσια, which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in Ruth 2. 8, ef al.
Ex. 2. 22 "*!!, LXX. πάροικος, Aquil. προσηλντος, which is much the more frequent translation of the same word in the LXX.
Ex. 3. 16 "".^iPr^^, LXX. την yepovaiav, Aquil. τους πρεσβυτέρους,
which is the ordinary translation of the same word in the LXX. outside the Pentateuch.
Ex. 23. 16 ^I?i<n, LXX. συντίΚΐ'ιης, Aquil. συλλογή?, Symm. σνγ- κομώης : the word occurs elsewhere only in Ex. 34. 22, where the LXX. renders it by συναγωγής. (The use of συντΐΚίΐα in the sense of harvest is noteworthy in its bearing upon S. Matt. 13. 39.)
Lev. 2. 6 C]'']jlQj LXX. κλάσματα, Aquil. Symm. Theod. ψωμούς: but in Judges 19. 5 the MSS. of the LXX. vary between ψωμω and κλάσμητι as the translation of the same word.
Zev. 3. 9 n»''pri, LXX. αμωμον, AquU. reXeiav, which IS the LXX. rendering of the same word in Ex. 12. 5 ^/ al. Symm. όλόκληρον, which is the LXX. rendering in Lev. 23. 15.
Zev. 6. 2 (5. 22) ρψν, LXX. η^ίκησε τι, Aquil. Symm. Theod. Ισυ- κοφάντησε, which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in Job 35• 9, etc.
Num. 25. 4 ^Ϊ^Ίϊ^, LXX. παρα^ειγμάτισον, Aquil. άνάττηξον, Symm. κρψασον.
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 29
Deut. 7. 2 ΰ'ΊΠί!! ί3"ΊΠΠ, LXX. άφανισμω άφαΐΊίΓ?, Aqutl. Symm, Theod. άναθζματίσζΐς, which IS the rendering of the LXX. in Deut.
13. 15: 20. 17.
Oeut. 30. 9 ^l^nini, LXX. καί €υλογησ€ΐ (so Codd. B., etc., but Codd, Α., etc., πολνωρησα) σβ, Aquil. Theod. ηβμισσ€νσ€ΐ, Symm, αύξησα.
I Sam. 6. 9 '"T?•!?^, LXX. σύμπτωμα, (^Aquil.) συνάντημα, which is
the LXX. rendering in Ecclesiastes 2. 14. 15: 3. 19: 9. 2, 3, Symm. συγκυρία (cf. S. Luke 10. 31).
I Safn. 9. 22 nnStpp^ LXX. ets τό κατάλυ/χα, Aquil. γαζοφνλάκων^ which is the ordinary LXX. rendering in Nehemiah, Symm. e^edpav, which is the ordinary LXX. rendering in Ezekiel.
I Sam. 19. 14 "^2^, LXX. (νοχΚζίσθαι, Aqutl. άρρωστάν, which is a common LXX. rendering of the word.
I Sam. 21.4 (5) /Π Dn^^ LXX. άρτοι βέβηλοι, Aquil. Symm. Theod.
λαϊκοί.
1 Sam. 22. 15 V i^^rC} LXX. μη^αμως, Aquil. βζβηλόι/, Symm. Theod. ΐλ€ως, which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in 2 Sam. 20. 20.
2 Sam. 2. 26 ^V.5<, LXX. els vIkos, Alius βως ίσχάτου. The phrase is important in its bearing upon Matt. 12. 20: the same Hebrew phrase is rendered els vIkos in Aquil. and Quinius, Ps. 48 (49). 9 = LXX. ds TeXos, Symm. ds αΙώνα ; in Aquil. Theod. Is. 33. 20= LXX. els τον αΙώνα χρόνον, Symm. els TeXos ', and in Aquil. Is. 57• 16 = LXX. διατταιη-όί, Symm. els Tekos. So also in Is. 34. 10 Q^n^J ns:p= LXX. els χρόνον ιτο\ύν, Aquil. els vIkos νικ€ων, Theod. els ίσχατα εσχάτων.
Job 6. 8 ""ί?}!?^, LXX. τψ e\mda μου, Aquil. ύπομονην (sO also 4.
16; 17. 15), which is the LXX. rendering of the same word in
14. 19.
Fs. 10 (11). 4, 5 ^^ΓJ^^ LXX. e^eTaCei, Aquil. doK^aCet, which elsewhere in the Psalms, viz. 16 (17). 3 : 25 (26). 2 : 65 (66). 10 : 80 (81). 8 : 94 (95). 9 is the constant LXX. rendering of the same word.
It follows from this relation of the other translators to the Septuagint that they afford a test of the inferences which are derived from the Septuagint itself. Since the Septuagint is presumably, it may almost be said demon- strably, the work of different persons and different periods,
30 ON THE VALUE AND USE
it is natural to expect that a new group of translators, working under analogous conditions, although at a dif- ferent period of time, should stand in the same relative position to the several groups of translation of the Sep- tuagint in which those groups stand to one another. If, for example, it is found that certain words are used inter- changeably to translate the same Hebrew word by different groups of translators of the Septuagint, it must be pre- sumed that a new group of translators will also use those words interchangeably. Their not doing so would raise a presumption that the variations in the Septuagint were due to personal or local peculiarities, and that no general infer- ence could be drawn from them. Their doing so affords an evidence which almost amounts to proof, that the words were in common use as synonyms. This evidence is the more important because of the fact that the translators of the Hexapla lived after New Testament times. It conse- quently shows that, in the case of the words to which it applies, the meaning which is gathered from the Sep- tuagint lasted through New Testament times.
This evidence is sometimes of a negative and sometimes of a positive kind : it is aegative, when the absence of any record of corrections of the LXX. by the other translators makes it probable that the latter accepted the translations of the former; it is positive, when such corrections are recorded.
The following is an example of the application of this test to a group of words of which the LXX. uses have been given fully above. It has been shown that the Hebrew words h^-\, V^\ t^hj2, SlJ^ ms, tiD^B are translated to a great extent interchangeably by the Greek words k^aipeiv^ λντρουν, ρν€σθαι, σώζζίν. The negative evidence which the other translators afford that the Greek words were regarded as practically identical in meaning is that they rarely dis- turb the LXX. rendering: the positive evidence which
OF THE SEPTUAGTNT. 3 1
they afford to the same effect is that wherever they do amend that rendering they do so, with the exception mentioned below, by using another member of the same group.
(i) In Is. 35. 9 DvlN'S is translated by the LXX. 'Κε\υτρωμ€νοι, by Theodotion €ρρυσμβνοι: (2) in Ps. 114 (116). 4 ΠΰρΌ is trans- lated by the LXX. βνσαι, by Aquila πβρίσωσον, by Symmachus c^eXoC: in Jer. 46 (39). 18 t3^P« t^^n is translated by the LXX. σώζων σώσω σβ, by Aquila ρνόμΐνος ρνσομαί σε: (3) in I Sam. 30. 2 2 IJpifn is translated by the LXX. ίζαλόμεθα, by Aquila (ρρυσάμ^θα : in Job 5. 19 ^'^Ψ. is translated by the LXX. e^eXelrat, by Aquila ρνσζται : in Ps. 30 (31). 3 ^^'^ϊ] is translated by the LXX. τον i^e- λίσθαι, by Symmachus e^eXov : in Ps. 32 (33). 16 b'^^] is translated by the LXX. σωθησβται, by Aquila βυσθησβταί, by Symmachus διαφβν- ξ€ται : in Ps. 33 (34). 5 ^'''Sfn is translated by the LXX. ^ρρύσατο, by Symmachus ίξ^ίλ^το : in Ps. 38 (39) b^^>] is translated by the LXX. ρυσαι, by Symmachus βξ^λον : in Ps. 71 (72). 12 ^^ψ_ is translated by the LXX. ^ρρνσατο, by Symmachus i^eXelrai : in Prov. 24. 11 PSfn is translated by the LXX. βΰσαι, by Symmachus σώσον : in Is. 38. 6 7^-f^ is translated by the LXX. and Aquila βύσομαι, by Sym- machus €ξ€\ονμαι, by Theodotion σώσω : (4) in 2 Sam. 4. 9 «TlSl is translated by the LXX. βλντρώσατο, by Symmachus βυσάμ^νος : in
Ps. 43 (44.) 27 ^^"12^ is translated by the LXX. κα\ λντρωσαι ημάς,
by another translator (Άλλος, ap. Chrysost. ad loc.) κα\ βνσαι ημάς : (5) in Ps. 17 (18). 44 ώεΐη is translated by the LXX. and Symma- chus βΰσαί (βνστ)), by Aquila διασώσεις: in Ps. 3 1 (32). 7 i2?a is translated by the LXX. λντρωσαι, by Aquila 8ιασώζων,
The exception mentioned above is that the translators of the Hexapla introduce into the group of Greek words another word which is not found in the N. T., and which is found in the LXX, in other senses, viz. άγχιστεύειμ. The use of this word helps to confirm the general inference as to the practical identity of mean- ing of the other members of the group, and the word itself affords an interesting illustration of the light which the fragments of the Hexapla throw upon later Greek philology.
άγχιστβύειΐ' occurs in the LXX. in the active, in Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, and Ruth : in all cases as the translation of b^\ kal, or ?ϊ<3 ; and in the passive, in 2 Esdr. 2. 62,
32 ON THE VALUE AND USE
Neh. 7. 64 as the translation of another word ^^^ pu. The mean- ing * to be next of kin ' had evidently passed into the meaning ' to act as next of kin/ with especial reference to the buying back of a kinsman's possession (Lev. 25. 25), and exacting the penalty of a kinsman's blood (Num. 35. 19, etc.), and 'purchasing/ i.e. marrying a kinsman's widow, ' to raise up the name of the dead upon his inheritance' (Ruth 3. 12: 4. 5). These derived mean- ings had become so thoroughly identified with the word in Hellenistic Greek that in time they lost their specific reference, and passed into the general meaning ' to redeem ' or ^ set free.' Hence it is used commonly by Aquik, and occasionally by Symmachus and Theodotion, where the LXX. uses i^aipelv,
Χυτρονν, ρνίσθαι'. Gen. 48. 1 6 LXX. 0 ρνόμ€Ρ09, Aquila 0 άγχίστεύων: Ps. 118 (119). 153 LXX. λύτρωσαΐ pe, Aquila άγχίστ€νσόν pel Prov.
23. II LXX. 6 XvTpovpevos, Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion ayxiarevs: Is. 35. 9 LXX. λελντρωμίροι, Aquila and Symmachus άγχιστ€νμίνοί, Theodotion ippvapepoi : Is. 47. 4 and 54. 5 LXX. 0 ρυσάμενος, Aquila άγχιστευων : Is. 60. 1 6 LXX. e^aipovpevos, Aquila άγχιστ€ν$ : Is. 63. 1 6 LXX. ρυσαι, Aquila dyxiaTevaat.
The application of this test seems to show clearly that the inference which was derived from the interchange of the words in the LXX. is valid : its validity is rather strengthened than weakened by the admission of a new member into the group of virtual synonyms.
IV. Inferences which are drawn from the LXX. in regard to the meaning, and especially in regard to the equivalence in meaning, of certain words may sometimes be further checked and tested by an examination of the various readings of the MSS. of the LXX. For in those MSS. it is not unfrequently found that a word is replaced by another of similar meaning : e. g. in Prov. 8. 30, Codd. A Β have τριβών, Cod. S^ has όδώζ;, in Prov. 11. 9, Codd. A Β have άσ€βών, Cod. S^ has αμαρτωλών. These pheno- mena may be explained on more than one hypothesis : they may be survivals of other translations : or they may be signs of successive revisions : or they may be indications that the copyists dealt more freely with a translation than
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 33
they would have dealt with an original work, and that they took upon themselves to displace a word for another which they thought more appropriate. But whatever be the origin of the phenomena, they afford additional data for determining the meanings of words, if not in the time of the original translators, at least in that of early revisers and copyists. They consequently may be used in the same way as the fragments of the Hexapla to test inferences as to the equivalence of words.
The following is an example of a partial application of the test to the same group of words which has been already discussed in its use both in the LXX. and the Hexapla. It will be noted that only the historical books have been examined.
In Judges 6. 9, Codd. IV, 54, 58, 108 al. read ('ρρυσ-άμην, Codd. X, XI, 15, 18, 19 αι. read (ξβϊΚάμην (e^etXo^r/i/) as the translation of P2fJ: in Judges 9. 17 the same two groups of MSS. vary between ippvaaro and ίξζίλατο, and in Judges 18. 28 between 6 βυόμ^νος and 6 €ξαιρονμ€νος : in 2 Sam. 12. 7 Codd. X, XI, 15, 18, 85 have eppv- σάμην, Codd. 82, 93 εξαλάμην I in 2 Sam. 14, 16 Codd. X. 92, 108, 242 have ρνσάσθω, Codd. XI, 29, 44, 52, 56 al. i^eXelrai: in 2 Sam. 19. 9 Codd. X, XI, 29, 44, 55 a/, have ^ρρύσατο, Codd. 19, 82, 93,
108 e^eiXero : in 2 Sam. 22. 18 Codd. X, XI, 29, 44, 55 have (ρρνσατο,
Codd. 19, 82, 93, 108 e^eiXero : in 2 Sam. 22. 44 Codd. X, XI, 29, 44, 55 have ρνστ}^ Codd. 19, 82, 93, 108 have i^elXov.
These instances are sufficient to show that the general inference as to the identity in meaning of i^aipeiv and pveaOat is supported by their interchange in the MSS., as it was also supported by their interchange in the Hexapla.
If we now put together the several groups of facts to which attention has been directed, it will be possible to draw some general inferences, and to frame some general rules, for the investigation of the meanings of words in the New Testament.
There are two great classes of such words, one of which
may be subdivided :
D
34 ON THE VALUE AND USE
I. (a) There are some words which are common to Biblical Greek and contemporary secular Greek, and which, since they are designations of concrete ideas, are not appreciably afifected by the fact that Biblical Greek is the Greek of a Semitic race. The evidence as to the meaning of such words may be sought in any contemporary records, but especially in records which reflect the ordinary ver- nacular rather than the artificial literary Greek of the time.
Instances of such words will be found below in ayyapeveiv, γλωσ-
σόκομον, σνκοφαντύν.
(δ) There are some words which are common to Biblical Greek and to contemporary secular Greek, in regard to which, though they express not concrete but abstract ideas, there is a presumption that their Biblical use does not vary to any appreciable extent from their secular use, from the fact that they are found only in those parts of the New Testament whose style is least affected by Semitic conceptions and forms of speech. The evidence as to the meaning of such words may be gathered from any contem- porary records, whether Biblical or secular.
An instance of such words will be found below in Βζίσώαψονία.
II. The great majority of New Testament words are words which, though for the most part common to Biblical and to contemporary secular Greek, express in their Biblical use the conceptions of a Semitic race, and which must consequently be examined by the light of the cognate documents which form the LXX.
These words are so numerous, and a student is so frequently misled by his familiarity with their classical use, that it is a safe rule to let no word, even the simplest, in the N. T. pass unchallenged. The process of enquiry is (j) to ascertain the Classical use of a word, (2) to ascertain whether there are any facts in relation to its Biblical use which raise a presumption that its Classical
OF THE SEPTUAGINT. 35
use had been altered. Such facts are afforded partly by the context in which the word is found, but mainly by its relation to the Hebrew words which it is used to translate. It is obvious that the determination of this relation is a task of considerable difficulty. The extent and variety of the LXX., the freedom which its authors allowed them- selves, the existence of several revisions of it, necessitate the employment of careful and cautious methods in the study of it. As yet, no canons have been formulated for the study of it ; and the final formulating of canons must from the nature of the case rather follow than precede the investigations which these essays are designed to stimulate. But two such canons will be almost self-evident : —
(i) A word which is used uniformly, or with few and intelligible exceptions, as the translation of the same Hebrew word, must be held to have in Biblical Greek the same meaning as that Hebrew word.
(2) Words which are used interchangeably as transla- tions of the same Hebrew word, or group of cognate words, must be held to have in Biblical Greek an allied or virtually identical meaning.
D 2
π. SHORT STUDIES OF THE MEANINGS OF WORDS IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
Of the application of the principles and methods which have been described in the preceding essay the following short studies are examples.
Some of the words have been selected on account of the interest or importance which attaches to their use in the New Testament, some on account of their being clear instances of contrast between Classical and Biblical Greek, and some also to illustrate the variety of the evidence which is available. They fall into two groups, correspond- ing to the two great classes into which all words in Biblical Greek may be divided, some of them having meanings which are common to Biblical Greek and to contemporary secular Greek, and some of them having meanings which are peculiar to the former, and which, even if suspected, could not be proved without the evidence which is afforded by the versions of the Old Testament. There has been an endeavour in regard to both groups of words to exclude evidence which is not strictly germane to the chief object of enquiry ; but it will be noted that in some instances evidence of the special use of words in Biblical Greek has been gathered from sources which have not been described in the preceding essay, and which require a more elaborate discussion than can be attempted in the present work, viz. from writers of the sub- Apostolic age who had presumably not lost the traditions of Biblical Greek, and who confirm
ayyapevetv. 37
certain inferences as to the meanings of New Testament words by showing that those meanings lasted on until the second century A. D.
αγγαρβυβίΐ^,
1. Classical use.
In Classical Greek this word and its paronyms were used with strict reference to the Persian system of mounted couriers which is described in Herod. 8. 98, Xen. Oyr. 8. 6, 17•
2. Post-Classical use.
Under the successors of the Persians in the East, and under the Roman Empire, the earlier system had developed into a system not of postal service, but of the forced trans- port of military baggage by the inhabitants of a country through which troops, whether on a campaign or otherwise, were passing.
The earliest indication of this system is a letter of Demetrius Soter to the high priest Jonathan and the Jewish nation (Jos. Ani. 13. 2. 3), in which among other privileges which he concedes to them he exempts their baggage animals from forced service, «eXevw be μη8€ αγγαρβύεσθαι τα ^Ιουδαίων νττοζνγια.
In the important inscription of a.d. 49, Corp. Inscr. Gr. No. 4956, A 21, found in the gateway of the temple in the Great Oasis, there is a decree of Capito, prefect of Egypt, which, after reciting that many exactions had been made, goes on to order that soldiers of any degree when passing through the several districts are not to make any requisitions or to employ forced transport unless they have the prefect's written authorization [μφ^ν Χαμβάνειν μφ& άγγα- peueiK ei μη Tives €μα διπΧώματα €χωσι\
Epictetus, Diss. 4. ι. 79? arguing that a man is not master of his body, but holds it subject to any one who is stronger than it, takes the case of a man s pack-ass being seized by a soldier for forced service : ' don't resist,' he says, ' nay, don't even grumble. If you do^ you'll not only be beaten, but lose your ass as well, all the
38 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
same ' (αϊ' δ' άγγαρβία § και στρατιώτης βπιλάβηται, αφΐς μη avriTfive μηΒ€ γόγγυζ^' d Be μη π'Κηγάς Χαβων ovbev ήττον άπόλβϊς και το ονάριον).
The extent to which this system prevailed is seen in the elaborate provisions of the later Roman law : angariae came to be one of those modes of taxing property which under the vicious system of the Empire ruined both indi- viduals and communities. A title of the Theodosian Code, lib. 8, tit. 5, is devoted to various provisions respecting it, limiting the number of horses to be employed and the weights which were to be carried in the carts.
3. Use in the N. T.
Hence ayyap^veiv is used in S. Matt. 27. ^2, S. Mark 15. 31 in reference to Simon the Cyrenian, who was pressed by the Roman soldiers who were escorting our Lord not merely to accompany them but also to carry a load.
Hence also in S. Matt. 5• 4i the meaning is probably not merely ' whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile,' but ' whosoever shall compel thee to carry his baggage one mile': and there may be a reference, as in S. Luke 3. 14, to the oppressive conduct of the Roman soldiers.
1. Post-Classical use.
That the word was sometimes used in post- Classical Greek of reading aloud with comments is shown by its use in Epictetus.
In Epictet. Diss. 3. 23. ijo, there is a scene from the student-life of Nicopolis. A student is supposed to be ' reading ' the Memorabilia of Xenophon : it is clear that he not merely reads but comments.
Πολλά/CIS (θαύμασα τ'ισι ποτ€ Xoyois . . . Ί have often wondered on what grounds . . . ' (these are the words of Xenophon, Afem. i. i, upon which the * Reader ' comments).
αναγινωσ•Κ€ΐν, αττοστοματιζειν. 39
οϋ' αλλά τίνι ποτέ λόγω, ' Νο : rather, On what ground : this is a more finished expression than the other ' (this is the comment of the Reader).
μη yap αΧλως αυτά άμεγμώκατε η ως ωδάρια ; ' Why, you do not lec- ture upon it any differently than you would upon a poem, do you ? ' (these are the words of Epictetus, finding fault with this way of lecturing upon the words of 2, philosopher).
The students appear to have ' read ' or lectured in the presence of the professor, who made remarks upon their reading : for which the technical word was Ιτταναγίνώσκζίν, Epict. Diss. I. 10. 8.
2. Use in the N. T.
It is probable that this practice of reading with com- ments explains the parenthesis in S. Matt. 24. 15, S. Mark 13. 14 0 άναγίνώσκων νο€ίτω, ' let him who reads, and com- ments upon, these words in the assembly take especial care to understand them.' It may also account for the co-ordi- nation of ' reading ' with exhortation and teaching in S. Paul's charge to Timothy, i Tim. 4. 13.
άποστοματίζ^ίΡ,
1. Classical use.
In its Classical use the word is used of a master dictating to a pupil a passage to be learnt by heart and afterwards recited : Plat. Euthyd, 1^6 c όταν ovv ns άποστοματίζβι otlovv, ov γράμματα αττοστοματίζβι ; ' when, then, any one dictates a passage to be learnt, is it not letters that he dictates?'
2. Post-Classical use.
But in its later use the meaning of the word widened from the recitation of a lesson which had been dictated to the answering of any question which a teacher put in regard to what he had taught : Pollux 2. lo:^ defines it as νπο του διδασκάλου €ρωτασθαι τα μαθήματα»
40 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
a Use in the N. T.
Hence its use in S. Luke ii' S3 ^ρζο-ντο ol γραμματείς καΐ ot Φαρισαϊου . . . άτΓοστοματιζ€ΐ>' αντον ττερΧ ττλείόνων, ' they began to put questions to him as if they were questioning a pupil on points of theology/
aperrj.
1. Use in the LXX.
The word occurs in the following passages of the canonical books :
(i) In the two following passages it is the translation of Ί\η ' glory/
Had. 3. 3 eKoKv^ev ovpavovs ή άρετη αντον, ' his glory covered the heavens': another translator in the Hexapla renders ΊίΠ by τψ
€νπρ€7Γ€ΐαν της δόξης αντον.
Zach, 6. 13 fai αντος Χτγ^^ται άρ€τήΐ' (of the Branch), ' and he shall bear the glory ' : other translators in the Hexapla render Ί'ΐΠ by ίπιδοξότητα, €νπρεπ€ΐαν, δόξαν.
(2) In the four following passages it is the transladon of Π?ΠΓ1 ' praise/
Is. 42. 8 την δόξαν μον cTepco ov δώσω ovbe τάς άρ€τά§ μον rots γλνπτοϊς, ' my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images ' : tus άρ€τάς is corrected by Aquila to τψ νμνησιν, by Symmachus to τ6ν enaivov.
Is. 42. 12 δωσονσι τω β^ω 8όξαν, τάς aperas αντον iu ταΐς νησοις avayy€\ovai, ' they shall give glory to God, His praises shall they declare in the islands/
Is. 43. 21 \αόν μον ov ττ^ρι^ττοιησόμην τάς άρέτάς μον διηγ^ΐσθαι, 'my people which I acquired for myself to show forth my praises ' : Symmachus corrects Tas άρ^τάς to τ6ν νμνον.
Is. 63.7 τον eXeov κνρίον βμνησθην, τά,ς aperas κνρίον, ' I will mention the lovingkindness of the Lord, the praises of the Lord ' : another translator in the Hexapla corrects τάς άρετάς to αϊνεσιν.
Outside the canonical books the word occurs once in an apocryphal addition to the book of Esther, and three times in the Wisdom of Solomon.
αρετή. 4 ^
Fs/h. 4. 17» lin^ 33j ed. Tisch. (Esther prays God for help against the efforts which the heathen were making) : άνοΐξαι στόμα €θνών eis άρ€τά$ ματαίων, ' to Open the mouth of the Gentiles for the praises of vain idols.' The translation of aperas by 'praises' is supported by the Vulgate ' laudent/
Wz'sd. 4. i; 5. 13; 8. 7: there can be no doubt that in these passages άρ^τη has its ordinary Classical meaning, and not the meaning which it has in the LXX. : in 8. 7 the aperai are enume- rated, viz. σωφροσύνη, φρόνησις, δικαιοσύνη, avdpeia.
2. Use in the N. T.
In the N. T. the vi^ord occurs in the Epistle to the Philippians, and in the two Epistles of St. Peter.
Ρ/ΐΐ'ί. 4. 8 TO λοιπόν, ά^ζλφοί, οσα €στ\ν αληθή, οσα σψνά, οσα δίκαια, οσα αγνά, οσα προσφιλή, οσα εύφημα, ε'ί τις άρ€ττ) κα\ ei tis έπαινος, ταύτα λογίζ€σθ€ : since άρ^τή is here coordinated with ίπαινος and follows immediately after εύφημα, its most appropriate meaning will be that which it has in the canonical books of the O. T. as a translation of ^Sn or ^\\}^, viz. ' glory ' or ' praise.'
1 Pel. 2 . 9 όπως τάξ άρετάς (ξα-γ-γίίλητε τον €Κ σκότους υμάς καλίσαντος.
It seems most appropriate, especially when the general philo- logical character of the Epistle is taken into consideration, to give the word the LXX. meaning of ' praises.'
2 Pe/. I. 3 δια τής ^πιγνωσεως του καλ^σαντυς ημάς ιδ/α ^όζτ] κα\ άρβτη.
Here also the coordination with Βόξα, as in Is. 42. 8, 12, seems to make the meaning ' praise ' more appropriate than any other : the use of the singular has its parallels in Hab. 3. 3, Zach. 6. 13.
2 Pel. I. 5 €πιχορηγησατί iv ttj πίστΐΐ υμών ΤΎ\ν άρετήκ, iv be τή apcTrj την γνώσιν.
This is the most obscure use of the word in the N. T. : nor, in the absence of philological indications, can its meaning be deter- mined without a discussion of the general scope both of the passage and of the whole Episde, which belongs rather to exegesis than to philology.
42 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
γΧωσσοκομον.
1. Classical use.
The word, in the form γΧωσσοκομα,ον, is very rare in Attic Greek, being chiefly known to us from a quotation by Pollux lo. 154 of a fragment of the Bacchae of Lysippus, a poet of the Old Comedy, which however is sufficient to show its derivation from γλώσσα in the sense of the tongue or reed of a musical pipe or clarionet : αντοί^ avXols ορμά [so IBentley, Ad Hemster/i. p. 69, for 6p/xat] καί γλωττοκομείω '(the piper) rushes in with his pipes and tongue-case.'
2. Use in later Greek.
But of this first and literal use there is no trace in later Greek. In the LXX. it is used (i) in 2 Sam. 6. 11, Codd. A. 247, and Aquila, of the Ark of the Lord, = Cod. B.and most cursives η κιβωτοί, (ζ) in 2 Chron. 24. 8, 10, 11 of the chest which was placed by order of Joash at the gate of the temple to receive contributions for its repair, = in the corresponding passages of 2 Kings 12 η κιβωτός. It is also used for the Ark of the Covenant by Aquila in Exod. 25. ^° • 3^ {^1)' ^ ' ^^^ Josephus, Ant. 6. 1, 2, uses it for the * coffer ' into which were put * the jewels of gold ' ' for a trespass-offering' when the Ark was sent back (i Sam. 6. 8 = LXX. Θ4μα),
In a long inscription from one of the Sporades, probably Thera, known as the Testamentum Epictetae, and now at Verona, which contains the regulations of an association founded by one Epicteta, γλωσσόκομον is the ' strong-box ' or muniment-chest of the association, and is in the special custody of the γραμματοφνλαξ or ' registrar.'
This wider meaning is recognized by the later Atticists : for Phrynichus, § 79 (ed. Rutherford, p. 18) defines it as βιβλίων η Ιματίων η αργύρου η δτωυν άλλον.
'γΧωσσ-όκομον^ ^€ΐ<τί3αίμονία. 43
3. Use in the Ν. Τ.
It is found in the N. T. only in S. John 13. 6 : 13. 39, where it is appropriately used of the common chest of our Lord and His disciples, out of which were not only their own wants provided but also the poor relieved.
In still later Greek this wide use of it was again narrowed : it was used, at last exclusively, of a wooden coffin, σορόξ having apparently come to be used only of a stone-coffin or sarcophagus. The earliest instance of this use is probably in Aquila's version of Gen. 50. 26. In modern Greek it means a purse or bag.
δβίσιδαίμων, δβισιδαιμονία,
1. Classical use.
It is clear that the dominant if not the only sense of these words in Classical Greek is a good one, ' religious/ 'religion' : e.g.
Xenophon, Cyrop. 3. 3. 58, tells the story of Cyrus, before attack- ing the Assyrians, beginning the accustomed battle-hymn and of the soldiers piously {θίοσββως) taking up the strain with a loud voice : ' for it is under circumstances such as these that those who fear the gods (ol δ€ΐσιδαιμομ€$) are less afraid of men/
Aristotle, Pol. 5. 11, p. 1315 a, says that rulers should be con- spicuously observant of their duties to the gods : ' for men are less afraid of being unjustly treated by them if they see a ruler religious (δεισιδαίμομα) and observant of the gods, and they plot against him less because they consider that he has the gods also as his allies.'
In this last instance the reference is probably to the outward observance of religion : and that this was implied in the words is shown by a senatus consultum of b. c. 38, which is preserved in an inscription at Aphrodisias in Caria {Corp. Inscr. Gr., No. 2737 b). The senatus consultum decrees that the precinct (r^evos) of Aphrodite shall be held as consecrated, ' with the same rights and the same religious observances, ταντω 8ίκαίω ravrfj re δεισιδαιμομια (eodem jure eademque religione), as the precinct of the Ephesian goddess at Ephesus.'
44 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
2. Post-Classical use.
In later Greek the words have a meaning which is probably first found in Theophrast. Char act. i6, a/xeXet ή δεισιδαιμονία bo^€L€v αν elvaL δείλια irpbs rovs Oeovs '. ' no doubt ^€ίσώαίμονία will be thought to be a feeling of cowardice in relation to the gods : ' they are used not of the due reverence of the gods, which is religion, but of the excessive fear of them, which constitutes superstition. Of this there are several proofs : —
(i) Philo repeatedly distinguishes ^ασώαψονία from ^νσφύαΐ e.g. De Sacrif. Abel et Cain, c. 4 (i. 166), where he speaks of the way in which nurses foster fear and cowardice and other mis- chiefs in the minds of young children 'by means of habits and usages which drive away piety, and produce superstition — a thing
akin to impiety,' bi idatu kcu νομίμων βνσζβείαν μέν ΙΚαννόντων δεισι- δαιμομίαΐ' δε πράγμα αδελφοί' άσφξ'ια κατασκΐυαζόντων. Again, in Quod Deus immut. c. 35 (i. 297), he defines it more precisely in Aris- totelian language as the ' excess ' of which impiety is the corre- sponding ' defect ' and piety {^υσφάα) the ' mean ' : cf De Gigan- tibus, c. 4 (i. 264): De Ρ latitat. Nee, c. 25 (i. 345): De Jusiitia, c. 2 (ii. 360).
(2) Josephus, Ant. 15. 8, 2, relates that, among the other means which Herod adopted for adorning the amphitheatre which he had built at Jerusalem, he erected trophies in the Roman fashion with the spoils of the tribes whom he had conquered. The Jews thought that they were men clad in armour, and that they came within the prohibition of the divine law against images. A popular tumult was threatened. Herod, wishing to avoid the use of force, talked to some of the people, trying to draw them away from their super- stition (τη? δεισιδαιμοΐ'ία? αφαιρούμενος), but without SUCCesS, until he took some of them into the theatre and showed them that the armour was fixed on bare pieces of wood.
(3) Plutarch has a treatise Περί δεισιδαιμοΐ'ΐας {Moral, vol. ii. pp. 165 sqq.), which begins by saying that the stream of ignorance about divine things divides at its source into two channels, becoming in the harder natures atheism (άθεότης), in the softer, superstition
{Ρίίσιδαιμονία),
δεισιδαιμονία ^ διάβολος. 45
(4) Μ. Aurelius, 6. 30, in painting the almost ideal character of his adopted father, speaks of him as ' god-fearing without being superstitious ' {θ^οσφης χωρίς 8€ΐσιδαιμοΐ'ία9).
It seems clear from these facts that in the first century and a half of the Christian era the words had come to have in ordinary Greek a bad or at least a depreciatory sense. That it had this sense in Christian circles as well as outside them is clear from its use in Justin M. Aj^ol. i. 2,, where it is part of his complimentary introduction to those to whom his Apology is addressed that they are ' not men who are under the dominion of prejudice or a desire to gratify
superstitious persons ' (μη ιτροληψεΐ μηb^ ανθρω-παρ^σκ^ία ττ)
δ€ΐσιδαιμόι/ωμ κατξχομ&ονξ), but that they can form a candid judgment on the arguments which are addressed to them.
3. TTse in the N. T.
This having been the current meaning, it is improbable that the words can be taken in any other sense in the two passages in which they occur in the Acts of the Apostles : in 17. 22 S. Paul tells the Athenians that they are δ^σιδαιμοί/εστερου?, * rather inclined to superstition ' : and in 25. 19 Festus tells Agrippa that the charges which Paul's accusers bring against him are questions irepl rijs ibias δεισιδαιμομία?^ ' Concerning their own superstition.'
διάβολος^ διαβάλλω, 1. Classical use.
These words were ordinarily used in reference to slan- derous, or at least malicious, accusation : bLaβάλλω is sometimes found in the probably earlier sense of setting at variance, e.g. Plat. Rep. 6. p. 498 d μη διάβαλλε e//e καΙ Θρασύμαχον άρτι φίλους yeyovoras, and, in the passive, of being at variance, e.g. Thucyd. 8. 83 καΙ irporepov τω Τισσα- (fS€pv€L άτηστοΰντξς ττολλω δή μάλλον ίτι διεβεβληΐ'το : but
46 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
διά/3ολο9, whether as substantive or as adjective, seems invariably to have connoted malice. Hence the Atticists, e.g. Pollux 5. 18, coordinate Xoibopos, βλάσφημοί, διάβολος, and Lucian s treatise, Tie pi του μη βqbίωs ina-TeveLv Βιαβολτΐ', gives no trace of any other meaning.
2. Use in the LXX.
In Job and Zechariah, and also in Wisd. 2>. 24, δ διάβολος is clearly used of a single person, Jtptl?, the ' enemy' of man- kind. In the other passages in which it occurs it is used to translate either the same word or its equivalent in meaning, Ί^, but without the same reference to that single person. The passages are the following : —
I Chron, 21. i άνβστη διάβολος h τω Ίσραηλ, of the * enemy' who stirred up David to number Israel (the E. V., following Codd. 1 9, 93, 108, transliterates the Hebrew, * Satan').
J^sik. 7• 4 ού yap άξιος 6 διάβολος της αυλής του βασιλέως. Esth. 8. Ι οσα νπηρχ€Ρ Ά/χάι/ τω διαβάλω (Cod. S' OmitS τφ δ. but Codd. S'^ 249 add τών Ίονδαίωρ).
In both these passages the Hebrew has "l? or ^"^^, which have no other connotation than that of hostility, and of which the former is ordinarily translated by έχθρας.
Ps. 108 (109). 5 κα\ διάβολος στητω eK δεξιών αυτού.
In JVumd. 22. 22 where the LXX. translates by άνεστη 6 αγγίλος του θίοΰ βνδιαβάλλπν (so Codd. A Β and most cursives, Ed. Sixt. διαβολών) αυτάν, Aquila transliterates the Hebrew (eis) σατάν, Theo- dotion translates by άντικύσθαι : so in Job i . 6, where the LXX. have 6 διάβολος, Aquila has σατάρ, Theodotion άντικ^ίμβρος. Con- versely in I Kings 11. 14, where the LXX. transliterates σατάρ, Aquila agrees with Theodotion in translating by άρτικΐίμζρος.
In Numb. 22. 32 where the LXX. has κα\ Ιδού βγώ 4ξηλθορ «s διαβολψ σον, Symmachus translates by €ραρτιονσθαι, Theodotion by
άρτικεΐσθαι.
The Hebrew word in both passages is ]ψψ.
It seems to be clear that the LXX. used διά/3ολο5 and its
^ίάβολοξ, 8ιαθηκη, Λ 7
paronyms with the general connotation of enmity, and without implying accusation whether true or false.
3. Use in the N. T.
In the New Testament διάβολος is invariably used as a proper name, except in the Pastoral Epistles, where it is also used as an adjective, and when so used has its ordinary meaning of 'slanderous' (i Tim. 3. 11 ; ζ Tim. 3. 3 ; Tit. 2. 3). But when used as a proper name there is no reason for supposing that it is used in any other sense than that which it has in the LXX., viz. as the equivalent of ]tpt? and as meaning ' enemy.'
διαβάλλω occurs only once, viz. S. Luke i5. i of the ' unjust steward ' : the accusation was presumably true, and hence the meaning of slander would be inappropriate; so Euseb. H.E. 3. 39. 16, referring to Papias and possibly using his words, speaks of the woman who was taken in adultery ' in the very act ' as yvvaLKos . . . διαβληθείσης iirl του κυρίου.
διαθήκη,
1. Classical use.
The word has at least two meanings, (i) a * disposition ' of property by will, which is its most ordinary use, (2) a ' covenant,' which is a rare meaning, but clearly established e.g. by Aristoph. Av. 4^g.
2. Use in the LXX.
It occurs nearly 280 times in the LXX. proper, i.e. in the parts which have a Hebrew original, and in all but four passages it is the translation of ΓΙ'^ΊΙ « covenant ' : in those passages it is the translation respectively of Ή^Π^^ 'brotherhood,' Zech. 11. 14, Ί1"] 'word,' Deut. 9. 5, and Π*»Ί2Π ^ΊΙ"! 'words of the covenant,' Jer. 41 (34). 18 ; in
48 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
Ex. 31. 7 την κίβωτον της διαθήκης takes the place of the more usual την κιβωτον τον μαρτυρίου.
In the Apocryphal books, which do not admit of being tested by the Hebrew, it occurs frequently and always in the same sense of ' covenant.'
3. Use in the Hexapla.
The Hexapla Revisers sometimes change it to that which is the more usual Greek word for ' covenant/ viz. συνθήκη : e.g. Aquil. Symm. Gen. 6. 18 : Aquil. Theod. i Sam. 6. 19 : Aquil Symm. Ps. 24 (25). 10. This fact accentuates and proves the peculiarity of its use in the LXX.
4. Use in Philo.
In Philo it has the same sense as in the LXX. : e. g. De Somniis 2. 2)?>'> ^'^' i• P• ^^^3 where he speaks of God's covenant as Law and Reason, z^o/xo? ^e Ιση και λόγο^ : cf. Justin Μ. Tryph. c. 43, where he speaks of Christ as being the cCmvio^ νόμο^ καΐ καινή Βιαθήκη.
5. Use in the Ν. Τ.
There can be little doubt that the word must be invariably taken in this sense of ' covenant ' in the N. T., and especially in a book which is so impregnated with the language of the LXX. as the Epistle to the Hebrews. The attempt to give it in certain passages its Classical meaning of ' testa- ment' is not only at variance with its use in Hellenistic Greek, but probably also the survival of a mistake : in ignorance of the philology of later and vulgar Latin, it was formerly supposed that ' testamentum,' by which the word is rendered in the early Latin versions as well as in the Vulgate, meant ' testament ' or ' will,' whereas in fact it meant also, if not exclusively, ' covenant.'
SiKaio?, δικαιοσύνη, 49
δίκαιοι, δικαιοσύνη,
1. Use in the LXX. and Hexapla.
Into the Classical meaning of these words it is hardly necessary to enter.; that meaning is found also in both the LXX. and the N. T. : but intertwined with it is another meaning which is peculiar to Hellenistic Greek. The existence of this meaning is established partly by the meaning of the Hebrew words which δίκαιο?, ^ίκαιοσννη are used to translate, and partly by the meaning of the Greek words with which they are interchanged.
(i) ΊΟΠ 'kindness ' is usually (i. e. more than 100 times) trans- lated by eXeos, sometimes by Ιλΐημοσννη, ίΚεήμων. but nine times (Gen., Ex., Prov., Is.) it is translated by δικαιοσύνη, and once by Βίκαιος.
Conversely, Πζ"ΐν 'justice,' which is usually translated by δικαιο- 3-ύνη, is nine times translated by (λ^ημοσύνη, and three times by
eXfoy.
(2) Sometimes the LXX. δικαιοσύνη is changed by the Hexapla Revisers into ΙΚΐημοσννη, and sometimes the reverse : apparently with the view of rendering 'IDH uniformly by ίλ^ημοσύρη, and '"^ζΊν by δικαιοσύνη : for example —
Exod. 15. 13 LXX. δικαιοσύνη, Aquil. ΐΚΐημοσύνη. Oeut, 24. 13 LXX. (λζημοσύνη, Aquil. δικαιοσύνη,
I Sam. 12. 7 LXX. δικαιοσύνη, Symm. ίλ^ημοσύνη. So also Ps. 30 (31). 2 : 35 (36). II : 105 (106). 3.
Ps. 32 (33). 5 LXX. €λ€ημοσύνην, Aquil., Int. Quint, δικαιοσύνην. Is. I. 27 LXX. βλίημοσύνης, Aquil., Symm., Theod. δικαιοσύνης. So also 28. 17.
Is. 56. I LXX. TKcos, Aquil., Symm., Theod. δικαιοσύνη.
Is. 59• 16 LXX. ζΚζημοσύντ}, Theod. δικαιοσύντ]. Dan. 9. 16 LXX. δικαιοσύνην^ Theod. ^Χ^ημοσύντι.
This revision seems to show that the sense in which δικαιοσύη] is used in the LXX. was not universally accepted, but was a local peculiarity of the country in which that
Ε
50 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
translation was made. The same tendency to the revision of the word is seen in some MSS. : e. g. in Ps. 34 (^^). 24, where all MSS. (except one cursive, which has eAeos) read Βικαιοαύητ]!/^ Cod. S reads ζλζημοσννην, and in Ps. 37 (38). '21, where Codd. A Β and many cursives read δικαιοσυη^ί^, Cod. S^ and many other cursives read άγαθωσηύνην (-οσννην).
The context of many of these passages shows that the meanings of the two words Ιικαιοσννη and ^λζημοσννη had interpenetrated each other :
(a) Sometimes, where ίλβημοσννη is used to translate •^ij'jy, no other meaning than ' righteousness' is possible : e. g.
Oeut. 6. 25 €Κ€ημοσύνη (σται ήμίρ iav ψυΧασσώμίθα noieiv πάσας τας
fVToXas ταύτας . . . 'It shall be our righteousness if we observe to do all these commandments ... *
Oeut, 24. 13 (15) . . . και %σται σοι ίΚίημοσννη evavriov κυρίου του θ€θϋ σου,
(' In any case thou shalt deliver him his pledge again when the sun goeth down) . . . and it shall be righteousness unto thee before the Lord thy God.'
(δ) Conversely, sometimes, where δικαιοσύνη is used to render *lDn, no other meaning than 'kindness' or 'mercy' is possible: e.g.
Gen. 19. 19 (Lot said after having been brought out of Sodom) «TTftd^ eiipev 6 παΙς σου eXeos ivavTiov σου και ΐμ€-γάλυνας την Βικαιοσύητ)!' σου . . .
* Since thy servant hath found grace in thy sight, and thou hast magnified thy mercy which thou showest unto me in saving my life . . .'
Gen. 24. 27 (when Eliezer is told that the damsel is the daughter of Bethuel, he blesses God) os ουκ εγκατίλιπε την δικαιοσύνης αυτοϋ κα\ την άληθβιαν άπο του κυρίου μου.
'Who hath not left destitute my master of his mercy and his truth.'
2. Use in the N. T.
There is one passage of the N. T. in which this meaning of bLκaLoσvuη is so clear that scribes who were unaware of its existence altered the text ; in S. Matt. 6. i the estab-
δικαιοσύνη, ίτοιμάζαν, ζΐ
lished reading is undoubtedly δικαιοσύμηκ, for which the later uncials and most cursives have ^Κ^ημοσννην, and for which also an early reviser of Cod. i^, as in some similar cases in the LXX., substituted boaiv.
There is no other passage of the N. T. in which it is clear that this meaning attaches to either bUaios or δικαιοσύνη : but at the same time it gives a better sense than any other to the difficult statement about Joseph in S. Matt. 1. 19 'Ιωσήφ δβ ό ανηρ avTtjs δίκαιο9 ωμ καΐ μη Θίλων αυτήν '^ζΐ'γματίσαι^ 'Joseph her husband, being a kindly man^ and since he was not willing to make her a public example . . .'
έτοίμάζβίρ, ίτοιμασία^ έτοιμοι'
1. Use in the LXX.
In the great majority of instances €Τοιμάζ€ΐν, ετοιμασία, €τοιμο9 are used in the LXX. to translate p3 or one of its derivatives. That word, which properly means 'to stand upright,' was used in the meanings ^ to set upright,' ' to make firm ' (e.g. 2 Sam. 7. 13 ' I will stablish the throne of his kingdom for ever'), and hence in the more general meanings ' to make ready,' ' to prepare ' (e. g. Job 29. 7 ' when I prepared my seat in the street,' Deut. 19. 3 thou shalt prepare thee the way '). This latter use being the more common use of the word, it was ordinarily translated by k.τoιμaζζ.ιv^ which in Classical Greek has no other mean- ing. But the use of this Greek word in the Septuagint affords an interesting illustration of the manner in which the meaning of the Hebrew acted upon the Greek ; for it is clear that it came to have some of the special meanings of the Hebrew ' to set upright,' ' to establish,' ' to make firm.'
(i) The existence of that meaning when the Septuagint versions were made is shown by the use of words which undoubtedly express it : that is to say, "1^3 is translated by
Ε 2
52 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
(a) άμορθουΐ' 2 Sam. 7. 13, 16, 26, Prov. 24. 3, Jer. 10. 12 : 40
(33)• 2.
(<5) irtia-n\pil€iv Cod. A, Judges 16. 26, 30 ( = Cod. Β ίστάι/αι). (γ) θεμελιοΟμ Ps. 8. 4 : 47 (48). 9' ^6 (87). 5 ^ nS (119)• 9°• (ί/) κατορθου»' ι Chron. 16. 30, Ps. 95 (9 6)• ^θ• (^) στβρεοΟΐ' Ps. 92 (93)• 2.
(:ζ) In similar passages, and sometimes in the same books, the same Hebrew word is translated by €τοίμάζ€ίν,
e.g. (a) 2 Sam. 7. 13 άι/ορθώσω τον θρόνον αύτον, but ιδ. V. 12 ετοιμάσω την βασι\€ίαν αυτοϋ : ιδ. V. 24 ήτοίμασας σίαυτω τον λαόν σου Ίσραηλ els Χαον «oy του αΙώνος Ι ΐ'δ. V. 20 (Cod. Α) ό oIkos του δούλου σου Δανιθ βσται ά,νωρθωμ,ένοζ ενώττιόν σου.
(δ) Ps. 64 (65). 7 €Τθΐμάζωι/ opTy ev τ^ ίσχυί σον: Ps. 47 (48)• 9 ^ Beos έθεμβλίωσεί' ηντην els τον αΙωνα : Ps. 8. 4 σ€\ηνην και aarepas α συ έθεμελίωσας : Prov. 3• 1 9 ήτοίμασε δε ουρανούς ev φρονησ€ΐ.
(c) Ps. 23 (24)• 2 67Γΐ ποταμών ήτοιμασεκ αυτί;!/ (ΧΓ. την οΙκουμ€νην): Ps. 95 (9^)• ΪΟ κατώρθωσε TJ71' οίκουμίνην ήτις ου σa\eυθησeτaι : Ps. 92 (93)• 2 ίστερέωσε την οίκουμίνην ήτις ου σaKeυθησeτaι.
In other words, €τοιμάζ€ίν is used interchangeably with άνορθονν, θ€μξλωνν, κατορΘοϋν, στ€ρ€οϋν as the translation of
In the same way ^οιμασία is used to translate both the verb and its derivatives ]'^2^> "^J^^^j 'base,' or 'foundation/ or 'fixed seat'; and ίτοιμο^ is used to translate both ]iD^5 and ]"^^5 (J)art. niph.) : e.g.
I Kings 2. 45 0 θρόνος Δαυίδ «rrat Ιτοιμος evaymov κυρίου eh τον αΙωνα.
1 Kings 8. 39, 43, 49, 2 Chron. 6. 30, 33, 39, Ps. 32 (33). 14 wll^^'jiDiSp f^ ετοίμου κατοικητηρίον σου.
2 Esdr. 2. 68 του στηναι αυτόν enl την ετοιμασία^ αντοΰ.
Ρ^' 5^ (57)• 8 : 107 (ΐθ8). ι : ΙΙΙ (112). 7 «τοίμη η καρδία μου. Ps. 88 (89). 15 δικαιοσύνη κα\ κρίμα ετοιμασία του θρόνου σον. Ps. 92 (93)• 3 έτοιμος ό θρόνος σον άπο τότε. Zach. 5• 1 1 θησουσιν αυτό CKel em την ίτοιμασίαν αυτού.
It seems clear from these passages that, like ^οιμάζ^ιν,
ίτοιμάζβιν, €Τθΐμο9» 53
ΐΓοιμασία and crot/xos had come to have the meaning of the Hebrew words which they were used to translate.
2. Use in the Hexapla.
This inference that the three Greek words are used in the LXX. in the proper sense of ]15 and its derivatives, is strongly confirmed by their use in the Hexapla.
(i) Sometimes they are replaced by words of whose use in the proper sense of p3 there is no doubt :
Έχ. ΐ5• i7 LXX• «s Ιτοιμοκ κατοίκητηριόν σον, Aquil.^ Symm,
€δρασμα eis καβίδμαν σον.
Ibid. LXX. ήτοίμασαν, Aquil, ηΒρασαν.
I Sam. 20. 31 LXX. ετοιμασθήσβται, Symm. ύΒρασβησεται, Alius κατορθώσεις.
1 Sam. 23. 33 LXX. eh έτοιμοι', Symm. «Vl βφαίω.
2 Sam. 5• 12 LXX. ήτοΐμασεν, Symm. ηδρασ^ν. 2 Sam. 7. 12 LXX. ετοιμάσω, Symm. εδράσω.
2 Sam. 7• 24 LXX. ήτοίμασας, Symm. ηδρασας.
Ps. 9. 8 LXX. ήτοιμασεμ iv κρίσει τον θρόνον, Symm. ηδρασεν,
Ps. 9. 39 (10. 18) LXX. την ετοιμασίαΐ' τψ καρδίας ^ Symm. πρό- θεσιν.
Ps. ΙΟ (ι ι). 2 LXX. ήτοίμασαΐ', Aquil., Symm. ήδρασαν,
Ps. 20 (21). 13 LXX. ετοιμάσει?, Aquil., Symm. εδράσεις,
Ps. 23 (24). 2 LXX. ήτοίμασεί', Aquil., Symm. ηδρασεν.
Ps. 32 (33). 14 LXX. εξ έτοιμου κατοικητηρίον σον, Aquil. άττο εδράσματος καθέδρας αντον, Symm. άττό εδραίας (§. έδρας) κατοικίας αντοϋ.
Ps. 56 (57)• ^ LXX. έτοιμη ή καρδία μον, Symm. εδραία ή κ. μον.
Ps. 64 (65)• 7 LXX. ετοιμάζων ορη, Symm. ηδρασας ορη.
lb. ν. 10 LXX. ΟΤΙ όντως ή ετοιμασία, Symm. δτι όντως ήδρασαδ αντην.
Ps. 88 (89). 3 LXX. έτοιμασθήσεται, Symm. εδρασθησεται (but ib. V. 4 Symmachus retains ετοιμάσω).
lb. V. 15 LXX. ετοιμασία τον θρόνον σον, Aquil. το εδρασμα, Symm. βάσις.
PrOV. 8. 27 LXX. ψοΐμαζε, Symm. ήδραζε.
PrOV. 16. 12 LXX. ετοιμάζεται, Symm. Theod. εδρασθησεται.
(ζ) Sometimes, on the contrary, they are substituted for
54 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
other words which had been used in the Septuagint as translations of p5 :
Gen. 41. 32 LXX. άΧηθΙς earai το βήμα, Aquil. ετοιμομ, Symm. βίβαίος.
Ps. 8. 4 LXX. ίθβμίλίωσας, Aquil. Theod. ήτοίμασαξ, Int. Sextus
ηδρασαί.
Ps. 86 (87). 5 LXX. και avTos ζθ^μ^Κίωσ^ν αυτήν 6 ύψιστος, Aquil. edpaaei, Symm. rjdpaaev, Theod. ήτοίμασει^.
Prov. 4. 18 LXX. 6ω5 κατορθώστ} ή ημ^ρα, Aquil. (βως) έτοιμης ημέρας, Symm. {εως) idpaias ημέρας, Theod. εως ετοιμασίας ημέρας. Int. Quintus ετοιμασίας.
Prov. 12.3 LXX. κατορθώσει, Aquil., Symm. €Τθΐμασθήσ€ται.
Prov, 12. 20 LXX. κατορθόί, Aquil., Symm., Theod. €τοιμασθήσ€ται.
Prov. 25. 5 LXX. κατορθώσει, Aquil., Symm. εδρασθησεται, Theod. €Τθΐμασθήσ€ται.
This latter group of facts makes the inference certain that in the latter part of the second century €τοιμάζ€ίν was some- times used in Hellenistic Greek in the sense of ' to set upright/ 'to estabHsh/ 'to make firm/ eVot/xos in that of ' established/ ' made firm/ and ετοιμασία in that of ' establish- ment/ ' firm foundation.'
3. Use in the N. T.
In the majority of passages in which the words ίτοιμάζζΐν, 6Γοι/Λθί occur in the N. T., their ordinary meanings are sufficient to cover the obvious sense which is required by the context. There are some passages in which the secondary meaning which they bear in the LXX. and Hexapla is appropriate, if not necessary : for example,
S. Matt. 20. 23, S. Mark 10. 40 οΧς ήτοίμασται : S. Matt. 25. 34 την ήτοιμασμ^ΐ'ηΐ' νμλν βασϊΚείαν άπο καταβολής κόσμου : id. V. 41 '"ο ιτνρ το αΐώνιον, το ήτοιμασμ^μοί' [Cod. D et al. 6 ητοίμασεν ό πατήρ μου] τω διαβάλω κα\ τοις άγγελοις αντου : 1 Cor. 2. ^ ά ητοίμασεν ό θεός τοις άγαπωσιν αυτόν: Heb. II. 16 ητοΊμασε yap αυτοΧς ττόλιν. The nearest English equivalent in each of these passages would probably be 'destined/ as in 2 Sam. 5. 12 (= i Chron. 14. 2) «γνω Δαυίδ on
ετοιμασία, θρησκεία, 55
ήτοίμασ€>' αντον Κύριος ds βασιλέα eVi Ίσρατ^λ, Tobit 6. ΐ8 /λ^ φοβον ΟΤΙ σο\ αυτή ήτοιμασμ^μη ην άττο του αιώνος.
Ephes. 6. 15 υποδησάμ^νοι τους πόδα? eV Ιτοιμασία του eiayycXiov της (Ιρήνης. In this, which is the only instance of the use of ετοιμασία in the N. T., it seems most appropriate to take it in the sense which it has been shown to have elsewhere in Biblical Greek of ' firm foundation/ or * firm footing.' This view is confirmed by the use of the instrumental eV Avhich, though not without Classical parallels (e. g. Hom. //. 5. 368 δήσαν κρατ^ρω iv\ δβσ/Μω), gives to the passage a strong Hellenistic colouring.
θρησκεία,
1. Classical use.
The word is used by Herodotus 2. 37 of the ceremonial observances of the Egyptian priests: it does not appear to occur in Attic Greek.
2. Use in the LXX.
In the LXX. it is found in Wisdom 14. 18, 27 of the worship of idols, η των ανωνύμων εώάλων θρησκεία : and in 4 Mace. 5. 6 of the religion of the Jews, in relation to its prohibition of the eating of swine's flesh, as r^ 'Ιουδαίων θρησκεία. Symmachus uses it in Dan. 2. 46 of the worship paid to Daniel by Nebuchadnezzar's orders (LXX. εττέταξε θυσίας καΐ aiTovbas ττοίησαί αυτω), and in Jer. 3. 19, Ezek. 20. 6, 15 as a translation of "^1^.
3. Use in Philo and Josephus.
Its use is equally clear in Philo and Josephus, both of whom distinguish it from ενσφεία, which = religion in its deeper sense, or piety.
Philo Quod det. potiori insid, c. 7 (i. 195), in substance: *Nor
56 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
if anyone uses lustrations or purifications and makes his body clean, but soils the purity of his mind — nor again, if out of his abundance he builds a temple or offers ceaseless hecatombs of sacrifices, is he to be reckoned among pious men (βυσεβάι/) : nay rather he has altogether wandered from the path that leads to piety, with heart set on external observances instead of on holiness (θρησκεία»' άντι όσιότητος ηγούμενος), offering gifts tO Him who cannot be bribed, and flattering Him who cannot be flattered/
Josephusyi;//. 9. 13. 3 (Solomon restored the decaying practice of giving tithes and firstfruits to the priests and levites) tva άά τη
θρησκ€ΐα παραμενωσι καΧ ttjs θ^ραπύας ωσιν αχώριστοι του θίον, ' that
they may always remain in attendance on public worship, and might not be separated from the service of God.'
Ιδ. 12. 5• 4 ηνάγκασε δ' αί/τούς άφΐΐμίνους της nepl τον αυτών Qeov θρησκεία? τούί νπ αυτοΰ νομιζομ4νους σ^βεσθαι, * (Antiochus Epiphanes) compelled them to abandon their worship of their own God, and to pay honour to the gods in whom he believed/
Ιδ. 5• ΙΟ• I γυναϊκας τας em θρησκεία παραγινομΐνας, of the WOmen who went to worship and offer sacrifices at the Tabernacle.
Ιδ. 4. 4. 4 (of those who sacrifice at home) ευωχίας evcKa τής αυτών
«λλά μη θρησκεία?, ' for the Sake of their own private enjoyment rather than of public worship.'
Ιδ. 12. 6. 2 (When a Jew offered sacrifice on an idol altar, Mattathias rushed upon him and slew him, and having overthrown
the altar cried out) ei τις ζηΧωτης eVrt τών πατρίων ίθών και της του
θΐου θρησκείας ίπίσθω ψοί^ ' whoever is zealous for his fathers' customs and for the worship of God, let him follow me.'
4. Use in sub-Apostolic writers: —
Clem. R. i. 45. 7 """^^ βρησκ^υόντων την μεγαΧοπρεπη κα\ tvho^ov βρησκ€ίαν του υψίστου, * those who practised the magnificent and glorious worship of the Most High.'
Ιδ. 02. I π€ρ\ pev τών ανηκόντων τη θρησκεία ημών, τών ώφβλιμωτάτων €ΐς evapcTov βίον τοϊς θίΧουσιν ευσεβώς κα\ δικαίως Βΐ€υθύν€ΐν, ' of the
things which pertain to our religion, things that are most useful to those who wish to guide their life piously and righteously into the way of virtue (we have given you sufficient injunctions, brethren).'
6. TJse in the N. T.
This contemporary use of θρησκάα for religion in its
θρησκεία, μναττηριορ. 57
external aspect as worship, or as one mode of worship contrasted with another, must be held to be its meaning in the N. T. It occurs in the following passages :
Ads 26. 5 (in St. Paul's address to Agrippa) κατά τψ άκρφ^στάτην mpeaiv rfjs ή)Χ€τ^ρας θρησκεία? (ζησα Φαρισαιος, ' after the StraiteSt sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee/
Col. 2. 18 €v τα7Γ€ΐνοφροσύνϊ] και θρησκεία των άγγίλων, * by humility and worshipping of the angels/
James I. 26, 27 .... θρησκεία καθαρά κα\ αμίαντος, 'worship pure and undefiled in the sight of our God and Father is to visit orphans and widows in their affliction, to keep oneself unspotted from the world.'
μύστη piov. 1. TJse in the LXX. and Hexapla.
The only canonical book of the O. T. in which μνστηριον is used by the LXX. is Daniel, where it occurs several times in c. 2 as the translation of t"J * a secret,^ which is used of the king's dream, i. e. of the king's ' secret ' which had gone from him and which was revealed to Daniel.
The other Greek translators of the O. T. use it in the following passages ; —
Job 15. 8 Theodotion μυστήριοκ, = LXX. σύνταγμα, Aquila απόρ- ρητα, Symm. ομιλία, Heb. ΊΊ03Π.
Ps. 24 (25). 14 Theodotion and the Inferpres Quintus μυστήριο»», = LXX. and the Interpres Sextus κραταίωμα, Aquila απόρρητον, Symm. ομιλία, Heb. ΠΊο.
Frov. 20. 19 Theodotion uses it to translate ^So in a passage which the LXX. omit.
Is. 24. 16 Theodotion and Symmachus use it as a translation of "Ή in a passage which the LXX. omit (but which has found its way into some cursive MSS. from Theodotion).
It is frequently used in the Apocryphal books. In Sirach 22>, 22; 27. 16, 17, 21 of the secrets of private life, especially between friends : in Wisd. 14. 15, 23, in con-
5 δ HELLENISTIC WORDS.
nexion with reXerat, of heathen sacrifices and ceremonies : but in a majority of passages of secrets of state, or the plans which a king kept in his own mind. This was a strictly Oriental conception. A king's ' counsel ' was his ' secret/ which was known only to himself and his trusted friends. It was natural to extend the conception to the secret plans of God.
Tob. 12. 7, II μυστήριομ βασιλέως, 'It IS good to keep close the secret of a king, but it is honourable to reveal the works of God.'
Judith 2. 2 Nabuchodonosor called all his officers unto him and communicated to them to μυστήριο»' τψ βονλης, ' his secret plan.'
2 Mace. 13. 21 of one who disclosed τά μυστήρια, 'the secret plans ' of the Jews to their enemies.
Wad. 2. 22 of the wicked who knew not μυστήρια Geoi, 'the secret counsels of God/ and especially that He created man to be immortal.
Ιδ. 6. 24 of the 'secrets' of wisdom.
2. Use in the N. T.
This meaning of μυστήριου in the Apocryphal books throws considerable light upon its meaning in the N. T.
Matt. 13. II ( = Mark 4. 11, Luke 8. 10) υμίν δ^δοται yvSovai τά μυστήρια της βασιλείας των ουρανών : the word implies not merely ' secrets/ but rather the secret purposes or counsels which God intended to carry into effect in His kingdom. The contrast with iv παραβολαΐς which immediately follows is interesting when viewed in the light of the further meaning of μυστηριον, which will be mentioned below.
J^om. II. 25 TO μυστήριο»» τούτο . . . . οτι ττώρωσις άπο μέρους τω *ΐσραη\ yeyovev, the Secret purpose or counsel of God, by which * a hardening in part hath befallen Israel until the fulness of the Gentiles be come in.'
Rom. 16. 25 κατά άπυκάλυψιν μυστηρίου χρόνοις αϊωνίοις σίσιγη- μίνου φαν(ρωθ€ντος de νυν, of the secret purpose or counsel 'which hath been kept in silence through times eternal but now is mani- fested'— that the Gentiles were to be fellow-heirs with the seed of
μύστη pLOV. 59
Abraham : and in the same sense i Cor. 2. i (unless μαρτύρων be there read with Codd. Β D etc.).
I Cor. 15. 51 Ιδον μυστήριοι νμίν λβγω, Ί tell you a secret counsel of God' for the time that is coming.
Ephes. I. 9 TO μυστηριον τον θ€ληματο5, ' the Secret counsel of His will' : 3. 3, 4 iv τω )χυστηρίω τον XpLorov : 3. 9 τις ή οΙκονομία του μυστηρίου : 6. 19 το μυστήριομ τον dayye^iov; all in reference to the ' secret counsel ' of God in regard to the admission of the Gentiles. So also Col. I. 26, 27 : 2. 2 : 4. 3.
1 Tim. 3. 9 TO μνστηριον της πίστ€ως, probably the secret counsel of God which is expressed in the Christian creed : hence ζδ. 3- 1 6 TO TTjs ζνσφΐίας μνστηριον is expressed in detail in the earliest and shortest form of creed which has come down to us.
Rev. 10. 7 (In the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound) και €Τ€\€σθη τ6 μυστήριοι τον Oeov ως ίνηγγΐ- λισ€ T0VS iavTov dovXovs τονς προφήτης, ' then is finished the Secret counsel which God purposed to fulfil according to the good tidings which He declared to His servants the prophets.'
2 Thess. 2. 7 TO γάρ μυστήριοι ^'δ?; ivepyelTat της ανομίας. In this passage the meaning which has hitherto seemed appropriate is less obvious in its application : but nevertheless it seems to me to be more probable than any other. The passage and its context seem to be best paraphrased thus : ' The secret purpose or counsel of lawlessness is already working: lawlessness is already in process of effecting that which it proposed to effect. But it is not yet fully revealed : there is he who restraineth, but he who now restraineth will be put out of the way; and then shall that lawless one be fully revealed whom the Lord shall consume with the breath of His mouth . . . . '
3. Use in the Apologists.
But there are two passages in the Apocalypse, and probably one in the Epistle to the Ephesians, for which this meaning of μνστηριον does not seem to afford a sufficient or appropriate explanation, and for which we have to depend on the light which is thrown backwards on the N. T. by Christian writers of the second century.
The word is used several times by Justin Martyr, and in almost every case it is in connexion with σνμβολον, ηίποί,
6ο HELLENISTIC WORDS.
or Ίταραβολη : and it is used in a similar connexion in a fragment of Melito.
Justin M. Apol. i. 27: in all the false religions the serpent is pictured as σύμβοΚον μβγα κα\ μυστήριοι/.
Id. Jryph. c. 40, with reference to the paschal lamb, το μυστήριοκ
ovv τον προβάτου .... τύπος ην τον Χρίστου.
Id. Tryph. c. 44 (some of the commandments of the Law were given with a view to righteous conduct and godliness : others were given) η els μυστήριοι^ του Xpn/τοΰ η 8ia το σκΚηροκάρ8ιορ τον \αοΰ υμών.
Id. Tryph. c. 68 (with reference to Ps. 132. 11 'of the fruit of thy body will I set upon thy throne/ and Is. 7. 14 'Behold a virgin shall conceive ...')... to άρημίνον προς Δαυίδ υπο GeoD Ιν μυστηριω δια Ήσαιου ως e/^ieXXe γίνβσθαί ^ξηγηθη' el μητι τούτο €πιστασθ€, 2) φίΧοι^ ?φην^ οτι πόλΧους Χόγους, τους €πικ€καλυμμ€νως και iv παραβοΧάίς η μυστηριοις η iv συμβολοις βργων XeXey/xe'i/ov? οί .... προφηται €ζηγη- σαντο, ' that which God said to David symbolically was interpreted by Isaiah as to how it would actually come to pass : unless you do not know this, my friends, I said, that many things which had been said obscurely and in similitudes or figures or symbolical actions were interpreted by the prophets.'
Id. Tryph. c. 78 (commenting on Is. 8. 4 'he shall take away the riches of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria '), Justin interprets it in reference to the Magi, who by worshipping Christ revolted from the power of the evil demon which had taken them captive) ψΐν μυστηριω
€σημαιν€ν ό λόγος οίκύν iv Ααμασκω' άμαρτωλον δε και αδικον ουσαν iv παρα- βοΧι^την δύναμιν iκeίvηv καλώς Σαμάρειαν καλεί, ' which pOWer, aS the pas- sage indicated symbolically, lived at Samaria : and since that power was sinful and unrighteous he properly calls it by a figurative ex- l!)ression Samaria.' (The equivalence of iv μυστηριω and iv παραβολή is evident.)
MtMio frag. ix. (ap. Otto Corpus Apolog. vol. ix. p. 417) (Isaac is said to be 6 τΰπος του Χρίστου, ' a type of the Messiah,' and one which caused astonishment to men), ην γαρ θεάσασθαι μυστήριοι καινον . . . ' for one might see a strange symbolical representation, a son led by a father to a mountain to be sacrificed.'
It is evident that μνστηριον was closely related in meaning to the vi^ords v^^hich are interchanged with it, tvttos, σνμβολον,
μνστηριον, 6 1
τταραβολη : and if with this fact in our minds we turn again to the N. T. there will be some instances in which the appropriateness of this meaning will be clear.
I^ev. I. 20 TO μυστήριοι' των ίπτα αστέρων, 'the Symbol of the
seven stars,' which is immediately explained to refer to the ' angels' of the seven churches.
lb. 17. 7 TO μνστηριον της γυναικός, 'the Symbolical representation of the woman,' is in a similar way explained to refer to ' the great city which reigneth over the kings of the earth/
It is probable that the same meaning is to be given in Ephes. 5.
32 TO μυστήριοι τοντο μίγα Ιστίν' eyw δε λίγω eis Χριστον και ίΐς την
€κκ\ησίαν, ' this symbol (sc. of the joining of husband and wife into one flesh) is a great one : I interpret it as referring to Christ and to the Church/
The connexion of this meaning with the previous one is not far to seek. A secret purpose or counsel was intimated enigmatically by a symbolical representation in words, or in pictures, or in action. Such symbolical representations played a much more important part in the world in early times than they play now : the expression of ideas by means of pictures only passed by gradual and slow transi- tions into the use of written signs, in which the original picture was lost: and every written word was once a μνστήρίον. It was by a natural process that the sign and the thing signified came to be identified, and that the word which was used for the one came also to be used for the other.
The meaning of μνστηριον was expressed in early eccle- siastical Latin by sacramentum. It has hence resulted that the meaning which came to be attached to sacramentum^ and which has passed with the word into most Euro- pean tongues, is the meaning which is proper not to the word itself but to its Greek original, μνστηριον. (The instances of the early use of sacramentum in this sense are given in detail by Ronsch, Itala und Vulgata^ p. '>)'^'>,., and
02 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
Das Neue Testament Tertullians, p. ^^^) And although it is true that Tertullian, as was natural to one who had been educated in the rhetorical schools and had there dabbled in etymologies, does connect the theological use of sacramentum with its Classical use to designate a military oath [Ad Mart. c. 19, 24), yet that reference to Classical use is probably as misleading as it is insufficient to cover the facts which have to be explained : and just as the theological use of persona must be explained simply with reference to υπόσταση, so the theological use of sacramentum must be explained simply with reference to μυστηρων.
οικονόμος.
The word was used in later Greek in two special senses, each of which appears in the N. T.
I. It was used of the dispensator or slave who Λvas employed to give the other slaves of a household their proper rations : it is found in this sense in Corp, Inscr, Gr. 1247, 1498.
Hence in 6*. Luke 12. 42 6 ττιστό? oiKoj'tJfjios 6 φρόνιμος, hv καταστησζί 6 Kvpios Ιτά της Oepaireias αντου, του bLbovai kv καφω το σιτομίτριον, ' the faithful and wise steward whom his lord shall set over his household to give them their portion of food in due season.'
1. It was used of the villicus or land-steward : it is found in this sense in an inscription at Mylasa (Le Bas et Wad- dington, vol. iii, No. 404), in which οικονόμοι and ταμίαι are mentioned together, the former being in all probability the administrators of the domain, the latter the treasurers.
Hence, in 6". Luke 16. i, the οίκοι/όμος is in direct relations with the tenants of the lord's farms : and hence the point of his remark, σκάιττ^ιν ονκ Ισχύω, ' I have no strength to dig/ since a degraded bailiff might be reduced to the status of a farm-labourer.
οικονόμος, ομοθυμαδόν, ST)
Hence also in Rom. i6. 23 6 οικονόμος τψ πολβω? is probably the administrator of the city lands.
ομοθυμαδόν,
1. Classical use.
The uses of the word in Classical Greek seem to imply- that the connotation which is suggested by its etymology was never wholly absent ; it can always be translated 'with one accord.'
2. Use in the LXX.
In the LXX. {a) it is used to translate Hebrew words which mean simply ' together,' [b) it is interchanged with other Greek words or phrases which mean simply 'together,' {c) it occurs in contexts in which the strict etymological meaning is impossible.
{a) Its Hebrew originals are either 1Π^, e.g. in Job 3. 18, or ΠΠ;;, e.g. in Job 2. 11.
[b) The same Hebrew words are more commonly rendered by αμα e.g. in Gen. 13. 6 : 22. 6, eVt το αυτό e.g. in Deut. 22. 10, Jos. 9. 2, κατά. TO αυτό e. g. in Ex. 26. 24, I Sam. 30. 24 (by όμου only in a passage which is inserted from Theo- dotion, Job 34. 29): the other translators and revisers some- times substitute one of these phrases for it, and m'ce versa, e.g. Job 2. II : 3. 18 LXX. όμοθυμαδό»', Symm. ό/ζοί, Ps. 2. 2 LXX. «ri TO αυτό, Symm. όμοθυμαδόΐ', Ps. 33 (34). 4 LXX. eVi TO αυτό^ Aquil. ομοθυμαδόι/.
[c) Num. 24. 24 αυτοί όμοθυμαδο»' άπολονιαα*, I Chron, ΙΟ. 6 και δλοί ο οίκος αυτοΰ όμοθυμαδοί' απίθανα.
Job 38. 33 ^^ίΟ'τασαι δε τροπάς ουρανού ή τα νπ ουρανον όμοθυμαδο»' yivop,€va.
In these and similar passages any such meaning as ' with one accord ' is excluded by the nature of the case.
3. Use in tlie N. T.
In the N.T. the word occurs in Acts i. 14 [some Codd., not ^ A Β C, of 2. 1], 2. 46, 4. 24, 5. 12, 7. 57 i 8. 6, 12. 20, 15. 25, 18. 12, 19. 29, Rom. 15. 6. In none of these
64 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
passages is there any reason for assuming that the word has any other meaning than that which it has in the Greek versions of the O. T., viz. ' together.'
παραβολή, τταροιμία, 1. Classical use. {a) παραβολή :
Aristotle, R/iet. 2. 20, p. 1393 δ, defines it as one of the subdivisions of ^τapάb€Lγμa, ' example,' and coordinates it with λόγου : as an instance of it he gives τα Σωκρατικά : as when Socrates showed that it is not right for rulers to be chosen by lot by using the illustration or analogous case that no one would choose by lot those who should run in a race or steer a ship. Quintilian, 5. 11. i, follows Aristotle in making τταραβολη a kind of 7τapάb€Lγμa, and says that its Latin name is similitudo : elsewhere, 5• n• ^^j ^^ says that Cicero called it conlatio : he gives an instance of it, the passage from the Pro Murena, about those who return into port from a dangerous voyage, telling those who are setting out of the dangers and how to avoid them.
(^) τταροιμία :
Aristotle, RL•/. 3. 11, p. 1413 a, defines τταροίμίαί as μ€ταφοραΙ άττ' eXhovs Ιέ ei6os ; and, ib. I. II, p. 1371 ^3 ^^ gives as instances the sayings ^Xif ηλικα repwet, aet koXolos τταρα κολοων: in a fragment preserved in Synes. Calvit. Encom. c. %%, p. 234 (Bekker's Aristotle, p. 1474 b)^ he says of them T:a\aia<s βισι φιλοσοφία? . . . €γκαταλ€[μματα7Τ€ρίσωθ€ντα δια σνντομίαν /cat ^^ζιότητα. Quintilian, 5• H• ^^5 says of τταροιμία that it is ' Velut fabella brevior, et per allegoriam accipitur : non nostrum, inquit, onus : bos clitellas.'
2. Use in the LXX. and Hexapla.
τταραβολή occurs about thirty times in the Canonical books as the translation of ^'ζ?^» ^^^ ^^ ^^ other word (in Eccles.
τταραβοΧη, τταροιμία. 6 ζ
Ι. 1 7, where all the MSS. have it as a translation of ΤΫΌ^Π * madness,' it is an obvious mistake of an early transcriber for τταραφοράς, which is found in Theodotion).
The passages in which ^^^ is not rendered by τταραβολη are the following : —
I Kings 9. 7, and Ezek. 14. 8; the Targum ίσται (θησ-ομαι) ds άφανισμόν, ' shall be for a desolation/ is substituted for the literal translation €σται {θησομαι) eis παραβολην, ' shall be for a byword/
J^od 13. 12 άποβησ€ται δε νμων τη γαυρίαμα ισα σττοδο), is SO far froin,
the Hebrew as to aiford no evidence.
Id. 27. I and 29. i: it is rendered by προοίμιον, which may be only a transcriber's error for παροιμία: in 27. i Aquila has παραβολην.
Prov. I. i: the LXX. have παροιμίαι, Aquila παραβολαί.
Is. 14. 4 LXX. Χηψει τον θρήκοί' τούτον €π\ τον βασίΚεα Βαβ. Aquil., Symm., Ύheoά. παραβόλψ: cf. Ezek. 19. ΐ4> where the LXX. combine the two words in the expression els παραβολην θρήνου, and Mic. 2. 4 where they are coordinated.
It will be seen then in a majority of the cases in which τταραβολή was not used to translate ^ψ^, τταροψία was used instead of it : this is also the case with the following passages, in which the LXX. used τταραβολη but the Hexapla revisers substituted τταροιμία : —
I Sam. 10. 12 LXX. παραβολην, "Αλλος' παροιμίαν. lb. 24. 14 LXX. παραβολή, Symm. παροιμία.
Ps. 77 (78). 2 LXX. and Aquil. Iv παραβολαΐς^ Symm. 8ia παροι- μίας.
Eccles. 12. 9 LXX. παραβόλων, Aquil. παροιμίας.
Ezek. 12. 2 2 LXX. Aquil., Theod. παραβολή, Symm. παροιμία,
lb. 18. 3 LXX. παραβολή, Aquil. παροιμία.
Prov. 25. i: Codd. AS'^ of the LXX. have παροιμίαι, Codd. BS^ and most cursives παώεΐαι : Aquila, Symmachus, and Theo- dotion παραβολαί.
lb. 26. 7, 9 : in the first of these verses most MSS. of the LXX.
66 HELLENISTIC WORDS
have παρανομίαν [παρανομίας)) 2L transcriber's βΓΓΟΓ for παροιμίαν {παρανομίας), which, is found in Codd. 68, 248, 253; Symmachus has παραβολή. In V. 9 the LXX. have, without variant, the impos- sible translation dovXeia (possibly the original translation was παώ€ία, as in I. i, and this being misunderstood, the gloss dovXeta was substituted for it) : there is a trace of the earlier reading in S. Am- brose's quotation of the passage in his Comment, in Ps. 35, p. ^68 d, 'ita et injusti sermone nascuntur quae compungant loquen- tem': but in Epist. 37, p. 939, he seems to follow the current Greek.
These facts that τταραβολή and τταροιμία are used by the LXX. to translate the same Hebrew word, and that the other translators and revisers frequently substitute the one for the other, show that between the two words there existed a close relationship, and that the sharp distinction which has been sometimes drawn between them does not hold in the Greek versions of the O. T. If we look at some of the sayings to which the word τΐαραβολη is applied, we shall better see the kind of meaning which was attached to it:—
I Sam. 10. 12 of the 'proverb' 'Is Saul also among the pro- phets'?
lb. 24. 14 of the * proverb of the ancients,* 'Wickedness pro- ceedeth from the wicked.'
Ezek. 12. 22 of the ' proverb that ye have in the land of Israel, saying, The days are prolonged, and every vision faileth.'
£zek. 16. 44 of the 'proverb' 'As is the mother, so is her daughter.'
lb. 18. 2 of the ' proverb' ' The fathers have eaten sour grapes, and the children's teeth are set on edge.'
Deut. 38. 37, 2 Chron. 7. 20, Ps. 43 (44). 15 : 68 (69). 12, Jer, 24. 9, Wnd. 5. 3, of men or a nation being made a byword and a reproach.
Intertwined with and growing out of this dominant sense of τταραβολή and τταροιμια as a ' common saying' or 'proverb,' is their use of sayings which were expressed more or less
'παραβολή J τταροιμία, 6 J
symbolically and which required explanation. The clearest instance of this in the canonical books is probably Ezek. 20. 47-49) where after the prophet has been told to speak of the kindling of a fire in the ' forest of the south field,' he replies μηbaμώs, κνρί€ Kvpie' αυτοί λίγουσι irpos μέ Ονχί τταρα- βολη €στί λεγομένη αϋτη ; hence τταραβολη and παροιμία are sometimes associated with αϊνυγμα : e.g. Sir. 39. 2, 3 (quoted below) iv αΐνίγμασι τταραβολων, and in Num. 21. 27 the LXX. have 01 αινιγματισταί, where a reviser ("AXkos) in the Hexapla has oi τΐαροιμιαζόμ^νοι as a translation of Ο^'ρφΏΓΤ. It appears even more distinctly in Sirach.
Sir. 13. 26 cvpeais παράβολων 8ιάΚογισμο\ μ€τα κόπου, Ε. V. 'the
finding out of parables is a wearisome labour of the mind.'
Sir. 39. 2, 3 (of the man * that giveth his mind to the law of the
Most High ') ev στροφαϊς παραβοΧων avueiaeXevaerat' απόκρυφα παροιμιών €κζητησ€ΐ, κα\ iv αΐνίγμασι παραβόλων αραστραφησεται, Ε. V, ' where
subtil parables are he will be there also, he will sell out the secrets of grave sentences, and be conversant in dark parables.'
Sir. 47. 17 (of Solomon) eV ωδαΓ? κα\ παροιμίαις καΐ παραβολαίς κα\
ev €ρμψ€ίαις άπίβανμασάν σ€ χώραι, Ε. V. ' the countries marvelled at thee for thy songs and proverbs and parables and interpreta- tions.'
The reference in this last passage to i Kings 4. 29 (33) may be supplemented by the similar reference to it in Josephus An/. 8. 2, 5 : and it is interesting to note that the words of the LXX.
(λάλησαν υπβρ των ξύλων άπο της κέδρου . . . are paraphrased by Josephus καθ^ €καστον yap eldos δ^ν^ρου τταραβολη I' eXirev άπο υσσώπου €ως κέδρου.
Α review of the whole evidence which the LXX. oft"ers as to the meaning of τταραβολη and παροιμία seems to show
(i) that they were convertible terms, or at least that their meanings were so closely allied that one could be substituted for the other ;
{2) that they both referred (a) to ' common sayings ' or * proverbs,' and (δ) to sayings which had a meaning below the surface, and which required explanation.
F 2
68 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
3. Use in sub-apostolic writers.
These inferences are supported by the use of the word in sub-apostolic writers and in Justin Martyr : —
Barnabas 6. lo (quotes the words * into a good land, a land flowing with milk and honey,' and then proceeds) (νλογητος 6 κύριος ημών, άδ€λφοί, 6 σοφίαν και νουν βίμίνος iv ήμίν των κρύφιων αυτού' Xe'-yet γαρ 6 προφήτης παραβολή μ κυρίου' τις νόησα el μη σοφός κα\ επιστήμων
καΐ αγαπών τον κύριον αυτού, ' Blesscd be our Lord, brethren, who hath put into us wisdom and understanding of His secrets: for what the prophet says is a parable of the Lord,' i. e. evidently, a saying which has a hidden meaning and requires explanation : * who will understand it but he who is wise and knowing, and who loves his Lord/
Id. 17. 2 (' If I tell you about things present or things to come, ye will not understand) Sm τ6 iv παραβολαϊς κύσθαι, ' because they lie hid in symbols/
The Shepherd of Hermas consists to a great extent of παραβο'λαί, Vet. Lat. * similitudines ' ; they are symbols or figures of earthly things, which are conceived as having an inner or mystical mean- ing : e. g. in the second * similitude ' the writer pictures himself as walking in the country, and seeing an elm-tree round which a vine
is twined. The Shepherd tells him αΰτη ή παραβολή eh τους δούλους
του Oeod κείται, ' this figure is applied to the servants of God ' : and he proceeds to explain that the elm-tree is like a man who is rich but unfruitful, the vine like one who is fruitful but poor, and that each helps the other.
Justin M. Tryph. c. 36 says that he will show, in opposition to the contention of the Jews, that Christ is called by the Holy Spirit both God and Lord of Hosts, Iv παραβολί}, i. e. in a figurative expression: he then quotes Psalm 24, the Messianic application of which was admitted.
Id. Tryph, c. 52 (It was predicted through Jacob that there would be two Advents of Christ, and that believers in Christ would wait for Him) : kv τταραβολι^ δε και παρακ€κα\υμμ€νως το πνεύμα το
αγιον δια τοΰτο αυτά iXeXaXrjKei, ' But the Holy Spirit had said this in a figure and concealedly, for the reason which I mentioned,' viz. because, if it had been said openly, the Jews would have erased the passage from their sacred books.
τταραβοΧη, τταροιμία, 69
Id. Tryph, c. 63 : the words of the same last speech of Jacob, * he shall wash his clothes in the blood of grapes,' were said Iv παραβολτ], ' figuratively,' signifying that Christ's blood was not of human generation.
Id. Tryph. c. 113, 114, Christ is spoken of eV παραβόλαΐς by the prophets as a stone or a rock.
So Tryph. c. 68, 90, 97, 115, 123.
4. Use in the N. T.
In the N. T. παραβολή is used only in the Synoptic Gospels and in Heb. 9. 9, 11. 19 : παροιμία is used only in the Fourth Gospel and in % Pet. %. ι,'Χ. If we apply to these passages the general conclusions which are derived from the LXX. and confirmed by the usage of sub-apostolic writers, their appropriateness will be evident : nor is it necessary in any instance to go outside the current con- temporary use to either the etymological sense or the usage of the rhetorical schools. The majority of passages in which τταραβολη is used belong to the common foundation of the Synoptic Gospels, and refer to the great symbolical illustrations by which Christ declared the nature of the kingdom of heaven. They are Matt. 13. 3=:Mk. 4. 2>, Luke 8. 4; Matt. 13. io = Mk. 4. 10, Luke 8. 9 ; Matt. 13. 13 = Mk. 4. II, Luke 8. 10 ; Matt. 13. 18 = Mk. 4. 13, Luke 8. II ; Matt. 13. 2,4, Matt. 13. 31 = Mk. 4. 30 ; Matt. 13. ^^, Matt. 13. 34, 35 = Mk. 4. 33^ 34; Matt. 13. 36, 53, Matt. iZi. 33 = Mk. iri. I, Luke 30. 9 ; Matt. 21. 45 = Mk. in, 12, Luke 20. 19; Matt. 22. i, Matt. 24. 32^ — Mk. 13. 28, Luke (Zi. 2^, Luke 19. 11. It is also used of the similar illustrations which are peculiar to S. Luke, and which do not all illustrate the nature of the kingdom of heaven in its larger sense, Luke i:^. 16, 41; 13. 6; 14. 7; 15. 3; 18. i, 9. In all these instances the requirements of the context are fully satisfied by taking it to mean a story with a hidden meaning, without pressing in every detail the idea of a ^ comparison.'
70 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
In S. Luke 4. 23 it is used in a sense of which the LXX. affords many instances : ττάντως epelre μοι την τταραβολην ταύτην' Ιατρ€, Θζράτϊζνσον σ^αντόν, ' doubtless ye will say to me UasJ)roverb' [so e.g. i Sam. 10. 12; 24. 14], 'Physician, heal thyself.'
In S. Luke 6. 39 it is used of the illustration of the blind leading the blind : and in S. Mark 3. 23 of that of Satan casting out Satan^ neither of which had so far passed into popular language as to be what is commonly called a ' proverb,' but which partook of the nature of proverbs, inasmuch as they were symbolical expressions which were capable of application to many instances.
The other passages in which τταραβολή occurs in the N. T. are — (l) Heb. 9. 9 tJtls τταραβολή et? τον καιρόν τον €ν€(Γτηκότα, * which' [i. e. the first tabernacle] 'is a symbol for the present time'; (2) Heb. 11. 19 oOev [sc. €κ ν€κρων'\ αυτόν καΐ h τταρα- βολτ} €κομίσατο, 'from whence he did also in a figure receive him back.' In both passages the meaning of τταραβολή, ' a symbol,' is one of which many instances, some of which have been given above, are found in Justin Martyr.
2 I^ef. 2. 22 TO της άληθονς παροιμίας' κύων €Τΐΐστρ€^ας eVt το 'ίδιον ίξβραμα . . . . ' the (words) of the true proverb, The dog turning to his own vomit/ .... Here παροιμίας is an application of the title of the book Παροιμίαι, from which (26. 11) the quotation is taken.
S. John 10. 6 ταίιτην την παροιμίαν ΐΐπ^ν αυτοίς 6 ^Ιησονς' cKelvoi δε
ονκ έγνωσαν τίνα ην ά ίΚαλει αντοίς, ' this parable Said Jesus to them ; but they did not understand what it was that He spake to them ' : the reference is to the illustration of the sheep and the shepherd, for which the other Evangelists would doubtless have used the word παραβολή I with the substitution of παροιμία for it in S. John may be compared the similar substitution of it as a translation of 7ψΌ by the Hexapla revisers of the LXX., which has been men- tioned above.
S, John 1 6. 25, 29 ονκίτι ev παροιμίαις λαλήσω, παροιμίαν ούδεμίαν Xeyetf are contrasted with παρρησία [Codd. Β D eV παρρησία^ άπαγ-
7Γ6ίράζ€ΐν, ττειρασμός. yi
γίλω, iv παρρησία \aK(is '. the contrast makes the meaning clear : iv
τταροιμίαις λαλΰν is equivalent to the ev τταραβόλί) κα\ παρακΐκαλνμμίνως
of Justin Martyr (quoted above), the substitution of παροιμίαις for τταραβολαΊί having its exact parallel in Ps. 77 (78). 2, where Sym- machus substitutes Βιά παροιμίας for the ev παραβολαΐί of the LXX.
(and of S. Matt. 13. 35).
ΤΓβφάζβίΐ/, π€φασμ09.
1. Use in the LXX.
The words are used sometimes of the trying or proving of God by men, e. g. Ex. 17. 2>, 7, Num. 14. Z2, : but more commonly of the trying or proving of men by God. The purpose of this trying or proving is sometimes expressly stated : e.g. Ex. 16. 4 ττβιράσω avrovs el τιορ^νσονται τω νόμ(ύ μου η ου; Judges Ζ. %2 του τΐ^ιράσαι τον Ίσραηλ el φυλάσσονται την obov Κυρίου. The mode in which God tried or proved men was almost always that of sending them some affliction or disaster : and consequently ' trial ' (as not unfrequently in English) came to connote affliction or disaster : hence τΓ€φασμόί is used, e.g. with reference to the plagues of Egypt, Deut. 7. 19 τουί ΤΓ€ίρασμου9 του9 μ€γάλου9 ots ϊhoσav οί οφθαλμοί σου, τα σημύα κα\ τα τίρατα τα μεγάλα €Κ€Ϊνα^ την χ€Ϊρα την κραταιαν καΐ τον βραχίονα τον υψηλόν, 'the great trials which thine eyes saw, the signs and those great wonders, the mighty hand and the uplifted arm ' : so also 29. 3. In the Apocryphal books this new connotation supersedes the original connotation, and is linked with the cognate idea of ' chastisement."*
Wi'sd. 3. 5 κα\ ολίγα παώ^υθ^ντΐς μ^γαΚα €ν€ργ€τηθησονται' οτί 6 0(6: €πΐίρασ€ν αντονς κα\ evpev avTovs άξιους eavrov, *And having been a
little chastised, they shall be greatly benefited: for God proved them and found them worthy of Himself.'
Ιδ. II. 10 (the Israelites are contrasted with the Egyptians) ore γαρ €π€φάσθησαν καίπΐρ iv iKefi παώ^υόμίνοι. βγνωσαν πως iv οργή κρινό- μενοι άσφζίς iβaσavίζovτo, Ε. V. * For when they were tried, albeit
η 2 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
but in mercy chastised, they knew how the ungodly were judged in wrath and tormented . . .'
Sir. 2. I TCKvov €1 Trpoaepxij dovXevetv κνρίω de^ ετοίμασαν την ^Ι^νχ^ην σον els π^φασμόν, ' My SOU, if thou come near to serve the Lord God, prepare thy soul for trial.'
Judith 8. 24—27 €υχαριστησωμ€ν κνρίω τω θίω ημών os π€φάζ€ΐ ημάς
καθα κα\ τους πατέρας ημών, ' let US give thanks to the Lord our God, who trieth us as He did also our fathers ' (sc. by sending an army
to afflict us) oTi ου καθώς εκείνους επύρωσεν εΙς ετασμον της
καρ8ίας αυτών και ημάς ουκ εξεδίκησεν αλλ* εΙς νουθετησιν μαστιγοΐ κύριος
τους εγγίζοντας αυτω, ' for He hath not tried US in the fire as He did them for the examination of their hearts, neither hath He taken vengeance on us : but the Lord doth scourge them that come near unto Him to admonish them/
2. Use in the N. T.
There are some passages of the N. T. in which the meaning which the words have in the later books of the LXX. seems to be established : —
6". Zuke 8. 13 εν καιρώ πειρασμού has for its equivalent in S. Matt.
13. 21, S. Mark 4. 17 γενομένης θλίψεως η διωγμού, SO that 'in time
of trial' may properly be taken to mean * in time of tribulation' or ' persecution.'
Acts 20. 19 πειρασμών τών συμβάντων /xoi εν ταΐς επιβουΧαΐς τών ^Ιουδαίων. S. Paul is evidently speaking of the * perils by mine own countrymen' of 2 Cor. 11. 26, the hardships that befel him through the plots of the Jews against him.
Hed. 2. 18 εν ω γαρ πεπονθεν αυτός π€ΐρασθεί$; δύναται τοΙς πειρα- ζομ^ΐΌΐς βοηθησαι, * for in that He Himself suffered, having been tried, He is able to succour them that are being tried.'
I Pet. I. 6 ολίγον άρτι ει8εον Χυπηθεντες εν ποικίΧοις πειρασμόΐς,
' though now for a little while, if need be, ye have been put to grief by manifold trials,' with evident reference to the persecutions to which those to whom the epistle was addressed were subjected (so 4. 12).
JleV. 3• 10 κάγώ σε τηρήσω εκ της ώρας του πειρασμού της μελλούσης ερχεσθαι επ\ της οικουμένης όλης, πειράσαι τους κατοικοϋντας επΙ της γης,
' Ι also will keep thee from the hour of trial, the hour that is about
ΊΓενης, ττραϋς, ιττωγος^ ταττβινος, 73
to come upon the whole world to try them that dwell upon the earth/ with evident reference to the tribulations which are pro- phesied later on in the book.
This meaning, the existence of which is thus established by evident instances, will be found to be more appropriate than any other in instances where the meaning does not lie upon the surface : —
S. Matt. 6. 13 = S. Luke 11. 4 /m?) claeveyKjjs ημάς els ΤΓβιρασμόΐ', ' bring us not into trial/ i. e. into tribulation or persecution ; but, on the contrary, ' deliver us from him who — or that 'which — does us mischief (see below, p. 79): cf. 2 Pet. 2. 9 olbev KvpLos (νσβββίς
eK πειρασμού ρνβσθαί ά8ίκονς de els ημίραν κρίσεως κο\αζομ4νονς τηρύν,
' the Lord knoweth how to deliver the godly out of trial, but to keep the unrighteous under punishment unto the day of judg- ment.'
S. Matt. 4. I =S. Mark i. 13, S. Luke 4. 2 Tr€ipaa0T]mi v-rro τον διαβόλου, ' to be tried/ i. e. afflicted ' by the devil/ with reference to the physical as well as the spiritual distresses of our Lord in the desert: cf. Hed. 4 15 'Π•€π€ΐρασμενομ δε κατά πάντα καθ' ομοιότητα χωρίς αμαρτίας, ' tried/ i. e. afflicted ' in all points like as we are, yet without sin ' : this interpretation is strongly confirmed by Irenaeus 3. 19. 3, who says of our Lord ώσπερ ην avθpωπos ha πειρασθη οντω5 και Aoyos ίνα δοξασθη, ' as He was man that He might be afflicted, so also was He Logos that He might be glorified.'
π€ΐ/ης, TTpavs, πτωχός, ταπεινοί,
1. Classical use.
In Classical Greek these words are clearly distinguished from each other, ττ^νης is 'poor' as opposed to rich, τττωχό^ is ' destitute ' and in want : cf. Aristoph. Plut. ^^2, :
πτωχού μ^ν γαρ βίos, ov συ Xeyeis, ζην iaTiv μηΒεν €χοντα' του δε πίνητος ζην φίώόμΐνον και τοις epyois πρυσίχοντα, π^ριγίγνίσθαι δ' αυτω μηΒ^ν, μη μίντοι μηδ^ έπιΚζ'ιπίΐν.
TTpavs {iTpaos) is 'easy-tempered' as distinguished from
74 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
6ργίλο9, 'passionate' (Arist. Etk. N. 2. 7, p. 1108 a, 4. 11, p. ii35<2), and τηκρός, 'sour-tempered' {Rhet. ad Alex. 38): TttTretros is not only 'lowly' but almost always also 'dejected' (e.g. Arist. Pol. 4. 11, p. 1395^, of ot κα& υττζρβολην h kvMa τούτων^ sc. ισχυο? καΧ τιΚοντον καΧ φίλων, who conse- quently submit to be governed like slaves, αρχ^σθαι bovXiKrjv αρχήν) and ' mean-spirited ' (e. g. Arist. R/iel. %.η, p. 1384 λ, who says that to submit to receive services from another, and to do so frequently, and to disparage whatever he himself has done well, are μίκροψνχίαί καΐ ταπςινότητοζ σημ^ϊα).
2. Use in the LXX.
In the LXX., on the contrary, the words are so constantly interchanged as to exclude the possibility of any sharp dis- tinction between them : nor can any of them connote, as in Classical Greek, moral inferiority.
(i) They are all four (but irpavs less than the other three) used interchangeably to translate the same Hebrew words : —
''jy, 'afflicted,' is rendered by -rrivi]^ in Deut. 15. 11 : 24. 14 (16), 15 (17). Ps. 9. 13, 19 : 71 (72). 12 : 73 (74). 19 : 108 (109). i6. Prov. 24. 77 (31. 9) : 29. 38 (31. 20). Eccles. 6. 8. Is. 10. 2 : by •πτωχός in Lev. 19. 10 : 23. 22. 2 Sam. 22. 28. Job 29. 12 : 34. 28 : 36. 6. Ps. 9. 23 (10. 2) : 9. 30 (10. 9) : 11 (12). 6 : 13 (14). 6 : 21 (22). 25 : 24 (25). 16 : 33 (34). 6 : 34 (35). 10 : 36 (37). 15 : 39 (40). 18 : 67 (68). 11 : 68 (69). 30 : 69 (70). 6 : 71 (72). 2, 4 : 73 (74). 21 : 85 (86). i : 87 (88). 16 : loi /if. : 108 (109). 22 : 139 (140). 13. Amos 8. 4. Hab. 3. 14. Is. 3. 14, 15 : 41. 17 : 58. 7. Ezek. 16. 49 : 18. 12 : 22. 29 : by Taireij'os in Ps. 17 (18). 28 : 81 (82). 3. Amos 2. 7. Is. 14. 32 : 32. 7 : 49. 13 : 54. II : 66. 2. Jer. 22. 16 : by πραΰς in Job 24. 4. Zach. 9. 9. Is. 26. 6.
IJy, 'meek,' is rendered by π^ι^ης in Ps. 9. 38 (10. 17) : 21. 27 : by -πτωχός in Ps. 68 (69). 33. Prov. 14. 21. Is. 29. 19 : 61. i : by ταπ€ΐμ05 in Prov. 3. 34. Zeph. 2. 3. Is. 11. 4 : by πραυ§ in Num. 12. 3. Ps. 24 (25). 9 : 33• 3 : 36 (37)• u ' 75 (76). 10 : 146 (147). 6 : 149. 4.
7Γ€νης, τΓρανς, τττωχο?, ταττεινος, 75
[^"•^ξ?, 'needy,' is rendered by π^μης in Ex. 23. 6. Ps. 11 (12). 6 : 34 (35). 10 : 3^ (37)• i5 : 39 (40). 18 : 48 (49)• 2 : 68 (69). 34 : 71 (72). 4, 13 : 73 (74). 21 : 85 (86). i : 106 (107). 41 : 108 (109). 22, 31 : III (112). 9 : 112 (113). 7 : 139 (140). 13. Prov. 24• 37 (30• 14). Amos 2. 6 : 4. I : 5. 12 : 8. 4, 6. Jer. 20. 13 : 22. 16. Ezek. 16. 49 : 18. 12 : 22. 29 : by ιττωχός in Ex. 23. 11. I Sam. 2. 8. Esth. 9. 22. Ps. 9. 19 : 71 (72). 12 : 81 (82). 4 : 108 (109). 16 : 131 (132). 15. Prov. 14. 31 : 29. 38 (31. 20). Is. 14. 30 : by ταπεινός in Is. 32. 7.
^% *weak,' is rendered by ir^nrjs in Ex. 23. 3. i Sam. 2. 8. Ps. 81 (82). 4. Prov. 14. 33 : 22. 16, 22 : 28. 11 : by ιττωχός in Lev. 19. 15. Ruth 3. 10. 2 Kings 24. 14. Job 34. 28. Ps. 71 (72). 13 : 112 (113). 6. Prov. 19. 4, 17 : 22. 9, 22 : 28. 3, 8 : 29. 14. Amos 2. 7 : 4. I : 5. II : 8. 6. Is. 10. 2 : 14. 30. Jer. 5. 4 : by Ta,iT€iv6s in Zeph. 3. 12. Is. 11. 4 : 25. 4 : 26. 6.
^^"^, 'poor/ is rendered by iriv^q in 2 Sam. 12. i, 3, 4. Ps. 81 (82). 3. Eccles. 4. 14 : 5. 7 : by πτωχός in Prov. 13. 8 : 14. 20 :
17. 5 : 19. I, 7, 22 : 22. 2, 7 : 28. 6, 27 : by ταττειι/ός in i Sam.
18. 23.
(2) They are used interchangeably by different translators to translate the same Hebrew word : e. g.
Ps. II (12). 5 Q*'*^^. is translated by the LXX. and Symmachus πτωχών; by Aquila -πενήτων: conversely, i3''J'i''nx is translated by Aquila -πενήτων, and by the LXX. and Symmachus πτωχώΐ'.
Ps. 17 (18). 28 ^^V is translated by the LXX. τα-πεινόν, by Aquila πένητα, and by Symmachus πραον.
Is. II. 4 ^)^V is translated by the LXX. and Theodotion ταπβι- KOiisj by Aquila πρα^σι, by Symmachus πτωχούς.
Is. 66. 2 ^^V is translated by the LXX. ταπεινόν, by Aquila πραυν, by Symmachus πτωχόν, by Theodotion συντετριμμένοι.
(3) In a large proportion of cases the context shows that, though the words vary in both Hebrew and Greek, the same class of persons is referred to : the reference ordinarily being either (a) to those who are oppressed, in contrast to the rich and powerful who oppress them ; or (δ) to those who are quiet, in contrast to lawless wrong- doers : e. g.
ηβ HELLENISTIC WORDS.
{a) Ps, 9. 31 (10. 9):
* He lieth in wait secretly as a lion in his den : He lieth in wait to catch the poor (πτωχόζ/); He doth catch the poor, dragging him with his net. And being crushed, he sinketh down and falleth ; Yea, through his mighty ones the helpless fall'
(LXX. iv τω αυτόν κατακνρί€νσαι των πενήτων, Symm. ΐπιπίσόντος αυτόν μ€τα των Ισχυρών αύτον tols άσθβν^σινλ Ps. 34 (35)• 10 :
' All my bones shall say, Lord, who is like unto thee, Which deliverest the poor (πτωχόν) from him that is too
strong for him, Yea, the poor and the needy {πτωχον κα\ πένητα) from him that spoileth him/ So also, and with especial reference to God as the deliverer of the oppressed, Ps. 11 (12). 6 : 33 (34). 6 : 36 (37). 14 : 39 (40). 18 : 71 (72). 4, 13 : 75(76). 10. (δ) Ps. 36 (37). 10, 11:
'Yet a little while and the wicked shall not be, Yea, thou shalt diligently consider his place, and it shall
not be: But the meek {oi npaeh) shall inherit the earth ; And shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace.' Ps. 146 (147). 6:
' The Lord lifteth up the meek (πραβΐς) : He casteth the wicked down to the ground.'
The inference to which these comparisons lead is that the Ίττωχοί^ 7τ4νητ€5^ Trpaet?, τατϊζίνοί are all names for one and the same class, the poor of an oppressed country, the peasantry or fellahin who, then as now, for the most part lived quiet and religious lives, but who were the victims of constant ill-treatment and plunder at the hands not only of tyrannical rulers, but also of powerful and lawless neighbours.
3. Use in the N. T.
It is probable that this special meaning underlies the use of the words in the Sermon on the Mount. This is in-
■* - - /
ΤΓονηρος, ΤΓΟνηρια, 7?
dicated partly by the coordination of subjects, which in the LXX. are used interchangeably, ol τττωχοί, ol 'npaeis, and which are in harmony with the following subjects — ot TTevdovvTeSi ol 7T€lvo^vt€S Koi διψώζ^Γβ?, ot ^^^ιωγμίνοί ; and partly by the fact that at least one of the predicates comes from a psalm in which the contrast between ol ττονηρβνόμξνοί, ol αμαρτωλοί, and ot biKaLOL, ol Trpaets is strongly marked, viz. Ps. 36 (37)• II ot δ€ Ttpaeis κληρονομησονσι γην. The addition in S. Matthew of the modifying phrases ot πτωχοί τω πι/€ύματι, ot 7reLV(uVT€S καΐ δίψωντ€ί την δικαιοσύνη κ, ot b€bLωγμ€VOL eveKev δικαιοσυμη$, shows that the reference was not simply to the Syrian peasantry, as such ; but the fact that those modifying phrases are omitted by S. Luke helps to confirm the view that the words themselves have the connotation which they have in the LXX.
ΤΓονηρός^ πονηρία.
1. Classical use.
The connotation of ττονηρόί in Classical Greek is pro- bably best shown by Arist. Etk. N. 7. 11, p. 1152 ^, where Aristotle, speaking of the άκρατης, says that what he does is wrong, and that he acts as a free agent, but that he is not wicked in himself, ^κων μ4ν .... ττονηρος δ' ού' η γαρ 7Γpoαtpeσts iincLKrjs' ωσθ^ ημίττόνηροί' καΐ ουκ. abiKOS' ον γαρ €ΐΓίβουλος, ' He (i. e. the weak man), though he is a free agent .... yet is not wicked : for his will is good : he may consequently be called "half-wicked." And he is not unrighteous : for what he does is not done afore- thought.'
2. Use in the LXX.
Πονηρός, πονηρία are used frequently, and in various relations, to translate 1Π, TlV"^)
78 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
Of wild or ravenous beasts,
Gen. 37. 20 Koi €ρονμ€ν, θηρίον TTonijpoK κατβφαγίρ αυτόν. So ζδ.
V. 33 ; Lev. 26. 6. Ezek. 14. 15 faf fctt βηρία πονηρά €πάγω eVi την γην καϊ τιμωρή- σομαι αντην. So ζδ. V. 21 : 5*^7• 34• 25•
Of the plagues of Egypt,
Deut, 7• 15 ττάσα? i/oVovs Αϊγύτττον τάξ wonfjpas as θώρακας. So 28. 60. Of Divine plagues in general, and their ministers,
J^OS. 23. 15 enamel κύριος 6 Oebs εφ' νμας πάντα τα ρήματα τά. ΤΓομηρά,
€ως αν €ξοΚοθρ€υστ] υμάς άπο της γης .... JPs. 77 (7^)• 49 ^ξαπ€στ€ΐ\€ν fls αυτούς opyrjv θυμού αυτοΰ .... άποστοΧην bi άγγίλων ΊΤονΐί\ρων {JSytnm. κακουντων). Of unwholesome water or food,
2 Kings 2. 19 ra υ^ατα ΐΓ<$μηρα (the water which Elisha healed).
Jer. 24. 2 σύκων ΊΤοντ]ρων σφό8ρα α ου βρωθησβται άπο πονηρίας αυτών.
In connexion with blood-shedding,
/s. 59• 7 °* ^^ ττόδβί αυτών €π\ ττοκηρίαΐ' τρεχυυσι, ταχινοί (κχεαι αίμα.
Of the malice or mischievousness of an enemy,
Szf. 12. 10 μη πιστΐύσης τω ^χθρω σου ίΐς τον αΙώνα' ώς γαρ 6
χαΧκος Ιουται οϋτως ή πονηρία αυτοΰ. Esth. 7. 6 άνθρωπος εχθρός [Cod. t5 επίβουλος κα\ €χθρος~^ *Αμάν
ό πονηρό? ούτος.
They are used in similar relations and with equivalent meanings to translate other Hebrew words,
Is. 35• 9 ουκ εσται λέων olde τών πονηρών θηρίων ου μη άναβ^ eh
αυτήν. Heb. ΓΙ? 'violent.' Is. 10. I γράφοντες γαρ πονηριαν γράφουσι : Heb. /'^V 'mischief.'
In all these cases it seems clear that the words connote not so much passive badness as active harmfulness or mischief.
3. Use in the N. T.
There are several passages in the Synoptic Gospels in which this meaning of ' mischievous ' seems to be appropriate :
ΤΓονηρος, ΤΓονηρια, 79
S. Matt. 5. 39 (Ύ^ h^ve heard that it was said, An eye for an
eye, and a tooth for a tooth ') €γώ δε λέγω νμιν μη άντιστηναι τω πομηρω" αλλ' oaris σε ραπίζα els την de^iav σιαγόνα, στρ€ψον αυτω κα\ την αλλην. Whether τω πονηρω be masculine or neuter, the appro- priate meaning seems to be, * Resist not him who — or, that which — does thee mischief,' and an instance of the kind of mischief referred to is at once given, viz. that of a blow on the cheek.
Ιδ. 6. 13 ρνσαι ημάς άπο του TTonfjpou. Here also, whether τοΰ πονηρού be masculine or neuter, the appropriate meaning seems to be, ' Deliver us from him who — or, that which — does us mischief.' This meaning will be confirmed by the antithetical clause μη (laeveyKTjs ημάς els neipaapov, if it be assumed that the meaning which is assigned above to els πeφaσμόv is correct (see p. 71): the two clauses are probably two modes of stating that which is in eifect the same prayer, ' Bring us not into affliction, but on the contrary, deliver us from him who — or, that which — is mischievous to us : ' hence in the shorter form of the prayer which is given by S. Luke, the second of the two clauses is omitted (in Codd. ίί Β L, etc. : cf. Origen De Orat. c. 30, vol. i. p. 265, ed. Delarue, δοκεί δε' μοι 6
AovKcis dia τον μη elvevejKjjs ημα^ els πειρασ/ζόι/ ^υvάμeι dedidaxevai κα\ το ρνσοί ημάs άπο του πονηρού) ^.
S. Mark 12. 45 (^^^ ^• Luke 11. 26) πνεύματα πονηρότερα eavTOv. S.Luke 7. 21 : 8. 2 πνεύματα πονηρά. Probably rather ^mischievous' or ' baneful spirits', i. e. spirits who do harm to men, than spirits who are bad in themselves : so in Tob. 3. 8 of Asmodaeus το πονηρον haipovLov, who killed the seven husbands of Sara.
S. Matt. 5. II μακάριοι ε'στε οταν ονεώΐσωσιν υμάς κα\ 8ιώξωσιν καϊ εΐπωσιν πάν πονηρον καθ" υμών ψευδόμενοι ένεκεν εμοΰ. Probably, though
less clearly than in the previous instances, the meaning is * mis- chievous ' or ' malicious accusation!
S. Matt. 22. 18 yvovs δε 6 *lησoυs την πονηρίαν αυτών ^ * their malice '
or ^ evil intent' (=S. Mark 12. 15 τψ υπόκρισιν, S. Luke 20. 23
την πανονργίαν).
IL
Another meaning of the words, though of less frequent
^ The important questions of the gender of τον πονηρού and, if it be mas- culine, of the identification of 6 -πονηρό^ with 6 διάβολοι, involving as it does theological as well as philological considerations, cannot conveniently be dis- cussed here.
8ο HELLENISTIC WORDS.
occurrence, is clearly established, and helps to explain some otherwise obscure passages of the Synoptic Gospels :
Sir. 14. 4, 5 has the following pair of antithetical verses, —
6 συνάγων από rrjs ψνχη^ αυτυν avvayei aWuis Koi iv Tois άγαθοϊς αυτοΰ τρνφησονσιν aXXoi' 6 τΓΟί'ηρός ίαντω τίνι αγαθός earai ; και ου μη (νφρανθησ^ται iv rots χρημασιν αντον.
' He that gathereth by defrauding his own soul gathereth for
others, And in his goods shall others run riot: He that is niggardly to himself to whom shall he be liberal ? And he shall not take pleasure in his goods/ Then follow five verses, each containing two antithetical clauses, and each dealing with some form of niggardliness : the first clauses of vv. 8, 9, 10 are strictly parallel to each other, πονηρός 6 βασκαίνων οφθαΚμω ....
TrXeoveKTOv οφθαΧμος ουκ (μπίπΧατο μ^ρ'ώι
οφθαλμός ττομηρός φθονερός in αρτω
* the grudging eye,' ' the eye of the miser,' ' the niggardly eye/ being e\ddently different names for the same thing. •Sir. 34 (31). 23,
Χαμττρον eV* αρτοις €νΧογησ€ΐ χ^ίΧη,
και μαρτυρία της καΧΚονής αυτοΰ πίστη'
ΊΓομηρω eV αρτω διαγογγύσ^ πόλις,
καΐ η μαρτυρία τηξ ΤΓΟί/ηρίαξ αυτοΰ ακριβής.
Ε. V. ' Whoso is liberal of his meat men shall speak well of him.
And the report of his good housekeeping will be be- lieved.
But against him that is a niggard of his meat the whole city shall murmur.
And the testimonies of his niggardness shall not be doubted of.'
The Hebrevv^ word 5?*^, which is usually translated by ττοι/ηρός, is also sometimes translated by βάσκανοξ, with a distinct reference, as in Sirach, to the ' evil * or ' grudging eye': e.g.
ΤΓονηρός, ΤΓονηρΙα. 8 1
Prov. 23. 6,
μη (Tvvdeinpet avSpl βασκάνφ
μηΒέ €πιθνμ€ΐ των βρωμάτων αντον.
(For βασκάνω Schol. ap. Nobil. and Cod. 161 in marg. have ποί'ηροφ^άλμω). * Feast not with him that hath an evil eye, Neither desire thou his dainty meats, (For he is as though he had a divided soul, [so Ewald] Eat and drink, saith he to thee. But his heart is not with thee).' So Deut. 28. 56 VJ^ LXX. βασκανύ, AquiL iTonf]pcU€Tai.
This use of ττονηρός in the sense of ' niggardly ' or ' grudging,' especially in connexion with the idea of the ' evil eye,' throv^^s a clear light upon a well-known passage of the Sermon on the Mount, which, if taken in its context, will be seen to refer not to goodness or badness in general, but specially to the use of money :
S. Matt, 6. 19 Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon the earth . . .
20 But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven ....
21 For where thy treasure is, There will thy heart be also.
22 The lamp of the body is the eye, If therefore thine eye be liberal,
Thy whole body shall be full of light:
23 But if thine eye be grudging {πονηρός), Thy whole body shall be full of darkness.
24 Ye cannot serve God and mammon.
If this meaning does not wholly remove the difficulties of the passage, it at least contains elements which any exegesis of it must recognize. The same meaning appears to be appropriate in two other passages of S. Matthew :
6". AfaU. 7. II (=S. Luke 11. 13) el oZv υμύς ΊΓΟη^ροΙ ovres oXbare δόματα αγαθά 8ι8όναι to7s tckvois υμών . . . (which may be paraphrased thus) : 'If ye then, whose own nature is rather to keep what you
G
82 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
have than to bestow it on others, are still able to give good gifts to your children, how much more shall your Father in heaven, who is always bestowing and never keeping back, give good things to them that ask Him ' ?
S. Matt, 20. 15^0 οφθαλμός σον ττομηρός co-tlv οτι βγω αγαθός €Ϊμι,
* Art thou envious at my being hberal' ?
7Γαράκλητο9.
This word is found in the N. T. only in the Gospel and first Epistle of S. John. The facts upon which any in- duction as to its meaning there must be sought in the first instance in contemporary writings cognate in character to those of S. John. They are found in Philo in sufficient numbers and in a sufficiently clear connexion to render the induction from them free from doubt : they show that Philo used the word {a) in a sense closely akin to its Attic sense of one who helps or pleads for another in a court of law, and hence (ύ) in the wider sense of helper in general.
(a) Philo De JosepL• c. 40, vol. ii. p. 75 (Joseph after discovering
himself to his brethren says to them) άμνηστίαν απάντων παρέχω των fls e/ie π€πραγμ€νων' μηδ€ν6ς cTepov δβΐσ^ε παρακΧήτου, Τ grant yOU free
forgiveness for all that you have done to me: you need no one else to intercede for you/
Vi't. 3ios. iii. 14, vol. ii. p. 155 (Philo gives the reason why the High Priest in going into the Holy of Holies Λvore the symbol of
the Logos) avayKoiov yap ην τον ί€ρωμ4νον τω τον κόσμον πατρΧ παρακλητω χρησθαι reXeiorttro) την άρζτην νΐω προς re άμνηστείαν αμαρτημάτων κα\
χορηγίαν άφθονωτάτων αγαθών, 'it was nccessary that he who was consecrated to the Father of the world should employ as his inter- cessor the Son who is most perfect in virtue, for both the forgive- ness of sins and the supply of boundless goods.'
So JDe Exsecrat. c. 9, vol. ii. p. 436 : in Flacc. c. 3, vol. ii. p. 519, ih. c. 4, p. 520.
(3) De Mund. Opif. C. 6, vol. i. p. 5 ovh^v\ hk παρακλήτω, τις γαρ ην €Tepo?, μόνω de ίαντω χρησάμξνος 6 θ^ος €γνω delv ^ν^ργίτ^Ιν . . . την
•τταράκλητος, ττίστις, 83
φύσιν, * employing not any helper — for who else was there ? — but only Himself, did God resolve that He ought to bless the world with His benefits.*
The meaning which is thus established in Philo must be held to be that which underlies its use by S. John. The meaning * consoler ' or ' comforter ' is foreign to Philo, and is not required by any passage in S. John : it may, indeed, be supposed that ' comforter ' in its modern sense represents the form only and not the meaning of confor- tator.
In philosophical and later Greek ττίστις may be said to have three meanings, — a psychological, a rhetorical, and a moral meaning. In Biblical Greek it adds to these a theological meaning.
(i) Its psychological meaning appears in Aristotle: it is ' conviction,' and as such is distinguished from νπόληψις or 'impression,' for a man may have an 'impression' and not be sure of it, Top. 4. 5, p. 125 /5 κατά ταϋτα δ' ovb' η ττίστίί νττόληψίζ' evhe-x^eraL γαρ την αυτήν ιητόληψιν καΐ μη τηστξνοντα ίχ^ιν : it is used both of the conviction which comes through the senses and of that which comes through reasoning, Phys. Auscult. 8. 8, p. 160, a η ttiWi? ov μόνον €7rt τη^ αΙσΘη(Γ€ω9 αλλά καΐ ΙττΙ του λόγου^ ' the conviction (of a particular fact which is mentioned) lies not only in the sensible perception of it but also in the reason ' : hence it may come either mediately or immediately. Top. 1. i, p. 100 b τα μη hi ^Τ€ρων αλλά hi αυτών έχοντα την ττίστιν, (of primary truths) 'which force their conviction not mediately through other truths but immediately of them- selves.'
(2) Its rhetorical meaning also appears in Aristotle. It is not conviction but that which causes conviction in
G 2
84 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
the mind of a hearer. It is the ' proof ' of a case as dis- tinguished from 'statement' of it (which is ττρο^βσι? or bLr|γη(ΓLs, the latter word being limited by Aristotle to judicial speeches), the relation being similar to that of άτΓοδει^ι? to a ττρόβλημα: Rhet. 3. 13, p. 14.14a τούτων be [i. e. of the two parts of a speech] to μ€ν TrpoOeais €στί το he irCaTLS ώσπβρ h.v et rts dteAot otl to μ€ν ττρόβλημα τό be aTTobeL^is*
(3) Its moral meaning is also found in Aristotle: it is good faith or mutual trust: e.g. Pol. 5. 11, p. 1313^ η γαρ yv&ais ττίστιν Tioiel μάλλον irpbs άλληλονξ, ' mutual knowledge tends rather to produce mutual trust.' It is found more frequently in the later Greek philosophy : e.g. pseudo-Aristot. De Virtut. et Vit. c. 5, p. τι^ο b άκολονθ€Ϊ be Trj biKaiO(TVvr\ . . . . η πίστίί καΐ η μισοττονηρία^ 'justice is accompanied by ... . good faith and the hatred of wrong-doing,' and Ethic. Eudem, 5. 2, p. 1237 b ουκ ίστι δ' avev ττιστεω? φίλια /3e/3ato9, 'there is no firm friendship without mutual trust'
(4) In Biblical Greek it has another or theological mean- ing which we shall best understand by first examining its use in Philo, who furnishes a connecting link between its philosophical and its biblical use, and who, while using it in the main in its biblical sense, adds explanations which make its meaning clear.
He sometimes uses it in its rhetorical sense of 'proof* or ' evidence ' : e. g. De Mundi Opif. c. 28, vol. 1. p. 20 τιίστι^ Trjs αρχηί €ναργ€στάτη τα φαίν6μ€να, ' the actual facts (of man's relation to animals) are the clearest proof that God gave him dominion over them.' But he more com- monly uses it in a sense in which the intellectual state of mind which is called ' conviction ' is blended with the moral state of mind which is called 'trust.' It is trans- ferred alike from the conviction which results from sensible perception and from that which results from reasoning to
ττίστις, 85
that which is based on a conception of the nature of God. The mass of men trust their senses or their reason : in a similar way the good man trusts God. Just as the former believe that their senses and their reason do not deceive them, so the latter believes that God does not deceive him : and the conviction of the latter has a firmer ground than that of the former, inasmuch as both the senses and the reason do deceive men, whereas God never deceives.
This use of the word will be made clear by the following^ passages.
De Mundi Opif, c. 14, vol. i. p. 10 (God anticipated, before ever men were created, that they would be guessers of probabilities and
plausibilities) κώ. on πιστίύσουσι τοις φαινομίνοις μάλλον η θεά, ' and
that they would trust things apparent rather than God.'
Zegl's Alleg. iii. 81, vol. i. p. 132 άριστον ουν τω θ€ω ΊΤζπιστΐυκίναι και μη τοις άσαφίσι λογισμοίς και ταϊς άβφαίοις ciKaaiais, *it is best, then,
to trust God and not uncertain reasonings and unstable conjectures.' Quis rer. div. heres c. 18, vol. i. pp. 485-6 (the trust in God with which Abraham is credited is not so easy as you may think, because of our close kindness with this mortal part of us which persuades us to trust many other things rather than God) ro be €κνίψασθαι τούτων
€καστον κα\ άττιστησαι yeveaei Trj πάντα (ξ έαυτψ άττίστω, μόνω be τηστΐυ- σαι θ€<ρ τω κα\ προς άληθίίαν μόνω πιστω, μίγάλης και ολυμπίου biavoias epyov eaTi, προς ovbevos ονκβτι b€λeaζoμevηs των παρ* ή^^^, ' tO wash OUr-
selves thoroughly from each one of these things, and to distrust the visible creation which is of itself in every way to be distrusted, and to trust God w^ho is indeed in reality the only object of trust, re- quires a great and Olympian mind — a mind that is no longer caught in the toils of any of the things that surround us.*
De Migrat. Abraham, c. 9, vol. i. p. 442 (commenting on
Genesis 12. i ' into a land that I will shew thee,' he says
that the future tense is used rather than the present in testimony of the faith which the soul had in God : for the soul) avevboiaaTa νομί-
σασα ήδη παρίΐναι τα μη παρόντα bta την του νπυσχομίνον βφαιοτάτην
πίστιν, αγαθόν τίλ€ΐον αθλον (ϋρηται, ' believing without a wavering of doubt that the things which were not present were actually present because of its sure trust in him who had promised, has obtained a perfect good for its reward ' : (this ' perfect good ' is probably faith
S6 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
itself: cp. De praemiis et poems c. 4, vol. ii. p. 412 αβΚον alpeiTai τψ ηρ6ς τον Qeov πίστιν).
De praemiis et poenis c. 5, vol. ii. pp. 412-13 (A man who has sincere trust in God has conceived a distrust of all things that are begotten and corruptible, beginning with the two things that give themselves the greatest airs, sense and reason. For sense results in opinion, which is the sport of plausibilities : and reason, though it fancies that its judgments depend on unchanging truths, is found to be disquieted at many things : for when it tries to deal with the ten thousand particular facts which encounter it, it feels its want of power and gives up, like an athlete thrown by a stronger wrestler) οτω de e^eyevero πάντα pev σώματα πάντα de ασώματα vnepibelv κώ. vnep- κΰψαι μόνω δε eπepeισaσ6aι καχ στηρίσασθαι θβω μετ Ισχυρο-γνώμονος λογισμού κα\ άκλινονς κα\ βeβaιoτάτης πίστεων, €υδαίμων κα\ τρισμακάριος οντος αληθώς, ' but he to whom it is granted to look beyond and transcend all things corporeal and incorporeal (objects of sense and objects of reason alike), and to rest and fix himself firmly upon God alone with obstinate reasoning and unwavering and settled faith, that man is happy and truly thrice blessed/
It will be seen from these passages that faith is regarded as something which transcends reason in certainty, and that when spoken of without further definition its object is God. It is consequently natural to find that it is not only ranked as a virtue, but regarded as the chief of virtues, την τβλζίοτάτην άρβτών Quis rer. div. heres c. 18, vol. i. p. 485, the queen of virtues, την βασιΚίΙα των άρκτων De Abraham, c. 46, vol. ii. p. 39 : in having it a man offers to God the fairest of sacrifices and one that has no blemish, αμωμον καΐ κάλλίστον Upelov otcrei Θίώ, ττίστιν De Cherubim c. 25, vol. i. p. 154. And in one passage he sings its praises in the following remarkable enconium :
De Abraham. C. 46, vol. ii. p. 39 μόνον ovv d^evbes κα\ βίβαιον αγαθόν η προς τον Geov πίστις, παρηγόρημα βίου, πλήρωμα χρηστών (λπί- δων, άφορία pev κακών, αγαθών de φορά, κακοδαιμονίας άπόγνωσις, (ίσφίας γνώσις, ίυ8αιμονίας κλήρος, ψνχης iv άπασι βίλτίωσις, 4πΐρηρζΐσμ€νης τω πάντων αΐτίω, κα\ δνναμενω μίν πάντα βουλομίνω δε τα άριστα, ' Faith
towards God [i. e. trust which has God for its object] is the only
undeceiving and certain good, the consolation of life, the fulness of good hopes, the banishment of evils, the bringing of blessings, the renunciation of misfortune, the knowledge of piety, the pos- session of happiness, the bettering in all things of the soul which rests for its support upon Him who is the Cause of all things, and who though He can do all things wills only to do what is best.'
It v^ill be clear from this use of the v^ord in Philo that its use in the N. T. vi^as not a vi^holly new application of it : ' trust,' or ' faith,' had already become in the Alexan- drian schools an ideal virtue. It v^ill also be clear that, assuming it to be used by S. Paul in the sense which it bore in the philosophical language with which he was familiar, it is not used of a vague and mystical sentiment, the hazy state of mind which precedes knowledge, like a nebula which has not yet taken a definite outline or become condensed into a star, but that it is a state of firm mental conviction, based upon a certain conception of the nature of God ; hence it is used in close connexion with the strongest word for full assurance, viz. Ίτληροφο- ρύσθαι : Rom. 4. 20, 11 iv€bvvaμώθη rfj ττίστει, hovs bo^av τω Θεώ καΙ πληροφορηθείς otl ο ζττηγγξλταί hwaros €στί καΐ ττοίησαί, 'he waxed strong through faith, giving glory to God, and being fully assured that what He had promised He is able also to perform.'
Hence in the Epistle to the Hebrews it is used, as Philo used it, to designate a state of mind which transcends ordinary knowledge, the conviction that the words or promises of God have a firmer basis of certainty than either phenomena of sense or judgments of reason; it believes that certain things exist because God has said so, and in spite of the absence of other evidence of their existence: and since it believes also that what God has promised will certainly come to pass, its objects are also objects of hope: hence it is described (11. 1) as ^λΈΐζομίνων
88 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
ΰττόστασίί, ττραγμάτων €λ€γχο9 ον βλ€'πομξνων, ' the ground of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen.*
ύποσταοΊς,
The word is used by the LXX. only i8 times in the canonical books, but it represents 15 different Hebrew words : in some cases it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the LXX. misunderstood the Hebrew words, in other cases it must be admitted that the Hebrew text is itself both obscure and uncertain.
In some passages it appears to be the translation of Ίψ^ * outpost' or 'garrison,' viz. i Sam. 13. 2^^ (= Theod. στάσΐί): 14. 4- That it can bear this meaning is shown by its use in a fragment of the Phoenix of Sophocles in the sense of hibpa (Iren. ap. Socrat. H. E. 3. 7 τιάρα. Σοφο- κλζΐ iv τω ΦοίνίΚί kvihpav σημαίν^ιν την ντιόστασιν : and Pollux, Hist. Phys. p. 376).
The consideration of some of the other passages seems to belong rather to Hebrew than to Hellenistic philology : but there is a small group of passages which furnish a well-established meaning and which throw a clear light upon some instances of the use of the word in the N. T.
Ruth I. 12 oTi ίϊπα on tan μοι υπ<5στασι$ τον γίνηθηναί μ€ avbpl και re|o/xai vlovs . . . ' for my Saying (i. e. if I said) that there is ground of hope of my having a husband and I shall bring forth sons . . . ' : ΐ'πί)στασΐΓ = Π1ί^Γΐ ' hope.'
Ps. 38 (39). 8 ή νπόστασίς μου πάρα σοι βστιν, ' my ground of hope is in thee' : {ιπόστασΐ5=ΠρΠίη * expectation,' which Aquila renders
by καρα8οκία, Symmachus by αναμονή.
Ezek. 19.5 ατ:(ύΚίτο ή νπόστασίί αύτψ, * her ground of hope was lost': νπόστασΐ5=^)ϊ>Ρι^ which Symmachus renders by προσδοκία, Theodotion by ίλπίς.
This meaning * ground of hope ' probably follows from the Classical use of υττόστασις for the ' ground ' or ' founda-
υττόστασ-ις, συκοψαντεΐν, 89
tion ' of anything : and it passes by a natural transition into the meaning of 'hope' itself. Hence its use in several passages of the N. T.
2 Cor. 9. 4 μήπως .... καταισχυνθώμεν ημίϊς . . . eV τη νποστάσΐί TavTjj, * lest by any means ... we should be put to shame ... in this ground' (so. of our glorying on your behalf: Codd. N^. Dc. and others add της κανχησ€ως, from the following passage).
2 Cor. II. 17 ο λαλώ ου κατά, κνριον λαλώ αλλ' ως iv άφροσνντ), ev ταυττ) τη νποστάσΐΐ της κανχησ€ως, 'that which I Speak I Speak not
after the Lord but as in foolishness, in this ground of my glorying.'
ffed. 3. 14 iavirep την άρχην της υποστάσ€ως μ^χρι τέλους βφαίαν
κατάσχωμ€ν, ' we have become partakers of Christ, if, that is to say, we continue to hold the beginning of our hope firm until the end' :
cf. V. 6 eav την παρρησίαν κα\ το καύχημα της ελπιδο? μίχρι τέλους β€βαίαν κατάσχωμ^ν.
Heb. II. Ι %στιν δε πίστις ίλπιζομ^νων νπόστασις, ' Faith is the ground of things hoped for,' i. e. trust in God, or the conviction that God is good and that He will perform His promises, is the ground for confident hope that the things hoped for will come to pass.
(In the same passage ίλεγχος appears to be used in its Hellenisdc sense of a fact which serves as the clear proof of another fact: e.g. Jos. An/. 16. 8. I Herod's slaves stated that he had dyed his hair, thereby κΚίπτοντα τον eXeyxov της ηλικίας, * concealing the clear proof of his age': Epict. Diss. 4. 146 speaks of the fears of the Emperor's favour or disfavour which were ελ^γχον?, ' clear proofs,' that though the professors of philosophy said that they were free, they were in reality slaves : so trust in God furnishes to the mind which has it a clear proof that things to which God has testified exist, though they are not visible to the senses).
συκοφαρτβίρ, 1. Classical use.
In Classical Greek the word and its paronyms are used exclusively of calumnious accusations, especially of such as were intended to extort money: e.g. Xen. Mem. 2. 9. i, where it is used of those who brought suits against Crito,
90 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
who was known to be rich, because, as he says, νομίζονσ-ιν rjhLov av μ€ αργύρων τ^λ^σαι η ττράγματα €χ€ίν, ' they think that I would a good deal rather pay money than have trouble.'
2. Use in the LXX.
Its wider range of meaning in the LXX. is made clear by several kinds of proof: {a) it is used to translate Hebrew words which mean simply either ' to oppress ' or ' to deceive ' : (3) it is interchanged with other Greek words or phrases which mean simply ' to oppress ' : {c) it occurs in contexts in which its Classical meaning is impossible.
(a) In Job 35. 9. Ps. 71 (72). 4: 118 (119). 122, 134. Prov. 14. 31: 22. 16: 28. 3, 16. Eccles. 4. I : 5. 7 : 7. 8, they are translations of Ρψν ' to oppress,' or of one of its derivatives : in Lev. 19. II of"^i?^ 'to lie.'
(f) In Gen. 26. 20 LXX. άΒικία' η^ίκησαν yap αυτόν =zAqm\. συκο- φαντία' (συκοφάντησαν yap αυτόν. Lev. 6. 2 LXX. ^δίκί;σ6 = Aquil. Symm. Theod. (συκοφάντησε, Deut. 24. 14 LXX. ουκ άπαδικησ€ΐς=: Aquil. Symm. Theod. ου συκοφαντήσεις. Job 10. 3 LXX. iav άδι- κησω=^''Α\Κθζ' όταν συκοφάντησες. Ezek. 2 2. 29 LXX. εκπιεζουντες άδικΙα=ζ Aquil. Symm. ^συκοφάντησαν συκοφαντίαν. Ezek. 2 2. 12 LXX. καταδυναστεία, Symm. συκοφαντία, and SO also Aquil. mjer. 6. 6.
{c) It is used especially in reference to the poor, whereas the Classical use related especially to the rich : Ps. 71 (72). 4 'he shall save the children of the needy and shall break in pieces the oppressor {συκοφάντην) : Prov. 14. 31: 22. 16 'he that oppresseth (συκοφαντών) the poor': id. 28. 3 'a poor man (so E. V. but LXX. άνδρύος kv άσεβίσι) that oppresseth (συκοφαντών) the poor ' : Eccles. 4. i ' so I returned and considered all the oppressions (συκοφαντίας) that are done under the sun : and behold the tears of such as were oppressed (των συ κοφαντου μένων), and they had no comforter ; and on the side of their oppressors (συκοφαντούντων) there was power ; but they had no comforter.'
3. Other Hellenistic uses.
The meaning of the word which appears in the LXX. appears also in some Egyptian documents, which are the
συκοψαντ€Ϊν, ύττοκριτής. gi
more valuable for comparison because the social state of Egypt under the Ptolemies and afterwards under Roman rule was in many respects closely similar to the state of Palestine in the corresponding period of its history.
In Brunei de Presle Notices et textes du Musee du Louvre in the Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Impe'riale, Tom. xviii. 2<ie partie, Paris 1865, papyrus No. 61, p. 351, consists of a letter of B.C. 145 from Dioscorides, a chief officer of finance, to Dorion, a local subordinate. After reciting the strong desire of the king and queen (Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra) that there even justice should be dealt (δικαιοδοτεΐσ^αι) to all classes of their subjects, the document proceeds ττ^ρΐ hi διασβισμώ»/ και παραλίων evLCiv de καΙ συκοψαμτεΐσθαι προφ€ρομ€νων βονΧόμ€θ^ υμάς μη hiaKav6av€iv ore [ravToj ττάντα iariv άΧΚότρια τψ τβ ημών ά-γω-γης ούχ ησσον δε καί της νμΐτύρας σωτηρίας irrav τις e^fXey;^^,^ Χ^λυπηκώς τίνα των κατά μίρος, ' m
the matter of fictitious legal proceedings and plunderings, some persons being moreover alleged to be even made the victims of false accusations, we wish you to be aware that all these things are at variance not only with our administration but also and still more with your safety when any one is convicted of having injured any- one in his district.'
The offences διασεισ/χο?, nrapak^ia, συκοφαντία, are evi- dently all offences committed by taxgatherers.
In the Corpus Inscr. Graec, N°. 4957 consists of a decree of Julius Alexander, prefect of Egypt in A. D. 68, and is almost entirely concerned with the wrongs done by local au- thorities, especially in the matter of the revenue.
ντΓΟκρίσίς, υποκριτής.
In the Old Testament υττοκρίτψ is found in two passages of Theodotion's translation of Job which have been incor- porated into the LXX. text, and in each case it is the translation of Γ]Ρ_Π ' impious ' : Job 34. 30 βασιλεύων av- θρωττον VTTOKpLTTjv άτΓο bviTKokias λαον, ' making an impious man king on account of the discontent of the people ' :
92 HELLENISTIC WORDS.
Job ^6. 13 και νττοκρίταϊ καρδία τάξουσι θνμόν, 'and the impious in heart shall ordain (for themselves) wrath.' The word ^yn is also translated by νττοκρίτηί by Aquila and Theodotion in Job 15. 34, where the LXX. have άσξβουί ; by Aquila in Job 20. 5, where the LXX. have τταρανόμων ; by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion in Prov. 11. 9, where the LXX have ασφ&ν: and by the same three translators in Is. ^^. 14, where the LXX. have ασ^βά^. Similarly fj^^, which only occurs in Is. 3:?. 6, is there translated by the LXX. άνομα, and by Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion ντ:όκρισιν.
These facts seem to shew that early in the second century, and among Greek-speaking Jews, υποκριτής had come to mean more than merely 'the actor of a false part in life.' It connoted positive badness. The inference is corroborated by its use in the 'Two Ways,' especially in the form in which that treatise is appended to the Epistle of Barnabas, c. 19. 2 ov κολληθήστ} μβτα ττορ^νομ^νων kv όδω θανάτου, μίσή(Τ€υί ττάν ο ουκ ^afiv άρεστον τω Θβω, μίσησ€ί9 ττασαν υτΐόκρισιν ου μη ζγκαταλίτττ^^ ivroXas κυρίου, ' thou shalt not join thyself with those who go in the way of death, thou shalt hate whatever is not pleasing to God, thou shalt hate all υτιόκρισιν, thou shalt not abandon the commandments of the Lord.' The collocation and em- phasis can hardly be accounted for unless υττόκρισιν has a stronger meaning than that of ' false pretence.'
The meaning which is evident in the Hexapla seems more appropriate than any other in the Synoptic Gofepels :
iS". MaU. 24. 51 (of the master returning suddenly and finding the slave whom he had set over his household beating his fellow
slaves) διχοτόμησα αυτόν και το μ€ρος αντοΰ μ€τά των υποκριτών θησα^
' he will surely scourge him, and will appoint his portion with the impious ' : it would be mere bathos to render υποκριτών by ' false pretenders.'
S. Matt. 23. 28 €(τωθ€ν be cVre μαστοί νποκρίσ€ως καϊ ανομίας^
υτΓΟκριτης. 93
' within they are full of impiety and wickedness ' : and in the denunciations of the Scribes and Pharisees which both precede and follow this verse the point seems to be not merely that they were false pretenders but that they were positively irreligious.
iS*. Mark 12. 15 ίΖδώ? αντων την νπόκρισιν=3. Matt. 2 2. 18 γνονς de 6 Ίί/σοΰί την πονηρίαν αντων, S. Luke 20. 23 κατανοησας δε αντων την πανονργίαν : the three words νπόκρισιν, πονηρίαν, πανονργίαν are of
equivalent meaning: and in S. Mark as in the two other Evan- gelists that which our Lord is said to have known was not their ' false pretence ' but their ' wickedness ' or ' malice/
94 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
III. ON PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS IN BIBLICAL GREEK.
In examining any philosophical terms which are found in Hellenistic Greek it is necessary to observe to an in- creased degree the caution with which all Hellenistic words must be treated. At every step the student is haunted by their Classical meanings, and at every step the ghosts of their Classical meanings must be exorcised. For Greece and the Greek world had come not only under a different political rule, and into new social circumstances, but also into a new atmosphere of thought and to a new attitude of mind towards the questions with which philosophy deals. Those questions were,, almost of necessity, stated in their ancient form ; the technical terms remained the same : but by the operation of those silent changes by which all thinking races are constantly elaborating new meanings, and finding new points of view, the connotation of those terms and the answers to those questions had undergone more than one complete transformation. The philosophical words of Hellenistic Greek must be viewed in relation not to past but to contemporary philosophy. Nor can that contemporary philosophy be taken as an undivided whole. It is as various in its character as the philosophy of our own time, with which it is the more interesting to compare it because, as in our modern philosophy, a large part of it was syncretistic.
For the investigation of such philosophical terms as are found in the New Testament we possess a mass of material of unique value in the writings which are com-
IN BIBLICAL GREEK. 95
monly gathered together under the name of Philo. Except in relation to the doctrine of the Aoyo?, which is itself often misunderstood because it is isolated from the rest of the philosophy, those writings are an almost wholly unworked mine. Many of the MSS. which contain them remain uncollated : no attempt has been made to differen- tiate the characteristics of the main group of writings so as to afford a criterion for distinguishing between the writings of Philo himself and those of his school : the philosophy itself, which is more like a mosaic than an organic unity, has for the most part not been resolved into its elements. But although whatever is now said about Philo must be regarded as subject to correction in the future when the writings which bear his name have been more critically investigated, the study of those writ- ings is indispensable for the determination of the meanings of Hellenistic words which even touch the circumference of the philosophical sphere. It would be unwarrantable to assert that the meaning of such words in Philo deter- mines their meaning in the New Testament : but at the same time no inference as to their meaning in the New Testament can be regarded as even approximately certain if it leaves out of sight the evidence which Philo affords.
But the number of words in the New Testament which can be regarded simply as philosophical terms with an added theological connotation is very small. An instance has been given in the preceding chapter in ττίστίί. The majority of terms which appear to be philosophical require a different kind of caution in their treatment. For Biblical Greek is with comparatively rare exceptions not a philo- sophical but a popular language. It is not, that is to say, the language of men who were writing with scientific precision to an inner circle of students, but that which was addressed to, and therefore reflected from, the mass of the people, to whom, then as now, the minute distinc-
96 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
tions of philosophy are unfamiliar, and to a great extent incomprehensible. The tendency of many commentators and lexicographers has been to assume the existence in Biblical Greek of the distinctions which are found in philosophical writers, and to attach to words in their popular use meanings which belong to them only in their philosophical use. The presumption is that in the majority of cases those distinctions and meanings are inapplicable : and the presumption is sometimes raised to proof by the evidence which the LXX. affords.
I propose to deal with a special group of philosophical terms, viz. psychological terms, partly because of their importance in themselves, and partly because they furnish a good illustration of the general principle which has been stated. In dealing with them I propose to investigate (i) their use in the LXX. and Hexapla, (2) their use in Philo.
I. Psychological terms in the LXX. and Hexapla.
In the case of all but concrete terms, such as horse, fire, wood, used in their primary sense, it must be borne in mind that a general equivalence of connotation between two words in two difierent languages must not be held to imply an exact coincidence of such connotation. The domi- nant meaning of a word in one language must no doubt be held to form at least an integral part of the meaning of the word by which it is translated in another language : but it is only by adding together all the predicates of the two words in their respective languages that an inference becomes possible as to the extent to which the spheres of their connotation coincide.
When the two terms are each of them so far isolated in their respective languages that the one is uniformly the translation of the other, this addition of predicates is the only method by which the extent of the coincidence of
IN THE LXX. 97
their connotation can be determined. But in dealing with groups of allied terms, for example, psychological terms, this method may be supplemented by others. If it be found that each member of the group in one language is rendered uniformly by one and only one member of the corresponding group in the other language, it must no doubt be inferred that each term had in its own lan- guage a distinct and isolated meaning, and no other method than that of the addition of predicates will be applicable. But if it be found, as it is found in the case of the terms with which we are about to deal, that the members of the group in the one language are each rendered by more than one of the members of the group in the other lan- guage, it must be inferred that while the group as a whole in the one language corresponded as a whole to the group in the other, the individual members of the two groups did not so correspond.
The question which lies immediately before us is that of the precise extent of the correspondence or non-corres- pondence between the respective members of the two groups, and of the light which that correspondence or non-correspondence throws upon the meaning of the Greek terms. In other words, given a group of Hebrew terms ABCi and a corresponding group of Greek terms abc^ since it is found that a is used to translate not only A but also sometimes Β and C, and that δ is used to trans- late not only Β but also sometimes A and C, and that c is used to translate not only C but also sometimes A and B, and conversely that A and Β and C are each of them translated, though in varying degrees, by a and δ and c, what may we infer as to the relations of the Greek terms a and d and c to each other ?
It will thus be found necessary to ascertain
(i) of what Hebrew words each member of the Greek group is the translation : Η
98 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
(ii) what corrections of and additions to the trans- lations of the words in the LXX. are found in the Hexapla. (iii) by what Greek words each member of the Hebrew group is translated : When these questions have received provisional answers, it will be found necessary to ascertain further how far those provisional answers are confirmed by (i) the com- binations and interchanges of the several words in the same or similar passages, (2) the predicates which are attached to the several words.
I. Translations.
I. καρδία.
It is ordinarily the translation of I7 or 117•
i. The other words which it is used to translate are —
(i) i?|l 'the belly': Prov. 22. 18, Hab. 3. 15.
(2) TO 'my bowels': Thren. 2. 11, where the MSS. vary between κοικΊα and καρδία.
(s) ^"3^ 'the inward parts': Ps. 5. 10: 61 (62). 5: 93 (94). 19, Prov. 14. 33 : 26. 24.
(4) D^i 'the spirit': Ezek. 13. 3.
In several passages the Hebrew is paraphrased rather than translated: e.g. Ps. 31 (32). 5: 84 (85). 9, Prov. 15. 22 ; and in one instance, Ps. ^6 (37). 14 tovs ^vOeh τγ[ καρδία is a mistake of either the translator or the transcriber for the less familiar tov9 evO^ls rfj οδω.
ii. The translation of Iv by Kapbia is almost always ac- cepted by the translators of the Hexapla, and the MSS. of the LXX. do not greatly vary: the corrections and variations are the following :
Beut. 6. 5 : 28. 47, Jos. 22. 5 MSS. vary between καρΒίας
{καρδία) and διανοίας [διάνοια).
IN THE LXX. 99
2 Sam. 7. 27 LXX. καρ^ίαν, Symm. diavoiav.
^^• 36 (37). 15 Codd. A. B. Kapbiav, Cod. S\ ^νχψ, S^ ψυχά?.
Ps. 72 (73). 13 LXX. Aquil. Kapbiav, Symm. Theod. ψνχηρ.
Prov. 7. 3 LXX. καρ8ίας, Symm. στήθους.
Eccles. 7. 3 LXX. ds καρδίαν, Symm. rfi biavoia.
Eccles. 10. 3 "ipn \^h 'his heart faileth him': LXX. καρδία αντον
vareprjaeif Symm. ανόητος.
Jer. 5. 21 37 pti] 'without heart' : LXX. και άκάρ8ιος^ Symm. κα\
ά8ιανόητος.
Jer. 38 {31). 33 LXX. καρδίας, Theod. στήθους.
iii. The other words by which λ^, DIT' are translated are:
(i) νους, Jos. 14. 7, Is. lo. 7, 12 : and in the phrase νουν ^φιστά- veiv for yp. iT'ti^ 'to apply the heart to . . .'^Kapblav ΐφιστάν^ιν Prov. 22. 17: 27. 23, Kaphlav τιθίναι I Sam. 13. 20, Ps. 47 (48). 14: so Symin. Job 7. 17 νουν Ίτροσ^χ^ιν. and for 1? ^^ Is. 41. 22•=. Aquil. Symm. Theod. καρΒίαν (ψιστάναν.
(2), (3) διάνοια, ψυχή : see below.
(4) σαρξ, Ps. 27 (28). 7 άνίθαΚΐΡ η σαρξ μου, Aquil. Symm. Theod. η Kapdia.
II. πκβυμα.
It is ordinarily the translation of Γϊ^Ί.
i. The other words which it translates are —
(i) D''*n 'Hfe*: Is. 38. 12=. Aquil. Symm. ζωή, as usually in LXX.
(2) nrn^ 'breath': i Kings 17. 17.
ii. The translation of Π^"^ by ττνζΰμα is almost always accepted by the other translators who are included in the Hexapla, and the MSS. of the LXX. do not greatly vary : but several of the instances of revision and variation are important.
/οδ I. 19 LXX. πνεύμα, Aquil. άνεμος: SO id. 30. 15 Symm. Ps. 32 (33). 6 LXX. τω πν€υματι, Symm. TTj nvorj. Ps. 142 (143). 4 LXX. πνεύμα, Aquil. ψυχή.
U 2,
lOO PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
Ps. 148. 8 LXX. 7Γν€νμα, Alius άνεμος.
Eccles. I. 14 LXX. προαίρβσις πνεύματος, Aquil. νομή άνψου (sO Aquil. Theod. ih. 2. 11), Symm. βόσκησις άνψου (so also ib. 4. 16).
Eccles. 3. 19 LXX. πνεύμα, Symm. αναπνοή.
Eccles. 6. 9 LXX. προαίρεσις πνεύματος, Aquil. Theod, νομή άνεμον> Symm. κάκωσις πνεύματος.
Eccles. 7} 8 (9). LXX. νψηλον πνεύματι, Symm. υψηλό κάρ8ίον.
Is. 7• 2 LXX. πνεύματος, Symm. 6 άνεμος.
Is. 32. 15 LXX. πνεύμα, Symm. άνάψυξις, Theod. άνεμος.
iii. The other words by which Π^Ί is translated are the following :
(1) άνεμος, PrOV. 30. 4, SO alsO Symm., but Aquil. πνεύμα.
(2) θυμός, Job 1 5. 1 3, PrOV. 18. 14 {Aquil. πνεύμα): 2g. ii,Ezek. 39. 29, Zach. 6. 8.
(3) καρδία, Ezek. 13. 3.
(4) νους, Is. 40. 13 τίς yap εγνω νουν κυρίου, Aquil. πνεύμα: the
passage is important on account of its quotation by S. Paul in Rom. II. 34, I Cor. 2. 16 : the use of νους rather than πνεύμα in the latter passage is especially noteworthy because πνεύμα would have followed more naturally from the preceding verses : and since this is the only passage in the LXX. in which D^i is translated by νους, the presumption is very strong that S. Paul had the LXX. in mind.
(5) ^Pyhy Prov. 16. 32, Is. 59. 19, Aquil. Symm. Theod. πνεύμα (which is used, without any qualifying word, to denote anger in LXX. Judges 8. 3).
(6) πνοή, Gen. 7• 22 πνοψ ζωής: ProV. I. 23 εμης πνοής ρησιν,
Aquil. Theod. πνευμά μου: id. II. 13 πιστός δε πνοτ}, Aquil. Symm. πνεύματι : Is. 38. 1 6 εξηγειράς μου την πνοψ, Aquil. ζωη πνεύματος μου.
(ι) ψνχν, Gen. 41. 8, Ex. 35• 21.
(8) φρόνησις, Jos. 5• I.
In Job 6. 4, Prov. 17. 23: 25. 28, Is. 32. 2 the LXX. translation is not literal, and the Greek and Hebrew cannot be balanced word for word.
There are some noteworthy compound phrases into which Π^Ί enters, which in the LXX. are rendered by όλίγόψνχο^, όλίγοψν)(^ία :
Ex. 6. 9 Πϊ|Ί Ίνρ < shortness of spirit ' : LXX. oKiyoy\rvxia^ Aquil.
κοΧοβότης πνΐύματος.
Ps. 54 (55). 9 ^V^ n^ltt 'from the stormy wind' is rendered in the LXX. by the gloss άπο όλιγοψυχίας, Aquil. Theod. άπ6 rrvev- ματος Χαΐλαττώδονς.
Prov. 14. 29 πη Ί^ϊ? < hasty of spirit': LXX. ο\ι^ο^νχο<ϊ, Alius
μικρόψυχος.
Prov. 18. 14 nX3J nn ' a broken spirit': LXX. okiyo^vxov ap^pa,
Theod. πν€νμα ττΐπΚη-γμίνον,
/f. 54- 6 Πη nn^Vj; 'pained in spirit': LXX. ολίγόχ/^υχο?, ^^«//.
Symm. Theod. κατώδυνος πν^υματι.
III. ψυχή.
It is ordinarily the translation of tl''D5 • i. The other words of which it is the translation are the following :
(i) ^^i^ 'man': Lev. 17. 9, where the MSS. vary between '^νχη
and άνθρωπος.
(2) π;π, ύ'^η qife': job 38. 39, Ps. 63 (64). I {Symm. ζω^ν): 73 (74). 20.
(3) Dp, 117 'heart': 2 Kings 6. 11, i Chron. 12. 38: 15. 29: 17. 2 : 22. 9, 2 Chron 7. 11 : 9. i : 15. 15 : 31. 21, Ps. 68 (69). 21 (Aquil. Symm. Kapdlav), Prov. 6. 21: 16. i (15. 32), Is. 7. 2, 4: 10. 7 : 13. 7 : 24. 7 : 33. 18 : 42. 25 : 44. 19. In Ps. 20 (21). 2: 36 (37). 15, Prov. 26. 25 the MSS. vary between yj/νχη and καρδία.
(4) np 'a dead body': Ezek. 44. 25, Symm. ν€κρω: in Num.
23. 10 απο^άνοι ^ 'ψ'^Λ'? h^^ ^^ ψυχαίς δικαίων, ψνχαϊς must be Con- sidered to be part of a paraphrase rather than a literal translation of Τ\)Ό ' death ' : but in Num. 9. 6 eVl ψυχί} {^^^!?) no doubt means * by the dead body.'
(5) ""ja 'look': Prov. 27. 23 (perhaps like the English 'person').
(6) n^'' 'spirit' : Gen. 41. 8, Ex. 35. 21 {Aquil. πνεύμα).
In Ps. 38 (39). 12 τψ ψνχψ is a free gloss for that which is more literally rendered by Symmachus τό ^τηθυμψόν,
ii. The variations in the translation of ITDJ by ψνχη in the Hexapla and in MSS. of the LXX. are the fol- lowing :
I02 PSyCHOLCG-ICAL TERMS
Ex. 23. 9 LXX. τψ ψνχην, Aquil. {την) θλίψιν. Num. 9. 6 LXX. eVl ψνχί}, Alius eVl ν^κρω. I Sam. 24. 10 LXX. τψ ψυχψ, Aquil. Symm. Theod. τψ κακίαν. Job 6. II ΟΤΙ ανέχεται μου ή ψνχη, Aquil. otl μακροθνμησω. Ps. 87 (88). 15 Codd. AS. tmrt απω^βΐ? την ψνχψ μου, SO Aquil.
Symm. : Cod. Β., ed. Rom., τψ προσ€υχην μου.
PrOV. 24. 12 ο πλάσα? πνοην πάσιν, Aquil. Symm. διατηρων ψνχην σον.
Prov. 28. 26 Ιί^33"3ΠΊ literally as in Aquila ιτλατυς •<\rvxri=.Symm. πλατύψνχος : the LXX. dropS ^^l and has Cod. A. άπληστος, Cod. B. ατΓίστοί.
In Prov. 13. 25 δίκαιο? εσθων €μπιπλα την ψνχψ αντον, ψνχαι δε
άσφών ivhceis, it is possible that there is some confusion in the text : ψνχην, as usual, translates It^^S^, but is wrongly amended by a reviser (^AXXos) to κοιλίαν, but ψνχαί translates i^f ' belly,' and is rightly amended to κοιλίαι {Aquil. Symm. Theod. Quint, in Syriac,
κοιλία).
iii. The other words by which tTDi is translated are the following :
(i) ανηρ, Gen. 14. 21, Prov. 16. id, ■= Aquil. Symm. ψνχη.
(2) Jos. 10. 28, 30, 35, 39 t^5|n~?3 is translated by πάν έμ,τΐνέον.
(3:) /s. 43. 4 άρχοντας νπβρ της Κ€φαλή8 σου.
(4) Gen. 36. 6 πάντα τα σώματα, i.e. slaves, as probably πάσαν ψνχψ in Gen. 12. 5•
In Is. ^9. 8 μάταιον το βννπνιον is a free gloss for that which Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion render literally by κ€νη ή ψνχη αυτοΟ.
In Jer. 28 (51). 14 ω/χοσβ κύριος κατά του βραχιόι/os αντον is a characteristic periphrasis for της ψνχης, which is not amended in the existing fragments of the Hexapla.
IV. διάίΌΐα.
It is ordinarily the translation of I7 .
i. The other words which it translates are —
(i) ΠΠξ^ΠΟ 'thoughts': Is. 55. 9.
(2) y]]l 'inward parts' : Jer. 38 (31). 33.
ii. The variations of the LXX. translation of ^? by δΐίίΐΌΐα in the Hexapla are —
Gen. 34. 3 LXX. κατά τψ Βιάνοιαν, Aquil. eVi Kapbiav, Symm. κατα- θνμια.
IN THE LXX. 103
Ex. 35. 22 LXX. Symm. rfj diavola, Aqiiil. καρδία. Lev. 19. 17 LXX. Tji diavola, Ah'us iv rf] καρδία. Job I. 5 LXX. eV TTi diavola, Aquil. €π\ καρδίας.
■^^• 35• 4 LXX. oi ολιγόψυχοι τη διάνοια, Aquil. vols ταπανοΐς rij καρδία, Symm. Tois avofjTOis, Theod. ταχνκαρδίοις.
iii. The other words by which 2/ is translated have been given above, under καρδία.
2. Combinations and interchanges in the same or similar passages,
(1) καρδία and ττΐ'ευμα : Ex. 9. 13 etc. (σκληρννβ 5e κνριος τήκ καρδία»' Φαραώ, but Deut. 2. 30 Ισκ\ηρυνε κύριος 6 θξος το T{veO[f.a αντου : Jos. 2. II ζξέ'στημβρ τγ]" καρδία ημώρ κα\ ουκ €στη en irveOp,a iv ονδίνι ημών. Ps. ^Ο {^ΐ). 19 θυσία τω θεω ττνεΟμα συντετριμμίνον, καρ- δίαΐ' συντ€τριμμ€νην και τίταπεινωμίνην 6 ucos ουκ €ζουδ€νωσ€ΐ: Ps. ^6 (77)• 7 ''ΐ^ίτό? μ€τα τη? καρδία? μου ηδο\€σχουν κα\ €σκαΧΚον το ττν€υμ.ά μου: Ps. 77 (7^)• ^ y^vea ήτις ου κατβύθυνζρ iv Tifj" καρδία αντης κα\ ουκ ΐττιστώθη. μετά του θίοΰ το πνεύμα αύτης '. Ps. 1 42 (143)• 4 ηκηδίασεν iir 4μ€ τδ πΐ'€υμά μου, iv iμo\ βταράχθη ή καρδία μου : Ezek. II. 1 9 δώσω αυτοϊς καρδία»' irepav κα\ ττνζνμ,α καινον δώσω iv αυτοϊς, SO ϊδ. ^6. 2 0. In one instance the words are interchanged between the LXX. and the Hexapla, Eccles. 7. 8 LXX. υψηλον πνεύματι, Symm.
υψηλοκάρδιον.
(2) καρδία and ψυχή : (a) Sometimes they are combined : Deut.
6. 5 ^σται τα ρήματα ταύτα . . , . iv τη καρδία σου κα\ iv ττ} ψυχή σου :
SO ιδ. II. 1 8, Jos. 23. 14, Ι Sam. 2. 35» ι Chron. 22. 19. {δ) Some- times they have the same or analogous predicates : Judges 19.5 στηρισορ τήκ καρδίαν σου ψωμω άρτου: Ps. 103 (104)• 1 5 "ρτοζ καρδίαΐ' ανθρώπου στηρίζει: Ps. 34 (35)• ^3 iτo■π€ίvoυv iv νηστεία Tr\v ψυχή μ μου, so Ps. 68 {^g). 11: Ps. 77 (78). 18 βρώματα rals ψυχαϊς αυτών: Jer.
4. ΙΟ ηψατο η μάχαιρα εως ttJS ψυχή? αυτών, ιδ. V. 1 8 ηψατο εως τηξ
καρδίας σου. {c) Sometimes they are interchanged in the MSS. of the LXX., or in the Hexapla: e.g. Ps. 20 {21). 2, Codd. A. B.
ψυχής, Cod. S^. καρδίας: Ps. 36 (37). 15, Codd. A. B. καρδίαν, Cod.
5. ψνχην (^υχάς): Ps. 72 (72). 1 3 LXX. Aquil. καρδίαν, Symm.
Theod. ψνχην: so 2 Kings 6. 11, Ps. 68 (69). 21, Prov. 6. 21: 16. I (15. 32). The most important instance of the combination of the two words is in the phrase i$ ΰλης της καρδίας σου και εξ όλης της
I04 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
ψνχης σον : Deut. 4. 29 : ΙΟ. 12 : ii. 13 : 13. 3 : 26. 16 : 30. 2, 6, 10, Jos. 22. 5 [Cod. B.], 2 Chron. 15. 12. The variations of this phrase are significant: (λ) Deut. 6. 5, Jos. 22. 5 [Cod. Α.] substitute διανοίας for Kapbias : (δ) I Sam. 12. 24, I Kings 2. 4 omit the mention of ψνχη and substitute iv άληθεία, the force of the phrase being shown in Jer. 3. 10 by a contrast with its opposite,
ovK επεστράφη προς με .... e^ όλης της καρδίας αντης αλλ' em ψεύδει : SO Jer. 39 (S^)• 4^ ^^ ττίστει κα\ iv πάσυ καρδία μου και iv πάστ) ψυχή.
(3) 'ΐΓΐ'€υμα and ψυχή: (α) of the principle of life, Gen. i. 30 ψυχήμ ζωής, ih. 6. 1 7 TTfeu^a ζ<ύΎ\ς (Π*•*!!! Π^"ΐ)^ and Ezek. i. 20, 21 : 10. 17 (<^^DD Ιϋ^"^) : (3) of fainting, i.e. the apparent suspension
of life, Ps. 106 (107). 5 ή ψυχη όχτων iv αντοΐς i^eXmev, ib. 142 (143). 7 i^eXiTre το τΐνεΰμά μον: (c) of dying. Gen. 35• 18 iv τω άφύναι αντην τη μ ψυχή κ, Ι Kings 1 7. 21 επιστραφητω δη ή ψυχή του παιδαρίον τούτον eh αυτόν, Is. 53* ^^ παρεδόθη ets θάνατον ή ψυχή αυτόν, Thren. 2. 12 eV τω iKxua0aL ψυχά,9 αυτών, Ps. ΙΟ3 (104)• 29 άνται^€λ€Τ5 το -π-μευμα αυτών κα\ 6κλ6ίλ//•ουσι, ζ'^. 145 (^46)• 4 «^^λίύσεται το πμευμα αντοΟ, Eccles. 12. 7 '"Ο 'Π'ΐ'ευμα επιστρεψη προς τον θεον ος εδωκεν αυτό.
In only one instance are the words interchanged between the LXX. and the Hexapla, Ps. 142 (143). 4 LXX. πνεύμα, Aquil. ψυχή.
The elements of the two words are sometimes combined in a single phrase: Judges 15. 19 (Co^. A.) iπeστρεψε to ττμεΟμα avTov καί ανεψυξεκ, Ps. 76 (77)• 4 ώλιγοψύχησ€ το ττμευμα αυτού, Jer. 2. 24 iv iπLθυμίaις ψυχή§ αύτοΟ επί'βυματοφορ^Γτο, Ezek. 21. 7 εκψύξει πάσα σάρ^ κα\ παν πι^ευμα.
Cf. Ι Sam. 16. 23 ^Τ}, LXX. άνεψνχε, Aquil. άνεπνεε.
(4) κφδία and διάμοια: {α) they are sometimes interchanged, Ex. 25. 2 ois av δό^χι Ti(] καρδία αυτον•=.ίδ. 35. 2 2 ω εδο^ε τή" διαμοία : ib. 28. 3• 35• 9• 3^• ^ τ^ασι rols σοφοΐς τγ^ διαΐΌία = ζ*3. 3Ι• 6 παντί συνετω καρδία: SO in Deut. 6. 5 - 28. 47) J^S. 22. 5, Prov. 27. 19 the MSS. vary between καρδία and διάνοια: {b) they are sometimes combined, Gen. 6. 5 πας τις διαιρείται iv τρ καρδία αυτοΰ, Ι Chron, 29• 18 φυλαζον ταΰτα εν διαι^οία καρδίας.
3- Predicates of the several words.
(i) Strong emotion is expressed by ταράσσπν with each of the three v^ords :
IN THE LXX. 105
(i) J^^ 36. 34 (37. l) ^ταράχθη ή καρδία μον : SO Ps. 37 (38). ΙΟ :
54 (55)• 3 : i42 (143)• 4> Thren. 2. 11.
(2) I Things 20 (21). 5 Ti TO -πνίυμά σου τΐταρα-γμίνον ] SO Is.
19• 3•
(3) Gen, 41.8 εταράχθη η ψνχη αντοΰ (where, as noted above, the Hebrew word is not ^ξ^. but πη) : so also Ps. 6. 4 : 41 (42). 7.
(ii) Pride is expressed by νψονν, νψηλ05, with each of the three words :
(1) Deui. 17. 20 iva μη νψωθΐι ή mpbia αυτόν : SO 2 Chron. 32. 25,
Ps. 130 (131). I, Jer. 31 (48). 29, Ezek. 28. 2, 5, 17: so also Is.
9. 9 €φ' ΰβρξΐ κα\ υψηΧτ} καρδία.
(2) Eccles. 7. 8 ifnep υψηλορ πν^υματι.
(3) Λ. 130 (l3^)• 2 ^^ /^^ (ταπΐΐνοφρόνουν αλλά ΰ^|rωσa την ψυχην μου.
(iii) Humility^ with ταπ€ΐΓ09 and cognate words :
(i) καρδία :
Ps. 108 (109). 16 ανθρωπον π€νητα κα\ πτωχον κα\ κατανεννγμζνον ττ} καρδία.
(2) •πνευμ.α:
Ps. 33 (34)• 19 '''^^^ ταπ€ΐνους τω πνίύματι.
(3) ψυχή :
/s. 58• 3 ^νατΓβΐί/ώσα/χβι/ τα? ψυχας ημών.
(iv) Dejection is expressed by άκτ^διαι; with each of the three words :
(1) Ps. 60 (61). 3 eV τω α/ίτ^δίάσαι ττ)»/ καρδίαν μου.
(2) /'ί. 142 (143)• 4 ηκ^δίασ€Ρ evr' e/xe το πνΐΰμά μου, Is, 61. 3 πνεύμα άκηδίας.
(3) Λ. Ιΐ8 (119)• 28 ίνυσταξεν ή ψυχή μου υπο άκηδίας.
(ν) Contrition and distress are expressed by σνντρίβ6σθαί and cognate words with each of the three words :
(1) I Sam. I. 8 ίνατί τύπτει ae η καρδία σου; Ps. 50 (51)• ^^ καρδίαν συντΐτριμμίνην κα\ τβταπ€ΐνωμ€νην, ib. 146 (147)• 3> ^'^' 57• ^3j J^^•
23. 9•
(2) Λ. 5θ (51)• 1 9 'Ti/eC/ta συντβτριμμζνον, Is. 65. 1 4 "^^ συντριβής πνεύματος υμών.
I06 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
(3) Gen. 43. 21 τψ βλίψίν της ψνχης αντον.
(vi) Sorrow and anguish are expressed by each of the three words :
(1) Deut, 15. 10 oh λνπηβηση rfj καρδία σον, Is. 65. 14 δια τον πόνορ της καρδίας νμων.
(2) Ps. 76 (77)• 4 ^λιγοψνχησξ το πν^νμά μου: ih, 105 (106). 33 παρεπίκραναν το πνεΐιμα αυτοΰ.
(3) Ι Sam. Ι. ΙΟ κατώδυρος ψνχη : SO ζ<5. 2 2. 2 : 30• 6, 2 Kings 4•
27: Is. 38. 15 '''ψ οδννην της ψνχης : 2 Sam. 1 7. 8 κατάπικροι τβ Ψ^Χη- Job 7• II : ΙΟ• Ι• 21. 25 πίκ/)ία λ//•υ;(^ί: Job 14. 22 17 δε ψνχη αντον ^πίνθησίν.
(νϋ) The predicates which are found with καρδία and ψνχτι, but not with ττνζνμα, are those oi fear and cowardice.
{a) With τηκζσθαι :
(1) 2 Sam. 17. 10 ^ καρδία καθώς ή καρδία τον λέοντος τηκομενη τακη- σ(ται: Ps. 21 (22). 1 5 €ν€νηθη ή καρδία μον ωσβΐ κηρος τηκόμ^νος.
(2) DeuL 28. 65 δώσω σοι . . . τηκομίνην ψνχην : SO Ps. Ι06 (107)• 26.
(<^) With φό/ίίοί, φοβζίσθαι.
(ΐ) Ζ^^Ζ^/. 20. 8 ό φοβούμενος και δειλός τ^ καρδία: id. 28. 67, JoS.
7. 15) 2 Chron. 13. 7j Ps. 26 {27). 3, i Sam. 28. 5 εψοβηθη κα\ i^e-
στη ή καρδία αντον σφόδρα.
(2) Is. 21. 4 V ψ^Χ^ ^ο^ ίφεστηκεν eU φόβον.
(viii) 0/ affection with ayanav and cognate phrases :
(1) Judges 16. 15 ηγάπηκά σε κα\ η καρδία σον ονκ εστί μετ εμον: 2 Sam. 14. Ι ^ καρδία τον βασιλέως επ\ ^Αβεσσαλώμ: id. Ι ζ. 1 3 «V^- νηθη η καρδία ανδρών Ίσραηλ οπίσω ^Αβεσσαλώμ.
(2) Ι Safn. Ιο. Ι, 3 ηγάπησεν αντον Ίωνάθαν κατά την ψνχην αντον. Cant. 3• 1} 2, 3) 4 ^^ ηγάπησεν η ψνχη μον.
(ix) Of gladness with ayaOvv^iv^ αγαλλιασθαί^ and cognate words :
(l) fudges 16. 25 OTi η-γαβύνθη η καρδία αντων: id. 1 8. 20, I KingS
8. 66, I Chron. 16. 10, Is. 66. 14, Zach. 10. 7, Ps. 12 (13). 6 άγαλ-
λιάσεται ή καρδία μον : id. Ι18 (119). Ill άγαλλίαμα της καρδίας μον: id. 85 (86). II ενφρανθητω ή καρδία μον.
IN THE LXX. 107
(2) Ps. 34 (35)• 9 >? δε '^νχη μου άγαλλιάσεται eVi τώ κυρίω'. SO Is. 61. ΙΟ, Prov. 23. 24 fVi δε νιω σοφω ευφραίνεται η ψνχη αυτοΰ.
(χ) 0/ hope, with ΙΚ-ηίζ'ξ.ιν :
(ι) Ps. 27 (28). 7 f^' α^τω ήλπισεν ή καρδία μου.
(2) jPj. 129 (13°)• ^ ήληισερ η ψυχή μου eVi τον κυριον.
(χί) Those which apply to the moral nature as a whole :
(1) Deuf. 9. 5 δια τήι/ όσιότψα της καρδίας σου, Ι Kings 9• 4 ^'^ όσιότητι καρδίας, Ρίον. 2 2. II αγάπα κύριος όσιας καρδίας, Neh. 2. 2 πονηρία καρδίας.
(2) Prov. 26. 25 €ττά γά/[) €ΐσί πονηρίαι iv τη ψυχτ} αυτού, Is. Ι. 1 6 αφελετβ ras πονηρίας άπο των ψυχών υμών.
(χϋ) Wt/l and intention are expressed by (i) Kapbia, (2) ττν€νμα, especially by KapbCa :
(1) In the phrase πάντα τά iv τη καρδία (τίνος) ποιάν, Ι Sam. 9• 1 9» 2 Sam. 7• 3> 2 Kings ίο. 20 : the more complete phrase πάντα τα
iv Tjj καρδία μου καΐ τα iv τη ψυχή μου ποιήσει is probably equivalent
to ' all that I intend and that I desire.' So in the phrases βεβάρηται
ή καρδία Φαραώ του μη . . . Εχ. 7• 14? iσκkηpυvθη η καρδία αυτού Εχ. 8. 19, and frequently in Exodus, άπεστησαν την καρδίαν . . . όπως μη
είσελθωσιν Num. 32. g, Deut. I. 28: and in the phrases iyeveTo iπϊ
της καρδίας . . . οίκοδομησαι I Kings 8. 1 7? iyiveTO eVi καρδίαν οίκοδο- μησαι I Chron. 28. 2, 2 Chron. 6. 7? 8 : so also τά αρεστά της καρδίας
Jer. 9• 13 • ι6. ιι : ι8. ΐ2.
(2) Oeut. 2. 30 iσκ\ηpυvεv . . . το πνεύμα αυτοΰ: 2 Chron. 36. 2 2, 2 Esdr. I. I iζηyειpε Κύριος το πνεύμα Κύρου βασιλέως ΤΙερσών κα\ παρήγγειλε κηρνζαι.
(χίϋ) Desire is expressed, perhaps exclusively, by ψ"^χ?7 :
{a) Of food, Deut. 12. 21 φαγη iv ταΐς πόλεσί σου κατά την iπιθυμίav της ψυχής σου: SO ιδ. 14. 20, Ι Sam. 2. 16 : 20. 4> 2 Sam. 3• 2Ι, Ι Kings II. 37? Job 33• 20, Ps. 68 (69). n : 106 (107). 18, Prov. 6. 30: 10. 3: 13. 25: 19. 15: 25. 25, Is. 32. 6: 58. II, Jer. 38
(31). 25 : so εταπείνουν iv νηστεία την ψυχην μου Ps. 34 (35)• ^3> "^^^ αίτήσαι βρώματα ταΐς ψυχαΊς αυτών Ps. 77 (7^)• ^^> V ^^ ψ^Χ^ υμών προσώχθισεν iv τω αρτω Num. 2 1 . 5•
I08 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
(ί>) Of spiritual desire, Ps. 41 (42). 2 (πιποθβΐ η ψυχή μον προς σ/, 6 eeos: ib. 62 (63). 2 : 83 (84). 3= 1 18 (up)• 20.
(xiv) Mental powers and operations are predicated of all three words :
(1) Of καρδία: (βπιστημη), Ex. 36. 2 ω debs εδωκ?»/ ΐπιστημψ iv rrf καρ8ία: (^ddevai) Deut. 29. 4 0 θ(6ς εΒωκεν νμ'ιν καρ8ίαν elbevai και οφθαλ- μονδ βλtπeιv και ωτα άκον€ΐν: Ι Kings 2. 44 ''"'7^ κακίαν σον ου oldev ή καρδία σου: (voeii/, 8ιανο€'ίσθαι) Ι Sam. 4-20 ουκ (νοησεν η καρδία αυτής'. Is. 32. 6 η καρδία αυτού μάταια νοήσει, Jer. 7.31' 19-5^•••°^ ^^^" νοηθην iv τγι καρδία μον : cf. Hos. 7. II ως περιστερά ανους ουκ έχουσα καρδίαν [φρόνιμος, φρόνησις : σοφός, σοφία): 1 Kings 3• 12 δεδωκά σοί καρδίαν φρονίμψ κα\ σοφην : ib. ΙΟ. 24 ΤΎ]ς φρονησεως αυτού ης έδωκε κύριος ττ] καρδία αυτού : 2 Chron. 9-23 t^s σοφίας αυτοΰ ης εδωκεν 6 θεός εν καρδία αυτοϋ '. Job 1 7• 4 καρδίαν αυτών εκρυψας άπο φρονησεως : {σννιεναι, συνετός) Job 34• ΙΟ? 34 ο^ν^τοί καρδίας [Cod. Α, καρδία^: Is. 6. ΙΟ /Α^ ποτέ . . . TTJ καρδία σννώσι'. [βονλεύεσβαι) Neh. 5• 7 ^βονλεν- σατο καρδία μον επ* ε με.
(2) Of TTi'eGjxa : Ex. 28. 3 "η^νευμα σοφίας κα\ αίσθησεως'. DeUt. 34• 9> Jot) 15• 2 πνεύμα συνέσεως: Ι Chron. 28. 12 το παράδειγμα ο ειχεν εν πνενματι αυτού : Ps. 76 (77)• 7 εσκαλλον το πνεϋμά μου.
(3) Of ψυχή : Jos. 23. 14 γνωσεσθε τη καρδία υμών κα\ τη ψυχή υμών: Ps. 12 (13)• 2 εως τίνος βησομαι βούλας εν ψυχή μον: Ps. 1 38 (139)• 14 V ψ^χί fov γινώσκει σφόδρα: Prov. 24. 14 αίσθηση σοφίαν τη ση ψνχη: Cant. 6. II ονκ εγνω η ψυχή μου: Is. 44• 1 9 °^'^ ελσγί- σατο τη ψνχη αυτοϋ.
Results. If we gather together the results, it will be seen that in the LXX.
(i) Kaphia, Έν^νμα, ψνχη are capable of being inter- changed as translations of the same Hebrew words :
(2) consequently, the lines of distinction between them,
whatever they may be, are not sharply drawn :
(3) a survey of the predicates which are attached to
each of them shows a similar impossibility of limiting them to special groups of mental phenomena, with the exceptions that {a) Kapbia
IN PHILO. 109
is most commonly used of will and intention,
(d) ψνχη of appetite and desire. But this general inference as to Greek words does not of necessity apply also to their Hebrew originals. A student of the Hebrew terms must no doubt take into account the fact that at a certain time those terms con- veyed to Greek minds a certain meaning, and that a certain group of them was to some extent treated as synonymous. But this fact is only one of many data for the determination of the meaning of the Hebrew terms themselves : and it must be carefully borne in mind that the study of the words by which Greek translators ex- pressed Hebrew psychological terms is not identical with the study of Hebrew psychology.
II. Psychological terms in Philo.
The use of psychological terms, such as ιτν^υμα and ψνχη, in Philo can only be understood when viewed in relation to his psychology as a whole. But that psychology is of great complexity. The complexity arises partly from the fact that he uses the same terms to designate different groups of phenomena, partly from the fact that he uses different terms to designate the same phenomena, and partly from the fact that he regards the phenomena from different points of view, sometimes using the terms or conceptions of one system of philosophy and sometimes those of another, and sometimes borrowing both terms and conceptions not from philosophy but from the Old Testament. There is in some cases the additional element of uncertainty which arises from the uncertain authorship of some of the writings which are attributed to him.
It would be beyond my present purpose to discuss that psychology in detail, or to endeavour to resolve it into the elements from which it was formed. I must be con- tent to gather together the more important of the predicates
no PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
which he attaches to the chief psychological terms, and to add to them only such brief explanations as may be necessary to develop their meaning.
I. σώμα and ψυχή.
The conception of the duality of human nature runs through all Philo's writings. (i) We are compounded of two elements, body and soul, which are {2>) allied during life, but (3) separated at death.
(1) ^eg, Alleg. iii. 55 (i. 119) δύο Ιστϊν i^ hv συνίσταμ^ν "^νχη tc και σώμα.
De Ebriet. 26 (i. 372) (ανθρωπον) τό ψνχης κα\ σώματος ύφασμα ή ΤΐΚί-γμα η κράμα η 6 τι ποτ ξ χ^ρή καλ^ΐι/ τοντί το συνθ^τον ζωον.
Oe Cherubim 32 (i. 159) '^y^^y ovu €Κ ψνχψ κα\ σώματος σνν^στώς. De Mundi Opif. 46 (i. 32) Ικ σώματος κα\ ψνχης σννίστώς,
(2) Quod dei. pot. insid. 6 (i. 194) σνζν^η hk και συνβταιρϊς καΧί'ΐται Χββρών, συμβολικούς ημών το σώμα οτι συνίζ^υκται και ωσπ€ρ ΐταιρίαν κα\ φϊλίαρ προς ψνχην τίθενται.
(3) Leg. Alleg, i. 33 (^• ^5) ° ^-^^ °^^ άνθρωπου {sc. θάνατος) χωρισ- μός ίστι "^υχης κα\ σώματος.
II. σώμα, σάρ|.
If we gather together the predicates of σώμα, we find that the word is sometimes used in a narrower, sometimes in a wider sense.
i. The body in its strict sense is (i) a compound of earth and other elements : (2) it is the passive receptacle of soul, its dwelling-place, its temple, its prison, its tomb : (3) it is dead, and we carry about, as it were, a corpse with us.
(l) Leg. Alleg. iii. 55 (i• 1^9) ''^ F^'' ^^^ σώμα Ικ γ\ς δ^δημιούργηται. Lbld. το μ\ν €Κ "γης διαπλασθίν σώμα.
De Migrat. Abraham, ι (i. 436) τ-ό μίν σώμα κα\ sk γης cXajSe την σύστασιν καϊ άνοΚν^ται παΚιν ei? γην.
De Sacrificant. 2 (ii. 252) ^στιν οΰν ημών ή κατά το σώμα ουσία ή γη
κα\ νδωρ : (and earth and water are conceived as saying to men)
Tjpeh eV/xcV η του σώματος υμών ουσία' ημάς ή φύσις κ^ρασαμίνη, η θ(Ία τβχνη, δκ'πλασίν €Ϊς άνθρωπόμορφον ideav.
IN PHILO. Ill
De Mundi Opt/. 51 (i. 35). (In respect of his body man is akin
to the whole visible world) συ-γκ^κριται γαρ ck των αυτών, γης καΐ ν8ατος κα\ aepos κα\ πυρός, εκάστου των στοιχείων ΐΐσ^ν^γκόντος το (πιβάλΧον μίρος προς βκπλήρωσιν αυταρκίστάτης ΰλης, ην ίδίΐ λαβείν τον δημιονργόν ινα τ€χνιτ€ύσ~ηται την όρατην ταύτην ίΐκόνα.
(2) De Somniis i. 5 (i• 624) αλλά και on ψυχής εστίν άγγεϊον (sc. το σώμα^ ουκ άγνοοϋμεν.
/did. i. 20 (i. 639) '''ον συμφυα της ψυχής οίκον, το σώμα.
De Migrat. Abraham. 5 (i• 439) "^ov σωματικον οίκον: ibid. 2 (i. 438) €κφυγών δίσμωτήριον, το σώμα.
Quod Deus immut. 33 (i. 295) 6 τής ψυχής οίκος η τύμβος ή ότιουν χρή KoXelv.
De Mundi Oplf. 47 (i. 33) οίκος γάρ τις ή νεώς ΐ€ρος €Τ€κταίν€το ψνχής λογικής ην epeWev άγάΚματοφορήσειν αγαλμάτων το Οεοίώίστατον.
Quis rer. divin. heres 14 (i. 482) 6 μ^νων iv τί} σώματος ύρκτή λογισμός.
De agricuU. 5 (i. 304) τόΐ' σύνθετον χουν, τον πεπλασμίνον ανδριάντα, τον ψνχής ΐγγιστα οίκον, ον άπο γίνεσΐως άχρι τΐλΐυτής, άχθος τοσούτον, ουκ άποτίθβται ν€κροψορουσα.
Leg. Alleg. iii. 22 (i. 100, ιοί) μή γαρ άλλο τι ποιήσεις εκαστον ημών ποιύν η νίκροφορύν, το vcKpov i^ εαυτού σώμα Ιγειρούσης και άμοχθϊ φερουσης τής ψνχής Ι ibid, του νεκρού οντος σώματος άλογεϊ.
De Gigant. 3 (i. 264) τον συμφυα νεκρον ημών, το σώμα,
ϋ. The term body is sometimes used in an extended sense: (i) it includes the senses and desires: (2) the pas- sions grow out of it : (3) hence it is regarded as evil, the seat of the vices, and the enemy of the higher life.
(1) Leg. Alleg. i. 32 (i. 64) αίσθήσεσι σώματος.
Quod del, pot. insid. 29 (i. 212) το γεώδες σώμα κα\ τας συγγενείς αισθήσεις.
Leg. Alleg. i. 32 (i. 64) το σώμα και τας επιθυμίας αυτού.
(2) Quis rerum divin. heres 54 (i. 511) νόθα γαρ κα\ ξένα διανοίας τα σώματος ως αληθώς πάθη, σαρκός εκπεφυκότα, η προσερρίζωνται.
De Somniis ii. 39 (ί• 692) το ήμετερον σώμα και τα εν αυτω κα\ δι αυτο εγγινόμενα πάθη.
(3) Leg. Alleg. iii. 22 (i. 100) τον γαρ δερμάτινον ογκον ημών το σώμα .... πονηρόν τε κα\ επίβουλον τής ψνχής, ουκ άγνοεΐ, καΐ νεκρον κα\ τεθνηκος αεί.
112 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
Leg. Alleg. i. 32 (i. 64) τό hi σώμα ουκ. οίον ου avvepyei προς τούτο (sc. the attainment of virtue) αλλά καΐ KoXvaupyei.
De SomnilS ii. 39 (i. 693) τά? σώματος και δια σώματος κακίας.
In this extended sense the terms ' flesh ' (σαρξ) and ' sense ' {αΧσθησι^) are sometimes substituted for body, and in addition to the constant antithesis between body and soul [σώμα and ψυχτ?) as different physical elements, an antithesis is sometimes made not only (i) between the same terms, but also between (2) flesh and soul [σαρξ and ψνχη), (3) flesh and the divine spirit {σαρξ and rd Θύον Ίτνζνμα), as representing different elements of consciousness and different aims of human action.
( 1 ) Quod Deus immut. 11 (i. 281) τών yap ανθρώπων ol pev ψυχής oi de σώματος Ύ€γόνασι φίλοι.
De SomnilS ii. 39 (i. 692) 6 σπονδαίος κληρον έλαχε ψνχψ κα\ τας ψνχης άρ€τάς, ώσπβρ ό φαύλος βμπάλιν σώμα και τας σώματος κα\ δια σώματος κακίας.
De Abraham. 41 (ϋ• 34) ο* 'ψ'^Χ.7 φαλλοί.• r\ σώματι ζώντ€ς.
(2) De Gigantihus 10 (i. 268) άντίθ^ς yap, φησίν, ώ yevvaUy το σαρκός αγαθόν τω της ψνχης κα\ τω του τταντος άγαθω' ουκοΰν το piv σαρκός βστιν άλογος ηδονή, το de ψυχής κα\ του παντός 6 νους τών όλων, θεός.
(3) De Gigantihus 7 (i. 266) αίτιον he της αν επιστημοσύνης μεγιστον ή σαρζ και ή προς σάρκα οίκΐίωσις' κα\ αυτός he όμολογεϊ φάσκων hia το eivai αυτούς σάρκας μη δυνασθαι το θείον πνεύμα καταμεΐναι,
Quis rer. divin. heres 12 (i. 481) ώστε hiTTov είναι γένος ανθρώπων το μεν θείω πνευματι και λογισμω βιούντων το hi αίματι και σαρκός rfhovrj ζώντων,
III. ψυχή. i. The term ψνχη is used sometimes, though rarely, (i) in a very wide sense, to designate all life whether conscious or unconscious, (2) in a special sense, to designate the highest form of mind, that is, the intuitive reason as dis- tinguished from apprehension by the senses.
(i) De Mundi Opif. 22 (i. 15) Nature fashions την μεν iypav ονσίαν (i.e. the element water, of. infra c. 45, i. 31) εΙς τα του σώ- ματος μέλη κα\ μέρη hιaveμoυσa την he πνευματικήν (ί. e. the element air) εΙς τάς TtjS ψ^χή? δυνάμεις, την τε θρεπτικην και την αισθητικήν. Eut
IN PHILO. 113
elsewhere he distinguishes between e^ts the power of cohesion which holds material bodies together, φνσις the power of growth, ψνχη animal life, λογική ψυχή rational life : Quod Deus immut. 7 (i. 277) των yap σωμάτων τα μ^ν evebvaaro e^ei, τα Se φύσει, τα. be ψυχί), τα δε κα\ λογική ψυχτ} : De Somniis i. 2 2 (i. 64 1 ) eVoiet yap αυτόν 6 τ€χνίτης ακίνητων μεν σωμάτων e^iv κινουμένων be άφαντάστως (i. e. with- out power of perception) φύσιν, fjbq bi όρμ?} κα\ φαντασία χρησθαι buva- μ€νων ψνχην.
(2) Quis rer. divin. heres 22 (i. 487) αϊσθησις, which is usually included in ψνχη, is made coordinate with it, thus limiting ψνχη to reason as distinguished from sensation: so De gigant. 3 (i. 264)
ψνχην η νουν' το κράτιστον των iv ημίν.
But in its ordinary use ψυχ?}, though limited to conscious life, is made to cover all the phenomena of conscious life, sensations, emotions, and thoughts. These phenomena are commonly grouped into the two divisions which, in the language of the Peripatetics, he calls the irrational and rational parts of the soul, or, in language which is probably that of the Stoics, sense and mind. Hence ψυχή is said to have two meanings, or to be divided into two parts.
Quis rer. dlVin. heres 1 1 (i. 480) ψνχ)] bix&g λέγεται, η re δλ»; και το ηγ^μονικον αντης pepos ο, κνρίως elneh, ψνχη ψνχψ εστί.
De Migrat. Abraham, ι (i. 43^) "ΐσ^ί^σί? δε σνγγ^νίς και άbiλφόv εστί biavoias, αλογον λογικής, ε'ττειδ^ μιας αμφ'ω μίρη ψ^χψ ταντα.
De Agricult. 7 (i• 3^4) "^Ά^ ψ^ΧΨ ώσπερ άπο μιας ρίζης ερνη biTTa άναβλαστοΰσης hv το μεν ατμητον όλον bi όλων iaOev επεφημίσθη vovs, το δ' ίζαχη σχισθεν (Is επτά φύσεις πέντε των αισθήσεων κα\ bvolv άλλων οργάνων φωνητηρίον τε κα\ γονίμον.
In some passages Philo substitutes the threefold division of Plato for this Aristotelian dichotomy :
JLeg. Alleg. i. 22 (i. 57) νοητεον ovv OTi εστίν ημών η ψνχη τρίμερης και έχει μέρος το μεν λογικον το δε θυμικον το δε επιθυμητικόν.
Ibid. iii. 38 (i. no) τρίμερη σνμβεβηκε την ψνχψ ημών είναι καΐ εχειν μέρος μεν εν λογιστικον bεvτεpov δε θνμικον τρίτον δε επιθυμητικόν.
De con/us. ling. 7 (i. 408) τρίμερους ημών της ψυχής νπαρχουσης το μεν νους και λόγος το be θυμός το δε επιθνμία κεκληρωσθαι λέγεται,
Ι
114 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
Quis rer. divin. heres 45 (i. 504) ^υχΐ7 γάρ τριμ€ρψ ian ΒΙχα de ^καστον των μζρών ως ΐδ^ίχθη (sc. anfe, C. 26, i. 49 1) τβμνεταΐ' μοιρών Βη γίνομ^νων ίζ (βδομος (Ικότως τομ^ύς ην απάντων, 6 Upos και Oelos Χόγος.
In other passages he adopts in whole or in part the Stoical division into sense (or the five senses enumerated separately), speech, the reproductive faculty, and the governing faculty : in some of these passages he combines the Stoical and the Aristotelian divisions : in others, though he preserves the coordination of speech with sense and reason, he omits the reproductive faculty.
De mundi Opific. 40 (i. 28) r^s ημ^τίρα^ ψνχης το Βίχα τον ηγ€μονικον μίρος €πταχη σχίζεται^ προς π€ντ€ αισθήσεις και το φωνητηριον opyavov κα\ eVi πασι το γόνιμον.
Leg. Alleg. i. 13 (i. 51) τοντω (sc. τω νω) μόνω ^μπνΰ 6 Bebs τοΊς de αλΧοις μίρίσι ονκ άξιου ταΐς Τ€ αίσθησ^σι κα\ τω λόγω και τω γονίμω '.
(but immediately afterwards all these are grouped together as τ6
αλογον μίρος της ψνχης^
Quis rer. div. heres 48 (i. 505) το μίν yap oKoyov ψνχης μ^ρος ^ξαχη 8ί€λων 6 δημιουργός €$ μοίρας elpyaaaTO, δρασιν, yevaiv, άκοήν, οσφρησιν, άφην, γόνιμον, φωνην' το de Χογικόν, ο drj νους ωνομάσθη ασχιστον etaae κατά την του παντός ομοιότητα ουρανού.
Ibid. 22 (i. 4^7) T^o-poi^^TeOeTo he σοι αυτω ψνχήν, \oyov, αισθησιν 6 ζωοπλάστης.
De congr. erud. grat. 18 (i. 533) ev ήμΐν yap αντοΐς τρία μέτρα eivai doKcif αϊσθησις, Χόγος, νους.
Oe Somniis i. 5 (i• 624) ουκουν τ€τταρα τα άνωτάτω των nepi ημάς €στι, σώμα, α'ίσθησις, λόγος, νους.
But neither the Platonic nor the Stoical psychology penetrates his system, or forms to any appreciable extent the basis of other parts of his teaching : he adheres in the main, with w^hatever inconsistencies, to the division of the phenomena of consciousness into rational and ir- rational, or mind and sense.
ii. To each of these parts of ψνχη he assigns (i) a different essence, the one blood, the other spirit : (:z) a different origin, which is expressed in theological language
IN PHILO.
115
in the assertions that the one is of the earth, and the other breathed into man by God, or that the one was made by God's ministers and the other by God himself: (3) a different destiny, the one being mortal, the other immortal.
(i) Quis rer. divin. heres 11 (i. 481) 'ibo^e τω νομοθίττ) 8ιπλην elvai κα\ την ονσίαν της ψνχης, αίμα μ^ν το της όλης του δε ήγ€μορικωτάτον πνίΰμα θύον.
Quod Deus immut. 10 (i. 279) τοντο της ψνχης το €Ϊ8ος [SC. ό νους] ουκ (Κ των αυτών στοιχήων βξ S)v τα αλΧα άπετελείτο 8ί€πλάσθη, καθαρω- τ€ρας δε κα\ άμύνονος ΤΚαχ€ της ουσίας.
De Concupiscent. 10 (ii. 35^) "^^ Ζ^^" ^ν^ο. .... ουσία ψνχης (στ\ν ουχί τηί νο€ρας καΐ λογίκης αλλά της αισθητικής .... εκείνης [sc. της νθ€ράς~] yap ουσία πν^ΰμα uelov.
(2) I^eg. A //eg. i. 13 (i. 51) τών γάρ γινομένων τα μβν κα\ υπο θ€θϋ yiyovev καΐ δι αυτοΰ, τα δε υπό θΐου μ^ν ου, di αυτού δε" τα μ€ν άριστα καΐ υπο BeoO yeyove κα\ bi αυτού .... τούτων κα\ 6 νους ε'στί* το δε άλογοι/ υπο θεοϋ pev yeyovev ου δίά θ^ου δε, αλλά bia του XoyiKod του άρχοντος τε και βασιλίύοντος iv "ψ^υχη.
De profugis 13 (i. 5 5 6) ^loKeyeTai μεν ουν [referring to the words
ποιησωμξν ανθρωπον in Gen. i. 26] 6 των όλων πατήρ ταΐς δαύτου δυνά" μ€σιν αις το θνητον ημών της ψνχης μίρος έδωκε διαπλάττίΐν, μιμουμίναις την αυτού τίχνην, ηνίκα το λογικον iv ήμιν εμόρφου, δίκαιων υπο piv ηγε- μόνας το ήγεμονικον iv ψνχη, το δε υπηκοον προς υπηκόων δημιουργεϊσθαι.
De Con/us. /ing. 35 0• 43 2) "^Ψ τούτου (sc. of the irrational part of the soul) 0 ^εόί περιηψΐ κα\ τοις υπαρχοΊς αυτού λίγων * ποιησωμεν ανθρωπον. Ινα αι μεν του νου κατορθώσεις επ* αυτόν άναφίρωνται μόνον ε'ττ' άλλους δε αί άμαρτίαι. (He goes οη, as in the preceding passage and elsewhere, to account thus for the presence of evil and sin among men : God Himself is the direct author only of good).
(3) Leg. A//eg. ii. 24 (i. 83) δύο γένη φορεί η ψυχή το μεν θείον το δε φθαρτόν.
Quod Deus i?nmut. 10 (i. 279) μόνον των iv ημϊν αφθαρτον εδοξεν είναι την διάνοιαν.
IV. T/ie lower manifestations of ψυχή.
The lower or irrational part of ψυχτ], of which the essence is blood, consists of those phenomena of consciousness which are common to man with the brutes, and which may con-
I ^
Il6 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
sequently be regarded as phenomena simply of physical life. It is admitted, in language which will be quoted below, that those phenomena as they actually occur in man are interpenetrated with mind, and could not be what they are without mind. At the same time a real as well as a logical distinction is drawn between the functions and phenomena of sense and those of mind.
i. The senses have, as mere functions of the animal life, (i) a certain dull power of feeling, i.e. of acquiring know- ledge of external things: (2) their precise function is to present to the mind images of present objects. (3) To such objects they are limited : for they neither remember the past nor anticipate the future. (4) They are cognizant of the presence of objects, but cannot form judgments upon them : in Philo's phraseology they know σώματα but not ττράγματα. (5) They are so far independent of mind that if the mind were to tell them not to act, they would refuse to obey.
(i) InDe congr. erud.gr at. 25 (i. 539, 540) he uses the difference between the senses in themselves, and the senses acting con- currently with mind, as an illustration of the difference between arts and sciences : of which he says that the former άμυ^ρώς όρώσιν,
the latter τηλαυγως και σφό8ρα εναργως κατάλαμβάνονσιν.
ωσπβρ yap οφθαλμοί μεν δρωσιν, δ δε vovs di οφθαλμών τηλανγίστ^ρον κα\ ακούει μεν ωτα, 6 be νους δι ωτων αμεινον και οσφραίνονται μεν οι μνκ- τηρες, η 8ε ψνχη δια ρινών εναργεστερον κα\ αί αλλαι αΙσθησεις των καβ* αυτάς αντιλαμβάνονται καθαρώτερον δε καΐ εΐΚικρινεστερον η διάνοια, κυρίως yap εΙπεΐν ηδ* εστ\ν δφθαΚμος μεν οφθαΧμών άκοη δ' άκοης κα\ εκάστης των αισθήσεων αισθησις ειλικρινέστερα, χρωμενη μεν εκείναις ως εν δικαστηρίω νπηρετισι δικάζουσα δε αύτη τας φύσεις των υποκείμενων ως τοϊς μεν συναι- νεΐν τα δε απόστρεφε σθαι, ούτως αι μεν \εyόμεvaι μεσαι τεχναι ταΐς κατά το σώμα δυνάμεσιν εοικυΐαι rots θεωρημασιν εvτυyχάvoυσι κατά τινας άπλας επιβοΧάς άκριβίστερον δε επιστημαι κα\ συν εξετάσει περιτττ}.
De mundi Opif. 59 (i• 4^) . « • • τόΐ' νουν ω τά φανεντα έκτος ε'ίσω κομί' ζουσαι διayyελλoυσL κα\ επιδείκνυνται τους τεπους εκάστων, εvσφpayιζόμεvaι τ6 ομοιον πάθος,
(2) De SomnilS i. 5 (i• 624) (at αισθήσεις) ayycXot διανοίας εϊσ\ν
IN PHILO. 117
^ιαγγίΧλονσαι χρώματα, σχήματα, φώνας, ατμών και χυλών Ιδιότητας, συνόλω? σώματα και οσαι ποιότητα kv τούτοις.
Leg. Alleg. iii. 19 (ΐ. 99) ^^"^ Ί^Ρ V αίσθησις €πιβά\λονσα τω αίσθητω πΚηρωθίΙ της αύτοΰ φαντασίας €νθύς κα\ 6 νους σνμβ€βληκ€ και άντ€Χάβ€το και τρόπον τινά τροφής της απ' έκύνου π€π\ηρωται.
(3) /δζ(ί. ϋ. 12 (i. 74) V οϊσθησις φύσ€ΐ νυν ζστΊ, κατά τον €ν€στώτα χρόνον υφισταμίνη μόνον, δ μ^ν yap νους τών τριών βφάπτβται χρόνων κα\ yap τα παρόντα voei κα\ τών παρ^Χηλυθότων μίμνψαι και τα μίΧλοντα προσδοκά' ή §€ α'ίσθησις οϋτ€ μελλόντων αντιλαμβάνεται ουδ' avaXoyov τι πάσχει προσδοκία η εΧπίδι οϋτ€ παρεΧηΧυθότων μίμνηται αλλ' νπό του ηδη κινοΰντος καΙ παρόντος μόνον πάσχειν πεφυκεν, οϊον οφθαΧμος Χευκαίνεται νυν υπο του παρόντος Χευκου υπυ δε του μη παρόντος ουδέν πάσχει.
Ibid. iii. 16 (i. 97) ο^^ y^P ν ορασις οϋ& η ακοή ούτε τις τών αΧΧων αισθήσεων διδακτή, ώστε ου δύναται κατάΧηψιν πpayμάτωv ποιήσασθαι' μόνων yap σωμάτων διακριτικήν εlpyάσaτo αυτήν ό ipyaσάμεvoς Ι cf. infra C. 18.
(4) /did. iii. 35 (i. 109) τυφΧον yap φύσει ή αισθησις άτε aXoyoς ούσα επει το XoyiKov εζομματοΰται' παρ ο και μόνω τούτω τα πpάyμaτa καταΧαμβάνομεν αίσθήσει δε ούκετι' μόνα yap τά σώματα φαντα- σιούμεθα δι αίσθήσεως.
(5) Ibid. iii. 18 (i. 98) «αρ yoiv βουΧηθη 6 νους προστάζαι τη δράσει μή ιδεϊν, ονδεν ήττον αυτή το ύποκείμενον οψεται.
' ϋ. On the other hand there is in sensation a mental element : the senses, even as powers of the physical organism, are set in motion by mind, and cannot act without it.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 12 (i. 74) "^όντα yap οσα πάσχει ή α'ίσβησις ουκ άνευ νου υπομένει.
Ibid. iii. 65 (i. 124) ^.πδ yap τούτου (sc. του νου) καθάπερ τινδς πηyης αί αίσθητικαί τείνονται δυνάμεις, μάΧιστα κατά τον ιερώτατον Μωϋσήν ος εκ του Άδά/i πεπΧάσθαι φησΧ την yυvaiκa, τήν αισθησιν εκ του νου.
Ibid. C. 67 ^ρχή δε ήν αίσθήσεως δ νους.
De poster it. Cain. 36 (i. 249) ή ουκ αν είποι τις τών αισθήσεων εκά- στην ώσπερ άπδ ττηγης του νου ποτίζεσθαι . . . . ; ούδε\ς y ούν εύφρονών είποι αν οφθαλμούς δράν αλλά νουν δι οφθαλμών οι»δ' ώτα άκούειν αλλά δ*' ωτων εκείνον ούδε μυκτηρας οσφραίνεσθαι αλλά δίά μυκτήρων το ήyεμovικόv.
Leg. Alleg. i. 11 (i. 49) God 'rains' the objects of sense upon
Ϊΐ8 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
the senses, i. e. He causes images from those objects to fall upon the senses ; but there would be no use in His doing this, i. e. the
senses would not act iav μη πηγψ τρόπον δ vovs reivas ίαυτον άχρι της α.1σθησ€(ύς κίνηση τε αυτήν ηρεμούσαν κα\ άναγάγη προς άντιΚηψ^ιν τον υπο- κείμενου.
De profugis 32 (i. 573) ''^ ηγεμονικον ημών, εοικοί πηγτ]^ δυνάμεις πολλάί οία δια γης φλεβών άχρι τών αισθήσεων οργάνων άνομβρονν, τάς δυνάμεις ταύτας οφθάΚμών, ωτων, ρινών, τών αλΧων άποστεΧΚει.
This relation of subordination between the physical and the mental elements is expressed by several meta- phors : the senses are described as marionettes moved by mind, as its messengers, its handmaidens, its helpmates, its satellites, the purveyors of its food : in one passage roCs is spoken of as being a God to the senses, as Moses was to Pharaoh.
De mundi opif. 40 (i. 28) α δ^ πάντα (sc. the senses and speech)
καθάπ(ρ εν τυΐς θανμασιν (i. e. in puppet-shows) νπό του ηγεμονικού
νενροσπαστούμενα (i.e. worked by Strings, like puppets or marionettes)
τότε μ€ν ηρεμεί τότε δε κινείται.
Hid. 59 (i. 40) The senses offer their gifts to their master, reason,
θεραπαινίδων τρόπον.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 3 (i, 68) πώς ημών ό νους καταλαμβάνει οτι τουτί Χενκον η μίλαν εστίν εΐ μη βοηθώ χρησάμενος δράσει )
De plantat. Noe 32 (i. 349) τό τρεφον τον νουν ημών εστίν αϊσθησις.
Quod det. pot. insid. 23 (i. 207) τάς δε νου δορυφόρους αισθήσεις.
De Somniis i. 5 (ί• 624) «α* οτι άγγελοι διανοίας εΙσ\ν διαγγελλονσαι χρώματα .... και δτι δορυφόροι ψνχης είσιν οσα &ν ΐδωσι κα\ άκούσωσι δηλοϋσαι ....
Leg. Alleg. i. 13 (i. 5^) <^σαν€Ϊ γαρ θεός εστί του αλόγου δ νους, παρ* t και Μωϋσην ουκ ωκνησεν ειπείν θ(ον του Φαραώ.
But there is a metaphor sometimes used which seems to express more exactly than the preceding the relation in which the physical and mental elements stand to each other. It is that of a marriage : and it is interwoven with an allegorical interpretation of the history of Adam and Eve. Mind is represented as leaving its father, the God
IN PHILO. 119
of the Universe, and its mother, the virtue and wisdom of God, and, joining itself to the body, becomes one flesh with it.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 14 (i. 75) «Ί'βκα r^? αΙσθησ€ω5 6 vovs όταν avrfj δουλωθη κατάΚ€ΐπ€ΐ και τον πατέρα, τον ο\ων θβόν, και την μητέρα των συνπάντων την άρίτην κα\ σοφίαν του θΐοΰ και προσκολλάται κα\ ivovTai τη αίσθηση και αναλύεται ety αισθησιν ινα γίνωνται μία σαρζ καΐ ev πάθος οι δυο.
iii. In itself sensation, whether acting alone or with mind, is neither good nor bad.
Leg. Alleg. iii. 21 (i. 100) Xexreoj/ ουν οτι η αίσθησις οΰτ€ των φαύλων ovTe των σπουδαίων eVrtj/ αλλά μίσον τι αυτή και κοινον σοφοΰ re κα\ αφρονοί και γ^νομβνη μ€ν iv αφρονι γίνεται φαύλη iv άστζίω be σπουδαία.
But sensation gives not only knowledge but also pleasure and pain. Out of it the passions grow : the statement that the passions are rooted in the body and spring out of it (above p. iii) is modified into the statement that they are the products of irrational consciousness.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 3 (i. 67) τ6 be oXoyov (SC. μ€ρος της ylrvxrjs) α'ίσθησίς €στι και τα ταύτης cKyova πάθη.
Ibid. ρ. 68 μιας γάρ 4στι ψνχής μ€ρη και -γεννήματα η re αισθησις κα\ τα πάθη.
Quod Deus immut. 11 (i. 28) τα ψυχής άλογα πάθη,
Quis rer. divin. heres 13 (i. 482) ... . ^τίρου ψυχής τμήματος οπ€ρ aXoyov υπάρχον αίματι πΐφύραται, θυμούς ζίοντας κα\ π^πυρωμ^νας επιθυ- μίας ανάφλεγαν.
Hence the sense, 'the more corporeal element of the soul' (to σωματο€ώ€στ€ρον ψνχτ]9 /xepoy, De congr. erud. grat. 5, i. ^'Xl) may become the same as ' flesh,' σαρξ, [Leg. Alleg. ii. 14, i. 75), and is in one passage described by the phrase ' the soul of the flesh ' (σαρκόί ψνχή Quod det. pot. insid. 23, i. 207).
Leg. Alleg. ii. 14. (i. 75) ^"^^^ y^P ''o κρείττον, 6 νους, ίνωθιι τω χΐίρονι, TTj αίσθησει, αναλύεται εΙς το χείρον το σαρκός γένος, την παθών αΐτίαν αισθησιν' όταν δε το χείρον, ή α'ίσθησις, άκολουθηστ] τω κρείττονι, τω νώ, ουκετι εσται σαρζ αλλά αμφότερα νους.
I20 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
The sense is not merely logically and physically distinct from mind but at constant variance with it. Sometimes the mind wins the battle, and then sense is merged in mind : more frequently the flesh proves the stronger, and mind is lost in sense. This latter contingency is sometimes described by the expressive phrase 'the death of the soul ' : for there are two kinds of death, he says, the death of a man, which is the separation of soul and body, and the death of the soul, which is the loss of virtue and the acquisition of vice.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 14 (i. 75) ^''^^^ y^P ''o κράττον, 6 vovs, ίνωθη τω χύ- ρονι, rfj αίσθησ^ι, avaXverai els το γ/ιρον, το σαρκός yivos, την παβων αΐτίαν αισθησιν' όταν δε το χεΊρον, η αϊσθησις, άκοΚονθηστ] τω κρ(ίττονι, τω νω, ονκίτι βσται σαρξ αλλά άμφότβρα νους.
Leg. Alleg. i. 33 0• ^4? 65) διττός Ιστι θάνατος ό pev άνθρωπου ό δε ψυχής Χ8ιος' δ pkv ουν άνθρωπου χωρισμός €στι ψυχής άπο σώματος, 6 δε ψνχης θάνατος άρβτης pev φθορά €στι, κακίας δε άνάληψις' παρ' ο και φησιν ουκ άποθανΐΐν αυτό μόνον αλλά ' θανάτω αποθανόν ' ^Gcn. 2. 1*7), ^ηλών ου τον κοινόν, αλλά τον ΪΒιον και κατ (ζοχην θάνατον δς €στι ψυχής €ντυμβ€υο- μίνης πάθ^σι Kcxi κακίαις άπάσαις.
De poster. Caini 21 (i. 239) ψνχης θάνατος ος κατά πάθους αλόγου ίστίν αύτης μ€ταβολη.
Quod del. poi. insid. 20 (i. 205) τίθνηκΐ δε ... . τον ψυχικον θάνατον, άρ€της κα& ην άξιος μόνην ε'στι ζην άποσχοινισθ^ις.
Frogm. ap. Joh. Damasc. sacr. parall. p. 748 a (ii. 653) επειδ?) δε η8ονην €ζητησ€ bC ης ψυχικός θάνατος ετΓίγίι/εται Trj yrj προσ^νίμηθη (with
reference to Gen. 3. 19).
QutS rer. divin. heres 11 (i. 480) .... αϊσθησιν ψ κα\ ό γήινος νους, δνομα *Αδά/χ, Ιδών διαπλ ασκείσαι/ τον ίαντοΰ θάνατον ζωην 4κάνης ώνόμασ^ν * ε'κάλεσε * γάρ, φησιν, ' Άδά/Α όνομα γυναικός αυτού Ζωην, δτι αυτή μητηρ πάντων των ζώντων ' των προς αληθίίαν τον ψνχης δηπου τίθνηκότων βίον.
V. T/ie higher manifestations of ψυχή.
But although the higher elements of consciousness are usually so blended with the lower as to be sometimes over- powered by them, they are in their essence independent
IN PHILO. 121
of them. It is a cardinal point of Philo's psychology that pure intelligence, ψνχη or vovs in its highest form, is not a phase or development of animal life, but an element infused into animal life from above and separable from it.
The nature of this higher element is expressed some- times in the terms of physical philosophy and sometimes in the terms of theology. It is described sometimes as a part of the ' quinta essentia,' the purest of all modes of existence : and sometimes as a part of the divine nature. The terms which are used to describe its relation to God are derived from several sources : some of them come from Greek philosophy, for the belief that the mind is a part of God was not peculiar to Judaism ; but the majority of them embody and combine the statements of the book of Genesis, that man was made ' in the image of God/ and that God breathed into man ' the breath of life.' Sometimes Philo himself expressly distinguishes between the philosophical and the theological modes of stating the same facts {e.g. De plantat. Noe 5, i. '^'^1^ see below) : and sometimes also in adopting a philosophical term he attaches to it a theological sense, e.g. in adopting the Stoical term άττόσττασμα he guards himself against the inference which might be drawn from it that the essence of man is separate from that of God, τίμν^ται yap ovhlv τον Odov κατ ατϊάρτησιν (i.e. SO as to be detached) άλλα μόνον €κτ€ίν€ταί Quod det. pot, insid. 24 (i. 209).
(i) In the following passages he speaks of it in the terms of philosophy :
Qui's rer. divin. heres 57 (i. 514) to hk voepov κα\ ούράνιον της ψυχής "γίνος προς aWepa τον καθαρώτατον ως προς πατέρα άφίξζται' πβμπτη γά/>, ως ό των αρχαίων Χόγος, Ζστω τις ουσία κνκλοφορητικη των τεσσάρων κατά το κρζίττον διαφέρουσα, (ξ ης οΐ re άστίρ^ς κα\ 6 συμπάς ουρανός edo^e Ύ(γ€νησθαι ης κατά το άκόλουθον θ^τίον και την άνθρωπίνην ψυχην από- σπασμα.
Quod Deus immuL ίο (i. 279) τοντο της ψυχής το etSos ονκ ίκ των
12i PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
αυτών στοιχείων i^ ούν τα αλΧα aTreTeXeiTO δίίπλάσθη, καθαρωτ€ρας Se και άμ^ίνονος €λαχ€ της ουσίας e^ ης αι θα,αι φύσβις (^ημιουργοΰντο.
De profuglS 24 (i• 5^5) *^°^ ° voGs, %v6ip\iov κώ. τχ^ττυρωμίνον πν€ϋμα.
De decern orac. 25 (ϋ. 202) άνθρωπος δί ζώον άριστον κατά το κρύττον των iv αντώ, την ψυχην, συγγ^νίστατος τω καθαρωτάτω της ουσίας ουρανω, ως be ό πλίίστων λόγος, και τω του κόσμου πατρίς των em γης απάντων οΙκ€ΐότατον άπακόνισμα κα\ μ'ιμημα της άώίου και ΐυ^αίμονος 18βας τον νουν \αβών.
(2) In the following passages he speaks of it in the terms of theology, or in the terms of philosophy and theology combined.
De mundi Opif. 46 (i. 32) το γαρ ^€ν€φύσησ€ν' ονδει/ ην eTepov ή πνεύμα θείον άπο της μακάριας κα\ ευδαίμονος εκείνης φύσεως άπϋικίαν την ενθάδε στειΚάμενον eV ωφελεία του γένους ημών.
Ibid. 51 (i. 35) """^ άνθρωπος κατά μεν την biavoiav ωκείωται θείω λόγω της μακάριας φύσεως εκμαγεΐον η απόσπασμα η απαύγασμα γεγονώς.
Quod det. pot, insid. 23 (i. 207) η μ^ν ουν κοινή προς τα άλογα ^ύναμις ουσίαν ελαχεν αϊμα ή δε εκ λογικής άπορρυεΐσα πηγής το πνεύμα, ουκ άερα κινούμενον άλλα τύπον τίνα κα\ χαρακτήρα θείας δυνάμεως ην ονόματι κνρίω Μωΰσης ' εικόνα * καλεί, δηλών δτι άρχετυπον μεν φύσεως λογικής ό .θεός εστί μίμημα δε κα\ άπεικόνισμα άνθρωπος.
Ibid. 24 (ΐ• 2θ8) ψυχην οΰδεμίαν τω σώματι δ ποιών ειργάζετο ικανην i^ εαυτής τον ποιητην ΙδεΙν' λογισάμενος δε μεγάλα όνησειν το δημιούργημα εΐ λάβοι του δημιουργησαντος εννοιαν, ευδαιμονίας γαρ κα\ μακαριότητος ορός ούτος, άνωθεν επεπνει της Ιδίου θειότητος.
De plantat. Noe 5 (i. 332) οί μεν αΚΚοι της αίθερίου φύσεως τον ήμε- τερον νουν μοίραν είπόντες είναι, συγγενειαν άνθρώπω προς αιθέρα άνηψαν' ό δε μέγας Μωϋσης ουδενι τών γεγονότων της λογικής ψυχής το είδος ομοίως ώνόμασεν, αλλ' είπεν αυτήν του θείου κα\ αοράτου εΙκόνα.
Quis rer. divin. heres 12 (i. 481) θείας εικόνος εμφερες εκμαγεΐον.
Ibid. 13 (ί• 4^2) 6 καταπνευσθεΊς άνωθεν ουρανίου τε κα\ θείας μοίρας επιλαχών, ό καθαρώτατος νους.
Ibid. 38 (ΐ. 49^) ["οί^ϊ] ο,π^ ουρανού καταπνευσθεϊς άνωθεν.
De mutat. nomin. 39 (i• 612) λογισμός .... της του παντός ψυχής απόσπασμα η όπερ όσιώτερον εΙπεΙν τοις κατά Μωϋσήν φιλοσοφοϋσιν, εΙκόνος θείας εκμαγεΐον εμφερες.
Vita Mosis iii. 36 (ii. 176) ό γάρ νους ουκ &ν ούτως ευσκόπως ευθυβό- λησεν ει μη καϊ θείον ην πνεύμα το ποδηγετούν προς αύτην την αλήθειαν.
IN PHILO. 123
De Concupiscent. 11 (ii. 356) ro Se €μφνσώμ€νον Βηλον ως aWepiov ην Ίτν^νμα και ei bx} τι αίθ^ρίον τΐν^υματος Kpelrrop are της μακάριας και τρισμα- Kapias φύσβωί άττανγασμα.
This divine and immortal part of us is not only separable in its nature from the fleshly and mortal part, but it some- times even in life disentangles itself from the body, sense, and speech, and contemplates the realities to which it is akin. The mist is dispersed and it sees clearly {De migrat. Abraham, ofi^ i. 467). The mind is constantly emancipating us from our captivity {Quod Deus immut 10, i. 379 TO €ξαιρονμ€νον ets iKevOepLav, vovs). Its life in the body is but a temporary sojourn. The true home and fatherland of the soul is not the body but heaven : and to that home and fatherland the philosopher is always trying to return.
De Somniis i. 8 (i, 627) κινίιται yap ημών η ψνχη πολλάκις μ^ν ίφ' €αντης^ όλον τον σωματικον ογκον €κ8νσα κα\ τον των αίσθησΐων οχλόν άτΓοδράσα.
De migrat. Abraham. 35 (i• 466). The power of our mind to rid itself of the senses, whether in sleep or when awake, is an argu- ment for the separate personality of the Creator : d μη νομίζ€Τ€ τ6ν
pev ημίτ^ρον νουν άττοδνσάμίνον σώμα, αισθησιν, λόγοι/, ^Ίχα τούτων γνμνον δννασθαι τα οντά οραν, τον de των όλων νουν τον Qebv ουκ (ζω της υλικής φνσβως πάσης έστάναι, π^ρύχοντα ου π^ρι^χόμ^νον.
De Gigantibus 4 (i• 264) αύται μ^ν ουν (Ισι ψυχαΐ των άνωθεν πως φιλοσοφησάντων, e^ ^ΡΧΨ άχρι τέλους μίλ€τωσαι τον μετά σωμάτων άπο- θνησκ€ΐν βίον Ινα της ασωμάτου και άφθαρτου παρά τω ayevvr)T(u κα\ άφθάρτω ζωής μ^τάλάχωσιν.
De agricult. 14 (i• 3^°) '"'? 7°Ρ '^^"^^ πάσα μίν ψυχή σοφού πατρίδα μ€ν ουρανον ζίνην δε γην Ζλαχ<ε.
De confus. ling. 17 (i. 416) (παδάν ουν βνδιατρίψασαι σώμασι τα αΙσθητά και θνητά di αυτών πάντα κατίδωσιν,-βπανβρχονται βκεΐσε πάλιν οθΐν ωρμηθησαν το πρώτον, πατρίδα pev τον ονράνιον χώρον iv ω πολιτεύον- ται ^evov δε τον περίγ^ιον iv ω παρωκησαν νομίζουσαι.
Quis rer. divin, heres 57 (i. 514). The bodily parts of us are resolved into the four elements, το δε voepov και ούράνων της ψυχής yίvoς προς aWepa τον καθαρωτατον ως προς πατέρα άφίζΐται.
124 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
VI. ψυ)(ΐκ(>5.
It is so reasonable to expect that the adjective ψυχικό? should follow in Philo the varieties of meaning of its sub- stantive, that the word would not need a separate notice if it were not for the special senses in which it is found in both the New Testament and later Greek. It is clear that although those special senses of ψυχικοί are not in- consistent with its use in Philo, the word had not yet become narrowed to them : it is used, as ψυχή is used, in reference (i) sometimes to animal life, (2) sometimes to the common human life of feeling and passion, (3) some- times to spiritual life or the highest activity of thought.
(1) Leg. Alleg. ii. γ (i. γι) b γυμνός και avevderos σώματι νους .... τΓολλά? €χ€ΐ δννάμ€ΐ9, €κτικην [?'. e. the power of cohesion], φντικην, ψυχική I', XoyiKTjv, διανοητικην, oKXas μνρίας κατά re Λδη και γίνη.
Ihid, 13 (i. 74) ^ Ί^Ρ ^°^^ καθάπ^ρ βδηλωσυ, 6τ€ eyevvaTo, συν πολλαΤί 8υνάμ€σι και e^caiv eyevvaTo, λογική, ψυχικ-ρ, φντικτ), ώστε και αΙσθητικη.
(2) Leg. Alleg. ii. 21 (i. 81, 82). Solitude does not necessarily give a man freedom from the stings of sense and passion, and, on
the other hand, eVn δε οτε και iv τνληθίΐ μυριάνδρω 4ρημω την διάνοιαν,
τον ψυχικον οχΧον [the crowd of sensations and passions] σκ€δάσαντος
θίον και διδάξαντος μ€ οτι ον τόπων διαφοραϊ τό τε ευ κα\ χείρον αργάζονται αλλ' 6 κινων θ(ος και άγων fj αν προαιρηται το της ψνχης όχημα.
Ibid. iii. ι 7 (i• 9^) °^ φοβούμενοι κα\ τρψοντβς νη άνανδρίας κα\ δειλίας ψυχικής.
De Cherubim 24 (i. 154) ^^ effeminate men whose strength is
broken before its proper time, μετ εκλυσεω? ψυχικών δυνάμεων.
Ibid. 30 (i• 158) as frescoes and pictures and mosaics adorn a house, and minister delight to its inmates, ούτως ή των εγκυκλίων
επιστήμη tov ψυχικον οίκον άπαντα διακοσμεί, each kind of knowledge
having some peculiar charm.
(3) Leg. Alleg. ii. 15 (i. 75) of the soul which, putting off the sights and sounds of sense, είσελενσεται σπεϊσαι το ψυχικό»' αίμα κάί θυμιάσαι όλον τον νουν τω σωτηρι και ευεργεττ] θεώ.
Decongr. erud. grat. 19 (i. 534) "τουτ εστί, κυρίως είπεϊν, το ψυχικοί' ΤΙάσχα, η παντός πάθους κα\ παντός αισθητού διάβασις πρ6ς το δεκατον δ δη νοητόν εστί και θείον.
IN PHILO. 125
VII. vods.
For the term ψνχη, in all its senses, Philo sometimes substitutes the term vovs. The distinctions which exist between the terms in both earlier and later philosophy sometimes wholly disappear : and although vovs is used for the highest manifestations of thought, it is also used, as both ψνχη and τιν^νμα are used, for purely physical forces.
(i) It is simply convertible with ψνχη : e.g. —
Oe Gigant. 3 (i. 264) ψυχψ η νουν τό κράτιστον των ev ημίν.
Quis rer. divin. heres 22 (i. 487): Philo enumerates ψνχψ^ αίσθησιν, λόγον, and immediately afterwards substitutes rod vod where rrjs ψυχής would be expected.
De congr. erud. grat. 25 (i. 540) in a co-ordinate enumeration
we find ο hk νοΐις . . . . 6 de νους . ... η be ψνχη.
(2) It is used, like ψνχη, of the highest powers of thought, those by which we have cognizance of τά νοητά and of God.
Qm's rer. divin. heres 22 (i. 488) νω γαρ 6 Oebs καταλάμβαναν τον /xeV νοητον κόσμον δι' έαντοΰ τον 8e όρατον δι αΙσθήσ€ως €φηκ€ν : but imme- diately below he substitutes ψυχή for vovs, dta μεν αίσθησίων els τα αισθητά διακίιψας eveKa του το ά\ηθ€ς evpeiv δια be τψ ψυχής τά νοητά κα\ οντά ούτως φίλoσoφήσas.
(3) It is used, like ψνχη, of the cognizance of the sensible world.
Quod det. poi. insid. 26 (i. 210), φαντασία, i.e. perception, is a function of vovs: but in Quod Deus immut. 9 (i. 278, 279) it is a function of ψνχή.
Leg. Alleg. ii. 10 (i. 73) sensation is one of the powers of vovs : ibid. iii. 90 (i. 137), and elsewhere, the senses are collectively a part of ψνχΎ\.
(4) It is used, like ψνχη, not only for all the forces or powers of both animal and vegetable life, but also for the force of cohesion.
126 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
The two passages in Leg. Alleg. ii. 7, 13, which show this most clearly, are quoted above under § VI (i), p. 124.
VIII. ΊΓΐ^ευμα.
It will have appeared from several passages which have been already quoted that ΐϊν^νμα is used with no less a width of meaning than ψυχτ) or vovs. There is the broad general distinction between the terms that 'πν€νμα is re- garded as the underlying cause which gives to the several forms of ψνχη not their capacity but their energy. The conception of ττνζΰμα may be regarded as being closely analogous to the modern conception of 'force,' and espe- cially to that form of the conception which makes no distinction of essence between ^mind-force' and other kinds of force, such as light or electricity. It is analogous but not identical : for force is conceived to be immaterial, whereas ττν€ϋμα, however subtle, is still material.
(i) It is used, like ψνχη and povs, of the force which holds solid bodies together : cohesion is a ' force which returns upon itself/
Quod Deus immut. 7 (i. 277, 278) Χίθων μ€Ρ ovv κα\ ξύλων .... δ€σμ6ν κραταιότατον e^iu (Ιργάσατο' ή δβ 4στι ττν^νμα άνα(Γτρ€ψον εφ' €αντω.
(2) It is used of the physical basis (ουσία) of growth and sensation.
De mundi Opif. 22 (i. 15) ^ δε {sc. φύσις) .... ζωοπλαστ€ΐ τψ μ€Ρ vypav ονσίαν els τα του σώματος μίλη κα\ μέρη ^ιανίμουσα, την ττνευματικην els τας της ψνχη5 ^υvaμ€ιs την re Θρΐπτικην κα\ την αίσβητικην.
(3) It is used of both (a) reason and (δ) sensation.
{a) Quod det.pot. insid. 23 (i. 207) άνθρωπου δε ψνχήν 6voμάζeι πν€ϋμα, ανθρωτΐον ου το σνγκριμα καλών ως Ζφην αλλά το ueoeides eKclvo δημιούργημα ω Χογίζομίθα.
{δ) De profugis 32 (i. 573)• Each of the senses owes its activity to the πν€ΰμα which the mind infuses into it, τ6 μ^ν όρατικον πνεύμα
TeivovTos els όμματα, το δε ακουστικοί/ ει$ ους, eh δε μυκτηρας το 6σψpησeως, το δε αυ yeύσeως ει? στόμα κα\ το άφης els άπασαν την eπιφάveιav.
Leg. Alleg. i. 13 (i. 51) God Himself breathes only into the highest part of man, and not into the second rank of human
IN PHILO. ' 127
faculties : νπο τίνος ovv Koi ταντα ενβπΐ'βύσθη ; υπό του νου δηλονότι' ου γαρ μίΤ€σχ€ν ό vovs πάρα τον Seov τούτου μ^ταδίδωσι τω άΚόγω pepei της '^Xrjs, ωστ€ τον pev νουν έψυ)(ώσθαι ΰπο θβοΰ, το δε αΚογον νπο του νου.
(4) So far, the senses in which Philo uses Ένδυμα are senses in which it was also found in current Greek philo- sophy. To these senses he added another which comes not from philosophy but from theology, and is expressly based, on the statement of Moses that God breathed into man the ' breath ' of life. So that while, in some passages, by using the current philosophical language which spoke of ττν€υμα as the essence of mind, he implies that mind could not exist without it, he elsewhere implies that mind existed anterior to it and may now exist without it. He speaks of ττν^νμα being infused into mind by a special act of God, or, by another metaphor, of mind being drawn up to God so as to be in direct contact with Him and moulded by Him.
Leg. Alleg. i. 13 (i. 5^) "^9^^ J^P ^^^'- ^"j ''o ^ρπν^ον, τό Bexopevov, TO €ρπν€Ορ€νον' TO pev έρπνίον 4στ\ν 6 Beov, τό δε δεχόρίνον 6 νους, το δε €ρπν€Ορ(νον το πν€νρα. τι ονν €Κ τούτων συνάγεται' ενωσίί γίνεται των τριών, τείνοντος του θεοϋ την αφ' εαυτού δυναριν δια του ρεσου πνευρατος άχρι τον νποκειρενον, τίνος ένεκα η όπως εννοιαν αντοϋ λαβώρεν ', επεϊ πώς αν ενόησεν η ψνχη θεον εΐ ρη ενέπνευσε κα\ ηψατο αντης κατά δύναριν ; ου γαρ αν επετόλρησε τοσούτον άναδραρεΊν 6 ανθρώπινος νους ώς άντϊΚαβεσθαι θεού φύσεως εΐ ρη αύτος 6 θεός άνεσπασεν αύτον προς εαυτόν, ώς ενην άνθρώπινον νονν άνασπασθηναι και ετύπωσε κατά τας εφικτας νοηθηναι δννάρεις.
(5) The conception of this special form of τΐν^νμα seems to be required on the one hand by philosophy in order to account for the fact that some men have a knowledge or intellectual power which others have not, and on the other hand by theology, since the Pentateuch speaks of men being filled, in some special sense, by a divine spirit. The word is therefore used for ' the pure science of which every wise man is a partaker,' and especially for the knowledge of
128 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS
God : and it is sometimes regarded, especially in treatises which probably belong to a generation subsequent to Philo, as an external force acting upon men and leading them to the knowledge of God.
(a) De Gig ant. 5 (i. 265) Xiy^rai δε θ^ον πν€νμα .... καθ^ erepov Be τρόπον η ακήρατος επιστήμη ης πάς 6 σοψος (Ικότως μ€Τ€χ€ί (the instance
given is that of Bezalel, who was filled πνεύματος Beiov, σοφίας,
σνν€σ€ως, επιστήμης, Exod. 3 1. 3).
Vl/a Afosi's 3. 36 (ii. 176) ό γάρ νους ουκ αν ούτως €υσκόπως €νθνβό- Χησίν el μη κα\ θεΐον ην πν€νμα το ποΒηγΐΤοΰν προς αντην την aXiiOeiav.
De Somniis 2. 38 (i. 692) νπηχύ he μοι πάλιν το elωθ6ς άφανως €νομιλ€'ιν πν€υμα άόρατον και φησιν' ω ούτος, €θίκας άνΐπιστήμων eivat καΐ /χβγάλου κα\ πepιμaχητoυ πράγματος .... 'ίσθί δη, yevvaU, δτι θεός μόνος ή ά\ΐΑ€υδ€στάτη και προς aKrjeeiav earTiv ίΐρήνη η 8e γ€ννητη και φθαρτή ουσία πάσα συνεχής πόλ€μος.
It follows that ιτν^υμα in its theological as well as in its philosophical sense, is not a part of human nature but a force that acts upon it and within it. The dichotomy of human nature remains. There is a single body with many members ; there is a single mind with many func- tions. But the mind may be drawn in either of two ways, yielding to the allurements of pleasure or to the special force of the divine spirit. There are thus two kinds of men. (a) On the one hand, though all men have mind and, so far, have an element within them which is not merely spirit but divine spirit, yet in another sense there are men in whom the divine spirit does not abide, (δ) On the other hand there are the prophets, men in whom the manifestation of the special force of the divine spirit is so strong that the human mind for a time migrates from them, ' the sun of the reason sets,' and in the darkness of the reason the divine spirit carries them whither he wills. In other words, just as, though the material world is held together, and animals live, by virtue of a ττν^νμα, and yet men are differentiated from animals by the presence of
IN PHILO. 129
a higher degree or special form of ττνζΰμα : so men are differentiated from one another by the presence of a still higher degree or more special form of it. The conception becomes more intelligible if it be remembered that all the forms of τΐν^νμα are regarded as being material, being in fact different degrees of the purity or rarefaction of the air. The lowest form is moist air near the surface of the earth, the highest is the clear ether beyond the starry fir- mament, (r) It must also be noted that Philo does not confine the expression ττνζνμα Oeov to the highest form, but, following Genesis i. 2, applies it to the lowest.
(a) De Gtgant. 5 (i. 265) iv drj τοΊς toiovtois {i.e. m men of pleasure) άμηχανον το του θευΰ καταμβΐναι και διαιωνίσαι πν^νμα ώί δηΚοΙ και avTos 6 νομοθέτης' fwre, γαρ, φησί^ κύριος ό ueos' ου καταμ^νύ το πι/€νμά μου iv τοΙς άνθρώποις els τον αΙώρα bia το eivai αυτούς σάρκας, μίνα μίν yap Ζστιν οτ€ καταμένίΐ Be ονδ' (Ις άπαν τιάρα τοΙς ττ6)\ΧοΙς ήμιν.
[δ) Quis rer. divin. heres 53 (i. 511) τω δε προφητικω yevei φιλ€Ϊ τοϋτο (Γυμβαίν€ΐν ^ξοικίζίται μέν yap iv ήμΐν ό νους κατά την του βίίου πνεύματος αφιξιν, κατά de μ^τανάστασιν αυτού τΐοΚιν €ΐσοικίζ(ται' θέμις yap ουκ εστί βνητον άθανάτω συνοικησαι. δια τούτο ή δύσις του \oyLσμoυ κα\ το nepX αυτόν σκότος Ζκστασιν κα\ θ€οφόρητον μανίαν €γεννησ€.
(c) De Glgant. 5 (i. 265) Xeyerai δε θίου πνεύμα καθ' eva μβν τρόπον ό ρέων άηρ eVi y^y, τρίτον στοιχείον Ιποιχουμενον υδατι, παρ' 6 φησιν ev Tjj κοσμοποιί^. πνεύμα θεού επεφερετο επάνω του ύδατος.
General Results,
The chief importance of this discussion of the psycho- logical terms of the Septuagint and Philo is in relation to the New Testament. It will be clear that the fine distinctions which are sometimes drawn between them in New Testament exegesis are not supported by their use in contemporary Greek. Into the large subject of the psychological ideas of the several writers of the New Testament as indicated by the use of psychological terms
Κ
130 PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS IN PHILO.
I do not propose now to enter : but I believe that two points may be clearly gathered from the facts which have been mentioned, —
(i) That the use of such terms in the Synoptic Gospels
is closely allied to their use in the Septuagint. (a) That the use of such terms in S. Paul differs in essential respects from the use of them in Philo, and that consequently the endeavour to interpret Pauline by Philonean psychology falls to the ground.
IV. ON EARLY QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
The textual criticism of the LXX. is a subject which has hitherto received but slight attention from scholars. It has naturally been postponed to that of the New Tes- tament : and on even the textual criticism of the New Testament it is probable that by no means the last word has been said. The materials have been collected, and are being collected, with singular care : but, so far from the final inductions having been made, the principles on which they should be made have not yet been finally determined.
In the case of the LXX. we are at least one step further back. The materials have yet to be collected. They are of three kinds (i) Greek MSS., (ii) Versions, (iii) Quotations.
i. The MSS. of the whole or parts of the LXX. enu- merated by Holmes and Parsons, and wholly or partially collated for their great Thesaurus^, amount to 313, of. which 13 are uncials. Since the publication of that work many additional MSS. have come to light, and among them several uncials of great importance : of the 29 MSS., including fragments, in Lagarde's list of MSS. written before A. D. 1000 ^, 13 were unknown to Holmes and Parsons. The addition of this new material to the appa- ratus criticus would be a work of moderate compass, if
^ Vettts Testamentum Graecum cum variis lectionibus : Editionem a Roberto Holmes inchoatam continuavit Jacobus Parsons : Oxonii, mdccxcviii- MDCCCXXVII.
^ Lagarde, Genesis Graece (Lipsiae, 1868), pp. 10-16.
Κ 2
132 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
the existing basis were trustworthy : but it is unfortunately the case that Holmes and Parsons entrusted no small part of the task of collation to careless or incompetent hands : consequently before any final inductions can be made the whole of the MSS. must be collated afresh.
The extent and nature of the deficiencies in Holmes and Parsons will be seen from the following comparison of a few verses, chosen at random, of the collations made for Holmes and Parsons with the collations made by Lagarde.
The passage chosen is Gen. xxvii. 1-20 : in it Holmes and Parsons mention various readings from, and must therefore be presumed to have collated, 36 cursives : of these Lagarde has collated three, viz. a Munich MS., H. and P. No. 25 ; a Venice MS., H. and P., No. 122 ; and a Vienna MS., H. and P., No. 130. This more accurate collation requires the following additions to be made to the apparatus criticus of the Oxford edition.
v. I : Cod. 130 reads *ΐσαάκ for Έσαυ, and omits vlk μου κα\ elnep Ιδον €γω Koi einev.
V. 4 : Cod. 25 fiXoyrjaci.
V. 5 : Cod. 122 ηκου€ for rJKOvae : 1 30 *1σαακ \(ΐΚονντος.
V. 6 : Cod. 122 omits του before Ίακώ/3 : 130 reads ίδου for iSe.
V. 9: Cod. 130 adds re after απαλούς. V. ϊο: Cod. 25 eiXoyrjaei.
V. 14 : Cod. 130 adds αυτοΰ after ττ} μψρΧ and reads καθώς for
καθά.
V. 15: Codd. 122, 130 omit 011x171' after eVeSvafv. V. 16 : Codd. 25, 130 read 'ίθηκΐν inl τά γυμνά, omitting eVi τους βραχίονας αυτοϋ και.
V. 1 8 : Cod. 122 has evcyKC for darjveyKe.
V. 1 9 : Cod. 2 5 KoX π(ποίηκα I 12 2 omitS από.
This comparison gives eighteen corrections in the space of twenty verses in one-twelfth of the MSS. collated.
To these corrections of MSS. which were actually collated may be added, as an example of the additions which may be expected from a further examination of the MSS., Lagarde's collation of the same passage in the Zittau MS. which Holmes and Parsons men- tion in their list as No. 44, and which was partly collated for their edition, but of which no various readings appear in Genesis.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. ί33
The following is the collation of the Zittau MS. : —
V. I : TOP vlov αυτού Ήσαω : om. μον after vie.
V. 2 : om. 6i7re Se αυτω Ισαάκ : ιδού εγώ γ^γηρηκα.
V. 4 • €ν\ογησ€ΐ : ττρίρ ή.
V. 6 : *'Ρ(β4κκα δε ήκουσβ \aXovvTos ταντα και : om. roi) before ^Ιακωβ : Vfayrepov for ελάσσω : eyo) ήκονσα : λαλουιαοί του ττατρός σου : 0Π1. toj/ ά^ίΚφόν σον.
V. 7 : και for ιι^α : μ€ άποθανΐΐν.
V. 8 : cm. μου after υ«ν.
νν. 9"~ΙΟ • om. ως φιλεί και €ΐσοίσ(ΐς τω ττατρί σον.
V. ΙΟ : om. ενλογτ^σβι: om. αντοί).
ν. 1 1 : om. irpos 'νφ4κκαν την μητέρα αυτού and Ήσαυ.
V. 12 : om. in.
V. 13 I άκουσον for Ιπάκονσον.
V. 14 : τ^ Μ'ίτρ' αύτου : καθώς for κα^ά.
V. 1 5 : om. αυτι^ΐ' after ^νί^νσ^ν.
ν. ΐ6 : Trepi τους βραχίονας. V. ΐ8 : και dne for eiTre δβ. V. 19 : τω πατρϊ αυτόν '. ^ποίησα : om. από τ^ί ^Jjpay μον.
η. The Latin and Eastern versions of the Old Testament were made not from the Hebrew original but from the LXX. version. They have now to be used reversely, i.e. as indicating the LXX. text at the time at which they were written : and from the critical study of them more light is likely to be thrown upon the early recensions of the LXX. than from any other source. With the Eastern versions, i.e. the Egyptian (Sahidic, Memphitic, and Bas- muric), Ethiopian, Armenian, Arabic, and Syriac, I am not competent to deal:, the Latin versions are collected with singular care in the great work of Sabatier, nor, except in the cases of Cyprian and Lucifer of Cagliari, has modern criticism as yet improved to any considerable degree the texts which Sabatier used.
iii. The quotations from the LXX. in the Greek Fathers are an almost unworked field. With the Greek even more than with the Latin Fathers the texts require to be criti- cally edited before the comparison of the quotations with
134 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
the MSS. of the LXX. can be satisfactorily made : but the corroboration of the discovery of Lucian's recension, which will be mentioned below, by the agreement of the MSS. which are believed to contain it with the quotations in Chrysostom and Theodoret, shows how much help may be expected from this source.
The next step after collecting the materials is to group the MSS. into classes or families. For this our chief guide is the statement of Jerome that there were three recensions of the LXX. in his time, — that of Hesychius which was accepted in Egypt, that of Lucian which was accepted from Constantinople to Antioch, that of Origen which was accepted in Palestine^. The first step is to recover, if possible, the texts of these several recensions. And in the case of one of them, that of Lucian ^, we have a remarkable clue. In a Paris MS. there is appended to some marginal readings of several passages of the Fourth Book of Kings a sign which is most probably interpreted to be the Sy riac letter Lomad: but this letter is said by a tradition which comes through two channels, Greek and Syriac, and contains no internal improbability, to have been appended to the readings of Lucian's recension : it is consequently inferred that these readings furnish a test for the determination of the MSS. which contain Lucian's recension. It is found that they coincide with the readings, in the several passages, of Codd, 19 (Chisianus R vi. '>^^^ Lagarde's h), 8:j (Parisinus Coislin 3, Lagarde's f ), 93 (Arun- delianus I D 2, Lagarde's m, in his later notation), 108 (Vaticanus 330, Lagarde's d, the basis, with 248, of the Complutensian edition). These four MSS. are found to hang together, and to have a peculiar text, throughout the LXX. : their readings are also found to agree with
^ S. Hieron. Apol. adv. Ruffin. Tom. ii. p. 522.
* It is unnecessary to repeat here the details respecting Lucian's edition which are clearly and exhaustively given by Dr. Field, Prolegomena in Hexapla Origenis, pp. Ixxxvi sqq.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 35
the quotations from historical books in Chrysostom and Theodoret, who may reasonably be supposed, assuming Jerome's statement to be accurate, to have used the text of Lucian. To the above-mentioned MSS. several others are found to be cognate, viz. 44 (the Zittau MS. mentioned above), 118 (Parisinus Graecus 6, Lagarde's p), ^6 (Paris- inus Graecus 5, Lagarde's k) : and a MS. in the British Museum (Add. 30002, Lagarde^s E). A comparison of these MSS. gives a single text which may reasonably be taken to represent Lucian's recension: and Lagarde has published it as such \
The next task of LXX. criticism will be to discover in a similar way the texts of the two other recensions. There are many indications of the path which research in that direction must follow : and the research would be full of interest. I do not propose to engage in it now because an even greater interest attaches to the question with which I propose specially to deal in this chapter, namely,
What can we learn about the text, or texts, of the LXX. before the three recensions of which Jerome speaks were made?
The answer to this question does not depend on the restoration of the text of those recensions. It is true that if we had the three recensions complete we should be able to infer that the readings in which they agreed probably formed part of a text which was prior to' them : but we should still be unable to tell whether any given variant, i.e. any reading in which one of the three differed from the two others, or two of the three from the third, was part of an earlier text or a revision of it. We should also find that some of the existing MSS. and versions
^ A specimen appeared in his Ankundigung emer neuen ausgabe der griechi- schen iibersezung des alien testaments^ Goettingen, 1882 : and the first volume (Genesis-Esther) of a complete edition in 1883.
136 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
had readings which did not belong to any of the three recensions : and we should be in doubt whether these belonged to an earlier text or to a revision of it. It is consequently not necessary to possess the current texts of the third century in order to discover the text or texts of the preceding centuries. The discovery is not only in- teresting but important : and it is important in relation not only to textual criticism but also to exegesis. It is important in relation to textual criticism, because it may enable us to recognize in some existing MSS. the survivals of an earlier text than that of the three recensions : it is important in relation to exegesis : for as each recension reflects the state of knowledge of Hebrew, and the current opinion as to the interpretation of the Hebrew text, in the country in which it was made in the third century of the Christian era : so the texts which precede those re- censions reflect the state of philology and of exegesis, in both Egypt and Palestine, during the first two centuries of the Christian era, and the two, or three, centuries which preceded it.
I have spoken of earlier texts, in the plural, rather than of the original text of the LXX., because there are many indications that the first and second centuries were no more free from variations of text than was the third. It was natural that it should be so. In the case of an original work like the Aeneidj or like the New Testament, there is a presumption that the scribe would endeavour to copy as accurately as he could the text before him, emending a passage only in the belief that it had been wrongly written by a previous scribe and in the hope of represent- ing more accurately by his emendation what the author wrote. But in the case of a translation there is a constant tendency to make the text of the translation a more accurate representation of the text of the original. It may be assumed that a certain proportion, though perhaps
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 37
only a small proportion, of the scribes of the LXX. were acquainted Avith Hebrew : it would be almost a religious obligation on such scribes, when they saw what they believed to be a mistranslation, to correct it. This was probably the case in an especial degree when certain texts came to have a dogmatic or controversial importance. Hence there is an a priori probability of the existence of varieties of text : and the probability will be found to be strongly confirmed by the detailed examination of some passages of the LXX. in the following pages.
What data have we for determining the question that has been proposed? How can we go behind the recen- sions of which Jerome speaks, and to one or other of which it may be presumed that the great majority of the existing MSS. belong?
The data consist partly in the quotations from the LXX. in early Greek writers, especially in Philo, in the New Testament, and in the Apostolic and sub- Apostolic Fathers, and partly in the quotations from the Latin versions which are found in early Latin writers. This statement assumes in regard to the Greek writers that they made use of the LXX. and not of another translation : but the assumption will be proved to be true when the quotations are ex- amined. The points of similarity between them and the text of the LXX., the structure of the sentences, and the use of peculiar words and idioms, are altogether too numerous to admit of the hypothesis of the existence of another translation : the points of difference are, with hardly an exception, such as may be accounted for by the hypothesis of varieties of text and mistakes in trans- mission. The statement assumes also that the early Latin versions were made from the LXX. : this assumption also will be proved when the quotations are examined. The use of each of these classes of data, though more in the case of Greek than of Latin writers, is attended with the
138 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
preliminary difficulty that the texts of the quotations have, in many instances, been altered by scribes in order to bring them into harmony with the Biblical texts of a later time. The difficulty is sometimes removed by the fact that the writer comments on a particular phrase and therefore establishes the fact of his having read it: and the prob- ability of its existence in such a writer as Philo, in short passages which have no dogmatic importance, is very small : but at the same time there is no doubt that the data must be used with some degree of caution, and that the final results of the examination of them cannot be obtained until the texts of the several writers have them- selves been critically studied.
These data may be dealt with in two ways, (i) The MSS. readings of a given passage may be compared with the quotations of it : the special use of this method is twofold : {a) it enables us to classify MSS., and to estimate their value, according as they do or do not agree with such early quotation? ; {b) it enables us also in certain cases to detect, and to account for, the recensions of the passage, and so obtain a clue to the history of its exegesis. (2) The quotations in a given writer may be gathered together : the special use of this method is also twofold : {a) it enables us to ascertain approximately the text which was in use in his time; {b) it enables us, upon a general estimate of the mode in which he quotes Scrip- ture, to appreciate the value of the contributions which his quotations make to textual criticism.
The following pages contain examples of each of these methods.
(i) In the first portion a text of Genesis or Exodus is quoted from the Sixtine text : it is followed by {a) a short apparatus criticus^ taken from Holmes and Parsons, and from Lagarde ; (b) an account of passages in which it is
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 39
quoted in Philo, the New Testament, the Apostolic Fathers, and Justin Martyr; (c) an account, where useful, of the early Latin versions : to this is appended a short account of the conclusions to which the data point in regard to the criticism of the passages.
(2) In the second portion, the quotations of two books, the Psalms and Isaiah, in Philo, Clement of Rome, Bar- nabas, and Justin Martyr, are gathered together : and the bearing of each quotation upon the criticism or exegesis of the LXX. is estimated.
The following pages contain only examples of these methods, and not an exhaustive application of them : their object is to show in detail the help which the methods afford in the criticism of particular passages, and to stimulate students to pursue them further.
It may be convenient for those who are not familiar with the notation of MSS. of the LXX. to mention that in the following examples the MSS. are quoted according to their number in the Hst of Holmes and Parsons : Roman numerals (or capital letters) denote uncials, Arabic numerals denote cursives. The MSS. which have been more recently collated by Lagarde are quoted according to his notation: h=i9, m = 25 (in Lagarde's later notation, not in his Genesis Graece, m = 93), χ = 29, ζ = 44, y=i22, 1=130, r=i35. The Codex Alexandrinus is usually here denoted by A instead of by the numeral III; and the Bodleian Codex of Genesis (Auct. T. infr. ii. i) is denoted, as in Lagarde's Genesis Graece, by Ε (in his later notation E=the British Museum MS. Add. 20002). The Roman or Sixtine text is designated by R.
The quotations from the early Latin versions are for the most part due to the great collection of Sabatier, Bihliorum Sacrorum Laiinae Versiones aniiguae^ Remis, 1743.
140 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
I. Quotations from Genesis and Exodus, Genesis i. i, 2.
'En λρχΗ επο'ίΗςεΝ ό Geoc ton ογρΑΝΟΝ και την γην* η λέ γη ην ΛορΑτοε ΚΑΙ AKATACKfeYAQTOC ΚΑΙ ζκότοο βΠΑΝω THC ΑΒγςςογ' ΚΑΙ ΠΝεγΜΑ θεογ έπεφε- ρετο έπΛΝω τογ γλΑτοε,
Cod. 75 σκότος + ^1', Codd. 68, 120, 121 σκότος ■\-ζ'πίκ(ΐτο.
Philo Quis rer. divin, heres 24 (i. 490) eV αρχτι ^ποίησβν : id. c/e Mundi Opif. 7 (i. 5) eV αρχτι . . . .την yrju=R. i id, de Incorrupt. Mundi 5 (ii. 491) eV άρχΐι .... ακαΓασκ€ύαστοί=Κ. : id. de Mundi Opif. 9 (i. 7) σκότος ην €πάνω της αβύσσου : id. Zeg, A /kg. i. 13 (i. 50), de Gigant. 6 (i. 265) και πνβνμα .... νΒατος
= R.
Justin Μ. Apol. i. 59 = R. except των υδάτων: id. ApoL i. 64 has the variant ίπιφ^ρομ^νου (probably a scribe's error for (πιφ€- ρόμ^νον) as well as των υδάτων.
The insertion of ψ after σκότος is supported by the early Latin versions, all of which have 'tenebrae erant:' its omis- sion may be due to a Hebraizing revision of which there are further traces {a) in Justin's substitution of ίπιφ^ρόμ^νον (ΠεΠ"]ρ pres. par/.) for €π€φ€ρ€το, (δ) in his use of the plural τών υδάτων (0]βΠ) which is supported by Excerp/. Theod. 47, Clem. Alex. ed. Pott p. 980, and by the Latin 'super aquas' of Tertull. de Bap/ismo 3, 4 pp. 256, 257, adv. Hermog. 32 p. 282, adv. Marc. 4. 26 p. 546 : on the other hand, August, de Gen. c. Manich. i. 5 (i. 648), de Gen. ad /it/, i. 11, 13, 14 (iii. 120, 121), Serm. 226 (82) (v. 972), and Philastr. 109 p. no have 'super aquam!
Genesis i. 4, 5.
Και εΤλεΝ ό θεόε το φώε δτι kaAon* και λιεχώριςεΝ ό θεόο ανλ ΜεςοΝ τογ φωτόε ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑ ΜεςΟΝ τογ ςκότογε' και έκΑλεςεΝ ό θεόε το φώε ΗΜερΑΝ και ςκότοε έκΑλεςε ΝγκτΑ' και έπεΝετο έςπέρΑ και έρεΝετο πρωί πΜερΑ μια.
The variations of the MSS. are merely orthographical.
Philo de Somniis i. 13 (i. 632) δκχωρισ^ν .... σκότους=^. : id. Quis rer. divin. heres 33 (i. 496) κα\ δί^χωρισ^ν .... νυκτα=.Κ. except that 6 θώς is omitted after €κάλ€σ€ν, and εκάλβσί after σκότος : id. de Mundi Opif. 9 (i. 7) Ισ-ηίρα re και πρωία (dis) : ibid, του χρόνου μίτρον άτητίΚύτο €υθύς ο κα\ ημ^ραν 6 ποιών (κάΚ^σΐ
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 141
Koi ημ€ραν ονχ\ ττρώτην αλλά μίαν ή XeXcKrai οΰτως Βιά την του νοητού κόσμου μόνωσιν μονα^ικην €χοντοί φύσιν (cf. Joseph. Antt. I. I και αντη μίν αν ΐΐη η πρώτη ημ€ρα Μωϋσης δε αυτήν μίαν elire).
Genesis i. 9• Καϊ emeN ό Geoc ςγΝΑχθΗτω το γλωρ το γποκΛτω τογ ογρΑΝΟγ eic ςγΝΑ-
ρωΓΗΝ ΜΙΑΝ Κα! ΟφθΗΤω Η 2ΗρΛ.
Philo de Mundi Opt/. 1 1 (i. 8) προστάττα ό θίος . . . . τό μ€ν ϋδωρ .... ίττισυναχβηναι .... την de ζηραν άναφανηναι.
Philo's quotation is indirect : but άναφανηναι is supported by the Latin '■ appareat' in S. August, de Gen. c. Manic h. i. 12 (i. 652), while the MSS. reading οφθητω is supported by Tertull. c. Hermog. 29 p. 243, ^ videaiur arida.'
Genesis i. 10.
Και τα qyqthmata τωΝ γλΑτωΝ εκΑλεςε θΑλΑςςΑΟ.
Philo de Mundi Opif. 1 1 (i. 8) τψ μΙν ξηραν κάλων γην το 8e άπο- KpiOev ύδωρ θάλασσαν.
Philo's use of the singular θάλασσαν is supported by S. August. de Gen. c. Manich. i. 12 (i. 652) : but, as elsewhere, it is an open question whether the plural is due to a Hebraizing revision of an original θάλασσαν, or the singular to a Hellenizing version of an original θάλασσας {^'^ψ!).
Genesis i. 24. "ΕΐΑΓΑΓέτω Η ΓΗ ΨΥχΗΝ ζώςΑΝ ΚΑΤΑ reNOC τετρΛΠΟλΑ ΚΑΙ έρπετΑ και Θηρ'ια
THC fHC ΚΑΤΑ reNOC.
So Codd. A, χ, i6, 68, 72, 73, 77, 120, 121, 128, 129. Cod,
76 ^ώσαιζ + και τα κτήνη κα\ πάντα τα €ρπ(τά της γης Ι Cod. 75 om. κατά γίνος .... της γης : Cod. 55 ^^• '^°^^^ γίνος prior. '.
Cod. 59 '^"'^ τετράποδα: Cod. 135 (γ) om. καί ante θηρία: Cod. Ε om. κα\ θηρία: Cod. 108 om. της γης: Codd. 15, ΐ7> ΐ9> 2θ, 25, 37> 555 56, 6ι, 63, ιο6, 107, ιο8, 134, ΐ35» ζ> τ^?
γης-\-κα\ τα κτήνη κα\ πάντα τα €ρπ(τά της γης : Cod. 74 ^^^ yV^ -{•κα\ πάντα τα ίρπίτά: poSt κατά γένος poster. Codd. 1 4, 3 1, 32, 78, 79? I3I> tj add. και τά κτήνη κατά γίνος κα\ πάντα τα €ρπ€τά της γης κατά γένος : Cod. 25 add. κα\ πάντα τά ερπετά της γης κατά γένος : Cod. 83 add. και τά κτήνη κατά γένος : Cod. Ζ add. καΐ τά κτήνη κα\ πάντα τά ερπετά της γης κατά γένος.
142 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Philo de Mundi Opif. 21 (i. 14) l^ayayira η γη κτήνη και θηρία κηΐ €ρπ€τα. καθ* (καστον yevos : id. Z'^g. Alleg. 2. 4 (i. 69) i^ayayiro) .... ^i;pta=R.
Tertull. c. Hermog. 22, p. 241, 'producat terra animam viventem secundum genus quadrupedia et repentia et bestias terrae secundum genus ipsorum ': ibid. 29, p.' 244 'vivam' is read for 'viventem/ and 'ipsorum' is omitted: S. Ambros. Hexaem. 6. 2 (i. 114) adds after "bestias terrae" et pecora secundum genus et omnia reptilia,' and S. August, de Gen. ad litt. lib. imperf. 53 (iii. iii) and de Gen. ad litt. 2. 16 (iii. 151) adds in the same place ' et pecora secundum genus.'
The variations in the text may probably be explained by the hypothesis that in very early times τίτράποΒα was substituted for the more usual κτήνη as the translation of ΠϋΠ3. That the two words were both found in very early times is shown by the fact that they both occur in Philo: and it seems less probable to suppose that the translators varied their usual translation of the Hebrew word than that τετράποΒα came in as an early gloss or targum to emphasise the distinction between the ' winged fowls ' of V. 21 and the land animals {τα χερσαία Philo i. 1 4) which were not created until the following day. This hypothesis that κτήνη rather than τβτράποΒα was the original word is confirmed by the quotation of the passage in S. Basil in Hexaem. Horn. ix. 2 (i. 81) e^ayayeTO) η γη "^νχην ζώσαν κτηνών κα\ θηρίων καί €ρπ€των, and in S. Cyril of Jerusalem Catech. 9. 13, p. 132 θηρία και κτήνη και epncTo. κατά yivos. This hypothesis also explains the other variants of the MSS. : for it clears the way for the further hypothesis that a scribe or reviser finding τετράποδα in some copies and κτήνη in others, and not noticing, or not knowing, that they were both admissible translations of the same Hebrew word, combined the phrases, adding after τής yrjs, or after κατα γίνος, either the words και τα κτήνη what would give the original of Augustine's quotation ' et pecora,' or the words κα\ τά κτήνη κα\ πάντα τα €ρπ€τά, which are found in many cursives and are evidently the basis of the Latin ' et pecora secundum genus et omnia reptilia.'
Genesis i. 26. ΠοίΗςωΜΕΝ ΑΝθρωποΝ κατ είκοΝΑ ΗΜετέρΑΝ και καΘ' όνιοίωςίΝ.
So all Codd. Philo de Mundi Opif. 24 (i. 17) and de con/us. ling. 35 (i. 432)
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 143
ηοίησωμ^ν ανθρωπον : id. de Mundi Opif. 24 (i. 16) ποιησωμ^ν ανθρωπον κατ (Ικόνα ημ^τίραν και καθ* όμοίωσιν : ihld. C. 23 • • • • Ίτροσίπ^σ-ημηνατο (Ιπων τω κατ €ΐκόνα το καβ' όμοίωσιν eh €μφασιν ακριβούς €κμαγ(ίον τρανον β-υπον έχοντος Ι id. de mutat. ηΟΜ. 4 (ί- 583) 7Γ0ΐησωμ€Ρ ανθρωπον κατ ίϊκόνα ημ^τίραν'. id. de COnfus. ling. 33 (ί• 4 3 ο) τ^οιησωμΐν ανθρωπον κατ (Ικόνα rjpcTepav κα\ καθ* όμοίωσιν. Clem. R. i. 33 ττοιησωμβν ανθρωπον κατ (Ικόνα κα\ καθ* όμοίωσιν ημ€- Tepav : Barnab. 5 ποιησωμ€ν κατ (Ικόνα κα\ καθ* όμοίωσιν ημ^τβραν : id. 6 ποιησωμίν κατ* (Ικόνα και καθ" όμοίωσιν ημών τον ανθρωπον '. Justin Μ. Tryph. 62 = R.: Clem. Alex. Paedag. i. 12, p. 156
ποιησωμ^ν ανθρωπον κατ €Ϊκόνα και καθ* όμοίωσιν ημών '. id. StrOM. 55j Ρ• 662 . . . . κατ ΐίκόνα και όμοίωσιν ημ^τίραν.
The majority of early Latin quotations (Tertullian, Cyprian, Hilary, Interpr. Irenaei, frequently Ambrose, Augustine) have ' Faciamus hominem ad imaginem et similitudinem nostram ' ; the chief exceptions are S. Ambros. Hexaem. 6. 7 (i. 127) ' ad nostram imaginem et ad similitudinem nostram ' : id. de Offic. I. 28 (ii. 35) 'ad imaginem nostram et secundum simili- tudinem.'
The passage is critically interesting on several grounds : (i) The change in the position of the pronoun in Clement, Barnabas, and the early Latin Fathers can hardly be ascribed to accident or inexact quotation. The controversial importance of the pronoun is shown by the Gnostic controversies, Epiphan. Haeres. 23. i, 5. The critical importance of the passage lies in the indication which it furnishes of the existence of well-established readings outside the existing MSS. of the LXX., and of the small influence which early patristic citations exercised upon MSS. of the LXX.
(2) The Hebrew has the pronoun with both words, and there is a trace of a Hebraizing revision of the LXX. in the Paris and Vatican MSS. of Origen m Joann. 13. 28 (iv. 238) κατ cluova ημ^τίραν κα\ Kaff όμοίωσιν ήμ€Τ€ραν : SO also in the Coptic, Sahidic, and some MSS. of the Arabic, and in the quotation in S. Ambros. Hexaem. 6. 7 given above. But of this revision there is no trace in existing MSS. of the LXX.
Genesis i. 27.
Κλ! επο'ίΗςεΝ ό θεόο ton ΑΝθρωποΝ κατ eiKONA θεογ έπο'ίΗςεΝ ΑγτοΝ" ΛρςεΝ ΚΛί θΗλγ eno'mqeN Αγτογο.
Cod. 135 (γ) '"^^ ανθρωπον -|- eV άκόνι αντον.
144 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Philo Leg. Alleg. iii. 31 (i. 106) κώ. ΙττοΙησ^ν ό β^ος τον άνθρωπον κατ ΐϊκόνα deov : id. de Somniis i. 13 (i. 632) βποίησεν .... αυτόν = R. : id. Qui's rer. divin. heres 33 (i. 496) €ποίησ€ .... avTovs= R. : id. told. 49 (i. 506) (ποίησα, yap, φησίν, 6 deos τον άνθρωπον,
ουκ ΐΐκόνα αλλά κατ εΙκόνα, where it is conceivable that there may be an implied criticism of Wisdom 2. 23 κα\ eUova της
Ιδίας Ιδιότητος (ποίησβν αυτόν.
It is possible that the quotation in Philo i. 106, which connects κατ elKOva θίοΰ with the words that precede rather than with those that follow may go back to an earlier text, which followed the Hebrew in repeating the phrase κατ €ΐκόνα θεού \αυτου\ : so Aquila
and Theodotion έκτισαν 6 θεός συν [Theod. om^ τον άνθρωπον iv ΐΐκόνι
αύτον, iv (Ικόνι θβοϋ cKTiaev αυτούς. Of such a text, or revision, there is a trace in Cod. 135, see above, and in Euseb. Praepar. Evang. ii. 27. 3, where Codd. C Ε F G I (Gaisf.) have the same version as that of Cod. 135.
Genesis i. 31. Ka! e'^tN ό Geoc ta πάντα oqa εποίΗςε ka! ίλογ καΛα ΛΊαν.
Cod. 19 om. ό θΐός'. Codd. Ε. 15, 19, 2o, 25 (m), 75, 127, 129, om. τά.
Philo de migrat. Abraham, 8 (i. 442) tiSey 6 θώς τα πάντα οσα €ποίη- σ€ν : id. z5td. 24 (i. 457) eldev .... λίαI/=R. : id. Qm's rer. divin. heres 32 (i. 495) ciSfv ό ^eos τά πάντα οσα εποίησαν και Ιδού άγαθα
σφόδρα (so Mangey : some MSS. πάντα).
Philo's reading σφόδρα is also the translation of Aquila and Symmachus, and hence may have been that of an earlier revision : 'and it is confirmed as a current reading by Sirach 39. 16 τά %pya κυρίου πάντα δτι καλά σφόδρα : of its variant πάντα there is also a trace in Gregory of Nyssa Hexaem. p. 84 (ed. Migne Patrol. Gr. XLIV) who has Ιδου τα πάντα καλά λίαν: SO Philastrius 79) Ρ• 74 'ecce enim omnia valde erant bona.'
Genesis ii. i.
Και ςγΝ€7€λ€ςθΗςΑΝ ό oypANOC και η γη και hac ό koqmoc ΑγτωΝ.
Codd. 19, 106, 107, ζ, σννετίλίσθη.
Philo Leg. Alleg. ι. ι (i. 43) Cod. Medic. κα\ ίτΐλίσθησαν oi ουρανοί κα\ ή γη κα\ πας ό κόσμος αυτών, Codd. rell. , . ^ . η ψ\ καί πασαι αί στρατιαϊ αυτών.
The plural οΐ ουρανοί is a closer translation of 0^^^ than the
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 45
singular 6 ovpavos : but the latter is the almost invariable form in the LXX. : στρατιά {στρατιαί) and κόσμ,ος are both found as transla- tions of i< J^ but the former is more usual : hence it is probable that an, early form of the text had both ουρανοί and στρατιαί : cf. Neh. 9. 6, where the two words are used in combination to translate the same Hebrew words as here, κα\ σο\ προσκυνουσιν αί στρατιαί τών ουρανών.
Genesis ϋ. 2, 3•
Κα! ςγΝετέλεςεΝ ό θεόε εν τη ΗΜερΛ τη εκτΗ τΑ ερΓΛ Αγτογ λ έπο'ίΗςε• κλ! ΚΑτέπΛγςε τη ΗΜερΑ τίϊ εΒλοΜΗ λπο ΠΑΝτωΝ τωΝ ερρωΝ Αγτογ ωΝ έποίΗςε, και εγλόρΗςεΝ ό θεόο την πΜερΑΝ την εΒλοΜΗΝ και ΗρίΑςεΝ αυτήν δτε εΝ ΑγτΗ ΚΑτέπΑγςεΝ λπο ΠΑΝτωΝ τωΝ ερρωΝ Αγτογ ωΝ πρίΑΤΟ ό θεόο ποιπςΑΐ.
So Codd. A, Χ. 15, 25, 68, 72, ΐ2θ, 128, 129, ΐ3ο> ΐ3ΐ• Codd. 59j 79 ^^^• ^^ before r.7 w^pa: Codd. 37, 108, ζ κατ€- τίανσ€ν•\•6 6eos : Codd. 16, 19, 3^j ^^^ κατίπανσ^ν 6 6ibs iv :
Codd. 14, 20, 31, 32, 55, 57, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83, 106,
134, 135 κατ€πανσ€ν -\- €V.
Philo Z.eg. Alleg. i. 2 (i. 43, 44) και σννίτβλζσ^ν 6 θώς iv τη ήμ^ρα τγι ζκτχι epyov αυτοΰ ο €ποίησ€ν, but immediately afterwards, δταν
ονν \ίγη συνετίΚίσεν ^κτη ημίρα τα fpya, νοητίον οτι ου ττΧηθοί ήμερων παραΚαμβάν^ι TeXeiov δε αριθμόν τον e^ : idld. i. 6, 7 (i. 46) κατ(πανσ€ν ουν Tfj ^βδόμτ] ημ^ρα άπο πάντων των έργων αυτού ων €ΐτοίησε .... καΐ ηυλόγησ^ν ό uebs την ήμεραν την ίβ^όμην κα\ ηγίασεν αυτήν .... την ίβ^όμην ηυΚογησί re και ηγίασεν οτι iv avTfj κατί- παυσεν απο πάντων τών έργων αυτού Ziv ήρζατο 6 θεός ποιησαι \ id. de poster it. Cain. 18 (i. 237) και κατεπαυσεν ό θεός iv ttj ήμερα εβδόμτ] άπο πάντων .... ποιησαι ϊεβΒόμτ] . . . ποιησαι = R.J.
Philo's agreement with the LXX. in reading iv ttj ήμερα ττ} Ικτη is remarkable because (i) most MSS. of the Masoretic text have ''j;"'2^n Di*n 'on the seventh day,' (2) Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion have τη εβδόμη, (3) Barnab. 15 has συνετελεσεν τη [Cod.
Sin. : Cod. Const. cV] ήμ^ρα τη εβδόμη καΐ κατεπαυσεν iv αύτη. The
early Latin versions agree, as usual, with the LXX. : and the first indication of a variation is in Jerome ad loc. {Hebr. quaest. in libro Genes, p. 4, ed. Lagarde) ' pro die sexta in hebraeo diem septimam habet ' : the Syriac and Samaritan also agree with the LXX., and in two of Kennicott's MSS. T??^0 is absent.
The balance of external evidence must be held to be in favour of ' sixth ' as opposed to ' seventh ' : but since both readings are of
L
146 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
great antiquity, and also since, from the nature of the case, the external evidence for both readings is scanty, the question of the priority of the one reading over the other cannot be decided without regard to internal probability. It would be difficult to suggest a strong reason for changing ' sixth ' to ' seventh ' : but the use which Jerome /. c. makes of the reading ' seventh ' as an argument against Jewish Sabbatarianism suggests the probability of ' seventh ' having in very early times been changed to ' sixth ' to avoid the apparent sanction which would be given to working on the Sabbath, if God were stated not to have ceased working until the seventh day had actually begun. In other words, the Masoretic text is probably correct, and the reading ' sixth ' for ' seventh ' is probably the earliest instance of a dogmatic gloss.
Philo's reading κατίπανσ^ν ό Ocos ci' ttj ήμερα is supported not only by several excellent MSS. of the LXX., but also by the Latin version in Aug. de Gen. ad Hit. 4. i, 20, 37 (iii. 159, 166, 172) ' requievit Deus in die septimo ' : on the other hand, Irenaeus Vet. Interpr. 5. 28. 3 (i. 327) and Ambrose Epist. 44 (ii. 978) omit 'Deus' : in Aug. c, Adimant, i (viii. 112) it is both inserted and omitted in the same chapter.
Genesis ii. 4, 5.
ΑγτΗ Η ΒιΒλοε τεΝεςεωο ογρΑΝΟγ κλ! thc δτε ereNcro η ΗΜερΑ επο'ίΗςε KYpioc ό θεόο ΤΟΝ ογρΛΝΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΝ ΓΗΝ κλΙ ΠΑΝ χλωροΝ ΑΓρογ προ τογ ρεΝε- ςθΑΐ επί thc thc και πλντα χόρτοΝ Αρρογ προ τογ ΑΝΑτεΐλΑΓ ^γ γ^Ρ εΒρεΣεΝ ό θεόο επί την γη ν και ΛΝθρωποε ογκ ην έρΓΛζεςθΑΐ αϋτην.
So Codd. 68, 120.
Cod. 75 W^9^ t ^ΤΓοίησβ : Cod. 129 ^ ήμερα § (ποίησε: Codd. A 32, 38, 56, 57. 59. 72, 74. 107. 120, 128, 135 ετΓοίησε κύριος 6 θ€Ος=Κ. : Codd. Χ, 14, 15, i6, 19, 20, 25 (m), 31, 37, 61, 73. 75. 76, 77. 78, 79. 82, 83, 106, 108, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, tz, om. κύριος : Codd. X. (marg.), 19, 25 (m), 32, 57,
61, 73. 78, 79. 83, 108, 127 (marg.), 131, rt, εβρεξεν κύριος
6 θεός: Codd. III. 14, 15, 16, 20, 37, 38, 55, 56, 59, 68, 72,
74) 75. 76, 77, 82, 106, 107, 120, 121, 128, 129 0??L κύριος
= R.: Codd. AE 14, 15, 16, 20, 25 (m), 32, 38, 55, 56, 57, 59. 72, 73. 74. 78, 79. ^3. 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, rt,
ΐργάζεσθαι την yrjv. All early Latin versions, e.g. S. Ambros. m Luc. 15 (i. 1464),
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I47
S. Aug. de Gen. c. Manich. 2. i (i. 663) read 'fecit Deus/ not ' Dominus Deus.' S. Aug. ibid, has ' cum factus esset dies quo fecit Deus/ which supports the readings of Codd.
75, 129 i7^€/?a or 17 ημίρα.
Philo Leg. Alleg. i. 8 (i. 47) avrr\ η βίβλος γ€ν€σ€ως ουρανού και γης οτ€ iyivcTo [Cod. Vat. eyeVoi/ro] : id. de Mundi Opif. 44 (i. 30) αντη ή βίβλοί .... άρατ€'Ίλαι=Κ. except that Kvpios is omitted after €ποίησ€ : id. Leg. Alleg. i. 9 (i. 47) ^ ημ^ρα €ποίησ€Ρ .... €ργάζ€σθαι την γην=Κ. except that κύριος is also Omitted, and την γην is read instead of αντην : these readings are repeated in the shorter citations which form the text of his commentary in the following page.
Genesis ii. 6. ΤΤηγη he Ar^eBAiNGN εκ thc thc και έπότιζε παν to πρόςωπΟΝ thc thc. Cod. 16 από της y^S.
Philo i. 31 =R. except από τψ γης : i. 249, 573 = R.
από is more commonly used than ex as a translation of Γ?, and the uniform translation de terra shows it to have been the reading of the text from which the early Latin versions were made.
Genesis ii. 7.
Και επλΑςβΝ ό θεόο ton ΛΝθρωποΝ χογΝ λπο thc chC και €NeφγςHc;εN eic το πρόςωπΟΝ Αγτογ πνοην ζωίο και έπεΝετο ό ΑΝθρωποο είε ψγχΗΝ ζώςΑΝ.
Codd. 15, 16, 18, 19, 31. 37. 59. 61, 68, 72, 75, 79. 82, 106,
107, 108, 120, 121, ζ, χονν•\-\αβίύν.
Philo de Mundi Opif. 46 (i. 32) tiikaa^v δ β€6ς ανθρωπον χουν λαβών από της γης κα\ €ν€ψυσησ€ν (Ις το πρόσωπον αυτού πνοην ζωής (but
in the following commentary he interprets πνοην by πνεύμα, TO yap 4ν€φυσησΐν ουδέν ην eTcpov η πΐ^βΰμα θύον από της μακάριας κα\ €υΒαίμονος 4κάνης φύσεως άποικίαν την evOade στ€ΪΚά- μ€νον . . . ) : id. Leg. Alleg. i. 12 (i. 50) καΙ (πλασ^ρ .... ζωσαν = R. except that λαβών is added after χουν : (in the following commentary he lays emphasis on the use of προην instead of πνΐυμα, πνοην Se αλλ' ου πνεύμα Λρηκ^ν ως διαφοράς οϋσης' τό μ^ν yap πνεύμα Ρ€ΡΟηται κατά την Ισχυν κα\ ίυτονίαν και δύναμιν η δέ πνοή ως αν αύρα τις ioTi κα\ άναθυμίασις ηρεμαία και πραύα) '. id. Leg. Alleg. iii. 55 (i. 119) (ν^φύσησε yap (Ις το πρόσωπον αυτοΰ πνεύμα ζωής 6 θεός κα\ eyeveTO 6 άνθρωπος εις ψνχην ζωής', id. Quod del. pot. insid. 22 (i. 207) ενεφύσησεν eZs TO πρόσωπον αυτού πνεύμα La
148 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
ζωψ και iyiv€To 6 άνθρωπος ds ψνχην ζώσαν, where there is a
following commentary on the use of πι/εν/ια) : id. Qm's rer. divin. heres 11 (i. 481) €νεφύσησε γάρ, φησίν, 6 ποιητής των όλων €ίί το πρόσωπον αντον πνοην ζωής και iyevcTO 6 άνθρωπος et? ψνχην ζώσαν (but the preceding remarks imply that either he read πνεύμα OF considered πνοψ to be its exact equivalent) : id. de planiat. Noe 5 (i. 332), and (ps.-Philo) de ?nundo 3 (ii. 606) €ν€πν€υσ€ γάρ, φησίν, ό θίος €ΐς το πρόσωπον αυτού πνοην ζωής.
The variants which are found in Philo, ^νίπν^υσίν and ίνβφύσησίν, πνοην and πνεύμα, have parallels in the Latin versions, which show that they existed side by side in very early times. Augustine not only mentions the fact of variation between flavit or sufiavtt, and spiravit or inspiravit, and between flatum viiae and spiritum vitae, de Gen, ad litt, 7. 2 (iii. 211), Epist. 205 (146), ad Consent, c. 9 (ii. 770), but himself also varies, cf. de Gen. ad litt. 6. i (iii. 197), ib. 7. 5 (iii. 213), de Gen, c. Manich. 2. 10, 11 (i. 668, 669), Upt'st. 205 (146) ut supra, de Civit. Dei 13. 24 (vii. 346). He regards flatum as the more usual and correct word, and it is uniformly used by Tertullian, who also avoids spiravit and inspiravit, though he varies httwetn flavit, de Anima 26, p. 284, afflavit, Hermog. 26, 31, pp. 242, 244, inflavit, adv. Marc. 2. 4, p. 383, and insufflavit, de Resurr. carnis 5, p. 328. Spiritum is found in Ambrose in Ps. cxviii. 10. 15 (i. 109 1), de bono mort. c. 9 (i. 405), (but elsewhere flatum), and in Hilar, in Ps. cxviii. p. 299.
Symmachus and Theodotion have ^πνΐυσ^ν, Aquila has eVe^u- σησίν : and the hypothesis that the two readings coexisted in the earliest forms of the LXX. is supported by their combination in Wisdom 15. II, where there is an evident reference to this passage, δτί ηγνόησε τον π\άσαντα αντον κα\ τον €|υιπκ€υσαι/τα αντω ψνχην ivcp- γονσαν κα\ €)ΐφυσήσα>'τα πν^νμα ζωτικόν. It may be further noted that €μπν€ΐν is not elsewhere used to translate nsj, but that βμφνσαν is so used in Ezek. 22. 21: 37. 9: and that there is probably a reference to this passage in S. John 20. 20 κα\ τοΰτο άπων €ΐ'€φύ-
σησεί' και \eyei αυτοΐς Xa/Sere πν^νμα αγιον : SO also JuStin Μ. Dial. 40
uses του εμφυσήματος in reference to Adam's creation.
The addition of λαβών to χουν, though probably no more than the epexegesis of a Hebraism, is probably very ancient, since it is found not only in Philo and many of the best MSS., but also in some early Latin versions, viz. Iren. Vet. Interp, 4. 20. i j(i. 253) ' limum terrae accipiens ' : and in a more expanded form Iren. 5.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 49
15. I, i. 311 'et suinpsit Dominus limum de terra et finxit homi- nem': Philastr. 97, p. 93 'et accepit Dominus terrain de limo et plasmavit hominem': so Hilar, in Ps. cxviii. p. 299, Ambros. in Ps. cxviii. 10. 15 (i. 1091). Another epexegetical variant in early Latin was 'de limo terrae ' Tert. Hermog. 26, p. 242 (but else- where, e.g. adv. Marc. i. 24 p. 378 'limum de terra'): Augustine, though he sometimes uses the words 'de limo terrae,' not only speaks of them as an epexegesis of the Hebrew, but also states expressly that in the Greek MSS. which he used (as in the Sixtine text), λαβώί/ was omitted, de Civit. Dei 24. 13 (vii. 345) 'et formavit Deus hominem pulverem de terra .... quod quidam planius inter- pretandum putantes dixerunt Et finxit Deus hominem de limo terrae ' : after giving the reason for the interpretation he again quotes ' et formavit Deus hominem pulverem de terra, sicut Graeci codices habeni, unde in Latinam linguam scriptura ista conversa est.'
Genesis ii. 8.
Και εφγτεγςεΝ ό Beoc πΛρΛ^^ειςοΝ In ' Ehm κλτλ anatoAjIc.
Codd. AE 16, 19, 20, 25 (m), 32, 55, 57, 59, 73, 77, 78, 79, 106, 127, 128, 131, 135 [? not (r) Lag.], t, Kvpios 6 Scos.
Philo Leg. Alleg. i. 14 (i. 52), de plant. Noe 8 (i. 334), de confus. ling. 14 (i. 414) και €φύτ€νσ€ν .... άρατο\άς=Έ^.
The omission of κύριος is supported by the early Latin versions (except S. Aug. de doctr. Christ. 3. 52 (iii. 62) 'Dominus Deus/ elsewhere simply ' Deus '). But it would be difficult to frame any theory to account for the omission or insertion of κνριος in this part of Genesis. For example, Π^Π^ occurs eleven times in this chapter, viz. in vv. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22 ; no existing MS. of the LXX. translates it in every passage : and all MSS. omit it in vv. 9, 19 : one small group of MSS., viz. 25 (m), 73, 130 (t) agree in omitting it in vv. 4, 9, 19, 21 and inserting it elsewhere: Codd. 82 (f) and z, omit it in vv. 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 21, Cod. 106 agrees with them except as to v. 8, Cod. 108 (d) except as to vv. 4, 5 and Cod. 19 (h) except as to vv. 5, 8. There is a corresponding variety in the early Latin versions : but Π}Π^ is uniformly translated by Jerome wherever it occurs, except in v. 16, where the subject of l^^l is continued from the preceding verse.
ίζΟ ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Genesis ii. 19. Και παν δ εαν έκΛλεςεΝ Αγτό'ΑλΑΜ ψγχΗΝ ζώςΛΝ τογτο όνομα Αγτω. Codd. ΑΕ, 38, 127, 129 αυτοί), Codd. 15, 18, 37, 61, 72, 75»
106, 107, ΓΖ, αντοΐς.
Philo Leg. Alleg. ii. 4 (i. 68)= R. : id. de mutat. mm. 9 (i. 588) δ hv CKoKeaev ό *Αδάμ, τούτο όνομα τον κΧηβίντος ην.
Philo's reading τον κληθίντος is epexegetical : but it confirms the reading αύτον, which is further confirmed by the uniform ' ejus ' of the early Latin.
Genesis ii. 24.
"ENfcKGN τογτογ ΚΑΤΑλείψει ΛΝθρωποο ton ΠΑτέρΑ Αγτογ και την ΜΗτέρΛ και τιροςκολλΗθΗςετΑΐ πρόε την γυναίκα Αγτογ και gqontai οι ^γο eic ςΛρκΑ μΊαν.
Codd. ΑΕ, 14, ΐ5, ι6, 31, 5^, 57, 59. 6ι, 73, 75, 7^, 77, 78,
82, Ιθ6, 127, 1^8, 129, ^3° W, 131, Ι34, ΓΖ, μητίρααυτον:
Codd. AD (Grab.) Ε 25 (m), 31, 59, 68, 83, 120, 121, rtz, πρόί την yvvaiKa : Cod. A τη yvvaiKi.
Philo Zeg. Alleg. ii. 14 (i. 75)= R., but omits αντον after πατβρα : id. de Gigant. 15 (i. 2 72)=R. except iyivovTo yap for κα\ έσον- ται: id. Fragm. ap. Joan7i. Damasc. ii. 653, 654 = R. except δυο for oi δύο.
The omission of αντον after πατέρα is supported by Codd. Κ BDZ and other authorities in Matt. 19. 5, and by Cod. D in Mark 10. 7, .and by the early Latin versions here, except only that Aug. de Gen. ad It'll. 6 (iii. 198) has ^patrem suum' The addition of αυτού to μητ€ρα is Supported by Codd. ^< DM and other authorities in Mark 10. 7, but has against it all good MSS. in Matt. 19. 5, and all the early Latin versions here. The reading τί} ywaiKi for προς την yvvaiKa is Supported by all uncial and most cursive MSS. in Matt. 19. 5, and by Codd. ACLN in Mark 10. 7 : also by the early Latin ' mulieri suae ' or ' uxori suae : ' it may be noted in reference to it that although the text of the quotation in the MSS. of Philo i. 75 is irpos τψ y., his commentary has the dative . . . ΊτροσκόΚΚαται κώ. evovrat ttj αΙσβησ€ΐ (which is his exegesis of τη yvvaiKi) .... ovK η yvvT] κολλάται τω avbpi.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 151
Genesis iii. 15.
Και εχθρΑΝ θπςω ana ΜεςοΝ ςογ και ana ΜεςοΝ thc γυναικοο και ana ΜεςοΝ τογ ςπέρΜΑτόο ςογ και ana ΜεςοΝ τοΰ ςπέρΜΑτοο aythc* aytoc ςογ ΤΗρπςει κεφΑλΗΝ και ςγ ΤΗρΗςειο Αγτογ πτέρΝΑΝ.
So Codd. ΑΕ, 14, ΐ5, ι6, ι8, ιρ, 2θ, 25 (m), 31, 32, 37, 3^, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 68, 72, 73, 74, 1^, 77, 7^, 79, 82, 83, 107, 108, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130(0, 131, 134, 135
(γ) : Cod. 75 '^"* €χθραν θησω άνα μίσον σον καί ανά μίσον του σπ€ρματο5 αυτψ' αυτός σου τοφησΐΐ την κίψάλην σου δε αυτοΰ την TTTepvav : Codd. Ι06, Ζ, τηρηστ] and τηρηστ]^,
Philo Leg. A/leg. iii. 21 (i. 99)= R. except that he omits ανά μίσον before the second του σπέρματος: ibid. cc. 64-67 (i. 123, 124) he has the same omission, and the following comments :
(l) Trjpd be. OTL ουκ ecnev ' βχθραν θησω σοι κα\ τη γυναικί' αλλά ανά
μίσον σου κα\ της 'γυναικός, the Hebraistic repetition of ανά μίσον being omitted : so also, a few lines below, το be ' ανά μ€σον του σπέρματος σον και του στΓ6ρματος αυτής ' €Ϊρηται πάΧιν φυσικώς. {2) Το δε ' αυτός σου τήρησα κεφαλήν κα\ συ τηρήσεις αυτοΰ πτερναν ttj μεν φωνή βαρβαρισμός εστί τω δε σημαινομενω
κατόρθωμα : and, a few lines below, the commentary leaves no doubt that he read τηρήσει, since he explains it το be ' τηρήσει ' bio bη\oϊ' εν μεν το οίον bιaφυ\άζει κα\ bιaσώσει, έτερον δε το Ίσον τω επιτηρήσει προς άναίρεσιν. Justin Μ. Tryph. 102 και εχθραν θήσω ανά μέσον αυτού καΧ της γυναικός κα\ του σπέρματος αυτού κα\ του σπέρματος αυτής.
The early Latin versions, e.g. Lucif. Calar. de S. Athanas. i. i, p. 67, ed. Hart., Ambros. de fug. saec. 7. 43 (i. 434) translate ^^"^ by 'observabit,' with the exceptions of Tert. de cult. fern. i. 6, p. 152, Iren. Vet. Interp. 4. 40 who have ' calcabit.' In Cypr. Testi'm. 2. 9, p. 74, the MSS. vary between ' calcavit ' (Codd. AB ; so ed. Hartel) and ' observabit ' ' observavit,' (Codd. LM ; so ed. Fell). Notwithstanding this variant the text of the LXX. seems to be certain : the difficulty is in the interpretation : almost all Hebrew scholars maintain that the Hebrew word requires some such translation as that of Aquila προστρί\Ιτει or Symmachus θλίψει : and in the only two other passages in which ^^^ occurs the LXX. render it by εκτρίβειν, Job 9. 17, and καταπατεΐν Ps. 138 (139). 10.
152 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Genesis iv. 3.
Και ereNexo Μεθ' HiwepAC ΗΝερκε Κλιν απο τΛν ΚΛρπωΝ thc thc θγςίΑΝ τω Κγρίφ.
Cod. 72 κνρίω τω θίω, Codd. Ε, 1 29 τω θεω.
Philo de sacrif. Abel, et Cain. 13 (i. 171) και iyivero μζ& ημίραί rjveyKe Κάιν από τον καρπού της-γης 8ωρορ τω Κνρίω.
It is clear from the comments which immediately follow this quotation, and also from p. 176, that Philo read, as all MSS. of the LXX., από των καρπώι/ : the only other traces of the singular are in Tertull. adv. Jud. 5, p. 187, Lucif. Calar. de S. Athan. i. i, p. 67, ed. Hart. The substitution of ^ωρον for βυσίαν does not involve any change of meaning, the words being commonly inter- changed in the LXX. as translations of '^^P?, e.g. in the two following verses of this passage : and in p. 180 Philo himself uses βνσίαν in an indirect quotation of this passage τον Κάιν μ^β ημβρας φέροντος την θνσίαν : the early Latin versions vary here, in sympathy with the Greek, between ' munus ' {' munera ') Tert. adv. Jud. 5, p. 138, Ambros. de Cain et Abel i. 7 (i. 195), and ' sacrificium ' Lucif Calar. /Γ(9 S. Athan. i. i, p. 67.
The reading of Codd. E, 129, τω θ^ώ, though not that of the quotation in Philo, is supported by Heb. 11. 4 πλείονα θνσίαν "λβίκ τταρα Κάιν προσην€γκ€ν τω θ^ω : but in I Clem. Rom. 4 there is the same difference as in the MSS. of the LXX. for Cod. A. reads
τω θ(ω, Cod. C. τω κνρίω.
Genesis viii. 21.
"EfKeiTAi Η λίΛΝΟΐΛ τογ ΛΝθρώτιογ έπίΜβλώο έπϊ τλ πΟΝΗρΑ έκ ΝεότΗτοο Λγτογ.
Codd. 61, 78 των ανθρώπων, Cod. 83 οηΐ.ΐπιμΑως, Codd. ΑΕ, 1 5,
20, 37. 55, 6ι, 64, 68, 74, 83, ΐ2θ, ΐ2ΐ, 129, 130, ΐ34, ζ,
ΟΜ. αντον.
Philo Quis rer. divin. heres 59 (i. 5i6)=R. but om. αντον: id. Fragm. ap. Joann. Monach. (ii. 663) opa yap ah eyKcxapoKTai πάντων ή 8ιάνοια eVt/xfXeoy.
The omission of αντον is confirmed by the early Latin versions. The words iyK^xapaKTai η διάνοια in the fragment of Philo are remarkable as being an alternative translation of 2? "*>*^. which
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 53
others rendered by τό π'^άα-μα της Kapdias (Euseb. Emis. m Cat. J^eg. = 'Procop. in Gen. p. 253, ap. Y\ud!^ Hexapla in loc). eyicet- ται βπιμΐλώς are a gloss rather than a translation, and neither word is elsewhere used to render '^'^l or its derivatives : and although ^γχαράσσαν, like (γκζίσθαι, does not occur elsewhere in the LXX., yet the metaphor which it contains is in harmony with the other translations of i^J, e.g. πλάυ-σαρ (frequently), καταπλάσσ€ΐν (Jer.
I. 5), κητασκ€νάζ€ΐν (Is. 45. 7, 9), χων^ύην (l Kings 7. 3 (15)).
Genesis ix. 25.
' ΕπιΚΛτΑρΑΤοε Χαναλν haTc οίκετΗΟ εςτΛΐ toTc Λλελφοΐο Λγτογ.
Cod. 59 ^^• ''■"^^J Cod. 72 OPl. οίκβτης.
Philo de SOhriet. 7 (i• 397) ^πικατάρατος Xavaav nais οΐκίτης boiXos δοίιλωρ ζ'σταί tols αδβλφοίν αυτού, but idid. II (i. 400) = R.
The text of Philo, i. 397 E, incorporates a gloss, δούλος Βουλών, Λvhich is Aquila's translation of the Hebrew text here : it helps to show that παις οίκζ'της are to be taken together as in the Old Latin, Ambros. Έρ. 37 (ii. 931) ' servus domesticus erit fratribus suis.'
Genesis ix. 27.
ΠλΑτγΝΑί ό Geoc τωΊάφεθ κλι ΚΛτοιΚΗςΛτω eN to?c oTkoic τογ Σημ" κλι ΓεΝΗθΗτω Χαναλν παΪο Λγτογ.
Codd. plur. τοΊς σκψωμασι τον [Codd. 1 5, 64, Ιθ6 οηΐ.^ '^W '•
Codd. D, 19, 58, 59j 108 ^'o"^"' 'Χ.αναάν: Codd. AD, 31, 57, 58, 59. 71. 73. 75. 78, 83. 108, 128, 129, 130, r, αΙτων. Codd. 14, 16, 18, 25 (m), 32, 38, 76, 77, 79, 131, 134, t,
αυτω.
Philo de sohriet. 12 (i. 401)= R. except the last clause γ^^/σ^ω Xavaav δούλος αντοΐς.
The texts from which the Old Latin versions Λvere made evidently varied between ο'ίκοις and σκψωμασι, the former being represented by ' domibus ' in Ambros. de Noe 32 (i. 276), and the latter by ' tabernaculis ' in Philastr. 121, p. 128. That Philo read οίκοις is clear from his comment on the word p. 402.
Philo's reading αυτο\ς, which finds no support elsewhere, may be due to the transcriber and not to Philo himself, since in comment- ing upon it he substitutes the genitive, δονλον τον άφρονα των της άρίτης μ^ταποιου μίνων, ρ. 4^3 •
154 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Genesis xii. 1-3.
Και enre κγριοε τω'ΆΒρΑΜ"Ε2&λθε εκ thc thc ςογ και εκ thc qvpreNe'iAC ςογ ΚΑΙ εκ τογ οίκογ τογ ΠΑτρόε ςογ και λεγρο eic την γην ην αν ςοι λε'ιΣω* ΚΑΙ ποιπςω ςε e\c εθΝοε ΜερΑ και εγλΟΓΗζω ςε κΆί ΜερΑλγΝω το όνομα ςογ καϊ εςΗ εγλορΗΜεΝΟΟ" και εγλορΗςω τογο εγλορογΝΤΛΟ ςε και τογε ΚΑΤΑρω- ΜεΝογο ςε ΚΑΤΑρΛςοΜΑΐ* και εΝεγλορΗθΗςοΝΤΑΐ εΝ ςοί ΠΛςΑΐ αι φγλΑΐ thc thc.
Codd. A [D. Grabe], 15, 55, 74, 76, 129, 134 om. καΐ devpo: Codd. A [D. Grabe] Ε 14, 15, i6, 18, 25 (m), 57, 72, 73,
11, 78, 19, 82, 128, 129, 131, 135 (r), t, ίστ} βύλογητός. Philo de migrai. Abraham, i (i. 436) και ehe .... τψ y^s = R.
except (l) aneXOe for ξξίλθβ, (2) om. καϊ devpo, (3) (υλογητός for €ν\θΎημ€νος : ihid. 16 (i. 449) μ€γα\ννώ το ονομά σον : ibid. 1 9, 20, 21 (i. 453> 454) ^^1} Ί^Ρ, Φν^'^^, €υλογητ09 .... (νλογησω, φησί, TOVS evKoyovvras ae και τυύς καταρωμίνονς ere καταράσομαι .... €ν€υλογηθήσονται ev σοι πάσαι αί φνΧάί της yrjs : id. Quis rer. divin. heres 56 (i. 513) βΓττε κνριος .... %θνος μ€γα=Κ.
except πρόί for δευρο ds.
Acts 7• 3 '^Qt eiVe irpos αυτόν, "Έ^ίΚθζ ck ttjs yrjs σου και €Κ της συγ- γενείας σου και deijpo els την γην ην αν σοι δίΐ|ω [Cod. D αττό της γης '. Codd. BD κα\ της συγγενείας σον : Cod. Ε add. post συγγε- νείας σον, και εκ τον οΧκον τον πατρός σου],
Ι Clem. R. 10. 2 απήλθε εκ της γης σου .... της γής:^!^. except (ΐ) άπελθε for έξελθε, (2) om. κα\ 8ενρο, (3) ενλογηθησονται for ενευλογηθησυνται.
The reading άπελθε, which was certainly in Philo's text, inasmuch as he comments upon it, p. 437, though not found in any MS. of the LXX. is supported by Clement, and by the fact that εξερχεσθαι is very rarely, and not once in the Pentateuch, used to translate "Φι, while άπερχεσθαι is frequently so used (18 times in Genesis): but in the quotation of this passage in Acts 7. 3 all the MSS. have έξελθε, which however is followed in Cod. D by άπό.
The omission of κα\ δεϋρο is also supported both by Clement /. c. and by the fact that the words have no equivalent in the Hebrew : but they also are found in all MSS. of Acts 7. 3. They are an early and graphic gloss.
The reading ενλογητός is emphasized by Philo i. 353 εστ] γάρ, φησίν, ενλογητος ον μόνον ενλογη μένος, distinguishing the former as a permanent and real quality, the latter as contingent on human voices and opinions.
FROM THE SEFTUAGINT. I55
Genesis xiv. 14 (xvii. 23).
ΉριθΜΗςε joyc i^'ioyc oiKoreNeTc Αγτογ τρίΑκοςίογο λεκΑ και οκτώ.
Cod. 129 om. καί : Codd. D (Gr.), 1 4 δ/κα και οκτώ και τριακό- σιους : Codd. 15, 16, 18, 25 (m), 38, 55, 57, 59^ 7^, 77, 79ι
82, 128, I3Ij 134, t, όκτω κα\ δίκα κα\ τριακόσιους Ι Cod. 78 οκτώ κα\ Se/ca τριακόσιους.
Bam. 9 '^c*• πίριίτβμ^ρ Άβρααμ €Κ του οίκου αυτού [Cod. C om. €Κ . . . . αυτοίη avdpas δίκα οκτώ [ita Codd. NC, cett. δ/κα καΐ οκτώ] κα\ [Cod. ρ. om.^ τριακόσιους.
The first part of the quotation in Barnabas is a summary of Gen. 17. 23, the material point of the reference being not the mention of circumcision but the number of persons circumcised, upon which the writer founds an argument : τις ουν η δοθάσα αιτώ
■γνωσις * μάθ€Τ€ οτι τους δεκαοκτώ πρώτους κα\ διάστημα ττοιησας Xeyei τριακόσιους, το δεκαοκτώ [Codd. bcn δβκα κα\ οκτού^' Ι δ/κα, Η οκτώ' (χ^ις Ίησοΰν [Cod. ^? om. I . . . οκτώ : Cod. C om. ^χίΐς *1η.~\' οτι δε 6 σταυρός iv τω Τ ήμ^ΧΚβν €χ€ΐν την χάριν, \eyei και τριακόσιους. δηΧοΐ ουν τον μζν ^Ιησουν iv τοΊς δυσίν γράμμασιν κα\ iv τω iv\ τον σταυρόν, 'What,
then, was the knowledge given to him?' Observe that he mentions the eighteen first, and then, with a pause, three hundred. In the eighteen, i.e. I=ten, Η = eight, you have (the initials of) Jesus (1ΗΣΟΥΣ). And because the Cross was to have its grace in (the form) T, he mentions also three hundred : he thus indicates Jesus in the two letters and the Cross in the third.
This shows that in the text which Barnabas used (i) the numbers were probably expressed by the symbols ιητ ; (2) that, whether so expressed or written in full, τ or τριακόσιους came last. There is a similar variety in the MSS. in other enumerations of numbers, e.g. Gen. 5. 6, 7, 8, etc., and it is difficult to determine whether the LXX. originally followed the Hebrew in placing the larger number last so that the text of the uncial MSS. and R here is due to Hellenizing copyists, or followed the Greek usage in placing the larger number first, so that the text of Barnabas, and of the MSS. which agree with him, is due to a Hebraizing revision.
Genesis xv. 5, 6.
ΈΣΗΓΑρε he ΑγτοΝ εΐω και emeN Αγτφ, ΑΝΛΒλεψΟΝ Κη eic ton ογρΛΝΟΝ και ΑρΊθΜΗςοΝ Toyc ΑςτέρΑΟ ει ^ynhch εΣΑριθΜΗςΑΙ Αγτογε* και εΤπεΝ, ογτωο
156 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
εςτΛΐ TO ςπέρΜΑ ςογ* και επίςτεγςεΝ "ΑΒρΑΜ τω θεώ και ελορΊςθΗ Αγτφ είε
λίΚΑΙΟςγΝΗΝ.
Codd. 15, 19, 31, 38, 61, 72, 77, 108, 129, 135 (Ο, ζ. ^^• ^ι?:
Codd. 19, 108 eniarevae 8e for και €πίστ€νσ€.
Philo Ζ<?^. Alleg. iii. 13 (i. 95) i^riyay^v aWov (ξω και einev, am/SXe^oi/ 6ts τον ovpavov και αρίθμησαν Tovs aarepas '. id. Qu/s rer. dlVltl. heres 15—19 (i. 483—486) (15) i^rjyayev αυτόν βξω κα\ etnev άνάβλζ•\1/ον els τον ονρανόν .... (ΐ 6) (ξηγαγ€ν αυτόν ^ξω {dl's) .... (17) άνάβλ^λίτον els τον ουρανον κα\ αρίθμησαν tovs aarepas iav bvvηθrjs ζ^αριθμησαι avTOvs' ουτωε ίσται το σπίρμα σου .... (19) iev δε το φάναι) Χογισθήναι την πίστιν els δικαιοσννην αυτω Ι id. de migrat. Abraham. 9 (i. 443) l^τίστevσev * Αβραάμ τω θ€ω : id. de mutat. nomin. 33 (i. 605) e^ΐίστevσe he 'Αβραάμ τω dea κα\ (λο-γίσθη αυτω els δικαιοσύνην.
Rom. 4. 3 (τί yap η γραφή Xeyei) eπίστeυσev Be ^Αβραάμ τω θεω καΐ €λογισθη αυτω els δικαωσύνην (so Codd. ^< ABC αι. *. Codd. DFG om. δε).
Rom. 4. 18 {κατά το elpημevov) oZtws eorai το σπ€ρμα σου.
Gal. 3. 6 καθω5 \\βρααμ επί'στβυσεϊ/ τω ^βώ κα\ €\ογΙσθη αυτω els 8ικαιοσύνην.
James 2. 23 {και ΙττΚηρωβη η γραψη ή λ€γονσα^ eπiστeυσev de * Αβραάμ τω ^βώ κα\ ίΧογίσθη αυτω els δικαιοσύνην.
1 Clem. Rom. 10. 6 e^rjyaye de [Cod. A om. be] δ eebs τον ^Αβραάμ και einev αυτω' άνάβΧ€•\Ιτον els τον ουρανον και αρίθμησαν Toi)s aarepas el δυνηση €ξαριθμήσαι αυτούς' oυτωs €σται το σπέρμα σου' 4πίστενσεν be Άβρααμ τω θεω κα\ εΧογίσθη αυτω els bικaιoσύvηv.
Justin Μ. Dial. 92 Ιπίστενσε be τω θεω ^Αβραάμ και ίΧογίσθη αυτω els bικaιoσύvηv : z'dl'd. 119 {αν yap τρόπον eKelvos TJj φωνή του θεού) €πιστευσ6 και εΧογίσθη αυτω els δικαιοσύνην.
Philo's omission of brj after άνάβΧεψον is confirmed by i Clem. Rom. 10. 6 : which also agrees with Rom. 4. 3, James 2. 23, Justin. M. Dial. 92 in reading επίστενσε be. Though the variation is exegetically unimportant, the consensus of five early quotations as against all existing MSS. except 19 (Cod. Chisianus) and 108 (=Cod. Vatican. 330, which forms the basis of the Complutensian edition) is a remarkable testimony to the text which those MSS. contain.
The common origin of all the quotations is indicated by the fact that they agree in translating the active, C.iF'?-» '^^ counted/ by the passive εΧαγίσθη.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 57
Genesis χ v. 13, 14.
ΓίΝωςκωΝ pn^qh oti π^ροικοΝ eqrAi το ςπέρΜΑ ςογ eN ρπ ογκ ίλ'ΐΑ και λογλώςογςΐΝ Αγτογα και ΚΑκώςογςΐΝ Αγτογο και ΤΑπείΝώςογςΐΝ Αγτογε τετρΑ- κόςίΑ Ι'τΗ• τό λε ΙΘνοο ω gan λογλεγςωςι κρίΝω ερώ- ΜετΑ λέ ΤΑγτΑ είελεγ- ςοΝΤΑΐ ώλε ΜετΑ ΑΐτοςκεγΗΟ πολλΗΟ.
Cod. 72 eV γη αλλότρια: Cod. Α, κακώσουσιν avrovs κα\ δουλώσουσιν αυτούς: Codd. Χ, 37> ^Ι» Ι°7' Ϊ0^5 2, omit avTovs after κακώ- σονσιν: Codd. 1 9, 725 81, omit κα\ ταπ. αυτούς I Codd. Χ, 1 9, 37» 75) 77? 106, 108, 129, 130, ζ, €τη τετρακόσια: Codd. 14,
18, 19, 25 (m), 32, 57» 73. 75» 77> 78, 79. 1313 t> '^"^ ^^
ίθνος.
Philo ^///j rd-r. <//ζ;ζ>/. keres 54 (i. 511) -γινωσκων .... t5ia, = R. : /(52ί/. 55 (i. 512) το be ίθνος .... πολλ^9, = Κ.
-i4r/$• 7. 6 εσται τό σηίρμα αυτού [Cod. Χ σον\ πάροικορ iv yrj αλλό- τρια κα\ δουλώσουσιν αυτό [Cod. D αυτούς~\ κα\ κακώσουσιν [Cod. C adds αύτοΊ €τη τετρακόσια' και το (θνος, [Cod. C τό 8e eOvosl ω iav δουλίύσουσιρ [Codd. i< BE al. Βουλεύσωσιν^ κρίνω εγώ, 6 θεός είπεν, κα\ μετά ταντα εζελείισονται (κα\ λατρενσουσίν μοι εν τω τόπω τοντω^.
The critical interest of the passage Ues chiefly in the evident tendency to harmonize the LXX. text and that of the Acts, which is shown (a) in the MSS. of the LXX. (i) in the substitution of
αλλότρια for ουκ Ιδια, (2) in the omission of κα\ ταπεινώσουσιν
αυτούς, (3) in the variant κα\ τό for τό Βε : (δ) in the MSS. of the Acts (i) in the substitution of σοΟ for αυτού, which is unquestionable, inasmuch as αύτω both precedes and follows, (2) in the addition
of αυτούς and αυτό tO δουλώσονσιν and κακώσουσιν, {3) poSsibly in the variants τό δε for kcu to and δουλεύσωσιν for δουλεύσουσιν.
The quotation of the passage in Clementin. 3. 43, p. 48 = R. except in omitting αυτούς after κακώσουσιν : but in the continuation of the quotation it reads μετ ειρήνης with AX, 14, 15, 19, 25 (m), 32, 37, 38, 555 57» 73» 74» 76, 77» 7^, 106, 107, 108, 129, 134, rtz, and confirms the view that these words should be substituted
for the εν ειρήνη of R.
Genesis xviii. 1-3.
"ΩφθΗ λέ Αγτω ό θεόο npoc τη λργΐ τη ΜαμΒρη ΚΑθΗΜεΝογ Αγτογ επί thc θγρΑΟ THC QKHNHC Αγτογ ΜεςΗΜΒρ'ΐΑΟ• ΛΝΑΒλέψΑΟ λέ ToTc οφθΑλΜοΐε Αγτογ elhe ΚΑΙ ίλογ τρεΐο ΛΝλρεο είςτΗκειςΑΝ έπΑΝω Αγτογ• κα! \L•ώt< προςέλρΑΜεΝ eic ςγΝΑΝΤΗςίΝ Αγτοΐο λπο thc θγρΑΟ thc qkhnhc Αγτογ και προςεκγΝπςεΝ
158 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
επί ΤΗΝ ΓΗΝ ΚΑΙ etne Κγριε, ei ΑρΑ εγροΝ χλρίΝ εΝΑΝτίοΝ ςογ, μη πΑρέλθπε ΤΟΝ πΑΪλΑ ςογ.
Cod. 25 (πι) προς τγι θύρα : Cod. 82 eVt rfj θύρα : Cod. 106. om. αντον after σκηνής.
Justin Μ. Dml. 86 προς rrj δρνϊ rrj Μαμβρ^ : z'dl'd. 126 ωφθη .... μ€σημβρίας=Κ. eXC. (ΐ) καθημενω, (2) <9/;ζ. αντον after οφθαλμοίς, (3) (Tvvedpapev for προσίδραμ^ν'. ihld. 56 ωφ^τ; .... eVt r^v γ^ι/ /cat €1776= R. except (l) errt T7 ^i^p?, (2) i>/?Z. αυτοί) after σκηρης and after οφθαλμοίς, (3) συν^^ραμ^ν for προσ€^ραμ€ν.
At the end of this quotation in c. 56 the text of Justin goes on κα\ τα λοιπά μέχρι τον "Ωρθρισζ δβ, ί. e. the intervening words are omitted as far as c. 19. 28. But since, lower down in the same chapter, p. 278 b, Justin excuses himself from repeating some of the inter- vening words on the ground that they had been written down
before, ού yap γράφαν πάλιν τα αντα των πάντων π poycy ραμμένων boKfi
μοί, it is clear that the omission is due to the copyist
Genesis xviii. lo.
ΈπΑΝΑςτρεφωΝ Η2ω npoc ςέ κατλ ton ΚΑΐροΝ τογτοΝ είο ώρΑΟ και είει γίοΝ ΣλρρΑ Η ΓΥΝΗ ςογ.
Codd. 14, 16, 18, 25 (m), 38, 57, 73, 77, 7», 79. 128, 131,
135 (γ) (HP) + t άναστρίφων.
Philo de migrat. Abraham. 22 (i. 456) = R. : de Abrah. 25, (ii. 20) Ιπανιων ηξω προς σ€ κατά τον καιρόν τοντον €ΐς νεωτα και e^ei νίον Σάρρα η yvvq σον.
Rom. 9. 9 {lπayyiklaς yap b λόγο? οντος'^ κατά τον καιρόν τοντον €λ€νσομαι κα\ Ζσται Tjj lappa νΙός.
The use of the classical eU νέωτα, 'next year,' is remarkable as a translation of Π*Π ny3 (which occurs infra c. 14, and 2 Kings 4. 16, 1 7, where it is rendered ως η ωρα ζώσα). There is no trace of either the reading or the interpretation in the MSS. of the LXX. or in the early Latin versions : and it is a probable inference that the writer of the treatise de Abrahamo, whether Philo or another, had access to a revised, and otherwise unknown, edition of the LXX. : so in the same treatise, c. 32 (ii. 26), iepehv is substituted for πρόβατον in Gen. 22. 7, 8.
The quotation in Rom. 9. 9 is partly from v. 9, partly from V. 14, but not exactly from either.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 59
Genesis xviii. 20-23. Erne λε κγριοο κρΑγΓΗ ΣολοΜωΝ και foMoppAC πεπλΗθγΝΤΑΐ πρόο iwe και
ΑΙ ΑΜΑρτ'ΐΑΙ ΑγΤωΝ ΜβρΑλΑΙ ςφολρΑ. KATABaC ΟγΝ δψΟΜΑΙ ei ΚΑΤΑ ΤΗΝ ΚρΑΥΓΗΝ
ΑγτωΝ την ερχοΜεΝΗΝ npoc Me ςγΝτελογΝΤΑΐ" ei λέ-ΜΗ Γνλ ΓΝω" και Λποςτρε- ψΑΝτεο έκεϊθεΝ οί ΛΝλρεο ηΛΘον είο ΣόλΟΜΑ* ΆΒρΑΑΜ he ετι ην έςτπκώε εΝΑΝτΙοΝ κγρΊογ ΚΑΙ err'iQAC ΆΒρΑΑΜ εΤπε Μη ςγΝΑΠολέςπο λ'ιΚΑΐΟΝ ΜετΑ ΑςεΒογο και εςτΑΐ ό λίκΑΐοο ώε ό ΛςεΒΗΟ.
Codd. AD, 15, 59? ^^j 7 2, 82, 120, 121 Om. προς με after πεπλη-
θννται: Codd. 14, 16, 18, 19, 25 (m), 57, 13, 77, 7^, 79.
108, 128, 131, t ot άνδρες εκύθεν I Codd. AD, 3 1, 37, 75, 76, 106, 107, 108, Ζ om. €Ti before ην : Cod. 132 εστως ην.
Philo de Cherub. 6 (i. 142) eVt, γάρ, φησίν, ην εστηκως εναντίον κυρίου'. id. de Somniis 2. 33 (i. 688) (^Αβραάμ) εστίν εστως εναντίον κυρίου: id. de poster. Cain. 9 (i. 231) εστως ην εναντίον κυρίου κα\ εγγίσας ειττε.
Justin Μ. ΌίαΙ. 56. ρ. 278 είπε 8ε κύριος . . . . 6 άσεβης=Κ. except
(ΐ) om. irpbs με after πεπΧηθυνται, (2) ot άνδρες εκείθεν for εκείθεν οί άνδρες, (3) om. ετί before ην.
Genesis xviii. 27.
Και Αποκριθείε'ΑΒρΑΛΜ εΤπε, ΝγΝ ηρΙαμην AaAhqai npoc ton κγριΟΝ Μογ, έρώ λέ είΜΐ γη και ςπολόε.
Codd. 19, 59 ^^• τό''• Codd, 76, 129 τ6ν θεόν : Codd. ADE, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 25 (m), 56, 57» 59. 61, 68, 73, 7^, 79»
82, 108, 120, 121, 128, 13Ι5 135 W> t, om. μου.
Philo Qm's rer. divin. heres 7 (i. 477) εγγίσας, yap, φησίν, ^Αβραάμ είπε Ννι/ ηρξάμην ΧαλεΙν προς κυριον, εγω δε εΙμι yrj και σποδός '. id. Quod Deus immut. 34 (i. 296) {ευθύς εψω) ^ψ και τεφραν (οντά).
1 Clem. Rom. 1 7 εγω δε εΙμι yrj καϊ σποδός.
The text of Philo i. 477 is sufficiently supported by the MSS. of the LXX., and by its agreement with the Hebrew, to be probably correct, with the exception of εγγίσας for αποκριθείς ; but it may be almost certainly inferred that εγγίσας existed in the text which Philo used, and that it is not a mere accidental transfer of phrase from V. 23, from the fact of his laying stress upon it in introducing the second of the above two quotations i. 296 κα\ yap Άβρααμ Ιγγιστα τω θεω eauro»' ττοιήσα?, ευθύς εγνω κ.τ.λ. The USe οί τέφρα for yr] in
I 6ο ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
the second quotation is less probably correct, because the word does not occur in the LXX. except in the Apocryphal Books.
Genesis xxi. lo.
Ka! eme τφΆΒρΑΛΜ^ΈκΒάλε την πΛίλίςκΗΝ τΑγτΗΝ και τον γίοΝ aythC ογ ΓΛρ ΜΗ κλΗροΝΟΜπςει ό γίόο THC πΛίλίςκΗΟ TAYTHC ΜετΑ τογ γίογ ΜΟγ ΊςΑΛΚ.
Codd. AD 15, 19, 20, 3Ι: 32, 55. 56, 68, 74, 76, 11, 83, 108, 120, 121, 129 και €Ϊπ€=Κ.: Codd. χ, 14, ι6, ι8, 25 (m), 38, 57, 59: 7ΐ, 73, 75, 76, 7^, 19, 82, ιο6, ιογ, 128, 130 (t), 131, 134, 135 (γ), ζ, om. και.
Codd. AD, Χ, 15, 55, 56, 57, 68, γι, 74, 75, 76, ιο6, icy,
120, 121, 131, 134, Ι35+Ζ την παώίσκην ταυτην : Codd. 14,
16, 18, 19, 20, 25 (m), 31, 32, 38, 59> 73, 77, 78, 82, ιο8,
128, 129, t, ^^^^' Τ"-^τψ•
Codd. D, Χ, 59, 72, ιο6 + ζ, om. μη post γάρ: Codd.
cett. = R. Codd. ι8, 2θ, 25 (m), 32, 55, 131, ΐ34, ΐ35 W κληρονομηση :
Codd. cett. = R. Codd. Ill, 68, 108, 120, 121, opi. ταύτης: Codd. cett. = R.
Philo de Cheruhim 3 (i. 140) Xeyet δε αντικρνς €κβα\€Ίρ την Ίταώίσκην
κα\ τον νίυν. Gal. 4. 30 e/c/3aXe την τταώίσκην [Cod. Α add. ταντην~\ κα\ τον viov
αντψ' ου γαρ μη [Codd. FG, 37, Om. μη\ κληρονόμησα [ita Codd.
δ< BDE αι.: Codd. ACFGKL αι. κληρονομηστ]] 6 vl6s τής
παώίσκης μ€τα του νίοΰ της ίΚζνθβρας [Codd. DEFG αΐ., add. μου Ισαάκ].
Justin Μ. Dm/. 56. ρ. 276 κα\ ewre .... 'Ισαάκ = R. except om. κα\ before elne, and μη after ου.
It is uncertain here, as elsewhere, whether the omission of καί before ehe is due to the Hellenizing tendencies of the copyists, or its insertion is due to a Hebraizing revision of the text. The latter is the more probable hypothesis, because there are other instances in Genesis in which the LXX. translators seem to ignore this use of ), i. e. as introducing an apodosis or virtual apodosis :
e.g. 3. 6 διανοιχθησονταί for κα\ diav., 1 3. 9 εγώ ct? δβ^ιά for καί «γώ (Cod. 75 ή iyo>, Codd. E, 14, 16, 18, 31, 57, 73, 128 iyio de).
The omission of ταύτην in some MSS. of the LXX. and its insertion by Cod. A in Gal. 4. 30 are probably harmonistic. The
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. l6l
same hypothesis will account for its omission in the Latin versions quoted by Ambrose and Augustine (ap. Sabatier) : and the harmonistic tendency is certainly shown in the addition μου Ισαάκ.
Genesis xxii. i, 2, 11, 12.
V. I ΚΑΙ ereNexo mgta ta ρήματα ΤΑγτΑ ό 9eoc έπε'ιρΑςε ton ΆΒρααμ και t?n€N ΑγτφΆΒρΛΑΜ ■ ΑΒρΑΑΜ" ΚΑΙ €?π€Ν Ίλογ ερώ. ν. 2 ΚΑΙ eme ΛαΒε τον
γίοΝ ςογ ΤΟΝ ΑΓΑΠΗΤΟΝ on ΗΓΑΠΗςΑΟ τον ΊςΑΑΚ .... ν. II ΚΑΙ €ΚΑλ€ς€Ν
ΑγτοΝ ΑΓρελοε κγρΊογ εκ τογ ογρΑΝογ και εΤπεΝ ΆΒρΑΛΜ ΆΒρΑΑΜ* ό he emeu ίλογ έπώ. ν. 12 καϊ εΐπε μη έπιΒΑλπε την χεΤρΑ ςογ επί το ΠΑίλΛριΟΝ ΜΗλέ
nOIHQHC ΑγΤψΜΗλέΝ.
ν. 1 Codd. χ, 7ΐ> 14) ^3 ^π€ίρασ€=Κ.: Codd. cett. eWpa^ij/. Codd. 19, 20, 25, 31, 32, 56, 68, 71, 74, 75, 83, 107, 120, 121
€tn€V ανΓω:=Κ. : Codd. CCtt. eiTre npos αυτόν. Codd. 19, 31, 38, 61, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 83, 106, 107, 120,
121, 128, ζ καϊ €Ϊπ€ν Ίδου = Κ. : Codd. cett. 6 δβ ehev Ί8ού. V. 11 Codd. 14, 16, 18, 25 (m), 38, 57, 77, 79, 128, t λίγων
post ουρανού I Codd. cett. κα\ €ln€V=K.
Philo de Somniis 1. 34 (i. 650)=R. except (i) eneipaCe for €7Γΐίρασ€, (2) προς αυτόν for αυτω, (3) ό δε €Ϊπ€ν for κα\ ζϊπίν Ίδου in V. Ι, (4) Xeycov for και ehev in V. II.
It may be noted that the text of Philo agrees throughout with that of Codd. 14, 16, 18, 57, 77, 130 (t), and differs throughout from that of Codd. 71, 74, 83 : that it agrees in three out of four cases (l) with Cod. 25 (m) ίπ^ίραζςν, 6 δε ehev, λίγων, (2) with Codd. 38, 79, 128 (πείραζαν προς αυτόν, λίγων, (3) With Codd. 129, 134, 135 επείραζεν, προς αυτόν, 6 δε einev.
Genesis xxii. 3? 4• Και ΗλθεΝ έπϊ τον τόποΝ on εΤπεΝ Αγτω ό θεόε τη ΗΜερΛ τη τρ'ιτΗ
ΚΑΙ ΑΝΑΒλέψΑΟ'ΑΒρΑΑΜ TO?C ΟφθΑλΜοΤο ΑγΤΟγ ε?λε ΤΟΝ τόποΝ ΜΑΚρόθβΝ.
Codd. 19, 37> 1^) ^2, ιο6, ΐ34) ζ εΙς τον τόπον: Codd. cett. ίπΐ τον τόπον =R.
Philo de poster. Cain. 6 (i. 229) Άβρααμ ελθων eU τον τόπον ov ίΐπεν αυτώ 6 θεός τη τρίτη ήρίρα άναβλεψας δρα τον τόπον μακρόθεν Ι
(the following words ποΊον τόπον ; ap' εΙς ον ήλθε ; show that' he certainly read cis τ6ν τόπον) : de migrat. Abraham. 25 (i. 457) {όταν) επ\ τον τόπον ον εΐπεν αυτω 6 βεος τη ήμερα τη τρίτη πάρα-
Μ
102 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
yeinjTai '. ihld, 30. i. p. 462 [άμφότίροι άνηΧθον) erri τον τόπον ov €Ϊπ(ν 6 Seas : de Somniis i. 11 (i. 630) ηΧθ^ν ds τόν τόπον ov (ΐπ€ν αντώ ό θ(ός. και άναβλίψας τοΐς οφθαλμοΐς αυτού eide τον τόπον μακρόθεν.
Philo's testimony is evenly balanced between eVl τον τόπον and eh τον τόπον: and between the quotations in i. p. 229 and i. p. 457 there is the further difference that whereas the former connects tjj τρίττ) ημίρα with άναβΚί-^ας, as in the Hebrew, the latter connects it with the preceding clause. A presumption in favour of the former having been the current Alexandrian reading is afforded by the repetition of Philo's quotation in Clem. Alex. Strom. 5. 11
p. 690, ed. Pott. 6 * Αβραάμ (Χθων els τον τόπον ov ηπ^ν αντω 6 θίος τί} τρίττ] ημ€ρα άναβλίψας Spa τον τόπον μακρόθεν. The early
Latin verss., on the other hand, clearly connect r^ τρίττ] ήμβρα with the preceding clause: Ambros. de Cain, et Ab. 1. 8 (i. 197); de Ahrah. i. 8 (i. 305); so Jerome Hebr. Quaest. p. 33, ed. Lagarde.
Genesis xxii. 16, 17.
Κλτ έΜΛγτογ ωΜοςΑ, Aefei K-ypioc, ογ είΝεκεΝ έπο'ίΗςΛΟ το ρΗΜΑ τογτο και ογκ έφείςω τογ γίογ ςογ τογ αγαττητου h\ εμΈ, η μην εγλΟΓωΝ εγλορΗςω ςε ΚΑΙ πλΗθγΝωΝ πλΗθγΝω το ςπερινίΑ ςογ ώε τογε ΑςτέρΑΟ τογ ογρΑΝΟγ και ώε ΤΗΝ ΑΜΜΟΝ ΤΗΝ πΑρΑ ΤΟ χεΐλοο THC θΑλΑςςπο.
Codd. AD χ, 75j ι 35 " f^v^-
Philo Leg. Alleg. 3. 72 (i. 127) = R. (except the Attic h^Ka, for
the Ionic άν^κ^ν, but ibid. p. 129 eheKo). Heb. 6. 13, 14 &μοσ€ν κα& eavTov λβγων cl μην ίυλογων ευλογήσω σ€ κα\ πΧηθννων πΧηθυνω σβ [Codd. KL αΐ. η μην^.
Genesis χχν. 21-23.
Έλέετο λέΊςΑΛΚ κγρΊογ περί 'ΡεΒεκκΑΟ thc tynaikoc Αγτογ δτι ςτεΤρΑ ην. έπΗΚογςε λέ Αγτογ ό θεόε και ςγΝελΑΒεΝ ρν ρΑςτρί 'ΡεΒεκκΑ η γΥνη Αγτογ* έςκίρτωΝ λέ τα ΠΑΐλίΑ εΝ ΑγτΗ' εΤπε λέ, ει ογτω μοι Μέλλει ρΝεςθΑΐ Γνα τί Μοι τογτο ; έπορεγθπ λέ πγθέςθΑΐ πΑρΑ κγρΊογ* και ε?πε κγριοε ΑγτΗ, λγο εθΝΗ εΝ ΓΑςτρΊ ςογ είςί και λγο λΑοί εκ thc κοιλ'ΐΑε ςογ λίΑςτΑλπςΟΝΤΑΐ• και λΑΟΟ λΑΟγ γπερέ2ει και ό Με'ιζωΝ λογλεγςει τωελΑςςοΝί.
Codd. ΑΕ, 15, 30, 31, 59. 82, ιο6, 107, 129, 130, ΐ34, ζ eSetro: Cod. 75 fi'ptV, Codd. 31, 135 κνριον, Codd. 19, 108 του κυρίου: Cod. 72, Ζ, om. κυρίου: Codd. 106, ζ υπηκουσ€
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 163
«e: Codd.EX, 16,18, 25 (m), 57, 59, 72, 73, 79,128, 131,1 αντω 6 ueos : Codd. ADE, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25 (m), 30, 31, 38> 55, 57, 59, ^8, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 106, 107, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130 (t), 131, 134, 135, ζ ?λαβ€ν: Codd. 19, 32, 56, 71, 74, 76, 108 συι/6λαβίΐ' = Κ. : Codd. ADE, 15, 16, 18, 25 (m), 30, 32, 56, 57, 59, 72, 75, 79, 82, 83, 106, 107, 128, 130 (t), 131, 134, 135, ζ eV Tfi γαστρί: Codd, 15, 72, 82, 106, 107 eVrt.
Philo Leg. Alleg. iii. 29 (i. 105) δύο ^θνη iv rfj γαστρί σον €ση και δυο \αο\ εκ της κοιλίας σον 8ιαστάλησονται κα\ λαό? Χαον vnepe^a κα\ ό μείζων δουλενσει τω ελάσσονι: id. de sacrif. Abel, et Cain. 2 (i. 164) δύο Wvr] ev τη γαστερι σον εστί .... κα\ δύο Χαοι εκ της κοιλίας σον διασταΧησονται.
Rom. 9. 12 ό μείζων δονλενσει τω ίλάσσονι.
Barnab. 13 eSetro Se 'Ισαάκ ττερί ^Ρεβέκκας της γνναικος αντον οτι στείρα
ην' κα\ σννελαβεν [so Codd. ^ζ and all Others, except Cod. C,
which has ov σννελαβεν^. είτα εξηλθεν 'Ρεβέκκα πνθίσθαι πάρα κυρίον' κα\ είπεν κνριος προς αντην, δυο έθνη εν ttj γαστρί σον καΐ δυο \αο\ εν τγι κοιλία σον και νπερεξει λαός λαοί) [sO Cod. ί< : Codd. C and all others λαός λαον νπ€ρεζει^ καΐ ό μείζων δονλεύσει τω ίλάσσονι.
The general correspondence of the quotation in Barnabas with the text of the LXX. suggests that he was acquainted with it : but the omission of several clauses, including those which have the distinctive words εσκρίτων and διαστολή σονται, suggests also that either (i) he ρηφ08^7 abbreviated the narrative, or (2) quoted from a current manual of Scripture History.
Genesis xxvii. 30.
KaI €reN€TO ώο AN έΐΗλθεΝ'ίΑκώΒ atto προςώπογ'ΙςΑΑΚ τογ πΑτρόο Αγτογ ΚΑΙ ΉςΑγ ό Αλελφόο Αγτογ ίίλθεΝ αττο thc θΗρΑΟ.
So Codd. Χ, 31, 32, 68, 83, ΐ2θ, ΐ2ΐ, 131, ΐ34 • Codd. 71,
106, 107 Om. κα\ εγενετο '. Codd. AD, Ι9, 20, 56, 59, 7 1, 72,
82, 107, 108, 129 om. αν. Codd. Ε, 14, i5, 16, 18, 25 (m) [but with ως written above], 37, 55 [but with -σον erased and -T6 written above], 57, 58, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 130 (t),
135, yz 00-01/ : Cod. 106 μετά το εξελθεϊν : Cod. 1 28 ore [but
ως όσον in margin] : Cod. 106 om. Ιακώβ and Ισαάκ του
πατρός : Cod. Ε om. άπο της θήρας : Cod. A add. αύτον. Μ 2,
164 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
■ Philo de ehriet. 2 (i. 358) iyevcro yap, φησίν, όσον e^rjXBev 'Ιακώβ, ηκ€ν Ήσαν 6 αδελφό? αύτον.
The text of Philo supports the reading oaou, of which ώ? αν was probably a corruption and ως a subsequent emendation : but its chief importance lies in its agreement with the shorter form of the Hebrew, which appears to underlie Jerome's translation 'et egresso Jacob foras venit Esau.' The hypothesis of the existence of a cor- responding shorter Greek text would account for the MSS.
omissions of κάΙ iyevero, Ισαάκ του πατρός, and από της θήρας.
Genesis xxviii. 11-19. V. II Και ΑΠΗΝΤΗςε τόπφ και εκοιμηΘη έκεΤ* ελγ r^p ο hAioc" και eAABeN απο τωΝ λ'ιθωΝ τογ τόπογ και εθΗκε πρόε κεφΑλΗΟ Αγτογ και έκοΐΜΗθΗ eN τφτόττω εκε'ΐΝφ.
Cod. ζ υπηντησζ, Cod. 56 fV τόττω, Codd. 59? 7^) 134 ^^ '"? τόττω, Cod. 72 eis τόπον, Codd. 2 Ο, 82, Ιθ8, 130 προς Κ€φάΚην.
Philo de Somn. ι (i. 62i) = R., except eV τόττω, ηυλίσθη eW for
€Κθΐμήθη (Kel, otl eiafjXOev ό ηΧιος for eSu yap δ ήλιος, and προς κεφαλήν ΐοτ προς κεφαΧής : lb. 1. 11. i. p. 630 νπηντησ^ν iv τω τόπω, but p. 631 νπ^ρφυίστατα be Ζχ^ι το μη φάναι iXBelv ch τον τόπον αλλά νπαντησαι τόπω Ι ih. 1. 19. i. p. 638 νπήντησ^ τόπω' «δυ yap ό ηΧίος.
Justin Μ. Dial. 58 = R.
V. 12 ΚΑΙ εΝγπΝίΑςθΗ καΙ ιλογ κΑΤμαΞ έςτΗριρΜεΝΗ εΝ τη γη hc η κεφΑΑπ ΑφικΝεΐτο ειε τον ογρΑΝΟΝ και οί ΑΓΓ^λοι τογ θεογ ΑΝεΒΑΐΝΟΝ και ΚΑτεΒΑΐΝΟΝ έπ ΑγτΗ.
Cod. 59 «"■* "^Ψ τιν'. Codd. Ill, 20, 58, 59> 72, 75> 76^ 82, 129, 134, 135, +Ε eV αΐτης, Codd. 19, 37» 76\ 79^ ιο6, ιο7, +ζ eV αντην, Codd. Ι, 14, 15, ι6, ι8, 25 (m), 30, 31, 32, 55) 56, 57. 68, 71, 73. 77) 78, 79 S 108, 120, 121, 128, 130 (Oj 131 f^r' «^'•.ν•
Philo ibid. i. p. 620 = R. except ^νυπνιάσθη Ιακώβ, and eV αύτης : z'iJii/. 1. 22. i. p. 641 = R. except eh την yrjv, and eV αύτ^?. Justin M. zbid. = R. except eV αντης.
V. 13 ό λέ κγριοε έπεςτΗρικτο έττ aythc και ε*πεΝ Έρώ είΜΐ ό θεόο ΆΒρΑΑΜ τογ ΠΑτρόε ςογ και ό θεόεΊςΑΛΚ, μη φοΒογ* η γη εφ' hc κΑθεγλειε επ Αγτίίο ςοι λώςω ΑγτΗΝ και τφ ςπέρΜΑΤι ςογ.
Codd. 25 (m), 134 αστήρικτο: Codd. I, III, 15, 31, 37, 58,
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 65
72, 82, 83, 106, 108, 129, 130, +Eyz, om. βΐμί, Codd cett. = R. : Codd. Ill, 15, 56 (marg.), 58, 76, 82, 129, 130, 134 Kvpios 6 eeosf Codd. cett. = R.
Philo idl'd. i. p. 620 και Ιδού κΚΐμαξ ίστηρι-γμίνη iv rrj yrj και 6 κύριος €στήλωται eV αυτής και elnev K.r.X. = R. except την γήν ίφ' ης συ καθΐύδζΐς σοι δώσω: I'dl'd. 1. 25. i. p. 644 (ίμψυε το οναρ) ίστηριγ- μίνον €7Γΐ της κΚ'ιμακος τον άρχάγγίΧοι/ κυριον et paullo infra μηδίίς de άκούων on Ιττ^στηρικτο . . . . : ibid. pp. 644, 646, 647 κύριος 6 βεος * Αβραάμ ....
Justin Μ. i'did. = R. except (ι) «V αυτηρ, (2) κύριος 6 θ^ός, (3) om. ό θίός before 'Ισαάκ.
ν. 14 ΚΑΙ εςτΛΐ το ςπέρΜΑ ςογ ώο η ammoc thc thc και πλΑτγΝθΗςετΑΐ έπί θΑλΑςςΑΝ ΚΑΙ λΊΒα και ΒορρΛΝ ΚΑΙ έπί anatoAac" και εΝεγλΟΓΗθΗςοΝΤΑΐ In ςοί TiAQAi ΑΙ φγλΑΐ THC ["HC ΚΑΙ Ιν τφ ςπέρΜΑτί ςογ.
Codd. Ill, 20 της θαλάσσης for της γης : Codd. 16, 17 πληθυνθη- σ€ται for π\ατυνθησ€ται '. λίβα και em βορραν Codd. Ι, III, 14,
ιΒ, 25 (m), 38, 56, 57» 58, 59, 73, 7^, 128, 129, 131: «Vi
λίβα και €7Γΐ βορραν Codd. 15, Ι9, 55, 72j 7^, 77, Ι08, 134•
Philo ibid. i. p. 620 = R. except ό χους for η άμμος, πληθυνθησβται for πλατυνθησξται, and συγγίνειαι for ώυλαί : lb. 1. 28. i. p. 647
(continuing the commentary on v. 13) το Be σοφίας γίνος αμμω
γης ζξομοιοϋται .... Xeyerat γαρ οτι ττλατυνθήσίται enl θάλασσαν καΐ λίβα κα\ βορραν και ανατολάς .... €ν€υλογηθησονται yap iv σοι,
φησί, πασαι αί φυλαί [both άμμος and φυλαί are repeated in subsequent sentences, so as to leave no doubt that Philo had them in his mind]. Justin M. ibid.—K. except νότον for λι/3α, and om. eVi before ανατολάς,
V. 15 ΚΑΙ ίλογ έρώ eiMi μετά ςογ 2^ΐΑφγλΑςςωΝ qe In τη όλω haqh ογ αν πορεγθΗΟ και Αποςτρέψω ςε είο την γην ΤΑγτΗΝ* δτι ογΜΗ ςεεΓΚΑΤΑλίπω εωο τογ ποίΗςΑΐ Με πάντα oqa έλΑλΗςΑ ςοι.
Codd. Ill, 14, 16, 18, 25 (m), 30, 32, 37, 38, 55, 57, 58, 59,
73, 78, 79, 106, 107, 108, 128, 129, 130 (t), 131, 134 + Ez, om. (Ιμί: Codd. I, X, 15, 19, 20, 31, 56, 68, 71, 72,
74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 120, 121, 135 eya ei>=:R.
Philo ibid. i. p. 620 om. άμί, § αν for ου αν, Ιιηστρί^ω for αποστρέψω, a for δσα : ibid. 1. 30. i. p. 637 ιδού yap, φησίν, lya> μξτα σου : ibid. C. 31. i. p. 648 άηοστρίψω σε eh την yrjv ταύτην.
Justin Μ. ibid. om. ^ίμί, om, τχ^ before όδώ, .^ av for ol av.
I 66 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
vv. l6, 17 KAi elMfepGH 'ΐΑκωΒ i• ιογ γπΝογ Λγτογ και etneN δτι "Εςτι κγριοε €ν τφ τόπφ τογτω ερώ λε ογκ nheiH' κα! ΙΦοΒηΘη και εΐπβΝ Ώε φοΒερόο ότόποο ογτοο' ογκ εςτι τογτο Αλλ' η oTkoc θεογ και ΑγτΗ η πγλΗ τογ ογρΑΝΟγ.
Codd. 1, III, 20, 72, 75> Si + Z από roO υττί/ον.
Philo 2*3/(ί/. 1. 31. i. p. 648 €ξηγ€ρθη γάρ, φησίν, "Ίακωβ και CLTrev οτι €στι κύριος ev τω τόπω τούτω, εγώ 8e ουκ §deLV .... C. 32 δικαίως ονν ίφοβηθη και ewre θανμαστικως ως φοβίρος ό τόπος οντος : de migrat. Abraham. 1. i. p. 437 ονκ '4στι τοντο αλλ' η οίκος θβοϋ.
Justin Μ. idid. = R.
νν. ΐδ, 19 ΚΑΙ ΑΝεςτΗ 'ΐΑκώΒ το πρωί, και ελΑΒε τον λΊΘον on γπέθΗκεΝ έκεΤ πρόο κεφΑλπο Αγτογ και εςτΗςεΝ ΑγτοΝ ςτΗλπΝ και έπέχεεΝ ελΑΐΟΝ επί το ΑκροΝ ΑγτΗΟ. ΚΑΙ έκΑλεςε το όνομα τογ τόπογ έκε'ΐΝΟγ OTkoc θεογ" και ΟγλΑΜλογζ ΗΝ ΟΝΟΜΑ ΤΗ πολει το πρότεροΝ.
Codd. 18, 32, 55j 75j ι3ι> + t τω πρωί: Codd. 71, 76, 106, 107, 1345 + ζ το άκρον αντον : Codd. Ι, III, 14, i5j 16, 18,
25 (m), 30. 55, 57, 58, 59, 72, 73. 75, 77, 7^, 79, 82, 106,
107, 129, 130 (Ο, ^31, ^34, 135, +Ζ €KaXeaev Ιακώβ:
Codd. I, 31, 55, 56, 58, 59, 68, 72, 75, 7^, 82, 83, 106,
107, 108, 120, 121, 130, 134 ούλαμμαονς, Cod. 20 υύλαμμαούζ, Cod. Ill ούλαμμαύς, Cod. 74 ονλαμαούς, Codd. 1 4, 1 6, 1 8,
25 (ni), 38, 57, 73, 77, 78, 79, 128, 131, + t ούλαμ,
Justin M. z'dld. τω πρωί, TO eXaiov, το άκρον αντον, om. Ικήνον after τόπον, ΟνΧαμμαούς.
In V. II Philo's ηνλίσθη for (κοιμήθη points to a coordinate translation or revision of the LXX., for although φ is always elsewhere translated by κοιμάσθαι in the Pentateuch, in the other historical books it is uniformly translated by ανλίζ€σθαι. ^ΙσηΚθ^ν for εδυ also points to a coordinate translation or revision, for whereas ^^i3 is only rendered three times in the Pentateuch by δύ^ιν, it is frequently (about 150 times) rendered by (Ισίρ^^σθαι : the corre- sponding phrase for sunrise is 6 ηλως έξηΧθζν Gen. 19. 23.
In V. 12 eis την yijv reccives no support from the MSS. of the LXX., except the partial support of Cod. 59 eVl την γην, which is itself favoured by the Old Latin ' super terram,' Aug. de Civit. Dei 16. 38 (vii. 449); on the other hand kv τ^ γη is confirmed by ' in terra,' Tertull. adv. Marc. 3. 24. p. 412. The concurrence of
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. lβ^
Philo and Justin in the reading eV αντψ gives to it a strong probability.
V. 13, Philo's reading ^στηΚωται for Ιττ^στηρικτο also points to a coordinate translation or revision, inasmuch as στηλονν is elsewhere found as the translation of ^T,, e.g. Codd. A Judges 18. 16, 17; I Sam. 17. 16 ; 2 Kings 17. 10, but not €πιστηρίζαν and only once στηρίζων. The revision to which βστηλωταί may be presumed to have belonged was apparently Hebraistic, for στηλονν is in several places used by Aquila where the LXX. have a more colourless word, e.g. Ps. 73 (74). I7) LXX. σν εττοίησα? πάντα τα όρια της yr]S, Aquila €στήλωσα$.
In ν. 14 Philo's reading χους for άμμος points in the same direction : the former word is the ordinary translation of "^SV, whereas the latter is only found as such in Gen. 13. 16, where it is probably transferred from 22. 17, in which passage the Hebrew word is not "^^V but bSri,
The reading πληθυνθησΐται also points in the sanie direction: this is the only passage in which Ρ 2 is translated by ηλατύν^ιν, but it is translated by πληθύν€ΐν in i Chron. 4. 38, Ps. 105 (106). 29. There is a trace of a revision of the same word in Ps. 24 (25). 17 (where it is used to translate not Π?" but 31")) : the MSS. reading in that passage, ^πληθύνθησαν, could hardly have been the reading when the extant extracts from the Hexapla were made, inasmuch as a dis- tinction is drawn between Theodotion and Interpres Sextus, who have that reading, and Aquila and Interpres Quintus, who are said to read the same as the LXX. : hence ζττΚατύνθησαν must there be considered to be the original reading, and ^πΚηθύνθησαν to be a revision of it.
The reading avyyeveiat for φνλαί is another instance of the same kind. Both words are found as translations of '^^^^^, but while the latter is more frequently so used in the Pentateuch, the former is more frequent in the other historical books.
In V. 15 the concurrence of Philo and Justin in the omission of €ΐμί makes that omission probable : and the probability is supported by its omission in Clem. Alex. Faed. i. 7. p. 131. But there is a great want of uniformity of practice in the several groups of MSS. as to its insertion or omission here and in v. 13. Some MSS. agree with Philo and Justin in inserting it in v. 1 3 and omitting it
1 68 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
here, viz. Codd. 14, 16, 18, 25, 38, 55, 57, 59, 73, 78, 79, 107, 128 : some MSS. insert it in both places, viz. Codd. 19, 20, 32, 56, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 120, 121, 135: some omit it in both places, viz. Codd. Ill, 37, 58, 106, 108, 129, 130, Ez.
It may be added that the variants of Philo in this passage help to support the hypothesis, to which many other facts lead, that the treatise De Somniis belongs to a generation subsequent to that of Philo himself.
Genesis xlix. 10.
Ογκ εκλείψει ΛρχωΝ έΐΊογλΑ και ΗρογΜεΝΟΟ εκ τωΝ ΜΗρωΝ Λγτογ εωε εΑΝ ελθΗ ΤΑ ΑΠΟκε'ΐΜεΝΑ Αγτψ• και Αγτόε προςλοκ'ΐΑ έθΝωΝ.
Codd. 20, 37? 5^? 72 ουδ€ ήγονμίνος.
Codd. Ι, III, VII, 15, ι8, 19, 2θ, ^Β, 56, 5^, Ιΐ, 74, 16, 76,
82, Ιθ8, Ι20, 121, 129 '"" αποκ(ίμ€να αντω Ι Codd. 30, S^,
37. 38, 57, 59, 73, 75, 7», 79, 83, 107, 127, 128, 134 ω άπόκαται, SO also, but in the margin, Codd. X, 29, 64 :
Codd. 32, 84, 135 ο απόκειται αντω'. Codd. 14, 16, 25 (m), 77, 85, 106, 131, + tz 6 απόκειται: Cod. 72 το άποκ^Ιμβρον αντω ο απόκειται.
Justin Μ. Αροί. i. c. 32. p. 73 (Cod. A) (i) = R., except δ άπόκ€ΐται, (2j .... βως αν cX^»/ ω απόκειται το βασίΧειον : idld. C. 54. p. 89, = R.5 except δ απόκειται : Dial. c. 52. p. 271 εως αν ελβτ] τα άποκείμενα αντω '. Cod. Α. marg. ο απόκειται : ibid. Ο. 120. ρ. 348, (ι) €ω£ άνελθτ] τα άποκείμενα αΰτώ = Κ., (2) {μ^χρι yap της παρονσίας του Χρίστου ή προφητεία προεκηρνσσεν^ εως &ν εΧθυ ω απόκειται, (3) δυνατόν δε ην μοι, εφην, δ άνδρες, μάχεσθαι προς υμάς περί της λέξεως ην ΰμεΐς εξηγείσθε λέγοντες είρησθαι' "Εως &ν ελθτ] τα άποκε'ιμενα αντω' επειδή ονχ ούτως εξηγησαντο οι εβδομηκοντα αλλ'* "Εως αν ΤΚΘτ] ω απόκειται.
It is clear from the third of the three quotations in Dial. c. 120, (i) that there was a difference of opinion in Justin's time between Jews and Christians as to the interpretation of the passage, (2) that notwithstanding the reading τα άποκείμενα in the chief existing MS. of his writings, Justin himself not only read ω απόκειται, but held that to be the true reading of the LXX. This fact is of much import- ance in relation to the question of the trustworthiness of the quotations in Justin's MSS. : it shows that no sound argument can be based upon them except in cases where Justin's own commentary makes it certain that they contain the text which he used.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 69
The varieties of reading may perhaps be explained on the hypothesis that the original version followed a common Hellenistic idiom in reading ω το άττοκίίμζνον {τα άποκύμξνα) αυτω, and that δ απόκειται was a gloss or alternative translation for το άπυκβίμ^νορ which found its way into the text : hence the readings δ άπόκαταί αντω and δ άπόκαταί come from an earlier reading ω δ απόκειται αυτφ. This hypothesis is supported by the combination of the original reading and the gloss in the remarkable Venice Cod. 72 τό άττοκίίμίνον αυτω ο απόκειται. There is a different survival of the original reading in Epiphanius i. 332 ω τά άττοκύμβρα: and there is a noteworthy rendering in the Clementines, 3. 49. p. 50, ed. Lag. ecus av βλθτ] ου εστίν.
The early Latin versions, with the exception of Cyprian Testim. I. 21. p. 55, who has ' deposita illi/ are in favour of ω α7ΓΟκ£ΐται : viz. Novatian de Trinit. 9 (p. 7 1 1 in Tertull. ed. Rig.) ' cui repro- missum est/ Ambros. de bened. Pair. 4 (i. 5 1 8), ' cui repositum est/ Iren. Vet. Interp. 4. 10. p. 239, Hilar, in Ps. lix. p. 158, Hieron. Hebr. Quaes t. p. 69, ed. Lag., and in several other passages, e. g. in £sai. \ih. 4. c. 11 (iv. 162, Vail.); Rufinus de bened. Pair. i. 3. p. 9 has ' veniant ea quae reposita sunt,' but adds ' et velut in aliis exemplaribus habetur Veniat is cui repositum est.' Augustine de Civit. Dei 16. 41 (vii. 452), ibid. 18. 6 (vii. 492) has 'quae reposita sunt ei.'
Exodus ii. 13, 14.
Και λέπει τω ΑλικογΝτι ΔιατΊ ςγ τγπτειο τον πΛηοΊον ; ό hk εΤπε Tic ςε ΚΑτέςτΗςεΝ ΛρχΟΝΤΑ και λιΚΑςτΗΝ έφ* ΗΜωΝ ; μη ΑΝελείΝ Με ςγ θέλειο on τρόπΟΝ ΑΝεΐλεο χθέε τον ΑίργπτιΟΝ ; Cod. VII ^ 8ικαστην.
Codd. 14, 16, 25, 30» 32, 37» 52, 63, 64, 56, 72, 73. 14, 75, 77, 78, 82, 108, 118, 130 €φ' ημάς Ι Codd. II, III, VII, Χ, ι8, 19, 29, 53, 57, 5^, 59, 1^, 1^, ^4, ιο6, 107, 128, 129,
131, 134, 135 ^φ* ημων = Κ.
Codd. Ill, VII, Χ, ι6, ι8, 25, 29, 32, 52, 54, 55, 5θ, 57, 73, 76, 78, 85, 129, 13©, ΐ3ΐ, ΐ35 η aueXdu : Codd. Π, 14, ΐ9, 30, 37, 53, 58, 59, 1h 72, 74, 75, 77, 82, 84, 106, 107,
108, 118, 128, 134 Μ ave\€7v = K. Acts vii. 26-28 (the narrative portion of the text differs from that of Exodus, but the dialogue nearly agrees and is probably a quotation) : (avdpes αδελφοί eWe•) Ινατί άδίΚ€ΐτ€ αλλήλους ; (6
170 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
δ€ άδικων τον πΧησιον άπωσατο αυτόν βιττώι/)* Τι? ae κατβστησίν άρχοντα κα\ [Cod. Laud. ^] δικαστην εφ' ημών [Codd. DE αι. εφ' jy/iiisj J μη aveXuv μ€ σι) ^e'Xeis ον τρόπον avelXes e^ues τον Αίγύπτίον ', 1 Clem. Rom. 4 tIs σε κατύστησ^ν κριτην η [ita Cod. Alex., κα\ Cod. Constant.] δικαστην ε'φ' ημών ; μη αι/ελείι/ /ζε συ ^ελει? δ τρόπον aveiXes €χθίς τον Αίγύπτιην ',
There is a probable reference to the passage in Luke xii. 14, where the MSS. vary as follows : —
Cod. χ τις μ€ κατίστησίν κριτην η μ^ριστην ε'φ' ΰμων ; Codd. BL ^/. ,, „ „ ,, ε'φ' ν/χα?;
Codd. Κ αΐ. ,, ,, δικαστην ,, ε'φ' νμας ',
Codd. Υ> αΐ. ,, ,, κριτήν οτη. ε'φ' υμάς ;
Cod. 157 ,, ,, άρχοντα καϊ δικαστην ε'φ' υμάς;
If the reading of Cod. 157 be dismissed, as being obviously harmonistic, the chief importance of this reference in Luke, when taken together with the quotation in Clement, lies (i) in its substi- tution of κριτην for άρχοντα, and of μ€ριστήν for δικαστην ; (2) in itS
use of ή for καί. In regard to (i), there is no instance in the LXX. of the use of κριτής to render "^ψ, but the combination κριτην καϊ δικαστην is found in I Sam. 24. 1 6, i Esdr. 8. 23 : the word μ^ριστήν, which is not found elsewhere in Bibhcal Greek, is omitted here not only by Cod. D, but also by the Curetonian Syriac and by TertulHan adv. Marc. 4. 28. p. 445, who, in quoting the Gospel, has 'quis me, inquit, judicem constituit super vos ? ' but in quoting Exodus in the same place has ' quis te constituit magistrum aut judicem super nos?' In regard to (2), the agreement of the Gospel and Clement in reading η is supported by the quotation in TertulHan /. c.
That both the Acts and Clement are quoting the LXX. is shown by their use of «x^ey, which word is not in the Hebrew.
Exodus iii. 2.
'ΌφθΗ hi Αγτω ΑΓρελοε κγρΊογ eN πγρί φλΟΓΟΟ έκ τογ ΒΑΤογ" και όρΑ δτι ό Batoc ΚΑίετΑΐ πγρί, ό λε Batoc ογ ΚΑτεκΛίετο.
Codd. Ill, VII, 14, 16, 25, 29, 30» 32, 52, 54, 57^ 58, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 84, 106, 107, 130, 132, ΐ34 f'" ή>Χογι πυρός: Codd. II, Χ, II, 19, 53, 66i 5^, 59, 7^, 82, 128, 129, 131, 135 ^^ '^ν* φΧογ05, = Κ.
Codd. 53» ^2 ου κατακαίεται.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 171
Philo de profugis 29 (i. 170) {φάσκων 6τι) 6 βάτος KaUrai και ου
κατακαίεται.
Acts 7. 30 ωφθη αντώ iv Tjj (ρημω του ορούς Σινά άγγελος [ita Codd.
i< ABC : Codd. DEHP al. add. κυρίου] iv φλογΐ πυρός [ita
Codd. Ν BDHP αι. : Codd. ACE αι. eV πυρί φλογός] βάτου. Justin Μ. Dia/. 60. p. 283 = R., except εκ βάτου.
The reading eV φλογΐ πυρός in Exodus has in its favour (i) the fact that it is supported by MSS. of diiferent groups : (2) the fact that, although the passage is not quoted directly by Philo, the phrases (6 βάτος) περισχεθείς πολλή φλογί, and το φλέγον πυρ, Vit. Mos. I. 12, ii. p. 92, point to iv φλογΙ πυρός. On the other hand the reading iv πυρΧ φλογός is supported by Justin not only in the quotation given above, but also by the more important paraphrase Apol. I. 63. p. 96 : (3) the early Latin versions, which have 'in (de) flamma ignis,' e.g. Cypr. Testini. 2. 19. p. 86: Ambros. </c Spirit. Sand. i. 14 (vii. 629) : August, de Trin. i. 23 (viii. 785).
Exodus vi. 2-4.
ΈλΛλΗςε hk 6 6eoc npoc ΜωγςΗΝ κλι eme npoc ΛγτοΝ Έ[ώ κγριοε και ώφθΗΝ πρόοΆΒρΛΛΜ ΚΛίΊςΛΛΚ ΚΑΙ ΊάκώΒ, θεόε ωΝ ΛγτωΝ, κλ! τό όνομα Μογ KYpioc ογκ έλΗλωςΑ Αγτοΐε.
Codd. 19, 108, 118 εγω κύριος 6 θεός, Cod. 55 ^7^ ^ ^^^^) Cod.
ζ^ om. και before ωφθην.
Cod. 118 το υνομά μου κύριος ων, Codd. 25, 3^3 ^^'^• κύριος.
Philo de mutat. ηοηΐ. 2 (i. 580) τό ονομά μου ουκ εδηλωσα αυτοΐς.
Justin Μ. Dial. 126. ρ. 355 ^'λάλτ^σβ Se κύριος προς Μωσ^ι/ και (ΐπ€ προς αυτόν Έγώ εΙμι κύριος καΐ ωφθην προς τον Άβρααμ κα\ Ίσαακ καΐ ^Ιακωβ θεός αυτών, καΐ το ονομά μου ουκ εδηλωσα αυτοΐς.
Justin's omission of ων after θεός may belong to an earlier text than that of any existing MS. of the LXX., inasmuch as it follows the Hebrew in making θεός an essential part of the predicate (i.e. Ί appeared to Abraham . ... as their God, yet my name I did not disclose to them'), and not an additional clause.
His omission of κύριος after τό υνομά μου is apparently, but not really, supported by Philo, for Philo's commentary, /. c, makes it clear that κύριος (or κύριον) was in his text. For he plays upon the grammatical sense of κύριον όνομα, i.e. a ' proper name,' and quotes this passage to prove that God had never revealed His
17^ ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
' proper name/ and he immediately goes on to say, τον yap νπ^ρ-
βατοϋ μ€τατζθ(ντος e^rjs &.v τοιούτος €ίη \oyos' "Ονομά μου το κύριορ ονκ (δήλωσα αντοίς αλλά το ev κατάχρηση 8ια τας ίίρημίναί αίτιας : ' Remov- ing the transposition, there will result such a sentence as the following : My proper name I did not declare to them, but my wrongly applied name, for the reasons stated.' The transposition can only be that of to ονομά μου κύριοι/ in the original sentence to ονομά μου TO κύριομ in the new sentence which Philo forms: and this makes it clear that κύριορ was in his text.
The reading of Cod. ii8 κύρως ων may be a survival of an original ων, without κίιρως, transferred from 3. 24 as the translation of the Tetragrammaton.
2. Quotations from the Psalms and Isaiah in Philo^ Clement^ Barnabas, and Justin Martyr,
1. PhHo.
I. Quotations from the Psalms.
The quotations from the Psalms in the Philonean litera- ture so nearly correspond with the LXX. version in its current form, as to make it certain that the writer or writers used that version.
In some passages there are no variants worthy of note: —
Ps. 36 (37). 4 is quoted without variant in De Plantatione Noe 7 (i. 335) and De Somniis ii. 37 (i. 690).
^^' 74 (75)• 9 is similarly quoted in Quod Deus immut. 17 (i. 284).
Ps. 79 (So). 5 is similarly quoted in De Migrat. Abraham. 28 (i. 460).
In some passages the variants are only of grammatical forms : — ■
Ps. 22 (23). I is quoted (twice) in De Agricultura 12 (i. 308), and in De Mutatione Nominum 20 (i. 596), in each case with νστΐρψΐΐ for the current νστ^ρψΐ}. [So Codd. S 165, 277, 278.]
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1/3
Ps. 30 (31). 18 is quoted in De Con/us. Ling. 11 (i. 410), and Ps. 41 (42). 4 in Z>^ Migrat. Abraham. 28 (i. 460) with the variants respectively of ^^νίσθω, iyivero for the later forms γενηθητω [γ€νηθη-
τωσαι/], ίγ^νηθη of the existing MSS. of the LXX.
Ps. 100 (loi). I is quoted in Quod Deus immut, 16 (i. 284) with the Hellenistic Τκ^ον [as in S^ and 95 cursive MSS.] for the current
Attic eXeoy.
Even when the variations are greater they are not im- portant : —
In Ps. 45 (46). 5 all existing MSS. of the LXX., but one, agree with the Hebrew in having the plural του ποτάμον τα όρμηματα (νφραίνονσι την πολιν του θ^ον. But in De Somm'is ii. 38 (i. 691) Philo has the singular το ορμημα τον ττοτάμον (νφραίν^ι : as in Cod. 184. There is an indication that he here follows an earlier text of the LXX. than any that has come down to us in the fact that the Cod. Sangermanensis of the Old Latin, and also Hilary and Ambrose have ' Fluminis impetus laetifi<ra/ ' : and it is to be noted that the Latin of the Verona Psalter has the singular, though the Greek has the plural.
Ps. 93 (94). 9 is quoted in De Planiat. Noe 7 (i. 334) with three variants, viz. (i) the present participles <5 φντίίιων, 6 πλάσσων are substituted for the aorists 6 φυτ^νσας, 6 πλάσας which are found in all MSS. of the LXX. : (2) the plural οφθαλμούς is used instead of the singular οφθάλμόν [so Codd. BS^ of the LXX.] : (3) βπφλ^παν is used for the LXX. κατανο^ΐν, and in the future instead of the present : in this last point Philo follows the Hebrew more closely, and agrees with Jerome's Psalter as against the Old Latin. The same passage is also quoted in the treatise De Mundo (ii. 608) without the two former of the variants just mentioned, but with €πιβλ€π€ΐ for κατανοεί.
In Ps. 26 (27). I, where all MSS. of the LXX. have Kvpios φωτισμός μου, De Somniis i. 13 (i. 632) has φω?: and in this he agrees with Aquila and Symmachus.
Ps. 113. 25 (115. 17) is quoted indirectly, but in harmony with the current text, in De Profugis 11 (i. 555) νεκροί 8e . . . . ού< αΐνΐσονσι κύριον: and Ps. 83 (84). 1 1 is clothed in a philosophical
-174 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
paraphrase in Quis rer. divin. heres 58 (i. 515) μιαν yap ημίραν ....
βονΚζσθαί βιωναι μ€τα aperrjs η μνρία '4τη ev σκιά τον θανάτου.
It may be noted that Philo in quoting the Psalms never uses the word ψαλμόξ or its compounds, but always v^vos or one of its compounds: e.g. i. 59'^) quoting Ps. 2:2 (23). i, abcTai be καϊ kv νμνοι^ άσμα tolovtov: i. ^^^, quoting Ps. ^6 {^y), 4, 6 τοϋ Μωνσ€ω9 θιασώτης . . . lu νμνω^ίαις αν^φθί-γζατο : i. 460, quoting Ps. 41 (42). 4, Iv νμνοις άρηται : i. 284, quoting Ps. 100 (loi). I, 6 νμν(ύΙος el-ni που : i. ^^^ (quoting Ps. 113. 25 (115. 17) as given above), ώ? καΐ kv νμνοις kiyeTau And that νμνοις was the older designation is shown by the subscription to the Second Book of Psalms, which is found in most MSS., efeAtTToi; ol νμνοι Δαυίδ του υΙου Ίεσσαι.
II. Quotations from Isaiah. Philo appears to quote Isaiah only twice : —
In De Somniis ii. 25 (i. 681) he quotes the figure of the vine from Is. 5• 7? «Α'ΤΓίλώι/ κυρίου παντοκράτορας oikos του Ίσραηλ, the only variant being that, as is the case in many passages of the LXX., especially in the Minor Prophets, Γli^ζ^V is translated instead of being transliterated. The passage is quoted as having been said by Tis των πάλαι προφητών, and by him eVi^eiatras•, ' under in- spiration.'
In De Muiat. Nom. 31 (i. 604) he quotes Is. 57. 21 χαίρ^ιν ουκ ^στι τοΊς άσ€β€σιν che θ€Ος Ι that the quotation is from the LXX. is shown by the rendering of ^κ>ψ by χαίρων : it is ordinarily translated by €ΐρηνη, Aquila and Symmachus so translate it in this passage, nor is it rendered by χαίραν in any other passage of the LXX., except the parallel passage Is. 48. 22.
In De Exsecrat. 7 (ii. 435) η γαρ €ρημος, fj φησιν 6 προφήτης,
€ντ(κνός τ€ κα\ πόλύπαις may be an echo of Is. 54• I•
But the resemblance of words is slight : and it may be inferred from I Sam. 2. 5, Ps. 113. 9, that the phrase was a conventional and even proverbial one.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 75
2. Clement of Rome. I. Quotations from the Psalms.
In the majority of passages in which the Psalms appear to be quoted in Clement of Rome there is a precise agree- ment with either the current text of the LXX., or the text of existing MSS. : i.e. the variations are only such as exist between different MSS. of the LXX., and the quotations of Clement must be reckoned to be an additional item of great value for the determination of the text of the LXX.
For example : —
Ps. 50 (51). 3-19 is quoted in c. 18 with only the following variants from the Sixtine text : στηρισον is read in v. 12 for στψιξον, as in Codd. BS, 27, 55: τα χίίλη and τό στόμα are transposed in V. 15.
Ps. 61 (62). 5 is quoted in c. 15 with the Hellenistic βύλογονσαι/, as in Codd. BS^ 27, 55, Verona Psalter, for the current classical
evXoyovp.
Ps. 31 (32). I, 2 is quoted in c. 50 with ov ου μη λογίσηται, as in
Codd. ABS^ and 12 cursives, for ω ou of Cod. S'^, the majority
of cursives, and the Sixtine text.
^^' 36 (37). 35-37 is quoted in c. 14 with (i) the variants άσςβη [Cod. Alex.], τον άσφη [Cod. Const.] as in the LXX. where Codd. BS^ omit and Cod. A inserts the article : (2) (^(ζψησα as in Codd. 99, 183 for the current ^ζψησα,
Ps. 49 (50). 16-23 is quoted in c. 35 with a few unimportant, and two important, variants: (i) in v. 21 the current text of the LXX. (i.e. Cod. Β and all cursives except 188 : the long lacuna in Cod. A begins two verses earlier) has the phrase υπίλαβίς άΐ'ομία»', the word άνομίαν having no equivalent in the Hebrew and spoiling the sense. Clement agrees with Cod. S^ in reading ανομ^ which, though without a Hebrew equivalent, is in entire harmony with the spirit of the passage and adds to its force. The Latin of the Verona Psalter has ' inique,' which is retained in the Vulgate : but
176 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
this word appears to have been taken not as a vocative but as an adverb : hence the translation in the Prayer-Book version ' Thou thoughtest wickedly that ....': it may be noted that the only variant in the MSS. of the LXX., Cqd. 188, also substitutes an adverb, αδικώ?: (2) in v. 22 Clement adds after άρπάση the words ως λ/ωι/ in which he is supported by both the Greek and the Latin of the Verona Psalter : but the words are probably only a reminiscence of Ps. 7. 2.
The general fidelity of Clement to the text of the LXX. is sometimes shown by his reproduction of its mistransla- tion : for example in Ps. 50 (51). 8 the Hebrew clearly means (as it is translated in the English Revised Version) :
' Behold thou desirest truth in the inward parts ; And in the hidden part thou shalt make me to know wisdom.'
But the LXX., which is followed by Clement, c. 18. 6, translates ΠίΠΙώΙ by τα άbηλa, and appears to destroy the paralleHsm of the verse by joining it to the second member, viz. :
18ού γαρ αληθααν ηγάττησας'
τα α^ηλα και τα κρύφια της σοφίας σου ΐδηλωσάς μοι.
(At the same time it is conceivable that the original LXX. version may have been els τά abηka, and that it was misunderstood and altered by a scribe.)
But in at least one case there are variations from the LXX. text which suggest the same hypothesis which is suggested by some of the quotations in Barnabas, viz. that of the existence of ' revised ' or ' adapted ' editions of the Psalms.
JPs. 3. 6 ί'γώ ΐκοιμηθην και ύπνωσα^
€ξη'γ€ρθην ΟΤΙ κύριος avTiXrjyjrfTai μου
[Codd. S^ 210 άντ€\άβ€το ftov] is quoted in C. 26 in the form €Κ0ΐμήθην καΐ νπνωσα, (ξηγίρθην δτΐ συ
μ€τ cfjiou 61, where the last phrase is probably incorporated from Ps. 22 (23). 4 (οΰ φοβηθήσομαι κακά) οτι συ μ€τ €μοΰ ci.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I 77
II. Quotations from Isaiah,
Several of Clement's quotations from Isaiah are com- posite, and will be considered separately in the next chapter. The other quotations are for the most part faithful repro- ductions of the LXX. text, and in several cases afford in- teresting contributions to the criticism of it.
Is. I. 16-20 is quoted in c. 8 : (i) Cod. Const, follows the great majority of MSS. of the LXX., and the Old Latin, in reading λούσασθί, καθαροί yeveaOe : Cod. A agrees With two cursives 93, 144, in reading καί before καθαροί : (2) Cod. A reads άψ€λ€σθ€ for άφ€\€Τ€, in agreement with Justin M. Tryph. 18, but against all MSS. of the LXX. and Justin M. Apol. 44, 61 : (3) Cod. A reads xr\pa for χηραν^ in agreement with Codd. B\ 144, 147* of the LXX. but against all other MSS. : (4) Cod. Const, follows Cod. Β and the majority of cursives of the LXX., and the Old Latin, in reading SeCre διβλ€γχθωμ€ν {8ια\€χθωμ€ν), Cod. A of Clement agrees with Codd. AS and 1 6 cursives of the LXX. in inserting καί after devre.
Is. 29. 13 as quoted in c. 15 affords many points of interest.
In the LXX., Cod. Β and the majority of cursive MSS. (with many minor variants in the cursives) read (-γγίζα μοι 6 Xaos οΰτος iv τώ στόματι αντον κα\ iv τοΊς χίίΚίσιν αυτών τιμώσί μ€ ή δε καρδία αυτών πόρρω άπ€χ€ΐ απ βμον. Codd. AS, 26, 49j ^7) 9^» 97» ^9^^ S^^j 3°9 read eyytXct μοι 6 λαό? ουτοί τοις χύλ^σιν αυτών τιμώσί μ€ ή Se καρ8ία αυτών πόρρω άπίχ^ι αττ' ipov.
In Clement, Cod. A has ούτος 6 Xaos τοις χ^ίλ^σί μ€ τιμά η be καρδία αυτών πόρρω απίστιν απ €μοΰ : Cod. C has ό Χάος ούτος τω στόματι μ€ τιμζ η be κάρδια αυτών πόρρω άπίχίΐ απ* €μου.
In the Ν. Τ., the following is, except where otherwise noted, the reading of the chief MSS. of Mark 7. 6 : ο{)τος 6 Χα6ς [Codd. BD δ
Χάος dittos] τοΊς χ^Χίσίν μ€ τίμα [Cod. D, a, b, C, αγαττδ] ή δε καρ8ία αυτών πόρρω άπίχ(ΐ [Cod. D άφίστηκίν, Cod. L αττεστίν] απ ίμου. In
Matt. 15. 8 some MSS. viz. CEF, and the Peschitta, have the longer form which is found in Cod. Β of the LXX. ; and Cod. D, which is supported by most early Latin quotations, has εστίν αττ* ε'/ΑοΟ for άπίχα απ (μου.
It is a legitimate inference that, before the time of
Ν
178 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Clement, the quotation had become detached from its con- text, and that ovtos 6 Xaos, having lost its proper predicate eyytfet, and having assimilated the following predicate τιμωσι (which thereby became rtjuta), the antithesis was ac- centuated by the loss of one or other of the phrases kv τω στόματί or Iv Tols χίΐλεσι. The quotation is one which naturally became common in a time of religious revival, and it not less naturally tended to become so in its shortest form. Hence it was so written by many of the scribes of the LXX., and became the current text of one of its re- cognized recensions.
Hence the shorter form is found
(i) In all MSS. of St. Mark: while some good MSS. of St. Matthew give the longer form.
(2) In Clement, though the shorter form is found in both MSS.,
Cod. A has rois χίΐλίσι, Cod. C τω στόματί.
(3) Justin Μ. shows by his repeated indirect quotations of it that the shorter form was in frequent use in the Judaeo-Christian con- troversies, Tryph. 27, 39, 80 : and at the same time he alone of early writers goes behind the quotation to its original meaning, and in Tryph. 78 quotes the whole passage in accordance with the Hebrew, omitting only τω στόματί αυτών (or equivalent words) eyyt^et μοι δ Xaos ovtos' toIs x^iKeaiv αυτών τιμώσί μ€, ή de καρδία αυτών πόρρω άπίχ^ί απ €μον.
(4) Almost all the early Latin quotations of the passage give it in the shorter form, indicating that the current version was based upon the corresponding recension of the LXX. : e. g. Iren. Ve/. Interp. 4. 12, Cypr. Ep. 67. 2, p. 736, Ambros. in Psalm. 36, vol. i. 810 d. But at the same time it is clear from Jerome in Isai. 29, torn. iv. 393, that a version of the longer form was also in existence.
Is. 53 is quoted entire in c. 16.
The following are the more noteworthy variants: (i) In v. 2, Clement agrees with Codd. AS, 22, 26, 36, 48, (62), 86, 90, 93,
106, 144, 147, 198, 233, 306, 308, in placing Ιναντίον αυτού
immediately after άνηγγ^ιλαμ^ν : so Tertull. c. Marc. 3, pp. 671, 676, Annuntiavimus de illo [coram ipso] velut [sicut] parvulus, Cyprian Tcstim. 2. 13. p. 77, Lactant. Instit. 4. 16, and the majority of early
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I 79
Latin writers. (2) In v. 3 Clement reads (κλ^Ίπον παρά το elBos των ανθρώπων : the LXX. has many variants, chiefly, €κλ(ϊπον, or (κλύπον το (Ιδος [so Codd. 22, 48, 51, 62, 90, 93, 106, 144, 233, 308] πάρα τους vlovs των ανθρώπων or παρά πάντας ανθρώπους [so Codd. A, 26,
198, 239, 306]. None of these translations, in either Clement or the LXX., correspond to the Hebrew of this verse : but the difference between Clement and the LXX. affords a remarkable proof that the translation has been transferred to this place from c. 52. 14, for each of the translations is a possible translation of the latter half of that verse. Consequently they must have been made independently, and this fact suggests the hypothesis that the Greek of this verse, whichever of the two translations be adopted, represents an alternative, but now lost, Hebrew text. (3) In v. 6 Clement reads νπ^ρ των αμαρτιών ημών : all existing MSS. of the LXX. read rat? άμαρτίαις ημών, but the early Latin quotations, e.g. Cyprian Tesiim, 2. 13. p. 77, Lactant. Instii. 4. 16 support Clement by reading propter peccaia nostra : so Jerome in Isai. 53, tom. iv. 615 propter iniquitates nostras.
Is. 60. 17 is quoted in c. 42 with the variants (a) επισκόπους for the άρχοντας of all MSS. of the LXX., and ib) διακόνους for επισκόπους. In regard to {a) it may be noted (i) that Clement and the LXX. agree in rendering the abstract n^fS by the concrete words άρχοντας, επισκόπους, whereas Aquila has επίσκεψιν, Symmachus βπισκοπήν : (2) that the same word is translated by επισκόπους in 2 Kings 1 1. 18, and by επισκέψεως in I Chron. 26. 30 : (3) that the concrete 'Τ'ί?^ is rendered in LXX., Gen. 41. 34 by the local Egyptian word τοπάρχας, in Symmachus by επισκόπους, in LXX., Judges 9. 28 by επίσκοπος, in LXX., 2 Chron. 24. II by προστάτης, in LXX., Esth. 2. 3 by κωμάρχας. It follows that Clement may very possibly have had before him a revised text of the LXX. in which επισκόπους was used in the present passage. In regard to {b) it may be noted that the Hebrew '^ϊ\ which Clement here renders by διακόνους, the LXX. by επισκόπους, Aquila and Theodotion by πράκτορας, Symmachus by επιστάτας, is rendered in Job 3. 18: 39. 7 by φορολό-^ος.
Ν 2
I 8ο ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
3. Barnabas.
I. Quotations from the Psalms.
In three cases the quotation agrees with the Sixtine text of the LXX., and there is no important variant from that text in the MSS. of the LXX. itself: viz. Ps. ΐτ {i^). 19, 117 (118). 12 and 2% are all quoted in Barn. 6.
In four unimportant cases the text of Barnabas differs from the Sixtine text, but is supported by good MSS. of the LXX.
In Ps. I. I, quoted in c. 10, Cod. S of Barnabas agrees with Codd. BS and 42 cursives in reading Ι-Λ καθβδραν for enl καθέδρα.
In Ps. I. 5, quoted in c. 11, Barnabas agrees with Codd. A, 268 of the LXX. in omitting the article before άσ^ββΐς.
In Ps. 17 (18). 45, quoted in c. g, Barnabas agrees with Codd. S^, 179, 286 of the LXX. in reading νττήκονσαν for νπηκονσ€ν, and with S**, 205, 206 in reading μον for μοι.
In Ps. 21 (22). 17, quoted in c. 6, Barnabas is supported by
two cursives, 81, 206, in reading nepUaxe for nepieaxov.
Some cases suggest the hypothesis that a Greek text of the psalms was in existence, which was based upon the LXX. but altered by a Greek hand in the same way as, for example, in modern times hymns are sometimes altered by the compiler of a hymn-book.
JPs. 21 (22). 23 ^ιηγησομαι το ονομά σου τοΊς άΒελφοΐς μον, ev μίσω εκκλησίας υμνήσω σι is quoted in C. 6 in the form (ξομολο-γήσομαί σοι iv ΐΚκΚησΙα iv μέσω άδίΚφων μον και yf/αλω σοι άνα μέσον ίΚκΧησίαί άγιων.
The fact that elsewhere in the same chapter Barnabas quotes exactly the LXX. text of the same psalm seems to show that he is not using another translation of the Hebrew : but it must be noted (i) that (ξομολογύσθαι does not occur in the LXX. as a translation of "ISD, (2) th3,t\jra\\fiv does not occur in the LXX. as a translation
of ^i!'•?.
Other cases suggest the hypothesis that psalms were in
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. l8t
existence which breathed the spirit, and adopted the Greek phraseology, of the existing psalms, but which were never incorporated into the psalter and only exist in these frag- ments ;
Ps. 33 (34). 13 ris iariv άνθρωπος 6 θελων ζωην^ άγαπωρ ημέρας Idelv άγαθάς ; is recalled by C. 9 ris ianv 6 Θί\ων ζησαι ds αιώνα ;
jRf. 41 (42). 3 7τότ€ ηξω κα\ οφθησομαι τω προσώπω τυΰ θ€θΰ ', is recalled by C. 6 ev τινι οφθησομαι τω κνρίω θίω και 8οζασθησομαι ;
I^S. 50 (51)• 19 ^*^^'" ^<Ρ ^^Φ πνεύμα συντετριμμίνον, καρ^ίαν συντε- τριμμένη ν κα\ τ€ταπ€ΐνωμ€νην ό θβος ουκ ονδίνώσίΐ is recalled by C. 2 θυσία τω θ(ω πνεύμα συντετριμμενον, οσμή ευωδιάς τω κνρίω καρδία δο^άζουσα τον πεπΧακότα αυτήν.
Ps. 89 (90)• 4 χίλια ^τη iv όφθαλμοίς σον ως η ήμερα η εχθές ήτις διήλθε is recalled by C. 15 *δού σήμερον ήμερα εσται ώς χίλια ετη.
In at least one case, in c. 5, there is a cento from several psalms, which will be discussed separately in the next chapter.
It must be noted that there is no difference in the mode of quotation between passages which are undoubtedly from the LXX. and other passages which are best explained by the hypothesis of the existence of altered versions or centos : undoubted quotations are introduced by e.g. Δαυίδ . . . Xeyet ομοίων C. 10, Aeyct Kvpios €v τω ΊΓροφητ-τ} c. 9, Aeyet ττάλίν 6 ττροφητηξ c. 6, other quotations by e.g. Aeyet ττάλιν Kvpios c. 6, ττάλίν TO ττνζνμα του Κυρίου Aeyet C. 9, Aeyet 0 ττροφητ^ύων €π αντω c. 5, avTos he [sc. 6 Kuptos] μοί μαρτυρά λίγων C. 15. The point is of importance as an indication of the current opinion in regard to the limits of the Canon of Scripture. It seems likely that as any writer or speaker of exceptional spiritual force was regarded as a ττροφήτη^, so what he wrote or said was regarded as the utterance of the Spirit of God through him.
1 82 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Π. Quotations from Isaiah.
In most cases the quotations follow the current text of the LXX., with only such variations as are found in existing MSS. of the LXX. ; but in some cases the original mean.- ing is clearly disregarded and the quotation adapted to the immediate point in hand.
Is.i. 2 is quoted in c. 9 with the addition ταντα etp μαρτνρίαν after
Kvpios €λά\ησ€ν.
Is. I. 10 is quoted in c. 9 with the substitution of τον λαον re που
for 2οδόμων.
Is. I. 11-14 is quoted in c. 2 with [a) the omission, in Cod. Sin.,
of κριωρ after ολοκαυτωμάτων, ((5) the Omission of και rjpepap μ€γά\ην
after τα σάββατα. V. 1 3 is also quoted in c. 15 with the same
omission of καΐ ημ. μΐγ.
Is. 3. 9 is quoted in c. 6 with the variant δτι for διότι.
Is. 5.21 is quoted in c. 4 : Cod. Sin., as also Cod. 9 1 of the LXX., omits. Cod. Const, retains iv in the phrase 01 aweTol ev
iavTols.
Is. 33. 13 άκονσονται οι ττόρρωθίν α βποίησα, yvoxrovTai οΐ eyyt^oin-ef την Ισχνν μου is quoted in c. 9 with a Hebraistic addition to άκονσονται and with the omission of the second subject, viz. aKofj άκουσονται ol πόρρωθ(ν α (ποίησα γνωσονται, which showS that the
words are quoted without reference to their original meaning and application.
Is. 33. 16, 17 . . .TO νδωρ avTov ττιστόν' βασΐΚβα μ€τα δόξης οψ^σθβ, οΐ οφθαλμοί υμών οψονται yrjv πόρρωθ^ν, η ψυχή υμών μ(λ€τησ€ΐ φόβον IS quoted in C. 11 in the form τ6 ΰδωρ αυτόν πιστόν' βασιλέα μ€τα δόξης οψίσβί κα\ ή ψυχή υμών μ€λ€τησ€ΐ φόβον κυρίου : here also the
severance of τό ΰδ. αυ. πιστόν from the preceding sentence to which they belong, and the addition of κυρίου to the last words, show that the words are quoted as words pertinent to the point in hand, without reference to their original meaning and application.
Is. 40. 3 φωνή βοώντος iv τι} €ρημω is quoted in c. 9 with the prefix άκουσατΐ τίκνα, and it is clear that, as in Matt. 3. 3, Mk. i. 3, Luke 3.4, iv TT] ipήμω is taken with βοώντος rather than with the following
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 183
ίτοιμάσατζ : Cod. Sin. of Barnabas reads φωνή as in the LXX., but Cod. Const, reads φωνής, making the word depend on άκούσατ€.
Is. 42. 6, "J is quoted exactly in c. 14, with the exceptions (a) 6 θεός σου for 6 θίός: [β) Cod. Sin. has Ισχνσ-ω for ενισχύσω: SO Justin M. in his three quotations of the passage, Tryph. 26, 65, and 122 : (γ) καί is read before i^ayayelv: so Cod. XII and most cursives of the LXX. : (δ) πεπώημίνονς is read for δε^εμενονς : SO Justin M. in the three quotations just mentioned: this change points to a revised text since πεηεδημενος is a more frequent translation of "^''Di? : (e) καί is omitted, with most MSS. of the LXX., with Justin M. Tryph. 26, 65, and in agreement with the Hebrew, before καθήμενους.
Is. 45. I λέγει κύριος 6 θεός τω χριστώ μου Κύρω is quoted in C. 12,
probably (i. e. in Codd. Sin.^ Const, as against Codd. Barb. Med. Sin^.) with the change of Κίιρω into κυρίω, obviously on apologetic grounds.
Is. 45. 2 is quoted in c. 11 with the variants (a) in Codd. Sin. Const, πνλας for θύρας, a change in the translation of Πρ*! which is sometimes found in the LXX., (d) αόρατους is omitted, as in Cod. A^, {c) γνώσιν for γνως, a middle term between the two readings existing in the γνώση of Cod. A.
Is. 49. 6 (Cod. A) Ιδού τεθεικά σε [Codd. BS, αι. add εΙς διαθηκην γένους^ εις φως εθνών του είναι σε εΙς σωτηρίαν εως εσχάτον της γης' ούτως \εγει κύριος ό ρυσάμενός σε ό θεός *1σραηλ is quoted in C. 1 4 aS in the
Alexandrine text with (a) the substitution of λυτρωσάμενος for βυσά- μενος; (δ) the omission of the article, as in Codd. Β S'', and six cursives, before θεός ; (c) all MSS. of Barnabas, except Cod. Sin., also omit Ίσραηλ after θεός. It may be also noted that here, as elsewhere, the clause οΰτως λέγει . . . is detached from its proper context and adapted to the immediate purpose of the writer.
Is. 50. 6, 7 is quoted in c. 5 with the omission of 6 <5, ^ a : i. e. the final clause of the antithesis, being sufficient for the purpose, is given instead of the whole : the only variant is τεθεικα for έδωκα, as in the preceding quotation.
Is. 50. 8, 9 (Cod. B) τις 6 κρινόμενος μοι ; άντιστητω μοι άμα' κα\ τίς ό κρινόμενος μοι' Ιδού κύριος κύριος βοηθήσει μοι' τίς κακώσει με ', Ιδού πάντες ύμεΐς ώς Ιμάτιον παλαιωθησεσθε κα\ σης καταφάγεται ύμας is quoted
in c. 6 with omissions and with an apologetic adaptation to Christ:
184 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
the variants are {a) αμα is omitted, {c) η ris is used for κα\ τίς, [c) the second κρινόμενος is changed to δικαιούμενος in Codd. Sin. Const. : so also Cod. 26 of the LXX., δικαζόμβνος Codd. cett., (d) the clauses Idov κύριος . . . . , τις κακώσει με are omitted, as not being pertinent to the purpose of the quotation, (e) oval υμίν on is substituted for Ιδού : but it is possible that these words are meant not to be part of the quotation but only to call the attention to what follows: Woe ioyou, for {as the prophet says) ' Ye shall all wax old ... .*
Is. 58. 4-10 is quoted in c. 3 with the following variants : — In V. 4 Barnabas inserts the words \(yn κύριος after νηστεύετε : the insertion of the words in MSS. of the LXX. is somewhat arbitrary, e.g. they are inserted in the next verse by Codd. 239, 306.
In v. 5 Barnabas agrees with 13 cursives and the Old Latin, as against the other MSS., in inserting εγώ before εξελεζάμην: he reads
ουκ ανθρωπον ταπεινονντα την ψνχην αντον for και ημεραν ταπεινουν
ανθρωτΓον την ψνχην αύτον, in which he is supported, against all the MSS. of the LXX., by Cypr. Testim. 3. i, p. 108 diem humiliare hominem animam suam, Hieron. in Zach. 7, torn. vi. 833 neque ut humiliet homo animam suam : he reads the plurals κάμψητε, νπο- στρωσητε [Cod. Const. omits] for the singulars κάμψης, υποστρωστ],
and he gives the special predicate ενδύσησθε to σάκκον.
In V. 6 the words ουχί τοιαύτην νηστείαν εγω [most cursives omit εγω] εξελεξάμην are expanded into the more emphatic form Ιδον αυτή
ή [Cod. Sin. omits ή] νηστεία ην εγω εξελεξάμην, in which he is
supported, against all existing MSS. of the LXX., by Clem. Alex. Paed. 3. 12, p. 305.
In V. 7 (l) the order of the clauses πτωχούς άστεγους εΙσαγε εΙς τον
οικόν σου, and γυμνον εαν ϊδης περίβαλε is inverted : SO also in the Old Latin in Hieron. in Zach. tom. vi. 833 si videris nudum operi eum et pauperem et absque tecto indue in tabernaculum tuum : but all the other quotations of the passage in early Latin writers follow the current order of the clauses, with the exception of Auct. Quaest. V. T. ap. S. Aug. tom. iii. append, p. 145^, which omits the translation of the clause πτωχούς .... οΧκόν σου. (2) πτωχούς is omitted, as in Tertull. c. Marc. 4, p. 651 r, 730 3 (but elsewhere mendicos is inserted) : possibly because of the practical difficulty of a literal observance of the injunction, which may also account for the
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. ' 185
substitution oi peregrinum in Iren. Vet. Interp. 4. 17. (3) A new clause is added, eai/ "ώ^ς rarreivov, and the predicate of the follow- ing clause, viz. ουκ vnepoyfrrj is placed as its apodosis : the use of TarreLvov here, and the omission of πτωχούς in the preceding clause, may be explained on the supposition that in some editions of the LXX. the former word rather than the latter was used, as in five other passages of Isaiah, to translate ^^V.
The text of the passage in Barnabas is evidently ' conflate ' : the quotations in the early Latin writers mentioned above indicate that in one text, as in Barnabas and perhaps through the influence of the cognate passages, Ezek. 18. 7, 16, the clause about clothing the naked was placed next to that about feeding the hungry, probably without any further change : and that another text followed the Hebrew order. When Barnabas, or a reviser whom he followed, put these two texts together, in order to avoid the repetition of γνμνόν, he used ταπανόν, which some texts contained in the preceding clause, as the object of the repeated eav ϊδτ]ς and made the predicate ονχ vnepo^rj αυτόν common to the two last clauses.
In v. 8 it is almost certain, although the reading is corrected, perhaps by the original scribe, in Cod. Sin., that Barnabas read Ιμάτια for Ιάματα : it is obviously a scribe's error, but it is found in Codd. S^ and ^ 91^ io6^ 147 of the LXX., and, in the translation vesn'menfa, in Tert. de Resurr. Carnis, pp. 576 r, 577^2, Cyprian Tesii'm. 3. I, p. 108, de Orat. Domtn. 33, p. 291, de Op. et eleem. 4, P• 376. Jerome notes it as the current Latin reading. In Isai. 58, tom. iv. 693.
In v. 9 the MSS. of Barnabas vary between βοησίΐς and βοησί], and between ^πακονσ^ται and (Ισακονσεται : in each case the latter of the two readings mentioned is the reading of all the MSS. of the LXX. except one.
In V. 10 Barnabas agrees with Codd. A, 26, 49, 106 in adding σου to Tou αρτον : SO also aU the early Latin quotations.
/f. 61. I is quoted in c. 14 almost exactly as in the current text of the LXX., from which there are no important variants : but both in the LXX. and Barnabas there is an interesting instance of the interchange of πτωχοίς and raTjcivols as translations of ""^V (see above, p. 73) : in the LXX. Codd. AB and most cursives have
1 86 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
πτωχοΊς, Cod. S^ has ταπ€ΐνοϊΐ, in Barnabas the fragmentary MSS. have ταπίΐνοϊς and add χάριν, Cod. S. has πτωχοΐς.
Is. 65. 2 Cod. Β ζξ^τΐίτασα τας χ^ΐράς μου οΚην την ημίραν προς λαόν άπ€ΐθονντα και άντΐλ^γοντα^ toIs nopevopevois όδω ου κάΧτ} is quoted in C. 12 in the form ολην την ημίραν ξ^οΐΐτασα τας χΐ^ράς μου προς Χαον άπ€ΐθη [so Cod. Sin., Codd. Const, cett. άπ€ΐθονντα^ κα\ avrCKeyovTa όδώ δικα/α μου. The insertion of the words 6δώ bLKaia μου, which are obviously suggested by the following clause of the LXX., is probably a rhetorical softening of the harshness of the absolute use of
avTiXeyfiv.
In at least tv^o passages the resemblance to the text of Isaiah is hardly strong enough to warrant the supposition that they are directly quoted from it : viz.
C. 16 ίδού oi KaOeXovTes τον vaov τούτον αυτοί αυτόν οίκο^ομησουσιν recalls Is. 49. ι γ κάΙ τάχυ οίκο^ομηθησ-τ] ύφ' oiv κατγιρίθης \ C 6 και Ζθηκίν μ€ ως στβρΐάν πίτραν recalls Is. 50• 7 "'"^ ^^ πρόσωπον μου ίθηκα
ως στ€ρ€αν πίτραν (which is quoted exactly in c. 5 ; see above, p. 186).
It is a hypothesis for which there is no direct evidence, and which at the same time is not contrary to analogy, to suppose that besides the canonical books themselves, there were manuals of prophecy as well as anthologies, which had a certain authority and were accordingly quoted as of authority, in the same way as e.g. Clement of Alexandria {Strom. 3. 20) quotes the ' Two Ways' as y\ γραφή. This hypothesis will serve also to explain the quotations in c. 6. 13 Ibov ττοίώ τα έσχατα ώί τα ττρώτα, C. II. ίο καΐ δ? hv φάγτ} €ξ αυτών ζήσβται els τον αΙωνα (which appears to be a sum- mary of Ezek. 47. 12).
4. Justin Martyr.
It is desirable, before considering any of Justin's quota- tions, to point out that the text of his genuine works prac- tically rests upon a single MS. of the fourteenth century,
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 87
Cod. Paris 450, dated 1364. The value of that MS. can be tested in two ways: (i) the same MS. contains other works of which other and earlier MSS. remain : three of these works, ps-Justin Epistola ad Zenam and Cohortatio ad Gentiles^ and Athenagoras de Resurrectione, it has in common with another Paris MS., No. 451, which was written in 914, i.e. 450 years earlier. Omitting unimportant ortho- graphical variations, it differs from these three treatises in 169 passages, in only a small proportion of which (according to Otto 17, according to Harnack 5 or 6) is it probable that the later MS. has the better reading. In other words, in that part of the MS. which admits of comparison with these three works there are not less than 150 passages which require emendation. If the mistakes in the two Apologies and Trypho be in the same ratio, as they may fairly be presumed to be, the number of such mistakes will be ver)^ large. (2) In a few passages we can compare the MS. with quotations from Justin in other works which have well- attested texts : e. g. Justin, Apol. ii. 2 with Euseb. H. E. 4. 17 : this comparison gives the same results as the preced- ing: the number of mistakes is considerable. In other WOrds the Paris Codex 450 contains a careless and inac- curate text which a critic need not scruple to altera
The only other complete MS. of Justin's genuine writings is one which was once in the Jesuits' Library at Paris, and hence is known as the Codex Claromontanus, but which is now in the Middlehill collection at Cheltenham. It was written in 1541, and is merely a copy of the Paris Cod.
450^.
There are two late MSS. which contain fragments of
^ This account of the MSS, of Justin is entirely based upon Professor Hkmack's elaborate account of them in the Texte und Untersuchungen ztir Geschichte der altchristliche Literaiur, Bd. i. Leipzig, 1882, entitled Die Ueberlieferung der griechischen Apologeten des II Jahrhunderts in der alien Kirche und im Mittelalter.
2 See, for details, the Theologische Literaturzeitung iov 1876, No. 13.
1 88 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
Justin's genuine works : (i) in the Vatican Library, Cod. Ottobonianus Gr. ^^74, written in the fifteenth century, con- tains chapters 65-67 of the Apology : (2) in the National Library at Paris, Cod. Supplem. Gr. 190, is only a worthless transcript, made in the seventeenth century, of some extracts from one or other of the earlier printed editions.
It thus appears that our only authority for almost all Justin's text is the Paris MS. 450, of 1364: and considering the character of that MS. it will not be necessary for a student to treat the text of Justin, as it exists in that MS., with the same reverential respect, and the same reluctance to assume the existence of an error, which he would feel in the case e.g. of the Alexandrine MS. of Clement.
This account of the existing MS. evidence for Ju.stin's text forms a necessary preface to an examination of his quotations, because some untenable arguments have been based upon the correspondence or non-correspondence of those quotations with the existing MSS. of both the Old and the New Testaments. The most important of such argu- ments are those of Credner's Beitrdge zur Einleitimg in die biblischen Schriften: the agreements and differences be- tween Justin's text and the biblical texts are stated in that work with great minuteness : but the arguments which are based upon them are practically without value because they assume that the text of the Paris MS. represents Justin's own quotations from the biblical texts of his time. It may be shown, in disproof of that assumption, that the scribe of that MS., or of its original, neglected Justin's own quotations and copied them for himself from some other MS. : some- times, indeed, as in the quotation from Psalm 71 (72) in Tryph, 64, he was not at the trouble to copy out more than the beginning and ending of the passage, but after tran- scribing a few verses wrote ' . . . and so forth until the words . . . .' (καΐ το. λοιττα άχρι τον . . .)
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 89
The following three instances will be sufficient to estab- lish this point : —
(i) In Ps. 18 (19). 6 it is clear from two short quotations in Tryph. 69, Apol. i. 54 that Justin read iaxupos (ω? ylyas ^ραμάν όδοι/), because in each case he comments upon the word : the same inference may be drawn from Tryph. 76. But in the MS. of Tryph. 64, in which the first six verses of the psalm are quoted at length, the word Ισχνρό^ is omitted. It is thus evident that in transcribing Tryph. 46 the scribe did not follow Justin's text. The insertion of the word in the text which Justin used is to be noted because there is no trace of it in any existing MS. of the LXX. : it was probably used in some recension as a gloss of ylyas or as a substitute for it, yt'yas being a rare word, which Hesychius s.v. explains by Ισχυρός. It is possible that the true text of Justin himself may be not that of the MS. as given above, but ώ? Ζσχυρό? hpa^uv όδοΊ/, and that γιγα? may be an interpolation : but however this may be, the fact remains that Ισχνρό^ was in his text of the Psalms and that it is not in the text of the Psalms which is transcribed in the MS.
(2) In Ps. 95 (96). 10 it is clear from Justin's words in Tryph. 73 that he read ό κύρως €βασίλ(υσ€ν άπδ του ξύλου, because he comments upon the fact that the Jews omitted those words on account of their evident reference to the crucified Jesus. But in the quotation of the psalm which immediately follows the words are omitted, as they are in all existing MSS. of the Psalter, except the Verona Psalter and Cod. 156 (a Basle MS. of uncertain date). It is obvious that the scribe did not follow Justin's own text, but transcribed the Psalm from a MS. which contained the current text. The absence of the words from all MSS. of the LXX., except the two mentioned above, is a fact of great importance in regard to the textual tradi- tion of the LXX., especially in face of the facts (i) of the use which was made of them in the Judaeo-Christian controversies, for they are used against the Jews not only by Justin but also by Tertullian, adv. /ud., pp. 144, 146 : (2) of the words a ligno being found in almost all early Latin quotations of the passage (Hilary is probably the only exception). The existence of the words in the two Greek MSS. which contain them may be accounted for by the fact that both those MSS. are accompanied by a Latin version : and the form in which they occur in the Basle MS., viz. aizo τω $νλω,
190 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
suggests the hypothesis that they are there only an attempt at retranslation by a mediaeval scribe.
(3) Ps. 71 (72). 17 is quoted twice in Tryph. 121 in the form
Wf/) τον ηλιον avareXel (sc, το όνομα αυτού). There Can be nO doubt
that this was Justin's reading, for he supports his quotation of the passage by a quotation from Zach. 6. 12 ανατολή όνομα αντον, and his commentary is πνρωδίστ^ροί γαρ αντον 6 τής άληθίίας κα\ σοφίας Χόγος και φωτεινότερος μάλλον τον ήλίον δυνάμεων εστί. But in the quotation of the whole psalm in Tryph. 34, and in the similar quotation (which the scribe has shortened) in Tryph. 64, the scribe follows the current reading of the LXX., tt/jo τον ήλιου διαμενεΙ το
όνομα αντου.
It is clear from these instances that the longer quotations in the Paris MS. of Justin cannot be trusted as repre- sentatives of Justin's own text, and that arguments based upon them alone fall to the ground. But it is also clear that the untrustworthiness of the longer quotations does not affect the shorter quotations which form an integral part of Justin's own text, and which are in many cases confirmed by his comments.
The following is an examination of some of these shorter quotations, with one longer quotation which invites special treatment, in order to ascertain what light they throw upon the text of the. LXX.
I. Quotations from the Psalms.
Ps. 3. 6 is quoted in Tryph. 97, and in Apol. i. 38 : in both quotations άντελάβετο is read, with Codd. S^, 210, as against the common reading άντιλήψεται. There is a similar variation of tenses in the early Latin quotations : but the preponderance of testimony is in favour of the past as against the future : the former is found in Lactant. Instit. 4. 19, and in the Codex Sangermanensis : the latter is found first in Hilar, in Psalm. 131, tom. i. 505 ; in Cypr. Testim. 2. 24, p. 91 the MSS. vary: both are found in Ambrose and Augustine.
Ps. 21 (22). 3 is quoted not only as part of the long quotation in Tryph. 98, but twice separately in Tryph. 99. Li each case the
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I91
reading is that of the current text of the LXX. κα\ ούκ eh avoiav ζμοί : but Justin seems to have read not avoiap but ayvoiav^ for his Avords
are {Tryph. 99) αλλ' Ινα μή τα Xeyrj ΉγνΟ€ί ovu qti /ueλλeι πάσχειι/, «TTiiyet ep τω ψάΚμώ βυθνς. Και ουκ els ανοιαν €μοί. ovnep τρόπον ovde τω Becu eli ανοιαν ην το €ρωτάν τον Άδά/χ που eVrti/ ovdi τον Καιν που "Αβζλ αλλ' els το €καστον eXey^ai όποϊό$ €(ττι κα\ els ημά5 την γνώσιν πάντων δια του άναφανηναι eKuelv .... The whole point turns not upon folly but upon knowledge or ignorance : and rjyvoei would be unintelligible unless ayvoiav followed.
The passage raises a wider question than that of Justin's reading : neither ds ανοιαν nor ets ayvoiav gives any intel- ligible meaning, or is an approximate translation of the Hebrew. The meaning of the Hebrew rT^O^l't^fpl Π^"•^*) ^7 is clearly that there was no cessation of his crying in the night. The alteration of a single letter would give this meaning to the Greek, and I do not hesitate to suggest that the LXX. wrote not ets ανοιαν but ets avdav (i.e. re- mission or cessation, from αν'ιημι). But the word was a rare one: the only recorded instance of it is in a Paris MS. (Colbert, No. 4:^49) of ps-Athanas. Praecepta adAntiochum {0pp. ed. Bened. ii. 2^^, and, separately, ed. G. Dindorf, Lipsiae, 1857), c. 5, in a passage based upon Hermas, Mand. 5. I, where it is probably a scribe's error for ayvdav. It was consequently unknown to the early scribes of the LXX., who substituted for it, with a complete disregard of the meaning of the passage, one or other of two words, ανοιαν and ayvoiav, which they knew better. A single MS., Cod. .167 (British Museum, No. SSS?,)^ has the reading €ts aviav, which may be a survival of eh aveiav.
Fs. 23 (24). 7 is quoted in Trypk 85, Apol. i. 51 in the form €πάρθητ€ πνΚαι αιώνιοι Χνα. €ΐσ€λθτ] 6 βασιλ€ν5 ttjs Βόξη5. The reading of all existing MSS. of the LXX. is και eiaeXeuaerai : and this current reading is found both in the quotation of the whole psalm in Tryph. 36, and in the shorter quotation in Tryph. 127. But Iva elaeXur] is a closer rendering of the Hebrew : and Jerome's Psalter has e/ mgredi'a/ur, for which u/ ingrediatur may reasonably be con-
192 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
jectured, as opposed to the et introibit of the Verona Psalter and the Codex Sangermanensis. In other words Iva (ϊσ^Χθυ may be supposed to be the reading which existed in the recension of the LXX., which was followed not only by Justin but also by the Old Latin versions.
Fs. 8i (82). 7 is quoted in Tryph 124 with a comment on the difference between the Jewish and the LXX. interpretation. As the text stands it is not clear wherein the difference lies : the longer quotation has probably undergone the fate of most of the longer quotations in Justin, and is no longer in the form in which he wrote it. But the reading of the shorter quotation Ihov drj ως άνθρωποι άποθνησκ€Τ€, upon which emphasis is laid as being the reading of the LXX., though not found in any existing MS., is probably supported by the reading of Cod. S^ Be δη ως άνθρωποι, which may be conjectured to be an imperfect transcription of ϊδε drj ως άνθρωποι .... If this be SO, it must be supposed that the LXX. followed the Hebrew in connecting ίμ^ϊς with the preceding clause : and this view is supported by Jerome's Psalter ώϊ estis et filii excehi omnes vos.
It will be seen from these instances that the shorter quotations present in almost every case some point of interest in regard to the critical study of the LXX. : this fact makes the untrustu^orthiness of the longer quotations more to be regretted, and leads the student to anticipate with hope the possible discovery of a MS. of Justin which shall preserve his quotations from the LXX. in their original form.
There is at least one instance, that of Psalm 95 (96). i-io, in which it seems likely that this original form has been preserved: and it invites examination because the psalm is not only quoted twice by Justin, viz. in Apol. i. 41 and in Tryph. 73, but also exists in two forms in the LXX., in the Psalter and in i Chronicles 16. 23-31. In regard to the quotation in the Trypho it was pointed out above that it cannot be a transcription of the text which Justin used : but since the two phrases, €Ϊδωλα hai^oviiuv and άττό τον
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 1 93
ξνλον, which, were certainly in Justin's text, though they are absent from the longer quotation in the Trypho are found in the quotation in the Apology, it may be assumed (i) that the two texts were originally the same, (2) that the Apology represents the text which Justin used. It may further be noted that the text in the Trypho corresponds, almost exactly, to the Vatican text of the LXX. Psalter, and represents the same tradition as that text : whereas the text in the Apology corresponds more nearly to that of I Chronicles. (In addition to the longer quotations, vv. 1-3 are quoted in Tryph. 74, v. 5 in Tryph, ^^^ 73, 79, 83, V. 10 in Tryph, 73.)
The following is a detailed examination of the quota- tions :
vv. I, 2. The form of these verses in the Psalter (= Trypho) is
ασατ€ τω κυρίω άσμα καινόν, ασατ€ τω κνρίω πάσα ή γη' ασατ€ τω κυρίω, ζνΚογησατ€ το όνομα αυτού, emyyeXi^ea^e ημβραν i^ ημίρας το σωτηριον αυτοί). There is no noteworthy variant.
The form in i Chronicles and the Apology is shorter : ασατε τω
κυρίω πάσα η -γη' avayyeiXaTe ίξ ημίρας els ημύραν το σωτηριον [sO Codd.
AS and most cursives : Cod. Β and some cursives σωτηριον] αυτού. V. 3• The form in most MSS. of the Psalter (= Trypho), is
avayyfi\aTe Γατταγγ^ίλατε] iv toIs Ζθν^σι την bo^av αυτοΰ, iv πάσι τοϊς Xaols
τα θαυμάσια αυτοϋ : Cod. Α\ the Verona Psalter, and Tryph. 74, omit the first half of the verse, making Iv πάσι .... θαυμάσια αυτού coordinate
with TO σωτηριον aS an object of €ύαγγ€\ίζ€σθ€ in V. 2.
The whole verse is omitted in the Apology, and in Codd. ABS, and several cursives, in i Chronicles : the MSS. which contain it read as in the Psalms with the substitution of €ξηγεϊσθ€ for avay- yeiXaTe,
V. 4 is the same in all four passages : except that i Chronicles and Justin agree with about 80 cursive MSS. of the Psalter in reading υπ^ρ πάντας instead of eVi πάντας,
V. 5. The form in almost all MSS. of the Psalter (= Trypho) is oTi πάντ€$ οί θ€θ\ των (θνων δαιμόνια, 6 δί κύριος τους ουρανούς ΐποΊησΐν^
Ο
194 C)N EARLY QUOTATIONS
The form in I Chronicles is on πάντ€ς oi deoi των 4θνων είδωλα κα\ 6 θίος ημών ουρανούς [ABS ουρανοί/] (ποίησαν : the Apology (so also Tryph. 55, 73, but not 79, 83) substitutes βϊδωλα δαιμονίων for «δωλα, and follows with 6 be deos rovs ουρανούς ίττοίησ^ν. The phrase Λδω\α δαιμονίων is Supported by Iren. Ve/. Interp. 3. 6 alone among early Latin authorities, and by Clem. Alex. Protrept. c. 4 alone among early Greek authorities : άδωΚα is used elsewhere, but δαιμόνια is not, as a translation of ^^ V νξ?.. The phrase in Justin, if notwithstanding its absence in Tryph. 79, 83 it be really his, is perhaps an intentional combination of the two readings.
V. 6. The form in the Psalter (=Trypho) is ^ξυμολόγησις κα\
ωραιότης ενώπιον αυτοϋ, άγιωσύνη και /χεγαλοττρβττ^ια ev τω άγιάσματι αυτοΰ.
The form in most MSS. of i Chronicles and in the Apology is δόξα
κα\ έπαινος κατά πρόσωπον αυτοϋ, Ισχύς κα\ καύχημα iv τόπω αυτού [Apol. (V τόπω αγιάσματος αυτοΰ, Codd. 1 9, 93? ^^^ ^^ ''<? αγιάσματι αυτοΰ, Codd. 106, 120, 134? 144? 236, 243 ^^ τόπω άγιω αυτοί)]. The form
of the last clause in Justin seems to be a combination of the readings of the Psalter and of Chronicles : as in the preceding verse.
V. 7 is the same in the Psalter and i Chronicles, except that the former reads eWy/care and τίμην where the latter has δότε and Ισχύν. But in the Apology, which otherwise agrees with i Chronicles, Justin lias the remarkable reading δο'τε τω κυρίω τω πατρί τίαν αΧώνων for δότΐ τω κυρίω αί πατριαΧ των εθνών. The origin of this reading may probably be traced in Codd. Β S of the passage in i Chronicles, which read πατρί for ai πατριαί. Justin may have found a similar reading in the copy which he used : and πατρϊ των εθνών being an unusual expression was changed to τω πατρϊ των αΙώνων, a phrase which may be compared with the current philosophical phrase τω πατρϊ των όλων.
In νν. 8, 9? ΙΟ the form in the Psalter (=Trypho) is —
8 ενεγκατε τω κυρίω δόξαν ονόματι αυτοΰ,
άρατε θυσίας καϊ είσπορεύεσθε εις τας αυλας αυτοΰ'
9 προσκυνήσατε τω κυρίω εν aiikfj άγια αυτοΰ, σάΚευθητω άπο προσώπου αυτοΰ πάσα η γη.
Ι Ο είπατε εν τοις εθνεσιν Ό κύριος εβασίλευσε,
καϊ γαρ κατώρθωσε την οϊκουμενην, ήτις ού σαΚευθησεται, κρίνει λαούς εν εύθύτητι.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I95
The only noteworthy variant is in v. 10, where AS^ and most cursives read δτι κύρως : BS^ are supported in reading ό κύριος by the short quotation in Try ph. 73, and by the Old Latin.
The form in most MSS. of i Chronicles is —
8 Cod. A : [Codd. BS omit] hare τω κνρίω bo^av ονόματι αυτού, \άβ€Τ€ 8ωρα και iveyKaTC κατά πρόσωπον αύτου.
κα\ προσκυνήσατε κυρίω [Cod. Α τω κ.] ev aiXals ayiais αντον.
9 φοβηθητω άπο προσώπου αυτού πάσα η yrj, κατορθωτητω [S^ κα\ κατ.Ι ή γη κα\ μη σαΧίυθήτω.
ΙΟ €υφρανθητω ό ουρανός κα\ άγαΧλιάσθω ή γη
καΐ είπάτωσαν iv toXs ίθνεσιν Κύριος βασιλεύων [Cod. Α εβασίλευσεν^.
The form in the Apology is —
8 Χάβετε χάριν κα\ εΙσίΧθετε κατά πρόσωπον αυτου^ καΐ προσκυνήσατε εν ταΐς αύΧαΙς άγίαις αύτοΰ'
9 φοβηθητω άπο προσώπου αυτοϋ τιάσα ή γη, κα\ κατορθωτητω κα\ μη σαΧενθητω.
ΙΟ ενφρανθητωσαν εν τόΐς εθνεσιν'
6 κύριος εβασίΧευσεν άπο του ξύΧο\κ
The noteworthy points in this text of the Apology are (i) the agreement with Codd. BS in the omission of the first clause of v. 8, (2) the use of χάρις for 8ώρον or θυσία as a translation of ΠΠ^Ό : this would be even more important if it were certain that Justin knew Hebrew : {3) the omission of ε'ίπατε in v. 10, which it is certain that Justin read, inasmuch as he twice quotes είπατε εν τοΙς εθνεσιν in Try ph. 73 : if this be restored, it may be assumed that the subjects of ευφρανθητωσαν in his text were ό ουρανός και η γη, as ίπ Ι Chroniclcs : (4) the reading από του ξύλου, for which see above, p. 189.
It will be noted that, in the form of the psalm in the Psalter, (i) the two members of vv. 8, 9 respectively give an intelligible antithesis, (2^) the words καΐ γαρ . . . (ταλ^υ- θη(Τ€ταί in v. 10 not only destroy the poetical structure of the passage, but also introduce an idea which is not germane to the rest of the verse. It will also be noted that the clause of v. 8 which is found in Cod. A in i Chronicles similarly destroys the parallelism of that verse, and that its
Ο 2
196 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
omission, as in Codd. BS and the Apology, gives to vv. 8, 9 a perfect poetical structure and an intelligible sequence of ideas. It seems very probable that the words came into this place in the Psalter from the similar passage in Ps. 28 (29). 2 : that when they had become an ordinary part of the text, the second clause of v. 9 was omitted to restore the lost parallelism : and that subsequently the second clause of v. 9 was reinserted, in a wrong place, between the two clauses of v. 10. The antithesis which is found in I Chronicles, and probably also in Justin, between the two clauses of v. 10 is confirmed by Ps. 96 (97). i.
II. Quotations from Isaiah.
The quotations are very numerous, as may be expected in a writer who deals so largely with the Messianic con- troversy. They are almost always worth study, and in some cases will be found to make material contributions to the textual criticism of the LXX. Some of the more im- portant quotations occur more than once : but it is rarely the case that such double or triple quotations agree through- out : in some instances the scribe has apparently copied out a current text, in others he has preserved Justin's own text. It may be noted that the very fact of such variations in the case of double quotations confirms the view which has been advanced above as to the inexpediency of drawing in- ferences from the existing MS. of Justin's text in the case of single quotations, except where Justin's commentary makes his readings certain.
The following are examples of the contributions which Justin's quotations make to the textual criticism of Isaiah :
Is. 3. 10. The LXX. reading is δησωμ€ν top dUaiov on δύσχρηστος
ημΊν €στί: there is no variant. Tryph. 17, 133, both of which are long quotations, have δήσωμ€ν, but Tryph. 136, 137, both of which
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. I97
are short quotations, have αρωμβρ, and in 137 Justin remarks upon the reading, saying that αρωμ^ν is the true reading of the LXX. and 8ησωμ€ν the Jewish reading : he adds a remark, which is important for the consideration of other passages besides this, that earher in his treatise, i.e. in c. 17, he had himself quoted the Jewish reading by way of concession to those with whom he was arguing. It may be noted that Barnabas c. 6 has δησωμςρ ; Hegesipp. ap. Euseb. I/. E. 2. 23, 15, and Clem. Al. Strom. 5. 14, p. 714, have αρωμ^ν: TertuU. c. Marc. 3. 22 has au/eramus, but Jerome in Isai. 3, torn. iv. p. 57, has alligemus. Neither reading is a translation of the Hebrew text as we have it : but the fact that the Jews had and insisted upon a translation which implies another text, is an indication that the Hebrew text of the passage as we have it is not identical with the Hebrew text of the second century.
The fact that there are no variants in the MSS. of the LXX. is important in its bearing upon the tradition of the LXX. text : it confirms the view that we owe that text to Jewish rather than to Christian scribes.
Is. 7. 10-17 ^s quoted at length in Tryph.- ^'^, 66 : v. 14 also in Apol. 33, and v. 14 λ in Try ph. 67, 71, 84.
In V. 10 there is no variant: in v. 11 Justin's MS. supports the reading τον β^ον of Cod. S and 10 cursives as against B^ov : in v. 12 there is no variant : in v. 13 the addition of Ήσαία? to etTrej/ is sup- ported, and ακοΰίτΐ is read for ακούσατε.
In V. 14 Tryph. 43 reads mXeaerai (perhaps by a not uncommon scribe's error for fcaXeVere, which is found in Cod. XII and several cursives, and in the Old Latin), and Tryph. 66 reads κάλεσονσι (which is found in several cursives and is the common reading in the Greek Fathers, no doubt on account of its being the reading of Matt. i. 23) : the same two quotations in the Trypho, and also the short quota- tions in 67, 71, 84 have iv yaarpl λη-\ρ•€ταί, which is read in Codd. AS, XII, 26, 41, 90, 106, 144, 239, 306. But Apol. 33 has the
singular reading Ιδού ή παρθένος iv γαστρί €^ei Koi re^erai viov και ipovaiv erri τω ονόματι αυτοΰ Me^' ήμων ό θ^ός. The reading iv γαστρί e^ei is
repeated in the same chapter in a way which shows that Justin must have read it, for he uses συλλαβ€'Ίν to explain it: and the passage is the more remarkable because Justin lays stress on giving it αντοΚφί, ' word for word.' The ipovai is perhaps the source of the καλ/σουσί in Matthew : but otherwise there is no trace of this
198 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
translation of the second clause of the verse, which is perhaps a tinique survival of a lost Targum.
In V. 15 Tryph. 43 agrees with the current text of the LXX. in reading και ΙκΚί^ασθαι, but Tryph. 66 agrees with AS^ and 17 cursives
in reading eKKe^erai.
In v. 16 both quotations agree with AS^ and 14 cursives in read- ing τυν before (κΚίξασθαι : in the same verse Tryph. 43 reads aireiBei πονηρά for the current LXX. reading air^Ldei πονηρία : only two cursives have a variant, viz. Codd. 93, 305 which read πονηρίαν, and the early Latin quotations read non credit {credet, credidii) malitiae, or (Iren. Vet. Interp. 3. 21) non consentiet nequitiae. But the translation in August. Uh. 8 de Gen. ad lit., torn. 3. 237 contemnet malitiam^ taken in connexion with the use of the accusative case in Justin and two MSS. of the LXX. and with the fact that άπωθάν is frequently used as the translation of ^Ψ^, ' to despise,' gives a plausibility to Wolfs conjecture that άπ€ΐθ€Ϊ is a scribe's mistake for άπωθβΐ.
But in v. 16 both quotations agree in inserting c. 8. 4, and it is evident from Tertull. c.Jud. 9, p. 141, c. Marc. 3. 12, p. 673, that the insertion existed in the text which Tertullian used. It may be that the insertion is due only to a scribe's reminiscence of the inserted passage, which has part of the same protasis, πρ\ν η γνώναι το τταώίον .... , as a clause of v. 16 : but this does not altogether explain the fact of its being so far recognized as to be used with emphasis in the Judaeo-Christian controversy.
Is. 29. 14 is quoted thrice, Tryph. 32, 78, 123 : in each case with a slight variation which may be compared with both the LXX. and with the quotation of the passage in i Corinthians i. 19.
LXX. ατΓολώ τψ σοφίαν των σοφών [several CUrsivcS add αντοΰ, or αντών~^ και την σννεσιν των συνετών [the same CUrsiveS add αντον or αντών'^ κρύψω [Cod. 30Ι α^^τ^σωΐ.
I Cor. I. 19 ατΓολώ την σοφίαν των σοφών κα\ την σύνεσιν των σνν^τών αθετήσω.
Tryph. 32 άφίΚώ την σοφίαν τών σοφών κα\ την σννεσιν τών συνετών αυτών κρύψω.
id. 78 άφεΚώ την σοφίαν τών σοφών αυτών την δε σύνεσιν τών συνετών αθετήσω,
id. 123 ατΓολω την σοφίαν τών σοφών καϊ την σύνεσιν τών συνετών κρύψω.
The reading άφελώ is supported by Tert. c. Marc. 3. 6, p. 670
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
199
auferam sapientiam sapieniium illorum, ibid. 5. ιι,ρ. 793: but the same writer also shows the existence of various readings, for ibid. 4. 25, p. 719 he hdi^perdam sapientiam sapieniium : at the same time it must be noted that άπολλνω is the ordinary translation of "Ι?ζ5, and that άφαφίω is never elsewhere used as the translation of it. The addition of αύτώρ to σοφών, in c. 78, and to συνετών in c. 32, is in harmony with the Hebrew, and is supported by good cursives of the LXX. : the omission of the words both in i Corinthians and in the uncials of the LXX. is probably due to an adaptation to the immediate purpose of the writer.
Is. 42. 1-4 is quoted in Tryph. 123, 135, and the quotations which diifer in many respects from each other, so that they cannot both be due to the scribe's transcription from a current text, have some points of interest in relation to the similar quotation in St. Matt. 12. 18-21.
The following is a detailed comparison of the four texts :
LXX. |
St. Matt. 12. 18-21. |
Tryph. 123. |
Tryph. 135. |
Ίακ^β [Codd. |
*Ιακώ/3 |
Ιακώβ |
|
106, 302, 305 |
|||
I80V Ίακωβ] 6 |
Ihov 0 παΐί μον |
6 rrals μου αντι- |
ό παΪ5 μου αντι- |
TTois μου άντιΧη- |
ον τ]ρ€Τίσα' |
λήψομαι αυτού, |
ληψομαι αυτού' |
■ψομαι αυτοί)' |
|||
Ισραήλ 6 ckXck- |
6 αγαπητός μου |
^Ισραηλΐκλίκτοΰ |
κα\ Ίσραηλ ό e«- |
Tos μου προσδεδ^'- |
[(ls\ ον ηυΒόκησ€ν |
μου' |
XcktOs μου προσ- |
^ατο αυτόν η ψνχη |
η ψνχη μου' |
Βίξζται αυτόν η |
|
μου' |
ψυχή μου' |
||
(δωκα το πν^υμά |
θησω το πν^ϋμά |
θησω το TTi'eC/xci |
δεδωκα το πν€ΰ- |
μου €7Γ αυτόν, |
μου in αυτόν |
μου cV αυτόν |
μά μου eV αυτόν' |
κρίσιν τοις eOve- |
κα\ κρίσιν τοΙς |
καϊ κρίσιν τοϊς |
και κρίσιν τοις |
σιν (ζοίσζΐ. |
ίΘν^σιν απαγγβλβΐ |
€θν€σιν (ζοίσίΐ |
ίθνζσιν €ξοίσ€ΐ. |
It will be noted (ι) that both quotations in Justin agree with the LXX. in asserting, what St. Matthew agrees with the Hebrew in omitting, the names Jacob and Israel. That the insertion of the words in Justin is not accidental is proved by his quoting them separately, c. 123, and giving them a Messianic interpretation: (2) that Tryph. 123 agrees with St. Matthew in reading βησω, but that the passage has not been altered to harmonize with St. Matthew
200
ON EARLY QUOTATIONS
is made probable by the retention in both Justin's quotations of the LXX. i^oiVfi as against a7ra77eXei.
It may also be noted that while the translation of ">''Π? by άγαττητός is peculiar to St. Matthew, the rest of St. Matthew's phrase is identical with Theodotion's translation of ''ΨΡ1 "^^Vl.
LXX. S/. Matt. 12. Tryph. 123. Tryph. 135.
ov Κ€κράξ€ται
ovbe άκονσθη- aerai ξζω η φωνή αυτοί)'
ου Κίκράζ^ται ουκ epiaei ουδέ ουκ iplaei οντ€
ovbe άνησΐΐ \βοη- κραυγάσει, κράζα, ση Cod. 308],
οΰδί άκονσθη- ovbe άκονσ€ΐ tls ovtc άκονσ^ταί
σ€ται (ξω η φωνή ev rais πλατ^ίαις ης eV rats πλα-
αυτον' την φωνην αντον' τβίαις την φωνην
αυτόν'
It will be observed that the LXX. άνηση does not exist in any of the other quotations : that it was the original LXX. translation is made probable by the fact (i) that ^ψ^ is rendered by άνίημι in three other passages of Isaiah (more commonly, both in Isaiah and else- where, by αίρω), iz) that it underlies the Old Latin versions dimittet and relinquet^ Hieron. Ep. 121 adAlgas. qu. 2, tom. i. 848, in Isai. 42, tom. iv. 506, and cessabit August, de Civit. Dei 20. 30. That it was felt to be a difficult expression may perhaps be inferred from its omission not only in Tryph. 135, above, but also in Tertull. c. Marc. 4. 23, p. 717, Cypr. Testim. 2. 13, p. 78. And that the βοηση of Cod. 308 was an early variant is shown by Tertull. c.Jud. 9, p. 143 neque contendit neque clamavit, where the quotation must be from Isaiah and not from St. Matthew, because /oris and not in plateis follows.
καΚαμοντΐ&Κασ- κάΚαμον σνντ€' καΚαμον συντζ- καΚαμον τ^βραν- μίνον [Codd. Α τριμμίνον τριμμίνον σμ4νον
23, 41, 87, 91, 97, ιο6, 228, 3θ8, 309, σ^»'-
Τ€θΚασμ4νον\ ου ου KaTea^ei κα\ ου κατίάζη κα\ ου σύντριψη κα\
συντρί'^Ιτη, κα\ \ί- \ivov τνφόμΐνον Χίνον τυφόμ^νον \ivov τυφομ^νον
νον καπνιζόμ^νον ου [D ου μη\ ου μη σβίση αλλά ου σβ^ση (ως οβ
ού σβ€ση αλλ* eis σβ^ση €ως &ν e<- ets• άληθίΐαρ €ζοί- νΐκος (ζοίση κρί-
αΚηθηαν e^oiVft βαΚη ης νΐκος την ση κρίσιν. σιν.
κρίσιν. κρίσιν.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 20I
The variations between (<2) τ^&Κασμίνον, σνντ€θλασμ€νον, συντ€τριμ-
μίνον^ and τ€θρανσμ€νον, {d) συντρί^\τ€ΐ and κατίάξζΐ, correspond to variations in the early Latin versions between {a) fractam^ con- fractam^ contusam, and quassatam, {b) conteret, comminuet, /regit, confringet : they must therefore be taken to mark an early diffi- culty, and a consequent early variety, in the rendering of the contrast between Γ^^ and "i?f .
The variations in the rendering of the last clause may perhaps be best explained by noting that els νΊκος is interchanged with els reXos as a translation of nvj or n^Jp, * for ever/ i.e. utterly or completely : it is consequently conceivable that it may have come to be used as an equivalent for els άληθ€ΐαν or eV άληθ^ία, ' truly' or ' really.'
άvaXάμψeι και ου άναΧηψίΐ και ου άναληψει και ου
θρανσθησ€ται [S μη 6pavaer]aeTai θρανσθησεται eωs
σβeσθησeτaι^ βωί ews αν 6rj eVi τψ αν θτ} en\ ttjs yrjs
αν θτ] eni Trjs yrjs Ύηί κρίσιν' κρίσιν'
κρίσιν'
κα\ iin τω ονό- και τω ονόματι μάτι αυτόν ίθνη αυτοΰ έθνη eX- ίΚπιοΰσι' πιοΰσι
The reading of Justin's MS., άνα\ηψ€ΐ, would no doubt be in an earlier MS. άνάλημψ€ΐ, which was originally only a scribe's error for
άνα\άμψ€ΐ.
The omission of the clause άva\άμψeι .... κρίσιν in St. Matthew is perhaps best explained by the hypothesis of a homoioteleuton κρίσιν .... κρίσιν in an early MS.
The absence of any trace either in the MSS., or in the quotations, or in the early Latin versions, of any variation in the last clause, in other words the fact that all early recensions of the LXX. agreed
in translating νΓΓ^ D"'JN ^ΠΊίΠρ^ by (eVi) τω ονόματι αυτοΰ €θνη ^λπιουσί,
whereas the later revisers, Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion, agreed with modern scholars in translating the passage by τω νόμω αυτοΰ νήσοι ίλπιοΰσι, seems to point to a lost variant in the Hebrew text.
Is. 53 is largely quoted, and some of the quotations are useful contributions to the criticism of the LXX. The following are the more noteworthy. y
V. 2 is quoted in Apol. i. 50, Tryp/i, 13, 42, in each case placing
και em τω ονό- |
και eTTi τω ονό- |
ματι αυτοΰ eXni- |
ματι αυτοΰ eXm- |
οΰσιν €θνη |
οΰσιν ΐθνη |
202 ON EARLY QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
the words ως παώίον immediately before cos ρίζα. This is the reading of Codd. AS, XII, 22, 26, 36, 48, 86, 90, 93, 106, 144, 147, 198, 233, 306, 308, and of Clem. Rom. i. 16. 2.
V. 8 3 is quoted in ApoL i. 51, Try ph. 13, with the variant 17x61 for r\χθ^, and in Tryph. 43 ηχβψ. ηκα is found also in Codd. 62, 90, 144, 147, 233, and in Clem. Rom. i. 16. 9 : but the Latin versions all have ductus est or adductus est.
V. 9 is quoted in Apol. i. 51, Tryph. 13, with the reading ovhk {ονχ) ΐνρίθη bokos iv τω στόματι αντοΰ, in agreement with Codd. AS^, XII, 26, 36, 41, 49, 51, 86, 90, 91, (93), 104, 106, 144, 147, 198, 228, 233, 239, 306, 308, 309, [Codd. 87, 97 have ovdi doXos, Cod. Β has ovde doXov, without €νρ€θη]. It seems probable that the original reading was ovbe doXos, which is a literal rendering of the Hebrew, and that {a) δόλον arose from assimilation to the preceding άνομίαν^ (δ) (νρβθη was supplied by way of exegesis. The antiquity of the accusative doXov is shown by its translations insidias in Cypr. Testim. 2. 15, p. 80, and do/um in August, de Civit. Dei 18. 29, torn. 7. 510, and elsewhere : Faustin. de Trinit. 3. 4, further proves its existence by the reading neque dolum in ore locutus est. But Tertull. c. Jud. 10, p. 144, has nee dolus in ore ejus inventus est.
v. 12 is quoted in Apol. i. 51, Tryph. 13, with only a slight variation from the current text of the LXX. : but at the beginning of Apol. i. 50 it is prefixed to the quotation of c. 52. 13 — 53. 8, and
instead of the current text αντος αμαρτίας πολλών άνην^γκί καΐ δια τάς ανομίας αυτών παρεδόθη is the important variant αυτός αμαρτίας πολλών €ίληφ€ και τοις άνόμοις εξίλάσεται. This last clause brings the
Greek into harmony with the Hebrew ^32! η^νψΐΟ\ ' he made in- tercession for the transgressors,' but there is no trace of the reading elsewhere : it must be taken to be part of a lost revision of the LXX. of which Justin made use but which is otherwise unknown.
V. ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
It would be improbable, even if there were no positive evidence on the point, that the Greek-speaking Jews, who were themselves cultured, and who lived in great centres of culture, should not have had a literature of their own. It is no less improbable that such a literature should have consisted only of the Apocalyptic books, and the scanty fragments of other books, which have come down to us. It may naturally be supposed that a race which laid stress on moral progress, whose religious services had variable elements of both prayer and praise, and which was carry- ing on an active propaganda, would have, among other books, manuals of morals, of devotion, and of controversy. It may also be supposed, if we take into consideration the contemporary habit of making collections of excerpta^ and the special authority which the Jews attached to their sacred books, that some of these manuals would consist of extracts from the Old Testament.
The existence of composite quotations in the New Testa- ment, and in some of the early Fathers suggests the hypo- thesis that we have in them relics of such manuals. The passages which are examined in the following chapter are more consistent with such a hypothesis than with any other. The view that they are mere misquotations in which the several writers have, through defect of memory, blended several passages into one is rendered improbable by the
204 ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS
whole character of the quotations which they make from the Old Testament : it will be clear from the preceding chapter that such quotations were ordinarily made with great accuracy, and that the existence of a discrepancy between them and the existing MSS. points not to an in- accuracy on the part of the writer but to a variation in the current text. The view, which might otherwise be tenable, that such passages are combinations, such as might be made by any writer who was familiar with the text of the Old Testament, is set aside by the fact that in some cases the same, or nearly the same, combinations occur in dif- ferent writers. Two instances of this will be found below, viz. (i) the composite quotation, Jer. %. 12, 13, Is. 16. i, 2, which is found in both Barnabas 11, and in Justin M. Tryph. 114: (%) the composite quotation from the Psalms and Isaiah, which is found in the New Testament, Romans 3. 10-18 and in Justin M. Tryph, ιη.
1. Clement of Borne.
(l) C. XV.
In c. 15 there is a passage which is composed of Ps. 77 {78). 36, ?,1 : 30 (31). 18:11 (12). 4*5-5 :
Ps. 77 (78) ηγάπησαν αυτόν iv τω στόματι αυτών
κα\ TTJ γλωσση αντων εψ^ύσαντο αυτω [sO Cod. Alex.
and Clem. Alex. : Cod. Const, e^c^av αυτόνΐ •
ή de Kapbta αυτών ουκ eiiOela /xer αυτοΰ
ονδε Ιπιστωθησαν iv Tjj διαθηκτ] αύτοϋ. Ps. 30 (31) (δια τούτο) άλαλα γίνηθητω τα χ(1λη τα ^όλια, Ps. II (12) γλώσσα μεγαλορημων [sO Cod. ConSt. I Cod. AlcX. γλώσσαν μεγάλο ρήμοναί,
τους elnovTos την γλώσσαν ημών μεγαλννοϋμΐν
τα χείλη ημών παρ' ημίν εστίν' τις ημών κύριος εστίν ;
άπο της ταλαιπωρίας τών πτωχών κα\ άπο του στεναγμού τών πενήτων,
νυν άναστησομαι, λέγει Κύριος,
θησομαι εν σωτηρίω' παρρησιάσομαι εν αυτφ.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 205
The text of Clement is not certain : recent editors, Lightfoot, and Gebhardt and Harnack, insert the first clause of Ps. 11 (12). 4 α
ΐξοΚοθρζνσαι κύριος πάντα τα χ^ίλη τα. δόλια after τα χ^ίλη τα δόλια, and
follow Cod. Alex, in reading the accusative γλώσσαν μίγάλορημονα: this gives a good grammatical construction for τους Σπόντας but destroys the parallelism. The harshness of the construction without a governing verb was evidently seen by the scribe of Cod. Const, for he prefaces τους elnovTas by the words κα\ πάλιν, as though it were a separate quotation. But this confirms his reading.
Whether the words be inserted or not, the sense of the cento is consecutive.
The same cento is also found in Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 4. 5, p. 577 : that it comes from the same source is shown by the use of the words δια τούτο, which are not found in the LXX., in introducing the half verse from Ps. 30 (31) : and it is to be noted that whereas in Clement of Rome the quotations from Is. cn^. 13, Ps. 61 (62). 5, which precede it, are separated from it and from each other by the introduction of the words τιάλιν Xiy^i . . . . καΧ ττάλιν Aeyet, in Clement of Alexandria there is no such distinction between the quotations, and the whole series of passages forms a single cento.
(2) c. XXII.
In c. 2,2, after quoting Ps. ^^ (34). 12-18 with great fidelity to the existing text of the LXX., instead of the following verses of the Psalm, Clement adds Ps. 31 (32). 10,
πολλαι ai μάστι•γ€ς τον αμαρτωλού,
Tovs δε (λπίζοντας eVt κύριον eXeoy κυκλώσει,
which preserves the sequence and antithesis of the passage so well that the whole quotation may be taken to be a separate current poem, formed of the second part of Ps. 3'i (34) — the psalm is divided by the bLάψaλμa after v. 11 — with an abridged ending, which has been transferred from Ps. 31 (32).
206 ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS
(3) C. XXXIV.
In c. 34 there is a passage in which Daniel 7. 10 and Isaiah 6. 3 are blended together. The passage in Daniel is —
'Thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him.'
The passage in Isaiah is (after the description of the seraphim with six wings) —
' And one cried unto another and said Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of hosts ; the whole earth is full of his glory.'
The passage in Clement is —
μύριαι μυριάδίζ παρ€ΐστηκ€ΐσαν αύτω κα\ χίλιαι xiXiabes eXeirovpyovp αντω και €Κ€κραγορ' "Αγιος, ayios, άγιος κύριος σαβαώθ, πΚηρης πάσα ή κτ'ισις της δόζης αυτόν.
(4) C. L.
In C. 50 there is a passage in which Is. 26. 20 and pro- bably either Ezek. ^y. 12, 13 or 4 Esdr. 2. 16 are blended together.
The passage in Isaiah is —
* Enter thou into thy chambers and shut thy doors about thee : hide thyself for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast.'
The passage in Ezekiel is —
* Behold, I will open your graves and cause you to come up out of your graves, Ο my people.'
The passage in 4 Esdras is —
'Those that be dead will I raise up again from their places, and bring them out of the graves : for I have known my name in Israel.'
The passage in Clement is —
elaiXBere €ΐς τα rn/xeia μικροί/ όσον όσον €ως ου TrapeXOij η οργή κα\ ό θυμός μου' και μνησθησομαι ημίρας άγαβης κα\ αναστήσω υμάς ck των θηκών υμών.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 207
(5) C. LVI. In c. 56 there is a passage which is composed of Ps. 117 (118). 18, Prov. 3. 12, and Ps. 140 (141). 5:
J^S. 117 (118) παώ^υων ίττα'ώΐυσίν μβ ό κύριος,
καϊ τω θανάτω οΰ τταρί^ωκίν μ€' Prov. 3 ^ν γαρ άγαπα κύριος παώεύζΐ [sO Codd. AS in LXX.,
Cod. Β eXeyxeij
μαστιγοΊ. be ττάντα νίον ov παραΒ^χζται. Ps. 140 (141) τταώζύσΐΐ μ€ γάρ {φη<τι) Βίκαιος iv eXeei και eXey^ei /ze,
eXaiov de αμαρτωλών μη Χιπανάτω την κίφαΧην μην.
But the want of cohesion between the third quotation and the two first makes it probable that this is rather a series of quotations on a cognate subject than a single quotation from a composite poem.
2. Barnabas.
(l) C. V.
In c. 5 there is a passage which is composed of Ps. 118 (119). 120: 21 {12). 17 :
Ps. 118 (119) καθηΧωσόν μου τας σάρκας,
Ps. 21 (22) δτι πονηρενομίνων συναγωγαΐ ίττανίστησάν μοι.
It is immediately preceded by the quotation of Ps. 21 {22). 21, but the καί which (in Codd. Sin. Const.) immediately precedes seems to mark it as a separate quotation.
Neither of the quotations corresponds exactly to the text of the LXX. : (i) in Ps. 118 (119) the LXX. text is καθηλωσον εκ του φόβου σου ras σάρκας μου : (2) in Ps. 21 (22) it is συναγωγή Έονηρ^υομίνων ττεριεσχομ /xe. In other words the quotation is not from the LXX. but from a psalm based upon the LXX. : but it possibly has a critical value in that it may help to solve the difficulty which the words καθήλωσαν μου τ as σάρκας present in Ps. 118(119). These words are not in any sense a translation of the Hebrew, which means
208 ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS
' My flesh trembleth for fear of thee : ' and they have no appreciable bearing upon the context. They must have been in early MSS. of the LXX. because they are trans- lated in the Old Latin versions * Confige (infige) timore tuo carnes meas : ' and Hilary, Ambrose, and Augustine com- ment upon the unusual expression. A clue to the original reading is afforded by Aquila's translation ηλώθη . . . . η σαρξ μου: and it may be conjectured that the present reading is due to a scribe's recollection of the composite psalm which Barnabas here quotes, or possibly adapts.
(2) c. XI.
In c. II is a passage composed of Jerem. 2. 12, 13 and Is. 16. I, :^ :
Xeyci yap 6 προφήτης (Jcr. 2. 12)• €κστηθι ovpape, και eVt τούτω πλείον φρι,ζάτω η γη οτι bvo και πονηρά ζποίησίν 6 Xaos ovtos' epe ΐγκατίΚιπον πη- γην ζωής κα\ iavTols ώρυζαν βόθρον θανάτου' (Is. 1 6. ΐ) μη πέτρα (ρημόί εστίν το opos το ayiov μου Σινά ^ εσεσθΐ yap oas πετεινού νοσσοϊ άνιπτάμενοι νοσσιάς αφηρημένης.
The critical interest of the quotation is considerable : the text of the quotation from Jeremiah is in some points nearer to the Hebrev^ than the LXX. is, but the substitution of βόθρον Θανάτου, ' an empty pit into which they will fall and be killed,' is a complete change of the metaphor : the text of that from Isaiah is nearer to the LXX., and preserves the points in which the LXX. differs from the Hebrew : it may therefore be presumed to be quoted from the LXX. If so, it affords an important correction of the LXX. text : for whereas all the MSS. of the LXX. have Σιων, the context and the Hebrew require Σίνα, which is read in all MSS. of Barnabas.
The quotation has the further interest of being also found, with some changes, in Justin M. Tryph. 114, where the whole of it is attributed to Jeremiah. Justin's quo- tation consists of Jer. ij. 13, Is. 16. i, Jer. 3. 8 :
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. 209
oval νμίν, (Jcr. 2. 1 3) ort eyKareXiTreTe πηγην ζώσαν και ώρύ^ατ€ eauTotff "KUkkovs σνντΐτριμμβνονς οι ον δννησονται σννίχ^ιν ύδωρ* ^Is. 16. ΐ) μη €ρημον fj ου βστι το opos Σιώι/ ort 'ίβρονσάΚημ βιβλίον άποστασίου έδωκα βμπροσθεν νμων j
It may be noted, without discussing in full the critical points of the quotation, (i) that Justin's text follows the LXX. in having kaKKovs συντ€τρίμμ€νονί for the βόθρον θανάτου of Barnabas : (2) that it preserves the Σιων of the LXX. text as against the Σινά of Barnabas.
(3) c. xvi. In c. 1 6 is a passage composed of Is. 40. 12: 66. i .
(Is. 40. 1 2) τίς ΐμίτρησΐν τον ovpavov σπιθαμή η τις την yrjv δρακί ; ουκ βγω ; Xeyet κύριος (Is. 66. ΐ) 6 ουρανός μοι θρόνος η δε γη νποπόδιον των ΊΓοδων μου' ποίον οίκον οίκοδομησίτί μοι ] η τίς τόπος της καταπανσεως μου;
The text of the quotation from c. 40 nearly corresponds to the LXX., rfi χζφΐ το vhωp being omitted, as it is also in the quotation in Clem. Alex. Protrept. 8, which shows that a recension in which the words were omitted was current : that of the quotation from c. 66 agrees throughout with Codd. AS, except only ns roviO's for ttoios totios^ and with Cod. 16 except only in omitting Aeyet κνριο^ after οικοδο/Λ?ίσ€τ€ μοι.
3. Justin Martyr.
(i) Tryph. c. XXVII.
The most interesting of the composite quotations in Justin is that of Tryph. 27. It forms part of the same cento which is quoted by St. Paul, Romans 3. 10-18, and is made up of passages from Ps. 13 (14). i, 2, 3 (or 52 {^z)- 2» 3) = 5- 9 = 139 (140). 4 : 9. 28 (10. 7). Is. 59. 7, 8.
Ρ
210
ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS
Ps. 13(14). I h.
ovK €στι ποιών χρηστό- τητα^οϋκ ΐστιν ea>S€v6s\,
Ps. 52 (53). 2 h. ουκ €στι ποιών αγαθόν
Ps. 13 (14)• 2, 3«• 52 (53)• 3. 4-
τον idelv ei €στι
σννιών η (κζητών τον ueov.
πάντα €^€K\ivaVf άμα ηχρ€ΐώθησαν,
ουκ €στι ποιών χρηστό- τητα [Ps. 52 αγαθόν^
Pom. 3• ν. ΙΟ. ουκ Ζστιν dUaios ουδΐ
τ (IS.
Try ph. 27.
νν. Ιϊ, 12.
OVK %στιν 6 σννιών, ονκ €στιν 6 €κζητών τον θζόν'
πάντ€ς i^iicKivav, άμα πάντες (γαρ) (ξβκΚιναν, ηχρ€ΐωθησαν, αμα [MS. apaj ηχρειώ-
θησαν'
ονκ €στιν 6 ποιών χρη- ονκ %στιν 6 σννιών, στότητα, ονκ €στιν (ως ονκ %στιν €ω: ivos' €νός'
P.f. [13(14) 3:] 5• ΙΟ δ.
τάφος aveoiypivos 6 λάρνγξ αντών,
ταΐς γλώσσαΐί αντών (δοΧιονσαν'
Ρ.Γ. [ΐ3(ΐ4).3:] 139 (ΐ4θ). 4.
toff ασπίδων νπο τα
χ^Ιλη αυτών'
Ρ^. [13(14)3:] 9. 28
ον apas το στόμα αντον γ€μ€ΐ κα\ πικρίας'
[Λ. 13(14)• 3] Is. 59•
7, 8. ^
οί de πόδβί αυτών τα- χινοί ίκχίαι αίμα [Ps. 13 (14)• ^^^'■^ ο*' πόδίί αντών €κχ€αι αΐμα^.
V. 13.
τάφος άν^ωγμίνος 6 Χάρνγ^ αντών,
ταΐς γλώσσαις αντών εδολιοΟσαι/•
ταΊς γΚώσσαις αντών (δόλιονσαν,
τάφος άν^ωγμίνος ό λάρνγξ αντών
Ιος ασπίδων νπο τα Ιος ασπίδων νπο τα
χ^ίλη αντών
V. 14-
ων το στόμα άρας κα\ πικρίας ye/xet'
νν. 15, ι6, 17-
0^619 01 πόδες αντών ΐκχίαι αίμα'
χίίί^η αντών
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
2TI
σνντριμμα και σνντριμμα και ταΚαι- σίιντριμμα και τάΚαι-
τάΚαιπωρία iv ταϊς odois πωρία iv reus odois ττωρία iv τοις oBois
αυτών, αυτών, αυτών,
κα\ Sdov ΐίρηνης ουκ καί ό8ον ΐίρηνης ουκ κα\ obov ζΐρψης ουκ
οϊδασι' (γνωσαν έγνωσαν'
Ps. 35 (36). Ι h. ν. 1 8.
ουκ Ζστι φόβος $eov ουκ ΐστι φόβος θίου άπίναντι των όφβαΚμών απέναντι τών οφθαλμών αύτοΰ. αυτών.
There can be no reasonable doubt that the text of Ps. 13 (14) has been tampered with to make it agree with the quotation by St. Paul. The verses and words inserted above in square brackets are not found either in the Hebrew or in the majority of MSS. of the LXX. : they are found in BS\ but omitted by AS^ and 94 cursives. Jerome, Praef. m Isai. S7^ toin. iv. 66"]^ writes on the subject of their in- sertion, and says that all Greek commentators obelized them, and so admitted that they were not in the original text of the LXX. but in the Κοινή.
{i) Tryph. c. xxiv.
In Tryph. 24 are two quotations which might be con- sidered to be one, except that the introduction of the phrase βοα δια *Ησαιου appears to make a distinction be- tween them.
The second quotation is from Is. 6^. 1, 'Z, ^ a.
The first quotation is composite and is drawn partly from Is. 3. 5, 6, 9 and partly from unknown sources :
dexJTe συν ίμο\ πάντες οι φοβούμενοι τον θεόν, οι θελοντες τα άγαθα ΊερονσάΚημ ΙΒεΊν'
^ευτε πορενθώμεν τω φωτΐ κυρίου'
άνηκε yap τον Χαον αυτού τον οίκον Ιακώβ*
^εντε πάντα τα έθνη σνναχθώμεν εΙς *Ιερονσα\ημ την μηκετι ποΧεμονμενην bia τας ανομίας τών λαών, Ρ 2
212 ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS
The source of the first strophe is unknown. The second strophe is from Is. 2,, ^b^6 «, with Ιακώβ, as in many cursives, instead of Ίσραηλ which is read by Codd. ABS. It is also evident that άνηκ€ is used by Justin in the sense of ' par- doned,' as in Is. l. 14 ονκίτι άνήσω ras αμαρτίας νμων : but that is clearly not the sense in which it is used by the LXX. here, or in which Justin himself uses it in a more exact quotation of the passage in Tryph. 135 : the Hebrew tLtoj and the context require it to mean ' forsook.' The source of the third strophe is also unknown.
The three strophes evidently form part of a fine poem, a relic probably of the Judaeo-Christian poetry, of which the Sibylline Books are almost the only other remaining monument.
(3) ApoL I. c. Lii.
In the First Apology c. 52 is a passage which, though assigned to Zechariah, differs so widely from the text of Zechariah as to be in reality a composite quotation, into which some passages of Zechariah enter.
I ΙντΐΚονμαι rots reaaapaiv avepois σννάζαι τα €σκορπΐ(τμ€να τίκνα^ ivreKovpai τω βορρά φζρίΐν κα\ τω νότω μη προσκσητΐΐν' 5 καΧ τότ€ iv Ιερουσαλήμ KoneTos μίγας, ου κοπετός στομάτων η χεΐλεων, αλλά κοπετοί Kapbias' κα\ ου μη σχ^ίσωσιν αυτών τα Ιμάτια^ αλλά τας diavoias' ΙΟ κόψονται φυΧη προς φυλην'
κα\ τότε οψονταί εΙς ον εξεκεντησαν
και εροΰσι' τι κύριε επΧάνησας ημάς άπο της όδοΟ σοι» *
ή δόζα ην ευλόγησαν οι πατέρες ημών
€γενηθη ήμΐν εΙς ονει8ος.
11. Ι, 2 are a reminiscence, but not a quotation, of LXX. Zech. 2. 6 εκ Ίων τεσσάρων άνεμων του ουρανού συνάξω υμάς, Χεγει κύριος.
FROM THE SEPTUAGINT. άίΐ,
11. 3, 4 are a similar reminiscence of LXX. Is. 43. 6 epS) τω βορρά
"Aye, και τω Αφ\ Μη κώλν€.
I. 5 resembles Zech. 12. 11 쀕γαΚννθησ€ται 6 κοπετός iv Ιερουσαλήμ.
II. 6, 7 cannot be traced.
11. 8, 9 resemble Joel 2. 13 διαρρήξατε τάς καρδίας υμών κα\ μη τα ιμάτια υμών.
1. ΙΟ expresses the same idea as Zech. 12. 12 κα\ κόψεται η γη κατά
φυ\α9 φυΧάς.
1. II is a translation of Zech. 12. 10: whether it is that of the LXX. is uncertain: the majority of the MSS. in that passage have the singular reading ίπιβλίψονται προς pe άν& hv κατωρχήσαΐ'το, which Jerome notes as having arisen from a mistake of the Seventy, who confounded llpl from li^*], 'to pierce/ with ΠΡ"Ι from ΠΡ"^, 'to dance': but (i) Codd. 22, 23, 26, 36, 57, 62, 68, 86, 87, 95, 97, ii4j 157^ 185, 228, 238, 240, some of which, e.g. 26, 86, are of authority, read εξεκβντησαν ; (2) εξεκεντησαν was read by the Greek Fathers, e.g. Clem. Alex. p. 984, and hence also in ps.-Ignat. ad Trail. 10 ; (3) it was read in the recension which underlies the Latin version used by Tertullian, who Vi?>ts pupugerunl or compugerunl in contexts which show clearly that he is quoting Zecharias, e.g. c. Judaeos c. 14, p. 148, c. Marc. 3, p. 671, by Cyprian Testim. 2, p. 294, and by Lactantius Instil. 4. 18. It may reasonably be supposed that St. John's quotation, c. 18. 37, is from the same recension : it may also not unreasonably be supposed, from the use which was made of the quotation in the Judaeo-Christian contro- versy, that the alteration in the text of the LXX. was from εξεκεντησαν to κατωρχησαντο, and not the reverse, and that it w^as made by Jews and not by Christians. This hypothesis will be still more probable if it be true that the LXX. text has been handed down by a Jewish rather than by a Christian tradition.
I. 12 is a quotation of LXX. Is. 63. 17.
II. 13, 14 are a quotation of LXX. Is. 64. 11 with the exception of the substitution of eh όνειδος for πνρίκαυστος : the LXX. text of the passage is quoted exactly in Apol. i. 47, which is one of many indications that this cento was a separate poem.
It may be noted as a common feature of all these quota- tions, v^hether from Clement, Barnabas, or Justin, that they are introduced by the same formulae which are used for quotations of single passages of the canonical books. The
214 ON COMPOSITE QUOTATIONS FROM THE SEPTUAGINT.
formulae are, in Clement, (i) Aeyet [sc. το ayiov τν^υμα], (2) δια τον ττνζύματοί του αγίου οΰτωί τταρακαλξΐταυ ημάί, is) ^.eyet γαρ η γραφή, (4) γίγρατΐται γαρ, (5) οΰτω? φησίν δ άγιοί λόγο^. In Barnabas, (ι) Xeyet ό 'προφητ€ύων €π αυτω, (2) Xey€6 6 Ίτροφητη^, (3) ττώς Aeyet κύριοι καταργών αυτόν ; In Justin Μ., (ι) βοα [^sc. το άγων ττνξυμα], (2) δια Ζαχαριου του προφήτου ττροφητξνθέντα ζλ^χθη οντωί.
VI. ON ORIGEN'S REVISION OF THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB^
There is ample evidence that the original LXX. text of the book of Job was much shorter than that which has come down to us in existing MSS. ; that the original text was revised by Origen in order to bring it into conformity with the Hebrew; that the passages which were absent from the LXX. text, but present in the Hebrew, were supplied by him from the version of Theodotion ; and that the text of all existing Greek MSS. is the revised and composite text which Origen thus formed.
The divergences between the earlier and the later texts are indicated by Origen himself [Epist. ad African.^ Op. ed. Delarue, vol. i. p. 15) as consisting in the omission in the Greek of ' frequently three or four, sometimes fourteen or nineteen verses': the total amount of such omissions is said by Jerome to have been 700 or 800 verses {Praef, in Hiob^ tom. ix. 1097).
The passages which were absent from the original LXX, text, and which were supplied by Origen from Theodotion, were marked by him in his text of the Hexapla with an
* The author thinks it due both to himself and to Professor G, Bickell to say that although he had read his dissertation De indole ac ratione Versionis Alexandrinae in interpretatido libro Jobi (Marburg, 1862) before delivering the lecture on which the present essay is based, and derived from it, as he has since derived from his papers in the Zeitschrift fiir katholische Theologie, some valuable hints, the views which he here sets forth were suggested to him in- dependently, in the course of his examination of early quotations from the LXX., by the fact that Clement of Alexandria {Strom. 4. 26, p. 641) quotes, or appears to quote, c. xxxvi. 10-12 in the form which it had before Origen's revision : that is to say vv. \ob, ii are omitted•
2i6 ON origen's revision of
asterisk : and these asterisks have been preserved in three distinct groups of authorities :
(i) They are found in two Greek MSS. of the LXX., the Colbert MS. 195^^ in the Bibliothkque Nationale at Paris, and the Vatican MS. 346 (which was collated for Holmes and Parsons, and is numbered ^^48 in their list).
(2) They are also found in at least two Latin MSS., viz. the Bodleian MS. (God. Lat. 2426, which contains the Old Latin version, and Jerome's version separately) ; and a MS. which was formerly in the monastery of Marmoutiers (God. Majoris Monasterii), and which was published by Martianay in his edition of Jerome, vol. i, and reprinted by Sabatier in his Biblioriim Sacrorum Latinae Ver stones Antiqtiae.
(3) They are also found in the Syro-Hexaplar version, i, e. the Syriac version which the monophysite bishop, Paulus Telensis, made in A. D. 617, from one of Eusebius's copies of Origen's Hexapla. The book of Job in this version exists only in one MS., now in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, which has been published (i) by Middle- dorp in the Codex Syriaco-hexaplaris (Berlin, 1835), (2) more recently in facsimile by Geriani (Milan, 1876).
To these three texts and versions which preserve Origen's asterisks has recently been made the important addition of a version of the text itself as it existed before Origen's time. It is the Sahidic ( = Thebaic) version, which is (with the exception of the last leaves, which are at Naples) con- tained in a MS. in the Museum Borgianum at Rome : its only lacuna, c. xxxix. 9-xl. 7, can be supplied from a Sahidic MS. at Paris ^.
It is of importance to note that these several sources of
' The only information which I possess of this version is contained in a letter of Bishop Agapios Bsciai to the Monitetir de Rome of October 26, 1883, quoted at length by Lagarde Mittheilungen, No. 21, p. 203. The letter is sufficient for the present purpose inasmuch as it contains a list of the passages which the Sahidic version omits.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 2T7
evidence in the main agree : they differ, as must be expected when critical marks are transferred from one MS. to another at wide intervals of time, in the length of the obelized passages : but they agree in all important instances, and there is an especial agreement between the Syro-Hexaplar and the Sahidic versions.
The question to the consideration of which the present essay is designed to be a contribution is. How are we to account for these wide divergences between the original and the later texts of the LXX. ?
i. It seems probable that some of them are due to a care- less or unintelligent correction of the text by Origen or his scribe : of this the following four passages are examples :
In c. ix. 3 there is a double version of ^33JJ^ δ^7, (i) ov μη νπακονση αυτω, {2) ϊνα μή avTeiirr]. The former of thesc IS due to Symmachus and Theodotion : the latter is probably a modification of an original LXX. reading ov μη άντ^ίπη, which has survived in the readings ουδέ μη avreinjj in Cod. 254, and ούδ* ου μή άντίίπϊ] in the margin of Cod. 250.
In c. xxiii. 14, 15 the translation of the Hebrew of v. 14 is omitted, and V. 15 is translated twice,
(1) V. 14 δια τοΰτο iir αυτω ίσπούδακα'
νονθ€Τονμ€νος 5e (φρόντισα αντον.
(2) V. 15 fVi τούτω άπο προσώπου αυτόν κατασπουδασθώ*
κατανοήσω κα\ πτοηθήσομαι e^ αύτου.
Of these two versions the first is that of the LXX., the second that of Theodotion. That is to say, Origen substituted the more accurate version of Theodotion for that of the LXX., but either he or his scribe erased v. 14 by mistake for v. 15.
In c. xxviii. 26, 27 there is apparently a double rendering
of nnaO^^^ ΠΝΊ TX, viz. (l) όντως Ιδών ήρίθμησ€, (2) τότί eidev αντήν
κα\ €ξηγήσατο αυτήν. The first of these renderings is probably the translation of the LXX., since άριθμ^Ίν is used to translate "iSp in xiv. 16, xxxviii. 37, xxxix. 2 : the second is that of Theododon. But the translation of ΡΠ "it3K)p is omitted : and the first of the above translations takes its place, so that the passage gives no
2i8 ON origen's revision of
intelligible sense. The explanation is probably to be found in the fact that according to Codd. Marm. Bodl. and the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. the words κα\ όδον . . . ίξηγησατο αντην Were inserted from Theodotion : when this was done the words οΰτως ldu>u ηρίθμησε of the original translation should have been erased : when they were left in by the negligence or ignorance of a scribe, the object of ore €ποίησ€ν, i.e. vera πρόσταγμα (or equivalent words), was omitted as destroying the symmetry of the στίχοι.
The original form of the LXX. translation of vv. 24-28 may be supposed to have been as follows :
23 0 θ(6ς €v συνβστησβν αντης την όδόν,
avTos δε οι'δε τον τόπον αντης' 2 4 avTos yap την νπ* ουρανον πασαν ζφορα^
ilbois τα iv τγι yfj πάντα' 2 5 [Ρ"^^] €ποίησ€ν άνίμων σταθμόν,
vdaTos re μ€τρα [jjrot/iaae] 26 6τ€ (ποίησαν [ίζτω πρόσταγμα^
[όδόι/ re κυ8οιμων1' 2*] ^τότί^ Ι^ων ηρίθμησ€,
€Τθΐμάσας βζιχνίασξν' 28 eiTre δε άνθρωπω. Ιδού ή θ€οσ€β(ίά €στι σοφία,
το δε άπ€χ€σθαι άπο κακών €στ\ν επιστήμη.
The words in brackets are conjectural : the reason for each of them is as follows : in vv. 24, 25 Cod. Β reads πάντα Ιποίησ^ν,
Codd. AC^ 254 πάντα a (ποίησαν ξποίησ^ν δε, Codd. 23, 55, 68, 1 57, 160, 161, 250, 252, 255, 256, 257, 260, 26 r πάντα a εποίησαν, Codd. 106, 1 10, 137, 139, 147, 248, 249, 255, 258, 259 πάντα re α βποίησ^ν, Codd. I38, 251, 254 πάντα οσα €ποίησ€ν : since οτβ follows in the next verse, and since the Hebrew TN requires τότ€ (which Theodotion has) in v. 27, it may be conjectured, in face of the great variety of readings, and not out of harmony with it, that otc was read here. In v. 25 the missing translation of ]'?^ may be supplied by ήτοίμασ^, since the same Hebrew verb is translated by €τοιμάζ€ΐν in the song of Hannah, i Sam. 2. 3. In v. 26 the missing translation of ""^W is clearly, as elsewhere, Ιίτω and that of ΡΠ may be πρόσταγμα, as in c. xxvi. 10: the translation of Hipp ΓίΠ? "ϊρΊ) was probably 686v re κυδοιμών as in c. xxxviii. 25.
In c. xxix. 10, II the words "'^"}.?ϊ?ί!ΐ1 ^νΌψ ]]}< "Ί are translated, (l) ot δε άκονσαντ€ς ίμακάρισάν μ€, (2) more literally, on ovs ηκονσ€ καί
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 219
€μακάρισ€ μ€ : the first of these translations takes the place of the translation of ^^^^nj ΰ'•1''3ί"")^ρ^ « the voice of the nobles was hid ' : and it, rather than the second, is likely to have been the LXX. translation because the noun ]ψ (in the dual) is translated by the verb oKoveiv elsewhere, viz. c. xiii. 17, Ezek. ix. 5 : x. 13. Cod. 248 obelizes v. 1 1, the Syr. Hex. and Sahid. obelize vv. 10 i5, 11 a. These facts taken together seem to point to the existence of an earlier text, and the simplest hypothesis as to its form is that v. 1 1 in the Hebrew is a duplication of v. 10, and that vv. 10 <5, 11 α in the Greek are a duplication of vv. go, 10 a.
ii. It is conceivable that some of the divergences are due to the circumstances under w^hich the translation v^^as originally made. It was made after Judaism had come into contact with Greek philosophy. It may be presumed to have been intended not only for Greek speaking Jews but also for aliens. The tendency, which found its highest Hterary expression in Philo, to show that Judaism was in harmony with Greek culture, may have influenced the mind of the translator, and led him to soften down some of the vivid Semitic anthropomorphisms, and throw a veil over some of the terrors of the law. Even in the Pentateuch which from its greater sacredness, and from its liturgical use, was translated with especial fidelity, a paraphrase or circum- locution sometimes takes the place of the literal expression of an idea which a philosopher would have found difficult to assimilate : and it is natural to expect that a poetical book, to which no idea of special sanctity was attached, and which had no liturgical use, should be translated with some freedom.
But the hypothesis of the intentional omission of passages which were out of harmony with the Hellenized theology of Alexandria, though it may in some cases be true, is inadequate, because, in the first place, it would account for only a small proportion of the passages which were absent from the original version : and because, in the second place,
220 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
many passages which remain have the same theological character as those which are omitted.
The same remarks would apply to the hypothesis that the omissions are due to the difficulty of the language in certain passages : it would account for only a few of the obelized passages : it would not explain the fact that many passages are omitted of which the translation is easy, and that many remain of which the translation is difficult.
Two other hypotheses remain : the one is that the book was more or less arbitrarily curtailed by the translator : the other is that at a time subsequent to its first translation the original Hebrew text was amplified, and that the original LXX. text represents, in the main, this original Hebrew.
The first of these hypotheses is improbable, nor does it admit of either proof or disproof. The second is not without its difficulties, but it at least bears examination. I propose in the following pages to test its truth, and its sufficiency as an explanation of the facts, by enquiring how far the passages which Origen inserted can be omitted without detriment to the argument of the poem.
The passages to which the hypothesis is chiefly applicable occur in the third (c. xxii-xxxi) and fourth (c. xxxii-xxxvii) groups of speeches : but there are also some passages in the second group (c. xiv-xxi) and in the fifth (c. xxxviii-xlii. 6). I propose to give some examples from the second and third groups, but to deal mainly with the fourth, the speeches of Elihu : there is the more reason for doing this because the speeches of Elihu are, from the point of view of a critic, the most interesting portion of the book, and because it is hoped that the hypothesis which is here adduced may help to solve some of the more difficult problems which the criticism of those speeches involves.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 221
i. The second group of Speeches : c. xiv-xxi. c. xvii. ^-S.
vv. ^-^ a are obelized in Cod. Colb. and in the Sahid. : vv. '>^-^ in Cod. Marm. : wv. '^b, 4.b^ ^a in Syr.-Hex.
The obelized words are difficult of explanation in both the Hebrew and the Greek : their omission gives a con- secutive sense which is even clearer in the Greek than in the Hebrew. It may be noted that the Greek and Hebrew of v. 2 are quite different : but since the Greek is in harmony with the sense of the non-obelized verses i, 6, 7, 8 it may be supposed that it represents a lost Hebrew verse, which was displaced when vv. '^-^ were inserted : in other words V. 'i in the Hebrew belongs to the added portion, but in the Greek belongs to the original.
1 οΚξκομαι "^ ιτνΐνματι φ^μόμ^νος, I am consumed, being agitated in
spirit (?) : Βΐομαι Se ταφής και ov τυγχάνω' I pray for the grave, and obtain
it not.
2 Χίσσομαι κάμνων, I am weary with entreating. και τι ποίησας ; And what hast thou done ?
3 (κλίψαν Se μου τα υπάρχοντα And strangers have stolen my
άλΧότριοι' goods,
Tis koTiv cvTos ; Trj χβιρί μου Who is this one ? let him strike
συνδίθήτω' hands with me :
4 oTi Kapbiav αυτών (κρυψα^ άττό For thou hast hid their heart
φρονήσ€ω5, from understanding :
Sia τούτο ου /χτ) υψώσχίζ αυτούί' Therefore shalt thou not exalt
them.
^ In this, as in the other quotations in this chapter which are arranged in parallel columns, inasmuch as neither a critical discussion of the meaning of the variants of the Greek text nor a philological discussion of the meaning of the Hebrew would be pertinent to its main point, (i) the LXX. is quoted, except where otherwise specified, from the Sixtine text, (2) the Revised English Version has been followed wherever the meaning of the Hebrew approximates to that of the Greek. Where the Hebrew text varies to any great extent from the Greek, an independent translation of the latter has been given. The Roman type indicates the Revised Version, the Italic type indicates an independent translation of the Greek : the larger type indicates what the author believes to have been the original text of the book, the smaller type the passages which he believes to have been added.
222
ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
5 T^ yiteptSt άΐ'α77€λ€Γ κακίας, ?
οφθαλμοί δΐ Ιφ' vlois Ιτάκησαν Even the eyes of his children
failed :
6 %βον be με θρύλλημα iv (θνεσι, Thou didst make me also a by-
word among the people : yi\(cs he avrois άπ^βψ' And I became a laughing-stock to
them.
7 πιπώρωνται yap απ οργής oi Mine eye also is dim by reason
οφθαλμοί μου, of Wratk,
π(πολιόρκημαι μ€γάλω5 νπο πάν- I am besieged greatly by all men. των.
c. xxi. 38-33.
These verses are obelized in all the authorities : and Cod. 248 adds to them v. 27 b.
The sense will be found to run on, and even more clearly in the Greek than in the Hebrew, from v. 27 to v. 34. The obelized section may be regarded as a poetical expansion of either v. 27 or v. 34 a.
27 ώστε οίδα υμάς,
on τόλμη €πικ€ΐσθ€ μοι.
28 ώστε epHve, Τΐοΰ Ιστιν oJkos
άρχοντοί ; και τΓον Ιστιν ή σκίιτη των σκηνωμάτων των άσεβων ;
29 (ρωτη(Χατ€ ΐΓαραττορ€υομίνον$
όδυν, καΐ τα σημίΐα αύτων ουκ άπαλ-
λοτριώσ€τ€. 3θ ΟΤΙ ds ήμίραν άιτωλύα5 κουφί-
ζ€ται δ πονηροί els -ήμίραν ορηψ αύτοΰ άπα-
χθήσονται.
31 τίί άπαγ^ίΚζΐ Ιττί προαώπον
αντον TTjv δδόν αύτοΰ ; καΐ avTOs Ιττοίησί, tis ανταπο- δώσει αύτω ;
32 και avTos els τάφουί άπη-
ν^^χθη, καΐ avTos eni σωρών η^ρύννη- aev.
So that I know you,
That with boldness ye set upon me :
So that ye will say, Where is the
house of the prince ? And where is the shelter of the
tents of the wicked ? Ye asked them that go by the
way, And their tokens ye shall not
estrange. That the evil man is reserved to
the day of calamity. That they shall he led forth to the
day of wrath. Who shall declare his way to his
face? And who shall repay him what
he hath done ? Yet hath he been borne to the
grave, And hath kept watch over the
tomb:
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 223
33 ί-γλυκάνθησαν αντω χάλίκ€$ The cuj>s of the brook have been
χαμάρρον sweet unto him,
και δηίσω αντοΰ was άνΘρωπο$ And all men shall draw after
aireXevaerai, him,
καΐ €μτΓροσθ€ν αντου άναριθμη- As there were innumerable before
Toi' him :
34 πως be παρακάλ€Ϊτβ μ€ K€va 'j How then comfort ye me in
vain? TO be €μ€ καταπαύσασθαι αφ* And rest for me from you is there
νμων ovdev, none.
ii. TAe third group of Speeches : c. xxii-xxxi.
c. xxiv. J4c-iSa.
These verses are obelized in Codd. Colb. Marm., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahidic : so also in Cod. Vat. except V. 14 c, and in Cod. Bodl. except vv. 14 c, J 5 a, δ.
The omission of the obelized verses gives an intelli- gible sequence of ideas. In LXX. v. 13 Job enquires why God does not visit the wicked who oppress the poor and know not the way of righteousness. The answer is at once given in LXX. v. 14 a, b, that when He takes cogni- zance of their deeds He delivers them over to darkness : and this idea of punishment is continued in v. i8<5, ' may their portion be cursed upon earth, and their fruits be withered.'
The insertion of the obelized section, on the contrary, interrupts the sequence, and appears almost like a digres- sion leading off from the double sense of σκ6το<ί. In v. 14 <^ it is used in the sense of ' Sheol,' but in v. 14^ it is ap- parently taken in the sense of ' night,' and this leads to the thought of the thief and the adulterer.
The entire absence of correspondence between the Greek and the Hebrew in vv. 33^, 14^, b, 18 i:, 19, 10 a, b makes it possible to suppose that the introduction of the obelized
224 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
section led to changes in the verses immediately preceding and following it.
1 3 avTos be Bia τι τοντων Ιτησκοττην Why has he not made a visitation
ου ττίποίηται ; /or these things Ρ
erri yrjs όντων αντων και ουκ Upon earth they Were, and they
βτΓβγι/ωσαΐ', acknowledged him not,
14 obov he δικαιοσύνης ουκ fjdeiaav But the way of righteousness they
knew not, oide ατραπούς αίιτης €πορεύβη- Neither walked they in the paths
σαι/. thereof.
ψους de αυτών τα epya, But ivhen he took knowledge of
their works παρί^ωκίν αυτούς eh σκότος. He delivered them over to darkness.
και vvKTos 'έσται ws κλ€πτη5• And at night he slmll be as a
thief:
15 Kox δφθαλμυε μοιχού efvXa^e The eye also of the adulterer
aKOTos, waiteth for the darkness,
Xeywv, Ού irpovorjaei μe δψθαλ- Saying, No eye shall see me,
μ05, και άιτοκρνβ^ν -ηροσώττου eOero• And he putteth a covering on his
face :
16 διώρυξ€ν Iv cKOrei οίκΐαί, In the dark they dig through
houses, ήμίραί Ισφρά^ισαν eavTous, They shut themselves up in the
day-time, ουκ ίττί^νωσαν <ρω$. They know not the light.
1 7 oTi ομοθυμαδόν avTois το πρωϊ For the morning is to all of them
σκιά θανάτου, as the shadow of death,
oTi Ιτη^νώσίται ταράχαί CKids For he shall know the terrors of
θανάτου. the shadow of death.
18 (λαφρ65 koTiv eirl πρόσωπον He is swift upon the face of the
ϋδατο5• waters :
καταραθύη fj μίρις αυτών em γης, May their portion be cursed upon
earth,
19 άναφαν€ίη 8e τα φυτά αυτών επι May their trees appear barren
γης ξηρά' upon earth.
άγκαλίΒα γαρ ορφανών ηρπασαν' For they plundered the armful
[gleanings ?) of orphans.
20 eir' άν€μνησθη αυτού ή αμαρτία' Then his sin Was remembered, ωσπΐρ be ομίχλη δρόσου αφανής And as the mist of deW he
cycj/cro* Vanished ;
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 225
συντρίβζίη 8e ttus άδικος Ισα' And may every unrighteous man ξνλω άνιάτγ. be broken like a tree that cannot
be healed.
c. xxvi. 5-11.
The following verses are obelized :
vv. 5-10 in Codd. Colb. Marm., vv. 5-1 1 in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid., vv. 6-10 in the Cod. Vat. In Cod. Bodl. c. xxvi forms a continuation of the speech of Bildad in c. 25 : there are five asterisks, but it is not clear where they are meant to begin and end.
The omission would make the description of the power of God shorter, but not less emphatic : the obelized verses give a poetical expansion of the main idea, but do not materially add to it.
It may be noted that v. 14 a, b, also is obelized in the Syr.-Hex. As that verse stands (i) its first two clauses Ihov . , . . h αυτω would be less intelligible if it had been preceded by only the short enumeration of God's ways which the omission of vv. 5-1 1 would leave, (2) its last clause is in intelligible sequence with vv. 12, 13, and it may possibly have been immediately preceded by a clause which was omitted when vv. 5-1 1, 14 a, b^ were inserted.
c. xxviii. 13-22. The following verses are obelized : vv. 13-19 in Cod. Vat.
vv. 14-19 in Codd. Colb. Marm., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. V. 21 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. : v. 21 3 in Codd. Bodl. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 22a\Ti the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
The sequence of ideas is not in any way disturbed by the omission of the section vv. 14-19, which amplify the main thought of the passage with singular poetical beauty, but do not add to its substance.
Q
220
ON ORIGEN S REVISION OF
It will be noted that v. 20 is a repetition in both form and substance of v. 12, and v. 21 <2, in substance though not in form, of v. 13 ; and also that v. 22 is in substance ana- logous to vv. 14 sqq. Consequently v. 23 begins an answer which is common to both the sections vv. 11-19 and 20-22.
There is another fact which enters into the consideration of the original form of the passage, viz. that Clement of Alexandria {Strom. 6. 6^ p. 763) possibly, or probably, quotes vv. 20, 21 in a form which does not survive in any existing MS. of the LXX. : Aeyet 6 αδτ]? rr^ άττωλεια* etdos μ\ν avTov ουκ €lbo^€V, φωνην 6e αντου ηκονσαμ^ν. If these words be a quotation from this passage, they may be taken to be a relic either of the original form of the passage, which was modified when vv. 14-19 were inserted, or of the poem which was incorporated with it.
12 ή δε σοφία noOev (νρίθη ; Where shall wisdom be found?
TTolos δε τόπος earl της άπιστη- And where is the place of under- standing ? Man knoweth not the way
thereof : Neither is it found a?fiong men :
The deep saith, It is not in me :
And the sea saith, It is not with me.
He shall not give . . .for it :
Neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof. * * *
* * 5f!
[Whence then cometh wisdom ? And where is the place of under- standing ? Seeing it is hid from the eyes of all living,] And kept close from the fowls of the air.
13 ovK oice βροτος Sdop αντης,
ovBe μην ίνρίθη iv άνθρώποις.
14 άβυσσο$ (Ίπ^ν Ουκ eveariv kv
ίμοί' και ή θάλασσα etnev Ουκ ev- ecTiv μ€τ' (μου.
15 ου δώσα συ-^κΧπσμον αντ'
nvTrjs, κα\ ου σταθήσ^ται άρ-γύριον άντάλλαΎμα avrijs.
VV. 16, 17, 18, iQ * * *
* * *
20 Γί? δε σοφία ττόθ^ν ζίιρίθη j Tccios he τόπος ear) της σννίσζως]
21 ΧζΚηθΐ πάντα ανθρωπονΛ
Hal άπ6 ΊΓ^τ^ινόύν του ουρανού ΐκρύβη.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 22 7
22 jy άττώλΗα καΐ δ θάνατοί ΐΐτταν Destruction and death say άκηκόαμίν δέ αύτψ το KXios We have heard a rumour thereof
with our ears :
23 δ θώς €v συν^στησΐν αντης την God understandeth the way
όδόν, thereof,
avTos δε olde τον τόπον αντης. And he knoweth the place
thereof.
c. xxxi. 1-4.
These verses are obelized in Cod. 248, and in the Syr.- Hex. and Sahid. : parts of vv. 1-3 are obelized in Codd. Marm. Bodl.
The verses are in no way necessary to the general argu- ment ; the section which begins with c. xxxi. 6 is in a more natural sequence with c. xxx. than c. xxxi. i.
iii. T/ie Speeches of Elihu.
I. The first speech, c. xxxii. 6-xxxiii.
In the first speech of Elihu there are two groups of obelized passages, (i) xxxii. 11-17, (2) xxxiii. 28-33.
(i) xxxii. 11-17. The following verses are obelized :
V. 1 1 in Cod. Marm. : 1 1 3 in Codd. Colb. Vat., and in Syr.-Hex.
V. 1 2 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm., in Syr.-Hex., and Sahid.
V. 13 in Codd. Colb. Marm. : 13 iz in Sahid.
V. 14 in Cod. Marm.
V. 15 in Codd. Colb. Marm., in Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 16 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm., in Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 17 in Cod. Marm.
It is probable that vv. 11-17 were all absent from the original text. It will be noted that the Hebrew has the same clause at the end of v. 10 and at the end of v. 16, ''^^'Π^ ^'yi Ti^yy^ : the intervening words form a separable section : and the connexion of ideas between v. 10 and the
228
ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
beginning of v. 17 is close and natural, 'I said, Hearken to me ; I also will shew mine opinion. For I am full of words.'
6 ν€ωτ€ρος μ€ν et/xt τω χρονω νμ€ΐς
de iare πρεσβύτεροι dio ησύχασα φοβηθείς τον νμίν άναγγείλαί την εμαντον (πί- στη μην.
7 (ΐπα δβ "Οτι ουχ ό χρόνος [Cod.
Α €Ϊπον δε οτι χρόνος^ εστίν
6 Χολών, iv πολλοΓί δε ετεσιν οΐ'δασι
σοφίαν. 9 ονχ οΐ πολυχρόνιοι είσι σοφοί, ουδ' οι yipovTCs ο'ίδασι κρίμα.
Ι Ο διό είπα, ακούσατε μου, κα\ αναγ- γελία ύμιν α oiba.
11 ενωτίζεσθε μου τα ρήματα, ε ρω
yap υμών άκονόντων, ό,χρίί ου ετάσητε Koyovs.
1 2 και μέχρι υμών σννησω,
καΐ Ιδού OV/C ην εν Ίώβ εΚε^χων,
άναποκρινόμενο5 βήματα αύτοΰ Ι£ υμών
13 tJ'tt p-rj εϊπητε Ένρομεν σοφίαν
κνρίφ -προσθεμένοι'
14 άνθρώπω δε επετ ρίχνατε Χαλησαι
τοιαύτα ρήματα.
15 επτοήθησαν, ουκ άιτεκρίθησαν
ετι, ετταΚαίωσαν εζ αυτών λόγου?• ΐ6 υπέμεινα ου yap ελάλησα,
οτι έστησαν ουκ άπεκρίθησαν.
1 7 (υπολαβων δε Έλιους λέγει, πάλιν λαλήσω^ πλήρης yap ειμί ρημάτων ωλεκει γάρ με το πνεύμα της γάστρας.
Ι am young, and ye are very old :
Wherefore I held back, and durst not shew you mine opinion.
I said, Days should speak,
And multitude of years should
teach wisdom. It is not the ancients that are wise, Nor the aged that understand
judgment Therefore I said, Hearken to me,
I also will shew mine opinion.
Give ear tinto fny words,
For I will speak while ye listen,
Until ye have searched out what to
say. Yea I attended unto you, And behold there was none that
convinced Job, Or that answered his words among
you, Beware lest ye say, We have found
y^'vsAovci^being joined to the Lord. But it was a ?nan that ye permitted
to speak such words : They are amazed, they answer no
more : They have not a word to say. / waited, for I spake not, Because they stood still, and an- swered no more.
For I am full of words The spirit of my belly straineth me.
con-
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 2 29
i8 ^ Sc γαστηρ μου ωσπ^ρ άσκος Behold my belly is as wine that yXevKOvs ζίων debephos, hath no vent ;
η ωσπ€ρ φνσητηρ χαλκ€ω5 ^ρρη- Or like a smitK s hellows hurst- ^ώί. ing :
19 λαλήσω ΐνα άναπανσωμαι, I will speak that I may be re- freshed,
άνυίξας τα χ^ίλη' I will open my lips and answer.
There are two other points, besides the fact of their being obelized, which give an exceptional character to vv. 11-17.
(i) With the exception of v. iS δ (where the LXX. prob- ably read νΤΊΠ, ' a smith,' instead of ^70' * i^^w') the trans- lation of the rest of the speech follows the Hebrew closely, whereas that of vv. 11-17 in several instances varies widely from it.
(2) The obelized verses are characterized by great varieties of reading, especially in vv. 11, 16, which, on the hypothesis which has been offered, form the points of junction between the original and the added portions.
The more noteworthy of these variants are the follow- ing:
In V. II Codd. BS^ and the Syr.-Hex. omit βρώ γάρ, w^hich makes the sentence unintelligible ; Cod. A, and other Codd. which are mentioned by Olympiodorus (ap. Field's Hexapla z'n loc.) add after άκονόντων the duplicate, and more accurate, translation l8ov ήκονσα
τους λόγους νρων' (νωτισάμην ρίχρι σννεσζως υρων '. SO Cod. 23, with
the addition of yap after ιδού, and with a further duplication of κα\
€ως υρων συνησω after συνέσεως υμών. It must be SUppOSed that there
were several concurrent versions of the passage, and that the reading of the Sixtine text, which is that of the majority of MSS., is a scribe's compound.
In V. 16 Cod. A has €λάλησαν : Cod. 254 has ^σίγησαν for ίστησαν I
Codd. 106, 110, 137, 138, 139, 147, 161, 249, 251, 255, 256, 258, 260, 261, Colb., and the Syr.-Hex. add on αποκριθώ κάγω pepos after άπ€κρίθησαν, SO, without οτι, 259 : of these words Cod. Colb. men- tions that pepos {to μέρος μου) IS due to Symmachus. It may be noted
230 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
that although the words represent the Hebrew ^ϊ^^'Π ""JN-PiN njJfX they leave the following half of the verse, ιβδ, which is a repetition of V. 10 b, untranslated. This is entirely in harmony with the hypo- thesis that ιβΒ was only needed to serve as a point of junction between the added section and the following words of the original text . . . . ' For I am full of words.' It may be further noted, as a mark pointing in the same direction, that the want of such words in the current text of the LXX. probably accounts for the interpolation, which has no equivalent in the Hebrew, -noKiv λαλήσω.
{2>) xxxiii. 27-33.
Three sets of facts must be considered in relation to this section.
(i) The follow^ing verses are obelized :
vv. 28-29 ^^ Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl., in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
vv. 31-33 in Codd. Colb. Bodl., in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. vv. 32-33 in Codd. Vat. Marm.
In other words vv. 27, 30 are the only verses of the section which remain in the Colbert text of the Greek, in the Bodleian text of the Latin, or in the Syriac and Sahidic versions.
(ii) After v. 30 Codd. A, 23, and the margin of the Syr.- Hex., insert the following words :
ντΓολαβων δε Έλιούί Xeyei,
άκονσατ€ μου σόφοί, (πιστάμΐνοι (Ρωτιζ^σθαι το καλόν'
δη €φηκ€ν Ίώ/3 [23 OmitS Ίώ/3] Ίδον ταϋτα πάντα ipyarai 6 Ισχυρός
όδους τρίίς μ€τα avdpos,
του €πιστρ€ψαι ψυχην αυτοΰ βκ διαφθοράς,
του φωτίσαι αυτω iv φωτΐ ζώντων.
Of these words, lines ι, 2 are the beginning of c. xxxiv, as it stands in most MSS. : the Sixtine text omits το καλόν. It will be noted below that vv. 3, 4 of c. xxxiv are obelized, so that not only lines i, 2, but also the words otl ζϊρηκ^ν
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 23I
^1(ύβ, belong to that chapter. This fact is a strong cor- roboration of the hypothesis that at any rate vv. 31-33 did not form part of the original text. The words that follow, ibov ταντα . . . ζώντων, are a duplicate, and more exact, trans- lation of vv. 29, 30. They are altogether out of place in the mouth of Job, and do not contain the opinions which Elihu proceeds to answer.
(iii) Neither the text nor the meaning of the Greek of V. 2y is certain : but no meaning can be attached to any form of the text which will bring it into harmony with the Hebrew : and neither the Greek nor the Hebrew is in intelligible sequence with the context.
The general result is that, in the original text of the speech, vv. 28, 31, 32, ^^ were certainly omitted, and that the speech ended with v. 30, which is not obelized in any of the MSS. or versions, and the true form of \vhich is preserved in the duplicate translation in Codd. A, 23. To these omissions that of v. 27 should probably be added : but although v. 29 is obelized by all the authorities, the fact that it is preserved with v. 30 in the duplicate translation, and that it coheres well with the general sense of the passage, raises a presumption in favour of its retention.
The following is suggested as having been probably the original form of the passage, the inserted portions being printed in smaller type :
26 €υξάμ€νο5 δε προς κνριον κα\ He prayeth unto God and he is
δεκτά αυτω €σται, favourable unto him,
elaeXevaerni προσώπω ΐΚαρω σνν So that he Secth his face with
(ξηγορία- joy,
άποΒά)σ€ΐ δε άνθρώποις δίκαιο- And he restoreth unto man his
σύνην righteousness :
27 εΓτα τότε άττομίμχρίται άνθρωττοί
εαυτό) Κίηων Οία συν^τίΚουν,
232 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
Kal ουκ άξια ητασί μι ων And it was not requited unto me : ημαρτον
28 σωσον φυχην μου τον μτ) €\θ(ΐν He hath redeemed my soul from
ds διαφθοράν, going into the pit,
και ή ζούή μου φώ$ οψ^ται. And my life shall behold the light.
29 Ihov ταντα πάντα epyarai 6 Lo, all these things doth God
Ισχυροί work,
Sdovs τ pels μ€τα avbpos' Twice, yea thrice, with a man,
30 [Codd. A, 23.]
του imaTpe^ai ψνχψ αντον eK To bring back his soul from the
διαφθοράς^ pit
τον φωτισαι αντω iv φωτι ζών- That he may be enlightened with
των the light of the living.
[Codd. BCS cett.]
αλλ' €ρρύσατο την ψνχην μου €κ But he rescued viy soul J'rom
θανάτου, death,
ίνα η ζωη μου iv φωτ\ αΐν^ That my life might praise him in
αυτόν. the light.
3 1 (νωτίζον ^Ια}β και ακουί μου, Mark well, Ο Job, hearken unto me : κώψ€νσον και hyai (Ίμι λαλήσω. Hold thy peace and I will speak.
32 ti (Ισί σοι λοΎοι, άποκρίθητί If thou hast anything to say answer
μοί' me :
λάλησον, Θέλω yap ζικαιωθήναί Speak for I desire to justify thee.
33 d μή, συ άκουσον μου' If not, hearken thou unto me : κωφίνσον καΧ δι5άξω σ€. Hold thy peace, and I will teach
thee wisdom.
2. T/ie second speech of Elihu, c. xxxiv.
In the second speech of Elihu there are two groups of obelized passages, (i) vv. ^-j, (2) vv. 2,3-^3»
(i) vv. ^-7. The following verses are obelized :
vv. 3, 4 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
vv. 6 3, 7 in Codd. Colb. Marm. Bodl,, and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
v. 8 Λ in Cod. Bodl. and in the Syr.-Hex.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 233
The variants are not important except in v. 8, where the most noteworthy are the following :
Codd. 139, 147, 256 omit ουχ άμαρτων ούδε άσφησας'. Codd. A, 23
read ούδβ, Codd. CS^ 106, no, 137, 138, 139, 147, 157, 160, 161, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, read ονδ* δλωί, Cod. 249 reads η 6^ov, Cod. 260 reads η old' 6λως, for rj οι5δ' ου of Cod. Β and the Sixtine text : Cod. A adds 6dov after
κοινωνησας.
The omission of vv. 3, 4 is supported, as mentioned above, by the readings of Codd. A, 23 in v. 30 of the pre- ceding chapter : and it helps rather than hurts the sense of the passage. The main difficulty is that of v. Sa which has no equivalent in the Hebrew, and which, as the passage stands, affords no intelligible sense : this may account for its being obelized in Cod. Bodl. and the Syr.-Hex. The difficulty may perhaps be solved by noting that if v. 6 δ be rightly obelized, v. 6 is left without a second member, and by conjecturing that 8 ^ is that second member. On this hypothesis the whole passage originally read as follows : the added portions are printed, as before, in smaller type.
2 άκονσατ€ μου σοφοί, Hear my words, ye wise men ; (πιστάμ^νοι €νωτίζ€σθ€. And give ear unto me ye that
have knowledge.
3 oTt CVS Xo^ovs δοκιμάζίΐ For the ear trieth words καΐ λάρνγξ yeverai βρώσιν. As the palate tasteth meat.
4 κρίσιν ίΚώμίθα kavTois, Let us choose for us that which is
right: γ/ώμίν avh μέσον ίαυτων 6 Tt Let us know among ourselves what
καλόν. is good.
5 on €Ϊρηκ€ν Ίωβ, Δίκαιος €ΐμι, For Job hath Said, lam righteous, 6 Kvpios άπηλλαξ€ μου το κρίμα And God hath taken away my
right :
6 (ψ^νσατο be τω κρίματι μου' And hath been false in my judg-
ment,
βίαιον TO Pikos μου aviv aZiKias. My wound is incurable, though I am
without transgression.
234 ON origen's revision of
7 Tts άνηρ ωσττ€ρ Ίώβ What man is like Job
ηίρων μυκτήρισμον ωσπ^ρ νδωρ Who drinketh up scorning like
water
8 ονχ άμαρτων oide άσφησας, Though I have not Sinned nor
dealt wickedly ovbe [Codd. A, 23, or ούδ' όλως Nor gone in company with the as in CS^ and most cursives] workers of iniquity,
κοινωνησας μβτά ποωνντων τα άνομα
τοί' πορενθηναι μίτα άσ^^ων So as to Walk with wicked men.
(2) vv. 23-33.
The following verses are obelized : V. 22 b m Codd. Colb. 255.
V. 23 in Codd. Colb. Bodl. Marm., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. : it is omitted in the early Latin.
V. 25 <5 in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
vv. 25-34 in Codd. Colb. Marm. Bodl.
vv. 28-33 ill Cod. Vat. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
The omission of the section vv. 23 (or 22)-33 would in no way affect the argument of the speech; the answer of Elihu in vindication of God against Job is fitly concluded with either v. 21 or v. 22, and in v. 34 he turns again to the ' men of understanding/ in the full assurance that they will say that Job has spoken without knowledge.
3. The third speech of Elihu ^ c. xxxv.
In the third speech of Elihu there are two obelized passages, (1) vv. "j b-ioa, (2) vv. 15-16.
(i) vv. jb-ioa.
These verses are obelized in Codd. Colb. Marm., in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. : vv. %-ioa in Cod. Bodl.
The argument is made clearer and more pointed by the omission of the passage, which has no necessary connexion with the rest of the speech.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB.
235
(2) vv. 15-16.
These verses are obelized in Codd. Colb. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
The passage, like the preceding, is in no way necessary to the argument : and the hypothesis that it is an addition to the original text is supported by the fact that the LXX. has a different ending to the speech, viz. the clause of v. 14 κρίθητί . . . ώ? €στϋ, which is no less difficult than the Hebrew, but which is both more appropriate and more emphatic than vv. 15, 16.
The connexion of ideas in the speech, from v. 5, will be seen from the following reprint of it :
5 άνάβ\€\ΐΑον (Is τον ovpavov κα\ iSe, κατάμαθζ be νίφη ως υψηΧα αττό
σου.
6 el ημαρτίς, τι npa^eis j
€1 δε κάί τΓολλα ηνόμησας, τι δννασαι ποιησαι J
7 και el [Codd. A, 23, 249 ;
Codd. Β cett. eVel de ovv] dUaios el, ri δώσείί αύτώ
ή τί eK xeipos σου ληψ^ται ;
8 άνδρι τω δμοίω σοι η άοίβϋά
σου, καΧ υΐω άνθρώττου ή δικαιοσύνη σου'
9 από πληθουί συκψαντουμίνοι «e-
Ηρά^ονται, βοήσονται από βραχίονοί πολ- λών ΙΟ καΐ ουκ €?π6 Τΐοΰ ίστιν δ Qios υ ποιήσα5 μ€,
6 κατατάσσων φύλακας νυκτ€- ρινάς, 1 1 ό διορίζων pe άπο τ€τραηόδωρ
Look unto the heavens and see, And behold the skies which are
higher than thou. If thou hast sinned, what doest
thou against him ? And if thy transgressions be
multiplied, what doest thou
unto him ? If thou be righteous, what givest
thou him ?
Or what receiveth he of thine hand ? Thy wickedness may hurt a man
as thou art ; And thy righteousness may profit
a son of man. By reason of the multitude of
oppressions they cry out, They cry for help by reason of the
arm of the mighty. But none saith, Where is God my
maker,
W/io ordereth the watches of the
night Who separateth me from the beasts
of the earthy
22,6
ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
αττό Se 7Γ€τ€ΐνων ουρανού [Codd. 23, 253 add σοφίζβι ήμάδ],
1 2 (KU Κ€κράξονται καί ου μη
€ΐσακούστ] και [Codd. Α, 23, ι6ι omit]
αττό ύβρεως πονηρών
13 άτοπα γαρ ου βουλ€ται ide7v ό
κύριος' αυτός γαρ 6 παντοκράτωρ ορατής €στι
14 των συντίΚούντων τα άνομα
κα\ σώσει μ€.
κρίθητι δε ivavTiov αυτού
f ι δυνασαι αυτόν αΐνίσαι ως €στι
1 5 /fat νυν ΟΤΙ ουκ ΐστιν Ιτησκ^ιττό-
μ€νο5 δρΎ^ν αυτού, και ουκ ^γνω παράπτωμα τι σφόδρα. ΐ6 καί Ίώβ ματαίωί avoiyu το στόμα αυτού, hv άηνωσ'ια ρήματα βαρύνει.
And from the fowls of heaven ?
There they cry, but none giveth
answer, Because of the pride of evil men.
Surely God will not hear vanity,
For the Almighty himself is an observer
Of those who commit unrighteous- ness,
And he will save me.
Plead thou in his sight
If thou canst praise him as he is.
But now, because he hath not
visited in his anger, Neither doth he greatly regard
arrogance. Therefore doth Job open his mouth
in vanity, He multiplieth words without
knowledge.
4. The fourth speech of Elihu, c. xxxvi-xxxvii.
So large a part of this speech is obelized, that it w^ill be most conveniently considered as a whole. The antiquity of the shorter form is shown by the fact, which has been mentioned above, that Clement of Alexandria [Strom. 4. 26, p. 641) quotes it: i.e. in quoting c. xxxvi. 10-12 he omits the obelized portions.
The following are the obelized passages :
c. xxxvi.
V. 5 in Cod. Colb. : 5 ^ in Codd. Vat. Marm., and in the Syr.- Hex. and Sahid.
vv. 6, 7 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. : v. 7 in Cod. Bodl.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 237
vv. 8, 9 in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
vv. 10, II in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl. : vv. io<5, 11 in Cod. Colb. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
v. 13 in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 16 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 19 3 in Cod. Marm.
V. 20 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid : V. 20 b in Cod. Bodl.
V. 2 1 in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl. : v. 2 1 ^ in Cod. Colb. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 22 to c. xxxvii. 6 in Cod. Vat.
vv. 22 (2, 23 α in the Sahid.
V. 2\h, 2ζα in Codd. Colb. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 26 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 27 in the Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl.: v. 27 ^ in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
v. 2Sa in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 29 in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 30 in Codd. Vat. Marm. Bodl. and in the Syr.-Hex. : v. 30 α in Cod. Colb.
C. XXXVll.
v. I in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl. : y. τ a in the Syr.-Hex.
vv. 2-5 a in Codd. Colb. Vat. Marm. Bodl. and 2 δ-ζ a in the Syr.-Hex.
V. 5 ^ in the Sahid.
vv. 6 <5, 7 iz in Codd. Colb. Bodl., and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 9 ^ in Codd. Colb. Marm.
V. 10 Cod. Vat. : v. \oa Codd. Colb. Marm. Bodl. and in the Sahid.
V. II in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 1 2 in Cod. Colb. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid. : v. 1 2 λ in Cod. Marm.
238
ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
V. 13 in Cod. Vat. : v. 13 ^, <r in Cod. Bodl. and in the Syr.-Hex. and Sahid.
V. 18 in Codd. Marm. Bodl. and in the Sahid.: v. 18 3 in the Syr.-Hex.
(i) c. XXX vi. 5-21.
5 γίνωσκζ on 6 κύριος ου μη άττο- Know that God Will not cast aw ay
ποιήσηται top ακακον, ^vvarbs Ιαχνί καρδία$'
6 άσ^βή ου μτ) ζωοποιηστ} και κρίμα πτωχών δώσα.
7 ουκ άφ^λίΐ άττο δικαίου δψθαλ-
μου$ αύτου καΐ μίτά βασιλέων els θρυνον κ(ύ καθία avToiis els vinos και
υψωθήσονται.
8 καΐ οι πeπeδημevoι kv xeiponedais ο'υσχεθησονται ev σχοινίοΐ5 ne-
vias•
9 κάΙ avayye\ei alTOvs τά epya
αυτών καϊ τταρατττώματα αυτών οτι Ισχύσουσι'
10 αλλά του ΒικαΙον €ΐσακούσ€ται'
the guiltless man,
He is mighty in strength of under- standing. He preserveth not the life of the
wicked. But giveth to the afflicted their
right. He withdraweth not his eyes from
the righteous, But with kings upon the throne He setteth them for ever and they
are exalted. And those that are bound in fetters, Shall be taken in the cords of
affliction ; And he shall shew them their
works, And their transgressions, that they
have behaved themselves proudly.
But he will give ear unto the righteous :
And commandeth that they return from iniquity.
If they hearken and serve him.
They shall spend their days in prosperity
And their years in pleasures.
But the ungodly will he not pre- serve^ πάρα το μη βοΰλ^σθαί αυτούς For that they were not willing to
elhevai τον κνριον know the Lord.
και hioTi νουθ€τούμ€νοι άνήκοοι And because when admonished ήσαν' they hearkened not.
και eiirev οτι ίτηστραφήσονται 1^ άδικίas•
1 1 eav άκούσωοΊ και δoυλeύσ^ωσι, συντ€λ4σουσι toLs "^pepas αύτων
ev ayaeo7s, και τά ίτη αύτων ev eύ^tτpe^πeίaιs'
12 άσΐβίΐ,ς δε ου διασωθεί,
13 κα\ ύποκριταΐ καρδ'κ:^ τάζουσι θυμόν
But they that are godless in heart lay up anger,
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 239
ov βοήσονται on ΐ^ησ^ν avTovs' They cry not for help when he
bindeth them.
1 4 άττοθάνοι τοίννν iv νίότητι η Their soul dieth in youth,
"ψυχή αυτών, η δε ζωη αυτών τιτρωσκομίνη νπο And their life wounded by angels, άγγίΧων
1 5 avff hv Ζβλι-^αν άσθ^νη κα\ Because they afflicted the weak a?id
αδύνατον' helpless,
κρίμα δ€ πράτων ίκθησα. And he will execute judgment for
the meek.
16 και προσατιηπάτησύν ff€ €Κ στό-
ματο5 Ιχθρον, α,βνσσο5 κατάχνσΐ5 υττοκάτω αν-
τψ, και κατάβη τράιτ€ζά σον ττλήρψ
ιτιότητο$
1 7 ουκ υστ€ρησ(ΐ δε άπο δικαίων Judgment shall not fail from the
κρίμα, righteous,
1 8 βυμοί δε in άσφείς εσται. But Wrath shall be Upon the
ivicked, hi άσίββιαν δώρων ούν εδίχοντο For the wickedness of the gifts iiT άδικίαις' which they received for un-
righteousnesses. ig μή σ€ (κκλινάτω ίκών 6 vox)s Let not thy mind willingly turn δεησεως thee aside froiu entreaty,
iv άνάγκτ} όντων αδυνάτων' When the helpless are in distress.
20 Κ(ύ πάντα5 Toiis κραταιονντα$
Ισχύν μ^ k^e\Kvar)s r^v νύκτα, του άναβήναι Xaovs άντ' αυτών
2 1 άλλα φύλαξαι μη πράξης άτοπα' But take heed that thou do not
iniquity.
ΐπΐ τούτων yoip k^ei\ov and ΤΓτωχ€ία$'
If the non-obelized verses ^a, το a, 12>, 14, 15, 17, τ8λ, be read consecutively it will be found that they give a consecutive and appropriate sense. They are a contrast, in clearly defined antithesis, of God's dealings with the righteous and the wicked.
240 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF
In the same way if vv. 5^, 6, 7, 8, 9, τοΰ, ii, 13, be read consecutively they also give a consecutive and intelligible sense. They form two connected sections : in vv. 6, 7 there is a contrast between God's dealings with the righteous and the wicked : in the other verses there is a contrast between the effects of God's discipline upon the righteous whom he has afflicted for their transgressions, and the godless who *cry not for help when he bindeth them.' The only verse from which some words seem to have fallen away is 10 b, which requires an additional member to connect it, without harshness, with v. 9, and to explain its initial και.
So far as these verses of the LXX. are concerned they form two interwoven but separable poems.
The main difficulties of the passage lie (i) in the non- obelized verse 19, and {2) in the obelized verses 16, 30, 21 ^.
In regard to (i) there is almost certainly a corruption of the text. The note of the wickedness of bribed judgments having been struck in v. 1 8 ^ it is natural to expect by way of antithesis an exhortation against receiving bribes in v. 19 : the words as they stand are barely intelligible, and it may be inferred from the fact that μη €κκλίνάτω σ€ is a
good translation of ^tS^"^i?, that the other words represent
a lost translation of Ί5^"^ΐ1? 'the greatness of the ransom.' If this be so, the next non-obelized words, v. 31 'But take heed that thou do not iniquity ' will follow in natural sequence.
In regard to (2) vv. 16, 20 are altogether unintelligible as they stand : the varieties of reading in v. 16 point to a corruption of the text : and both verses, as also 21 <^, appear to be fragments of other translations of the Hebrew, since single phrases in each of them correspond to single phrases of the Hebrew, which were worked into an early text of the LXX. by an unintelligent scribe.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB.
241
(%) xxxvi. 2^2-xxxvn. 13. 22 I80V 6 ισχυρός κραταιώσα iv Behold, God doeth loftily in his
Ισχΰί αυτού' pOWer,
TtV yap eVri κατ αυτόν δυνάστης ; Who is a mighiy one like unto
him? 2 3 τίς 8e €στιν 6 ΐτάζων αυτού τα Who enquireth into his works ? epya ;
η τίς 6 (Ιττών, "Εττραξζν άδικα. Or who can say, Thou hast
wrought unrighteousness ?
24 μνησθητι οτι μ€γάλα €στ\ν αυτού Remember that thou magnify his
ret epya
Sjv ηρζαν dvSpes,
25 was άνθρωτΓ05 eldev kv kavr^.
work, Every man hath seen in himself^
όσοι τιτρωσκόμζνοί €ΐσι βροτοί.
26 Ιδον δ Ισχυροί ττολυ?, καΐ ού
Ύνωσόμ^θα' άριθμοζ €των αυτού και άπίραν-
TOS.
27 άριθμηται δε αυτω OTayovis
υ^τού, και Ιττιχνθησονται υίτω ds vi- φίλην
28 ρυήσονται παλαιώματα Ισκίασί δί ν^φη Ιπί αμύθητων
βροτων.
Behold, God is great, and we know him not :
The number of his years is un- searchable.
Numbered by him are the drops of rain,
And they shall be poured forth in rain into cloud :
Aitd he hath made the clouds over- shadow the countless race of men.
ωραν Ζθζτο κτηνζσιν, οΊδασι δε κοίτης τάζιν'
He hath set a season to the beasts And they know the order of their lying down, iiii τούτοις πάσιν οίκ βζίσταταί At all these things thy mind is not
σου ή διάνοια, astonished,
ουδέ διαλλάσσξταί σου η καρδία Nor is thy heart parted from thy άττό σώματος. body.
29
καΧ kav αυντι α-ηίκταοιν [Cod.
Β άπε/ίτασίί] ν(φέλη$, Ισότητα σκηνηί αυτού' 3θ ιδού €ΚΤ€ν€Ϊ Ιτγ' αυτόν ήδώ \
And if thou dost understand the
spreading of the clouds, The .... of his pavilion : Behold, he will stretch his bow thereon,
^ For this, which is the reading of almost all MSS., Codd. A, 23 read to to^ov, which is the correct translation of the Hebrew i-ii« : here, as in some other passages, i and η were confused, so that ^δώ is a transliteration of ii>M.
242 ON ORIGEN S REVISION OF
/foi ριζώματα θαλάσσης €κάλν- 31 €V 'yap avToTs Kpivei λαοΰί,
δώσίΐ τροφην τω Ισχύοντι [Cod. Β άκούοντι].
32 6771 χπρών €κά\υφ€ (pCjs
και kv€Teikaro π€ρΙ αύτψ hv άπαντωντι'
33 avayyeXei τηρΐ αύτου <}>ί\ον
αύτοΰ Kvptos, κτήσι$ καΐ τηρΐ aSiKias. C. xxxvii. I και avb ταύτψ ΙταράχΘη
ή καρδία μου και άπ€ρρνη ίκ του τόπον.
2 aKove [Codd. A, 23, 254» add
Ίώβ~] άκοτ^ν kv opyrj θυμού κυρίου, και μίλίτη Ικ στόματος αύτοΰ k^eXevacTai.
3 ύποκάτω ttuvt^s του ουρανού ή
άρχη αύτοΰ, και το (pu>5 αύτοΰ kni τΐτίρύ^ων τψ yrjs.
4 οπίσω αύτοΰ βοήσ^ται φωντ},
βρόντησα kv φωντ} νβρ€ω5 αύ- τοΰ' καΐ ούκ άνταλλά^€ΐ αύτοΰ$, ΟΤΙ άκούσ(ΐ φωνην αύτοΰ.
5 βροντήσει δ ισχυροί kv ψωντ)
αύτοΰ θαυμάσια'
€ποίησ€ yap μεγάλα α ουκ f;Set-
6 συντάσσων χιόνι Τίνον €π\ γης,
καϊ χαμών υ€τυς
καΐ χίΐμών ύβτων δνναστίίαί αύτοΰ.
7 kv χαρί παντόί ανθρώπου κατα-
σψραψζίΐ
Ινα γνώ πάς άνθρωπος την iavTOv άσθίνίίαν'
8 βΙσηΚθΐ 5e θηρία νπο την σκβπην
And he covereth the bottom of
the sea : For by these he judgeth the
peoples, He giveth meat ίο him that is
strong. He covereth his hands with the
lightning. And giveth it a charge that it
strike the mark :
At this also my heart was
troubled. And is moved out of its place.
And meditation shall go forth
from his mouth. Beneath the whole heaven is his
government, And his light unto the ends of
the earth. Behind him shall he shout with
a voice, He shall thunder with the voice
of his majesty. ?
For thou shall hear his voice. God shall thunder marvellously
with his voice,
Great things doeth he, which we
cannot comprehend. For he saith to the snow, Fall
thou on the earth ; Likewise to the shower of rain
And to the showers of his mighty
rain. He sealeth up the hand of every
man,
That all men may know iheir
weakness : Then the beasts go into their
coverts.
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB.
243
ησύχασαν oe ewi κοίτης. 9 €K ταμκίων ίπερχονται obvvai,
ά-nb he ακρωτηρίων ψνχοί Ο και από irvoijs Ισχυροί) δώσβι
irayos' οίακίζα δέ το νδωρ ώ? kav βού- ληται Ι καϊ (κ\€Κτον καταπλάσσ^ι νε-
φέλη• διασκορίΓκΐ νβφοί φω5 αυτόν,
2 και αυτο3 κυκλώματα διαστρέ-
ψει,
εν θεεβουλαθώθ, εΙ$ tpya αυ- τών
πάντα οσα αν εντείληται αυ-
TOIS,
3 ταντα συντετακται παρ' αύτοΰ
επι τψ "yrjs, εάν τε ets παιδείαν εάν εls ττ^ν
yrjv αύτοΰ εάν els ελεο5 ενρήσει αυτόν.
And remain in their dens.
Out of the chambers come forth
And from the extremities cold, By the breath of God ice is
given And he steereth the water as he
wills
2
He spreadeth abroad the cloud of
his light, And he himself %vill turn about
its circuits : ?
All things whatsoever he com-
mandeth them : These things are ordered by him
upon the earth, Whether it be for correction or
for his earth Or for mercy, he shall find him.
It will probably be found, after a more minute com- parison of the Greek text with both the Hebrew and the other versions, that, in this section, four poems, two of them original and two added, have been fused together. Each of the poems has the same theme, the greatness of God as seen in nature, and its effect on the mind of man.
The first of the non-obelized, and therefore presumably original, poems seems to consist of c. xxxvi. 22, 23, ΐΔ^α, and the section ώραζ; iQero κτηνζσιν which is in some MSS. placed at the end of c. xxxvi. 28 and in others in the middle of c. xxxvii. 5. It may reasonably be supposed that this section forms the end of an enumeration of some of the works of God, which has been replaced by the added verses 26, 27, 28.
The second of the non-obelized poems seems to consist of the fragments c. xxxvii. ^d, 6 a, y δ (?), 8, g a. It begins with the second half of a verse of which the first half
R 2
244 ON ORIGENS REVISION OF -
probably resembled the beginning of two other poems, viz. xxxvi. I'Xa^ 16 a. The poem, like the preceding, enu- merates some of the works of God ; (compare the mention of the beasts in xxxvi. :ϊ8 and xxxvii. 8).
The third poem seems to consist of the obelized passages c. xxxvi. ^6, 27, 28 Λ, b, 29, 30, 31, 32, 0,% 34 ( = xxxvii. i). It begins, like the first poem, with a declaration of the greatness of God, and proceeds to an enumeration of his works ; and it concludes with a description of the effect of the consideration of those works upon the mind of Elihu (και άττο ταύτης €ταράχθη η καρδία μον, καϊ ά'π€ρρνη €κ του τόττον avTTJs) which is in apparent contrast with the effect on the mind of Job (c. xxxvi. 28 [xxxvii. 5] e^rt tovtols ττασιν ουκ ^ζίσταταί σου η biavoLa, ουδέ διαλλάσσεται σου η KapbCa άττο σώματοί).
The fourth poem seems to consist of the obelized passages c. xxxvii. 2-5 a, 6 3, J a (and δ ?), g δ, 10-13. This poem is more fragmentary than the others, and contains at least two verses, 11, 12, which in their existing form are not intelligible.
It is probable that the remainder of the chapter, vv. 14-24, forms another poem : it contains many philological di faculties, but only one obelized verse, v. 18, and therefore it comes less than the preceding parts of the speech within the scope of this chapter.
The result of the enquiry is that the hypothesis which was advanced at the outset explains satisfactorily the majority of the passages which Origen supplied from Theo- dotion. In other words it seems probable that the book of Job originally existed in a shorter form than at present ; and that in the interval between the time of the original transla- tion and that of Theodotion large additions were made to the text by a poet whose imaginative power was at least not inferior to that of the original writer. The additions are in
THE LXX. TEXT OF JOB. 245
general harmony with the existing text, though they do not always exactly fit in to their place : nor is it likely that the difficulties will be solved until the ten factors which are necessary to their solution have each engaged the attention of skilled specialists, namely, the philology and the textual criticism not only of the Hebrew, but also of the Greek, the Syro-Hexaplar, the Sahidic, and the Latin versions. Of these ten factors, only the first two, namely the philology and the textual criticism of the Hebrew, have as yet been dealt with by competent scholars.
y
VII. ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
The text of Ecclesiasticus has come down to us in a form which, as it is frequently unintelligible, must be presumed to be corrupt : but since it is a translation of which the original is lost, and since, consequently, its textual diffi- culties cannot be explained by reference to that original, we cannot, in all cases, know for certain whether they are due to imperfections in the translation itself or to an im- perfect tradition of it. It has the further element of un- certainty that, like all paroemiastic literature, it was altered from time to time. The wisdom of the fathers gave place to the wisdom of the children : one generation had little scruple in correcting, amplifying, and supplementing the proverbial sayings of its predecessors. And since there are some parts of the book in which the Latin and Syriac texts differ not only from the Greek text but also from one another, it must be presumed that the original text was not only altered but altered in different ways, in dif- ferent countries, or at different times.
The probability of recovering the original text of the whole book is consequently small. But for the greater part of it we have the same means of determining the text that we have in the case of the New Testament ; that is to say, we have not only the Greek MSS. but also early versions which point to a text that is probably earlier than that of the earliest existing MSS. It is remarkable, con- sidering the great intrinsic interest of the book, its impor- tance in the history of ethics, and the place which it has
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 247
occupied in Christian theology, that so few attempts have been made to apply these means to the determination of the text where it is doubtful, and to the recovery of it where it is at present corrupt and unintelligible. The present essay is a study in that direction : its object is to show both how much remains to be done and how far the existing materials help us to do it. It will begin by a short survey of those materials, and proceed to apply them to the criticism of some passages.
1. Greek MSS.
The Greek MSS. which contain Ecclesiasticus, and of which collations have been published, are the following : —
Uncial MSS. : Codices Alexandrinus A, Vaticanus B, Sinaiticus S, Ephraemi rescriptus C (in T\?>c\iQnaon Monumenia Sacra, vol. i), Codex Venelus, a MS. of the 8th or 9th century. No. i in the Ducal Library (Holmes and Parsons, No. 23).
Cursive MSS. : No. 55', a Vatican MS. (No. i of Queen Chris- tina's MSS.) probably of the twelfth century: No. 68, a Venice MS. (No. 5 in the Ducal Library) probably compiled from earlier MSS. by order of Cardinal Bessarion, very partially collated for Holmes and Parsons : No. 70, a MS. of the 15th century in the Library of St. Anne at Augsburg, probably the same as that which was collated by D. Hoeschel (see below); only c. i was collated for Holmes and Parsons : No. 106, a Ferrara MS. described as being apparently written ' in charta papyracea Aegyptiaca,' and dated A.D. 734 .'' (yThe First Annual Account of the Collation of the MSS. Oxford, 1789, p. 64) : No. 155, a MS. of the i ith century, formerly in the Meerman Collection at the Hague, and now in the Bodleian Library (Auct. T. Π. 4) : No. 157, a Basle MS. : No. 248, a Vatican MS. (346) of about the fourteenth century : No. 253, a Vatican MS.
^ The numbers are those of Holmes and Parsons : the references in the fol- lowing pages to the cursive MSS., with the exception of No. 155, which has been collated independently, are made from the MS. collations, now in the Bodleian Library, and not from the printed edition. The numbers which are placed in brackets, e.g. (ΐίι7)> are those in which the collator has made no note of variation from the printed text which he used, and in which, consequently, the reading of the MS. is inferred, more or less uncertainly, e silentio.
248 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
(336) also of about the fourteenth century : No. 254, a Vatican MS.
(337) of about the thirteenth century : No. 296, a Vatican MS. (Codex Palatinus, No. 337) probably of the eleventh century : No. 307, an incomplete Munich MS. (129, formerly 276) of the fourteenth century : No. 308, a Vatican MS., described by Holmes and Parsons (Praef. ad Hbr. Ecclesiastici) as Codex Palatinus Vindo- bonensis : but the MS. collation was made at Rome, and describes it simply as * MS. Palatinus,' without further identification : (there is no trace of it in Stevenson's catalogue of the Codices Graeci Palatini). In 1604 D. Hoeschel published an edition of Ecclesiasticus with variants from a MS. in the Library of St. Anne at Augsburg, which he does not further identify, but which is probably of the fifteenth century (Holmes, IVm/k Annual Account, Oxford, 1797, p. 25).
In addition to these there are many MSS. of which no published collations exist : of these probably the most im- portant are the palimpsests of the 6th or 7th century at St. Petersburg, which Tischendorf promised to publish in his Monumejtta Sacra, vol. viii. Two Vienna MSS., Cod. Theol. Gr. xi (quoted below as Vienna 1) and Cod. Theol. Gr. cxlvii ( = Vienna 2), both of which were brought by Busbecq from Constantinople, have been partially collated for this work.
It is desirable in the first instance to form a working conception of the character and relations of the chief MSS., in order to ascertain what kind of presumption for or against a reading is afforded by the fact of its occurring in a particular MS. or group of MSS. Such a conception may to some extent be derived from an examination of other books of the Bible in the same MSS. But there are two considerations which limit that extent : the first, which is the less important one, is that the MSS. of the whole Bible were written by different hands, and that no two scribes can be assumed to have copied with precisely the same degree of accuracy : the second, which is the more important consideration, is that different books or groups of books may be supposed to have been copied from dif-
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 249
ferent originals. The main ground for this supposition in the case of the two books of Wisdom is that though they are always placed together, their place, like that of other books which were probably circulated separately, is dif- ferent in different MSS., for example.
In the Sinaitic MS. the order (omitting the earlier books) is . . . Major Prophets, Minor Prophets, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Job.
In the Alexandrian MS. the order is . . . Minor Prophets, Major Prophets, Esther, Tobit, Judith, Esdras, Maccabees, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus.
In the Vatican MS. the order is . . . Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Job, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Esther, Judith, Tobit, Minor Prophets, Major Prophets.
In the Ferrara MS. (Holmes and Parsons, No. 106) the order is . . . Job, Proverbs, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, Major Prophets, Minor Prophets, i and 2 Maccabees, Psalms.
These differences of position seem to be best explained by the hypothesis that, although at the time when the MSS. were written there had come to be a general agree- ment as to the books which should be included, the books, or small groups of them, existed in separate MSS.
It is consequently possible that the original MS. from which the scribe of e.g. the Vatican MS. copied Ecclesias- ticus may have been different from that from which he, or his earlier colleague, copied the Pentateuch. So that no inference lies from the accuracy or inaccuracy of the one text to the accuracy or inaccuracy of the other. Hence the MSS. of each book must be separately considered in relation to the book : and a general estimate, or working conception, of their value, and , of their relation to each other, must be formed before the text of the book can be considered.
The following is an endeavour to show the way in which such an examination may be made upon the comparatively
250 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
neutral ground of grammatical forms and usages, i.e. upon ground on which the scribe was not led to vary the reading by a desire to harmonize, or to interpret, or to paraphrase it.
I. Forms of Words.
In I. 3 : 18. 6 all MS S., without a variant, have a form of the Hellenistic φχνιάζω: in 42. 18 they have, also without a variant, a form of the Classical ^ξιχνίνω : in 6. 27 all MSS. except Codd. 253, 307 have a form of εξιχνβύω, but in 18. 4 Codd. 253, 307 agree with Codd. ACS, 155, against Cod. Β and the rest, in having a form of
(ξιχνιάζω.
1.6: Codd. ACS, 23 have the classical form πανουργ-ηματα, Codd. B, cett. the Hellenistic πανονργ^ύματα : so also in 42. 18 Codd. AS\
307 τνανονρ-γημασιν, Codd. B, cett. navovpyevpaaiv.
I. 27: Codd. ACS, 55, 70, 106, 157, 254, 296, 307 πραντης: Codd. B, (23), (155), (248), (253) πραότης. But in 3. 17 : 4. 8 : 10. 28 : 36. 28 all important MSS. read πραντης : and in 45. 4 Cod. A reads πραότης, against the πραύτης of all other MSS.
27. 13 : Codd. AS προσώχθίσμα : Codd. BC προσόχθισμα,
40. 5: Codd. AS, 106, 157, 253, 307 μψιμα: Codd. 55, 155,
254 μήνις: Cod. 308 μψισμα'. Cod. 248 μίμημα: Codd. BC μηνίαμα,
a word which is not elsewhere found.
2. Inflexions.
4. 3 : Codd. AS παρωργισμ^νην : Codd. BC 7Γαροργισμ€νην.
8. 6 : Codd. AS, 23, 106, 157, 248 ev yrjpa: Codd. BC, cett. eV
yrjpei.
14. 14: Codd. AS, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296 παρ^λ-
θίτω : Codd. BC, (23) παρζλθάτω.
14. l8 : Codd. AS dev^pov δασβω? : Codd. BC devdpov daaeos.
15. 2: Codd. AS, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, νπαντησα: Codd. BC, (254), (296) ντταντησζται '. Codd. 23, 253 άπαντησ^ταί. The future
of υπαντάω in late Greek seems to have been νπαντησομαι : Sext. Emp. adv. Phys. 10. 60, p. 644, probably after the analogy of άτταντάϋ). (But the future active of απαι/τάω is found, without variant, in Mark 14. 13).
15. 3: Codd. ACS, 155, 157,254, 296, 307 ποτίσω: Codd. Β, (55), {lo6), (248), (253) ποηα. So C. 24. 31.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 25 1
15. 4 ^ Codd. ACS, 23 στηρισθησζται : Codd. B, Cett. στηριχθησβται :
but elsewhere in the book, viz. 24. 10: 29. 32 : 42. 17, the form with X is found without any important variant.
17. 27: Codd. ACS, cett. eV αδον : Cod. Β eV adovs: Cod. S^
61/ αδη.
28. 26 : Codd. AS^ όλισθ^ί : Codd. BCS' οΧισθησ^ς [S^ -σι?]. All the other aorist forms of the word in the book are, as usual in Hellenistic Greek, first aorist forms, viz. 3. 24 : 9. 9 : 14. i : 25. 8, without important variant except Cod. C in 9. 9 όλισθϋς for ολισθησυς.
3 . Use of the paroemiastic fu ture.
3. 3: Codd. ACS\ 106, (157), 253, 254, 296, 397 ε|ιλάσίί€ταί : Codd. B, 23, (55), (155), (248). (308) eltXfWrm.
4. 13 : Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 106, 157, 248, 253, 254, 307 ευλογεί :
Cod. Β evXoyrjaei.
4. 17: Codd. ACS^ 55, 157, 248,2^4, zgonnpevaerai : Codd. BS^
(23), 70, 106, (155), (253), (308) πορεύεται.
11. i: Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 106, 155, (157), 248, 254, 307 άννψώσα [307? νψωσ^ι^ : Codd. Β, 296, 308 άννψωσί.
12. 3 : Codd. AS, 23, 155, (157), 248, 253, 254 ουκ εσται : Codd. BC, 55, (106), 296, (308) ουκ €στι.
i6. 25: Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 157, 248, 253, 254 βκψανώ :
Codd. BC €κφαίνω.
19. 30 : Codd. ACS, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254 avayyeXer. Cod. Β auayyeWei.
4. Omission or insertion of the Article.
(a) Instances of insertion in Cod. A and other MSS.., and of omission in Cod. Β :
6. 23 : Codd. AS, 155, 157, 307 τψ yvtii^r]v μην: Codd. Β cett.
yuωμηv μου.
7. 19: Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 296, 307 ^7 yhp
χάρις avrrjs '. Codd. B, 253, (254)5 (S^S) και yap χάρις.
7. 20: Codd. AS, 55, 106, (157), 248, 253, 296, 307 δώόντα την ψνχην αντον: Codd. Β, (23), (l55)j (S•^^) δίδοι/τα ψνχην αντυυ.
ΙΟ. 4 • Codd. AS, 23, 55> ιο6, ΐ55) ΐ57 ^ εξουσία τψ yrjs : Codd.
BC, 248, (253), {254) ^ονσία της y^.
252 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
12. 2: Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 307 πάρα τον ν^\τίστον '. Codd. BC, (296) τταρα υψίστου.
15• 5 : Codd. ACS, 55, 106, 157, 307, 308 τό στόμα: Codd. Β,
(23)5 (l55), (248), {253)5 (254) <^^όμα.
21. 20 : Codd. ACS, 55, 155, 157, 254, 308 την φωνψ : Codd.
Β, (23), (lo6), (248) φωνην.
40. g: Codd. ACS, 55, 106, 155, 248, 254 eVi τό ϋψος της γης'.
Codd. Β, (23), (ι 57), (253) «τ^'^ Η''^ ^^^ 7^^•
(β) Instances of omission in Cod. A and others, and insertion in Cod. Β :
4. 28: Codd. ACS, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296, 307
ecos θανάτου : Codd. B, 23, (308) €ως τυυ θανάτου.
7. 8 : Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 307 eV
yap μια : Codd. BC ev γαρ tjj μια.
12. 5: Codd. AS, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296, 307
ταπ€ΐνω: Codd. BC, (23) τω ταπ€ΐνω.
12. 7: Codd. AS, 248, 253, 307 αμαρτωλού: Codd. BC, (23),
(55). (106), (155), (157), (296) Tod αμαρτωλού.
5. Syntactical usages,
4. 17: Codd. B, (55), 157, (254), 296, (308) have 5e in apodosi^ φόβον δε και δ^ιλίαν €πάξ€ΐ : Codd. ACS, 23, 106, ΐ55? 248, 2533 3°7 omit be. This use of Se is so rare in BibHcal Greek that it is more likely to have been added by Cod. Β than omitted by the other MSS. : and it is noteworthy that in one of the two instances, both of which are disputed, of the same usage in the N. T., viz. i Pet. 4. 18, it is Cod. Β which, against almost all other MSS., both uncial and cursive, inserts 8e in the quotation from Prov. 11. 31.
9. 12 : Cod. A μη €υδοκηστ)ς evboKia άσεβων: Codd. CS, 157? 248 . . . €υ8οκίαις : Codd. B, (55), (155) ... iv €vdo<ia. I Codd. 23, I Ο 6,
254, 296, 307. There is a similar variation elsewhere in the con- struction of evBoKelv : it is found with iv in 2 Kings 22. 20 ; i Chron. 29. 3 ; Ps. 43 (44)• 3 ; 48 (49)• 13 ; 67 (68). 16 ; 146 (147). 10 ; Hab. 2. 4 ; Mai. 2. 17 ; i Mace. 10. 47 : without eV in i Esdr. 4. 39; Sir. 18. 31; I Mace. i. 43.
II. 7: Codd. AS, 23, 55, 248, 254, 307 have πρ\ν η c. subj. followed in v. 8 hynp\v c. infin., in both cases with a negative main sentence : in 18. 19: 19. 17: 23. 20 they have nph η c. infin. with
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 253
an affirmative main sentence. In 11. 7 Cod. Β has τΐρίν c. subj. followed in v. 8 by πρΙν η c. infin. There are similar variations in the construction of π piv fj in the N. T. : (i) when used with the infinitive, there was a tendency to drop ή\ which is found without variant only in Matt. i. 18, Acts 7. 2, whereas it is omitted in Matt. 26. 34 by all good MSS. except L, in Matt. 26. 75 by all except A, in Mark 14. 30 by ^ζD, and in Acts 2. 20 by ^ζACD : (2) its use with the subjunctive tended to disappear, for in Luke 2. 26 Codd. ^?^L and others add ap to 7, Cod. Β omits ή and inserts av, and in Luke 22. 34 Codd. nBL substitute εω? for πρ\ν η, which is read by A only of the greater uncials.
41. 2 : Codd. AS, 55, 155, (157), 307, 308 ^Χασσουμίνω iv Ισχνϊ: Codd. BC, (23), (106), (248), (253), (254) iXaaaovpivco Ισχνί.
44. 5 : Codd. AS, 55, 106, 155, (157), 248, 254, 296 κ€χορηγη^ μίνοι iv Ισχνϊ: Codd. Β, 23, 253, 308 κ(χορηγημ€νοι Ισχνϊ,
45• 2 : Codd. AS ωμοίωσ€ν αντον iv 8όξτ] ά-γίων : Codd. BC cett.
. , . do^T] άγιων.
45. 15 : Codd. A, 25, 106, 155, 157, 248, 254 βγ^νηθη αυτώ eh δίαθηκην αΐώνιον και τω σπίρματί αντον iv ημύραις ονρανον '. Codd. BC, cett. . . . κα\ iv τω σττ/ρ/χαη αντον . . .
46. 5 • Codd. AS, 155 iπηκovσ€v αντών μ€γας κύριος λίθοις χαΧάζηα Ι Codd. BC, cett. . . . iv λίθοις χάλάζης.
It will be noted that although, as is usually the case, no MS. is uniform in either its forms or its syntax, the Hel- lenistic forms and constructions preponderate in the Vatican Codex. It will also be noted that in almost all cases the majority of MSS. are against that Codex in these respects. The more difficult question remains undecided, whether the Hellenisms or the Classicalisms belong to the original text : in other words whether a Hellenistic text was purged of some of its Hellenisms by purist scribes with the view of rendering the work more acceptable to educated persons, or whether a Classical text was altered by Hellenistic scribes who substituted a more familiar for a less familiar form or phrase.
2 54 on the text of ecclesiasticus.
2. Latin and Syriac Versions.
I. The Latin Versions. The old Latin version, which was left untouched by Jerome, has come down to us in the following MSS.
(i) The Toledo MS., the collation of which was first published by Bianchini in his Vindiciae Biblicae,\eTon2L, 1748, from which work it was reprinted by Vallars in the Benedictine edition of St. Jerome, vol. χ : (2) the Codex Amiatinus, the text of which is printed at length by Lagarde, Miiiheilungen, p. 283 : (3) the MSS. collated by Sabatier, viz. two Corbey MSS., one St. Germain MS., and one MS. of St. Theodoric of Reims.
But it is probable that the large quotations from the book in St. Augustine's Speculum (last edited by Weihrich in the Vienna Corpus Scripiorum Ecclesiasticorum, vol. xiii) represent a more current form of the text than any of the above MSS.
%, The Syriac Versions. There are two Syriac versions, the Peschitta and the Syro-Hexaplar.
{a) The Peschitta, or current Syriac version, was first printed, with a Latin translation, in Walton's Polyglott, vol. iv : it has more recently been edited, with the help of six MSS. in the British Museum, by Lagarde (Lihri Veteris Testamenti Apocryphi Syriace, 1861): the photographic reproduction of the oldest MS., that of the Ambrosian Library, has not yet been completed, {h) The Syro-Hexaplar version has been published for the first time, from an Ambrosian MS., in photographic facsimile by Ceriani in his Monumenta sacra et prof ana ^ vol. vii, Milan, 1874.
There are some parts of the book in which the Latin and Syriac differ so widely from both the Greek and one an- other as to force upon us the hypothesis that the original text underwent in very early times different recensions. But for the greater part of the book the Latin and the two forms of the Syriac clearly point, with whatever dif- ferences in detail, to the same original as the Greek. The relation of the Latin and the Syro-Hexaplar to the Greek is clearly one of derivation. The relation of the Peschitta to the Greek must be considered to be still sub judice : nor
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 255
can it be determined with any approach to scientific com- pleteness until after the exact study of the Greek text itself, to which the present essay is designed to be a contribution.
The question of this relation of the Peschitta to the Greek is extremely complex. There are some passages in which the Syriac appears either to be based on an earlier Greek text than that which has come down to us, or to have been revised by reference to the Hebrew. There are, on the other hand, passages in which both the Greek and the Syriac have an unintelligible phrase which points to a mistranslation of the same Hebrew original. For example, in 25. 15 the Greek ουκ eVn κεφαλή vnep κζφαλην οφεως, and the Syriac equivalent ' No head is more bitter than the head of a serpent,' point to a mistranslation of tJ^NT, viz. 'head' for 'venom': but there is nothing to determine whether the mistranslation is common to the two versions, or was derived by one from the other. The question of derivation will be positively determined by the examina-' tion of the passages, some of which are mentioned below, in which an error which has grown up inside the Greek text, is copied by the Syriac : for example, if it be true that in 5. 6 the Greek originally read παρ' αυτού, with a verb such as iXevaerat in place of eXeos, the Syriac, which is a translation of παρ' αντώ without an expressed verb, must be presumed to be derived from a Greek text in which Trap* αυτω was read, and from which the verb had already disappeared. So also, if it be true that in 25. 17 the reading αρκος is a mistake for apKvs, and that σάκκον {σάκκος) was a gloss upon αρκυς, even if it be not an equivalent early reading, with the same signification, the Syriac ' sackcloth ' can only be a misinterpretation of the Greek σάκκον.
But a more important question than that of the relation of the Peschitta to the Greek is that of the contributions which both the Latin and the Syriac make to the deter- mination of the original text. It will be found that all three versions are more or less corrupt, that they also have a common tendency to paraphrase, and that in a large proportion of passages each of them supplements the other. The justification of this remark can of course only be found in the examination of a considerable number of passages : the two following are taken, almost at random, as examples :
256
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
δ σοψος kv Xoyois npoa^ei kavTov
καΐ άνθρωποί ψρόνιμοί apiffei μ€'<(ΐστασιν
δ €pyaζόμ€vos yrjv ανυ- ψώσει θημων'ιαν αύτοΰ
και δ άρ^ΰκων μΐ^ιστάσιν €ζιλάσ€ται άμαρτίαν
(ΐ) XX. 27, 28. Cod. Amiat.
sapiens |in verbis pro- ducet seipsum
et homo prudens place- bit magnatis :
quioperatur terram suam exaltabit acervum fructuum
et qui operatur iustitiam ipse exaltabitur :
qui vero placet magnatis effugiet iniquitatem
Peschitta.
He who is full of the sayings of wisdom, how shall he show himself small ?
And a wise servant shall be lord over princes.
The first four lines of the Latin give two well-balanced couplets :
A man who is clever in speech will advance himself, And a man of understanding will be pleasing to princes :
He who works his land will raise a high heap of corn. And he who works justice will himself be raised.
The fifth line of the Latin,
He who is pleasing to princes will escape injustice,
is out of harmony with the context, and is easily under- stood as a gloss upon the second line. But it is a trans- lation of the fourth line of the Greek, where it is equally out of place. It seems probable that the fourth line of the Greek was originally a gloss upon the second line, that the original fourth line should be restored from the Latin fourth line, and that the Latin fifth line was added when the present fourth line of the Greek had superseded the original fourth line.
The Syriac seems to paraphrase the first couplet and to omit the second : its diminished paroemiastic force makes it difficult to take it as the original form.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
257
άνθρωποι άνθρωηω συντη- ρεί οργην,
και παρά κυρίου ζητ€Ϊ ϊασιν ;
Ιτγ' ανθρωττον ομοιον αυτω ουκ έ'χβί eXeos,
και nepi των αμαρτιών αύτου Seirai ;
αΰτόί σαρξ ων διατηρβΐ
μην IV Tis (ξιλάσεται tcLs άμαρ-
Tias αύτοΰ ;
μνησθητι τα. ΐσχατα και ■πανσαι Ιχθραίνων,
καταφθοράν και θάνατον καΐ (μμενε evToXais'
μνησθητι εντολών και μη μηνίσχι^ τω πλησίον
καΐ διαθήκην υψίστου και πάριδε dyvoiav.
(2) xxviii. 3-7• S. Aug. S^ec. p. 142.
homo homini servat
iram, et a Deo quaerit medel-
1am?
in hominem similem sibi non habet misericor- diam,
et de peccatis suis de- precatur ?
ipse dum caro sit ser- vat iram,
et propitiationem petit a Deo?
quis exorabit pro delictis illius?
memento novissimorum et desine inimicari,
tabitudo enim et mors imminent in mandatis :
memorare timorem Dei et non irascaris prox- imo
memorare testamenti al- tissimi et despice ig- norantiam proximi.
Peschitta.
A man who cherishes wrath against a man,
How should he ask for healing from God ?
He who is himself a man is not willing to for- give,
shall any one forgive that man's sins ?
Remember death, and lay aside enmities,
the grave and destruc- tion, and abstain from sinning :
Remember the com- mandment and hate not thy neighbour be- fore God :
nay, give him that of which he is in want.
Each of the first three couplets of the passage in the Greek and Latin appears to express the same idea in a sh'ghtly altered form. But while the duplication of an idea is common, the triplication of it is so unusual as to suggest the hypothesis that one of the forms is a gloss. The hypothesis is supported by the fact that the sixth line of the Latin is clearly another form of the second, and that it is introduced out of place between the two lines of the third couplet, so that the six lines of the Greek are repre- sented by seven lines in Latin. It is even more strongly
S
258 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
supported by the fact that the third couplet is altogether omitted from the Peschitta.
In the fourth couplet of the Latin 'tabitudo enim et mors imminent ' clearly show a corruption of ' imminent ' for ' immane ' = €μμ€ν€, and a consequent corruption of the nominatives ' tabitudo ' and ' mors ' for the genitives ' tabi- tudinis ' and ' mortis.'
The last line of the Syriac is also clearly corrupt. The exhortation of the Greek and Latin ' overlook the ignor- ance (transgression) of thy neighbour ' is in entire harmony with the drift of the passage : the exhortation to almsgiving is a commonplace which gives no suitable antithesis to the preceding half of the couplet.
The whole passage consists, in other words, of two quatrains which are best represented by the first two and the last two couplets of the Greek text : but the third couplet of the Greek text is an intrusive gloss.
3. Examination of some important instances of variation.
I now proceed from the short survey of the materials to the examination of some passages in which the variants are important, and in which the text can only be deter- mined by the help of whatever critical aids we possess.
i. 13. Codd. ACS, 23, 70, 155, 157, 248, 253, 296, 307,Vienna i iv ημη.α
Τίλΐντης αύτου €νλογηθησ€ται : Codd. Β, (55)> (ΐ^^)? (3°^)> (254)?
Vienna 2 . . . €νρησ€ΐ χάριν. Latin : ' in die defunctionis suae benedicetur.' Syriac : Pesch. ' in the end of his days he shall be blessed.' It seems clear that ^υλογηθησεται is the correct reading : the diplomatic evidence against evprjaei χάριν is supported by the fact that that phrase does not appear to be used absolutely in the LXX.,
but always with the addition eu όφθαλμοίς {βναντι, ενώπιον) αυτού
{κνρίσυ\ e.g. infra, iii. 18.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 259
i. 23. Codd. ACS^, 23, 157, 253, Vienna I varepov αΙτω dvaboiaei €υφρο-
σννην. Codd.B,(55), 106, i55,(248),(254), 296,(3o8),Vienna2
.... ευφροσύνη '. Cod. 70 άναδωσει els (ύφροσννηρ.
Latin : ' et postea redditio jucunditatis.'
Neither ευφροσύνη nor (νφροσύνην seems to be grammatically possible : the former because it involves a neuter sense for άναδωσ^ι, the latter because αι/αδώσ^ι has no subject. The Latin suggests the conjecture that the original reading was avadoais ευφροσύνης: the substitution of άνάΒωσις for dvaBoais by an early scribe would be a not uncommon change, and would sufficiently account for the variants.
iii. 10.
Codd. ABCS, 106, 157, 254, 296, 308, Vienna i ov yap eVrt σοι
δόξα προί άτιμίαν '. Cod. 253 • • • • δό^α ώί ατιμία: Cod. 1 55 .... Βόξα άτιμίαρ : Vienna 2 nps ατιμία. Codd. (23), (55)» (248) .... δο£α πατρός ατιμία,
Latin: 'ηοη enim est tibi [Cod. Am. omitsj gloria sed confusio.' Syriac : Pesch. ' for it will not be a glory to thee : Syr. -Hex. ' for it will not be an honour as a disgrace to thee' : (the subject ' the shame of thy father,' is continued from the preceding clause). The difficulties in the way of accepting πατρός ατιμία as the ori- ginal reading are mainly (i) the difficulty of accounting for the corruption of so simple and obvious a phrase into προς άτιμίαν in the majority of MSS., (2) the absence of an equivalent phrase in both the Latin and the Syriac. If προς άτιμίαν were the reading of only a small group of MSS., it might have been supposed that some one scribe had written πατρός in the contracted form πρς, and that the copyists of this MS., mistaking the contraction, had adapted ατιμία to the Supposed preposition. But this hypothesis hardly ac- counts for the facts (i) that προς άτιμίαν is read by MSS. of such different character as those enumerated above, (2) that the Syro- Hexaplar supports the reading ως ατιμία of Cod. 253.
iii. 26. Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296, 307,
Vienna I ό αγαπών κίνδυνον iv αντω άπολύται : Codd. Β, (308) . . . . iv αυτω 4μπ€σύται.
Latin : ' qui amat periculum in illo [Cod. Tolet. ' ipso '] peribit.'
sa
26ο ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
It may be noted that although Β probably stands alone, the quotation in S. Aug. de civit. Dei τ, 27 'qui amat periculum incidit in illud ' shows that it preserves an ancient variant.
iv. II.
Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 157, 248, 253, 296, 307 r] σοφία vlovs αντης
[55> i57> 248, 296 (αντης'] άννψωσί: Codd. Β, 155, (254),
(308) .... νίονς iavTTJ άνυψωσ^ρ : Cod. 106 avrrj νΐονς νψωσε.
Latin : the MSS. agree in reading ' sapientia filiis suis vitam : '
they differ in regard to the verb, Cod. Tolet. ' inspirabit,'
Cod. Amiat. ' spirat,' Cod. S. Germ. ' inspiravit,' Codd. cett.
' inspirat.'
The Latin seems to show that the Greek verb was originally
€\1τνχωσβ or (ν^ψνχωσβ : and this hypothesis is confirmed by what
appears to be a reference to this passage in Clem. -Alex. Strom. 7.
16, p. 896 η σοφία, φησ\ν 6 Σολομών, ΐν^φνσίωσζ [€ν€φνσησ€? cp. SUpra, p. 148] τα iavTTJs τίκνα.
iv. 15. Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 296, 307, Vienna 2
6 προσίχων avrfj κατασκηνώσει πεποιβώς '. Codd. Β, (254), (308) 6
προσ^λθών
Latin : ' qui intuetur illam permanebit [Cod. Amiat. ' permanet ']
confidens.' There is a similar variation of readings in i Tim. 6. 3, where
Cod. S^ reads κα\ μη προσίχ^ται νγιαίνονσιν 'Χόγοις, which is supported by the uniform translation of the Latin ' acquiescit, (-cet) ' whereas all the other Greek MSS. read προσίρχΐται.
v. 6.
Codd. ACS, 55, 106, 155, 253, 254, 296, 307, Vienna 2 eXeo? yap κα\ opyt) παρ* αυτω : Codd. Β, 23, (308) .... τταρ αυτόν : Codd. i57j 248 . . . . παρ' αντω ταχννα,. Latin : ' misericordia enim et ira ab illo cito proximat ' [so Codd.
Tolet. Amiat. : Codd. cett. ' proximant.']
Syriac : Pesch. ' for mercy and wrath are with him.'
The Latin confirms the reading of Codd. 157, 248 in respect of
ταχνι/fi, but suggests that παρ αυτόν was read rather than παρ' αντω.
The Syriac on the other hand is in harmony with the majority of
Greek MSS. The absence of a verb would be out of harmony
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 201
with the verses which precede and follow : whereas the introduction of ταχυνΰ makes the verse closely parallel to v. 7 3 i^amva yap c'^e-
Xfvaerai οργή κυρίου.
The exegetical difficulty of the verse lies in eXeos: for the whole of V. 6 <5 seems to be an answer to the sinner's plea ' His compassion is great, he will make propitiation for the multitude of my sins : ' and it is conceivable that the corruption of the text is greater than either the MSS. or the versions show. The exegesis
seems to point to an original reading [e^JeXeuaerai yap opyfj παρ' αυτού
' for wTath shall come forth from him, and his anger shall abide upon sinners/ The next verse, assuming that the sinner will ac- cept this assurance, and repent, urges him to do so speedily : on the ground that not only will wrath come forth but that it will do so speedily: hence ίξά-κινα e^eXeiaerai would be not a repetition but a natural expansion of the supposed i^ikeiaerai in v. 6 b.
The clause TKcos yap κα\ opyr) ivap αυτού is found also in 16. 12
where the mention of mercy as well as wrath is quite appropriate,
and is amplified in the following clause δυνάστης εξιλασμών κα\ εκχίων opyrjv,
vii. 18.
Codd. AS, 23, 1 55) ΐ57? Vienna i μη άΧλάξης φίλον αδιάφορου: Codd. BC, (55), (253), (254), 296, 308, Vienna 2 μη άλλάξτ}:
φιλον eveKfV (elveKcv^ αδιάφορου '. Cod. I06 μη aXka^rjs φίλον αδιά- φορου κατά μηδέν : Cod. 248 fu) άλλάζης φίλον αδιάφορου μηδέ ev '. Cod. 307 Μ f^ey^jys φίλον €V€K€V αδιάφορου.
Latin : Codd. Am., S. Theod. ' Noli praevaricari [Cod. Am. -re] in amicum pecunia differenti : ' (' praevaricari in ... . '=παρα' βαίνειν, e.g. Is. 66. 24 'qui praevaricati sunt in me :' cf. Rom. 4. 15 'ubi enim non est lex nee praevaricatio.')
Syria c : Pesch. ' Barter not a friend for money.'
It must be gathered both from the Latin and the Syriac that the word in the genitive, whether αδιάφορου or another word, was taken to mean * money ' : but (i) διάφορον, not άδιάφορον, is the Hellenistic word which has this sense : e.g. Corpus Inscr. Graec. 2347 r, 56 TO aiTOTeTaypivov eis τον στίφανον €Κ του νόμου διάφορον ' the money as- signed for the crown in accordance with the law: ' 2 Mace. i. 35 τΓολλά διάφορα ελάμβανε κα\ μετεδίδου * he took and distributed many sums of money : ' (2) the Latin ' differenti ' points to a reading διαφόρου in the text which the Latin translator used : the addition
202 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
'pecunia' maybe regarded as having been added either by the translator to define the uncertain meaning of ' different!/ or as a gloss at a subsequent time.
The original text of the LXX. was thus, in all probability, μη άλλαξες φίλον διαφόρου : the Other readings are attempts to explain αδιάφορου, as is most clearly seen in Cod. 307, which changes the meaning to ' Do not rebuke a friend for a trifling cause.'
X. 17. Codd. ACS, 23, 106, 155, (157), 248, 254, 296, 307 €ξηρ€Ρ
αυτούς [C, αυτάς, S^, 23, 296, e^ αύτών^ κα\ anaXcaev αυτούς [C, αυτάί] : Codd. Β, (308) €ξηραν€ν i^ αυτών: Cod. 55 e^- r)pavev αυτούς.
Latin : ' arefecit ex ipsis et disperdidit illos [eos].' Syriac : Pesch. * he destroyed them, and overthrew them.' The reading i^rjpavev is supported by the Latin : but it has (i) the exegetical difficulty that it would be a mild word inserted among strong ones, (2) the critical difficulty that it does not ac- count for the reading εξ αυτών, with which it is incompatible. On the other hand e^rjpev, which is always elsewhere in the Apocryphal books constructed with an accusative followed by i^, e.g. i Mace. 12. 53: 14. 7, 36, not only gives a congruous meaning, but also accounts for both αυτούς and εξ αυτών. It may be conjectured that the latter phrase was in the original text εξ ανθρώπων [i.e. ΕΞΑΥΤί2Ν =ΕΗΑΝί2Ν] : the words ' he put them away from among men and destroyed them ' would thus find a natural balance in the following clause, ' he caused their memorial to cease from off the earth.'
X. 27.
Codd. A, 106, 157? 296, Vienna I κρείσσων εργαζόμενος κα\ περισ- σεύων [i57j "fi^o"] CI' τασιι/ ή περίπατων δοξαζόμενος κα\ υστερών
[ιο6, 296, Vienna ι άπορων^ άρτων [ιο6, Vienna ι άρτου].
Cod. Β κρείσσων εργαζόμενος εν πάσιν η περίπατων η δοξαζόμενος κα\
άπορων άρτων. Cod. 155 κρείσσων εργαζόμενος εν πάσιν η περίπατων δοξαζόμενος και
άπορων άρτου. Cod. S κρείσσων εργαζόμενος η [S^ omitS η and adds εν πάσιν] κα\
περισσεύων εν πάσιν [S^ OmitS εν π.] η περίπατων δοξαζόμενος κα\
άπορων άρτων.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 263
Codd. 23, 248 κρζίσσων yap 6 εργαζόμενος καί περισσεύων iv πάσιν η
ό δοξαζόμενοί καϊ άπορων αρτον. ' Codd. 55? 254? Vienna 2 κρείσσων εργαζόμενος εν πόνοις η περίπατων
δοζαζόμενος κα\ άπορων άρτων. Cod. 3^7 κρείσσον εργαζόμενος εν πάσιν η περίπατων εργαζόμενος και
άπορων άρτων.
Latin : ' melior est qui operatur et abundat in omnibus quam qui gloriatur et eget pane.'
Syriac : Pesch. : ' better is one who works and abounds in riches, than one who boasts and wants food.'
The Latin and Syriac show that Codd. 23, 248 have preserved the original text. The variants from that text may probably be accounted for thus : — the earliest variant may have been that which is found in Cod. A, and which added περίπατων as a gloss to δοξαζό- μένος : a later scribe finding ή περίπατων in some copies took it to be a correction for και περισσεύων, and omitted the latter [hence Cod. B], and since εν πάσιν was difficult to explain after εργαζόμενος it was altered to εν πόνοις [so Cod. 55] : a later scribe restored και περισσεύων but retained the η [so Cod. S^] which was further cor- rected by omitting the ή, and placing the restored κα\ περισσεύων after instead of before εν πάσιν [so Cod. S^].
xi. 9.
Codd. ACS, 23, 248, 296, 307, Vienna I περί πράγματος ου ουκ
ran σοι μ^ ?ριζε : Codd. Β, (55), (ιο6), ΐ55, (ι57), (254), (3θ8),
Vienna 2 .... ου ούκ εστί σοι χρεία
Latin : ' de ea re quae te non molestat ne certeris : ' [but the
original scribe of Cod. Tolet. omitted ' re.'] Syriac : Pesch. ' if it be in thy power do not contend : ' Syr. -Hex. ' about a matter which is not a trouble to thee do not contend.' It seems probable that the MSS. from which χρεΊα is absent pre- serve the original reading, and that ου is to be explained as an or- dinary instance of inverse attraction. If ερΊζειν be used here in its sense of a legal contest, the meaning will be ' contend not (at law) about a matter which is not thine.'
xii. 12.
The following is the text of Cod. A : — μη στηστ]ς αύτον παρά σεαυτω μη άναστρε-ψας σ€ στ^ επϊ τον τόπον σου' μη καθιστάς αυτόν εκ δεξιών 'σου μήτΓΟτε ζήτηση την καθεΒραν σου.
264 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
The variants on this text are Codd. B, 23, 106, 155, 308 παρά
aeavTov : Cod. 106 omitS μη άναστρ^ψας .... τόπον σον : Codd. BC, 55., 253, (254), 296, (307) avarp^^as: Codd. 23, 248* καταστρίψας {2 4S μη ποτ€ κ.): Cod. 155 ^Ο'τητζζσβ arfj : Cod. 253 ί*'α μη avaTpeyj/as (Ις τον τόπον σον orrj : Codd. 296, 308 eVl τον τόπον σον: Codd. 1 06, 248 add ΧαβΐΊν after καθίδραν σον. Latin : (see below). Syriac : Pesch. ' set him not near thee,
lest, turning round, he stand i"n thy place : set him not at thy right hand, lest he desire to take thy seat.'
It is obvious that the two pairs of phrases are in effect duplicates of each other : but it is not clear whether or not the duplication be intended by the writer. The Greek of all MSS. except Cod. 106, and also the Syriac, would be quite intelligible on the hypo- thesis of an intentional duplication : and some analogies could be found for it elsewhere in the book.
But the Latin suggests the hypothesis that one of the two pairs of phrases is a gloss of the other, since it arranges them in the order in which they would occur if a gloss had been incorporated into the text.
The earliest text is probably that of S. August. Speculum^ p. 130, which agrees with Codd. Amiat., S. Germ., S. Theod. : (the sup- posed glosses are here printed in italics) : ' non statuat ilium penes te nee sedeat ad dexieram tuam ne conversus stet in loco tuo ne forte conversus in locum iuum inquirat caihedram iuam!
The Toledo MS. has—
' non statuas ilium penes te in loco tuo . nee sedeat ad dexteram tuam ne forte conversus in locum tuum inquirat cathedram tuam^
The later MSS. and the Vulgate are based upon this, and have —
' non statuas ilium penes te in loco tuo nee sedeat ad dexteram tuam ne forte conversus in locum tuum inquirat cathedram tuam.'
If the words printed in italics be omitted from the oldest of
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 265
these texts, the remainder will suggest that the original Greek text was —
μη στηστ]5 αντον πάρα σ^αυτω μη άνατρίψας σ€ στγι inX τον τόπον σον. The only important variants in the Greek are άναστρ^^ας and άνατρ€ψας : the uniform translation ' conversus ' in all the Latin MSS. indicates that the former is the older reading. It may be supposed that the common use of the verb in the LXX. as a neuter was unknown to some of the Greek scribes, and that (i) they added ae to it, (2) substituted άνατρί^ας for it : the interchange of άναστρίφω ανατρέπω is not infrequent : there is an instance of it below, V. 16, where Codd. S, 22, read άναστρεψαι^ Codd. AB, άνα-
Tpeyjrai.
xiv. 20.
Codd. S^, 106, 248, 253 μακάριος άνηρ 6s iv σοφία μ€λ(τησ€ί καλά
[S^ omits καλά] : Codd. AB, (23), (55), 155, 157, (254), (296),
308, Vienna I τίλίυτησα : Cod. 307 reXevra.
Latin : S. August. Speculum, p. 468 ' Felix sapiens qui in sa- pientia sua veritatem et justitiam meditatur : ' Cod. Amtai. ' beatus vir qui in sapientia sua morietur et qui in justitia sua meditatur : ' Codd. cett. and Vulg. * beatus vir qui in sapientia morabitur et qui in justitia sua meditabitur.' Syriac : Pesch. * Blessed is the man who thinks upon wisdom, and meditates upon understanding : ' Syr. -Hex. ' Blessedness is for the man who in wisdom meditates well.' The original reading was clearly μ€λ€Τ77σ€ΐ=' meditabitur:' the Latin duplicates ' morietur ' ' meditabitur ' show the combination of two Greek texts, and the antiquity of both of them : the later ' morabitur ' is possibly an emendation of ' morietur.*
XV. 6.
Codd. ASS 106, 248—
(νφροσύνην κα\ στβφανον άγαΧΚιάματος βνρήσα,
κα\ όνομα αΙωνος [ΐθ6, Vienna Ι, αΐώνιον] κατακΚηρονομησα [ΐθ6, Vienna ι, κληρονομήσει, 248 adds αυτόν]
Codd. BC, (23), (55), 155, ΐ57> 253, (254), 296, 307, 3ο8—
€νφροσύνην κάί στβφανον άγαΚΧιάματος Γΐ55) 3^7 "yαλλtάσeωsJ κα\ όνομα αΐωνιον [23, Ι55> Ι57> 253 at^j/os] κατακληρονυμησει.
Latin : ' jucunditatem et exultationem thesaurizabit super ilium, et nomine aeterno hereditabit ilium/
266 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
Syriac : Pesch. ' With joy and gladness will he fill him, and he
will cause him to possess an everlasting name/ The diificulty as to ευρησ^ι is that the preceding verses seem to require the subject Kvpios to be continued ; hence most Greek MSS.
omitted evprjad.
The key to the original text is supplied by the Latin ' thesauri- zabit : ' the original text may be supposed to have been (reading
άγαλλιάσβως with Codd. 1 55, 307) — hrh\A\iKCEOJCQ\\ChY?\CE\, i.e. άyaλ\Lάσeωs θησαυρίσει: but
a careless scribe passed from one C to another and wrote
^vFAAAI^CELUCAYPICCI, i.e. αγαλλίασεως ανρισ€ΐ : and since αυ was a not uncommon error for ευ, and ι for η, the word ανρισα which followed α-γαΚΧιασ^ωί was interpreted as (ίρησ^ι.
xvi. 3.
Codd. AS, 23, 155, (157), 248, 253, 254, 296 μη 6πεχ€ eVt τό πλήθος αυτών : Codd. BC, 308 .... eVi τον τόπον αυτών '. Codd.
106, 307 omit the clause. The Latin ' ne respexeris in labores eorum ' points to a reading κόπον or πόνον: but the context makes τ6 πλήθος almost certain, since the following clause is κρείσσων γαρ eh η χίλιοι.
xvi. 17.
Codd. AS, 23, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 307 μη etnrjS 6τι [248 omits], από κυρίου άποκρυβησομαι, κα\ εξ ΰψους [S^ υψίστου j τις μου μνησθησεται ; Codd. BC, 55j (254)? 296, {308) μη e| ύψους ....
Latin : ' non dicas a deo [Cod. Tolet. ' ab eo '] abscondar, et ex
summo quis mei memorabitur ? ' Syriac : Pesch. ' Say not, I shall be hidden from the sight of the
Lord, and in the height of heaven who will remember me ? ' The Latin and Syriac confirm the reading of Codd. AS.
xvi. 18. Codd. AS, 23, 155, 157, 253, 254, 296, 307, Vienna i
ίδού ό [l55 Ol^litS o] ουρανός καΐ δ ουρανός του ουρανού άβυσσος κα\ yrj [S, 2g6 η γτβ iv τη επισκοπή αυτοΰ σαΚευθησονται [23, 253 σαλεύοι^αί, 155 σαλευθησεταϊ^
Codd. Β, (55), (3ο8)—
έδού 6 ουρανός κα\ 6 ουρανός του ουρανού του θεοΰ, άβυσσος κα\ yrj σαλευθησονται εν τη επισκοπή αυτοΰ.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 267
Cod. 106 —
Ιδού 6 ovpavos τον ουρανού
άβυσσος και γη καΐ τα. iv αντόΐς iv τη ΐττισκοπη αντον σαΚΐνθησονται. So Cod. 248, except that κα\ 6 ovpavos is retained. Latin : ' Ecce caelum et caeli caelorum, abyssus et universa
terra, et quae in eis sunt in conspectu illius commovebuntur '
[in Cod. Tolet. * commovebuntur ' is added by a later hand]. Syriac : Pesch. ' Behold the heaven and the heaven of heavens,
the deep, and the earth, stand by his manifestation upon
them : ' Syr, -Hex. ' . . . . are trembUng at his visitation of
them.'
It is probable that τον 6fov has come into the Greek text as an alternative translation of an original Hebrew ^^, as in Is. 14. 13. But the insertion seems to make του θ^οϋ a predicate, ' the heaven and the heaven of heaven is God's : ' which destroys the parallelism with the following verse.
xvii. 27.
Codd. ACS, 106, 155, 157, 248, 296, 307 avTi ζώντων κα\ διδόντων άνθομολόγησιν : Codd. Β, (23), (55). (253). (254), (3θ8) άντΙ ζώντων καϊ ζώντων καΐ διδόντων άνθομολόγησιν. Latin : ' CUm
vivis et dantibus confessionem Deo.' It is only an inference from the silence of the collators to suppose that any MS. supports Β in the addition καΐ ζώντων : the addition is most like only the error of a scribe who wrote the words for καϊ διδόντων, and afterwise corrected them. But the fact of the words occurring, if they do occur, in other MSS. would be an important contribution to the genealogy of those MSS.
xviii. 32. Codd. ACS, 155, 157, 248, 254—
μη ίνφραίνου eVi πόλΧτ} τρυφη [248 adds σου]
μη [Codd. C, (157), 248, 254, Vienna i, μηδβ, Cod. 155 κα\
μηδί\ προσδεηθηε συμβολί} [248 συμβουλής, Vienna I συμ- βουλή^ αντης.
Cod. Β, (55), (253), 307 /^'/δε [307 μ] προσδ^θης.
Cod. 106 μηδΐ συνδίθης ....
Cod. 23 καΙ (υφραίνου .... και προσδίθης.
Latin : Codd. Am. Corb.
' ne oblecteris in turbis nee inmodicis, ad duas est enim commissio illorum : '
268 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
Cod. Tol.
' ne oblecteris in turbis nee inmodieis deleeteris, ad duas est enim commissio illorum : ' S. August. Specul. 134-5
'ne oblecteris in turbis nee inmodieis deleeteris : * Codd. cett., and Vulg.
' ne oblecteris in turbis nee inmodieis : assidua enim est commissio eorum.' Syriac : Pesch. ' Delight not in a multitude of delights, lest at length thou become poor : ' Syr. -Hex. ' Delight not in a multi- tude of delights, and do not tie thyself to a portion of them.' The Latin ' commissio ' (probably = ' comissatio/ for which * comissa' is found, cf. Ducange s. v.) points to συμβολή having been in the nominative case in the text which it translated. Assidua also points to the possibility of the difficult variants προσδεθης, προσδ€ηθί}ί being the representatives of a lost adjective. But there is no apparent clue to the original reading.
xix. 22. Codd. ACS^, 106, 155, (157), 254, 308 Koi ουκ €στι βονλη αμαρ- τωλών φρόνησις \ Codd. Β, (23), (55); (248), (253)» (296) f^ca ουκ €στιν οπού βουλή αμαρτωλών φρόνησις.
Latin : ' et non est cogitatus peccatorum prudentia.' The use of the classical ουκ εστίν οπού { = ουδαμου) in Cod. Β, which is possibly not supported by any other MS., is improbable.
xxi. 17. Codd. ACS, 23, 155? 157? 253, 254 στόμα φρονίμου ζητηθησ^ται iv εκκλησία, καΐ τους λόγους αυτού διανοηθησοναι iv καρδία : Cod. Β,
(ιο6), (248), (296) . . . διανοηθήσεται. Latin: 'verba ejus cogitabunt in cordibus suis.' The singular διανοηθησεται is unintelligible on account of the
accusative τους λόγους : the subject of the plural διανοηθησονται is
clearly implied in the preceding clause.
xxii. 27.
Codd. AS, 155? 296, 308 eVi τών χζίλεων μου σφραγίδα πανούργων :
Codd. BC, (23), (55), (106), 157, (248), (253), (254) ....
πανοϋργον.
Latin : ' super labia mea signaculum certum.'
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 269
It is probable that navovpyov is correct : it is found in a good sense elsewhere in the book, =* clever/ e.g. 6. 32 : but a doubt arises from the fact that it is always used in the LXX. of persons and not of things: hence possibly here σφρ. πανούργων =^ ά seal of clever men/ i. e. cunningly devised : cf. βούλας πανούργων Job
xxiii. 10.
Codd. AS, 55, 157, 254 ό ομνύων κα\ [Codd. AS και ο] ονομάζων δια παντός το όνομα κυρίου άπο αμαρτίας ου μη καθαρισθί) ; Codd. BC, 23, (106), Ι55> (248), (253) omit το όνομα κυρίου.
Latin : ' omnis jurans et nominans in toto a peccato non purga-
bitur.' Syriac : Pesch. ' Whoever swears on any (slight) occasion, it is an abominable thing, nor will he be guiltless : ' Syr. -Hex. * He who swears, and names Him, on any (slight) occasion will not be guiltless.' The antithetical clause οΙκ€της ζξ^ταζόμ^νος seems to require a single participle here : and the variants are best explained by the hypothesis that ό ονομάζων το όνομα κυρίου was added in early times as a gloss of 6 ομνύων : the phrase apparently comes from Lev. 24. 16, and the separation of it into two parts by the insertion of δια παντός probably accounts for the loss of the words to όνομα κυρίου in most MSS., including those from which the Latin transla- tion was made.
xxiv. 17.
Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, (157), 248, 253, 254, 296 βγώ ώ?
αμπβλος (βλάστησα χάριν (248 ευωδίαν) : Codd. BC, (s^^) βλαστησασα.
Latin: 'ego quasi vitis fructificavi suavitatem [Cod. Amiat. 'in
suavitate '] odoris.' Syriac : Pesch., Syr. -Hex. ' I am like unto a vine of fairest beauty.' The Latin is remarkable as supporting not only Codd. AS, cett. against BC, but also the reading εύωΒίαν of Cod. 248 against all the other MSS.
XXV. 15.
Codd. A, Vienna 2 συνοικησαι [Cod. A συι/οικτ^σ?] λίοντι κα\ δράκοντι ξύδόκησβ, η συνοικησαι μζτα γυναικός πονηρας : Codd. BCS\ 253 συνοικησαι λίοντι και δράκοντι [253 δράκοντι κα\ Xeoj/riJ (υδοκησω η (ροικησαι μ€τα γυναικός πονηράς: Codd. S^, 23, 55^ ^55? 296,
270 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
Vienna I . . . evdoKrjaai η συνοικησαι . . .: Codd. ΐοό, 254 . . . (Ιδοκησαι η οίκησ-αι . . . : Cod. 248 .. . ευδοκώ η συροίκησαι: Vienna 2 . . . €ν8όκησ€ η συνοικησαι . . .
Latin : ' commorari leoni et draconi placebit quam habitare cum
muliere nequam.' Syriac : Syr. -Hex. ' I prefer to live with a serpent and with a lion,
than to dwell in the house with a wicked woman.'
The Syriac supports the personal ευδοκήσω or ευδοκώ against the impersonal (νΒόκησβ, and the Latin supports the future (ν8υκησω against the present evdoKOo. It seems probable that the reading evSoKTjaai has arisen from the influence of the following hoLKrjaai, and that the impersonal €νδόκησ€ of Cod. A is only a scribe's error for fvboKTjaai. It is probable that ^νοικησαι is correct rather than σννοικησαι in the second clause, because the meaning of the former • to live in the house ' is more suitable to the passage than the meaning of the latter, which in relation to a woman is almost always ' to cohabit.'
XXV. 17. Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296, Vienna i, 2
(πονηρία yvvaiKosj σκοτοί το πρόσωπον [254, 308 την ορασιιΛ αυτής ως αρκος : Codd. BC, (308) . ... ως σάκκον.
Latin: 'obcaecat [obcaecavit, obcaecabit] vultum suum tanquam
ursus, et quasi saccum ostendit/ Syriac : Pesc/i., Syr. -Hex. ' it makes her face dark as the colour of sackcloth.'
The Latin shows the antiquity of both the Greek readings,
αρκος and σάκκον.
αρκος {=αρκτος) is Unintelligible: it can hardly be doubted that the original reading was αρκυς in the sense of a net for the hair : so Hesychius αρκυς' γυναικύον κ€κρνφαλον. For headdresses of this kind, see Baumeister, Denkmdler des klassischen Alter turns, fig. 81 (a Pompeian wall-picture, from Mus. Borhon. vi. 18) and fig. 392 (a Herculanean picture from Antic, di Ercol. i. 79).
σάκκον has probably the same sense as αρκυς: it was a cloth like that of the terra-cotta which is pictured in Baumeister, fig. 850 (from Stackelberg's Grader der Helleneri). The neuter form of the word does not occur elsewhere.
It may be conjectured that each of the two words αρκυς and σάκκον (σάκκος) had a local or restricted use, and the one was substituted
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 27 1
for the other by the scribe of a different locaHty. The Latin trans- lator, finding the corrupt reading αρκος translated it ' ursus/ and not understanding σάκκον, but taking it for an accusative, con- structed the new clause ' et quasi saccum ostendit.'
The meaning of the passage, whether apKvs or σάκκον be read, is ' the wickedness of a woman changes her appearance, and darkens her countenance as when a wimple is drawn over it.'
XXV. 21.
Codd. AS, 106, 155, (157)5 3°^ γυναίκα iv KoKkei μη €πίποθηστ}ς : Codd. 55j 254? 296 γυναϊκα iv κάλλβι μη €πιθυμήστ]ς I Codd. BC, (23), (253) γυναίκα μη €πιποθηστ]9 : Cod. 248 γυναϊκα μη (πιποθησης fis τρυφην.
Latin : ' non concupiscas mulierem in specie.'
The first clause of the verse, μη προσπ€στ)ς em κάλλος γυναικός, is inadequately balanced by the reading of Codd. BC, and although the reading of the majority of MSS. iv κάλ\€ί is supported by the Latin, 'in specie,' yet it is too nearly a repetition of eVl κάλλος to be quite satisfactory. Hence there is a probability that the true reading is preserved in Cod. 248 eh τρυφην, in the sense of the Latin ' luxuria.'
XXV. 25.
Codd. AS, 23, 106, 155, (157), 253, 254 {μη 8ως) . . . μη^e γυναικί πονηρά παρρησίαν : Codd. BC, (55)» 296, 3^^ • • • H-V^^ γυναικί πονηρά €ξουσιαν : Cod. 248 .. . παρρησίαν εξόδου. Latin : ' nee mulieri nequam veniam prodeundi.' Syriac : Syr. -Hex. ' nor to a wicked woman liberty.' The antithetical clause μη δως ΰδατι dU^odov seems to favour the reading παρρησίαν in the sense of 'freedom of speech,' in which sense it is used in Job 27. 10, Prov. i. 20. But the Latin shows that iξoυσίav, in the sense of ' liberty to go out of doors/ was an early variant, to which e^obov was probably added as a gloss.
xxvi. 5.
Codd. AS^, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 296 eVi τω τΐτάρτω προσωπω €φοβηθην : Codd. BC, (23), (254) . . . ibeηθηv. Latin :
' et in quarto facies mea metuit.' The variation of reading is probably due to the unusual con- struction of φοβεϊσθαι with iπί: but ebeηθηv gives no intelligible
272 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
sense. The Latin connects προσώπω (ψοβηθην, * I was afraid in countenance.'
xxvii. 27.
Codd. AS^ 55, 106, 155, 157, 253, 254, 296, 307, 308 6 ποιων πονηρά etff αυτά κυΚισθησ^ται [lo6, 254 βγ^υλίσ^ι^σεταί] : Codd. Β, (23) . . . us αυτόν κυ\ισθησ€ται : Cod. 248 ποιουντι πονηρά. eV αυτόν κν\ισ6ησ(ται.
Latin: S. Aug. Speculum, p. 142, Cod. S. Theod. ' facienti nequissimum consilium super ilium devolvetur: ' Codd. Tolet. Amiat. ' facienti nequissimum super ipsum devolvetur.' Syriac : Pesch., Syr. -Hex. ' he who devises evil will fall into it.' The most noteworthy point is the agreement of the Latin with Cod. 248 in the possible but harsh construction 'to him that doeth mischief, it will roll upon him :' the reading of Cod. Β is gram- matically impossible, but critically interesting because it preserves in αυτόν the middle link between the reading of Cod. 248 and that of the majority of MSS., i. e. it may be supposed that when the dative ποιουντι was changed into the nominative, αυτόν was in some cases retained by an unintelligent scribe from an earlier MS.
xxviii. I.
Codd. ABCS, 68, 157, 253, 296, 307, Vienna I ray αμαρτίας αυτού (157, 253 αυτών) διαστηριων διαστηρίξΐ : Codd. 23, (106), (248), 254? Vienna 2 τάς αμαρτίας αυτού (254 αυτών) διατηρών διατηρήσει: Cod. 55 '""^ αμαρτίας αυτών διατηρήσει: Cod. 1 55 ^ιατηριών 8ιατηρίσ€ΐ : Cod. 308 (apparently) διαστηριών διατηρήσει.
Latin : ' et peccata illius servans servabit.'
Syriac : Fesc/i., Syr. -Hex. ' for all his sins will be carefully pre- served for him,' i. e. for God.
The reading διατηρών διατηρήσει is Confirmed not only by the versions but also by the context. The purport of the context is evidently that a man should not avenge himself upon one who has wronged him, but wait for the vengeance of God. The Pauline * I will recompense, saith the Lord ' is here expressed as ' their sins he will surely keep (in remembrance).' In the reading διαστηριών διαστηριεί there is (i) the grammatical difficulty that the use of the participle in the future would probably be without a parallel, (2) that the meaning ' their sins he will surely confirm ' is not relevant to the context.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 273
xxix. 4. Codd. AS, 23, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 296, 307 πάρζσ-χον κόπον [307 Koknovj Tois βοηθησασιν αύτοίς : Codd. BC, (55/5 (2 54)»
(308) . . . πόνον. Latin : ' praestiterunt moiestiam his qui se adiuvaverunt (adiuverunt). ' κόπος and πόνος are similarly interchanged elsewhere, e. g. Job 3. 10; Ps. 9, 35 (10. 14): 54 (55). 10, II ; Wisd. 10. 10.
xxix. 7. (i) Codd. AS^ 55, 155, 157, 248, 254, 296, Vienna i πολλοί
ουν χάριν πονηρίας άπ€στρ€ψαν (Codd. 55) 106, Ι57> ^54 ^^^ χεφα, 248 adds τον ανθρωπον) : Codd. S^ 23, 253^ 3^7 ""^^^^^ ου χάριν πονηρίας άπ€στρζ'\Ιταν ΐ Cod. Β, (308) πολλο) χάριν πονηρίας άπ€στρ€\Ιταν : Cod. Ι06 ττολλοί χάριν πονηρίας άπ€στρ€ψαν χ^'ιρα. (2) Codd. ABS, 106, 155, 157» 254, 296, (307), 308 άποστ€ρη- θηναι 8ωρ(άν (νλαβηθησαν : Codd. 23, ^^^, 248, 2 53) ^ί^^Ι^^ 2 άποστερηθηναι δε . . . : Cod. 248 omitS δωρβα'ι/.
Ladn : ^ multi non causa nequitiae non fenerati sunt sed fraudari
gratis timuerunt.' Syriac : Pesch. ' many turn away from lending, by no means on account of wickedness, but because they are afraid of an empty quarrel : ' Syr. -Hex. (the last clause) ' . . . but they shall be deprived because they feared without cause.' In the first clause it is possible that both ουν and ου may be correct. The latter word is required by the whoh structure of the passage, and is supported both by good Greek MSS. and by the versions. The former is possible, because the verse is of the nature of an inference from v. 6.
The verb απόστρεψαν requires an object, and the analogy of v. 9 leads us to expect a personal object : hence the τον ανθρωπον of Cod. 248 seems preferable to the χ^φα of other MSS.
In the second clause 6e is clearly necessary, and the retention of it in Cod. 248 shows that that MS. is based upon one which read ου in the first clause.
xxix. 13.
Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 254, 296, 307, 308 υπίρ άσπί8α κράτους (l57 κράνους) κα\ υπέρ [55 Omits] δόρυ όλκης : Codd.BC, (248), (253) • • • ^^Φ ^^Ρ^ άλκης.
Τ
2 74 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
Latin : ' super scutum potentis et super lanceam.'
Syriac : Pesch. ' a strong shield, and a spear, and a wall will it
be for war.' The reading ολκής is not only better attested, but is also a more common word in later prose and Hellenistic Greek than the poetical άλκψ: 'it (sc. almsgiving) will fight for him in the face of the enemy better than a strong shield or a heavy spear/
XXX. II, 12, 13.
Cod. 248
I μη δως αυτω i^ovaiav iv ν^ότητι και μη παρ'ώΎ]ς τας αγνοίας αντου κάμψον τον τράχηλον αυτού iv ν€Οτητι κα\ θλάσον τας πλζνρας αντυΰ ως Ζστι νηπιος
5 μη 7Γοτ€ σκληρυνθείς άπαθηση σοι' κα\ Ζσται σοι οδύνη ψνχης. παίδβυσον τον νΐόν σου κα\ 'έργασαι iv αυτώ ινα μη iv τη άσχημοσύνη αυτοΰ προσκόψτ)ς.
Codd. ABCS, 23, 55, 68, 155, ι57, 253, 296, 308 omit νν. 2, 3, 6 : Cod. 106 omits νν. 2, 3 ' Cod. (254) places νν. 2, 3 after V. 8.
The variants are: v. i, Cod. 307 δός: v. 4, Codd. A, 106, 155
€ως iστί: V. 5, Codd. ACS, 157, 307, 308 άπ€ΐθησ€ΐ, Cod. 155
€πιθησ€ΐ : v. 6, Cod. 106 adds e^ αυτού after σοι : V. 7, Cod. C
has ως €στι νηπιος for ipyaaai iv αυτω '. V. 8, Cod. 296 ... eV τΐ] αισχύνη αυτοΰ ττροσκό-^ης, Cod. 55 • • • ^^ "^Ό αίο'χημοσύνη σου προσκόψτ/ς^ Cod. 3^^ . . . iv τη αισχημοσύνη σου προσκόψη.
Latin: 'ηοη des ilH potestatem in juventute et ne despicias cogitatus illius : curva cervicem ejus in juventute et tunde latera illius dum infans est, ne forte induret et non credat tibi et erit tibi dolor animi : doce filium tuum et operare in ilium ne in turpitudinem illius oifendas.' Syriac: Syr. -Hex.
'Give him not power in his youth. Nor forgive him all his transgressions : Keep low his heart while he is young, And break his back while he is little :
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 275
Lest when he is grown strong he rebel against thee. Teach thy son grief of mind, And show thyself rough towards him : Lest he cause thee to stumble by his foolishness.' Both the Latin and the Syriac confirm the general reading of Cod. 248 against all the other MSS. But the original of the Syriac translation of vv. 6, 7 was evidently different from any Greek text which has survived.
XXX. 39 (xxxiii. 31). Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 157, 253, 254, 296, 307, Vienna 2
cl eaTL σοι οίκβτης έστω cos συ
δνι iv αίματι €κτησω αυτόν'
€1 [S^ om.] €στί σοι οΙκ€τη5 aye αυτόν ως αδίλφόΐ',
ΟΤΙ ως η ψνχη (του ίττώ^ησ^ις αντ^.
Codd. Β, (3θ8)
€ί eWt σοι οίκζ'της έστω ως συ
ΟΤΙ iv αιματι ΐκτησω αυτόν'
et €στι σοι οϊκετης aye αυτόν ως σ^αντόν,
ΟΤΙ ως ή ψνχη σου €πώ€ησ€ΐς αυτω.
Cod. 106
61 €στι σοι οΐκίτης [marg. add. πιστοί] έστω ως συ
ΟΤΙ iv αιματι iκτησω αυτόν'
aye αυτόν ως άδβΧφόν,
ΟΤΙ ως η ψυ\η σου iπώeησeις αύτώ.
Cod. 155
el €στιν σοι οίκ^της ayaye αυτον ως άbe\φόv, οτι ως η ψυχή σου βττιδβϊ/σίί αυτω.
Cod. 248
et eari σοι οΐκίτης, Ζστω σοι ως ή ψυχή σου οτι iv αιματι iκτήσω αυτόν' el ίστι σοι οΐκίτης aye αυτον ως άδεΧφον οτι ως ή ψνχη σου iπιbeήσeις αυτω. Latin :
' Si est tibi servus fidelis, sit tibi quasi anima tua : quasi [Cod. Tol. ' et sicut '] fratrem sic eum tracta, quoniam in sanguine animae comparasti eum.' [Cod. Tol. * . . . animae tuae': * parasti ' in the margin.] Syriac: Pesch.
' If thou hast one bond-servant, let him be to thee as thyself. Because like thyself will be the loss : Τ 2
276 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
If thou hast one bond-servant, treat him as thy brother ;
Fight not against the blood of thy soul.' The passage is one of the most difificult in the book : it seems evident, both from the Greek MSS. and from the Latin, that part of it has been duplicated. The key to the diversities of the Greek MSS. seems to be afforded by the Latin, which makes it probable (i) that 61 eavL σοι oiVeV»;? should be read only once (as in Codd. 106, 155) • (2) that ως η ψνχη σον is an epexegesis, or the original form, of ως σν \ (3) that άδίλψον is the correct reading, if the whole clause
aye avrov cos αδελφοί/ be not an added paraphrase of έστω ως σν (ως η ψνχη σον).
It seems also probable that the unintelligible clause δη ως ή ψνχη
σον €πώ€ησείς αντω veils a paraphrase of ev αίματι βκτησω αυτόν.
xxxii. 22. Codd. ASS 55ί Io6, 155, 157, 253, 254, 307 κα\ κρινύ δικαίοις κα\ ποιήσει κρίσιν : Codd. Β, (23), (296) . . • . δικαίως'. Cod. 248 .... δίκαιον ς.
Latin : ' sed judicabit justos et faciet justitiam.' The context clearly requires δικαίοις : cf. Is. 11. 4 κρινεΙ ταπεινω κρίσιν.
xxxvi. (xxxiii.) 3.
Codd. AS, 23, 55, 106, 155, (157), 248, 253, 254, 296, 307,
308 άνθρωπος σννετος €μπιστ€νσ€ΐ νόμω κα\ δ νόμος αυτω πιστός ως ερώτημα δηλών [ΐθ6, 3^7 δί/λοι/, 248 δ^^^ωι^] ετοίμασον Χόγον κα\ όντως άκονσβηστ] : Codd. BC . . . . ώς ερώτημα δίκαιων [accent
uncertain]. Latin : 'homo sensatus credit legi dei et lex illi fidelis : qui in- terrogationem manifestat parabit [Cod. Amiat. ' paravit '] verbum et sic deprecatus exaudietur.' The ordinary punctuation of the passage connects ώς ερώτημα δηλών with the preceding words : and it is possible that this punc- tuation is anterior to Cod. B, and accounts for the reading δικαίων (if δικαίων and not δίκαιων be intended).
But the Latin helps to make it probable that the clauses properly run as follows : —
άνθρωπος σννετος εμπιστενσει νόμω,
κα\ νόμος αυτω πιστό?*
ώς ερώτημα δηλών, ετοίμασον λόγον,
και όντως .... [? = ' dcprecatUS '] άκονσθηστι.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 277
* A man of understanding will put his trust in the law, And the law will be to him trustworthy : Fashion thy speech, as one who states a question And so ... . shalt thou be listened to.'
The use of ερώτημα in the philosophical sense of a formal ques- tion or problem is not out of harmony with the character of the book.
xxxvi. 18.
Codd. AS, 55j ^55) 253, 254 πάλιν ά-γιάσματός σου .... τόπον καταπανματός σον : Codd. 23, 106, 1 57? 248, 296, 3^7 '^όλιν άγιάσματόί σου .... τόπον καταπαύσβώς σου Ι Codd. Β πόλιν αγιάσματος σου .... πόλιν καταπανματός σου. The Latin sup- ports Cod. Β : * civitati sanctificationis tuae .... civitati re- quiei tuae.*
xxxvi. 22.
Codd. AS, 155 ^Ισάκουσορ Kvpie 8€ησ€ως των οΙκ€τών σον'. Codd.
BC, 23, 55, (106), (157), (248), (253), (254), (296), (307), (308) .... ίκίτων σον. The Latin supports Codd AS : ' exaudi orationes servorum tuorum:' but in Ps. 73 (74). 23 Cod. S agrees with Cod. Β in reading ίκ€των : (Cod. A is there defi- cient : and neither word is a correct translation of the Hebrew
xxxvi. 31 (28). '
Codd. AS, 23, 55, 157, 253, 254, 296, 307 τίς yap ττιστβύσβι €νζώνω ληστ^ άφαλλομ^νω εκ πόλίως eh πόλιν [296 πεδίον: SO 308] : Codd. BC .... σφαλλομενω . . . .: Codd. 106, I55j 248 .... εφαλλομενω ....
Latin : ' . . . . quasi succinctus lateo exsiliens de civitate in civi-
tatem.' Syriac : Pesch. ' who would trust a youth like a goat leaping
from city to city ? '
The Syriac appears to supply the missing element in the meta- phor : the wifeless and homeless man, wandering from city to city is like a goat leaping from rock to rock.
xxxviii. 27. Codd. AS, 55, 106, 155, (157), 253, 296, 307 Kdi 17 [55, 106
278 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
omit η] €πιμονη αυτού άλλοιωσαι ποικίλίαν : Codd. BC, 23, (248), (254)5 {308) ' ' ' ' V νπομονη ....
Latin : ' assiduitas ejus variat picturam.' The Latin confirms επίμονη, ' assiduity ' or ' perseverance ' as distinguished from υπομονή, ' moral endurance.'
xxxviii. 28.
Codd. A, (157)» 3^7 '^"^ καταμανθάνων epyov σώηρου : Codd. S, 55> 106, 254, 308 .... epya σώηρου : Cod. 296 epyots σώηρου: Cod. 155 • • • • φγασ"/αΐ' σώηρου : Cod. 23 ... . ^ργω σώηρου: Cod. 248 eV €ργω σώηρου: Codd. BC .... άρ-γώ σώηρω: Cod. 253 €ργου σώηρου.
Latin : ' considerans opus ferri.'
The reading άργω σώηρω 'unwrought iron' {apyos is used of metal
in this sense in Joseph. B.J. 7. 8. 4 apyos re σώηροε κα\ χαλκός eTL δε και μόλιβδος, SO Pausan. 3• 12. 3) is in itself possible : the smith is sitting at the anvil and looking at the glowing unwrought mass on which he is about to work : but the difficulty of the use of the dative case with καταμανθάνων seems insuperable. If the reading of Cod. A, epyov σώηρου, be correct, there does not appear to be any adequate reason for the numerous variations : the Syriac translation ' implements of weight ' suggests that the original reading was the comparatively rare word cpyaXela (σώψου), which is found only in Ex. 27. 19: 39. 21 (40). The picture would thus be that of a smith sitting at the anvil, and scanning his implements : very soon Kapbiav 8ώσ€ΐ els συντίλααν epyωv, ' he will give his mind to the com- pleting of the works.'
xxxix. 13.
Codd. ACS, 23, 106, (157)5 248, 253, 296, 307, 308 β\αστησατ€ a>s podov φυόμ^νον eVi ρεύματος lypox) : Codd. B, (55)) 1 55» (254), .... eVi peΰμaτos aypoO.
Latin : ' quasi rosa plantata super rivos [Cod. Amiat. ' rivum ']
aquarum.' The quotation of the passage in Clem. Alex. Paed. 2. 8, p. 216,
ώρ ρό8ον Ίΐ€φυτ€νμίνον em. ρ€υμάτων υδάτων βλαστήσατε, is remarkable as giving the Greek original of the Latin, and thereby showing that a recension existed which does not survive in any MS.
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 279
xlii. 5.
Codd. ACS, 155, 1575 253> 307 Trepl διαφόρου πράσ^ως ψπόρων : Codd. 23, 106, 248, 254? 296 περί άδίαφόρον πράσ^ως εμπόρων'. Codd. Β, (55)5 (3°^) "^^Ρ*- αδιάφορου τιράσ^ως κα\ εμπόρων.
The Latin, ' de corruptione emptionis et negotiatorum/ points to a reading διαφθοράς for διαφόρου : probably through a mis- understanding of the meaning of διαφόρου, ' purchase-money/
xliii. 9. Codd. ACS-, 55, 106, 155, (157), 248, 253, 254, 307 KOa-pos
φωτίζων ev υψίσ-τοις κυρίου: Cod. 23 κόσμον φωτίζων iv υ-^ίστοις κύριος : Codd. Β, (296), (3^^) ι^όσμος φωτίζων ev υ>\τίστοις κύριος. Latin : ' mundum illuminans in excelsis dominus.' It seems probable that Cod. 23 has preserved the right reading, and that there are four parallel clauses, each referring to the moon : that is to say, the moon is described as
κάλλος ουρανού, δόξα άστρων, κόσμον φωτίζων, ev ύψίστοις κύριος.
xliii. 25.
Codd. ACS κτησις κτηνών: Cod. 248 κρίσις κητών: Codd. 106,
157 ι^τησις κητών: Codd. 254? 3^7 '^Tto'iff κτηνών: Codd. Β,
(23). (55), (ΐ55), (253), (296) ι^τίσις (308 πτίσις) κητών.
The Latin, ' creatura belluarum/ makes it probable that κτίσις
κτηνών is the true reading. But itacisms are so frequent that nothing
certain can be determined from the Greek MSS.
xliv. 17. Codd. AS^, 55, 106, 155, 157, 254, 308—
Νώε €ΰρίθη rcXetos δίκαιος'
ev [106, 157 και eV] καιρώ ορ-γης eyeveTO άντάλλα-γμα•
δια τοΰτο ζγρνηθη κατάΚίίμμα Trj yrj,
οτ€ eyeveTO κατακΧυσμός [ΐθ6, 1 55» ^57 ^ icciT.j.
Codd. 23, 248 —
Νώβ €υρ€θη reXeios δίκαιος'
ev καιρώ 6pyr]s eyeveTO άvτάλ\ayμa'
δια τούτο iyeveTO κατακλυσμός Γ 2 48 ό κατ.Ί.
28ο ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
Codd. B, 253 —
Νώβ €νρ€θη TeXetoi dUaios' iv καιρώ opyrjs iyeutro αντάλλαγμα' bia τούτο ΐγ^νηθη [253 iyiv€To\ κατάλεψμα Trf yff ^Lo. TOVTO iyevero κατακλυσμός, Latin :
'Noe inventus est perfectus Justus et in tempore iracundiae factus est reconciliatio/ Syriac : Pesch.
' Noah was found just, a peacemaker in his time : At the time of the flood he was appointed a ransom for
the world, And for his sake was salvation made/ It seems probable that ore iyev^To is the true reading, and that the phrase ore iyevtTo κατακλυσμός balances and explains iv καφω opyrjs. But it is also possible that the Latin preserves the original
form of the passage, and that ^γενηθη κατάλειμμα Trj yfi and OTe iyevcTO κατακλυσμός are glosses respectively of eyei/ero αντάλλαγμα and ev καφω οργής : this hypothesis would account for the shortened form which is found in Codd. 23, 248.
xlv. 20.
Codd. AS, 55^ 253 άπαρχας πρωτογενημάτων €μ€ρισ€ν αντω αρτον πρώτοις ητοίμασεν iv πλησμοντ}. The variants οη this text are Cod. 248 άπαρχην, Codd. 68 αυτοίς, Cod. 23 αρτοις πρώτοις, Codd. 106, 157? (254) ^^ πρώτοις, Cod. S^ πρώτον γενηματος, Cod. Β αυτοΐς and πλησμονην, Codd. 106, 1 57 eh πλησμονην, Cod. 155 ττλησμονη.
Latin : ' primitias frugum [Cod. Amiat. ' fructuum'] terrae divisit ilH : panem ipsis in primis paravit in satietatem.'
Syriac : Pesch. ' he made the firstfruits of the sanctuary his in- heritance, and the order of the bread, for himself and for his seed.'
The Latin suggests that the original text was .... (μβρισεν αντω,
ItpTov αυτοΊς iv πρώτοις ητοίμασ^ν ets πλησμονην : this hypothesis will
account for the variants of Cod. B, 23, 106, 157.
xlvi. 15. Codd. ACS, 23, 55, 106, 155, 157, 248, 253, 254, 296, 308 κα\
iyvώσθη [l55 iπeyvώσθη'] iv ρήμασιν [23, 55, 248, 253, 254, 296
ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS. 251
ρηματι] αυτόν πιστός [23 πίστα, 253 TTiVrts] 6ράσ(ως [248 omitS πιστός όράσίω?] : Cod. Β πίστ€ΐ for ρημασιν (^ρηματι).
Latin : * et cognitus est in verbis suis iidelis quia vidit Deum lucis/
The Latin confirms the reading of the majority of MSS., and gives a remarkable gloss of δράσεως : ' his words showed that he was trustworthy in respect of his vision,' i.e. 'that he was to be be- lieved when he said that he had seen the God of light.' But the
phrase in C. xlviii. 22 is πιστός iv όράσ€ΐ αύτον.
Such an examination as the preceding, since it is limited to a small number of passages, does not warrant a final in- duction. But inasmuch as the passages have not been chosen with a view to support any previously formed opinion, they may be taken as typical, and consequently as both suggesting provisional results and indicating the lines which further research may profitably pursue.
The points which will probably be most generally allowed to be established by the preceding examination are these :
(i) The great value of the versions in regard to the restoration of the text. The glosses and double versions which they embody frequently point to readings which have not survived in any Greek MS., but which carry with them a clear conviction of their truth.
{2) The inferior value of some of the more famous uncial MSS. as compared with some cursives. Of the uncial MSS. the Venetian MS. (H. and P. No. 23) is clearly the most trustworthy : whereas the Vatican MS. Β preserves in many cases a text which is neither probable in itself nor supported by other evidence. The book affords in this respect a cor- roboration of the opinion that the same MSS. have different values for different books.
(3) The field which is open to conjectural emendation. There are cases in which neither MSS. nor versions have preserved an intelligible text : and since it is clear that the book has existed in more than one form, that it has passed
282 ON THE TEXT OF ECCLESIASTICUS.
through the hands of scribes who did not understand it, and that there was no such reverence for it as would preserve its text from corruption, the same process may legitimately be applied to it which is applied to the fragments of Greek philosophers. In some cases such conjectures have a degree of probability which closely approximates to certainty.
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
Passages treated at length or explained are marked with an asterisk after the page.
Genesis.
1. I, 2
1•4>5 1.9 1. 10 1. 24 1. 26 1. 27
1. 3o
1.31
2. I 2.2,3 2.8 2. 16 2. 19 3.6 3.15 4.3,5 4.3 4.5,6
6-5
6. 17
7. 22 8.10,
8.13
8. 21 ,
9. 25 , 9. 27
12. I, ;
12.5
12. 9
13. 6 13. 9
13. 16 . .
14. 14 (17
14. 2
15. 5, 6 15. 13, 18. 1-3 18. 10 . 18. 14. 18. 20, 23
II
14
8, etc
23)
140*
140*
140*
140*
140*
140*
140*
104
140*
140*
140*
149*
149
150*
160
151*
21 152*
155 IC4 104 100
27
28 152* 153* 153* 154* 102
16
63 160 167
155* 102
155* 157* 157* 158*
159*
18. 27 . .
19. 17, 22
19. 19. .
20. 6 . .
21. 10 . .
22. I, 2, II.
22.3,4 . 22. 6 . . 22.7,8 . 22. 16, 17 22. 17 . .
Exodus 2. 6 . , 2. 13, 14 2.17 2. 19
2. 22
3. 2 3. 16 3. 19 3. 24
5. 23
6. 2-. 6.6 6.9 6. 12
7.4 7.14
8. 19
9. 13 12.5 12. 27 12. 43, 14.30 15.13
15. 17
16. 4
17. 2,
18. 25 20. 9
etc
PAGE 159*
23
50*
18 160* 161* 161*
63 158 162 167
26
169*
23
23
28
170*
28
19 172
23 171*
23
ΙΟΙ
i6, 26
19
107
107
103
28
23 16
23
49 53 71
74
19
4
21. 6 21. 19 23.3 23. 6 23.9 23. II
23. 16
24. II
25. 2
25. 10
26. 24
27.4 28.3 30. 19 31.6 31.7
34. 22
35. 9 35. 21
35. 22
36. I 36. 2 38. (37) 40. 2
i9 (35)
PAGE . 26
• 19
• 75
• 75 . 102
• 75 . 28
• 17 . 104 . 42
• 63 . 19
104, 108 . 19 . 104 . 48 . 28 . 104
100, lOI
103, 104
. 104
. 108 . 42
4
Leviticus.
1. 9, etc.
2. 6 . .
2.15. .
3.9 . .
4, 2, 22 .
5.15. .
6. 2 (5. 22)
17.9 . .
19. 4 . .
19. 10 . .
19. II . .
19.14. .
19. 15 . .
19.17. .
23. 15 . .
16
28 12 28 26 26 28, 90
lOI
16
74 90
19
75
103
28
284
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
23. 22 . . |
74 |
||
25.25. . |
32 |
||
26. I . . |
. |
20 |
|
26. 6 . . |
78 |
||
26. 13 . , |
• • |
26 |
|
Numbers. |
|||
5. 9 ... . 16 |
|||
5. 18, etc |
. 16 |
||
6.4 . . |
. 16 |
||
8. 10,11, |
12, |
25 28 |
|
9. 6 . . |
loi, 102 |
||
10.32. . |
7 |
||
12.3 . . |
74 |
||
14. 22 . . |
71 |
||
15.30. . |
8 |
||
21. 5 • • |
107 |
||
21. 5 • • |
26 |
||
2L 27 . . |
67 |
||
22. 22 . . |
46* |
||
22. 29 . . |
18 |
||
22.32. . |
46* |
||
23. 21 . |
26 |
||
24. 24 . . |
63 |
||
25.4 . |
28 |
||
31.5 . |
16 |
||
32. 9 . |
107 |
||
35. 19 . |
32 |
||
Deuteronomy. |
|||
1. 28 . . . . 107 |
|||
2.30. |
103, 107 |
||
4.29. |
104 |
||
5. 22 . |
21 |
||
6.5 ' |
98, |
10 |
3, 104 |
6.7 . |
6 |
||
6.25. |
. 50* |
||
7. 2 . |
. 29 |
||
7.15. |
. 78 |
||
7.19• |
. 71* |
||
7.20. |
. 18 |
||
9.5 . |
. / |
^7, 107 |
|
10. 12 . |
. 104 |
||
10. 16 . |
. 27 |
||
11. 13 . |
. 104 |
||
n. 18 . |
. 103 |
||
12. 21 . |
. ,107 |
||
13.3 • |
. 104 |
||
13. 8, 9 |
. 26 |
||
13. 15 . |
. 29 |
||
14. 26 . |
. 107 |
||
15. 10 . |
. 106 |
||
15. II . |
• 74 |
||
15. 17 . |
. 19 |
||
17. 20 . |
• ^°5^ |
||
19.3 • |
. 51* |
||
19. 14. |
. 26 |
20. 8
20. 17
21. 8
22. 10 24. 13 . . 24. 13 (15) 24.14. • 24. 14 (16) 24. 15 (17) 26. 6 28.47 28.56 28. 60 28.65
28. 67
29. 3
29. 4
30. 2, 6 30.9
32. 10
33. 29
34. 9 38.37
PAGE
ic6 29
18 63 49 50* 90 74 74 104 104 81
106 106
71 108 104
29
27
23
108
66
Ruth.
Joshua.
2. II 5. I
7.15 9. 2 9. II 10. 28 14. 7 14. 12 22.5
22. 22
23. 14 23.15
(5)
. 103 . 100 . 106 . 63 . 25 . 102 . 99 . 18 98, 104 . 23 103, 108 • 78
1. 12
2. 8
3. 10
3. 12
4.5
4. 12
1. |
10 |
2. 2. |
5 6 |
2. |
8 |
2. |
i6 |
2! 4. |
35 20 |
6. 6. |
4 8 |
6. 6. |
9 10 |
Judges. |
|
2. 22 . . . . |
71 |
6.9 . . . |
33 |
8. 3 . . . |
100 |
8. 19 . . . |
5 |
8. 21 . . . |
27 |
9.17. . . |
33 |
9. 28 . . . |
179 |
15. 19 . . . |
104 |
16. 15 . • . |
106 |
16. 25 . . . |
106 |
16. 26, 30 . |
52 |
17.13. • . |
52 |
18. 16, 17 . |
167 |
18. 20 . . . |
106 |
18. 28 . . . |
33 |
19. 5 . . .2 |
8,103 |
21. 14 . . . |
5 |
6. 19 9. 19 , 9. 22
10. 12
12.7
12. 24
13. 20 13.23
16. 23
17. 16
18. I, ;
18. 23
19. II,
19. 14
20. 4
20. 30 20.31
21. 4 (δ)
22. 2 22. 8
22. 15
23. 21
23.33
24. ΙΟ 24. 14 24. 16
27. I
28. 5 30.6 30. 22 30. 24
PAGE
88*
28
7B
32
32
28
Samuel.
106
174
5
75 107 103 108
17
42 29 16
48* 107 29 66, 70
65
65,
49 104
99
88
104
167
106
75 22 29
107 27 53 29
ic6 27
• 29 26
53
102
66, 70
170
22 106 106
31
63
2 Samuel.
2. 26
3. 21
105
29
107
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
285
PAGE 1 |
PAGE 1 |
PAGE |
||||||||
4.9 ... . 31 1 |
11. 18 . . . . 179 1 |
1. 20 ... . 19 |
||||||||
f). 12 . . . |
53,54 |
12. 9, 10 . |
42* |
2. I . . |
27 |
|||||
6. II . . . |
. 4^* |
16. 14 . . |
39 |
2. 3 . . |
179 |
|||||
7. 3 . • • |
. |
107 |
17.10. . |
167 |
3. II . . |
18 |
||||
7. 12 . . . |
52, 53 |
19. 6, 22 . |
8 |
4.17. . |
41* |
|||||
7.13. . . |
. |
51* |
19.37• • |
22 |
7.4 . . |
46* |
||||
7. 13, 16, 26 . |
52 |
22. 20 . . |
252 |
7. 6 . . |
78 |
|||||
7. 13, H, 26 . |
52 |
24.14. . |
75 |
8. I . . |
46* |
|||||
7.24. . . |
53 |
8.3,5 • |
25 |
|||||||
7.27. . . |
99 |
I Chronicles. |
9. 22 . . |
75 |
||||||
12. I, 3» 4 • 12.7 .. . 14. I . . . |
75 33 |
4.38. ... 167 |
||||||||
106 |
10.6 |
. 63 |
Job |
. |
||||||
14. 16 . . . |
33 |
12.38 |
. lOI |
1. 6 . . |
46*, 103 |
|||||
15. 8 . . . |
21 |
14. 2 |
• 54 |
1.19. |
• 99 |
|||||
17. 8 . . |
106 |
15. 29 |
. lOI |
2.4 . . |
19 |
|||||
17. 10 . . |
106 |
16. 10 |
. . 106 |
2.8 . |
16 |
|||||
18. 9 . . |
19 |
16. 14 |
. . 19 |
2. II . |
63 |
|||||
19.5,9 • |
22, 23 |
16. 23- |
31 |
192, 195* |
3. 18 . |
6 |
3,179 |
|||
19. 9 . . |
33 |
16. 30 |
• ^L |
4. 16. |
29 |
|||||
20. 20 . . . |
29 |
21. I |
. . 46* |
5.19. |
31 |
|||||
22. 2 . . |
23 |
22. 19 |
ΙΟΙ, I03 |
5. 20 . |
22, 23 |
|||||
22. 18 . . |
33 |
26.30 |
• 179 |
6.4 . |
100 |
|||||
22. 28 . . |
74 |
28. 2 |
. . I07 |
6.8 . |
29 |
|||||
22.44. • |
23, 33 |
28. 12 |
. . io8 |
6. II . |
102 |
|||||
29. 3 |
. . 252 |
6.23. |
22, 23 |
|||||||
29. 18 |
. . 104 |
7. II . |
106 |
|||||||
I Kings. |
7.17. |
99 |
||||||||
1. 12 . . . 22, 23 |
2 Chronicles. |
9.3 . |
217* |
|||||||
2.4 . . 2.44• . 2.45. . |
104 108 |
6. 7, 8 . . 6. 30, 33, 39 7. II . . . |
. 107 . 52 . lOI |
9.17. 9. 18. 10. I . |
. 151 . 106 |
|||||
3. 12 . . 4. 29 (3λ) |
108 67* |
7. 20 . . . 9 I . . . |
. 66 lOI |
10. 3 . 13. 12 . |
• 65 |
|||||
7. 3 (15) |
153 |
9:23. . . 13.7 . . . 15. 12 . . . |
. 108 |
13. 17 . |
. 219 |
|||||
8.17. . |
107 |
. 106 |
13. 27 . |
• 17 |
||||||
8. 39, 43, 4< |
. 52 |
. 104 . 101 . 19 : > . 179 |
14. 16 . |
. 217 |
||||||
8. 66 . . 9.4 . . 9. 7 . • 10. 24 . . 11.14. . |
. 106 . 107 . 46* |
15. 15 . . . 16. 10 . . . 20. 24 . . . 24. 8, 10, 11 24. II . . . |
14. 19 . 14. 22 . 15. 2 . 15.8 . 15. 13 . 15. 34 . |
. io6 . 108 • 57 . 100 |
||||||
11.37. • |
. 107 |
31. 21 . . . |
. lOl |
. 222* . 221* . 221* |
||||||
17.17. . 17. 21 . . 18. 40 . . |
. 99 . 104 22 |
32. 25 . . . 36. 22 . . . |
. 105 . 107 |
17. 1-7 17.2 . 17. 3, 5 |
||||||
19. 17 . . |
22 |
17.4 • |
. 108 |
|||||||
20 (21). 5 |
. 105 |
Ezra. |
17. 15 . |
• 29 |
||||||
21 (20). 20 |
22 |
Nil. |
20.5 . |
. 92 |
||||||
21 (20). 39 |
. 17 |
21. 25 . |
. 106 |
|||||||
Nehemiah. |
21. 27 . |
• 25 |
||||||||
1. ί . . . . 23 5. 7 . . . . io8 7. 4 ... • 32 |
21. 28^33 |
. 222* |
||||||||
2 Kings 2. 19 . . . |
. 78 |
21.34 a 22. .^0 . |
. 223 • 23 |
|||||||
4. 16, 17 |
. 158 |
23. 14, 15 |
. 217* |
|||||||
4.27. . 5. 7 . . |
. 106 |
24. 4 . . |
• 74 |
|||||||
5 |
Esther. |
24. 13 . . |
22 |
3*, 224*^- |
||||||
6. II . . |
. loi, 103 |
1.6 ... . 27 |
24. 14 a, b |
• 223 |
||||||
10. 20 . . |
. 107* |
1 1. 16 |
. 27 |
24. 14b, |
c |
. 223* |
286
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
PAGE |
PAGE |
||
24. I4c-i8d |
223* |
36. 5a-i8 |
a . . 239 |
24. 14 c, 15 a, b |
223 |
37. 5-21 . |
238*, 239* |
24. iSb . . |
223 |
36. 5-30 . |
. • 237 |
26. 5 . . . |
26 |
36. sb-io |
b . . 240 |
26. 5-11 . 22: |
*, 225 |
36. 6 . . |
• . 74 |
26. 12, J^ . |
225 |
36. 10-12 |
. . 236 |
26. 14 a, b . |
225* |
36. 11, 13 |
. . 240 |
27. I . . . |
65 |
36.13. . |
. . 92 |
27. 10 . . . |
271 |
36. 16, 20 |
. . 240 |
28. 11-19 • |
226 |
36. 16, 20, |
21 b 240 |
28. 12 . . . |
226* |
36. 16, 21 |
b . . 240 |
28. 13 . . . |
. 226 |
36. 18 b . |
. . 240 |
28. 13-22 . |
225 |
36.19. • |
. . 240 |
28. 14 . . . |
. 226 |
36. 21 . . |
. . 240 |
28. 14, 19 . 22 |
5, 226 |
36. 22-30 |
. . 241 |
28. 20 . . . |
. 226 |
36. 31-33 |
. . 242 |
28. 20-22 . |
226 |
36. 34 (37 |
i) . 105 |
28. 21 a . . |
226 |
37. 1-8 . |
. . 242 |
28.23. . . |
226 |
37. 1-18 . |
. . 237* |
28. 24-28 . |
. 218* |
37. 9-13 . |
• • 243 |
28. 26, 27 . |
• ''K |
37. 14-24 |
• • 244 |
28. 27 . . . |
218* |
38.37. • |
. . 217 |
29. I . . . |
65 |
38. 39 . • |
. . lOI |
29. 7 . . . |
. 51* |
39. 2 . . |
. . 217 |
29. 10, II . |
. 218 |
39. 7 . . |
. . 179 |
29. 10 b, 11 a |
. 219 |
||
29. 12 . . . 30.15. . . |
• 74 . 99 |
Ps |
\LMS. |
31. 1-4 . . |
. 227* |
1. I . . |
. . 180 |
3L6 . . . |
. 227 |
1.5 . |
. . 180 |
3L ^2 . . . |
• 17 |
2. 2 . . |
. . 63 |
32 6-19 . . |
. 228* |
3. 4 . . |
• • 17 |
32. 11 . . . |
. 229* |
3.6 . |
. 176, 190 |
32. II-I7. 22J |
*, 229 |
5. 6 . . |
. . 4 |
32. 17 . . . |
. 228 |
5. 10. . |
. . 98 |
32. i8b . . |
. 229 |
5. lob . |
. . 210 |
32. 28-33 • |
. 227 |
5.13• |
• • 17 |
33. 20 . . . |
. 107 |
6.4 . . |
• . 105 |
33. 27 . . . |
. 231* |
6.9 . |
• • i |
33. 27-33 . |
. 230 |
7. 2 . |
. . 176 |
33. 28 . . . |
22,23 |
7. 12 . |
. . 25 |
33. 30 . . .2. |
μ. 233 |
8.4 . |
• 52, 54 |
33. 28-33 • |
. 231 |
9.8 . |
. . 53 |
34.3,4 . -K |
J2, 233 |
9.13. . |
. . 74 |
34.3-7 • • |
. 232 |
9.19. |
• 74, 75 |
34.6b. . . |
• 233 |
9. 23 (10 |
. 2) . 74 |
34. 6 b, 7. . |
. 232 |
9. 28 (10 |
. 7) . 210 |
34.8 a . .2 |
32,233 |
9. 30 (10 |
•9) • 74 |
34. 10, 34 . |
. 108 |
9. 31 (10 |
.9) . 76* |
34. 23-33 . 2 |
32,234 |
9. 38 (10 |
• 17) . 74 |
34. 28 . . . |
74,75 |
9. 39 (10 |
. 18) . 53 |
34.29. . . |
• 63 |
10 (11). 2 |
• • 53 |
34. 30 . . . |
. 91 |
10 (11). 4 |
, 5 . 29 |
35. 7b-ioa . |
. 234 |
11 (12). 4 |
a . . 205* |
35. 8-Joa . |
. 234 |
11 (12) 4 |
b-5 . 204 |
35. 9 . . . |
28,90 |
11 (12). 5 |
. . 75* |
35. 10 . . . |
. 19 |
11 (12). 6 |
74, 75, 76 |
35.15,16 .2 |
34» 235 |
12 (13). 2 |
. . 108 |
36. 3 . . . |
. 19 |
12 (13). 6 |
. . 106 |
13 (14). I, 2, |
3 . 209 |
13 (14). 3 . |
. 210 |
13 (14). 4 |
4 |
13 (14). 6 |
• 74 |
15 (16). 9 . |
17,27 |
16 (17). 3 |
. 29 |
IG (17). 13 |
. 23 |
17 (18). 3 |
• 17 |
17 (18). 28 |
74, 75* |
17 (18). 44 |
23, 31 |
17 (18). 45 |
. 180 |
17 (18). 49 |
• 23 |
18 (19). 6 |
. 189 |
18 (19). 15 |
17 |
20 (21). 2 |
loi, 103 |
20 (21). 13 |
• 53 |
21 (22). 3 |
. 190* |
21 (22). 5, 9 |
. 23 |
21 (22). 15 |
. 106 |
21 (22). 17 |
27, 180, 207* |
21 (22). 19 . |
. 180 |
21 (22). 23 |
. 180* |
21 (22). 25 |
• 74 |
21 (22). 27 |
\ ^4 |
22 (23). I I |
72^*, 174 |
22 (23). 4 |
17,176 |
23 (24). 2 |
52,53 |
23 (24). 7 |
. 191* |
24 (25). 9 |
• 74 |
24 (25). 10 |
. 48 |
24 (25). 14 |
• 57 |
24 (25). 16 |
• 74 |
24 (25). 17 |
. 167* |
24 (25). 22 |
22 |
25 (26). 2 |
. 29 |
25 (26). II |
22 |
26 (27). I |
. 173* |
26 (27). 3 |
. 106 |
27 (28). 7 |
. 99,107 |
28 (29). 2 |
. 196 |
30 (31). 2 |
. 23, 49 |
30 (31). 3 |
. . 31 |
30 (31). 6 |
22 |
30 (31). II |
• 27 |
30 (31). 18 I |
73**, 204 |
31 (32). 1,2 |
• 175 |
31 (32). 5 |
. 98 |
31 (32). 6 |
. . 27 |
31 (32). 7 |
• 23,31 |
31 (32). 10 |
. . 205 |
32 (33). 5 |
. . 49 |
32 (33). 14 |
. 52,53 |
32 (33). 16 |
• 31 |
33 (34). 3 |
. . 74 |
33 (34). 4 |
. . 63 |
33 (34). 5 |
31,49 |
33 (34). 6 |
74, 76, 99 |
33 (34). 11 |
. . 17 |
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
287
12 . 1 2-1
33 (34) 33 (34) 33 (34). 19
33 (34). 23
34 (35). 9 34 (35). 10 34 (35). 13 34 (35). 14 34 (35). 15
34 (35). 24
35 (36). lb
36 (37). 4 172* 36 (37). 7 • • 36 (37). 10,12,
14, 17, 18, 20, 21,32,40; 28, 35>38
36 (37). 10,11 .
36 (37). II .
36 (37). 14 •
36 (37). 15
36 (37). 35-37
36 (37). 40
37 (38). 4 37 (38). 10
37 (38). 21
38 (39). 2 38 (39). 8
38 (39). 12
39 (40). 6
39 (40). 18
40 (41). 2 40 (41). 3
40 (41). 9
41 (42). 4
41 (42). 7
42 (43). I
43 (44). 3 43 (44). 12 43 (44). 15 43 (44). 20 43 (44). 27 45 (46). 5 47 (48). 9
47 (48). 14
48 (49). 2 48 (49). 8, 16 48 (49). 9
48 (49). 13
49 (50). 16- 49 (50). 21
49 (50). 22
50 (51). 3-19 50 (51). 8 50 (51). I
PAGE 181 205 105
22
107 74,75,76* 103, 107
• 17
21
76^
/3
103:
52 (53). 52 (53) 54 (55). 54 (55).
54 (55).
55 (56).
56 (57).
60 (61).
61 (62).
62 (63).
63 (64\
64 (65).
64 (65).
65 (66). 67 (68).
67 (68).
68 (69). 68 (69). 68 (69). 68 (69). 68 (69).
68 (69).
69 (70).
70 (71). 70 (71).
70 (71).
71 (72). 71 (72). 71 (72). 71 (72).
71 (72).
72 (73).
73 (74). 73 (74).
73 (74).
74 (75).
75 (76).
75 (76).
76 (77).
76 (77).
77 (78). 77 (78). 77 (78). 77 (78). 77 (78). 77 (78). 77 (78).
79 (80).
80 (81).
81 (82). 81 (82). 81 (82). 83 (84).
83 (84).
84 (85).
85 (86).
85 (86).
86 (87).
2,3.
3,4(?) 3 9 19 6
3
5 2
I
7
10
10
II
16
II
12 21 30
33
34
6
2
4
23
2,4
4 12
13
17
13
19
20
21
9
7
10
4
7
2
8
18
35
36,
42
49
5 8
3
7 4 3
II
9
II
5
209
210
. 105
. lOI
22
8
52,53 . 105
98^175,
205 . 108
. lOI
52,53
• 53
• 29
. 74 . 252
103. 107 . 66
. lOI
. 74
. 74
• 75
• 74 . 23
• 23 22
74,75,76^ 90*
31,74,75
75,76
. 190
99, 103
• 74
. lOI
74,75 . 172** . 25 74,76 104, 106
103. 108
65,71
. 103
103,107
• 17
37
. 204 22
. 172** • 29
74,75
. IQ2*
23,75 . 108
. 173* . 98
74,75 . 106
52,54
73'
15 29
3. 29
33
5• 18
87 (88). 15
87 (88). 16
88 (89). 3 88 (86). 4 88 (89). 15
88 (89). 49
89 (90). 4
90 (91). 14
91 (92). 5
92 (93). 2
92 (93). 3
93 (94). 9 93 (94). 19
93 (94). 22
94 (95). 9
95 (96). 10
96 (97). I 100 (101). I 101. iii. . 103 (104) 103 (104) 105 (106) 105 (106)
105 (106)
106 (107) 106 (107) 106 (107). 20 106 (107). 26
106 (107). 41
107 (108). I.
108 (109). 5. 108 (109). 16 108 (109). 22 108 (109). 31 111 (112). 7
111 (112). 9
112 (113). 6 112 (113). 7 113.9. . 114 (116). 4 117 (118). 6 117(118). 12,22
117 (118). 18 .
118 (119). 10, 15
118 (119). II . 118 (119). 20 . 118 (119). 28 . 118 (119). 90 . 118 (119). 114 . 118 (119). 120 . 118 (119). 122 . 118 (119). 134 118 (119). 143 . 118 (119). 153 , 123 (124). 7 . .
126(127). 5. . 129 (130). 6 . . 129 (130). 8 . .
PAGE 102*
74 53 53 2, 53 22 181
73 8
52 52
173* 98 17 29
!, 189 196
*,i74
74
103
104
49 167 106 104 J07
22 106
75 52 46*
75, 105 74,75
• 75 53
• 75 . 75
• 75 . 174
22, 31
• 17
180 207 148, 149 106 108 105 52 i7
207*
90
22,90
6
32
22
17
107 22
288
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
130 (131). I .
130 (131). 2.
131 (132). 15 132. II . . 138 (139). lo
138 (139). 14
139 (140). 13
140 (141). 5.
142 (143). 4
142 (143). 7 .
145 (146). 4.
146 (147). 3. 146 (147). 6. 146 (147). 10
148. 8 . . .
149. 4 . . .
105 105
75 60
151
108
74.75
. 207
99> 103,
104, 105
104
104
105
74. 76* 252 100 74
Proverbs
1. I . 1. 20 L 23 3. 12 3. 19
3. 34
4. 18
6. 21 6.30 7.3.
7. 16
8. 20
8. 27
9. 18
10.3• 10. 10
10. 28
11.9.
11. 13 IL 17
11. 31
12.3•
12. 20
13. 8 . 13.25
14. 20 14. 21 14. 29 14.31 14. 33 15.22
16. I (15
16. 12 16. 26
16. 32
17. δ- ι?. 23
18. 14
19. I, 7,
65
271 100
207 52 74 54
; 103 107
99
5 32 53 26 107 19 25 2, 92 100 7 252 54 54 75 102*, 107
75 74
lOI
75,90
75,98
98
ΙΟΙ,
I03
53
102
lOO
75 100 100, lOI
. 75
19.4,17 19.15
20. 19 2L 16
21. 26
22. 2, 7 22. 9, 22 22. II 22. 16, 2 22. 16 22. 17
22. 18 .
23. 6 . 23. II .
23. 24 .
24. 3 . 24. II . 24. 12 . 24. 14 . . 24. 37 (30.
24. 77 (31.
25. I . 25. 5 . 25. 25 .
25. 28 .
26. 7, 9 26. II . 26. 24 .
26. 25 .
27. 19.
27. 23 .
28. 3, 8 28. 3, 16 28. 6,27 28. II .
28. 26.
29. II. 29. 14. .
29. 38 (31
30. 4 .
1.14.
2. 14,15
3. 19 .
4. I . 4.14.
5.7 .
6.8 .
6.9 .
7.3 .
7.8 . 7. 8 (9) 7.14. 9.2,3
10.3 • 12.7 . 12. 9 .
14)
20)
75 107
57 26 20
75
75
107
75 90
99
98
81*
32 107
52
31 102 108
75
65
54 107 100
65*
70
loi, 107 . I04 99, lor
75, 90* 90
75
75
102
lOO
75 74,75 100
ECCLESIASTES.
9O:
. 100* . 29 29, 100 . 90
• 75 75,90
• 74 . 100
• 99 105 100
60
29
99
104
65
103
Canticles. 1,2,3,4.
II . . .
Isaiah
1. 2 . . Lio. . 1. 11-14 1. 16-20
1.16. .
1. 27 . .
2. 5, 6, 9 2. 5 b, 6 a 2. 8, 20 .
2. 18, etc. 3.4
3. 10 3.14,
5.7 5. 21
5. 29
6.3
6. 6
6. 10
7. 2 7. 2, 4 7. 10-17 7.14 7.15 7. 16 8.4 9.9
10. I 10. 2 10. 7 10. 7,12 10. 20 11.4 1.3.7 14.4 14.30 14. 32 16. I 16. I, 2 17.13 19.3
19. 20
20. 6
21. 4 24. 7
24. 16
25. 4
25. 9
26. 6 26. 20
28. 17
29. 8 29. 13
PAGE 106 108
182
182
182
177*
107
49
211
212*
20
20
20
182
196
74
174*
182
22
206
17
108
100
100
197*
197*
198*
198*
60 105
78 74,75
lOI
99 23
74,75
lOI
65
75 74 208, 209* 204, 208 25 105 22 22 106
lOI
57 75 22
74.75 206
49 102
177, 205
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
289
29. 14 . . . |
198* |
47. 14 . |
|
29. 19 . . . . |
74 |
48. 17,2 |
|
30. 15 ... . |
72 |
48. 22 . |
|
30. 27 . . . . |
25 |
49.6 . |
|
3L5 . . . . |
22 |
49. 7, 26 |
|
32. 2 . . . |
100 |
49.13. |
|
32. 6 . 92, ic |
7,108 |
49.17. |
|
32. 7 . . . |
74,75 |
49. 25 . |
|
32. 15 . . . |
100 |
49. 26 . |
|
33.13. . . |
182 |
50. 2 (3) |
|
33. 14 . . . |
92 |
50. 6, 7 |
|
33. 16, 17 . |
182* |
50. 7 . |
|
33. 18 . . . |
101 |
50. 8, 9 |
|
33.20. . . |
29 |
51. 10 . |
|
33. 22 . . . |
22 |
52.3 |
|
34. 10 . . . |
29 |
52.5 |
|
35. 4 . • .2 |
2,103 |
52.9 . |
|
35. 9 . 22,31,: |
52,78* |
52. 14 . |
|
36.14,15,18, 19, 20 |
1" |
53.1 53. 2 |
|
37. II, 12. . |
22 |
53.8 b |
|
37. 20, 35 . |
22 |
53.9 |
|
37.23. . . |
8 |
53.12 |
|
37. 32 . . . |
23 |
54. I |
|
38. 6 . . . |
22,31 |
54. 5, 8 |
|
38. 12 . . . |
99 |
54.6 |
|
38.15. . . |
106 |
54. 11 |
|
38.16. . . |
100 |
55.9 . |
|
40. 3 . . . |
182 |
56. I |
|
40.12. . . |
209 |
57.13 |
|
40.13. . . |
100* |
57. 16 |
|
41.14. . • |
22 |
57.21 |
|
41.15,16 . |
5 |
58.4 |
|
4L17. . . |
74 |
58.5 |
|
41. 22 . . . |
99 |
58.6 |
|
42. 1-4 . . |
. 199* |
58-7 |
|
42.6,7 • • |
. 183 |
58.8 |
|
42. 8 . . . . |
[o*, 41 |
58.9 |
|
42. 12. . .4 |
o*,4i |
58. 10 |
|
42. 22 . . . |
22 |
58. 11 |
|
42. 25 . . . |
. lOI |
59. I |
|
43. I, 14 . . |
22 |
59. 7 |
|
43. 3,11,12. |
22 |
59. 7, 8 |
|
43.4 . . . |
. 102 |
59. 16 |
|
43. 6 . . . |
. 213 |
59. 19 |
|
43. 9 . . . |
20 |
59.20 |
|
43. 13 . . . |
22 |
60. 16 |
|
43. 21 . . . |
. 40* |
60. 17 |
|
44. 6 . . . |
22 |
60. 19 |
|
44. 17, 20 . |
22 |
61.1 |
|
44.19. • • IC |
)i, 108 |
61. 3 |
|
44. 22, 23. 24 |
22 |
6L 10 |
|
45. I . . . |
. 183* |
62. 12 |
|
45. 2 . . . |
. 183* |
63.5 |
|
45.7,9 . . |
. 153 |
63. 7 |
|
45. 17, 20, 22 |
22 |
63.9 |
|
45. 20 . . . |
. 23 |
63. 16 |
|
46. 7 . . . |
22 |
63. 17 |
|
47.4 .. . |
23,32 |
64. 11 |
PAGE 22 22
183* 22
74
186
22
23
22
183*
186
183*
22
22
8
22
179
178*
201*
202*
202*
104
174
22, 32
101
74 102
49
2,105
29
^K
184*
184* 184* 74,184*
185* 185* 185
107
22
8,78
210
49 100
22 22,32 179*
17 4,185
105
107 22
23
40*
22
22, 32
213
213
65. I, 2, 3 a
65. 14.
66. I . 66. 2 . 66.3 . 66. 14 . 66. 19 . 66, 24 .
PAGE . 211 105, 106 . 209*
74,75
8 . 106 • 23 . 261
1.5
2. 12,13
2.13.
2. 24 . 3.8 .
3. 10.
3. 19 .
4. 10 .
4. 18. 5.4 .
5. 17 . 5. 21 . 6.6 .
7.31.
9. 13.
10. 12 .
15. 7 .
16. II . 18. 12 . 19.5 . 20. 13 .
22. 16 .
23. 9 .
24. 2 . 24.9 . 28 (51). 1 31 (48). 29 32. 17 . . 38 (31). 25
38 (31). 33
39 (32). 41
40 (33). 2
41 (34). 18 44 (37). 15 46 (39). 18 49 (42). II 51 (44). 28
Jeremiah.
204 208
153
208*
209*
104
208
104*
55 103 103
75 18
99
90
108
107
52
5
107
107
108
75
74,75
105
78
66
102
105
4
99:
107 102 104
52 47 20
31 22, 23 • 23
Lamentations.
2. II ... . 98 2. 12 . . . . 104
Ezekiel.
1. 20, 21
2. II . .
5. 17 . .
9.5 • . 10. 13 . .
104 105 78 219 219
u
290
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
10. 17
11. 19
12. 19 12. 22
13.3 14.8 14.15 14. 21 16. 44 16. 49 18. 2 18. 3 18. 7,
18. 12
19.5
19. 14
20. 6, I 20. 47- 2L7 21.11 21 (31) 22. 12 22. 21 22. 29 28. 2, J 33.5 34.25
35. 12
36. 26
37. 12 37. 23 39. 29 44. 25 45.8 47. 12
5 49
.36
13
74
Daniel
2.44. 2.46. 7.10. 9. 16.
104 , 103*
4
65,66
18, 100
20,65
78
II
65
185 74,75
88* 65* 55 67 104 18
25
90
148
75» 90
105
23
78
8
103
206
23 100 loi
18 186
5
56 206
49
7. II 13. 14
2.13
HOSEA.
Joel.
Amos.
108 23
213
2.6 . |
. . 75 |
2.7 . |
28, 74, 75 |
4. I . |
. . 75 |
5. II . |
• . 75 |
5. 12. |
. . 75 |
5.24. |
. . 17 |
8.4 • |
' 74, 75 |
8.6 . |
• . 75 |
MiCAH.
2.4 ... • 3. 2 . . . .
Habakkuk
2.4 ... . 3.3 .
3. 14 . 3.15.
65 17
. 252 40*, 41
• 74 . 98
Zephaniah.
1. 12
2.3
3. 12
7 74
75
Zechariah.
2.6
5. II 6.8
6. 12 6.13 9. 2 9.9
10.7 IL 14
n. 17 12. 10
12. II 12. 12
212
52
100
190
40*, 41
26
74 106
47 20
213*
213
213
Malachi,
2. 17 . . . . 252
1 ESDRAS.
4. 39 . . . . 252
8. 23 . . . . 170
2 ESDRAS.
1. I .... 107 2 62 ... . 31
2. 68 ... . 52
4 ESDRAS.
2. 16 . . . . 206
TOBIT.
3. 8 ... . 79=* 6. 18 ... . 55
12. 7, II . . . 58
Judith.
2. 2 ... . 58
49.... 13
8. 24, 27 . . 72
9. 12 ... . 5
Wisdom.
1. II
2. 22
2. 24
3.5
3. 10
4. I 5.3
5. 13
5. 18
6. 24 8.7
11. 10 14. 15. 23
14. 18, 27
15. II . .
16. 24 . .
18. 4 . .
19. 6 . .
14
58
71*
4 41* 66 41 24
Κ
71* 57 55 148
14 14 14
SiRACH.
1.3
L6 1.13
1. 23 1.27
2. I
3.3
3. 10
3. 26 4.3 4.4,
4. II 4. 13
4.15 4. 17 4. 28 5.6 6.23
6. 27 7.6 7.8
7. 18 7.19 7. 20 8.6
9.5 9. 12 10.4 10. 17
10. 27
11. I 11.7 11.8
n.9
12.3 12.5 12.7
251,
250 250 259*
259* 250
72*
251 259* 259* 250
253 260*
251
260*
252
. 252 255, 260*
. 251
• 250
• 14
. 252 . 261*
• 251 . 251
. 250
. 14
. 252
. 251
. 262*
. 262*
. 251
252, 253 252, 253 . 263* . 251 . 252 . 252
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
291
12. 10 .
12. 12.
13. 26 .
14• 4, 5
14. 8, 9, 10 14. 14 . 14. 18 .
14. 20 .
15. 2, 3
15.4 .
15.5 .
15.6 .
16. 3 • 16. 17, 18
16. 25 .
17. 27 .
18. 4, 6 18. 17 . 18. 19 . 18. 31 .
18. 32 .
19. 17 . 19. 22 .
19. 30 .
20. 27, 28 21.17.
21. 20 .
22. 22 .
22. 27 .
23. 10 .
23. 20 .
24. 17 .
25. 15 . 25. 17 . 25. 21, 2 26-5 . 27. 13 . 27. 16, 1
27. 27 .
28. I . 28. 3-7
28. 26 .
29. 4 . 29. 7 .
29. 13 .
30. II, 12, 30. 39 (33 32. 22 . 34 (31). 23 36 (33). 3 36. 18 . 36. 31 . 36. 22 . 38. 27 .
38. 28 .
39. 2, 3 39. 13 . 39. 16 . 40.5 .
13
PAGE |
PAGE |
|||
. 78 |
4L 2 . . |
. . 253 |
||
. 263* |
42.5 . . |
. • 279* |
||
. 67 |
42. 18 . . |
. • 250 |
||
. 80* |
43. 9 . . |
. . 279* |
||
. 80 |
43. 25 . . |
• . 279* |
||
• 250 , |
44. 5 . . |
• • 253^ |
||
. 250 |
44.17. . |
. . 279* |
||
. 265* |
45. 2 . . |
. . 253 |
||
. 250 |
45. 15 . . |
• • 253 |
||
. 251 |
45. 20 . . |
. . 280* |
||
. 252 |
46. 5 . . |
• • 253 |
||
. 265* |
46. 9 . . |
• • 252 |
||
. 266* |
46. 15 . . |
. . 280* |
||
. 266* |
47. 18 . . |
. . 67* |
||
. 251 |
48. 22 . . |
. . 281 |
||
251^267* |
||||
. 250 |
I Maccabees. |
|||
. 14 . 252 . 252 . 267 • 252 |
1. 43 • • • • 252 |
|||
10. 47 . . . . 252 12. 53. . . . 262 14. 7, 36 . . • 262 |
||||
. 268* |
||||
. 251 |
2 Maccabees. |
|||
. 256* |
L 35 . . . . 261 |
|||
. 268* |
2.28. . |
14 |
||
. 252 |
5.6 . . |
55 |
||
. 57 |
6. 8 . . |
. |
26 |
|
. 268* |
13. 21 . . |
" ] |
58 |
|
. 269* |
14. 38 . . |
13 |
||
. 252 . 269 255, 269* |
||||
S. Matthew. |
||||
255, 270* |
1. 18 . . |
. . |
253 |
|
. 271* |
L19. . |
51* |
||
271* |
3.3 . • |
182 |
||
250 |
4. I . . |
73* |
||
57 |
5. II . . |
79* |
||
272* |
5.25. . |
6 |
||
272* |
5. 29 . . |
'\ |
||
257* |
5. 39 . . |
79* |
||
251 |
5.41. . |
38* |
||
. 273* |
6. I . . |
50* |
||
. 273* |
6. 8 . . |
8 |
||
. 273* |
6.13. . |
• "4 |
'3*, 79* |
|
274* |
6. 19-24. |
. 81* |
||
[) |
• 275* |
7. 1 1 . . |
. 81* |
|
. 276* |
7. 16 . ' . |
8 |
||
. 80* |
9.4 . . |
. 8,25 |
||
. 276* |
9. 16 . . |
• 25 |
||
• 277* |
9.30. . |
• 25 |
||
. 277* . 277* |
12. 18-21. |
j i99*,2oo* ( 201* |
||
. 277* |
12. 20 . . |
. . 29 |
||
. 278* |
12. 25 . . |
• 25 |
||
. 67* |
12.45• . |
• 79* |
||
. 278* |
13.3 • . |
. 69 |
||
• 144 |
13. 10 . . |
• 69^ |
||
. 250 |
13. II . . |
. 58* |
13.13
13. 18 13. 21 13. 24 13.31 13• 33
13. 34, 35 13.35 13.36 13.39
14. 8
15. 18 15. 19
17. 12
18. 20
19.5
20.15
20. 23
21.5
21.33
21.45
22. I
22. 18
23. 28 24.15 24.32 24.51
25.34 25. 41
26.34 26.75 27.32
69
72*
69
69
69
71
53,69
28
6
177
4
T50
82
'ί
69
69
79* 92*
39* 69 92* 54
54 253 253
38*
S. Mark
1.3
1•ΐ3
1.43
2. 21
3.4
3. 23
4. 2
4. ΙΟ 4. II 4. 13 4. 17
4. 3o 4• 33:
5. 30 7.6 7.21
10. 7 10. 40 12. I
12. 12
12.15
13. 14 13. 28 14.5
34
73 25 25
70*
69
69 58* 69
72*
69
69
8
177 3
150
54 69
69
79*» 93*
39*
69
25
292
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
14.30 15.31
S. Luke
41
1.4
L 28
2. 26 3.4
3. 14
4. 2
4. 23
5. 22 5• 36
6• 9. 35
6.39
7.21
8. 2
8.4
8.9
8. 10
8. II
8.13 10.31 IL4 11.13
11. 26
11-53
12. 14 12. 16,
-12. 42
12. 58
13. 6
14. 7
15.3 16. I 37. 33
18. I, (
19. 11'
20. 9 20. 18
20. 19 20 21 2L 25
21. 29 22.34 24. 16
S. John 5. 21 . 10. 6 .
11• 33, 38 n.44.
12. 6 .
13. 28 . 13. 29 . 16. 25 .
18. 37• 20. 20 .
23
253
18*
14
253
182
38*
73* 70*
8 25
7 70
79*
79*
69
69
58*, 69
^K
72*
29
73* 81*
40* 170*
62
6
69
, 62
5 69
69
5 69
79 4 6
47*
69
253
5 70*
25 5
43* H3
43*
70* 213 148
Acts.
L14
2. I 2. 20 2. 46
4. 24
5. 12
5• 39
7. 2
7• 3
7. 26-28
7• 57
8.6
12. 20
14. 17
15. 25 17. 22
17. 26
18. 12
19. 29
20. 9 20. 19
25. 19 26.5
26. 7
Romans
2. 10 .
3. 8 .
3. 20 .
4.3 • 4.15.
4. 17 . 4. 18 . 4. 20, 21 8. i^sqq
8. 20 9.9
9. 12 10.6 11. I 11.25
11. 34 14. I 15.6 16. 23 16. 25 2L 9
63 63
253
63
63
63
25
253
154
169*
63 63 63
4
45* 26
63 63
25 14, 72*
45*
57
13
4
7
204, 209, 210*. 211''
156 261
5 156
87*
14,25
5 158
163 156
87 58* 100 8 63 63 58*
25
1. 2. 2.9 2. 16
6• 5 10.30
I Corinthians 19
198 59
54 100
4
7
13. 12 . 15. 51 .
2 Corinthians 3.6 9.4 11. 17
11. 26
12. 20
PAGE 8
59*
4
89* 89*
72* 14
Galatians. 3. 6 .... 156 4. 30 . . . 160
Ephesians.
L6 .
3• 3, 4 3.9
3. 18
4. 13
5. 32 6.15
6. 19
Philippians.
1. 20 2.14
4.8
COLOSSIANS.
1. 26, 27 . .
2. 2 . . . .
2. 18 . . . . 4. 3 ... .
59* 59* 14
8 61*
55* 59*
25
8
41*
1 Thessalonians. 3.9 ... . 59* 3. 16. . . . 59*
2 Thessalonians.
2. 7 ... . 59
1 Timothy.
3. II ... . 47
4. 13 . . . . 39* 6. 3 . . . . 260
2 Timothy.
2. 3 ... • 47
Philemon. 1. 20 ... . 25
INDEX OF BIBLICAL PASSAGES.
293
Hebrews. | |
|
PAGE |
|
2.18. . |
. 72* |
3.14. . |
. 89* |
4. 12 . . |
• 25 |
4. 15 . . |
• 73* |
6. 13, 14 |
. 162 |
9.9 . . |
69. 70* |
0. 26 . . |
8 |
Li.. |
. 89* |
L4 . . |
. 152 |
L 16 . . |
• 54 |
L19. . |
69, 70* |
James.
1. 26, 27
2. 23 . .
I Pet L6 . . 2. I . . 2.9 . . 2. 15, 20 2. 21 . . 4. 4 . . 4. 12 . . 4. 18 . . |
er |
2 Peter |
||
PAGE |
PAGE |
|
57 |
L2, 8 . . |
8 |
156 |
L3 . . . |
41* |
L5 . . . |
41* |
|
2.9 . . . |
7.^* |
|
2. 16 . . . |
6 |
|
72* |
2. 20 . . . |
8 |
14 |
2. 22 . . . |
69, 70* |
41* 7 14 |
Revelation. |
|
1. 20 . . . |
61* |
|
7 |
3. 10 . . . |
72* |
72 |
10. 7 . . . |
. 59* |
252 |
17.7 . . . |
61 |
THE END.
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7
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