A Sedlie A A "Tat i TL EN ALE 7 ge i iy ino! Ww Nh / iy — Laine) gate = ~ ato RANTS enero gee SSAY TOWARD —A— NATURAL HISTORY LA SALLE COUNTY, ILLINOIS, IN TWO PARTS. in SI—GHOLOG)T AND ZOOLOGY, By de MN Jetosoni se: OTTAWA, ILL. FAIR-DEALER PRINT, PREFACE. This work was not written because there are not books enough. We believe there are too many, but because no one has hitherto attempted to collect and arrange what is known concerning the Natural Histo- ry of this great county. We have waited, hoping to see someone, who was receiving a good salary, or one who had the time and means to enable him to take it up, come forward and give the worlda worthy presen- tation of the subject, but we have waited in vain. Up to the present time, the incorrect, and too of- ten misleading articles in State Geological Report. The Catalogue of Plants by Prof. R. Williams, of Streator, published in Baldwin’s History of La Salle County; the notes on the Geology and Natural History in same, pp. 486 to 541 of work, inclusive, 1877; Prof. H. L. Boltwood’s Catalogue of the plants of La Salle County, published in Ottawa Republican, 1883-4; W. W. Calkin’s Land dnd Fresh Water Shells of La Salle County, 1874; Judge Caton’s article on the flow of Ar- tesian wells, published in The Past and Present of La Salle County, 1877; Mr. C. F’. Johnson’s Catalogue of Plants of La Salle County, applying more particu- larly to Marseilles and vicinity, published privately about 1892, and fugitive notes by the author and others in the county papers, and the late Dr. Edwin Evans, ‘The Vermillion River Coal Fields,’’ Streator, 1885, comprise the literature of the subject. The author, several years ago, having collected more than 100 plants not in Prof. Boltwood’s cata- logue proposed to himself a revision of that work, and was urged by friends to undertake the work. But ill health and unfortunate business adventures, prevented its immediate execution, and moreover he found the task to require an amount of labor much greater than he had contemplated, and want of health led to an abandonment of the work after much time and atten- tion had been given to it and the manuscript for about halt of it had been prepared. The work was again taken up at the earnest Sate itation of Prof. Williams, to be again abandoned as we thought definitely, but again Prof. Williams ur sed its completion, and under many, and not small difficul- ties and discouragements, the “Botany was about ready for the press when we found it necessary to rearrange and revise it to make it agree with the 6th edition of Gray’s Manual. Inthe mean time we had enlarged our plan and had part of the matter for the other sec- tions of the work prepared. About this time, we opened correspomdemee with W. W. Calkins, attorney-at-law, of Chicago, form- erly a resident of Deer Park T.. who most unex- pectedly to us, placed at our disposal his work on the Land and Fresh Water Shells of La Salle County, and a little later, offered to write the section on Lich- ens, and Prof. Williams kindly authorized us to use any part, and as much of Baldwin’s History of La Salle County, and Dr. Evans’ Vermillion River Coal Field, of which he is joint author, a privilege that we have found of much value. For the Ichthyology and Entomology, we have con- sulted the Reports of the Indiana Geological Survey, Jorden,s Manual of Vertebrates, 4th edition, imprint: Jansen McClurg & Co., 1884; Tenney ’s Natural History, imprint: Chas.: Scribner & Coe iseuneas well as for other sections. Also Tryon’s Systematic Conchology; and other standard works. The author is well aware that he has in most of this field gone over the surface, that much remains to be done, but these little volumes forma neucleus about which the student may arrange the facts he collects and they will serve to enable one to ascertain what has been done, and instead of wasting his time in going over the same ground, threshing the old straw over, will enable him to begin where we leave off, and push on into the unknown regions which he beyond. Weare getting old; have lived years longer than we expected to when we were 21, but at 65, one can- not havea very long time for work before him, and we have thonght it wise to bring together the material we have gathered in past years, incorporate it with all we could obtain of the results arrived at by others, and thus give as complete a view of the ‘‘Natural His- tory of La Salle County” as possible. If we shall, through this work, impart one idea to a seeker after truth or aid some one in their studies of any part of the subject, we shall feel that we have not toiled in vain. | Nature is but God’s revelation of Himself to man, hence a part of His word, the Christian canas clearly see the glory and goodness of his Heavenly Father in the stars of night, in odorous and beautiful flowers, in animals, the forest, the birds of the air, the fishes of the deep, in his own wonderful frame as the written word. Cold must be that soul and far from God who cannot feel His presence as clearly in the forest shades as in the temple made by hands, and does not hear His praise as distinctly in the ripple of the stream, the sighing of the breeze and the roar of the tempest as in the notes of the pealing organ or the song of the well- trained chorus. To the Christian all things beautiful and brizht should be my Father’s works, evidences of His cternal wisdom, goodness and power. In the preface to Part I, will be found our ac- knowledgements to many friends, aud these we reiter- ate here without repeating names given there, and will add to that list Thos. D. Catlin, presideut of National City Bank, Prof. U. J. Hoffman, County Superin- tendant of Schools and Pres. L. A. Vigness of Pleas- aut View Luther College. This volume will be found less defaced by typo- graphical errors than is Part I. Such as are of im- portance will be found corrected in the Errata at the close of the volume. Also some Addenda, facts which came to our knowledge too late to be given in their proper place. We shall be pleased to receive notice of errors or omission of any kind. J. We ei ae February 22, 1898. Succine obliqua. = () ee ie Mr. Calkins is in no way responsible for the pres- ent form of this paper. It has been considerably al- tered from the original. | THRRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS. ORDER PULMONATA—SUBORDER GEOPHILA. Before describing the species common to the coun- ty, it will be necessary to give my readers a general idea of the habits, etc., of the snails. JI have examined the animals in their own homes, and have domesticated them to the number of ten or twelve species on my premises in Chicago, where at the present writing, some of them are hibernating, or taking their annual sleep. I have a number in glass cases. A few have - fastened themselves to the walls of my library, while I have planted some in various locations around the yard. My first observation was Macrocyclis concava attempting to make a comfortable meal of its inoffen- sive neighbor //e/?x alternata. ‘The carnivorous pro- pensity of the species is well known. Some of the species are more active than others in their movements. My JH. alternata have made frequent attempts to escape. Most of those I have are generally passive and remain closely withdrawn into the shell. ‘The snails can live a long time without food or moisture. I now have live ones that have been without food for several months, and I shall test their endurance further. Extremes of temperature are said to be fatal to snails. Most of the species are solitary in their habits, living alone, beneath logs, leaves and stones, or debris. They prefer the shade of the forest, or damp, cool places. Here they pass the major part of their lives. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 95 They generally sally forth in the night in quest of food. On cloudy days they sometimes come out, but avoid the light and glare of the sunshine. In early spring, however, they emerge from their retreats to enjoy the invigorating effects of the sun, and are then found for a short time where its rays will fall upon them. Having regained their accustomed vigor, they retire to the first convenient shelter. Ihave said that the snails live alone. Aelix alternata, Say, is an exception. It is gregarious, numbers of them living together, and in winter we find them collected closely as if for the purpose of imparting warmth. I have taken as many as two hundred from beneath a single log. ‘The snails lay their eggs from May to Octoher, depositing them under logs and leaves to the number of thirty or more. The young are soon hatched if the conditions are favorable, make their first meal on the shell they have just left, and proceed to shift for them- selves. Their growthisrapid. At first the shell con- sists of one and one-half whirls, which increase in number during the first and second seasons. As to the average life of the snails Lam uncertain. I think some of our species live at least two years. I would direct observation to this point. As to size, that depends upon the conditions of food, climate, etc. Our species are as large as any found elsewhere. ‘The snails are vegetable feeders, but not strictiy so. Sev- eral species are carnivorous. One of these I have noticed. The slowness of their movements precludes the idea of their being entirely animal feeders. They are provided with a rasp-hke tongue which enables them to reduce vegetable substances with great facility. Our American snails are very plain. There are only a few banded species east of the Rocky Mountains. On the Pacific side there are a number. In this country 96 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUN. we have one variegated species, HY. alternata, and three banded species, noticed hereafter. In tropical climates the shells are brilliantly colored, a fact that apples to marine forms as well. One peculiarity of our snails is the tooth-like appendage found in the apperture of many of the spe- cies. These have been grouped as Helicodonta by Ferussac. The snails, having passed their summer existence, prepare, on the approach of cold weather, to vo into winter quarters. ‘These they find in the same localities where they have lived. They either burrow in the ground or attach themselves to the under side of their shelter. Having disposed themselves with the aperture of the shell upwards, they blow forth a mucous-like secretion from the collar.. This is ejected so as to cover the aperture of the shell. We call this the epAtpjhragm. It hardens and effectually shuts out the cold. As the season advances, the animal retiring further within builds more of these barricades in the same manner as the first. Finally, the pulsations of the heart becoming slower and slower, at last ceases entirely. ‘The sleep is complete. ‘They are eaten in some parts of Europe—Paris and Vienna. LASALLE COUNTY SPECIES. FAMILY HELICIDA.—SUBFAMILY VITRININA.—CENUS MACROCYCLIS—-BECK. Macrocyclis Concava, Say—Shell flattened, whirls five, umbilicus broad and deep, shell striate, horn color, breadth one-half inch. ‘They are fond of animal food, and are active; the shell resembles AZ. vancouv- erensis, Lea not so large and differs in other re- spects. CC. Genus Zonites, Montford—Zonites arboreus, say. Shell thin and depressed. whirls four and a half, lip acute, light horn color, one-fourth inch in diameter. R. Zonites viridulus, Menke—(Hy. electrina, Gould.) Shell depressed, thin, whirls three and one-half, lip simple, shell umbilicated. Dia. 5 mill. Loc. Fox and Illinois River Valleys. ; Zonites fulva, Drap. — (Helix chersina, Say.)— Shell thin, acute, lip whirls five, aperture transverse, breadth four mill. Abundant. SUBFAMILY HELICINAK Helicodiscus, Morse,—Helix lineata, Say—-Shell flat, whirls four, lip acute, two pair of teeth within aperture, horn-color, breadth four mill. Very abun- dant. Genus patula, Halde.—Helix alternata, Say—Shell has five whirls, peristome acute, umbilicus deep, shell not much elevated, and variegated with numerous red- 98 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. dish spots, some of them oblique, others running into lines on last whirl, diameter nearly one inch. ‘The most abundant species in the county; live in colonies of one hundred or more in some localities. Semi-fossil in the Quaterary deposits. Helix alternata, Say, variety.—A sharply cari- nated variety with coarse strie. resembling HZ. mor- dax, Shutt. I believe the true mordax is from 'Ten- nessee, and this differs in not having as coarse striae. A well marked variety. Helix solitaria, Say.—Shell coarse and heavy in texture, has a broad umbilicus, is globose, coarsely and obliquely striate, whirls six, lip acute, has two reddish revolving bands; aperture circular, color brownish; breadth one inch. Abundant in some local- ities; also in the Quaternary, one of the three banded species in the county. Helix striatella, Anthony.—Shell small and de- pressed, whirls three and one-half with distinct oblique stria; umbilicus large, lip acute, color brown- ish or russet, breadth one-fourth inch. Quite abun- dant. GENUS HELIX, LINN.—SUBGENUS MESODON, RAF. Helix albolabris, Say.—Shell has nearly six whirls obliquely and finely striated, horn colored; lip white inside and reflected; umbilicus covered by the peris- tome greatest diameter thirty-two mill; abundant. This fine species is so distinct in its characters as to be easily recognized. Some specimens have a tooth on the parietal wall. . Helix multilineata, Say.—Shell depressed and sub-globose, whirls nearly six, with fine oblique striz aperture lunate, a little contracted by peristome; or- natmented with numerous reddish bands and lines, per- GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 99 istome reflected and of a roseate color; umbilicus cov- ered, breadth one inch. Abundant. The finest species we have. Say. describes the lip as white. The rosy lip is a peculiarity of our species. They live alone, slightly burrowed in the ground—and seeming to prefer a greensward opening toa shelter beneath logs, etc. Best specimens from the vicinity of Indian Creek, near Fox river. Helix Pennsylvanica, Green.—Shell elevated, whirls six, white crowded and oblique striz, umbili- cus closed, aperture triangular, somewhat contracted, lip white, reflected, a little thickened near the base, color chestnut, greatest dia. 17 mill. Abundant. A beautiful, large species. I have always found them solitary, each in. its own little burrow which is very nicely excavated to the depth of from two to three inches, and on a high blue-grass plateau near the Fox river, where there are a very few trees or debris. Helix exoleta, Binney.— Shell large and ventri- cose, six whirls, which are striated, peristome wide and reflected, an oblique tooth process on the parietal wall, suture distinct, aperture rounded, breadth one inch. Abundant. Helix thyroidus, Say.—The shell has five whirls with oblique strie, spire depressed, aperture lunate, lip white, reflected, and at the basal portion partially covering the umbilicus, tooth process on the parietal wall; horn colored, breadth nearly one inch. Very abundant. Helix clausa, Say.—Shell has five whirls, is some- what elevated, horn color, lip reflected, and at the basal portion partially covering the umbilicus, great- est dia. 18 mill. Very abundant. 100 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE Comune Hehx profunda, Say—Shell depressed, umbilicat- ed, lip white, reflected, thickened, with a blunt callus ou the inner side near the base, whirls six, shell horn color with two broad, revolving bands and two small- er ones. all of a reddish color, extending into the aper- ture; has coarse and oblique strie, umbilicus large and deep; greatest breadth one and one-fourth inches. Another of our banded species. Some have but one band. A variety witha sort of porturberance on the outer circumference of the last whirl, one-fourth inch from the margin of the lip.oceursae SUBGENUS STENOTREMA, RAF. Helix hirsuta, Say.—Shell has five rounded whirls which are covered with fine bristly hairs, resembling minute spines; aperture narrow, almost closed by an elongated tooth on the parietal wall, peristome de- pressed with notch near its center, umbillicus covered, breadth 8% mill. Some of the finest specimens I have seen were found by Mr. A. C. Baldwin and myself in the Deer Park, and in a ravine on the south side of the Vermil- lion River, near the Farm Ridge Bridge. ‘The rich, deep chestnut coloring is noticeable. HELIX MONODON, RACKETT. Shell depressed, whirls five, hairy; umbillicus partially covered, aperture lunar, a lamelliform tooth on the parietal wall, peristome white, acute, reflected; shell horn color. breadth 10 mill. Not so abundant as the preceding, but has been found by Mr. A. C. Baldwin and myself in the town of Deer Park. Other places near the timber. ‘The situations were dry ones. Helix monodon, Rackett.—Variety Lean, Ward— A somewhat smaller shell than 4/7. #2070don, of which GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 101 it isa variety, undoubtedly. It differs in its size, and is only found in same situations as //. hirsuta. SUBGENUS STROBILA—MORSE. Helix labyrinthica, Say.—Shell conic, elevated, apex blunt; whirls six; aperture lunate, with teeth within; color chestnut; dia. 2% mill; height 2% mull; very abundant in the Fox River Valley, and may be known by its elevated conic shape. Genus Pupa, Drap.—This genus, founded by Draparnaud, to include the minute species of Europe that had been classed with the Helices, and by some is considered superficial. The genus has, however, been adopted as a good one. The shells are so minute as to require much time, patience and skill to find. The species are semi-aquatic, being found in damp or wet places, near streams and frequently on drift wood in our rivers. | SUBGENUS PUPILLA, LEACH. Pupa pentodon, Say.—Shell conical, ovate; whirls five, well rounded with deep suture; aperture semi- circular; peristome sharp and expanded; hasa callus on the inner margiu of the lip, on which are from three to six denticles; on the parietal wall is one praminent denticle; horn color; length 2% mill. Very abundant. SUBGENUS TEUCOCHILA, ALBERS. Pupa fallax Say.—Shell fusiform; turrited; whirls Ee Six, smooth; suture impressed; aperture lateral, large; lip expanded but not reflected; color brown; length 6 motile. Dia. 21% mill. Found in considerable numbers in various localities. Pupa armifera, Say.—Shell subfusiform, smooth; whirls six; peristome white and reflected; aperture small, oval, with reflected lip, much thickened within, +, 102 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. its extremeties nearly joined by a callus on parietal margin; has four teeth in the aperture, on the margin of the lip and within; length 5 mill. Dia. 2% mill. Abundant. Pupa corticaria, Say.—Shell subcylinrical; apex obtuse; whirls five; suture impressed; aperture small, with white, reflected lip; on parietal wall is one tooth; horn colored, length 2% mill. Dia. 1% mill. Abun- dant. SUBFAMILY SUCCININZ2. Genus Succinea, Drap. — Subgenus Succinea, Drap.—The animal resembles AHe/éx, but is shorter. They live on the land near water, and on swamp grass millions may sometimes be found. For instance, in the calumet swamps. In ourcounty aroundswales. I find S. obliqua, however, in situations somewhat removed from water or damp grounds. On the approach of cold weather the species imitate the habits of the Helix. 'The shells, oblong, three to four whirls—the last much the largest. Succinea obliqua, Say.—Shell oblong, ovate; whirls three, the last very large and expanded; lip acute; straw colored, and moderately thick and firm; length three-fourths of an inch. Abundant. Grows toa large size in this county. Is thicker than usual. Succinea avara, Say.— Shell thin; whirls three; shell straw colored; length one-fourth of an inch. Abundant in meadows in Deer Park. Succinea retusa, Lea.—Shell ovate, oblong. thin, yellowish; whirls three, aperture dilated and drawn back below, length 14 mill. Abundant. This is longer than the species described by Dr. Lea. His description was from a single specimen. My specimen is the mature shell. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 103 SUBORDER LIMNOPHILA — FAMILY AURICULIDA—GE GENUS CARYCHIUM, MULLER. Carychium exiguum, Say.—Shell elongated, taper- ing; apex obtuse; whirls five to six; suture impressed; aperture obliquely oval, white; lip thick, reflected, flattened, umbilicus perforated, a plait-like tooth on the middle of the columella, about midway between thie extremities of the lip; color white, appearance shining; length one and one-half mill. Dia. 6 mill. This minute species was described by Say as a Pupa in 1822, and is still known as such to many col- lectors. ‘The most abundant of our minute species. Found in wet moss, leaves, bark, drift-wood, etc., along our rivers. Dr. L. N. Dimmick collected many thousands in the vicinity of Ottawa. FAMILY LIMN AIDA. The Limneide are found all over the world, are very variable in characters, and as yet imperfectly understood. In’habits they are aquatic, and are found in rivers, ponds and creeks, feed on vegetable matter or the slimy material found in rivers, and on infusorial animalcule. Dr. Gould speaks of them eating each other’s shells in the latter part of the warm season. Having kept them alive for months at a time, I am able to confirm Dr. Gould’s statement as far as this. They rasp off with their tongues the confervaceous vegetation and epidermis of each others’ shells in a very thorough manner. ‘The sexes are united in the same individual. ‘The shell is dextral, with a fold upon the columella. They come to the surface to breath free air, but are adapted to breathing through water. On the approach of cold weather they bury themselves in the mud for the winter, From my own observation they begin to disappear in the early part 104 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. of October, Limnaca stagnalis, L., being the last I have found at the surface, and this on the first of November. SUBFAMILY LIMN AIBA. Shell spiral, spire more or less acute, last whirl large, aperture large. | GENUS LIMNAZA, LAM—SUBGENUS LYMNOPHYSA, nv Zr Limnea reflexa, Say.—Shell, dextral, elongated, volutions six, which are very oblique and wrinkled, spire acute and long, body whirl dilated, aperture rather narrow, shell reflected from the middle, length one and one-fourth inches. Illinois river. | Limnea pallida, Adams.—Shell thin, whirls five, suture marked, horn color, body whirl not much enlarged, fold upon the columella not large. length one-half inch. Loc. Fox and Illinois rivers. Limnea humilis, Say.—Shell small, horn color, length 8 mill. Found in swales near Illinois river. — Limneza desidiosa, Say.—Shell oblong, spire long as the aperture, whirls five, of a yellowish horn color, length, 10 mill. Found in same locality as the preced- ing@ species. Limnza caperata, Say.—Shell conic, whirls five, suture distinct, apex acute, whirls wrinkled, and with light-colored revolving lines on the young shell, aper- ture dilated somewhat, labium without much fold, color yellowish horn, with frequently bands of white, aperture reddish within, length 14 mill. GENUS PHYSA, DRAP. The Physas are the most active and hardy of all the aquatic univalves. They move rapidly through the water shell downwards. They inhabit muddy GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 105 bottoms and prefer still waters. They are tenacious of life, living much longer out of water than any other species I have taken, and emitting when removed from their native element, a peculiar snapping noise. I have seen them attack bugs as large as themselves with the greatest ferocity and quickly draw them be- neath the water. The shells are sinistral. Physa gyrina, Say.—Shell oblong, of a polished, shining appearance: color light yellowish; whirls five, suture marked; apex acute; aperture more than half the iength of the shell; labrum slightly thickened on inner margin and tinged with a reddish line; length 16 mill; fine, abundant. Physa Hildrethiana, Lea-—This species is placed by Mr. W. G. Binney, in the synonomy of P. gyrina, Say but | think they are distinct. The following describes my specimens, which are large and well developed. I obtained them froma pond in Deer Park. My description is fuller than that of Dr. Lea. Shell elliptical, of a chestnut color, firmer in texture than P. gyrina, whirls five, spire obtusely ele- vated; aperture nearly two-thirds the length of the shell, and compressed; labrum sharp, with its inner . margin red; and further within the aperture, a chest- nut colored line showing outside a whitish color; length, 19 mill. Dr. Lea calls this the most remarkable Physa found in this country. The pond from which I ob- tained my specimens has the bad habit of getting dry every season. ‘The remarkable size of the shells as well as their shape attracted my notice. The species disappear with the water, but for several successive years have reappeared with its return; or, the ova de- posited have served to perpetuate the family. The above two species are all that I can vouch for as living 106 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. in thiscounty. In the Lake Michigan drainage around Chicago Physa gyrina attains a very large size, but is different in shape from Physa Hildrethiana. GENUS BULINUS, ADANSON. Shell fragile, slender, polished; whirls six, aper- ture narrow, spire tapering, color light yellowish, col- umellar fold shght; length about 18 mill. Loc. stag- nant ponds near Illinois river. Liffers from Physa, in being more slender and more highly polished, and in having a simple, unfringed mantle; appears of a deep black when the animal is within. SUBFAMILY PLANORBIN2. Genus Planorbis; Guettard—One of our most abundant mollusks, is found usually in quiet waters feeding on confervaceous vegetation or decayed matter. The genus is represented by a number of species in this county. I believe that more species of Planorbis have been made than will stand. Several varieties of P. trivolvis are very good as varieties, and I believe as much entitled to the rank of species as some that are called such. Planorbis glabratus, Say.—Shell has five whirls, rugose in appearance, spire regular; umbilicus large, deeply concave; exhibiting the volutions; color brown- ish; breadth nearly one inch. Loc. Fox River. SUBGENUS PLANORBELLA, HALDE. Planorbis campanulatus, Say.—Shell has four whirls; umbilicus deep, color yellowish horn; aper- ture dialated, campanulated; greatest breadth one-half inch. Abundant. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. OM SUBGEUNS HELISOMA, SWAINSON. Planorbis trivolvis, Say.—Shell has four whirls, which are finely striated, two anda half whirls visible upon the right side, the ante-penultimate disappearing within the umbilical cavity, aperture large, slightly thickened within the margin, and its faces projecting beyond the planes of the shell; color chestnut: greatest breadth three-fourths of an inch. Very abundant. Say gives the breadth as half aninch. Attains to nearly an inch in breadth in Chicago River, and resem- bles P. macrostomus, White. Ihave forms answering to Plan, corpulentus, Say, which I believe to be ¢77- volvis; and also the following which are included in the synonomy of Plan. trivolvis: Plan. regularis, Liea —an immature form; Plan. megastoma, DeKay; Plan. wots, var, fallax, Halde. ‘The varieties. are numerous. I believe that the differences may be accounted for by the character of the waters, chemical elements, station, climate, etc. Planorbis bicarinatus, Say.—Shell has three whirls, carinated, color brownish; aperture large; color within reddish, with two white lines correspond- ing with the carina; breadth one-half inch. Abundant. SUBGENUS GYRAULUS. AGASSIZ. Planorbis deflectus, Say.—Shell dextral, de- pressed; whirls five, minutely wrinkled, texture thin, aperture large, color light horn; breadth five-six- teenths of aninch. Very abundant. Plenorbis parvus, Say.—Shell horn color, whirls five, minutely wrinkled; concave above and beneath; and equally showing the volutions; lip rounded; breadth one-fifth of an inch. | : Ligamentina, Fleming.—Shell dextral, spire de- pressed; whirls few, visible on both sides, furnished internally with teeth; outer lip simple. 108 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE CounNiie SUBGENUS PLANORBULA, HALDE. Segementina armigera, Say. — Shell has four whirls, umbilicus deep, exhibiting the volutions; aper- ture subovate; oblique; far within the throat six teeth; color brownish; breadth one-fourth of an inch. Abundant. | SUBFAMILY ANCYLINZA. Genus Ancylus Geoffroy —River-limpet. Ety- mology. Axncylus (agkulos,) a small round shield. Resembles in shape the marine Aazel/a; are fragile and small. We havea species which is about two-six- teenth of an inch in length, which I presume to be Ancylus tardus, Say. I found numbers of them asso- ciated with a valvata-like Phrygania, clinging to stones in Hox River. ORDER PECTINIBRANCHIATA—FAMILY VALVATIDA— GENUS VAVLATA, MULLER. Valvata tricarinata, Say.—Shell has three volu- tions; three revolving, carinate, prominent lines, giv- ing to the whirls a quadrate appearance; Suture deep; umbilicus large; aperture circular; lip simple, almost surrounding the aperture; shell horn colored, breadth; one-fifth of an inch. Very abundant in ponds and other waters. Easily known by the quadrate appear- ance of the whirls, its round aperture, etc. Valvata sincera, Say.—This shell differs from the former species in being smaller, and is without the carinated whirls. Same localities as the preceding species. Not so abundant. FAMILY VIVIPARIDA. Genus Vivipara, Lam.—Numerous in allour rivers. The animals are sluggish in their habits. They live EROLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 109 on muddy bottoms, or among the vegetation found in our waters. ‘Their food is vegetable, but they have been found feeding on decayed animal matter. Many of the species are viviparous. I have taken V. con- tectoides in the fall of the year, with the ovaries full of the young, the shells showing distinctly three of the bands peculiar to this species. ‘The foot of the animal is provided with an opercle which closes the aperture when its owner withdraws into the shell. In the spring they deposit their young in the mud. The shells are turrited. VIVIPARA CONTECTOIDES, W. G. BINNEY. Shell large, globose, has five whirls, which are finely striated, peristome acute and continuous, tinged on the inner margin with a dark line, aperture subcir- cular, color brownish horn. ‘The body whirl has four reddish bands, the last near the base, whirls very bulging. The beginning of new peristomes is marked by prominent lines or ridges. Loc. Illinois River. Vivipara subpurpurea, Say.—Shell oblong, whirls five, wrinkled, apex obtuse, suture impressed, color ereenish with a purplish tinge, spire lengthened, shell has three reddish bands, length three-fourths of an inch. Found in the Illinois river. This species may be distinguished from any other by the unusual expansion of the last whirl, and the reddish bands, prominent in some specimens, but obscure in others. ; Genus Melantho, Bowditch.—Melantho decisus, Say.—Shell elongated, ovate, whirls six, peristome acute, lines of growth plain, apex missing in full erown specimens, color green, aperture oval, oblique, bluish within, length one and one-fourth inches. Quite abundant in Fox and Illinois rivers, also in the Vermillion river. 110 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. We sometimes find a shell corresponding to Palu- dina heterostropha, Kirtland. ‘The shell is sinistral, has five whirls, suture is distinct, color green, length three-fourths of an inch. Loc. Fox river, ‘Ihe shell has been referred by authors to various species as only a reversed variety, and I am inclined to so consider it. Melantho subsolidus, Anthony.—Shell ovate, thick, whirls six, suture distinct, aperture ovate, spire elevated, apex entire, color green, length one and one- half inches. Abundant. One of our most abundant species; considered by some a synonym of A. dectsus. Very variable in its characters. GENUS LIOPLAX, TROSCHEL. Lioplax subcarinata, Say.—Shell has six carinated whirls, wrinkled, suture impressed, aperture oval, color greenish, length three-fourths of an inch. Loc. Illinois river. Say’s description of this species was of a dwarfed specimen and represents it as having but three whirls. We have /. coarctata, Lea, and 42> 7ujas,) elalde, specimens not abundant. There remains much work to be done before the true position of some species is determined. FAMILY RISSOIDA/—SUBFAMILY HYDROBINA—GENUS AMNICOLA, G. & H. Amnicola porata, Say.—Shell obtuse, conic, volu- tions four, wrinkled, spire obtuse, labrum and labium equally rounded, umbilicus distinct, shell rather short, horn color. Very abundant in the Fox and Illinois rivers, clinging to stones, roots, etc. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 111 SUBFAMILY POMATIOPSINA, — GENUS POMATIOPSIS, TRXON. Pomatiopsis lapidaria, Say.—Shell turrited, thin, smooth, volutions six, suture impressed, aperture longi- tudinally ovate—orbicular, operculated, rather more than one-third the length of the shell, color brown, length one-fifth of aninch. Abundant. This species is longer than A. forata. I follow Binney in placing it in the genus Pomatiopsis. The animals are amphibious, and may be found near our rivers in moist places. ‘They possess the power of crawling on the surface of the water in a reversed position, shell downward. FAMILY STREPOMATIDA, HALDE. This family presents in its numbers and diversi- fied forms one of the most interesting studies in the whole range of American Conchology. There are nearly five hundred recognized species of Strefoma- tide from North America; the larger part from South- ern waters, only a few being found in the Ohio river and its northern tributaries. and these are small com- pared with those from Tennessee and Alabama. In the Hast, the St. Lawrence river and its branches form the northern limit of the family; and in the West, the northern boundary of the United States, beyond which, I believe, none have been found. The Ohio river seems to form a dividing line also, both northern and southern species fading out as they approach this stream. They are not found in New England, nor in the vicinity of the Ocean. The dis- tribution of species aud the characters of the shells of the north find a parallel in marine mollusks, and leave no doubt as to species being specially adapted to the station they occupy in the first creation, though LD GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. they may be subsequently modified by change of the conditions. ‘The family was formerly called Melanians from their supposed affinity to Oriental forms, but our species have a plain or entire margin to their mantle. The Oriental species have a fringed mantle. The soft parts have not, as yet, been much studied in this coun- try, and species, genera, etc., are based upon the char- acters. of the shell. We have four species, three of them abundant in our rivers. | GENUS PLEUROCERA, RAFINESQUE. —PLEUROCERA SUBLUARE, LEA—(TRYPANOSTOMA.) The following description is from American Jour- nal of Conchology, Vol. 1: “Acutely tneeitedtirarher thin, spire much elevated, apex acute, whirls twelve, flat, carinate at apex, body whole, angulate on the periphery. Horn color, generally light yellow and bluish ash below the suture.’”’ | In some specimens from one locality the whirls are rounded, have from one to two bands, and are of a dark horn color. Erom another, the whirls are eleven, the color very light, resembling P. pallidum, Lea. I refer to mature shells. In the young the differences are not so marked. Pleurocera lewisii, Lea.—Sulcate, somewhat thin, conical, elevated, spire much elevated, with indistinct suture, whirls eleven, flattened, covered with sulca- tions, of which there are four to five on the body, which is angulate on the periphery. Horn color or dark brown, banded ot without bands, white or purple within. This species is found in the same localities as the preceding one. PP. Lew?s¢/ is a much broader shell at the base, more pyramidal in shape, has sulcations, and is of more solid texture than P. Subulare. Of the GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 113 soft parts of the two I cannot speak as yet. ‘These species are now sometimes called Zryfanostoma, a Genus instituted by Dr. Lea to take the place of Plew- rocera, Raf. ‘The latter having priority must stand. GENUS GONIOBASIS, LEA. Goniobasis livescens, Menke. — Ovate oblong, smooth, moderately thick, spire short, conically acute, suture slightly impressed, whirls five to six, rather iaemone last largce, aperture larce, elliptical. Horn color, purple within. Length one-half inch, abundant. Goniobasis depygis, Say.—-Oblong, conic ovate, whirls five, the last elliptical. Suture well impressed, aperture narrow ovate, acute above, color yellowish, two rufous bands on the whirls, shorter than G. /ve- scens. Fox and Illinois rivers. Of more than two hundred and fifty species of Gontobasts found in American waters, the two just described are all inhabiting this county. The latter species 1s not soabundant here as the former. AII our Streponealide are very hardy, living sometime after being removed from the water, as I have had occasion to notice, and differing in this respect from the Viv7- paride. ‘They are evidently suited to our northern climate. Norm: — Valvata—_—__—__- We’ find by thousands in the Fox and Illinois rivers, fixed to stones, etc., the larva case of an insect—Phrygania. ‘The case is built of grains of sand, cemented together in the shape of a valvata, for which it has been mistaken. CONCHIFERA — FAMILY CYCLADIDA, WOODWARD— GENUS SPHAERIUM, SCOPOLI, Spherium simile, Say—(S. sa/catum, Lam.) Shell oval, inuncated. at the extremities in young, and 4 114 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE? COUNINe rounded in adult specimens, convex sub-equipartite, beaks shghtly elevated, surface with conspicuous con- centric wrinkles, epidermis brown or chestnut color. About seven-tenths of an inch long, height one-half inch, breadth two-fifths of an inch. Abundant in [linois river. Shells bluish within. The young shells are of a lighter color, thinner, and show the wrinkles at all ages; lines of growth promi- nent. Animal with simple mantle; foot tongue-shaped. S. salcatum, lam., is the same shell. Spherium partumeium, Say. —— Shell rounded, oval, sub-equipartite, lowest anteriorly, somewhat angular behind, thin and fragile, valves very convex, minutely wrinkled by lines of growth, and obsoletely radiated, light horn color, beaks elevated. length nine-twentieths of an inch. Abundant. — Spherium occidentale, Prime.—Shell small, oval, thin, fragile, striz fine, beaks small and rounded, color ight yellow, beaks not prominent. Length one- third of an inch. Not so abundant as the preceding species. GENUS PISIDIUM, PF’R. Pisidium abditum, Prime.—Shell small, rounded, oval, beak raised slightly, surface smooth, striz fine, color chestnut, beaks near the posterior side. wenyth three-twentieths of an inch, breadth one-tenth of an inch. This widely distributed species is abundant, but from its small size seldom noticed. Found in mud in rivers. Pisidium compressum, Prime—Shell solid, trigo- nal, very oblique, drawn up near the beaks which are placed posteriorly, strie distinct, epidermis chestnut. Size about the same as P. abditum. Abundant in swales and Illinois river. # GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 115 Varies in shape, but its obliquity is constant. Its peculiarity is the apex of the beaks, which assume the appearance of wings placed on the summit of the umbones. ‘The animal is active. Other species of this family are reported from [linois, but. 1 am unable to report more from this county. SpA. striatinum, Lam., if a distinct species should be included, as we have the shell. ‘The SAheriwms are sometimes mis- taken by local observers for young Uniones. The Uniones or Naiades are a genus of fresh water mollusks found in most rivers and lakes, and common to the streams of both warm and cold climates. It is a very extensive genus, containing more than 1,200 admittedly distinct species, and some of these furnishing several varieties. ‘The shells are generally white, buff, brown, black, green, yellowish green, oer variegated with these colors; they are smooth, warty or spinous, and while some are very thick and heayy, others are thin and fragile. They also differ greatly in size, some when full grown attaining a length of eight to ten inches, others not more than two and a half to three inches. ‘The shells are smooth inside, and vary in color from pearly white through bluish white to salmon and purple. The Unio belongs to the class acephala or headless mollusks, that is these animals have no well defined head, order Lamillibranchiata, having gills made up of several thin layers or /amella. 'They are called bivalves because the shell is composed of two pieces or valves united by an elastic gristle and teeth usually two on one valve, and one on the other, which interlock and are usually thick and short. One end of the shell is larger than the other, anil this is called the anterior or forward end, the other the posterior or hind end. 116 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. Shell is larger than the other, and this is called the anterior or forward end, the other the posterior The back is generally broad and somewhat swollen or inflated toward the anterior end, forming a raised space on either side, which in some cases projects back and outward beyond the line of the hinge so as to appear like horns. ‘These are called umbones and are sometimes curved forward. Around these the shell seems to be built up in nearly concentric layers. The snell is closed by two powerful short muscles, one near each end, by contracting which the valves are drawn together, and when they are relaxed the valves spring apart. The animal breathes by means of gills and extracts its food from water which it draws in at the anterior end through two tubes called siphons and expels at the opposite extremity. "They move along the bottom of the stream or pond by expelling water with great force from their siphons. ‘They can also extend the thick, fleshy foot, and attaching it to a stick or stone pull themseives up to it, and thus move slowly alone the bottom, wherever there is anything of which they can get hold. The flesh is hard, tough, rather tasteless, and the longer they are cooked the harder and tougher they become. Some people, how- ever, eat them. Raccoons and muskrats are fond of them, and chickens greedily devour them when divested of their shells. These creatures, dull, senseless, helpless, as they appear to be to us, are, nevertheless, able to repair their shells when broken, and to coat the insides of them with a smooth layer of pearly nacre, if by any means they become rough. They prefer muddy bot- toms, but are frequently found on sand, where the water is charged with much decayed vegetable matter. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. BLY We follow Lea in his division according to form and surface of shell. ie Wh. ee W. Winged, the upper edge of shell extended back into a kind of wing, triangular, smooth. alatus. Three and a half to four inches long, width the same, brown without, thin, flat, white or purple within, muddy bottom. gracilis. Four to five inches long, width same, light brown, very thin, flattish, bluish white within. Rectangular, longer than wide, surface ribbed or plicate, posterior margin often wrinkled, dark. plicatus. Five and a half L., four W., shell thick and heavy, with about five strong wrin- kles running from the umbones to the poste- rior margin, dark brown or black. multiplicatus. Four and a half L., four and a half W., length and width about the same, posterior margin much wrinkled, black or dark. undulatus. Oblong, with four or five strong undulations running diagonally across the shell, length twice the breadth. Warty or pustulate. pustulatus. Rectangular, two and a half L., two and a half W., thick, yellowish brown, covered with warts or nodules. dorfeuillianus. Triangular, in color and size like Pustulatus. iris.—Long, flat, 2%L., obliquely rayed with greenish bands. Not common. eibbosus.—Heavy, thick, dark brown, bluish within. capax. Oval, brownish green, 3%L., 24W., thick, inflated, rayed with green. cariosus. Oval, dull yellowish green, 4L,, 118 leh GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 3W., thicker than Capax, intlatedRaimes jor growth strongly marked, forming concentric ridges. ellipsis. Oblique, greenish, oy | in dia., heavy. MARGARITINA scarcely differing from Gs) oen- M. ME ee UW: erally broad and flat, Margaritina complanata. Triangular, with folds, broad, flat. corfragosa. —Squarish, undulations or folds broken, giving it a rough appearance. marginata.—Ovate, thin, 3L., olive green, mot- tled with broken lines of a darker color, bluish within, becomes thicker with age. rugosa. Oval, roughened by folds. deltoidea. "Triangular, smooth, anadenta, shells usually thin and smooth, hinge without teeth. hence name A without and dens tooth. edentula. Oval, smooth, 3L., black, polished within salmon, firm, with several undulations. imbecillis. © Oval, thin, bright‘ oreentedracie. ovata. - Oval, rather broad, fattich: corpulenta. Oval, large, smooth. occidens. Oval, yellowish, green rayed with brighter green, 4%L., 4W., large ones thick. nova eboraci. Oval, small. flat, yellowish, rayed with green lines running from beaks to margin, 2L., 1W. spatulatus. Oval, 2%L., greenish rayed with lines of darker green. ligamentinus. Thick, heavy,3 to4L., 2 to2%W., brownish, rayed with green, teeth prominent. orbiculatus. Oval, squarish, solid, olive color, with narrow lines radiating from beaks, umbo depressed, within white, tinged with salmon color. lutealus. Oval, flat to inflated, three) Waa sone LOE we: 18% GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 119 and a half to two W., ornamented with green lines and bands radiating obliquely from um- bones, pearly, bluish white within. Abundant. retusus. Oval, beaks curved, strongly retuse, brownish. ebeneus. Oval, thick, black. coccineus. Oval, small. rectus. Long, straight, heavy, six to seven L., polished, black, pink inside. anadontoides. Long, six to eight L., two and a half to three W., milky to creamy white. metanerva. Three l., three W., triangular, greenish yellow, very thick, beak promi- nent. A sinus or hollow extends from beaks across centre of each valve, surface marked by strong concentric ridges and large, flat topped tubercles, teeth strong, white within. cornutus. ‘Triangular, two L., one and three- fourths W., yellowish green, thick, with about three large tubercules on each valve, white within, surface often striped and dotted with darker green. pustulatus. Oval, three L., two and a half W., reddish brown, covered with small pus- tules. verrucasus. Quadrate (squarish), three L., three W., thick, flattish, tuberculate, bluish purple within. alsapus. Oblique, three and a half L., three W., thick, heavy, dark brown, with a few small projections or tubercules, white within. tuberculatus. Oblique, five to eight L., three to five W., dark brown, covered with small tubercules, posterior margin notched. triangularis. Triangular, smooth, small, marked 120 wh ee aS GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. with green and black spots, anterior straight. elegano. Triangular, smooth, small, green, with darker lines and spots. zigzag. ‘Triangular, smooth, small, greenish, with many darker zigzag lines and blotches. crassidens. Triangular, light green. rubiginasus. Triangular, very smooth, glossy, two. and a-half Ly. two - W:, dagkiabpromcn, beaks prominent, curved forward, thick and heavy. | trigonus. ‘Triangular, smooth, thick. solidus. Triangular, smooth, thick, brown without, pink within. obliquus. ‘Triangular, smooth. THE LICHEN—FLORA OF LA SALLE COUN LY: BY WILLIAM W. CALKINS AND JOHN W. HUETT. The following list containing thirty genera and 135 species and varieties indicates the richness of our county in that humble class of plants known as Lichens, vet the authors do not claim to have exhausted the field of research. a Salle county with its large area, diversity of soiland geological strata, as wellas extensive natural forests, offers inducements and situa- tions peculiarly favorable to the growth of the lower orders of plant life, hence explorers who may follow us will find many other species additional to those here enumerated. Briefly defined, lichens are a natural order of plants, having neither stem, leaf, root or fiower in the usual acceptation of the term, deriving their suste- nance from the air, and stimulated or retarded in erowth by the conditions of light, heat and moisture; also intermediate between Alege and Fungi, according to some learned scholars. But in the light of present knowledge we must consider them as autonomous, not being in haste to concur in the opposite conclusions of some authorities, however eminent. Neither shall we forget that as regards certain genera and species (ANGIOCAPAT), we approach the border land of FUNGI—as, for instance, SPAUR1A! While enquiry 127 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. in this direction would be interesting, the present pur- pose, which is mainly their classification, will be best subserved hy omitting the discussion. WHERE AND HOW THEY GROW. Lichens will be found almost everywhere, even on the bare prairie, on boulders often. The native woods, earth and rocks, pebbles and old orchards are their favorite home, while certain species are peculiar to cer- tain substrata and localities. The principal parts of the plant exposed—the Thallus and Apothecium, will first attract notice on trees, old fences, etc., and are popularly called by the plain citizen—not versed in botony—Mosses! A good exhibition may be observed on the Deer Park road in the ravine on the Hogaboom place, where some oak, walnut and hickory trees and the old fence contain a number of. species. One, of a bright yellow -color (THELOSCHISTES), is prominent. These foliace- ous kinds are attached to the substrate by fibrils of the thallus. While a vast number of species grow on trees and shrubs may inhabit only rocks, stones and the earth. A few species by means of the acids of the thallus bore into the hardest rocks, and becoming im- bedded in it, show on the surface as pits of the size of a pin head or smaller. Lichens avoid cities, the smoke and gas being fatal to them. On the St. Peters sand- stone at Starved Rock and along the cliffs for miles, in the ravines and on the trees many fine species can be found, among them the Reindeer moss (CLADONIA). Localities like the preceding afford the best collecting erounds, but no place should be neglected, for what suits one species may not be adapted to another. ‘The searcher cannot go amiss, and can often spend hours within a small area. The same rules for collecting CHOILOGCY, OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 123 and preserving other plants apply to these also, but the rock-borers must be taken witha piece of the rock attached, which can be accomplished with a cold chisel and hammer. SOME OF THE DIVISIONS AND ORGANS OF LICHENS. Without going into an exhaustive discussion of these—a subject for advanced students and specialists —we will only mention some prominent features. As now understood in the United States, and as elucidated by Prof. Tuckerman, the father of the science here, our lichens fall into two series—the open and closed— fruit series, known as GYMNOCARPI and ANGIO- CARPI. Then, we have a division into five tribes, all represented in La Salle county. Next come families, Genera and species, but the convenience or fancy of authors has again subdivided many of the genera and species, and often without reason, which has added much to the synonomy as well as to the bewilderment of succeeding authors and students. Europeans ar especially noted for this, but it is easy to see how far an honest enthusiasm will carry one in the study of nature’s wonderful works. Of late new views have been announced as to the origin and relations of hchens to other orders of plants which may upset lone cherished theories of some emi- nent Europeans and of our own Tuckerman. But science will be the gainer by whatever controversies Have, OG tidy occur, whoever is hurt, and it is with some satisfaction that we mention here the name of Dr. Albert Schneider, a son of Illinois, native of Gran- ville, Putnam county, as one not likely to be daunted by the shadows of great names in the assertion of his views. 124 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE Counte THE THALLUS AND APOTHECIUM. These were the only parts studied in the infancy of the science. They contain many organs—such as regards the former a cortical layer of cellules; a goni- dial layer of green cells, and below filaments (hyphe), then the hypothallus or fibrils. But as in Collema, the thallus may be wanting, or partly absent or scanty. The apothecium on examination will be found to con- tain gonidia‘and the hymenicum which bears the thekes, within which are the spores. ‘There are also other organs of various names and relations. ‘The different uses of these in the economy of the plant have beeu the cause of speculations without number. The microscope has played an important part in their study, and on the discoveries thus made have been built up the systems of authors, beginning with Tow- enfort about 1600, who first separated them from the true mosses. From time to time, real or fancied, improvements have been made by a number of eminent men. Among them should be mentioned for Europe Acharius, Elias Fries. Nylander. The latter has the largest knowledge of world lichens of any man now living, and may be said to be the first of lichenologists in eminence. As to classification it will be lone before any system will be promulgated meeting general favor by all. THE ECONOMIC USES OF LICHENS. These are many, and first impress the practical man who cares nothing for their scientific value. The Iceland and Reindeer moss are best known and largely used by whole populations in Europe. The hardy hardy Laplanders are dependent upon the latter, espec- ially for food for their animals; also spirits are made from this Cladonia. Sticta pulmonaria was a specific GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 125 for lung troubles. In Africa another lichen, Lecanora esculenta, which grows on arid, sandy plains, is an article of food for man and beast. ‘The Arctic travel- ers have often owed their lives to the rock lichen (Um- bilicaria). In Japan are Emdocarpon, and the same may be found on rocks at Covell creek and elsewhere, isan articleof diet. Prior to the advance in chemistry thousands in Europe obtained a livelihood by collecting certain lichens for coloring dyes. Lecanora tartarea (also found in the United States) was one of these. There are several in our county, as Parmelia, contain- ing valuable dyes, but enough has been shown to prove the usefulness of even the lowly lichen, and the great- ness and goodness of their Creator. SERIES I. GYMNOCARPI. TRIBE I. PARMELIACEI. USNEEI. RAMALINA. (Ach.) De Not. ‘Thallus fruticu- lose, or pendulous, subcompressed, pale-green- ish; apothecia scattered, or marginal, scutelle- . form. Spores colorless, bilocular. R. calicaris, (L.) Fr. Thallus tufted, rather rig- idlongitudinally lacunose, apothecia flattish. Spores ellipsoid. On oaks and old fences. Deer Park and elsewhere. Ike calicaris, hr., var. fraxinea, Fr. Thallus wide and long-lobed, apothecia lateral. On oaks and old fences. . Deer Park. R. calicaris, Fr., var. fastigiata, Fr. Lobes short, often straw-colored, crowded, branched, apoth- ecia terminal, subfastigiate. This is the most abundant species of the genus. Occurs through out the county on oak and hickory trees. 126 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. USNEA, (Ach.) Thallus erect or pendulous, gray- ie We green, filamentous. Apothecia rounded, sub- terminal, disk open, margin ciliate. Of univer- sal distribution in some form. barbata, (.) Fr. “Occasional “ont taeeseand stones in deep woods. barbata, (l..) Er. var... florida, ii iehalas tufted, apothecia large, pale. Infertile often. On trees and shrubs. Deer Park, ete. U. ‘barbata,.(l.) Fr. var. livitas sie aOmennees —Abundant. CHTRARIA, (Ach.) Fr., Mull.: Phaliustascendant with compressed, turgid, or channelled branch- es; or may be expanded and foliaceous-membran- aceous, brown, yellowish, or glaucescent; apoth- ecia marginal or submargin21, scuteleform, of- ten dilate. Spores sub ellipsoid. ciliaris, (Ach.) ‘Thallus membranaceous, folia- ceous, sinuate-laciniate, greenish or brownish; brownish beneath, fibrillose, lobes crowded of- ten narrowed and cleft, lacunose, apothecia marginal, ample; disk chestnut, margin crenu- late. Spores subellipsoid. On old logs and rails in various localities. aleurites, (Ach.) . Dh. Prs/Thallustsarctayrelers. isidiod, plicate, granulate, wrinkled, lobes sinu- ate, apothecia marginal. On dead wood. Fox River woods. PARMELIEI. THELOSCHISTES, Norm. (Physcia, Nyl.) Thallus foliaceous or reduced, appressed or asceudant; membranaceous, orange or yellowish, apothe- cia scutelleform; disk yellow, orange or green- ish-yellow. Spores ellipsoid, polar bilocular or simple. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. M7 T. concolor, (Dickson) Tuckerm. Thallus folia- ceous, orbicular, greenish-yellow; divisions nar- row, much dissected, beneath pale, fibrillose; apothecia small, yellow or rufous. Spores nu- merous. Physcia candelaria, Nyl., etc. Occa- sional on hickory, etc. PARMELIA, (Ach.) De Not. Thallus imbricate— foliaceus, lobate or laciniate, appressed, mem- branaceous, more or less fibrillose, sometimes densely so, apothecia scutelleform, shehtly ped- icellate. Spores ellipsoid. P. perlata, (L.) Ach. Thallus greenish-glauces- cent, or whitish; dilated, lobes rounded, often sorediate, undulate, black beneath, with brown margins; apothecia small to large, rufous, entire. Ach. L. U. 459, etc. Found throughout our county on oaks and other trees, and on boulders. P. perforata, (Jacq.) Ach. ‘Thallus whitish, much dilated; coriaceous, membranaceous, glaucescent, smooth, sinuate lobed; beneath black or fuscous; fibrillose, apothecia very large, perforate, cya- thiform, disk fuscuous or rufous. Spores ellip- soid. Common on trees. P. crinita, Ach. ‘Thallus dilated; membranaceous, surface covered with minute granules and branchlets; black beneath and fibrillose, lobes eiliate; apothecia ample, cyathiform, disk Ghestuut. Er., L.K., 58.- On various trees. P. cetreta. Ach. Thallus greenish, dilated, rath- er thin, smooth beneath black and hispid. The sinuate lobes sorediferous on the margins, nar- rowed, soon prolonged; apothecia medium size, edestnut. Ach Syn., ).198, etc. On trees and stoncs. ; P. tilliacea, (Hoffm) Fl. Thallus smooth, closely 128 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. adnate, much narrowed, membranaceous, mar- gins crenate, lobes rounded, sinuate-laciniate, apothecia medium size, few, margins crenulate. Fr. L. E. 59, etc. Common on trees every- where. tiliacea,, F'l., var. sulphurosa, Tuck. Medul- lary layer sulphur yellow, otherwise like the species. Deer Park?” nace: borreri, Turner. ‘Thallus cinereous, glauces- cent, lobes large or narrow, rugulose, beset with round soredia, membranaceous, pale brown be- neath, fibrillose, dense, apothecia large, badio- rufous, margin entire. Spores rounded. ‘Tur- ner. Linn.. Tr. 148. Very ‘comimonmevery— where in our county, especially on oaks. borreri, Turn... var. rudecta, Dnekermme! nelinc isidioid.. Ach. Syn. 197. Ruckermesraeess: A mere variety found occasionally with the pre- ceding. saxatilis, L., Fr. Thallus glaucous-cinerascent, membranaceous, more or less lacunose, ramose, isidiophorous, beneath black and densely fibril- lose, lobes sinuate multifid, incised, apothecia large, disk fuscous, or spadiceous, margin sub- crenulate. ‘Spores ellipsoid, “Pr i300 ole Very common west of Ottawa on trees and sand- stones. saxatilis, Fr., var. sulcata,” Nyl} ss@mmbloit boulders and stones, and along Illinois river, below Ottawa. phvsodes, L., Ach. Thallus loosely attached, substellate, whitish, coriaceous, glaucous, be- neath fuscous-black, no fibrils, lobes many cleft, complicate, often with white soredia, apothecia GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 129 medium to large, badio-rufescent, margin nearly entire. Spores subellipsoil. Ach. S. LL. 218. Occurs on oaks on the Vermillion. caperata, L., Ach. Thallus substramimeous, dilated, coriaceous, undulate-plicate, often sore- diate, beneath black, fibrillose, lobes sinuately- laciniate, rounded tips, apothecia large, chest- nut, margin subcrenulate, often sorediate. Ach. S. L. 196, etc. Very common on oaks every- where, Deer Park, etc. | conspersa, Khrh., Ach. Thallus straw-colored, greenish, laciniate, much divided, appressed, often isidiophorous in the centre, beneath fus- cous-black, sparingly nigro-fibrillose, lobes sin- uate, often crenate, or pinnatified, complicate, apothecia large, chestnut, margin subcrenulate. Spores ellipsoid, simple. On boulders, trees, etc. PHYSCIA, D.C., Fr., Th. Fr. Thallus foliaceous, ae variously divided, stellate, somewhat fibrillose, apothecia scutelleform. Spores ellipsoid, biloc- ular. | speciosa, Wulf., Nyl. Thallus greenish, glau- cous, loosely stellate, appressed, beneath corti- cate, rhizine whitish, lobes sinuate, flat, pin- natifd. with powdery margins, apothecia me- diuin size, sessile, margin crenulate, disk fus- cous. Spores bilocular. Parmelia speciosa, Ach. On various trees; Deer Park, Indian Creek etc: stellaris, L., Nyl. Thallus albo-glaucescent, stellate, appressed, orbicular, beneath pale, fibrillose, lobes linear, many-cleft, compaginate, or discrete; apothecia small, sessile, disk fus- cous-black, often grey-pruinose, margin entire Gf crenmate. Parmeha, Wr. L. K., 82. ‘This, 130 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. the most common species of the genus, occurs everywhere on oaks, hickories and other trees. tribacia, Ach., Tuckerm. ‘Thallus smallish, membranaceous. sub-stellate, glaucescent, be- neath white, fibrillose, lobes short, appressed, margins erose, granulate, apothecia small, ses- sile, black or pruinose, margin sub-entire. Le- canora, Ach. On hickory and oak. Common. obscura, Ehrh., Nyl. Thallus stellate, orbicu- lar, appressed, epruinose, glaucous, fuscescent, beneath black, fibrillose, lobes many-cleft, flat- ish, ciliate, apothecia rather small, disk nigro- fuscous, margin entire. Spores bilocular. On trees, basswood, etc., and on mossy rocks, Bai- ley’s Falls. Variable. granulifera, Ach., Tuckerm. ‘Thallus glauces- cent and white, pruinose, besprinkled with pow- dery granules, beneath pale, corticate, fibrils black, lobes multifid, dentate-crenate, apothecia small, inflexed margin crenate.. Barmelia, Ach. Occasional on oaks. comosa, Eschw., Nyl. On juniperus. Not common. PEL TIGEREI. STICTA;::-Screb.,. Er. Thallus fronddse-foliaceous, P villous. beneath, marked with cyphels or bare spots, apothecia submarginal, scutelleform. quercizans,.: Mx.,»Ach:- On oak, Deeg Park. Rare as yet. Infantile. pulmonaria. Is probably found within our limits. adglutinata, L., Nyl. Thallus often slightly olivaceous, also cinerascent and brown, ad- heres closely to substrate, small, lobes hain. tat, compaginate, apothecia small. disk migro-fus- cous, margin entire. On hickory. .Deer Park. EMOLOGCY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 131 PELTIGERA, Willd., Hoffm., Fee. Thallus mem- branaceous, lobate, frondose, foliaceous, beneath somewhat villous, marked with veins, occasion- ally cyphels, apothecia pelteform. Spores fusi- form. Cortical layer, in some species consisting’ of gonidia, in others of gonimia. rufescens, Neck, Hoffm. ‘Thallus large, coria- ceous, rotund, lobate, lobes elevated and crisp, ash colored to reddish brown, beneath reticu- lated with brown veins, fibrillose, apothecia on lobmles. -laree, disk revolute, rufo fuscous. Spores acicular. Common on earth in’ many localities, in woods along streams. polydactyla, Neck, Hoffm. Lobes. elongated, clustered, thin, greenish or :lead-colored. At Bailey’s Falls on rocks. canina, L., Hoffm. ‘Thallus large, round-lobed, cinerascent or brownish, apothecia roundish, disk reddish, brown. On rocks. PANNARIEIT. HEPPIA, Naeg. Thallus squamose-foliaceous, mo- H.. nophyHous, Gonimous layer of gonimia, apothe- cia round, immersed. Spores ovoid. despreauxii, Mont., Tuckerm. Thallus small, round, smooth, or regulose, green, apothecia separate, or in rosettes, sunken in thallus, disk reddish or salmon-colored. On mossy, clayey earth in woods. Very small. Loc., Deer Park. PANNARTA, Delis. Thallus. squamulose,. subfolia- ceous or monophyllous, the hypothallus spongy _ or obsolete, apothecia scutelleform, with both thalline and proper margins, frequently biato- rine. Gonimous layer of both gonidia and gonimia. 132 GEOLOGY OF LA:SALLE COUNTY. nigra, Huds., Nyl. Thallus squamulose, minute, lead-colored, and mostly merged into a granu- loid crust, apothecia small, biatorine, sessile, disk black, margin entire. Oncalcareous rocks at the old Lowell Mill, Bailey’s Falls and else- where. lanuginosa, Ach., Kerb. Thallbus whitish, powdery, apothecia seldom developed. Covell Creek, etc., on shaded rocks. COLLEMEL. PYRENOPSIS, Nyl. Thallus coralloid, apothecia Pp: globose, depressed. On rocks. schereri, Moss, Nyl. Apothecia small, disk reddish. On black slate and caicareous rock. Clark’s Ravine, Baldwin Farm, Deer Park. Rare ard fine. OMPHALARIA, Dur. & Mont. Thallus foliaceous, O. attachea to substrate at one point, apothecia immersed. Synalissa, Fr. pulvinata, Nyl. ‘Phallus fohaceous, blackish, of closely clustered lobes, apothecia at the edges. On calcareous rocks. Eton’s Mill only. Curious and rare. COLLEMA, Hoffm., Fr. Thallus greenish, cortical C: layer obsolete, gonimia in chains, apothecia very small to middle size, scutelleform. Spores vari- ously shaped. pycnocarpum, Nyl. Thallus small, pale, green, sub-orbicular, lobes radiate, narrowed, fene- strate, ribbed, the marginal lobules densely fruited, apothecia small, disk reddish, excluding margin. Spores ovoid ellipsoid, brlocular, decol- orate, Nyl. Sym, 115 Om elm WMlinois timber. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 133 C. microphyllum, Ach. ‘Thallus small, fuscous- ereen, or olivaceous, orbicular, diffract or effuse, microphylline, lobes often granulate, crenate at centre, apothecia abundant, small, urceolate, rufescent, flat, thalline margin entire, concolor- ous. Spores sub-muriform. Ach. Syn., L., SOF Onasch, Deer Park: C. flaccidum, Ach. - Thallus dark green, or olive- ereen, lobes large, expanded, bullate, entire. with concolorous granules, undulate plicate, paler beneath, apothecia small, sessile, disk rufescent, margin entire. Spores ovoid. On elm and calcareous rocks, Vermillion river. C. tenax, Sw., Ach. Thallus thin, lobes wide, ap- pressed, also ascendant, lead-colored, apothecia often immersed, disk rufescent, the margin entire Omresose, Var. c, of C. pulposum. On lime- stone, Vermillion river. C. limosum, Ach. ‘Thallus thin, dark green, scat- tered, slightly crenate, pulpy when wet, apo- thecia rufous, immersed but becoming superfi- cial, margin prominent, entire or somewhat crenulate. Spores in fours in the thekes. In- habits clay soil. Rare. Ce ecanosum, Wulf, Scherer. © Thallus small, rigid, gelatinous when wet, lead-colored, lobes ample, rounded or elongated and divided, apo- thecia of medium size, sessile, disk reddish, dank. © deumatiniunm, Wen. Le Us, 64.. On Trenton rock, Covell Creek. nigrescens, Huds., Ach. ‘Thallus olive green, lobes bullate, flexuous, monophyllous, apothecia small, disk reddish brown. On elms and lime- stones. LEPTOGIUM, Fr., Nyl. Thallus foliaceous, or fru- O 134 iby, Dy GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. ticulose, cortical layer distinct, gonimia in chains, apothecia sub-scutellaform, lecanorine or sub- biatorine. Spores of various forms. lacerum, Sw., Nyl. Thallus plumbeo-fusces- cent, lacero-laciniate, ample, wrinkled, the lobes dilated above and sinuate, thin, crisped and den- tate,, apothecia small, pale red, sub-sessile, margin entire. Spores avoid-ellipsoid. Ach. LL. .U., 657. On elms and tocks ssDeem bank timber, chloromelum, Sw., Nyl. Thallus small to large, orbiculate, rigid, plumbeo-virescent, lobate, pli- cate, rugose, apothecia medium size, lecanorine, plane, rufous, the thalline margin granulate. Spores ovoid. Nyl. Syn, 128) (Oneashieand elm and rocks. myochroum, EKhrh. Scherer, Tuckerm. ‘Thal- lusample, coriaceous, membranaceous, sub-mon- ophyllous, also loosely attached, lead colored and blackish, beneath has a whitish nap, apo- thecia reddish, border plicate. Spores ellipsoid. Tuck. 99. On calcareous rocks on the Big Ver- million, also on trees. pulchellum, Ach., Nyl. Thallus small to large, rosulate, glaucous green, lobes plicate, papu- lose, wrinkled above and beneath and pitted, apothecia medinm size, lecanorine, sub-pedicel- late, disk fusco-rufous, finally excluding the smooth or finally rugose thalline margin. Spores ovoid-ellipsoid, sub-muriform, decolorate. Col- lema, Ach. LECANOREL PLACODIUM, D. C., Nee. & Hepp. 4 hallinetenn=— taceous, lobed, suffruticulose, or uniform, apo- CHOLOGCY OK LA SALLE COUNTY. 135 thecia sub-scutelleform, lecanorine or sub-bia- torine, disk usually yellow or orange. Spores ellipsoid, polar-bilocular, colorless. Peciabarinum, Ach., Anzi. Thallus rimose- areolate, more often of applanate scales, cre- nate, and crowded into an imbricate crust, orange, apothecia minute or small, adnate, disk orange, margin entire. Spores ellipsoid. Le- SanOonaeeNche. ly. W402) 9 Parmelia, Br. ly. i. 165. Very common on calcareous and arenace- ous rocks. Lowell mill dam raec. microphyllum, Tuckerm. Thallus squamulose, from greenish yellow to orange, scales adnate, crowded and concealed by granules, apothecia small, adnate, flat, orange, proper margin entire, the thalline one crenulate. Spores’ ellipsoid. nee syn. 1/4. On old fence panels and rails on Deer Park road, also elsewhere. aurantiacum, Light., Neg. & Hepp. ‘Thallus uneven and chinky, warted, broken; yellow or variously colored, often bordered by a dark hypothallus, apothecia fair size, sessile, zeorine, flat, disk lemon, saffron or tawny colored, proper margin thin, the thalline one crenulate, or may be obsolete. Parmelia,Fr.L.E.165. WLecanora, Nyl. Scand. 142. On various trees. Common. ferrugineum, Huds., Hepp. Thallus chinky, verruculose, ash-colored, upon a black hypothal- lus, apothecia fair size, mostly biatorine, sessile, flattish, disk opaque, rust colored, or fulvous, bordered by a crisp proper margin, often en- wlocedanea thalline one: “Parmehia. Kr. L,. Ky. IW (Caloplaca, Th. Fr. Scand. 182.° On oaks, Deer Park. vitellinum, Ehrh. ‘Thallus effuse, tartareous, 136 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. squamaceous, of crenate granules, crowded into heap-like areoles, often dispersed, greenish-yel- | low, apothecia small, sessile, flat, yellow, thal- line margin granulate-crenate. Spores numer- ous, simple and bilocular. Fr. lL. K. 162. Nyl. scand..141. On old rails; Deer Park and else- where. LECANORA, Ach., Tuckerm. ‘Thallus crustaceous, ent mostly iaifonetl apothecia scutelleform, or zeo0- rine. Spores ellipsoid, or oblone. pallida, Schreb., Scherer. ‘Thallus thin, mem- branaceous; smooth, cream-colored or darker, apothecia sessile, tumid, whitish buff, white pruinose, the entire margin disappearing. Spores ellipsoid. Parmelia, Scher. Spicil. 396. On oaks and hickories. subfusca, :, Ach: Thallus whitishtonwemera- scent, smooth, rimulose, granulate, verrucose, soon diffract, apothecia plano-convex, disk fus- cous, becoming black, often pruinose, the thal- line margine entire, flexuous or crenate. Spores ellipsoid. Parmelia, Schoer, Spicness2 etc. Very common in our territory on oaks and other trees and also on arenaceous rocks. ‘There are several varieties. subfusca, L., Ach., var. argentata, Ach. Apo- thecia smaller, margin entire. Spores smaller. Lich. Univ. Nyl. Syn. ) 39333 @ceasionally, found on shrubs and trees. Subtusea, Lt, Ach. , wage distamsr Aen Com- mon on the same substrates as the preceding forms, apothecia flat and pale, margin crenulate. L,. distans, Ach. WW. U..397.9@neiinees hageni, Ach. Thallus cinerascent, verruculose or wanting, apothecia small or minute, crowded, Li. ii. GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 137 plane or tumid, pale to fusco-rufous or some- times pruinose, margin white, commonly crenate or entire, may be excluded. Th. Fr. Scand. 250. UL. umbrina, Massalongo, Nyl. On rails and calcareous rocks. varia, Khrh. Nyl. ‘Thallus verruculose, green- ish or yellowish, apothecia small, the disk yel- low to flesh-color or rufescent, thin, margin entire or crenulate, often excluded. Spores ob- long-ellipsoid. Nyl. Scand. 163. On various trees. waa Men Nw, var. symimicta, Ach. Ihal- lus thin, whitish, apothecia vellowish, disk swollen, excluding margin, biatoroid. Fr. L. Ky. On various trees. calcarea, Sommerf., ‘Thallus white, contiguous apothecia innate, emerging, disk grey-pruinose. Spores ovofd-ellipsoid. Nyl. Scand. 154. On calcareous rocks, La Salle. ‘calcarea, Sommerf. var. contorta, Fr. Areoles, Gisenere, pale lead color, Il. calcarea, £. Hloft- mani, Nyl. On calcareous rocks at Bailey’s Falls, etc. A very curious form. cexvina, Pers., Nyl. IThallus tartareous, areo- late, squamulose, scales sub-peltate, from yel- lowish to chestnut, apothecia medium size, im- pressed, becoming superficial, disk reddish brown, thalline margin obsolete. On Trenton rocks at Eton’s mill and elsewhere. privigna, Ach., Nyl. Thallus wanting, apothe- cla varying from small to large, sessile, ap- pressed, scattered or aggregated, disk dark red, margin elevated, rugged, contorted. Spores mumerous, minute. Iecidea, Ach. M. L. 49. Sarcogyne, Koerber, Syst., 266. On St. Peters 138 GEOLOGY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. sandstone at various points. privigna, Ach., Nyl., var. pratmesameenert: apothecia small, appressed, sunken, disk gray- pruinose. Sarcogyne, Koerber, Lecanora, Nyl. On Trenton rock at Eton’s mill. perproxima,* Nyl. Spec. nova. Resembles 1. erysibe, Ach., nevertheless the spores are larger. 014-18 by .007mm., and the hymenial gelatine with todine is a beautiful blue, becoming deep blue. Inappearance it resembles lL). cesio-cine- rea, Nyl. On calcareous rocks on the Vermil- lion, at E'ton’s and Bailey’s. New to science. W. W. C. discoverer. erysibe, Ach. Thallus cinerous, thin, diffract, apothecia fusco-rufous, plane or convex. On calcareous rocks 2t E'ton’s and elsewhere. PERTUSARIA, D.C. Thallus crustaceous, contin- uous, smooth or verrucose, apothecia globular, difform, closed, enclosed in thalline verruce, opening by pores (ostioles), explanate, lecano- roid. Spores generally large, ellipsoid. velata, Turn., Nyl. Thallus white, e@lauces- cent, rugose, chinky, rimose, radiate near the circumference, apothecia small, adnate, pale yel- lowish, white powdery, the thalline margin dis- appearing in the fruit. On rocks and trees. communis, D.C. Thallus glaucescent, smooth, chinky or rugose-verrucose, may become zonate at the circumference, apothecia small, adnate, depressed, sub-globose, difform, closed, the numerous ostioles sunken and black. Spores generally in twos, sometimes solitary. Porina *L. perproxima. Nyl. Spec. Nova, Proxima, L. erysibe. Ach. Sporis nonni- hil majoribus. long, 0014-ls crass. 0.007 millim., et gelatina hymenialis. Jodo vene-coerules- cente, coeruiescentia persistente. Facies fere Lecancra caesio- cinerea, Ny|l. CHROLOCY OF LA SALLE COUNTY. 139 pertusa, L., Ach. Common on oaks everywhere. leioplaca, Ach., Scher. ‘Thallus whitish or more commonly pale yellowish, apothecia med1- um size, globular and difform, often crowded together, depressed ostioles indistinct, often iigekenine. Nyl,scand. 181. “Luck: Syn. 215. On oaks. pecpilata, Neh, Nyl.